PF 3111 .B45 1903a Copy 1 ENDIX TO MEJVTS E'RMAJ^f A BRIEF GRAMMAR, BECKER SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY, PUB- LISHETtS. CHICAGO ELEMENTS OF GERMAN, by Henrietta K. Becker, Ph.D., The University of Chicago. A beginners' book intended to cover the work of the first year's German in high school or the first six months in college. A striking feature of the presentation consists in taking the verb which is the backbone of the spoken language as the guiding principle in the development of the lessons. A succinct synopsis of the essentials of German grammar, prepared with a view to ready reference, forms an appendix to the book. Ready August 1st. EASY GERMAN STORIES, edited with notes and vocabulary by Philip S. Allen, Ph.D., The University of Chicago, and Max Batt, Ph.D. Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. A collection of short stories including two of Baumbach's Sommermtirchen, two of Rosegger's rustic sketches, and Heyse's VArrabbiata. Practical exercises for German conversation based upon the text accompany the book, together with a grammatical appendix. Ready August 1st. GERMAN STORIES, edited with notes and vocabulary by Philip S. Allen and Max Batt. Continuation of the above. Contains Liliencron's Der Narr, Riehl's Der Leibmedikus, and Wildenbruch's Das edle Blut. For second year reading in high school or college. Practical exercises for German prose composition based upon the text and a grammatical appendix accompany the book. Ready August 1st. e Lake German Classics SCHILLER'S MARIA STUART, edited with nates and introduction by Cael Edgar Eggert, The University of Michigan, together with a chapter entitled the "Storm and Stress," and the "New Humanism," from the History of German Literature, by John S. Nollen, of Iowa College, successive chapters of which are to be incorporated in the several volumes that will constitute the Lake German Classics. Cloth, 280 Pages. Illustrated. Price, 70 Cents The next Five Volumes of the Series, together with the present one, will furnish a course book in modern German literature. CHRONOLOGYAND BIBLIOGSLAPHYcf MODERN GERMAN LITERATURE, by John S v Nollen, Ph.D., Iowa College. The greatest pains have been taken to make the data of this book accurate and up-to-date, Dy the comparison of all available authorities, including the catalogues of about one hundred German publishers. Ready August 1st. Scot!, Foresman and Company PUBLISHERS, 378-888 WABASH AVE., CHICAGO APPENDIX ELEMENTS OF GERMAN A BEIEF GERMAN GRAMMAR HENRIETTA K. BECKER, Ph.D. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO '.;.•• ':':•' • ••, '•, • • ••• •♦* CHICAGO SCOTT, FORESIvIAN AND COMPANY 1903 .3 AS THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two Copies Receivec JUN 20 1903 Ccpyngnt bnlry 'CLASS CL XXc. No COPY B, COPYRIGHT, 1903 BY SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY c c c « • ( c - I « • • • • e e- s j * • » * » * < • * • « TYPOGRAPHY BY MARSH, AITKEN & CURTIS COMPANY CHICAGO, ILL. rt ft APPENDIX The following statement of the essential facts of German Gram- mar falls under the heads (a) of Inflections, (b) of Syntax. Rare usages, poetic forms, and complicated constructions have not been treated, as this Appendix purports to be, not a complete reference grammar, but a concise statement of those facts which are basic in their nature and which should be committed to memory by every student of German. Inflections which resemble each other, as definite article and demonstrative pronoun, indefinite article and possessive pronoun, etc., are placed side by side. Wherever actual usage differs from tradi- tional forms (as found in most grammars) the former is given prefer- ence This is especially noticeable in the inflections of the subjunctive. PRONUNCIATION TOWELS Quantity | Vowels are long and short. Care must be taken to distinguish quantity. Long vowels are drawn out to greater length than in Eng- lish, short vowels are more decidedly clipped. A few rules can be given for the quantity of vowels, but in most cases the student must rely upon the authority of the teacher or the dictionary, and must endeavor to train his ear to the correct sound. (a) Vowels are alicays long [1] when doubled— §ctctr, 9fteer; [2] when followed by silent | — Qafyr, meljr; [3] i when followed by silent e — rjier, lieb. 2 APPENDIX (6) Vowels are always short when followed by a double conso- nant — follen, fyacfen. (c) Stressed vowels are generally long in an open syllable, i. e., " one that does not end in a consonant (remember that a single consonant always goes with the following vowel in syl- lable division) — ba, fya^en, le^gen. (d) Stressed vowels are generally short in a closed syllable — ba%, Sperling, tteg (before r and m, tt in the pronouns, the vowel is long though the syllable is closed, ber, e?, bent, ben)- (e) Unstressed vowels are generally short — bin, mit, So 'nig, 2(bler. (/) Diphthongs are long. Quality 2 Vowels are termed front or back-voicels, according as they are articulated in the front part of the mouth (the hard palate), with the tongue pushed forward, or in the back part of the mouth (the soft palate), with the tongue drawn back. A fundamental difference between German and English lies in the fact that German abounds in back vowels, and that such front vowels as exist are pronounced very decidedly in the front of the mouth, with the tongue pushed far for- ward, whereas in English, the tongue is more flaccid and the vowel much more neutral. The effect upon German vowels is to make them much fuller, clearer, and more sonorous than the corresponding Eng- lish sounds. 3 It is impossible to present through the eye an adequate idea of the sounds that make up a foreign tongue. An approximation is here attempted, but it must be used with great caution. Long* Vowels 4 Long Vowels resemble the sounds that we give to Latin long vowels according to the so-called " Roman pronunciation. " Remem- ber always to articulate the vowels clearly, keeping the tongue more tense and the lips more active than in English. a resembles a in art e resembles e in eight i resembles i in pique o resembles o in slow it resembles oo in swoon APPENDIX 3 Short Towels 5 The short vowels resemble the long ones in quality but are clipped very short. . . a resembles a m artificial e resembles e in yellow t resembles i in tin has no equivalent in English. Very much like German long o shortened. Not at all like English 6. u resembles u in -put. Diphthong 6 Diphthong is the combining of two vowels to form one sound. There are three of these in German : at and ei resemble i in bind ait resembles ow in how eu (ait) resembles oy in hoy (with greater stress on second part of diphthong). All diphthongs are long. Umlaut 7 Umlaut is the fronting of a vowel produced by anticipation of the front vowel i in the following syllable. The mind visualizes the whole of a long word before a single syllable of it is uttered. If a later syllable contains something remarkable, the fact is apt to so attract the attention, that the tongue involuntarily seeks to form the required sound before the right time. This may lead to a decided modification of sounds by anticipation. A front vowel immediately followed by a back vowel naturally attracts the attention. The vowel nearest the front of the mouth is i If, therefore, an i is anticipated in a word, all preceding vowels are drawn forward to meet it. For this reason a becomes a o becomes 5 u becomes it ait becomes ait 8 Observe that these vowels remain modified after the i sound that caused the change has disappeared, hence the prevalence in modern German of umlaut without visible cause. These sounds have no exact counterpart in English (except iht which, like CU, is pronounced like oy in English). Hence they must be learned by continuous practice. A few helpful suggestions may, however, be given. d — very much like German e (as in they) 5 — round the lips as though to whistle and articulate German e it — round the lips as though to whistle and articulate German i 4 APPENDIX CONSONANTS 9 With a few exceptions, German consonants are pronounced as in English, only with more vigor. The lips are used more forcibly, the glottis is closed more energetically. Especially is this true of finals which are rendered with a complete stopping of the breath so as to produce a total break between words — the very opposite of French liaison. For this reason all the mediate, b, b, are pronounced like t, p, when they p.re found at the end of a word. Utti is pronounced like mtt, 06 like 0|), etc. i O SPECIAL DEVIATIONS FROM ENGLISH (a) d) — This has two different sounds according to the kind of vowel that precedes it. 1. After the back vowels a, 0, It, an, it is guttural (far backl 2. After the front vowels e, t, ii, ii, it, till, it, Ct, and after all consonants, it is palatal (farther front). A practical hint for pronouncing this difficult sound is as follows: Sound the preceding vowel very distinctly, then suddenly cease vocal- izing and continue breathing. The right sound will always follow. (Caution — Do not pronounce rf like f&. The former is simply ff. pro- nounced as in English bacfe, but more forcibly.) (b) g — At the beginning hard as in go. Medially and finally it approaches the d) sounds, with the same variations noted in 9 (a). (c) j resembles y in ?/oung. (d) U resembles f. (e) U) resembles English v (but more loosely articulated). (/) \i) resembles sh in should. (g) j — At the beginning like English z, medially and finally like escaping steam (so also §). In combination with t, p, it approaches |dj (but not quits so forcibly). (h) $ = ts (this must be carefully observed, as the English z sound is used for initial \ \i\ German;. (i) ng is nasalized as ng in si« jer. never like ng in hunger, except in a few proper names. , , (j) tiott (from Latin) pronounced as though iwtl, i.e.. tsion. APPENDIX DECLENSION ™ i»o» j £ ;»£■£,, j | I, Definite— (a) Every case has a characteristic ending. (b) Like the def. art. are declined the demonstra- tive, relative, interrogative and indefinite pronouns and strong adjectives. (c) The def. art. and these pronouns are followed by the weak declension of the adjective. Demonstrative Pronoun Singular Plural m. f. n. m. f. n. btefer biefe btefcS biefc bicfeS btefer biefeg btefer biefem btefer btefem btefen btefen biefe biefe* biefe 12 II« Indefinite — (a) Three forms (nom. masc. } and nom. and ace. neut.) are uninflected. (b) Like the indef. art. are declined the pos- sessive pronouns and feitt. (c) The indef. art. and the poss. pron. are followed by mixed adjectives. Definite Article Singular Plural m, f. n. m. f. n. Nom. ber bie ba$ bu Gen. be§ ber be* ber DAT. bem ber bem ben Acc. ben bie Da» bie Indefi nite Article Possessive Pro zoun Singular Singular Plural m. t n. m. f. n. m. f. n. N. ein eine ein mein meine mein meine G. eine§ einer eine? metne* meiner metneS meiner D. eitiem etner etnem me in em meiner meinem tneineu A. etnett eine ein meinett meine mein meine 6 APPENDIX NOUNS GENDER 13 As a rule the gender follows the natural sex. Ex., ber Sftann, trie great, ba3 Sinb. Exceptions: — (a) All nouns in djeu and tcttt are neuter, regard- less of their meaning: bct§ Sttabcfyen, ba£ graulem, ba% Wamfyen (the little man). (b) Occasionally one word forms an exception, as bct§ 2£eib (the woman). i 4 Endings determine gender: (a) Masc. : er, ling, Mj, ig — ber SBacfer (baker), ber grilling (spring), ber SBitterid) (tyrant), ber Saftg (cage). (6) Fem. : ie, ei, l)eit, feit, fdjaft, mtg, e,* in, it ion — bie $artie (company), bie Wddexei (bakery), bie greifyeit (freedom), bie S)an!barlett (gratitude), bie gfreunbfcfjaft (friendship), bie SBoIjmmg (dwelling), bie SBlunte (flower), bie ®i3d)in (woman cook), bie Stjrtf (lyric poetry), bie Seltion (lesson). 1 5 But few additional rules can be given. Most nouns must be studied with the proper article without regard to rule. (a) Masc: 1. Names of seasons, months, days of week, ber grill)* ling, ber ^anuar, ber 5Donner[tag. 2. Monosyllabic nouns derived from the stems of strong verbs, ber ©cmg (from gel)en=walk). (b) Fem. : Names of trees, flowers, most German rivers, bie (£tcf)e (oak), bie 8tofe, bie SBefer; but ber 9Ujehl. (c) Neut. : Substantive infinitives, and collectives formed with prefix ge: ba$ ©efyett (seeing), ba§> ©ebirge (the mountain system). Almost every word ending in tti§ and fal: baZ ©eljeumtiS (secret), baZ ©djicffal (fate). i 6 A few nouns have two genders with difference of meaning bet SBartb (volume) ber 33unb (league) ba§ Sattb (ribbon) btt§ 23imb (bundle) ber ©ee (lake) ber Xeil (part) bie See (sea) btt§ Seil (share) * For masculines in t cf. 23 c. APPENDIX DECLENSION OF NOUNS GENERAL | 7 (a) All feminines are uninfected in the singular. (b) All nouns add n in the dat. pi. I 8 NUMBER OF DECLENSIONS SlXG. PL. I. Strong Gen. (e)g II. Weak G. D. A. (e)tt III. Mixed Gen. (e)6 I — , e, er All cases ■< (e)n ((e)« 19 I. Strong" Declension 20 Endings: Gen. Sing. Plurals ( 1 Classes ■} 2. (3. (e)g — e, er Plural, no ending (umlaut rare) e ( more frequent) er ( " always) f las* 1 \ Gen - sin s- ^ uass 1 Plurals _ Membership: (a) Polysyllabic Masculines and Neuters ending in el, en, er. (b) Polysyllabic Neuters ending in djett, (etu, and e. (c) Two Feminines, bie Gutter and bie Xod)ter. (a) Examples (&) Sing. PL. Sing. PL. Nom. ber ©arten bie ©tirten* ba$ gtdulein t)ie grdulein Gen. be3 ©arteng ber ©arten be§ gftauiemg ber grauleiit Dat. bent (Garten ben ©tirten bem gfraulein ben grdulein Ace. ben (Garten bie ©drten Sing. bas grduletn (c) PL. bie grdulein Nom. bie Gutter bie flitter Gen. ber Gutter ber Wixtiev Dat. ber Gutter ben SQMttern Ace. bie Gutter bie SKutter * A number of nouns in this class take the umlaut in the plural. No rule can be given. Observe each noun carefully. 8 APPENDIX O I Class 2 \ Gen * Sin S* eg ^ ■ Llass J | Plurals e Membership: (a) Monosyllabic Masculines. (b) A few monosyllabic feminines and neuters, as bie §anb, bie SESanb, bie SKauS, bie ©tabt, bag ^a^r, bag $aar, bag $ferb. (c) A few polysyllabic masculines in ig, tttg and UnQ and neuters in ni§ and fal, ber Qiingling, ber gonig, bag ©ef)eimnig, bag ©djicffal. Examples (a) (b) Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Nom. ber ©oljn bie (Solute bie 28anb bie SSdnbet Gen. beg ©ofyneS ber ©dfyne ber 28anb ber 28dnbe Dat. bem ©ofin(e)* ben ©o|neti ber 2Banb ben 28dnben Ace. ben ©otyn bie ©ofyne bie 2Banb bie SBanbc * Monosyllables may take an t in the dat. sing. The omission of this t is a matter of euphony. t All feminines and many masculines of this class take the umlaut to form the plural. (&) (c) Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. N. bag 3fafet bie Safjre ber ^tingling bie $unglmge G. beg 3 a *)*e§ ber §af)re beg $ihtgling£ ber ^iinglinge D. bem Sai)r(e) ben Qa^reti bem ^tingling ben ^iinglingetl A. bag $afyr bie Qatyre ben bungling bie Qiinglinge *" Ua8S d | Plurals et Membership: (a) Monosyllabic Neuters. (b) A few monosyllabic masculines as ber 90£amt, ber 2Batb, ber ©etft, ber SBnrm. (c) Nouns in tttltt (mostly neuter, sometimes masculine). Examples (a) (b) Sing. Sing. (c) Sing. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. bag §ang ber Wlam beg JpaufeB beg Sftanneg bem §anfe bem Sftanne bag §ang ben Wann bag TOertum beg autertum* bem SHtettum bag 9Utertum Pl. Pl. Pl. Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. bie Mufer* bie SJianner ber ipdnfer ber banner ben §dnfettt ben Wlanntxn bie §dufer bie banner bie 5(ltertnmer ber Slltertumer ben autertiiment bie $ntertiimer •Plurals ( always have the umlaut if the stem vowel permits. This class eoa- taias no feminine* APPENDIX 9 23 II. Weak Declension Singular (e)tt (except in nom.) Plural (e)tt Membership: (a) Polysyllabic Feminines (except SUhttter, Xodjter). (b) Some monosyllabic feminines — bie UJjr, bie grau, bie 2lrt, bie SBal^n, bie SBurg, bie $picf)t, bie Saat. (c) Masculines in e, ber Enabe, ber Qunge, ber ©atte, ber 9fabe, ber Safe, ber Sotne, ber §eibe* (d) A limited number of masculines that have lost this e, ber ^Fcenfcf), ber §elb, ber §irt, ber fyiirft, ber @raf, ber §err, ber Vlaxv, ber €tf)£, ber S8ar, ber Xfyor. (e) Masculines of foreign origin with the accent on the last syllable, as ber Stubent, ber gle :fant, ber £anterab, ber 9Jhtftfant. Exampl les (a) (M (c) (d) Singular Nom. bie geber bie gran ber £nabe ber 9Kenfd) Gen. ber geber ber gran bes Snabeu bes 9Jcenfd)ett DAT. ber geber ber gran bent Snabett bem -DJtafdjett ACQ. bie geber bie gran ben ftnaben ben 2ftenfdjett Plural Nom. bie gfebern bie granett* bie Snaben bie Wlen\d)ttl Gen. ber gebern ber granctt ber Snabcn ber Sftenfdjett DAT. ben gebern ben granen ben ftnabett ben Wle\\)d]tn ACQ. bie gebern bie granen bie Snabetl bie 9J?ertfcrjett *The * weak nouns never take the umlaut to form the plural. No neuters are weak. Singular (c) Plural Nom. ber Stubent bie Stnbenten Gen. be§ Stubentett ber Stnbenten DAT. bent Stnbenten ben Stnbenten Ace. ben Stnbenten bie Stnbentett ^er §err (the gentleman or the master) takes n to form the G., D., A. singular and ctt to form all the cases of the plural, ber §err bie ©erren bes §errtt ber Jerreit bem §>errn ben feerren ben §errn bie fc'errett 10 APPENDIX 24 HI. Mixed Declension Singular Strong Gen. Sing. (e)g Plural Weak Plural (e)n 25 Membership: (a) Masculines in e that have become contami- nated with Strong I., ber ®Iaube, ber 9came, ber SBndjftabe.* (b) Some monosyllabic masculines, ber Sdjttterj, ber See, ber Stactt, ber Strati. (c) Some neuters, ba& $(nge, ba§ Dfyr, ba£ Sett, ba§ §emb, bae gnbe. Examples (a) (b) (c) Singular , — • — s Nom. ber 9came(n) ber Sdfymer^ ba$ §er§ ba§ 2lnge Gen. bes ^ametii* be3 Scfymer^ens* be3 §er^en§* be§ 5Inge£ Dat. bent 9camen bent Srfjmer^ bent §er$en bent 5Iuge Ace. ben teamen ben Sdjmer^ t>a% §er^ ba£ 5tuge Plural Nom. bie lament bit Scftmer^en bie §er$en bie 5Utgen Gen. ber Harnett ber ©qjmer^ett ber Serpen ber Slugeit Dat. ben Seamen ben Scftmer^en ben iper^en ben 5Utgen Ace. bte teamen bie ©djmerjett bie Serpen bie Slngen *Note that the contamination of these two classes has produced in all the nouns under (a) a genitive in lt£. In Sdjtttet^ and ptT$, the genitive form is analogical with that of (a). t No umlaut in plural ; no f eminines. A few nouns form two plurals with difference of meaning : bie SBorte = (connected speech) bie SBchtf e = (benches) bie ^Sorter = (disconnected words) bie SSanfen = (banks for money) 26 PROPER NOUNS Places— Gen. g. 2>ie Simoofyner 23erltn3 (the inhabitants of Berlin). If the noun ends with §, $, or j no case ending is affixed. The relation is expressed by means of a preposition — bie @tntt>oljner Don tyaxxh. Persons — (a) With the article — uninflected. bet §einrid) bei ipeinrttf) bent feeinrirf) ben §etnrtd) (6) Without the article— Genitive in § or (e)tt§: §etnrtd)§, granjigfai, Sonifen*, Marietta, grtgetti, §anfen*.* *If the noun ends in Z, £, }, or y, (e)n£ is added to form the genitive. In all other cases only §. Singular m. N. id) bit er G. meiner beiner feine D. mir bir ifmt A. mid) bid) ifyn APPENDIX 27 PIJONOUtfS (a) Personal and Reilexive. (6) Possessive declined like indefinite article. f Demonstrative I (c) { Indeftnite • • • k declined like definite article, Interrogative Relative .... J 28 The Personal Pronoun f n Plural fie e§ roir ifyr fie (@ie)* feiner ifyrer feiner unfer euer i^rer (3^rer) irjr ifmt uns end) ilmen Cgrmen) fie e3 UH6 eurf) fie (<5ie) * Used In conventional conversation for 2d pers. sing, and plural. Reflexives 29 Singular Plural m. f. n. m. f. n. Nom. — — — — — Gen. — — — — — — Dat. mir bir fid) vm§ eutf) fid Ace. mid) bid) ftd) un£ end) fid 30 The other pronouns may be divided into two classes, according as they follow the declension of the definite or that of the indefinite article (cf. 11 and 12). Possessives 3 I The possessive pronouns follow the declension of the indefi- nite article (cf. 12). m. f. n. Pl. Nom. unfer unf(e)re unfer unf(e)re Gen. unfer(e)** nnf(e)rer unfer(e)* unf(e)rer Dat. unfer(e)m unf(e)rer unfer(e)m unfer(e)tt Ace. unfer(e)n unf(e)re unfer unf(e)re * When two unaccented C's occur in successive syllables, one may be omitted. 32 The possessives are: mein, bein, fein, unfer, euer. In inflection they agree in number, gender, and case with the noun which they modify. For the possessive + noun may be substituted: ber, hie, ba§ meinige; ber, bie, ba^meine; meiner, meine, meines. The declension of these forms is given under adjectives (cf. 43 and 44). 33 Possessive compounds— With the prepositions UJCflett and fmlfcet and utn . . . imllett (on account of, for the sake of) the genitive stem and the suffix tt forms a compound: meinetroegen, meinetfyalber, urn meinetroillen (for my sake). 12 APPENDIX 34 Demonstratives and Indefinites The demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are : ber, biefer, jerter, felber, foltfjer, manner, jeber, jebmeber, jeglitfjer, eirter. The only deviation from the inflection of the definite article is in bet which has taken on a distinctive suffix in the genitive singular and genitive and dative plural. The Demonstrative Pronoun N. G. D. A. 35 Sing. biefer =e ^e§ biefer =er ^e£ bicfetn -er =em biefen -e -e3 PL. biefe biefer biefen biefe Sing. PL. ber bie ba§ bie beffen bercn beffen bereit bem ber bem benett ben bie bas bie ay be substituted bei ;felbe, be For regular demonstratives jenige. In the declension of these compounds the first part takes the declension of the article, the second of the weak adjective (cf. 42). Other indefinites are: jemcntb (somebody), jebermanrt (everybody), niemanb (nobody), man (corresponding to the French on, not easily translated, man fagt=they say). These are generally uninflected, though they may take (e)3 in the genitive (except matt, which is used only in the nominative, taking etttem and cittett in dat. and ace). Ex. - Gen. jebermanns, niemanbes, jemanbe*. 36 Relative and Interrogative Relative: melcfjer, mer, mas, ber. Interrog. : meicfter? mer? mas? mas fiir ein? N. G. D. A. N. G. D. A. meidjer beffen roelcrjem meldjen Sing. roeld)e beren rueldier roelcfje Plural meid)e beren tuelcften toeldje Relative Sing. m. & f. n. tneldiee mer mas beffen* meffen (tueffen) toelcfjem mem mem melrfjes men mas Plural ber beffen bem ben Sing. bie beren ber bie Plural t)ie beren benen bie beffen bem bag *The genitive of the relative Uielcfjet is not used; the genitive of the relative UtX has taken its place. For other deviations from inflection of clef. art. cf. 34. 37 Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Nom Gen. Dat. Ace. Sing. roeldjer -c *t% melcfyes tx -e* melcfyem tx -em roeldjen t -c$ Pl. (m f. n.) meid)e meidjer roeldjctt toeltyt Interrogative met and same as mas rel. Without Noun mas fiir einer -e -e£ mas fiir cinei tx -e§ toa§ fiit einem tx -em mas fiir einett -e e§ With Noun ma3 fiir em, eine, eitt mas fiir eine*, tx, -e3 mas fiir einem, -er, -em mas fiir emeu, -e, ein APPENDIX 13 38 ADJECTIVES r Strong" — when used without article or pronoun. 3 Declensions ] Weak — after definite article or pronoun. ( Mixed — after indefinite article or pronoun. 39 Strong 1 adj. — without article; declined like definite article. Singular N. gutcr Ttamx gute gran guteS £inb G. gute* 9#amtes* guter 5rau gute* £tnbe§* D. gutem SJtonne guter grau gutem ®inbe A. guteti Sftann gute 5 rau 9 U ^» £i n & Plural N. gute Scanner, grauen, Stnber G. guter Scanner, grauen, Sttnber D. guteti -Hftannera, grauen, Stinbern A. gute Scanner, grauen, Sttnber *In gen. sing. masc. and neut. the weak ending (etl) is often used instead of e§ to avoid recurrence of the sibilant. Ex.— fdjledjtett 2£ctffer£. 40 Weak adj. — after definite article or pronoun (inflectional syl- lables e or etl). Singular N. ber gute Ttann bte gute grau baz gute £inb G. bes guteti SJtonneS ber guteti Srau bes guteti ftinbeS D. bent gutett SJtonne ber guteti 3ftau bent guteti Sinbe A. ben guteti SDftantt hie gute &rau bas gute fttnb Plural N. bte guteti Scantier, grauen, Sinber G. ber guteti Scanner, Bremen, Sinber D. ben gutett Sftannem, graueu, Sittbem A. bte guteti banner, graueu, Sinber Mixed adj. — after indefinite article and pronoun. {Weak when article is inflected, strong when article is not inflected.) Singular N. em guter Sftcum eine gute gran ein gute* £inb G. eme§ guteti SDtames enter gutett &rau eines gutett &inbe§ D. etnem guteti SJtonne eiuer gutett 5 rau etnem gutett &inbe A. eiuen guteti Warm etne gute &rau ein gute* ftinb Plural fetne guteti Scanner, grauen, Sinber feiner guteti banner, grauen, Sttnber fetuen gutett Stfannern, grauen, £tnbern feme gutett Scanner, grauen, fttnber 41 N. G. D. A. 14 APPENDIX 42 The demonstrative compounds that are composed of ber, bie, ba%, plus the adj. felb or jenig are declined like weak adjectives. (Not in frequent use.) Singular PL. N. berjenige biejenige baejenige biejenigett G. besjenigett berjenigeu bemjenigett berjenigett D. bemjenigett berjenigett bemjenigeit benjenigett A. benjenigett biejenige ba^jenige biejenigett 43 1. So also are declined the possessives bet, tit, ba£ tttettte or tttettttge and the indefinite bet ettte. Singular N. ber meute bie meinige ba% eine G. be§ nteinett ber meinigett be§ einett D. bent metnen ber meinigett bent einett A. ben nteinett bie meinige bct§ eine Plural (all genders) N. bie nteinett bie meinigett bie einett G. ber nteinett ber meinigett ber einett D. ben nteinett ^n meinigett hen einett A. bie nteinett bie meinigett bie einett 2. 9ftand)er, tteldjer, joldjer are occasionally used without the end- ing: mandj, faeld), fold). In that case the adj. following would have the strong ending. Singular N. mand) gnter 9Qtam G. mand) gute*(ett) 9ftanne£ D. mand) gntettt Sftanne A. mand) gutett Ttann Plural mand) gnte banner mand) gnter Manner mand) gutett Wannexn mand) gute banner 3. The strong declension is also used after a personal pronoun : tdj armer Sftann! 2$a§ f)at man bit, bit arme§ Sinb, getan? 4. Also after the indeclinable pronouns and numerals: etti)a»3, tttdji*?, ailerlet, etc.: etttm§ gute* SBaffer; allerlei ftfjone ©ad)en; ntdht^ 2Bal)re8. APPENDIX 15 44 The possessives and the indefinite pronoun titter when used without preceding article or following noun are inflected like the strong adjective. Singular N. meiner *e *t§ einer eine eine£ G. meines *er *t% eine§ einer eine§ D. meinem ^er -em einem einer einem A. metnett s e *e£ einctt eine eine§ Pl. (all genders) (No Plural) N. meine G. meiner D. metnett A. meine Thus: This is mine, etc.= $a£ ift bet, bie, ba% meine „ „ „ meinige meiner =e *e& mein, bein, fein, unfer, euer 1^ (but never ba3 ift ifyx). The pronominal adjectives aflerlei, trielerlei, mandjerlei, berlei, foldjertci, allerfjanb were originally attributive genitives (as the gen. pl. ending er still shows). They are now used as simple, indeclinable adjectives or as substantives. Ex. — Sfferlei Seute. gdj Ijabe Dielerfri $u tun. 5 Numerals 1 eing 13 brei^e^n 50 fitnfetg 2 jn?ei 14 trier^n 60 fecfeig 3 brei 15 funfeeljn 70 ftebgig 4 trier 16 fecrjge^n 80 ad^ig 5 fftnf 17 fteben 90 nenn^ig 6 fed)3 18 ad)t$e$n 100 fjunbert 7 fteben 19 neunjefjn 121 fjunbert etnunbjitmnjig 8 ad^t 20 itoanjig 200 ^tueifyunbert 9 neun 21 einunbgnmn^ig 1,000 taufenb 10 je^n 22 ^toeiunb^tDangig 1,121 taufenb etnljunbert ein* 11 elf 30 breigig unb$toan§tg 12 jtoolf 40 bier^tg 1,000,000 eine Million 16 APPENDIX 46 The cardinal numerals are indeclinable, except eht£, which, when used adjectively, has the forms of eitt, ettte, eitt, the same as the indefinite article. (Occasionally jfoei and tltei are found inflected in gen. : gfaeier ; and dat. : breiett). 47 §unbert and taufenb may be used substantively and are then declined. Ex. — §unberte toctren ba (Hundreds were there). (£r fyat Sau* fenbttt unrest getcm (He did wrong to thousands). They are then declined like the plural of the definite article (e, Ct, tit, t)- 48 Ordinals Ordinals are formed from cardinals by the addition of the suffix t to all numbers from 2 to [19 — bet neungefjnit, and ft from 20 on— ber atrmnaigftt. The ordinal of eitt§ is erft (ber erfte) " brei " britt (ber britte) They may be declined strong, weak, or mixed, but can not be used without an inflection. Henry II = §einrid) ber Bttette §einricf)§ bes gtteiten §eiimd) bem gtueiten §einrid) ben Qmetten The ordinal adverbs are: erfteu*, groeiteu^, brittttti (first, secondly, thirdly, etc.). 49 ADYERBS Adverbs do not differ in form from adjectives, except that they are not declinable. Often they may be compared like adjectives. 50 Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs The regular comparison of adjectives is formed by adding et and (e)fi to the stem of the word, and is usually accompanied by umlaut. fong Itinger idngft (ber Imtgfte, am langjten) 9*o& grower gro^t (§ omitted for euphony) htr£ Curler fur^eft miibe miiber miibeft APPENDIX 17 Si Without umlaut: Hat fdjiau bitnfel frolj flarer ftf)Iauer bunfler frofyer flarft fd)lau(e)ft (all with diphthongs) bunfelft frofyft 52 Irregular Comparison (a) Change of f) and rf) (tf) is used finally and before consonants, I) is medial) : t)o% pfjer fjodjft naje nd^er ndrfjft (5) Change in stem: gut beffex beft tiiel mct)r meift 53 Declension of Comparative and The Comparative is declined like the syllable being added to the et\ Ex. — Strong befferer 28ein beffere»(en) 2£eines befferem 2Beine befferen SSein beffere SBeinc befferer SKeine befferen SBeitien beffere SBeine JFeafc bie fcbjonere %xau ber fcpneren 3ftau ber fcbjoneren gran bie fdjonere 5 rau bie fd)5neren grauen ber ben bie Superlative positive, the inflectional Mixed ein rjorjere* £mu§ eines fybrjeren £>aufe§ einem pfjeren §cmfe ein rjorjere* §aus prjere Sdufer tyorjerer fidufer rjofyeren Sdufern fyofyere &dufer 54 The Superlative can be used regularly only with the definite article, hence is always iveak. Ex.— hex ndrfjfte grilling bes ndc^ften gfriiljltttgg bent nddjjlett grilling ben nddjften 3ftitl)Hng 55 In the predicate the phrase am bie ntidjftetl tfriirjlinge ber nadjjfat grubjlmge ben nddjjten griirjltngen bie ndd}ften frriiijlmge . . . en may be substituted. Ex.— £arl ift tier grofete or &ari ift am grijfeten 9tttt griifeten, originally adverbial can be used only in the predicate. never attributively. 18 APPENDIX 56 Both bet Gtoffte and am grpfetett are relative in meaning, i.e., they suggest a comparison with other objects of the same class. Sari ifl bet Btiifete or am grofeten means that he is larger than the other boys before mentioned. When the superlative is used to designate merely a high degree of the quality, without definite comparison, we substi- tute for the attributive superlative ihtfjetft °r (fid) ft + the positive. (£7ir. — Slufeerft (jrofee ffidume rtmdjfen itn ©arten, or prfjft aitfletteljme Seute toaren gugegen.) For the adverbial phrase am beftett we substitute attf* befte, but this can never be used adjectively. (Ex. — ©ie fang auf# fitfte.) Hence we have four forms of the superlative — Relative Absolute Attributive ber befte augerft (I)6tf)ft) gut Adverbial am beften auf§ befte Relative @r ift bet befte ©center in ber Slaffe (He is the best pupil in the class) (£r ift am Beften (He is the best) Absolute Sr ift ein imfeerft ptet © filler (He is an exceedingly good pupil) @r ftubiert attf§ befte (He studies his very best) Caution It is to be observed that this difference is not so distinctly marked in English, hence great care must be taken in translation. Thus, "A most remarkable man appeared," becomes in German; „6itt ihtfferft nterfttmrbiger 9#ann erfefyien." But, "The most remarkable man I ever saw," is: £er merftmtrbtafte 9ftcmn, ben id) je gefefyen." The English " She sings best of all," " She is the best," and "She sings her best" are carefully distinguished in German: „@te ftngt am beften/' „©ie ift bie befte" or „am beften/' „©ie fingt anf§ befte/' ''She sings most delightfully" is: „©te ftngt auf£ fyerrlidjfte." APPENDIX 19 57 YERBS r Weak — Tense change produced by suffix te, t Two Conjugations j Strong — " " " by vowel altera- ( tion in stem 58 principal parts of verb are Pres, Infinitive, Preterite, Perf. Participle. Weak loben lobte gelobt Strong fingen fang gefungen (Note that in both conjugations the infinitive ends with ett and the parti- ciple begins with ge. ) 59 There are five modes: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, IMPERATIVE, INFINITIVE 60 There are six tenses : I Simple [ Auxiliaries fjabttt or feitt + perfect participle of verb ( Auxiliary ft) ett) ett + infinitive 6 I Tense Auxiliaries Principal Parts Ijaben fyatte geljabt fein tt)or gettefen tt>erben ttmrbe (ttmrb) getoorben 1. Jjdbftt is weak, but slightly irregular in the preterite, the stem consonant being assimilated to the following t. The same irregularity will be found in the 2d and 3d sing. pres. indie. (fcm ()aji, er I) at). 2. toertttt has two forms for the pret. sing. ; ttmrbe is preferable in prose. 3. All three verbs are used as independent verbs, or as auxili- aries. As verbs they have full inflection in all modes and tenses and mean respectively to have, to be, to become. 4. Observe that Ijafiett (the verb) takes Ijafiett (the auxiliary) to form the perfect tense, while feitt and tuerbett take feitt (cf. 62). PRESENT PRETERITE PERFECT PLUPERFEC FUTURE FUTURE PERFECT a a EH O w Eh w PL, H OQ o o M < o Q £ I § a rf3 3 -w « :° S3 a a a .£= JQ o P ^ JO iji cj P a e~ Eh P O £ Oh Pu. *-» *-» «, e « ** fifig ^ « *~* El H o Oh a £881 «L> O ~ O £ *-> s a S ** J-» ~ P ^r- w a a I "Bz S3 2 M a-ffsS. EH a> fe a s - ~ fc .5 £- ., yo EH § g &h o « a Oh Cft J P PL. ^^ a a § si 02 EH Pn o >£> i P a ^;p- m ph a a Sz gy £* ° o J-> <^ P £ i-> Sl| «3 : « ^^ EH O Ho 0-i cr . J S 5 ^ Ph « « ^ t r?^ £ a B fi EH ° w a a a • «-> JZ> o o o J-> fifil P J 13 ^ j2 EH -^ O £L S a H « D s a a t ft fe X o « ** tl JO ?J o ^ fi a s a ^ O o J^ a a a sis S a a a ff ? M I^££ fiBa CO -t* ±j EH *-> *■» 'o tr *^ o .^i yo o p yo o P .- ^ — >p^ St P H ^ *° S 3^ « & "S > cr, ^ cl M S. S. "S 5^^ S"jB o a a SB csi i^o^P° -°jo^* isl^ fitise£ H O o a m C33 ft o £=" PL, — £-o_ E*S a ° I § I * * : S3 g as-: ft S K Si, « « ft 8 £ e S 1 f 2 ^ 2 ** 'S ft o iff* ill s a & 1 a | s ' 1 a ^£ * :?£ S a e~ ft £ ° o o -« •{ Eh ° ° « 1 1 a ■§ -8 S &5?5 ••! :g 1 * b fi 1 ® a a fa a fi I * * a .Js jo o k £2 IX- .¥ j=> o a £2 EX- 5 2 «L> Eh E* a> t ^ ^ O O ft a ft ft ft C32 P3 > ft Ph *o ^r aj a "S g ft La - p 1-3 SJs EX Ph pq p* P GO QJ CO &3 .- £r O o> QJ 3 js s a e a * 1 1 1 1 1 1 fi o ** Q ** w S .*2 m ** Eh O ft ft r£ ft Ph ft P H P H « Ph b a g^^g 5 2 a fi a 3 S : g a i^sS. j=> s x -t: P fa __ ** »^ » :5 jjj W ?S a p p » a 5 ^ rv, — « 55 P a a : g 1^1 b£^ "3 Si .52 ?h © e_, (!) *H 5S & I* Tl 5*3- ■JIT J^ 1 Si ft o Ph 52 >o 3 ^ ^ ys o ft o » ft cr: -« ."S ^ ? ^ ^ ^ tS 5-* 'o o ft ft « ft Ph ft P b^ P P5 ^^ fi S — ' ^ ^y* i2 rS ^ ft •« S* — ' >& £3 :-w 1^ o CS3 - « € •£ « 1 g. d a 2 a II g M - ^ <©©?_» 2 ^ a a? s h 2 - 2 I 22 APPENDIX 63 64 65 66 Conditional I. id) ttmrbe Ijctben* id) ttmrbe f em (etc.) II. id) toiirbe gefyabt fjaben* id) ttmrbe gettiefen fein (etc.) I. id) mitrbe toerben (etc.) II. id) tourbe gercorben fein (etc.) Imperatives fei (bit) toerbe feib (il)t) tterbet (it)t) feien erbe „ tt)ir tterben „ xoix mitrtien „ (toerben) iljr toerbet „ if)x mitrbet „ (tuerbet) fie toerben „ fie miirbeu „ (roerben) Fut. Perf . id) toerbe geliebt t)aben id) tour be geliebt Ijaben (tuerbe) bu ttrirft „ bu toerbeft „ er lt)irb „ er tt)erbe „ ttrir toerben „ . ttrir mitrbett „ (merben) iljr merbet „ i^r mitrbet „ (toerbet) fie merben „ fie mitrben „ (toerben) APPENDIX 25 74 Strong Verb with fjafiett Indicative Subjunctive Pres. id) fefje bu fiefjft er fieljt id) fa^e (fefje) bu feljeft- er feije ton fef)eu iljr fei>t fie fe^en mir faljm (fefyeu) i^r fa^et (fefjet) fie fiigett (fe^en) Pret. bu fa^ft er falj id) fdf^e bu fdfyefl er fdtye toir fa^eu if)X fafjt fie fafyeu ttnr fd^eu ifyx fd^et fie fdfyeu Perf. id) fyabe gefefyeu bu fjaft er §at id) {jfttte gefefjeu (fyahey bu fyabeft „ er fyabe „ tt)ir Ijabeu „ tfjr fyabt „ fie fyabeu „ tvix fatten „ (fyabeu) t^r (jattet „ (fjabet) fie Jjdtten „ (fyabeu) Plup. id) f)atte gefefyeu bu ijatteft „ er fyatte „ id) fj'atte gefefjeu bu fydtteft „ er !)dtte „ tvix fatten „ \t)X fyattet „ fie fatten „ ttrir fatten „ tl)r fydttet „ fie ptten „ Fut. id) tvexbe fe^eu bu ttrirft „ er ttnrb „ id) toiirbe fefjen (fterbe) bu toerbeft „ er toerbe „ ttjtr toerbeu „ ifyr toerbet „ fie toerbeu „ ttrir timrben „ (tDerbeu) it)r taitrtoet „ (rcerbet) fie tmtrtiett „ (fterbeu) Fut. Perf id) tvexbe gefefyen bu fair ft er ttnrb „ )abeu id) tmtr&e gefeljeu l)aben (toerbe) bu tuerbeft „ er merbe „ ttrir tt)erbeu „ ifyr toerbet „ fie toerben „ tvix toiirben „ (fterbeu) ifyr toitrbet „ (toerbet) fie umrben „ (toerbeu) 26 75 APPENDIX Weak Verb with feift Indicative Subjunctive Pres. id) folge ty folgte (forge) bu folgft bn folgteft (fol^eft) er foXgt er folge hrir folgeu toix folgten (folgeu) iljr folgt ty* folgtet (folget) fie folgen fte folgten (folgeu) Pret. id) folgte id) folgte bu folgteft bu folgteft er folgte er folgte tmr folgteu toil folgteu i^r folgtet it)r folgtet fte folgten fie folgteu Perf id) bin gefolgt id) fei gefolgt bu bift „ bu feift er ift er fei lt)ir ftub „ ttnr feien „ i^r feib „ ifyr feiet „ fte ftub „ fie feieu „ Plup. id) mar gefolgt id) ttmre gefolgt bu toacft „ bu toareft „ er tnar „ er mare „ fair ttmren „ toir ttmren „ it)r ftmr(e)t „ ifyx ttmret „ fte ttmren „ fie ttmren „ Fut. id) toerbe folgeu id) ttmrbe folgeu (toerbe) bu toirft „ bu toerbeft „ er tturb „ er toerbe „ toil merben „ ttrir miirben „ (merben) tfyr toerbet „ il)r toiirbet „ (toerbet) fie tuerben „ fte niiirten „ (tuerben) Fut. Perf. id) tuerbe gefolgt feiu id) mitrtie gefolgt feiu (tuerbe) bu tt)irft „ bu toerbeft „ er ttnrb „ er tterbe „ toix tuerben „ tuir miirben „ (tuerben) ityr toerbet „ i^r tmtrbet „ (tuerbet) fie toerben „ fie tmtrtiett „ (tuerben) APPENDIX 2 6 Strong Verb with feitt Indicative Subjunctive Pres. idj faHe id) flclc (faHe) bu fdUft bu faEeft er ftillt er fatte ttrir fallen toft fielen (fallen) ifjr faUt i^r fielet (faHet) fie fallen fie fielen (fallen) : Pret. id) fiel id) fiele bu fielft bu fieleft er fiel er fiele ttrir fielen tr)ir fielen i$r fielt i^r fielet fie fielen fie fielen Perf. id) bin gefallen id) fei gefallen * bu bift bu feieft „ er ift er fei ttrir finb „ ttrir feien „ iljr feib „ i^r feiet „ fie finb fie feien „ Plup. id) mar gefallen id) mdre gefallen bu marft „ bu mdreft „ er mar „ er mare „ mir maren „ ttrir maren „ il)r mac(e)t „ il)r tt)dret „ fie maren „ fie maren „ Fut ■ id) merbe fallen id) toiirbe fallen (merbe) bu ttrirft „ bu merbeft „ er mirb „ er merbe „ mir merben „ mir toitrben „ (merben) ifyx merbet „ i^r toitrbet „ (merbet) fie merben „ fie miirben (merben) Fut. Perf. , id) merbe gefallen fein id) tuitrlie gefallen fein (merbe) bu toirft „ bu merbeft , 7 er mirb „ er merbe , / ttrir merben „ tt)tr toiirben „ (merben) i§r merbet „ tfjt toiirbet ,, (merbet) fie merben „ fie nmrben , , (merben) 28 APPENDIX 77 I. II. I. II. Pres. Perf. Pres. Perf. Conditional Weak id) tDiirbe liefiett* id) tDiirbe jjeliebt Ija&en id) tDiirbe falgett id) tDiirbe gefolflt fein Imperative forge (bu) fo!g(e)t (i$r) folgen ©ie Infinitives fofgen gefofgt fein Participles liebenb fofgenb geliebt gefotgt Strong id) tDiirbe fetjen id) tDiirbe flefe|ett Ijaben td) tDiirbe fatten id) tDiirbe gefatten fein Itebe (bu) Iieb(e)t (if)x) lieben ©ie lieben geliebt jjafien fte$ (bu) fe^(e)t (t$r) fe^en Sie fefyen gefefyen Ijafien faGe (bu) faU(e)t (i$r) fatleu Sie fatten gefatten fein fefyenb gefefyen fattenb gefatten 78 Passive Voice Form : conjugation of tDerbeu -f P er ^ • part- of verb. Indicative Pres. id) toertie gefydrt bu tuirfi „ er totrb „ tDir tuerben „ i^r mxM „ fie toerbeu „ Pret. id) uittrbe gef)5rt bu amrbeft „ er imtrbe „ tDir tmtrben „ if)r tomrbet „ fie tomrbett „ * The full paradigm is : id) tDiirbe liebeu bu tDiirbeft „ er tDiirbe „ tDir tDiirbeu lieben it)t tDiirbet „ fie tDiirben „ Subjunctive id) toitrbe gefyort (tDerbe) bu toerbeft „ er tnerbe „ tDir tojiiriiett „ (tDerben) tf)t toiirbet „ (tDerbet) fie ttmrben „ (tDerben) id) tuiirtie gefyort bu umrbeft „ er nmrbe „ tDirmitrbett „ tijr mitrhet „ fie tomrbett „ id) tDiirbe geliebt fyaben bu tDiirbeft „ er tDiirbe „ tDir tDiirben geliebt fyaben i^r tDiirbet „ fie tDiirben „ id) toiirbe gefatten fein bu tDiirbeft „ er tDiirbe „ tDir tDiirben gefatten fein ifjr tDiirbet „ fie tDiirben „ APPENDIX 2£ Indicative Subjunctive Perf id) 6itt gef)drt foorben* id) fei gefyort toorbett bit bifi „ tt bu feieft „ // er ift tt er fei // totr flub „ tt tutr feiett „ // i^r feib „ tt t^rfeiet „ // fte flnb „ tt fte feiett „ // Plup. ttf) toar ge^ort morben id) toare gefjort toorbett bu marfi „ tt bu toiireft ,, tt er mar „ tt er mare tt tuir foarett „ tt tutr todrett „ tt ifjr mart ,. tt ifjr mdret „ tt fte toarett „ tt fte marett „ tt Fut. id) tuerbe gefjort toerbett id) toiirbe geprt tuerben (tuerbe) bu ttiirft „ tt bu tuerbeft „ tt er toirb „ tt er foerbe „ tt ttrir toerben „ tt ttrir toiirbett „ „ (tuerben) i^r merbet „ tt i^r miirbet „ „ (tuerbet) fie merben „ tt fte miirben „ „ (tuerben) F. P. tcf) toerbe getyort morben feitt id) toiirbe gefjort tuorben fein (tuerbe) bu tijirft „ tt tt bu merbeft „ tt tt er fcrirb „ tt tt er toerbe „ tt tt tt)ir merben „ tt tt ttrir toiirbett „ „ (tuerben) i^r merbet „ tt tt tfjr mitrbet „ „ (tuerbet) fte tuerben „ tt tt fte ttiiiriien „ „ (tuerben) 79 Conditional I. id) toiirbe gefjdrt toerbett II. id) toiirbe geprt motbett fein Imperative tuerbe (bu) gefjort metbet (t§r) gefjdrt Infinitives Pres. ge^ort toerbett Perf. Participles Pres. ge^ort toerbettb Perf. 80 Compounds An adverbial prefix modifies the meaning of a verb and changes its form according to certain laws. * Observe that the perf. participle getUOrben loses its augment in the passive. toerbett ©te ge^ort geprt toorbett feitt ge*)5rt toorbett 30 APPENDIX Example fragen=to question 6efragen=to interrogate These compounds may be : gilt (it is a question of) e3 fragt ftcf> (the question arises) e§ fycmbelt fid) urn (it is a question of) e§ lofntt fid) (it is worth while) e§ laftt fief) tun (it can be done) 88 Irregular Yerbs Seven weak verbs are irregular in appearance, since the infinitive has undergone an umlaut change because of a suffix (now lost) which did not affect the other principal parts. brennen brannte gebrannt lennen fannte gefannt nennen nannte genannt retxnen rannte gerannt fenben fanbte gefanbt raenben toanbte gemanbt benfen* bad)te gebacftt * Observe that the last named has lost the nasal before $ and has undergone a consonant change. So also : bringen bradjte gebracfyt 89 Table of Strong Verbs 2d & 3d Sing. Preterite Infinitive Pres. Indic. Indic. Subj. Past Part. Imper. abfietgeu reg. ftieg-ab ftiege-ab abgeftiegen reg. abtragen trdgft, trtigt-ab trug-ab triige-ab abgetragen reg. anfangen fdngft, fdngt-an ftng-an finge-an angef.angen reg. angel) en reg. ging-an ginge-an angegangen reg. anneljmen nimmft, nimmt-an nafym-an ndt)me-an angenommen mmm- an anfieigen reg. ftieg-an ftiege-an angeftiegen reg. anfireirfjen reg. ftrtd)-an ftrid)e-an angeftridjen reg. nuffteigen reg. ftieg-auf ftiege-auf aufgeftiegen reg. auftragen trdgft, trdgt-auf trug-anf triige-auf aufgetragen reg. barf en bdefft, bdeft bucf biicfe gebacfen reg. bebcttfen reg. bebafyte bebdcf)te bebad)t reg. bebiirfett bebarfft bebarf beburfte bebixrfte beburft reg. APPENDIX ,2 2d & 3d Sing Preterite Infinitive Pres. Indic. Indic. Sub j. Past Part. Imper. ficflebett begiebft, begiebt reg. begab begdbe begeben begieb fieflimten begann begonne begomten reg. ieiftett beiffeft, beiftt big biffe gc biff en reg. Betr^ffen betriffft, betrifft reg. betraf betrdfe betroffen reg. Bejie|ett be^og be^oge be^ogen reg. Jrieten reg. hot Bote geboten reg. fiittiieu reg. banb bdnbe gebunben reg. Btetfiett reg. blieb bliebe geblieben reg. Brenneu reg. brannte brenntc gebramtt reg. bartrieten reg. bot-bar bote-bar bargeboten reg. tienfen reg. badjte bdcrjte gebad)t reg. torinsen reg. brang brdnge gebrungen reg. biirfen barfft, barf burfte biirfte geburft reg. eittSrittBett reg. brang-ein brdnge-ein cingebmngen reg. etnfaHen — , fdllt-ein ftel-ein ftele-ein eingefatten reg. einfdjlafen WPffl, fcfjldft-ein fd)Iief-ein fcfyliefe-ein eingefcfylafen reg. entljalten entpltft, entfyaft entfjtelt entfyielte cntfyalten reg. erf) alien erpitft, erfydlt erfytelt erfjielte crfyalten reg. erfjefien reg. crfyob erfyobe er^oben reg. ermeffett ermiffeft, ermijst crmafj ermdfce ermeffen ermig erraten errdtft, errdt erriet erriete erraten errate erfdjeinett reg. erfcfyien erfdjiene erfdjienen reg. erttietfen reg. erttrie£ ertuiefe ertDiefen reg. ertoerfien ermirbft, ertoirbt ermarb entmrbe ermorben ertoirb eff en iffeft, ifct afe m gegeffen iB fasten f aljrft, f dfjrt fu$t fiifyre gefafyren reg. fatten faKft, fdllt fter ftefe gefaEen reg. fangen fangft, f dngt ftng ftnge gefangen reg. fht&en reg. fanb fdnbe v gefimben reg. ftiegen reg. flog pge geflogen reg. flieften reg. floB fldffe gefloffen reg. frieten reg. fror fro re gefroren reg. BeSen giebft, giebt gab gabe gegeben gieb Bebenfen reg. gebacfyte gebdcrjtc gebadj)t reg, 35 36 2d & 3d Sing. APPENDIX Preterite Infinitive Pres. Indic. Indic. SUBJ. Past Part. Imper. Befallen gefftUft, gefaUt reg. geftet geftele gefallen reg. Bel) en B»B giuge gegangeu ge^ gelingeu — , reg. gelang gelduge gelungen reg. Beniefeen reg. genoB genoffe genoffen reg. flraben grdbft, grdbt grub griibe gegraben reg. l)a6en $a')t, $at Ijatte tj'dtte ge^abt reg. fatten pttft, pit i)\z\t tjielte getjatten reg. ^etfen &tiffi, Pft pif fyiilfe gefyolfen m\ ijeruorneljs nintmft, nafym-f)er= = ndijme-fyer* t)ert)orge* nimm- men nimmt- Ijer&or DOT dor nommen tjer&or flhtflen reg. Jiang flange geflnngen reg. foutmen reg. fam fame getommen reg. fdnnen fannft, fann fonnte fonnte gefomtt reg. laffen laffeji, lajgt lxe% liege gelaffen reg. lanfen laufft, lauft lief tiefe gelaufen reg. lefen Uefeft, lieft las lafe gelefen ftcS Itegen reg. lag rage gelegen reg. marten reg. maljlte mafylte gemafylen reg. ntoflen ntagft, mag mod)te mocfyte gemodjt reg. miiffen muBt, mug nutate mu^te gemuBt reg. natifttfytti 9* gefyt-nacf) ging-natf) ginge-nad) nadjgegangen gei)- nad) neljmeu nintmft, nintmt nafym natnne genommen uimm nennen reg. nannte ueuute genannt reg. preifen preifeft, preift pries priefe gepriefen reg. raten ratft, rat riet riete geraten reg. reiften retjjeft, rei&t rtB riffe geriffeu reg. reiten reg. ritt ritte geritten reg. rennen reg. rannte rannte gerannt reg. riedjen reg. XOd) rocfye gerodjen reg. tnfen reg. rief riefe gerufen reg. fdjeinen reg. fdjien fcfjienc gefdjienen reg. f^ieften fdjieffeft, fdjie&t ftf)OB fdjoffe gefdjoffen reg. frblafeu fd>lafft, Waft fd)lief fdjliefe gcfcrjlafcu reg. APPENDIX 3 2d & 3d Sing [. Preterite Infinitive Pres. Indic. Indic. Subj. Past Part. IMPER fdjlaflctt fdjlagft, Wiagt Wn fcfjtiige gefc^rogen reg. fdjreiben reg. fcfjrieb fdjriebe gefcr)rtebert reg. fdjreiten reg. fcfjritt fdjritte gefcfjritten reg. I'djtoetaett reg. fcrjmieg fd)ttuege gefcf)tt)iegen reg. jdjtmmmen reg. fdjtDcmtm fdjtndmme gefcf)ft)ommen reg. fe^en jteljft, fteljt falj fd^e gefefyen fteD fcitt bin, bifi, ift to at ttdre getoefen fei flnflett reg fang fdnge ge fun gen reg. fH$en ftfteft, ftfet fag fafje gefeffen reg. fottmett reg. fpann f panne gefponnen reg. foremen ftrtdjft, fortdjt farad) fprddje gefprod)en \pn$ foriefectt reg. fprofc fproffe gefproffen reg. ftjrtttBett reg. fprang fprdnge gefprungen reg. jtefjett reg. ftanb ftdnbe geftanben reg. fieijlett ftie^tft, ftief)lt \t(W fiddle geftofylen ftief)! fteisen reg. ftieg ftiege geftiegen reg. fierbett fttrbft, ftirbt ftarb ftiirbe geftorben ftirb jtofeett ftdgefMtogt ftieg ftiege gefto&en reg. jireidjett reg. ftridj ftricr)e geftridjen reg. ffreitett reg. ftritt ftritte geftritten reg. tragen trdgft, trdgt trug tritge getragen reg. treffeu trtffft, trifft traf trdfe getroffen rriff treiften reg. trieb triebe getrieben reg. tretett trittft, tritt trat trdte getreten tritt ttinfcn reg. tran! trdnfe getrunfen reg. tun reg. tat tdte getan reg. uberttJte'Bett reg. iibertDog iiberrabge uberftjogen reg. unterfire c^en unterbridjft, unterbracf) unterbrddje unterbrodjen unter* unterbricf)t brid) utttcrttjcrfen untertturfft, unterttirft unterttmrf unterttmrfe untertoorfen unter* toirf uerfiintoen reg. tterbanb t)erbdnbe tierbunben reg. tiertortefeen tjerbrieffcft fcerbriefet tierbroB Derbroffe tjerbroffen reg. tjetfie^en reg. merging tierginge tiergangen reg. toergeffett tiergiffeft, t»ergtgt fcergaB tiergdge tiergeffen fcergtg 38 APPENDIX 2d & 3d Sing. Preterite Infinitive Pres. Indic. Indic. Subj. Past Part. Imper. toerlterett reg. fcerlor fcerldre fcerforen tierliere Herraten uerrdtft, uerrdt fcerriet fcerriete tierraten reg. UerfdjtoetBett reg. t>erfcf)rt)ieg [ fcerfcfjttnege t>erfd)ttriegen reg. tjerjdjtmnbett reg. fcerftfjmanb fcerfrf)tt)dnbe toerfd)ttmnben reg. toerftiredjen i)erfprid)ft, fcerfpridjt fcerfprarf) t)erfprdd)e toerfarodjen tier* ftmdj Ucrtreten bertrittft, Dertritt fcertrat tartrate fcertreten Dertrttt toerjetfjett reg. t»er§ief) toer^iefye t)er^ie!^en reg. Uor'fjirmBett reg. fprang-toor fprdnge-fcor toorgefprungenreg. tpaf(^ett todftf)t trxtfd) ttmfcfye gettmfdjen reg. toertett ttrirft, roirb ttmrbe (ftmrb) ruiirbe getoorben reg. toerfen fcirfft, toirft ttmrf ttjurfc getuorfen roirf miegen reg. tuog tooge getoogen reg. toiffeit toeifjt, toetfj ttmgte ttmjste gettmfjt reg. ttjottett luittft, tuitt reg reg. reg. reg. jerfcredjen §erbricf)ft, gerbrid)t gerbrarf) §erbrdcf)e &er&rodjen ^erbridj jteljett reg. 809 S^ge ge^ogen reg. jttfelcn ftem fte^t-su faH« fa&e-ju pgefetyen fieHn APPENDIX 39 SYNTAX 90 THE SEXTEXCE— ORDER I. Normal-Suhj. Verb Adjuncts. Obj. { ^dependent clauses be- I ginning with subject. i Question. II. Inverted — Y. S, Adjuncts. O. \ Independent clauses not begin- ( ning with subject. III. Transposed — S. Adjuncts. O. Y. — Dependent clauses. Examples I. Sr Heft iefet t>a* 33urf). (Sr (jat je|t ba* Sgucfj gelefen. II. ge|t Heft er bat SBitdj, g)ttt er jefct has SBnd) gelefen? III. jgcfi fefje, baft er je|t bets 23ud) Heft. Qd) ferje, baft er jefet ba£ SBucft gelefen f)at. It is only the inflected part of the verb that changes its position MINOR RULES 9 1 Of a number of adjuncts the most important comes last. Hence : 92 The infinitive, participial, or adverbial complement always comes last in the sentence : ©r trill na&) §aufe gefjett. Crr if! nacfi fiaufe gegangen. Sr fdildgt ba§ SBitcf) aitf. 93 An infinitive phrase (with gu), together with its adjuncts, comes last: Gsr ging cnte, um ba§ jit fe^en. 3d) bacfite, bafj er an§gegangen fei, urn ba3 jit Jeljett. 94 The negative adverbs ntrfjt, Utt, nittttal* come last, unless the negation applies to one especial word, in which case the negative adverb immediately precedes it. Ex. — (Sin ebler Sftcmn bergtfjt feitt Satertctnb itidjt (A noble man does not for- get his fatherland). But : ©in ebler 9ft aim bergifjt aUe%, nut ntd)t fein Setter fanb (A noble man may forget everything, but he never forgets his fatherland). 95 An adverb of time precedes all others: ©r gef)t fjente morgen langfam gnr Stfjnre. 40 APPENDIX 96 A pronoun precedes a noun object. ($3 and ftd) precede all others. When both objects are nouns, the indirect usually comes first. ®r giebt c§ bctn 5Rcmtt. (Sr frill ftdj hem Sftamte nidjt an&ertraucn. @r toiH bem Sftanne ia§ ©efjeimnig nidjt antjertrcmen. When both are pronouns, the direct takes precedence : (Sr giebt tJjtt una. 97 Adjectives — As a rule adjectives precede the nouns they mod- ify. If the adjective itself has adjuncts, it is preceded by them. Ex.— 2)er §ntt ®nabe. ®er feljr flute ®nabe* £er tjott feutet ©hitter gefrfjoltene ®nabe. Ser mit lauter Stimme ciit ^eilisc^ fiieb fhtflenbe 9ftartt)rer. 98 An adjective word, phrase, or clause may follow its noun, especially in elevated diction : $ie junge gran, fdjito mtb liekuStmirtufl* Uiie ein (Sttflel, erfefjien an ber Xpr. $er (Sanger mit ben toeifeeu 2oaus = toward the house golgenbei = the following With <&ad), ©runb, Urfatfje, etc., the article is often omitted. j 02 Contractions — The dative and accusative cases of the definite article are often contracted with a preceding preposition so as to form one word. No apostrophe is used. Ex. : iiber bct£ Qctrjt = liber* 3aljt unter ba§ §au3 = unterS §au§ p ber ©djttie = 5111 (gdnile tit ba* (Sebttge = ins ©ebfrge in bem ©ebtrge = im ©ebirge bet bem $ater = beim better 1 03 This contraction takes place very frequently in familiar lan- guage, but can not be used when the noun is particularized by a fol- lowing clause or phrase. Ex. : (gr gerjt §ur birdie, but, @r gefjt §tt ber £ttrcfte, $n ber audi fein Skater ging. (£r lebt im ©ebirge, but, ©r lebt in bem ©ebirge, ba* man con tjier fe^en fann. 1 04 Where several nouns in the same construction follow each other, the article must be repeated before each : The father and mother were at home = £er better tmb bie SDhttter roaren §u §aufe* 42 APPENDIX NOUNS Syntax of Cases GENERAL 105 Appositives— Nouns in apposition with otner nouns or pro- nouns are in the same case. They may stand without connecting particle or with the particle aU or tote. Er tritt aU Elager auf. ©r fteljt t(pt ate feineit $einb an. ©r ijat ben ©eneral, ben erften 9Namt be§ Sanbeg gefeqen. NOMINATIVE 1 06 I. Subject (and vocative) — as in English. 1 07 II. Predicate Noun-— with or without aU. 1 08 HI. Absolute. II. Predicate Noun 109 After the verbs geltett (to be valued at), erfdjeittett (appear), Jjertiorgeljett, auffteljen, leben, fierben, fte^eu, the participles angeftettt (placed), fcerufeu (called), etfliirt (explained), iw£gegebett (declared), befuuben (found), gefiiljlt (felt), erfamtt (recognized), gefitrdjtet (feared), begefjrt (desired) (i.e., verbs which are synonymous with to be in a wider sense), we use the predicate nominative with the inter- medial particle al$. Ex.— ®ef)t Q^r nxdjt rrfg erne SiJuight ijertoor? ©r tear al* rettcnbcr (Jngel erfdjienen. £er SBauer fotmte al* idjiiner Mann gotten, | 10 After the verbs jem, foetbett (become), bleibeit (remain), |djets nen (seem), bimfeit (imagine), Ijetfeen (to be called), gejdjimtift ttierbeu (to be called in a bad sense), in fact, after all verbs denoting condi- tion, the predicate nominative is used ivithout the intervening particle. Ex.—ISv ift cm guter 3Ramt geblteben. ©r totrb em argcr Sijjetoidjt gefrfjintpft. 28ittj)elm toon ber Sftormanbie tuirb ber (frobcrer genamtt. ©3 ift nid)t jebem gegeben, tin grower ptii %u fein. The English construction after to be elected, nominated, created, etc. , appears in German in the form of a prepositional phrase : §u + dative. Ex.— He is elected president = ©r ttnrb %nm ^Sriiftuente;: erttiafylt. APPENDIX 43 The same is true after the active form of these verbs. Ex. — They nominate him mayor = (5ie cruennen ii)it jUttl Sitrflermcifier. The predicate after UiertJeu may also be expressed with $u and the dative — Seiber ift bit bie Seimat gut Jftnu&£ gettorben, instead of: ^ie ©eimat ift bie grembe gettorbcrt. This is especially the case when toertiett expresses a complete change in substance as in the above example. The English, "I consider him to be a good man," where man would agree with him in the objective case, is expressed in German by means of a preposition, fitr — Qcf) petite tfjn fitr eittett ptett SRatltt. I | | III. Absolute The Nominative Absolute is not very frequent in German. It is used mainly for vivid description. Ex.— S)ie Slrmee 509 ilber bie Sritcfen, afte ©eftdjter biifter, jeber 9Jhmb tjerfdjlofjen. — £ie ($rafm gutg jurud, in iijren Slugett (tefcerfjafter @lan$. In all these cases some part of the verb to be may be supplied. I 12 GENITIVE I. Attributive — modifying nouns. II. Partitive — denoting the whole from which a part is taken. III. Objective — after verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions. IV r . Adverbial— used instead of an adverb. Y. Appositional — with another genitive. I. Attributive (expressed in English by of). J 13 A genitive is attributive if it modifies a noun. It may then express a variety of relations ■ I 1 4 possession — 3)te §eimat iie* $ittbe£ wax unbefannt. — £a§ ©cib ifi bc§ gatjer*. I 1 5 identity— Xa§ Safter be* Snmfel. (Proper nouns are placed in apposition, instead of in the genitive: ber attentat 9tyril, bie Stabt $ari*). I 16 quality or material — £er Situlett ©lcm$ (for bie glcit^ettben ©attlen). — (gin beefier efclett ©cities M7 AS OBJECT OR SUBJECT OF THE ACTION IMPLIED IN A VERBAL noun— 3)te Settling tier (?rbe, bie Siebe Qdottz$, bie gurd^t be* Soiled. 44 APPENDIX I I 8 Instead of the genitive we may use Dott + dative in certain cases : (a) To avoid ambiguity where no article can be used and where no inflection of the noun designates the case: Ex. — ^)ie ©trctgen toon Sonbon, bie SBeforgung toon $eftf)aften (but, bie SScforgung member ^5efcf)dfte)* (b) In the designation of ranks and titles: Ex. — S)er Sonig fcon ©ctd^en* (c) To avoid a series of genitives: Ex. — 3)er Qafyregtag Don (Sfyafe* tyearS Sob (not beg £obe3 ©$afefpear§). I | 9 The relationship as expressed by UOtt + dative is less close than that of the genitive. $eut) d)(fttti)$ Eatfet indicates a unity of interest, while ber ^atfet Hon $euttdj(fUltt merely expresses the title. II. Partitive 1 20 Denoting the whole, from which a part is taken. (a) After numbers — ,3tt>ei bet Solbatett (b) After adjectives denoting quantity (usually plural) — fciele, tncmdje, fetn, etftdje, gemtg. Ex.—®eine$ ber jthtber tyatte e§ ge^ort (gtlicfje ber 3Wdnner fcttnen gelaufen. These adjectives may be followed by the noun in the same case, as: ®ein Sinb rjatte eZ gefjort ©tlicfje banner lamen geiaufen. (c) After any substantive adjective, especially in comparative and superlative degree. ®te gliicfltcfjfte ber ^mtgfrauett. $er Siege gottltdjfter tfi ba% SSergeffen. III. Objective 121 1. After verbs. — Certain verbs take the genitive as a direct object. These verbs originally represented the action as affecting not the ivhole but only a part of the object. Ex.— ©r tran! ben 28em == He drank the wine (all of it). @r tron! be§ $8eine§ = He drank of the wine (some of it). This use of the genitive is decreasing and is found most fre- quently in elevated discourse, poetry, etc. In ordinary speech it is often superseded by the dative or accusative, used directly after the verb or with a preposition. Follow- ing is a list of verbs that frequently govern the genitive, together with permissible substitutions. APPENDIX 45 122 Representative Verbs with Genitive as Sole Object adf)ten=lieed (auf, ace.) gebenfett=think beburfcn=need (ace.) genefen=give birth to bcgef)ren=desire (ace.) f) art ert= wait (auf, ace.) brctud)en=need (ace.) ladjett=laugh (xiber, ace.) benfen=think (cm, ace.) fcbonen=spare (ace) • entbef)ren=lack (ace.) fpotten=mock (uber, ace.) erttm§nen=mention (ace.) t)ergeffen=forget (ace.) fro[)Ioc!en=exult (fiber, ace.) toaltett=rule (liber, ace.) toarteit=wait (auf, ace.) Ex. — (Bpotte fetltet nicf)t (Do not make sport of him). ©ebenfe mcitt (Think of me). { 23 Genitive as Secondary Object A number of verbs are followed by the accusative of the person and the genitive of the thing. Such are : (a) Verbs denoting separation or deprivation, as: berauben=rob entlafleit=relieve entf)ebcu=deprive or relieve entfebigen=exempt entffetbett=divest entfe£en=dispossess entlafjen=dismiss {au%, dat.) &ertoeifen=banish (au§, dat.) Ex.— ^er Serif er entfyob ben (general feitte£ "Mintc*. The emperor deprived the general of his position. (b) Verbs denoting accusation, acquittal, etc., as cntflctgen beftfntlbtgen bejicbtigen freifprecben iiberfufjren ubertoeifen geiijen 2&c. — ®cr Diiditer beftfutfbigte ben SDtafdjeit be* £tc6ftalji3. The judge accused the man of theft. 124 Some reflexives take the genitive as secondary object, as: ftdi bemdebtigen = to get possession of fid] bebieneit = to make use of ficb entfinnen = to recollect fief) erhmern = to remember fid) ertoefjren = to keep from fid) berfetjen = to expect Ex.— gr bemadjtigte fid) be* Sittbe*. He got possession of the child. ©r Eottnte ficb ber iibertitadjt ntdjt erttje^rcn* He could not resist the superior power. 46 APPENDIX 125 2. After adjectives. — Adjectives which express power, knowl- edge, plenty, capacity, and their opposites, govern the genitive, as: Bar = bare lebtg == free bebitrftig = in need madjtig — able to control bettmgt = conscious mitbe = tired blofj = bare quitt = done eingebenf = mindful fait = sated frei = free fdntlbig = guilty \xofy = glad ftdjer = certain gebenf = mindful t)oH = full gerodrtig = expectant toert = worth gemig = certain ttmrbig = worthy S 26 3. After prepositions. — Certain prepositions always govern the genitive. These are : (a) Old noun forms which have acquired a prepositional force — cmftatt = instead of imterljalb = beneath bie§fett(3) = on this side of urn toiHen \ itifolge = in consequence of toegen [ for the sake of jenfeit(§) = on that side of fyalhex ) oberfyctfb = above fcermittelft = by means of feiten§ = on the part of fcermoge = by means of tro| = in spite of §uf o(ge = in consequence of (b) Old participles which have acquired a prepositional force — unbefrfjabet = in spite of imgearfjtet = notwithstanding toctfyrenb = during (c) Old adjectives— unfern = not far, untoeit = not far. This use of the genitive is growing less frequent in spoken Ger- man. Phrases in which a preposition governs the dative or accusa- tive are frequently substituted. Ex.— Untoett be* £orfe» = ntdjt tueit uon bem Jorfe. 1 27 IV. Adverbial Genitive (used mainly in poetry). The Adverbial Genitive is used like any adverb to express : (a) place— Qfe&t ger)e jeber fettled 2Bege» (Let everyone now go his way), ^as ift be* fiattbc* nicfyt ber 83raud) (That is not customary in this land). APPENDIX 47 128 (b) time— (Indefinite) 2a$e* Arbeit, 5(6etti)* G5dfte (during the daytime, work; at night, guests). (Sine* fdjonen %a$e% (on a beautiful day). For definite time the accusative is used : biefeu $lfcenb giltg er cm§. Instead of either, conversational German employs the preposition an with the dative: am £age, an btefem 2(J3enb- 129 (c) manner— 9£adj Urt faijr'idj fteljettbett Jfufte* (I shall proceed to Uri at once). 3d) f a 9 e e ^ Ctflf* dtttfie* (I say it in all earnestness). (d) cause— hungers fterbetl (to die of hunger). Related to the adverbial is the exclamatory genitive: D t)C§ mtQlitcfU^ett Sage?! We may substitute: ber ungfudlidie Xag! or itber ben ungludlidjen £ag! J 30 DATIVE The main use of the dative is that of the indirect object. This must be regarded in a rather wide sense, in which the dative is used to represent the person or object towards whom or which the action is directed, or from whom or which it is removed. Hence the dative can be used with : I. Verts II. Adjectives (Participles and Adverbs) III. Prepositions 131 I. With Verbs 1. immediate object — certain verbs which in English take accu- sative (many impersonals and reflexives). 2. indirect object — designates for whom the action is done. 3. interest — designates the person for whose advantage some- thing is done. 4. ethical — person whose feelings are concerned in the action. 5. possessive — showing a very close relationship. 1 32 i. immediate object Certain classes of verbs which in English take the direct object, in German govern the dative. The Germans recognize by this use a distinction between the action which affects the object as directly as in the sentence id) frfjluge Mrfj, and that which represents an approach or a feeling towards it, as: id] uitfjere mid) Sit and id) fcaufe bit. The verbs that govern the dative directly, express: 48 APPENDIX 133 Approach or Departure: as auStoetdjen (avoid), begegnen (meet), fefjlen (lack), folgen (follow or obey), nctdjgeben (yield), natjen (approach). Ex.— (£r ttrid) betit gentile au§. He avoided the enemy. @§ fefylt mir an bent Sftdttgften. I am in lack of the most necessary things. S)ie Gutter giebt hem Sittbe §u fe^r nadj.. The mother yields to the child too much. 134 Similarity or Identity: gteidjen, afyneln, or a^ttXid^ feljen (to resemble), entered) en (to correspond). Ex.— @r afynelt jeitter SKutter, or ex jte^t feiner Gutter ainilitf). He resembles his mother. £a§ entftmdjt mdjt btn Xatfadjen. That does not correspond to the facts. §u gletdjft hem ©eift, ben bu begreifft, nicfjt mir. You resemble the spirit that you comprehend, not me. 135 Appurtenance: cmgefyoren and gepren (belong), gebiifyren (to be owing to), ge^iemen (to be proper), itberlaffen (to leave to), pfommen (to be due to). J57a?. — ®iefe gfjre gebiifyrt i(jm nidjt This honor does not befit him. $a§ itberlaffen toix Jsetnem ©utadjten. We leave that to your judgment, liefer iRang f ommt mir nidjt %u. I am not entitled to this rank. 136 Inclination or Repulsion: befyagen (to suit), gefaKen (to please), lutlbigen (to pay homage to), toiberftefyen (to resist), pmen (to rage at), ftufctgen (to suit). Ex.— Sa£ ^Setter gefdEt mir gar mcfyt. The weather does not please me at all. ©ie ^ulbigen fcer tonight. They pay homage to the queen. Sa3 £au§ fagt mir ju. The house suits me. I3 # 7 utility and its Opposite: beifiefjen (assist), bienen (serve), gelingen (succeed), tyelfen (help), fdjaben (injure), Unrest tun (do wrong). APPENDIX 49 Ex.— gin guter 9ftenfdj fteijt ben Strmen bet. A good man succors the poor. QaZ fdjtocre SBcrf ift ifjm gelungen. He succeeded in the difficult task. Wan foil fehtett 9iac^ften nidjt Unredjt tun* One ought not to wrong one's neighbors. 1 38 An Attitude of Receptivity and Obedience (and the opposite): folgen, getyordjen, laufdjen, ^u'fyoren, hex' ftimmen, ban!en, ttnber* fore'djen. Ex.— ®inber follert bett ©Item get)orcf)en* Children should obey their parents. S)ie Qufyorer i)aben hem 9tebuer beigefttmmt. The audience agreed with the speaker. g§ ift imljoflttf), ttlteren geutett ^u tmberfpredjen. It is impolite to contradict older people. 139 Impersonate with the Dative e3 ctljnt mir = I have a presentiment e£ ef elt mir = I am disgusted e3 bangt mir = I am anxious e§ befyagt mir = It suits me e£ beliebt mir = It suits me e§> grant mir = I have a horror of e§ liegt mir an = I care e§ fd)tt)inbelt mir = I am dizzy e3 fd^eint mir = It seems to me e§ tnt mir leib = I am sorry e£ tut mir toefj = It hurts me 140 After Reflexive Yerus Some reflexive verbs take the dative as secondary object ftrfj ergeben = to submit fief) fiigen = to yield ftdj nafyern = to approach fid) toiberfefcen = to resist Ex.— gr fiigt fidt) uteiner ftnorimung. He yields to my arrangements. Sie totberfefet ficf> fehtem SefeJJ. She resists his command. 50 APPENDIX |4| 2. INDIRECT OBJECT The indirect object shows to or for whom the action is performed. It is found after the verbs of giving, communicating, showing, com- manding, taking, etc. Ex. — $d) gefre bit baz 23ud) (I give you the book). Gr er^afjlt ifjm bie ©efdjtdjte (He tells him the story), ©r nafptt tfjm fcitl le£te§ ©lit (He took his last possession from him). ,Qcf) getge ttjm ben red) ten SSeg (I show him the right way). 6r gebot if)Ht }it fcf)tt)eigen (He commanded him to be silent. Sometimes the dative expresses the object of the prefix of the verb — Qd) lege bets ©eib bent 23riefe bet (I enclose the money in the letter). Here bent SBriefe is the object of be: and ©elb is the object of the entire verb. | 42 3. INTEREST OR ADVANTAGE 23ie ger^t e§ gljttttt? (How are you ? How goes the world for you ?) Wit iff a 11 e e eins (It is ail one to me). 3fd) beforge ifjm biefeS ©efcf)dft (I attend to this business for him). 9)Ur gefd)iet)t redit (It serves me right); and many of the impersonals mentioned in section 139;* I 43 4. ETHICAL DATIVE This dative is very difficult to translate. It represents the person whose mental interest in the action is solicited. Ex. — 'D2eu Sfyfel fdjiefjt ber Setter Sir com SSaum (Father will shoot an apple off the tree, if you want him to). SDfadjt mix mn; feme foldien @efd)iti)ten meljr (Don't, I beg of you, perform any more such tricks; . I 44 5. POSSESSIVE DATIVE In speaking of parts of the body, or of anything very closely related to the person, as honor, life, home, friends, etc., we often use the definite article instead of the possessive pronoun and express the idea of appurtenance by the dative of the personal pronoun. Ex. — S)cr SBtltb Mtift bit bett &\lt bom fiopf (The wind is blowing your hat from your head). SBafdie bit btC J>ihtbe (Wash your hands). 1 45 II. With Adjectives Adjectives (participles and adverbs) govern the dative in cases where the meaning is similar to the verbs (cf. 133 to 138) that gov- ern the dative, i.e., approach, similarity, inclination, utility, obedience, and their opposites: nafje (near), feme (far), afmlitf) (similar), tjoih and gut (kindly disposed), migltdj (useful], gefjoricun (obedient). Ex.—&n Sfttibdjew in ber SSurg ijt tnir (jolb [or gut] (A maid of the castle is fond of me). APPENDIX 51 ■ III. With Prepositions 1 46 Certain prepositions always govern the dative. ah = away from nad) = after aug = out of natfjft = next to auger = outside of (except) nebjt == besides hex = near or with f amt = together with binnen = within feit = since entgegen = towards t)on = from gegeniiber = opposite §u = to mit = with pftnber = against 1 47 Prepositions which denote either position or transition govern the dative when the verb does not express motion towards the object, i.e., when the phrase answers the question ttJO ? These prepositions are : an = at neben = beside aitf = upon iiber = over Winter = behind imter = under in = in fcor = before gttrifdjen = between Ex.— Ace. ©r geljt an ben Xifdj (He goes up to the table). Dat. (£r \tel)t an foem Sijcf) (He stands at the table). I 48 ACCUSATIVE I. Direct Object of Transitive Verb (many impersonals and reflexives). ( (a) Two Nouns ; II. Double Accusative < (b) Factitive; ( (c) Noun and Infinitive III. Cognate Accusative (intransitive verb). IV. Adverbial. V. Absolute. VI. With Prepositions. I. Direct Object 1 49 Transitive verbs take the direct object in the accusative case — (£r fdjiefet feett Soltmiett. I 50 Verbs that are intransitive ir their simple form are some- times made transitive by a prefix which limits or directs the meaning — gdj antttJorte bit auf bie grage; id) fieattt* toorte bit grage. 3d) banle bit; id) fiebanfe mid) bei Mr. $d) folfle bem 9fat; id) fcefolfle ben s Jfat. 52 APPENDIX I 5 I Certain impersonate (mostly representing a physical state) take the accusative. es biinft mid) (also c§ biinft mir) I think e£ biirftet mid) I am thirsty c§ elett mid) an (but e£ efclt mir bafcor) I am disgusted e£ frtert mid) I am cold es fyungert mid) I am hungry e§ fdjlafert mid) I am sleepy In many of these, the e* is often omitted and the accusative placed first, as though it were the subject, i.e., mid) fyungert, biirftet, fcfylafert, etc. I 52 Reflexive verbs take the direct object in the accusative. 3d) fd)time mid) I am ashamed 3d) freue mtcf) I rejoice Qd) fitrcfyte mtrf) I am afraid 3d) erinnere irtictl I remember 3d) fefyne tmd) I long 3d) beftnne mid) I recollect II. Double Accusative I 53 Some verbs take tivo accusatives, the person affected and the thing produced. 154 (a) The second object may be a noun, or pronoun, as: Sefyre bie Srfjiiler bie toafjre 28ei*fyeit. 3d) frage es bid). I 55 {o) When the object is the result of the action, it is called factitive, i.e., ®r nennt Ujtt cinett bummen Sttngen. Verbs which take this construction are: nennen, fyetgen (to call), fcfyintpfen, fcfyelten, taufen. I 56 (c) The secondary object may be an infinitive (without Jtt). 3d) pre iljn ftttgttt. Verbs capable of this construction are: fyoren, fefyen, ftnben, lefyren, ternen, fyetjgen (to command), laffen* III. Cognate Accusative | 57 Intransitive verbs may have an object that expresses the idea of the action in the form of the noun. Sometimes the two are formed from the same root: @r trdumt einen fcfyoncn Jroum. @r lc6t ein gottlicfyes 8eben. Sometimes merely synonymous in meaning: ©r ftirbt einen fcfyonen Xob. APPENDIX 53 r TIME IV. Adverbial Accusative < measure ( DISTRIBUTION I 58 Like the genitive, the accusative may express certain adverbial relations. 1 59 time— The accusative expresses a definite time, as biefett 5l6entJ tvax ex aitsgegcmgen; or duration of time, as bett gem* $ett 2ag blieb ex §u §anfe. [Note that the genitive expresses indefinite or habitual time; cf. 128 (b).] 1 60 place— ©e^e betnen 2Beg, ben ^tittf ijtnab. f 6 i measure— After certain adjectives that express size, weight, or quantity, the accusative is used to designate the amount, i.e., ®a3 &tiitan* gegangen=He went into the house. n j 2Bo tft ex getoef en ?= Where has he been? I &x tft in km f>auje gett>efen=He has been in the house. 54 APPENDIX PKOXOUNS Personal 1 65 use of bu and <£ie ^U is the natural form of address and is used whenever no con- ventional restraints are felt, as is the case when we address animals, children, members of the family, or very intimate friends, and in prayer. er 9Kcmu, beffett Sotyn ©ie fermen (The man whose son you know). 1 69 2Ser and um£ AS relatives The indefinite ftier is used as a relative in the following cases: (a) When it includes both antecedent and relative: 2Ber nid)t Ijoren mill, mufj fitfjlert (Whoever will not obey, must surfer). (6) Indirect question: Qd) twig nid)t, met e§ ift. APPENDIX 55 I 70 The indefinite ti)Ct§ may be used (instead of ba*) after afie*, ttidjt3, ettoaS, ba*, and the indefinite adjectives, atfertet, tJteterlei, maitdjerlet, and any other neuter adjective used indefinitely ; as, ba§ <§utt, ba3 Sefte, etc. Ex.—We$, &m§ id) l)abt, ftetyt Mr $ur SSerfiigung. All that I have is at your disposal. £a§ Sefte, tua§ er tun farm, iff ait^utoanbern. The best thing he can do is to emigrate. Pronouns with Prepositions \ 7 I When demonstratives and relatives as objects of prepositions refer to animals or things, they are usually compounded with the preposition, the pronouns being reduced to btt(t),* tt)C(r),* respectively. Demonstrative babei, bavin, babnxd), baneben, etc. Relative motion, ttobet, tvobnxd), tooran, toorin, etc, Ex.— (gr Ijatte §toet ^ferbe, motion baZ eine fdjroarj, ba$ anbere rneig mar, * The t is inserted to keep two vowels apart. I 72 2a may point forward to a following clause or phrase: (£r ttmrb babnrd) beleibigt, bag itjn nientanb bemerfte. He was offended at nobody's noticing him. @§ tag ifym nid)t§> baran, etina§ jit berbteuen. I 73 Sattttt may be either the compound (demonstr. + titit) or a conjunction introducing a clause of purpose. ©r v)at ba§ @elb; batnit faint man tnele§ anfangen. He has money ; with it one can do much. Gsr oerbient ba§ @elb, bamit er ettt)a§ anfangen fann. He earns money in order to be able to accomplish something. I 74 2ft and too are also contracted with the adverbs Ijttt (thither) and (jet (hither) to form demonstrative and relative compounds. These compounds may be used as subordinate conjunctions. gt gef)t bftfjht, toofjer feme $orfal)ren gefommen ftnb. He goes to the place whence his ancestors came. 28o bn bift, baljin ftntl id) and) ge^en. Where you are, thither will I go also, I 75 The prepositions ljal6 and fojegett are compounded with the genitives of the demonstrative and relative pronoun, forming besfjftlS, be^foegett, toe£!ja{&, toe^fciegett, which are used as causative conjunctions. (kx to ax Itant, be^a!6 blieb er $u §anfe. He was sick, therefore he stayed at home, ©r mar franf, toenail) er §n §aufe blieb. He was sick, for which reason he stayed at home. LofC. 56 APPENDIX VERBS Mode indicative — Statement of fact. SUBJUNCTIVE ) 04. 4. 4 e -i.- conditional \ statement of a supposition. imperative— Command. infinitive — General statement of the action. Indicative | 76 Direct statements or questions are expressed in the indic- ative mode. 1. Present Time — present tense j preterite tense Tenses \ ~- Past Time -j perfect tense I pluperfect tense I 3. Future Time \ ^ l \ ture ten f \ f ( future perfect tense 1. Present Time (a) To express an action taking place at the time—!$d) gefje je|t au§. (b) To express a general truth — SSebcit ifi Siiber, Scfiroeigen iff ©olb. (c) To express a very vivid future — ^Ocorgen gcf)t er fort (To-morrow he will go away). (el) To express a state of affairs beginning in the past and con- tinued in the present (expressed in English by the perfect tense)— 3d) Bin je|t jtoei Sfatyre in Chicago (I have now been two years in Chicago). In German Qcf) Mtt fttoex galjre in Chicago gemefctt would mean. I was in Chicago for two years. Such a use of the perfect indicates a cessation of the action or condition in the present, hence: er fjett gclebt = he is dead. (e) To express a very vivid imperative — 3)ie ^onigin farad) jum 5J5agett: 2u Imtffi einmal unb {jolff mtt ben SBeutel pm Spiele. This use of the present indicates that the speaker is very sure that the order will be carried out. (/) Historical present for very vivid past descriptions — Scrnn mar* frf)iert ba3 freer in: rafchen %empo inciter niiD jebet Solbat fii()(t ftdj ge^oben (Then the army marched on at a rapid pace and every soldier felt himself uplifted). APPENDIX 57 {Preterite Perfect Pluperfect I 77 Past time may be expressed by the preterite, the perfect, the pluperfect, according as the action is considered as absolutely or rela- tively past. If a simple statement of a fact that has taken place in the past is made without any reference to an accompanying fact, it is more usual to employ the perfect tense. 3d) Bitt geftern bort getoejett (I was there yesterday). 3$ |a6e bets gefaQt (I said that). If this is limited by some other fact, the preterite is preferable : 2113 er in§ gitnmer trat, giug fein 23ruber IjinauS* When he stepped into the room, his brother went out. This rule is not absolute, as the best writers show great divergence of use, but it will be found a safe working basis. The pluperfect tense represents an action that has occurred previ- ous to some other past event — (Sr Ijatte fcfyon fein 93ud) imrdjgeleteu, c^e ber Setter fam. He had read his book through before the teacher came. 3. Future and Future Perfect fl 78 The simple future tense is used (as in English) to express an event about to take place from the standpoint of the present — ©r tmri) morgen fommen. I 79 The future perfect expresses an event completed from the point of view of the future — (£r tuitb bi3 ba^in gefommett fein (By that time he will have come). For the future we may substitute the present [cf . 176 (c)]. For the future perfect we may substitute the perfect — 23i§ bcttym ift er fdjon gefommen. These substitutions give a greater vividness. The future and future perfect have an idiomatic use to indicate probability — (B Uitrb n>ol)f oier Uljt fein. It is probably four o'clock. (£3 toirii toct§ anbere§ tool)! betieutet Ijafiett. It probably meant something else. 2Bo toirb er bie %lad)t jugefiru^t |aben ? Where can he have spent the night ? 58 APPENDIX Subjunctive 1 80 The subjunctive, in contrast to the indicative, expresses not a fact but a thought, often a thought for the truth of which the speaker assumes no responsibility. KINDS OF SUBJUNCTIVE I« Supposition. (a) INDIRECT DISCOURSE. (6) CONDITION (UNREAL). (c) DOUBT. II. Desire. (a) UNFULFILLED. r COMMAND, (b) POSSIBLY FULFILLED -' PRAYER AND WISH, ( CONCESSIVE. I. Supposition (a) INDIRECT DISCOURSE 1 8 I This use of the subjunctive occurs most frequently and must be carefully studied. It is used after verbs of saying, ivishing, think- ing, feeling, asking, etc. , whenever the quoted sentence is not stated as a positive fact. Thus we say, ®r glaubte, bag e3 rid} tig fei (He thought it was right), but Sr ttmfjte, ba$ e§ ridjttg four (He knew it was right), because in the second sentence is implied the actuality of the fact. 1 82 The conjunction iaft is frequently omitted in ordinary con- versation. In that case the order becomes normal, and the sub- junctive must be used to show the indirect discourse. Ex. — @r ttmgte, e§ fei tvatyx. Tense Use of Indirect Discourse I 83 In all uses of the subjunctive tenses we find a weak sense of time. The various tenses are used to express a variety of relationship of the speaker towards the thought expressed. In indirect discourse, the tense of the quoted sentence has no dependence upon that of the leading verb, i. e., there is no sequence of tense as in Latin. Each tense of the indirect discourse corresponds exactly with the tense of the direct quotation, except in the preterite. The preterite, as shown in the paradigm (cf. 62, p. 21) has, in many instances, crept into the present, to take the place of those present forms which, because of similar- ity with the present indicative, have lost their subjunctive force. Thus the preterite subjunctive has lost the significance of past time and stands for the present. For the preterite we use the perfect in indirect discourse. APPENDIX 59 | 84 Hence we have the following correspondence : Direct Quotation Indicative Present tense Preterite tense Perfect tense Pluperfect tense Future tense Future Perfect tense Indirect Quotation Subjunctive ( Present tense ] or (Preterite tense Perfect tense Perfect tense Pluperfect tense Future tense Future Perfect tense This shifting has tended still further to weaken the sense of time in the tenses, so that good authors use present and preterite, perfect and pluperfect interchangeably to avoid wearisome repetition, without any feeling of difference in time. Direct @r ge()t Ijetm Examples Sr fling (jetm \ Gr iff Ijeim gegangen :- Sr mar fyeint gegangen ) (£r nrirfc) (jetm geljen Gr mirti &eim gegangen feitt Indirect ©r - or J- Ijeim ( ? ei ) (£r < or y fyeim gegangen (toiire; ©r uicrte fyeint geljen ©r uierie §eim gegangen feitt When the present subjunctive is identical in form with the present indicative, or similar in sound, the preterite subjunctive is to be pre- ferred. This is always true in the 1st person singular and in the plural. Indic. — 3dj fyahe ba§> 33 ud). Subj.— Crr fctgt, ba]3 id) baz SBudi fyatte (not Ijabe). Indic— SBtt fyaben ba§ 53nd). Subj.— @r fagt, baft nur ba§ 23nd) fatten (not (jaben). For insertion or omission of baft cf. 182. (&) UNREAL CONDITION I 85 This levelling out of all difference in meaning between present and preterite, perfect and pluperfect subjunctive has not extended to the other uses of the subjunctive. On the contrary, there is here a very sharply drawn distinction in meaning. I 86 The present and perfect are used for the expression of thoughts which may be true to actual facts ; the preterite and pluperfect for suppositions which are known to be unreal This is illustrated in unreal conditions. 60 APPENDIX Present time = Preterite subj. Past time == Pluperfect subj. Ex.— 2Benn id) ein $i3glein urnr', fids' ^ 5 U ^ r - If I ivere a bird, I should fly to you. SBenn idj ein SSoglein getDefen toiire, toiire idj ^u bit jeflagett. If I had been a bird, I should have flown to you. | 87 In place of the subjunctive in the apodosis, the conditional mode may be used (cf. paradigm 63). Ex.— 2$enn tdj ein 235grein ttare, tuitrbe id) ju bir fltegett. 28enn id) ein $oglein gettefen ttmre, uiitrbe id) §u bir geftofleit feitt. I 88 The inetttt may be omitted, in which case the order is inverted: 2Biire icfi ein SSogfein. I 89 A real condition is a statement of fact, hence is expressed by the indicative : SSenn e§ repet, uiiltmt man einen Sftegenfdjtrm (When- ever it rains, one takes an umbrella). I 90 Occasionally one of the two parts of the condition is made espe- cially vivid by being placed in the indicative: Sttit biefem ^feil iutrrfj* frfjoft id) Surf), toenn \ti) mein Iiebe3 ®inb getroffen fydtte (With this arrow I should have shot you, if I had hit my beloved child). (c) DOUBT | 9 | After aU o6 (as though) —closely related to the conditional subjunctive — ©r \atj au%, al§ ob er ein Unrest fceflattflett ^ittte (He looked as though he had done a wrong). (£r tat a(3 (tl)ltefe er (He acted as though he slept). 192 DuMtative or Diplomatic (also knowm as subjunctive of weakened assertion), i. e., a modest statement of a fact which, by being put into the subjunctive, receives a ten- tative air, as though the speaker were open to conviction on the subject. (This may be considered a part of an unreal condition. ) Ex. — $d) btidjte bodj = I should really suppose jftidjt baft id) toiifjre = Not that I am aware of gdj mi3d)te toofyf =.I should like ;gd) fyatte e% lieber = I should prefer (£3 tndre tt)Ot)l an ber $ett= It is about time $a§ biirfte gefaf)rlid) f ein = That might be considered dangerous 28er ttmJ3te ba§ nidjt? = Who doesn't know that ? 28a§ fj&tte id) ju fiircfjten? = Of what should I be afraid ? Sa§ tvaxe toafyx? = Could that be true ? ©ie fjcitte ba% getan? = I cannot believe that she has done that APPENDIX 61 II. Desire I 93 The difference in meaning between the present and preter it e, perfect and pluperfect tenses of the subjunctive (cf. 185) is further illustrated in the subjunctive of Desire. I 94 A desire may be of two kinds : * r ,mi \ Preterite sul)j, (a) Impossible of fulfillment ) Pluperfect sul)j# (b) Possible of fulfillment— Present sulyj. Ex.— (a) 35Benn er bod) xtocf) am fiebett toiire ! Oh, that he were still alive! 2£enn er bod) nod) eiixige Qafjre gele&t ijdtte ! Oh, that he had lived a few years longer As in case of the conditional subjunctive (cf. p. 1SS) the tDetltt may be omitted and the order become inverted: 2Bdre er 00c fr noc ft &ttt £e6en! §titte er bod] nodi einige ^afyxe gelefit ! (5) Desire that is expected to be fulfilled. I 95 1. command— 1st and 3d person. 2. prayer or wish— 1st and 3d person. 3. CONCESSIVE. 196 1- Under the desire that is expected to be fulfilled we class the command addressed to the first and third persons (represented in English by let and the infinitive). Let us go home! = ©dim Uitr rtadj §aufe ! Let him not forget ! = 3>ergeffc er nid)t. 197 2. Forms of prayer or beseeching: 3)eut Dfteidj fomme! (Thy kingdom come !) Since the third person plural subjunctive is identical in form with the corresponding person of the indicative (cf. p. 62, p. 21) we often substitute for this construction the modal auxiliary inogCTt -(- infinitive. Ex. — UrteUeu SBeifere lifter toe 3frage = SBetfere mogen iiber toe -grage urteUen. 198 3. Concessive — This represents a willingness on the part of the speaker to grant certain claims as not affecting the validity of his main contention. It is always in the present. Ex.— Sllles cmbere, fei e* toa* tl jet, gilt ntd)t& Everything else, be it what it may, counts for nothing. S» fei fo Hue bu gefctgt Ijctfh Let it be as vou Lave said. 62 APPENDIX I 99 The same idea is sometimes expressed by the modal auxiliary moflen + infinitive. Ex.—®% mag fo fetit, tine bit gefagt t)a\t. Granted what you have said. Imperative 200 Strictly speaking there are but two forms of the imperative, the second person present singular and plural — Biefi ge6(e)t 20 I But the use of the third person plural pronoun (Sie) for the conventional form of address has introduced a new form into the imperative (cf. 165): {jefiett Sie (always with the subject expressed after the verb). 202 These three forms are used for direct command addressed to another person or persons. 203 An indirect command referring to a third person may be expressed by the subjunctive (cf. 196). 204 Extremely emphatic commands in familiar speech are often expressed by the indicative present (cf. 176e), by the perfect participle : fdjnefl gelaufen! (run quickly) and by the infinitive: nirfjt fo laut fpredjen! (don't speak so loudly). Thus we may express commands in eight ways — imperative J iirtettc flm)! ( arfieitet (if)r)! t ar&eiten Sie ! Subjunctive -j ar&eite er ! ' arfieiten toir ! Indicative— bit ar&eitefi ! Participle— f^nett Bearbeitet ! Infinitive— ftfjneff arfieiten ! Infinitive— Verbal Noun I. Part of the Verb (without ju) II. With Noun or Adjective (with p) III. Substantive (with or without $u) 205 I. Part of Verb The infinitive is used to form (a) the future tenses, (b) the con- ditional mode, (c) the complement of the modal auxiliaries and (d) of a few verbs of similar construction. In this use the infinitive without jtl is the rule. APPENDIX 63 Ex.— (a) 3cf) tterbe ge^en. (b) 3d) hmrbe gcQaugen fein. (c) (B mug Qefagi mertien. (d) The other verbs that admit of this construction are : finben, filbert, (jetfjen, Ijelfen, rjoren, foffen, Terpen, feraen, madien, fefien. 3<4 (affc fc>a* Don bet SJtogb tun (cf. 212;. (?r ntat^t midj dot bent gan^en Jpofe errotctt. He makes me blush before my entire court. 206 After a few verbs the infinitive (without jit) is used idiomat- ically to express duration of condition. Ex.— (St bkibt fti^en. He keeps his seat. Sr jjatte ba^ (Mb tm ^aften lie^en. He had the money lying in the box. (MjMecje btdj fdjlafen! Go to sleep! @e*)e ftMjimtt ! ©eJjC ftfcQen ! Go for a walk! Go fishing! 207 Command — In familiar language this infinitive is used to express an emphatic command, especially in prohibition, correspond- ing to our English don't: 3)ie Stutter fagt snm&tnbe: „9ctdit fo fattt f cfjreien ! 2 till fi|en Ultb en en!" (Don't scream so loud, sit still and eat!) 208 II. With >'oun or Adjective Infinitive phrases (with ^u) are used (a) to modify nouns very much in the sense of the attributive genitive (cf. 1121). Tie Sunfi }tt le6cn = The art of living = Tie Sunfi be§ 8eben& (6) To modify adjectives — Ha* in fdiraer ]\\ fagett (hard to say). i Xoun 209 HI« Substantive - or ( Clause As a substitute for noun or clause, the infinitive may be subject or object of the verb. When the substantive infinitive is used instead of a noun it may be pure (without ju) or prepositional (with pt). Ex. — ®a§ ©efjen toirb il)r fef)r fdjtoer. Walking is very difficult for her. Sr pffegt beti SBogeti rafcfi $u ftmmten. He is accustomed to stretch the bow quickly. 210 It is difficult to give a rule that will apply in all cases for the insertion or omission of $u in this use of the infinitive. When the verbal property of the infinitive is made emphatic by a modifying adverb or an object, the ]U is usually inserted. 64 APPENDIX Ex.— $img fur ba§> Saterfcmb $u fterfien tft etn ru^mlidjer Sob. To die young for one's fatherland is an honorable death. When the substantive use is the more emphatic, the ju is omitted. Ex.— (£r §og em fdjttetteg Sterfcen beut nuritljmUrfjen Sefcen tor. He preferred a quick death to a dishonorable life. When the substantive infinitive is used for a clause of purpose or direction the ju must always be inserted. ®ie ging um Stumert Jtt Jiffiiden (bamit fie Slum en pfliide). 2 I I Sometimes in exclamations a connecting word is omitted and the so-called elliptical infinitive appears to stand alone in the sentence. Sldj, cmf bct§ mnttge fRo§ mid) $ts fcfjttihtgett ! (we might add, to com- plete the sense: tft mem fcfjiiticfjfter S&imftf)*=To mount the brave charger is my dearest wish.) 3d) ba$> txm ! (for id) foil bet* tim!=I do that!) 212 After laffett, feljett, preit, fitfjlctt, as well as after the verb feitt, the active infinitive may have a passive meaning. Ex. — @§ ift Kiel ju tntt (There is much fo 6e done). Sr lagt e§ ttttl (He has it done). Wan t)bxt bid) lofiett (One hears you praised). 2 1 3 Precaution The use of the infinitive with subject accusative, so common in English, is not found in German. The infinitive must either have the same logical subject as the main verb: id) ttmnfd)e it)n ju feljett (I wish to see him), or must be the direct object of the verb: id) befafyf il)m nad) §aufe §u geljjen (I commanded him to go home). Such constructions as, I wish him to go, or I believe him to be a good man, must be translated by a clause: $d) nmnfdje, baft ev (jelje. 3d) glaube, baft ev em pter SJtomt ift. 2 1 4 The Participle— Verbal Adjective In use, the participle conforms entirely to the adjective, being declined like the latter and employed, attributively, predicatively, or substantively like it. The only difference is that the participle may have a verbal or objective modifier which always precedes it. The present participle is active, the past participle passive in its meaning. Ex.— 2>a3 ben roten Slpfel mit grofjem SBergniigen toerfyeifettbe Smb. The child who was eating the red apple with much pleasure. 3)er eben toerfyeifte 9Ipfel befctm ifym nid)t The apple that had just been eaten, did not agree with him. APPENDIX 65 2l5 The participial noun common in English, is not found in German. In translating, either an infinitive or a clause must be sub- stituted. 2 16 If the participle is used as subject or object, the substantive infinitive (without ]U) is used in German. The rain made walking very difficult. £er iftegen macfite foci* (Se^en feljt fctoer. The rushing of the water. 2a* SRaufdjett be * Staffed 217 If the English participial noun is governed by prepositions, it is translated by a prepositional infinitive or a clause. 1. The prepositions of)tte, attftcttt, Uitt govern the infinitive phrase. Ex. — Without seeing his friend = o^ne feitteit [vrenno \u jet)CU. Instead of going home = attftcttt nacf) §aufe ]\t geijett. For the purpose of seeing her once more = Um lie nodi ein= mar ]u feljett. 2. When prepositions other than these three govern the English participial noun, the phrase must be turned into a clause in German. Ex. — After seeing his mother = 9tadjfoetn er feme Stutter gejeljnt (jatte. By saying this = ^ttbem ex bieg jagtc. The participle as such can not be substantivized in German. It is primarily an adjective with the full adjective declension. As an adjective it may be used without a noun. Ex. — (?r f rente fid) itber fc)a£ ©efctfC^ette (He rejoiced at what had happened). Here fca* ©eirfjeftette stands for im* gejdjeljette £tttg, just as t)a* ®\\tt may stand for bug Bute 2tng. The participle may be used to express an emphatic command: JJHdjt gefatfelt, fcfmelX an* 9Seri gegattgett ! (No fooling there, go to work quickly!) The Passive Yoice 2 I 8 Every transitive verb can be made passive as in English. The preposition of agency | English by) is tioit. Active— gr jdjlaflt £>en Stnaben. He strikes the boy. Passive— Ser £nabe tiriri) Don ifyn gestagen. The boy is being struck by him. 66 APPENDIX 219 In German we distinguish carefully between the real passive, i. e., an action of which the subject is the sufferer and not the agent, and a mere condition of the subject, arising out of some former action. 2)a§ papier tiJtrh jertiffen = The paper is (being) torn. ®ct§ papier ift jertiffett = The paper is torn. Observe that jerriffeit in the second sentence is only a predicate adjective. 220 SUBSTITUTES FOR THE PASSIVE (a) man + active. (b) fid) laffen + active infinitive. (c) Reflexive Form of Yerb. 22 I The passive is often clumsy and is used less frequently in Ger- man than in English, especially in cases in which the agent is not named. Ex.— (a) Wlan dffnete eine %ixx (A door was opened). (b) S>ct3 ttigt fid) tun (That can be done). (c) Sie Zixxe offnete ftcf) langfam (Slowly the door was opened). This substitution is especially frequent after modal auxiliaries, where a passive infinitive would cause unwieldy length. The door could not have been opened = S)ie %ux Ijiitte nid)t geoffnct tuerben liftmen, or better: (a) Wlan ptte bie £urnicfjt~offnett fonnen. (b) ®ie %nx ptte ftcf) nicf;t jjffnen laffen. 222 When the object of the active verbis in the dative, it can not be made the subject of the passive. An impersonal subject must then be substituted and the dative object remains unchanged. Active— ©ie !jat il)m geljolfen. Passive— g§ ift tfjm toon ifjr geljolfen toorben. Modal Auxiliaries 223 They express the mental attitude of the speaker to the action implied in the verb. There are six. liftmen = possibility (physical, moral, or intellectual) tttOgtn = desire (always a mental attitude) bitrfett = permission (on the part of an outside power) tttiiffen = necessity foflen = the desire or declaration of an outside power lUOKett = the desire or declaration of the speaker himself 224 I. 225 II. 226 III. 227 IV. 228 V. 229 VI. APPENDIX 67 From these general meanings various allied uses have been derived. I. t Otttien = possibility 230 34) fatttt ^a* Htd^t ttttt (I can not do that). The infinitive of the verb may be omitted if the meaning is clear from the context: Qd) team c* itxd)t. 23 I An original meaning of fijttttett was to know. This is still preserved in phrases like: fttmttft bit beine ^Citfgabe? (Do you know your lesson?) Sattttfl bu beutfcf) ? (Do you know German?) etc. II. mogett = desire 232 2Bet mocfjte folcr; exit Seben fixr^reri? (Who would care to live such a life ?) After mogeu, also, the infinitive may be omitted. _3'd) mag ntdjt (I don't want to). 3er tmtft ein SJiorber fetrt! (He must be a murderer!) V. foffett = desire or statement (from without) 240 ®it fottft ntd^t fter)Ien ! (Thou shalt not steal). S)er ®onig fod leben! (Long live the king!) (Sr foff einen 9luffa| fd)reiben (He is to write a letter^. 24 I Without the infinitive— S5a§ foff ber ®nabe? (What is the boy to do?) 242 Hearsay — 3)a§ folf ein reigenbe§ Sanb fein (That is said to be a charming land). 243 In the subj. pret. it represents a conditional meaning — SRctn fottte glauben (One should suppose). (£r fottte getjen (He ought to go). Note that this is the only exact rendering of the English ought. VI. tooffett = desire or declaration (from within) 244 SBtttft hu etttmS? (Do you want anything?) (£r fyctt ba$ nid)t tnn UJotten (He did not want to do that). 245 It is not to be confounded with the English " will "= futurity. For this purpose the German employs toerfcett. But sometimes it is to be translated with to be about to, or on the point of, but always expressing volition. (§r tdiU gefyen = He is about to go (makes a motion of going). 246 With non-personal verbs Uiotfen has many idiomatic uses, all of which rest on personification. ®a§ tilttt bit nidjt gefaflen (That does not suit you). %a% tiritt nidjtS fctgen (That is of no importance). S>ct3 tottf too^r bebctdjt [ein (That requires careful consideration). 247 SBoBett niay express a claim on the part of the speaker. ©r ttJiff ein reidjer Snglanber fein == He claims to be a rich English- man (cf. with a similar use of foHen p. 143). APPENDIX 69 VERBS OF A SIMILAR CONSTRUCTION 248 laffetl = permission or command. Jjeifjett = command. 3d) (ieft (5ud) jiet§ entroifcrjeri = I always let you escape. 9#an Orettet cm*, fie fdjtrrittbe, laftt fie frdnfer unb tranter toerben, enblicr) ftiH fcerfdjetben. (One can spread the report that she is declining, make her grow worse and worse, and at last quietly fade away). 3$ tctff e mtr ein neue§ £letb macrjen = I have a new dress made (order it to be made). ^et^ett= command (to be carefully distinguished from ^eigen = to call or be named). <5r fjetBt bie ©olbateit bie 23riiden fcerbrennen. He commands the soldiers to burn the bridges. Impersonal Yerfos 249 Many verbs which have a personal subject in English are impersonal in German, i. e., the person concerned is regarded as being affected by the action rather than as the agent. The subject is the impersonal e£, while the person affected is represented by a dative or accusative noun or pronoun. e§ bauert mid) = I am sorry e§ efelt mid) an = It disgusts me ee erbarmt mid) = I pity e§ fdllt mtr ein = It occurs to me e* fdtlt mir auf = I notice (my attention is attracted) eg freut mid) = I rejoice e§ gefdllt mir = It pleases me (I like) e* gelingt mir = I succeed e* genitgt mir = I suffices me e§ jammert mid) = I take pity on e£ rent mid) = I repent es fdjunnbelt mir = I grow dizzy e§ tut mtr leib = I am sorry e* tut mtr roet) = It hurts me e§ tierbrieftt mid) = It vexes me The Lake French Series SUPERVISING EDITOR Edouard P. Baudot, Northwestern University The Lake French Classics Seventeenth Century CorneiIvEE— Polyeucte. Racine — Athalie, one volume. Edited by E. P.* Baillot, Northwestern University. ( In preparation) . 50 50 IsIolikrE — Ee Misanthrope and E'Avare, one volume. Ed- ited by W. F. Giese, University of Wisconsin . . , oO Eighteenth Century "->—■"■■"» ■ ■"■' ■ tt mttttw i n ■ m i n i f •mmrt VoeTaire — Zaire and Epitres, one volume. Edited hy C. A. Egbert, formerly of the University of Iowa 50 Beaumarchais — Ee Barbier de Seville and Eettres, onejvol- ume. Edited by G. D. Fairfield, University of Illinois. 50 Nineteenth Century in — TTfi — nrniTTn~MiMa~n~nn — f Chateaubriand — Atala and Rene. Edited by Benjamin E. Bowen, Ohio State University 50 Hugo — Preface de Cromwell and Hernani, one volume. Ed- ited by J. R. Effinger, University of of Michigan 50 The Lake French Readings Easy French History, Ernest Sicard; 212 pages 50 Easy French Plays, C. W. Benton, Eitt. D.; 236 pages 50 Easy French Stories, H. P. Williamson, A.M., and Bene- i diet Papot; 196 pages 50 Elements of French, Andre Beziat de Bordes, Ph.D., 234 pages 1 00 French Prose Composition, E. P. Baillot and Alice Twight-Brugnot; 104 pages 50 Notes on the French Verb, Rene de Poyen-Bellisle, Ph . 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