b'\n\n\n^f- \n\n\n\nTfic DOMESTiqATMi \n\n\n\nle WIL0 -QUA, \n\n\n\n\nI\'h.iio b.v \\VaU\xc2\xabn- K. Wfloli. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0CALlFUHNlA-b< GAMIEST BIRD" \nCalifornia Valley Partridge. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY. \n\n\n\nThe Domestication, Propagation, \n\nCare & Treatment of Wild \n\nQuail in Confinement. \n\n\n\nTOGETHER WITH \n\n\n\nNatural History Notes, Letters from Breeders \n& A Digest of Game Laws. \n\n\n\nWRITTEN & COMPILED BY \n\n\n\nCORRESPONDING SECRETARY \n\nNATIONAL QUAIL BREEDERS ASSOCIATION. \n\n\n\nWith Illustrations. \n\n\n\nLITTLE SIOUX, IOWA, U. S. A. \n\nPUBLISHED BY THE TAXIDERM COMPANY \n1903 \n\n\n\nTHE LIBRARY OF \nCONGRESS, \n\n\nTwo Copies \n\n\nReceived \n\n\nMAR 20 1903 \n\n\nu Copyright \nCUSS iX. \n\n\nEntry \n\n\xc2\xbbCc No. \nS 8 \n\n\nCOPY \n\n\nB. \n\n\n\nSfSto \n\n\n\n1 K-- \n\n\n\nEnLercU accordintr to Act of Congress, in the year 1903, \n\nBY HARRY WALLAS KERR. \n\nIn the ofiR\'c of the Librarian, at Washington. D. C. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nPart I Ornithology. Pages 9\xe2\x80\x9426 \n\nPart II Domestication, Propagation, Etc. 27\xe2\x80\x9448 \n\nPart III Letters & Clippings. 49\xe2\x80\x9458 \n\nPart IV A Digest OF Game Laws. 59\xe2\x80\x9462 \n\nQuail Toast. Woods & Waters, N.Y.City. 63 \n\n\n\n^yitevt MA^v\'i \'Viwivt ^P^*^^ f.j^^^ 9.^1^^ 9 rfrf*^" 9^^^ \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0-^^ -.flS^ -^fK; "<S^^^^:^^<i^>!: ^^.t \n\n<\xc2\xabatw^if *inf\xc2\xbb f^ *i^\xc2\xbb ^BB*** i^\xc2\xab\xc2\xabA V>\xc2\xab\xc2\xabv i^\xc2\xbb 3rt\\ i^wiiMk \n\n\n\nCalifornia Valley Partridge. Walter R. Welch. Page 2a. \n\nTexan Bob White. Dr. Pv. W. Shufeldt. 12a. \n\nMasked Bob White. Dr. Shufeldt from Seaton\'s Plates. 14a. \n\nMountain Partridge. American Ornithology. 16a. \n\nChestnut-bellied Scaled Partridge. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. 18a. 36a. \n\nGambel\'s Partridge. American Ornithology. 22a. \n\nEuropean Quail. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. 24a. 58a. \n\nBob White Male Incubating. Geo. E. Moulthrope. 26a. \n\nMassena Partridge. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. 32a. \n\nMountain Partridge. " " " " 48a. \n\nPair of Domesticated Bob White. PI. A. Boies. 54a. \n\nCalifornia Partridge. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. 62a. 42\xc2\xa3 \n\n\n\nThe dew of dawn upon its crest, \nIt wakes with morning from its rest \nAmid the waving, sparkling grass. \nThat drips with diamonds where I pass; \nAnd with its downy throbbing breast \nUpon the gentle breeze caressed, \nIt fades at distance from my sight. \nBut lingers yet its sweet, "Bob White. \n\xe2\x80\x94Basil B. Bassett \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. ^, \n\n\n\nIn presenting this, the first edition of "QUAILOLOGY," I \ntrust it may meet the long felt want for practical information \nregarding the quail family and how they may be taken from a \nwild state, domesticated, and successfully reared and cared for, \nin confinement. \n\nWhile I love to see these graceful birds in the full and free \nenjoyment of their liberty, I cannot but feel that those who de- \nnounce their keeping in confinement, look only at one side of \nthe question, and take no account of the miseries and struggles \nfor existence they encounter against winter and rough weather, \nthe vermin and the shot-gun swine. I, however, would cry out \nagainst those who try to keep them and take no interest or \ntrouble in making them happy and free from misery. Much \nmisery is caused every day and many birds are lost from the \nlack of "know how" care, and an improper conception of their \nnatural peculiarities, food and habits. Some who cannot, \nwould if they "only knew how," make their birds happy. It \nis the purpose of this volume to, as clearly as possible, give the \nneedful instruction to these and any who may wish to take up \nthe culture of these game birds from a fanciers\' standpoint. \n\nThe culture of the quail is not entirely a new one, but it \nhas not yet attained that public attention which is bound to a- \nrise when it becomes known what a pleasure and profit can be \nderived from it under proper management. \n\nThe few who are in the business, or culture, as we prefer \nto call it, it may suffice to say will not desert it, as it is much \nmore pleasant and far less disagreeable than other ventures of \na similar nature. \n\nThe quail is easily raised, costs very little to feed, is the \nhealthiest, hardiest, cleanliest, and most prolific bird of the \npoultry yard, free from contagious diseases and brings a good \nprice on any market. \n\n\n\n8 QUAILOLOGY - INTRODUCTION. \n\nOnce started, the fascination, pleasure and profit in no \nway relaxes to induce the abandonment of the culture. \n\nThere is much in the future for the culture. Not only in \nits advancement, but the improvement of the Bob-White, not \nonly in markings but in the production of larger and more pro- \nlific new species. \n\nThat crosses can be made and new varieties produced is yet \na matter of doubt with many. It has not been sufficiently ex- \nperimented upon but to receive limited attention in this volume. \nOur experience, obtained from rearing these beautiful birds in \nthe past ten years is related here, as well as notes from various \nbreeders throughout the United States, to whom we give due \ncredit. Also to the various Ornithological Reports and Works, \non their description, range, nesting and feeding habits and \npeculiarities in a wild state, and to Dr. Shufeldt and others for \nphotographs and drawings of live birds. \n\nIt is not to be deemed a foolish fad, but a profitable, pleas- \nant culture, the outcome of a desire to save from extermination \nand replace in a domesticated state, and improve, one of the \nnoblest families of game birds. \n\n\n\n^^^^7^4:7 \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY, \n\nPart I. \nORNITHOLOGY. \n\n\n\nOrder GALLING. Gallinaceous Birds. \n\nGranivorous and possessing strong claws for scratching. They include \nmost of our domestic birds. \n\nSuborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, etc. \n\nFamily TETRAONID^. Grouse, Partridges, etc. \nGame birds; flocks; generally polygamus; feed on insects, seeds, etc; do \nlittle injury; of vast economic importance. \n\nSubfamily PERDICIN^. Partridges. \nGenus COLINUS Less. \n\nBOB WHITE \n\nColinus virginianus ( LiNN. ) \nGeog, Diet. \xe2\x80\x94 Eastern United States; west to Dakota, Kansas, Indian Ter- \nritory and Eastern Texas. North to Southern Maine and Southern Canada, \nsouth to the Atlantic and Gulf States. (*) \n\nSp. Char. "Forehead, and line through the eye and along the side of the \nneck, with chin and throat, white. A band of black across the vertex, and ex- \ntending backwards on the sides, within the white, and another from the maxilla \nbeneath the eye, and crossing on the lower part of the throat; the under parts \nare white, tinged with brown anteriorly; each feather with several narrow, ob- \ntuse, V-shaped bands of black; the fore part of back, the side of the breast, and \nin front just below the black collar, of a dull pinkish red; the .sides of body and \nwing coverts brownish red; the latter almost uniform, without indication of \nmottling ; scapulars and upper tertials coarsely blotched with black, and edged \ninternally with brownish yellow; top of head reddish; the lower part of neck, \nexcept anteriorly, streaked with white and black; primary quills unspotted \nbrown; tail ash. Female: With the white markings of the head replaced by \nbrownish yellow; the black ones with brownish. Young : Head ashy, with a \n" Gos.s\' Birds of Kansas. \n\n\n\n10 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\nnarrow postocular white stripe, and the crown spotted with black; throat whit- \nish; beneath pale dingy ashy; with whitish shaft streaks, and without black \nbars or other markings; above reddish or olivaceous drab, the feathers with \nwhitish shaft streaks, and a large black spot, mostly on upper web. Chick : \nHead dingy buff; an auricular dusky elongated spot, and a vertical patch of \nchestnut rufous, widening on the occiput." \nStretch of \nLength wing Wing Tail Tarsus Bill \n\nMale tO.Ul) lo.UO 4.45 3.70 1.25 ..55 \n\nFemale...- S\xc2\xbb.5U 14.70 4.35 2.65 1.25 .50 \n\nIris brown; bill dark brown, usually jiale brown at base of under mandible; \nlegs and feet pale bluish to brownish gray ; claws black. (*) \n\nIn this variety albinos are frequently reported; rangeing from a dusky to \nalmost pure white. \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe favorite nesting places of this bird are on the ground along \na fence row, at the foot of stumps surrounded by a thick growth \nof vegetation, and not infrequently do they select a site in a \nbunch of tall grass, or weeds, in the garden, or a cultivated field. \nWhere there are rail fences the intersecting, invariably grassy \nnooks form a favorite nesting site. In the south "cotton rov/s." \nThe second setting is often placed at the base, or in the top of a \nshock of small grain where their nest is often broken up by \nthreshing before the setting is hatched. The nest is a very neat \naffair and is frequently arched over with grass forming a tunnel \ncompletely hiding it from view. In the meadow lands as well as \ngrain fields many nests and eggs are annually destroyed during \nthe haying and harvest season. \n\nDavie, in his Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, says: \n"Sometimes three broods are reared in a season," this however \nwe cannot confirm, but invariably two broods are reared. The \nfirst nesting in May and the second the last of July or in August. \nAn exceedingly late nesting is reported by I. S. Trostler, Omaha, \nNebr. , ten fresh eggs being found in Pottawattamie County, la. , \non September 12th, 1897. The nest was situated in an old unused \npotato field, under a vine grown bush. \n\nThe number of eggs in a setting varies from twelve to twenty- \nfive, and we know of one occasion of thirty-seven being found in \na single nest, which we cannot but say must have been the \ncomplement of two females, while at the same time there was \nbut one to be seen thereabout. The eggs are pure white, unless \n\n* (joss\' Birds of Kansas. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 11 \n\nthey have become stained from the grass upon which they are \nlaid. One end is quite pointed and the other obtusely rounded; \naverage size 1.20 x .95. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis species is familiar to all, being known in the New England, \nMiddle and Western States as the Quail, and in the Southern \nStates as the Partridge or Virginia Partridge. It is unquest- \nionably the most prolific of all our game birds. Its present name \n"Bob White," its cheerful note call, has at the suggestion of Pro- \nfessor Baird, become its present and accepted name. \n\nThe birds thrive the best in the presence of man, where, if un- \nmolested and protected against "game hogs," they become quite \ntame. In the colder sections many perish every winter for want \nof food and shelter. Where they are protected and fed they be- \ncome very tame, and in many instances where they are protected, \nfeed with the barnyard flock at the doorstep. \n\nUnder the care and kind treatment of the true naturalist and \nfanciers why should they not become entirely domesticated, when \ntheir friendly relations are openly shown by them when they be- \ncome so tame as to feed with the barnyard fowls at the doorstep? \nThe destruction of them from various causes has brought about \nthe solution of this question. \n\nCultivated fields afford a safe retreat from their many enemies \nand insure a plentiful supply of food. They feed largely upon \nweed seeds, cut worms, army worms, twelve spotted cucumber \nbeetles, chinch bugs, locusts, and many other injurious insects, \nand more than doubly repay the farmer for the few grains eaten \nbefore the harvest. The young at first feed exclusiuely on insect \nfood and later on small seeds, grain and bugs. Aside from insects \ntheir food consists of buckwheat, wheat, rye, oats, seeds of the \nlocust, wild peas, tick-tree-foil, sunflower, bitterweed, partridge \nberries, wintergreen, nannyberries, wild grapes, etc. In the late \nfall they often feed on seeds of skunk-cabbage, acorns and beach- \nnuts. \n\nGoss in his Birds of Kansas, says: "Although not strictly true \nto each other in their marriage relations, are very attentive and \nshare alike in protecting and rearing the young. \' \' \n\nDuring the nesting season the female is seldom seen while the \nmale, who is very attentive, attracts attention with his loud and \nfallacious call, usually uttered from a fence post or lofty position. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\n\n\n12 \n\n\n\nShould an accident befall the female, which sometimes unfortun- \nately occurs, the male takes the whole duty of incubation upon \nhimself. If the nest should be disturbed before the setting is \ncomplete it is usually abandoned, but should incubation have com- \nmenced they will return and hatch their brood. \n\nThe young birds leave the nest as soon as hatched and are often \nseen with fragments of the shell still clinging to them, and fol- \nlow the mother bird. Upon being disturbed the young, at the \nwarning note from the parent bird, scatter in all directions and \nare very hard to be found, owing to their color, so near that of \nthe ground, dry grass and leaves. As soon as the young birds \nare able to fly they are taken in charge by the male and the hen \nproceeds to lay a second complement. \n\nThey are never to be found in large flocks, each covey gener- \nally keeping to itself and rarely moves far from the place where \nit was raised except on account of change of feed in the fall. \n\nThe mating season begins in April when the covey, or such as \nremain, begin to break up, each pair selecting a suitable nesting \nsite. \n\nDuring the past five years thousands of quail have been ship- \nped from Kansas, Nebraska, and other Western States, to New \nEngland, and liberated to replenish the stock of resident birds \nwhich was almost exhausted. They thrive well. \n\n\n\n\nB(ib White, male iind female, natural size. \n\n\n\n\n(12a) \n\n\n\nTexan Bob White. \n\n\n\nPhoto from lite by \nDr. R. W. Shufeldt. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 13 \n\nFLORIDA BOB WHITB \n\nColinus virginianus floridanus ( COUES. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94Florida. \n\nSp. Char. "Rather smaller, the male about the size of the female C. vir- \nginianus, bat bill relativelj- larger, and jet black; colors darker, all the \nblack 7iiarkings heavier, those of the under parts nearly as broad as the \nintervening white spaces, (f) \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nGeneral nesting habits and peculiarities the same as the C. \nVIRGINIANUS, eggs slightly smaller. The nesting season com- \nmences about a month earlier and the complement is less in num- \nber, averaging 11 to 13. \n\nHABITS \n\nGenerally the same as the C. virginianus. The mating season \ncommencing about a month earlier. \n\nVery tame and confiding and when not molested prefer to live \nnear the habitation of man, probably owing to their greater se- \ncurity from attacks of beasts and birds of prey. \n\nThey prefer an open woods grown up with saw-palmetto, low \nbushes, or fields with woods near them and are particularly fond \nof slovenly cultivated fields, grown up to bushes and weeds along \nthe borders. \n\nTheir food consists of insects, seeds and cabbage-palm berries. \n\nTEXAN BOB WHITB \n\nColinus virginianus texanus ( Lawr. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Texas and North-Eastern Mexico, north to "Western Kansas. \n\nSp. Coar, "General appearance that of C. virginianus. Chin, throat, \nfore-head and strip over the eye vphite. Stripe behind the eye, continuous \nwith a collar across the lower part of the throat, black. Under parts white, \nwith zigzag transverse bars of black. Above, pale brownish red, strongly \ntinged with ash, the feathers all faintly though distinctly mottled with \nblack; the lower back, scapulars and tertials much blotched with black, the \nlatter edged on both sides and to some extent transversely barred with \nbrownish white. Secondaries with transverse bars of the same on the outer \nweb. Wing covets coarsely and conspicuously barred with blackish. Lower \npart of neck ( except before ) streaked with black and white. \n\n"Female with the white of the head changed to brownish yellow; the \nblack of the head wanting." * \n\n* Goss\' Birds of Kansas. \n\nf Coues Key to North American Birds. \n\n\n\n14 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStretch i)f \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLen.nth \n\n\nwiiiv; \n\n\nWiiiK \n\n\nTail \n\n\nTarsus \n\n\nBill \n\n\nMale \n\n\n9.25 \n\n\n14.25 \n\n\n4.25 \n\n\n2.50 \n\n\n1.15 \n\n\n.56 \n\n\nFemale . . . \n\n\n. 9.00 \n\n\nU.OO \n\n\n4.20 \n\n\n2.40 \n\n\n1.15 \n\n\n.50 \n\n\n\nIris brown; bill and claws black; legs and feet olive gray. (*) \nNESTS AND BGGS \n\nThe nesting habits and peculiarities of this species do not differ \nmaterially from those of the C. virginianus. The eggs are \nslightly smaller and about the same in numbers. \n\nThe favorite nesting site of this species is a bunch of sedge- \ngrass. J. A. Singley of Giddings, Texas, reports the finding of \nfive eggs in the nest of a domestic hen not over thirty yards from \na farm house, (a) \n\nTwo or three broods are reared in a season, complete settings \nbeing found as early as May 3rd, to late in September. An un- \nusual complement of thirty-three eggs is noted but a reference is \nlacking. Eggs measure 1.04 x .98 to 1.20 x .95. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis species is somewhat smaller and lighter colored than the \nC. VIRGINIANUS. It is a bird of the lowlands and is not found \nabove two thousand feet altitude. \n\nIts food consists of small berries, acorns, green buds and leaves \nof aromatic herbs and small shrubs varied with an occasional \nbeetle, grasshopper, and ants, especially the winged female of \nwhich they are very fond. \n\nThey are very unsuspicious and their low notes uttered while \nfeeding attracts many enemies, notably: the marsh hawk, fox, \nand the large rattlesnake, their worst enemy, so common in Tex- \nas. Many young are destroyed yearly by the heavy rains of \nJune and July, and large numbers perish from cold and protract- \ned wet weather. \n\nDuring the extreme hot weather of the summer months they \nmay always be found under the large live oaks of the prairies. \n\nCUBAN BOB WHITE \n\nCollnus virginianus cubanensis ( Gould. ) \n\nGeog. Dist.\xe2\x80\x94 Cuba and Soiath- Western Florida. \n\nSp. Char.\xe2\x80\x94 Slightly smaller and darker colored than the C. v. floridanus. \n\n(a) Bendire\'s Works. \n* Goss\' Birds of Kansas. \n\n\n\n\n(Hii) Masked Bob White \n\nPhoto b.v Uv. Shuffldt from Sciilon\'s Colored 1\' \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 15 \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nQuoting Dr. Jaun Viaro, professor of natural history, Universi- \nty of Havana, Cuba: "The Cuban Bob White lays from ten to \neighteen eggs; these are usually deposited, between the months \nof April and July, in a slight cavity of the ground, sheltered by \nvegetation." \n\nHABITS \n\nSpecimens intermediate between the Cuban and Florida Bob \nWhite have been taken on the east coast of Florida, near Miami, \nDade County. Locally it is known as "Codorniz." \n\nIt is common in Florida where it is not found at any time in the \nheavy forests, but along the outskirts, in the bushes and under- \ngrowth. It feeds on small fruit, seeds and leafy shoots. \n\nThe male, according to the late Maj. Bendire, assists in the duty \nof incubation. \n\nMASKED BOB WHITE \n\nColinus ridgwayi ( Brewst. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Sonora to Southern Arizona. \n\nSp. Char. "Male, adult. Whole head, neck, and throat black, except \nthe centre of the crown posteriorly and occipital and nuchal regions, which \nare varied with black, white, and cinnamon, the black predominating; \nunder parts warm brownish cinnamon, immaculate except on the flanks, \nwhere a few of the feathers are spotted marginally with white and dull \nblack, and on the under tail-coverts, the central feathers of which are broad- \nly tipped with brownish- white and crossed with v-shaped bars of black; in- \nner secondaries, wing-coverts, scapulars, and fore part of back of nearly the \nsame color as the under parts but paler and pinker, the feathers everywhere \nbarred and mottled with whitish and dark brown or dull black; upper tail- \ncoverts, rump, and back posteriorly grayish-drab, obscurely barred and mot- \ntled with dark brown and whitish; primaries drab, mottled with whitish \non their outer webs; tail feathers bluish-ash, finely vermiculated with pale \nbrown and whitish, most strongly on the central pair. Bill black ; legs and \nfeet horn color. Length 9.70; extent, 14.50; wing, 4.45; tail, 2.75; tarsus. \n1.30; bill, .30 deep by .34 long from nostril. \xe2\x80\x94Type, No.3599, Coll. F.Stephens. \n\nThis species seems to most nearly resemble C. coyolcos, but \ndiffers in the restriction of the black to the head, neck and throat, \nin the absence of white frontal and superciliary stripes, and in \nits decidedly larger size, (b) \n\nThe type specimen was taken by Mr. Stephens, Aug. 11, about \n\n(b) The Auk, Vol. II, No. 3, April, 1885, p. 199. \n\n\n\n16 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\neighteen miles southwest of Sasabe, Sonora, Mexico, hence very \nnear the boundray. Mr. Stephen on the same trip saw a precisely \nsimilar bird a few miles north of the line, and within Arizona and \nhe writes me that he has recently examined two specimens which \nwere actually taken in Arizona, thus adding the species to our \nfauna, (b) \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nSimilar to previous variety. The nesting season begins early \nin May. Average eleven eggs in a complement. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis species does not appear to be a mountain bird, living in \nthe mesas (table lands) in the valleys and possibly in the foot- \nhills. They call "Bob White" and also a second call "Hoo-we," \narticulated and as clear cut as the bob white. This second call is \nused when the birds are scattered and more especially when sep- \narated near night-fall. They are very plump and over-match the \nArizona Quail in size. \n\nTheir food consists of mustard seeds, chaparrel berries, beetles, \ngrass-hoppers, red ants, green leaves, etc. \n\nMOUNTAIN PARTRIDGE \n\nOreortyx pictus. ( Doiiirl. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Pacific Coast from Santa Barbara north to Washington. \n\nSp. Char. Back, wings and tail olive-brown, the inner secondaries and \ntertiaries bordered with whitish or tawny, forming a lengthwise border in \nsingle line when the wings are folded; the primaries and tail-feathers fus- \ncous, minutely marbled with the color of the back. Fore-parts, above and \nbelow, slaty-blue (above more or less glossed with the olive shade of the \nback, below minutely marbled with black); the throat chestnut, immediate- \nly bordered laterally with black, then framed in a firm white line, broken \nthrough the eye, reappearing around base of under mandible. Extreme \nforehaad whitish. The arrow-plumes black. Belly chestnut, the sides band- \ned with broad bars of black and white, or rufous- white; middle of the low- \ner belly, tibia, and flanks, whitish or rufous; crissum velvety-black, streak- \ned with chestnut. Bill dusky, paler below; feet brown. Length 11.00-12.00; \nextent 1().0(\xc2\xbb-17.00; wing 5.00-5.50; tail 3.00-3.50; tarsus 1.67; middle toe and \nclaw about the same, (f) \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe eggs of this species are placed in a nest of dead leaves, on \n\n\\ Cones Key to North American Birds. \n\n(b) The Auk, Vol. II. No. 2, April, 1S85, p. 199. \n\n\n\n\n(16a) \n\n\n\nMountain Partridge. \n\n\n\nAniiTioiiu Ornilholony \n\n\n\n( \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 17 \n\nthe ground beside or under an old log, or on a side hill under a \nthick bush or clump of ferns, occasionally along the edge of clear- \nings, grain fields or meadows. The eggs, six to sixteen in \nnumber, usually ten to fourteen, vary from a pale cream color to \nrich creamy buff; unspotted; short ovate in form. Nesting ! com- \nmences in May, and ordinarily but one brood is raised in a season. \nThe eggs measure 1.36 x 1.02. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis species is a larger and more handsome bird than the Bob \nWhite, being the largest of the American Partridges. The \nplumes which adorn the head are two in number, arrow-like and \nfrom three to four inches in length. These are noticable in the \nchick in the form of tufts of down. \n\nIt is found breeding in the higher mountain ranges, not below \n4000 feet, and is a constant resident wherever found. It is found \nvery abundant in Oregon. \n\nProf. 0. B. Johnson of the University of Washington (Seattle) \nreports a covey wintering in a barn lot with the domestic poultry \nat the outskirts of Seattle, (a) \n\nTheir food consists of insects and various kinds of seeds, and \ngrain is never refused where it can be obtained. \n\nPLUMED PARTRIDGE \n\nOreortyx pictus plumiferus. ( Gould. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Sierra Nevada ranges from Oregon southward; coast ranges \nof California to Cape St. Lucas. South of latitude 34 deg. in California only. \n\nSp. Char. Above grayish olive, the hind-neck usually partly or wholly \nplumbeous, like the breast; inner edges of tertials light buff or buffy white- \nforehead distinctly paler ( often whitish ) anteriorly. (|) \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe nest is but a slight depression in the ground, scratched \nout, and lined with dry leaves, pine needles and such feathers as \nare lost by the hen during incubation. It is situated along or \nunder an old log, under low bushes, tufts of weeds or ferns. The \nfavorite nesting site is in the vicinity of logging camps, under \nthe fallen tops of pine trees that are left by the choppers, which \noffer an excellent cover for their nests. The mating season com- \n\n(a) Bendire\'s Works. \n\nt Ridgways Nomiculture \n\n\n\n18 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\nmences the latter part of March or early in Arpil. Complete \ncomplements are reported as early as April 7th and as late as \nAugust 15th, according to the latitude and altitude. Eggs ten to \nnineteen in number. \n\nIn the higher mountains but a single brood is raised in a season \nwhile in the lower foot-hills two broods are raised, the male care- \ning for the first brood while the female is hatching the second. \n\nHABITS \n\nSimilar to the Mountain Partridge, in fact it is often known by \nthat name and is more deserving of the title than the previous \nspecies. \n\nIts food consists of insects, buds and tender tops of leguminous \nplants, small seeds and berries of various kinds. \n\nSAN PEDRO PARTRIDGE \n\nOreortyx pictus cofinis. \nGeog. Dist.\xe2\x80\x94 San Pedro Mountains, Lower California and southward. \nSp. Char. Upper parts grayer: bill thicker than O. PiCTUS. \nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nNesting habits the same as the preceding species, eggs re- \nsemble in shape, color and number. \n\nHABITS \n\nSame as preceding species. \n\nBreeding range from foot-hills to tops of the highest peaks \n(up to about 12,500 feet), not common below 2,500 feet altitude. \n\nSCALED PARTRIDGE \n\nCallipepla squamata. ( Vig. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Northern Mexico and border of the United States, from \nWestern Texas to New Mexico and Southern Arizona. \n\nSp. Char. General color bluish-plumbeous, shading into olive-brown on \nthe back and wings and to rufous on the under parts behind the wings, \nwith a large abdominal area of orange-brown; the feathers of the neck all \naround and most of those of the under parts, sharply edged with black, \nproducing a peculiar shell like appearance; on the breast the feathers also \nconcealed reddish shaft-lines. Long feathers of the sides like the back in \ncolor, with white brown-edged stripes or long-oval spots. On the flank and \ncrissum the feathers lose the scaly appearance, becoming blended rusty-brown, \nwith linear, sagittate, or cordate dark spots. Inner secondaries edged with \nbuff or whitish, affording to the folded wing the lengthwise stripe so char- \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 19 \n\nacteristic of N. A. partridges. Quills plain fuscous; tailfeathers plumbeous. \nNo definite stripes about the head; crest dark brov.\'n ending in pure white. \nLength 10.00-11.00; extent 14.50-15.50; wing 4.50; tail 8.50; tarsus 1.35; mid- \ndle toe and claw 1.04. \n\nFEMALE; little different; head markings the same; the orange-brown of the \nbelly reduced or wanting; size rather less, (f) \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe mating season begins as early as March; nesting commenc- \ning early in April and until late in September. The nest is plac- \ned upon the ground under the shelter of a yucca or a small bush, \nand is a slight depression in the ground, scratched out and but \nscantly lined with coarse grasses. Occasionally a wheat or grain \nfield, alfalfa meadow or potato patch is selected as a nesting site. \n\nTwo and even three broods are raised in a season, numbering \nfrom nine to sixteen each. The eggs are white or creamy white \nirregularly dotted with specks of various shades, buff, vandyke \nbrown and lilac; size, 1.24 x .94. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis handsome bird is usually known as the Blue Quail, also \n"White Top-knot Quail." It is a constant resident of Southwest- \nern Texas along the valley of the Rio Grande. Very common in \nsome portions of Southern Arizona in the open valleys, plains and \nalong the foot-hills, shunning the timbered country. Is very shy \nand wary, difficult to approach; prefering to trust to its legs \nalmost entirely as a means of escape, being an expert and swift \nrunner, dodging in and out among the bushes with great ease and \ndexterity. The covey generally follow a leader in indian-file \nfashion, ranging from twenty-five to sixty or eighty in a covey. \n\nIts habits seem to differ in different localities. In some regions \nthey are found only near water, while in others they are not \nfound near water, but always from two to five miles away from \nv/ater, in which instance they have been observed to make reg- \nular visits to the watering places late in the afternoon- Good \nclear water is a necessity to them. \n\n"The latter part of summer and early fall," says E. W. Nelson, \n"they gather into coveys, often containing several broods, as I \nobserved in 1882 in the valley of the Gila river near Clifton, Ariz. \nAt this season they frequent the barren hillsides or the now dry \nwater courses and fields adjoining, associating with the Gambels \n\ni C(nies Key to North American Birds. \n\n\n\n20 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\nPartridge. They are easily trapped in the fall and winter and \nmany are caught by the natives and taken to the markets of the \nlarger towns of New Mexico and Arizona." (a) \n\nTheir food consists of small seeds, grain, berries of various \nkinds, tender tops of plants, small beetles, ants and grasshoppers. \n\nCHESTNUT-BELLIED SCALED PARTRIDGE \n\nCallipepla squamata eastanogastris. { Brewst. ) \nGeog. Dist.\xe2\x80\x94 Eastern Mexico and Lower Kio Grande of Texas. \nSp. Char. Easily distinguished from the C. squamata, being a much \nricher and darker colored bird; a sub-species. \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nMating and nesting season somewhat earlier than the preced- \ning species. Complete complements of eggs are reported from \nMarch 11th to July 10th. Two broods are unquestionably raised \nin a season, ranging from ten to twenty-three each, average \nfifteen. The eggs resemble those of the Scaled Partridge, but \nare lighter in color and more thinly marked. \n\nHABETS \n\nGeneral habits and food similar to that of the preceding species. \n\nIt appears to inhabit the low lands along the valley of the Rio \n\nGrande while the Scaled Partridge is confined to the table lands. \n\nCALIFORNIA PARTRIDGE \n\nCallipepla californica (Shaw.) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Coast region of California south to Monterey. Introduced in \nOregon, Washington, and Vancouver Island, B. C. \n\nSp. Char. Male. "With a small white line from bill to eye; forehead \nwhitish with black lines; occiput smoky-brown; nuchal and cervical feathers \nwith very dark edging and shaft-lines, and fine whitish speckling. General \ncolor of upper parts ashy, with strong olive-brown gloss, the edging of the \ninner quills brownish-orange. Fore breast slaty-blue; other under parts \ntawny, deepening centrally into rich golden-brown or orange-chestnut, all \nthe feathers sharply edged with jet-black; sides olive-ashy like the back \nwith sharp white strijjes; vent, flanks, and crissum tawny, with dark stripes- \nLength 10.00-11.00; wing 4.35; tail 3.75; tarsus 1.25; middle toe and claw \nrather more. Besides lacking the definite head-markings, the Female wants \nthe rich sienna color of the under parts, which are whitish or tawny with \nblack semicircles as in the male, the breast is olive-gray, (f) \n\n(a) Bendii-e\'s Works. \n\nt Cones Key to North American Birds. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\n\n\n21 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCalifornia Partridge. \nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe nests of this species are slimsy affairs, placed along side of \na rock, log or old stump, under a pile of brush or in a bunch of \ngrass or weeds. Occasionally it is placed in a perfectly open \nsituation without any concealment. Now and then a hens nest \nin a chicken house is used, and unusual sites are often reported, \nbut rarely in trees. Incubation twenty-one days. Occasionally \ntwo broods are reared in a season. The eggs, twelve to sixteen \nin number (as many as twenty-one have been recorded), are \nbeautifully marked. The ground color is creamy-white, occasion- \nally a decidedly buff set is found, marked with spots and blotches \nof dark chestnut-brown, olivacous drab and golden russett, gen- \nerally evenly scattered; shape resembling the Bob White. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis handsome bird, commonly called the Valley or Top-knot \n\n\n\n22 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\nQuail, has ak;o been introduced at Grand Junction, Colorado, and \nis becoming quite numerous. It is abundant in Oregon, but be- \ncoming scarcer in California where fifteen years ago it was very \ncommon, this due to the excessive pursuit by gunners. A cons- \ntant resident and breeds wherever it is found. \n\nIn localities v/here it is not constantly harrassed and hunted \nthe California Partridge becomes surprisingly tame and confiding, \nbecoming almost domesticated, and under such circumstances \nmany nest close to houses, outbuildings, and in the shrubbery of \nthe gardens adjacent to human habitations. It is much shyer \nand difficult to approach in the fall and winter. \n\nIts favorite haunts are the underbrush and thickets along the \nwater courses, brush covered hill sides and canyons, frequenting \nthe roads, cultivated fields, vineyards and edges of clearings to \nfeed. \n\nThe mating season commences early in March. Then the large \npack, to which this species gather in the fall of the year, break \nup gradually, each pair selecting a suitable nesting site. \n\nThe food of the young consists of insects, small seeds and \nchickv/eed. \n\nVALLEY PARTRIDGE \n\nCallipepla californica vallicola ( Ridgw. ) \n\nGeog. Dist.\xe2\x80\x94 Interior Regions of Califoruia and Oregon, south to Cape St. \nLncas. Western Nevada. \n\nSp. Char. A iialer and grayer colored bird than the C. californica; a \nsub-species. \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe mating season varies greatly, according to the occurence \nof early rains. When rain is plentiful the coveys break up in \nMarch. \n\nNests and eggs similar to the preceding species in every re- \nspect. One brood, and not uncommonly two, are raised in a \nseason numbering from twelve to twenty-four each. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis sub-species inhabits the dryer interior valleys and foot hills \nthroughout its range. In the Coso Mountains and on the west \nslope of Walkers Pass in the Sierra Nevada range in California it \nis found to range from the lowest part of the valley up through \n\n\n\n\n&i>,) \n\n\n\nGambel\'s Partridge. \n\n\n\nxVmeiicun oniitholoi,\'\'y . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 23 \n\nthe canyons to the tops of the highest peaks, where it quite close- \nly associates with the Mountain Quail during the breeding season. \n\nIntroduced at Ogden, Utah where it is now found. Resident \nand breeds throughout its range. Becoming scarcer in California. \n\nA, C. Lowell, in Bendire\'s Life History of North American \nBirds, states that these birds are unable to stand the severe cold, \nespecially when accompanied by a heavy fall of snow. \n\nIt is never found in cultivated fields but remains on the brush \ncovered hill sides. Roosts in the thick brush, but on the ground \nwhen brush is at hand. \n\nGAAIBBL\'S PARTRIDGE \n\nCallipepla gambelii. ( Niitt. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Northern Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, Sonthei\'n Utah, \nWestern Texas and Southern Nevada. \n\nSp. Char. Male. Without white loral line; forehead black with whitish \nlines; occiput chestnut; nuchal and cervical feathers with dark shaft lines, \nbut few dark edgings or none, and no white speckling. Gi-eneral color of \nupper parts clear ash}\', the edging of the inner quills white. Fore-breast \nlike the back; other under parts whitish, the middle of the belly with a \nlarge jet-ljlack patch; sides rich purplish-chestnut, with sharp white stripes; \nvent, flanks and crissum white with duskj^ streaks, Bill black; iris brown. \n\nBesides lacking the definite head markings the Female wants the black \nabdominal area, where the feathers are whitish with dark lengthwise \ntouches; crest dark brown, not recurved, and fewer-feathered than that of \nthe cock. Top of head grayish-brown, nearly uniform from bill to nape; \nthroat grayish- white with slight dark pencilling. Chicks, in the down; \nBill above reddish, nearly white below; feet dull flesh-color. Head dingy \nyellowish, with a large brown spot on the occiput, a few black, white- \nstreaked feathers on crown, and the crest sprouting in a week or two. Up- \nper parts grayisli-brown mottled with black spots, and conspicuously striped \nwith white lines. Outer webs of the sprouting quills marked with blackish \nand whitish. Throat white; other under parts narrowly barred with black \nand tawny-white, striped lengthwise with pure white. Sprouting tail-feath- \ners like the primaries. Pullets, quarter-grown, 6-7 inches long; Leaden- \ngray, becoming tawny on the wings, which are still a little mottled as \nabove described; below, light gray, nearly white on throat and belly. \nBreast waved with light and dark gray, with traces of the white stripes. \nSides under the wings slightly fulvous or rufescent, but without definite \nstripes. Quills plain dusky; tail-feathers more plumbeous, marked with \nblackish and whitish, A broad white superciliary line. With the progress \nof the fall moult this dress changes for one like that of the adults, and \nthe sexes are soon distinguishable, (f) \n\nf Coues Key to North American Birds. \n\n\n\n24 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe mating- season commences the latter part of February, \nnesting the first week in April. The nest is usually slightly \nlined with bits of dry grass and leaves, often no lining whatever, \nbut mere hollows in the dry sandy soil, usually under a pile of \nbrush or in a clump of grass. Incubation twenty-one days. \n\nEggs ten to twenty-four in number, short ovate in form, \nresembling the C. californica in color and markings. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis is the characteristic game bird of Arizona, it in also known \nas the Arizona Quail. It is essentially a desert bird. Replaced \nin Texas by the Massena Partridge. W. E. D. Scott found it \ndistributed throughout the entire Catalina region of Arizona \nbelow an altitude of 5,000 feet, (je) \n\nDuring the hot weather it prefers to remain in the cool spots \nof the creek bottoms, frequently perching in the trees and read- \nily taking to trees at all times. \n\nMASSBNA PARTRIDGE \n\nCyrtonyx montezumae (Vig. ) \n\nGeog. Dist.\xe2\x80\x94 Tablelands of Mexico from the City of Mexico north to \nWestern Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. \n\nSp. Char. Male: Upper parts intimately waved with black and reddish- \nbrown and tawny-brown, and marked with sharp buff or whitish shaft-lines; \non the wings the irregular black variegation changing to black bars and \nround spots, in regular paired series on each feather. Outer quills fuscous, \ntheir outer webs spotted with white or buff. Under parts crowded with \ninnumerable round white spots on a dark ground, several pairs on each \nfeather; the middle line of the breast and belly mahogany-colored, the flanks, \nvent and crissum velvety-black. Top of head black in front, with slight \nwhite touches, changing on the crest to brown. Sides of head and throat \nfantastically striped with black and white; a broad black throat-patch; \nanother ou the cheeks; across lores and alongside of crown; a third on the \near-coverts; a fourth bordering the white all aroiind behind. Length about \ny.OO; extent 17.00; wing 4.75; t?ail 2.00; tarsus 1.20; middle toe and claw \n1.60; its claw alone 0.50, Female: Upper parts as in the male, but the \nmarkings of the wings less regular, more assimilated with the general \nvariegation, and the tone more fulvous. No peculiar marks on head, throat \nwhitish or buff; general tone of the under parts pale purplish-cinnamon, \nwith fine mottling of black and white on each feather. YouNG Male: Re \nsembling the hen, but the under parts ochrey or whitish with black variegation. \n\n,K Davies\' Nests & Eggs of North American Birds. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY 25 \n\nCHICKS: scarcely fledged, 3 - 4 inches long. Bill reddish above; whitish \nbelow; feet dull brownish. Above, light warm brown, varied with black, \nboldly striped with white \xe2\x80\x94 each feather having a hammer-headed white \nshaft-line. Some inner wing-quills like the back ; others dusky with whitish \nshafts, broken-barred with buff, chiefly on outer webs. Below, buffy-white, \nwith namberlsss spots of blackish paired on each feather, sharp and circu- \nlar on breast, further back widening to bars, (f) \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nNesting habits similar to preceding species. Eggs, eight to \nfifteen in number; white, smooth grain, ovate in form, otherwise \nresembhng the Bob White. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis is one of the least known game birds of the United States. \nVery showy in full plumage. Better known in Western Texas \nas the Black or Black-bellied Quail, also as the Fool Quail. \n\nThey are known to readily adapt themselves to changed condi- \ntions of life and are frequently confined in cages after having \nbeen caught from a wild state. \n\nRarely seen in large numbers, usually six to ten in a covey. \nMigratory, going southward in the fall. Very fond of dusting \nthemselves in the road. Of a very confiding disposition which \nhas given it the name of Fool Quail. The pole-cat is their \nprinciple enemy. \n\nTheir food consists of bulberous roots, seeds of lagumanous \nplants, grain, and grass roots. They are very fond of cactus \nseeds and insects, and seem to be very partial to coarse sand. \n\nEUROPEAN QUAIL \n\nCoturnix coturnix ( Linn. ) \n\nGeog. Dist. \xe2\x80\x94 Europe, Asia, etc. Introduced into the United States. \n\nSp. Char. Upper parts variegated with buff or whitish and black upon \na mixed reddish-brown and gray ground, the most conspicuous markings \nbeing sharp lance-linear lengthwise stripes of buff or whitish over most of \nthe upper parts, these dashes mostly edged with black; other less prominent \nbuff or whitish cross-bars, several to a feather, likewise framed in black. \nCrown mixed brown and black, with sharp median and lateral buff stripes. \nThroat white, bounded before by a dark bar curving down behind the \nauriculars; behind, by a necklace of ruddy-brown, blackish, of whitish \nspots; chin varied with dark marks in advance of the auricular bar. Under \nparts fading to whitish from the bhff or pale yellowish-brown breast, with- \n\nt Coues Key to North American Birds. \n\n\n\n26 QUAILOLOGY - ORNITHOLOGY \n\noat any dark crossbars, but the long feathers of the sides and flanks with \nlarge and conspicuous white shaft-stripes and otherwise variegated with \nblack, brown, and buff. Primaries fuscous, spotted with light brown on \nouter webs; secondaries similar, but the markings becoming bars on both \nwebs. Tail-feathers brownish-black, much varied with shaft-lines, cross-bars, \nand edgings of buflf; crissum immaculate, like the abdomen. Bill dark; \nfeet pale; iris dark brown. Length about 7.00; wing 3.75; tail 1.75; tassns \n1.00; middle toe and claw rather more, (t) \n\nIn taking up this foreign species we rely greatly on a foreign \nauthor for data relative to its nesting, eggs and habits. Our \ntext is drawn from his work and to him all credit is due, namely, \nJ. M. Bechstein, M. D., in his "Cage and Chamber Birds," re- \nvised by H. G. Adams. \n\nThe noting of the European Quail in this volume is made \nnecessary by the importation of large numbers of these birds \ninto the Eastern States, north to New Brunswick. The perma- \nnent naturalization of it is still questionable, either climatic \nconditions or food are unsuited to them. \n\nNESTS AND EGGS \n\nThe only nest formed by this Quail, is a hole scratched in the \nground, and lined with a few straws or grass stalks. The female \ndoes not lay her eggs, which are ten to fourteen in number, and \nbluish white with large brown spots, till late in the year, often \nnot till July. Incubation twenty-one days. \n\nHABITS \n\nThis Quail is a bird of passage, arriving in Germany in May \nand departing about the end of September. It frequents the \nfields of grain and especially those of autumn-sown wheat. \n\nTheir food consists of all kinds of seeds and grain, for example, \nwheat, millet, rape, hemp and poppy seeds. It also feeds up- \non green plants and insects; and is very fond of ants\' eggs. \n\nIt moults twice a year, namely in the spring and autumn. \nThe females hatch their eggs and rear the young birds, which \nrun about with their mother before they are fledged; though this \ntakes place before the autumn migration. One brood is raised \nin a season. \n\n\n\nt Coues Key to North American Birds. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY. \n\nPart II. \n\nDOMESTICATION, PROPAGATION, \n\nCARE & TREATMENT OF WILD \n\nQUAIL IN CONFINEMENT. \n\n\n\ni^ Introductory % \\ \n\n\n\nWhile it is a little departure from the established custom to \nmake introductory remarks at this time, we never-the-less wish \nhere to sound a warning note to those few who are ever ready to \n"take-up and jump-into" a new hobby, culture, fancy or venture. \n\nThe taming of and careing for the Quail is by no means a \ntrivial affair, and to those who think it such we want to say, \nstudy the following pages carefully, and weigh in your own mind \nfairly and squarely, without imagination, what there is for you \nto do in the culture of the Quail. \n\nWe do not say that anyone can raise Quail, because they can- \nnot, unless they care for them properly. True, there is no great \namount of labor and attention required, but that little must be done. \n\nThe Quail, while it is one of our game birds, is also one of the \ninnocent creatures of God\'s creation that bids our esteem in its \nnative haunts and our careful attention and kind treatment in \nconfinement. The successful one in the culture is he or she that \nloves it, takes naturally to it, sees in it the beautiful lines of \nnature\'s handiwork and cultivates them. The mere"water, feed \nand sell" man may succeed fairly well, but much more the one \nwho studies carefully the peculiarities, habits, food and conditions \nthat Mother Nature produces in her world-wide aviary, and \n\n\n\n28 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\napplies them to the comfort of his caged birds. Therefore it is \nessential that we know these, and from the preceding pages de- \nvoted to Ornithology, some good points may be learned. Review \nthem well and then let us procede. \n\n\n\nHistory i i "* \n\n\n\nWe have often heard the remark made, "Oh you can\'t tame a \nQuail," * \'You never can tame them," etc, but we have tamed \nthem, gained their confidence, and so long as we keep it we shall \ncontinue to bring them nearer to complete domestication in the \nfull meaning of the word. \n\nA work issued several years ago, and from which a number oi \nreprints have been made and widely distributed, claims thi \nculture of the quail to be of recent years and in a little storj; \ngives the process, in several sections, of raising quail for profit \nand pleasure. However, the culture dates prior to eighteen \nhundred and ninty in America, while in Europe a work bearing \nthe date of October 20, 1794 tells of the choice European Quail, \nso valued as a pet and singer. They were trained to sing, and s \nbird uttering their peculiar note "Pickvervik!" ten times in \nsuccession was highly prized while a very valuable bird is record- \ned as uttering it thirty times. The work also treats on the \nmethods of taking, careing and feeding. \n\nIn this country numbers of naturalists and lovers of nature \nhave, in years past, tamed the quail, but is true that the ad- \nvancement of the culture has gained ground in the last five \nyears. This due to the fact that these game birds are becoming \nscarcer and their preservation is of importance and it lays with the \ntrue fancier to save them from extermination, by domestication. \n\nThe author has bred quails from a fanciers standpoint for 2 \nnumber of years, and has received hundreds of inquiries for in- \nformation such as we shall endevor to impart here. Many others \nhave been breeding and experimenting with quail and we have \ngiven space to their views on this subject in another part of this \nwork. \n\nIn 1899, an association was formed, styled The National Quai! \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC 29 \n\nBreeders Association, of which the writer was and is Correspond- \ning Secretary, having as its object the general advancement of \nthe culture and the dissemination of a more thorough knowledge \nof these game birds together with the pleasure and profit to be \nderived from the intelligent care and breeding of the several \nvarieties. Up to the present time very little has been done but \nit is to be hoped that some progress will be made during the \ncoming season. \n\n\n\nI IJ Procuring Stock || \n\n\n\n=1H \n\n\n\ndi \n\n\n\nThe procuring of stock will first receive our attention, while it \nmight possibly have been better for us to have considered a \nhome for the birds, before procuring them. Never-the-less we \ninfer the amateur will study this work thoroughly, before ven- \nturing into the culture, and have an aviary all ready for the \nreception of his stock. \n\nThere are several ways of procuring a start; procure eggs and \nhatch out the chicks; trap the wild birds; or purchase domesti- \ncated stock from some reliable fancier, we wont say dealer, as we \ntrust there are none who come under that term as we define it, \n"water, feed and sell" regardless of merit. \n\nEggs may be secured from the nests of the wild birds. The \nreader will find the Ornithological portion of this work valuable \nin determining when and where to search for the nests and eggs \nof the various species. When found, if the nest does not contain \na full setting do not disturb it, as you are liable to cause the female \nto abandon it. Watch it as closely as possible and when the \nfemale stops laying remove the eggs and pack them carefully in \nin saw-dust or cotton, and as soon as possible transfer them to \nthe incubator or place them under a hen. The hatching out will \nreceive our attention later on. \n\nWild birds may often be obtained from commission merchants \nin the larger cities, as they often receive crates of live birds for \nthe markets. In purchasing these, however, one runs consider- \nable risk of losing his stock, owing to the fact that many are \ninjured in transit or injure themselves while confined in the \n\n\n\n30 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\ncrates. The long journey and improper food also has a disas- \ntrous effect on them. However some choice birds can be se- \ncured as well as those of various species. I have seen the com- \nmonly called Mexican Blue Quail in Chicago markets, and fre- \nquently, I am told, other varieties are received. \n\nWhere game laws do not conflict, or upon your own premises, \na good plan is to trap the old birds. This should be done in the \nfall or early winter and the birds placed in their permanent \nquarters as soon as possible so that they may become accustom- \ned to their surroundings and begin to breed the following \nspring. The use of the regular Partridge or Quail Nets is a \ngood method, or box traps. Where it possible to secure a male \nor female to use as a decoy, the operation of trapping is easily \nfacilitated, but where none can be had, the beginner must \nwait until the ground is covered with snow and feed is scarce, \nto make any progress in trapping. We will not go into the \nquestion of traps and nets as we presume there are but few \nwho do not know how to make box traps or set a net, and where \nthe quail are most likely to be found in his neighborhood. \n\n/ .. ^. - . ^ \n\n\n\nThis is a question upon which only suggestions and general \nremarks can be made and the essential points brought out. We \nassume that our ideas vary and that your circumstances and \nconditions may not permit of your following a fixed plan. \n\nIn constructing an aviary we must remember that the quails \nneed plenty of fresh air and sunlight, also a certain amount of \nshelter. Many birds perish every winter, in their native \nhaunts, from cold and exposure, so we must have a certain \namount of shelter for them. Again some varieties require more \nshelter than others owing to the variation from the climatic \nconditions of their native ranges. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 31 \n\nV/ith the exception of one or two varieties, the quail family \nall roost on the ground and seldom take to the trees so that it \nis not necessary that we should build the aviary or shelter \nhouse high. It should be kept clean and well painted through- \nout every season with carbolineum, or whitewashed. With \nthe the exception of the house it should not be floored as the \nbirds delight to scratch and dust themselves. \n\nWhen possible the aviary should be placed on a grassy plot \nand where there are such, over an ant-hill, as the birds are very \nfond of ants and ants\' eggs. \n\nOur breeding pens are 12 x 8 and 3 1-2 feet high. One end \nand the top are boarded up, and a trap door placed in the top \nto admit of access in cleaning and feeding. A twelve inch \nb oard is placed on the bottom of either side and the remainder \nof the sides covered with inch mesh woven wire. During the \nbreeding season a foot wire screen is placed above the foot \nboards, the entire length, to keep tlie little chicks from escap- \ning. The remaining end is closed by one side of the nesting \nand shelter house, it a trifle higher and sloping to two and a \nhalf feet behind, and three feet in width. In this are placed \na row of nesting boxes, shelves for the birds to roost on if they \nchoose to in bad weather, dusting and grit boxes. A window, \nwhich may be darkened during the nesting season, is placed \nin one end for light, and a door to admit of cleaning, etc, at \nthe other end. This is so constructed as to be warm during \nthe winter and well ventilated during the summer, and forms \na quiet retreat for the birds at all times. Openings, which may \nbe closed when desired, are cut to admit of passage to and from \nthe house to the run. The house is well floored and during the \nwinter the floor is covered, to a depth of two or three inches, \nwith nice clean straw, and our birds never suffer from the cold. \nIn the run we place a dusting box, which is kept filled with \nroad dust, a grit box and a very shallow water dish, this should \nnot contain more than a half inch of water as we once had the \n\n\n\n32 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\nmisfortune to lose a brood of young chicks by their getting \ndrowned in a deep water dish. A few perches in the run, and \na pile of brush with a little straw thrown over it to serve as a \nrun retreat, and we have an aviary that is large enough for a \ndozen to eighteen birds and their chicks, an aviary that is not \nso cumbersome but what it can be moved from one spot to \nanother. We will add, however, that it is advisable to sink an \ninch mesh woven wire, to the depth of eighteen inches, all \naround the aviary, and attached to it, to prevent their greatest \nenemy, rats, from gaining access to the birds. \n\n\'^"~Tamlng The Wild Quail f^ \n\n\n\nHaving our aviary in readiness for the wild birds we have \ntrapped or netted, we will, before placing them in their perma- \nnent quarters, proceed to overcome their wild nature and gain \nat least a portion of their confidence, and accustom, them to our \nattention and approach. First we will place them in a taming \nbox especially designed for that purpose, a small box only \nlarge enough to admit of their turning around and stretching \ntheir legs. The front may be covered with common wire \nscreen and the top MUST be made of cloth, for the reason that \nthe quail, when startled, are addicted to springing up, and they \ngo with considerable force. If the top be made of wood they \nare very apt to injure themselves and die from the effects. A \ndoor is made in one end to admit of feed and water and we are \nready for the birds. Gently stroking them, we place them one \nby one into the box, and without disturbing them or allowing \nthem to be disturbed, we leave them to themselves until feed- \ning time. We feed them twice a day at regular hours, and as \noften as opportunity permits or our time allows, we open the \nlittle door and caress the birds, stroking them gently and call- \ning them by name or softly imitating their note call, take one \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 33 \n\nout and caress it gently for a few minutes and then place it \nback and take up another. Their box is small and they have \nnot the opportunity to flutter and fly around and become wild- \ner. They soon learn that they are not to be harmed and sub- \nmit to caressing, where if the box was larger we would scare \nthe life out of them in trying to place our hands on them, this \nis one object of the smallness of the box. Another is, that \ntaken from their world-wide aviary and placed in a cage of \nany size they would feel the sense of confinement, and being \nsubjected to close confinement at first, they more fully appre- \nciate the liberties of a larger aviary when placed in their per- \nmanent quarters. As they grow tamer we increase the range \nof their liberties and place them in a larger box, and finally \nplace them in their permanent quarters, where they soon begin \nto feel at home and are not disturbed at our approach. \n\nA greater number of birds may be handled successfully by \nthe use of two boxes, barely large enough to hold them, and \ntransferring the birds from one to the other several times a \nday, carefully caressing each one and imitating its note-call \nas it is transferred. \n\nIt is a certain fact that there is a difference in people, and \nthat some have a more convincing way that appeals to wild \nnature, than others, but if care and kind treatment are used \nmost anyone can overcome the wildest of nature in the quail. \n\nA certain breeder offers the following method by which the \nquail may be tamed and brought under complete control in the \nspace of a few hours. \xe2\x80\x94 "A portion\xe2\x80\x94 larger, or smaller, in pro- \nportion to the wildness of the bird\xe2\x80\x94 is cut off from the inner \nplume of the pen feathers, so that the bird cannot hurt itself \nif it attempts to leave the hand, and the external appearance \nof the wing is not impaired. The nostrils of the bird are then \ntouched with bergamot, or any odorous oil, by which it is \nfor a time so stupefied, as to perch quietly on the finger, or \nto hop from one finger to another. It may indeed attempt to \n\n\n\n34 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\nfly away once or twice; but this is not often repeated especial- \nly if the experiment be tried in a dark place\xe2\x80\x94 as for example, \nbehind a curtain, which offers the further advantage that if \nthe bird should fall it is not liable to hurt itself. As soon as it \nsits quietly on any one finger, another finger must be placed \nin such a position as to cause the bird to step upon it; and as \nsoon as it is accustomed to hop quietly from one finger to \nanother, the main difficulty is overcome. For if when the \nbird is gradually aroused from its state of stupefacation, it \nperceives that its teacher does not use it roughly, it may by \ndegrees be taught to manifest perfect obedience to his com- \nmands. Etc " \n\nThis method may be allright for all we know, we have never \ntried it, but we prefer the former mothod to taking any chance \nof losing a bird by an overdose, which is liable to occur espec- \nially when the bird is first taken and is highly excited. \n\nPatience, good care and kind treatment seldom fail to reward. \n\n\n\nyj =m \n\n\n\nL \n\n\n\ni U As Pets i \n\n\n\nNo other bird is more fascinating, more affectionate, more \npleasing, or more cleanly in its habits, than the quail. It is \nfar more affectionate than the pet bantams. His note-call is a \nsignal of a hearty "Good Morning"; a pleasant thought of a \nday well spent. \n\n"But lingers yet, it\'s sweet \xe2\x96\xa0\'Bob-White." \n\nA cheerful companion at all times, but his training and \nteaching is not of a trivial nature. Not the old bird, but the \nyoungest chick, just out of the shell, must be the subject of \nour training, for a pet. \n\nThe better plan is to take the brood hatched out by a pet \nbantam hen, preferably a Buff Cochin, or even better an incu- \nbator hatched brood. In the latter case, however, we will \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 35 \n\nneed the service of a brooder. (This will be referred to in \n"Feed and Care of Chicks,") Place the foster-mother and \nher brood in your office, place of business, shop, or home, \nwhere they v/ill come under your attention, so to speak, a hun- \ndred times a day. Their cage may be made suitable for the \nplace it is to occupy, but such as will admit of room for them \nto run and stretch their tiny legs, due regard being given to \nthe question of sunlight, ventilation, and protection against \ncats. Feed them often at first, but don\'t overfeed them. In- \nvite them to pick a morsel from your finger; if they have not \nhad their appetite fully satisfied, they will pick at it out of \ncuriosity, and finding it good to eat they are ready for another \ninvitation. Teach them to perch upon your finger; they may \nresist a little at first, but patience and a little petting will en- \ncourage them. Invite their song by imitating the note-call of \ntheir species. Under proper care and treatment they will \nthrive and become very tame under your care and may be \ntaught to respond a cheery \'"Bob-White" at your signal, as well \nas come at your command. \n\nCare should be taken to keep the little fellows out of hearing \ndistance of wild or semi-tamed birds, as they will very soon \nteach them to be shy by their warning calls. For this reason \nit is not advisable to attempt to tame chicks hatched by the \nquail, unless a perfectly tame one, as they are taught the wild \ntraits from the moment they leave the shell. \n\nWe have not the time to devote to making perfect pets of our \nbirds, such as would like to do. One especially, which we have \nchristened "Dick," a male Valley Partridge, is the chief of our \nattention. He is quite content to perch upon our finger and \nbe caressed, but resents any false movements with a peck of \nhis bill. He is an all around mischief, and a fighter "from a- \nway-back." The English Pheasant cocks take a back seat for \nhim and even our old speckled rooster says, "git-out." \n\nWhere a specialty is made of it, birds are easily tamed, taught \n\n\n\n36 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\nto obey commands and sing, as such they bring a good price. \n\n\'^^\' Mating & Nesting \'" ^ \n\n\n\nHere we have a subject, that a portion of which at least, is \nis very interesting, and worthy of more discussion than we are \nable to give it here. There is much to be developed and \nbrought out in the breeding of the quail. There is room for \nthe true fancier to display his scientific ability and ingenuity in \nbreeding for points and markings, an opportunity for interest- \ning experiment and the improvment of species, or the cross \nbreeding and bringing out of new species, or as we may then \nbe permitted to say, breed, or strains. Every fancier has, or \nwill develop, an ideal of his own and will work toward that \nstandard. Nature has by virtue of different locations and \nclimatic conditions, given us four variations in the Bob-White \nalone, to work upon\xe2\x80\x94 the Bob-White, Florida Bob-White Texan \nBob- White and Cuban Bob- White,\xe2\x80\x94 all varying in the complex- \nion of their dress, from a light ashy to a deep brownish red. \nIn these we have an opportunity to enrich marking as well as \na few points. \n\nAgain we find other divisions of the quail family, some very \nprolific but small in size, others of good size and attractive \nplumage but not so prolific breeders. "Will they cross?" we \nare asked. They will if conditions are right, but we are not \nprepared to say in this edition what the product would be. We \nhad the misfortune to lose a setting, of a cross between a Val- \nley Partridge cock and a Bob-White hen, this season and are \nexceeding sorry to so state as we had hoped to give the result \nin this edition. Well, but there\'ll be trouble on hand when \nyou put them in a cage together! -Certainly there will, if the \nconditions are not right, in which case you are liable to lose \nyour female. Use a little "Yankee Ingenuity" and the result \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 37 \n\nwill be more favorable. Remove the birds from the rest of \nflock in the fall or winter; place each in an adjoining cage and \nallow them to remain so until spring opens up. When the \nfemale begins to show signs of mating, place them together in \nan aviary by themselves, removed from your other birds, and \nwe think you will obtain results. In cross mating any species \nit is well to follow this plan, especially if it happens to be an odd \nmale, as he will pursue the female with great ardour and strip \nher of her feathers, if she does not yield to his desires. \n\nIn mating up the Bob-White, or other varieties, the fanciers \nobject, if he be a fancier at all, is to improve the species in \nsize and markings, and to secure better layers. In every covey \nwe find some culls, some on the average and a few that are to \nbe prized above others. The latter are the ones we must look \nto for results in the realization of our ideal. \n\nThe making up of the breeding pens and the selection of \nbirds should be done in October and November, and those \nwhich are of the best markings, size, and of the hens that have \nlayed the best layers, selected to give the best results. The \nquail is, in instances, polygamous to a certain extent, but it is \nadvisable to pair the birds up, as the cock is very affectionate \nduring the nesting season and frequently performs a portion \nof the duties of incubation. As far as possible secure birds \nfrom unrelated coveys, to make up your breeding pens; new \nblood should add vitality to your stock, if well selected. Some \ncontend that better results are obtained where smaller aviaries \nare used and a single pair placed in each. We have no argu- \nment to offer for this idea as we get the best possible results \nfrom our birds with seven and eight pairs in an aviary. \n\nAs no standard has yet been made, and there is none except \nthe ideal in the eye of the fancier, much cannot be said along \nthe line of technical mating. However, whether mating for \nfancy or market purposes, always select the best stock and use \nthe culls for table purposes. \n\n\n\n38 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\nThe mating season varies with different species, as will be \nnoted by a glance at the Ornithological portion of this work. \nLocation also governs the season to a certain extent. The \nnesting season follows closely. \n\nQuails prefer to build their own nests, and in the art of home \nbuilding they are expert architects, almost always concealing \ntheir nest where even the most careful observer will not easily \ndetect it. The nesting boxes in the shelter house should be at \nleast six inches square, and are at the disposal of the hen. A \nquantity of fresh dirt should be spread in each section, and in- \nto each a handful of hay or straw stuffed, the arrangement being \nleft to the hen to shape up after her own taste. After the first \nbrood is hatched out the nest boxes should be cleaned out and \nprepared for a second nesting in the same manner. \n\n^^^ Eggs Zr Incubation ^^ ^ \n\n\n\nThe common bob-white hen lays from twelve to twenty-five \neggs at a setting, or from twenty-four to fifty in a season. \nThis last number, however, is a high estimate, as the second \nsetting is quite frequently smaller than the first. The first \nsetting is generally large, from eighteen to twenty-five, while \nthe second ranges from twelve up, according to the lateness of \nthe season and the condition of the hen, after having hatched \nand cared for her first brood. With the possible exception of \nthe first egg, the fertility is one hundred per cent. \n\nVarious theories are advanced as to the variation in numbers \nof eggs layed. The fact that the hen can cover, and success- \nfully hatch out twenty-five eggs, disproves the theory that the \ninstinct of the hen that she connot cover more, prompts her to \ncease laying and commence to set when she has deposited some \ntwelve or thirteen eggs in the nest. We are inclined to believe \nthat where the settings are small, and especially the first, it is \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 39 \n\ndue to the strain of the birds, improper feed and care, or to be- \ning disturbed during the laying period, and not to instinct or \ntoo early setting as we find these same variations in the case of \nbirds in their native haunts, where conditions are invariably \nat their best. \n\nThe only remedy for these small settings is the careful mat- \ning up of birds and the introduction of new blood. The idea \nthat you may cheat a quail, by removing an egg every other \nday after nine or ten have been layed, and thereby secure more \neggs is absurd. Madam Quail is very particular about her \nhome apartments and any derangement, or the touching of an \negg before incubation has commenced, will be detected and \ncause her to desert the nest and seek concealment elsewhere \nfor another setting. So that in case you wish the parent birds \nto hatch out their own eggs, do not disturb them at all, keep \nout of their private apartments altogether. They know how \nto conduct the hatchery. \n\nWhen the eggs are to be hatched out by a bantam hen or in \nthe incubator, the nest may be very cautiously observed to note \nthe deposit of the first egg, then the date recorded, and when \nthe hen has had time to complete her setting, about eighteen \nto twenty days, or has just commenced to set, open the nest \nand remove the eggs. When thus deprived of the first setting \nshe will almost immediately proceed to prepare another nest \nand deposit another setting. In this manner three settings \nare often secured in a season. \n\nAs soon as the eggs are taken from the quails nest, whether \nfrom the wild or tame birds, they should be placed in the incu- \nbator or under a bantam as soon as possible, so that should in- \ncubation have commenced the germ will not be injured. \n\nIn selecting a bantam for hatching out quail eggs we would \nrecommend a buff cochin, as they are good setters and make \ntender mothers. The nest can be made in a box sufficiently \ndeep to permit of the top being covered with screen, and not \n\n\n\n40 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION. ETC. \n\ndiscommode the hen, about the time the chicks are to hatch. \nThe bottom should be covered with fresh dirt, and a sufficient \namount of clean straw or hay arranged in it to make a good \nnest and we are ready for the hen, which should be free from \nVERMIN and kept free from lice as these pests will cause the \nloss of every chick if allowed to affect them, and eggs. Do \nnot give the hen more eggs than she can cover nicely. About \nthe time the eggs are to hatch, the 19th to 21st day, cover the \nbox with a wire screen to keep the chicks from escaping. \nRemove the hen and chicks the day following their hatching to \ntheir run quarters, as further noted under \' \'Feed and Care of \nChicks." \n\nWe have had considerable experience with one of Geo. H. \nStahl\'s "Wooden Hen" incubators, 50 capacity, running it ac- \ncording to the regulations for hatching out chicken eggs. In \nconnection we have used his "Hen" brooder. Our experience \nhas been profitable in that we never lost an egg, and find our \nincubator hatched birds to be as healthy and much tamer than \nthose hatched by the parent birds or bantam hens. \n\n^ \'\'\' i Feed h Care i ^ ^ \n\n\n\nHere we come to the most important topic of our work, for \nupon the feed and care of our birds greatly depends our suc- \ncess. Here we have again to look into the secrets of Nature \nfor the proper articles of sustenance for them, to bring forth \nsatisfactory results, healthy and prolific birds. Every care \nshould be taken to supplant the conditions and food supplied by \nNature. A regular hour for feeding, a variation of food, plenty \nof animal and vegetable matter, clean fresh water every day, \ngrit, and a good supply of road dust for dusting purposes. \nThe aviary should be so placed as to give plenty of sunlight \nand shelter during the winter months, and in the summer to \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 41 \n\npermit of some shade during the extreme hot weather. In the \nnotes on our aviary we gave the requisites of the aviary and \nruns for the comfort of the birds. \n\nThe quail is prone to rustle for a living, picking up a bit of \ngrain here, an insect there, spiced with a bit of vegetation \nto flavor, and now and then a few grains of sand or fine gravel \nto grind the mixture. Too much feed will make them too fat \nand tend to make them lazy, while an insufllicient quantity or \nimproper kind and variety will bring disease and unsatisfactory \nresults in eggs and chicks. \n\nThe observing student will note that that the wild quail are \nfound upon the feeding grounds, or along the roadsides, in \nsearch of food, in the early morning hours and late in the \nafternoon. Although the quail feeds more or less on insects \nduring the day, it is at these hours that it searches for solid \ngrain and seeds. Therefore, we make it a point to feed twice \na day, the first thing in the morning and about four thirty in \nthe afternoon. \n\nThe Spratts people have made extensive experiments along \nthe food lines of our game birds, especially adapted for pheas- \nants, which are also valuable in the culture of the quail. \nWhere their game food is used, it should be mixed with water \nonly sufficient to make it moist, not sloppy, a half pint of meal \nwhen mixed being sufficient for fifteen or sixteen birds. This, \nprepared a few hours before using and then mixed with a \ntablespoonfull of "Crissel," makes a good morning feed. A \nhandfull of cracked corn, wheat, or buckwheat in the even- \ning, and a supply of green food once a day, will keep them \nin good shape. In feeding grain give but one kind at a time \nand change the feed from one to the other thus keeping \ntheir appetite for each good. Where the birds are kept in \nmovable pens, which may be moved about the lawn, changing \nthe location daily, the giving of green food in the summer \n\n\n\n42 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\ntime is obviated. In the case of stationary pens, feed clover, \nchick-weed, lettuce, oats, rye, etc, cut in half inch, or less \nlengths. This should be given fresh daily and only in such \nquantity as the birds will eat up well. In the winter season \nsubstitute clover meal. \n\nEgg-0 is also highly recommended by some fanciers as great \nfood for quail, but as we have never tried it we cannot speak \nfor or against it. Where the prepared foods are not obtainable \nor not preferable, a wholesome feed for a morning meal is a \nmash composed of clover meal, middlings, bran, ground beef \nscraps and boiled potatoes. In the evening the grain food as \nbefore stated. \n\nAnother good feed is a mash made of wormy currants or \nraisins ground up and mixed with coarse ground corn meal, \nbread scraps, middlings, and boiled potatoes. Merchants often \nthrow out currants and raisins that have become wormy, which \nare alright for quail feed, and can be had for the taking of \nthem away. During the winter the mash should always be \nfed warm in the mornings. \n\nAmong other good foods for quail are millet seed, kafRr corn, \nhemp, sunflower seed, fresh ground green bone, maggots, meal- \nworms, etc. From the food in the wild state, as noted in the \nOrnithological portion of this work, other foods will be noted \nthat might be fed if they can be secured. Quail are also very \nfond of ants and ants\' eggs. These may be secured by digging \nout an ant-hill, placing dirt, ants, eggs and all in a grain sack \nand subjecting them to the heat of an oven for a short time to \ncook them. Feed when desirable for a change, or mix with \nmash. They make quite an article in the way of a substitute \nfor the insect food but should not be depended upon entirely as \na substitute. They also make excellent food for the little \nchicks. \n\nFor a grit use crushed oyster shells ground fine, mica crystal \ngrit of the pigeon size, or coarse sand and fine gravel. A \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 43 \n\nsupply of grit must be kept where the birds can get it at any \ntime. \n\n\n\nFeed & Care of Chicks \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\nRemove the chicks from the incubator soon after they are \nhatched and place them in the brooder, to which may be at- \ntached a screen run. This should, as all of the runs, etc., be \nprotected against cats, dogs and vermin. The first thing that \nwill apprise the mind of the chicks is something to eat. \nTheir curiosity is aroused by every speck. Sprinkle a little \nfeed where they will notice it and they will soon find out what \nis good to eat and you will have no trouble. \n\nWhere the chicks are hatched out by a bantam; Remove \nthem the following day, with their foster mother, to a run \nyou have previously constructed for them. If it is to be kept \nindoors, it may simply be a screen pen 2x3 feet and two feet \nin heighth. If it is to be for out-of-doors and for permanent \nquarters until the chicks are old enough to be placed in the \nlarge aviary, it should be made larger, say 2 or 3 by 6 feet \nand two feet in heighth, covered with wire screen and a small \nshelter house constructed at one end, with suitable openings \nthroughout for feed and care, also due protection against \ntheir many enemies. Place this aviary on the lawn or grassy \nplot and put the family in it. Move it frequently to new \nground. Right here let us caution that all houses and runs \nshould be placed on good high and dry ground. Damp ground \nor depressions where water is apt to stand are dangerous to \nthe health of the birds, especially the young. Chicks should \nnot be allowed to run in the wet grass. Keep them in the \nshelter house at such times. \n\nIf the chicks are hatched out by the parent birds they may \nbe cared for in the large aviary, a greater assortment of feed \n\n\n\n44 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\nbeing required, as the old birds will help themselves to the \nchick food in preference to their own. \n\nIn feeding young chicks great care should be taken not to \noverfeed. An always hungry appetite with them is a whole- \nsome one, besides it saves the cleaning out of stale food which \nshould never be allowed to accumulate. Sour food of any kind \nis unv/holesome. \n\nThe feed for the first week should consist of corn meal and \nmiddlings mixed with the raw yolks of one or more eggs. \nSome fanciers say hard boiled eggs; we cannot agree with \nthem as it is the most indigestible food for little chicks. Feed \nthe above sparingly and often at first, four or five times a day. \nTo this may be added ants and ants* eggs, and the bread \ncrumbs from your table will also be welcomed. A little later \nmaggots may be added to the diet. They may be produced by \nexposing a piece of meat or sheep pluck to the flies and then \nburying it in wet bran for a few days. A little millet seed can \nnow be given, and the third or fourth week you may commence \nto merge them onto the softer food of the old birds. \n\nKeep the water dishes clean and a supply of fresh water \nalways in them, not too much, as it don\'t take a great amount \nof water for a little quail, no bigger than the end of your \nthumb, to get drowned in. \n\nGive a little grit in the form of sand, and don\'t fail to be \never on your guard against lice. \n\n\n\n=^ \n\n\n\nEnemies & Diseases \n\n\n\nThe quail in the wild state has many enemies, the biggest of \nwhich is the "game hog," but we trust our efforts here will \nnot extend his operations. In the state we have to consider it, \nits enemies are not so numerous, still there are a few, the \nhouse cat being the worst. Next we may enumerate the dog, \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 45 \n\nrats, skunks, mink and insect vermin, \'especially lice. Of these \nhowever, quail are usually free from if they have plenty of \nroad dust to dust themselves in. \n\nContagious diseases\xe2\x80\x94 we know of none. Occasionally a bird \nis lost from old age, accident or improper care. If the houses \nand runs are kept clean and fresh, well whitewashed or paint- \ned; the .water dishes clean, and always filled with fresh water; \nwholesome food and plenty of grit are fed; and plenty of dust- \ning material kept on hand for them, there is little likelihood of \ndisease entering the flock. \n\nThe only report that we have of any affliction is by Lyman \nBelding of Stockton, California, who states \' \'About one out of \nten of the young Plumed Quail in Nevada, Placier, Eldorado \nand probably other counties in the Sierra Nevadas, are infest- \ned with tape worm As I have never found a tape \n\nworm in an adult I suppose the young afflicted quail die before \nreaching maturity. \' \' \n\n\n\nr \n\n\n\nJfl Proper Shipping \n\na \xe2\x80\x94 F g \n\n\n\nIn the transportation of the quail very few people conceive \nthe idea^that a cloth top, or padded top, crate is a necessity to \nthe safety of the birds while enroute. Quail when startled will \nspring upwards with great force and would injure themselves \ngreatly if protective methods were not taken to guard against \nsuch injury. Many quail that are shipped in wooden top crates \ndie from no other cause than that of injury to the head receiv- \ned by their springing upward and striking the top of the crate. \nThis, if no other, is the chief thought we want to enforce in \nthis section. Otherwise the crate may be made in any conven- \nient form, with means of watering and feeding while enroute. \nFasten the water dish stationary in the crate. In a sack place \na sufficient quantity of grain to feed the birds while enroute, \n\n\n\n46 QUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. \n\nsuch as wheat, buckwheat and cracked corn. Tie this to the \ncrate with instructions to express messengers, which should be \nprinted on your tag or label, to feed and water at 8 a. m. and \n5 p. m., and that the stock is domestic and for propagation. \n\n\n\nIn Conclusion \n\n\n\nYou have read the fore-going pages of this work, and if you \nhave gone over them carefully, as you should have, the ques- \ntion of whether it is much trouble or not, to raise quail, is set- \ntled in your own mind. They are much easier to care for than \nchickens, take less feed, are more cleanly, more interesting and \nfascinating than chickens. If the work of caring for them is \nproperly attended to daily, and nothing left undone, the time \nrequired will be a very small consideration in caring for a large \nnumber of birds. \n\nThe pleasure you will secure from the the culture is limited \nonly by the attention you give them. Treat them kindly, care \nfor them well and they will entertain all of your spare moments \nwith their antics and cheery note calls. \n\nThe work of keeping up the aviary and caring for the birds \nis not heavy. The greatest care being the patience of feeding \nand raising the young chicks not raised by the parent birds. \nYet it is a pleasure, rather than labor, to care for them if you \nare in any way inclined to the Love of Nature. \n\nAs an article of food; it is unnecessary for us to say that the \nmeat is a prize and that quail on toast is a delicacy. \n\nThe profit in the culture we have only to figure from a fanciers \nstandpoint. They are now being quoted from $3.00 to $3.50 \nper dozen on the markets. That the bob-white may be in- \ncreased in size under careful breeding, and command a better \nmarket price, we do not doubt. Again, when it becomes per- \nmissible to sell live domesticated quail frys, we believe that the \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DOMESTICATION, ETC. 47 \n\nspring chicken will feel worse than "thirty cents. " Breeding \nstock is far short of the demand at the present time. We \nhave none to sell now, but could place from eight hundred to \na thousand pairs in the next few weeks at $3.00 a pair, if we \nhad them, and for perfectly tame hand raised birds there are \nmany five dollar bills waiting. The "birds of the field" are \ndiminishing and the fanciers who supplant the supply with \ndomesticated stock on the market are sure of an increasing de- \nmand for table use. \n\nTo those who wish to inquire further we would say, kindly \nenclose a stamp and we will cheerfully respond to your inquir- \nies. To those in the culture we solicit an exchange of notes \nfor mutual benefit. \n\nIn the next section we have given a few letters from fan- \nciers and a few clippings from which we trust you may derive \nsome good. \n\n\n\n\nAn exchange of Natural History Notes on \nany or all of the Gallinaceous Birds and \nLetters of Experience In Domestication are \nsolicited for the benefit of the culture.\xe2\x80\x94 Ed. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY. \n\n\n\nPart III. \n\nLETTERS & CLIPPINGS FROM FANCIERS \n\nWHO RAISE QUAIL. \n\n\n\nSan Francisco, Calif. \n\nWritten especially for Quailology. \n\nThe breeding of the California Valley or Mountain Quail in \nconfinement in my opinion cannot be successfully carried on, \nwhile it is true one may raise a few, but not to such an extent \nas to be termed successful. \n\nI take this view of the subject from the experience of my- \nself and friend, Ralph Miller of Santa Cruz, California, than \nwhom no person in this state has had more extended experience \nor given the subject more careful consideration. \n\nThe California Valley Quail is a very game bird and one hard \nto domesticate. Once disturbed the female seldom returns to \nher nest. Some have been raised in confinement by the female \nquail, but the most successful plan is to set the eggs under a \nbantam hen. Mr. Miller and myself followed this plan with \nfair success. \n\nI build my aviary 35x8x6 feet high, and if possible around a \ntree for the quail to hide and roost in. I also place brush and \nleaves in the aviary for the quail to nest in. When the quail \nhave nested I take the eggs and place them under a bantam \nhen in a suitable nest. Prior to placing the hen on the nest I \ngive her a good dose of buhach in order to kill all the vermin. \nOn the 23rd day the eggs should hatch. I then take the hen \n\n\n\n50 QUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. \n\nand chicks and place them in a pen 8x4x2 feet high. I make \nthe sides and ends of lumber, and cover the top with one inch \nmesh wire, and it should be built in a sunny place and have no \nfloor, and should be well supplied with sand and dust. \nAcross one end of this pen I build a box the width and heighth \nof the pen and 2 feet deep, with slats in front, so as to allow \nthe chicks to enter the main pen but prevent the hen from do- \ning so, and so constructed that the chicks can go to her and so \nthe hen can get her head between the slats and call and feed \nthe chicks. I place the feed directly in front of the slats in the \nmain pen, keeping the hen in this box until I see the chicks \nare strong enough to allow the hen to enter the pen with them. \n\nI feed finely chopped chick-weed or lettuce together with \nboiled eggs, maggots, ground corn and mixed bird seed. I pro- \nduce the maggots by exposing a piece of meat or a sheep pluck \nto the flies, and then putting it in a barrel and covering it with \nmoist bran. Every three or four days I start a second lot so as \nto always have some on hand when I start a new lot. By fol- \nlowing this plan the Mongolian Pheasant can be successfully \nraised, and I have had fair success with quail. I constantly \nkeep plenty of good sharp grit and plenty of green feed and \npure water in my aviary, and have never had any trouble with \nmy birds. About the time I expect the eggs to hatch, I place a \nfine wire screen over the hen and nest in order that the chicks \ncannot get out of the nest else they would run away. I also \nremove the hen from the nest and place her in the pen as soon \nas possible after the eggs are hatched. I feed six times a day. \n\nFrom what I have been able to observe quail and pheasant \nfeed their young on insects for the first few days and until they \nbecome able to look after themselves a little when they begin \nto seek more solid food such as grain and grass seeds. I find \nthe maggots the best and most easy procured substitute to take \nthe place of the insects, etc, that the birds would get in their \nnatural haunts. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. 51 \n\nThe propagation of game birds such as the California Valley \nQuail in confinment is expensive and requires a great deal of \nattention. From what experience I have had, I believe that 10 \npairs of quail will produce more young in their natural state \nthan 50 pairs will or can be made to produce in confinment. \n\nWhen one has a piece of cover where quail are breeding, he \nshould allow no shooting at anything during the entire close or \nbreeding season. To allow shooting in the vicinity; of ground \nwhen quail are breeding disturbs them and they will not do \nnear as well as if they were left entirely alone and in no way \ndisturbed or frightened. They will pair earlier, lay more eggs, \nand I have known them to raise two broods of young in one \nyear when they have been entirely undisturbed in any manner. \n\nIn my opinion the California Valley Quail is the gamiest as well \nas the most beautiful of the whole quail family. \n\nWalter R. Welch. \n\n\n\nRearing Quail In Confinement. \n\nRecreation, N. Y. City. ($1 00 per year.) \n\nUnion City, Pa. \n\nIn answer to David Shafer\'s questions in February Recrea- \ntion, would say I have bred many quail in captivity, and with \nconsiderable success. \n\nIt is best to get birds late in the fall for breeding, and keep \nthem through the winter, as they lose much of their shyness, \nif properly cared for, by spring. \n\nMy breeding pens were 12 foot long, 8 feet wide, and 7 feet \nhigh. The entire front and 2-3 of the roof were made of woven \nwire, one inch mesh. The back and sides were boarded up; \nalso about 1-3 of the roof. The pens should have no floor. To \nkeep out rats, sink one inch mesh wire netting into the ground \nabout 13 inches deep. Rats are the worst enemies of young \nquail in captivity. Care must be taken that the ground is free \n\n\n\ni \n\n\n\n52 QUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. \n\nfrom depressions in which the rain could form pools. \n\nEach pen should contain a plentiful supply of loose straw \nand prairie grass for the young birds to hide in. A lot of cut \nbrush in one corner or along one entire end, makes the best \nresting place. \n\nThe best results will be had by keeping only one pair of \nadult birds in a pen. \n\nAfter they have been placed in their pens they should be \ndisturbed as little as possible. \n\nThe pens should be so built that food and water can be sup- \nplid without entering them. \n\nMy henslaveraged 12 eggs a setting, although I have had them \nlay as many as 18. A few days before it is time for the young \nto appear I begin feeding hard boiled eggs and stale crackers \nmixed, together with dried ants\' eggs and plenty of seeds. \n\nWhen the young birds appeared I gave them a liberal supply \nof meal worms, and sometimes a little boiled beef, chopped \nfine. \n\nIn about six weeks the young are able to take care of them- \nselves. Then they can be removed; and, if not too late in the \nseason, the old birds will at once begin laying again. How- \never, I seldom had good sucees with the second brood. The \nyoung never seemed so strong, nor did they grow so fast as \nthe first. \n\nI always let the hen do her own setting, but know of sev- \neral persons who placed the eggs under domestic fowls \n\nC. T. Metzger. \n\n(Note.\xe2\x80\x94 Mr. Metzgers present address is unknown. \xe2\x80\x94Ed. ) \n\n\n\nNatural History Notes. \n\nRecreation, N. Y. City. ($1.00 per year.) \n\nI feed my quails cracked corn, whole wheat, buckwheat, \nhemp seed, barley and maggots. Give each kind of feed sep- \naratly and only once a day. Give that at noon. Also plenty \n\n\n\n\nOK \n\nSir \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. 53 \n\nof fresh water. Be sure the quails have grit; get mica crystal \ngrit, pigeon size. In the breeding season feed in the morning \na mash consisting of 1 teacup of bran, 1 teacup of corn meal, \n1-2 teacup of beef scraps, 1 teaspoonful of Egg-0; mix with \nhot water and feed hot. This is enough for 20 quails. Do not \nmake the mash loppy. Wet it just enough to make it stick \ntogether. Give finely cut oyster shells. \n\nIf these directions are followed quails ought to lay lots of \neggs and hatch strong young birds. We raise hundreds every \nyear of each variety. \n\nEgg-0 is the best thing known to feed any and all wild birds. \n\nI have fed it for 6 years and can raise 85 per cent. Will \nanswer any questions on care of wild game birds. \n\nC. L. Darlington, Stoneham, Mass. \n\n\n\nA Successful Fancier, \n\nHope Mclntyre of Sioux City, Iowa, writes us a very interest- \ning letter with reference to his success in raising quail in \nconfinement. \n\nIn part he says: I purchased a live female quail from a boy \nwho had trapped it in the fall of 1898. I immediately cut one \nwing and put it in the window of the Niagara restaurant, in \nwhich I am interested. I left it uncaged and no screen. For \nthe first week had all kinds of trouble in keeping the bird in \nits new quarters, but with persistent work and gentle treat- \nment the little one at last showed signs of contentment. Two \nweeks later another female was secured by the same boy and \ncame into my possession. I found no such trouble with it as \nwith the first bird, both growing more like pets than wild \nbirds eating berries and green stuff such as lettuce, etc. from \nmy hand. \n\nIn the spring of 1899 Conductor Butler of the Sioux City & \n\n\n\n54 QUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. \n\nNorthern road, who was a great admirer of the birds, brought \na male from up in the country. The three were kept as an \nattraction in the window of the restaurant, where thousands of \npeople looked at them and wondered at their domestic nature. \n\nAs spring advanced I noticed the male picking up pieces of \nstraw, dead grass etc. Suspecting they were going to nest, I \nremoved them to a coop on the ground, against the side of the \nbarn. The coop is sixteen feet long, eight feet wide and eight \nfeet high, rat proof. The south and front of coop is half inch \nmesh wire. Top and sides both sealed. I water them every \nday and feed screenings, cracked corn and plenty of green \nstuff. Threw in the rakings of the yard , an armful of straw \nand fixed several little hiding places and left them in their \nglory. Allowed no one to disturb them or in the coop. Had \nwater trough so arranged as to fill it from the door without \nmolesting them. \n\nThe result was the last week in June to find thirteen little \nfellows racing around the coop." \n\nHe now has a large flock of very tame birds and has dispos- \ned of a great many at good figures. \n\nSuccess With Several Varieties. \n\nWritten especially for Quailology. \n\nTo write an article on the culture of quail such as I would \nlike to write would fill a book of many pages but I will try and \ncondense my thoughts so that I can give to you my experience \non this subject in the limited space allowed me. \n\nI have raised quail from the time when they were two or \nthree days old to grown birds, also from the eggs hatched \nunder the mother quail, under the bantam hen, and in the \nincubator. \n\nI have been asked a great many times what I found the best, \nand have answered it thus; it depends a great deal on the per- \n\n\n\n\nPair oV Domesticated Bob White \n\nOwned by H. A. Boies. Photot\'raphed in the Aviary \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. 55 \n\nson; if you have lots of time to give to the little ones either of \nthe following ways will prove satisfactory. As soon as the \nmother quail has finished laying, remove the eggs very care- \nfully and put them under a small bantam hen, I think the co- \nchin breed to be the best if you can get one not too large, as \nthey will cover the eggs much better than other varieties, but \nwhat ever kind you use be sure that it is free from vermine. \n\nIf you can run an incubator try hatching the eggs in this, \nyou will find it very interesting. After the eggs have hatched \nand the little ones have been with the mother about twent-four \nhours, remove them to a small brooder, by this time they will \nhave learned to eat and you will find them very interesting \nlittle pets. Quails that have been raised in a brooder are as \ntame as little chicks, and you can handle them at will for they \nhave no mother to frighten them, while those raised by the \nbantam hen are more timid, and will not as a general thing let \nyou touch them. Only as the last resort let the mother quail \nraise her own young, for unless she is a very tame bird you will \nnot see very much of her little ones, and even then they will be \ntaught to fear you. \n\nI keep my young quail indoors the first week, then I remove \nthe brooder out-doors into a pen made as follows: Make a \nframe out of some light stuff, four foot long, two foot wide and \none and a half foot high, use a four inch board around the bot- \ntom, then fasten fine wire netting on one side and both ends; \nmake the top seperate and after covering it with wire netting, \nfasten with hinges. On the side left open build the shelter; \nmake it four foot long, two foot deep, with a front one and one \nhalf foot hgih and a back one foot high. Under this shelter \nplace your brooder; for the first two or three nights you will \nhave to put the little fellows in, but they will soon learn to \ngo in themselves whenever they get cold. Leave them in \nthis pen until they are one third grown, then put them in \nthe larger aviaries where they are to be kept. \n\n\n\n56 QUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. \n\nMy large aviaries are sixteen feet long, ten feet wide, and \nsix feet high, with a one foot board around the bottom, and \nare covered with one inch mesh wire netting; on the south side \nI build a tight water-proof shed, I make it the full width of \nthe aviary, six foot deep with a front six feet high and a back \nfour feet; the top, back, and two ends are boarded up good \nand tight, while the front or south side is left open; be sure \nand have the ground higher under the shelter, so the water \nwill not run in. I keep hay on the ground for them to roost \non also a few evergreen boughs for them to hide in. In the \nwinter I put some evergreen boughs over the front of the coop \nto help keep the snow out. For entering the aviary and coop, \nI have a door on either side next to the coop. These aviaries \nwill accomodate from fifteen to twenty pair of old birds. \n\nThe quail will build her own nest, but it is best to fix a \nplace for them to build it in, which can be easily done by fas- \ntening a board about one foot square one foot from one side in \nthe back of the coop, over this little pen place some evergreen \nboughs, so as to hide it; the quail will soon find this and will \nprodably build their nests there. \n\nIf you want your pets to do well they must have good \nwholesome food and the best of care. I feed my young quail \nfor the first week on a mash made as follows:\xe2\x80\x94 Take equal \nparts of com meal and middlings, to which a little brand and \nthe raw yolk of one or two eggs is added; feed every two or \nthree hours and only what they will eat up clean, as they be- \ncome older I do not feed so often, it is better to keep them a \nlittle hungry than to overfeed; after the first week add to the \nabove a little ground beef and some green stuff such as lettuce \nor celery tops, boiled potatoes are also very good, in addition \nto the above throw a handful of millet seed into the pen every \nday; after the second week add an even portion of clover meal; \nI feed this mash until they are a third or half grown then I \nfeed the mash in the morning and grain in the evening; I think \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. 57 \n\na mixture of wheat, and buckwheat to which a very little \ncracked corn is added is the best; in the winter have the mash \nhot and add more corn to the grain mixture; outside of their \nregular meals feed green grass or clover cut in proper lengths, \nand a small quanity of fresh lean meat cooked and cut into \nsuitable pieces; always keep a supply of grit and fresh clean \nwater within easy reach, and see that the drinking vessels are \nkept clean. \n\nI have also raised the Mexican and California varieties and \ncannot see but that one variety is as easy to raise as another. \n\nThe quail fancy, practically speaking, is new though they \nhave been kept as pets as far back as the year 1794, but as a \nfancy it has only started in the last year and whether it is to \nlive or die depends upon the way it is supported by our brother \nfanciers. Some, to be sure will make a failure of it while \nothers will make a grand success, but we must all take hold \nand do the best we can and let our followers profit by the mis- \ntakes we have made, and we will soon have the raising of quail, \nwhether for pleasure or profit, one of the leading fancies. \n\nThe quail as we all know are rapidly disappearing and it will \nnot be very long before they will be a bird of the past; they \nwill be hunted until the last one is gone. There remains but \none way to save this noble bird, and that is through the fancy, \nso brothers let\'s put all of our efforts towords saving the noblest \nof all our game birds, the "QUAIL." \n\nH. A. Boies, Detroit, Mich. \n\n\n\nQuails In Domestication.\xe2\x80\x94Extracts. \n\nRecreation, N. Y. City. ($1 00 per year.) \n\nSeveral years ago I procured 2 pair of quails from a friend in \nOklahoma. I placed them in an open cage, 5x12 feet, in the \ngarden, exposed to all kinds of weather. This was close to the \nchicken yard, a fact which I afterwards regretted, as quail are \n\n\n\n58 QUAILOLOGY - LETTERS & CLIPPINGS. \n\ndainty in their habits, and if given ample opportunity for dust \nbaths, keep free from vermin. ... When 15 eggs had been laid, \nthey prepared to set, when the male escaped. ... The plucky lit- \ntle hen assumed all responsibility and proceeded to hatch the \neggs, which she did in 25 days, hatching the entire 15 birds \n\nLast year I again had 2 hens and one cock, and they mated as \nbefore, declining polygamy most emphatically. ... During the \nseason they laid 54 eggs, but did not set at all,... so I placed a \nnumber of fertile eggs in the... incubator and hatched several of \nthem, placing them in a brooder. ... At that particular time I \nwas away from home, and as they were entirely without attend- \nance, it was not surprising that on my return all but one were \ndead. How that one survived I do not knov/,... When only 6 \nweeks old and before he was fully fledged, I had another small \nhatching from the incubator, and I placed them with him. At \nfirst he seemed to consider them grasshoppers, and treated \nthem as such, but in a day or 2 not only tolerated them but, to \nmy surprise, actually brooded them.... \n\nWild mustard,... they eat greedily, leaving grain untouched \nif they can get the seeds of this weed. \n\n...Anyone who will adopt the quail as a protege, as I have \ndone, will find himself well repaid for the trouble. They are \nnot only more affectionate than our common poultry, but vastly \nmore interesting. ... Quail are much like turkeys when young, \na very little will kill them, especially cold or wet; but with a \ndry and moderately warm place they are sure to thrive. \n\nJ. T. Blandford, Buffalo, N. Y. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\x94 3 \n\n2\xc2\xab \n\n\n\nOf: \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY. \n\n\n\nPart av. \nA DIGEST OF GAME LAWS. \n\n\n\nWe have endeavored to make this section as concise as pos- \nsible to convey the desired information. From the U. S. Agri- \ncultural Department, Bulletin 16-1901, we take the following: \n\nGame For Propagation. \n\n"The subject of transportation of game for breeding purposes \nis one that has received too little attention at the hands of law \nmakers. In some States the prohibition against export is so \nbroad as to include not only dead game, but also live animals \nand birds intended for propagation Maine has recently in- \naugurated a departure in requiring every person who imports \ngame to first secure a permit from the commissioner of inland \nfisheries and game, under penalty of a fine of $50 to $500. \nDelaware, Nevada, North Carolina, and Tennessee have strin- \ngent laws prohibiting the export of quail, dead or alive, out of \nthe State Canadian laws are less restrictive. The Do- \nminion places no restriction on the exportation of live game, \nand several of the Provinces authorize the proper authorities to \nissue licenses for shipments of game intended for breeding pur- \nposes. A few States have adopted this principle, and some \nothers make exceptions in nonexpert laws, or permit possession \nat any time of game intended for propagation." \n\nFrom Biological Survey Circular No. 29. "The Department \nissues no permits for shipping birds from one State to another. \n\n\n\n60 QUAILOLOGY - DIGEST OF GAME LAWS. \n\nIn some States, as in California, the Board of Fish and Game \nCommissioners is authorized to issue permits for shipping birds \nfor propagating purposes, and a few States, such as Michigan \nand New Jersey, make exceptions in their game laws in the \ncase of birds captured for breeding purposes; but when a State \nforbids the exportation of birds without exception, interstate \ncommerce in birds from that State is in violation of the Lacey \nAct, whether the birds are captured during the open season or \nwhether they are intended for propagation or not," \n\nT, S. Palmer\'s Decision. \n\nIn response to an inquiry made of Mr. T. S. Palmer, Ass\'t In \nCharge Game Preservation. Biological Survey, Washington, D. \nC. , we quote his reply. \n\n"1. In general the law does not permit the sale of quail out \nof season, whether raised in captivity or not unless, as in the \ncase of some State laws, there is a special proviso to this effect. \n\n2. The law prohibits the shipment of such quail unless there \nis special provision for the shipment of birds for propagation. \n\n3. Quail cannot be lawfully trapped or netted for purposes \nof propagation if the law does not provide for their capture for \nsuch purposes. \n\n4. In the absence of a specific provision for propagation the \ngeneral law relating to possession or capture of game applies \nto quail in captivity as well as to wild birds." \n\nFrom the preceeding paragraphs it will be plainly seen that \nthose in charge of game preservation are heartily in accord \nwith the fanciers in making provisions for the propagation, if \nnot domestication, of our game animals and birds. However, it \nrests with the fanciers in their own State to urge regulations \nin the exceptions to laws in the case of game birds for propa- \ngating purposes. While it is true in a sense that the quail after \nbeing domesticated become individual property, never-the-less \na number are violating the letter of the law, yet not the intent \nthereof, as the law makes game birds the property of the State, \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - DIGEST OF GAME LAWS. 61 \n\nunless special provisions are made for propagation and breed- \ning purposes. \n\nThe following table shows the Close Seasons for Quail and \nPartridges in the United States and Canada, taken from the \n1902 law and revisions, with notation of exceptions in case of \nbirds for propagation, etc. \n\nClose Seasons, Exceptions to General Law, 1902. \n\n\n\nState \n\n\n\nQuail - Partridge \n\n\n\nRemarks \n\n\n\nX \n\nIt \nX \n\n\n\nX \n\nt-F \nt \n\nt \n5 \n\n\n\nB \nX-E \n\nD \n\nA \n\n\n\nX \n\n\n\nX-A \n\nC \n\n\n\nNORTHERN \n\n\n\n6 \n\nt \n\nH \n\n\n\nMaine \n\nNew Hampshire. \n\nVermont \n\nMassachusetts . . \nRhode Island... \n\nConnecticut \n\nNew York (1)... \nLong Island . . . . \n\nNew Jersey \n\nPennsylvania. . . . \n\nDelaware \n\nMaryland (1) \n\nDist. Columbia. . \n\nVirginia (1) \n\nWest Virginia. . . \n\nKentucky \n\nOhio \n\nMichigan \n\nIndiana \n\nIllinois \n\nWisconsin \n\nMinnesota \n\nIowa \n\nMissouri \n\nKansas \n\nNebraska \n\nSouth Dakota . . \nNorth Dakota . . \n\nMontana \n\nWyoming \n\nColorado \n\n\n\nSOUTHERN \n\nNorth Carolina (1) \nSouth Carolina. . . . \n\nGeorgia \n\nFlorida \n\nAlabama (1) \n\nMississippi \n\nTennessee (1) \n\n\n\nDec. 1-Oct. 1 \nDec. 15-Sept. 15 \nJan. 1-Sept. 1 \nDec. 1-Oct. 1 (1) \nDec 16-Oct. 15 \nDec. 1-Oct. 1 \nDec. 16-Nov. 1 \nJan. 1-Nov. 1 \nJan. 1-Nov. 10 \nDec. 16-Oct. lo \n1-Nov. 15 \n25-Nov. 1 \nMar. 15-Nov. 1 \nJan. 1-Oct. 15 \nDec. 20-Nov. 1 \nJan. 1-Nov. 15 \n2-Nov. 10 \n1-Oct. 20(19) \nJan. 1-Nov. 10 \nDec. 20-Nov. 1(7) \nTo Sept. 1!)03 \nDec. 1-Oct. 1 \nJan. 1-Nov. 1 \nJan. 1-Nov. 1 \nJan. 1-Dec. 1 \nTo Nov. 1, 1903 \nJan. 1--Scpt. 1 \nTo Sept. 1, 1905 \nAt all times \n\n\n\nJan \nDec \n\n\n\nDec. \nDec. \n\n\n\nAt all times \n\n\n\nMar. 15--N0V. 1 \nApr. I--N0V. 1 \nMar. I5--N0V. 1 \nMar. I--N0V. 1 \nMar. 2-Nov. 15 \nMay l--Oet. 1 \nMar. 1-Nov. 1 \n\n\n\nm \n\n\n\n\nu \n\n\n\n\n0) \n\n\n\n\n-^3 \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0M \n\n\n\n\nQJ \n\n\n\n\nH-1 \n\n\n\n\n\'Tzi \n\n\n\n\nc \n\n\n\n\nOS \n\n\n\n\nzn \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n%* \n\n\n\n\na \n\n\n0) \n\n\nfe \n\n\nft \n\n\n02 \n\n\nU) \n\n\n^ \n\n\nc \n\n\nu \n\n\n\n\nCJ \n\n\n^ \n\n\ng \n\n\n\n\n\ne4-( \n\n\nT! \n\n\n\n\n\n^H \n\n\nc \n\n\n<i) \n\n\n.2 \n\n\nO) \n\n\nas \n\n\n\n\nC \n\n\n\n\nc3 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\na \n\n\n\n\nX \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nu \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[^ \n\n\n\n\n\n62 QUAILOLOGY - DIGEST OF GAME LAWS. \nClose Seasons, Exceptions to General Law, 1902. \n\n( Contiuued. ) \n\n\n\nState \n\n\n\nQuail - Partridge \n\n\n\nRemarks \n\n\n\n27 \nQ \n\nt \nA \n\n\n\nB \nB \n\n28 \n\n\n\nB \n\n\n\nX \n\n\n\nArkansas. . , . \n\nLouisiana \n\nTexas \n\nOklahoma \n\nNew Mexico. \nArizona \n\n\n\nPACIFIC \n\n\n\nCalifornia. .. \n\nNevada \n\nUtah \n\nIdaho \n\nWashington. \nOregon (1). . \nHawaii \n\n\n\nCANADA \n\nBritish Columbia. \n\nManitoba \n\nOntario ,.. \n\n\n\nMar. l--Oct. 1 \nApr. I--N0V. 1 \nMar. 16-Oct. 1 \nFeb. l--Oct. 15 \nMar. l--Oct. 1 \nMar. l--Oct. 15 \n\n\n\nFeb. 1-Oct. 1 \nMar. 16--Sept. 1 (2) \nAt all times (1) \nDec. 1-Nov. 1 \nTo 1903 \nDec. 1-Oct. 1 \nMar. 1-Sept. 16 \n\n\n\nAt all times \nJan. 1- Aug. 1 \nDec. I--N0V. 1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\na* \n\n\nc \n\n\n\n0) \n\n\n4-3 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n0) \n\n\n\n\n\n\nOi \n\n\nn3 \n\n\nX \n\n\nC \n\n\n\n\n\nti \n\n\n^ \n\n\nm \n\n\n.\'^ \n\n\n<D \n\n\nu^ \n\n\nu \n\n\n\nbo \n\n\n\n\n\n\n(*) Prohibited Methods\xe2\x80\x94 Traps, Nets, etc. f Killing by other means than \nshooting with a gun. 5 Birds; possession of traps, nets or snares also pro- \nhibited. 6 Quail, except on ones own premises 14 Quail 27 Taking quail \nor partridges with nets. 38 Partridge during close seaaon; quail at all times. \nX Indicates simple prohibitions, \n\n(*) Exceptions to law in case of birds for propagation, A Possession for \npropagation permitted during close season. B Exception in case of game \nbirds for propagation ; permit required from State Commissioners. C Im- \nportation allowed on permit from Commissioners; parks may exchange with \nindividuals within or without the State. D Lawful to export game birds \ncaptured within the State, under license from State, E State Game Ward- \nen authorized to issue permit to capture any game birds for propagation if \nnot for sale. F Importation only, for propagation. G Exception in case of \nfine birds captured for domestic or scientific purposes, provided that not \nmore than one pair may be shipped at one time. H Exceptions in certain \ncounties. \n\nFigures after State or date. (1) Indicates County exceptions in which \nspecial protective legislation exists and close season varies from that of the \ngeneral State law. (2) Certain species. (7) Sale. (19) Under the old law \nwhich will stand. \n\n\n\n\\^^V \n\n\n\n\nCalifornia Partridge. \n\n\n\nIMiotd I\'lX.ni Hie b.\\ \nUr. K. W Shufcklt. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - A TOAST. 63 \n\n\n\nQuail Toast. \n\n(Woods & Waters, Boston. Quarterly, 35c a year.) \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \nO\'er the meadow comes the greeting, \nClear and sweet, with echo fleeting \nBack along the woodland\'s shadow, \nFaint returning o\'er the meadow\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \nUp the lark springs from the heather, \nThrilling praise of balmy weather; \nBut the daisies blink and glisten \nAs they bow their heads and listen\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \nAt the banquet of the morning \nWith its crystal drops adorning, \nLike a dream of music floating \nRings the toast in silv\'ry noting\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \nO\'er the meadow comes the greeting, \nClear and sweet, the echoes fleeting \nBack along the woodland\'s shadow, \nFaint returning o\'er the meadow\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n"Bob-bob-white!" \n\nCharles Sloan Reid. \n\n\n\n64 QUAILOLOGY - TAXIDERM. \n\n\n\nTaxiderm = Taxidermy. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0^ "^ -^ \n\nTRULY THE POSSESSOR of The Art of Taxidermy \nhath been endowed with a touch from the God of All \nNature. As he carefully removes the coat that covered \nthe once graceful form of bird or beast and prepares for it a \nnew body, we but wonder at the patience and skill he has at- \ntained. Yet see him now, as he shapes the specimen into a \nbeautiful form that would invite envy from the bird or beast \nhimself were he there to view his likeness. How cunning the \nworkman, what pleasure he takes from his efforts to reproduce \nNature in his den for himself and others admiration. Truly it \nis Art, stolen from Nature, yet why can not we too partake of \nthe lessons and master the Art? \n\nWe can, we do, not by his method but by others we are more \ncapable of mastering, that require less time, less practice, yet \nfor a moderate display of skill there is plenty of room if we \ndesire it. Thousands are using this method and you can learn \nas well as they. It is the Taxiderm Method of Embalming \nwhereby only the viscera and eyes are removed and the remain- \nder of the body left in, and preserved with Taxiderm, insuring \nthe natural and exact form of the once living specimen. \n\nThe tools you require, the Taxiderm compound and the full \ncourse of instructions are within your reach, a complete outfit \nfor Five Dollars, while should you follow our "remover of Nat- \nures coat" you will expend hundreds of dollars for treatises \nand tools, and years of experience to reach that portion of the \nIdeal of Perfection embodied in your first Taxiderm Specimen. \n\n\n\n-\xc2\xabfl^ -vS^s^ -^^S" -?\xc2\xab*f\xc2\xbb^ -^^k^^ r^j^P*^ \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ADVERTISEMENTS. 65 \n\n\n\nTaxiderm \xc2\xab A Quail. \n\nThe following Instructions are given for Preserving and Mounting a \nQuail by the Taxiderm Method. \n\nPreserving:\xe2\x80\x94 Lay the quail on a piece of paper, on its back; careful- \nly part the feathers and cut through the walls of the abdomen from the \nlower end of the breast bone to the vent. Remove intestines, liver, etc, \nthroitgh this opening being careful not to soil the plumage. Wipe away \nthe blood and profuse matter with a piece of cotton and powder the cavity \nwith Taxiderm, well up into the lung cavity. Loosen the skin from the \nbreast and insert a small quantity of Taxiderm; also insert a thin layer of \nsaw-dust to allow for slight shrinking of the flesh, and to give the speci- \nmen a plump appearance. Treat the legs in the same manner, skinning \nthem out through the body cavity, making several incisions in the flesh \nand powdering them well. Fill the abdominal cavity with saw-dust, cotton \nor tow, tow preferred, and sew up the skin, beginning at the breast bone \nand sewing down, after which, carefully lay the feathers over the incision. \nMake an incision along the underside of the wings and thoroughly powder \nthe fleshy part. Next remove the eyes from their sockets, wiping away all \nwatery matter and powder the cavities well, filling them temporarily with \ncotton. Open the mouth and with a scalpel make an incision well back in \nthe roof into the brain cavity and force a quantity of Taxiderm into the \nopening. Clean the throat with a small swab and powder it well, filling it \nup with saw dust or tow. Fasten the mandibles together with a thread \nto hold them in position until dry. Your specimen is now ready for \nmounting. \n\nMounting\xe2\x80\x94 Take a wire about two inches longer than the bird from \ntoes to point of bill, sharpen it with your file and run it up the back of \nthe leg inside the skin, through the body cavity, neck and out through the \nskull, allowing it to protrude about an inch to aid in handling. Take an- \nother wire about two-thirds as long as the first and after sharpening the \npoint pass it up the back of the other leg inside of the skin, through the \nbody cavity, and out through the back. Hook it over and draw it back \ninto the body to form a firm support, carefully concealing it by replacing \nthe feathers over it. Straighten the legs and run the protruding wires \nthrough holes in a perch or base and fasten them securely. Now bend the \nbird into its natural or desired position. It is well to be a careful observer of \nbird life that you may be able to give to your mounted specimens life-like atti- \ntudes. Remove the cotton from the ej^e cavities, powder well and fill with \nputty, inserting No 8 hazel glass eyes drawing the eyelids down over the edges \nof the eye. Secure the wings in position with pins. Elevate the tail by a pin \nrun into the body below the tail. Hat or belt pins are very good for these pur- \nposes. Wind the plumage down in place with cops or cotton strips and set the \nquail away to dry after which they can be removed and the wings and feathers \nwill hold their place. \nI^" For Outfits, Full Instructions, Prices, Etc, see following page. \n\n\n\n66 \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ADVERTISEMENTS. \n\n\n\nPRICL \nLIST \n\n\xc2\xa9 OF \xc2\xae \nTAXIDERM \nSUPPLIES \n\n\n\nOutfit No. I $5.00. \n\nConsists of: \xe2\x80\x94 2 Pounds of Taxiderm, (a suflScient \nquantity of the embalming compound to preserve \nthe flesh of 100 birds the size of a quail), Book of \nIiistnictions, Scalpel, Eye Hook, Taxidermists For- \nceps and Tweezers, Assostment of Glass Eyes, \nCops, Artificial Leaves, Perches and Support Wiree. \nSent by express upon receipt of price, $5.00 \n\nOutfit No. 2. $2.00. \n\nConsists of: \xe2\x80\x94 1 Pound of Taxiderm, Scalpel, Eyo \nHook, 25 cent Assortment of Glass Eyes, Cops and \nBook of Instructions. \n\nSent by express upon receipt of price, $2.00. \n\n\n\n\nTools and Supplies, \n\nTaxiderm, per pound by express $1,00 \n\nScalpel, Ebony Handle 60c. \n\nEye Hook, fancy milled handle 25c. \n\nTaxidermists Tweezers .25c. \n\n" " Forceps, nickel plated 75^^. \n\nBird Lime, for catching small birds, per bottle. 25c. \n\nCops, for winding plumage, each 10c. \n\nWire, best annealed iron, 18 inches long, price per \n\nTAXIDERM CO P^^\'^"*^\' carriage extra 25c. \n\nSheilds, for game pieces, by express, small 75c. \n\nLittle Sioux, medieum $1.25; large $1.50 \n\nIowa. Artificial Leaves, per gross, assorted 75c. \n\n\n\nFop Sale By \n\n\n\nRackham\'s \nPoultry Directly \n\nContains the full names and addresses of over \ntwenty thousand Poultry Breeders, Exhibition \nJudges, Specialists, Experts, Merchants, Sup- \nply Dealers, Manufacturers and others inter- \nested in the poultry business, Also a list of \nClubs, Papers, Books, Incubators, Foods, Medi- \ncines and all appliances. \n\nPrice $1,00, postpaid. \n\nChamberlain Publishing Co, \n\nEast Orange, N. J. \n\n\n\nCAN FILL YOUR ORDERS \n\n\n\nFORQUAIL, PHEASANTS, \nPIGEONS, DOGS, FERRETS, \nAnd all varieties of Pet Stock. \n\n\n\nH. A. BOIES, \n\nDetroit, @ @ m Michigan. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ADVERTISEMENTS. \n\n\n\n67 \n\n\n\nI AMERICAN BIRD MAGAZINE \n\nProfusely Illustrated with Photographs of Wild Birds from Life. \nFresh, Interesting and Instructive Bird Literature. * \xc2\xab \xc2\xab * 4> \n\nEVERYTHING ORIGINAL \n\nEach number contains TEN BIRDS IN NATURAL COLORS for \nIdentification. Monthly $1 a year; single copies 10 cents. \xe2\x80\xa2 * \xc2\xab \n\n\n\nf \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ni \n\n\n\nFREE TO OUR SUBSCRIBERS \n\nEvery one subscribing now to The American Bird Magazine is \nentitled to a life-sized enlapgetnent of the "Chippy Family" in \nnatural colors, on paper 13 x 20 inches. This is probably the best photo- \ngraph ever taken of an entire family of live wild birds. \n\nSPECIAL.\xe2\x80\x94 To all who mention Quailology we will send Vols. I \nand II, and subscription for 1903. with the "Chippy Family" for $2.50. \n\nAddress \n\n\n\nv: \n\n\n\nAMERICAN ORNITHOLOGY \n\n\n\nWorcester, Mass. \n\n\n\n68 \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ADVERTISEMENTS. \n\n\n\n\n\n200-E \n\n\n\n\nThe simplicity of the Stahl Incubatora created a demand that forced production \nto such great proportions It Is now possible to offer a flrst-class 2a^-6gg Incu- \nbator for 812.B0. This new incubator la an enlargement of the famous \n\n\n\nWOODEN HEN \n\nrecognized the most perfect small hatcher. This new Incuba- \ntor is thoroughly well made; is a marvel of slmpll<;it7, and RO \nperfect In Uk working that It hatches every fertile epg. ^V rite \nfor anything von want, to know nbont, lncul<ofors. Hend \nfor the new free illustrated catalogue with 14 colored views. \n\n\n\nCEO. H. STAHL, Quincy. III. \n\n\n\nk^ \n\n\n\n\n\nGolden & Ringneck Pheasants \n\nBred from high grade stock. \n\nWhite Cochin Bantams \n\nEggs from prize winners $2.00. \n\nMineral Tonic. \n\nThis tonic solves the problem of raising \neither English or Golden Pheasants. \nThe old birds will be strong and vigor- \nous, eggs fertile and ninety-five per cent \nof all the birds hatched may be raised \nby the use of this tonic. Average cost \nto prepare, 15 cents per gallon. \n\nFormula with valuable hints forfeed- \nand caring for pheasants $1.00. \n\nM.G.RICHARDSON, Elgin, Illinois. \n\n\n\nBooks. \n\nPrices are for books postpaid. \n\nBIRD.S OF Michigan 30c \n\nNotes on the Natural History of \n\nLabrador 25c \n\nBird Life in Labrador 25c \n\nBird Preserving and Mounting, 35c \n\nApgars Pocket Key of Birds 30c \n\nDavies Nests and Eggs of North A- \nmerican Birds 5th ed illustrated, $1.65 \n\nPre Historic Implements, $1.65 \n\nChinese School Books 16c \n\nBelgian Hare Course, twenty lessons \n\nin care, breeding and judging, ^2.50 \n\nPigeons & All About Them.. $1.00 \n\n.\xc2\xbb # For sale by the ^ .v. \nTAXIDERM CO, Little Sioux, la. \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ADVERTISEMENTS. \n\n\n\n69 \n\n\n\nGeiri City Bird Store, Dayton, Ohio, \n\nG. /v. a^flrMB, Proprietor. ^ \n\n\n\nLargest dealer in California Valley, Mountain, \nMexican or Scaled Partridge. German and European \n\nQuail. \n\nI have the stock on hand to fill your orders prompt- \nly at reasonable prices. \n\n\n\nPIGEONS \n\n\n\n\nF. M. GILBERT\'S latest work, 2G4 \npages, illustrated\xe2\x80\x94 strictly up to date. \nThe only complete Pigeon Book published \nin the last twenty years. Cuts of all the \nbest-known varieties. Standards of all \nvarieties. Tells how to build loft, buy, \nmate, breed, feed, how to ship to cus- \ntomers, how to prepare for shows and \nship to shows, how to prevent and cure \ndisease, tells which are the best breeders \nand feeders, tells best varieties to breed \nin a city and which in small towns, tells \nhow to mate for color\xe2\x80\x94 in fact. It tells \njust what it has taken the author forty- \nfive years to learn by actual experience. \n\nEndorsed by all the leading\' fanciers in \nAmerica. Hundreds of letters praise it. \nFourth edition now out. To get it \npromptly send one dollar to \n\nTAXIDERM CO, Little Sioux, Iowa. \n\n\n\n) \n\n\n\nThis Coupon returned \\ \n\nto us prior to .Tan. 1 04 } \n\n^ill be credited as 2.~.c. \\ \n\nona$\'?,00, or s^LOOon a < \n\n^i;5.00 Taxiderm On I fit. ) \n\nTAXIDERM, CO Littlk Siou.x, Iowa.^ \n\n\n\nBRONZE TURIvEYS \nPHEASAKTS - GINSENG \n\n\n\n-o- \n\n\n\nGolden Pheasant Picture, in natural \ncolors, 18 X 24, 25c. \n\nPheasant and Quail Rearing, with \ncolored plates, 50c. Larger Works \n$1.50, $3.00. \n\nN. B. CTJRSTEAD, \n\nOliphaxt FrrKisfACE. Pa. \n\n\n\nKmi \n\n\n\nOur Monthly Publication \nwill keep you posted on our \nwork and methods. Mailed \nFree to the \n\nADVERTISING MAN \nof any responsible house. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0- S ^ ( \n\n\n\n- 1:^ \xc2\xa3 1 \n\n\n\nL"FJ \n\n\n\n^Q- \n\n\n\n70 \n\n\n\nQUAILOLOGY - ADVERTISEMENTS. \n\n\n\nDR. GEO. W. LJTTLE, \nBreeds Hardy Varieties of Hi^h=CIass \n\nFancy Pheasants and Qliails. \n\n47 Ridge Street, GLENS FALLS, N. Y. \n\n\n\n1 ^mr-rww\xe2\x80\x94 ^c^^ \n\nThe Following Members oif the \n\nPHEASANT FAMILY \n\nai\xc2\xbbe in my Breeding Yards: \n\nJungle Fowl \nImpeyan \nTragopan \n\nTemmincks Tragopan \n\nManchurian or Eared Pheasant \nVulturine Guinea Fowl \nElliot\'s \nReeve\'s \n\nVersicolor \nSwinhoe\'s \nSilver \n\nGolden \n\n\n\nHybred (Gold and Amherst) \nEnglish Black Neck \n\nOregon Mountain Quail \nCalifornia Valley Quail \nBob White Quail \nScaled Partridge \n\nRed Leged Partridge \n\n\n\nLady Amherst \n\n\n\n1= \n\n\n\nAny of the last five make a nice show in \nan aviary with Pheasants. * .x. ^<. .^ ^. \n\nA work on Fancy Pheasants and their Allies describing Fifty \nVarieties, with Fifteen Illustrations, .x. .;;. * .,;. Price 75c. \n\n\n\nMAR 20 1903 \n\n\n\n'