b'\n\n- -w \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nV- \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3\xc2\xb0* v \n\n\n\n\n\n:. *w \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\\^ /jflbr-, ^^ ^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\nV \xc2\xbb\'". \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA>*^ \n\n\n\n-w \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"&1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^d* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 A * \xc2\xbb Jk. & t*/ KW Wr ^ *T *0 ^ \xe2\x96\xa0 ^~ i^ flJi\'l* ~ \n\n\n\ni5\xc2\xbb ^k \n\n\n\n>. ^ ..\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2. % *\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 4 \\* \xc2\xb0^ *^- a \n\n\n\n^ v \\ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n<?\xc2\xab c^ \xe2\x99\xa6 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^O \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2^:%^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^\' V \n\n\n\n.**\' .-\'.*\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \'^ \n\n\n\n..\xe2\x80\xa2V*\'"\'* \n\n\n\nV-0\\ / \n\n\n\n\' "*"\\ \n\n\n\n%*&.\' j$? \n\n\n\nft. . (Y \n\n-X3 " T \n\n\n\nA(k \\ \n\n\n\nJ \'rA ? \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 ;y > \n\n\n\n^ - wa \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSR^Mfc* \n\n\n\nrv^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ns3C > \xe2\x96\xa0 l^feS \n\n\n\ni&d\'s^y \n\n\n\n\n\n\nOREGON \n\n\n\nOffers the most inviting field for Immigration of any State in \n\nthe Union. An equable climate, with no extremes \n\nof heat or coid, and no severe storms of \n\nany kind. \n\n\n\nTHE RESOURCES OF OREGON \n\nAre extensive, varied and prolific. Rich mines of Coal, Iron, Copper, \nNickel, Gold and Silver. Vast forests of Pine, Cedar and an endless \nvariety of other woods. \n\nRich Agricultural lands, abundantly watered, producing abundant \ncrops of all the Grains, Grasses and Vegetables known to the temperate \nzone. The best Fruit Region in the United States. No pests. No failure \nof crops of any kind \n\n\n\nPORTLAN D \n\n\n\nThe metropolis and trade center of the Pacific Northwest. The best \nfield for Business or Investment, and the most oleasant place of resi- \ndence on the Pacific coast. \n\nPopulation 1880, 22,000; 1889, 70,000. Wholesale and jobbing \ntrade of 1888, $75,000,000.00. \n\nTrade is increasing at the rate of about twenty-five per cent, per year. \n\nReal estate values are low and steadily advancing with growth of \nthe city. For full information as to State and City, address. \n\nTHE OREGON IMMIGRATION BOARD, \n\nNo. 10 Ash Street, PORTLAND. OREGON. \n\n\n\nNo. I \n\n\n\nCROFUTT\'S \n\nOVERLAND \n\nTOURS. \n\n\n\nCONSISTING OF OVER \n\n\n\nSix Thousand Miles of Main Tours, \n\nAND \n\nTHREE THOUSAND MILES OF SIDE TOURS. \n\nALSO \n\nSIX THOUSAND MILES BY STAGE AND WATER \n\nDESCRIPTIVE-ILLUSTRATED. \n1 > v Geo. A.. Ckokutt, \n\nAUTHOR OF OVERLAND AM COLORADO DESCRIPTIVE TOURISTS\' BOOKS, \n" ROUND UP," ETC. \n\n\n\nCHICAGO \xe2\x80\x94 PHILADELPHIA* \n\n\n\nH. J. SMITH & CO., Pu^Cjs-hers. \n1889. \n\n\n\n.JSHERS. \n\nMAO 12 ! 88< \n\n\n\n^SHINGTO^\' \n\nSOLD WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BY \n\nBarkalow Bros., Railway News Agents, Omaha, Neb.; and at their : \n\noffices, No. 59 Van Buren St., Chicago; Kansas City, Mo.; and at th \n\nUnion Depots in Denver, Cheyenne, Ogden, and Portland, \n\nOre.; comprising the Union Pacific, Oregon \n\nRailway & Navigation, and the \n\nDenver & Rio Grande systems. \n\nKi.i S. Denison, General News Agent, Oakland Pier, Sacramento, and Los \n\nAngeles, California, and Portland, Oregon; comprising the \n\nentire Pacific system of the Southern Pacific Co. \n\nRailroad News Co., General News Agents, Chicago, Kansas Citv, and Los \n\nAngeles. California; comprising the Atchison Topeka & Santa" Fe, \n\n" Burlington," and the Chicago, Rock Island & \n\nPacific complete systems. \n\nGunlock & Dunn , General News Agents, Chicago; Chicago & North- Western Ky. \n\n\n\nEntered according to the Act of Congress in the year 1889, by M. A. Crofutt, in the \nOffice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. \n\n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\n\nIf you can read, and have any interest in or curiosity regard- \ning the Trans-Missouri country, its wonderland and more won- \nderful resources, this book is written for you ! \n\nIt will anticipate the most pertinent questions of every class \nof "stay at home" or Western travel: particularly the poor \nemigrant who with his wife and babies is seeking a home, and \nwho wants only reliable and impartial information regarding \nlands, schools, etc.; the wage-worker, too, will be informed of the \nwage:, paid in every occupation, and of the demand. So with \nthe farmer, fruit-grower, stock-raiser, lumberman, miner, hunter, \nfisherman, etc.; not forgetting the pleasure seeker and those in \nsearch of medicinal waters, climate, etc. Special effort has been \nmade to avoid generalizing; instead, to give facts, names, dates, \ndistances, altitudes, where to go, how to go, where to stop, and \nwhat it costs, as near as possible ; and above all, to express this \ninformation in as plain language and in as concise a manner as \npossible. \n\nIn the preparation of this series of descriptive Tours, our \njust thirty years sojourn in the far West \xe2\x80\x94 twenty of which has \nbeen devoted specially to tourist and guide books \xe2\x80\x94 have proved \ninvaluable ; yet the time, labor and extent of travel required to \ngather, sift, condense, compile and arrange the information, has \nbeen one requiring much more than ordinary care ; and we \nbelieve that each and every statement made is reliable in every \nparticular \xe2\x80\x94 yet, we should shudder at the thought of being ab- \nsolutely perfect. \n\nThe map accompanying this book was prepared expressly for \nit, and shows at a glance the vast scope of country covered by \nthe new series of descriptive Tours ; the green hues represent \nthe routes of travel in this book, No. 1; the red lines those in \nNo. 2 \xe2\x80\x94 the broad lines being the Main Tours and the narrow \nones the Side Tours and stage lines. \n\nGEO. A. CROFUTT. \nDenvei . Colo., March, r88p. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nGENERAL INDEX. \n\n\n\nILM\'STKATIOMK. \n\n\n\nLARGE DOUBLE PAGE VIEWS. \n\nNo. i. Falls of the Yellowstone. \n\n" 2. (ireat railroad "Loop." \n(Shoshone Falls. \nI Lateourell Falls. \nI Multonomah Falls. \n\'\xe2\x96\xa0 ( Rooster Rock. \n\nCape Horn, Columbia River. \nColumbia River by Moonlight. \nFULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. \n\nPage. \n\n( lolden Gate Special Frontispiece. \n\nStreet View in Denver 42 \n\nHanging Rock, Clear Creek Canon.. 55 \n\nGreen Lake, Colorado 66 \n\nSouth Park, from Kenosha Hill 72 \n\nAlpine Tunnel, approach 7S \n\nBreckenridge Pass 83 \n\nMount Holy Cross SS \n\nBoulder Canon, Colorado 97 \n\nFalls and Cliffs, Yellowstone 113 \n\nYoung Mormon Bishops 124 \n\nDevil\'sSlide, Weber Canon 133 \n\nGarfield Beach, bathing 157 \n\nYellowstone Lake 173 \n\nAmerican Falls and Bridge ...183 \n\nPalisades of the Columbia 260 \n\nPORTRAITS. \n\nThus L. Kimball | \n\nJ. S. Tebbetts, > 5 \n\nE. L. Lomax. I \n\n\n\nPage. \nportraits \xe2\x80\x94 continued. \nBrigham Young 136 \n\nSMALLER ILLUSTRATIONS. \n\nGardner Spring. National Park 21 \n\nPony Express 30 \n\nBee Hive Geyser, Yellowstone 36 \n\nCapital of Colorado 4S \n\nCattle Brand 49 \n\nThe Loop, surface 6S \n\nOur Singing Birds 100 \n\nView in Yellowstone Valley 108 \n\nPulpit Rock, Utah 128 \n\nWitches\' " " 131 \n\nOne Thousand Mile Tree 131 \n\nMormon Temple 1411 \n\n" Tabernacle 140 \n\nAssembly Building [40 \n\n" Co-Op. Sign 141 \n\nTerraced Springs, Water Pockets 164 \n\nGiantess Geyser 170 \n\nOld Faithful, Yellowstone 175 \n\nPackers going to the mountains. . [89 \nCastle Geyser ) .\xe2\x80\x9e, \n\nFire Basin / " \n\nMy Dear Deer 196 \n\nHorse Tail Fall 227 \n\nBridal Veil Fall 225 \n\nIslands in the Columbia 235 \n\nPillars of Hercules 258 \n\n\n\nKAILKOADS. \n\n\n\nUnion Pacific \n\n"Left-Leg" Branch \n\nAlma \' \n\nBoulder Valley " \n\nCheyenne & Northern \n\nColby \n\nColorado Central \n\nDenver Pacific \n\nDenver Short Line \n\nJunction City \n\nKansas Pacific \n\nKeystone \n\nLeavenworth \n\nLincoln \n\nManhattan \n\nMarshall & Boulder \n\nNarrow ( rauge \n\nNorfolk \n\nO. c\\: R. V \n\n( >regon Short l.im \n\nSalina \n\n\' S. I.. & Western \n\nSolomon \n\nSunset \n\nSouth Park \n\n\\\\ 1 11 11I River \n\n\n\nPage \n..12-17 \n-33-37 \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBranch \n\n\n\n04 \n\n.... 44 \n\n59-9S \n\n" 35-101 \n\n- 43 \n\n37 \n\n" .... S 4 \n\n- 39 \nv 44 \n.... 41 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 .... 96 \n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 39 \n.... 25 \n" 22-25-26 \n" 122-165 \n.... 44 \n...149 \n\n- 43 \n... 98 \n69-81 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nOregon Railway & Navigation 201 \n\nO. R & N.Dayton Branch 209 \n\nHeppner " 219 \n\nMoscow " 213 \n\nPampa " 212 \n\nPomeroy 210 \n\n" Winona " 212\' \n\nAtchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 40 \n\nCentral Pacific 134 \n\nColorado Midland 90-93 \n\nColumbia & Puget Sound 246 \n\nDenver & Rio Grande 76 86-91 \n\nFremont, Elkhorn & Mo. Valley 23 \n\nGilpin Tram ." 63 \n\nIdaho Central 194 \n\nMontana Union 178 \n\nNorthern Pacific 216 237 246 \n\nOlympia & Chehalis Valley 239-250 \n\nSeattle, Lake Shore & Eastern.. .216-246 \n\nSouthern Pacific 134 \n\nSpokane & Palouse 213-215 \n\nSt. Joseph & Grand Island 22-26 \n\nUtah Central [38 145 \n\nUtah & Nevada 1 \n\n\n\nLAKES. \n\n\n\nPage \n\nHot 204 \n\nYellowstone \n\nSwan 176 \n\nHeai \n\nUtah 153 \n\nGreat Salt 138 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nComo 1 12 \n\nCooper \'. 1 12 \n\nCrystal 111 \n\nrainier 91 \n\nTwin 76 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nCottonwool i 75 \n\nGrand.. 67 \n\nElk 67 \n\nClear 66 \n\nGreen 65 \n\n\n\nGENERAL INDEX-coxtinued. \n\n\n\nJtllSOiLIi \n\nPage. \n\nPast and Present n \n\nGolden Gate Special 16 \n\nEquipments 14 \n\nStock \xe2\x80\x94 feeding 23 \n\nraising 46 \n\nCattle \xe2\x80\x94 Range 4 s \n\nRound-up 49 \n\nColorado \xe2\x80\x94 Generally 53 \n\nClimate. \n\nIrrigation. \n\nProducts. \n\nMinerals. \n\nMining. \n\nScenery. \n\nParks..". 56-110 \n\nSnowy Range 56-110 \n\nWages Paid. 57-58 \n\nUniversity 98 \n\nThe Mirage Pheuomonen 47 \n\nBaggage \xe2\x80\x94 Sleepers \xe2\x80\x94 Lunch 18 \n\nBridge over Missouri River 19 \n\nO\'Fallons Bluffs 27 \n\nIndian Train Wreckers 27 \n\nWhite " Robbers 29-168 j \n\nOverland Ponv Kxpress 30 \n\nThe Rockies...". 32-53 \n\nWood, $210 per cord 33 1 \n\nSheridan Powerless 35 \n\nOld "Cut-off" Wagon Road 35 \n\nA Little History 38-263 \n\nAgricultural College, Kansas 40-41 \n\nBig Hunt, Duke Alexis 47 \n\nChivingston\'s Eight 47 \n\nKenosha Hill, Colorado 71 \n\n"Salted" to Death 74 \n\nAlpine Tunnel 79 , \n\nCalifornia Gulch 86 j \n\nGrand River Canon 89 j \n\nGlen Park Association 92 \n\nPike\'s Peak 95 \n\nGarden of the Gods 96 \n\nBoulder Canon 98 \n\nEstes Park, etc 99 \n\nThe Ames Bros\'. Monument 107 \n\nWinters at Sherman 10S \n\nDale Creek Bridge 109 \n\nLaramie Plains no \n\nIndian Reservations..! 16-205-169-205-215 \n\nBear River Riot, Vigilantes 125 \n\nPowell\'s Early Explorations 121 \n\nEcho Canon, Pulpit Rock 126-127 \n\nWitches\' Rocks, 1000 Mile Tree 131 \n\nDevil\'s Slide 133 \n\nGrand Views 132- 146- 194 \n\nUtah Territory\xe2\x80\x94 Generally 136 \n\n" Farm Products. \n\nMinerals. \nClimate. \nFruit. \nSalt. \n" Wages Paid. \n\nMormon Towns 145 \n\n" Devil Names 151 \n\nSalt Lake 138 \n\n" Mormon Villages 162 \n\nLittle and Big Cottonwoods 147-14S \n\nSnow Sheds \xe2\x80\x94 "Peanuts" 147-148 \n\nAmerican Fork Cation 150 \n\nGrand Amphiteatre 152-262-218 \n\nFish and Frog Culture 153 \n\nVolcanic. Water Marks 160 \n\nCollege Farm, Logau Temple. ...162-163 \nYellowstone Park 172 \n\n\n\nAXEOIS \n\nPage. \n\nMontana \xe2\x80\x94 Generally 175 \n\nMines \nMontana Indians. \n\nLivestock. \n\nValle>\\s. \n\nPopulation. \n\nWealth. \n\nAgriculture. \n\nCollege ,. tSi \n\nMammoth AVorks t8o \n\nSnake River Lava Beds is_> \n\nWood River Valley, Camas Prairie. ..185 \n\nAlturas County. Idaho 186 \n\nAda " " "\xe2\x80\xa2 198 \n\nWashington 199 \n\nBoise 197 \n\nNez Perces " 211 \n\nLatah " 214 \n\nShoshone and Twin Falls 190 \n\nGreat Canal Enterprise 194 \n\nBoise Basin and Vicinity 197 \n\nSnake River Canon 200 \n\nGrand Ronde Vallev 202 \n\nWalla Walla " 20S \n\nUmatilla County, Oregon 206 \n\nUp the Snake to Lewiston 211 \n\nSpokane Falls and Vicinity 215 \n\nUpper Palisades of the Columbia 218 \n\nFluming Wheat 221 \n\nPluto\'s Caldron 221 \n\nBest View of Mt. Hood 222 \n\nThe Lock, Cascades 226 \n\nFisheries 228-245-251 \n\nPillars of Hercules 22s \n\nRooster Rock 228 \n\nOregon and Portland 231 \n\nEducational. \n" Counties. \n" Schools, etc. \n" Statistics. \n" Metereological. \n" Railroads, Busi- \nness. \nIndustries. \nWool Clip, etc. \n\nDown the Columbia River .,.233 \n\nSalmon Canning \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2233 \n\nClatsop Countv, Oregon 234 \n\nPierce County. W. T 241 \n\nPuget Sound ." 241-251 \n\nNavy Yard \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2243 \n\nSmelting Works 241-246 \n\nSteel Works 245 \n\nBig Lumber Cut 244 \n\nTrusts, Strikes 247 \n\nWashington Territorv \xe2\x80\x94 Generally. ..251 \n"The Sound J \nLands. \n" Minerals. \nLumber. \nBanking. \nFish. \n" Indians. \nClimate. \nAgricultural. \nCoal. \nWages. \nChinook Wind, \n\nPeculiar Mounds 255 \n\nThe Columbia Scenery: 25S \n\nCape Horn 259 \n\nCastle Rock 261 \n\nCatching Pish by Water-power 261 \n\n\n\nGOVERNMENT FORTS AND (AMPS. \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nFort Omaha 20 \n\n" Sidney 30 \n\n" Sedgwick 33 \n\n" Morgan 34 \n\n" Riley 41 \n\n" Harker 44 \n\n" Hays 45 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\' Wallace 46 \n\n" Denver 70 \n\n" D. A. Russell 103 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nFort Laramie 105 \n\n" Fred Steele 115 \n\n" Washakie v 116 \n\n" Bridger * 123 \n\n" Douglas 142 \n\n" Walla Walla 209 \n\n" Townsend 248 \n\nCamp Pilot Butte 119 \n\nBoise Barracks 196 \n\nVancouver Barracks 257 \n\n\n\nGENERAL INDEX \n\n\n\n-CONTINUED. \n\n\n\nSIDE TOURS AND DETOURS. \n\nPage. Page. \n\nIN COLORADO. IN IDAHO AND MONTANA. \n\nTour \xc2\xab 59 Tour u 169 \n\n\'\xe2\x80\xa2 12 184 \n\ni^ 190 \n\n" 14 \'94 \n\nIN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. \n\nTour is 207 \n\n" t6 21S \n\n" 17 233 \n\n[8 249 \n\n" 19 256 \n\nDetours 209 \n\n210 \n\n211 \n\n215 \n\n\n\n., 4 " \n\n5- \n\nDetour. \n\n\n\nIN WYOMING. \n\nTour 6 104 \n\nIN 11 All. \n\nTour 7 129 \n\n8 145 \n\n" 9 \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\x9e 156 \n\n" 10 160 \n\nDetours 146 \n\n1 1" \n\n150 \n\n\n\nMOUNTAINS, PEAKS, PASSES. \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nThe Rockies 3 2- 53 \n\nThe Cascades 161-248 \n\nThe Olympia 243-248 \n\nThe Sheep 84 \n\nThe Elk 114 \n\nNoted Peaks 237 \n\nGray\'s Peak 69 \n\nTorre v \' s " 69 \n\nLaPla\'tta " 67 \n\nLong\'s " 90 \n\nPike\'s " <j.s \n\nVarious " 71 -s_s- 1 74 \n\nMt. Blanca 56 \n\n" Holv Cross 85-87 \n\n- " Hoo\'d 222 \n\n" Bross 74 \n\n" Lincoln 74 \n\n" Antero 77 \n\n" Princeton 77 \n\n" Shavano 77 \n\n" Harvard 75 \n\n" Yale 75 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nMt. Klbert 76 \n\n" Fletcher S( \n\n" Buckskin ,s=, \n\n" Nebo 154 \n\n" Aspinwall 154 \n\n" Tacoma 239 \n\n" Rainier 229-233-239 \n\n" Adams 229-233 \n\n" St. Helens 229-233 \n\n" Baker 247 \n\nPasses- Fremont\'s 85 \n\nTennessee 87 \n\nAlpine 79 \n\nBreckenridge 82 \n\nLake Creek 76 \n\nChejenne 104 \n\nSherman 107 \n\nContinental 117 \n\nAspen 123 \n\nThree Tetons 171 \n\nStepto Butte 215 \n\n\n\nKIVEItN. \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nElkhorn 22 \n\nPlatte 23 \n\nLoup Fork 25 \n\nNorth Platte \'.6 [15 \n\nKansas 37 \n\nSolomon 43 \n\nSmoky Hill 41 \n\nRepublican 41 \n\nArkansas 75 \n\nGunnison 80 \n\nBlue 84 \n\nTen Mile 84 \n\nEagle 87 \n\nGrand 88 \n\nRoaring Fork *9 \n\nBoulder 96 \n\nBig Thompson 99 \n\nCache-a-la-Poudre 99-100 \n\nLaramie 106-109 \n\nLittle Laramie 112 \n\nMedicine Bow 1 13 \n\nPopo Agie 116 \n\nGreen 121 \n\nBlack\'s Fork 122 \n\nBear 1 25 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nWeber 129-130 \n\nJordan 144 \n\n.Sevier 155 \n\nLogan 162 \n\nRoss P"ork 169 \n\nSnake 1 71-210 \n\nDeer Lodge 171) \n\nPayette 199 \n\nWeiser 199 \n\nPowder 201 \n\nWalla Walla 207 \n\nTrouchet 209-219 \n\nHam\'s Fork 16s \n\nPort Neuf. 168 \n\nPalouse 213 \n\nSpokane 216 \n\nUmatilla 205 \n\nColumbia 217-258 \n\nJohn Days 221 \n\nDe Chutes 222 \n\nHood 226 \n\nSandy 228 \n\nWillamette 229-233 \n\nCowlitz 237 \n\nChehalis 238 \n\n\n\nSPRINGS, ETC. \n\n\n\nPagi \n\nSharon \\6 \n\nIdaho 63 \n\nHot Sulphur 67 \n\nCottonwood 75 \n\nHortense 77 \n\nGlenwood 89 \n\nAla 111 1 on 94 \n\nW. n 111 -Salt Lake City 144 \n\n\n\nPage \n\nHot\xe2\x80\x94 Ogden i"" \n\nSoda [I i \n\nWarm\xe2\x80\x94 M on tana 180 \n\nHailey\xe2\x80\x94 Hot 187 \n\nGuyer 189 \n\nHot\xe2\x80\x94 Boise n,~ \n\nHot \xe2\x80\x94 Oregon 204 \n\nSilver 237 \n\n\n\nGENERAL INDEX-continued. \n\n\n\nSTEAMER LINKS. \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nTo Lewiston 211 \n\n" Astoria 233 \n\n" San Francisco 231 \n\n" Alaska 249 \n\n" The Dalles 256 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nTo Whatcom 246 \n\n" Port Townsend 248 \n\n" Victoria, B. C 248 \n\n" Olympia .\'49 \n\n" Seattle 241 \n\n\n\nCITIES, TOWNS, STATIONS. \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nAbilene 43 \n\nAdams 207 \n\nAlbana 230 \n\nAlbion 25 \n\nAlpine 77 \n\nAlpine Tunnel 79 \n\nAlma 74 \n\nAlta 147 \n\nAlto 210 \n\nAltus 105 \n\nAmerican Falls 1S2 \n\nAmerican Fork .....150 \n\nAnaconda 1 79 \n\nArapahoe 46 \n\nArcher 32 \n\nArgo 59 \n\nArlington 220 \n\nArmstrong 39 \n\nArvada 59 \n\nAspen, Colo 90 \n\nAspen , Wyo 1 23 \n\nAstoria 234 \n\nBaldwin 81 \n\nBaker City 201 \n\nBeatrice 22-41 \n\nBeaver Brook 60 \n\nBeaver Canon 172 \n\nBeloit 43 \n\nBerthond 99 \n\nBellevne 186 \n\nBellingham 246 \n\nBelleville 43 \n\nBig Springs 29 \n\nBiggs 222 \n\nBingham Junction 146 \n\nBismark Grove 39 \n\nBitter Creek 118 \n\nBlack Buttes 11S \n\nBlackfoot 169 \n\nBlack Hawk 62 \n\nBlalock\'s 220 \n\nBliss 192 \n\nBoelus 26 \n\nBoise City 195 \n\nBolles Junction 209 \n\nBolter Summit 1 50 \n\nBonneville 228 \n\nBordeaux 105 \n\nBoreas S2 \n\nBoulder 96 \n\nBountiful 140 \n\nBrecken ridge 82 \n\nBridal Veil 22S \n\nBrighton 1 o 1 \n\nBrookville 44 \n\nBran 127 \n\nBucoda 239 \n\nBuena Vista 75 \n\nBuford 107 \n\nButte City 17S \n\nCaldwell.". 198 \n\nCamas 172 \n\nCarbon 114 \n\nCarter 123 \n\nCarroll\'s 237 \n\nCascade Locks 22t> \n\nCastleton 81 \n\nCastle Rock 91 \n\nCastle Rock, Utah 127 \n\nCastle Rock, Wash. T...237 \n\nCedar Fort 149 \n\nCedar Point 50 \n\nCedar Rapids 25 \n\nCenterville (Oregon)... 207 \nCentral City, Neb 25 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nCentral City, Colo 62 \n\nCentralia 238 \n\nCentre ville 139 \n\nChambers 156 \n\nCheyenne 103 \n\nCheyenne Wells 47 \n\nChehalis 238 \n\nChihuahua 84 \n\nChuckanut 246 \n\nChugwater 105 \n\nChurch Buttes 122 \n\nClay Centre, Neb 22 \n\nClay Centre, Kan 39 \n\nClimax 85 \n\nClyde 43 \n\nCoalville 129 \n\nColby 44 \n\nColfax 213 \n\nColilo 222 \n\nCol Huston [(Si \n\nColorado City 94 \n\nColorado Springs 92 \n\nColumbus 25 \n\nComo 73 \n\nConcordia 43 \n\nCooper Lake 1 12 \n\nCottonwood 61 \n\nCreston 117 \n\nDana 1 is \n\nDavid City 22 \n\nDayton 209 \n\nDeer Lodge 180 \n\nDenver 50-51 \n\nDeuel 34 \n\nDewey 161 \n\nDevil\'s Gate 134 \n\nDiamond 213 \n\nDickey 84 \n\nDillon, Colo 84 \n\nDillon, Mont 177 \n\nDome Rock 71 \n\nDraper 148 \n\nP\'agle Rock 171 \n\nF^ast Portland 230 \n\nF^aton 102 \n\nF\'cho 217 \n\nF.cho City 127 \n\nEdson ..." 1 15 \n\nHlberton 214 \n\nF\'lkhoru 22 \n\nF;ilis 45 \n\nEllsworth 44 \n\nEmpire City 65 \n\nFndicott 213 \n\nP\'stabrook Park 71 \n\nEsquimalt, B. C 249 \n\np;ureka 150 \n\nEvans m 1 \n\nEvanstoti 126 \n\nFairburv 22-26 \n\nFairfield, Nebl 22-26 \n\nFairfield, Utah [49 \n\nFarmington, Utah 139 \n\nFarmington, Wash. T..215 \n\nFairplay 73 \n\nFairview 228 \n\nF\'irst View 47 \n\nFort Collins 99 \n\nForks Creek 61 \n\nFort Morgan 34 \n\nFossil 165 \n\nFranklin 163 \n\nFremont 23 \n\nFremont\'s Pass 85 \n\nFrisco 155 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nGarfield 214 \n\nGarfield Beach 156 \n\nGaros 73 \n\nGarrison [81 \n\nGenoa 25 \n\nGeorgetown 65 \n\nGilmore 22 \n\nGlenn\'s Ferry 192 \n\nGlenwood Springs S9 \n\nGolden 60 \n\nGraymont 69 \n\nGranite 76 \n\nGrand Island 26 \n\nGranger 122 \n\nGranite Canon 107 \n\nGrants 221 \n\nGreeley 102 \n\nGreen River 119 \n\nGrayline 177 \n\nGunnison City 80 \n\nGypsum .". 87 \n\nHailey [86 \n\nHampton 123 \n\nHancock 77 \n\nHays 45 \n\nHilliard 124 \n\nHill Top 74 \n\nHolton 39 \n\nHood River 226 \n\nHoney ville 161 \n\nHorse Creek 104 \n\nHortense 77 \n\nHot Lake 204 \n\nHoxie 44 \n\nHunter 237 \n\nHuntington 200 \n\nHuntsville 209 \n\nHyde Park 163 \n\nIdaho Springs 63 \n\nIronton, Utah 150 \n\nIronton, Wash. T 248 \n\nIron Mountain 105 \n\nIslay 104 \n\nJuab 134 \n\nJulesburg 29 \n\nJunction City 41 \n\nKalama 234-237 \n\nKansas City 37 \n\nKays ville 139 \n\nKearney 26 \n\nKelso 237 \n\nKenosha 71 \n\nKetchum t88 \n\nKimball 32 \n\nKit Carson 47 \n\nKokomo 84 \n\nKuna 193 \n\nLa Camas 257 \n\nLa Salle 35-i\xc2\xb0i \n\nLake View 239 \n\nLander 116 \n\nLaramie City 110 \n\nLupton lor \n\nLawrence 39 \n\nLawrenceburg 43 \n\nLawrence Junction 39 \n\nLeadville 85 \n\nLeavenworth 39 \n\nLeduc 185 \n\nLehi 150 \n\nLehi Junction 149 \n\nLevan 154 \n\nLewiston 211 \n\nLincoln >2 -11 \n\nLindsborg 44 \n\n\n\n10 \n\n\n\nGENERAL INDEX \n\n\n\n-CONTINUED. \n\n\n\nCITIES, TOWNS, STATIONS\xe2\x80\x94 Continued. \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nLin wood 39 \n\nLittleton "0-9 1 \n\nLogan 162 \n\nLondon 73 \n\nLoveland 99 \n\nlower Cascades 262 \n\nLongmont 98 \n\nLoup City 26 \n\nMalta ." .*... 86 \n\nManitou 94 \n\nManhattan 41-22 \n\nMarket Lake 171 \n\nMarysville 22-26-41 \n\nMaxwell 217 \n\nMedicine Row 1 14 \n\nMelrose 177 \n\nMendon 162 \n\nMcCain mou 164 \n\nMcCool Junction 22 \n\nMcGees 75 \n\nMel\'herson 44 \n\nMt. Carbon Si \n\nMillbrook 44 \n\nMilfonl 155 \n\nMilton 207 \n\nMinidoka 1S4 \n\nMinneapolis. 43 \n\nMirage 47 \n\nMima 154 \n\nMonida 175 \n\nMontpelier 166 \n\nMontezuma 84 \n\nMorrison 71) \n\nMoscow 214 \n\nMountain Home T92 \n\nMnltonomah 228 \n\nNampa 193 \n\nNapavine 238 \n\nNathrop 77 \n\nNephi i.S4 \n\nNew Cambria 43 \n\nNorfork 25 \n\nNorth Platte City 27 \n\nNorth Powder 202 \n\nNutria 165 \n\nOakley 46 \n\nOasis; 135 \n\nOconee 25 \n\nO\'Fallon 27 \n\nOgallala 2S \n\nOgden 134-135 \n\nOgdensburg 41 \n\nOhio City 80 \n\nOld\'s Ferry 200 \n\nOlympia 250 \n\nOmaha 19 \n\nOntario 198 \n\nOrd 26 \n\nOtto 107 \n\nOxford 164 \n\nPalmer Lake 91 \n\nPalouse Junction 212 \n\nPapillion 22 \n\nParlins 80 \n\nPark City 129 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nPayette [99 \n\nPayson [53 \n\nPendleton \n\nPiedmont 1 23 \n\nPicabo [85 \n\nPine Pluffs 32 \n\nPitkin No \n\nPlatte Canon 70 \n\nPlatteville k>i \n\nPleasant Grove i.sj \n\nPleasant Valley 101 \n\nPocatello 169 \n\nPoint of Rocks 1 iS \n\nPort Blakelv 24 t \n\nPort Discovery 24* \n\nPort Hadlock" 248 \n\nPort Townscnd 148 \n\nPortland 229 \n\nPreston [36 \n\nProvo 152 \n\nPullman 213 \n\nRawlins 116 \n\nRed Buttes 109 \n\nRed Cliff 87 \n\nRed Desert 1 18 \n\nRed Rock 176 \n\nRichmond 163 \n\nRiparia 210 \n\nRobinson 84 \n\nRock Creek 1 12 \n\nRock Springs 118 \n\nRomley 77 \n\nRooster Rock \n\nRussell 44 \n\nSaint Helens 234 \n\nSalina 44 \n\nSalt Lake City 141 \n\nSalt Wells i us \n\nSan Francisco 231 \n\nSandy ...14S \n\nSantaquin 154 \n\nSaratoga 1 15 \n\nSchuyler 25 \n\nSchwanders 75 \n\nScotia 26 \n\nSeatco 236 \n\nSeattle \xe2\x96\xa0 \\ \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nSehome 247 \n\nSeparation 117 \n\nSharon Springs 46 \n\nSherman [07 \n\nShoshone [84 \n\nSidney 30 \n\nSilver Bow [78 \n\nSilver City 1.50 \n\nSilver Plume 68 \n\nSoda Springs 166 \n\nSolomon 43 \n\nSqually Hook 221 \n\nSpanish Fork ..153 \n\nSpokane Falls 215 \n\nSpringfield 163 \n\nSpring Hill 176 \n\nSpriugville 153 \n\nState Line 39 \n\n\n\nPage. \n\nSterling 33 \n\nStockton 159 \n\nStrotnsburg 22 \n\nSt. Klmo 77 \n\nSi. Mary\'s 40 \n\nSt. Paul. 26 \n\nSummit 162 \n\nSummerville \xe2\x96\xa0 1 \n\nSutton 22 \n\nTable Rock lis \n\nTacoma 240 \n\nTeachout s.i \n\nTenino 239-256 \n\nTehnessei Pass s; \n\nTikura 185 \n\nTintic 150 \n\nTooele 159 \n\nTopeka 40 \n\nIrouchet 219 \n\nTroutdale 22^ \n\nThe Dalles 223 \n\nTheTransfer 17 \n\nTurn water 255 \n\nTwin Lakes 76 \n\nUintah 1 54 \n\nUmatilla 217 \n\nUnion 203 \n\nUpper Cascades 262 \n\nUva 106 \n\nValley 22 \n\nValley Falls 39 \n\nValparaiso 26 \n\nVancouver 2s- \n\nVictoria, Kan 45 \n\nVictoria. B. C \n\nWa-Keeney 45 \n\nWaldo 44 \n\nWalkersville [79 \n\nWallace 46 \n\nWalla Walla 208 \n\nWallula 219 \n\nWahoo 22 \n\nWain ego 40 \n\nWyandotte 38 \n\nWarm Springs 1S0 \n\nWasatch 126 \n\nWashougal 257 \n\n\\V;iii sburg 209 \n\nWeatherby 201 \n\nWeber 132 \n\nWeir 29 \n\nWeiser 199 \n\nWendover 106 \n\nWest Seattle | \n\nWeston 207 \n\nWhatcom 247 \n\nWheatland 106 \n\nWheeler 84 \n\nWillows 220 \n\nWillows Junction 219 \n\nWinlock 238 \n\nWin ship 129 \n\nWolcott 115 \n\nVelm Prairie 23c) \n\nZurich 44 \n\n\n\n11 \n\n\n\nTHE PRST RND PRESENT. \n\n\n\nIt is in the memory of the writer when Ohio and Michigan were \naway out west; when stages arrived in New York regularly every \nday from Boston, \' \'weather permitting, \' \' and leaving as regularly for \nPhiladelphia and the west. Buffalo and Pittsburgh were then the \nfrontier towns. From the former two steamboats left, once a week, \nand a stage-wagon from Pittsburgh for the "Northwestern Terri- \ntory," now Ohio and Michigan. \n\nThe entire white population residing west of the two cities \nabove named numbered less than 25,000 and they were mostly \nhunters, trappers, and fur-traders, or refugees from justice in the \neast. \n\nThe popular clamor in those days in the east for the settlement \nof the west found voice in a universal invitation as follows: \n\n"Come from every nation. \nCome from every way \n< )nr lands they are broad enough \n\nSo don\'t be alarmed, \n\nFor Uncle Sam is rich enough \n\nTo give us all a farm." \n\nThejr came, and from every nation \xe2\x80\x94 even from China, India and \nJapan. They came as the winds come when forests are reuded. \nThey came as the waves come when navies are stranded. \n\nIn 1849 Illinois was the extreme frontier. The gold discoveries \nin California were circulated in the east about that time and tens of \nthousands of adventurous men started by water around "Cape \nHorn," 20,000 miles, for this new El Dorado. Others, more ven- \nturesome pressed into service horses, mules and cattle and many \nvarieties of conveyances, and boldly struck out towards the setting \nsun, across the then almost unknown trackless deserts and path- \nless mountains; many there were who started with hand-carts, \npropelling them themselves. \n\nAgain, there were others who started on foot with only what \nthey could pack on their backs, trusting to luck to get through to \nthe gold fields. \n\nIn 1855 Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Illinois were supposed to \ncontain the wheat-growing soil of the Union, and they became \nknown as the "granaries of the states." At that time the extreme \nwestern limit of railroad travel was at East St. Louis and Rock \nIsland, both in the state of Illinois. \n\nThen the "far west" \xe2\x80\x94 that almost mythical region \xe2\x80\x94 was what \nnow constitutes those vast and fertile prairies which lie south and \nwest of the great lakes and east of and bordering the Mississippi \nriver; all beyond was a blank, or popularly thought to be a \n"howling wilderness, " inhabited only by Indians, wild nomads, \nand all the dangers of the inferno. \n\nAbout this date our hardy pioneers passed the "Rubicon" and \nthe west receded before their advance; Missouri was peopled and \nthe Father of Waters became the natural highway of a mighty \ncommerce. \n\n\n\n12 awake! progress \xe2\x80\x94 awake! \n\n\n\nOhio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Iowa had \njoined the sisterhood, and yet the tide of emigration stayed not. It \ntraversed the Rocky mountains, and secured a foothold in Oregon. \nBut it passed by not unheeding the rich valleys and broad prairies \nof Nebraska and Kansas, which retained what became, with sub- \nsequent additions, a permanent and thriving population. \n\nIn 1858-9 the gold discoveries in the "Pike\'s Peak country," \nnow Colorado, caused another great rush "from every nation," \nand the population of California had increased to that extent, when \nit was added to the number comprising the great American Union; \nOregon and Nevada on the western slope, and Kansas and Nebraska \non the east, followed, and still the roads westward from the Mis- \nsouri river were thronged with emigrants going west. They "came \nfrom every nation," etc. \n\nCongress Acts \xe2\x80\x94 The extraordinary developments in Califor- \nnia and Oregon prompted many far-seeing men in congress to \nadvocate the building of a railroad across the continent. \n\nAt that date Iowa and Missouri were the recognized frontier. \n\nNotwithstanding that Benton, Clarke and others had long urged \nthe necessity and practicability of a railroad from the Missouri \nriver to the Pacific coast, pointing out the wealth and power which \nwould accrue to the country from its realization; the idea found \nfavor with but few of our wise legislators until they awoke to the \nknowledge that even the loyal state of California was in danger of \nbeing abandoned by those in command, and turned over to the \nleaders of the great rebellion; that a rebel force was forming in \nTexas with the Pacific coast as its objective point; that foreign \nand domestic machinations threatened the dismemberment of the \nUnion its three divisions; not until all this stared them in the face \ncould our national solons see the practicability of the scheme so \nearnestly advocated by Sargent, of California, and his able coadju- \ntors in the noble work. To this threatened invasion the govern- \nment had little to offer for successful defense. \n\nThen, the building of the Pacific railroad across the continent \nbecame a great national necessity, and the charter was granted for \nthe construction of the \n\nI nion Pacific Railroad \xe2\x80\x94 The building of this road was \ninaugurated by the grandest carnival of blood the world has ever \nknown; for, without the pressure of the rebellion, the road would \nprobably have remained in embryo for many years. \n\nNotwithstanding almost numberless insurmountable difficulties \n\xe2\x80\x94 financially and otherwise\xe2\x80\x94 the road was completed Mav 10th, \n1869. Then \n\nAll was changed \xe2\x80\x94 The magnificent trains of the Union Pa- \ncific railroad rolled across the continent filled with emigrants and \npleasure seekers through that region which only a few years be- \nfore was but a dim, undefined mythical expanse, supposed to be \nvalueless for any purpose. How great the change from the ideal \nto the real, as this book will show. For over 300 miles after leav- \ning Omaha and Kansas City, that vague "great American desert" \nproves to be as beautiful and fertile a succession of valleys as can \nbe found elsewhere under like geographical position. \n\nIn this last decade the railroads from the east extended their \nlines westward to the Missouri river, and a full score soon adver- \ntised to making "close connections" with the pioneer overland. \n\n\n\nMARCH ON ! MARCH ON ! 13 \n\n\n\nThe Missouri Pacific was the first to reach the Missouri river at \nKansas City, where it arrived October 1st, 1865. The Chicago & \nNorth-Western came next, to Council Bluffs, January 17th, 1867. \n\nThe Central Pacific was the first to commence work on the \ntrans-continental line at Sacramento, Februar}\' 22d, 1863. Next \ncame the Kansas Pacific [now of the Union Pacific system] Septem- \nber 1st, 1863, and the Union Pacific commenced November 5th, \n1865. \n\nFrom 1869 to 1889, twenty years records a progress the most \nmarvelous in the world\'s history. \n\nTo-day \xe2\x80\x94 the superb coaches and palaces of this pioneer rail- \nroad line, crossing the continent, are equipped in the most complete \nmanner for speed, safety and comfort, and the trains roll across the \nplains and over the mountains to meet the far-off foam-crested \nwaves of the Pacific ocean, which bear on their bosoms a mighty \nand steadily increasing commerce. China, Japan, Australia, the \nSandwich Islands, South America, and the famed Orient are at \nour doors. Also the marvelous wealth of our own west and north- \nwest coast \xe2\x80\x94 California, Oregon, Washington and the rich Alaska \nand Puget Sound country. \n\nThree rich, powerful, populous and progressive states have \narisen, where but a few years since the Jesuit missionaries among \nthe savages were the only works of civilization; Colorado, too, \njoined the sisterhood, leaving Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Washing- \nton, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, to say nothing of Alaska, \nwaiting the time, when they, too, shall add their names to the roll \nof honor and enter the union on an equality with the others, \nwhich, in point of population and wealth, they have long been \nentitled. Thus we see that the "far west" of to-day has become \nfar removed from the west of three decades ago, and what is now \nthe central portion of our great commonwealth was then the far, \nfar west. \n\n\\\'ow \xe2\x80\x94 all over the once unknown waste, amid the cosy valleys \nand on the broad plains, are the homes, well cultivated fields, pro- \nlific orchards and vineyards, and countless flocks and herds of \nunnumbered thousand of hardy and brave pioneer settlers; thev \n"came from every nation," etc. At the same time the towering \nmountains, once the home of the skulking savage and wild beast, \nthe deep gulches and gloomy canons are illuminated with the \nperpetual fires of hundreds of smelting furnaces; the ring of pick, \nshovel and drill, the clatter of stamps and booming of blasts, all \ntell of the presence of the miner; and the streams of wealth which \nare daily loading great railroad trains and flowing into our \nnational coffers are marvelous and continually increasing, for just \nin proportion as the individual becomes enriched, so does his \ncountry partake of his fortune. \n\nWhen we published our first trans-continental book, September \n1, 1869, the Missouri river was the recognized frontier line. It \nwas there all travelers for the great unknown, toward the setting \nsun, congregated; it was there they bid good-bye to friends, or \nmailed their parting lines, many times with fearful misgivings for \nthe future. \n\nIn 1869, we secured a list of the equipments of the Union \nPacific railroad. To contrast that date with the present, 20 years, \nwe reproduce the figures, adding those for 1889. \n\n\n\n14 \n\n\n\n1869\xe2\x80\x941889. \n\n\n\nEQUIPMENT FOR IS69. \n\nlocomotives \n\nPullman sleepers \n\nPa ssenger cars \n\nsecond class \n\nMail .mil express cars \n\nCaboose " \n\nBaggai^ " \n\nBox " \n\nFlat \' " \n\nHand " \n\nDump \' \n\nCoal " \n\nBridge \n\nGravel " \n\nDerrick " \n\nWrecking " s \n\nRubble " \n\nCook " \n\nPowdei " \n\nWater tank \' \n\nPay \n\nofficers " \n\nPresident\'s " \n\n\n\n,885 \n\xe2\x96\xa0472 \n264 \n\n47 \n231 \n\n\n\nTotal equipment. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nEQUIPMENT FOR 1889. \n\nLocomotives, standard gauge 541 \n\nnarrow guage 143 \n\nSnow plows 36 \n\nFlaugers 19 \n\nPullman sleepers 55 \n\nCoaches iy x \n\nOfficers\' cars 11 \n\nPay " 2 \n\nChair " 5 \n\n\n\nFootings \n\nBaggage cars \n\nMail cars \n\nExpress cars \n\nCoach and baggage combined . \nBaggage, mail and express comb\'d \n\nBaggage and mail combined \n\nBaggage and express combined... \n\nExcursion coaches \n\nExcursion and emigrant sleepers \n\nCoal hopper and dump cars \n\nFruit " \n\nCaboose " \n\nHand \n\nBox " \n\n" fast freight " .". \n\n" refrigerator " \n\n" furniture.. " \n\nFlat " \n\nCoal " \n\nStock \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nStock \xe2\x80\x94 combination " \n\nOutfit " \n\nDerrick " \n\nWrecking tool " \n\nPile driver " \n\nWater and tank " \n\n1 \'low and scraper " \n\nConstruction flat " \n\nSteam shovel " \n\n\n\n14 \n89 \nJ07 \n\n\n\n560 \n7,823 \n\n392 \n403 \n749 \n\n1,294 \n3,621 \n\n1,435 \n\n131 \n22 \n\n14 \n16 \n\n9 \n6s \n\n\n\nTotal equipment is 780 \n\nEquipment, 1869 4. 547 \n\nThe increase of equipment \'4,433 \n\nTotal number of employes 16.500 \n\n\n\nWe append the following curious item of information obtained \nthrough the courtesy of Mr. A. Trayuor, Gen\'l Baggage Agent of \nthe Union Pacific railway. \n\n"General Baggage Office, i \n"Council Bluffs, Iowa, Nov. 24th, 1888. J \nStatement of the business of the baggage department for years \n1883 to 1887, inclusive \xe2\x80\x94five years. \n\n\n\nYEAR. \n\n\nNO. PIECES. \n\nr,475,5\xc2\xb08 \n1,515.111 \n[,228,262 \n1,792,646 \n2,049 \n\n8,060,776 \n\n\nEXCESS BAGGAGE. \n\n\nLOSS AND \nDAMAGE. \n\n\nRECEIVED FKV..M SALE \nEXCLAIMED. \n\n\nI88 3 \n1884 \nl88 5 \n\n[886 \n\n1887 \n\n\nf 1 14,51 \n92,040.20 \nM.V \n\n(84.90 \n101,661.42 \n\n\nS460.55 \n\n27.07 \n60.00 \n402.47 \n\n\nS424-75 \n421.15 \n\n568..S\' \' \n\n531.10 \n727.32 \n\n\nTotal, \n\n\n$482, 990.09 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n$2,672.82 \n\n\n\nAverage per year of the total value of baggage handled, esti- \nmated at $150.00 perpiece, \xc2\xa7120,911,040. Oil. \n\nCivilization has literally rolled across the continent. "Came \nfrom every nation, came from everyway," converting what was for \nages supposed to be a wilderness into the most productive country. \n\nThere is no longer any "desert," the mountains have been \ntunnelled or scaled, the plains have been spanned by various lines \nof railroad, the tide of emigration has reached the Pacific coast. \nNew York is within four days and Europe within ten days of \nPuget sound. \n\nThe manufacturing enterprise of the east has invaded the far \nwest; factories are springing up in her cities and towns, and her \nvast mineral, lumber and fishery resources are being developed to \na marvelous extent. Minesof gold and silver, producing $10,000,- \n(100 a year; of copper, $5,200,000 a year; saw-uiills, sawing 517,000 \nfeel of lumber a day; hop crops, valued at $1,500 per acre; wheat, \n\n\n\nPAST \xe2\x80\x94 PRESENT. 15 \n\n\n\n140 bushels to the acre; barley, 65 bushels to the acre; four and a \nhalf tons of timothy to the acre, apples weighing 44 ounces, and \nwild strawberries eight inches in circumference, are among the \nproductions of this "desert" country. A country where they catch \nfish by water power, rolling them into their big canneries in great \nstreams, shipping hundreds of tons fresh, and 5,000,000 of cans \nannually. Where vast bodies of water fall sheer 2,000 feet, and \nin others shoot upwards, boiling hot, over 200 feet, where moun- \ntains elevate their peaks, snow-cappped, nearly 15,000 feet, and fear- \nful chasms yawn to an unfathomable depth. \n\nIn 1864 no railroad had reached the Missouri river frontier line, \nand the entire commerce of the Missouri valley and beyond was \ncarried on by steam packets on the river from St. Louis, or by \n"prairie schooners" across the country. The materials for building \nthe Union Pacific railroad all came up the Missouri river on boats, \nor were hauled on wagons across the state of Iowa for hundreds of \nmiles. When the Union Pacific railroad was commenced, Omaha \nhad a population of 2,500, now, 110,000; Kansas City, 3,600; now, \n165,000; Denver, 1,500; now, 80,000; Salt Lake City, 4,500; now, \n30,000; Portland, 300; now, 50,000, and scores of cities and towns \ncontaining populations now of from 5,000 to 25,000 were \nunknown then. \n\nAt the present time there are over 900 cities and towns west \nof the old Missouri frontier line of 1860 that number their pop- \nulation from 300 to 25,000 each, which have sprung into existence \nsince that date. \n\n\n\nTHE Pullman Palace Car Co. \xe2\x80\x94 Now operates this class of \nservice on the Union Pacific and connecting lines. \n\nPULLMAN PALACE CAR RATES BETWEEN ] I ;,\'.\',\'!h^ \' \' k\' " .\'m " \n\nNew Vork and Chicago \n\nNew York and St. Lonis \n\nBoston and Chicago \n\nChicago and Omaha or Kansas City \n\nChicago and Denver \n\nSt. Lonis and Kansas City \n\nSt. Lonis and Omaha \n\nKansas City and Cheyenne \n\nCouncil Bluffs, Omaha or Kansas City and Denver I \n\nCouncil Bluffs or Omaha and Cheyenne | \n\nCouncil Bluffs, Omaha or Kansas City and Salt Lake \n\nCouncil Bluffs, Omaha or Kansas City and Ogden \n\nCouncil Bluffs, Omaha or Kansas City and Butte... \n\nCouncil Bluffs, Omaha or Kansas City and Portland \n\nC. Bluffs, Omaha or K. City and San Franciscoor LosAngeles \n\nCheyenne and Portland \n\nDenver and Leadville \n\nDenver and Portland \n\nDenver and Los Angeles \n\nDen\\ er and San Francisco \n\nOgden and Butte \n\n. Ogden and Pocatello \n\nPocatello and But te \n\n\n\n5 5.00 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 i B.i 10 \n\n\n6.oo \n\n\n22.00 \n\n\n5-5<J \n\n\n20.00 \n\n\n2.50 \n\n\n9.00 \n\n\n6.00 \n\n\n21.00 \n\n\n2.00 \n\n\n7.00 \n\n\n2.50 \n\n\n9.00 \n\n\n( .Vi \n\n\n16.00 \n\n\n3-50 \n\n\n12.00 \n\n\n4.00 \n\n\n14.00 \n\n\n8.00 \n\n\n28.00 \n\n\n8.00 \n\n\n28.00 \n\n\n9-5\xc2\xb0 \n\n\n36.00 \n\n\n13.00 \n\n\n50.00 \n\n\n[3.00 \n\n\n50.00 \n\n\n10.00 \n\n\n38.00 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n10.00 \n\n\n38.00 \n\n\n11.00 \n\n\n42.00 \n\n\n11.00 \n\n\n42.00 \n\n\n3-50 \n\n\n12.00 \n\n\n2.00 \n\n\n7.00 \n\n\nr.50 \n\n\n6.00 \n\n\n\n\n\n\nI. SO \n\n\n\n\n\nPocatello and Ogden Seat \n\nButte and Pocatello " \n\n\n\nFamily Sleepers \xe2\x80\x94 This railway company, for the special \naccommodation of their second-class passengers, runs family sleep- \ning cars on the Pacific express daily. These cars are fitted up com- \nplete with mattresses, curtains, blankets, pillows, etc., and are \nunder the general management of Messrs. Barkalow Bros., the \nveteran news agents of the system, and are provided with uniformed \nporters, who keep them in good order and look after the wants of \nthe passengers. No smoking is allowed in these cars, and none \n\n\n\n16 PREPARING FOR THE JOURNEY. \n\nbut second-class passengers are permitted to occup}- them. The \ncharges are $5 for a section between Council Bluffs and Los \nAngeles, or 82.50 for lower or upper double berth \xe2\x80\x94 intermediates, \n50 cents per night. \n\nFree Sleeping Cars\xe2\x80\x94 Without upholstering or bedding, are \nalso run on the Pacific express daily, passengers furnishing their \nown mattresses, blankets, etc. \n\nThe "Golden Gate Special," a view of which will be found \nopposite the title page of this book, is said to be the finest equipped \npassenger train that ever rolled a wheel in America, or in the world. \nIt consists of five magnificent vestibuled Pullman cars, Golden \nGate, Casa Monica. Kahiva, Rahula and Aladdin. \n\nThese cars are fitted up most sumptuously arid are provided \nwith every luxury known to modern travel. Besides sleeping, \ndining, lunch and steam heating, there are private bath-rooms, \nwith hot and cold water, for both ladies and gentlemen, library, \nwriting materials, electric light, barber shop, and smoking and \nobservation rooms. \n\nThis train makes few stops between Council Bluffs and San \nFrancisco \xe2\x80\x94 distance 1,867 miles; time, 61 hours and 45 minutes; \nan average of a trifle over 30 miles an hour including stops. Fare, \nsi (II I, including 150 pounds of baggage. Excess baggage not \nallowed, but can come on following regular train. \n\nOn our Route Westward the traveler will have food for \nthought in the remembrance that where school houses and churches \ndot the landscape, less than twenty years ago roamed the buffalo and \nIndian nomads; where sage-brush and prairie dogs were the most \nnumerous, are fenced fields and fields of grain; the "lowing herds" \nhave taken the place of the noble game and the ignoble coyote; \nwhere later ranged the cowboy\'s herd, are now the plows followed \nby seedtime and harvest; the lumbering stage coach, the "prairie \nschooner," the emigrant team have all given place to the comfort- \nable railroad train with its elegant coaches, palace, family and \ntourist sleeping cars. The wealth of all the crowned heads in the \nworld can buy no greater comforts or luxuries than can be had on \na trip by rail across the continent to-day for One Hundred \nRound Dollars. \n\n\n\nPassage Ticket Memoranda. \n\n\n\nBaggage Check Memoranda. \n\n\n\nCOUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA. 17 \n\n\n\nOUR STARTING PLACE. \n\n\n\nTlie Transfer \xe2\x80\x94 the initial point of the Union Pacific rail- \nroad \xe2\x80\x94 is in the state of Iowa, on the east side of the Missouri \nriver opposite the city of Omaha and about midway between the \nriver and the city of Council Bluffs \xe2\x80\x94 on the river bottom, which is \nat this point about three miles in width. Here, the railway \ncompany have erected a \n\nUnion Depot \xe2\x80\x94 a model of convenience. It is built of brick \nwith stone trimmings, two stories, 3-30 feet in length, from north \nto south, with wings 50 feet wide extending westward from each \nend about 800 feet, with long platforms on the inside 15 feet in \nwidth. Between the platforms and wings are four tracks on which \nstand the trains of the Union Pacific, bound westward. Covering \nall platforms and trains, are long corrugated iron roofs affording \nample protection against storms, heat and cold. The second story \nof the main building is used for hotel purposes and contains 40 \nrooms besides elegant parlors all furnished in the most comfort- \nable manner, and provided with hot and cold water and all the \nmodern improvements. The first floor of the northern portion \nof the main building contains two large waiting rooms for ladies \nand gentlemen ; ticket, telegraph and telephone offices ; lunch \ncounter and news stand, and a bar and barber shop. In the north \nwing is a well appointed dining room capable of seating 200 \npersons. A short distance further westward is located the " Emi- \ngrant House," which was built by the railroad company, and is \nrun by their direction for the accommodation and protection of their \nemigrant passengers. The building is of wood, has 70 rooms com- \nfortably furnished, accomodates 200 persons, and charges only \nsufficient to cover cost ; plain substantial meals, 25 cents each. \n" Runners " and "hoodlums" are not allowed about the premises. \nIn the southern part of the main building and in the south wing \nare located the baggage, mail and express rooms, also the principal \noffice of Mr. A. Traynor, the general baggage agent of the Union \nPacific Railway system. \n\nTransfer Connections \xe2\x80\x94 At the eastern front of the Union \nDepot building, arrive and depart the regular passenger trains of \nthe following named railroads: Chicago & North- Western ; Chicago, \nBurlington & Quincy ; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific ; Chicago, \nMilwaukee & St. Paul ; Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs ; \nWabash Western ; and the Sioux City & Pacific. Between the \ntracks of these roads are long covered platforms over which \npassengers, mails, baggage, etc., reach the trains or depot. All \npassengers from the east, after passing through the depot, will \nfind the Union Pacific west bound trains ^waiting on the west side. \n\nThe Transfer Grounds\xe2\x80\x94 as they are called \xe2\x80\x94 to the south \nand west of the depot are very extensive, covering several thous- \nand acres. On these " grounds " are a number of large grain eleva- \ntors and buildings belonging to the railroad company, besides a \nbewildering collection of railroad rolling stock. Here, one can read \non the cars the names of hundreds of railroads \xe2\x80\x94 strays, from all \nparts of the United States and Canada. \n\n\n\n18 GETTING READY TO START. \n\nSTREET Cars \xe2\x80\x94 leave from a platform at the north end of the \ndepot for Council Bluffs every five or ten minutes; fare five cents. \n\nDummy Trains \xe2\x80\x94 as they are called \xe2\x80\x94 are steam trains run by \nthe Union Pacific between Council Bluffs and Omaha every half- \nhour for local business. Some of these trains are provided with \ncars suited to drive carriages and teams upon, and also live stock. \nWhen eastern trains arrive at the transfer "on time" passengers \nfor Omaha often take the " dummy " and reach the Omaha depot \nabout one hour before arrival of the regular Overland train. \n\nBefore Starting \xe2\x80\x94 The time usually o\xc2\xab. cupied at the transfer \nbefore starting west by the regular trains, is about one hour, pro- \nvided, the eastern trains are "on time." This hour is consumed \nin transferring the baggage, mails, express, etc. \n\nCheck Your Baggage. \xe2\x80\x94 Unless passengers hold through tick- \nets and know that their baggage has been checked to their destina- \ntion, they will need see to re-checking it at this depot. \n\nSLEEPING Cars. \xe2\x80\x94 If you desire to procure sleeping berths, and \nhave not already done so, you will need to attend to it at this \ndepot. \xe2\x80\x94 See car rates on preceding pages. \n\ngglfSleeping car and stop-over privileges are not allowed on \nsecond and third-class tickets. Baggage can be checked only to \nthe destination of second and third-class tickets. \xe2\x80\x94 See baggage \nrates also on preceding pages. \n\nMeae Stations \xe2\x80\x94 Most of the meal stations on the Union \nPacific Railway system are at convenient points where the com- \npany have erected large and commodious hotels which are con- \nducted under their supervision, by the Pacific Hotel Co. Meals, \n75 cents. At these houses passengers who choose can "stop over" \nand enjoy a comfortable rest, at a charge of $3 per day. \n\nLunches \xe2\x80\x94 At most of the meal stations, "lunch counters" \nare provided, where sandwiches, cakes, pies cold meats, etc., \nwith coffee, tea and milk, can be procured, that are very good and \nat reasonable charges. \n\nLunch Baskets \xe2\x80\x94 Those who choose to provide themselves \nwith baskets of lunch can, most always, procure hot coffee and \ntea at the stations, \xe2\x80\x94 and milk for that matter. In case of sickness \nor delayed trains from any cause, a well-supplied lunch basket to \nsome when needed \xe2\x80\x94 is worth a million. \n\nFiNAtEY \xe2\x80\x94 If the reader is starting out on this trip for pleas- \nure, for real solid enjoyment \xe2\x80\x94 it might be well for us to suggest \nthat the past be forgotten, and to seek to live only for the present. \nIf you are puffed up with eastern or city prejudices against every- \nbody and everything in the west \xe2\x80\x94 formed possibly by reading \n"Wild Bill" literature \xe2\x80\x94 lay them aside ! leave them at the Transfer \nuntil your return; you should also lay off the dress-coat of style \nand don the wrapper of simplicity and ease, and for this once in \nyour life if never again \xe2\x80\x94 be natural, and be on the alert, with \neyes and ears, while rambling among nature\'s loveliest and grand- \nest creations. Having done this, you will be prepared to enjoy \nthe trip \xe2\x80\x94 to appreciate the scenes which will rise successively be- \nfore you. But, above all, forget everything but the journey, and \nin this consists the^ra^ secret of having a good time generally. \n\nOld Mother Eve\'s curtain lectures must have been rib-roasts. \n\n\n\nOMAHA \xe2\x80\x94 NEBRASKA. 19 \n\n\n\n"AH Aboard" ! \xe2\x80\x94 The bell rings, and our train glides away \nto the westward and is soon crossing the Missouri river on the \ngreat \n\nUnion \xe2\x96\xa0 Pacific Bridge. \xe2\x80\x94 This bridge is a "Post-patent" \xe2\x80\x94 the \nhollow iron columns are 22 in number, two forming a pier. These \ncolumns are made of cast iron If inches thick, 8J feet in diameter, \n10 feet long, and weigh eight tons each. They are bolted together, \nair-tight, and sunk to the bed-rock of the river, in one case 82 feet \nbelow low-water mark. \n\nAfter these columns are seated on the rock foundation, they are \nfilled up 20 feet with stone concrete, and from the concrete to the \n"bridge seat", they are filled with regular masonry. From high- \nwater mark to the "bridge seat, " these columns measure 50 feet. \nThe 11 spans are 250 feet in length, making the iron part, between \nabutments, 2,750 feet. The approaches are about the same length. \nBy recent additions to the original structure the bridge has now a \ndouble track for cars, and also for teams. \n\nOmaha Depot \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached soon after crossing the bridge. \nIt is a large building with one enormous span overhead, built in \nthe most substantial manner of brick, iron and glass, with six \ntracks running through it from end to end. On the south side are \ntwo waiting rooms for ladies and gentlemen, ticket, telegraph, tel- \nephone, baggage and express offices \xe2\x80\x94 also a news stand, a bar and \na lunch counter. \n\nPassengers who wish to stop over, will find omnibusses and \ncarriages at the west end of the depot to take them and their bag- \ngage to the hotels, or any point in the city of Omaha; fare 50 \ncents; or, they will find horse and motor street cars a few hun- \ndred feet from the northwest corner of the depot building that \nleave every five minutes, passing the principal hotels, and running \nto all parts of the city \xe2\x80\x94 fare five cents. \n\nOmaha \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., about 110,000] \xe2\x80\x94 This is one of the most pro- \ngressive cities in the west, having more than doubled its popula- \ntion and business within the last five years. It is the seat of \nDouglas county, situated on the western bank of the Missouri \nriver, on a gradual slope about 50 feet above high-water mark, \nwith an elevation of 1,032 feet above sea level. The first settle- \nment was made in 1854, and named for the Omaha Indians who \nthen possessed the country. Omaha, from a mud-hole in 1880, has \nbecome the best paved city in the west. It has all the substantial \nand modern improvements of the times, and abounds in business \npalaces of brick, stone and iron, with smelting furnaces, grain \nelevators, packing houses, distilleries, immense stock and lumber \nyards, machine shops and foundries, as well as scores of manu- \nfacturies of all kinds. Besides the Union Pacific bridge, another \nspans the Missouri, with carriage and foot ways and electric \nmotor cars between the city and Council Bluffs. \n\nThe city of Omaha is provided with ample banking capital, \nscores of hotels, chief of which are the Millard, Paxton and \nMurray; and four daily and a number of weekly newspapers. \n\nThe Board of Trade\xe2\x80\x94 with a large membership of active \nworkers, has been an important factor in promoting and stimulat- \ning the general prosperity of the city. \n\nThe headquarters of the Department of the Platte, is located at \nOmaha. \n\n\n\n20 ALL ABOARD \xe2\x80\x94 FAREWELL OMAHA. \n\nFort Omaha \xe2\x80\x94 Established in 1868, is located three miles \nnorth of the city \xe2\x80\x94 occupies 80 acres. There is an excellent car- \nriage road to the Fort, and is quite a popular drive, affording par- \nties an opportunity to witness the dress parades of the "boys in \nblue." \n\nThe Fort is commanded by Col. Frank Wheaton, 2d Infantry \nand is the headquarters of and garrisoned by A. B. C. D. E. F. \nG. H. I. and K. companies. \n\nBelt Railroad \xe2\x80\x94 Is the name of a road which connects the \nprincipal large manufacturing establishments, elevators, lumber \nyards, packing houses, stock yards, etc., with the different freight \ndepots of the different railroads centering in the city. \n\nGeneral Offices. \xe2\x80\x94 The general offices of the Union Pacific \nRailway Co. are located in Omaha in a large building sit- \nuated on the bluffs in the eastern part of the city in a conspicuous \nposition, overlooking the river for many miles up and down, and \nthe country opposite, Council Bluffs and the Transfer grounds. \n\nThe general offices of the Burlington & Missouri River Rail- \nroad Co. , are also located in Omaha. \n\nRailroad Shops \xe2\x80\x94 About one mile north from the Omaha de- \npot, on the low-lands fronting the river, the Union Pacific Railway \nCo. have located their principal machine shops and store-houses. \nThey are built of brick, in the most substantial manner, and \nwith the outbuildings, lumber yard, tracks, etc., cover about 80 \nacres of ground. \n\nThe machine shop is furnished with all the new and most im- \nproved machinery which is necessary for the successful working \nof all the branches of locomotive and car construction or repairs. \nThe company manufacture nearly all of their own cars. It is \nvery generally conceded of late years, that the passenger cars, in \npoint of neatness, finish, strength of build and size, are unsur- \npassed by any, and equaled by few manufacturers elsewhere. It \nis the expressed determination of the Union Pacific Co. to \nprovide as good cars and coaches for the traveling public in style \nand finish as those of any eastern road. They reason that as \ntheir great Trans-Continental railroad system is the longest and \ngrandest on the continent, its rolling stock should be equally \ngrand and magnificent. From the appearance of the cars already \nmanufactured, they will doubtless achieve their desires. On the \nsame principal, we propose to make our book superior to any and \nall others. \xe2\x80\x94 Haven\'\' t we done so? \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail, are: Burlington & Missouri River:Missouri Pacific and \nChicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and- \nFremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley railroads. \n\n\n\nAll Aboard \xe2\x80\x94 We are going west. There are nearly 300 \nothers. Many are the parting words between friends who go \nand those who stay. "Farewell." Ah! what a world of mean \ning in that one word. We heard that word, over 20 years ago, \nunder trying circumstances. We shall never forget it. The \nmouldering headboard still stands \xe2\x80\x94 we see it many times each \nyear, and it always says "farewell!" We are again going that \nway. Two hours pass, we are entering the "buffalo range " of 25 \nyears ago; six hours, we are in the midst of the range \xe2\x80\x94 on the \n\n\n\nGARDNER SPRINGS. \n\n\n\n21 \n\n\n\n\nGARDNER SPRINGS \xe2\x80\x94 NATIONAL PARK. \n\n\n\nbroad plains. It was from here\xe2\x80\x94 westward where the "noble red- \nman," less than 20 years ago, was wont to choose his victims, and \nthe time and place at his leisure. We know him. The crumbling \nhead-board of two of his numerous victims still stands. We buried \nthem both in one grave, rolled up in their blankets. A wagon seat \nserved as a tombstone to mark the place, upon which our "jack \nknives" carved their names. "Farewell" was the last word\xe2\x80\x94 it \nwas a low whisper. Two arrows and a rifle bullet did the work. \nIn 1874 the Indian that did the deed was a guest of the govern- \n\n\n\n22 VALLEY AND CONNECTIONS. \n\nment, and walked the platform of Cooper Union, in New York. \nHe is now on a reservation, taking his rations regularly. It was on \nPole creek, near Sidney, during the construction of this railroad. \nBut those trying times have passed, never to return. The buffalo \nis gone, the Indian has gone from the trail, yet the word "fare- \nwell " is ever a sad reminder of the past; so, if we sometimes con- \ntrast the present with the past, could one marvel ? \n\nLeaving Omaha, our train climbs the world over 100 feet in the \nfirst four miles. We pass in that distance large grain elevators, \ngreat lumber yards, warehouses, manufactories of different kinds, \ngovernment store-houses, and the monster stock yards and pack- \ning houses of South Omaha. From this point our descent is rapid, \ndropping down 157 feet in the next six miles, to Gilmore, or to an \naltitude of 985 feet above sea level, the lowest point on the whole \nline. \n\nFrom Gilmore our iron horse will have gradual up grade to \nto Sherman, 539 miles, the highest elevation on the main overland \nline, 8,247 feet above sea level; but, before we are through with \nthts Tour, we will stand on the highest point ever reached by a \nrailroad train in the world, 11,596 feet above sea level. \n\n\n\nPapillion \xe2\x80\x94 (Pap-e-o) \xe2\x80\x94 15 miles from Omaha is a small \nstation on the river of that name, in the midst of of a thuifty farm- \ning community. In the next two miles we pass under the track \nof the Missouri Pacific railroad, and proceeding, cross the Elk- \nhorn river, 11 miles beyond. \n\nThe Elkhorn river is nearly 300 miles in length. It rises among \nthe hills of the divide, near the head-waters of the Niobrara. It \nis the oldest settled portion of the state of Nebraska, north of the \nPlatte river. The valley of the Elkhorn averages about eight \nmiles in width, and is of the best quality of farming land. The \nsettlers are mostly Germans of the thrifty class, with good houses, \nfine orchards of fruits, well cultivated farms, and comfortable and \npleasant surroundings. \n\nValley \xe2\x80\x94 Is a junction station, six miles west of Elkhorn, and \n35 miles from Omaha, situated on the Platte river bottom, sur- \nrounded by farms, where the principal products are corn and hay. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are: Omaha & Republican Valley branch of the \nUnion Pacific railway. It commences at Valley station, and runs in a south- \nwestern direction crossing the Platte river within a few miles. Wahoo is \nreached in a run of 18 miles, and 19 miles further Valparaiso \xe2\x80\x94 where turning \nsouth 20 miles brings us to Lincoln, the capital of the state of Nebraska. \nFrom Lincoln it is 40 miles to Beatrice, and 37 miles more to Marysville \n\xe2\x80\x94 in the state of Kansas. Continuing south 011 the same branch, it is 56 miles \nto Manhattan, on the Kansas division of the Union Pacific, 225 miles from \nOmaha. \n\nO. & R. V. \xe2\x80\x94 Steomsisurg branch \xe2\x80\x94 runs west from Valparaiso, and reaches \nDavid City in 23 miles, and Stromsburg in 34 miles further \xe2\x80\x94 128 miles \nfrom Omaha. \n\nThe line turns south from Stromsburg, reaching York in 17 miles, and \nMcCool Junction, eight miles further. \n\nThe Fairbury line leaves the "junction," and runs southeast 50 miles to \nFairbury, where connections are made with the St. Joseph & Grand Island \nrailroad. From Fairbury it is 40 miles to Marysville, 153 miles to St. Joseph, \nand 99 miles to Grand Island. \n\nThe Alma line leaves the "junction," runs southwest, through Sutton, \nand Ci.ay Center, 39 miles to Fairfield, where connections are made with \nthe St. Joseph & Grand Island railroad, by which it is 56 miles to Fairbury; 96 \nmiles to Marysville; 209 miles to St. Joseph, and 43 miles to Grand Island.-At Fair- \nfield, the Alma line runs southwest via Wilcox \xe2\x80\x94 97 miles\xe2\x80\x94 to Alma, 280 miles \nfrom Omaha. \n\nB. asks, "Does it pay to be good ? " It does when the business becomes fully \nestablished, but you\'ve got to sink a great deal of money in the start. \n\n\n\nSTOCK FEEDING \xe2\x80\x94 PEATTE RIVER. 23 \n\nThe whole country, tributary to these "branches," is thickly \nsettled with thrifty farmers, and the lands are very rich, and capa- \nble of producing all kinds of farm produce in abundance, and to \nperfection. However, corn is the principal crop, and raising and \nfattening hogs, the chief source of wealth \xe2\x80\x94 corn and hogs are the \nstaples, and hog and hominy the diet \xe2\x80\x94 yet, if one should call \nthe people "hoggish" they would all bristle up at once. \n\n\n\nFremont \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 5,000; from Valley, 12 miles; Omaha, 46 miles; eleva- \ntion 1,192].\xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Dodge county, situated in the midst of the \nrichest and most productive portion of the Platte valley, which \nhere stretches awa)\' in all directions as far as the eye can reach. \nThe city is provided with all the modern improvements, and is the \nseat of much wealth. Besides the Union Pacific, it is connected \nwith the northeast country by the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri \nValley railroad. \n\nStock Feeding \xe2\x80\x94 For 300 miles west of Omaha, on the line of \nthe Union Pacific road, within the last few years, stock feeding \nhas become a very important and profitable business. The rapid \nsettlement of the eastern and central portions of Nebraska since \nthe completion of the various railroad lines traversing it, has grad- \nually contracted the public ranges until, at the present time, all \nthe "range cattle " are crowded into the western part of the state, \nand into Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Idaho and Montana. Feed- \ning ranches or stations, have been established at many points along \nthe line of the railroad, where stock from the western ranges are \nreceived by train loads and fed and fattened for the eastern markets. \nMany of these feeding places are close to the railroad, with side- \ntrack accommodations for loading and unloading. They consist \nof a number of large buildings for storing feed, long sheds, and \nnumerous corrals for stock. In the corrals are many long troughs \nfor feed and others for fresh water. A few of these places are \nvery extensive, and fitted up without regard to cost. Some are \nowned by those who are engaged in raising range stock in the \nwest, while others are owned by those who buy cattle, sheep, etc., \nwhere they can do the best. The stock is shipped from the west \nto these feeding places, and fed with hay, corn and other fattening \nfeed until they are in a satisfactory condition, when they are \nshipped to the eastern markets\xe2\x80\x94 to Omaha, Kansas City, Chi- \ncago, etc. \n\nTo the farming community the establishment of these "feed- \ning" stations has brought joy. They no longer burn their corn \nfor fuel, but raise and gather all they can, and they find a ready \ncash market at home for all their hay, corn and feed. While \nwheat is yet an important crop, and all kinds of grain and vegeta- \nbles can be grown successfully in all parts of the state, east of \nNorth Platte city, corn and hay are the chief staples on which \nthe farmer must always depend to bring him the largest and quick- \nest returns for his investment and labor, as " feeding " stations are \nsure to multiply rapidly in the near future, as the \' \' range \' \' is \ncrowded still further west by the rapid settlement of the country. \n\nThe Platte River \xe2\x80\x94 Leaving Fremont, we draw near the \nPlatte river, and are\' fairly launched on the broad plains of \nNebraska. For 326 miles we shall follow the course of the river, \nand for many miles shall pass closely along its northern bank; at \n\n\n\n24 YE OLDEN TIMES. \n\n\n\nother times the course of the river can only be traced by the tim- \nber growing on its banks. Broad plains are the principal features \nnow, dotted here and there with :; planted groves of cottonwood \ntrees, in the midst of which may be seen the settler\'s home, sur- \nrounded by his fields and industries. \n\nBefore the railroad, the south bank of the Platte was one broad \nthoroughfare, whereon the long trains of freighters and emigrants \nwith their white-covered wagons, could be seen stretching away \nfor many miles in an almost unbroken chain. Then it was, that \nthese plains were covered with buffalo, antelope, deer and smaller \ngame, and infested by white outlaws, squaw-men and bloodthirsty \nIndians. At that time there was no travel on the north side of the \nriver below Big Springs station, but beyond that station, the trav- \neler of to-day can catch a glimpse here and there of a lone grave, \nmarked by a rude head-board ; and, had he time, opportunity and \nskill to decipher the old and time-stained hieroglyphics with which \nit is decorated, he will learn that it marks the last resting place of \nsome emigrant or freighter, who, overcome by sickness, laid down \nhere and gave up the fainting spirit to the care of Him who gave \nit ; or, perchance, he will learn that the tenant of this lone grave \nfell while defending his wife and family from the savages who \nattacked the train in the gray dawn or darker night. There is a \nsad, brief history connected with each, told to the passer-by, may- \nhaps in rude lines, possibly by the broken arrow or bow, rudely \ndrawn on the mouldering head-board. However rude or rough the \nearly emigrants may have been, it- can never be charged to them \nthat they neglected the sick or dead within the train. The sick \nwere tenderly nursed, and the dead decently buried, and their \ngraves marked by the men who had shared with them the perils of \nthe trip. Those were the days, and these plains the place that tried \nmen\'s mettle ; and here the Western frontiersman shone superior to \nall others who ventured to cross the " vast desert " which stretched \nits unknown breadth between him and the land of his desires. \nBrave, cool and wary as the savage, with his unci ring- rifle on his \narm, he was more than a match for any red devil he might en- \ncounter. Patient under adversity, fertile in resources, he was an \ninvaluable aid at all times ; a true friend, and bitter foe. This \ntype of people is fast passing away. \n\nThe Platte river rises in the mountains of Colorado \xe2\x80\x94 the \nSouth Fork in the South Park and the North Fork in the North \nPark \xe2\x80\x94 while the South Fork runs nearly east, the North Fork \nruns north, for over 100 miles, and then turns eastward and south- \nward and unites with the South Fork, near North Platte city. The \nchannels in these rivers, during high water, is continually shifting, \ncaused by the vast quantity of sand which is continually floating \ndown their muddy tides. The sand is very treacherous, too, and \nwoe to the unlucky wight who attempts to cross before he has be- \ncome acquainted with the fords. Indeed, he ought to be introduced \nJp the river and all its branches before he undertakes the perilous \ntask. In crossing, in the old freighting days, if anything went \nwrong, and the train come to a stop, down it would sink in the \nyielding quicksand, until the wagons were so firmly bedded that it \nrequired more than double the original force to pull them out; and \noften they must be unloaded to prevent the united teams from pull- \n\n* Before the railroad there was not a tree growing on the plains except along \nthe bed of the streams. \n\n\n\n\nYELLOWSTONE NflTIONfiL PARK. \n\nPage 172. \n\n\n\nFORTY MILE TANGENT. 25 \n\ning them to pieces, while trying to lift the load and wagon from \nthe sandy bed. The streams are generally very shallow in the fall \nand winter. The South Fork, above North Platte, of late years is \noften dry for months in the summer, owing to the water being all \nturned into the irrigating canals of Colorado. \n\n\n\nSchuyler \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000; from Fremont, 29 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Col- \nfax county. Does a large business in wheat shipments, and is a \ngrowing and enterprising town. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are Burlington & Missouri River railroad. \n\n\n\ni ol litlllHI* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop. ,3,000; from Schuyler, 16 miles; Omaha, 91 miles]. \nIt is the seat of Platte county. In 1864 it was the frontier town \nin Nebraska \xe2\x80\x94 there were few settlers beyond. \n\nColumbus \xe2\x80\x94 from its location in the midst of the finest agricul- \ntural lands in the Platte valley, with the rich valleys of the Loup \nand Elkhorn, on the north, reached by rail, has advantages that \nwill, at no distant day, make it a city of many thousand inhabi- \ntant. \n\nIn the "sixties" Mr. George Francis Train called Columbus \nthe geographical centre of the United States, and advocated the \nremoval of the National Capitol to this place. But we fear the \nremoval will not come in our time, so we shall not buy any corner \nlots on the strength of the possibility. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Omaha & Republican Valley \xe2\x80\x94 The Norfolk branch runs \nnorth from Columbus, 50 miles to Norfolk, on the Elkhorn river, in the midst \nof as rich a farming section as can be found in the state. \n\nAt Oconee, nine miles from Columbus, a branch turns westward to Genoa \nii miles, and to albion, 22 miles further. \n\nAt Genoa, a branch runs West to Cedar Rapids, 30 miles. \n\nThe branches aggregate 114 miles. \n\nAlso connect with the Burlington & Missouri River railroad \n\n\n\nAfter leaving Columbus Loup Fork river is crossed. This \nstream rises 75 miles northeast of North Platte city, and runs \nthrough a fine farming country until it unites with the Platte. \nPlenty of fish of various kinds are found in the stream and its nu- \nmerous tributaries. These little streams water a section of coun- \ntry unsurpassed in fertility and agricultural resources. Game in \nabundance is found in the.valley of the Loup, consisting of deer, \nantelope, turkeys and prairie chickens, while the streams abound \nin ducks and geese. \n\nJust after crossing Loup Fork our train enters upon a tangent \n40 miles in length, where the track is laid as straight as it is \npossible to build a road. In going west, when the sun is low in \nthe horizon, it is directly ahead; and, at certain seasons of the \nyear, the view is very beautiful. The telegraph poles on each \nside present two solid walls of timber, surmounted with endless \nlines of sparkling wires, and the railroad tracks between are of \ndazzling brightness. When the fields are golden with the harvest, \nand the landscape at its best, this view rivals the most marvelous^ \nstories ever conceived in childhood\'s fairy dream. \n\n\n\nPassing Central City, the seat of Merrick county, 41 miles \nfrom Columbus, another run of 21 and our train stops at the best \nmeal station on the whole line of road. \n\n\n\n26 GRAND ISLAND\xe2\x80\x94 NORTH PLATTE RIVER. \n\nOrtllKl ImIcIIMI \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 10,000; from Omaha, 153 miles; elevation i860 \nfeet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Hall county, and is the largest and most im- \nportant business place and railroad junction on the main line of \nthe Union Pacific Railway west of Omaha. \n\nAt this place the railroad company have extensive machine \nand repair shops, where are employed several hundred men. The \nlargest steam flouring mills and grain elevators in the state are \nlocated here. There are a great number of large brick business \nblocks, with stores, shops, hotels and many small manufactories of \ndifferent kinds, all of which seem to be doing a prosperous busi- \nness. \n\nThis station was named for an island in the Platte \xe2\x80\x94 two miles \ndistant \xe2\x80\x94 one of the largest in the river, being about 30 miles in \nlength by four in width. \n\nWhen the railroad reached this city in 1866, buffalo were \nquite numerous, their range extending over 200 miles to the west- \nward. In the spring, these animals were wont to cross the Platte \nfrom the Arkansas and Republican valleys, where they had win- \ntered, to the northern country, returning again, sleek and fat, late \nin the fall. Gradually their numbers decreased on this range, \nuntil 1873, when they entirely disappeared. But at Julesburg, 219 \nmiles west, a small band was seen to cross the river as late as 1S76. \nIn, 1860 immense bands were on these plains. On the south side \nof the Platte, on the old emigrant road, the number was so large \nthat often emigrant teams had to stop while they were crossing \nthe road. At Fort Kearney, on the south side of the river, in 1860, \nan order was issued by the Post Commander, forbidding the \nsoldiers to shoot the buffalo on the parade ground. \n\n\n\nConnection\'s by rail are : Omaha .t Republican Valley. \n\nFrom Grand Island, the " Ord" branch runs north, 21 miles, to St. Paul; \nthence 24 miles to Scotia, and 15 miles more to the end of the track at Ord, \nsituated on Loup Fork river, 60 miles from Grand Island. \n\nFrom St. Paul, a branch runs northwest, iS miles, to Boelus, thence 21 miles \nto Lour City. \n\nFrom Boelus, a branch runs to the southwest \xe2\x80\x94 nine miles to Nantasket. \nTotal mileage of branches, 10S. \n\nAlso connect with Burlington & Missouri River railroad. \n\nAlso St. Joseph & Grand Island railroad; from Grand Island this line runs \nto the southeast and east, crossing the Platte river and reaching Hastings, in \n25 miles ; thence iS miles to Fairfield ; thence 56 miles to Fairbury ; thence \nto Marysville, 40 miles, and 113 miles more to St. Joseph, 252 miles from \nGrand Island. \n\n\n\nLeaving Grand Island, for the west, the country presents about \nthe same general appearance as to the east. Well cultivated farms, \nand the comfortable homes of the enterprising settlers are to be \nseen on all sides. To North Platte city it is 138 miles, and there \nare 23 stations in that distance, located about six miles apart. \nThese stations vary in population from a few hundred to 5,000, \nK karney being the largest, 42 miles west of Grand Island. \n\nNorth PlaTTE River. \xe2\x80\x94 This stream is crossed about one mile \nbefore arriving at North Platte city. It has already been referred \nto. We shall cross it again at Fort Fred Steele, 402 miles further \nwest. Its general characteristics are similar to those of the South \nPlatte. \n\nFor 125 miles up this river, the "bottom lands " are from three \nto 15 miles wide, very rich, and susceptible of cultivation, though, \nperhaps, requiring irrigation. Game in abundance is found in this \n^valley, and bands of wild horses, in 1862, were numerous. \n\n\n\nNORTH PLATTE CITY \xe2\x80\x94 O\'FALLON\'S BLUFFS. 27 \n\nFort Laramie is about 150 miles from the junction, near where \nthe Laramie river unites with this stream. \n\nOn the west bank of the river, SO miles north, is Ash Hollow, \nrendered famous by General Harney, who gained a decisive vic- \ntory over the Sioux Indians here, many years ago. \n\n\n\n\\ortll I\'ltlllO C-ily \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,000; from Omaha, 291 miles; elevation, \n2,796 feet], \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Lincoln county, and is the headquarters \nof the largest live stock interests in the state \xe2\x80\x94 horses, cattle and \nsheep. \n\nSettlers\' homes, and tens of thousands of cattle, sheep and \nhorses are to be seen in every direction. The advantages of this \nplace, as a stock range and shipping point, exceed all others on \nthe line of road. \n\nSome of the "cattle barons" here count their herds to 20,000 \nand more, while scores can "round up" from 3,000 to 5,000 head. \nIn this country, a man that only owns a "little bunch" of 500 or \n1,000 head, is counted a "poor shoat", one to be pitied. \n\nThe railroad company have a large hotel here, wdiere all the \nregular passenger trains stop 80 minutes for meals. Machine and \nrepair shops are also located here. \n\nThe railroad was completed to this place in November, 1866, \nand until its completion to Julesburg, in June, 1867, all the freight \nand supplies for the west were shipped on wagons from this place. \nDuring that time the place was a lively town, and we might re- \nmark a "red hot " town. Then, the gamblers, the roughs and scal- \nawags, who afterward rendered the road accursed by their pres- \nence, lived in clover \xe2\x80\x94 for there were hard-working, foolish men \nenough in the town to afford them an easy living. When the town \nbegan to decline, these leeches followed up the road, cursing with \ntheir upas blight every camp and town, until an enraged and long- \nsuffering community arose in their own defense, binding them- \nselves together, a la vigilantes, and, for want of a legal tribunal, \ntook the law into their own hands, and hung them to the first pro- \njection high and strong enough to sustain their worthless car- \ncasses. But many "moved on," and we shall hear of them again \nmany times before we are through. \n\nFrom North Platte city our course is more to the westward, \ncrossing the great delta of the two rivers, 18 miles in length, and \nonly a few feet above highwater in the streams. It is now a \ngreat hay meadow. \n\nO\'Falloil* \xe2\x80\x94 [17 miles from North Platte city], \xe2\x80\x94 Is a lone station in \nthe sand hills, of little interest to the traveler, but opposite, on \nthe south side of the river is a point quite noted in early days. \n\nO\'Fallons Bluffs \xe2\x80\x94 Is a series of sand hills interspersed with \nravines and gulches, which come close to the river\'s bank, form- \ning abrupt bluffs which, in the early days referred to, turned the \nemigrants back from the river, forcing them to cross these sand \nhills, a distance of four miles, through loose yielding sand, devoid \nof vegetation. Here, as well as at all points where the bluffs come \nnear the river, the emigrants used to suffer severely at times \nfrom the attacks of the Indians and white outlaws. \n\nAs few single teams could haul a loaded wagon over the \n"bluffs" it became necessary to "double up", leaving half the \nwagons and hauling the first half across the "hills", and then \n\n\n\n28 OGALLALA \xe2\x80\x94 INDIAN WRECKERS. \n\ncorne back for the second half. As a consequence, the wagons \nand force of men with the train was divided and the men scat- \ntered over the route, thus affording the Indians \xe2\x80\x94 who might be \nlurking in the ravines near, but out of sight \xe2\x80\x94 the opportunity de- \nsired to rob and murder a large party with little risk to themselves. \nThe opportunity offered almost every day from 1859 to 1866, and \nscarcely a month passed during that time without some depreda- \ntions being committed at this place. \n\nOpposite the "bluffs " is a lovely island in the river, that was \xe2\x80\x94 \nuntil the railroad arrived \xe2\x80\x94 a noted camping ground for the Ara- \npahoe and Sioux Indians ; it is now a fine ranch or hay meadow. \n\nAt O\'Fallon\'s station gradual sloping bluffs appear on the \nright, which rise to a uniform height of about 500 feet above the \nplain that we have crossed to reach this point. These bluffs are \nthe extreme eastern point of a vast tract of table lands, which ex- \ntend westward over 200 miles \xe2\x80\x94 to the Black hills of Wyoming \xe2\x80\x94 \nvarying in width to 35 miles. There are no living streams travers- \ning these lauds but fine springs of water can be found near the \nhead of some of the dry ravines which tend, north and south, to \ndie two Platte rivers \xe2\x80\x94 which receive the drainage of this entire \nplateau. All the excellent grasses peculiar to the west cover these \ntable lands, which in early days abounded with game \xe2\x80\x94 buffalo, \ndeer, elk, antelope, etc., and bands of wild horses. It is now a \nstock range, with an occasional settler, "tickling" the ground; \nwhich " tickling," if water could be had for irrigation, would repay \nthe settler with an abundant harvest. Yet, from recent observa- \ntions in a section of country where the soil is similar, and where \nwheat yields from 40 to 50 bushels to the acre, without rain or irri- \ngation, I am of the opinion that a system of husbandry adapted \nto the peculiar soil of these table lands, will result in a similar yield \nof wheat ; and, that these lands are destined, at no distant day, to \nbecome the most valuable and productive wheat lands east of the \nRocky mountains. \n\nLeaving O\'Fallons, we leave the agricultural section and enter \nthe grazing regions, which are almost exclusively devoted to stock- \nraising \xe2\x80\x94 cattle and sheep. \n\nOur train soon reaches the river bottom and rolls along past \na number of small stations, the bluffs on the right, in places, \ncrowding us to the river bank. \n\nOgilllcllH \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.,6oo; from O\'Fallons, 34 miles; elevation, 3,207feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is \nthe seat of Kieth county. The citizens are very generally engaged \nin raising cattle; few attempt any agricultural pursuits further \nthan a little " garden sass." \n\nWrecking a Train \xe2\x80\x94 Near this station, in 1870, at a point \nwhere the railroad makes a short curve near the bank of the river \nand crosses the mouth of a deep ravine coming down from the \nbluffs, on the right, a party of Indians attempted to wreck a pas- \nsenger train. They gathered a baud of their ponies in the ravine \nnear the track, out of sight, and then watched the coming of the \ntrain. As it neared the ravine the Indians massed their ponies on \nthe track ahead of the locomotive. The result was, some score or \nmore of the ponies were killed without damaging the train, while \nthe trainmen used their pistols and guns pretty freely on the Indi- \nans, who were apparently greatly surprised, and who since call \nthe locomotive \xe2\x80\x94 " Smoke wagon \xe2\x80\x94 big chief \xe2\x80\x94 ugh! ! No good! " \n\n\n\nBIG SPRINGS\xe2\x80\x94 JUXESBURG. 29 \n\n\n\nWe follow along the river with little of interest to note. \n\nI\xc2\xbbiy SgM\'Slli;* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 150; from Ogallala, 19 miles; elevation, 3,361 feet]. \nThis station derives its name from a large spring \xe2\x80\x94 the first found \nalong the road \xe2\x80\x94 which makes out of the bluffs, opposite the station \non the tight, in view from the cars. The water is excellent \xe2\x80\x94 the \nbest along the road. \n\nRobbers \xe2\x80\x94 It was at this station where the " Big Springs rob- \nbery " took place, September 18, 1877. A party of 12 masked \nmen took possession of the station, bound and gagged the men, \ncut the telegraph wires, and when the western train arrived, took \npossession of it with guns and revolvers, in the name of " hands \nup." The robbers secured \xc2\xa765,000 from the express car, $1,300 \nand four gold watches from passengers, then mounted their horses, \nthat had been hitched near by, and allowed the train to proceed. \nNo person was killed or injured, but all experienced much diffi- \nculty for days, in getting their hair to lay down; and, it is said, \namong the railroad men, that even now a sudden shout "hands \nup," in the hearing of that express messenger, will send his hat up \nthree feet from his head, and his eyes will resemble the \' \' All-See- \ning Eye " in the Mormon sign of " Holiness to the Lord." \n\nImmediately after the robbery, a reward of $10,000 was offered \nfor the arrest of the perpetrators. Three were caught soon after and \npaid the penalty of the crime with their lives. About one half the \nmoney was recovered with the three caught, and we have heard \nthat the other half has been recovered and the rest of the robbers \ncaught and sent "over the range." Qnien Sabef \n\nOn the south side of the river, opposite, in plain view, is the old \nranch and trading post of the noted Indian trader and Peace \nCommissioner \xe2\x80\x94 Beauve \xe2\x80\x94 now deserted. \n\nRolling on, we pass by a series of cuts and fills and another \nrange of sand bluffs, cut up by narrow ravines and gorges. At \npoints the roads run so near the river bank, that the water seems \nto be right under the cars. \n\nJlllt\'SOIirg\' \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 600; from Big Springs, n miles; from Omaha, 375 \n\nmiles; Denver, 197 miles; Cheyenne, 144 miles; elevation, 3,456 feet] Is jn \n\nLogan county, Colorado. The old town of Julesburg was situated \nabout one mile west, 011 the opposite, or south side of the Platte \nriver. The Julesburg of 1867 was on Lodge Pole creek five miles \nwest and four miles north of the Platte \xe2\x80\x94 now called " Weir." The \npresent Julesburg, until recently, was called " Denver Junction." \nThe name of "Julesburg" was given for a Mr. Jules Burg \xe2\x80\x94 that \nlived at the old town in 1860-1 \xe2\x80\x94 a desperado who "died with his \nboots on." \n\nStock-raising is about the only occupation of the settlers in this \nvicinity. \n\nMail \xe2\x80\x94 Hack leaves Julesburg every week for Froid 16 miles \nnorth. \n\nDenver Short Line, branch of the Union Pacific railway, \nleaves the main line at Julesburg, and runs on up the Platte river \nto Denver, 197 miles, while the main line leaves the river here, \nand turns up Lodge Pole creek, 144 miles to Cheyenne. We will \ncontinue on the main line to Cheyenne, and then return to Jules- \nburg and take up the "Short Line " to Denver. \n\nPassenger \xe2\x80\x94 "Conductor, do we stop long enough at the next station to eat a \nsandwich? " \nConductor \xe2\x80\x94 "No, sir; we only stop twenty minutes ! " \n\n\n\n30 \n\n\n\nsidnb;y \xe2\x80\x94 PONY EXPRESS. \n\n\n\nAt Julesburg a number of ears destined for Denver are left for \nthe " Short Line " to pick up, and our train starts again for the \nwest that much lighter. Turning up Lodge Pole creek \xe2\x80\x94 passing \nfour small unimportant stations \xe2\x80\x94 we reach a regular meal station \nat \n\nSlrillOJ" \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,500; from Julesburg, 42 miles; Cheyenne, 102 miles; ele- \nvation 4,090 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Cheyenne county, one of the extreme \nwestern counties of Nebraska. It contains several good brick busi- \nness blocks and stores, and shops of all kinds. The chief support \nof the place is derived from stock-raising; yet there are quite a \nnumber of settlers in the vicinity engaged in agricultural pursuits. \n\nSidney, until recent railroad facilities were afforded the Black \nHills country to the northward, by a line from the east, was the \noutfitting and freight shipping point for all of that country. \nThen, daily four-horse coaches left Sidney, carrying passengers, \nmails and express. Those were lively times for the town. \n\n\n\nFort Sidney. \xe2\x80\x94 In 1870 the government established a military \npost at this place, and erected extensive barracks and warehouses. \nThe post is on the south side of the track, a little east of the sta- \ntion, and is in command of Col. II. A. Morrow. It is the head- \nquarters of the 21st Infantry, and garrisoned by A, C, E, <t, and I \ncompanies. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack leaves Sidney once a week for Gorman, ten \nmiles south. Also, north for Redington, 40 miles; Camp Clark, eight miles, \nand Wellsville, two miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\n\noverland pony express. \n\n\n\nThe Pony Express \xe2\x80\x94 Was an enterprise started in 1860, by \nMajors , Russell & Co., of Leavenworth, Kan., to meet the press- \ning business wants of the Pacific coast. It will be remembered \nthat that the usual time made on the mail service, by steamer, \n\n\n\nprairie; dogs. 31 \n\n\n\nbetween New York and San Francisco, was about 26 days. The \nfirst overland mail \xe2\x80\x94 which arrived in San Francisco Oct. 10th, \n1858 \xe2\x80\x94 carried it from St. Louis, Mo., via Los Angeles, in 28 days, \n21 hours. The Pony Express, which left St. Joseph, Mo., and \nSan Francisco, simultaneously, April 3d, 1860, succeeded in trans- \nporting it through safely, on its first trip, in ten days; on its \nsecond, in 14 days; third, nine days; fourth, ten days; fifth, nine \ndays; sixth, nine days \xe2\x80\x94 a distance of 1,996 miles. This rapid \ntransmission of business correspondence was of great value \nto business men in those days. \xe2\x80\xa2\' \n\nThis service, we can readily see, required courage and endur- \nance, as well as enterprise and the expenditure of large sums of \nmoney. The moment the ferry boat touched land on the opposite \nshore, the pony expressman mounted his horse; and by day or \nby night, in starlight or darkness; whether sun-dried or soaked, \nsnow-covered or frozen; among friends or through foes; be he \nlonely or merry \xe2\x80\x94 onward he hasteneth, until, at the thrice-wel- \ncomed station, he leaped from his saddle to rest. Here another \nwas ready \xe2\x80\x94 whose horse, like himself, had been waiting, perhaps, \nwithout shelter \xe2\x80\x94 and with a cheery "Good-night, boys," he gal- \nloped off, and was soon lost in the distance. He rides on alone, \nover prairies and mountains; whether up hill or down; on rough \nground or smooth, until he espies in the distance the goal of his \nhopes, and the station is reached. To tell of the losses of men \nfrom the Indians, and of horses and other property, both from \nvolunteers as well as Indians, with the many thrilling adventures \nof those who participated in this daring enterprise, however inter- \nesting, would make too long a recital for these pages. The late \nJames A. Moore, the first "post trader" at Sidney \xe2\x80\x94 one of the \nold pioneers on the plains \xe2\x80\x94 was the first rider of the pony express, \nwho made the most remarkable ride on record, particularly so, if \nthe condition of the trail and country was considered. "Jim" \nwas at Midway station [south side of the Platte] June 8th, 1860, \nwhen a very important government dispatch arrived for the Pacific \ncoast. Mounting his pony he left for Julesburg, 140 miles dis- \ntant, where, on arriving, he met a return dispatch/Vo/// the Pacific, \nequally important [the rider that should have carried the dispatch \neast had been killed by the Indians the day before]; resting only \nseven minutes, and, without eating, returned to Midway, making the \n"round trip " \xe2\x80\x94 280 miles \xe2\x80\x94 in 14 hours and 46 minutes. The dispatch \nreached Sacramento from St. Joseph, Mo., in eight days, nine \nhours and 40 minutes. \n\n%&\xc2\xa7** That dispatch ret ievedGeneral Albert Sidney Johnston from \nthe command of the Army of the Pacific, and saved the Coast \nto the Union. \n\nLeaving Sidney \xe2\x80\x94 19 miles to Potter, we find about 200 settlers, \nand a few miles further \xe2\x80\x94 an immense population of \n\nPrairie; Dogs \xe2\x80\x94 Their city occupies some thousand or more \nacres. Their dwellings consist of a little mound, with a hole in \nthe top, from a foot to a foot and a half high, raised by the dirt \nexcavated from their burrows. On the approach of a train, these \nanimals can be seen scampering for their houses; arrived there, \nthey squat on their hams or stand on their hind feet, barking at \nthe train as it passes. Should any one venture too near, down \nthey go into their holes, and the city is silent as the city of the dead. \n\n\n\n32 FIRST VIEW OF THE ROCKIES. \n\nIt is said that the opening in the top leads to a subterranean \nchamber connecting with the next dwelling, and so on through \nthe settlement; but this is a mistake, as in most cases a few \nbuckets of water will drown out any one of them. The animal is \nof a sandy-brown color, and about the size of a large gray squirrel. \nIn their nest, living with the dog, may be found the owl and \nrattlesnake, though whether they are welcome visitors is quite un- \ncertain. The prairie dogs live on the grasses and roots and is \ngenerally fat, and by many, especially the Mexicans, considered \ngood eating, the meat being sweet and tender but rather greasy, \nunless thoroughly par-boiled. Wolves prey on the little fellows, \nand they may often be seen sneaking and crawling near a town, \nwhere they may by chance pick up an unwary straggler. But the \ndogs are not easily caught for some one is always looking out for \ndanger, and on the first intimation of trouble the alarm is given \nand away they all scamper for their holes. \n\n\n\nKillltKlll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 500; from Sidney, 47 miles; from Cheyenne, 65 miles; \nelevation, 4,697 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 This station was formerly called "Antelope." \nIts present name is for the present general manager of the road. \n\nMany of the settlers in this vicinity are engaged in agricultural \npursuits and some, it is said, have been successful; but stock-rais- \ning is the chief reliance of the settlers in this section of the coun- \ntry, as it is admitted to be the best grassed stock range in the \n\nwestern country. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack leaves this station three times a week: north, 15 \nmiles to Lorain; eight miles to Centrapolis; six miles to Ashford, and 15 \nmiles to Gering. \n\nEighteen miles from Kimball and we cross the boundary line \nbetween Nebraska and Wyoming, and turning to the left at Pine \nBluffs, 22 miles from Kimball, commence to climb the high table \nland leaving the valley of Lodge Pole creek far to the right. The \nold California emigrant road crossed the Platte river near Jules- \nburg, and followed up Lodge Pole to Cheyenne. \n\nPass \xe2\x80\x94 over the Black Hills of Wyoming 40 miles west, and \ncame down on to Laramie plains, near Laramie city. \n\nThe Rockies \xe2\x80\x94 Passing a number of small stations our train \nreaches the table lands or high prairie soon after passing the side- \ntrack station, named Atkins, and then, if the day be a fair one, \nthe traveler can catch the first glimpse of the Rocky mountains, \ndirectly ahead. On the right can be seen the Black hills of \nWyoming, stretching their cold dark ruggedness far away to the \nright \xe2\x80\x94 as far as the eye can reach; but the bold, black line \xe2\x80\x94 the \ndark shadow on the horizon, which will soon take tangible shape \nand reality, but which now seems to bar our way as with a gloomy \nimpenetrable barrier \xe2\x80\x94 is the "Great Rocky Mountain Chain," the \nback-bone of the American continent, though bearing different \nnames in the southern hemisphere. The highest peak which can \nbe seen rising far above that dark line, its white sides gleaming \nabove the general darkness, is Long\'s peak, one of the highest \npeaks of the continent. Away to the left rises Pike\'s peak, its \ntowering crest robed in snow. It is one of those mountains which \nrank among the loftiest. It is one of Colorado\'s noted mountains, \nand on a fair day is plainly visible from this point, 175 miles \n\ndistant. \n\nWhy is it dangerous to take a nap when traveling? Because the train runs \nover sleepers. \n\n\n\nDENVER SHORT EINE. 33 \n\n\n\nArcher \xe2\x80\x94 situated on the high table land, where the cars sel- \ndom stop, is eight miles east of Cheyenne, and a little farther on, \nthe cars pass through the first snow shed on the Union Pacific road, \nemerging with Crow creek valley on the left. \n\nAfter passing through a series of cuts and fills, the track of the \nDenver Pacific branch of the Union Pacific can be seen on the \nleft side, where it passes over the bluffs, to the south. Directly \nahead can be seen, for several miles, the far-famed " Magic City of \nthe Plains," the capital of Wyoming, but we are not going to say \none word about Cheyenne until we have brought up the left leg of \nthe Union Pacific from Kansas City \xe2\x80\x94 ( Continued on page /oj.) \n\n\n\nJg@ tt> We now return to Julesburg. \n\n\n\nDemer Short Line \xe2\x80\x94 Branch, leaves the main line at Jules- \nburg, and continues up the South Platte river, to Denver, 197 miles. \nThe country for the first 50 miles is occupied exclusively by the \nstock-raisers, their ranch houses being scattered along the river, on \neach side. Some have large tracts of land enclosed for a winter \nrange, and side tracks for shipping stock; but the greater number \ndepend entirely on the public range, both winter and summer. \n\nLeaving Julesburg, it is about five miles to the crossing of \nLodge Pole creek, opposite which, on the south side of the Platte \nriver, is the site of old \n\nFort Sedgwick \xe2\x80\x94 It was established May 19, 1864, and aban- \ndoned in 186.S, nothing remaining, not one stone upon another, to \nmark the site. \n\nJust here "I could a tale unfold!" Yes, and we will doit, \ntoo \xe2\x80\x94 simply to enable the reader to contrast the times: The \nmonth of December, 1865, was a fearfully cold one; the barracks were \nbuilt of lumber without plaster on the inside; good summer houses, \nbut as cold as a barn in the winter; the firewood supply got very \nshort, when "proposals " were advertised for 300 cords of soft wood. \nOnly one bid was put in, and that was from Mr. John Hughes, of \nDenver, who proposed to furnish it for \xc2\xa7105 per cord. The con- \ntract was awarded to Mr. Hughes, and most of the wood was sent \ndown from Denver on wagons, 200 miles, at a cost of from $55 to \n$65 per cord for freighting. The cost of the wood in Denver was \n$20 per cord. Besides this, the contractor was allowed to put in \nwhat hard wood he could get at double the price, or $210 per cord, \nwhich by many was thought to be a "pretty soft snap." The \n"hard wood" was obtained in the scrub-oak bluffs of Colorado, \n50 miles south of Denver city, and cost no more for transportation \nthan did the pine. \n\nSkirting the river, which at certain seasons abounds in ducks \nand geese from the mountains to its mouth, the country presents \nfew objects of interest worthy of note, beside the cattle interests \nalready referred to in another place. \n\nSterling\' \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 6oo; from Julesburg, 57 miles; LaSalle, 74 miles; Den- \nver, 120 miles; elevation, 3,920 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 It is a regular meal station on the \nrailroad, the seat of Logan county, Colorado, situated in the \nmidst of the largest and richest tract of bottom land on the Platte \nriver, and Denver Short Line. This tract is about five miles wide, \nand the portions tributary to Sterling for business are from 15 to 20 \n\n\n\n,\xe2\x80\xa2\',4 STERLING\xe2\x80\x94 FORT MORGAN. \n\n\n\nmiles in length, on the west side of the river; then, there is a large \ntract of valuable agricultural land on the south side; also, heavy \nstock interests on both sides of the river. \n\nMuch of the lands on the west side of the river, near Sterling, \nare under irrigating canals, which have been constructed by the \nsettlers, who take the water from the Platte, a few miles up the \nriver. All the irrigated lands produce bountiful crops of grain and \nvegetables. \n\nOther tracts are natural meadows, on which a large amount \nof hay is raised without irrigation. \n\nSterling has several good brick business blocks, and stores \nand shops of many kinds, also a newspaper. The depot hotel is \nthe principal one in the town. \n\nThe railroad company have machine, round-house and repair- \nshops located here. \n\nAt Sterling the passenger trains from both the east and west \nmeet and pass. \n\nGood schools and a number of churches are here, and well \nattended; but why need we speak of those? Everybody knows \nthat in Colorado schools and churches are among the iirst things \nthat command the attention of the settler. He may live in a \n"dug-out" himself, but he must have a school for his children; \nthen a church. \n\nIn times past it was a common occurrence for a party of emi- \ngrants to drive out from the Missouri river with teams, select a \ntract of land, set their wagon beds on the ground to live in, and \nthen all " club together," with their teams and haul logs and build \na school house the first thing, when there might not be over a \ndozen children among the party. Such people never rust out; \nthey may be poor, but never thieves. Should they get rich, and \nthey will, they never patronize the divorce courts. \n\n\n\nThe road traveled in "ye olden times," by the overland stage, \nemigrants and "Pilgrims," is on the south side of the Platte river \nfrom Fort Kearney to Denver. Now the stock-men possess the \ncountrv almost exclusivelv. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are Burlington .\xe2\x80\xa2* Cheyenne railroad. \n\nLeaving Sterling our course is to the southwest for nearly 40 \nmiles, passing several small stations, where the settlers have con- \nstructed canals and ditches for irrigating purposes; hay \xe2\x80\x94 mostly \nalfalfa \xe2\x80\x94 is the principal crop. Most of the settlers are engaged in \nstock-raising, and the crops raised are for their own use \xe2\x80\x94 for their \nriding animals. \n\nDfllCl \xe2\x80\x94 [From Sterling, 4;, miles; Denver, 97 miles; elevation. 4,263 feet]. \nNamed for Mr. Harry Deuel, the jolly old pioneer ticket agent \nat Omaha. But why a little station, situated in the sand hills, \nshould be named for Harry, is past comprehension. It\'s got more \nsand and grit than Harry. \n\n\n\nFort Morgan \xe2\x80\x94 Now a thrifty little town of (iOO population \xe2\x80\x94 \nonce a government post \xe2\x80\x94 is situated on the south side of the river \nopposite Deuel, upon the high table land. An irrigating canal \nenables the settlers to raise good crops of grain and vegetables in \nin the vicinity. \n\nConnected by hack with Deuel. \n\n\n\nSHERIDAN POWERLESS\xe2\x80\x94 LA SALLE. 35 \n\n\n\nSheridan Powerless \xe2\x80\x94 Not "Little Phil," but his brother, \n"Mike." It was in the early spring of 1866. An order had been \nissued that no less number of persons than 30 should be allowed to \npass a government post on the overland road between the Missouri \nriver and Utah, and they must be well organized and armed to \nresist any Indian attack. At the time named the writer appeared \nat the post with a party of 28 men and applied for a pass. Capt. \n(now Colonel) "Mike" refused. Three days passed, no recruits \ncame to our number. Early the following morning, while Capt. \n"Mike" was resting the whole cavalry command deserted, taking \ntheir horses and equipments, and there were none left to pursue or \nsay them nay. Our "outfit" rolled down the Platte river 25 miles \nthat day, and we have never seen Capt. "Mike" since. \n\nCut-off \xe2\x80\x94 At P\'ort Morgan the old wagon road going west \nforked, one route keeping along the river via Fremont\'s orchard, \nand the other, the Cut-off, turned to the left across the country, \nsaving in distance about 20 miles and some bad sand hills. But the \nwater supply was very poor and short. At the time when this \nroute was laid out \xe2\x80\x94 in 1861 \xe2\x80\x94 and opened for travel, the citizens \ncelebrated the event with as much enthusiasm as could now be \ncrowded into a dozen "Fourth of Julys." \n\nLeaving Deuel our direction changes to the north west, rolling \nthrough the sand hills for about ten miles, when we again turn to \nthe west. \n\nIf the sky is clear the first glimpse of the Rocky mountains \ncan be had, with Long\'s peak as the central figure. \n\nRolling along across a broad stretch of bottom land, which pro- \nduces a-large amount of hay in payment of the labors of a few stock- \nraisers who live along the road, we come opposite \n\nFremont\'s Orchard \xe2\x80\x94 Named for Col. Fremont, the "Path- \nfinder, \' \' who visited this region in one of his exploring expeditions. \n\nThis "orchard" \xe2\x80\x94 before the woodsman\'s ax played havoc \xe2\x80\x94 \nconsisted of a large grove of cottonwood trees, on the south side of \nthe river, back of which are high, sandy bluffs. \n\nFrom Fort Morgan, the "river road" to Denver kept along the \nsouth bank of the Platte to the "orchard," where it was turned \nover the sand hills by the river washing the base of the perpendic- \nular bluffs. Here the emigrant and freighter experienced similar \ndifficulties, trials and dangers to those at O\'Fallon\'s Bluffs, as the \nsilent graves of many scattered about the orchard can attest. \n\nCrossing the Platte river 34 miles from Deuel, the town of \nGreeley can be discerned 15 miles away, to the north of west, sit- \nting almost obscured in a grove of trees. \n\nFifteen miles from the river crossing our train stops at \nLilSjlllt\' \xe2\x80\x94 [From Denver, 46 miles; Omaha, 526 miles; Greeley, five \nmiles; Cheyenne, 73 miles; elevation, 4,663 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated at the junc- \ntion of the "Short Line" and Denver Pacific branch, which runs \nfrom Denver to Cheyenne. We shall particularly note this line \nhereafter, commencing on page 101. \n\nOur train now takes the track of the Denver Pacific branch, \nand runs parallel with the mountains, affording magnificent views \nall the way to Denver, 40 miles. The country is thickly settled \nall along the line. There are several small stations, and much \nland under cultivation, mostly in alfalfa hay. \n\n\n\n36 \n\n\n\nBEE-HIVE GEYSER. \n\n\n\n\nBEE-HIVE GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. \n\nFive miles before reaching Denver,. we cross Sand creek, and \nthe track of the Burlington road. Directly opposite, on the west \nside of the Platte river, comes down Clear creek from the moun- \ntains, at the base of which \xe2\x80\x94 see the cloud of smoke? \xe2\x80\x94 is Golden, \nthe " Ivowell of Colorado." \n\nProceeding, the Grant and Holden smelters are close on the \nright, while " Argo, " the great Boston and Colorado smelter, can \nbe seen away across the river, on the high land, sending up a cloud \nof smoke and fire. \n\nSampling works, iron foundries, machine works, freight yards, \nflour mills, grain elevators, gas works, lumber and stone yards, \netc., etc., are passed in quick succession, when "Denver" is \nannounced, and we stop at the Union depot. \n\n\n\nggg" When we bring up that left leg of the Union Pacific from \nKansas City, we will tell you all about Denver, and then take a \nrun over the state of Colorado, noting many of the marvelous \nworks of God and man. \n\n\n\nKANSAS CITY \xe2\x80\x94 A BOOMER. \n\n\n\nKANSAS PACIFIC BRANCH. \n\n\n\nKansas City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 165,000 ; elevation 681 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is built on and \naround a series of high bluffs and ravines, on the south bank of \nthe great bend of the Missouri river, just below the mouth of the \n"Kaw," or Kansas river, in Jackson count}\', Missouri, the river \nbeing the boundary line, at this point, between the states of Mis- \nsouri and Kansas. Prior to 18-49, the place was known as " West- \nport Landing," but in that year was changed to Kansas City. It \nthen had a population \xe2\x80\x94 mostly traders, hunters and trappers \xe2\x80\x94 of \n300. Its central location has from the first enabled it to control \na large trade with the country to the west and the southward, \nwhich, since the advent of railroads, has grown to an enormous \nbusiness. The Missouri Pacific was the Jirst railroad completed to \nKansas City from the eastward, where it arrived October 1, 1865, \nsince which time ig roads have arrived from different direc- \ntions, to bid for and share the business which often taxes their \nentire combined capacity. As a live stock center \xe2\x80\x94 cattle, sheep \nand hogs, and for slaughtering, packing or shipping \xe2\x80\x94 Kansas City \nhas no equal in the western country. The stock yards, beef and \npork packing establishments, which are immense, are situated on \nthe bottom lands in the western part of the city, south of the \nUnion depot, and are well worth a visit by the traveler. \n\nBoomer \xe2\x80\x94 Kansas City, since 1885, has made a record as a \n"booming" city, far ahead of any ever made in this country \nwhere the business and resources were not stimulated by mineral \nexcitements. In 1885 it claimed a population of about 65,000; \nnow, over three times that number. The great number of costly \nbusiness blocks, palatial hotels, extensive manufactories, cable car \nlines up, over and around the hills, together with thousands of \nmagnificent private residences, scattered about on the bluffs and in \nthe secluded nooks, are almost incredible \xe2\x80\x94 are marvelous! Where \nnow stands the largest and finest depot building in the western \ncountry, less than two score years ago stood immense cottonwood \nand sycamore trees, and thickets of underbrush, and pappooses, \nand squaws and Indians ; it was the Indians\' home. He is no \nlonger here ; he has gone! Where stood his " teepes " and " pony \nlodges," are now Pullman\'s palaces on wheels. Where the battle- \naxe, arrow and scalping knife once did a murderous duty in the \nadjacent county, now runs the plow, the cultivator and reaping \nmachine. Yes! and the blood-stained soil of even a later date, \nnow is occupied by a class of the most law abiding and prosperous \npeople. Where once lurked cunning red savages, and white \nruffianism and murder was rampant, now are schools, and the twin \nchildren of ignorance and scoundrelism have been forever "wiped \nout." God bless the common schools! they are the germs of true \ncivilization, but their establishment in the west have often been \npreceded by the civilizing influences of a vigilance committee. \n\nKansas City is not lacking in modern improvements\xe2\x80\x94 cathedrals, \nchurches, schools, opera houses, theatres, board of trade, daily \npapers, cable and horse railroads, hotels, and electricity in various \nforms. \n\n\n\n38 JUST A EITTEE HISTORY. \n\nUnion Depot \xe2\x80\x94 This building is of stone, two stories, and is \none of the largest and most conveniently arranged for the business \nin the western country. It is provided with large waiting rooms \nfor ladies and gentlemen, ticket, telegraph, telephone\', express and \nbaggage offices, a large dining room, lunch counter, news stand, \nbaggage check stand, etc., etc., on the first floor. The second \nstory is divided into rooms, and is kept as a hotel, with very good \naccommodations; charges, $2 per day. \n\nI This depot is the arriving and departing point for all \npassenger trains at Kansas City. \n\nWyandotte, Kansas, is situated on the sloping bluffs just \nacross the Kansas river, and might well be called a suburb of \nKansas City. It is connected by motor cars, has a population of \nabout le>,000, many of whom do business in Kansas City, and have \ntheir homes in Wyandotte. The city is on a portion of the lands \nonce owned by the Delaware Indians, who sold them in 1842 to the \nWyandotte Indians, the remnants of a tribe from the .state of Ohio. \nThe lands adjoining the city are in a high state of cultivation, and \nlarge orchards of fruit are numerous. The Kansas v State Institu- \ntion for the Blind is located at Wvandotte. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 The principal railroad connections at Kansas City with the \nPioneer Overland line are: Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs; Chicago, \nRock Island & Pacific ; Chicago, Burlington & Ouincy ; Wabash Western ; \nChicago & Alton; Missouri Pacific; Kansas City, Fort Scott & Memphis; South- \nern Kansas; Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; Hannibal & St. Joseph; Chicago, \nMilwaukee & St. Paul; Burlington & Missouri River; Chicago, Santa Fe & \nCalifornia ; Chicago, Kansas &. Nebraska, and Kansas City, Wyandotte & \nNorthwestern, \n\nJust a Little History \xe2\x80\x94 The Kansas Pacific Railway Co. \nsucceeded the Leavenworth, Pawnee & W 7 estern, which was incor- \nporated by act of Congress July 1st, 1862. The route then pro- \nposed was up the Kansas river, from its mouth to the junction of \nthe Republican, thence north to Kearney station, connecting there, \nwith the L T uion Pacific. Work commenced at Wyandotte, Kan- \nsas, September 1st, 1863. By act of Congress July 2d,1864, the com- \npany acquired additional rights, and again, by amendment of the \noriginal act, approved July 3d, 1866, the}\' were authorized to \nchange their route and build westward on the 39th parallel, up the \nSmoky Hill river to Denver, Colorado, thence to a junction with \nthe Union Pacific at or near Cheyenne, Wyoming. \n\nThe road was completed to Denver, August loth, 1870, and by the \npurchase of the Denver Pacific, in 1N72, to Cheyenne. By a sale \nin L879, the whole line passed into the hands of the Union Pacific \nRailway Co. Distance from Kansas City to Denver, 639 miles; to \nCheyenne, 745 miles. \n\n\xc2\xab ohm- Willi lis!\xe2\x80\x94 All passengers at Kansas City for California, \nOregon, Puget Sound and intermediates, via Colorado, Utah, Nevada \nand Idaho, will step into the Pullman palace cars, or superb coaches \nof the Kansas Pacific division of the Union Pacific railway, pass \nthrough the whole length of Kansas, and over 300 miles in Colo- \nrado, through Denver and Greeley, and connect at Cheyenne. \nWyoming, with the "overland" train from Omaha. \n\nTo note the history and record the prosperity of the Kansas \nPacific division, and the country tributary, in the brief space \nallotted for that purpose in the "Tours", it will be impossible to \nmore than indite a "telegram" of the most important matters, \nthose of the greatest interest to the tourist or emigrant. \n\n\n\nLEAVENWORTH BRANCH. 39 \n\n\n\nLeaving the Union depot our train soon crosses the Kansas \nriver and the Static LlNE, pass ARMSTRONG at the end of one \nmile, where are located the machine and repair shops of the Kan- \nsas division, and follow along on the west bank of the river, the \nbottoms of which are wida and covered with trees, with here and \nthere a clearing. The trees consist of red and burr oak, ash, \nhickory, hackberry, cottouwood and sycamore. On the right \nthe view is obstructed by high bluffs covered with brush or small \ntrees. The stations for the first 37 miles are of little importance. \n\nStranger creek, is crossed near \n\nLimvood \xe2\x80\x94 28 miles out, where broad cultivated fields ap- \npear. About five miles further the country fairly "spreads itself" \nand we get a. first view of the great rolling prairies of Kansas. - \n\nLawrtilCe Junction \xe2\x80\x94 [ From KansasCity, 39 miles; Leavenworth, \n32 miles; elevation, 749 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small station where the branch for \nLeavenworth cjunects with the main line. This road runs \nthrough a section of country the greater portion of which is under \na high state of cultivation. There are a number of small stations \non the branch \xe2\x80\x94 Fairmont being the largest, which has a popula- \ntion of 1,600. \n\nL.ejlvenwor11l \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 36,000]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on the west bank of \nthe Missouri river; settled in 1854, and is surrounded by a section \nof country of unsurpassed fertility. Leavenworth has all the met- \nropolitan features of a big city \xe2\x80\x94 horse railroads, water works, elec- \ntricity, a big bridge over the Missouri, six railroads, large Catho- \nlic cathedral, and a goodly supply of churches, schools, banks, \nnewspapers, hotels, and small manufactories. \n\nFort Leavenworth \xe2\x80\x94 Is two miles north of the city \xe2\x80\x94 estab- \nlished in 1K27 \xe2\x80\x94 and is now the headquarters of the Department of \nthe Missouri. \n\nRail Connections\xe2\x80\x94 .Missouri Pacific; Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; Kan- \nsas City, Wyandotte & Northwestern; Leavenworth. Topeka & Southwestern, \nand Atchison. Topeka & Santa Fe. \n\n\n\nNarrow Gauge \xe2\x80\x94 Here we find another branch of the Union \nPacific \xe2\x80\x94 a narrow gauge track \xe2\x80\x94 which extends westward 166 miles \nthrough a very rich agricultural country, well settled and well \ntilled!^ \n\nThe principal stations on this line, with their populations and \ndistances between are: Valley Falls \xe2\x80\x94 [36 miles from Leavenworth, \npop. 50]. HOLTON\xe2\x80\x94 fi 9 miles; pop., 3,000]. CLAY CENTRE\xe2\x80\x94 [92 miles; pop., \n5,000]. MlLTONVALE \xe2\x80\x94 [Nine miles; pop., r. 000]. Length of road, bid \nmiles. \n\nFrom Lawrence Junction it is one mile to Bismark Grove \xe2\x80\x94 \nfair and pic-nic grounds \xe2\x80\x94 and another mile to \n\nIjSlWreilCC\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 15,000; from Kansas City, 39 miles; Leavenworth, \n34 miles; Topeka, 2.8 miles; elevation, 763 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 The seat of Douglass \ncounty; named for the millionaire Lawrences, of Boston, Mass. \nThe city proper is opposite the depot on the south side of the \nKansas river, about one mile distant, reached by several fine \nbridges. It is situated in the midst of the richest and most fertile \nportion of Kansas, as well as being the most beautiful city in the \nstate. The city has horse railroads and all the modern improve- \nments. Settled in 1854. Raided by Quantrell\'s band August 21st, \n1863, who burned the town, and murdered upwards of 100 unarmed \ncitizens. \n\n\n\n4(1 TOPEKA \xe2\x80\x94 KANSAS. \n\n\n\nIn the southern part of the city is located the State University, \non the summit of Mt. Oread, from which point you look upon a \nvery beautiful landscape, dotted in all directions with hundreds \nof farm houses. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are: Southern Kansas and Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. \n\n\n\nPassing a number of small stations, all surrounded by thrifty \nsettlers, 13 miles from Lawrence, we cross the Grasshopper river, \nupon which are located a number of flouring mills and small man- \nufactories. The bottoms along the river are well timbered \xe2\x80\x94 oak, \nhickory, elm, ash, soft maple and cottonwood principally. The \nriver unites with the Kansas opposite the old town of Lecompton, \nof " Lecompton Constitution " notoriety. \n\nTopt\'ka \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 32,000; from Lawrence, 28 miles; Kansas City, 67 miles; \nelevation, 821 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 The capital of the state of Kansas, and the seat \nof vShawnee county. Here passenger trains stop 20 minutes for \nmeals. The city is situated on the south side of the Kansas river, \nopposite the station, one mile distant, and is reached by a substan- \ntial bridge, traversed by street cars, as well as a " bus " line and \nteams. The county is the richest and the lands the most fertile in \nthe state. \n\nThe Capital\xe2\x80\x94 Is a fine building, built of what is called in this \ncountry "Junction City marble," a white magnesian limestone \nfound in many places in the state. It can be quarried in blocks from \nten to 12 tons in weight, and when fresh from the quarry is very \neasy to saw. The capital cost $400,000. \n\nConnections by rail are: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; Missouri Pacific \nand Chicago, Kansas & Nebraska railroads. \n\n\n\nKansas has an area of 52,053,520 acres, of which 18,000,000 are \nunimproved, awaiting settlers. Price of land from $1.25 for wild, \nto $50 per acre for improved. It has a school fund of over \n$2,000,000, and increasing. Two normal schools for educating \nteachers, the University at Lawrence and the Agricultural College \nat Manhattan. \n\nOn the lines of the Kansas division of the Union Pacific there \nare 112 grain elevators with a storage capacity of 3,853, <>!Hi bushels, \nand 68 flouring mills with 234 run of stone; capacity, 5,780 barrels \nper day. Kansas is a prohibition state, but there is a large amount \nof liquor sneaked into and drunk in the state. \n\nSt. Hary\'s \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,800; from Topeka, 15 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is an important \nplace in some respects. The Jesuit Fathers visited this place nearly \n50 years ago and established mission schools among the Indians. \nMore recently they erected here large educational institutions. \nOne for females is known as \' \' The Seminary of the Sacred Heart. \' \' \nThe building is to the north of the railroad, is of brick with stone \ntrimmings, 100 feet front and four stories in height, completed in \n1871. The college for males is adjoining, and can accommodate \n1,300 students. \n\nThe country is thickly settled around about. Corn is the prin- \ncipal crop, though much wheat and vegetables are raised. \n\nWaillCgO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,850; from St. Mary\'s, 13 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the next \nplace of an\\\' importance. It is a thrifty town, situated in the \nmidst of a section of country well watered by small streams, very \nfertile and thicklv settled. \n\n\n\nMANHATTAN\xe2\x80\x94 JUNCTION CITY. 41 \n\nPassing St. GEORGE, another growing town of about 700 \nsettlers, we cross the Blue river, and stop at \n\nTlail lialf ;ill \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,100; from Wamego, 15 miles; elevation 957 feet]. \nIs the seat of Riley county. Settled in 1854 by a colony of \nOhio " pilgrims," who purchased a small steamboat at Cincinnati, \nsteamed down the Ohio river, and up the Mississippi, Missouri and \nKansas rivers to this place, where they settled in what was then a \nwild Indian country, living on their boat until buildings could be \nerected. The evidences of their enterprise and thrift can be seen \non all sides. \n\nThe Agricultural College of the state of Kansas, and a \nkind of experimental farm, is located at Manhattan. Congress, in \nits benevolent wisdom, endowed this college with a land grant of \n81,000 acres, most of which has been sold, realizing nearly half a \nmillion of dollars. The institution has 400 acres fenced and culti- \nvated; the greater portion is in vines and orchards of fruit of dif- \nferent varieties. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 As noted heretofore under "Valley," the Union Pacific \nbranch reaches Manhattan, from Valley station, on the main line in Nebraska, \npassing through Valparaiso, Lincoln, Beatrice and Marysville; distance, 190 \nmiles. \n\nOther roads are: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and Chicago, Kansas Neb- \nraska railroads \n\n\n\nThe little town of Ogdensburg is reached in 11 miles, and one \nof some historic interest in the annals of the state, as being the \nplace where the first territorial legislature, convened by Gov. \nReeder, met to "save the country." \n\nThe place was settled in 1856. \n\nFort Riley \xe2\x80\x94 Is both a railroad station and a government post, \nfive miles beyond Ogdensburg. The station is for the fort, which \nis situated to the right, upon a high plateau; established in 1852, \nin latitude 39\xc2\xb0 north, 96\xc2\xb0 30\' west. The post was first known as \n"Camp Center," being situated in the geographical center of the \nUnited States. The post is the headquarters of the Seventh cav- \nalry, Col. J. W. Foresyth, commanding, and is garrisoned by \ntroops A, B, C, D, G, I, L, and M. \n\nJllllCtiOll City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop. ,5,300; from Fort Riley, four miles; Kansascity, \n139 miles; elevation, 1,021 feet.] \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Davis county, situated \nat the junction of the Smoky and Republican rivers, which form \nthe Kansas; it is surrounded by lands of great fertility, are thickly \nsettled and highly cultivated. The city has the usual number of \nstores, shops, hotels, etc., found in a place of its size, and is grad- \nuallv accumulating wealth. The Junction City marble quarries, \nheretofore referred to, are located just to the north, under the \nbluffs. \n\nThe Smoky Hill river comes in from the southward, and will \nbe on our left for the next 47 miles \xe2\x80\x94 to Salina. \n\nThe valley of the Republican is one of the richest and most \nproductive in the state of Kansas. History runneth not back to \nthe date of its first settlement by the Indians, but it does to the \ntime when they numbered many thousands. It was their home- \nstead, his last rendezvous in the state, to retain which he fought \nthe white man long and bitterly, but with the usual result; the \nIndian had to go. He went! Where once roamed his "pony \nherd" in thousands, now can be counted the dwellings of his suc- \ncessors in equal numbers; where once the Indian\'s beef (buffalo) \n\n\n\n42 \n\n\n\nview in DENVER, cor,. \n\n\n\n\nranged in untold millions, now range the white man\'s beef, cattle \nand sheep. The buffalo has gone! went with the Indians. Will \nthe time ever come when the "successors" will be succeeded by a \nstronger and more enlightened race? Will they, in turn, ever be \ndriven out and exterminated? \n\n\n\nABILENE \xe2\x80\x94 SOLOMON, KANSAS. 43 \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 The Junction City & Fort Kearney branch of the Union Pa- \ncific turns to the northwest from Junction City, and runs up the Republican \nvalley. The principal towns on the line, distances apart, and populations, arc: \nFrom Junction City to CLYDE, 56 miles; pop., 2,150; CONCORDIA, from Clyde, [5 \nmiles; pop., 4,000; Belleville, from Lawreuceburg, the junction station" eight \nmiles; pop., 4,300. Besides the above, there are ten stations, many of which \nhave populations of from 200 to 400. \n\nAlso connects with the Missouri Pacific railway. \n\nAfter leaving Junction City for the west, a peculiar rock form- \nation is noticeable on the right, along the summit of the bluffs, \nresembling a long line of fortifications. \n\nAnother item we record for the benefit of the sportsman: \nF fathered game in great abundance is found on the prairies and \nalong the rivers and small streams in Kansas, such as prairie \nchicken, quail, ducks, geese, snipe, plover, swans, cranes, pelican, \nand many other varieties. \n\nABhIcHC \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 5,300; from Junction City, 24 miles; from Kansas City, \n163 miles; elevation, 1,093 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Dickinson county, a \nregular meal station for some trains, and one of the best on the \nline. \n\nWheat and corn are the principal staples in this vicinity, yet \nall kinds of small grain and vegetables arc raised and yield \nbounteously. \n\nThis station was the first cattle shipping point on the Kansas \nPacific railway, it being the most convenient station to reach by \nstockmen driving over the "Texas trail" from the south where \nmost of the cattle, received at Kansas City and other northern \nmarkets, were raised. \n\nFrom l.SliT to 1870 the number of cattle loaded on the cars, at \nthis station each year, was from 75,000 to 150,000 head; but as the \nagriculturists crowded in, the cattle were crowded out, and we will \nfind the stock range now far to the westward. \n\nWe are now in what is called the "golden belt," so named for \nthe wonderful adaptability of the soil for raising wheat and other \nsmall grains. These " belt " lands, it is claimed, commence near \nJunction Cky, and extend beyond Ellis \xe2\x80\x94 about 200 miles in length. \nWheat -is the principal crop, and comprises about one-half of all \nthe productions. \n\nSeveral years ago we noted a number of fields of wheat, near \nAbilene, of 1,000 acres each, one of 8,000, and one of 3,500. \n\nSoine years ago the settlers commenced planting trees and \nthere are now to be seen many fine orchards of fruit in the vicinity. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are: Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and Chicago, \nKansas & Nebraska railroads. \n\nSolOlllOIl \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop, 2,100; from Abilene, nine miles; elevation, 1,1 11 feet]. \nIs situated near the junction of Solomon and Smokv Hill rivers, in \nthe midst of a fine agricultural section of country. Corn and wheat \nare the principal staples. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are: Solomon branch of Union Pacific runs up the \nvalley of the Solomon river, to the northwest, 57 miles to Beloit, an agricultural \ntown of about 2,000 population. Minneapolis, the largest place ou the branch, \nis 23 miles from Solomon, and contains a population of 2,300 \xe2\x80\x94 agriculturists. \nAlso connect with Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe and Chicago Kansas & \nNebraska railroads. \n\nLeaving Solomon and crossing the river of the same name, we \nsoon reach an elevated plain, dotted in all directions with the neat \nlittle cottage homes of the settlers who are principally engaged in \nraising wheat and corn. NEW Cambria is a thifty little town of \n250 citizens, eight miles west. \n\n\n\n44 LINCOLN BRANCH. \n\n\n\nSalina \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 9,300; from Kansas City, 186 miles; elevation, 1,163 f eet L \nIs the seat of Salina county; settled in 1858. The surroundings are \nprincipally agricultural \xe2\x80\x94 wheat, corn, hay and general farm pro- \nducts. There are a few small herds of cattle and sheep in the \ncounty, and some extensive quarries of gypsum and fire and pot- \nters\' clay; also several salt springs that are being volatilized for the \nproduction of salt; cottonwood, oak, ash, elm and box-elder, skirt \nall the streams. Farmers are planting black walnuts in large \nquantities. The town contains several large grain elevators, large \nbusiness blocks, hotels, newspapers and stores and shops of all \nkinds. The Salina river is crossed just before reaching Salina. \n\n\n\nConnections by rail are: Salina branch of the Union Pacific runs \nsouth, 36 miles to McPherson, a thrifty town of about 2,500 population. It is \nsituated on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe; Chicago, Kansas & \nNebraska, and the Missouri Pacific railways. The next largest town on the \nline is Lindsborg; it is situated on the Smoky Hill river, and the Missouri \nPacific railway, 21 miles south from Salina and contains a population of about \n1,000, mostly agriculturists. \n\nLincoln branch of the Union Pacific was completed about the \nfirst of December, 1888. It follows up the Salina valley, northwest, \nto Waldo, 72 miles, thence westward to PlainvillE. Zurich, \nMillbrook, HoxiE to Colby, 205 miles. At Colby, a branch runs \nsoutheast, connecting at Oakley, 22 miles, with the main line. \nThe Lincoln branch parallels the main line for the whole distance \nfrom 20 to 35 miles distant, running through the counties of \nSalina, Lincoln, Russell, Rooks, Graham, Sheridan and Thomas; \nthe productions are principally wheat and corn. \n\nAlso connect at Salina with Missouri Pacific; Chicago, Kansas & Nebraska, \nand Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe railroads. \n\nAll along the rivers and streams in their region are belts of \ntimber, consisting of oak, hackberry,elm, mulberry and cottonwood. \n\nBl\'OOliVillC \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 900; from Salina, 15 miles; elevation, i,2S6 feet]. \nHere are located the usual railroad repair shops of a division. \nThe town is situated on the high rolling prairie, surrounded by \nsettlers, mostly engaged in raising wheat and corn. \n\nPassing a number of small stations including Fort Harker, \nwhere a government post was located in 1867\xe2\x80\x94 now abandoned \xe2\x80\x94 v\\e \nreach. \n\nEllSWOrfll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000; from Brookvllle, 22 miles; elevation, 1,471 feet]. \nIt is the seat of Ellsworth county, situated on the north bend of \nthe Smoky Hill river; settled in 1867. This was for many years \na great shipping point for cattle, but the advent of the farmers \nhas crowded the cattle-men\xe2\x80\x94 -further west. The town has some \nlarge stone business blocks, a good hotel, and many fine buildings. \nThe large grain elevator is an evidence that wheat has taken the \nplace of cattle. \n\nPassing a number of small stations, chief of which is Wil- \nson\'s \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,000], situated on the high rolling prairie surrounded \nwith wheat growers, who do not grumble at their yield of grain \nper acre. Some claim 50 bushels. Near Bunker Hill, a place set- \ntled in 1871, by a colony from Ohio, are salt springs, lime quar- \nries, coal, mineral paint and pottery clay. \n\nRllKMCll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,800; from Ellsworth, 40 miles; elevation 1,765 feet.] \xe2\x80\x94 Is \nthe seat of Russell county, settled in 1871, by a colony from \nRipon, Wisconsin. It is situated about four miles south of the \nsouth bend of Salina river surrounded by rich lands, well settled \nand cultivated. \n\n\n\nHAYS \xe2\x80\x94 EWJS \xe2\x80\x94 KANSAS. 45 \n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack three times a week to" the northwest, Fay, 12 miles; \nFairport, five miles further. Also to the northeast, Woodville five miles; \nthence northwest, 16 miles, to Paradise, and nine miles to Tapley. \n\n\n\nThe Victoria colony is located 16 miles west of Russell. Es- \ntablished by the late Mr. George Grant, a wealthy Scotchman, \nwho bought 80,000 acres of the railroad lands, sold a portion to \nthe colony settlers and retained a large estate for himself. The \nlands have a rich soil, are easy to cultivate, and produce an \nabundant harvest. \n\nThe town and vicinity contains a population of about 1,200, the \ncomfortable homes dotting the landscape in every direction, sur- \nrounded by well-tilled fields, horses, cattle and sheep. \n\nHay\xc2\xa7 \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop, 1,350; from Russell 26 miles; elevation, 1,936 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the \nseat of Ellis county, named for the government post established \nhere in 1807, situated about half a mile south, on a high plateau. \n\nThe citizens and settlers in the vicinity of Hays are mostly \nfarmers. The county is well watered by the Smoky, Big Creek \nand the Salina; the land is rolling, of a dark rich loam, and is \nsaid to be perfection for farming purposes. Good building stone \nis abundant, and belts of timber line all along the rivers and \nsmall streams. \n\nFort Hays \xe2\x80\x94 Is the headquarters of the 18th Infantry. Col. \nJ. E. Yard, commanding, and garrisoned by B, D, and H com- \npanies. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: North six times a week, to Martin, 16 miles; \nPainsville, io miles, and Stockton, 15 miles. Also, northeast to Catherine, \nnine miles, twice a week. To the southeast six miles to Munjor, and 14 \nmiles to Pheifer, 14 miles, three times a week. Southwest 12 miles to PALa- \ntine, thence west 12 miles to Stockbridge. \n\n\n\nEHiS \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,150; from Hays, 14 miles; from Kansas City, 303 miles; \nelevation, 2,056 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a regular meal station for all passenger \ntrains, and the meals are above the average. Here the railroad \ncompany have the usual shops of a division \xe2\x80\x94 machine and repair \nshops. Next, after Abilene was abandoned as a cattle shipping \npoint, came Ellis, and the agriculturists also came, have settled, \nhave been successful, and the cattle-men have about all taken \nPhilosopher Greeley\'s advice \xe2\x80\x94 gone west. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack for the north, to Menoota, 13 miles; Amboy, \nseven miles; Cresson, three and a half miles; thence northwest to Heber, \neight miles; thence northeast to Nicodemus, eight miles, and west from Cres- \nson to Fargo, ten miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\nWa-KeeilCy \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop. ,550; from Ellis, 18 miles; elevation, 2,391 feet] \nIs another agricultural town, wheat being the principal crop. \n\nThe railroad company have a very large depot building -here; \nit is 100 x 30 feet, 32 feet high, surmounted by a tower 50 feet in \nheight. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: North to Happy, 12 miles, and Millbrook, ii \nmiles, six times a week. South to Wilcox, 16 miles; Cyrus, seven miles, and \nSouthwest, six miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\nLeaving Wa-Keeney, there is little to note ; emigrants are \ncoming into the country, securing farms, building homes and rais- \ning wheat, vegetables, etc. Some are making a success of broom- \ncorn, but all are crowding the cattle-men, but we will find them \nyet. \n\n\n\n46 WALLACE \xe2\x80\x94 STOCK-RAISING. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 At Buffalo Park, 29 miles, a mail hack runs south 13^ \nmiles to Sloye, three times a week. \n\nAt Grainfield, six miles, a mail hack runs north to Hoxik six times a \nweek; also south to Goodwater, nine miles; Jerome, six miles; Farnsworth, \nseven miles, and Dighton, 16 miles, six times a week. \n\nAt Oakley, 21 miles, the Oakley & Colby branch of the Union Pacific \nturns to the northwest, and reaches Colby in 22 miles, where connections are \nmade with the Lincoln branch from Salina. \n\nAt Oakley, a mail leaves for the south, to Cabbell, 13 miles, and Elkadek, \n11 miles, once a week. \n\nAt Winona, 21 miles, a mail leaves to the northwest lor Kuka, 15 miles, \ntwice a week. \n\nAt Winona a mail hack leaves to the southeast for Russell Springs, 13 \nmiles, six times a week. \n\n\n\n^\\ allcK\'C \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 300; from Wa-Keeuey, 99 miles; Lk uver, 219 miles; ele- \nvation, 3,286 feet]- \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Wallace county, situated on the \nSmoky Hill river, and a rolling prairie, two miles northwest of \nFort WALLACE, which was established here in 1866. \n\nFor some trains Wallace is a regular meal station; is the end \nof a division, where the railroad company have machine and \nrepair shops, and the usual buildings for officers. \n\nHfelP\'Time changes at this place from " central " to " western." \nIf your watch is central, or Chicago time, it will be one hour too \nfast here. \n\nWallace is well provided with stores, hotels, banks, schools, \nchurches and a newspaper. It has many latent resources, one of \nwhich is its stone quarries. With as good stone as Colorado, and \nover 200 miles shorter rail haul, why should train-loads of stone \npass through Wallace for the east ? \n\n\n\nStock-raising \xe2\x80\x94 We have seen the stock-men at Abilene, then \ncrowded along out to Kllis, and finally to Wallace, and even here, \nthe demon of the plow and sc3 - the pursues them. There are a few \nfarmers scattered over the lands in this vicinity, but we are about \nat the western limit of their present operations. \n\nFor some distance we have been on the border of the public \ncattle range, as evidenced in places of immense yards, chutes and \nside-tracks for the accommodation of the "cattle kings." \n\nThe gradual march of the agriculturists on the trail of the \nstock-raisers in this country, argues a success for the invaders. \nThe crowding process so peacefully followed will continue, and \nthe time is not far distant when the common range east of the \nRocky mountains will be a thing of the past. \n\nThe stock-raisers of the future in these United States will need \nto own their own ranges, fence them, provide winter feed and \nkeep less stock. The "round tips" and professional "cow \npunchers," will only appear in history and " yellow covers." \n\nThe day when a few men can range from 20,000 to 150,000 head \nof cattle each over millions of acres of the public domain, is \npast. We fail to see why the fanner, lumberman and miner \nshould be required to pay the government for lauds, and then be \ntaxed upon them, when the stock-raisers can monopolize the whole \ngrazing country and pay never a cent. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack leaves to the southeast for Cocavne, 18 miles; \nthence east to Wilkinson, five miles, six times a week. \n\n\n\nFrom Wallace it is nine miles to the new station of Sharon \nSprings, named for a famous spring in the vicinity; eight miles \nto MONOTONY, very appropriately named, and 15 miles to Arapa- \nhoe, where we leave Kansas and enter the state of Colorado. \n\n\n\nFIRST VIEW \xe2\x80\x94 MIRAGE. 47 \n\n\n\nCheyenne Wells \xe2\x80\x94 ten miles west of Arapahoe, is in the \ncattle range, but is not a very populous station. For some trains \nit is a regular meal station. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 A mail hack connects for Burlington, 35 miles north, six \ntimes a week. A second-line parallels the first, but a few miles further wist, \nforBELOlT, 26 miles; Okanola, ii miles; Tuttle, 15 miles; Friend, 17 miles, \n\nsix times a week. \n\nI\'Ml\'Sl \\ ie\\V \xe2\x80\x94 [From Cheyenne Wells, 11 miles; Kansas City, 473 miles; \nDenver. 166 miles; elevation, 4,561 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Here, if the sky be clear, pas- \nsengers from the east obtain their first view of the Rocky moun- \ntains, 1.S4 miles distant from their base, and those from the west \ntheir last view. Pike\'s peak, the highest peak in view, is directly \nwest. \n\nKit CarSOll \xe2\x80\x94 [From First View, 14 miles; elevation, 4,273 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 \nNamed for the famous trapper and guide of that name, and some- \nwhat noted as being the place where the Grand Duke Alexis of \nRussia tarried to hunt buffalo, in January, 1872. It was a big \nlimit, and it is said that the Duke killed 40 of the noble animals. \nAnd, by the way, we have been in the old buffalo range for the \nlast 250 miles, but for the last 12 years none have been seen \xe2\x80\x94 they \nleft with the Indians. \n\nKit Carson is situated on the Big Sandy river near the junction \nof Horse creek. \n\nFrom this station, southeast 27 miles, is Chivington, named for \nCol. Chivington, who, in 1864, had a "little unpleasantness" with \nthe Indians, resulting in over 400 of them departing this life for \nthe "sweet-bv-aud-bv." \n\n\n\n]UiragC \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached, after passing several other small stations, \n80 miles from Kit Carson. It is named from that curious phenom- \nenon the mirage, \\iuiiazli), which has often been witnessed in \nthis vicinity. \n\nIn 1860-8, the toil-worn immigrant, when urging his weary \nteam across the cheerless desert, has often had his heart lightened \nby the sight of clear, running streams, waving trees and broad, \ngreen meadows, which appeared to be but a little distance away. \nOften has the unwary traveler turned aside from his true course \nand followed the vision for weary miles, only to learn that he has \nfollowed a phantom, a will-o\'-the-wisp. \n\nWhat causes these optical delusions no one can tell, at least we \nnever heard of a satisfactory reason being given for the appearance \nof the phenomenon. We have seen the green fields, the leafy \ntrees and the running waters; we have seen them all near by, as \nbright and beautiful as though they really existed, where they \nappeared, too, in the midst of desolation, and we have seen them \nvanish at our approach. Who knows how many luckless travelers \nhave followed these visions until, overcome with thirst and heat, \nthey laid down to die on the burning sands, far from the cooling \nshade of the trees they might never reach; far from the music of \nrunning waters, which they might hear no more. \n\nNow, as onward we go, reclining on the soft cushions of the \nelegant palace car, (20, 30, 40 miles an hour, rolling over the once \ntrackless prairie) we scarcely give a thought to those who in early \ndays traversed this country parallel with our road, only 20 or 30 \nmiles to the northward, and suffered so fearfully while crossing it, \nand perchance their bones were left to bleach and whiten on the \nscorching sands. How changed! \n\n\n\n\nTHE CAPITOL OF COLORADO, DENVER. \n\n\n\nII IliJO \xe2\x80\x94 [From Mirage, nine miles; Denver, 104 miles; elevation, 5,027 \nfeet], \xe2\x80\x94 Named for Mr. Hugo Richards, a Colorado pioneer. Until \nrecently this was a regular meal station, and a villianous one. \nThe change was a long time coming, but then, it is said, "the \nmills of the gods grind slow but sure." In this instance all old \ntravelers over the "K. P." will ever bless the miller. \n\n\n\nCattle Range \xe2\x80\x94 As we are now in the center of the great cattle \nrange of the west it may be well to crack what to some may be \nan old chestnut \xe2\x80\x94 to the many, news. \n\nAt this point we are in the midst of the finest grazing lands in \nthe western country, or the world. They are about 200 miles in \nwidth from east to west, and 400 miles in length, watered by nu- \nmerous rivers, small streams and springs. On this mammoth pas- \nture ground range at will millions of cattle, sheep and horses the \nyear round, without being fed with hay or grain, and receive only \nsuch care as will prevent them from straying beyond reach. \n\nThe gramma, or "bunch" grass, is the most nutritious grass \ngrown, and seems peculiar to this western country, being wholly \nunknown in the eastern states or the old world. It grows from \nfive to 12 inches high, and is always green at the roots, winter and \nsummer. During the fall the dry atmosphere cures the standing \ngrass as effectually as though cut and prepared for hay. Its nu- \ntritive qualities remain uninjured, and the stock thrive equally \nwell on the dry feed. \n\nIn the winter, what snow falls is very dry, unlike that which \nfalls in more humid climates. It may cover the ground to the \ndepth of a few inches, but the stock readily remove it, reaching \nthe grass without trouble. Then again, the snow does not stick to \nthe sides of the cattle and horses, and melt there, chilling them \nthrough, but its dryness causes it to roll off, leaving their hair \ndry. \n\n\n\nBRANDS \xe2\x80\x94 ROUND-UPS. 49 \n\n\n\nIn some portions of this great stock range a kind of white sage \nand grease-wood grows luxuriantly, on which cattle and sheep \nthrive in connection with the grasses. \n\nNo drouths which have been experienced on this range have \never seriously affected the pasturage, owing to the peculiar qualities \nof the grasses indigenous to the country. So with storms; it has \nseldom happened that any are experienced that cause loss, and \nnone ever do when the stock is properly cared for. \n\nOn these ranges it is common for stock of many owners to \nrange together, and a system of brands has been adopted by the \nassociation of stock-raisers and recorded with the county clerk in \nthe section of country where the herds belong. The recording of \nthe brand is a protection against theft and loss by straying, as each \nstock-man knows the brands in use on his range, and each endeav- \nors to protect the others\' interest. \n\n\n\n\nDukbin, Orr & Co.\xe2\x80\x94 Cattle branded ^B ; also, some of them \n\\B, and horses the same. Post office, Cheyenne, W. T. Eange, \nBear Creek. \n\n" Round I\'p "\xe2\x80\x94One of the most important and interesting feat- \nures of the stock-raising business is the \' \' round up. \' \' In the \n"free and easy " manner of raising cattle on the broad western \nplains, where the owner may not see one-half of his herd for six \nmonths at a time, it may be imagined that the restless cattle \nscatter almost from "Dan to Beersheba," and that extra effort is \nnecessary when they are finally collected by the regular spring \n"roundup." Companies of herders are organized to "ride the \nrange," to scour certain sections of the country, and bring every \nanimal to a grand focal point, no matter to whom that animal may \nbelong, or what its condition maybe. The old-fashioned " husk- \ning bee," "\'possum hunt," or " training day," is vastly outdone \nby this grand revelry of the herders. \n\nMounted on their fleetest "cow ponies," the cowboys scatter \nout in all directions, gather in "everything that wears horns," \nand at night may have the property of a score of owners in one \nimmense excited herd. Then, while a cordon of herders hold the \nanimals together, representatives of the different "brands "ride \ninto the herd, single out the animals, one by one, and drive \nthem off to be branded or marketed. Moving along, day after day \nthe scene is repeated, until the whole pasture country has been \nvisited, and every breeder has had an opportunity to take an \ninventory of his stock. Of course the " boys" camp out, wagons \nfollow the herd with provisions and blankets; the "round up" \nseason, from beginning to end, being one of mirth and frolic, as \nwell as of work. \n\nPaddy\'s description of a fiddle can\'t be beat: "It was the shape of a turkey \nand the size of a goose; I turned it over on it\'s back, and rubbed it\'s belly with \na crooked stick, and oh! Saint Patrick, how it squealed." \n4 \n\n\n\n50 DENVER \xe2\x80\x94 OF OL,D. \n\n\n\nCedar Point \xe2\x80\x94 Eight miles from Hugo, is the highest point \non the line of road, being 5,695 feet above the level of the sea. \n\nWe have now all down grade, with only a few feet exceptions, \nall the way to the city of Denver \xe2\x80\x94 104 miles. In this distance a \nnumber of small stations is passed, and many small streams, with \ncattle on more than a thousand hills. \n\nThe mountain views while approaching Denver are very grand. \nIf the day be clear Pike\'s peak can be seen 75 miles to the left; \nLong\'s peak, 70 miles to the right, and Gray\'s peak, directly in \nfront, all set like jewels in the crest of the great " snowy range" \nof the Rockv mountains. \n\n\n\nAgain our train rattles along the Platte river, the hum of busy \nlife is on all sides, and in front, the \n\nUnion Depot\xe2\x80\x94 Denver. This depot is a spacious stone struc- \nture, 503 feet in length by 65 feet in width, two stories, with a \ntower 165 feet high, built of lava stone from Castle Rock, with \ntrimmings from the quarries at Morrison and Manitou. \n\nThe first floor is devoted to waiting-rooms for ladies and gentle- \nmen, ticket, telegraph, telephone, express and baggage rooms, \nnews, baggage check and lunch stands, barbershop, and " sample " \nroom, besides a large dining-room where excellent meals are served \nat all reasonable hours at 50 cents. \n\nThe second floor is used at present for railroad offices; but we \nunderstand it is soon to be changed and fitted for hotel purposes. \n\nThe entire building is thoroughly ventilated, heated bv steam, \nlighted by electricity and gas, and has a thorough police system of \nits own. The entire management of the depot and grounds is \nunder the vigilant care of Col. Trufant. \n\n\' \'Where TO Go ?" \xe2\x80\x94is usually the first question to be decided by \na traveler on arriving for the first time and desiring to stop over at \nany point. \n\nThe hotels in Denver number three score and ten; boarding- \nhouses and "rooms to rent," much more numerous. \n\nThe principal hotels (rated by charges) are the Albany, Wind- \nsor, American, Charpiot\'s and St. James \xe2\x80\x94 charges, from $3 to $5 \nper day. The Markham, Capitol, Brunswick, Inter-Ocean, and \nmany others from $1.50 to $2.50 per day. Boarding-house charges \nfrom $5 to $15 per week. Furnished rooms from $8 to $35 per \nmonth. Of restaurants, there are scores, from five cent lunch \ncounter stools to the Elitch\'s palace. \n\nHow To Go. \xe2\x80\x94 Street cars leave from the southern entrance of \nthe depot for all parts of the city, passing all the principal hotels. \nBy inquiring of the street car dispatcher he will put you on the \nproper car to reach any point desired. Public carriages can always \nbe hired near the same entrance, also the Transfer Co.\'s " busses " \nand wagons. \n\nDenver \xe2\x80\x94 of Old \xe2\x80\x94 Has a "phenomenal" history, and as \nromantic as real: \n\nThe first settlement was made November 1, 1858. West Denver \nwas laid out three days later, and on the 6th, less than 200 citizens \nheld a meeting and elected a delegate to Congress, and on the \n8th mounted him on the back of a broncho, and started him for \nthe " states " \xe2\x80\x94 Washington \xe2\x80\x94 to get the " Pike\'s peak gold mines " \n\n\n\nDENVER \xe2\x80\x94 OF TO-DAY. 51 \n\nset apart from Kansas as a separate territory. The struggle for \nexistence commenced in 1861. The mines were reported " played \nout;" the war divided the people; the grasshoppers hopped onto \nand devoured even-thing green; fire laid waste half the city, to be \nfollowed by a great flood sweeping out much that remained; then \ncame the Indian war of 1804, cutting off supplies from the east, \nand all mail communications; murdered emigrants, burned ranches \nand smouldering ruins covered the route for 600 miles between \nDenver and the Missouri river. Every citizen was under arms, \nand block-houses for defense were hurriedly erected in all the \nexposed parts of the city. As if not enough to crush out the last \nspark of vitality in the citizens, came the announcement: "The \nUnion Pacific railroad is building up Pole creek." This was leav- \ning Denver over 100 miles south of the trans-continental line, and \nas Mr. Durant said, "IPs too dead to bury." 1 This was a crushing \nblow, and many abandoned the town, leaving their all, and joined \ntilt- army of railroad camp followers or contractors. (The writer \nwas one of the last named, having " swapped " 1(50 acres of land, \nof what is now an addition to the city of Denver, for two yoke of \noxen, and the Indians stole the oxen.) But that " crushing blow " \ndid not crush; in fact it was the life of Denver. Those who could \nnot get away, having large investments, and finding the trans-con- \ntinental railroad would not come to them, resolved to go to it. \nThe citizens immediately went to work and raised $400,000 by sub- \nscription, then voted county bonds for $500,000 more. Soon "dirt \nbegan to fly" on the railroad graded to Cheyenne. The turning \npoint was reached and passed, and we have now to glance at the \n\nDenver of To-<la y \xe2\x80\x94 Is the capital of the state of Colorado, \nthe commercial center. [Pop., 8o,ooo.] From a beggar on a \nbroncho in 1 858, it can now send its senators and representatives \nto Washington by six different palace car lines via the Missouri \nriver, and one via Fort Worth and the Gulf of Mexico. It has \n.smelting works and manufactories of all kinds. It has public \nbuildings, cathedrals, churches and schools, unsurpassed in any \neastern city of double its age. It has the finest opera house and \nwell-appointed hotels. Its street car system is complete. Its \nartesian water supply has no equal in the world, being taken from \nGod\'s reservoir by over 300 wells, from 380 to 1,160 feet beneath \nthe city, and is as pure as crystal. \n\nDenver is the seat of Arapahoe count}-, 14 miles east in a direct \nline, from the base of the Rocky mountains, at the junction of \nthe South Platte river and Cherry creek; elevation 5, 224 feet above \nsea level. It is a city of brick and stone, almost exclusivelv. In \nmany of the large business blocks (several eight stories in height) \niron is used, and the buildings are very costly and substantial, and \nprovided with all the modern improvements. The streets are \nbroad, the sidewalks are paved with large flagstones and bordered \nwith shade trees, sustained and nourished by streams of pure \nmountain water, which is distributed through ditches and gutters, \nrunning parallel with the sidewalks. \n\nThe Chamber of Commerce and Board of Trade building is \nsituated on the corner of Lawrence and Fourteenth streets. The \nassociation was organized in 1884, built their building, and have \nsince been very active workers for the advancement of the best \ninterests of Denver, and have succeeded in a remarkable degree. \nDar\'s many a lie\'on a tombstone. \n\n\n\n52 DENVER \xe2\x80\x94 COLORADO. \n\n\n\nIll secret orders, lodges, clans, associations and societies, Den- \nver is fully represented. \n\nDenver is a port-of-entrv, where the greater portion of foreign \ngoods that are sold in Colorado by the jobbing merchants of the \n.state arrive direct in bond. \n\nThe marvelous growth of this city, the preponderence of fine \nresidences, and the great number of people one meets, who are \napparently are people of leisure, often leads to the query: " How \ndo all these people live? " To some extent we have answered this \nquestion before. The great majority live on their money in bank. \nThere are thousands of families of independent means living in \nDenver, of which some member first came here for health, was \nrelieved and returned home to be again prostrated. They again \nreturned, were again relieved, and their faith in the health-giving \nclimate of Colorado fully established. This state of facts resulted \nin the packing up and gathering together of their household goods \nand gods, and the establishment of permanent homes in Colorado. \nThere are hundreds of fine private residences in and around Den- \nver that have been built within the last ten years by men of wealth \nas homes, that cost from $15,000 to $50,000, and furnished with all \nthe luxuries that money can buy. Great numbers of these resi- \ndences are owned by those who have made their fortunes in the \nmines, and after leading nomadic lives of want and exposure \nfor years have settled down to enjoy life. \n\nThe Alpine view from Denver, of the great Rocky mountain \nchain, extending north and south for 200 miles with Long\'s peak \nto the north, Pike\'s peak to the south, and the "dome of the \ncontinent," Gray\'s peak, in the center is most exquisite! Supple- \nment the picture with the beautiful buttes, foot-hills and the roll- \ning prairies, 600 miles wide to the eastward, and the magnificent \nlandscape is complete. Should we include the substantial, the \nrefined society, beautiful drives, abundance of the necessities of \nlife, economy of living, and above all, the delightful health-giving \nclimate of Colorado to the list of attractions, they would answer \nthe query, often propounded, \' \' What has built up \xe2\x80\x94 what sustains \nDenver? " \n\nThe advantages above enumerated are only a few that could be \nnamed. As a distributing point, its central location must ever \ncommand the trade and traffic of the numerous mining and agri- \ncultural towns, both in the mountains and valleys. Its w T ouderful, \nalmost unlimited railroad advantages, is another marvel. Denver, \nto-day, is the terminus of more railroads, with hut two exceptions, \nthan any city, town or villagein the world. Sixteen is the number \nnow, to which can be added within the next 18 months, two more. \nThese 16 railroads are all separate and distinct organizations, run- \nning regular trains. \n\nThe newspapers and miscellaneous publications number 33. \nThe News, Republican, Times and Democrat appear daily. The \nGraphic, Farmer, Journal, Herald, Celt, Enquirer and Republican \nare weekly papers. The Field and Farm is also a weekly, and one \nof the best, if not the best, publication of the kind in the west. \n\n\n\nNear Tacoma, W. T., is this sign-board: \n\n"This road is not passable, \nNot even \'jackassable;\' \n\nAn I those who wish to travel it. \n\nSh mlil turn out anil gravel it." \n\n\n\nCOLORADO\xe2\x80\x94 ITS CHARACTERISTICS. \n\n\n\nColorado \xe2\x80\x94 its General Features. \xe2\x80\x94 It is not our purpose \nto enter into a very minute description of this remarkable state; \nalthough the youngest in the American Union, it possesses nearly \nall the natural advantages of her older sisters, while in many \nrespects she stands forth pre-eminently superior to any of them, \nand to the world at large. \n\nWhat is claimed \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nThe most healthful climate. \n\nThe grandest parks and mountain scenery. \n\nThe grandest and deepest canon in the world. \n\nThe largest coal vein and coal deposits in the known world. \n\nThe greatest number of developed ore-producing mines. \n\nThe greatest number of mine locations. \n\nThe greatest number of medicinal and mineral springs. \n\nThe largest substantial city of its age in the world. \n\nThe most abundant water power; mill-sites and dam-sites are \nnumberless. \n\nThe highest mountain ranges, peaks and parks in the Union, \nand the source of the greatest number of large rivers. \n\nThe largest, most abundant, and greatest variety of game, \nfeathered and haired, as well as the most numerous streams stocked \nwith the finest trout. \n\nFinally \xe2\x80\x94 The most accessible Alpine country for tourists and \nhealth seekers from the most populous states of America, and the \ncheapest. \n\nColorado was admitted as a state July 4, 1870, just 100 \nyears after the Declaration of Independence, from which fact it is \nknown as the "Centennial" state. It is situated between the \n37th and 41st degrees of north latitude and the 25th and 32d meri- \ndians of longitude west from Washington, containing 108,012 \nsquare miles, about one-third of which is prairie lands, lying east \nof the base of the Rocky mountains; the other two-thirds are moun- \ntainous, with parks and small valleys sandwiched in between the \nmountain ranges. \n\nClimate and Health \xe2\x80\x94 The climate is dry and very healthy; \ndiseases common in the older states are unknown here. Pulmon- \nary complaints \xe2\x80\x94 if not too deep seated \xe2\x80\x94 are either eradicated from \nthe system of invalids who resort to this country, or the disease \nbecomes so modified that the sufferer enjoys a marked improve- \nment in health. Within the last few years numerous hot springs \nhave been discovered in various parts of the state which are \nclaimed to possess great medicinal qualities, particularly for the \ncure of rheumatism and kindred diseases. \n\nIrrigation \xe2\x80\x94 Is very generally resorted to throughout the state \nfor agricultural purposes. There are a great number of canals that \ntake the water from the streams near the mountains, and conduct \nit to points from 25 to 100 miles away, from which great numbers \nof laterals or small ditches conduct the water over the fields of the \nfarmers, thus insuring good crops, as irrigation is necessary on \nnearly all tillable land in the state. \n\nFarm Products \xe2\x80\x94 Wheat yields from 30 to 40 bushels to the \nacre. Oats, rye, barley and small grain generally, yield good \ncrops; corn, in the southern counties and some parts of Boulder, \nUarimer and Weld counties, make fair returns. Potatoes are ex- \nceptionally fine all over the state. All vegetables do well, and \n\n\n\n54 COLORADO \xe2\x80\x94 ITS CHARACTERISTICS. \n\nmelons yield abundantly. Many kinds of berries are raised suc- \ncessfully. Alfalfa makes three crops a year, or eight tons to the acre. \n\nApples, of late years, have been in the markets from home \norchards. \n\nCoal, \xe2\x80\x94 The yield of coal in the state for 1887 amounted to \n2,137,410 tons. \n\nProf. Havden, late U. S. geologist, claims that 100,000 square \nmiles of Colorado is underlaid with coal. Of this extent it is esti- \nmated 30,000 square miles of the coal deposits have an average \nthickness of 2o feet. By the usual method of estimating coal in \nplaces this gives a total of over 836,000,000,000 tons. At the pres- \nent Pennsylvania rate of production, it will take nearly 14,000 \nyears to mine out the coal in the state of Colorado. \n\nIron \xe2\x80\x94 Large quantities of iron ore of good quality are often \nfound in connection with the coal deposits. One deposit is 90 \nper cent, iron, almost pine metal. Steel rails are now made from \nthis iron at the Bessemer works, near Pueblo. \n\nPrecious Metal,S \xe2\x80\x94 Gold, silver, copper and lead are the prin- \ncipal mineral productions of the state, and are found principally \nin the most mountainous portions of the state. \n\nPlacer Mining \xe2\x80\x94 once quite profitable, is now almost entirely \nabandoned. \n\nQuartz Mining \xe2\x80\x94 has grown to enormous proportions of late, \nand stamp mills and smelting furnaces are scattered all over the \nstate. \n\nBesides the ore treated in the state thousands of carloads are \nshipped annually to eastern and foreign markets. \n\nVim, Vigor and Push \xe2\x80\x94 In a zigzag tour, covering over 4,000 \nmiles in Colorado, we found people from all parts of the world \nscattered all over the state, in new towns and camps, valleys and \nglens, on mountains and plains, and beside healing waters and \n"babbling brooks" \xe2\x80\x94 prospecting, mining, farming, stock-raising, \nbuilding roads and bridges, smelting works and mills, erecting \nlarge business blocks, selling "corner lots," publishing news- \npapers and prosecuting all kinds of business enterprises, with a \nvim vigor and push that said \xe2\x80\x94 "this country is good enough for us. \nWe came to stay." \n\nTREASURES "crop out." \xe2\x80\x94 On one of our tours in Hinsdale \ncounty, we were shown a mountain, one side of which had been \ncut away by the action of the waters in past ages, leaving it per- \npendicular and in places overhanging to the height of over 1,000 \nfeet, a number of veins of mineral cropping out from the side in \nwell-defined bodies, some of which can be traced along the cliff \nfor miles, and can be seen for miles away. Pieces from these ore \nveins have been picked up at the base of the cliff which assayed \nover |100 to the ton in silver and a large per cent, of lead. The \nlocation of these ore bodies is well known in the country, but as \nthey are all the way from 400 to 1,000 feet high, in a perpendicu- \nlar cliff, inaccessable to a wingless mortal, they have not been \n"staked" or recorded. Another reason is, the mountains are full \nof mines, "laying about loose," that are rich, more easy of access \nand nearer railroad facilities. \n\nMountain Scenery\xe2\x80\x94 The grandest mountains and mountain \nscenery is found in Colorado. The highest peaks rise, snow-clad, \n\n\n\nf:\'J^\\ ;* :-\'t: : \n\n\n\n- T\xe2\x80\x94 ni\'.iiHii , :\';;":.:\xe2\x84\xa2^ \n\n\n\n\nHANGING ROCK\xe2\x80\x94 CLEAR CREEK CANON, COLORADO. \n\n\n\nsee side tour no. i\xe2\x80\x94 Page 59. \n\n\n\n[Page 55. \n\n\n\n56 COLORADO \xe2\x80\x94 ITS CHARACTERISTICS. \n\n\n\nproudly and defiantly in the clear blue sky; their gray sides and \nwhite crests being visible in the clear atmosphere for many, ah ! \nhundreds of miles away. \n\nIn the pure air of this country, peaks and elevated objects are \nvisible for a great distance, so great indeed as to seem incredible \nto those who have never been in these regions and seen with their \nown eyes. Mt. Blanca is the highest peak in Colorado \xe2\x80\x94 14,4<>4 \nfeet out of 41 that range about 14,000 feet. \n\nThe Alps, storied monuments of poetic legendary fame, cannot \ncompare with these mountains in scenes of sublime beaut)\' and \nawful grandeur. Here all the vast scene is before you; the pure \nair brings the distant mountains within one\'s vision, as though \nanxious that the whole grand beauty of the scene should be visi- \nble at one and the same time. The mind drinks in the inspira- \ntion of the glorious vision at one draught, and filled with awe, \nwonder and admiration, the bounding heart almost stands still, \nwhile the eager eyes gaze on the grandest panorama in nature. \nFrom the top of Gray\'s peak, a morning scene of glorious beauty \nis unfolded to the visitor, such as one rarely sees in any clime, for \nnature in her wildest moods, has never excelled her handiwork in \nthe almost boundless view spread out in every direction. \n\nFrom Alpine summits the tourist\'s gaze extends over one petty \nkingdom, to rest upon another; here the eye fails to reach the full \nextent of Colorado, and the far horizon closes in the scene by \ndropping an airy curtain, whose fleecy fringes rest on mountain \npeaks and vast plains in far distant portions of the same fair state. \n\nSnowy Range; \xe2\x80\x94 or the continental divide \xe2\x80\x94 extends north and \nsouth through Colorado about equal distances from east to west, \nrears far heavenward its serried peaks, from the east side of which \nthe waters of numberless springs and the melting snows ripple soft- \nly away as though afraid to venture on their long journey to the \nAtlantic ocean. On the other side the scene is repeated, only the \nwaters reach the Pacific ocean on the west side of the continent. \nThis "divide" is the apex, the center of the Rocky mountain \nrange, the crowning peak of that backbone, whose iron ribs are \nrepresented by the many spurs that branch away in earnest sup- \nport of the whole grand mountain system. From this "divide\'\' \nrange on range, gorge after gorge can be seen, interspersed with \nrugged peaks, which lend a peculiar wilduess to the scene. Far- \naway to the east lies the vast grayish expanse of plains, looking \nlike some great ocean, its breast unstirred by the passing breeze, \nor rippled by a single prow; nearer still, along the streams as they \ntumble through the foothills, along the bordering mountains, \nnestling in the hollow and between the brown heights lie miua- \nture prairies \xe2\x80\x94 patches of green \xe2\x80\x94 on which the sun falls in folds of \nglorious light, enveloping them in a flood of golden beauty. Small \nand insignificant as they appear when compared with the vast sea \nof plains beyond, they are really large valleys, in which are found \nthe best grazing and dairying lands in the state. \n\nParks \xe2\x80\x94 There are other valleys as seen from the mountain \ntops which prove on entering them to be both wide and long. \nThey are known as the North, MIDDLE, South and San Luis \nParks. Each is a great central park or valley in itself, .shut out \nfrom its neighbors by dividing ridges of rugged mountains, the \nonly entrances being along the numerous water-courses, which \nhave their origin in th,e valleys and surrounding peaks, and cut \n\n\n\nWAGES PAID IN COLORADO. \n\n\n\ntheir way through their prison walls while passing to the sea. \nThe extent of these parks vary, the largest being about 80 miles \nlong with an average width of 20 miles. The smallest of the num- \nber will not exceed 80 miles in length, with a width of about ten \nmiles. The Middle lies on the Pacific side of the "backbone," \nwhile the others rest on the Atlantic, their altitude being from \n7,000 to 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. They are, in fact, \ngreat upland basins, the reservoirs of the debris which for cent- \nuries have washed down the mountain sides. Their soil is fertile, \nyielding wild grasses in abundance, furnishing food for vast herds \nof cattle, sheep and game. In some of these valleys fine crops of \nwheat, oats, potatoes and hay grow successfully. In Europe or \nNew England, were such valleys found at such an altitude and in \nsimilar latitude, they would be worthless, barren wastes, probably \nregions of perpetual ice and snow; but here, settlers make their \nhomes, raise some kinds of grain and vegetables for markets, cut \nhay and graze their cattle in summer on the abundant natural \ngrasses, read the newspapers, vote the straight ticket, and are \ngenerally happy. \n\nFinally \xe2\x80\x94 Coloradoaus, as a class, are working and reading \npeople, always busy, with no place for drones. Emigrants are \nreceived by old settlers and treated as friends, until they are found \nunworthy. The same might be said of business men and tourists. \nTo all wage-workers and salaried persons, we would say: There is \nalways work, of some kind, in Colorado for all those who honestly \nseek it, but the}\' will need to make a name for honesty, sobriety \nand reliability when the door will be opened, to attain any position \nand salary that their abilities will warrant. But all should remem- \nber, as the air is light in Colorado, to keep away from the gam- \nbling houses, bar rooms and bagnios, and you are all tight, visit \nthem, and you are lost; maybe with your " boots on." \n\nRate of Wages Paid in Colorado. \xe2\x80\x94 For the benefit of \nthose who contemplate emigrating to Colorado, we have taken \nmuch pains to ascertain and compile a list of wages paid for serv- \nices, covering nearly every occupation in the state. In this task \nwe have been aided materially by the Leadville Her aid-Democrat. \n\nAssayers \xe2\x80\x94 per month. Gamblers \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nBest men $125 to $175 j Day faro dealers \xc2\xa36.00 \n\nHelpers .so to 100 Night faro dealers 7.50 \n\nBoys....: into 40 1 Employes, other games... 4.00 to 6.00 \n\nBarbers \xe2\x80\x94 per week. Gas Workers \xe2\x80\x94 pet" month. \n\nGood hands 1S to 20 Stokers $iooto$no \n\nCommission hands, 60 per cent. Fitters goto 100 \n\n*Brick and Stone Masons. j Harness Makers \xe2\x80\x94 per week. \n\n\n\nWages vary \xe2\x80\x94 54 to 56 per day. \nBartenders. \n\nPer month S75 to $ioo \n\nButchers \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nSlaughterers $3-5\xc2\xb0 to $4 \n\nMeat cutters 3.00 to 4 \n\nCharcoal \xe2\x80\x94 per month (and board) \n\n\n\nGood makers $16 to $20 \n\nSaddlers 24 to 36 \n\nHotel Employes \xe2\x80\x94 per month. \n\nClerks $30 to $100 \n\nStewards 50 to 125 \n\nCooks 30 to 100 \n\nWashers, etc 20 to 30 \n\n\n\nTeamsters 540 to $50 j Waiters 15 to 30 \n\nKiln men .so to 60 : Chambermaids 20 to 30 \n\nChoppers, Si per cord. Laundresses 25 to 30 \n\nCigar Makers. Porters and bell boys 15 to 39, \n\n\n\nPer 1000 moulds 5io \n\n" " hand-made 15 to 16 \n\n*Carpenters \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nBest men J4.ootoS4.50 \n\nOrdinary 3-5\xc2\xb0to 4.00 \n\nClerks. \n\nPer month SSo to $100 \n\nDrug clerks 75 to loo \n\n*Dressmakers \xe2\x80\x94 per week \n\n\n\n(Includes board and lodging.) \nJewelers and Watchmakers. \n\nBest men, per week $30 to $35 \n\nLaundries \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nStarchers S2.00 to $3.00 \n\nPolishers, etc 1.50 to 2.50 \n\nWashers 1.50 to 2.00 \n\nLivery Stables \xe2\x80\x94 per month. \n\nHostlers S.so to $60 \n\n\n\nBest hands 20 Boy 20 to 40 \n\nOrdinary 8 to 9 \n\n* Indicates a demand. \n\n\n\n500 \n\n250 \n\n150 \n\n15\xc2\xb0 \n\n125 \n120 \n\n3oo \n90 \nSo \n\n\n\n3.00 \n4.50 \n\n\n\n1-75 \n\n\n\n4.00 \n\n\n\n$50 \n\n\n\nMine Employes\xe2\x80\x94 per month. \n\nMilliliters $250 to 1,000 \n\nSuperintendents 100 to \n\nForemen 123 to \n\nShift bosses 100 to \n\nEngineers 100 to \n\nCarpenters 100 to \n\n\'fiinbermen 90 to \n\nAssayers 125 to \n\nMiners 80 to \n\nSurface men 75 to \n\nIn wet mines. S4.00 per day, S hours. \n\nMilliners \xe2\x80\x94 per week Sio to $20 \n\nMachinists \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nMachinists $4.00 to $4.25 \n\nBoiler makers 4.00 to 4.50 \n\nBlacksmiths 4.00 to 4.25 \n\nBlacksmith helpers 3.00 \n\nLaborers 2.50 to \n\nMoulders 4.00 to \n\nTurners 4.00 \n\nApprentices 1 00 to \n\nForemen 5.00 \n\nBookkeepers 3.00 to \n\nNewspapers \xe2\x80\x94 per week. \n\nEditors $30 to \n\nReporters 25 to \n\nSolicitors 25 to 50 \n\nCollectors 15 to 20 \n\nBookkeepers 20 to 25 \n\nCirculators is to 25 \n\nCarriers 5 to S \n\nJob printers 26 \n\nJob foremen js to 30 \n\nCompositors, per 1000, 45 to 50c. \nForeman morning papt 1 \nForeman evening paper. 2S \n\nPressmen 20 to 25 \n\nPressfeeders 10 to 15 \n\nApprentices 5 to 6 \n\nBinders [5 to 20 \n\nOre Haulers \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nTeamsters .....$2.50 to S3.\' 10 \n\nContract price from 50c. to S3 per \nton; depends on distance and state \nof roads. \n\nPlumbers, etc. \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nDitching \xc2\xa32.50 to $2.75 \n\nTeamsters 3.00 \n\nForemen 3.75 to \n\nBookkeepers 3.00 to \n\nMan and team 8.00 \n\nPlumbers 3.50 to \n\nGasfitters 3.00 to \n\nPaper Hangers \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nDecorators lo \n\nOrdinary hanging \n\nPainters \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nOutside men $3.00 to $3.50 \n\nInside men 3.00 to 3.50 \n\nGrainers...._ 3.00 to 4.00 \n\nWagon work 3.00 to 3.50 \n\nSigns, per foot 35c. to 1.50 \n\nJob painting, 20c. per sq. foot for two \ncoats. Caleimining 6c. to 8c. per sq. \nyard. \n\nPhotographers \xe2\x80\x94 per week. \n\nPrinters fio to $15 \n\nRe-touchers 20 to 40 \n\nOperators 20 to 30 \n\nReception room, ladies... 7 to 10 \n\nPlaster ers \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \nGood hands $4.00 I" -\' .50 \n\nPhysicians \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n< Ordinary advice $2.00 \n\nVaccination 1.00 \n\n. Day visit in city 3.00 \n\nNight " " 5.00 \n\n* Indicates \n\n\n\n4.00 \n(..00 \n\n\n\n4-5\xc2\xb0 \n3-5\xc2\xb0 \n\n\n\nConsultations with at- \ntending physicians 10.00 \n\nMileage, out of city 2.00 \n\nSurgical operations from $50 to $500 \n\nRailroad F\'mployes \xe2\x80\x94 per month. \n\nOffice clerks $ 75 to $125 \n\nCheek clerks 65 to 73 \n\nWarehousemen 50 to 60 \n\nWatchmen 50 to 60 \n\nConductors 100 \n\nBrakemen 60 to ;<> \n\nSwitchmen 60 to 70 \n\nLoc. engineers 100 to 130 \n\nLoc. firemen 75 to no \n\nDispatchers 100 to 150 \n\nSection foremen 60 to 70 \n\nhands 45 to 50 \n\nCarpenters 75 to 80 \n\nBridge builders 75 to 80 \n\nCar repairers 65 to 73 \n\nInspectors 65 to 75 \n\nMachinists 75 to no \n\n*Servants (board and room I \xe2\x80\x94 per \nmonth. \n\nGeneral housework $25 to $40 \n\nWoman cook 35 to 50 \n\nSaw-Mills \xe2\x80\x94 per month. \n\nLoggers, and board $45 \n\nF^ngineers, and board 60 to 75 \n\nRatchet men, and board.. 65 to 75 \n\nTeamsters, and board 40 \n\nHead sawyers, $4.00 per day. \n\nSmelter Employes\xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nFeeders $4.00 \n\nFurnace men 4.00 \n\nCharge weighers 3.50 \n\nwheelers %.. 3.50 \n\nSlag-pot pullers 2.50 \n\nShift bosses 4.00 \n\nSamplers 2.50 \n\nRoustabouts 2.50 \n\nYard men 2.50 \n\nTeamsters 2.50 \n\nSchool Teachers \xe2\x80\x94 per month. \n\nSup\'t in city $160 to J180 \n\nPrincipals 80 \n\nPrimary So \n\nIntermediate 70 \n\nShoemakers can earn from $20 to $25 \nper week. \n\nSurveyors \xe2\x80\x94 per day. \n\nTransit men \xc2\xa35.00 \n\nChain men 3.00 \n\nSurveying city lots 6.00 \n\nSurveying mining loca- \ntion 10.00 to 23.00 \n\nSurveying experts 25.00 \n\nTinners \xe2\x80\x94 per week. \n\nGood men $18 to >jo \n\nBy job, laying tin roof, from S7.00 to \n$8.50 per sq. yard. \n\nTailors\xe2\x80\x94 per week. \n\nJourneymen $23 to $35 \n\nScale wages 20 \n\nMost of the work is done by the piece \nat an agreed scale of prices. \n\nWagonmakers \xe2\x80\x94 $2.50 to $3.00 per day. \n\nCity Laborers \xe2\x80\x94 $1.50 to S2.00 per day. \n\nCoal Miners \xe2\x80\x94 60c. to 80c. per ton. \n\nGulch Miners \xe2\x80\x94 $2.00 to $3.00 per day. \n\nCattle and Sheep Herders \xe2\x80\x94 S25 to \nand board. \n\nCoachmen \xe2\x80\x94 $15 to S30 and board. \n\nOffice Boys \xe2\x80\x94 S3. 00 to S6.00 per week. \n\n"Farm Hands \xe2\x80\x94 $25 to $35 per month \nand board. \n\nDining-room Girls\xe2\x80\x94 S20 to $30 per \nmonth, \na demand. \n\n\n\nI Passengers over the Denver & Rio Grande railway, via Royal \nGorge, Marshall Pass, the Black Canon of the Gunnison and Castle \nGate to Salt Lake and Ogden, and thence via the Central Pacific rail- \nroad to California, will buy CROFurr\'S Overland Tours No. \xc2\xb1 It \ndescribes the scenery en route and all over the Pacific coast \xe2\x80\x94 both \nnorthern and southern California \xe2\x80\x94 Yosemite, big trees, geysers, \nvineyards, orchards, etc., etc. \n\n\n\nCOLORADO SIDE TOURS. \xe2\x80\xa2">!) \n\n\n\nSIDE TOURS IX COLORADO. \n\n\n\nSide Twin* \\w. 1 \xe2\x80\x94 From Denver to Clear Creek Canon, \nCentral City, Idaho Springs, Georgetown, Middle Park \nand Gray\'s Peak. \n\nThe only rail route that can be taken to these places is via the \n(narrow gauge) Colorado Central, branch of the Union Pacific \nrailway. \n\nThere are two regular passenger trains, each way, daily; one at \n8 o\'clock a. m., the other at 3 o\'clock p. in. The morning train is \nthe best to take. \n\nSometimes Observation Cars are attached to the train, afford- \ning wider and more comprehensive views than can be obtained from \nthe car windows of the little cars. \n\nLeaving the depot our train moves northward, passing gas- \nworks, elevators, machine shops and manufactories, a half mile to \nthe bridge over the Platte river. Soon we commence to climb the \nrolling prairie and in two miles Argo is passed, where are located \ntbe Boston & Colorado Smelting works, owned principally by \nEx-Senator Hill. \n\nHalf a mile further a beautiful view can be had of Denver, \nwhich lies to the southeast, embowered in shade trees, with scores \nof churches, private residences, large commercial buildings and \nextensive manufactories standing forth in marked prominence. \nTo the south is the range of the "Plum creek divide," beyond \nwhich, a little further to the westward, can be seen Pike\'s peak, \npeaking up far above all other surroundings. The Platte river and \nvalley are close in the eastern foreground, beyond which are the \nbroad plains, limitless apparently to the e3 r e, while in the western \nbackground are the Rocky mountains, the base of which is near, \nbut the peaks and the range from north to south are only bounded \nby the horizon. \n\nProceeding a short distance further, the valley of Clear creek \nappears suddenly to our vision. It is one of the most fertile in the \nstate. The soil is rich, black loam, mixed with just enough fine \nsand to make it warm and epiick to give life to cereals or roots. \nFor the production of all kinds of vegetables Clear creek valley is \nnoted. \n\nDescending into the valley we cross the bridge over Clear creek \nand run along on its west bank to Akvada. a small hamlet, seven \nmiles from Denver. \n\nNearly opposite Arvada, to the south three miles, that big \nbuilding is the Catholic college. \n\n< )ur course is now directly west toward the mountains, cross- \ning Ralston creek and many irrigating canals \xe2\x80\x94 for be it known, \nthese lands have all to be irrigated to be certain of raising a good \ncrop \xe2\x80\x94 to the base of the Table mountains. \n\nThese huge "Tables," the outposts or giant sentinels of the \nRocky mountains, are 1,000 feet in height, nearly round, flat on \ntop, well grassed, and at one time must have been one unbroken \nrange enclosing a great basin above, where is now the site of Golden. \nClear creek must have been very busy for a great many years \nto have cut such a tremendous chasm as the one we are now enter- \ning. Rolling along past smelting, sampling and concentrating \n\n\n\n00 GOLDEN \xe2\x80\x94 COLORADO. \n\n\n\nworks, several manufactories and the railroad company\'s machine \nshops, we reach Golden, the "Lowell" of Colorado, 15 miles from \nDenver. \n\n\n\niiiolricil \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,500]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Jefferson county; was first \nsettled in lN.>!t. Has important advantages as a manufacturing \ncity from the abundance of water power afforded by Clear creek, \nwhich comes tumbling down the mountains, bisecting the town, \ngiving power to a score or more of mills and manufactories of dif- \nferent kinds. In early days the placer mines along the creek and \nin the vicinity supported the place, when these gave out coal \nmining and manufacturing took their place. \n\nThe State School of Mines is located here \xe2\x80\x94 a noble structure \nfor the purpose. The number of students in attendance is large \nand increasing, while the facilities afforded them for improvement \nand advancement, in theory and practice, are not equaled by those \nof any like institution in America. \n\nThe county and public buildings, business blocks, church and \nschool buildings, are very generally of brick with stone facings. \nTwo weekly newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 the Glo6e.a.nd Gen. George West\'s J\'taii- \nsciipt \xe2\x80\x94 are published here. The hotels are numerous, but not no- \ntable. Water is conducted along both sides of the streets, and the \ntrees bordering the walks add much to the beauty and comfort of \nthe city. \n\nLeaving Golden our course is westward, directly for the moun- \ntains, which rise over 2,000 feet above our road, showing no en- \ntrance only an impenetrable Gibraltar, against which our little \nengine seemed destined to butt; yet on it goes on a perfect tangent, \nstraight for the towering bulwark, but just as it appears the crash \nmust come, with no means of escape on either hand, the engine, \nwith one long, loud blast of defiance, dodges to the left and skirts \nits very base directly for the river, but far above. The prospects \nnow presented seem favorable for a bath, with the entire train and \npassengers for company. We near the brink, the waters thunder- \ning far below; another blast, another whirl (this time to the right) \nand we are rolling around the brink of a precipice; another whirl, \nand our train is running back upon itself, having circled the moun- \ntain finger thrust out, as it were, to bar its progress. \n\nWe are now in the mouth of the canon, and the huge fingers of \nthe mountain are thrust out on each side, interlocking like the \nfingers of the hands. \n\nWe follow the creek in its tortuous course \xe2\x80\x94 in places far above \n\xe2\x80\x94 and then on a level with its banks, beside perpendicular cliffs \nand beneath overhanging walls 1,(100 or more feet in height. \nThe whole scene changes with every revolution of the wheels, and \nto be sure not to miss any grand views, one must keep alert and \nwatchful all the time. \n\nFrom four to six miles above the mouth of the canon, placer \nclaims were worked in 1859-60, but they have long since been \nabandoned. \n\nIn those days the beavers did to the creek what many citizens \nliving below are doing to-day. \n\nEight miles brings our train to the first stopping place, Beaver \nBrook, named from a small stream, coining in 011 the left, down a \nnarrow canon, up which, six miles distant, is located a saw-mill in \na perfect forest of timber. The scenery at this point is grand \xe2\x80\x94 the \n\n\n\nCLEAR CREEK CANON. 01 \n\nmountains are fully 1,000 feet above the road, on either hand, and \ncovered in places with a dense growth of young pine and spruce \ntrees, presenting an appearance as wild, picturesque and romantic \nas one could wish. \n\nLeaving the station our road makes a 30-degree curve to the \nright, up a grade of 272 feet to the mile under a projecting spur of \nthe mountain, which rises 1,500 feet above our train, while the \ncreek is close on the right, and thundering along down its narrow \nrocky bed. \n\nEek Creek, a side track for passing trains, is reached one \nmile above Beaver Brook, and we continue climbing up, up, be- \ntween towering mountain cliffs, in places clothed with evergreen, \npine, cedar and spruce trees, with shrubs of various kinds, until \nwe reach a point three miles above Elk creek, where the walls on \nthe west side of the creek slope away, and our train rolls past Big \nHile. Here the old Mt. Vernon wagon road comes down the \nmountain from the left, the grade of which in places is 3-4 feet to \n100 feet. This road leaves the valley about two miles south of \nGolden, and after climbing the mountains via Mt. Vernon canon \nto an altitude of 8,000 feet, descends this "hill" and runs up the \nnorth branch of Clear creek to Black Hawk and Central. Many \nof the mills and the machinery used in these mountains, in early \ndays before the railroad, were hauled over this road, and where \nthe grades were the steepest, the wagons were eased down by \nropes secured by a turn or two around huge pine trees beside the \nroad. We remember the time where it took ten men, besides their \nteams, nine days, to lower down this hill one boiler, the weight of \nwhich was a little over seven tons. Those who grumble at the \nrailroad, please take notice: The wagon road is still there \xe2\x80\x94 try it. \n\nForks Cl\'Cek \xe2\x80\x94 [Eight miles from Golden; elevation, 6,8So feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is \nthe junction of North and South Clear creek. Here our train is \ndivided. The route for Georgetown turns to the left, across the \nbridge, while that for Black Hawk and Central keeps to the right. \nAs we have always had a desire to do right, we will keep to the \nright a while longer, and note the result. \n\n\n\nFrom this point to Black Hawk [seven miles] \xe2\x80\x94 and we might in- \nclude that portion from Floyd Hill to Georgetown, on the South \nFork \xe2\x80\x94 nearly every foot of the creek bed has been dug over time \nand again, by miners in search of gold. Dams in many places \nhave turned the waters of the creek through flumes, first on one \nside of its bed, then on the other, and the greater portion of the \nearth from surface to bed rock, from one side of the gulch to the \nother, has been dug and washed over by white men, and when \ngiven up by them has been "jumped " by the Chinese companies, \nmany of whose people can now be seen daily washing and work- \ning these old " placer diggings " over again. \n\nTwo miles above the Forks is \n\nCottonwood \xe2\x80\x94 A side-track \xe2\x80\x94 a milk ranch and a water tank. \nHoiv convenient! \n\nNearly opposite this station Russell gulch comes down, up \nwhich are located the old placer mines, so noted in 1859. \n\nA close observer of the working along the creek will get some \nidea of the methods adopted in gulch or placer mining. \n\n\n\n62 BI.ACK HAWK \xe2\x80\x94 CENTRAL CITY. \n\nAfter passing the ruins of several old mills, by looking away up \nthe mountain side on the left, can be seen the railroad track over \nwhich our train will soon be climbing en-route to Central City. \n\nIt is the " switch-back;" observe it well. It is, to say the least, \nan evidence of what engineering skill can accomplish. \n\nPassing several quartz mills, samplers and ruins of abandoned \nworks we cross the creek to the west bank and stop at \n\nBlack Hawk \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000; altitude, 8,032 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Gold in paying \nquantities was first discovered in this county at this place, by \nJohn H. Gregory, May 6, 1859. During tbe summer the great \nrush of gold-seekers commenced in earnest and the mountains \nwere overrun with prospectors, every day bringing reports of rich \nplacer diggings or quartz discoveries. \n\nHere the buildings, mills, churches, stores and residences are \nsandwiched in between the gulches, ravines, mines, rocks and pro- \njecting mountain crags in the most irregular manner. \n\nQuartz mills are numerous in and around Black Hawk; the \nrattling of their descending stamps night and da}\' speaks in thun- \nder tones of the great wealth of this mountain country, one of the \nimmense treasure chambers of the American continent. \n\nAll the citizens are engaged in mining directly or indirectly. \n\nA transfer stage connects at Black Hawk for Central, one and a \nhalf miles distant; fare, 25 cents; by rail it is four miles. \n\nLeaving Black Hawk we start on our zig-zag tour to Central, \non the route above named. The ride is one of great interest. \nAfter proceeding half a mile up North Clear creek our train stops, \nthe switch is turned and back it goes> but not on the same track. \nIt is climbing the world at a rapid rate; now it is directly over the \ncitv, then on the steep mountain side beyond; then thunders over \nhigh bridges that span deep and fearful chasms, and stops at the \nend of two miles, on the brink of a precipice 400 feet above the \nsame road up which it came within the hour, quite near enough to \nreach with a sling and stone. Again forward and again climbing, \nnow the track runs parallel with the other two, but each far above \nthe other. Soon the train rounds the mountain spur opposite \nBlack Hawk, but 300 feet above, then bears away to the westward, \nheading off deep ravines or crossing them on high bridges, over \nstreets lined on each side with mills, stores and residences, the \nhomes of the citizens. The views of scenery are the most \nvaried and surprising; the changes are rapid and wonderful as those \nof the kaleidoscope, yet with all the scenic beauty of this western \ncountrv within the reach of all, many of our people never visit \nthem, but sigh for a tour to foreign lands. A few more revolutions \nof the wheels and the train is at \n\nCentral C\'ltj" \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3, 400; from Denver. 39 miles; elevation, 8,503 feet; \n471 feet higher than Black Hawk]. \xe2\x80\x94 The seat of Gilpin county. The \nRegister-Call, a daily and weekly newspaper, enlightens the citi- \nzens on the news of the day, while the Teller and American hotels \nprovide accommodations for the traveling public. Central has \nthree banks, many quartz mills, numerous churches and schools, \nan opera house, and some fine private residences. The latter are \nscattered around about the hills, rocks, stumps and prospect holes, \nin the most irregular order. Central is the trading centre, for an \nextensive chain of mining camps or "diggings," which number \nfrom 20 to 500 inhabitants. \n\n\n\nIDAHO SPRINGS \xe2\x80\x94 COLORADO. 63 \n\nThe ore veins of Gilpin county are all true fissures, and there \nare many shafts down to the depth of 700 to 2,000 feet. The peo- \nple are generally prosperous \xe2\x80\x94 some rich \xe2\x80\x94 and the money has been \nmade here. The froth, scum and driftwood of civilization inci- \ndental to mining camps have long since floated away to "new \ndiggings," leaving a substantial class of citizens, any one of whom \nwill tell you, with the greatest confidence, " Gilpin county is good \nenough for me! " \n\nThe character of the gold ores are free-milling white quartz, \nand surface dirt. \n\nThe Gilpin County Tram Railway \xe2\x80\x94 a two-foot gauge 12 miles \n\nin length \xe2\x80\x94 runs from a connection with the " Central," near Black \n\nHawk \xe2\x80\x94 around the mountains to all the principal ore-producing \n\nmines \xe2\x80\x94 hauling coal, timber, lumber, ore, etc., to and from the \n\nmines, mills, and railroad. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South, Idaho Springs, seven miles, fare $i, six \ntimes a week; to the north, Rollinsville, 12 miles, fare $2; Nederland, four \nmiles, fare $2.50; Caribou, five miles, fare $3, six times a week. \n\nWe will now return to the Forks, take the Georgetown train, \ncross the bridge and follow up South Clear creek. Soon the train \narrives at a narrow gorge and a sharp curve in the road and creek, \nwhere one of those huge fingers of the mountain projects out, \nreaching over to within 200 feet of its tall brother on the opposite \nside of the creek; and as the train passes under this overhanging \ncliff, we enter a natural amphitheater of immense proportions. The \nmountain rises over 2,000 feet above the stream, which is here com- \npressed to a rapid torrent, thundering at its very base. The space \nbetween these towering walls is barely sufficient for the creek and \nroad; in some places the road-bed had to be blasted out of the moun- \ntain side. The scenery here and for the next few miles is very \nimpressive. \n\nAbout three miles above the forks the road curves to the right \ninto the widening of the canon, opposite the base of Floyd hill, \ndown which comes the old wagon road from Bergens township. \nOn our way up several old deserted mills are passed, and we will \nprobably see some w r ork in the placer diggings along the creek. \n\nl<lilllO Spring* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3.000; from Forks, eight miles; Denver, 37 \nmiles; Georgetown, 13 miles; elevation, 7,543].\xe2\x80\x94 Is in Clear creek country, \nin a beautiful little park nearly two miles long and half a mile in \nwidth, the lands gently sloping southward. The streets are broad, \nbeside which are rows of planted trees (watered by sparkling \nstreams), thrifty^ and beautiful. \n\nThe city contains a number of good business blocks, two con- \ncentrating, one sampling and one stamp mill, a bank, stores of all \nkinds, good churches and schools, several hotels \xe2\x80\x94 chief of which is \nthe Springs house \xe2\x80\x94 two weekly newspapers, the Gazette and \nNews. In fact, here can be found all the modern improvements, \nand in late years more than ordinary thrift. \n\nIn April, 1859, gold was discovered in paying quantities on \nwhat is known now as Chicago creek, a small stream that comes \ndown from the south, opposite Idaho; but these placer diggings \nwere soon worked out, and then came the search for quartz mines, \nthe result of which has made this county one of the most noted in \nthe mountains as a gold and silver-producing region. \n\nNumerous quartz mills and many rich lodes are situated near \nIdaho. The veins are all true fissure, traversing a granite forma- \n\n\n\n64 IDAHO SPRINGS \xe2\x80\x94 COLORADO. \n\ntion and carrying gold, silver, copper and lead ores. Man)- of \n\nthese mines have in the past, and are at the present time, yielding \n\nan enormous amount of wealth. \n\nIdaho for its hot and cold mineral springs has become noted as \n\na health and pleasure resort. \n\nIt is claimed the waters contain rare medicinal properties, and \n\nare nearly identical in chemical ingredients and temperature with \n\nthe celebrated Carlsbad waters of Germany. However that may \n\nbe, they have become renowned and are visited by tourists and \n\nmany citizens of Colorado annually. \n\nProf. Pohel gives the following as the analysis of the water in \n\nproportion to the gallon: \n\nCarbonate of soda 30. So \n\n" " lime 9.52 \n\n" " magnesia 2.88 \n\n" " iron 4 12 \n\nSulphate of soda 29.36 \n\n" " magnesia 18.72 \n\n" " lime 3-44 \n\nChloride of sodium 4.16 \n\n" " calcium and magnesium, of each a trace \n\nSilicate of soda 408 \n\nGrains 107.00 \n\nAt the springs are two swimming baths, one 30 by 50 feet, five \nfeet deep; the other 20 by 40, and four feet deep. There are also \nprivate baths, varying in temperature from 85\xc2\xb0 to 11-5\xc2\xb0 Fahr., so \narranged that the bather has full control of the temperature of the \nwater. The "hot tunnel baths" located here furnishes a natural \nvapor bath, so delightfully stimulating in its effects that it is be- \ncoming quite popular. \n\nThere is, within five minutes\' walk of the hot sulphur springs, \na cold spring of sparkling, effevescent water, which, for drinking \npurposes cannot be excelled. \n\nIdaho Springs is the best outfitting point for Chicago lakes, \nmade famous by Bierstadt\'s "Storm in the Rocky Mountains." \n\nGood accommodations can be had at the hotels and boarding \nhouses at prices ranging from $7 to $14 per week. The wild and \nromantic Virginia canon is just to the north of the town, through \nwhich is the wagon road to Central City, seven miles distant; \nstage fare in summer, $1. Brookvale is reached by a good wagon \nroad to the southward, over the mountains 12 miles; fare in sum- \nmer, $1.50. \n\nLeaving Idaho and continuing up the north side of the creek, \nwe come to Trail run, which conies in from the southwest, up \nwhich are some good quartz mines and extensive forests of timber. \nHere are located the Freeland mills, and near by are the celebrated \nFreeland and Hukill lodes. Fall River or Spanish Bar is two \nmiles above Idaho, where conies in from the north a small creek \ncalled Fall river, about eight miles in length, along which are \nlocated 1,000 quartz claims and several mills. Above Fall river, \nhalf a mile, Turkey run comes in from the south, where are found \nthe Stephens mining properties and mill. A little further on we \nhave Spring gulch, from the north, where is located some mills \nand valuable mines. DumonT, once known as Mill City, is four \nmiles above Fall river, at the mouth of Mill creek, which conies \nin from the north; up this creek are several valuable mines and \nmills. \n\nAt different points above Idaho are located mills, mines, tun- \nnels and extensive mining Improvements, which include some \n\n\n\nNo. 2. \n\n\n\n\n:A \n\n\n\n\nTHG GREAT LOOP. \n\n\n\nSke Page 68. \n\n\n\n\nEN ROUTE TO GRAY\'S PEHK. \n\n\n\nNear Georgetcwri, Colorado. \n\n\n\nGEORGETOWN \xe2\x80\x94 COLORADO. 65 \n\nplacer mining. Four miles above Dumont is L,awson, at the base \nof Red Elephant mountain. Near by are many valuable quartz \nmines, the opening or "dump" of some being visible away up near \nthe top of the mountains, marked by a white deposit line, extend- \ning downwards. \n\nEmpire City is two miles above Iyawson, but not in view, being \nabout one mile to the westward up the north fork of Clear creek. \nThe road over the range to the Middle park, via Berthoud pass \n[11,350 feet elevation] runs through Empire, and is one of the most \nbeautiful mountain roads for variety of ever-changing panoramic \nviews an enthusiast could, desire. \n\nAfter crossing the north fork our course is south, running along \nthe base of Republican mountain which rises above the road almost \nperpendicular 1,250 feet, while on the east, Alpine mountain ele- \nvates its crest 2,000 feet high. On the sides of these mountains are \nshafts, tunnels and prospect holes in great numbers. Three miles \nfurther the Union pass wagon road can be seen away up the side \nof the mountain to the right. It is built through a depression be- \ntween Douglas and Democrat mountains, and is bordered on one \nside going up ana the other going down with steep precipices. \n\nAs we proceed the mountains are closing on each side, the \nway is narrow, the grade heavy, and the distance six miles from \nLawson to \n\nOeorgetOWll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop. ,3,000; elevation, 8,476 feet; from Denver, 50 miles] \nThe seat of Clear Creek county, in the center of the oldest \nsilver-mining region in Colorado, at the eastern base of the \n"snowy range." The city contains eight stamp mills, one samp- \nling and reduction works, many stores, churches, schools, hotels, \nand two weekly newspapers, the Miner and Courier. The princi- \npal hotels are the Hotel de Paris, Barton and St. James. \n\nSecret orders are numerous, fire department efficient, water \nsupply immense, the water being reservoired 2,000 feet above the \ncity, at Clear lake, and as soft, clear and cold as it is possible for \nwater to be. Georgetown, situated as it is at the head of the valley, \nwalled in on three sides by lofty mountains which protect it from \nthe wind and storms, the air is of great purity, and the climate, \nfor the altitude, quite mild. For these reasons, it is cool and de- \nlightful in the hot summer months, and of late has become quite \nan attractive summer resort. \n\nThis is strictly a mining town \xe2\x80\x94 silver principally. The first \ndiscovery of silver in Colorado was made by Mr. James Huff, Sep- \ntember 14th, 1864; the location, about eight miles above Georgetown. \n\nThere are thousands of mines in the vicinity of the town. Many \nare being worked successfully; others are in the "cap" \xe2\x80\x94 but the \ngreat majority are owned by "Micawber\'s." \n\nRESORTS \xe2\x80\x94 Green lake, three miles south from Georgetown, is \none of the most charming little resorts in the state. It is reached \nby an easy wagon road that winds up the side of the mountains, \nfrom which there is a fine view of Georgetown and the valley \nbelow. This beautiful body of water, half a mile long by a quar- \nter wide, is without a peer in any land. Altitude, 10,400 feet above \nsea level. In a row in one of the boats, the tourist can see the \npetrified forest standing upright many feet below the surface, with \ntrout among the branches. The fish are very tame, eating from \nthe hand. Tourists are allowed to fish at a charge for each fish \n5 \n\n\n\n\ncaught; many of them weigh from four to five pounds. \nThe boat charges are 25 cents per hour. A good hotel \nand accomodations are provided at the lake for a limited numbei \nof tourists at reasonable charges. See illustration. \n\nClear Lake \xe2\x80\x94 Is half a mile above Green lake. Is stocked with \nCalifornia salmon, many of which weigh from seven to eight \n\n\n\nMIDDLE PARK \xe2\x80\x94 GRAND LAKE). 67 \n\npounds. The lake is 2,000 feet higher than Georgetown, and the \nsource of the water supply for that city is obtained here. \n\nElk Lake \xe2\x80\x94 Is six miles farther up from Clear lake, at the edge \nof "timber line," and is much larger. The shores are sandy, with \nscattering timber and evergreens, among which are many varieties \nof flowers. One can pick flowers and gather snow at the same \ntime. Many of the surrounding peaks are over 12,000 feet in \nheight. Game, such as bear, deer, elk, grouse and quail, can be \nfound in the vicinity. \n\n" Gem op The CordillERES " \xe2\x80\x94 is still another lake, farther \nup, above "timber line." It is about half the size of Green lake. \n\nOn the west of this chain of lakes, overlooking the first two, \nrises Pain\'s peak. It is reached by a good wagon road, is four \nmiles from Georgetown, and should be visited by all tourists, par- \nticularly those who feel that they have not the time t\xc2\xa9 make the \ntour of the lakes, but desire a "bird\'s eye " view of a most charm- \ning bit of Colorado scenery. \n\nMiddle Park \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached by four-horse coaches from George- \ntown, which leave three times a week, for as follows: North five \nmiles to Empire City; thence northwest, via Berthoud pass, 21 \nmiles to Fraser, and 12 miles to Coulter ; thence North eight \nmiles to Selak, and northeast 13 miles to Grand L,akE; total 56 \nmiles. From Coulter west, ten miles to Hot Sulphur Springs; \ntotal, 47 miles. Fare, round trip, $11. \n\nGrand L,ake \xe2\x80\x94 Town \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Grand county, and for wild \nand romantic surroundings, is grand and beautiful in the extreme; \nbut for hotel accomodations it\'s not " heap " grand. It is situated \non the banks of Grand lake \xe2\x80\x94 the head and source of Grand river \n\xe2\x80\x94 a lovely sheet of pure spring water, about three miles in length \nand two miles in width, surrounded on all sides by towering pine \nand spruce trees, and on three sides by lofty mountains, the peaks \nof which are covered with a perpetual mantle of snow. Boats are \nkept on- the lake for rent, also fishing tackle, etc., as the lake \ncontains an abundance of the finest trout. The town residents in \nwinter do not exceed 150, but in the summer double that number. \nA general merchandise store, a hotel, post office, one weekly news- \npaper, the Prospector, and a saw-mill, comprise the town. \n\nHot Sulphur Springs \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small town situated on the east \nbank of Grand river at the head of Troublesome canon. Several \nstores, three livery stables, two hotels \xe2\x80\x94 Kinney and Ouerey \xe2\x80\x94 a \ndozen or more rustic summer houses comprise the town. Many \npeople come here in summer and camp for months. The hot \nsprings are located on the west side of the Grand river, reached \nby a substantial wagon road bridge, and have become quite noted. \nThe waters boil up from the base of a cliff at a temperature of 117 \ndegrees. \n\nAnalysis of 100,000 parts of water made by Prof. Mallett, Jr., is: \n\nCarbonate of soda 38.44 \n\nlithia Trace \n\nlime 11.02 \n\n" iron 2.34 \n\nbulphate of potassa 2.90 \n\nsoda 43.06 \n\nChloride of sodium 22.48 \n\nAmmonia Trace \n\nTotal 120.24 \n\nGases Car. a. c. \n\n\n\n68 \n\n\n\nTHE LOOP \xe2\x80\x94 SILVER PLUME. \n\n\n\nThe bathing accommodations consist of a swimming bath in a \nstone building, and four small private bath rooms. On the east \nside of the river is a cold sulphur spring, but it is "running wild," \nand not in condition for use. Game \xe2\x80\x94 feathered, haired and scaled \xe2\x80\x94 \non plain, mountain, and in river are abundant. \n\n\n\n\n\nTROM \nETOWN SOUTHWEST TO SILVER PLUME. \n\n\n\nSEE ALSO LARGE VIEW NO. 2. \n\n\n\nFrom Georgetown west, the train hugs the mountain close on \nthe left and south of the city, and turns up Clear creek directly for \nthe end of the track, at Graymont. The grade is heavy and the \nroute tortuous. All are breathless with expectation, as there seems \nto be only high mountains in front, with no opening for our little \ntrain \xe2\x80\x94 the track cannot be seen a dozen yards ahead \xe2\x80\x94 when just as \none of our surprised fellow-travelers was saying "this is the devil\'s \nown road," the fiendish engineer dashes our train screeching into \nthe " Devil\'s Gate." Some of our passengers dodged; many sniffed \nthe air enquiringly as to the temperature, causing others to smile, \nbut all rushed to the windows and stood as though transfixed alter- \nnately with fear, wonder and delight at the astonishing panorama \npassing rapidly before their eyes. A rail track can be seen high \nup on the side of the mountain, to the left, and another across the \ncreek to the right \xe2\x80\x94 three parallel tracks \xe2\x80\x94 and in the near distance \nahead, a bridge spanning the stream. About the same time our \nengineer must have made the same discovery and resolved to run \nover all the tracks. The locomotive screeched and made for the \nbridge and started back toward Georgetown on the west side track. \nSuddenly it seemed to have changed its mind and at the same \ntime its course, as another bridge is crossed [probably the "bridge \nof sighs," as it was directly over the "bridal veil"], and away west- \nward we rush again, " climbing the world." All for a few minutes \nseemed fair ahead when suddenly, like the snapping of a whip \nthe train whirls to the " left face " and is running toward George- \ntown again. We are certain now the engineer has lost his head, \nwhen again the whip snaps, and around we go once more headed \nfor the west. \xe2\x80\x94 -(See large view No. 2). \n\nSilver Plume\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 700; ail engaged in mining]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated on \nClear creek, two miles west of Georgetown by wagon road, but \nby rail four and a half miles, as it is just above where the rail- \ntracks get mixed. First, the train runs into the " Devil\'s Gate," \nthen turns back, crosses over the " bridal veil," making a " three- \nply, horseshoe," a double "ox bow," but never for a hundred \nfeet does it make a tangent on the whole distance. \n\nFrom the Plume it is one mile to the little mining town of \nBrownsville \xe2\x80\x94 [pop., 200] \xe2\x80\x94 and three more to the end of the track. \n\n\n\nGRAY\'S PEAK \xe2\x80\x94 SIDE TOUR NO. 2. 69 \n\nOrayiliont \xe2\x80\x94 [58 miles from Denver].\xe2\x80\x94 At Graymont take saddle \nanimals and commence to climb the mountains, following up \nGrizzly gulch six miles to Kelso\'s cabin, from which it is about one \nmile to the summit of the "peak." A wagon road extends from \nGraymont to Kelso\'s cabin and carriages can be procured for that \ndistance, if desired. In the tourist season the railroad company \nsell "round trip " tickets from Denver to the very top of the peak. \nTheir rate is $9, including horse and guide from Graymont. The \nhorses are safe and the guides experienced. Ladies may make the \ntrip assured of care and attention. The hotel at Graymont is good \nand will accommodate large parties comfortably. Parties of less \nthan three will have to pay $3.35 extra for guide. To three or \nover there will be no extra charge. For $9.25 the ticket will read \nvia Central, and be good for five days. \n\nGray\'s peak and Torrey\'s peak are near each other. The first \nis 14,441 feet, the second 14,336 feet above sea level. From the \nsummit of Gray\'s peak, should the sky be clear, which is not \nuncommon, can be seen in a straight line, 35 miles to the south- \nwest, the Mt. of "Holy Cross;" 86 miles southeast, "Pike\'s \npeak;" 33 miles west of south, Mts. "Lincoln" and " Bross ; " \n145 miles south, Mts. " Blanca " and " Baldy ; " 52 miles east of \nnorth, " Long\'s peak," besides huudreds of lesser peaks, such as \nAntero, Buckskin, Castle, Culebra, Elbert, Evans, Gothic, James, \nMassive, Princeton, Quandary, Shavano, Yale, etc.; in fact the \nview is almost unlimited. [To make the ascent, take heavy coats \nand wraps, and let stimulants alone.] \n\nThe scenery up the route of Clear creek cation is very beautiful, \nand after reaching the summit of the " peak," one of the grandest \nmountain views in the world lies before the tourist. Should you \nsee the sunset from the summit of this grand old mountain it \nwould be indescribable; should you see it rise, you would feel like \nexclaiming with the poet: \n\njy \' \n\n-. " The hills \xe2\x80\x94 the everlasting hills \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nHow peerlessly they rise! \n\nLike earth\'s gigantic sentinels \n\nDiscoursing in the skies!" \n\n\n\nThis tour is one of the most attractive and cheapest that can be \nmade from Denver, yet each of our tours have peculiar features \nof their own, and none should be omitted. \n\n\n\nSide Tour No. 2 \xe2\x80\x94 From Denver to Platte Canon, \nKenosha, South Park, Fair Play, Buena Vista, St. Elmo, \nAlpine Tunnel to Gunnison City \n\nTaking the (narrow gauge) cars on the South Park branch of \nthe Union Pacific, at 8 o\'clock, a. m., we arrive at ST. Elmo, 153 \nmiles from Denver, at 5:30 p. m. Here we remain over night, have \nan opportunity to look around, and leave at 10:30 in the morning, \npassing through the great Alpine tunnel, and reaching Gunnison \nCity at 5:30 p. m., affording a daylight view of the entire route. \n\nOn this line there is only one passenger train a day. \n\nFrom the Union depot our route is south, crossing Cherry \ncreek, and through the low lands of West Denver, then across the \nPlatte river to its west bank, reaching Bear Creek Junction (in \nsix miles), now called Moorville. y \n\n\n\nMORRISON BRANCH \xe2\x80\x94 PLATTE CANON. \n\n\n\nThe Morrison branch turns west from this point, up Bear \ncreek, nine miles to \n\nMorrison \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.,400; from Denver, 17 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 At the entrance of \nBear caiion. The principal occupation of the Morrisonians is con- \nnected with the stone quarries near the town. All the best red \nstone used for building purposes in Denver comes from this place. \nThe principal objects of interest to the tourist in this vicinity are \nthe soda lake, the springs of soda, sulphur and iron, Bear canon, \nTurkey creek caiion, the " Garden of the Angels," the game in \nthe near mountains, and the trout in the streams. The scenery in \nmany places is grand and beautiful. \n\nAbo.it one mile from the junction we come to Sheridan Sta- \ntion and "Uncle Sam." \n\nFort Denver \xe2\x80\x94 Occupies a commanding position on a high \nplateau near the station, selected by "Little Phil" himself, and \nestablished in 1887. The post is in command of Maj. G. K. Brady, \nand garrisoned by companies A and E of the 18th Infantry. \n\nLi It lei on \xe2\x80\x94 Is a little town of 500 population, three and a half \nmiles from Sheridan. It is a town with great expectations, standing \nastride the Platte river, with one foot beside the rail track of the \nUnion Pacific system, and the other by the Denver & Rio Grande, \nand the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. "Truck-farming, stock- \nraising and manipulating corner lots, \' \' are the principal occupations \nof the citizens. \n\nEight miles more, through some fine track fields, we enter the \nmouth of \n\nPlatte CailOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Enterprise P. O., 20 miles from Denver]. \xe2\x80\x94 One \nmile above the station, nearly ten years ago, a company of Eng- \nlish capitalists commenced the construction of a canal \xe2\x80\x94 usually \ncalled the "high line canal," to take the water from the Platte river \nand conduct it eastward over the prairies back of Denver for irri- \ngating, manufacturing and domestic purposes. At the initial point \na dam was constructed, just above a sharp turn in the river caused \nby a projecting spur of the mountains coming down from the \nsouthward; a tunnel was cut 700 feet in length, 20 feet wide and \n10 feet high, taking the water from above the dam. It is then \nconducted along by a flume, cut out of the side of the canon walls, \nat an elevation sufficient to cover 59,250 acres of the rich slopes \nand valley lands of the Platte river, for a distance of 83 miles. \nThe capacity of the canal is 1,184 cubic feet per second. \n\nFrom Denver to the mouth of the caiion the railroad grade is \nlight, but for the next 40 miles it is in places 170 feet to the \nmile. Entering the mouth of the caiion the road turns west, \ncrosses and recrosses the river many times while ascending the \nnarrow gorge between towering mountains. Some are 2,000 feet \nin height, and almost overhanging the road. In places these \nmountains are sloping and covered with pine, spruce and cedar \ntrees; in the summer the shrubs, moss, ferns and countless flowers \nclinging to and growing from every nook and crevice present a \nscene of gorgeous beauty \xe2\x80\x94 a scene where the God of nature has dis- \nplayed His handiwork far beyond the comprehension of mortal \nbeings. \n\nThe Chinese catch, dry and ship home to China, a large amount of sturgeon \nand salmon at points on the Columbia river. \n\n\n\nPLATTE CANON \xe2\x80\x94 KENOSHA HILL. 71 \n\nFive miles up, Stephen\'s Gulch; another mile, Deansbury, \nwhere is a large summer boarding house; three miles, South \nPlaTTE; two miles, Dome Rock, a mammoth dome-shaped rock, \non the south side, far up the mountain side. A short distance \nabove a foot bridge spans the river to a little park, which, in the \nsummer, is a great resort for picnic parties from the valley. \n\nPassing Dome rock, we are whirled along over a solid road-bed, \nthrough and around the projecting mountain spurs, with rapid and \never-changing scenery on either side; two miles brings us to Ver- \nmillion; then two to Park Siding or Last Resort; three to \nBuffalo, three to Pine Grove, three to Hildebrand\'s and \nthree to Thompson\'s. The last six stations named above are of \nlittle interest to the traveler, being for the accommodation of \nwood choppers and lumbermen in the vicinity. \n\nTwo miles more is Crosson\'s, where is located the Saxonia \nSmelting & Refining works, as there are some rich mines in the \nvicinity. Just above, the canon becomes a narrow gorge, with per- \npendicular or overhanging cliffs rising to a great height, bare and \ngrand in their rugged outlines. A few more revolutions of the \nwheels and the mountain sides slope away, and we are at \n\nEstabrook Park \xe2\x80\x94 Four miles from Crosson\'s. This place \npresents some attractions as a summer resort, particularly to those \nfond of hunting and fishing. In the adjacent country, deer, bear, \nand other game are quite plentiful, and in Deer creek and other \nsmall creeks that reach the Platte river near here, trout of the finest. \n\nThree miles further is Bailey\'s. Here the near mountains on \neither side are low and covered with a young growth of pine and \ncedar trees, with high timber-covered elevations in the distance. \n\nPassing Slaght\'s in four miles, Grant in seven, Webster in \nthree, our train curves to the right up Hall\'s gulch; then, by \nlooking far up the mountain side to the left, can be seen the road- \nway over which we will soon be traveling and looking down to this \npoint. As our little train labors up a grade of 158 feet to the mile, \nin and out around the fingers of the mountain (at one moment on \nthe very of the finger, only a few inches from \'a perpendicular drop \nof hundreds of feet, then shying away with a shriek of defiance up \nthe other side of the finger, which is the turning point in a narrow \ncanon gorge), the same is repeated time and time and again until \nthe summit is reached, and our train stops at \n\nKeilOKlia \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 9,972 feet; 76 miles from Denver]. \xe2\x80\x94 The air at \nthis point is rather thin, but then it. may be well to try and get \naccustomed to it, as we shall stand 1,624 feet higher before the tour \nis ended. \n\nLeaving the station a few miles brings our train to the extreme \nsouthern point of Kenosha hill, and as it curves away to the west \nand northward, one of the finest views in America, if not in the \nworld, can be seen. The valley of the South Park, 50 miles in length \nby 10 in width, is before your eye in all its beauty. It is bordered \non the east by a heavily timbered range, 2,000 feet above the valley, \nwhile to the west, the "snowy range" \xe2\x80\x94 the summit of the "rockies" \n\xe2\x80\x94extend as far as the eye can reach. In this range in plain view \nare a number of the highest peaks in Colorado, among which are \nthe Guyot, Hamilton, Lincoln, Bross, Buckskin, Horseshoe and \nSilver Heels, that vary in altitude from 13,565 feet to 14,336 feet \nabove the level of the ocean. {See illustration on next page. ) \n\n\n\n72 \n\n\n\nSOUTH PARK \xe2\x80\x94 GRAND VIEW. \n\n\n\n\nFrom the standpoint of Kenosha hill can be seen the track of \nour road in places for full 40 miles, as it winds away to the south- \nward. Towns, villages, stations, the Platte river and tributaries, \nfarm houses, ranches and numberless flocks and herds can be \nseen, fairly rivalling the famed "valley of Bagdad," of ancient story. \n\nIn the "park" and adjoining mountains game, such as ante- \nlope, deer, elk, bear, mountain lions, grouse and rabbits, are \nplentiful, with an occasional band of mountain sheep, while the \nstreams are alive with the finest trout. \n\n\n\nLONDON BRANCH \xe2\x80\x94 FAIRPLAY. 73 \n\nDescending into the park, JEFFERSON is the first station, four \nmiles from Kenosha, on Jefferson creek. Stock-raising, hay cut- \nting and mining \xe2\x80\x94 gold, silver and coal \xe2\x80\x94 are the chief occupations \n\nof about 60 settlers. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southeast to Mountaindale, 27 miles, once a \nweek. \n\nTwo miles and we cross Tarryall creek \xe2\x80\x94 up which three miles, \nin 1860, was a booming mining town known as "Tarryall diggings. " \nThen many hundred people worked along the creek in the gulches, \nand away up the mountain canons. It was here the writer first saw \nthe scheme of placer mining and the day was July 5, 1860. At \nthat date the "scheme " was to sell out. We noted the situation, \ndid not bite, but departed for Denver a wiser "tenderfoot." The \nplacers gave out and were abandoned. \n\nComo \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 800; from Denver, 88 miles; elevation, 9,775 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a \nregular meal station and the junction of the Leadville branch, \nwhich turns to the northwest from here, over the mountains. We \nshall interview it in due time. Extensive coal mines are located near; \nalso some quartz mines a few miles to the westward. The coal \nveins are from seven to ten feet thick of good coking quality \xe2\x80\x94 \nare owned by the railroad company, who use large quantities them- \nselves and ship much more. \n\nThe appearance of the mountain ranges for the next 20 miles \npresents new beauties and surprises at every turn. And as the \ntrain winds around in and out of the spurry fingers thrust out from \nthe huge ranges on each side, the scene is kaleidoscopic and beau- \ntiful in the extreme. \n\nFrom Como it is five miles to Red Hill, then nine miles to \nArthurs, from which it is two miles to \n\nGarOi \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop-, 5\xc2\xb0; from Denver, 104 miles; elevation, 9,172 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situ- \nated Oil a branch of the South Platte river, at the junction of the \n\nLondon Branch of the Union Pacific system. This line fol- \nlows up the valley of the Platte, to the northwest, directly for the \nmountains. \n\nFftirpl&y \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 300; from Garos, 10 miles; Denver, 114 miles; elevation, \n9,886 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 It is the seat of Park county, one of the oldest mining \ntowns in Colorado. It is situated on the middle fork of the South \nPlatte river. Placer mining in early days, was the sole occupation \nof the settlers; some work of the kind is still done, but stock- \nraising and quartz mining overshadow all other kinds of business. \nOf late, many of the old abandoned placer mines are being worked \nover by the Chinese. \n\nThe Mosquito, Horseshoe and several other mining districts lie \non the park slope of the mountains, the base of which is five miles \nto the westward. These districts are said to contain some of the \nbest mines in the state. At Fairplay there is one smelting furnace, \nanother about two miles west on Sacramento gulch and the Hol- \nland works on Pennsylvania gulch, three and a half miles west. \n\nThe Flume is a weekly paper, and the Bergh the principal \n\nhotel here. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southwest to Platte Station, 13 miles, once a \nweek. \n\nLoiMIOIl \xe2\x80\x94 [From Fairplay, five and a half miles; elevation 10,228 feet]. \n\nA small mining town of about 50 population, containing one \n\nore concentrator and a small stamp-mill. It is the end of our road. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: North one and a half miles, to Alma, six times a \nweek. \n\n\n\n74 SALT \xe2\x80\x94 DID NOT SAVE. \n\n\n\nAlma \xe2\x80\x94 Is a rnining camp containing about 300 population, sit- \nuated at the junction of Buckskin creek with the Middle Fork of \nthe Platte river. It has one sampling works and a variety of stores, \nhotels, and one weekly newspaper. Some of the placer mines in \nthe vicinity are said to pay well, and several companies are engaged \nin hydraulic mining. \n\nThe quartz lodes carry gold, silver, copper and lead. Park \nCity, a small mining town, is two miles west. \n\nThe scenery about Alma is very grand, as it is situated at the \n\nbase of Mt. Lincoln, altitude, 14,296 feet, and Mt. Bross. It is on \n\nthe Mosquito pass road, over the mountains to Leadville; distance, \n\n17 miles. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: From London, one and a half miles, six times a \nweek; also, west to Park City, two miles, six times a week. \n\nJ8s\xc2\xa7=T\'The tourist will find a trip over this branch of the road a \nsojourn and ramble about the old placers and other mines in the \nvicinity, and a climb up and around Mts. Lincoln and Bross near \nat hand, a tour of great interest, conducive to health and general \ninformation. \n\nFrom Garos south, the park widens, hay fields are seen, but \nthe stock-raisers possess the park range very generally; several \nsmall stations are passed as well as the main stream of the South \nPlatte, and numberless small creeks. \n\nSalt that did not save. After crossing the Platte river salt \nmarshes and lakes of salt water appear. Near on the left are \nlocated the first and only salt works in Colorado, and thereby \n" hangs a tale." When these works were erected in 1864 all the \nsalt used in the whole western country had to be freighted from the \nMissouri river, 700 miles away, at a cost for freight alone of from \nfive to 30 cents per pound. When the springs near the works \nwere discovered they were thought to be very valuable, and no \nlittle contention arose as to the title. However, the first claims \nwere settled, the works erected and salt making commenced, and \nproved very profitable for a time, until, as is too often the case in \nthe west, litigation commenced between partners, followed by \ninjunction after injunction, until all parties interested were impov- \nerished. Meantime the railroads were advancing day by day which \nmeant cheap salt. The lawyers commenced their work in 1865, \nand succeeded in closing the works in 1867. The lawyers got the \nworks and the owners got salted. \n\n\n\nPassing on, our train soon begins to climb the southern rim of \nthe park. \n\nHill Top \xe2\x80\x94 Is on the top or summit of Trout creek pass; alti- \ntude, 9,460 feet. Here the waters divide, on the east side finding \ntheir way into the Platte, and on the west side into the Arkansas \nriver. From this little station we fairly fall away to the valley of \nthe Arkansas, nearly 2,000 feet, in the next 26 miles. Near this sta- \ntion comes in the Midland railroad from Colorado Springs. \n\n\n\nFrom Hill Top we obtain the first view of the great Sawache \nrange, which separates the Gunnison and San Juan country from \nthe valley of the Arkansas. The drainage from the west side goes \nto the Pacific ocean, that on the east to the Atlantic. Across these \nmountains we must pass in about a southwest direction from this \nstation. \n\n\n\nBUENA VISTA \xe2\x80\x94 HOT SPRINGS. 75 \n\nTwo miles from Hill Top is a little station called Divide, where \nare located a store, a saw-mill, and a few settlers, and about one mile \nbelow on the right can be seen the largest and finest spring of \nfresh cold water in the state. It is the head of Trout creek, and \nthe crystal fluid fairly rushes out beneath a high cliff close to the \nroad. Just below on the left side are others, but not as large. In \nthe streams flowing from these springs and in the creek, "speckled \nbeauties " are very abundant; those fond of fine trout take notice. \n\nMt\'GeCS \xe2\x80\x94 [From Hill Top, seven miles; elevation, 8,648 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Some- \ntimes called "Trout City," is situated in a romantic little park of \nfine scenery; haired game is abundant in the hills and trout in the \ncreeks, all then that is wanted after "bagging" the game is a \ngood cook and a good appetite, which last you are pretty sure to \nhave if you catch the game. \n\nDescending the creek at a rapid rate, with towering mountain \nridges \xe2\x80\x94 pine-clad \xe2\x80\x94 on each side, we come in view of the Arkansas \nvalley. Six miles from McGees our train crosses the Arkansas \nriver, and stops a moment at SchwanderS, a junction station, \nturns north, four miles up the valley to \n\nBlIClKl Vi\xc2\xa7ttl \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000; from Denver, 136 miles; Eeadville, 36 \nmiles; elevation, 7,943 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Chaffee county, situated at \nthe junction of Cottonwood creek with the Arkansas river ; the \ncounty buildings, churches and schools, as well as some business \nblocks and hotels, are creditable structures. Here we find a cozy \nlittle opera house which seats 300 people; there are several hotels, \nbut little choice. The city has a system of water works, and two \nnewspapers \xe2\x80\x94 Times and Herald, both weekly. \n\nThe construction of irrigating canals has made available for \nagricultural purposes hundreds of acres of land in the vicinity of \nthe tow 1, once covered with scrub pines and cedar trees. \n\nMining and stock-raising is the principal occupation of the \nsettlers in the vicinity, yet some small grains and vegetables are \nraised successfully. \n\nTo the w r est, ranging north and south, is the Sawache range of \nmountains, sometimes called the "Collegiate." Directly opposite \nBuena Vista rises Mt. Yale; elevation, 14,187 feet; to the south- \nwest, Mt. Princeton; elevation, 14,199 feet; to the northwest, Mt. \nHarvard; elevation, 14,383 feet. The bases of these mountains are \nfrom eight to 12 miles away, rising from the valley without inter- \nvening foot-hills. \n\nCottonwood Hot Springs \xe2\x80\x94 Are situated at the mouth of Cot- \ntonwood canon six miles west and connected by stage with Buena \nVista. For cases of inflammatory rheumatism, lead poisoning and \ndiseases of the blood, these waters possess remarkable curative \nproperties. The scenery of the valley in which the springs are \nsituated is of great loveliness \xe2\x80\x94 the Collegiate range of mountains \nforming an imposing back-ground. Fine trout fishing can be \nfound in ten minutes\' walk up and down Cottonwood creek, and \nthe neighboring hills abound in game. \n\nCottonwood L,ake \xe2\x80\x94 Is six miles west of the hot springs up \nthe creek. It is a beautiful little sheet of water and swarming \nwith the finest trout, and in season the hillsides are covered with \nwild raspberries, currants and strawberries. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Denver & Rio Grande aad Colorado Midland railroads, \nand stages for Cottonwood Springs. \n\n\n\nDETOUR \xe2\x80\x94 TO TWIN LAKES. \n\n\n\nI><*1 our \xe2\x80\x94 A very interesting detour can be made from Buena \nVista by taking either the Denver & Rio Grande, or the Colorado \nMidland northward, as follows: \n\nThe country, as we proceed, is rough, broken and covered with \nscrub pines and cedars, sandwiched with sage brush and garnished \nwith bunch-grass. Ten miles north from Buena Vista and we are \ndirectly opposite Mt. Harvard. \n\nGrailitC \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 100; from Buena Vista, iS miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Was a mining \ntown in 1861 and has had a number of ups and downs. It has now \na few stores, powder mill, smelting works and "good prospects. " \n\nClear creek reaches the Arkansas from the west \xe2\x80\x94 opposite \nGranite. On this creek only a few miles distant, placer mines are \nbeing worked and \xe2\x80\x94 reports say \xe2\x80\x94 "they are paying well," but the \n"placers" are about mined out in this section of country, and the \nstock-men have taken possession and are doing well. \n\nLa Platta peak is directly west; altitude, 14,311 feet. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: West to Vicksburg, ii miles; Winfield, \nfour miles, six times a week; also, northwest to Inter Laken, six miles; Twin \nLAKes, three miles, six times a week. \n\nTwin Lakes \xe2\x80\x94 the most charming, quiet summer resort in \nthe mountains \xe2\x80\x94 is situated at the eastern base of the Sawache \nrange of mountains at an altitude of 9,333 feet on Twin Lake \ncreek, an important tributary of the Arkansas river. Hunter\'s \npass is directly west, and Lake Creek pass to the southwest. The \nlower lake covers 1,525 and the upper 475 acres, the length being \nabout double the width. The upper lake is about five feet the \nhigher, connected by a small stream, which ripples over a pebby \nbottom clear, pure and cold, half a mile in length through grassy \nmeadow lands studded with scattering shade trees, affording \ndelightful grounds for campers or picnic parties. The surround- \nings are most grand and beautiful. Just to the head of the lakes \non the north stands Mt. Elbert, uncovered except by a mantle \nof snow, in respect for the beauties on every side, at an altitude of \n14,360 feet, or 5,027 feet above the level of the lakes. To the \nsouth, opposite, are the Twin peaks and Grizzly, some less in \naltitude, but none the less beautiful in their varied coloring of \ngreen, gray and gold. The lakes lie in a general direction from \neast to west; on the south side the mountains rise from the \nwater\'s edge, covered with pine, spruce, aspen trees and shrubs, \nextending to the timber-line, where game of all kinds is abundant, \nincluding the grizzly bear, mountain grouse and quail. On the \nnorth side along the shore is a good carriage road, and a grassy \nbottom, back of which the country is a rolling prairie, with bluffs \nnear the base of the mountains covered with a scrubby growth of \npine and cedar trees. The accommodations for tourists consist of \nfive hotels and a number of small cottages. \n\nThe lakes abound in trout. Boats and tackle are provided at \nthe hotels, and those that could not be happy at Twin Lakes we \nfear will find the great hereafter an uncomfortable abiding place. \n\nBesides the hotels and cottages the place has a post office, \nstore, restaurants and saloons, and to the westward some good \n"prospects" for minerals \xe2\x80\x94 gold and silver. Resident population \nabout 250, many of whom are engaged in the mines. \n\nHad the Pilgrims landed on the Pacific coast instead of Plymouth Rock, that \nold "blarney stone" would now be surrounded by the native nomadic races. \n\n\n\nHORTENSES \xe2\x80\x94 ST. EEMO. 77 \n\nFrom Buena Vista our train turns back to Schwanders, and \nbranches to the southward, crossing the track of the Denver &Rio \nGrande railway in three miles and reaching the junction station of \n\n\\ ill ll lO|> \xe2\x80\x94 [Eight miles, from Buena Vista].\xe2\x80\x94 This is a small station \nsituated on the west bank of the Arkansas river at the junction of \nChalk creek, which comes down from the west, and the Denver \n& Rio Grande railway. \n\nAt Nathrop our course is directly west up Chalk creek, four \nmiles to Haywards and one mile more to \n\nHortdlSC \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 200; from Denver, 142 miles; elevation, 8,169 feet]. \nIs noted for Hortenses. Here are the famous Hortense hot springs, \nand the Hortense group of mines, the Hortense post office, and the \nHortense hotel, kept by Hortense. The Hortense mine is said to \nbe a Hortense "bonanza", while the Hortense springs are recom- \nmended for their curative properties in. cases of rheumatism, etc. \n\n\n\nFrom a few miles west from Nathrop the railroad is built along \nthe creek bank, with high bluffs on both sides, the distance grad- \nually narrowing, until just above Hortense the contraction takes \nthe shape of a mountain gorge, and well it may, as Mt. Princeton \nrises from the water\'s edge on the north to an altitude of 14,199 \nfeet, while on the south and directly opposite towers Mt. Antero, \n14,245 feet, while beyond only a short distance looms up Mt. \nShavano, 14,239 feet; Chalk creek, our road and train make but a \nsmall thread in the landscape compared with such elevated sur- \nroundings. \n\n1 Alpilie \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 600; from Hortense, six miles; Denver, 149 miles; eleva- \ntion, 9,247 feet] \xe2\x80\x94 is a mining town, hemmed in on two sides by lofty \nmountains, several of which exceed in altitude 14,000 feet, and \nupon which the "beautiful snow" can be found at all seasons. \n\nSampling and smelting works, a bank, several stores, hotels \nand a weekly newspaper comprise the principal business of the \ntown. \n\nThe principal mines are the Murphy and Tilden, Living- \nston and Britenstine groups. The ore runs from $50 to $125 per ton. \n\nSt. liJlllO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 550; from Alpine, five miles; elevation, 10,041 feet]. \nIs a mining town of great promise. Everybody here is engaged \ndirectly or indirectly in the mining business. The mines are all \ntrue fissure veins, the ore running in galena, carrying gold, silver, \ncopper, iron and sulphide of silver. The town contains one smelt- \ning works, besides the usual number of stores, hotels, schools, \nchurches, newspapers, etc. w \n\nCapital can find here an opportunity for investment in legiti- \nmate mining, second to none in the state. There are a great \nmany good mines in the vicinity, but we have not the space to \nparticularize. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: West to Drew, 12 miles, and Tin Cup, three \nmiles, six times a week. \n\n\n\nLeaving St. Elmo it is two miles to Romeey, and three miles to \nHancock\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 250; elevation, 11,005 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Is situated at the head \nof Chalk creek away up upon the eastern slope of the Sawache or \nthe main chain of the Rocky mountains, in a little valley sur- \nrounded by towering snow-clad peaks on all sides, affording scenic \nviews of great magnificence. Mining is the chief or only industry, \nand there are scores of valuable mines in the vicinity. \n\n\n\n\nWEST FROM TUK MOUTH OF ALPINE TUNNEL. \n\nSee opposite page. \n\n\n\nOne of the many little side tours that can be made from Portland, Oregon, is \nvia O. R. &N. steamers up the Willamette river, through the locks at Oregon \nCity to Salem, the capital, and to Albany. \n\n\n\nALPINE TUNNEL. \n\n\n\nContinuing to climb three miles more, and we are completely \nhemmed in by the lofty mountains with no possible way to get \nout; just here is the entrance to the world-renowned \n\nAlpine Tunnel \xe2\x80\x94 This remarkable piece of work, the result \nof fine engineering skill and "Paddy\'s brawny arms," is 11,-596 \nfeet above the level of the sea \xe2\x80\x94 above "timber-line" \xe2\x80\x94 above where \ntrees and vegetation grow, or animal life is found; all is rock; \nlittle rocks, big rocks and the "rock of ages. " The air is pure and \nthin; here at times the charming mountain zephyr plays seduc- \ntive airs and anon the blizzard sports a round of pranks which \ntend to "bull" the stock of the inferno. Snow lies in perpetual \nbanks on either side, but flowers in season, bright and fragrant, \nfill the frosty air with their perfume, and light it with their colors. \nSomewhere along the way the seasons embrace; for though it be \nsummer in the valley it is not summer here \xe2\x80\x94 only as these flowery \nsymbols sweetly defy the frosty nip. \n\nThe tunnel, aside from its approaches, is 1,773 feet in length, \n14 feet in width, and 17 feet in height, and with one exception, it \nis the highest point in the world reached by steam-cars, and that \nexception is in the South American Alps. \n\nIn passing through the tunnel you are transferred from the \nAtlantic to the Pacific slope. The point of change is in the cen- \nter, and the impetus tells the moment it is crossed. The engine, \njust before is groaning at its lift, now shouts in triumph, and the \nengineer sets her heels for the decent. The view from the rear \nend of the car while passing through the tunnel is quite an inter- \nesting one. The light on entering is large and bright, the smooth \nrails glisten like burnished silver in the sun\'s ray. Gradually the \nlight lessens in brilliancy; the rails become two long ribbons of \nsilver, sparkling through the impenetrable darkness; gradually \nthese lessen; the light fades, and fades, and fades; the entrance is \napparently not larger than a pin\'s head, and then all light is gone \nand darkness reigns supreme, and still we are not through, but \ngrope on, and marvel, and hope. Suddenly we emerge from the \ntunnel, and a bright vision of beauty dawns upon us. The view \ntakes in a vast extent of country. The San Juan mountains are to \nbe seen 150 miles away to the southwest; Uncompahgre peak \nstands forth in great prominence a little further west \xe2\x80\x94 overlooking \nthe cities of Ouray and Lake; the valley of the Gunnison is spread \nout directly west with the city of Pitkin only ten miles away. \nTurning now to the right that long black range is the Elk moun- \ntains, and in the foreground, Mt. Gothic and Crested Butte. \nWithin the range of vision are many lovely valleys, large bodies \not timber, towering mountains, numberless rivers and sparkling \nstreams, bustling cities, towns and mining camps, and dotted in \nall directions with the settler\'s industries, and freckled with his \nherds and flocks. \n\nClose on the left and rising perpendicularly, are the mountains \nalong which our roadway has been blasted from the solid rock. \n{See illustration.) From the high shelf and palisade thus formed \nis an appalling depth, terminating away down in the valley into \nwhich there is a gradual, sinuous descent, while the near surround- \ning natural wonders are indescribable. \n\nIn the western mining camps you will often meet an illiterate millionaire in \ngreasy buckskin, and a college graduate in rags. \n\n\n\n80 GUNNISON CITY AND VALLEY. \n\nDescending with great caution, we pass the small stations of \nWoodstock, Valley, Midway and Quartz, and stop at \n\nPitRill\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,500; from St. Elmo, 21 miles; Denver, 174 miles; Gunni- \nson City, 27 miles; elevation, 9,180 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Named for Ex-Governor Pitkin; \nsituated on Quartz creek, in a little park gradually sloping to the \nsouthward, between two high timber-covered mountain ranges, \nwhich contain many rich and productive mines. The principal \noccupations of the citizens are mining, lumbering and merchan- \ndising. The ores carry both gold and silver. Pitkin is fully pro- \nvided with stores and shops of all kinds, a bank, two quartz mills, \none sampling works, five saw-mills, good churches, schools and \none weekly newspaper, the Mining News. The Commercial is the \nprincipal hotel. Surrounding Pitkin are a number of small min- \ning camps tributary to it for business. Game of many kinds is \nfound in the vicinity, and the finest trout can be caught from the \nstreams for the labor of throwing a fly. \n\nLeaving Pitkin and following down Quartz creek, Ohio City, \na small mining camp of 200 people, is six miles from Pitkin, from \nwhich it is eight miles to \n\nParlill\xc2\xa7\xe2\x80\x94 [From Pitkin, 15 miles; Gunnison City, 12 miles; elevation, \n7,649 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on Tomichi river, and consists of a hotel, \ngrocery, blacksmith shop, and Parlin, one of the oldest settlers in \nthis region of country. Stock-raising is the only industry in this \nvicinity except cutting hay and raising potatoes. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 The D. & R. G. railway and a mail hack south, to Cuerin, \n20 miles, once a week. \n\n\n\nGlllllliSOn \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,000; elevation, 7,649 feet; from Denver, 201 miles; \nSalt Lake City, 445 miles] \xe2\x80\x94 is the seat of Gunnison county, and has \nbecome famous the world ever as the commercial center of an im- \nmense mining region; and as more eloquent pens than our "Faber" \nhave sounded its praises throughout the land in well merited \nterms, we have little more to add than a plain statement of its \npresent status, leaving out cold statistics and flights of fancy. \n\nThe valley of the Gunnison, according to our geologists, was \nonce a great lake the waters of which cut their way through the \nrim of the great basin, thus forming the Grand canon of the Gun- \nnison river, one most wonderful in all its features. The soil in the \nvalley is a light, sandy loam, and resting upon about 25 feet of \ngravel containing small boulders, at the bottom of which water \nof the best quality can be obtained. Surrounding this great valley, \nfrom 20 to 35 miles distant, are high mountain ranges where are \nsituated the rich mineral deposits, and from which flow the Gun- \nnison, Taylor, Ohio, Willow, Sapinero, West Elk, Beaver, Tom- \nichi, and many other streams carrying an abundance of water, \nmaking this valley one of the best watered in the state. All these \nstreams in their descent from the snow-clad mountains tend to \none central point near the middle of the valley, where is located \nGunnison City, which, from a geographical stand, is destined to \nbe always the distributing point for the surrounding country. \nAlong many of these streams vegetables are grown successfully, \nand wild grasses afford an abundance of hay that finds a ready \nmarket in the mining regions at good prices. On all the \nhills and in the mountains, the stock-raist rs find an abundance of \nof the richest feed for their cattle and sheep, of which the country \nis well supplied. \n\n\n\nBALDWIN COAI, MINES. 81 \n\nThe altitude of Gunnison City is 2,456 feet higher than Denver, \nand 2,520 feet lower than Leadville. The city is located on a neck \nof land two miles in width, lying between the Gunnison river on \nthe north and Tomichi creek on the south, about two miles above \nthe junction of the two streams. The streets are laid out 100 feet \nin width, beside which streams of pure water are conducted and \nmany shade trees planted, that in time will add materially to the \nbeauty as well as the health of the city. \n\nFor the benefit of those who might desire to stop over in Gun- \nnison, the La Veta house is the largest, finest and most complete \nhotel in Colorado, built of brick and stone, and cost upwards of \n$250,000. \n\nMany of the merchants of Gunnison City are of the most sub- \nstantial class, have large buildings of stone and brick, and carry \nvery large stocks of merchandise of all kinds. Besides the mer- \ncantile class the city has two banks, an opera house, seating 500, \na fine court building, several churches, three schools, three plan- \ning mills, several saw-mills, a foundry and machine shop, smelting \nworks, ore-sampling works, half dozen hotels, chief of which are \nthe La Veta, Palisades and Dawson; two newspapers, the Review- \nPress and the News-Democrat, together with the railroad round- \nhouses and machine shops, which add materially to the business \nof the city. Besides the great mineral wealth in gold, silver and \nprecious metals tributary to Gunnison City, are her coal mines, \n.which are quite numerous. At Carbon mountain, 18 miles north, \nvia Ohio creek, are large deposits of bituminous coal, which are \nmined and used in the city, and also in the adjoining towns. \nAnthracite coal is also found in several localities that is said to \nequal the coal of Pennsylvania. \n\nThen there are immense deposits of iron ore and quarries of \nmarble, granite and sandstone. \n\nTimber is also abundant in the surrounding mountains, as well \n\nas game, both large and small, of all kinds; and trout \xe2\x80\x94 well, the \n\nGunnison country is the trouts\' home. Any ordinary tenderfoot \n\ncan catch them. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 1). & R. G. railway and Crested Butte branch, 28 miles to \nCrested Butte, where are located extensive quartz and placer mines; also \niron and coal and coke ovens. \n\n\n\nThe South Park branch of the Union Pacific runs north from \nGunnison City up Ohio creek through a settled country where \nwheat, oats, hay and potatoes are the principal crops raised, seven \nmiles to TeachouT, three miles to Hinkles, three miles to Cas- \nTeeTon, and three miles more to \n\nBaldwin\xe2\x80\x94 [is miles from Gunnison city]. \xe2\x80\x94 Here are extensive de- \nposits of coal, owned by the railroad company, who use large quan- \ntities and ship more. \n\nFrom Baldwin a mail hack runs northwest to Mt. Carbon, six \nmiles, and thence to Irwin, five and a half miles, six times a \nweek. \n\nHaving concluded the Gunnison tour we return to Denver. \n\n\n\nUgg^For authentic information about, and descriptions of the \nRoyal Gorge, Marshall Pass, the Black Canon of the Gunnison, \nCastle Gate and the Denver &Rio Grande railway, buy CROFEUT\'S \nOvereand Tours, No. 2. The line represented in red on the map \nin this book covers that route and all over California. \n\n\n\nSIDE TOUR NO. 3 \xe2\x80\x94 BOREAS. \n\n\n\nSide Tour No. 3 \xe2\x80\x94 From Denver to Breckenridge, \nLeadvieee, Red Ceifk, Geenwood Springs to Aspen. \n\nLeaving Denver, as in tour No. 2, we follow the same route to \nConio, 88 miles from Denver. \n\n\n\nFrom Como our route is to the northwest up Tarryall creek, \nthrough the old placers so famous in I860, and curving around on \na spur of the mountains, climbing rapidly, we reach a point where \nthe view of the South Park, Conio, Jefferson, Kenosha, Pike\'s \npeak and the front range of mountains is most grand, covering a \ngreat extent of country, plains, valleys and a bewildering wreck \nof mountains \xe2\x80\x94 worth a long journey to behold. \n\nBoreas \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 11,470 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on the summit of \nBreckenridge pass, ten miles from Como, on the "snowy range," \nthe "backbone" of the continent. Should a bucket full of \n" Adam\'s ale " be emptied on the summit ou this ridge, a short dis- \ntance from the station, it would separate, one portion finding its \nway to the Gulf of Mexico, and the other to the Gulf of California. \n\nThere is little use for steam in descending the mountains for \nthe next 12 miles to Breckenridge, except to manage the brakes, as \nwe drop away in that distance, 1,946 feet, over 162 feet to the \nmile. \n\nThe route down the mountain is most tortuous; surprises come \nthick and fast. Our train whirls into deep aud dismal gorges sur- \nrounded by firs and pines, ten-score feet in height, another whirl, \nand we are on the point of a rocky promontory wdiich rises sheer \n500 feet above a parallel track below; another whirl, a \ngrand detour, aud we are running back upon that parallel track; \nagain we round a headland, tbe track is not there, it has dodged \naway up a long ravine only to double back upon itself, and so it \ngoes. Four parallel tracks are to be seen at different times and \nplaces, rising one above the other on the face of pine-clad moun- \ntains, rugged in the extreme. \n\nAt points on this wild zigzag run down and around the moun- \ntain spurs, the scenic views are most marvelous. Mts. Fletcher, \nQuandary, Buckskin and many other towering peaks are in view \nto the west and southwest, while to the north the view of Mts. \nGray and Torrey and Powell are very fine. In rounding one of the \nmany bold headlands, the valley of the Blue river is suddenly \nbrought to view, together with the city of Breckenridge, and \nthousands of acres of old and new placer mines. [See illustration \non next page.) \n\nDuring the season when work can be done, in nearly every \nravine and gulch along the line of the road down the mountains \nwhere water can be stored for use, can be seen miners with their \nvarious devices washing the gravel and gathering the golden \nscales and nuggets for which this region of country is noted. \n\nProbably there is not another stretch of railroad in the world \nthat runs over more wealth in gold than the line from Como to \nBreckenridge. \n\nBreeKeiiridjje \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000; from Como, 22 miles; Denver, no miles; \nelevation, 9,524 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 The seat of Summit county, situated on the \nBlue river, on the western slope of the Rocky mountains, and is \nstrictly a mining town. \n\n\n\nGRAY AND TORREY\'S PEAKS \xe2\x80\x94 FROM PASS. \n\n\n\n83 \n\n\n\n. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\niiwlSlijiiiit \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0111\xe2\x82\xac- \n\n\n\n\'\xe2\x80\x9e\' ! *: ;, ! l\' \n\n\n\n\nCROSSING BRECKENRIDGE PAH \n\n\n\nAs early as 1859-60 this region for many miles around and \nabout, where the city is now located, was known as the Blue river \nplacer diggings, and many stories of wonderful finds are \nrecorded. At that time the whole country was alive with miners. \nFrench, Georgia, Iowa, Hamburg, Swan, Buffalo, Illinois and \nother gulches to the east and north contained thousands of gold- \nminers. \n\n\n\n84 KEYSTONE BRANCH \xe2\x80\x94 ROBINSON. \n\nIn 1863-H I the placers were abandoned and supposed to have been \nworked out. The miners at that time knew nothing about hydraulic \nmining or quartz lodes and the old camps were deserted. \n\nFrom the time of the rich carbonate discoveries at Leadville, \nof 1878-9, dates a new era in the mining industry in Colorado. It \nfilled the whole mountain region of the state with prospectors and \nthe hnnt for rich quartz lodes and deposits commenced, and with \nwhat success the cities of Breckenridge, Silverton, Ourav, Red \nMountain and many others stand forth as monuments \xe2\x80\x94 endorsed \nby milious in gold, silver, copper and lead added to the wealth of \nthe country. \n\nBreckenridge has all the requisite trade, religious and educa- \ntional facilities and the latest improvements and luxuries of civili- \nzation. The Denver is the principal hotel, and the Journal and \nthe Leader are newspapers published here. \n\nThere are several smelters, mills and sampling-works near the \ntown; also extensive operations in hydraulic placer mining. \n\nBreckenridge is surrounded by small mining towns and camps, \nwhsre are located mills and extensive placer mining operations. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: East to Lincoln, four miles, six times a week. \n\n\n\nFrom Breckenridge our direction is northward, down the val- \nley of the Blue river, past mills, canals and placer mining on both \nsides. Sixteen miles brings our train to I)i ckev. Here the Key- \nstone Branch continues down to Dillon, three miles at the \njunction of the Blue and Snake rivers, where it turns up the Snake \neastward to Keystone, four miles, at the end of the track. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 At Dillon, D. & R. G. railway, and mail hack down the Blue \nriver northwest to Colorow, 36 miles; Kremmling, ten miles; thence east to \nTroublesome, seven miles, and Hot Sulphur Springs (Middle Park), 12 miles, \nonce a week. \n\nConnections are made at Kremmling with stages for the north \nand west. \n\nAt Keystone, mail hack east to the mining towns of Monte- \nzuma, ten miles; Chihuahua, three miles, six times a week; \nfare, $1.50 and $2. \n\nLeaving Dickey, our road curves westward and then to the south \ninto, and follows up Ten Mile Canon (parallel with the track of \nthe D. & R. G. road, which extends from Leadville to Dillon), \npassing Frisco and WHEELER, both . small mining towns, and \nreach Kokomo \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 500; elevation. 10,642 feet] \xe2\x80\x94 in 17 miles. \n\nRohillKOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop. 500]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is one mile beyond Kokomo, both of \nwhich are strictly mining towns. They are situated on the eastern \nslope of Sheep mountain, with the valley of Ten Mile creek to the \neastward, which is a half to a mile wide, and covered with a heavy \ngrowth of wild grasses. The scenery is grand. To the east and \nsouth rise mountains to great heights; the most prominent peak is \nMt. Fletcher, 14,205 feet above sea level. In the background \nSheep mountain rises 12,648 feet; to the north, Gray\'s peak. Game \nof many kinds can be found in easy distance, such as deer, elk, \nbear, grouse, quail, hare, rabbits, etc. \n\nThe towns are well supplied with stores, shops of all kinds and \nmany of the modern improvements of the times. There are three \nsmelting works, one the largest in the mountains. The chief \nhotels are the Robinson at that town, and the Western at \nKokomo. \n\n\n\nFREMONT\'S PASS\xe2\x80\x94 LEADVILLE. 85 \n\nThe quartz mines in the vicinity are counted up in the thous- \nands, are all true fissure veins, and many very rich in carbonates, \ngalena and sulphurites, averaging $180, and selected ore $800 per \nton. Placer claims are also being worked in the vicinity, with \nmore or less profit. \n\nJsg^The railroad facilities of Kokomo and Robinson are fur- \nnished by both the Union Pacific and the Denver & Rio Grande \nsystems, the latter via Leadville. The distance from Robinson to \nLeadville via the former is 17 miles, by the latter, 16 miles. The \nviews of scenery by either route are equally fine. \n\nRemember This ! \xe2\x80\x94 From a point to the westward of Robin- \nson, reached in an hour\'s walk, a view can be had surpassing all \nwords of description. \n\nWe have shown that the scenery on this tour is grand and of \ngreat diversity, but in our opinion, the crowning attraction in all \nColorado can best be seen from this point \xe2\x80\x94 to the northwest \xe2\x80\x94 the \n\nMount of Holy Cross \xe2\x80\x94 Its summit is 14,176 feet above the \nlevel of the sea, and presents the appearance as illustrated on page \n88. Xo tourist or person visiting Colorado from any part of the \nworld, or any person possessing a soul to appreciate the sublime \nand beautiful in nature, should fail to visit and pay their respects \nto this grand old mountain and its immense great white cross \nfirmly implanted amid the eternal rocks by the hand of the Great \nMaker, as it were, a perpetual symbol of purity, hope and \nredemption. \n\nFrom this same point many of the highest peaks in Colorado \ncan be distinctly seen. To the eastward, Mts. Fletcher, Quandary \nand Buckskin; to the north, Gray and Torrey; to the southwest, \nMts. Elbert, Massive, LaPlatte, Harvard and Yale; to the west, the \nHomestake and many others, including Aspen mountain. \n\n\n\nFrom Robinson it is three miles to Climax, a small station on \nthe summit of Fremont\'s Pass; altitude, 11,292 feet, the second \nin height on this line. \n\nSoon after leaving the summit, close to the eastward Buckskin \nmountain rises sheer 2,004 feet above our head, and many lesser \npeaks stand forth, body guards, as it were, in bold array. \n\nContinuing our journey, winding in, out and around the moun- \ntain fingers thrust out towards a lovely little valley that we are \noverlooking on the right, 14 miles and the "carbonate camp," \nLeadville, is reached. \n\n(.leittlville \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. i\\5co; from Denver, 151 miles; elevation, io.iy.5 feet] \nIs the seat of Lake county, and is one of those extraordinary- pro- \nductions of a mining country \xe2\x80\x94 one of those places that from a lone \ncabin becomes, a village in a night, a town in a week, a city in a \nmouth, and a " booming " metropolis the first year, with number- \nless old prospectors, miners, capitalists, bullwhackers, stages, pil- \ngrims, railroads, gamblers, thieves, and "soiled doves" directing \ntheir course to reach the neiu El Dorado with all possible despatch. \n\nSuch was Leadville during the first year of its existence. Lead- \nville was then one of the most cosmopolitan cities; there met and \njostled people from every land and clime; the rich and the poor, \nthe miser and the spendthrift, the scholar and the fool, the \npreacher and the bawd, the morose and the jolly, and the look of \nall seemed to say, " we are here for dollars, not for health.\'\' 1 \n\n\n\n86 EAGLE RIVER BRANCH\xe2\x80\x94 D. & R. G. \n\nFollowing this state of things Leadville had its ups and downs, \ncaused by mining sharks, but at this time there is no city better \ngoverned or more permanently prosperous. \n\nCommercially and in population Leadville ranks third in the \nstate. The city has many fine brick business blocks, water works, \nstores and shops in great variety, eight smelting and reduction \nworks, four foundries and machine shops, a score of hotels (chief \nof which are the Hotel Kitchen, Grand Pacific and Grand), \ntogether with churches, schools, secret orders, electric light, tele- \nphone, etc., and three daily and weekly papers, the Herald-Dem- \nocrat, Leadville Chronicle and Carbonate Chronicle. Of mining \ncompanies! Well, really, there are hardly enough figures to \nenumerate them or the mines in the vicinity. The mining loca- \ntions near the city number 30,000, and the out-put of ore is about \n1,500 tons per day; but the production is from only about 50. \n\nThe Leadville Trotting and Running Association has a half- \nmile track four miles west, with good buildings and is well fenced. \nThe court house and post office buildings are flue structures, \nand would do credit to any city; then there are a great number of \nfine private residences. Of lumber yards there are ten, some of \nwhich do an immense business, each of which represents from one \nto three saw-mills in the county, besides buying largely in Chicago. \n\nThe city is surrounded by a number of mining camps which are \ntributary for business, and add materially to its prosperity. \n\nThe carbonate deposits about Leadville are enormous, extend- \ning over a vast area, said to be 60 miles in length from north to \nsouth by 10 miles wide, yielding in silver and lead from $30 to \nsi\', I (Oil per ton. \n\nLeadville is situated on a gradual slope of the Mosquito range \nfacing westward, and is six miles from the eastern base of the \nSawache range, in which Mt. Massive is the central figure; alti- \ntude, 14,298 feet. At the base of this range are the pretty Ever- \ngreen lakes and several noted soda springs. \n\nCalifornia Gulch, of 1860-fame, comes down from the east- \nern range of mountains on the south side of the city, along which \nare situated a number of smelting works and manufactories. \n\nThis " gulch " was one of the most noted in Colorado in 1859- \n62, during which years the placers yielded nearly 85,000,000, after \nwhich they were abandoned. Since the discoveries of carbonates, \nthe old camp near the head of the "diggings" was christened \nLeadville. Companies have recently been organized, these old \nclaims re-located, and preparations are perfecting to work over the \nground by hydraulic process, but the scarcity of water is a great \ndrawback. \nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 By rail with the Denver &RioGrande and the Colorado Midland. \n\nLeaving Leadville, via the Ragle river branch of the D. & R. \nG., our train winds around the city to the westward, reaching \nMalta (in five miles), a small station on the Arkansas river, at the \nmouth of California gulch, where are located the repair shops of \nthe railroad company. \n\nTurning north from Malta we follow up the Arkansas river \namid grand scenery, passing a number of side-track stations and \nreaching the divide between the waters of the Atlantic and Pacific \nin 16 miles, at \n\n\n\nTKXXKSSHR PASS \xe2\x80\x94 RED CUFF. \n\n\n\nTennessee Pils* \xe2\x80\x94 Altitude, 10,418 feet \xe2\x80\x94 323 feet higher than \nLeadville. Homestake peak is on the left, 13,073 feet altitude; \nand Chalk peak on the right, 12,600 feet \xe2\x80\x94 which together with a \nscore of peaks of lesser height afford views of mountain scenery \nof the greatest variety. .Starting down Eagle river another 16 \nmiles brings us to \n\nRe<l Cliff\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., Soo; elevation, 8,671 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 The seat of Eagle \ncounty, a thrifty mining town, situated on a triangular piece of \nland, a miuature valley, at the junction of Turkey creek with the \nEagle river, 011 the east side between towering cliffs. \n\nMining is the only industry in this vicinity, and that is to be \nseen everywhere about in the valley and on the sides and tops of \nthe mountains. \n\nNear the town rises Battle, Gainer and Iron mountains, covered \nwith timber, and if reports are true, they are filled with gold, silver \nand other valuable minerals. \n\nThe mines in the vicinity of Red Cliff are attracting much at- \ntention from mine operators, and the opinions of competent ex- \nperts are that Red Cliff w-ill soon be one of the principal mining \ntowns of the state. The formation is the Weber-quartzite; the \nlower, middle and upper carboniferous strata are in sight in the \ndeep canons of the streams. A well-defined contact between lime \nand porphyry has been traced for 13 miles, and prospectors have \nlocated claims at various points along the exposed line. One \nsmelter has been erected and others are in embryo. Several min- \neral lodes have been discovered on the Mt. of Holy Cross, sixteen \nmiles southwest, which are said to be very rich, and Holy Cross \nCity has been added to the list of mining towns in Colorado. Red \nCliff is well supplied with stores of all kinds, has several saw-mills \nand hotels, chief of which are the Hotel Eagle and Mountain. It \nalso has water works, schools, several church organizations, a \ncornet band and two weekly papers, the Comet and Times. \n\nThe traveler in a few minutes\' climb of the mountain back of \nRed Cliff can obtain an uuusually fine view of the famed Mt. \nof the Holy Cross. From here the adventurous tourist can make \nthe journey to the mount if he be so inclined. No grander view \ncan be conceived than that of this wonderful mountain which bears \nupon its bosom the sacred symbol of Christianity. See page S8. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Over the mountains, southwest to Hor.v Cross \nCity, 16 rniles, twice a week. \n\nProceeding down the Eagle river, between towering cliffs, past \na number of side-track stations, the valley gradually widens, and \nwhere the stock-raisers had held complete sway for many years, \nare now to be seen farms and fields of grain, vegetables, etc. Ha)-, \noats and potatoes are the principal crops raised for market, but \nvegetables of many kinds are raised for home consumption. \n\n4*y |>*lim \xe2\x80\x94 Is about the only station along the line between \nRed Cliff and Glenwood of any note, and that only contains a \ngrocer)- store and hotel, with a few farm houses in the vicinity; but as \na rendezvous and outfitting point for hunters, the Texas house is \nfamous, as well as the surrounding country for game, and the \nEagle river for trout. \n\nGypsum is situated in a beautiful little park at the junction of \nGypsum creek and Eagle river, on the south side, 42 miles west \nfrom Red Cliff and 26 miles east from Glenwood springs. \n\n\n\n88 \n\n\n\nMT. HOLY CROSS \xe2\x80\x94 GRAND RIVER. \n\n\n\n\nmount of holy cross. \xe2\x80\x94 See pages \xc2\xa35 and 87. \n\n\n\nGrand River \xe2\x80\x94 The same we interviewed on Side Tour No. \n1 at Grand lake \xe2\x80\x94 conies down from the right, seven miles west \nof Gypsum, uniting with the Eagle. The little town of Dotsero, \nis situated one and a half miles eastward on the Grand, above the \njunction of the two rivers. \n\nThe graded track of the " Burlington " also comes down the \nGrand, and shows in places on the north side of the river all the \nway to Glenwood. \n\n\n\nGLENWOOD SPRINGS. 89 \n\n\n\nGrand River Canon \xe2\x80\x94 Is one of the wonders of this line. \nAfter leaving the junction the mountain walls on each side of the \nriver gradually increase in height until at the end of about LO \nmiles the)- rise in places from the river\'s brink sheer 2,000 feet. \n\nIn places the sun\'s rays are completely shut out by overhang- \ning cliffs, through which our train passes in tunnels. Many of the \nlateral canons, which are sprung upon our vision with lightning \nrapidity, are deep and dismal gorges. In these gorges and on the \nmountains where a root will hold are pines and firs and creeping \nvines, and flowers in season, which, in connection with the other \nsurroundings, afford views of scenery surpassing all description. \n\nGlCIlWOOfl Spring* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,500; from Gypsum, 18 miles; Leadville, \n99 miles; Aspen, 41 miles; elevation, 5,200 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Garfield \ncounty, just below the canon of the Grand, situated in a little park \nat the junction of the Roaring Fork and the Grand rivers. \n\nIt is a place of great promise, principally on account of the \nsprings for which it has become noted. Some of the buildings are \nof stone and brick, but the greater number are of wood. Stores \nand shops of all kinds are here; also water works, electric light, \ntelephone, etc., banks, churches, schools and hotels, chief of which \nare the Hotel Glenwood and St. James. The News, Chief and \nEcho are three daily papers published here. \n\nThe land about the city is rather limited, but in places along \nthe Grand and Roaring Fork are many thousand acres of good \nagricultural lands, some of which are under cultivation producing \ngood crops of oats, potatoes and vegetables; grass in all the valleys, \nand along the streams is vigorous and abundant, producing a large \namount of hay. Stock-raising is also an important occupation of \nthe settlers in this region, but the chief attraction, and the one on \nwhich for its future growth the place must depend is its WONDER- \nFUL. springs. The springs are numerous on both sides of the \nGrand, and are of undoubted medicinal character. It is said all \ndiseases of the blood, rheumatism and skin diseases are wonder- \nfully relieved and often cured. Some of these springs are very \nsalt and too hot to bathe in. In one place where the waters run \nthrough a cave about 20 feet, a natural Turkish bath is afforded, \nwhere planks are laid to walk upon, and bathers can disport them- \nselves on the rocks. \n\nThe hot, salt and sulphur springs are on the north side of the \nGrand river reached by a bridge, and are very numerous; some \nare close down beside the river, others are from 10 to 20 feet higher, \nwith a great amount of crystallization all about them, the deposits \nof ages forming great basins from which the springs flow. Only \na few rude baths are now here, but amply accommodations are \nmaking. The main structure will be 27o by 40 feet, and fitted \nup with porcelain tubs of the most approved kind; yet withal, \nthe rheumatic, asthmatic, catarrhal and lung sufferers, without \nregard to age, sex, race, color or previous condition of servitude, \ndo congregate here in large numbers. \n\nCoal \xe2\x80\x94 Both bituminous and anthracite, is abundant in the re- \ngion surrounding Glenwood, and is another great source of wealth. \n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Rail: The Denver & Rio Grande, Eagle river branch, and the \nColorado Midland, via Aspen; and it generally understood that both of these \nroads are extending their lines westward, but the exact route is still a problem. \nStage coach west, down the Grand river to New Castle, 13 miles; Fergu- \nson, eight miles, six times a week. At Ferguson mail hacks connect for the \nnorth and west. \n\n\n\nill) ASPEN \xe2\x80\x94 PITKIN MINES. \n\n\n\nLeaving Glenwood ovir course is now up the Roaring Fork \xe2\x80\x94 \nparallel with the Midland \xe2\x80\x94 southeast 13 miles to Carbondale, a \nsmall station at the point where Rock creek comes into the Fork \nfrom the south, where our train turns more to the left, and reaches \nAspen in 41 miles from the Springs. \n\nAspeil \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 7,500; from Leadville, 140 miles; elevation, 7,775 feetj. \nIs the seat of Pitkin county, situated on the northern slope of Aspen \nmountain, on the south side of Roaring Fork river near the junc- \ntion of Hunter, Castle and Maroon creeks. The old town of Roar- \ning Fork is one mile distant on the opposite side of the river. \n\nThe city contains two banks, a sampling and two smelting \nworks, a number of stone and brick business blocks, stores of all \nkinds, several hotels (chief of which is the Clarendon), four news- \npapers \xe2\x80\x94 the Times, Democrat and Chronicle, daily, and the Sun, \nweekly; a theater, three saw-mills, electric light and telephone; \ngood schools and churches, etc. \n\nHere are located some of the great mines of the state, and Aspeji \nis considered one of the most prosperous and rich of the mining \ntowns in Colorado. The hills surrounding the town are filled with \nveins of silver. The ore from many of them runs to $1,800 per \nton. There are also placer mines near the town that are rich, and \nare being worked with much profit. \n\nThe developments of the Pitkin county mines up to this time \nhave been of the most satisfactory character, showing that the rich \nore-bodies are not confined to the group of mines which have \nmade Aspen mountain famous in all mining circles. It is posi- \ntively asserted, and apparently thoroughly demonstrated, that a \nbelt of country 15 miles in width, extending from the Mt. of Holy \nCross, in Eagle county, southwest through Aspen to Ashcroft and \nSandy\'s gulch, gives a great contact belt 30 miles in length of \ntrue fissure veins, besides the various rich mining districts of Cou- \nnuudrum, Sandy, Maroon, Lincoln and Castle creeks\xe2\x80\x94 enough \nmineral to sustain a wonderful out-put until the coming of the \nmillennium. \n\nFor years the great cry was tor a railroad. They have two now, \nthe I). & R. G and Colorado Midland, and should be happy. \nWhether they are or not, they are shipping an immense amount \nof ore to the smelting works east, besides what can be smelted at \nhome. Aspen is improving rapidly without "boom," and bids \nfair to make the most important camp in the state in population \nand wealth. \n\nIn the vicinity of Aspen are quarries of beautiful red sandstone, \nwhich is largely used for building and flagging purposes. \n\nAlong the river and creeks near and tributary, are some good \nranches, where oats, potatoes and all kinds of vegetables are \ngrown to perfection and find ready sale at prices that would aston- \nish a New England farmer. \n\nElk, deer, bear and many other kinds of furred and feathered \ngame are abundant in the near mountains, and the trout snap at \nthe bait in every little stream. \n\nAspen is 28 miles due west from Leadville, "as the bird would \nfly," 40 miles by trail, and by rail (the way we camel, 140 miles. \n\nBragging men only need to look into quiet, cool and determined eyes to get \nweak in the knees! They are cowards! \n\nPig braggarts sometimes find their way into mining camps, but their stay is \nshort! "Put up or shut up" is a requirement that must be met: \n\n\n\nCASTLE ROCK \xe2\x80\x94 PALMER LAKE. 91 \n\n\n\nSide Toiir Xo. 4 \xe2\x80\x94 From Denver to Colorado Springs, \nManitou and Pike\'s Peak. \n\nThere are no less than three different railroad tracks from Den- \nver to Colorado Springs: The Denver & Rio Grande; Atchison, \nTopeka & Santa Fe, and the Denver & Gulf. Besides these, the \nColorado Midland uses the track of the Santa Fe, and the \nMissouri Pacific and the Rock Island those of the D. & R. G. \n\nAs we believe in first love we shall take the D. & R. G. There \naxe Jive trains each way a day, so one can take their choice. \n\nLeaving Denver our route for the first 20 miles parallels the \nroute taken on Side Tour No. 2, except that it is on the east side of \nthe Platte. \n\nPassing the machine shops of the D. & R. G. in two miles, the \nsecond bottom lands of the Platte river are reached. Pike\'s peak is \nin view directly ahead, but 80 miles away. The Rocky mountains \nare to the west beyond that 15-mile belt of rolling prairie, and \nthey will parallel our route the entire distance. To the east stretch \nthe prairies, apparently limitless in extent. \n\nEight miles, at Petersburg, is where gold was first mined \nalong the Platte river \xe2\x80\x94 1859; the gold was fine and difficult to save \nby the methods then in use, and the "diggings" were abandoned. \nPassing Littleton (two miles), an agricultural town of some pre- \ntentions, we cross the "high line" canal and commence to climb \nthe bluffs which border Plum creek on the east, traversing a coun- \ntry where stock-raising is the only industry. \n\nCa\xc2\xa7tle Rock \xe2\x80\x94 [ Pop., 250; from Denver, 32 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Seat of Doug- \nlas county. Extensive stone quarries of volcanic rock are near the \ntown, which supplied the greater portion of what was used for \nrough work on the Union depot and other buildings in Denver. \nStock-raising is also an important feature at this place. The \nOwens is the principal hotel. The Journal is a weekly paper pub- \nlished here. \n\nCastle Rock derives its name from a huge castellated rock that \nis passed just before reaching the station, standing away up on the \napex of a spur of the "divide" that here projects out into the val- \nley from the eastward. \n\nThree miles from Castle Rock is the small station of Douglass, \nwhere there are more stone quarries; then three miles to Glade, \nfive miles to Larkspur, four miles to Greenland and five miles \nmore to \n\nPallllCr Ltlke \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 50: from Denver, 52 miles; Colorado Springs, \n23 miles; Pueblo, 68 miles; elevation, 7,23s feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 This station is on the \nsummit of the divide between the waters of the Platte and Arkan- \nsas rivers, on the western bank of the lake from which it derives \nits name. In altitude the station is 2,144 feet higher than Denver \nand 2,525 feet higher than Pueblo. \n\nThe lake was named for General Palmer, the early promoter \nand president of the Denver & Rio Grande railway, and is a \nbeautiful little sheet of water. For near a score of years it has \nbeen visited in summer by picnic parties from Denver, but not \nuntil 1880 was there any organized movement made to furnish ac- \ncommodations for travelers and make it a pleasure resort. Nature \nhad done much in climate, pure water, lofty mountains, lovely \nnooks, beautiful glens, deep canons, tall pines and shady retreats. \n\n\n\n92 GLEN PARK \xe2\x80\x94 COLORADO SPRINGS. \n\nThe railroad company have placed a substantial stone embankment \nalong the shore of the lake, and in front of the station a neat and \ntasteful boat-house, stocked with boats. Streets have. recently \nbeen laid out near the station and planted on either side with \nshade trees, and an abundant supply of the purest water has been \nbrought to the town from a mountain source in iron pipes, under \na pressure that enables fountains to throw water to a height of \nover 80 feet. Beside these improvements the company furnish \ntransportation by an even dozen passenger trains a day to reach \nthis place. Then conies the Glen Park Association which secured \nGlen Park, a lovely place containing about 150 acres, within half \nmile of the station. The park is at the foot of the mountain range, \nand is sheltered in the rear by a towering cliff, 2,000 feet in height, \nand on the two sides by spurs of the range. With the association \ncame their landscape engineer, who has taken advantage of every \nnatural beauty, and studied the best topographical effect in laying \nout streets, parks, reservoirs, walks, drives, trails and lookouts. \nAs a result many tasteful cottages have been erected, a hotel and \nan auditorium, with a seating capacity for 1,000 persons, and con- \ntaining rooms for the association officers. The Glen house \naccommodates travelers in a first-class manner. \n\nBesides the trains of the Denver & Rio Grande, the Midland, \nMissouri Pacific, and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, each run four \npassenger trains a day, between Denver and Pueblo, via Palmer Lake. \n\nPossessing so many advantages Palmer Lake will doubtless \nsoon become one of the most popular resorts of the kind in \nColorado. \n\nThe track of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe is on the east \nside of the lake. \n\nThe country between Denver and Colorado Springs is occupied \nvery generally by stock-raisers, yet there are a few persons farming. \nThe lauds would all produce good crops with water for irrigation, \nbut there is none, hence the cattle, sheep, etc. \n\nA few miles both to the north and south of Palmer Lake, high \nup the mountain side, can be seen long, rocky castellated ridges \nof white, brown and red stone, standing forth hundreds of feet in \nheight, like huge sentinels continually on guard. \n\n\n\nLeaving the station, our train curves eastward around the lake, \ndodging a bold mountain spur, and rattles away down grade to \nMonument \xe2\x80\x94 [four miles; pop., 300]\xe2\x80\x94 Here are afew stores, several lum- \nbermen and a weekly newspaper, the Register. \n\nBetween Monument and Colorado Springs \xe2\x80\x94 19 miles \xe2\x80\x94 several \nunimportant stations are passed, and an occasional glimpse of \nPike\'s peak can be had. Cattle and sheep are numerous, and a \nfew fields and gardens appear. Occasionally on the right we catch \na glimpse of some of those peculiar rocks which rise up in places \nin this vicinity on the sides of the hills to the height of from 20 \nto 50 feet. They are round and from three to ten feet in diameter \nsurmounted with a cap, in one place resembling a Spanish som- \nbrero. They are called by various names, but by the general name \nof "monuments," from which this valley and creek derive their \nnaines. \n\nColorado SprilJlJ*- [Pop., 6,500; elevation, 3.992 feet; from Denver \n75 milts: Pueblo, 4.3 miles. Manitou, five and a half miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Seat of LI Paso \ncounty. This city was laid out in July, 1871, and settled by the \n\n\n\nCOLORADO SPRINGS AND ATTRACTIONS. 93 \n\nFountain colon}\'. It is situated on a high broad plateau to the \neast of and about one-half a mile above the junction of Monument \ncreek from the north, with the fountain Qui Bouille, from the west. \n\nThe citizens have erected some fine buildings, which include a \ncollege, churches, banks, schools, hotels, opera house and many \nprivate residences. The streets are 100 feet broad and the avenues \n1-50 feet, with sidewalks 12 feet wide. Along the avenues rows of \ntrees have been set out near the sidewalks and little streams of \nwater are rippling along beside them, from the large canals built \nby the citizens for irrigating purposes. Colorado Springs, like \nGreeley, is a temperance town, so organized that parties purchas- \ning lots forfeit their purchase if they sell liquor on the premises; \nand unless you can procure a physician\'s prescription, or know \nhow to "stand in" with the druggists, not a drop of liquor can \nbe obtained; but then the Manitou springs are only five miles \naway, and the waters are to be had at the hotels, where it is brought \nfresh every day, for the accommodation of the guests. The waters \nexhilarate, but do not intoxicate. There are several hotels; the \nAntler\'s, Alamo and Grand View are the principal ones. The \nnewspapers are Gazette, daily and weekly, and Herald, weekly. \nThe scenery viewed from Colorado Springs is exceedingly grand. \nTo the west " Pike\'s peak " rises in - full view, from base to summit; \naltitude, 1-4,336 feet or 6,308 feet higher than the city. In the \nvicinity are some of the most delightful drives and rambles; Man- \nitou, five miles; Garden of the Gods, three and one-half miles; \nCheyenne canon, five miles; summit of " Pike\'s peak," lomiles,etc. \n\nOne finds here an out-door life agreeable and delightful through- \nout the year, there being few days when it is not pleasant to ride \nor drive. The livery service is excellent, and charges moderate, \nand since the natural roads are uniformly in order the scenic \nwonders of the region are viewed under the most agreeable circum- \nstances. \n\nThis city has become of late one of the most attractive summer \n\nresorts in America. Here the tourist, invalid or pleasure -seeker \n\nfinds an agreeable resting place, with every variety of interesting, \n\ninstructive and charming scenery. The residents for the most \n\npart are cultm-ed people, drawn from all sections of the world. \n\nMost of the visitors at first express surprise to find a city the size \n\nof Colorado Springs in the heart of what they had expected to \n\nfind the "wild west," that contained no saloons. Scenery and \n\nclimate are not all the attractive features of a residence or sojourn \n\nin this city: the superior public and private schools are ample; the \n\nColorado college offers a complete collegiate education, while in a \n\ngem of an opera house are often rendered the most popular operas \n\nand productions of the most celebrated authors known to music \n\naud the drama. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Besides the trains on the Denver & Rio Grande the Missouri \nPacific. Midland, Denver, Texas & Fort Worth and Atchison, Topeka & Sante \nFe. all run regular passenger trains daily. \n\n\n\nThe Midland Railroad Co. in 18.S5 commenced the construction \nof their road westward from this place, via I T te pass and South \nPark, to\xe2\x80\x94 don\'t know, no " fella can find out; " but so vigorously \nwas the work pushed that their trains were running to Leadville \nin 1887, into Aspen in 1888, and perhaps Portland, Oregon, next \nyear. Quien Sabe? \n\n\n\n94 \n\n\n\nMANITOU SPRINGS. \n\n\n\nIt is generally understood that the Midland is an Atchison, \nTopeka & Sante Fe branch \xe2\x80\x94 however that may be, the Midland \nreaches Denver via the Atchison track. \n\nColorado Cily \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is two miles west of Colorado \n\nSprings, and can be reached by either the Manitou branch of the \n1). oc R. G. system or by the cars of the Midland railroad. \n\nHere was the first settlement in the "Pike\'s peak country" in \n1858, and here the first capital of the territory was located. The \ntown is situated on a high plateau, directly facing Pike\'s peak, on \nthe north bank of fountain Qui Bouille creek. The car and \nmachine shops of the Midland railway are located here, also flour \nand plaster mills. Valuable stone quarries are near, and large \ndeposits of the finest hydraulic cement in the state. Where irri- \ngated, grain, potatoes and all kinds of vegetables grow to perfec- \ntion. Some fine fruit is also raised. Electric lights, telephone, \netc., are here, also a weekly paper, the News. \n\n\n\nMailitOU \xe2\x80\x94 where are located the celebrated springs of that \nname, is in El Paso county, five miles due west of Colorado \nSprings. It is situated on Fountain Qui Bouille creek, at the very \nfoot of Pike\'s peak, in as romantic a little nook of the mountains \nas one could imagine. \n\nThis .Saratoga of Colorado possesses springs more renowned \nfor their medicinal qualities than those of the Saratoga of New- \nYork, while for climate and scenery, Colorado can discount New- \nYork in the ratio that the sun would a "tallow dip." \n\nThese springs are six in number, named Manitou Navajo, Ute- \nSoda, Shoshone, Iron Ute and Little Chief. Prof. Loew, of Lieut. \nWheeler\'s exploring expedition, gives the analysis of the different \nsprings as follows: \n\nTHK MINERAL SPRINGS AT MANITOU. \nIn 100 000 parts of spring water are contained \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\nCarb. of soda \n\nof lithia \n\nof lime \n\n" of magnesia. \n\n" of iron \n\nSulph. of potassa ... \n\nof soda \n\nChlo. of sodium \n\nSilica \n\n\n\n124.69 \n\n0.24 \n\n129.49 \n\n31.66 \n\n\n\n16.21 \n18.42 \n39 78 \n\n1-47 \n\n\n\nTotal solid constituents. \n\nGases \n\nDegree of Fahr \n\n\n\n50.2 \n\n\n\n5626 \n\n0.25 \n\n1 1 1. 00 \n\n20.51 \ntrace. \n\n13 -AS \n\n19.71 \n\n4o-95 \n\n2.01 \n\n\n\n23.82 \ntrace. \n\n40.00 \n6.10 \n1.40 \ntrace. \n12.24 \n13 93 \ntrace. \n\n\n\n88.80 \n\ntrace \n\n10S.50 \n\n\n59-34 \n\ntrace. \n\n59-04 \n\n10.50 \n\n508 \n\n7 01 \n\n30.86 \n\n3\'-59 \n\n2.69 \n\n\n\n\n512 \n\n37.08 \n\n42.12 \n\ntrace. \n\n\n\n15.16 \n\ntrace. \n\n75-20 \n13.01 \n1 30 \n6 24 \n51.88 \n47-97 \n\n\n\n260.00 97-49 jS \' r \' J \nFree carbonic acid \n56 1 (8.5 \n\n\n\n210.87 21 3-4 S \n\n\n\n(4-3 \\Z \n\n\n\nThe waters of these springs, the pure air and life-giving climate, \nthe wonderful Alpine canon, valley and plains scenery, the hunt- \ning attractions, the gathering of petrifications and fossils, together \nwith the delightful rambles and refined society among the citizens \nand at the hotels, have made "Manitou, Colorado," known \nthroughout the length and breadth of our whole country, and we \nmight say the rcorld for that matter, as, by a glance at the hotel \n\n\n\nMANITOU \xe2\x80\x94 PIKE\'S PEAK. 95 \n\n\n\nregisters in the tourist season names will be found indicating visi- \ntors from almost every nation, land and clime, so widely and. fav- \norably has this place become known. \n\nThe scenery surrounding Manitou is immense and very beau- \ntiful. Some of the most interesting objects of interest, with their \ndistances from Manitou, are: Garden of the Gods, three and one- \nhalf miles; Glen Eyrie, Queen\'s Canon, Devil\'s Punch-bowl, five \nand one-half miles; Cheyenne Canon and Seven Falls, ten miles; \nsummit of Pike\'s peak, nearest trail, ten miles; Petrified Trees, 15 \nmiles; Monument Park, with Mammoth Anvil, Dutch Wedding, \nVulcan\'s Workshop and Dunce\'s Parliament, ten miles; Ruxton\'s \nGlen, Iron Springs and Ute pass, one and one-half miles. \n\nIt is not generally known, but Manitou as a winter resort, has \nmany claims worthy of special consideration particularly by inva- \nlids. It is sheltered from the cold northwest winds, which are \nthe prevailing winds of Colorado, and being thus sheltered in a \ncosv glen is far more pleasant and comfortable than any of the \ntowns and cities located on the open plains, where they are fair to \nthe wind. The gravelly soil of Manitou is an insurance against \nalkali or disagreeable dust to irritate the throat and lungs; its \nadmirable sewerage system, the pure still atmosphere, the bright \nwarm sunshine, the finest mineral waters, the long enchanting \ntwilights, the quiet seclusion (although within call and having \nspeaking facilities with the whole outside world), and the equable \nclimate, are advantages that when known will certainly tend to \nkeep the hotels and cottages as full in winter as in summer. \n\nFrom the little log cabin of 1800, where the writer was wont to \nmix a little cream tartar with the water of the Navajo spring for \nrising his bread and "slapjacks," Manitou has grown to be a city, \nvarying between winter and summer of from 500 to 2,000 popula- \ntion. Along the main street are stores and fancy shops of all kinds, \nand livery stables where the finest turnouts can be had to visit the \nattractions in the vicinity. The pure waters of Fountain creek \nripple through the place, along the banks of which are many trees \n\xe2\x80\x94 cottonwood, pine, cedar and willow. Cosy little cottages peep \nout here and there from among the trees, rocks and gulches as \nthough afraid their secluded retreat would be discovered. An ele- \ngant bath-house, recently erected, is a new attraction and consists \nof 18 bath-rooms provided with porcelain-lined tubs, used only \nfor soda baths, and a plunge 32 feet square and four and one-half \nfeet deep. The building is roomy and well fitted and furnished \nfor the comfort and convenience of visitors. Many new buildings \nhave been added to the town, several hotels erected and others \nenlarged, and yet, often the demand for accommodations exceeds \nthe supply. There are now six large hotels, the Barker, Manitou, \nMansion, Cliff, Sunny-Side and Iron Springs, besides several small \nhotels and cottages and boarding houses in scores. The Cliff is \nopen winter and summer. \n\nPike\'s Peak \xe2\x80\x94 Until recently has been reached only by pack \nanimals over a tortuous trail, but during 1888 a wagon road was \nconstructed which winds around the mountain on a zigzag but \nuniform grade. The company constructing the road ran carriages \nover it \xe2\x80\x94 when ordered by visitors desiring to make the ascent \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nWith some a pass-ing acquaintance with a railroad man is an annual feast. \n\n\n\n96 side; tour no. 5 \xe2\x80\x94 boulder. \n\n\n\ncharges, $5 for round trip. Parties desiring can hire saddle ani- \nmals or carriages and drive themselves, to make the ascent, for \nwhich a moderate toll is charged. \n\nWe shall not attempt to describe the views from the summit of \nthe peak, as it is impossible to convey to the mind of the reader \nmore than a faint idea of the extent and beauty of the scene. \n\nThe ride up the mountain is a delight; the grand spread of \nplains, valleys and mountains affords views second only to those \nobtained after reaching the summit of the Peak. \n\n\n\nGame and Fish \xe2\x80\x94 Are not as abundant as formerly, but by go- \ning from five to ten miles away, game as is game can be found. \nFor fine trout take a run up over the Ute pass road, onto the South \nPark slope, and you will find every little stream is alive with them. \n\nManitou can be reached by rail, by the trains on the Manitou \nbranch of the Denver & Rio Grande \xe2\x80\x94 or the Midland railroad. \n\n\n\n4\xc2\xbbnrdeii of the Ciods \xe2\x80\x94 Situated midway between Manitou \nand Colorado Springs. It is a singularly wild and beautiful place, \nto which some poetic individual has given the title which heads \nthis paragraph. Two high ridges of rock rise perpendicularly \nfrom the valley to a height of 330 feet, but a few yards apart, \nforming a lofty enclosure, which embraces a beautiful miniature \nvalley, which seems to nestle here away from the gaze of the \npasser-by in a quiet, romantic grandeur. \n\nReturning to Denver we shall make one more tour and then \ntake up the main line across the continent, via Cheyenne, Lar- \namie, and Evanston. \n\n\n\nSide Tour .\\o. 5 \xe2\x80\x94 From Denver to Boulder, Boulder \nCanon, Longmont, Estes Park and Fort Collins to Greeley. \n\nEach of the four cities above named are reached by two separate \nbranches of the Union Pacific railway. Leaving Denver at 7:55 a. m., \nvia the Marshall & Boulder (narrow gauge ). We take the route \ndescribed in Side Tour No. 1 to Argo Junction, three miles from \nDenver, thence running north, crossing Clear creek and a broad \nex pause of rolling prairie land well settled and cultivated, reach \nBoulder at 9:22 a. m. \n\nBoulder\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 4,500; from Denver, 30 miles, via Argo Junction, and \n47 miles, via Brighton; elevation, 5,335 Ret]. -The Seat of Boulder COUIlty, \n\nsituated at the entrance to the mountains, via Boulder canon, on \nBoulder river. \n\nGold and silver mines in the mountains, great coal mines just \nsouth of the city, iron deposits, stone and lime quarries, agri- \nculture, horticulture aud stock-raising are the chief occupations \nof the citizens. Merchandising and all the usual occupations \nof an enterprising city thrive here, as well as the churches and \nschools. \n\nThree ore-sampling works, one smelting furnace, one iron fur- \nnace, two flouring-mills, one foundry and machine shop, and a \nscore of smaller manufactories are located here. The American \nand the Brainard are the principal hotels. The newspapers are \nHerald, daily and weekly; the News and Banner, weekly, and \nthe Sentinel, weekly. \n\n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southeast to Langford, six miles six times a \nwe^ to the north to Altone, situated on Left Hand creek ten rmles, axtima \nTweek to the northwest to Sunshine, seven miles, six times a week, west \ntoNEDFRUNDiS miles, six times a week; southwest to Magnolia nine \nmnes three times a week. The sunset branch (narrow gauge) of the Union \nPacific svstem\xe2\x84\xa2un^ Boulder river into the mountains, to Sunset, 13 miles, \nmSine // 1 route Orodel, three miles; Crisman, 111. three more; Gold Hill \nLiX? mile and Sugar Loaf in another, from which it is four miles to the \nend of the track at Sunset. \n\n7 , - \n\n\n\n98 UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO. \n\nThe Sunset branch runs through a section devoted exclusively \nto mining and lumbering, and affords scenic views well worth a \nvisit by the tourist. \n\nBoulder Canon \xe2\x80\x94 Has some magnificent scenery, besides be- \ning the outlet to the valley for some of the richest mines in the \nstate. In the drainage of this canon are located the Gold Hill, \nSugar Loaf, Caribou, Pennsylvania, Snowy Range, Gold Lake, \nWard, Central and other rich mining districts, containing numer- \nous stamp-mills and reduction works, which yield a wealth of \nprecious metals daily. The scenery of this canon is noticeably \nwild and romantic, even in a country where nature has been so \nproductive of surprising natural wonders. On either side rise the \nlofty walls, from 1,000 to 2,000 feet in height, their sides covered \nwith verdure, save in spots where the rocks stand forth in naked \nboldness. Through the canon rushes a noisy and turbulent \nstream, serving to enhance the attractions and break the solitude. \nThrough its whole extent, a distance of 15 miles, the points of \ninterest vie with each other in attracting the attention of the \nbeholder. \n\nThree miles up the canon, and nearly encircled by it, rises the \n"Dome," a solitary and majestic mass of granite, 500 feet in height. \nEight miles up is " Eagle Rock;" 10 miles, the " Falls," on the \nNorth fork, near its junction with Middle Boulder, whence they \nare reached by trail along the mountain side, a few hundred 3-ards \ndistant. \n\nAs the principal eafion views are not on the line of the railroad, \nit will be necessary for visitors to secure a carriage and driver at \nBoulder. Livery teams can be had to make a trip to the " Falls," \nten miles and back, for $5, passing the most attractive feature of \nthe canon. \n\nThe University of Colorado \xe2\x80\x94 a noble institution, has a \nbeautiful site upon the high grounds on the south side of Boulder \nriver overlooking the city. The design of this school is to pre- \npare teachers for the work of conducting the schools of the state, \nespecially in the branches taught in the common schools. It is \nclaimed that the climate at Boulder is all that could be desired \xe2\x80\x94 \nneither excessively warm in summer nor too cold in winter, and \nseems particularly favorable to the rapid development of the intel- \nlectual faculties. \n\nThe Colorado Central \xe2\x80\x94 Branch of the Union Pacfic reaches \nBoulder via Arvada and Golden, winding around the Table \nmountains and foot-hills; distance, 3b\' miles. \n\n\n\nThe Boulder Valley \xe2\x80\x94 Another branch of the Union Pacific \nreaches Boulder via Brighton (on the main line 18 miles north \nfrom Denver), Erie and Canfield; distance, 46 miles. \n\nLeaving Boulder our route turns to the northeast over the broad \nprairies. \n\nIjOllJi\'lllOIll \xe2\x80\x94 [Top., 2,000; from BouMer, ten miles; Denver, 57 miles; \nelevation, 4,935 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 One of the most important towns in Boulder \ncounty, is situated on the high prairie, sloping to the southward, \nabout half a mile north of the St. Vrain river, the waters of which \nare taken out seven miles west of the town and conducted in \nditches over the high lands on each side of the river, producing \nlarge crons of wheat, barley, oats, corn and other cereals. Wheat \n\n\n\nESTES PARK \xe2\x80\x94 EONG\'S PEAK. 99 \n\nill large quantities is shipped from here, besides what is ground in \nthree mills near. Wheat often yields 30 bushels to the acre; oats, 50 \nbushels. \n\nBrick \xe2\x80\xa2 is largely used in building, and many of the private resi- \ndences and some business blocks are models in size and finish. \nThe Post and the Ledger are weekly papers, and Zweck and the \nOccidental are the two leading hotels. \n\nThe streets of Longmont are broad, laid out at right angles and \nornamented with shade trees of various kinds, and well irrigated, \nas are most of the gardens and residence grounds. \n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Denver, Utah & Pacific, "Burlington" system; \nfrom Denver, 33 miles; to Lyons, northwest, 11 miles. \n\n\n\nTurning north from Longmont, 11 miles, is Berthoud, a little \nstation on Little Thompson creek, from which it is six miles to \n\nLoVClclIld \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 650; from Denver, 74 miles; elevation, 4,974]. \nIs situated on Big Thompson river. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Buckhorn branch, northwest to Arkins, seven \nand a half miles; also, mail hack, west to Pinewood, 19 miles; Estes Park, \n13 miles; thence to Moraine, five miles. Total to Estes Park, 32 miles, six \ntimes a week in summer and three times in winter. \n\n\n\nSince leaving Bo alder, we have passed over a succession of roll- \ning prairie ridges, small mountain streams and irrigating canals, \nthrough a rich farming country where the principal industries are \nagriculture, horticulture and stock-raising. Most of these ridges \nor divides are sufficiently low to enable the ranchmen to conduct \nthe water from near the mountains in canals all over the laud, and \nas the soil is naturally rich, the result is bounteous crops. \n\nEstes Park \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 6,Sio feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Is one of the most delight- \nful summer resorts in Colorado, but the stage ride from Loveland, \n82 miles, deters many from visiting it. The park or valley is ten \nmiles north of Long\'s peak, about six miles long by four and a \nhalf miles wide, hemmed in on all sides by towering mountains. \nThe tall spruce and pine trees in the park grow sufficiently near \neach other to afford a beautiful and cooling shade in the hottest \ndays of the summer. This is one of those places seldom found in \nthe mountains, where all the greatest attractions can be reached \nand enjoyed within easy reach from good hotel accommodations. \n\nThe hunting and trout fishing are par excellence. As for scen- \nery ! there is no adequate language to describe it. From the summit \nof Long\'s Peak [altitude 14,270] the extent of vision would cover \nover 400 square miles, taking in every prominent peak in the San \nJuan, Sangre de Cristo, Sawache, Wind river, Uintah, and Rocky \nmountain ranges; but the ascent is difficult at best and sometimes \ndangerous, and should not be attempted except with ample outfit \nand an experienced guide. \n\nFrom points within easy reach of the hotel, views can be had \nof the plains and valleys to the eastward, including scores of \ncities, towns and villages, bounded only by the horizon. \n\n\n\nFoi\'t CollillS \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000: from Denver, SS miles; elevation, 4,972 feet]. \nIs the seat of Larimer county, situated in the valley of the \nCache-a-la Poudre, in the midst of great wealth in agriculture, \nhorticulture, stock-raising, flagging stone, water-power, mills and \nmanufactories. \n\n\n\n100 BIRDS SING GOOD-BYE TO COLORADO. \n\nThe county buildings, business blocks, opera house, banks, \nchurches and school buildings and many private residences do \ncredit to the taste and enterprise of the citizens. The State Agri- \ncultural College is located here. \n\nThe Tedmond and Commercial are the principal hotels. The \nnewspapers are the Cornier, daily and weekly, and the Express, \nweekly. \n\nHere and on this tour can be seen the effect of irrigation; with- \nout water no crops can be raised. \n\nAn extensive system of irrigating canals and ditches conducts \nthe water from the river over all the lands in the neighborhood and \nthe most bountiful crops are raised therefrom. In summer picnic \nparties enjoy the cooling groves of cottonwoods along the river \nbanks, and hunters and fishermen are afforded rare sport with the \nabundance and variety of game to be found in the mountains and \nstreams within a day\'s "round-up." \n\nSince leaving Boulder our route has skirted the mountains \naffording scenic views of rare beauty, but here at Collins the view \nof the mountains and Long\'s peak, directly west, is very grand. \nWhat the city of Naples is to Mt. Vesuvius, Fort Collins is to \nLong\'s peak. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Bv rail: The Fort Collins and Stout branch west to La- \nPorte, situated on tii\xc2\xa7Cache-a-la Poudre river at the base of the mountains, \nthree miles ; south to Stout, u miles, where are located extensive quarries of \nstone, large quantities of which are shipped to Denver and to the east\xe2\x80\x94 Missouri \nriver cities. Also, mail hack northwest to La Porte, four miles; Livermore, \ni6}4 miles; thence southwest to Adams, eight miles; thence west, to Elk- \nhorn, seven miles, and Manhattan, nine miles, six times a week; Fort Col- \nlins can be reached via Greeley on a branch of the Union Pacific. \n\n\n\nFrom Fort Collins, our road follows down the beautiful valley \nof the Cache-a-la Poudre, on the south side, through one of the \nmost productive portions of the state to the town of Greeley, a \nbeautiful place, situated on the Denver Pacific branch of the \nUnion Pacific railway, between Denver and Cheyenne \xe2\x80\x94 of which \nmore hereafter. \n\n\n\nfigg" Passengers for Salt Lake City and beyond taking the Den- \nver & Rio Grande railway via the Royal Gorge, Marshall Pass, \nBlack Canon and Castle Gate should buy CrofuTT\'s Overland \nTours No. 2. It covers the complete route represented by the Red \nline on this map. \n\n\n\nGOOD-BYE, COLORADO \n\n\n\nV; U1 ? \n\n\n\n\nAGAIN ON MAIN TOUR, 101 \n\nOVERLAID \n\nFROM \n\nDEMER TO \xe2\x82\xacHEYEME, SALT LAKE CITY \n\nAND ALL OVER \n\nTHE LAXD OF ZIO!V. \n\n\n\nAt this writing there are two regular passenger trains leaving \nthe Union depot by this route daily, and as a change of time fre- \nquently occurs, we shall not attempt to give the precise time of \nstarting, but "time table folders" can be had at the ticket offices, \nand principal hotels. \n\nPullman sleepers are run on all regular passenger trains \xe2\x80\x94 usu- \nally those that come over the Kansas Pacific branch. \n\n" AH Aboard ! " \xe2\x80\x94 Our course is northeast, along the eastern \nbank of the Platte river gradually climbing to the prairie; a stop \nis made three miles out at the crossing of the track of the Denver \n& Eastern railroad, and again five miles at Sand Creek, the cross- \ning of the "Burlington". \n\nSSri^hloil \xe2\x80\x94 A thrifty little hamlet, is reached in 19 miles from \nDenver. Here a branch of the IT. P. system turns to the left, \ncrosses the Platte river and runs via the Erie coal mines to Boul- \nder, Longmont and Port Collins. [Trains are made up and run \nfrom Denver.] \n\nWhile rolling along down the Platte river on its eastern bank, \nit ma)\' be well to keep one eye on those mysterious western moun- \ntains, as rapid changes often occur; storm clouds will appear sud- \ndenly from behind some peak, as though by magic, and while the \nsun shines brightly in the valley, a grand view of a "storm in the \nRockies", can be enjoyed with all the accompaniments \xe2\x80\x94 at a safe \ndistance \xe2\x80\x94 maybe from 100 miles away. The other eye can note the \neffect of irrigation upon this gravelly, soilless laud. Water works \nmiracles here. \n\nWithout water for irrigation, these lands that now grow three \ncrops of alfalfa a year, or ten tons to the acre, worth in Denver \nmarket slO per ton, would not afford sufficient nutriment to sus- \ntain one healthy goat. \n\nPassing several small stations of little note, LupTon, the site of \nan old adobe fort of "ye olden times, "and PlattevillE, our \ntrain stops for a drink at \n\nEa Salle \xe2\x80\x94 The junction of the Omaha & Denver Short \nDine branch, where we have been before \xe2\x80\x94 page 35. \n\nLeaving La Salle, our train turns to the left, crosses the South \nPlatte river for the last time and stops at \n\nEvans\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 400; from Denver, 48 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 This place was settled \nin 1871 by the St. Louis and New England colonists, who "by \nbuilding canals and ditches from the Big Thompson river and con- \nducting the water over their several thousand acres of upland, are \n\n\n\n102 GREELEY \xe2\x80\x94 IRRIGATION. \n\n\n\nraising good crops of all kinds of grain and vegetables. Two \nmiles to the north are located the fair grounds of the Weld County \nAgricultural Society, where annually are displayed the productions \nof Weld and Larimer counties. \n\nThree miles from Evans we reach the town of \n\n(JrCClCJ" \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,500; from Denver, 52 miles; elevation, 4,637 feet]. \nSeat of Weld county. Was laid out in May, 1870, by the Greeley \ncolony, under the fostering care of the late Hon. Horace Greeley \nof the New York Tribune. The colony controls about 1(10,000 \nacres of as fine land as can be found in the state. Extensive \ncanals and irrigating ditches have been built, and water from the \nCache-a-la-Poudre furnishes an ample supply for all purposes. \nThe town is situated on the Cache-a-la Poudre river, four miles \nabove its junction with the Platte. When the colonists first set- \ntled at this place it was treeless, except on the river bottoms. The \ncolonists laid out the town with broad streets, planted young Cot- \ntonwood trees on each side and led the water along near their \nroots. The cottonwood is a thrifty tree and the result has been \nGreeley is embowered in a forest of shade trees \xe2\x80\x94 in summer giving \na cool and beautiful appearance. One noted feature of the \ntown is the absence of all intoxicating drinks \xe2\x80\x94 none are allowed to \nbe sold. The chief penalty for selling is a forfeiture to the city of \nthe lot upon which it is sold. The public buildings at Greeley and \nthe churches and educational advantages of the town are of the \nbest. Stores and shops, banks, mills, elevators, fine business \nblocks and private residences, opera house, artesian wells, electric \nlight, telephone, hotels, newspapers and all the modern improve- \nments and airs of a progressive and independent people are here. \n\nThe principal hotels are the Oasis and Exchange. There are \nthree weekly newspapers, the Tribune, Sun and Howitzer. Gree- \nley also has a Board of Trade, consisting of 125 members. \n\nThose who feel an interest in irrigation have a fine opportunity \nto note the methods in use here, and from Denver to this place, \nand for about 15 miles further on our journey. The results accom- \nplished by the use of water on the desert uplands of Colorado are \nmarvelous, particularly if one will contrast the irrigated section \nabove indicated with the appearance of the country beyond and \nabove the canal lines commencing about 15 miles north from this \nplace and extending the balance of the distance to Cheyenne \xe2\x80\x94 the \nsoil is equal, but the water is wanting; with water the land is worth \n$80 per acre, without water not a ? \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Rail: Fort Collins branch (see Side Totjr No. 5). Mail hack, \nsouthwest to Hillsborough, 14 miles, twice a week. \n\n\n\nProceeding north from Greeley and after crossing the Cache-a- \nla Poudre we climb the prairie seven miles to Eaton, in the midst \nof fine fields, where wheat, oats, potatoes and alfalfa are the prin- \ncipal crops. This is the home of Ex-Governor Eaton, of Colorado, \nwhose enterprise and fostering care is evidenced by a flouring-mill, \ngrain elevator and costly improvements. \n\nLeaving Eaton the higher prairie is soon reached, and for the \nwhole distance to Cheyenne, 47 miles, there are only section houses \nand side-tracks of little interest. \n\nAfter crossing the line of the last irrigating canal north of Ea- \nton, the country is given over exclusively to the stock interests \xe2\x80\x94 \nsheep principally. Here, too, can be seen at times an occasional \n\n\n\nCHEYENNE \xe2\x80\x94 FORT RUSSEEE. 103 \n\nbaud of antelope and wolves, and many prairie dogs. The divid- \ning line between Colorado and Wyoming is crossed on the summit \nof the ridge, nine miles south from Cheyenne\xe2\x80\x94 I Cont\'d from p. j; ) \n\n\n\nCIlOyOHHO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 9,000; elevation, 6,050; distance from Omaha, 516 \nmiles: Denver, 106 miles; Ogden, 516 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the capital of Wyoming \nand the seat of Laramie county. It is situated on a broad plain, \nwith Crow creek, a small stream, winding around two sides of the \ntown. The land rises slightly to the westward. To the east it is \napparently level, though our elevations show to the contrary. The \nsoil is composed of a gravelly formation with an average loam \ndeposit. The subsoil shows volcanic matter mixed with marine \nfossils in large quantities, and where water can be had for irriga- \ntion, will produce all kinds of root crops to perfection. Except \ngardens and "truck patches" along the bottoms of Crow creek, no \nland is cultivated in the vicinity of Cheyenne, stock-raising being \nthe chief occupation of the people living here. \n\nThe Capitol building of the territory is now being erected. \nThe Union Pacific Railway Co. have just completed here a \nfine stone depot, and the "Burlington" has a very commodious \nbuilding. The county court house is another fine building, as are \nmany business blocks. \n\nA Board of Trade has done much for Cheyenne. An opera \nhouse, a great variety of stores, churches, schools, horse railways, \nelectric light, etc., free public library, extensive railroad shops, \nbeautiful public park, fine water works, sound banks, a race \ncourse, and fast "steppers," together with fat babies, beautiful \nladies and a good bauk account are the boastful claims made for \nCheyenne by her citizens. Yes! and we believe they iuclude the \nclimate \xe2\x80\x94 possibly the gentle zephyrs. The principal hotels are \nthe Inter-Ocean and Metropolitan. The newspapers are the Sun \nand the Leader, daily and weekly, and Tribune, daily; Live- \nstock Journal, weekly, and the Mirror, weekly. \n\nGreat Centrae Works\xe2\x80\x94 We understand the question of \nbuilding a great central machine and car building shops, which has \nbeen under consideration for several years by the Union Pacific Rail- \nroad Co., has finally been decided upon, and Chevenne selected \nas the point where the great works are to be located. It is esti- \nmated that the works when completed will cost nearly $5,000,000, \nand will enable the company to build everything in the line of \nroad equipments that they will need. \n\nFort I>. A. Russell \xe2\x80\x94 Was established July 31, 1867, by \nGen. Auger, and intended to accommodate 16 companies. It is \nthree miles from Cheyenne on Crow creek, which washes two \nsides of the enclosure. Latitude 41 deg. OS min.; longitude 105 \ndeg. 45 min. It is connected by side-track with the railroads at \nCheyenne. The quartermaster\'s department \xe2\x80\x94 12 store-houses \xe2\x80\x94 is \nlocated between the fort and the town, at "Camp Carlin." \nSeveral million pounds of government stores are gathered here, \nfrom which the forts to the northwest draw their supplies. The \nreservation on which the fort is situated was declared by the \nPresident June 28, 1869, and contains 4,512 acres. \n\nThe fort is in command of Col. H. R. Mizner, and is the head- \nquarters of the 17th Infautrv, aud garrisoned by companies A, B. \nC, D, E, F, G, I and K. \n\n\n\n104 TOWARDS NORTHERN WYOMING. \n\n\n\nFROM CHEYENNE, WYOMING. \n\n\n\nSide Tour No. 6 \xe2\x80\x94 From Cheyenne north, oyer the \nCheyenne & Northern branch of the Union Pacific system. \n\nFor lo! these many years the citizens of Cheyenne have been \nwont to range their bands of horses and herds of cattle in the \ncountry to the northward, for hundred of miles. During these \nyears they have been hungering and thirsting for railroad com- \nmunications, and have had a standing (donation) offer of county \nbonds to any company who would build the road. \n\nThey found a customer and the construction commenced in \n1884, and is now completed and running to WENDOVER, on the \nNorth Platte river, 12:! miles north from Cheyenne. \n\nUntil a commencement of the road was made the whole coun- \ntry along the line and tributary was occupied exclusively by stock- \nraisers. With the railroad-grader came the settler with his farm \nimplements and irrigating canals. There are quite a number of \npretty little valleys, as well as a very large proportion of table land, \nthat is well adapted for agricultural purposes. At this date, the \ntitle of nine-tenths of all the lands is in the government and can \nbe taken up under the general land laws. \n\nFrom Cheyenne there is only one regular train a day, leaving \nat 7:00 a. m., and this train is a ".mixed" train. It carries pas- \nsengers, mails and express, up and down; and merchandise, freight \nand freight cars up; and is liable to pick up cars of stone, cattle, \nhorses, sheep, hay and iron ore on the return trip. \n\n"All Aboard!" \xe2\x80\x94 The general direction of the road is due \nnorth, but our track turns west and then northwest from the depot, \nand follows up Crow creek. \n\nCamp Carein \xe2\x80\x94 The government Q. M. depot is passed on the \nright in two miles, and one and a half miles further Fort Rus- \nSEEE, also on the right. \n\nAlong Crow creek are a few settlers raising "garden truck;" \nlarge fenced grazing enclosures appear, also the Black Hill range \nof mountains ten miles away on the left. \n\nIsItlV \xe2\x80\x94 [From Cheyenne, 25 miles; elevation, 6,696 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the first \nregular station. It is situated on Lodge Pole creek, on the old \nCheyenne Pass wagon road over the Black hills. A side-track, \ncattle corral, stock chutes and a few settlers near, comprise the \nstation. \n\nThe country to this point has been a rolling prairie, but for the \nnext 50 miles is very broken but well grassed, with numerous \nsprings and small streams which, with the shelter afforded for stock \nin case of storms, make it a paradise for the stock-raisers. \n\nHorse Creek \xe2\x80\x94 Station \xe2\x80\x94 [From islay, eight miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situa- \nted on Horse creek, one of the best trout streams in the country. \nHere are several stone buildings and monuments of stone, also cor- \nrals and chute for loading stock. \n\n\n\nJudge Milton Kelly, editor of the Statesman, ofBoise City, is one of the oldest \npioneers in Idaho territory. A fine gentleman and an encyclopedia of general \nwestern information. \n\n\n\nNO. 3. \n\n\n\n\n\n**\' At 0* \n\n\n\n\nSHOSHONG FALLS SNAKE RIYGR. \n\n\n\nSkk Page 1901 \n\n\n\n\nLRTEOURELL FULLS. \n\n\n\nSee Page 228. \n\n\n\nIRON MOUNTAIN \xe2\x80\x94 FORT LARAMIE. 105 \n\nLeaving the station, meadows appear and fenced ranges, after \nwhich the route is very rugged and tortuous as we climb up to \n\nAlt UK \xe2\x80\x94 [From Horse Creek, six miles; elevation, 6,710 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated on \nthe divide separating the waters of Bear creek and the Chugwater. \n\nRolling down the Chug, seven miles, brings our train to \n\nIron Mountain \xe2\x80\x94 Station \xe2\x80\x94 Near the noted Iron mountain, \nwhich is said to be almost pure metal and enough to supply the \nmarkets of the world for countless ages. It is reported to be owned \nby the railroad company, but there is no mining being done here \nat present. \n\nOne and a half miles further on the left, are extensive quarries \nof stone; a rail track is laid to them to facilitate shipments which \nare made almost every day. \n\nThe country is very broken but well grassed, and we might say, \nwell stocked with cattle and horses. \n\n\n\nPassing KEUA\' in 15 miles, a side-track station, with cattle chute, \nranch and hay meadows, the bottom lands are all fenced, except- \ning an occasional gap left to allow the range stock a passageway \nto the water. Some of the iuclosures are very large, taking in ex- \ntensive meadows where the stock-men gather a large amount of hay. \n\nCllllg\'IValCr \xe2\x80\x94 Station \xe2\x80\x94 [From Iron Mountain, 26 miles; Cheyenne, 71 \nmiles; elevation, 5,278 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated in the valley of the Chug, \nwhich is here about one mile in width, and is the headquarters and \n"home ranch" of the Swan Cattle Co., who own nearly all \nthe land in the vicinity. \n\nTheir buildings which are to be seen to the right a few hun- \ndred yards away, are very large and fitted up in the most conve- \nnient maimer. The company is said to own about 40,000 head of \ncattle, besides a large band of horses. \n\n\n\nContinuing down the valley a few miles CHIMNEY PEAK, a lone \nrock to the right, pecks up heavenward 190 feet. \n\nBordeaux \xe2\x80\x94 [From Chugwater, 14 miles; Fort Laramie, 26 miles; ele- \nvation, 4,855 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on Chugwater creek in a widening of \nthe valley, where are located a number of ranch farmers, sur- \nrounded with ha}\' meadows and cultivated fields. \n\nAt certain seasons this is a busy place, being a central shipping \n\npoint for cattle. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northeast to Fort Laramie, 26 miles; Rawhide \nButte, 20 miles; Lusk, 16 miles, six times a week; fare about 15 cents a mile. \n\n\n\nFort Laramie \xe2\x80\x94 This fort was established August 12th, 1859, \nby Maj. W. F. Sanderson, Mounted Rifles. The place, once a \ntrading post of the Northwestern Fur Co., was purchased by \nthe government for a site for a military post. It was one time the \nwinter quarters of many trappers and hunters. It is also noted as \nbeing the place where several treaties have been made between the \nsavages and whites. The reservation, declared by the President \non the 28th day of June, 1859, consists of 54 square miles. It is \nsituated 110 miles northeast from Cheyenne, on the left bank of \nthe Laramie about two miles from its junction with the North \nPlatte, and on the old overland wagon road to Oregon and Califor- \nnia. Latitude, 42deg. 12 min. 3Ssec. ; longitude 104 deg. 31 min. 2f> \nsec. It is now the headquarters of and garrisoned by B, C, D, K and \nF companies of the 7th Infantry, Col. H. C. Merriam, commander. \n\n\n\n10<> WHEATLAND \xe2\x80\x94 WENDOVER. \n\nLeaving Bordeaux our road gradually leaves the valley of the \nChugwater to the right, and climbs up on to a high table land \nmany miles in extent. Here we find the most extensive system of \nirrigating canals in the territory. They are owned by the Wyom- \ning Improvement Co., and cost nearly $300,000. The water is \ntaken out of Laramie river and the Sibylle in sufficient volume to \nirrigate about 78,000 acres of land. Only a small portion of the \nland is occupied. Here now is one of the best, if not the best, \nopportunity in the western country for those who are seeking a \nlocation for farming purposes. \n\nThe elevation of the table is 4,737 feet, just 433 feet lower than \nthe city of Denver, and 100 feet higher than Greeley. \n\nWlieatlaild\xe2\x80\x94 [Kroin Bordeaux, n miles; elevation, 4,737 feet|. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a \nsmall station, situated in the center of the broad table land above \ndescribed. \n\nTo the northwest from this station 40 miles can be seen Laramie \npeak, a little to the west Rees\' peak and Squaw mountains. \n\nFrom Wheatland we speed away over the plain on a gradual \ndescending grade for six miles to Laramie river, cross over and \nstop at \n\nUva \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 150; from Wheatland, seven miles; elevation, 4,461 feet]. \n\nThe most important place on the road. It is situated on the north \n\nbank of the Laramie river and contains two stores, a hotel, several \n\nsaloons, stock yards and a number of private residences. The \n\nriver bottom is about half a mile in width, along which are groves \n\nof cottonwood trees. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northwest to Hubert, 12 miles; Labonte 35 \nmiles; DOUGLASS, 16 miles. . Total, 63 miles, once a week. \n\n\n\nOne mile north of Uva we leave the Laramie river and turn to \nthe right, up and across the country, passing Buckhorn, a lonely \nside-track on the prairie, in nine miles, then drop down on to \nCottonwood creek, cross it and a few miles further (ten miles \nfrom Buckhorn ) cross the North Platte river, and are at the end \nof the track at \n\n"Wcmlovcr \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 100; from Cheyenne, 123 miles; elevation, 4,434 feet]. \nIs situated on the north side of the North Platte river and con- \ntains a store, hotel, saloon and a number of private houses. The \nrailroad company have a depot and freight buildings, a round-house \nand repair shop, and extensive cattle yards and chutes for loading \nstock. \n\nThe railroad is graded up the river a number of miles, and will \ndoubtless be extended to northern Wyoming within a few years at \nmost. \n\nThe river bottoms are nearly one mile in width along which are \ngroves of cottonwood trees. Stock-raising is about the only occu- \npation of the settlers\'. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Leaves daily on arrival of trains, northeast to \nRawhide Butte, 19 miles; Lusk, 16 miles. Fare, about 15 cents per mile. \nAlso four-horse coaches daily for Douglass, 50 miles; fare, 15 cents a mile. \n\n\n\nReturning to Cheyenne the \n\nConnections are\xe2\x80\x94 Rail: Cheyenne & Northern branch (see Side Tour No. 6); \nBurlington \xc2\xabS: Missouri River railroad. Also mail hack north to Little Bear, \n51 miles, three times a week; northeast to Little Horse Creek, 44 miles; \nSouth Bend, six miles, three times a week, connecting at South Bend, north \nfor Goshan, 12 miles; also at South Bend, northwest to Phillips, 25 miles, \nonce a week. \n\n\n\nSHERMAN \xe2\x80\x94 ON BLACK HILLS. 107 \n\n\n\nJ3@~ OXCE MORE\xe2\x80\x94 Westward ! \n\nLeaving Cheyenne we cross Crow creek, and commence ascend- \ning the eastern slope of the southern range of the Black hills of \nWyoming, which are stretching away in a long rugged line. \n\nSix miles west of Cheyenne, at Colorado Junction, is where the \nColorado Central branch of Union Pacific turned off to go to Colo- \nrado before that company acquired the Denver and Kansas Pacific \nroads. The track turns to the left of the station and crosses the \nhills to the southward to Fort Collins and thence to Denver, via \nLougmont, Boulder and Golden \xe2\x80\x94 now abandoned as far as Collins. \n\nAfter passing Bokie and Otto side-tracks, the heavy grade \ncommences and snow fences and snow sheds will be numerous \nuntil we get over the "hills." \n\nAt (irttllite < Jl IIOII \xe2\x80\x94 [From Cheyenne 19 miles; altitude. 7,310 feet]. \nAre extensive stone quarries, limestone and lime kilns. Much of \nthe stone and lime used by the railroad company and in Cheyenne \nconies from this place. \n\nWater for the station is obtained from springs a short distance \nto the south, at the source of Lone Tree creek, a tributary of the \nSouth Platte river. To the north ten miles, is the site of the \nabandoned Fort Walbach, and the source of Lodge Pole creek. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South to Box Elder, 12 miles, twice a week. Also \nmail northeast to Converse, six miles, thence west to Silver Crown, nine \nmiles, twice a week. \n\nSome heavy rock-work now marks the line of road to Buford \n[ten miles], and beyond to the "Summit of the Mountains," \nwhich sign appears upon a board just before reaching \n\nSIliTMSSlll \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 8,247, from Cheyenne, 33 miles; San Francisco, \n1 ,365 miles.] \xe2\x80\x94 Named in honor of Gen. Sherman. On a high point j ust \nto the south of the station stands the great stone monument erected \nto the memory of the Hon. Oakes Ames and his brother Oliver, \nthrough whose energy and indomitable perseverance the Union \nPacific railroad was completed in an incredibly short length of \ntime, and whose "little memorandum book," of the former, \nparalyzed some great names. \n\nFor the last ten miles the country has presented a wild, rugged \nand grand appearance; the levels and little valleys are covered with \na fine coat of buffalo grass and clumps of stunted pines, and high, \nbold masses of rock rear their gray sides, piled one upon the other \nin wild confusion, while to the northward the pine-clad peaks of \nthe Black hills are visible. Nearing, and at Sherman, the scene \nis peculiarly impressive, especially if it chances to be one of those \ndays when the clouds float low down on the horizon; then the ob- \nserver may look over the intervening space between the "hills" \nand the mountain range beyond, to the south and westward, and \nSee naught but floating masses of vapor; no mountains, no valley, \nno forest \xe2\x80\x94 only fleecy shapes, and a long dark line rising above \nthem, o\'ertopped by the glistening summit of Long\'s peak. \n\nFrom Sherman, "as the bird would fly," Long\'s peak is south- \nwest 70 miles; Pike\'s peak south, 165 miles; to the northwest \nElk mountain, 100 miles. In a clear day all are visible. \n\nThe maximum grade of the railroad from Cheyenne to Sher- \nman is 88.176 feet per mile. \n\nAt Sherman the thermometer varies from 82 deg. Fahr. in sum- \nmer, to 30 deg. below zero in winter. \n\n\n\n108 \n\n\n\nWINTERS AT SHERMAN. \n\n\n\n\nVIEW IN Till\': YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. \n\n\n\nThe Winters are not as severe at Sherman as many think \nneither is the snow-fall as deep as many would suppose from see- \ning the great number of v Sno\\v Sheds and Fences. Snow seldom \nfalls more than a few inches in depth. It is not the depth of \nsnow that causes any inconvenience to the working of the road, " \nbut it is the drifting of it into the cuts during the heavy winds. \nFor the purpose of p r cveuting this the sheds, fences and walls \nare erected along the road \xe2\x80\x94 the latter a few rods away from the \nbanks of the cuts. The fences cause an eddy or current of air, \nwhich piles the snow along in huge drifts, keeping it in a great \nmeasure from the track. Snow sheds cover the deepest cuts along \nthe road, where obstructions from the snow are most likely to oc- \ncur. The cold rains and deepest snows come with an east wind; \nthe worst storms come from the southwest. \n\nThose who reach this altitude from near the sea level will at \nfirst experience some difficulty in breathing, owing to the light- \nness and purity of the air; but, by becoming accustomed to the \nchange, it will be preferred greatly to a heavier atmosphere. \n\nIn an agricultural point of view the wild, desolate-looking \nlandscape, the stunted trees, the rocks and bleakness, we fear \nwould disgust an Illinois farmer, while one from New England \nwould sniff his native heath and jump in ecstasy. \n\nThere are places where the rocks rise higher, where the chasms \naxe deeper, where the surrounding peaks may be loftier, and the \ntorrents mightier in their power ; but in no place will the tourist \n\n\n\nCROSSING THE BLACK HILLS. 109 \n\nfeel so utterly alone, so completely isolated from mankind and left \nentirely with nature as at Sherman, on the Black hills of Wyoming. \n\nTrout \xe2\x80\x94 Are abundant in all the streams around the "hills." \nThe tiniest rivulets swarm with them and their speckled sides \nglisten in every eddy. They weigh from one-fourth to two pounds \nand are of the finest species. \n\nGame \xe2\x80\x94 Antelope, black-tailed deer, some elk, bear, sage-hens, \ngrouse, hares and rabbits are found in the mountains, hills, val- \nleys, and on the plateaus along the line of road for the next 31 \xc2\xbb > \n\nmiles. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail-hack: South to Virginia Dale, 17 miles; thence south- \nwest to Saint Cloud, nine miles; thence southeast to Alford, seven miles; and \nLivermore, nine miles, twice a week. \n\n\n\nBeyond Sherman for over 110 miles the railroad track is laid \nbetween the Black hills and the Rockies, presenting varied and \nimpressive scenery at different points. \n\n\n\nDale Creek Bridge \xe2\x80\x94 650 feet long from bluff to bluff and \n126 feet high, over Dale creek \xe2\x80\x94 is reached about two miles west \nfrom Sherman. From the bridge the little stream looks like a \ntangled silver thread as it glistens in the sun\'s brilliant light, \nwhich is sifted through the canon crags and iron netting of the \nbridge far down into the green little valley \xe2\x80\x94 a valley where at \ntimes can be gathered countless wild flowers of nearly every vari- \nety and hue. \n\nOur train is now on the down grade \xe2\x80\x94 no steam required, Tiii \nSiding (six miles from Sherman ) is reached and passed,and we have \nthe southern end of the great Laramie plains spread out to the \nwest, almost at our feet; 20 miles in width, with the wondrous \nRock\\- mountain range rising from its extreme border \xe2\x80\x94 range \nupon range, peak overtopping peak, away up into the regions of \nperpetual snow, nearly 100 miles away. \n\nRed BltttC* \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 7,300; from Sherman, 15 miles; Laramie City, \nnine miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 This locality derived its name from several ridges and \npeculiar formations of sandstone lying between the railroad and \nthe hills on the right. \n\nMany of these sandstones rear their peaks from 50 to 300 feet \nabove the plain, apparently worn and washed by the elements \ninto wild, fantastic shapes and grotesque figures. Rocks, which \nat a distance might be taken for castles, rise side by side with the \nwall of an immense fort; churches rear their roofs, almost shading \nthe lowly cottage by their side; columns, monuments and pyra- \nmids are mixed up with themselves and each other, as though \nsome malignant power had carried off some mighty city of the \nolden times, and, wearying of his booty, had thrown it down upon \nthese plains in bitter disgust. Some few only of these curiosities \ncan be seen from the car windows and those are not the largest. \nThe tourist stopping over at Laramie would find much of interest \nin this section to investigate. \n\nThe Laramie River \xe2\x80\x94 Rises about 50 miles to the southwest from \nthis station, on the eastern slope of the mountain \xe2\x80\x94 its source the \neternal snow and innumerable springs \xe2\x80\x94 and runs northeast for 100 \nmiles, where it empties into the North Platte river at Fort Laramie. \n\nA literary thief is meaner than a yellow dog. \n\nCrofutt\'S Tours No. 2, is profusely illustrated, and all the principal objects \nof interest on the Pacific coast, south of Portland, Oregon, are described. \n\n\n\n110 EARAMIE CITY \xe2\x80\x94 NORTH PARK. \n\nNorthward is now our course, the abandoned Fort Sanders is \npassed on the right, and we see a meal station in the distance. \n\nI iill\'il IIIH" C it J\' \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 7,149 feet; from Cheyenne, 57 miles; Omaha, \n573 miles; Denver, 163 miles; Ogden, 459 miles; pop., 6,500]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of \nAlbany comity, situated on the east bank of the Laramie river, on \nthe broad plain. The town-site was located early in 1868, since \nwhich time its progress has been gradual and prosperous. Stock- \nraising is the chief industry. Cattle and sheep are fattened in \nthis vicinity and shipped to eastern markets in large numbers; \nwool is also an important item in the exports. The railroad com- \npany have an extensive machine shop, rolling-mill and spike-mill \nnear the town. Large soda refining works are located here, the \ncrude material coming over a rail track from Soda lake, 12 miles \nto the southwest, where there are millions of tons of soda; but \nbad management of the works is said to have paralyzed the busi- \nness, for a time at least. Glass-works are also here, which are said \nto produce a very fine article of goods. \n\nLaramie supplies numerous camps of miners, lumbermen and \nranchmen; has two newspapers, the Boomerang, daily and weekly, \nand the Soititiel, weekly. Has a good water system, fire depart- \nment, electric light, etc., opera house, large brick business blocks, \nhalf dozen churches, ample schools, and in fact all the requisites \nof a stable and prosperous place. The Thornburg, at the depot, \nis the principal hotel. A saw-mill, planing-mill and a number of \nsmall factories comprise the industries of the town. Trees line \nmany of the streets, and with the running streams near their roots, \ngrow rapidly and present a cheerful and home-like appearance; in \nfact, most of the Laramie residents are here to stay. \n\nLaramie was the first place in America (1809), maybe in the \nworld, where a female jury was impaneled. Their first case was \nthat of a western desperado; they gave him the full extent of the \nlaw. \n\nAt the session of the territorial legislature of 1886, the solons \nin dealing out "sugar," appropriated 850, 000 to build the University \nof Wyoming at Laramie, and the building is now being erected. \n\nLaramie Plains comprise a body of laud about 20 by 60 miles \nin extent. Agriculture is not profitable on these lands, yet it has \nbeen demonstrated that potatoes and hardy vegetables can be cul- \ntivated with success. Hay makes a good crop, but stock-raising \nis the chief industry. \n\nThe Snowy Range, so-called, is the great backbone of the \ncontinent; it is covered with snow the greater part of the year, \nthe highest peaks ever wearing their white robes, even when the \npasses are covered with flowers. This renders them very conspic- \nuous and easily discerned at a great distance, hence the term. \n\n\n\nNorth Park \xe2\x80\x94 This is one of the least known of all the great \nparks in the Rocky mountain system. Yet it has more natural \nadvantages than any of the others. It contains about 300 square \nmiles of the finest summer grazing lands in the world. Its eleva- \ntion is from 7,500 to 8,500 feet. It is enclosed by the Medicine \nBow range on the east, the Continental divide on the south, and \nthe Park range on the west, sloping gradually to the north. The \nsurface is a series of undulating ground-swells to that of gently \nrolling hills and towering heights, that form an unbroken chain \n\n\n\nNORTH PARK \xe2\x80\x94 CRYSTAL LAKE. Ill \n\nfrom its south to its northern limits, ami making one of the most \nmagnificent mountain ranges in the world, by its length, height \nand immensity. The melting snow on the mountains, and the \ncountless springs on their slopes and in the parks form the North \nPlatte riyer, which we crossed 290 miles west of Omaha. \n\nFor game it has no equal in the world. Bison, wild cattle, \ndeer, elk, antelope, bear, mountain sheep, grouse and quail abound, \ntogether with grizzlies and mountain lions, but no trout in the \nstreams; in their stead are all the different representatives of the \n"sucker" family. \n\nThe recent mining discoveries within and around the park have \nbeen the means of opening roads through it and settling a portion \nof its prairies on the banks of its streams with stock-men. Rich \nprairies open out before the eye on approaching the park; gentle \nrolling hills and long level bottoms, covered with luxuriant and \nnutritious grass common to the mountain parks, with clear, limpid \nstreams, combining all the natural beauty that hill and valley, \nforest and plain, snow and verdure, water and waste can produce \nThe brilliant, cool, bracing and refreshing atmosphere of the \nazure firmament assisting the respiration, so that breathing is \nexhilarating to the most sensitive lungs, as well as assisting the \neye to distinguish objects at a great distance. Scenes more replete \nwith beauty cannot be imagined. The meadows of the park to a \ncasual observer have the appearance of being boggy, but on close \nexamination the hummocks so often found on marshy ground \nare tufts of grass that have grown for man}- years, and remain \nstanding by reason of not having been grazed, burned or mowed \noff. All the meadows that have been mowed, grazed or burned \noff become smooth. \n\nThere are two routes to reach the park, . one from Grand Lake \non Side; Tour No. 1, the other from Laramie. Hacks are run in \nsummer, but in winter only saddle animals or snow shoes can be \nused. For distance from Laramie, see connections. \n\nCrystal, Lake \xe2\x80\x94 In the mountains to the west, bordering the \nNorth Park, is a lovely sheet of water. Should the traveler desire \nto visit it, the road beyond the plain will be found rough and the \nascent toilsome. Before beginning the ascent of the mountains \nwe enter one of the grandest forests in the country. For ten miles \nwe toil on through the forest, which is so dense that the sunlight \nhardly penetrates, and the silence is almost oppressive. Bears \nmountain lions and the mountain sheep range here; their haunts \nuntil lately never having been invaded by the \' \' Pale-face. \' \' Emerg- \ning from this gloom into the fair sunlight, we find ourselves on the \nhighest point of the mountain, from which we can look over piles \nof fleecy clouds floating below us to other ranges far beyond. \nPeak on peak, ridge on ridge the} ascend, until their snow-clad \nheights are lost in the distance or in the vast blue dome above. \n\nLooking downward, we behold a vast succession of dark ridges \nand gray peaks through the rifts in the fog-like vapor floating \nabove them. These dark ridges derive their sombre hue from the \nforests of pines which extend for miles and miles in all directions. \nTo the east we see a deep indentation in the mountains which is \nLaramie plains. Across this apparently narrow line, the rugged \nmasses of the Black hills rise in their grandeur, their black crests \nclosing the scene. \n\n\n\n112 COOPER LAKE \xe2\x80\x94 ROCK CREEK. \n\n\n\nTurn now to the immediate lanscape. Here is a green grassy \nlawn, dotted with tiny flowers, of varieties such as we never before \nbeheld or even read of, and right before us in the center of this \nlawn lies a circular lake nearly a mile wide, its clear, soft cold \nwater glistening in the rays of the sun, and reflecting, as in a mir- \nror, every object on its banks \xe2\x80\x94 transforming them into many fan- \ntastic shapes, as the breeze lovingly kisses the silver surface, \nlifting it into little ripples. \n\nThe scene is one of unsurpassed loveliness immediately around \nyou, while the view in the distance is grand, aye, sublime \xe2\x80\x94 bevond \nthe power of words to depict. Whoever visits this place cannot \nfail of being impressed with its wondrous beauty, and his mind \nwill take newer and clearer impressions of the power of "Him who \nhath created all things." \n\nIn places in the western mountains quartz and placer mines \nhave been discovered, and some are being worked to advantage \nbut the "prospector" has done very little work in this region; \nwhen he does, good results may be expected. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 From Laramie west, mail hack in summer, saddle and \nsnowshoes in winter to Hatton, 22 miles; thence southwest to Centennial, \n12 miles, once a week. Also to the southwest \xe2\x80\x94 same kind of conveyance \xe2\x80\x94 three \ntimes a week to Woods, 25 miles; Pinkhampton (in Colorado), 30 miles, thence \nsoutheast to Canadian, 12 miles; Walden, 11 miles; thence southeast to \nHaworth, five miles; thence south to Rand, 20 miles; from Walden southwest \nto Hebron, 16 miles; thence south to Spicer, 12 miles, connecting at Spicer \nwith lines for Kremmling, Steamboat Springs, Dillon, etc. \n\n\n\nLeaving Laramie, our train rolls northward down the river, \nperhaps stopping for a moment at the unimportant stations of \nWyoming (14 miles), at the crossing of Little Laramie river; \nHutton\'S (seven miles), Cooper Lake (six miles), west of which \nis a lake of same name, two miles long and half mile wide. At \nLookout (five miles) we enter the rolling prairie country, where \nfor 25 miles along the road bauds of antelope, elk and deer are \nfound at different seasons of the year, the elk and deer being \nmostly found in the winter, when the deep snow drives them from \nthe mountains. We also begin to find occasional bunches of sage- \nbrush, which indicates that we are entering the country where this \nmore useful than ornamental shrub abounds. Harper (six miles); \nMiSER (six miles), where sage-brush is the rule; then (five miles) \nafter crossing Rock creek we reach what is, for some trains, a \nregular meal station. \n\nRook CreeR \xe2\x80\x94 [From Laramie, 49 miles; elevation, 6,704 feet] \xe2\x80\x94 Situ- \nated on the creek of that name, in a section wholly devoted to the \nstock interests. A large hotel (sometimes a meal station), depot \nbuildings, store and a few private residences comprise the place. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: North to Mountain Home, 40 miles; Beaver, 27 \nmiles; DOUGLASS, 16 miles, twice a week. \n\nOur course is now eastward for a few miles, the train winding \naround the sharp spurs of the high prairie bluffs which seem to \nbar our way by interlocking with each other, on through a rough, \nrolling country, again turning westward over bridges and fills, \nthrough cuts and snow sheds, crossing creeks and ravines, passing \nWilcox (seven miles) and Aurora (nine miles). Soon after \nleaving Aurora we come to Como lake, a little sheet of water lying \nto the right of the road. It is about one mile long and half a mile \nwide, and contains a peculiar fish, a " fish with legs." These fish- \nanimals possess gills something like a cat-fish, are amphibious, \n\n\n\n\nFALLS AND CLIFFS IN YELLOWSTONE PARK. \n\n\n\nbeing often found crawling clumsily on land, miles from the lake. \nQuite a variety of peculiar fossil shells are found around the lake \nthat are gathered in summer by persons who offer them for sale to \ntourists. \n\nMedicine Bow River\xe2\x80\x94 Is crossed a few miles after leaving \nComo. It rises in the Medicine Bow mountains to the southwest, \nand empties its waters into the North Platte river. \n\nI - Sh^ld you have the stomach-ache or cut your finger while on .tiu ^Pacific \ncoast don\'t fail to abuse a Chinaman for it. It\'s the thing to do over there, in \nUtah charge it up to the Mormons, on polygamy account. \n\n\n\n114 CARBON \xe2\x80\x94 ELK MOUNTAIN. \n\nThis river was long a noted resort for Indians and several \ntreaties have been made on its banks between the "noble red \nmen" and their pale-faced "brothers." The valley of the river, \nabove the railroad, for 20 miles or more, is broad, fine bottom \nland, until it reaches the base of the mountain. From thence to \nits source the course of the river is through immense forests of \npine, which present unrivaled facilities for lumbering. Fish are \nfound in great quantities in the streams, and the various kinds of \ngame which abound in this country are found in the mountains \nwhere the river has its source. \n\nmedicine Bow \xe2\x80\x94 [From Rock Creek, 23 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Contains several \nstores and saloons. The railroad company have a round-house \nhere besides the usual freight and station buildings. Stock-raising \nis the only industry in this region of the country. \n\nFor nearly eight miles after leaving the "Bow," the road is over \na level plain, beyond which a rough, hilly country is entered, as \nwell as a number of snow sheds. \n\nCjlFDOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., Soo; from the "Bow," ten miles; from Cheyenne, 141 \nmiles; elevation, 6,821 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Is the first place on the Union Pacific rail- \nroad where coal was discovered and the company secured the mines \nand have ever since mined, used and shipped large quantities. \n\nAll but a few of the citizens of Carbon are engaged in mining \ncoal, and that few are stock-raisers The usual number of stores, \netc. , found in a place of the size are represented here. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South to Elk Mountain, 13 miles, three times a \nweek; thence connecting for the southeast to Rockdale, 17 miles, twice a \nweek. Also to the north from Carbon to Ross, 15 miles; thence west to Leo, \n15 miles, once a week. \n\nWestward, the divide between the waters of Medicine Bow and \nthe Platte is traversed. Simpson (six miles) is passed and Percy \n(five miles) reached. \n\nKt.k MOUNTAIN is seven miles due south from Percy, at the \nbase of which, in "ye olden times," was located Fort Halleck, and \nan important station on the old overland stage line. This moun- \ntain is a noted landmark and quite a curiosity in its way. It rises \nto an altitude of 11,511 feet, its top covered with snow the greater \nportion of the year, and at all times snow can be found in places \nnear the summit. It has the appearance of being an isolated peak, \nthough really it is the extreme northern outpost of the Medicine \nBow mountains. It is, however, surrounded by high rolling \nprairie land and rises from it rough, rugged and alone. It is \nnearly round, and about six miles in diameter at its base. On the \nwest side the summit is easily reached by a lumber road. The \nsides to nearly the top are covered with a dense forest of pine, fir \nand hemlock. To the east of the mountain, Medicine valley; to \nthe south and west, Soda and Pass creek valleys. In places \nalong these vallevs a large amount of hay is gathered by the stock- \nmen for their winter use. \n\nIn all the little creeks in these valleys and vicinity the moun- \ntain trout has its home. You can find him in, and he will enter- \ntain you. Haired and feathered game of all kinds can also be \nfound. Some of the former are very large and are named moun- \ntain lions, grizzlies, bears, cats, etc., who find their homes in the \nfastness of the forest, in the dark ravines and gloomy gorges of \nthe mountains. If you have the nerve go for them ! but you must \nlook a Icetle out all the time. \n\n\n\nFORT FRED STEELE \xe2\x80\x94 AND VICINITY. 115 \n\n\n\nFrom Percy to the Platte river, 29 miles, the road is built down \nthe valley of an alkali ravine. Sage-brush and pools of alkali \nwater alone greet the eye. Dana (six miles) is passed, then Edson \n(eight miles) and Wolcott (eight miles), all great names, but in \nthis case combined their checks would fail to sell for the wing- \nfeather of a nickel. \n\nBefore reaching Wolcott\'s the valley narrows to a ravine, then \nto a narrow gorge; then rugged spurs shoot out from towering \nbluffs on either side as though to bar our progress; yet down we \ngo whirling around these finger points where one projection from \neither wall marks an indenture on the other. While looking on \nthis scene one cannot help fancying that one time this chasm was \nnot \xe2\x80\x94 that some fearful convulsion of nature rent the mighty rocks \nin twain, leaving these ragged walls and fetid pools to attest the \nfact. Be that as it may, we now know that our train is thundering \ndown this dismal gorge, at lightning speed, dodging and shying \nall apparent obstructions, when suddenly our iron horse gives \nforth one long terrific shout, and whirls out to daylight and to \nthe level lands of North Platte river, crosses the river, and stops a \nmoment, to take a drink, at \n\nFori Fred StCt\'le \xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 6,505feet; from Wolcott, six miles].\xe2\x80\x94 \nThis post was established June 30th, 1868, and abandoned in 1886, \nonly an agent being left to protect the government property. \n\nConnection \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South to Saratoga, 28 miles, six times a week. \nFrom Saratoga southward to Swan, 20 miles; Collins, ten miles, twice a week, \n\nNorth Platte River \xe2\x80\x94 We first interviewed this stream 290 \nmiles from Omaha. Under Laramie it was again seen, but now, as \nwe are leaving it forever, will say: From its source in the North \nPark to this place it is over 150 miles, nearly due north. Above \nvSteele 2"> miles is the old Platte ferry (now a bridge), on the old \nstage road. From 80 to 50 miles up the river Douglass, French, \nMonument and Big creeks empty their waters into the Platte. On \nboth Douglass and French creeks gold placers have been discov- \nered and are being worked; also several quartz mines. \n\nEight miles from Douglass creek some fine coal mines have- \nbeen discovered; near by quartz veins crop out on the hillside, \nand hot sulphur springs, seven in number, are "running wild" \nonly a few feet from where rises a clear, sparkling spring of ice- \ncold water; and we opine that .the time is not far distant when \nthese springs will be taken up, a narrow gauge railroad laid down, \nhotels built, and one of the finest "watering places" in the world \nopened to the public. \n\n% ..\'-"The last paragraph above was written in July, 1869, and \nappeared in the first volume of our Trans-Continental Guide. \nWas it prophecy? Call it what you will, but the coal lands have \nall been taken up, also the springs; a fine hotel has been erected; \nthe bed for the railroad graded (by Union Pacific Co. ) and before \n\xe2\x80\xa2many more moon.-, have come and gone, the locomotive will haul \nthe traveler in palace cars to this Saratoga of the west. \n\nAt Saratoga, on the Platte river near the junction of Spring \ncreek, are hot springs said to possess valuable medicinal qualities; \na hotel has been recently erected near which affords good accom- \nmodations. The region abounds with game and the streams in \nthe vicinity with trout. \n\nIt takes a smart man to conceal from others what he does not know. \n\n\n\n116 RAWLINS \xe2\x80\x94 LANDER \xe2\x80\x94 WASHAKIE. \n\nLeaving Fred Steele and climbing up onto the prairie, two \nmiles brings us to Benton, which, in August, 1868, boasted of a \npopulation of fully 3,000, but before October following \xe2\x80\x94 the "end \nof the track" having meantime stretched away to the westward \nKid miles \xe2\x80\x94 the people "packed up their tents and stole noiselessly \naway," leaving only a few lone graves, old chimneys, scattered \ncans and post holes to mark the site of the once "booming town." \n\nAfter reaching Benton, the bluffs which mark the entrance to \nthe canon of the Platte below Fort Steele are plainly visible, and \nwill continue in sight for 15 miles. At the entrance of the \ncanon the river makes a turn to the west, and for several miles our \ntrain seems to be running down the river parallel with it though \nreally drawing away to the westward. \n\nHog Back \xe2\x80\x94 Four miles to the southward rises a high ridge \nfrom 500 to 1,000 feet above the prairie. It is about 15 miles in \nlength, terminating in the highlands to the westward. It is called \nthe "Hog Back." It is but about half a mile wide at the base, ris- \ning so sharp that cattle cannot be driven across it, and in places it \nis all but impossible for a man to walk along its summit. Where \nthis ridge reaches the river, about three miles above Fred Steele, \nthe walls are perpendicular, and about 1,(100 feet in height. A \ncorresponding range on the opposite side shows that the river has \ncut a channel through this ridge, which at one time barred the \nprogress of the waters. \n\nFrom Fred Steele our train has been gradually climbing, and \nwill continue to do so for over 40 miles from that place. \n\nRitWllllS \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,ioo; elevation, 6,744 feet; from Denver, 289 miles; \nOmaha, 709 miles; Ogden, 223 miles.]\xe2\x80\x94 Seat of Carbon county, named in \nhonor of Gen. J. A. Rawlins. Stock-raising is the chief occupation \nof the people, though there are many citizens interested in mining \nand several hundred employed by the railroad company in their \nmachine shops and works located here. \n\nThe county buildings, water works, churches, schools, banks \nhotels and business blocks are equal to any in the territory. \nThe Railroad and Brunswick are the principal hotels. Thejour- \n//<?/, tri-weekly, the Tribune, weekly, and the Laborette, weekly, \nare newspapers published here. \n\nNear the town are extensive quarries of valuable sandstone, \nbeing worked, and an inexhaustible deposit of red oxide, which \nsupplies a valuable mineral paint that is now extensively used by \nthe railroad company, as well as shipped to eastern markets. \n\nNear the town is a fine spring of sulphur water rising from \nunder the bed of blue limestone, but it is little used \xe2\x80\x94 the citizens \nbeing a reading people, are a little suspicious of sulphur. \n\n\n\nTo the north of Rawlins lit) miles, is the town of Landlr, in \nJohnson county, situated in a beautiful little valley, watered by \nthe Popo Agie and its numerous branches, just at the eastern base \nof the Wind River mountains, and within a few miles of the great \noil wells of Wyoming. Ten miles north is the \n\nShoshone and Arapahoe Indian reservation, comprising \n1,520,000 acres in the Wind River valley, on which are 1,963 Indians. \n\nFort Washakie, a government military post on the reserva- \ntion, is garrisoned by two companies of the 7th Infantry, G and I, \nand one troop, E, of the 9th Cavalry, about 150 men\xe2\x80\x94 Maj. A. T. \nSmith, commanding. \n\n\n\nCONTINENTAL, DIVIDE. 117 \n\n\n\nFor business Lander, the Fort and the oil fields are tributary \n\nto Rawlins. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Northwest, daily, four-horse stages for Crooks, 70 miles; \nRongis, nine miles; thence westward, Mayersville, 16 miles; Hailey, 14 \nmiles; Derby-, 14 miles; Lander, 14 miles; Shoshone Agency, 14 miles, and \nFort Washakie, two miles, Total, 153 miles. \n\nConnecting at Hailey three times a week, to the northwest to Miners\' De- \nlight, 20 miles; Atlantic City, four miles; South Pass City, four miles. \n\nConnencting at Fort Washakie, north once a week, for F.mbar, 65 miles; \nMeeteetse, 60 miles; theuce northeast to Otto, 45 miles, and east to Hyatt- \nville, 45 miles. \n\nConnecting at Rongis, north once a week for Lost Cabin, 61 miles; Red \nBank, 45 miles; Spring Creek, 20 miles; thence northwest to Bonanza, 40 \nmiles; thence northeast to Hyatville, 15 miles. \n\nFrom Rawlins north twice a week to Ferris, 46 miles; Sweetwater. 18 \nmiles, and Lamar, nine miles. \n\nConnecting at Ferris, southeast once a week to Seminoe, 15 miles; also from \nFerris, northwest once a week to Durbin, iS miles. \n\nFrom Rawlins south, three times a week to SrLriirR, 2S miles; BAGG\'S, \n36 miles, and thence east to Dixon, six miles. \n\nConnecting at Dixon, east twice a week to Slater, ten miles; also from \nDixon, southwest once a week to Lay, 45 miles, \n\nConnecting at Lay, south three times a week to Routt, eight miles. \nMeeker, 36 miles; Ferguson on the Grand river, 46 miles. \n\nSeparation\xe2\x80\x94 West from Rawlins 13 miles, is a small station, \nso named from its being a point where two parties of railroad sur- \nveyors in early days, who had been near each other for a long \ndistance, separated to run different lines to the westward. \n\nThe railroad company have a number of artesian wells along \nthe line that are from 326 feet to 1,145 feet in depth, flowing from \n400 to 1,000 gallons an hour, in one place 26 feet above the sur- \nface. By pumping these wells will supply from 650 to 2,400 gal- \nlons of water per hour. The one at this station is 1,103 feet deep, \nin which the water stands ten feet from the surface, and by pump- \ning yields 2,000 gallons per hour. \n\nWe are rising rapidly, and after passing Fillmore (eight miles) \nand Creston (six miles) are nearing the summit of the main range \nof the Rocky mountains, which is reached two and a half miles \nwest of Creston, marked by a sign-board on the north side, reading \n\n"Continental Divide." \n\nThe altitude of this divide is 7,100 feet. It is distant from \nRawlins 30 miles; Cheyenne, 223 miles; Omaha, 739 miles, and \nOgden, 293 miles. \n\nStanding on this wild spot surrounded by few evidences of \nvegetation, this little sign marks the center of the grandest range \nof mountains on the continent. Amid what seems to have been \nthe wreck of mountains, we stand and gaze away in the vast dis- \ntance at the receding lines of hill, valley and mountain peaks, \nwhich we have passed on our journey. We feel the cool mountain \nbreeze on our cheeks, but it brings no aroma of life and vegetation \nwith its cooling current. We know that the same sky which \nhangs so warm and blue over the smiling valleys looks down upon \nus now \xe2\x80\x94 but how changed the aspect! Thin, gray and cold it ap- \npears, and so clear that we almost expect to see the stars looking \ndown through the glistening sunbeams. We do not seem to be on \nthe mountain height, for the expanse seems but a once level plain, \nnow arched and broken into ugly, repulsive hollows and desolate \nknobs. \n\nHere, if a spring should rise from this sage-brush knoll, its \nwaters would divide, and the different portions eventually mingle \nwith the two oceans which wash the opposite sides of the continent. \n\n\n\n118 BITTER CREKK \xe2\x80\x94 ROCK SPRINGS. \n\n\n\nTo the north the Sweet Water mountains rear their rugged \nheights. Still farther the Wind River mountains close the scene \nin the dim distance, their summits robed in snow. To the south- \nward rise rugged outposts of the Rockies, along the northern base \nof which our train will run nearly on to 50 miles. . \n\nWith a farewell look at this rugged, barren and desolate region, \nour train speeds away over the crest and will h?ve down grade for \nthe next 106 miles, dropping down in that distance 1,033 feet. \n\nSeven miles gives Latham the go-by and eight miles further \nbrings Washakie to view. Here is an artesian well 638 feet deep, \nwhich at 15 feet above the surface flows 800 gallons per hour. \n\nRed Desert \xe2\x80\x94 Is nine miles further, a pair of them, station \nand desert \xe2\x80\x94 the former in the midst of the latter. This desert \nwaste extends each way about 16 miles, and is composed of the \ndecomposition of shale and calcareous clays, and is deep red, show- \ning the presence of an hydrous sesquioxide of iron. It\'s a huge \nbasin, its waters having no outlet. Several alkali lakes are found \nin it, but nothing lives on its surface. The southern margin of the \nbasin is mainly sand, which is lifted up by every passing breeze to \nfall in drifts and shifting mounds. \n\nTable Rock\xe2\x80\x94 [From Red Desert station. 12 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is named for a \nred sandstone bluff to the left, which rises full 500 feet above the \nstation. It is the most conspicuous in a long range of red cliffs, \nwhich are mainly composed of fresh water shells, worn, cut and \nfluted by the action of the elements. Passing through the rim of \nthe desert and MoNEEE, we reach \n\nKiller Creek\xe2\x80\x94 [From Table Rock, ten miles].\xe2\x80\x94 At this place the \nrailroad company have a round-house and a machine shop for re- \npairs. Stock-raising is the only industry here; and the number of \ncattle and sheep ranging within 50 miles is almost incredible. \n\n\n\nSoon after leaving this station we commence the descent of the \ncelebrated Bitter creek of "ye olden times." The overland stage \nand emigrant road follows this valley from its source to Green \nriver, 60 miles. The valley is narrow, the bluffs coming near the \ncreek on either side. The stream is small and so strongly im- \npregnated with alkali as to be almost useless for man or beast. \nThe banks and bottoms are very treacherous in places, miring any \ncattle which attempt to reach its fetid waters. This section was \nalways a terror to travelers, emigrants and freighters, for nothing \nin the line of vegetation will grow excepting grease-wood and \nsage-brush. The freighter especially who had safely navigated \nthis section would "ring his popper" and claim that he was a \n"tough cuss on wheels from Bitter creek," etc. \n\nThe further we go the higher the bordering bluffs, the valley \nnarrowing, while the spurs reach out lovingly to meet their \nbrothers on the opposite side. \n\nThe small stations of Black BuTTES, nine miles; Haleville, \nfive miles; Point of Rocks, seven miles; Thayer, six miles; \nSai.T WEELS, six miles, are soon passed and we arrive at \n\nRock Springs\xe2\x80\x94 [seven miles; pop., 1,500].\xe2\x80\x94 The greatest coal \nmining town on the line of the Union Pacific. The station was \nnamed after a saline spring of water which boils up near the foot \nof the bluffs, looking very clear and nice but it\'s very deceiving \xe2\x80\x94 \nan uncommon thing in this truthful world. \n\n\n\nCHINESE MASSACRE \xe2\x80\x94 GREEN RIVER. 119 \n\nThere are a number of mercantile establishments here, some \nof which do a very large business among the stock-growers \xe2\x80\x94 cattle \nand sheep. The shipments from this station other than coal, \nwhich goes by train loads daily, are cattle, sheep and wool. To the \nsouth from 15 to 30 miles are a few settlers who do a little in the \nagricultural line, and raise good crops, too \xe2\x80\x94 but the one, stock- \nraising, is the almost exclusive industry. The Wyoming Coal \nCo. (a sub-name for the railroad company) do an immense business \nin this vicinity in milling and shipping coal. It was at this place \nwhere the infamous Chinese massacre took place September 2d, \n18S5, in which the abodes of the Chinese were sacked and burned \nby unnaturalized white miners, who hunted the Chinese to the \nhills, killing upwards of 30 and maltreating hundreds of others. \nThe riot w y as quelled by the arrival of government troops; and \nthe government paid the bill rendered by the Chinese government. \nCamp Pilot Butte \xe2\x80\x94 Is a government post located half a mile \nnorth of the depot \xe2\x80\x94 placed there for the protection of the Chinese \nminers \xe2\x80\x94 about 1,000 \xe2\x80\x94 and the coal mines iu the vicinity. The \nUnion Pacific Railway Co. built the quarters for officers and men \nwithout expense to the government. The camp is now garrisoned \nby two companies, A and H, of the 7th Infantry, about 100 men, \nCapt. H. B. Freeman, commanding. \n\nPipe Line \xe2\x80\x94 January 9th, 1888, the citizens of Green River City \nand Rock Springs celebrated the completion (by the railroad com- \npany) of a pipe line for conducting water from Green river to a reser- \nvoir overlooking this town. Heretofore since the completion of the \nrailroad in 1869, a water train has been run between the two places; \nas the water near Rock Springs is too saline for use. \n\nWe are sorry to say Rock Springs has no adequate hotel \naccommodations \xe2\x80\x94 but what it lacks in that respect is made up in \nthe Independent, a spicy weekly newspaper published here. \n\nCoal veins crop out all along Bitter creek, varying in thickness \nfrom a few inches to 12 feet. On the bluffs near Point of Rocks, \njust above a coal vein, Prof. Hayden says, "is a seam of oyster \nshells six inches in thickness, which is an extinct and undescribed \nspecies, about the size of our common edible ones." \n\nThe sandstone bluffs at points along the road are worn by the \naction of the elements into curious fantastic shapes, some of which \nhave been named "Cavesof the Sand," "Hermit\'s Grotto, "Water- \nwashed Caves of the Fairies," "Sancho\'s Bower," etc. \n\nProf. Hayden in his geographical examination of this section of \nthe creek, reported finding "preserved in the rocks the greatest \nabundance of deciduous leaves of the poplar, ash, elm and maple." \nAgain, "among the plants found is a specimen of fan-palm, which \nat the time it grew here, displayed a leaf of enormous dimensions, \nsometimes having a spread of ten or 12 feet. These gigantic palms \nseem to have formed a conspicuous feature among the trees of \n\nthese ancient forests." \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nFrom the Springs down the scenery becomes more striking, the \ngorge narrow and the bluffs higher, almost hanging over the road \nwith their frowning battlements. Through this gorge rattles our \ntrain, 15 miles to the waters of the Green, to a meal station. \n\nCJrCCII River \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 600; elevation, 6,077 feet; from Ogden, 1S7 miles; \nCheyenne, 329 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Seat of Sweetwater county where are located \nsubstantial county buildings and the largest and best hotel and \nmeal station on the whole line of road. The appearance of the \n\n\n\n120 GREEN RIVER AND VICINITY. \n\ntown \xe2\x80\x94 from an eastern standpoint \xe2\x80\x94 is not beautiful; but the amount \nof business done figures heavy, that of one firm alone (Hunter \n& Morris) is little short of $200,000 per annum. Gold, silver, coal \nand plumbago mines are tributary to this place for business, and \nthe whole country around about is rich in cattle, sheep and \nhorses \xe2\x80\x94 it has them on more than a "thousand hills." The \ncountry to the north and south, and just over that bluff affords the \nfinest grazing range in the western country. \n\nDown the Green from ten to 40 miles, oats, barley, potatoes, \nvegetables and alfalfa, have made good crops, but these have been \nraised principally by stock-men for their own use. Up the Green \nProf. Pease, of Central City, Col., accomplished some astonishing \nresults, but we understand he has left the country to accept a \nposition as Chief of Agriculture for the English government in \nIndia. \n\nThe railroad company have here the usual machine shops and \nbuildings found at terminal stations; besides which there are here \nseveral small manufactories and a brewer} 7 . \n\nThe bluffs near the station present a peculiar formation called \nby Prof. Hayden the "Green river shales." The walls rise per- \npendicularly for hundreds of feet, are of a grayish buff color, and \nare composed of layers apparently sedimentary deposits of all \nthicknesses from that of a knife -blade to two feet. At the base of \nthe bluff the layers are thin and composed of arenaceous clay, \nwith laminated sandstone, mud markings and other indications of \nshallow water or mud flats; color for 100 feet, ashen brown; next \nabove are lighter colored layers, alternate with greenish layers \nand line white sand. Passing up, clay and lime predominate, then \ncome layers of boulders, pebbles and small nodules. \n\nThere are also seams of very fine black limestone saturated \nwith petroleum. Near the summit under the shallow calcareous \nsandstone, there are over 50 feet of shales that contain more or less \nof oily material. The hills all around are capped with a deep \nrusty yellow sandstone, which presents the peculiar castellated \nforms which with the banded appearance, have given so much \ncelebrity to the scenery about this station. \n\nYE Olden Times \xe2\x80\x94 For years previous to the building of the \nrailroad, Bill Hickman, Brigham Young\'s destroying angel, ran \na ferry across the river just below this station, and as the river was \nseldom fordable except late in the fall he reaped a rich harvest of \ngold from the overland pilgrims. His prices for crossing teams \nwere from $o to \xc2\xa720, according as the owners were found able to \npay. Those times were, comparatively only yesterday and to-day \nwe might say with the juggler "presto!" and you can note the \nchanges. We have the "iron horse," the palace cars, the sub- \nstantial iron bridge, and are whirled across the continent at forty \nmiles an hour. Do travelers on these flying trains while resting \nat their ease ever think of the early pilgrims, the hardy pioneers \nwho toiled across this country with ox teams, andtheir all on earth \nmaybe with a hand cart; on foot and alone, requiring from five to \nseven months traveling the same distance now made in three days? \nThese pioneers laid out the route we are traveling to-day and made \nit safe for us. They suffered every kind of hardship, many even \nunto death and the few that remain are fast passing "o\'er the \nrange," yet the fruits of their adventurous and daring intrepidity \nwill ever remain. \n\n\n\nGREEN RIVER BASIN\xe2\x80\x94 EXPLORATIONS. 121 \n\n\n\nConnkctions\xe2\x80\x94 Buck-board: Northwest once- a week to Fontenelle, 65 \nmiles; Dry Piney, 35 miles; thence east to Big Piney, 14 miles. \n\nGREEN River rises near Fremont\'s peak in the Wind River \nmountains, nearly 200 miles north, and is fed by innumerable springs \nand tributary streams, chief of which is Big Sandy. About 150 \nmiles south of this station it unites with the Grand and becomes \nthe Colorado river. \n\nThe Basin of Green river, although not properly a basin, con- \ntains about 8,000 square miles of mountain, foot-hill, high prairie \nand valley laud, divided about equally. The mountain portion is \nwell stocked with timber, as yet untouched by the axman; the \nfoot-hills are covered with the finest grasses; the high prairies and \nvalleys with a heavy growth of sage-brush, from a soil as rich as \nthe richest in our country; and right here let us say there is not \nan acre of sage-brush land in any portion of the western states and \nterritories of the United States but will produce good crops, cereals \nand vegetables, with water for irrigating them. This proposition, \nwith our western people or those who have had the observation to \nnote the results of irrigation in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, \nMontana, New Mexico and Wyoming, on this kind of land is well \nestablished \xe2\x80\x94 "goes without saying." \n\nOnly a small portion of the lands in this "basin" has been \nsurveved by the government, and only a few thousand acres are \nclaimed and settled upon. \n\nMinerals \xe2\x80\x94 Gold, silver, copper, lead and plumbago mines \nhave been found in the mountains surrounding the "basin," some \nof which are worked very successfully. \n\nFish \xe2\x80\x94 in many varieties, are numerous in all the streams near \ntheir head, particularly the famous and favorite mountain trout. \nIn "hooking" trout in this region, the delight of the sport is much \nlessened by the abundance of fish ami their verdancy as to the de- \nsigns of the angler. \n\nGame \xe2\x80\x94 such as elk, antelope, deer, bear and mountain sheep are \nmore abundant in the Green river basin and adjoining mountains \nthan in any part of our western country, while grizzlies and moun- \ntain lions are not uncommon in the higher mountain canons. \nBut of all game, the hares, cotton-tail rabbits, prairie chickens and \nsage hens, are most numerous; in fact the whole country is alive \nwith them, almost to becoming a nuisance. They are too abund- \nant to sustain the sportsman\'s interest in "bagging" them. \n\nExploring Expedition \xe2\x80\x94 From Green River station the first \nexploring expedition of Maj. Powell started May 24th, 1869. The \nparty consisted of about a dozen well-armed, intrepid men, mostly \nwestern hunters. They had four well-built boats, with which to \nexplore the mysterious and terrible canons of the lower Green and \nColorado rivers. These gorges were comparatively unknown, the \nabrupt mountain walls having turned the travel far from their \nsterile shores. Science and commerce demanded a solution of the \nquestion: "Can the upper Colorado be navigated?" and Maj. \nPowell undertook to solve the problem. The party encountered \nmany hardships and discovered the most magnificent canon scenery \nin the world. The report of the major enlightened the people on \nthe mysteries of a very interesting region before wholly unknown, \nat the same time demonstrated that the Colorado is not navigable \nfor large craft. \n\n\n\n122 GRANGER \xe2\x80\x94 CHURCH BUTTES. \n\nXorlll-AVesl Coast \xe2\x80\x94 At Green river trains are made up for \nthe Oregon Short-Line, for Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washing- \nton and the Puget Sound country. And after we have been over \nto Utah and visited the land of mothers-in-law, we will return \nhere and take a run over this new line, commencing on page 165. \n\n\n\nLeaving Green River station, we cross the river and follow \nalong its western bank, in places through heavy cuttings almost \nover the river, affording a fine view of the frowning cliffs on the \nopposite side. \n\nTwenty miles to the northeast stands in plain view a noted \nlandmark \xe2\x80\x94 "Pilot Butte" \xe2\x80\x94 in isolated loneliness. \n\nOn we go, twisting around the side of a ridge to find a good \ncrossing place; presently it is reached and we descend to the valley \nof Black\'s Fork, and soon reach Bryan [i 3 miles], a side-track of \nlittle importance at present. We say at present, for at one time \n3,000 people called this their abiding place. It was in November, \n1868, when the exodus commenced, the same as at Benton the \nmonth before. \n\nEight miles further Marston, another side-track, is left behind, \nand ahead is \n\nOrtlllgCr \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 50; elevation, 6,279 feet\\ from Cheyenne, 360 miles; Og- \nden, 156 miles ; Huntington, 540 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 This place in a period of 40 \nyears, has been at times a noted and busy one. A Mr. Granger \nfathered the ranch for over 20 years. At first it was a Mormon \ntrading post with both Indians and pilgrims. It being situated at \nthe junction of the South Pass and Bitter creek wagon roads from \nthe east to Salt Lake via Fort Bridger, where good feed and water \ncould be had, it became a general lying over and resting point for \nemigrants and freighters. When the overland stages were put on \nthe route it became more of a rendezvous than ever. Then came \nJack Casement with his minions November, 1868, and laid the last \nseven and a half miles of railroad track, before reaching this sta- \ntion, in one day \xe2\x80\x94 between sun and sun. Later the building of \nthe Oregon branch gave the place another "boom," but when that \nline was finished Philbrick\'s goats arrived, and all glory soon \ndeparted. \n\nTo the south rise in plain view the Uintah mountains, fully 100 \nmiles away. Their dark sides indicate forests of timber, while 011 \ntheir summit the snow ever rests. The valley of the Beaver lies \nat the northern base of the range, is settled, and is one of the most \nproductive sections of the territory. Corn, potatoes, vegetables \nand small grain grow and yield abundantly. Jim Bridger and \nother trappers of the American Fur Co. made this valley their \nheadquarters as early as 1825. \n\nLeaving Granger Ham\'s Fork is crossed, up which runs the \nOregon Short Line branch, as before stated. \n\n\n\nCllliroll Bllttes \xe2\x80\x94 [ten miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Has some notoriety for moss \nagates. These beautiful stones are along the line of the railroad \nfrom Green River to Piedmont; in some places they are very \nplentiful. \n\nA few miles before reaching this place, by looking away to the \nleft \xe2\x80\x94 ten miles \xe2\x80\x94 can be seen the God-father of this station. It is \nthe most conspicuous in a long range of sandstone bluffs, of pecu- \n\n\n\nCLIMBING TO ASPEN. 12.\' \n\n\n\nliar formation. It rises in lofty domes and pinnacles, which at a \ndistance resembles the fluted columns of some cathedral of the \nolden time, standing in the midst of desolation, its lofty turreted \nroof and towering spires rising far above the surrounding country; \nbut with the glass or on nearer approach, the scene changes and \nwe find a huge mass of sandstone, worn and washed by the ele- \nments until it has assumed the outline of a church of the grandest \ndimensions. \n\nPassing Hampton [seven miles] a glance to the left will dis- \ncover a range of peculiar buttes, showing a length of water-line \nwhich indicates there has been " high water " here some dav. \n\n\n\nCarter \xe2\x80\x94 [ten miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 is the next station. It was named for the \nlate Judge Carter who passed many years of his life as post trader at \n\nFort Bridger \xe2\x80\x94 ten miles east from this station \xe2\x80\x94 daily stage, \nover the bluffs, out of sight, was established, in 1858, by Gen. \nA. S.Johnston \xe2\x80\x94 latitude, 41 deg. 18 min. and 12 sec; longitude, \n110 deg. 82 min. and 88 sec. It was the first government post \nlocated in the west. It was named for the late James Bridger, \nthe renowned hunter, trapper and guide who lived in this country \nnearly half a century. \n\nThe post is garrisoned by D and H companies of the 17th In- \nfantry and D, F and H companies of the 21st Infantry, Maj. J. N. \nAndrews of the 21st commanding. \n\nBlack\'s Fork, which runs through the center of the parade \nground, affords excellent water, and with Smith\'s Fork, a stream \nfive miles southeast, affords as fine trout as there is in the \ncountry. \n\nStock raising \xe2\x80\x94 cattle and sheep \xe2\x80\x94 is the only industry now in \nthe country for the next 50 miles. For the next 20 miles, scrub \ncedar in the high rocky bluffs, sage-brush, red sandstone and red \nclay, with bunch-grass for sandwiching, is the make-up of the sur- \nrounding country. It is inhabited by a few wood-choppers, some \nstock-men, a few deer, antelope, coyotes and jack-rabbits by the \nthousands. For agricultural purposes it is not our choice. \n\n\n\nFrom Bridger station [ten miles] we commence to climb the \nsecond highest elevation on this line of road. After passing L,R- \nROY [five miles] the old overland wagon road comes down from \nthe left and crosses our road running to the westward and north- \nward of Aspen mountain, while we keep on past Piedmont [ten \nmiles] through a long line of snow sheds, and reach the summit of \nthe divide just to the south of the mountain. \n\nAspeil Station\xe2\x80\x94 [ten miles; elevation, 7,395 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Has only a \nsmall saw-mill located here; gets its logs from the Uintah moun- \ntains to the south. \n\nThis station is named for \'\'Quaking Asp" mountain to the north, \nthe summit of which is covered with snow the most of the year. \n\nThe "quaking asp" or aspen, a species of poplar, grows in pro- \nfusion in the gulches and on the sides of the mountain. The old \nstage road, as we have said, winds around the northern base while \nthe railroad girds its southern borders, nearly encircling it between \nthe old and the new, decay and death marking the one; life, \nenergy and growing strength the other \n\n\n\nLeaving Aspen the grade is all downward to Salt Lake valley. \' \n\n\n\n124 \n\n\n\nUTAH\'S SURE CROP. \n\n\n\n\nYOUNG MORMON BISHOPS, ETC. \n\n\n\nHilliard \xe2\x80\x94 [five miles] \xe2\x80\x94 once a prosperous and busy place, from \nthe immense quantities of lumber, ties, telegraph poles, wood, \netc., floated down in a V flume from the pineries of the Uintah \nmountains from 20 to 35 miles distant, southward, and the \ngreat quantities of charcoal burned and shipped to the smelters \nin Salt Lake valley from here, is now almost \'deserted, and the \nquestion naturally arises : Why this desolation or suspended \naction? Maybe the law against cutting timber, etc., on govern- \nment lands may have something to do with it. \n\n\n\nCOOPER \xe2\x80\x94 AND HIS VIGILANTES. 125 \n\nBear River City Riot \xe2\x80\x94 Three miles from Hilliard we pass \nthe site of the once famous and then infamous Bear River City. \nIt is situated in a little valley at the mouth of a ravine, where the \nold wagon road comes down from the north of Quaking Aspen. \n\nThe town was laid out in October, 1868, in advance of the rail- \nroad, but where the terminal point would probably be during the \nfollowing winter. \n\nThe route of the railroad was lined with graders, contractors \nand teamsters, who all earned and had a large amount of money. \n\nAt this point the roughs and gamblers who had been driven \nfrom point to point westward by the vigilantes, made a stand, con- \ngregating in large numbers. They swore that they would be driven \nno further; that here they would stay and fight it out to the bitter \nend. The town contained about 1,000 law-abiding people, and \nwhen the roughs felt that trouble was coming on them, they with- \ndrew to the hills and organized for a raid on the town. Meanwhile \nsome of the roughs remained in the town, and among them were \nthree noted garroters who had added to their long list of crimes \nthat of several murders. The citizens arose, seized and hung \nthem. In this act the}- were sustained by all law-abiding people, \nalso by the Index, a paper which had followed the road, and was \nthen published here. This hastened the conflict and on the 19th \nof November, 1868, the roughs attacked the town in force, burned \nthe jail, taking from thence a number of their kind who were con- \nfined there, and shooting down a citizen \xe2\x80\x94 a Mr. Stokes \xe2\x80\x94 who was \nsent to them by the citizens as a mediator. They next sacked the \noffice and destroyed the materials of the Frontier Index, which \nwas situated in a building close to the railroad on the south side. \nElated with their success, the mob, numbering about 300 well- \narmed desperadoes, marched over to the north side, up the main \nstreet, and made an attack on the bank and store belonging to one of \nthe leading merchants, Mr. James B. Cooper, now of the firm of \nCooper & McNeil, of San Francisco. Here they were met with a \nvolley from Winchester rifles in the hands of brave and deter- \nmined citizens who had collected in the store. The mob was \nthrown into confusion, and fled down the street pursued by the \ncitizens, about 30 in number. The first volley and the running \nfight left 32 of the desperadoes dead on the street. The number \nof wounded was over 100; the bodies of many were afterwards \nfound in the gulches and among the rocks, where they had \nCrawled away and died. From this time the roughs abandoned \nthe city. \n\nThe town declined i;s soon as the road was built past it, and \nnow there is nothing left to mark the place except a few old \nchimneys, broken bottles and scattered oyster cans. \n\nPasssing on, the bluffs are high and broken, coming close to the \nroad, leaving but a narrow valley until we reach \n\nBear RivER \xe2\x80\x94 A rapid stream coming down from the. south, \nfrom its source in the Uintah mountains; has many tributaries, \nwhich abound in very fine trout, and quite a business is carried on \nin catching and salting them for market. The river runs almost \ndue north to Bear lake, from which it takes its name. The lake is \nabout 15 miles long by five miles wide, full of trout and other fish, \nand surrounded by many little Mormon settlements. From the \nnorthern end of the lake the river runs to the north, curving to \n\n\n\n126 WYOMING \xe2\x80\x94 UTAH \xe2\x80\x94 ECHO CANON. \n\n\n\nthe west and then to the south, and empties into Great Salt Lake, \nnear Corinne, Utah. The course of the river can best be understood \nwhen we say that it resembles the letter U in shape. From where \nit rises it runs due north to latitude 42 deg. of) min., then suddenly \nturning it runs south to latitude 41 deg. 4o min., before it finds the \nlake. Within this beijd lies the Wasatch mountains, a spur of the \nUintah, a rugged, rough, bold but narrow range. \n\nThe entire region is wild and picturesque, and would well repay \nthe tourist for the time spent in visiting it. \n\nIt may be well to bear in mind that the next sto is a meal \nstation. \n\nl\'iY<tll*tOU \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,000; elevation, 6,759 feet; from Cheyenne, 439 miles, \nogden, 77 miles], \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Uintah county and is situated just \nhalf-zvay between the Missouri river and the Pacific ocean \xe2\x80\x94 \nOmaha and San Franciso\xe2\x80\x94 957 miles to either. The Territorial \nAsylum for Insane was completed here January 1, 1888, at a cost \nof *45,000, furnished complete. The citizens of Evanston are \nmostly engaged in coal mining, coke burning, lumbering and \nstock-raising. The railroad company have a large round-house, \nextensive machine shops for repairs, large freight buildings and \none of the largest station hotels on tli2 cystem. \n\nBeside the wdiite population there are nearly l,(l<><> Chinese in \nEvanston and the vicinity, mostly at the coal mines at Alma, sit- \nuated just around the point of the mountain to the north, four \nand a half miles away, These mines are very extensive, easily \nworked, yielding coal of good quality, and employ about 1,000 \nmen. From 100 to 150 car loads are shipped from Alma per day \nto towns on the line of the Southern Pacific railroad in Nevada \nand California, beside a large amount consumed by both the Union \nand Southern companies. From the main track about one mile \nnorth of Evanston, a branch track is laid to the mines. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail stage: North daily, Alma, four miles; Red Canon, two \nmiles; Woodruff, 12 miles; Randolph, 12 miles; Laketown, 15 miles; \nMeadowville, four miles; Garden City, eight miles; Fish Haven, eight \nmiles; St. Charles, five miles; Bloomington, seven miles; Paris, two miles; \nOvid, four miles; Liberty, four miles, and Montpelier, ten miles. \n\n\n\nLeaving Evanston, we leave Bear river to the right and direct \nour course due west, passing Wasatch [ n miles], and a sign-board \na short distance beyond reading, "Wyoming," \xe2\x80\x94 "Utah," indicating \nthe dividing line between these territories. \n\nBeing now on the Wasatch mountains in the sacred land of \nZion, a towering elevation directly in front bars our vision and \napparently our way. Our engineer \xe2\x80\x94 with an eye to the future \xe2\x80\x94 \nnoted the position in a moment; and suddenly grasping the situa- \ntion peculiar to the land, sent forth a ringing shout of mingled \nagony and defiance. Like many other efforts of the kind, a com- \npromise resulted. The tunnel is 770 feet in length, cut through \nhard red clay and sandstone, and when daylight once again \nappears, we are at the head and looking down the far-famed \n\nEcho Canon \xe2\x80\x94 Here, too, we could an ancient tale unfold; but \nwhy? The divine command, "L,et the dead bury the dead," was \noar first rule laid down in formulating the plan of this book. New \nlife! new blood! new everything! \xe2\x80\x94 except "new wine in old bot- \ntles." Yet withal there are some "chestnuts" that it is quite \nfashionable to clink\xe2\x80\x94 taking the last illustration for a text. \n\nThe law cannot make a person moral, but if immoral, very uncomfortable. \n\n\n\nWONDERFUL ECHO CANON. ll\'7 \n\n\n\nAt the head of Echo the rim or outer edge of the table lands \nseems to give way at once and pitch headlong away, beyond our \nview. The little streams which make out from these table lands, \neach seems to cut its way through the rim and drop out of sight. \n\nDown glides our train; the grade is steep \xe2\x80\x94 no steam required \nnow. CasTEE Rock [eight miles] is passed and a long line of \nsandstone blnffs appears upon the right-hand side. These bluffs \nbear the general name of "Castle Rocks," and in places are worn \nand torn away until in the distance they may have the appearance \nof the old feudal castles so often spoken of, but so seldom seen by \nmodern tourists. For a long distance these rocks line the canon \non the north side, their massive jaggy fronts towering from 500 to \n1,000 feet above our way. \n\nOur engine does not creep along as though mistrustful of its \npowers, but with a snort and roar phmges down the defile, which \nmomentarily increases to a gorge, only to become in a short dis- \ntance a grand and awful chasm. \n\nWhile sight-seeing Emory [seven miles] is passed, and while the \nsouth side presents little attractions \xe2\x80\x94 only sloping grass-cov- \nered hillsides \xe2\x80\x94 the cliffs to the north seem to rise still higher. \nSolid walls, broken walls, walls of sandstone, walls of granite and \nwalls of conglomerate formation, are all represented. One must \nbe on the alert to see a moiety of the most beautiful views, and as \nour train never seems to run as fast as when \'we desire a slower \npace, these glancing views will needs be stored away and treasured \nin the mind for future reference. Steamboat rock \xe2\x80\x94 named for a \nnoble prow which nearly overhangs our train, is a prominent feat- \nure, five miles below Emory. Rain, wind and time have combined \nto destroy the massive walls of Echo, but in vain. Centuries have \ncome and gone since that mighty convulsion shook the earth to \nits center, when Echo and Weber canons sprung into existence \xe2\x80\x94 \ntwin children, whose birth was heralded by throes such as the \nearth may never feel again, and still the mighty walls of Echo \nremain, bidding defiance alike to time and his co-laborers \xe2\x80\x94 the \nelements; still hangs the delicate fret and frost work from \nthe walls; still small cedars, shrubs and delicate vines and flowers \nadorn the countless nooks and crevices; still the pillar, column, \ndome and spire stand boldly forth in all their grand, wild and \nweird beauty to entrance the traveler and fill his mind with won- \nder and awe. \n\nOn goes the engine, whirling us past castle, cathedral, towering \ncolumn and rugged battlement, passing lateral canons which cut \nthe walls from crest to base in awful chasms, shooting over oridges \nand flying past and under the overhanging walls, and finallv \nround the canon wall to the northward, within three short spans- \nlength of thenoted Pulpit Rock (on the top of which it is said \nBrigham Young preached his first sermon in Utah) and stop at \n\nEcllO Crty \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 200; from Omaha, 994 miles; Ogden, 3S miles; Park \n\'city, 2S miles; elevation, 5,471 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 The town is situated on the eastern \nbank of Weber river, half a mile below the mouth of Echo, in a \nlittle valley half a mile in width. Beyond the Weber rise the seat- \ning tree, shrub and g*-ass-covered slopes of the Wasatch mountains, \nnearly 2,000 feet from the river bed; to the east rise cliffs, sheer 1,000 \nfeet. \n\nThis is not a very progressive place. Excepting a few gardens, \nstock-raising is the only occupation of the people. Some there \n\n\n\n128 \n\n\n\nMOUTH OE ECHO CANON. \n\n\n\n\nPULPIT ROCK \xe2\x80\x94 LOOKING EAST. See page I2J. \n\n\n\nare who go fishing but the fine trout are so abundant in all the \nstreams, and the home consumption so small, from being sport it \nbecomes labor to clean the fish so that industry flags. \n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 By rail: The Echo & Park City branch of Union Pacific. \n\n\n\nIt\'s wonderful how brave some people are when they arel/rtr from danger. \nWe lhave seen a number of cases where some of this class in the "sixties" on \nleaving the river to cross the plains, fairly yearned to meet an Indian\xe2\x80\x94 wanted- \nhalf a dozen for breakfast, a dozen for dinner, and a score or more for supper. \nPut when the Indian country was reached and danger was imminent, always \nhunted cover, and those of little talk did all the effective fighting. \n\n\n\nCOAL AND SILVER. 129 \n\n\n\nTO THK \n\nRICHEST 1IIMN4. CAMP IX UTAH. \n\n\n\nSide Tour, No. 7 \xe2\x80\x94 From Kcho City to Coalyieee, Win- \nship and Park City, via Echo and Park City branch of the \nUnion Pacific railway. \n\nThere are two passenger trains a da)- each way, at 7:50 a. in., \nand 7:35 p. in. The direction is south up the Weher river. The \nfirst station is \n\nCoalville \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,500; from Echo, five miles; elevation, 5,5*3 feet]. \nIt is the seat of Summit county, settled by the Mormons in 1 859, and \nincorporated in 1887. It has a number of churches and schools, \nstores of different kinds, grist-mill, theatre and many neat private \nresidences. The Coalville house is the principal hotel. \n\nThe chief industries are coal mining and stock-raising, yet \nevery foot of the limited supply of agricultural land along the \nWeber river is utilized, producing bounteously of every seed \nput in the ground. \n\nJust to the east of the town are located extensive deposits of \ncoal, large quantities of which are mined and shipped daily. \n\n\n\nCoalville is on the old Mormon trail from the Missouri river. \nWe have noted the route up to Green River City. From that place \nit crosses onto and follows up Black\'s Fork to Fort Bridger, \nthence close to the north of Aspen mountain, crossing Bear river, \nten miles east of Fvanston, to Echo canon, down the canon to the \nWeber river, thence via Coalville, Winship and Parley\'s park to \nSalt Lake City. \n\nWillSllip \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 500; from Coalville, seven miles; elevation, 5,856 feet]. \nIs a Mormon village of agriculturists and stock-raisers, situated \nat the junction of Silver creek and Weber river. Wheat, oats, \nhay and all kinds of vegetables are grown for market; also fruit of \nmany varieties. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southeast six times a week to Rockport, four \nmiles; Pecoa, four miles; Oakley, three miles; and Kamas, five miles. \n\nThe valley of Weber river, which is from a half to a mile in \nin width, is settled, fenced and cultivated, the soil being very \nquick and productive. \n\nTurning to the right up Silver creek the grade averages 76 feet \nto the mile for 15 miles, to the end of the road. Settlers are \nscattered all along the road wherever there is a patch of land to \ncultivate and water for irrigating it \xe2\x80\x94 as water controls the agricul- \ntural situation in this country \xe2\x80\x94 with water, big crop ! no water, no \ncrop ! \n\nPtirk City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,500; from Winship, 15 miles; .Salt Lake City via \nOgden, 103 miles; elevation, 7,006 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the principal mining, as well \nas the only Gentile city in Utah. Situated well up against the \nmountains at the head of Silver creek, just at the junction of Em- \npire, Ontario and Whiteside gulches, and is exclusively a mining \ncity, where mines are worked and not "salted" for sale. There \nare two stamp-mills \xe2\x80\x94 the Ontario 40, and the Daley of 30 stamps, \nchloridizing; the Crescent mill is working by the "Russell pro- \ncess;" one sampling, and one couceutrating-mill and smelter. \n9 \n\n\n\n130 PARLEY\'S PARK \xe2\x80\x94 WEBER CANON. \n\nThe ore runs silver and lead, with a small per cent, of gold. \n\nThis mining district since its discovery has produced $30,000,- \n000, and the different mining companies have paid in dividends \n$14,000,000. \n\nFigures Talk ! \xe2\x80\x94 The plant of the Ontario mine cost $2,570,- \n000. The company employs over 400 hands. Total out-put up to \n1888, $23,160,000. Paid in dividends, $8,825,000. The Daly Mining \nCo., from 1885 to 1888, extracted $2,100,000, and paid in divi- \ndends, $375,000. \n\nMany of the business blocks and buildings are of stone and \nbrick \xe2\x80\x94 substantial structures; churches and schools are numerous \nand well attended, as, be it remembered, the average miner may \nbe uneducated and rough, but he is honest and frank, and always \npays liberally for the education of his children, and the support of \nhis church. Stores of various kinds are here, and a bank, as well \nas hotels and newspapers. The Park City is the principal hotel, \nand the Park City Record the paper to subscribe for and read, if \nyou want all the news from this the most progressive mining camp \nin the western country. \n\nParley Park \xe2\x80\x94 in the extreme southern end of which Park \nCity and the mines are situated, is one of the most beautiful in \nUtah, and first settled by the Mormons. It is very fertile, produc- \ning fine crops of all kinds of grain and vegetables. The streams \nare alive with fine mountain trout, and game of many varieties \ninhabit the adjoining mountains. These and the comfortable hotel \naccommodations in the park at convenient points make it one of \nthose pleasant places where one loves to linger, regrets to leave, \nand longs to visit again. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail stage: Southeast six times a week to Heber, 13 miles; \nthence west three times a week to Midway, four miles; thence south to \nCharleston, four miles; and Wellsburgh, seven miles. \n\nAlso a daily stage for Salt Lake City, via Parley Canon. \n\nReturning to Echo City, we continue our route westward. \n\nWeber River \xe2\x80\x94 Rises in the Wasatch mountains about 70 miles \nsouth of Echo, and empties into Salt lake just below Ogden. \nThe valley above Echo is very fertile and thickly settled, as hereto- \nfore noted. The settlers are all Mormons, and all, except at Coal- \nville, engaged in agricultural, horticultural and stock-raising pur- \nsuits; those at Coalville are principally miners, although all the \navailable lands in the neighborhood are under cultivation. Every \nacre of the lower Weber of any value is owned and occupied by \nthose who are utilizing it to the best of their ability. \n\nWEBER Canon is one of the remarkable features of the road. \nFor 35 miles, excepting now and then a little valley a few miles in \nwidth, the river rushes foaming along, between two massive moun- \ntain walls. Now the torrent plunges over some mighty rock which \nhas fallen from the towering cliff 1,000 feet above; anon, it whirls \naround in frantic struggles to escape from the boiling eddy, thence \nspringing forward over a short, smooth rapid, only to repeat the \nplunge again and again, until it breaks forth into the plains, \nwhence it glides away toward the lake, as though exhausted with \nits wild journey through the canon. \n\nEcho or telephone hotels are large rooms divided into small ones by paper or \nmuslin partitions, in which "peek-holes" are numerous, and every loud word \nor noise is echoed or telephoned throughout the building. \n\n\n\n\nLeaving Echo but a short distance, these peculiar, red, yellow \nand gray, conglomerates\xe2\x80\x94 called "Witches\' Rocks"\xe2\x80\x94 stand forth in \nsome prominence, on the side of the cliff, to the right. \n\n\n\n\nOne Thousand-Mile Tree\xe2\x80\x94 Entering the first narrows of the \ncanon the 1,000-mile tree is passed\xe2\x80\x94 a thrifty, branching pine- \nbearing on its trunk a sign-board that tells the western-bound \n\n\n\n132 WEBER CANON VIEWS. \n\ntraveler that he has passed over 1,000 miles of railway from Omaha. \nThis living milestone of nature\'s planting has long marked this \nplace; long before the hardy Mormon passed down this wild gorge; \nlong before the great trans-continental railroad was ever thought \nof, it stood a lonely sentinel, when all around was desolation \xe2\x80\x94 \nwhen the lurking savage and wild beast claimed supremacy, and \neach in turn reposed in the shade of its waving arms. How \nchanged the scene! The ceaseless bustle of an active, progressive \nage, the hum of labor, the roar and rush of the passing locomotive, \nhas usurped the old quiet, and henceforward the Lone Tree will be, \nnot a guide to the gloomy past, but an index of the coming great- \nness of a regenerated country. \n\nJust below this tree the cars cross a trestle bridge to the left \nbank of the Weber, thence down but a short distance, before they \ncross over another trestle to the right-hand side, and then, almost \nopposite the bridge, on the side of the mountain to the left, can be \nseen the \n\nDevii/S Slide, or serrated rocks. This slide is composed of \ntwo ridges of granite rock, reaching from the river nearly to the \nsummit of a sloping, grass-clad mountain. They are from 50 to \n200 feet high, narrow slabs, standing on edge, as though forced \nout of the mountain side. The two ridges run parallel with each \nother \xe2\x80\x94 about ten feet apart, the space between being covered with \ngrass, wild flowers and climbing vines. {See next page. ) \n\nGrand Views \xe2\x80\x94 Rushing swiftly along past Croydon [nine \nmiles] we soon lose sight of these rocks and behold others more \ngrand, of different shapes and massive proportions. The mountains \nseem to have been dove-tailed together and then torn rudely asunder, \nleaving the rough promontories and rugged chasms as so many ob- \nstacles to bar out progress; and so they would but for engineering \nskill and Mormon brawn. They in January, 1869, drove tunnels \nthrough their ribs from side to side and bridged the chasms high \nabove the flood; and so we pass as safely through as though these \nobstructions had not been, and come to light again; and then the \nbeautiful little "Round valley," so-named, we cross to confront \nanother gorge, and then once again another valley \xe2\x80\x94 this the larg- \nest of them all, in which is Morgan City \xe2\x80\x94 but down on the bills as \n\nWebCT \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,200; from Echo, 16 miles; Ogden, 24 miles; elevation, \n5,080 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 With barely a dozen exceptions it is strictly a Mormon \ntown with a Z. C. M. I. branch and several stores and shops. \nHere irrigation is depended upon to raise all kinds of crops, and \nevery acre of agricultural land is utilized to the limit of the water \nsupply. Crops of grain and vegetables of all kinds grow to per- \nfection and yield abundantly. Fruit of many varieties as well as \nberries are raised in large quantities. Hay, alfalfa and tame grasses \nalso give large yields per acre, and some thousand tons or more \nare baled and shipped from this place, much of which goes east \nalong the road for 300 miles. \n\nGrass grows all the way to the summit of nearly all the mount- \nains in this vicinity and on them, affording the best of grazing the \nyear around \xe2\x80\x94 as the winter snow is blown off by the wind from the \ngrassy exposures into the gulches, leaving bare usually sufficient \nfor all winter needs. \n\nThe same may be said of all the mountain portions of the west- \nern country at the same altitude. \n\n\n\n\nProceeding\xe2\x80\x94 PETERSON [ten miles], a side-track, is in the midst of \nthe canon, down which whirls our train between towering mount- \nains into a dark, gloomy gorge, when suddenly the whistle shrieks \n\xe2\x80\x94the echo resounding from crag to crag in thunder tones\xe2\x80\x94 as we \napproach and pass through the wild scenery of the \n\n\n\n134 HIS GATE \xe2\x80\x94 OGDEN, UTAH. \n\n\n\nDevil\'s Gate \xe2\x80\x94 On rattles our train, through a slash in the \nmountains, anon on a bridge far above the seething whirl of waters, \nwhere massive frowning rocks rear their crests far up toward the \nblack and threatening clouds which hover over this witches\' \ncauldron. With bated breath we gaze on this wild scene, and \nvainly try to analyze our feelings, in which awe, wonder and ad- \nmiration are blended. We have no time for thought as to how or \nwhen this mighty work was accomplished, no time nor inclination \nto compare the work of nature with the puny work beneath us, but \nonward with quickened speed, down the right hand bank of the \nstream; on between these massive piles, worn and seamed in their \nceaseless struggles against the destroying hand of time; on to where \nyon opening of light marks the open country; on past towering \nmountain and toppling rocks, until we catch a view of the broad \nsun-lit plains; and from the last and blackest of the buttresses which \nguard the entrance into Weber, we emerge to light and beauty, to \ncatch the first view of the Great Salt lake \xe2\x80\x94 to behold broad plains \nand well cultivated fields which stretch their lines of waving green \nand golden shades beyond. \n\n9 hit all Station \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 600; from Devil\'s Gate, five miles; Ogden. six \nmiles; elevation, 4,497 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 We have passed through the mountains \nand are fairly in the Great Salt lake basin. In the last 58 miles, \nwe have dropped down 2,314 feet. \n\nThis is an agricultural community and all belongs to the Mor- \nmon Church. \n\nIt is a historical fact that near this station, in LSI 12, was the \nscene of the notorious Morrisite massacre. \n\nFrom Uintah we follow the river through a country dotted here \nand there with fertile and well tilled farms. But as we are neariug \nthe end of the journey over the Union Pacific railway, it becomes \nnecessary for all to gather up their valuables against the time when \nthe notice will be given to "Change Cars!" \n\nOgdeil Station\xe2\x80\x94 [Elevation, 4,301 feet]. \n\nPassengers arriving who desire to visit Salt Lake City \n(distance, 36 miles) will usually find a train in waiting at the depot. \nIt will leave as soon as mails, express and baggage can be trans- \nferred \xe2\x80\x94 about 30 minutes. \n\nJg^^The overland trains of the Union and Southern arrive on \nthe east side of the depot, and those to. depart on the west side. \n\n1 r\'The trains of the Southern are usually made up and wait- \ning when the trains of the Union arrive. It then usually requires \nabout one hour to make all necessary transfers before starting \xe2\x80\x94 \nbut it\'s well to see to procuring sleeping car and other tickets, if \nrequired, and the transfer of your hand baggage and getting located \nas soon as convenient. \n\ng^lT\'The cars of the Utah & Northern branch of the Union \nPacific system arrive and depart from east side of the depot. \n\nJPSPT\'assengers desirous of stopping over at Ogden can take a \n"buss" for the hotels, or a street car just at the eastern platform of \nthe depot. The "Broom" is the principal hotel. \n\njgggf^Passengers who have through tickets in sleeping cars will \noccupy the same numbers in the Southern as they had in tin- \nUnion, and those who had their baggage checked through need \ngive it no attention; but those who only checked to this place \xe2\x80\x94 \nto the end of the U. P. road \xe2\x80\x94 will need to see that it is re-checked. \n\n\n\nCHANGE CARS. 135 \n\n\n\nfi^-The station building \xe2\x80\x94 a long wooden structure between a row \nof main tracks \xe2\x80\x94 contains, besides a dining ball and luncb counter, a \nhotel and bar-room and the Division Superintendents\' offices of both \nthe Union and Southern ; also ticket, baggage, express and tele- \ngraph offices, together with news stands and sundry other kinds <>( \nbusiness. It\'s a miserable old rookery, and every few years for the \nlast nineteen we have heard of plans being made that would soon \nresult in completing, at this place, a grand Union depot. Now \nwe are told the ground has been purchased and the foundations \nlaid \xe2\x80\x94 two years ago \xe2\x80\x94 when work stopped and the momentous \nquestion still is : "When will the new depot be completed?" \n\nOiiricii City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 8,500]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Weber county, situ- \nated one mile east of the depot, on the Ogden river, at the western \nbase of the Wasatch mountains. It is amply provided with all \nneedful public buildings, and many fine brick and stone business \nblocks. Stores, shops and small manufactories are here, as well as \ntwo large flour-mills and an opera house. \n\nOgden has a Board of Trade association composed of the prin- \ncipal business men, who are putting forth commendable efforts to \nadvertise the business, climate, and tourist attractions of their \n"junction city." \n\nThere are a number of small hotels, but the Broom is the prin- \ncipal hotel in the city, as the Standard and the Argus, daily and \nweekly, are the principal newspapers. \n\nThe waters of the Ogden river are conducted through the streets \nand used in the gardens and fields for irrigating purposes; in con- \nsequence, the city is in the midst of one great flower garden and a \nforest of fruit and shade trees. In the gardens are fruit trees of all \nkinds which bear abundantly, and in the fields are raised immense \ncrops of grain, hay and vegetables. \n\nOgden cation is one of the attractions in this vicinity. The \nscenery is grand and interesting. In places the granite walls rise \non each side 1,500 feet, and for a considerable distance not more \nthan 150 feet apart. About six miles from Ogden, up in the moun- \ntains behind the town, is a lovely little valley called "the Basin," \nwatered by mountain streams and covered with a luxuriant growth \nof grass. \n\nSix miles northwest of Ogden, near the railroad, is one of the \nmost valuable hot sulphur springs that we know of in the western \ncountry. A variety of bath accommodations and a good hotel are \nat the spring. \n\nB^^The continuation of our western tour from Ogden will be \nfound on page 160. \n\nggp^CROFUTT\'s Tours \xe2\x80\x94 No. 2, continues westward, via the \nCentral Pacific railroad \xe2\x80\x94 to Sacramento, San Francisco, Los \nAngeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, and Ensenada \xe2\x80\x94 \nDower California\xe2\x80\x94 with Side Tours to Yosemite valley, Big \nTrees, The Geysers, San Jose, Santa Barbara, Seal Rocks, Monterey, \nSanta Cruz, Coloma \xe2\x80\x94 where the first gold discovery was made \xe2\x80\x94 to \nShasta, over the Siskiyous, to Portland and all over the state \nof California. \n\n\n\nYou should see the fisheries of the Columbia river. They are immense. \n\n\n\n136 \n\n\n\nUTAH TERRITORY\xe2\x80\x94 RESOURCES. \n\n\n\n\nTHE I.ATE PRESIDENT BRIGHAM YOUNG. \n\n\n\nITtalt Territory \xe2\x80\x94 Called by the Mormons, the "Land of \nZion." We have already traveled over 100 miles in this territory, \nwhere strange stories are the gossip and stranger still the state of \nfacts, and it may be well to now take a hasty glance at its extent \nand resources. \n\nUtah extends from the 87th to the 42d parallel of north latitude \nand from the 109th to the 1 14th degree of west longitude, contain- \ning a superficial area of about 65,000 square miles, with an esti- \nmated population, according to Gov. West, of 210,000 (including \nIndians and Chinese), with an assessed valuation of $46,379,075. \nThis area includes large tracts of wild mountainous and barren \ncouutrv. At present most of the land under cultivation and the \nmeadow lands are along the base of the mountains, around the \nlakes and in the mountain valleys and are very productive when \nirrigated \xe2\x80\x94 grains, fruit and vegetables maturing readily and yield- \ning large returns \xe2\x80\x94 the aridity of the climate precluding the grow- \ning of crops In- any other means. \n\nFarm Products \xe2\x80\x94 Gov. West in his report to the Interior \ndepartment for 1888, estimates "our productions for the season, \n\n\n\nUTAH \xe2\x80\x94 RESOURCES. 137 \n\n\n\nfrom farm, garden and orchard" as follows, in bushels: Wheat, \n3,000,000; oats, 1,500,000; barley, 750,000; rye, 50,000; corn, 750,- \n000; plums, 50,000; peaches (a short crop), 150,000; pears, 75-.000; \napples (surplus), 200,000; Lucerne hay, 500,000 tons; Lucerne seed, \n500,000 pounds; potatoes, 00,000,000 pounds. \n\nMinerals \xe2\x80\x94 The total value of gold, silver, copper and lead \nmined in Utah from 1871 to 1888 was $133,442,310, coin standard. \nThe principal mines are in Summit, Beaver, Salt Lake, Tooele and \nWashington counties. Total average output of ore, 150,000 tons a \nyear, the greater portion of which is treated at the mills, smelters \nand other works in the territory and the balance shivjped to dis- \ntant markets. \n\nCoal \xe2\x80\x94 The coal-measures in the territory are of enormous \nextent, are all bituminous and of good quality. There is coal in \nevery county, but the bulk now mined is in the Weber and Pleasant \nvalley districts, which are producing about 220,000 tons annually. \n\nIron \xe2\x80\x94 This valuable mineral exists in almost unlimited quan- \ntities in Washington, Iron, Summit and Weber counties. \n\nSalt \xe2\x80\x94 "Saved by a pinch of salt" is an ancient chestnut. \nThe "pinch" could be very large in Utah, as salt is abundant in \nSan Pete and Sevier valleys, can be shoveled up in its crude state \non the shores of Salt lake and in the southern part of the terri- \ntory is found by the mountains in a remarkably transparent and \npure state. \n\nBesides the above, copper, zinc, cinnabar, antimony, brimstone, \nsaltpeter, gypsum, plumbago, roofing slate, granite of various tex- \nture and color; marble, variegated and plain; soda, fire-clay, red \nand white sandstone, limestone and kindred formations exist to an \nalmost unlimited extent. \n\nLive Stock \xe2\x80\x94 Cattle, horses and sheep\xe2\x80\x94 particularly the latter \xe2\x80\x94 \nare raised in large numbers in all parts of the territory. \n\nTimber \xe2\x80\x94 Is not very plentiful at accessible points, being mostly \nin the mountain cations and ravines, far away from the present \nlines of travel. \n\nFruiT \xe2\x80\x94 Of many varieties and in great quantities is raised \nsuccessfully in different parts of the territory. In the southern \ncounties are grown all the semi-tropical and many 1 ot the tropical \nfruits, while berries are abundant everywhere. \n\nClimate \xe2\x80\x94 The summers are warm and dry with only an occa- \nsional shower; the winters are mild and open. The fall of snow- \nis light in the valley and heavy in the mountains, the melting of \nwhich affords ample water for irrigating the foot-hills and valleys. \nThe air is very generally pure and clear, fogs and tornadoes are \nunknown, and the "blizzards" are a Dakota and Texas luxury \nnever experienced here. \n\nSETTLEMENT \xe2\x80\x94 Utah was first settled by whites in 1H47. On \nthe 24th of July, the advance guard of the Mormon emigration, \nnumbering 143 men, entered Salt Lake valley; five days later 150 \nmore men arrived under Capt. Brown, and on July Ml st Great \nSalt Lake City was laid out. \n\nAt that time the country belonged to the Republic of Mexico, \nbut by the treat}- of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, in 1848, it was ceded to \nthe United States. \n\n\n\nCrater Lake country should be set aside by Congress as a national park. See \ndescription in Tours No. 2. \n\n\n\nL38 GREAT SALT LAKE. \n\n\n\nLabor \xe2\x80\x94 .Supply and wages. Here we again quote Gov. West: \n\n"The past year has been an active and busy one throughout the territory. \nExtensive building has been going on in Salt Lake and Ogden cities, while in \nthe other cities and towns healthy growth and improvements are marked. \nLabor has been in demand and fully employed, commanding wages as follows: \n\nCarpenters, per day, $3.50; in strong demand; could employ more. \n\nJoiners, per day. $3. 50 to $4.50; in strong demand; could employ more. \n\nWood working machinists, per day. $3.50; scarce. \n\nWood turners, per day, $3.50; scarce. \n\n-Steam fitters and plumbers, per day, $4.00 to $4.50; scarce. \n\nMasons and bricklayers, per day, $4.00 to 54-5<>; stiff, fully employed in good \nweather. \n\nEngineers (stationary), per day, 53.00. \n\nStonecutters, per day, \xc2\xa34.00 to $4.50; in good demand. \n\nBlacksmiths and shoers, in town, per day, S3. 00 to $3.50. \n\nBlacksmiths and shoers, in camp, $4.00; in good supply, no surplus. \n\nPlasterers, per day, $3.00 to $3,50; fully employed. \n\nSlaughterers, per month, $60 to 5o": all employed, n<> surplus. \n\nTailors, per week. $15 to $20; scarce. \n\nBakers, per month, $45 to $50. \n\nMiners, per day, $3.50 to $4 00; well employed. \n\nLaborers, per day, 51.75 to 5j.oo; billy employed. \n\nMasons\' tenders, per day, $2.00; fully employed. \n\nFarm hands, per month, 530, with board: in good demand. \n\nCattle and sheep herders, per month, $30 to $40, with board; in good demand. \n\nCigar makers, per week, 520 to 535. \n\nPainters, per day, S3-\' 1 " to|4.oo; frequently scarce." \n\n\n\nWe would suggest, however, to those coming to Utah seeking \nemployment to bring along a little money, so in case 110 satisfac- \ntory employment is readily found in the valley towns they can be \nable to pay their way into the mining regions. And above all, be \nhonest, sober, industrious and mind your ori\'ii business and you \ncannot fail of success. \n\n\n\n"All aboard for Salt Lake City!" is now the command. The \ntrain stands beside the one we arrived upon, and is branded \n"Utah CENTRAL Railway." It is the pioneer local road of \nUtah; May 17th, LSI 19, just one week after the driving of the last \nspike uniting the tracks of the Union and Central Pacific railroads \nat Promontory, ground was broken at Ogden by President Brigham \nYoung, assisted by the hy-iu tilliaims of the Mormon Church. \nThe road was pushed rapidly to completion, and for many years \nafterwards was accounted to be the best paying railroad ever built. \n\nLeaving the depot the engineer runs ahead a piece, then backs \nup to half face and stands looking at the Weber river bridge. \nThe conductor surveys the vantage of the field and becoming sat- \nisfied the coast is clear, shouts to the engineer, "let-er-go, Bishop!" \nand away we do go over the bridge through a deep cut in the river \nbluff, and whirl around to the left upon the side of a sloping ex- \npanse of prairie rising gradually to the eastward from the waters of \n\nCiJroal Salt Lake \xe2\x80\x94 The mysterious dead sea of America. It \nis now on our right ten miles away; but in the next .*>0 miles our \nroad will gradually approach to within half a mile of its briny \nwaters. There it is spread out, glittering in the sunlight like a \nfield of burnished silver. Mile after mile it stretches away placid \nand motionless, as though no life had ever caused a vibration of \nits currents or given one restless impulse to its briny bosom. \nThere are a number of islands in the lake; the largest is Antelope \n(15 miles long and two miles wide), directly in Iront. The smaller \nare Carrington, Egg, Sheep\'s, Hot and Stansburv. On Antelope \nisland are a number of springs of fresh w r ater, and many trees and an \nabundance of shrubs and grass. \n\nOn some of the islands shrubs and grasses grow, but no springs \nof water have been found. \n\n\n\nDEAD SEA OF AMERICA. 130 \n\nSalt lake is 1:2<) miles in length by 45 miles in width, and is not \nknown to have any outlet, yet the Jordan, Weber, Ogden and Rear \nrivers empty into it a large volume of water, besides a score or \nmore of smaller streams. Some geologists claim that evaporation \nabsorbs the vast volume, but it is a noticeable fact \xe2\x80\x94 one in the \nwriter\'s memory \xe2\x80\x94 and one worthy of serious consideration, that \nsince the settlements have been made in the territory and the \nbosom of the earth has been turned by the plow, rendering the \nbarren wastes blooming and productive, the waters of the lake \nhave risen steadily, and now are over four feet higher than they \nwere :20 years ago. Fences which once enclosed fine meadow land \non the south side of the lake in 1868, are just now\' peering above \nthe flood, marking its steady encroachment on the fertile bottom \nlands, and pointing to the evident fate of the farms adjoining. \nThe grand old mountains, particularly west from Ogden, bear \nunmistakable evidence of the water\'s presence far up their rocky \nsides. At what period of time the floods reached that altitude, or \nwhether those mountains were lifted from their present level of the \nlake by volcanic action and carried these water-lines with them \nare questions no one can answer. [The story related of old Jim \nBridger, the trapper who lived in this western country since 1820 \nuntil his death ten years ago. may be related here. J For a number \nof years before his death "Jim" lived at Fort Bridger and was \nsubjected to a great many "interviews" by the curious. When \nquestioned in regard to the changes that had taken place in the \ncountry since he first visited it, he would say: "Do 5 - ou see that \nmountain there?" (one 500 feet high) "Well, sir, when I first came \nhere the place where it stands was a hole in the ground." Now \ncomes the query: Do the mountains grow or the waters recede? \n\nThere have been many analyses made of the waters of the \n(ireat Salt lake, all of them agreeing that it is a solution consist- \ning of chloride of sodium or common salt, or sulphates of silver, \npotash, alum and the chloride of magnesium. The following com- \nparison of solid contents and specific gravity may be of interest: \n\nSolid contents \xe2\x80\x94 per cent. Specific Gravity; \n\nGreat Salt Lake water 13.8 1.107 \n\nDead Sea water 21.0 1.116 \n\nOcean water 3.5 1.026 \n\nOne of the most recent reliable analyses of the waters of the \nGreat Salt lake, by Prof. O. D. Allern, of New Haven, Conn., \ngave the following results: \n\nSolids\xe2\x80\x94 per cent. \n\nChloride of sodium 79.11 Sulphate of potassa 3.5S \n\nChloride of magnesia 9.95 sulphate of lime 0.57 \n\nSulphate of soda 6.22 j Excess of chlorine 0.57 \n\nTotal 100.00 \n\nOnward goes our train, while we have been making a study \nof the lake, noting the highly cultivated farms on each side and \nviewing the Wasatch mountains on the left, it has rattled along. \nKaysville, Farmiiigtoii and Cciilreville. \n\nThese are all Mormon agricultural towns embowered in fruit \ntrees, as nearly every house in Utah is situated in the midst of an \norchard or garden. \n\nThese towns are provided with irrigating ditches, with water \nfrom the mountain reservoirs, running through all the streets and \nover all the grounds. Some of these streams are sufficiently large \nto run saw and flouring-mills, the water first doing duty at the \nmills and then in the fields. \n\n\n\nrr \n\n\n\n140 \n\n\n\nVIEW IN SALT LAKE CITY. \n\n\n\nBo u 11 ti fill \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Is a pretty lit- \ntle village near \nthe station of \nWood\'s Cros- \nsing, and like \nall Mormon \ncities, towns and \nhamlets is hid \naway in a pro- \nfusion of foliage. \nThe course of \nour road from \nOgden to Salt \nLake City is al- \nmost due south, \nwhile the Wa- \nsatch mountains \nfor 80 miles des- \ncribe a huge \ncircle in the \nmiddle to the \neastward. The \nlower point of \nthis circle we are \nfast approach- \ning, and will \nreach it in about \ntwo miles, just \nat the point of \nthe mountains \nahead where the \nsteam is rising, \nopposite a large \nbuilding on the \nright \xe2\x80\x94 " Beck\'s \nHot Spring" \nbath houses. \nJnst under that \nhuge rock boils \nup the spring; \nit\'s hot, it\'s very \nhot.\' There is \nno failure of hot \nwater here the \nj year around \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe why? we query, particularly as Ensign peak, the "Mount \nof Prophecy, " where the late prophet Brigham Young was wont \nto wrestle with the Lord, rises directly from the spring to an \naltitude of 1,200 feet above the valley. Can he have had anything \nto do with it? \n\nIn thinking over these things we have given the bath houses \nthe go-by, as nearly everybody does, and have passed on the right \nHot Spring lake, where the first view of Salt Lake City appears \nahead. \n\n\n\n\nm 1 >on\'t fool yourself by thinking that you are going west to find fools. \n\n\n\nSALT LAKE CITY \xe2\x80\x94 UTAH. 141 \n\n\n\n" What Hotel!" you ask? Well, there are a score of them here, \nand all good in proportion to their charges. The principal hotels \nare : Walker, Cullen, Continental, Metropolitan, Cliff, White, \nValley and Palace. The charges grade downwards from $3 to \n$1.50 per day. \n\n"Buss" lines \xe2\x80\x94 Two of them take passengers to and from the \ndepot and hotels for 25 cents each, passenger and baggage. Street \ncars can be found just at the entrance of the depot, that run \npast nearly all the hotels. Fare, five cents. \n\n\n\nHalt L<ilkC City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 32,000; elevation, 4,350 feet]- \xe2\x80\x94 or "Zion," \nas the city is often called by the Mormon faithful, is one of the \nmost beautiful and pleasantly located of cities. It is situated at \nthe foot of a spur of the Wasatch mountains, the northern limits \nextending on to the "bench" or upland which unites the plain \nwith the mountain. \n\nThe streets are 132 feet wide (including sidewalks 20 feet wide), \nbordered with shade-trees and laid out at right angles. Along each \nside of the street is a clear cold stream of water from the moun- \ntain canons, which, with the numerous shade trees, fruit orchards \nand gardens surrounding every residence, give the city an indescrib- \nable air of coolness, comfort and repose. \n\nSalt Lake City is the seat of Salt Lake county and the capital \nof the territory, and is nine square miles in extent. It has 21 \nwards within its limits, and is the terminus of four railroads. It \ncontains some fine business blocks, hotels and private residences. \n\nThe Mormon Church, besides those who officiate at the taber- \nnacle, has a bishop located in every ward of the city, who holds \nward meetings regularly. The other churches hold services in \n14 places in the city. The Masons have five lodges in the \ncity; the Odd Fellows four; G. A. R. one; K. of F. three. A. O. \nU. W. one. There is one opera house, one theater and one \nmuseum. There are eight halls, four hospitals and three ceme- \nteries. Of sampling and smelting works, seven; woolen-mills, one; \nplaniug-mills, seven; flour-mills, five; tanneries, one; foundry and \nmachine works; seven; breweries, four, and 22 miscellaneous \nmanufactories. \n\nThere are six banks and bankers, 17 hotels, three daily and five \nweekly newspapers. \n\nOf general and special stores, shops, livery stables, restaurants, \nsaloons, etc., the city is well provided. Salt Fake City has an \nenergetic Board of Trade of 200 members, water works, an efficient \nfire department, horse railroads, electric light, telephone, etc., \nand, in fact, all the modern improvements of the age, and some \ndo say, "a few of the tricks of ye old prophets." And it may be \nsome of the citizens have a mote in their eye. \n\nIn the wholesale jobbing line Salt Lake City has several \nestablishments that would do credit to any city in the Union, par- \nticularly the Z. C. M. F, as it is called for short \xe2\x80\x94 " Zion\'s Co- \noperative Mercantile Institution." They own and occupy a build- \ning built of brick, 318 feet long and 53 feet in width, three stories \nand cellar, all finished throughout in the best manner. It also \nhas a number of warehouses built of iron, stone and brick, one of \nwhich is 195 feet by 25 feet. \n\nThe Chinook language is in common use among all the Indian tribes, as a \ntrading language, in the Puget Sound country. \n\n\n\n142 \n\n\n\nMORMON TEMPLE \xe2\x80\x94 AND TABERNACLE. \n\n\n\n\nmwmmmt \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis "institution" is \nowned and conducted by \nthe most wealthy men \nbelonging to the Mormon \nChurch. It has branches \nin nearly every Mormon \ncity, town and village in \nUtah, and besides its \nwholesale department, \ndoes an immense retail \ntrade. This establishment \nmanufactures or deals in \nalmost-everything in every \nline or branch of business. \nWhat the Z. C. M. I have \nnot got you need not look \nfor in Utah. \n\nThe Temple is usually \nabout the first object of \ninterest that a traveler \nmormon sign\xe2\x80\x94 common in 1870. looks for on arriving in \n\nSalt Lake City. The building is not yet completed, but work is \nprogressing steadily and is now up about 60 feet. The dimensions \nof the foundations are 186 J x 99 feet. The site of the temple is \nin the center of the city on the bench laud, and the eastern half \nof what is known as "Temple Block," \xe2\x80\x94 the tabernacle and \nassembly building being on the western half. [See page /#d.) \n\nThe temple building is of white granite from Little Cottonwood \ncanon; was commenced February 14, 1853, and will cost when \ncompleted not less than $10,000,000. \n\nThe Tabernacle is an immense building \xe2\x80\x94 the first object one \nbeholds on approaching the city. The building is oblong in shape, \nhaving a length of 250 feet from east to west, by 150 feet in width. \nThe roof is supported by 46 columns of cut sandstone, which with \nthe spaces between used for doors, windows, etc., constitute the \nwall. From these pillars or walls, the roof springs in one unbroken \narch, forming the largest self-sustaining roof on the continent, \nwith one notable exception, the Grand Union depot, New York. \nThe ceiling of the roof is 65 feet above the floor. In one end of \nthis egg-shaped building is the organ, the second in size in Amer- \nica. The tabernacle is used for church purposes as well as other \nlarge gatherings of the people and will seat 8,000 people. \n\nThe residence of the late President Brigham Young and his \ntomb, the tithing house, printing office and business offices con- \nnected with the church, occupy one entire block, directly east from \ntemple block, in a very commanding position. This block and \nalso temple block are surrounded by walls of concrete, near five \nfeet thick and eight feet high, with large sliding gateways and \ndoors \xe2\x80\x94 should a moat and drawbridge be added, we would have \nright here the counterpart of one of those feudal castles of "ye \nolden times" \xe2\x80\x94 on a small scale. \n\n\n\nFort Douglas \xe2\x80\x94 A military post, established October 26, 1862, \nby Gen. E. P. Connor, 3d Regiment of CaliforniaYolunteer Infantry, \nis situated on the "bench" or sloping upland at the base of moun- \ntains, three miles distant, overlooking the city, and affords a fine \n\n\n\nJ \n\n\n\nSALT LAKE CITY, UTAH. 143 \n\nview of the country to the west, south and northwest. Latitude, \n40 deg. 4(5 min. 2 sec; longitude, 111 deg. 53 miu. 34 sec. \n\nCol. M. M. Blunt, 16th Infantry, is in command. It is the \nheadquarters of the 16th Infantry, and garrisoned by companies B, \nD, E, G, H and I, and by company B, of the 21st Infantry, and \n5th Artillery, light battery D. \n\nCapitol Grounds\xe2\x80\x94 To the legislature of 1888 \xe2\x80\x94 a most com- \nmanding and beautiful site of 20 acres, situated in the north- \nern part of Salt Lake City, was tendered to the territory by the city \nupon which to erect capitol buildings. The site overlooks the city \nand valley. The gift was accepted, a board of capitol commission- \ners appointed, and $25,000 appropriated for the improvement of \nthe grounds and for the procuring of plans and specifications of \nthe buildings to be erected; the plans and specifications to be sub- \nmitted to the next legislative assembly. \n\nExposition \xe2\x80\x94 The City of Salt Lake, in a communication made \nto the legislative assembly in 1888, tendered to the territory ten \nacres of ground within the city limits for exposition and fair \nground purposes. The generous gift was accepted by the territory \nand $20,000 appropriated to erect permanent buildings. The board \nof directors of the fair association, with commendable promptness \nand energy, selected the ground, completed a building, and held \ntheir first fair in the fall of the same year. \n\nReal Estate \xe2\x80\x94 in Utah, has never had a "boom," and prob- \nably never will; there can be nothing to make one. The growth \nof the Utah cities has been gradual, and real estate has advanced \naccordingly, and is now held firm. Salt Lake City is chiefly \nsupported by its agricultural and stock-raisiug industries and \nthe tourist travel. Situated as it is, "between two fires," so \nto speak, with heavy manufacturing establishments east of the \n"Rockies" and on the Pacific coast; with the railroads always \nseeking the "long haul" \xe2\x80\x94 there can be little inducement for one \nto establish more manufactories in Utah than will supply home \ndemands: But there are two kinds of industries that it will \npay to engage in. They will create more wealth in Utah and \nSalt Lake City than could be done by transferring all the manu- \nfactories of Massachusetts to the valley of Utah. \n\nThese industries are systematic mining, and raising, shipping, \ndrying and canning fruit. \n\nThe mines of Utah are many and contain inexhaustible treas- \nure-houses of wealth, and are only waiting for well directed capital \nand brawny arms to pour forth their millions. \n\nThe valleys of Utah can produce fruit of all kinds fully equal to \nany raised in California and Oregon. Then, allowing the freight \ncharges to be the same as from the coast, there is every reason \nto expect a demand in the east for Utah fruit, which will consume \nall that can be raised should the business be pushed to the full \ncapacity of the acreage adapted to that purpose in the territory. \n\nAs we have shown in another place, Utah produced for 1888 \nof four kinds of fruits \xe2\x80\x94 -apples, peaches, pears and plums \xe2\x80\x94 175,000 \nbushels. The yield can be extended to a million, and then not \noverstock the markets. \n\nNewspapers\xe2\x80\x94 These mighty levers of civilization are repre- \nsented in Salt Lake City by the Neu \'S, church organ; Tribune, \nstrong fl;///-Mornion and the Herald, a kind of \xe2\x80\x94 don\'t know; each \npublished daily and weekly. \n\n\n\n144 SALT LAKE CITY \xe2\x80\x94 VICINITY. \n\n\n\nThe Tribune is the only "Gentile" netvspaper ever started in \nUtah, that proved to be a success, either financially or otherwise, \nand that success is chiefly due to its versatile editor, Judge Good- \nwin, who is a writer of rare ability and long experience in the \nwestern country; always presenting his views plainly and with a \nconcise and chemical nicety peculiarly his own. Without his \ninteresting pen-labors, the last requiem of the Tribune would \nhave been recorded in history long ago, together with scores of \nothers who have gone before \xe2\x80\x94 keeping the trail hot. \n\nThe Warm Springs, where are located the city baths, are one \nmile north of the city, at the base of the mountains, and can be \nreached by street cars. The baths are patronized to some extent, \nby invalids, who visit them for health, relying on their medicinal \nqualities to remove their ailments. Were they kept more cleanly \nthey would deserve to be largely visited by citizens and travelers. \nThe following is an analysis of the water, as made by Dr. Charles \nT. Jackson, of Boston: \n\nThree fluid ounces of the water on evaporation to entire dry- \nness in a platina capsule gave 8. 25 grains of solid, dry, saline \nmatter. \n\nCarbonate of lime and magnesia 0.240 1.280 \n\nPeroxide of iron 0.040 0.208 \n\nLime \xc2\xb0-545 2-9\xc2\xb07 \n\nChlorine 3-454 18.421 \n\nSoda 2 - 8 77 I5-348 \n\nMagnesia 0.370 2.073 \n\nSulphuric acid 0.703 3.748 \n\n8.229 43-9 81 \n\nIt is slightly charged with hydro-sulphuric acid gas and with \ncarbonic acid gas, and is a pleasant saline mineral water, having \nvaluable properties belonging to saline sulphur springs. The \nusual temperature is 102 degrees Fahr. \n\nJordan River \xe2\x80\x94 This stream which borders Salt Lake City \non the west, is the outlet of Utah Lake, which lies about 40 miles \nsouth. It empties into the great Salt lake, about 12 miles north- \nwest of the city. \n\nC.arfiELD is an old bathing place on the lake that has in late \nyears been charged with new life \xe2\x80\x94 but wait ! We are going out \nthere. \n\nLake Park \xe2\x80\x94 Is another resort situated on the east side of Salt \nlake mid-way between Salt Lake City and Ogden. It is a child of \nthe D. & R. G. W. railway. \n\nClimate \xe2\x80\x94 Ah, here we are ! Everywhere we go we hear about \nthe climate, even at San Diego; but really the climate of Salt Lake \nvalley is lovely. We do not own a foot of soil on the face of the \nearth; we have no interest in any city, town or village in the \nwhole world; we are a cosmopolitan, yet were we compelled to se- \nlect one place before another to await the running out of the \nsands of life, we should certainly take into consideration this land \nof mothers-in-law. \n\nThe mean temperature is 74 degrees. The air is soft, pure, \nsunny and balmy, conducive to man\'s physical well-being. One \nauthority says: "A climate not surpassed by that of any portion \nof the country, where the rays of the summer sun are tempered by \nthe cool breezes from the canons, and the severity of the winter is \nsoftened by the mountains which shelter the valleys." \n\nLook out for Crofutt\'s new book. \n\n\n\n\nmULTONOMRH FRLLS. \n\n\n\nSEE Page 228. \n\n\n\nPACIFIC NATIONAL BANK, \n\nTACOMA, W. T. \n\n\n\nCAPITAL, $100,000. SURPLUS, $40,000. \n\nC. P. Masterson, President. T. B. Wallace, Vice-President. \n\nL. R. Manning, Cashier. \n\nDirectors :\xe2\x80\x94 C. P. Masterson, J. P. Stewart, W. D. Tyler. \n\nT. B. Wallace, I.. A. Manning. \n\n\n\nTransacts a general banking business. Issues Drafts and buys Exchange \non all points in United States and foreign countries. Accounts of Banks. Cor- \nporations and Individuals received on favorable terms. Superior Facilities \nin Every Branch. \n\n\n\nA. Kew of ttie many Kclitorial Opinions \nof ttie Tours. \n\n\n\nMr. Geo. A. Crofutt lias issued a new edition of "Overland \nTours." It is a 256 page book; it describes every point on 8,000 \nmiles of travel, and covers the country traversed by the Union \nPacific, D. & R. G., Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe and Central \nand Southern Pacific and their kindred roads, making a traveler\'s \nencyclopedia of nearly the whole West. It merges in one volume \na perfect guide book and a book of travels. If one picks it up for \ninformation he will find himself forgetting what he was seeking \nfor in following through an enchanting story; if he searches for \nsomething to interest himself with he will be sure to stumble upon \nhalf a dozen important facts of which he was before ignorant. The \nwonder grows all the time how so much could be condensed in a \nform so compact and pleasing. It contains the field notes of a \nmathematical eye, taking a bird\'s eye view of half a continent. It \nis a mental topographical map of a country tour times as large as \nthat covered by Hayden and Wheeler\'s surveys. It is a work on \nmining, and railroading and city building ; then, too, it is illus- \ntrated with just such pictures as naturally would come when a writer \nwas describing rugged nature in all its moods and the kind of men \nthat go out, and grasping with the mountain fastnesses subdue \nthem, and bring them under dominion. It is the very perfection \nof art in a guide book.- Judge Goodwin in Salt Lake Tribune, \nMay 20. \n\nGeo. A. Crofutt\' s latest contribution to that department of \nliterature and information in which he has so long been distin- \ntiuguished, is entitled "Crofutt\'s Overland Tours." * * ;: " * \nThis bare statement of the country traversed suggests a varied \nscenery of mountains, and lakes, and rivers, and valleys, and grain \nfields, and orange groves and vineyards that of itself is at once a \ncharm and a delight. Any work that presents a written descrip- \ntion and pictured representation of so wide an extent of country \nof so varied attractions must be at once valuable and interesting. \nThe book is profusely illustrated, and the illustrations are executed \nwith rare skill. The work is of special value to travelers and \ntourists.\xe2\x80\x94 Dailv News, Dearer, Col. \n\n\n\nutah side Tours. 145 \n\n\n\nConnection\xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Utah Central from Ogden to the north and Frisco \non the south; the Utah & Nevada from thewest, and the Denver & Rio Grande \nWestern from both north and south. \n\n\n\nBuilding \xe2\x80\x94 There are two railroads building \xe2\x80\x94 The Salt Lake & \nFort Douglas, and the Salt Lake & Eastern. \n\nProspective Railroads \xe2\x80\x94 There are quite a number of these: \nfrom the east the Midland, the Atchison-Topeka, the Missouri \nPacific and the "Burlington" have all been named, and to the west \nthere are a number, among which is the Salt Lake & Los Angeles. \n\nIt is doubtful whether all these projected lines will be built. \nSome will; but, as the old lady remarked, "my first love is good \nenough for me." \n\n\n\nfigg"" Mormon Towns \xe2\x80\x94 On our tours through Utah, we shall \npass many Mormon cities, towns and villages \xe2\x80\x94 life is too short \nto describe them all \xe2\x80\x94 and as the description of one would be \nthe same for all, with seldom an expection, a general description \nmust do. They are invariably embowered in the trees and located \non some stream near the base of the mountains where the water \ncan be turned into canals and ditches, to be conducted through the \nstreets, orchards, gardens and fields for irrigating purposes, as no \nattempt is ever made to raise anything in Utah without irrigation. \nEvery residence is in the midst of its fruit orchard and garden. \nMany times an old rusty tumble-down cabin will be surrounded \nby valuable orchards, gardens, vines and flowers, almost hiding it \nfrom view. Each place has its meeting-house and schools, \npresided over by a bishop, who exercises a general supervision \nover their people\'s spiritual welfare. At nearly every place is \nlocated a branch store of the great wholesale house in Salt Lake \nCity, the Zion\'s Co-operative Mercantile Institution, where all can \ntrade and sell their products and get credit when worthy. Saloons \nare few in number, some towns there are none, in others only \nbeer is sold. \n\nWith few exceptions the people are all engaged in agriculture, \nhorticulture, lumbering and raising cattle, sheep and horses. \n\nHorses, late years, are the only teams in use on the farms. \n\nUTAH SIDE TOURS. \n\n\n\nSide Tour So. 8 \xe2\x80\x94 From Salt Lake City to Provo, Pay- \nson, Santaquin, Juab, Milford and Frisco \xe2\x80\x94 with Detours \nto Little Cottonwood Canon, Tintic and Silver City. \n\nWe take the Utah Central, the same that we come down \nupon from Ogden. It extends south 243 miles, which distance \nwill be covered by this tour. There are two passenger trains a day \nto Juab, 105 miles, and one "mixed" train from that place to the \nend of the road at Frisco, 130 miles further. \n\nWe take the morning train at 7:20 and proceed southward, \nthrough the suburbs of the city, passing the Morgan smelter in \nsix miles and the Francklyn and Germania within the next \nthree miles. These smelting works are running night and day, \nturning out an immense amount of wealth in bullion bars. \n\nGarden Spot \xe2\x80\x94 We are now in the midst of Jordan valley, the \ngarden spot of Utah. Here is the largest, finest and most pro- \nductive valley in the territory. \n\n\n\n14\'i DETOUR \xe2\x80\x94 LITTLE COTTdNWiioi) CANON. \n\n\n\nThe country here shows what irrigation is doing for it; there \ncan be no finer lands and crops than are here found. In every \ndirection the land is covered with a labyrinth of canals and ditches, \nconducting the essence of life to all vegetation beneath them, and \nliterally causing the land to flow with "milk and honey." \n\nBillgliaill Jlim\'liOIl \xe2\x80\x94 [From Salt Lake City, r2 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Two \nbranch lines of the D. & R. G. Western lead off from this junc- \ntion, one to the east, the other to the west. The branch for the \nwest crosses the Jordan river and runs directly for the Oquirrh \nrange of mountains at Bingham canon, just at the mouth of which \nis situated Bingham City, with a mining population of about 2,000. \n\nThe branch for the east makes directly for the mountains and \nturns up Little Cottonwood Canon eight and a half miles to \nWasatch, the end of the steam road, from which a tram road \nof three-foot gauge, operated by broad gauge mules, extends on \nup to AlTa\xe2\x80\x94 [seven and a half miles], a noted mining town, where \nis located the once famous Little Emma mine. For a day\'s rue in \nsummer, from Salt Lake City, there is no trip that can be made \naffording as many and varied objects of interest as one to Alta. \nWhen we last visited Alta, in 1S74, it was a "booming" business \ntown, but litigation connected with the leading mines in the \nvicinity, has tended to paralyze all business enterprises. Hence, \nin a short detour up Little Cottonwood we speak chiefly of its \nscenic attractions. \n\nFirst Detour\xe2\x80\x94 Leaving the junction our train turns to the \neast directly for the Wasatch mountains, leaving the old Flagstaff \nsmelting works to the left, just above the station. The grade is \nheavy, the soil is stony and covered more or less with sage-brush \nand traversed by irrigating ditches conveying the water to a more \nproductive and less stony soil below. \n\nMagnificent Landscape\xe2\x80\x94 Nearing the mountains, about six \nmiles from the junction, we come to a deep gorge on the left, \nthrough which Little Cottonwood creek has worn its way to the \nvalley. From this point we bear away to the southward around \na low butte, then turn again to the east and northward and run \nalong on an elevated plateau where a most beautiful view can be \nhad. On the west, the Jordan valley in all its magnificent shades \nof o-reen and gold is at our feet, with the brown old mountains \nbordering the horizon in the distance. To the north, 1"\xc2\xbb miles \naway over as beautiful a succession of little streams, well culti- \nvated fields, white cottages, orchards and gardens as are to be \nfound within the same number of miles in America sleeps "Zion" \xe2\x80\x94 \nin full view, embowered in green, with the dome of the monster \nTabernacle glistening like some half-obscured "silver moon" sink- \ning at the mountain base; while far beyond and more to the west- \nward lies the Great Salt lake \xe2\x80\x94 a mysterious problem. Away to \nthe south is Utah lake, looking like one large sheet of burnished \nsilver, surrounded by a net-work of green and gold, while to the \neast looms up towering granite walls cleft from summit to base, \nforming a narrow gorge only sufficiently wide to allow our little \nroad to be built beside a little rippling creek of crystal water. \n\nRolling along our train rounds the head or a ravine, through \na deep cut, passes the old Davenport smelting works 011 the left, \nenters the mouth of the canon between great walls of granite, \ncrosses and recrosses the little creek, and soon stops at \n\n\n\nLITTLE COTTONWOOD CANON, UTAH. 147 \n\nWasatch \xe2\x80\x94 The end of the steam road, eight and a half miles \nfrom the junction. This is a small station with post office, store \nand a few dwellings, containing a population of about 100, most of \nwhom are engaged in the stone quarries near the station. \n\nAt Wasatch all the granite is got out and shaped for the tem- \nple in Salt Lake City. The stone is the best yet discovered in the \nterritory, being of close, fine grain, of light gray color, and of \nbeautiful bird\'s-eye appearance. The granite on the south side ap- \npears much darker than that on the north side of the canon. \n\nFrom almost every nook and crevice of these mountain cliffs \xe2\x80\x94 \nfrom the station away up the canon \xe2\x80\x94 grow small pines, cedars, \nferns, and mosses, which, in connection with the gray walls, snow- \ncapped mountains, glistening waterfalls, pure air and golden sun, \npresents a picture of rare beauty. \n\nJust to the east of the station on the left, away up on a pro- \njecting cliff 1,000 feet above the little creek, stands a granite col- \numn which measures 60 feet in height from the pedestal-like \ncliff on which it stands. On each side of this column and reced- \ning from its base is a little conservatory park, filled with nature\'s \nevergreens and surrounded and protected on three sides and on \ntop with cliffs and rocks and towering pines. Finding that this \ngranite column was nameless, we named it "Humphry\'s Park," in \nhonor of an old friend, once in charge of this railroad. \n\nAt Wasatch passengers "change cars," taking those of about \nthe size of ordinary hand-car, fitted up with seats that will -accom- \nmodate about nine persons besides the knight of the whip, who \nchirrups the "broad gauge mules." \n\nAbout a half-mile above the station we enter the snow sheds, \nwhich will continue for nearly seven miles to Ai/TA, at the head of \nLittle Cottonwood canon. The end of the tram is on the side of \nthe mountain about 200 feet above the town of Alta and about \n1,000 feet below the mouth of the celebrated Little Emma Mink \non the slope of the mountain; and, by the way, on the visit above \nreferred to, we saw a very novel contrivance being used by the \nEmma Co. The snow was several feet deep and the ore was \nbeing hauled down to the depot in drags. The drags consisted of \na green ox hide. The ore is first sewed up in sacks of 100 pounds \neach, then placed on the hide which has loops around the edge, \nand when 15 of these sacks are in position a rope is run through, \nthe loops in the hide the edges drawn close together, then a mule \nis hitched to the head portion of the hide\xe2\x80\x94 with the hair outwards \n\xe2\x80\x94 and a brake to the tail. The brake is of iron, shaped like a \nhorse-shoe, with teeth that drag through the snow, holding back. \n\nIn coming down the hill the driver stands on the hide, but \nwhen it becomes necessary on account of heavy grade to "down \nbrakes,"\' the driver changes his position and stands on the horse- \nshoe instead of the hide. \n\nSnow Sheds \xe2\x80\x94 As stated above, the snow sheds are seven miles \nin length and are built in various styles of architecture, more for \nbusiness than beauty, the style being adapted according to circum- \nstances. However, they are in all places constructed of heavy \nmaterials\xe2\x80\x94 rock, round or sawed timber and built in the most sub- \nstantial manner. In one place they are in the shape of a letter A, \nsharped-peaked; in another nearly upright on each side, one \nside higher than the other with a sloping roof. Again the lower- \n\n\n\n1-18 DOWN JORDAN VALLEY. \n\n\n\nhill side is built with a little slope toward the up-hill side and long \nheavy timbers from the top of these uprights, slope up the moun- \ntain sides resting on a solid foundation, leveled to a uniform grade \nfor that purpose. Where the latter plan has been adopted there is \ndanger from snowslides which are more likely to occur, in fact \nhave occurred, a number of times since the sheds were constructed \nand each time the snow, rocks and trees from the side of the \nmountain rushed over the sheds into the canon below without \ncausing any damages to the shed or road. \n\nThe principal mines near Alta are the Emma, Flagstaff, Grizzly, \nNabob, Kate Hays, Consolidated Alta, Laramie and Prince of \nWales. Besides these are over 1,800 others located within five miles. \n\nSeveral of these mines are being worked, a few are in litigation \nand idle, the balance are controlled by " Micawbers." \n\nTo the north over the mountain, two miles, is Big Cottonwood \ncanon and creek; beyond, five miles, Park City; to the south three \nmiles, is the Miller mine, at the head of American fork; three \nmiles east by trail, is Crystal lake, a beautiful sheet of water, fine \npicnic grounds, the angler\'s paradise. \n\nBig Cottonwood Canon \xe2\x80\x94 Is also a very attractive mineral \nand scenic locality, as are man}\' other canons in the Wasatch range \nconvenient to reach from Salt Lake City in half a day\'s run. \n\nReturning to the junction, it is one mile to \n\nSandy\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 500; from Salt Lake City, 13 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Here are to be \nseen immense quantities of ore \xe2\x80\x94 ore in sacks, ore loose, by the car \nload, ore in warehouses 500 feet long, with a train unloading on \none side and another loading on the other; in fact this \xe2\x80\x94 before \nPark City \xe2\x80\x94 was the greatest shipping, smelting and sampling point \nin all Utah. \n\nAt Sandy are three sampling and two smelting works and a \nnumber of stores. \n\nSampling \xe2\x80\x94 Is testing such ores as are presented for that pur- \npose in quantities sufficient to enable the sampling company to \nascertain its value and to give certificates accordingly; the ore is \nthen bought by the smelters at certificate ratings. \n\n"Peanuts" \xe2\x80\x94 There are no regular news agents or "peanut \nboys" on the "Central." In their stead we find the train brake- \nman; in one case, 240 pounds of him, and the Chesterfield grace \nwith which he approached, "apples, peanuts," etc., is truly mar- \nvelous\xe2\x80\x94hands as delicate as the "flippers" of a sea lion, and a \nvoice \xe2\x80\x94 O! Le-Sook.\' \n\nDraper-[p op ., 750; from sandy, five miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Agriculture and horti- \nculture are the chief industries of this people, and also those of \nHkkkamon, a little hamlet to the left beside the mountains. The \nlandscape views from this place in every direction are very fine. . \n\nLeaving Draper our course is east, and after crossing South \nWillow creek turns more to the south and finally to the west, \nkeeping around the foot of the mountains, which here make a full \nhalf-circle. In the distance around there are many cuts and some \nhard work, and we queried why the road was built around when \nthe work was so heavy and the distance much further than across, \nwhere there was very little work to be done? In answer we were \ntold that President Brigham Young laid out the road around the \n\n\n\nSALT LAKE & WESTERN BRANCH. 149 \n\nside of the mountain by revelation. If that is a fact and the \nLord was really a partner of Brigham in the railroad business, we \nquery what was the firm-name? Which was the senior member? \nWhat was the rating of the firm? Was the firm dissolved by the \ndeath of Brigham? Bradstreet and Dun are both silent on the subject. \n\nThe lower point of the great curve is called the "Point of the \nMountain." At the point where the railroad is built around, the \ntrack is about 300 feet above a little park of a valley to the west, \nin which is located a hot spring, marked by a brown, burned patch \nof land and rising steam. \n\nAs our train curves around this point a most charming view \ncan be had; one of they?;/ est on the road. The valley is narrow; \nto the northward the view is unobstructed for 50 miles; to the south \nrests Utah lake, a gem in rich setting in the great lower basin. \n\nPassing through numerous cuts and around the point the train \ncurves again to the eastward, and starts again on another grand \ncurve around the rim of the basin in which are located a round score \nof hamlets and Utah lake in plain view. \n\nNearly opposite the "Point of the Mountain" away to the west- \nward is a low divide in the Oquirrh range, over which a branch \nroad leads to Tintic and Silver City, of which more anon. \n\nLelli Junction\xe2\x80\x94 [From Salt Lake City, 29 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is simply a junc- \ntion station from which trains arrive and depart over the Salt \nLake & Western, a branch of the Union Pacific Railway Co. \n\nDetour Second. \xe2\x80\x94 There is only one train each way a day over \nthe Salt Lake & Western, and that is a "mixed" train. We will take \na run to the end of the track, 53 miles distant. Turning west from \nthe station our train crosses the track of the D. & R. G. W. and \nthe Jordan river in the first mile, and gradually climbs a low divide \nof the western mountains and descends into Cedar valley. On the \nroute to the summit of this divide some magnificent landscape \nviews are to be had, particularly of Utah lake and the beautiful \nvalley beyond, half encircling it, backed still further by the lofty \nrange of the Wasatch mountains; as a study for an artist it is un- \nequalled in any land. Where is Mr. Bierstadt? \n\nCedar Fort \xe2\x80\x94 station \xe2\x80\x94 Is 15 miles west from Lehi Junction in \nabout the center of Cedar valley and on the old California emigrant \nwagon road \xe2\x80\x94 a road made historic by the Mountain Meadow \nmassacre. \n\nCedar Fort\xe2\x80\x94 town \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated to the northwest from the \nstation about three miles, close in beside and on the slope of the \nmountains, and contains a population of about 150. \n\nFairfield \xe2\x80\x94 on the site of old Camp Floyd, is two miles south \nfrom the station. Both Cedar Fort (town) and Fairfield are marked \nby groves of trees and cultivated fields, but for the want of water \nfor irrigation but a small portion of valley can be made produc- \ntive. Henceforth by this route stock-raising and mining are the \nonly occupations of the people. \n\nClimbing up onto another divide called Five Mile Pass, we \ndescend into Rush valley, but no cultivated land appears \xe2\x80\x94 all \nstock-raising; sheep principally. The town of Stockton is situated \nin the northern end of the valley, also Rush lake. \n\nThe country now is very broken with cedars and cedar knolls \non all sides. \n\n\n\n150 DETOUR \xe2\x80\x94 AMERICAN FORK CANON. \n\nBolter *n ill ill il [s reached 29 miles from Cedar Fort, from \nwhich our train descends into Tintic valley, through the cedars and \npine-clad ridges, five miles to \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0ronton \xe2\x80\x94 the junction of the Silver City and Tintic branches. \nThis station is the shipping point for Eureka, a progressive \nmining-town situated five miles to the northeast in a canon of the \nmountains, where are located a number of valuable silver mines. \nThe town contains a population of about 600. \n\nStages connect with all trains. \n\nTintic \xe2\x80\x94 Is four miles south from Ironton, in almost the cen- \nter of the valley. There are few settlers in the vicinity, and those \nare engaged in mining and stock-raising. \n\nThe soil of Tintic valley is rich and productive, but without \nwater for irrigation, hence no crops. \n\n\n\nSilver City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 50]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated four miles east from Iron- \nton, away up on the side of the mountain, reached by our train \nover a zig-zag road around the cedar and sage-brush knolls. In a \ngulch one mile to the north of the town is located the Mammoth \nmine, from which a large amount of ore is mined daily and shipped \nto the smelters in Salt lake valley. The town contains one store, \ntwo saloons, one very tall liberty pole, and, in the hour of our \nstay, one man and two dog fights. See preponderance of saloons! \n\nReturning to Lehi Junction we start again for the south. \n\nL<elli \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 4,100; from Lehi Junction, two miles].--Coutains, besides \nthe usual number of stores, etc., one flour-mill and an opera house, \ncapable of seating 900 persons. The city is embowered in fruit \ntrees, and all the land is under a high state of cultivation. Or- \nchards of fruit are on all sides. The Lehi is the principal hotel. \n\nLehi is situated on Utah lake and Dry Canon creek. There is \nno richer or more productive soil; everything grows to perfection, \nand in great abundance. The place is a typical Mormon town. \n\nAmerican Fork \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 4,400; fromEehi, three miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is called \nthe "gem" of the Mormon towns. It has all the characteristics \nof the most attractive Mormon settlements \xe2\x80\x94 fruit orchards, broad \nstreets bordered by rippling brooks, cozy homes, and apparently a \nhappy and contented people. The town is situated on Deer creek, \na rushing stream, which comes down the American Fork canon. \nWe should! we will! \xe2\x80\x94 it shall be called. \n\nDetour Third. \xe2\x80\x94 Stimulated by a mining "boom" at the head \nof Deer creek in 1872, a company constructed a narrow gauge \nrailroad up the American Fork canon 12 miles. Eight years after, \nthe "boom" having in the meantime subsided and the mines \n"played out," the rails were taken up and the line abandoned. \n\nBut carriages are to be had at the town of American Fork for a \ntrip up the canon, at reasonable charges, and in some respects they \nare far preferable to the cars. \n\nLeaving the station at American Fork, the road turns directly \nto the east, and follows up Deer creek, through a general assort- \nment of sage-brush, sand and boulders, for six miles to the mouth \nof the canon. On the way up, to the right, a fine view can be had \nof Mt. Aspinwall, rising from the lower range of the Wasatch to \nan altitude of 11,011 feet. \n\nFrom the mouth of the cation about two miles north is the \nlittle village of Alpine, containing about 250 agriculturists. \n\n\n\nTHE DEVIL IN UTAH. 151 \n\n\n\nEntering the canon the passag : is quite narrow between the \ntowering cliffs, which rise up in sharp peaks sheer 600 feet in \nheight, and leaving less than 100 feet between, through which the \nroad is built, and a sparkling stream conies tumbling down, each \ncrowding the other. The ascent in places is over 300 feet to the \nmile, and while we are rapidly climbing, the canon walls seem to be \nmuch more rapidly rising, and at a listance of one, two and three \nmiles gain an additional 500 feet to the mile, until in places the \npeaks are fully 2,500 feet above the creek and road. \n\nIn places these cliff walls are pillared and castelated granite; in \nothers, of slate, shale and conglomerate, in places seamed as \nthough built up from the bed of the canon by successive layers, \nsome as thin as a knife-blade, then varying to a foot or more; then \nagain the rocks have the appearance of iron slag or very dark lava \nsuddenly cooled, presenting to the observer every conceivable \nangle and many fantastic shapes, affording views and rapid \nchanges, kaleidoscopic in the extreme. Imagine then, this canon \nwith its pillars, ampitheaters, grottos, and its wild crags, peaks \nand needle-pointed rocks towering far above our road, overhang- \ning it in places, with patches of eternal snow in the gloomy gorges \nnear the summit, and clothed at all times in a mantle of green, \nthe pine, fir and cedar trees and shrubs growing in all the glens, \nnooks and gulches and away up on the summit; then countless \nmosses and ferns clinging to each crevice and seam where a root \nwill hold, together with the millions of flowers \xe2\x80\x94 in season \xe2\x80\x94 of \nevery hue; where the sun\'s rays are sifted through countless \nobjects on their way to the silvery, sparkling stream below with \nits miniature cascades and eddies. We say imagine all these things, \nand then yon will onl}\' have a faint outline of the wild and roman- \ntic, picturesque and glorious American Fork canon. \n\nProceeding on up \xe2\x80\x94 up around sharp crags under the very over- \nhanging mountains \xe2\x80\x94 we pass "Lion Rock" on the right, and \n"Telescope Peak " on the left. In the top of the latter is a round \naperture, through which the sky beyond can be plainly seen; this \nhole is called the "Devil\'s Eye." About three miles from the \nmouth of the canon on the left, is "Hanging Rock;" close above \non the same side, is a very large spring, and almost immediately \nopposite, the " Devil\'s Sled-runner, " an inverted vein of rock in \nthe side of the perpendicular cliff resembling a huge sled-runner. \nOn our first visit to this locality, seeing a Mormon boy fishing we \nasked him the name of this peculiar rock formation, and he \nanswered quickly, " the Devil\'s v Sled-runner. " Now, in our Tours \nin Utah thus far, we have seen the "Devil\'s Peak" and his \n"slide," and his "rocks," and his "station," and his "gate," \nand his "hole" and his "eye," and now we have his "sled-run- \nner." His trail is getting pretty hot, maybe we will overtake him \nyet. But we query zuhy the devil, the devil is thought to play the \ndevil so much in Utah. Can it be that he is astride his " sled-run- \nner" on the top of his "peak," loaded with "rocks" with his \n"eye" on his " station, " watching that none "slide" out of his \n"gate" without getting in his "hole?" \n\nIn conclusion we would say there are many other attractions \xe2\x80\x94 \nscenic, hunting, fishing, etc., along the canon and up Deer creek \nto its head in the high Wasatch mountains that will repay a visit. \nThus far the views and ride have been most grand and delightful, \nbeyond the powers of man with his gray goose quill to portrav, and \n\n\n\nL52 GRAND SCENERY \xe2\x80\x94 PROVO. \n\nwe say to you, make the tour of the American Fork, and our word \nfor it, it will live in pleasant memory while the sun of life descends \nupon a ripe old age. \n\nGigantic Amphitheatre \xe2\x80\x94 Looking to the eastward and south- \nward from the town of American Fork, a gigantic amphitheatre \nis presented; the mountains rise sheer 2,000 feet above the valley, \nin one immense semi-circle, marked and seamed and showing \nwater-lines, with benches and alcoves, and orchestra boxes, all in- \nterspersed with perpetual Christmas trees, and maybe with God\'s \ncelestial artillery playing around the summit of the gray old crags, \nwhich together present a scene of marvelous beauty and \ngrandeur. \n\nOver all to the southward, 50 miles away, rises Mt. Nebo to an \naltitude of 11,992 feet. \n\nPlea\xc2\xa7ailt Grove \xe2\x80\x94 [From American Forks, three miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is very \nappropriately named. It is situated close beside the moun- \ntain, where orchards of fine fruit are very numerous, bending the \nbranches of the trees to the ground where not supported artifici- \nally. It is situated on Battle creek, so named from a fight the \nearly settlers had here with Ute Indians. \n\nPassing Lake View, another pretty little hamlet, on our \n11 -mile tour around the arc of the basin, we reach the third city \nin size in Utah, \n\nProvo \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 4,240; from Salt Lake City, 45 miles; elevation, 4,517 feet]. \nIs the seat of Utah county. Was settled in 1849, and is an incor- \nporated city, with all the requisit municipal officers. It is situ- \nated just below the mouth of Provo canon on the east bank of \nUtah lake. The court house and public buildings of the city are \nvery good, and all kinds of business are represented here. The \nprincipal manufactories are the Provo woolen-mills, three flour \nand three saw-mills, an opera house, which cost $30,000. Provo \nhas its Chamber of Commerce and two weekly papers, the Ameri- \ncan and the Enquirer. The principal hotels are the American, \nCentral, Roberts and Excelsior. \n\nThe territorial insane asylum is located here and cost S12-">, 000. \nIt provides accommodations for 90 patients. \n\nProvo river, which is formed by numerous small streams to the \neastward, affords the best water-power of any stream in Utah. \n\nThe woolen-mill is a noted feature of the city; the buildings \nnumber four, are built of stone, four stories high, and cost com- \nplete ready for business $210,000. \n\nThe Mormons have a very capacious tabernacle, and the Meth- \nodists a fine church, and schools are ample. The Brigham Young \nacademy is located here, which was amply endowed by President \nBrigham Young some years before his death. \n\nProvo is not a bustling, "booming" city, and the traveler will \nsee very few of the citizetis around the depot \xe2\x80\x94 they have no time \nto idle away. Excepting those engaged in the mills above re- \nferred to the citizens are all farmers, fruit growers, gardeners, or \nengaged in raising cattle and sheep. Many of the large herds of \nsheep in Utah and Wyoming are owned by citizens of this city. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Besides the "Central," Provo is connected by rail north and \neastward, by the Denver & Rio Grande Western, and stage to Provo Valley, 20 \nmiles eastward. \n\n\n\nFISH, FROGS \xe2\x80\x94 MORMON TOWNS. 153 \n\n\n\nFish and Frogs \xe2\x80\x94 Five miles north of Provo, in Provo canon, \nis located a chain of artificial ponds three of which are completed \nand stocked with 500,000 mountain trout, and one more pond \nbuilding which will soon be completed, aggregating 15 acres, \nThe enterprise was commenced in 1SS7, and is owned by T. T. \nCornforth, of Denver, Col. The fish increased three-fold the first \nseason and are thriving finely. A hatchery is building, and an \nartesian well is being bored to supplement the waters of the Provo \nriver, and springs that now furnish water for the ponds. \n\nA pond specially designed for raising frogs is among the im- \nprovements contemplated for 1889. \n\nA visit to these trout ponds would be one quite interesting, if \nnot profitable, to make. \n\nLeaving Provo we continue our swing around the circle, through \nhay meadows and marshes alive with water-fowl, five miles to \n\nSprillgvillc \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,700]. \xe2\x80\x94 This place was named after a warm \nspring which flows from Hobble canon, above the town. Tbe \nwater from this spring is utilized to run a flouring-mill, whereby \nthe mill is enabled to run all seasons of the year. A woolen factory \nis also located here and the usual surroundings of a Mormon town. \nHobble creek canon on the east was so named by the Mormon \nemigrants who visited it in 1847, from finding a pair of old Spanish \nhobbles. From here the direction of our route is to the southwest. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Besides the "Central,\'\' with the D. & R. G. Western, \nfor north and east. \n\nSpanish Fork\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,100]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is another settlement five miles \nfurther to the south and east of our road, on Spanish Fork river \nembowered in foliage, fruit trees and vines. The people like those \nof Springville are mostly engaged in agricultural and pastoral \npursuits. Butter and cheese are quite a specialty with many of the \ncitizens; on the table-lands vineyards are numerous, and wine is \nmade to some extent. All kinds of grain, potatoes, corn, vegeta- \nbles, etc., thrive. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Besides the "Central," with the D. & R. G. Western \nand mail hack south to Salem, three and a half miles, six times a week. \n\n\n\nI I all Lake \xe2\x80\x94 which we have more than half encircled in our \nzig-zag tour, is a body of fresh water, 30 miles long and six miles \nwide; is fed by Provo river, American Fork, Spanish Fork, Hobble, \nSalt and Peteetweet creeks, having its outlet through Jordan river, \nwhich runs north and empties into Great Salt lake. Utah lake \nabounds in trout, mullet and chubs, and in the marshes along its \nshores, water fowl in great numbers. \n\n\n\nPaj\'SOII \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop,, 2,200; from Spanish Fork, eight miles; Salt Lake City, \n\n66 miles. \xe2\x80\x94 Is an incorporated town situated one and a half miles to \n\nthe left of the road at the base of the mountains. Besides the usual \n\nstores, etc., it has an opera house seating 800. The Eureka is the \n\nprincipal hotel. \n\nThe people appear to be well-to-do, and do not trouble them- \nselves much about the great problem, "Does the Hon. Mr. Peacock \neat with his knife, fork or fingers?" They raise fruit, live-stock \nand all kinds of farm produce, and are quite independent. Some \nore is hauled from the mountains to the southward, to this station, \nfor shipment north. \n\n"Round-ups\'\' to be published soon, in which the old man rounds up every \nbody and every thing in the west. \n\n\n\n1~>4 OVERLOOKED BY MT. NEBO. \n\nSpring Lake Villa \xe2\x80\x94 Three miles from Payson, nestling close \nin beside the mountain, and a little lakelet of similar name, is \nnoted for its fruit of various kinds, where is located an extensive \ncanning establishment. \n\nProceeding from Payson station, the valley gradually narrows \nand is nearly crowded out by the mountains and rim of the basin at \n\nSaiilaquiii \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,000]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated to the left beside the moun- \ntain and is the last settlement in Salt lake basin. Before the con- \nstruction of the railroad to Silver City and Tintic, this station was \nthe nearest point to the railroad from those places. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: West three times a week to Goshun, seven miles. \n\nFrom Santaquin our course is more to the southward, passing \nthrough a rough and broken country over the rim of the basin and \ndown into Juab valley. There are a great many deep springs in \nthis valley. A short distance after passing York (four miles from \nSantaquin i, to the right is a hot spring in which were found the \nbodies of the Aiken party, who were murdered there in 1857. \nTwelve miles from Santaquin brings us to \n\nMona \xe2\x80\x94 A small hamlet of about 400 settlers, situated at the \nimmediate western base of Mt. Nebo (altitude, 11,992 feet), the side \nof which is marked from the summit down by a pathway of slide \nsand, gray in color. \n\n\\cplli \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,500]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Juab county, situated on \nSan Pete river close to the southwestern base of Mt. Nebo. Besides \nthe usual complement of stores, etc., it has a flour-mill, a woolen \nfactory, an opera house, the Union hotel and the Ensign, a \nweekly newspaper. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: The San Pete Valley (narrow gauge) east and \nsouthward, connecting with all regular trains on the "Central" for Fountain \nGrken, 15 miles; Maroni, ten miles; and Chester four and a half miles; total, \n29 1 / 2 miles. \n\nFrom Maroni, daily mail stages run eastward to Mt. Pleasant, eight miles; \nthence north to Fairview, seven miles. \n\nFrom Maroni, southeast to Spring City (daily), seven miles. \n\nFrom Maroni, southwest to Wales, five miles, three times a week. \n\nFrom Chester, south daily, mail stages to Ephraim, seven miles; Manti, \nseven miles; Sterling, six miles; thence southwest to Gunnison, eight miles; \nthence south to Salina, 15 miles; Sigurd, ii miles;IRiCHFiELD, ten miles; Elsi- \nnore, seven miles; Monroe, five miles; thence three times a week to Marys- \nville, 15 miles; Panguitch, 52 miles. \n\nFrom Sterling, south three times a week, to Mayfield, six miles. \n\nFrom Gunnison, north three times a week, to Fayette, six miles; thence west \nto Dover, three miles. \n\nThe Juab valley commences near York, averages about three \nmiles in width and is 36 miles in length; cultivated where water \ncan be had for irrigation. But the settlers in this section of coun- \ntry rely principally on stock-raising. Some are miners, working \naround in the adjoining mountains. \n\nJllSlb \xe2\x80\x94 [From Nephi, 14 miles; Salt Lake City, 105 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated in \nthe lower portion of Juab valley at the end of the first division of \nthe road, and a meal station ; a store and a score of buildings in \nsight comprises the place. There are few settlers in this vicinity. \nBishop Elmer Taylor keeps the hotel and meal station. \n\nLkvan \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small hamlet situated close in beside the moun- \ntains, about midway between Nephi and Juab; reached by daily \nmail hack from Juab. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southwest six times a week to Scipio, 23 miles; \nHOLDEN, 1 4 miles; Fillmore, ten miles: Meadow, eight miles ; and KanoSH, \n\nsix miles. \n\n\n\nMILFORD \xe2\x80\x94 FRISCO. 155 \n\nA Word to thk Tourist \xe2\x80\x94 There is little of interest in this \nimmediate section of country and beyond, and as the train from \nthis place runs to the end of the road at Frisco all the way in the \nnight, it is a fine opportunity for one to exercise any romantic \nideas and imagery, and never fear that the reality will be any \nworse than the country traversed. We might stop and return from \nhere, but as there are others beside the tourist who may be inter- \nested and willing to follow our trail in the night, over which we \nhave ridden in the day time, we proceed rapidly. \n\nLeaving Juab the route is to the southwest, then west, curving \nto the northwest, and then again curves to the southwest and \nkeeps that general direction to the end of the road. \n\nFollowing down Chicken creek and around some rugged buttes, \nfive miles, brings our train onto the banks of the Sevier river, \nwhere the bluffs come close together forming a canon gorge, just \nroom enough for our road and the stream between. \n\n\n\nThe Sevier River is a crooked, alkaline, muddy and slug- \ngish stream, down which the road is built through a worthless \ncountry, poorly adapted for a sheep range, although at LEming- \nTon, 25 miles from Juab, and Riverside, 18 miles further, a few \nsettlers are to be seen cultivating the land. The land is product- \nive, with good water for irrigation, but the difficulty is to get a \nsupply of good water. \n\nOasis \xe2\x80\x94 Formerly Desert, is 52 miles from Juab, situated a few \nmiles east of the Sevier river, which is here dammed for irrigating \npurposes. \n\nLeaving Oasis we pass over a broad level stretch of desert \ncountry, traversed by a great number of irrigating ditches from \nthe dam aforesaid, but the waters are so strong with alkali and the \nsoil so impregnated with it, that the aforesaid wildnerness fails to \nblossom, except with sage and grease-wood shrubs. \n\nThe road crosses the edge of Sevier lake (on a raised track), the \nsaline deposits of which are very strong. \n\nThe scenery along this road, below the Sevier canon, is not \nvery striking, unless one is very anxious to be struck. \n\nMilfortl \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 300; from Oasis, 69 miles; Salt Lake City, 226 miles; \nFrisco, 17 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on Beaver river surrounded by settlers \nand some well cultivated and productive farms. Here are located \none quartz-mill and one smelting furnace. \n\nCONNECTiONS-Mail stage: .Southeast daily to Minersville, 15 miles; thence \neastward to Beaver, 12 miles; thence southward to Panguitch, 50 miles; \nHillsdale, ii miles; Asays, 14 miles; Ranch, 20 miles; GLENDALE.ten miles; \nOrder ville, four miles; McCarmel, four miles; and Kanab, 20 miles. \n\nFrom Minersville south daily, Cedar City, 40 miles; Kanarraville, 14 \nmiles; Silver Reef, 22 miles; Washington, 15 miles; and St. George, six \nmiles. \n\nFrom Cedar City northeast daily, to Parowan, 21 miles; and Paragonah, \nfour miles. \n\nFrom Silver Reef east daily, to Toguerville, five miles; Virgin City, \neight miles, and Rockville, five miles. \n\nFrom Kanarraville southwest, three times a week to New Harmony, nine \nmiles; from thence west, twice a week to Pinto, 16 miles; Hebron, 18 miles, \nand Pan ac a, Nev., 55 miles. \n\nFrom Milford southwest, three times a week to Pioche, Nev., no miles. \n\n\n\nLeaving Milford our direction is to the northwest over a heavy \ngrade and a broad sage-brush plain, to the end of the road at \n\nFriSCO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 250; from Milford, 17 imiles ; Salt Lake City, 243 miles]. \nHere is located the once famous Horn Silver Mine for which an \nEnglish syndicate paid $10,000,000. For many years the property \n\n\n\n156 THKY ALL GO THERE. \n\n\n\npaid handsome dividends, when for reasons unknown work was \nsuspended. In the "booming" days of Frisco the place contained \nover 2,500 population and loaded whole trains with ore daily for \nshipment to the smelting works at Milford and Francklyn. For \nmany years the Horn Silver was counted the richest mine in the \nwestern country and some mining men claim now, that by proper \nmanagement, it can be made to yield an immense revenue. \n\nThe ores of the Horn Silver are galena, and said to run from $15 \nto |1,500 per ton of silver and from 20 to 40 per cent, of lead. \n\nThere are a number of other mines near Frisco that are said to \nbe very rich and that will be heard from at an early day. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northwest, twice a week to Bttr\'bank, 47 miles, \nand Taylor, Nev., 63 miles. \n\nBidding farewell to southern Utah, we return to Salt Lake City. \n\n\n\nSide Tour No. 9 \xe2\x80\x94 From Salt Lake City to Garfield \nBeach, Tooele and Stockton. \n\nFor this tour we take the trains on the Utah & Nevada, a \nbranch of the Union Pacific system. They leave from the depot, \nsituated on the corner of 1st South and 4th west Temple streets. \n\nThis is a narrow gauge road commenced in 1S74 and completed \nin 1877, to within two miles of Stockton, 37-> miles from Salt Lake \nCity. \n\nThe route is due west crossing the Jordan river in the first mile, \nand on over abroad stretch of bottom land 12 miles to Chambers, \nwhere are located several hot springs, at the northeastern point of \nthe Oquirrh mountains. The soil on this broad bottom in most \nparts is a black vegetable mold with a mixture of fine sand, and \nwith water for irrigation would produce crops in as great abundance \nas the same number of acres in any part of the world. Some few \nsettlers have located on these lands, but on the greater portion \nstock, cattle and sheep, range at will; also great numbers of \n"narrow gauge mules," called jack-rabbits east of Utah. \n\nProceeding along, around the side of the mountain, our train \ngradually approaches Great Salt lake, which has been in view for \nsome miles, and five miles from Chambers we pass the old aban- \ndoned bathing station of Black Rock, named for a black-looking \nrock setting out in the lake about 300 feet from the shore, and \nabout 50 feet in height. It is opposite Lion Head Rock, a sharp \npromontory jutting out into the lake, the summit of wdiich is \nknown as Observation Point, so named from the unobstructed \nview of the surrounding country which can be had from its sum- \nmit. One mile further is \n\n(\xe2\x96\xa0urficld Beach \xe2\x80\x94 on Great Salt lake, famous the world \nover as one of the most attractive bathing resorts in the world. \n\nFor over 20 years \xe2\x80\x94 long before the railroad was thought of \xe2\x80\x94 \nBlack Rock was a popular bathing resort for the citizens of Salt \nLake City. It was also visited by many tourists. \n\nAt that time a trip to the lake and back for a party of four was \njust $3 each, when the roads were good the trip occupying the \nwhole day. Now, in the bathing season, three round trips can be \nmade a day, all for half the money paid before the railroad was \nconstructed. \n\nThe bathing beach slopes away for 100 yards before gaining a \ndepth of six feet, with a fine sandy bottom, with no holes or \n\n\n\n\nundertow. The water is pure aud very buoyant, sustaining one on \nits surface indefinitely without an effort, raising and lowering with \nthe respiration. \n\nIn the water of the lake no living thing exists, hence the timid \nneed have no fear of reptiles\xe2\x80\x94 it\'s too salt for them. While the \nwater of the ocean contains only three per cent, salt, the water of \nthis lake contains over 13 per cent. \n\nPersons taking their first bath should be a little cautious about \na sudden introduction to the waters. \n\n\n\nIs it not strange that of all the babies born in Utah, none have ever been \nfound on the door-steps of a Gentile? \n\n\n\n158 GARFIELD AND VICINITY. \n\nThe railroad company purchased all interests at Garfield Beach \nseveral years ago, and have made extensive improvements since. \nThey consist of a handsome station building, 350x50 feet, of the \nlatest improved design, a magnificent pavilion 165x65 feet, built \nover the water 400 feet from shore, surmounted by a tower in the \ncenter overlooking the lake on all sides. The pavilion is ap- \nproached b}* a broad covered pier over 300 feet in length, flanked \non the sides by 400 elegant dressing rooms fitted up with all the \nmodern improvements for comfort and convenience such as sta- \ntionary washstands, mirrors and showers for rinsing off the salt \nwater of the lake. Bathing suits are to be had for ladies, gentle- \nmen and children. \n\nA refreshment saloon, equipped with all the appointments of a \nfirst-class establishment where all the substantial and every deli- \ncacy of the season is served at moderate prices. \n\nWe have heard that the railroad company proposed to build a \nLarge hotel on the beach capable of rooming several hundred peo- \nple, but the convenient access to and from the hotels at Salt Lake \nCity would seem to make it unnecessary. \n\nThe baths are extremely invigorating and experience has \nproved them of great hygienic effect, stimulating the appetite to \nsuch an extent that a hearty meal immediately after a bath is felt \nto be almost a necessity to sustain life. \n\nDuring the bathing season trains run back and forth between \n.Salt Lake City and the beach at frequent intervals. \n\nObservation Point \xe2\x80\x94 Is a short distance east from the Garfield, \nfrom the summit of which an extended view can be had. Antelope \nor Church Island to the northeast, is 14 miles distant; Goose Creek \nmountains 100 miles northwest; Wasatch mountains from 20 to 25 \nmiles east; West mountain, back of which is the great American \ndesert, 15 miles, and the Oquirrh close to the south, while the \nview to the southwest extends to the rim of the basin 17 miles \naway. \n\nGiant\'s Cave \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated away up in the side of the mountains \nto the south of Garfield beach, in an opening extending several \nhundred feet into the mountain side with a ceiling ranging in \nheight from ten to 75 feet from which hang stalactites of great \nbeauty and brilliancy. Remains of some of the ancient tribes of \nIndians, it is said, are still to be found scattered around the floor of \nthe cave. The presence of these remains is explained by a tradi- \ntion among the Indians to the effect that "many hundred years \nago two tribes of Indians were at war with each other and that \nthe weaker party was forced to take refuge in the cave, but were \nfollowed by the enemy, who closed the entrance with huge bould- \ners, forming an impenetrable barrier to their escape"\xe2\x80\x94 and thus \ntheir place of refuge became their grave. \n\nOouirrh Mountains \xe2\x80\x94 Immediately south of Garfield, are about \n1,0()(> feet above the road, and generally have rounded peaks, cov- \nered with small trees in places, sage, shrubs and grass in others, \nand large timber in the inaccessible gulches and ravines near the \nsummit. Game, such as deer and bear, range these mountains; \nducks are abundant six miles east of Garfield; and lake fish? nary \none! \n\nSTEAM Yacht \xe2\x80\x94 Now, if the railroad company want to give \ntheir improvements at Garfield a grand coup de grace, they will \n\n\n\nSTOCKTON" \xe2\x80\x94 AND BACK. 159 \n\n\n\nconstruct without delay a first-class passenger steam yacht, put it \nin charge of the veteran Capt. Darres to navigate the take, affording \nthe traveler an opportunity to explore the mysteries of the famous \n"Dead ,Sea " of America and to hehold the marvelous grandeur \nwith which this inland sea abounds, of which the great traveler, \nVon Humboldt, so truly said: "Here is the beauty and grandeur \nof Como and Killarney combined." \n\nLeaving Garfield our course is more to the southward along the \nside of the lake by a few well-cultivated farms, where water can be \nhad from the mountains on the left in sufficient quantities for \nirrigating them. Two miles south on the left is "Doby Rock," a \nhigh isolated rock on elevated ground; so named after an old \nIndian who was buried near. Turning more to the left and draw- \ning awav from the lake the road follows along a few miles from \nthe base of the mountains beside which is located "E. T. City," a \nsmall Mormon village. \n\nIf all-way House \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small station six miles from Garfield, \nnear a flouring and woolen-mill. On the opposite side of the val- \nley to the west is Grantsviele, nine miles distant (connected \nwith the train by daily stage), with a population of nearly 2,000 in \nthe midst of a large body of fine agricultural land. Back of Grants- \nville rise the West mountains which rear their peaks fully 2,000 feet \nabove the town. Just beyond these mountains is Skull valley, \nmade notable from an Indian fight which once occurred there, \nafter which for many years, the ground was covered with bones. \n\nTooele \xe2\x80\x94 Station\xe2\x80\x94 [From Garfield, )2 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is two miles from \nthe town of Tooele, which is situated to the left of the station \nclose in beside the mountain. \n\nTooELE is the seat of Tooele county and contains a population \nof nearly 2,000. Along the base of the mountain the land is irri- \ngated from the little springs and creeks in the mountain gorges, \nthe waters of which seldom find their way to the lake. It is con- \nsidered one of the best fruit and vegetable districts in Utah. \n\n\n\nThe road has been gradually climbing since leaving Garfield, \nuntil we are now on a high bench curving with the mountains \nmore to the westward and some miles below the lower end of the \nlake. As we near the lower portion of the great valley which lies \non our right the land rises, rim-like, and a few hundred yards \nbelow the end of the track rises 500 feet, completely locking in \nthe valley by a mountain range or semi-circle, extending in a grand \narc from the Oquirrh mountains on the east, to meet the range \non the west, forming one great bend fully two miles in curvature. \nHere at the base is the \n\nTerminus \xe2\x80\x94 of the railroad \xe2\x80\x94 and wdiere it has remained for \nthe last ten years, and where it is likely to remain for another ten. \n\nThe rim is about half a mile in width, then drops away into \nRush valley to a level with the "terminus." \n\n**l Oek I Oil \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., iso; from Terminus, two miles; Salt Lake City, 39 miles]. \nIs situated in the northeast corner of Rush valley about half mile \neast from Rush lake, a sheet of fresh water two miles long and a \nhalf mile wide. The town at one time contained three smelting \nfurnaces and a population of about 600, but at this date there is \nlittle being done in this vicinity other than stock-raising and a \nlittle farming along Rush valley. \n\n\n\n160 GOOD-BYE, UTAH ! \n\n\n\nTo reach Stockton by rail it will be necessary to drive a tunnel \nthrough the rim separating Rush from Utah valley, 1,000 feet in \nlength, exclusive of approaches. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 From Stockton: Mail hack southeast to Ophir, 13 miles, \nthree times a week. \n\nFrom Stockton, south to Saint John, nine miles; Centre, eight miles, and \nVernon, 12 miles, three times a week. \n\nThis is very little on this tour beyond Garfield Beach to inter- \nest the tourist, and there is onlv one train a day between Salt Lake \nCit}- and the Terminus. \n\n\n\nReturning to Salt Lake and thence to Ogden, our route from \nthat city is northward to Montana. Passengers from Ogden west, \nvia Central Pacific railroad, for Sacramento, San Francisco, Los \nAngeles and San Diego and all over Callforn\'a, should be sure \nand buy CrofuTT\'s Overhand Tours No. \xc2\xb1 It covers the route \nrepresented by the red line on the map in this book. \n\nSide Tour Xo. 10 \xe2\x80\x94 From Ogden City, northward to \nBrigham City, Logan and Pocatello, connecting at the \nlatter with Side Tour No. 11, for Blackfoot, Yellow- \nstone National Park, Dillon, Butte City, Anaconda, Deer \nLodge and Garrison. \n\nFor this Tour, we take the train on the Utah & Northern, a \nbranch of the Union Pacific railway system. This road is a nar- \nrow gauge to Pocatello, 153 miles, from which place northward, \nit is now a standard gauge. The road was commenced in 1874, \nand extended from time to time to its present terminus. \n\nThere is only one passenger train a day each way, so we have \nno choice of time, and, unlike our last five tours, the train is pro- \nvided with a Pullman car. \n\n"All Aboard!" \xe2\x80\x94 means farewell to Utah, and "good even- \ning" to Idaho. Our train leaves at 4:40 p. 111., direction, north- \nward; skirts the western edge of the city, across rich, broad and \nwell cultivated fields, meadows, orchards and gardens, to \n\nHot Springs \xe2\x80\x94 Nine miles from Ogden, where a hotel and \nextensive bathing accommodations are provided. \n\nThe spring is at the point of the mountain just before reaching \nthe station on the right. It is one of the many hot springs which \nabound in the Great Salt lake and Nevada basins. In cold \nweather it sends up a dense cloud of vapor, which is visible for \nmiles away. It is strongly impregnated with sulphur, iron and \nother mineral substances. \n\nFive miles further, the Mormon town of YVillard [pop., Scx>l \ncan be seen nestling in beside the mountains, and seven miles be- \nyond, similarly situated, Brigham [pop., 1,000], the seat of Box \nFlder county, and like Willard, every house is in the midst of \nfruit orchards and gardens. \n\nVolcanic \xe2\x80\x94 Strong evidences exist of the great volcanic up- \nheaval which once lit up this country with its lurid fires. Just \neast of Willard in the first range of hills, is the crater of an ex- \ntinct volcano which covers several acres. The masses of lava \nlying around and its bleak, barren and desolate appearance \nwould seem to indicate that, comparatively speaking, not many \nyears have elapsed since it was in active operation. \n\n\n\nNORTH \xe2\x80\x94 FROM OGDEN. Ifil \n\n\n\nWaTER-Marks \xe2\x80\x94 With the rugged mountains on our right and \nthe waters of the lake seen at times on our left, we find objects of \ninterest continually rising around us. Far up the sides of the \nmountain, stretching along in one unbroken line, save where it is \nsundered by canons, gulches and ravines is the old water-mark \nof the ancient lake, showing that at one time this lake was a \nmighty sea, washing the mountain sides several hundred feet \nabove us. The old water-line is no creation of the imagination, \nbut a broad bench, whereupon the well-worn rocks, the rounded \npebbles and marine shells still attest the fact that once the waters \nof tbe lake washed this broad upland. Beneath the highest and \nlargest bench at various places may be seen two others at about \nequal distances apart, showing that the waters have had three \ndifferent altitudes before they reached their present level. \n\nFrom Ogdeu to a few miles beyond Brigham our road has run \nparallel with the Central Pacific, from half to one mile to the left. \nThe Great Salt lake has been in view far in the distance. Bear \nriver valley now appears, through which the same river that we \ninterviewed at Kvanston and beyond, flows to its grave in the great \ndead sea beyond. This stream runs north from Kvanston nearly \n150 miles, then curving to the west and south conies down to Salt \nlake. Our train runs up the valley, leaving and returning at \ntimes for a distance of HO miles. \n\nPick and Choose \xe2\x80\x94 In a ten-mile run from Brigham one can \npick and choose almost anything in the way of land, water and \nrocks to be found in Utah. All along that distance at intervals \nappear springs, some cold and some very hot basaltic knolls and \nstagnant pools well cultivated fields and alkali beds little lakes \nand sage-brush bumps rich soil and big crops, then barren wastes \nwith nary shrub or vegetable life. \n\nIloiiejville \xe2\x80\x94 [From-Ogden, 30 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Isasmall hamlet of far- \nmers, some of whom have very respectable stone houses. But we \nfailed to see the honey, so went ahead and left it fov-hind. \n\nDewey \xe2\x80\x94 Is passed in five miles, where a grist-mill does duty \nand some good farms appear. Then curving around the point \nof the mountain, head directly for the north up Bear valley, the \ngrade increasing. Sage-brush is the rule; pines and cedars appear \nin the mountain gorges close on our right, as up we climb ! \n\nCollillKlOll \xe2\x80\x94 [five miles], formerly called Hampton\'s, once a \nmeal station, now abandoned as such. \n\nJust before reaching this station the road cuts through a spur \nof the mountain that juts out to the westward into the valley, leav- \ning a high isolated peak. Let us climb this peak and take a look. \nTo the north [six miles], the Bear river canons, through a low spur \nof the Wasatch, which reaches away to the northwest. To the \nwest of this spur lies the Malad valley and Malad river; the latter \nand the Bear come close together into the valley immediately to \nthe west of where we stand, then flow close together down the \nvalley to the south \xe2\x80\x94 parallel for ten miles before they unite \xe2\x80\x94 in \nsome places not more than 20 feet apart. To the west of this val- \nley rises the long range of the Malad mountains, which, commenc- \ning near Corinne. run nearly north to opposite this point and \nthen bears away to the northwest. \n\nOnly a small portion of the lauds in the Bear or Malad valleys \nis cultivated; cattle and sheep range at will. \n\n\n\n162 BEAR \xe2\x80\x94 AND CACHE VALLEYS. \n\nCoNNECTiONS-Mail hack: Northwest daily to Plymoth, ten miles; Portage, \nseven miles; Cherry Creek, ten miles, and Malad City, six miles; total, 33 \nmiles. ___ \n\nLeaving Collinston, our road is up a 100- foot grade, curving \naround to raise the spur of the Wasatch above alluded to, through \nwhich Bear river cuts through a few miles to the northward. Finally \nthe \n\nSummit \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached and passed four miles from Collinston, \nand we curve to the east and then to the south, around the narrow \nspur alluded to, which separates Bear valley from Cache valley. \n\nFrom the Summit we have been rapidly descending into Cache \nvalley, which is on our left, and is one of the most productive in \nUtah. The valley heads in the Wasatch mountains, northeast of \nOgden, and is 40 miles long with an average width of six miles, \nto where it intersects Marsh valley on the north, five miles dis- \ntant. The Logan river runs through the lower portion of this \nvalley and is composed of the Little Bear, Blacksmith Fork and \nLogan creeks, making a stream of ample volume to irrigate all \nthe land in the valley. \n\nMention \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.,700; from the Summit, six miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on \na slope of the Wasatch spur, on the west side of Cache valley. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South to Wellsville, six miles, daily. \n\n\n\nMormon VILLAGES \xe2\x80\x94 In Cache valley there are upwards of 20 \nMormon villages, that number populations varying from 300 to \n3,200. The}- are all surrounded with well cultivated lands, orchards, \nvines and gardens, with the sparkling waters from the adjoining \nmountains rippling all the streets, fields, gardens and lands, and \nwith crops and fruits of all kinds abundant; and, taking them all \nin all, they are prosperous and thriving communities, in which \neach one of the communities seems to strive to advance the good \nof all. They are an industrious, hard-working, self-reliant and \napparently contented people, always living within their means. \nThe estimated population of the valley is about 17,0(K). \n\nLeaving Mendon our direction is due east to Logan, across the \nvalley, which runs north and south. \n\nCOLLEGE FARM-Midway the valley, between Mendon and Logan, \nis situated a farm of 9,643 acres, formerly owned by President Brig- \nham Young and deeded by him just before his death, to trustees in \ntrust to endow a college at Logan, to be called "Brigham Young Col- \nlege." The trustees are leasing the lands \xe2\x80\x94 of which there are no \nbetter in Utah \xe2\x80\x94 for the purpose of creating a fund to carry out the \nbequest. \n\nCrossing Logan river, and seven miles from Mendon, our train \nstops\xe2\x80\x94 30 minutes for meals \xe2\x80\x94 at the city of \n\nLojftlll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,200; from Ogden, 58 miles; elevation, 4,497 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is \nthe seat of Cache county, situated on the east side of Cache valley \nclose beside the mountains, just below the mouth of Logan canon. \n\nAs a regular meal station this place is peculiar, and peculiarly \nMormon, being represented by "triplets," three dining-rooms, which \ngrade their charges for a meal, 25, 50 and To cents respectively. \nMany claim the former is the best. Howbeit, we cannot recom- \nmend the latter. \n\nThe city contains two flourishing mills, a woolen-mill, the rail- \nroad machine and repair shops of a division, two hotels (the Logan \n\n\n\nGOOD EVENING, IDAHO ! 163 \n\nand the Curtis), one bank, a brewery, a branch of the Z. C. M. I., \nbesides a variety of stores and shops and small manufacturing \nestablishments; also the Utah Journal. \n\nThe new tabernacle is of cut stone and seats 2,500 people. \n\n\n\nExtended View \xe2\x80\x94 Close on the east side of the city a round, \npointed plateau rises MOO feet above the streets, projecting out from \nthe average front of the mountain range 2,000 feet into the valley; \nthis plateau at the widest place is -500 feet and shaped like a mon- \nster flat-boat, bottom upwards. Standing on the front of the \nplateau and looking west the city is close in the foreground, with \nthe broad valley beyond, and in the distance over all the spur \nof the Wasatch range, over which we came from Bear valley. \n\nTo the right and left the valley extends for nearly a score of \nmiles in all its beauty, and no less than 15 towns and villages are \nin sight, surrounded by mountain ranges which rise, range upon \nrange, and peak overtopping peak, the highest of which are robed \nin a perpetual mantle of snow. \n\nLogan Temple \xe2\x80\x94 In the most commanding position on this \nplateau, the Mormon people who reside in Cache and the four \nadjoining counties have erected a magnificent temple in which to \nconduct the rites and ordinances of the Mormon Church. The \nmain building is of slate stone, 171 feet long, 95 feet wide and 86 \nfeet high, with a grand tower, 144 feet high from base to pinnacle. \nCost, complete, $500,000. \n\nAround the outer rim of the plateau a double row of trees has \nbeen planted, and the water from the mountains above conducted \nin little ditches all around and over the entire grounds. \n\nThe settlers in Cache valley are all Mormons, and are all \nengaged in agricultural, horticultural and stock-raising pursuits. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southward six times a week to Providence, \ntwo miles; Millville, two miles; Hyrum, four miles, and Paradise, four \nmill 1 \'-. \n\nAlso northwest twice a week to Benson, six miles; Newton, seven miles; \nClarkston, six miles, and Trenton, four miles. \n\nLeaving Logan our road runs north along the base of the main \nrange of the Wasatch mountains, having described a great horse- \nshoe curve from the summit, which we can see across the valley to \nthe westward. Hyde Park is reached in four miles, Smithfield \nin three miles, and Richmond in six miles; all small Mormon \nvillages, situated to the right of the road beside the mountains. \n\nFranklin \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached in another six miles, where, if the train is \n"ou time" (8:03 p. in.), we can say, "Good evening, Idaho territory!" \n\nFranklin \xe2\x80\x94 Is one mile north of the boundary line between \nUtah and Idaho \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 450]. It is in the northern end of Cache \nvalley, Oneida county, Idaho, on Chubb creek, about one mile from \nthe station, to the northeast at the base of the mountains. The \nseat of Oneida county is Malad city, 40 miles to the northwest, \nover the mountains. The grain shipments aggregate 2,150 tons a \nyear. \n\nFrom Franklin our course is niore to the westward. \' \n\nPrestOIl \xe2\x80\x94 [Seven miles] \xe2\x80\x94 Situated on Worm creek, where is \nlocated a fine body of land well cultivated. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northward to Riverdale, five miles, and Mink \nCreek, five miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\nKi4 CONNOR\'S SHOSHONE FIGHT. \n\n\n\nRattling along over a tortuous route, through numerous deep \ncuts Bear river appears on the left, but far below with narrow bot- \ntom lands on each side; descending into the valley, the river is \ncrossed, and passing the little side-track station of Battle Creek \n[from Franklin, 12 miles] we turn to the left, leaving Bear river and \nfollow up Connor\'s canon; the grade is heavy, deep cuts are num- \nerous, sage-brush abounds, and the country is very broken \xe2\x80\x94 only \nadapted to stock-raising. Herds of sheep and some cattle are to \nbe seen, and on reaching Marsh valley [eight miles from Battle Creek] \na few well cultivated farms. \n\nConnor\'s Fight \xe2\x80\x94 with the Shoshone Indians, took place in \nConnor\'s canon in the winter of 1863-4. At the time of this fight \nthere were two feet of snow on the ground, and the weather very \ncold. The Indians \xe2\x80\x94 some hundreds \xe2\x80\x94 were hid in the canon among \nthe wiliows along the creek, and in the cedars to the right along \nthe bluffs. By a vigorous charge of the troops the Indians were \ncompletely overcome, and, with few exceptions, none were left \nalive to tell the tale. The bones of the dead are still to be seen. \n\n\n\nPassing OXFORD\xe2\x80\x94 [From Battle Creek, n miles] \xe2\x80\x94 A small settlement \nin Marsh valley, and Swan Lake [three miles], another of the same \nkind, situated near a lake of that name, frequented at certain sea- \nsons by swans, our road keeps along the base of the mountains \nthrough a section devoted wholly to stock-raising, giving the go- \nby to the small Stations of CAI.VIN [seven miles], Downey [three miles], \nThatcher [five miles], and Arimo [four miles], arriving at \n\nli <\xe2\x80\xa2< ailltllOCI \xe2\x80\x94 [From Arimo, seven miles; Ogden, 130 miles; Pocatello, \n23 miles; Soda Springs, 45 miles; elevation, 4,763 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on Port \nNeuf river just below the canon of that name and at the junction \nof the Oregon Short Line, which comes down through the canon, \non the track of which our train runs to Pocatello on third rail. \n\n\n\nFor continuation of this tour to Pocatello see under Oregon \nShort Line, page !<>!>. \n\n\n\n\n>lone Fark. \n\n\n\nFOR PORTLAND AND PUGET SOUND. 165 \n\n\n\nOVERLAID \n\nFROM \n\nGreen River City to the North Pacific Coast \n\nAND INTERMEDIATES \n\nvia the Oregon Short-Line, \n\nA BRANCH OF THE UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY SYSTEM. \n\n\n\nThere is but one regular through train a day, each way, and \nthat is equipped with all the latest and best improvements of the \ntimes \xe2\x80\x94 Pullman\'s sleepers, etc. \n\nFrom Green river the route is the same as the old overland as \nfar as Granger \xe2\x80\x94 see page 122. \n\n\n\nHam\'s Fork \xe2\x80\x94 Comes down from the northwest and joins \nBlack\'s Fork close to the west of Granger depot. This stream \nrises in Hodge\'s pass, 40 miles away, and runs through a well \ngrassed section of country occupied exclusively by stock-growers, \ncattle and sheep principally. \n\nFrom Granger, our road follows up Ham\'s Fork to the divide \nof the mountains (elevation, 6,053 feet), pass through a long snow \nshed, and are on the drainage of the Great Utah basin. \n\nFossil \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small station, 49 miles from Granger, situated on \nTwin creek, a small stream that finds its way into Bear river. \n\nThe stations between Granger and Fossil and the distances \napart, are: MOXA [seven miles], NUTRIA [seven miles], OPAL [nine miles], \n\nWaterfall [nine miles], Ham\'s Fork [eight miies^ and Fossil [ei^ht \n\nmiles]. \n\n\n\nCoal \xe2\x80\x94 Large bodies of coal are said to be located along the \nslopes of the divide, and at one time several mines were opened \nand worked, loading many cars every day; but of late these mines \nhave been idle, and the reason why is a problem ! \n\nFossil\'s station was named on account of the great quantities of \nfossils found in the mountains near the station. These fossils are \nmostly of fishes, some of which are very large and perfect. They \nare sometimes found at the station for sale to travelers. \n\nFrom Fossil, we pass a number of unimportant stations: NuG- \nGET [seven miles], Sage [seven miles]\xe2\x80\x94 situated on Bear river at a \npoint where our road turns directly north; BECKWITH [eight milesl, \nwhere are located on the left extensive hay meadows; CokevillE \n[twelve miles], once a meal station; BORDER [nine miles], NuphER L five \nmiles], DlNGLE [nine miles], and to Montpelier, seven miles. Total \ndistance from Fossil, 66 miles. \n\nRESOURCES \xe2\x80\x94 The industries of the country for the last (ill miles \nare all connected with the stock business, more or less, with only a \nfew exceptions where settlers along Bear river have taken up land, \nbuilt homes, and are doing something in the way of farming. On \nthis route are to be seen the "home ranch" of several cattle com- \npanies, where large tracts of land are enclosed by fence, and a \nlarge amount of hay put up for winter use. See Bear lake, page 125. \n\n\n\n166 SODA SPRINGS \xe2\x80\x94 IDAHO. \n\nMoiltpdicr \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 900; from Granger, 115 miles; Pocatello, 99 miles; \nelevation, 5,946 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Is a thrifty Mormon settlement, situated in \nabout the center of the Bear Lake country, opposite to the east of the \nnorthern end of Bear lake, on a gradual slope of rich agricultural \nland several miles in width. It has a number of stores which do a \nlarge business with people from a dozen or more small Mormon \nhamlets in the adjoining country. \n\nShipments for the year ending June, 1888, were: Grain, 1,895 tons; \nlumber, 1,195 tons; miscellaneous, 442 tons. Total, 3,680 tons. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northward to Afton. Wyo., 50 miles, once a \nweek. See also under Evanston, page 126. \n\nLeaving Montpelier, our course changes to the northwest until \nwe reach Soda Springs, 29 miles distant. On the way we pass a \nnumber of small stations, named PESCADARO [six miles], NovEXE \n[eight miies], Oasis [seven miles]. Sandwiched in are some good \nfarms, lava beds, rocky knolls, little creeks, Bear river, meadows \nand quite a number of new settlers, just commenced making \nhomes. \n\nSoda Springs \xe2\x80\x94 Station and town. \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 500; from Montpelier \n29 miles, McCammon 45 miles; Pocatello, 6S miles; Salt Lake City, 212 miles; \nOmaha, 1,024 miles; Portland, 1,190 miles; elevation, 5,780 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is in Bing- \nham count}-, Idaho, situated on Soda creek about one mile north \nfrom its junction with Bear river. It contains four general mer- \nchandise stores, two saw-mills, a large mineral water bottling es- \ntablishment, a brewery, a number of small shops and saloons, and \ntwo hotels\xe2\x80\x94 the Idanha and Williams \xe2\x80\x94 besides a number of boarding \nhouses. It also contains quite a number of neat private residences \nand summer cottages \xe2\x80\x94 as, be it remembered, this place since the \ncompletion of the railroad to it, has become a great sanitarium \nand .summer resort, on account of the great number of mineral \nsprings and attractions in the vicinity. Some mining operations \nare carried on in the country tributary \xe2\x80\x94 as well as important \nstock-raising interests. \n\nShipments for the year ending June 30th, 1888, amounted to: \nGrain, 203 tons; live-stock, 1,100; miscellaneous, 892. Total, 2,195 \ntons. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: North, once a week, to Omega, 20 miles; Gray\'s, \n20 miles, on John Day lake; Caribou, 16 miles, where are some rich mines and \na 40-stamp mill; fare, $5. \n\nSodJi Springs \xe2\x80\x94 which give the name to the town and sta- \ntion, consists of a group of from 20 to 30 remarkable mineral \nsprings, within a radius of three miles from the town, and over 100 \nwithin eight or nine miles. It is claimed the waters possess all \nthe virtues of the most celebrated springs in the world. Their num- \nber and variety preclude the publication of an analysis of the \nwaters, but the different springs are charged, more or less, with \nbi-carbonate of soda, bi-carbonate of potash, chloride of sodium \nand potash, sulphate of magnesia, bi-carbonate of magnesia, lime, \nalumina, silica, carbonate of iron, free carbonic acid gas, and a \nmultitude of other ingredients. One authority says "they are a spe- \ncific for the cure of all manner of indigestion, kidney troubles \n(even up to advanced symptoms of Bright\'s diseased and diabetes, \ndropsv, and a thousand kindred ills." \n\nIn the early settlement of Utah it is said President Brigham \nYoung visited these springs, in company with many of the high \n\n\n\nSODA SPRINGS \xe2\x80\x94 AND VICINITY. 167 \n\n\n\npriests of the Mormon Church, and blessed their waters. Can it \nbe that to him the present and future generations are indebted \nfor their virtues ? Howbeit, the Mormon people hold the waters \nin high esteem and thousands never let a summer pass without \nmaking a sojourn at the springs \xe2\x80\x94 many times camping out for \nmonths at a time. \n\nIn a number of these springs the water is very cold, in others \nquite warm. Some are so highly charged with carbonic acid and \nother gases as to prove a most pleasing beverage. Many of the \nsprings are known by such names as Hooper, Steamboat, Idanha, \nFormation, Champagna, Jewsharp, etc., etc. \n\nIdanha \xe2\x80\x94 Meaning "gem of the mountains," has its water \ncharged with soda and magnesia with such a chemical nicety, that \nthey have become so popular at home and abroad that as high as \n10,000 bottles a day have been filled by the bottling company, and \nshipped away for use in distant places. \n\nFormation Spring \xe2\x80\x94 Two and a half miles distant, is a great \nnatural curiosity. It covers several acres of land, and the water \nflowing over the ground is constantly forming cascades, terraces \nand miniature lakes, by calcareous deposit or action; new forma- \ntions are continually occurring, so that visitors from year to year \nfind new attractions and many changes and transformations. \nNear the center of these formations is a subterranean passage or \nmagnificent cave some 200 feet long, with an angle or L, the roof \nbeing high enough to allow people to walk in an upright position \nin most parts of it, and covered with stalactites, reflecting the \nlight of torch or candle dazzling to the eye. \n\nSteamboat Spring \xe2\x80\x94 So named by the "Pathfinder" \xe2\x80\x94 Gen, \nFremont, in 1843 \xe2\x80\x94 has a temperature of 87 degrees. It is a small \ngeyser, the water being emitted spasmodically, and thrown several \nfeet in its egress. \n\nSwan Lake\xe2\x80\x94 some miles to the eastward from the station, \nis another curiosity. It is a pretty little sheet of water in a cone- \nshaped basin, covering about two acres, surrounded with trees and \nluxuriant undergrowth of shrubs, etc., the rim of which is about \nten feet above the surrounding country, and of calcareous forma- \ntion. The water is very clear, showing objects plainly at a depth \nof from 20 to 30 feet. The depth of the water is unknown, having \nbeen sounded for over 100 feet without finding bottom. From its \nsurroundings, it is doubtless an old volcanic vomitory in which \nsome of the fag-ends of the inferno still remain. The outlet is a \nseries of small moss-covered basins arranged seemingly in regular \norder, the clear water overflowing the banks, trickling down into* \nthe next emerald bowl, and then the next, again and again until it \nbecomes a respectable-sized creek, which tumbles away to join Bear \nriver on its way to its final grave in Great Salt lake. \n\nSulphur Lake \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated in the vicinity of Swan lake, in \nthe center of which boils up a large volume of water, strongly \ncharged with sulphur, coating the shore with thick deposits of that \nsuspicious mineral. \n\nIn the region surrounding the springs are many other attrac- \ntions, worth a long journey to see and requiring mouths to explore; \namong them are extinct volcanos, geyser cones, beautiful lakes, \nwonderful caves, sulphur mountains and a boiling lake of sulphur, \nimmense beds of lava, lava cones, etc., etc. \n\nL_ ^^ \n\n\n\n108 SODA \xe2\x80\x94 AND WESTWARD. \n\n\n\nGame \xe2\x80\x94 Haired, feathered and furred are numerous on the \nplains and in the mountains, particularly deer, elk, bear, antelope, \nsage-hens, pheasants, hares, rabbits, etc. \n\nFish \xe2\x80\x94 Well, every little stream is alive with the finest trout, to \nsay nothing of a number of other kinds. \n\nClimate \xe2\x80\x94 This region is an ideal health resort. The climate \nis as wonderful as the water. The days in summer are warm, while \nthe nights are invariably cool enough for blankets. \n\nHotels \xe2\x80\x94 The Idanha, the Indian name for Idaho, is a large \nfirst-class hotel built by the Union Pacific Railway Co. to \naccommodate the many visitors at the springs. It is three stories \nhigh, surrounded on three sides by a wide veranda, and surmounted \nwith handsome towers, and furnished first-class. It is so built that \nthere are no inside rooms, but from every side one can look out \nupon the magnificent landscape. It is fitted up with all the mod- \nern improvements, electric light, etc. The management is under \nthe supervision of the railroad company. \n\nThe Williams is another good hotel with all the modern im- \nprovements for comfort and far enough from the railroad to be \naway from the noise of passing trains. It has 35 rooms, all fur- \nnished first-class, with table and attendance all that could be \ndesired. \n\nLeaving Soda Springs there is little of interest to the traveler, \nunless lava beds and other evidences of the great volcanic up- \nheaval that once disturbed this country are of interest. \n\nPassing CRATER [five miles], SOUAW CREEK [ten miles], PEBBLE \n[nine miles], L,AVA [seven miles], TOPAZ [six miles], we reach McCAM- \n\nmon [seven miles], at the junction of the Utah & Northern, \nwhere we were before on Tour No. 10. \n\nThe country passed over from Soda Springs is occupied by few \nsettlers engaged in farming pursuits, stock-raising being about the \nchief industry. \n\nThe Port Neuf river is followed most of the way, along which \nare some fine meadows, hot sulphur springs, grassy slopes and \ncozy nooks, anon bordered by rugged palisades, immense cones \nand craters of extinct volcanos, huge dikes and lava beds, with \ndark caverns and yawning chasms, and, in season, all sandwiched \nin with countless flowers in great varieties, varying colors, shades \nand tints. \n\nLeaving McCammon and following down Port Neuf river the \nbluffs in places on each side show many peculiar rock formations. \nIn some places the rocks rise like a solid wall, sheer 20 to 100 feet \nfrom the river brink or road, in a line of uniform height for miles \nin extent, resembling huge fortifications. In several places along \nthe road there are two and sometimes three of these walls running \nparallel with each other some near the road and some far away. \n\nROBBERS\' ROOST \xe2\x80\x94 Is in a cave of lava rock about four miles \nbefore reaching Pocatello, where a band of "road agents" rendez- \nvoused just before they robbed the Montanastage coach, in 1864\', of \na large amount of gold and other valuables. \n\nBelow McCammon the following stations, in name only, are \npassed: ONYX [four miles], INKON [seven miles], PORT NEUF [six \nmiles], from which it is six miles to \n\n\n\nPOCATELLO \xe2\x80\x94 NORTHWARD. 169 \n\n\n\nPocalCllO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., i, 600; from Soda Springs, 6S miles; Salt Lake City, \n153 miles; Butte, 263 miles; Omaha, 1,092 miles; Portland, 730 miles; elevation, \n4,466 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is in Bingham county, Idaho, situated on Port Neuf \nriver and the Fort Hall, Shoshone and Bannock Indian \nreservation. \n\nThe town-site contains 1,840 acres-. The railway company have \nsecured a title from the Interior department, and when proclaimed \nby the President, will be opened to settlement. At present all per- \nsons not connected with the railroad are here only on sufferance. \n\nThe railroad company have here one of their largest hotels on \nthe road, which is fitted up in first-class style, with fine rooms and \nlarge dining hall, as this is a meal station for most trains. \n\nThe railroad company have located here the largest machine \nand repair shops on their whole western system, which with the \nround house and departments, give employment to about 800 \npersons. \n\nThere are two general merchandise stores here and several \nrestaurants, saloons and shops. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: With the Utah & Northern branch for Ogden to the \nsouth, and Silver Bow on the north. The southern route is described in Side \nTour No. 10, and that for the north in Side Tour No. 11. The track of the road \nsouth is narrow gauge, and the one to the north standard gauge, which neces- \nsitates a transfer at Pocatello of all through passengers from the north and \nsouth on that line. \n\n\n\nSide Tour IVo. 11 \xe2\x80\x94 From Pocatello northward to \nBlackfoot, Yellowstone National Park, Dillon, Butte \nCity, Anaconda and Deer Dodge to Garrison. \n\nggTThis is a continuation of Side Tour No. 10 from Ogden to \nPocatello. \n\nFor this tour we take the cars on the Utah & Northern, a branch \nof the Union Pacific system. On this end of the U. & N. the road- \nbed is standard gauge. \n\nTurning north from Pocatello the first station is Ross Fork \n[n miles], where is located the agency buildings and farm of the \n\nFort Hall, Shoshone and Bannock Indian Reservation. \nThis reservation comprises 1,202,830 acres in Bingham county, on \nthe Port Neuf, Ross Fork, Snake and Blackfoot rivers, of which \n525,000 acres are as good as any land in Idaho or the western \ncountry. The Indians on the reservation number 1,700 men \nwomen and children; of this number 380 are engaged in agricul- \ntural pursuits, and raised for 1888, of wheat, oats and barley, 17,523 \nbushels; of potatoes, N,450 bushels; other vegetables, 1,340 bushels. \nTheir hay product was 2,5(10 tons, and their butter, 500 pounds. \n\nThe reservation Indians own of horses, 0,250; cattle, 1,000; \nswine, 4>; mules, two, and domestic fowls, 350. \n\nBlackfOOt \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 800; from Ross Fork, 13 miles; elevation, 5,403 feet]. \nNamed for the Blackfoot Indians. The seat of Bingham count}-, \nsituated on a broad sage-brush plain with the Blackfoot river one \nmile to the south, and the Snake about one mile to the northwest. \nThere are a number of general merchandise stores here, a bank, \nU. S. land office, two forwarding companies, a number of restau- \nrants and shops, one weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the News. Also several \nland and mining companies. \n\nThe territorial insane asylum is located near the town. \n\n\n\n170 \n\n\n\nSCENIC \xe2\x80\x94 AGRICULTURE. \n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Northwest daily to Arco, 50 miles; Lost River, \nnine miles; Antelope, nine miles; Houston, 15 miles; Carbonate, four miles; \nthence west to Cliff, eight miles; thence northeast to Caleb, nine miles; \nthence northwest to Dickey, 13 miles; thence north to Frost, 14 miles; \nChallis. 18 miles. Total, 149 miles. \n\nFrom Challis west to Custer, 33 miles, daily. \n\nFrom Challis north to Salmon City, 60 miles, hack, once a week. \n\nFrom Arco southwest to Martin. 16 miles; Era, five miles, daily \n\nFrom Era west to Bellevuk, 35 miles, once a week. \n\nFrom Arco northeast to Howe, 25 miles, once a week. \n\nFrom Dickey southwest to Ketchtjm, 35 miles, daily. Fare, about 1,5 cents \n\nper mile. \n\nFORT Hall \xe2\x80\x94 the new government post, is situated east from \n\nBlackfoot six miles. \n\nFORT Hall \xe2\x80\x94 old abandonded post, ten miles southwest on Snake \nriver. \n\n\n\n\nIANTESS GEY5 \n\n\n\nAgriculture \xe2\x80\x94 \nThere is no better agri- \ncultural land in the \nwest than that in the \ncountry tributary to \nBlackfoot. The agri- \ncultural interests are \nyet in their infancy, \nbut enough has been \ndemonstrated tosatisfy \nthe farmers that agri- \ncultural pursuits can \nbe followed with great \nprofit and large pay- \ning results. All along \nthe streams and in fact \nwherever water can be \nobtained, natural \nmeadows can be made \nand the very best \ngrades of native grasses \ngrown. Timothy and \nclover do well, but al- \nfalfa is the favorite be- \ncause of its rapid \ngrowth and large yield \n\xe2\x80\x94 often three crops a \nyear of three tons each \nto the acre. In favored \nspots wheat does well, \nand has been known to \n\nield from 55 to 70 \nto the acre. \nApples, pears, plums, \ngrapes andberriesgrow \nin abundance. All \nfarming is done by ir- \nrigation, and water can \nbe readily obtained by \nditches from the nat- \nural streams with as \nlittle labor and expeues \nas in any county in \nthe territory. There \n\n\n\nm \n\nm, bushels \n\n\n\nEAGLE ROCK \xe2\x80\x94 MARKET LAKE. 171 \n\nhas been considerable settlement in this region in the past few- \nyears, but there are still vast tracts yet open for settlement under \nthe existing land laws. Stock-raising is the most important \nindustry in this region of country; cattle and horses dp well \nhere the r year around. The pasturage, both winter and summer \nranges, are exceptionally fine. In the winters when the snows \nare on the mountains, stock feed in the valleys and along the \nriver bottoms, and in summer they voluntarily return to the moun- \ntain grasses. \n\nMINING\xe2\x80\x94 All along Snake river are found auriferous sands, and \nplacer mining is being followed in many localities with good pay- \ning results. \n\nClimate \xe2\x80\x94 The healthfulness of the climate is unsurpassed, \nbeing practically free from malaria and billious troubles incident \nto the country east of the Missouri river. \n\nCOUNTY Valuation \xe2\x80\x94 The assessed value of real and personal \nproperty of Bingham county for 1888 was $2,565,130. \n\nFrom Blackfoot our direction is to the northeast, following up \nthe Snake river on its eastern bank, passing the side-track of \nBasalt in 12 miles, where lava beds appear, and reaching in 13 \nmiles \n\nI/Sl^lc Rock. \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., i, 600; from Blackfoot, 28 miles; elevation, 4,712 \nfeet]. \xe2\x80\x94 This place, before the advent of the railroad, was known as \n"Taylor\'s bridge," a bridge having been constructed over Snake \nriver at this point in 1863 by one Taylor, who, in the following \nyears, did "most everlastingly sinch the Montana emigrants, who \ncame this route from the states." \n\nThe railroad company have located here machine repair shops \nand the usual round-houses found at the junction of divisions. \n\nEagle Rock, for some trains, is a meal station and contains half \ndozen general merchandise stores, a bank, brewerv, a variety of \nshops, restaurants and saloons, two hotels \xe2\x80\x94 Brooks and Chamber- \nlins \xe2\x80\x94 and one weekly paper, the Register. \n\nRUMOR \xe2\x80\x94 Backed up by surveys, has it that the Union Pacific \nRailway Co. propose at an early day to commence building a \nbranch from this station, via Snake river canon and Jackson\'s lake, \nto the Yellowstone National Park. \n\nGame \xe2\x80\x94 Of all kinds abound in the valleys and in the moun- \ntains, while along the water courses, wild geese and ducks are \nlegion. The streams, little and big, are full of fish, notablv the \ntrout, which are very abundant and bite with a snap that makes an \n\nold sportsman feel happy. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: North to Lewisvillk, 17 miles: Menan, three \nmiles; thence east to Lyman, five miles; thence northeast to Rexbtjrg nine \nmiles; Teton, eight miles; Wilford, two miles; thence west to Egin. eight \nmiles; and BRIGHTON, four miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\nCrossing the Snake to its west bank our direction is north, \nthrough a range of country devoted wholly to stock-raising; basal- \ntic knolls appear and occasional alkali sinks. \n\nMarket Lake \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., so; from Eagle Rock, 17 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the \nfirst station after crossing the Snake. \n\n\n\nThe "three Tetous" are to be seen to the eastward; they over- \nlook the Yellowstone National Park, which lies at their eastern \nbase. - \n\n\n\n172 YELLOWSTONE\xe2\x80\x94 WONDERLAND. \n\n\n\nVolcanic \xe2\x80\x94 The whole country now has a volcanic appear- \nance \xe2\x80\x94 lava beds and knolls everywhere; valuless for agricultural \npurposes, but in and along the base of the mountains on each side \nfrom five to ten miles distant, the grasses are abundant and all \nkinds of stock do well. \n\nC\'nilin* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 300; from Market Lake, 21 miles; elevation. 4,822 feet]. \nIs the principal forwarding station for freight destined for the \nLemhi agency and the mining camps to the westward. It con- \ntains two general merchandise stores, two hotels and a variety of \nshops and tradesmen. The citizens are mostly stock-men or those \ninterested in the mines to the westward. Shipments \xe2\x80\x94 cattle, ores, \nbullion and lead. Total shipments for the year ending June 30, \n1888, 6,103 tons \xe2\x80\x94 of which 5,011 tons were bullion and lead, and 781 \ntons of live-stock. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail stage: Daily, west to Birch Crekk, 40 miles; thence \nnorthwest to Nicholia, 26 miles; thence west to Spring Mountain, 12 miles; \nthence northeast to Bannister, 12 miles; thence northwest to Junction, 15 \nmiles, and to the Lemhi Agency, 20 miles; fare, about 15 cents a mile. \n\nFrom Lemhi Agency to Fort Lemhi, nine miles, three times a week. [See \ntinder "Red Rock."] \n\nFrom Nicholia northeast to Woodland. 12 miles. * Star route special. \n\n\n\nProceeding on through patches of sage-brush and barren wastes \nof volcanic deposits, passing Dry Creek [12 miles], High Bridge \n[nine miles], with the mountains on both sides gradually closing in \non our way, and China Point [three miles], we run plump into a \nmountain gorge and stop at \n\nBeaYCr CailOIl \xe2\x80\x94 Station \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 200; from China Point, five miles; \nelevation, 6,023 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is in Bingham county, Idaho, at the mouth of \nthe rugged Beaver canon. It contains two general merchandise \nstores, three saw-mills, a hotel and scores of blighted hopes; as, \nduring the building of the road the population numbered 1,000 \nor more, some of whom built homes, and, after the completion of \nthe road through the canon, deserted them, and these homes are \nnow "for rent" cheap. \n\nLumbering is the most important business here. Stock run the \ngrassy ranges and grow fat and sleek, and put much coin in the \n\n\n\npurse of those who wait. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 During the summer season a line of passenger stages leave \nthis station for the Yellowstone National Park, reaching Firehole basin \nnear the southern end of the park in a distance of 100 miles. The journey is a very \ninteresting one to those fond of grand scenery, and is made in two days, resting \nover night at Snake river crossing, dining at Manley\'sui Madison valley, and \nreaching Firehole in the evening. \n\nYellowstone National I*ark \xe2\x80\x94 A description of which \nhas filled many volumes officially and otherwise and will continue \nso to do for all time, can only faintly present the facts, marvelous \nwonders and unequalled grandeur to tbe reader\'s eye and under- \nstanding. Had we the space to devote, which we have not, we \ndoubt our ability to interest the reader further than to give a few \npoints, which may be of value to the tourist anticipating a visit to \nthis, the greatest wonderland in the world. \n\nThe first report from white men regarding the National Park \nthat ever reached the public was made by Capt. Lacy, in 1863, but \nit attracted little attention. Again in 1869, two returning prospec- \ntors reported their wonderful discoveries in Geyser basin. This \nwas followed in 1871, by the government sending the late Prof. \nHavden, U. S. geologist, to make an examination of tbe locality. \n\nIn his report, accompanied by photographs, Dr. Hayden, demon- \nstrated that this our own country contains natural wonders which \n\n\n\nYELLOWSTONE\xe2\x80\x94 NATIONAL PARK. \n\nm \n\n\n\n\nin extent, grandeur and wondrous beauty far surpass those of any \nother portion of the known world. The result has been a bill \npassed congress in 1872, setting apart a tract of country 55 by 65 \nmiles in extent "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people," and \ncalled it the "Yellowstone National Park," taking a portion of \nterritory from both Montana and Wyoming\xe2\x80\x94 principally the latter. \nThe entire area within the limits of the reservation is over 6,000 \nfeet in altitude. Almost in the center of this tract is located the \n\n\n\n174 INCOMPARABLY GRAND. \n\nYellowstone lake, a bod)\' of water 15 by 22 miles in extent, with an \nelevation of 7,427 feet. The ranges of mountains that hem the \nnumerous valleys on every side rise to a varied height of 12,000 feet. \n\nThis country presents the most wonderful volcanic appearance \nof any portion of the continent. The great number of hot springs \nand the geysers represent the last stages \xe2\x80\x94 the vent or escape pipes \n\xe2\x80\x94 of these remarkable volcanic manifestations of the infernal \nforces. All these springs are adorned with decorations more beau- \ntiful than human mind ever conceived, and which have required \nthousands of years for the cunning hand of nature to form. The \nmost remarkable of these geysers throws a column of boiling hot \nwater 15 feet in diameter to a measured altitude of 150 feet. This \ndisplay is continued for hours together and so immense is the \nquantity of water discharged that, during the eruption, the volume \nof water in the river is doubled. Another throws a column of hot \nwater 200 feet in height and over a foot in diameter. It is said \nthe geysers of Iceland, which have been the objects of interest for \nscientists and travelers of the entire world for years, sink into in- \nsignificance in comparison with the hot springs of the Yellowstone \nand Firehole basins. \n\nThe mountain rim of the Yellowstone lake rises from lj500 to \n4,000 feet above its surface, and except in two directions, is un- \nbroken. To the west and southwest are breaks in the chain, \nthrough one of which appear the outlines of a conspicuous conical \npeak, 10,500 feet in height. In the mountain system which sur- \nrounds the lake are born the tributaries \xe2\x80\x94 almost the principal \nsources \xe2\x80\x94 of three of the largest rivers on the continent. Four ot \nthe most important tributaries of the Missouri, namely, the Big \nHorn, the Yellowstone, the Madison and the Gallatin, have their \nsprings here. Flowing first north then east, they strike the Mis- \nsouri which in its turn flows southeasterly to the Mississippi \nvalley, where its waters are blended with the stately stream that \nempties its tides at least 3,500 miles below into the Gulf of Mexico. \nThe Snake river, whose sources are actually interlaced with those \nof the Madison and the Yellowstone, turns westward and traverses \nnearly a thousand miles of territory before it joins the Columbia \non its way to the Pacific ocean. Again, the Green river rising but \na few miles from the sources of the others, seeks the Colorado of \nthe south which, after innumerable windings through deserts and \na roaring passage of hundreds of miles in the abysses of canons, \nsurpassing even those of the Yellowstone in grandeur, depth and \ngloom, reaches the Gulf of California. Penetrating to the lofty \nrecesses where these springs rise, the explorer stands, as it were, \nastride of the grandest water-shed in the world. A pebble dropped \ninto one spring touches a water-nerve of the Pacific; a pebble cast \ninto another touches a similar nerve of the Atlantic. It is a \nthought to cause the wings of the spirit of a man in such a place \nto expand like an eagle\'s. \n\nWhy the water is hot! The most wonderful story about this \nremarkable region is told by Langford, one of the first discoverers \nand first government commissioner in charge of the park. In \naccounting for the water being hot he says: "At a certain point on \nthe Yellowstone river the water runs down a steep and perfect \ngrade over a surface of slate-rock, which has become so smooth \nfrom the velocity of the rushing torrent, that, at a distance of \n20 miles, the friction becomes so great that the water is boiling hot." \n\n\n\nMONTANA \xe2\x80\x94 STATISTICS. \n\n\n\n175 \n\n\n\nWe do not vouch for the truth of this story; and we are not certain \nthat Langford will swear to it. \n\nIn conclusion we say to you, visit the Yellowstone National \nPark; don\'t be in a hurry, spend a month there; you will find good \nhotel accommodations. Visit leisurely the lakes, geysers, falls, \netc., and our word for it, the marvelous scenes of this wonderland \nwill live in pleasant memory until the sands of time have reached \ntheir last grain, and the great unknown is no longer a problem. \n\n\n\nSee Illustrations\xe2\x80\x94 Pages 21, 36, 108, 113, 104, 173 and 17-3- \nAlso Large View No. 1 . \n\n\n\n\nReturning to and leaving Beaver Canon station our train rushes \nnorthward, climbing the divide separating the waters of the Pacific \nfrom those of the Atlantic. The grade \nis heavy, the route tortuous; the canon \nis passed, also the station of Pleas- \nant Yau<ky, and 13 miles brings our \ntrain to the summit of the Rockies. \n\n.TIOIIMKl \xe2\x80\x94 [From Beaver Canon station, \n13 miles; elevation, 6.S07 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is named \nfor the two territories on the line of \nwhich it is located \xe2\x80\x94 Mon-ida \xe2\x80\x94 Mon- \ntana-Idaho. The "continental di- \nvide," painted on a sign-board on the \nwest side of the track, is just south \nfrom the station. Lnmbering and \nstock-raising are the only industries \nhere. From Monida the descent is \ngradual down a little valley \xe2\x80\x94 a natural \nroadway with snow-capped mountain \nscenery in the distance, with cattle and \nsheep grazing on grassy slopeson each \n~\xc2\xa3^\xc2\xa7|p?l side, as this is a region devoted wholly \nto stock interests. \n\nMolilalia\xe2\x80\x94 Gov. Leslie, of Mon- \ntana, in concluding his report to the \nSecretary of the Interior for 1888, shows \nup the present position of Montana, \ncondensed to a space that we cannot \nrefrain from copying. IV s pithy: \n\n"The annual out-put of \nour mines ten years ago \nwas estimated at $7,000,- \n01 10 ; n o w it is over$31 , 001 > , - \n(Hill. The total value of \ntaxable property in the \nterritorv then was $12,- \n000,000: nowit is $70, 000,- \n(H H l mot counting the \nvalue of the mining \nproperty^. The number \nof cattle in the terri- \ntory then was 220,00(1, \nnow it is over 1,500,000: \n\nFAITHFUL \xe2\x80\x94 YELLOWSTONE PARK. \' \' \' \n\n\n\n\n176 RED ROCK VALLEY. \n\n\n\nnumber of sheep then was 120,000, now it is over 2,000,000; number \nof horses then was 40,000, now it is 200,000; number of acres \nof land then under cultivation was 265,000, now there are \nover 2,000,000 acres appropriated and settled for farming purposes; \nthen the commerce of the whole territory was $20,000,000, now it \nis $40,000,000; then there were a dozen or so miles of railroad, now \nthere are over 2,000; then the population was 30,000, now it is \n140,000; then the territory was in debt $112,000, now it is out of \ndebt and there is plenty of money in the treasury; then taxes were \nhigh, now they are low, then the contest for the mastery of this \ncountry between the Indian and the white man was red with \nhuman blood, and even\' household trembled in anxiety for the \ntriumphs of peace and of rest; now all is quiet and the hostile foe \nhas laid down his battle-ax, put on the robes of civilization and \ntreads the path of industry side by side with the white man. \n\n"There are various localities in this territory separated from each \nother by great natural landmarks \xe2\x80\x94 mountains or rivers \xe2\x80\x94 either \nand each of which, considered in its extent and acreage, its quality \nof soil, timber, stone and water, is a great state in itself. The far- \nfamed grain-growing Gallatin and Bitter Root valleys; the Plat \nHead, Yellowstone, Judith, Sun river, Missouri, Beaverhead, Big \nHole, Big Horn, Rosebud, Milk river, Madison, Deer Lodge, \nPrickly Pear and Boulder valleys and many others have demon- \nstrated to the world their superior capacity in the yield of wheat, \noats, grass, potatoes, peas, vegetables of all kinds, small fruits and \nin some of them the large fruits. \n\n"These beautiful valleys, plains and their foot-hills are not ex- \ncelled in producing qualities by any lands in the United States. \nThe great streams of fast-going water which pass through or \ntouch these lands is the source from which all needed irrigation \ncan be cheaply supplied. There are many millions of acres of \nthese lands yet in their virgin purity, inviting the plowman\'s \nhand." \n\nSpring Hill \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 100; from Monida, 15 miles; elevation, 6,265 feet]. \nIs a meal station for some trains. Two general merchandise stores, \na hotel, the railroad round-house and repair shop comprise the \nplace. Spring Hill is situated in the southern portion of \n\nRed Rock Valley \xe2\x80\x94 This valley is nearly 50 miles in length \nand is followed by the railroad, accompanied by Red Rock river, \nthe entire distance. The valley is dotted at intervals with com- \nfortable farm houses and some fenced and well cultivated farms. \nCattle, sheep and game range the grassy slopes on the east, above \nwhich can be seen patches of timber in the higher ravines, while \non the west extend, as far as the eye can reach, the continental \ndivide, rising from the valley \xe2\x80\x94 the lower portion timber-clad \xe2\x80\x94 peak \nupon peak to the region of perpetual snow, where their white \nheads stand forth as veterans of their kind, indicating age at least, \nif not respectability. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nRod Rook \xe2\x80\x94 Station \xe2\x80\x94 [From Spring Hill, 23 miles; elevation, 5,603 \nfeet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached after passing, on our way down the valley, the \nlittle side-tracks DELI, [eight miles], and Crab Tkke [six miles]. \nAbout midway between these two stations is the somewhat \nnoted \n\nRED Rock \xe2\x80\x94 from which this valley, river and station derives \nits name; is a bold cliff, probably 500 feet in height and half a mile \n\n\n\nDILLON \xe2\x80\x94 BEAVER HEAD VALLEY. 177 \n\nlong \xe2\x80\x94 projecting out into the valley from the eastward \xe2\x80\x94 of a bright \nred color, and can be seen for a distance up and down the valley \nfor over 20 miles each way. \n\nThe old wagon road follows this valley for the entire length, \nand this rock was a well-known land-mark for the "pilgrims" in \nearly days. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail stage: Westward, daily to Amesville, 16 miles; Horse \nPrairie, 12 miles; Fort Lemhi, 19 miles; thence northwest to Salmon City, \n20 miles. \n\nFrom Salmon City, mail hack northwest to Gibbonville, 38 miles; thence \nsouthwest to Shoup, 30 miles, three times a week. \n\nFrom Salmon City, mail southwest to Challis, 60 miles, once a week. \n\n[See under "Blackfoot."] \n\nCiraylilie \xe2\x80\x94 [From Red Rock station, u miles] \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small station \nopposite where Beaver Head river comes down from the west. \n\nFollowing down the Beaver Head through Ryan\'s canon, eight \nmiles, we come to Beaver Head Rock, a bold promontory at the \ngateway or mouth of the canon, which here opens out into \n\nBeaver Head Valley. \xe2\x80\x94 This valley is about 20 miles in \nlength by ten miles in width, well watered, very fertile and a large \nportion under cultivation, yielding large crops of wheat, oats, hay, \nvegetables, etc., etc. In the valley, on the foot-hills, and in the \nsurrounding mountains range vast herds of cattle, horses and \nsheep; tributary are mines of gold, silver, copper and coal of \ngreat value, many of which have but recently attracted \nattention. \n\nThe mountains on the west of the valley are high, many of the \nmost elevated peaks covered with snow. This range is a continu- \nation of the continental divide, heretofore noted. \n\n\n\nDillOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,500; from Pocatello, 194 miles; Butte City, 69 miles; Gar- \nrison, 106 miles; elevation, 5,104 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Named for the late president of \nthe Union Pacific railway. Is the seat of Beaver Head county, \nsituated in the center of Beaver Head valley, and contains two \nbanks, several churches and schools, one high school, graded, \nmany large forwarding, agricultural and general merchandise \nstores, one weekly newspaper (the Tribune) shops of all kinds, \nand several small hotels. \n\nThe shipments are ore, wool, cattle, sheep and farm products. \nOre shipments amount to about 750 tons a year, and wool 500 tons. \n\nLarge amounts of freight for the towns and mining camps to \nthe eastward are re-shipped from Dillon on wagons, which on their \nreturn are loaded with ore or lumber. \n\nCollections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail stage: Northwest, daily to Argenta, 16 miles; thence \nsouthwest to Bannock, 15 miles. \n\nFrom Dillon \xe2\x80\x94 Mail-stage northeast, daily to Sheridan, 30 miles; thence \nsouthward to Laurin, ten miles; thence southeast, to Virginia City, 12 miles. \n\nFrom Virginia City \xe2\x80\x94 Northeast, daily to Enness, 14 miles; thence north to \nMeadow Creek, six miles; Washington Bar, four miles; Revenue, six \nmiles; thence east to Red Bluffs, nine miles; Lewis, four miles, and Bozeman, \n2S miles. \n\nFrom Sheridan \xe2\x80\x94 Northwest, daily toSALSBURY, eight miles; Twin Bridges, \nthree miles; thence north to Iron Rod, nine miles; Silver Star, five miles; \nFish Creek, four miles; Hope, eight miles; Whitehall, six miles, and \nBoulder Valley, 30 miles, daily. \n\n\n\nLeaving Dillon, crossing the valley, passing Apex [12 miles], \nGLEN [seven miles], we drop down onto the Big Hole river and fol- \nlow it up, passing EarlE [five miles] and stop at \n\nIHtlrOSe\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.,30; fromEarle, seven miles; Dillon, 31 miles; elevation, \n5,189 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a regular meal station where trains stop 20 minutes. \n\n\n\n178 BUTTE CITY AND MINES. \n\nMining, stock-raising and freighting are the occupations of the \npeople in this vicinity. \n\nThe station was named for Miss Melrose, daughter of Mrs. \nBlow, who resides near, and is one of the pioneers in Montana. \n\nAnd, by the way, the madam has an extraordinary history in \nconnection with the hostile Indians who infested this country in \nearly days \xe2\x80\x94 one worthy to rank with the most heroic deeds of \nbravery recorded of mothers in the annals of frontier life in this \ncountry, but we have not the space to record it. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail stage: West, daily to Glendale, six miles, and from \nthence to Hecla, 12 miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\nLeaving Melrose our train dodges in and out around the cliffs \nand mountain spurs, .while following up a small creek 11 miles to \n\nI>ivido \xe2\x80\x94 another point where the waters divide \xe2\x80\x94 those on the \nnorth side reaching the Pacific ocean, on the south, the Atlantic. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail: Northwest to Dewey\'s, five miles; Ralston, 15 miles; \nthence southwest to Wisdom, 35 miles; once a week. \n\n\n\nFrom Divide the route is tortuous, descending rapidly, passing \nseveral side-tracks of little importance. \n\nSilver Bow \xe2\x80\x94 [From Butte city, seven miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 This station is the \nend of the Utah & Northern, and the connecting point with the \nMontana Union railway. Here you will hear "passengers for \nAnaconda, Deer Lodge and Garrison, change cars; those for Butte \nCity, keep your seats." \n\nWe keep our seat, the train turns to the right and follows up a \ntributary of Deer Lodge river in view of the old placer diggings, \nonce so rich, now abandoned \xe2\x80\x94 and seven miles climbing, passing \nmills and smelters, reach \n\nBllllO City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 26,000; from Tocatello, 263 miles; elevation, 5,482 feet]. \nThe seat of Silver Bow county, situated on a slope of the moun- \ntains facing south. The city contains many fine business blocks \nbuilt of stone and brick, has three banks and banking houses, \neight smelting works, three stamp-mills, four immense lumber \nyards, four foundries and machine works, three boiler works, three \nbreweries, five places of amusement, scores of hotels \xe2\x80\x94 all poor \nones \xe2\x80\x94 the St. Nicholas is best; eight churches, and schools 23 in \nnumber, many small miscellaneous manufactories, two daily news- \npapers \xe2\x80\x94 the Inter-Mountain and the Miner \xe2\x80\x94 electric light, tele- \nphone, etc., with motor, street and horse cars, and secret and be- \nnevolent orders, and stores and shops of all kinds. \n\nMining Industry \xe2\x80\x94 The magnitude of the mining industry at \nButte City and vicinity, and the overwhelming evidences, on all \nsides of the extent, richness and prominence of the comparatively \nfew mines already developed is truly paralyzing \xe2\x80\x94 particularly to \nan ordinary scribe desiring only to give a full and plain statement \nof the mining industry. We have visited the "Comstock" in its \npalmy days, interviewed "Leadville" in its glory, and have found \nwords to describe them; but this "Butte mining camp" is a great \nway ahead of both of those noted mining camps\xe2\x80\x94 taking them at \ntheir best. So don\'t look for any description here, but at the fol- \nlowing significant figures. \n\nIn the vicinity of Butte placer mines have been worked since \n1864, yielding some millions in gold; and they are worked now to \nsome extent. \n\n\n\nMINERAL BELT \xe2\x80\x94 ANACONDA. 179 \n\nThe first quartz mine location here was in 1864 but the first \nleading to important results dates back only to 1875. \n\nThere are four classes of ores in the vicinity of Butte. The \nfirst produces only silver; the second only copper; the third, gold \nand silver; the fourth, silver and copper. \n\nThe Mineral Belt \xe2\x80\x94 Is about four by six miles in extent, and \nthe number of claims exceed 4,000; but the greater number of the \nlocations and all the most valuable and productive mines are from \none-quarter to three miles from Butte post office, in all directions. \nOf the 4,000 claims nearly 1,700 are "patented," yet not more than \n200 of these mines are being worked, principally for the reason \nthat they are owned by business men who are too much occupied \nto enlarge their present field of operations. The greater number, \nhowever, cannot be worked profitably until more mills and smelt- \ners are erected conveniently near for treating the ores, as those \nhere are already taxed to their full capacity. Another reason \xe2\x80\x94 \nmost of the ores are low grade, and will not pay freight charges \nto eastern markets. \n\nCome to the telephone and we will say to you: "The out-put of \nall classes of ores at Butte averages 65,000 tons per month. " "The \n840 stamps at Butte treat 500 tons of ore per day;" "the three \ncustom nulls treat 70 tons a day;" "the chloridiziug stamp mills \nconsume 14,000 tons of salt annually;" "the number of men em- \nployed underground in the mines is 4,700;" "the pay-roll of the \nmining companies is .$470,500 per month;" "the smelters treat \n1,500 tons of ore a day;" "there are about 25 producing mines;" \n"there are 73 mines in different stages of development;" "the \nprecious and base metal out-put of Butte for 1887 was $16,- \n143,500;" "and in conclusion, would say further, Butte has \nnever had a boom, but has steadily marched to the front;" \n"she has the mines now waiting for developments capable of \nquadrupling the above figures." \n\nWALKERVILLE [two miles], MEADERVILLE [two miles], and BUR- \nLINGTON [three miles], are all thrifty suburbs of Butte City. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Montana Central railroad and Montana Union \nrailway. By mail \'stage: Northeast to Woodville, nine miles, and to \nBasin, 12 miles, daily. \n\nTaking the cars of the Montana Union, formerlv the Utah & \nNorthern, we return to Silver Bow, seven miles, and start again for \nthe north, following down Deer Lodge river, in its winding ways, \n11 miles to Stuart, a junction station, where a spur of the road leads \nwestward, seven miles, to Anaconda. Passenger trains make a de- \ntour over this spur, returning to Stuart junction, proceed north to \nDeer Lodge and Garrison. \n\nAliaCOllda \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3, 500; from Butte City, 26 miles; Deer Lodge, 30 miles]. \nIs a "phenomenal" city, in Deer Lodge county, situated on Warm \nSpring creek, a tributary of Deer Lodge river. The site of the \ntown is a smooth plat with a surface requiring no grading \xe2\x80\x94 com- \nposed of cement clay and coarse gravel, free from mud, where the \nabundant snow-waters from the mountains to the west and south \nare conducted through the streets at trifling expense. \n\nThe town plat is on the south side of the railroad track and \nWarm Spring creek, close beyond which the bluffs rise 011 a slope \nof one to one and a half feet; here is located the Anaconda smelter \nand concentrator, built on the slope with rail tracks belozv and \nabove the works. By this arrangement ore, coal and wood are \n\n\n\n180 WARM SPRINGS \xe2\x80\x94 DEER LODGE. \n\nmoved by gravity from the upper track, while the bullion bars \nreach the cars on the lower track \xe2\x80\x94 all without handling. \n\nWhen the smelting company commenced building their works \nin 1884, there was not a settler in the vicinity. The first works \nconsisted in part of one 14-stack smelter, building 498 feet long; \none 12-stack smelter, building 390 feet; one calciner, 350 feet, and \none cenceutrator, building 240 feet long; besides a great number of \nsmaller buildings. Total cost, $1,000,000. Capacity, 500 tons per day, \noperated by water from Warm Spring creek. The ores treated here \ncome over the railroad from the Anaconda mine at Butte City. \n\nSubsequently, in 1885-\'7, the capacity of these works was \ndoubled by building an additional plant. The company is now \ncapable of producing 68,000,000 pounds of pure copper annually, \nusing 75,000 tons of coal and 48,000 cords of wood. The product \nof the works for 1887 was $5,200,000 \xe2\x80\x94 the largest in the world. \n\nThe town contains stores and shops of all kinds, and from the \namount of money paid out monthly by the smelting company, one \nmight readily conclude that all the citizens would have their \npockets full of coin. \n\nIn the territory of Montana there are stamp mills aggregating \n975 stamps, and 11 smelting plants, with a capacity of 4,430 tons \nevery 24 hours. \n\nFrom Stuart junction, passing down the beautiful and produc- \ntive valley of Deer Lodge, it is seven miles to \n\nWarm Spring\' 1 * \xe2\x80\x94 [From Butte City, 25 miles; Deer Lodge, 15 miles]. \nHere in the centre of Deer Lodge valley are 18 springs varying in \ntemperature from 115 to 194 degrees. \n\nThe wonderful cone-shaped spring, with an elevated natural tank \n42 feet in height and 400 feet in diameter, is a curiosity unparalled. \n\nThe achievements of these medicinal waters have been so great \nthat extensive accommodations have been provided by erecting a \nlarge hotel and bath-houses. \n\nThe analysis of the waters are: Iron, 21 per cent. ; chloride of \nsodium, eight and one half per cent.; magnesia, nine per cent, \nwith a trace of arsenic. \n\nAll trains stop at Warm Springs station, and no traveler should \npass without paying this famous place a visit. \n\nPassengers are scarcely recovered from their* wild curiosity at \nthe sight of the big cone-shaped spring with its bubbling crest, \nwhen the brakeman shouts \n\n"Deer Lodge " \xe2\x80\x94 Ah! that name \\ To old Montanians, \nDeer Lodge is a dear old town, abounding in dear recollections, \nthe residence of many dear friends; in fact, it is the center at this \ntime for many deers. It is the seat of Lodge county, on Deer \nLodge river, near the center of Deer Lodge valley, and, until the \ngold excitement of 1862-3, was known only by our dear Indian \nbrother as the lodge of the white-tail deer, hence the name. \n\nThis was long before this dear country was known to the gold \nhunting "pilgrims." \n\nOf the industries, churches, schools, etc., etc., they are diversi- \nfied, prosperous and of a high order. \n\nDeer Lodge, although one of the oldest towns in Montana, has \nnot increased in population with the rapidity of many younger places \nbut its growth has been permanent and substantial. Present popu- \nlation, about 2,000. The city contains stores and shops of all kinds. \n\n\n\nDEER LODGE VALLEY. 181 \n\nStock-raising is one of the greatest industries, wool being one \nof the most important products among the shipments. \n\nThe McBurney is the principal hotel, and the New Northwest \nthe best weekly newspaper in the territory. \n\nDEER Lodge Valley \xe2\x80\x94 Is one of the richest and most produc- \ntive in Montana; with abundance of water for irrigation produces \nlarge returns in cereals of all kinds. The valleys, uplands, and \nmountain foot-hills are covered with the richest grasses, upon \nwhich feed large herds of cattle, horses aud sheep. Game \xe2\x80\x94 both \nhaired and feathered \xe2\x80\x94 is abundant in the adjoining mountains; as \nwell as trout and other fish in all the streams. \n\n\n\nCOLLEGE of Montana \xe2\x80\x94 the pride of the people of Montana \xe2\x80\x94 \nis located at Deer Lodge, half a mile southeast of the business center, \non a plateau comprising a few hundred acres elevated 1 00 feet \nabove the town, commanding a very extensive view of the sur- \nrounding country, and is the only institution of the kind in the \nterritory or within 500 miles. The buildings are extensive and \nmodern; its furniture, apparatus and instruments new and com- \nplete, and its various courses of study are equal to those of any \nother institution \xe2\x80\x94 east or west. The grounds comprise about 20 \nacres within the village limits. The buildings are brick, large and \nroomy, and command a view of the lovely valley of Deer Lodge for \nnearly 30 miles, interrupted only by the picturesque mountains \nwhich are round about, with their lofty peaks over 13,000 feet \nabove sea level, where is visible at all seasons God\'s mantle of \npurity \xe2\x80\x94 the everlasting snow. \n\nThe altitude of Deer Lodge is 4,532 feet \xe2\x80\x94 the air pure and in- \nvigorating \xe2\x80\x94 the climate all that could be desired, neither exces- \nsively warm in summer nor too cool in winter; in fact, it seems \nparticularly favorable to the rapid development of the intellectual \nfaculties. Here, young people can pursue their studies surrounded \nby an atmosphere of as moral and refined society as can be found \nin any New England town, and free from the allurements and \ntemptations incidental to a large city. When these, and other \nadvantages are generally understood in the east, the buildings of \nthe "College of Montana" will need to be greatly enlarged. \n\n\n\nLeaving Deer Lodge and following down the beautiful valley, \nwhere fine farms and comfortable farm-houses are the rule, nine \nmiles brings our train to the end of the road and the end of this \ntour, at the little wayside station of \n\nOftI*ri\xc2\xa7OIl \xe2\x80\x94 [From Poeatello, 318 miles; Helena, 49 miles; elevation, \n4,338 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 is situated on Deer Lodge river at the junction of the \nMontana Union with the Northern Pacific, another great railroad \nline. But we cannot extend our wanderings in this direction any \nfurther, aud shall now return to Poeatello, and start once more on \nour main tour\xe2\x80\x94 west. \n\nA Vassar girl\'s composition:\xe2\x80\x94 "A cow is an animal with four legs on the \nunderside. The tail is longer than the legs, but is not used to stand on. The \ncow kills flies with its tail. A cow has big ears that wiggle on hinges; so \ndoes their tail. The cow is bigger than the calf, but not so big as an elephant. \nShe is made so small that she can go in the barn when nobody is looking. \nSome cows are black, and some hook. A dog was hooked once. She tossed the \ndog that worried the cat that killed the rat. Black cows give white milk; so do \nother cows. Milkmen sell milk to buy their little girls dresses, which they put \nin water and chalk. Cows chew cuds, and each finds its own chew. That is all \nthere is about cows." \n\n\n\n182 DOWN SNAKE RIVER. \n\n\n\nAGAIIV WFSTWARD-Froin I\'ocatcllo. \n\n\n\nLeaving Pocatello our direction is westward, crossing a broad \nsage-brush plain, the Shoshone and Bannock reservation, occupied \nexclusively as a stock range; passing the following stations, accord- \ning to the time card: MTCHAUD [eight miles], BANNOCK [three miles], \nwhere Bannock creek is crossed, Sunshine [four miles], and then \n[ten miles] comes the \n\nAmerican Falls\xe2\x80\x94 Station \xe2\x80\x94 [pop., 50; from pocatello, 25 miles; ele- \nvation, 4,341 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on the south bank of the Snake river, \njust above the falls of that name, in the northwest corner of Oneida \ncounty, Idaho, of which Malad City is the seat. It contains one \ngeneral merchandise store. The principal business iu this region \nis stock-raising; some farming is done along the river. \n\nThe shipments for the year ending June 30, 1888, in tons were: \n( Train, 256; live-stock, 840; miscellaneous products, 60. Total, \n\n1 , 1 52 tons. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South to Rockland. 22 miles, twice a week. \n\n\n\nThree Buttes \xe2\x80\x94 prominent peaks, are in plain view, 44 miles \naway, as the "bird flies." \n\nAmerican Faee.s \xe2\x80\x94 Immediately after leaving the station and \nwhile crossing to the north side of the Snake river on a fine iron \nbridge, these falls appear on the left. The river here tumbles over \na ridge of basaltic rocks in a series of drops from five to 15 feet \neach, aggregating within a hundred yards a fall of about 75 feet. \nAt certain stages of the water the falls present a very interesting \npicture, and at all times making more noise than many others that \nare more pretentious. \xe2\x80\x94 See opposite page. \n\nAmerican Faees Bridge \xe2\x80\x94 Is a "deck" bridge, two wooden \nspans I6O2 feet each in length; one wooden span 180 feet long, and \none iron span 250 feet long. Height of rail above ordinary stage \nof water, 75 feet; height above high water-mark, 45 feet. \n\nLeaving American Falls and proceeding westward, we enter the \ngreat Snake RIVER eava fieeds. These fields are of vast pro- \nportions, extending from Beaver canon to the northeast, all along \nthe north side of the Snake river in the shape of a great semi-circle \nto near the western border of the territory, varying in width from \nten to 60 miles. These "fields" are very generally covered with \na rank growth of sage-brush and grease-wood and sandwiched with \n"bunch" and other excellent and luxuriant grasses. Lava in im- \nmense beds, buttes, knolls, dykes and ridges appear in places over \nthe whole tract. The question is often asked: "Where does all the \nlava come from as there are no volcanic mountains for hundreds \nof miles?" But the question is still unanswered. There is no ques- \ntion, however, but the whole area was once a simmering mass, \nthat, being submerged iu water, resulted in many curious fractures \nand deep crevices, into some of which a stone being dropped will \ngo clinking from side to side down, down, until the noise gradually \ndies away, apparently without bottom being reached, or thud it \nmay go into the water. These cracks, crevices and chasms are \nfrom a few inches to many feet in width, extending for many miles. \nOn this vast tract are many springs, and a number of good-sized \ncreeks, which come down from the northern mountains to get lost \nor sink in these lava fields. \n\n\n\n\nAMERICAN FALLS AND BRIDGE. \n\n\n\nIn places along the creeks where water can be had for irrigation \nwithout its sinking, the land has been taken up by settlers and the \nyield of all kinds of crops is as good as in any part of the west- \nern country. \n\n\n\n18-4 SHOSHONE \xe2\x80\x94 NORTHWARD. \n\n\n\nOn this vast tract there is no question of the fertility of \nthe soil for agricultural purposes, neither is there any lack of water \nin streams high enough to irrigate the lauds, but the great prob- \nlem, how to get the water over the lauds, is the one that must be \nsolved before any considerable portion of it can ever be more than \na good stock range. \n\nThere! while we have been talking about the lava fields, the \ntrain has passed NapaTI [nine miles] and Wapi [eight miles], and has \njust completed the run [16 miles] to \n\nMinidoka \xe2\x80\x94 A side-track station, in Alturas county, where \nthe stage connections are of far more importance than the station. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South to Albion, 30 miles; thence west to \nThatcher, 15 miles; thence south to Island, ten" miles; thence southwest \nto Marion, five miles; thence south to Oakley, five miles; thence east to Basin, \nseven miles, three times a week. \n\nFrom Albion, mail coach daily, southeast to Conant, 15 miles; Bridge, ii \nmiles, and Kelton, on C. P. R. R., 35 miles. \n\nFrom Bridge, mail hack north to Malta, 14 miles; thence east to Subletto, \n15 miles, twice a week. \n\nFrom Bridge, mail southwest to Earncliff, nine miles; Almo, 19 miles, \nonce a week. \n\nFrom Earncliff", mail southwest to Yost, ten miles, once a week. \n\n\n\nThere will be little change in the landscape or country for the \nnext 47 miles from that passed over in the last 30 miles; lava \nknolls and sage, paper stations and rock cuts, comprise the route \nas our train rolls by Omani [eight miles], Kimama [nine miles], \nOWINZA [14 miles], WAUCANZA [eight miles] and stops [eight miles] at \n\nSllOSllOlie \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 800; from Pocatello, 10S miles; Huntington, 219 miles; \nHailey, 57 miles; Ketchum, 70 miles; elevation, 3,973 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is Situated OH \nLittle Wood river, in Alturas county, at the junction of the Wood \nriver branch. The railroad company have quite extensive \nmachine shops here, employing about 250 men. There are a num- \nber of good stone business blocks and stores and shops of different \nkinds. Two churches, a good school, two hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Dewey and the \nFalls \xe2\x80\x94 and one weekly paper, the Journal. At this place we find \na "telephone" hotel (the first on our tour) of which more anon. \n\nStock-raising is the chief industry in this region; the shipments \nending June 30, 1888, were 1,315 tons, of which 570 tons were live- \nstock, and 148 tons grain. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Rail: The Wood river branch of the Union Pacific system; \nalso mail hack, southeast twice a week to Shoshone Falls, 25 miles; thence \nsouthward to Rock Creek, 12 miles; thence east to Thatcher, iS miles; thence \nnorth to Jessie, nine miles. In the tourist season a stage coach runs daily \nbetween Shoshone and Shoshone Falls; fare. $3, or $5 for the "round trip." See \ndescription of Shoshone Falls, further on. \n\nSide Tour No. 12 \xe2\x80\x94 From Shoshone northward to \nBelxevue, and Haieey to Ketchum. \n\nThere is only one passenger train a day over this line, and that \nusually leaves Shoshone in the morning, runs to Ketchum for noon \nmeal and returns to Shoshone in the evening. \n\n\n\nLeaving Shoshone the road follows up Little Wood river north- \neast, crossing and recrossing it a number of times, and dodging \naround lava ridges, knolls and buttes, passing an occasional set- \ntler\'s cabin, with a little patch of land cleared of the rank sage- \nshrub and cultivated \xe2\x80\x94 raising hay and vegetables principally. \n\nThe stations for \'IS) miles are on paper, but do not materialize; \nhence shall be nameless. \n\n\n\n\nIT WILL PAY \n\nAll visitors to the Paci- \nfic Northwest to call \nand inspect the mag- \nnificent stock of \n\nTHE VERY BEST \n\nAND \n\nLATEST IMPROVED \n\n\n\nFARM, DAIRY, MILL AND MINING MACHINERY \n\nENGINES, BOILERS and SAW-MILLS, \n\nWAGONS, BUGGIES, CARRIAGES, \nCARTS, HARNESS, \n\nAnd Machine and Vehicle Specialties and Supplies of every \ndescription, carried by \n\nSTAVER & WALKER \n\nNEW MARKET BLOCK, \n\nPortlani >, Oregon. \n\nThe largest Dealers in Machinery and Vehici.KS on the Paci- \nfic Coast. All their goods have been specially built for them \nby the oldest and most reliable manufacturers in the United \nvStates and are guaranteed the best, while their Prices are \nthe Lowest, quality considered. \n\nBEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE MAILED FREE. \n\n\n\nBraQGf? \nJ4ou5<^s: \n\nSPOKANE FALLS, W.T. \nWALLA WALLA, W.T. \n\nSEATTLE, W.T. \n\nPOMEROY, W.T. \n\nCOLFAX, W.T. \n\nMOSCOW, IDAHO. \nLA GRANDE, OREGON. \n\n\n\n\nNo. 5. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCAPE HORN. \n\n\n\nSee Pace 250. \n\n\n\n\nCOLUMBIA RIYER. \n\n\n\nWasl)ir\\gtori Territory \n\n\n\nAngus Mackintosh Prest. Abram Barker, Vice-Prest. \n\nR. N. McFadden, Cashier. \n\nMerchants\' National Bank \n\n\n\nOf SEATTLE, W.T. \n\nUNITED STATES DEPOSITORY. \n\n\n\nCapital, $100,000. Surplus and Profits, $20,000. \n\n\n\nWe receive accounts of Banks, Bankers, Corporations, Manufact- \nurers, Firms and Individuals on favorable terms, and will \nbe pleased to meet or correspond with those who \nmay contemplate opening accounts. \n\n\n\nCollections carefully made and promptly accounted for on \nmoderate terms. \n\nForeign Exchange Bought and Sold. \n\nCircular Letters of Credit. \n\nTelegraphic and Cable Transfers. \n\n\n\nFor bargains in \n\nREAL ESTATE; \n\nFor F\\REE descriptive matter of \n\nWASHINGTON TERRITORY \n\nAND OK ITS \n\nCHIEF CITY, SEATTLE, \n\nOr, for the best route to reach, this City, \nwrite to \n\nESHELMAN, LLEWELLYN & CO. \n\nSEATTLE, WASHINGTON TER. \n\n\n\nWOOD RIVER \xe2\x80\x94 CAMAS PRAIRIE. 185 \n\nl\'iUlll\';i \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 90; from Shoshone, 29 miles; Bellevue, 22 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a \nlittle hamlet of farmers and stock-raisers to the right of the road \non Little Wood river. Hay is the principal crop, although vege- \ntables arid small grain are grown to some extent. Shipments of \ngrain for the season, 307 tons. \n\nTurning now to the northwest, the lava country gradually \nchanges, and as our train emerges from a long deep cut a beauti- \nful valley is spread out before it, and the conductor shouts \n"Picabo!" the brakeman shouts "Picabo!" the passengers take up \nthe refrain and say "Picabo." Then the train stops at \n\nPicabo \xe2\x80\x94 Station\xe2\x80\x94 and the joke is so good that "Picabo" was \non the tongue of everybody from that time whenever any surprising \nbit of scenery suddenly appeared. \n\nIvEDUC \xe2\x80\x94 Is the post office name for Picabo. [From Tikura, eight \nmiles; Bellevue, 14 miles; pop., 50]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated on Silver creek in the \nmidst of extensive hay meadows, the finest seen for main- a mile. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: East toCARV, 12 miles, once a week. \n\n\n\nAs we proceed the valley widens; Silver creek comes down on \nthe east side and Wood river on the west side, between which is the \nfinest body of land yet seen in Idaho. From half a mile in width \nat Picabo the valley spreads out, within six miles, to a width of ten \nmiles then gradually narrows within 20 miles, to half a mile in width. \nThis is the northern and eastern portion of the famed \n\nWood River Vaeley and Camas Prairie country. The for- \nmer is from one to ten miles wide and 50 miles long, the latter 70 \nmiles long and 20 miles wide; collectively, they are the beau ideal \nof a farming and stock-raising country. The soil is a rich black \nloam, with a clay sub-soil which is said to hold water aud moist- \nure to a marvellous degree, making irrigation unnecessary. Yet \nabundance of water can be had from the streams for irrigation, and \nby wells in from three to ten feet from the surface. \n\nThose who have had the opportunity for knowing and are \ndisinterested say: "The numerous creeks which are flowing \nthrough this region keep the clay soil wet, so that however dry \nthe top may look, you will always find plenty of moisture within \na few inches of the surface. This condition of soil renders the \nlands very productive. Immense crops of oats, wheat, barley and \nall small grains, and all kinds of vegetables and fruits can be grown \neasily and to great profit. The natural grasses yield wonderful \ncrops of hay, and tame grasses, wherever tried, flourish amazinglv. \nTimothy, alfalfa and clover make great crops, and the former has \nbeen known to yield three tons to the acre. " Gov. Stephenson, \nin his report to the Secretary of the Interior for 1888, says: "On \nthe Spring Brook ranch, the home of Hon. John Hailey, I saw last \nmonth a field of timothy sown last April standing three feet high, \nand so thick that you could scarcely part it with your hand to see \nthe ground. There were cut and weighed four and a half tons of \nthoroughly cured clean timothy hay per acre. A field of timothv, \nfive months from the seed, yielding four and a half tons of cured \nhay per acre is hard to believe, but it is nevertheless true." \n\nAt Armstrong\'s ranch, in 1886, five acres of volunteer wheat \nyielded 522 bushels, or at the rate of one hundred and four bushels \nper acre. Volunteer wheat yields are recorded in a number of \ninstances, which amounted to 75 bushels per acre. The soil is so \n\n\n\n186 ON WOOD RIVRR BRANCH. \n\nwell adapted to the raising of potatoes and vegetables that a yield \nless than one ton of potatoes per acre is a great disappointment, \nwhile of rutabagas, carrots, etc., less than two tons is not consid- \nered an average crop. Barley yields are a matter of record, where \nthe product amounted to 65 bushels to the acre, without any \nirrigation. \n\nAlturas County, in which the Wood river and Camas prairie \ncountry is located, is 190 miles in length and varying from 60 to \n120 miles in width, and has almost any desired climate that may \nbe selected at the different points of elevation. \n\nAll fruits and grain pertaining to the temperate zone can be \ncultivated successfully and in almost unlimited quantities. \n\nThere can be no better stock-raising country found on the con- \ntinent, affording in the high mountains the finest summer ranges, \nand the lower plains can scarcely be excelled for winter grazing. \n[Pop., 16,250]. Assessed valuation, $3,737,552. There are 16 \nquartz-mills. 16 concentrators, four samplers and four smelters in \nthe county. Of cattle, 23,835; horses, 7,363; mules, 183; sheep, \n31,1)41, and hogs, 1,622 head. The principal towns are Hailey, the \ncounty seat ; Bellevue, Ketchum, Atlanta, Shoshone, Mountain \nHome, Rockv Bar and Pine Grove. As her valleys are rich and \nproductive, so are her mountains seamed with rich gold, silver, \nlead, copper and other minerals. Fish and game are also abund- \nant in the streams and mountains. \n\n\n\nBcliOVIlO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 1. \'too; from Shoshone, 52 miles; Hailey, five miles; \nelevation. 5,171 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 .Settled in 1880. Situated in the beautiful valley \nof Wood river; has water works, and water running through all \nthe streets, which are bordered by shade trees; it has four churches \nand good schools, one bank, one ore sampler, a large flouring-mill, \nthree hotels \xe2\x80\x94 International and Arlington are the principal ones \xe2\x80\x94 \nand (.tie weekly newspaper, the Herald. There are a number of \nbrick buildings and many neat private residences. Bellevue has \nan elegant "driving park " and the citizens some lively steppers. \nMining is the principal industry. The total shipments for the \nyear ending June 30, 1888, amounted to 7,131 tons \xe2\x80\x94 of which 6,892 \ntons were ore, 76 tons grain, and 41 tons stone and cement. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: West, daily to Broadford, two miles. \n\nTo the east, Era, 32 miles, once a week. \n\nTo the northeast, Mn.noox, 22 miles, once a week. \n\nTo the southwest. Stan ion, ii miles, twice a week. \n\n!l;lih\'> \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,150; from Bellevue. five miles; Ketchum, 12 miles; \nelevation, 5,342 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1881. Is the seat of Alturas county, \nsituated in the northern end of Wood river valley, which is here \nabout one mile wide, between high grass-covered mountains rising \nto a 1,000 feet or more above the valley. Wood river runs to the \nwest of the town beside the mountain, from which a gradual slope \nor terrace rises to the eastward, upon which stands the business \nportion of Hailey. \n\nWater works, canals and ditches supply the town with water \nfor domestic and irrigating purposes. Water runs through all the \nprincipal streets and into the gardens and grounds of the citizens. \nThe w T alks are lined with shade and ornamental trees, and the \nstreets kept free from dust by timely sprinkling. \n\nBrick buildings are the rule here. Many of the business blocks \nare as large and fine as can be found anywhere in the western \ncities, and an energetic Board of Trade is ever on the alert in the \n\n\n\nHAILEY \xe2\x80\x94 HOT SPRINGS. 187 \n\ninterest of progress and development. There are four churches \nhere and one large handsome school building which cost $35,000; \nstores and shops of all kinds, one sampling, one iron works, \nand one, saw-mill, three hotels \xe2\x80\x94 Alturas and Merchants\' are the \nprincipal ones \xe2\x80\x94 one theatre and two daily and weekly newspapers, \nthe Tillies and the News-Miner; also electric light, telephone, etc. \n\nThe county court house is a fine building of brick and stone ; \ncost, $50,000. \n\nThe timber supply within ten miles of Hailey is abundant. \n\nLand Office\xe2\x80\x94 The U. S. land office for the district of Hailey \nis located here and the records show 19,000,(100 acres in the dis- \ntrict, of which less than 1,000,0(10 have been surveyed. Much of \nthis land is as valuable as any in Idaho, and can be taken up under \nany of the existing land laws. \n\n\\V\\TER Power \xe2\x80\x94 The water power of Wood river comprises \n100,000 miners\' inches, and affords ample power for driving mills, \nmachinery, etc., etc. \n\nDrives \xe2\x80\x94 The drives are admirable. Natural roads lead from the \ntown to the overlooking ridges of mountains in the vicinity, \nthrough scenery which, for picturesqueness, ruggedness and grand- \neur can hardlv be excelled. \n\n.Shipments \xe2\x80\x94 The shipments from Hailey for the year ending \nJune 30, 1888, amounted to 3,146 tons \xe2\x80\x94 of which 2.01:2 tons were \nores, 33 tons grain, 20 tons hides, and 13 tons wool. \n\nIn conclusion, for much valuable information, kind words and \nattention on our late visit to Hailey. we are under special obliga- \ntions to Mr. Robert E. Strahorn, one of the first among the early \npioneers to appreciate and make known the wonderful resources \nof the country, and T. E. Picotte, Esq., editor and proprietor of \nthe Wood River Times, a daily journal loaded with more vim, \nnerve and push than am in the west. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southwest to Gilman four miles; thence north \nto Bullion, two miles, daily. To the southwest to Donaphan, 12 miles Hays. \nten miles; Humphries, nine miles; Grichton, seven miles; Soldier, six miles, \nand Corrall, five miles, three times a week. \n\n\n\nHailey Hot Springs \xe2\x80\x94 One and a half mile west from Hailey, \nin plain view from the Alturas house, are the famous Hailey hot \nsprings, in a most charming little park or glen, overlooked by high \nmountains, in the sides of which are numerous mining shafts and \ntunnels in plain view from the springs. \n\nLarge volumes of water, of a temperature of 150\xc2\xb0 and containing \nsulphate of soda, iron, magnesia, sulphur and other desirable in- \ngredients are emitted from scores of springs. Commodious swim- \nming baths are provided. It is said that many patients have gone \nto these springs with chronic cases, believed to be hopeless, of \nneuralgia, paralysis, dyspepsia, inflammatory or mercurial rheu- \nmatism and other complaints for which the Arkansas springs are \nconsidered a specific, and after a few months of bathing and drink- \ning have left completely restored. The baths are also very popular \nwith those in good health, thousands visiting them anuually for the \ndelightful effect of a plunge. In the summer of 1888 these springs \nand 800 acres of land in the vicinity were purchased by Chicago cap- \nitalists and a grand plan of improvements commenced. They con- \nsist in part of a pavilion 50 by 105 feet, two stories and basement, in \nwhich there are large and small bath rooms, ball room, parlor, dining \n\n\n\n188 KETCHUM \xe2\x80\x94 IDAHO. \n\n\n\nroom, billiard roorn, ten-pin alley and rooms for persons to rest in \nafter bathing. The bath tubs are porcelain, and all else in keeping \nwith them. The new buildings are located on the flat a half mile \nbelow the springs, within sight of Hailey, and the grounds are being \nlaid off and cultivated in the highest style of landscape art so as to \nmake the place as attractive as possible. The new buildings are \nnot used as a hotel, any further than serving with the finest lunches \nand temporary rest after bathing, while there are ample arrange- \nments for amusements. A complete system of water works is \nbeing put in for the buildings and grounds. These improvements \nwill cause an outlay of $40,000, and are to be finished during the \npresent season. There will be on the grounds three lakes, one \nfor outside swimming and bathing, and the other two for the \ncultivation of trout and other fish, and boating. Thousands of \ntrees are being planted on the grounds, about the springs and around \nthe buildings, and it will not be long before this will become a \nmost delightful resort. The company own 150 registered pedigreed \nshort horn cattle, said to be the largest pedigreed herd west of Iowa. \n\nThe entire investment, aggregating $70,000, is made by Robert \nStrahorn & Co., the senior partner of whom is well known in \nconnection with the Chicago stock yards, and the junior of the lit- \nerary department of the Union Pacific railway. The latter is in \ncharge at the springs. Hourly carriages from Hailey. \n\ng@T*As a center for hunting and fishing tours Hailey is unriv- \nalled. Could you secure Mr. Strahorn as a companion and guide \nthe outing would ever live in pleasant memory. \n\n\n\nLeaving Hailey and following along up Wood river north, the \nvalley is gradually crowded to a narrow strip and finally com- \npletely out, by towering mountains upon each side, the black walls \nof which, in places, stand sheer 1,000 feet above the train ; in others, \ngroves of pines and firs darken the narrow way and rise full ten \nscore feet above the road and the roaring river by its side. And \nso we go to \n\nKetcllUlll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop , 1,250; from Hailey, 12 miles, Shoshone. 69 miles; ele- \nvation, 5,823 feet], \xe2\x80\x94 Is in Alturas county, situated on Wood river, at \nthe end of the Wood river branch of the Union Pacific railway. \nOne of the largest smelting works in Idaho is located on the west- \nern edge of the town. \n\nKetchum has four churches, a school building that cost $12,000, \na hall that seats 800 persons, two saw-mills, one bank, one brewery, \none weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the Keystone \xe2\x80\x94 and two hotels, the Palace \nand Baxter; also general merchandise stores, shops, etc. \n\nFishing and hunting near Ketchum are all that the most greedy \nsportsman could des\'re. Trout are abundant. \n\nThe shipments for the year ending June 30th, 1888, amounted \nto 3,380 tons \xe2\x80\x94 of which the principal items were: Bullion and lead, \n1,697 tons; ores, 1,588 tons, and lumber, 483 tons. \n\nThe mountains and h!lls are mostly grassed to their summits \nwith the most nutritious feed on which stock do well in summer, \nand for winter, they are driven to the valley. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Northeast, daily to Dicker . 35 miles. [See under \n"Blackfoot."| \n\nNorth, mail hack three times a week to Boulder, [2 miles; thence north- \nwest to Galena. 12 miles. \n\nSouthwest, three times a week to Smoky, 28 miles; south to H \\\\s. 25 miles. \n[See under "Hailey."] \n\n\n\n\nMining and lumbering are about the only industries. The town \nis surrounded by small mining camps. One can see "jack trains" \n(burros) stringing down over the hills loaded with ore, and \nothers loading at the depot with merchandise for the mines. These \ntrains number as high as 100 animals in a train, and tramp off for \nhours at a time, loaded with from 150 to 2o0 pounds in weight. \n\nLarge freight teams, six and eight span of mules, are also to be \nseen which haul merchandise and ores between this and distant \ntowns to the north, west and east. The ores carry silver and lead \nprincipally. \n\nGuyer Hot Sulphur Springs\xe2\x80\x94 Are a great attraction at Ket- \nchum. They are located two and a half miles west from the town \non Warm Spring creek, in a wild and romantic glen. The waters \nfairly gush from numerous crevices in the rocks, and where not \ncontrolled, drop in little cascades to the creek below, some 30 feet \nor more. \n\nThe waters of these springs are said to be specially valuable \nfor the cure of rheumatism, dyspepsia, gout, liver complaints, and \nimpurities of the blood; bathing in and drinking the water effect \nwonderful improvement, if not cures, within a very short time. \n\nThe improvements at the springs are a fine hotel well furnished, \nwith accomtnodations-for 30 persons, with reception, dining and \nbilliard-rooms, extensive stables, cottages for guests, two plunge \nbaths, 30x60 feet, and a number of tub baths. The water is con- \nveyed through pipes from the springs above to the several bath- \nhouses, and is so arranged that any desired temperature can be \n\n\n\n100 TO SHOSHONE FALLS. \n\n\n\nhad. Some neatly furnished sleeping rooms have baths attached, \nso that patients who desire can have all the benefits of these \nwaters without any exposure to the outer air, or without necessi- \ntating leaving their rooms. \n\nAnalysis \xe2\x80\x94 The following is the analysis of the waters from a \n\ndistinguished chemist : \n\nBellevue Hospital Medical College, i \nNew York, August 9, 1S82. 1 \nThe sample ot mineral water from the boilitg springs of Ketchum, Idaho, \nsent me, yields an analysis \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nSodium Chloride, grains per Imp. gal 3,578 \n\nSodium Carbonate " 9,965 \n\nCalcium Sulphate, " 6,574 \n\nMagnesium Sulphate \'" " : 0,534 \n\nMagnesium Chloride " " " 0,914 \n\nOrganic matter, with tracesof iron and silica 1,240 \n\nTotal Solids 22,805 \n\nYours respectfully, \n\nK. OGDBN DOREMTJS, M.D., LL.D. \nProf. Chemistry and Toxicology in Bellevue Hospital Medical College. \n\nTemperature of water, 165 Fahr. \n\nThe scenery in the vicinity of these springs is exceptionally \ngrand, as is the trout fishing in the streams. \n\n\n\nReturning to Shoshone, we start for the south \xe2\x80\x94 by stage. \n\nSide Tour Xo. 13 \xe2\x80\x94 From Shoshone southeast to the \nGreat Shoshone Falls.\xe2\x80\x94 (.sir large view No. j.) \n\nDuring the tourist season a "coach and four" leaves Shoshone \nevery morning for the falls. Sometimes parties prefer chartering \na special outfit with driver, others take saddle animals. The latter \nplan is the best, provided a good horse can be obtained and one is \naccustomed to riding. \n\nThis tour is sure to be a dusty one, hence a close fitting duster \nis worth many times its price for this trip alone. \n\nThe scenery on the way is not very interesting, unless lava beds, \nbuttes and knolls, garnished with sage-brush and peppered with \nthe basis of creation, are of interest. And, by the way, if dust is \nan essential element in the creation of human beings, Idaho and \neastern Oregon at certain seasons could furnish an immense \namount of raw material . \n\nThe Shoshone canon is nearly 70 miles in length, and besides \nnumerous rapids and small cascades, has two very notable falls. \nThe first from the east is known as \n\nTwin Falls \xe2\x80\x94 Sometimes called "Upper Shoshone;" they are \nthree miles above the great falls, and have a single leap of ISO feet. \nlust above the falls, about midway the stream, is situated a tongue- \nshapedrock which divides the river into two narrow channels, each \nabout 7-"> feet in width, through which the waters rush with great \nvelocity. The rapids below the falls only extend a few hundred \nyards and then the stream becomes smooth and apparently almost \nstill. At this point, near midway between the greater and lesser \nfalls, is the \n\nPERRY Crossing \xe2\x80\x94 Established here nearly 20years ago, Near \nat hand is the ferryman\'s Cottage-hotel, which, until recently, has \nbeen the only house of entertainment for the traveler in this vicin- \nity. A wagon rpad has been cut in the northern wall of the canon, \nmaterially shortening the distance to the ferry over that by the \nold trail. Crossing the river to the south side we find a large hotel \n\n\n\nGREAT SNAKE RIVER FAEES. 101 \n\nA \n\nrecently erected, and admirably located to afford the most exten- \nsive views of much of the most beautiful and interesting scenery. \n\nBelow the ferry, a short distance, the river contracts to a width \nof about 600 feet, and rapids follow to the final jump. \n\nRushing on towards the brink of the great fall the river seems \nto divide its forces and dodge around a trio of little rocky islands. \nIn its mad career it becomes very turbulent, jumping here and \nthere, forming a number of little cascades. Two of the largest are \ncalled "Bridal Veil" and "Bridal Trail," the drop being about 80 \nfeet each. It is said the name was suggested by portions of the \nriver pouring over in lace-like forms, a resemblance, as the water \nand spray glistened in the sunlight, to a royal bride\'s veil and trail. \n\nNow should any betrothed ever take f/iaf "trail" she never \nwould survive to take the "veil." \n\nThe width of the river at the point of taking the last leap is \nabout 000 feet; the fall, 220 feet. Before the river reaches the \ncascades it runs between lofty walls, which close in around it, until \nbut a narrow gorge is left for the passage of the water 1,000 feet \nbelow the tops of the bluffs. The most complete view of the falls \nis obtained from Lookout point, a narrow spit of rocks which pro- \njects from the main bluffs a short distance down the stream from \nthe falls. From this point Eagle rock rises before us, in the midst \nof the rapids, and almost overhanging the falls, fully 200 feet high \xe2\x80\x94 \nits pillar-like top surmounted by an eagle\'s nest, where, year after \nyear, the monarch of the air has reared its young. Near the center \nof the river are several islands covered with cedar, the largest one \nbeing called Ballard\'s island. Two rocky points, one on either \nside of the falls, are called the Two .Sentinels, as they are ever over- \nlooking the "veil" and the "trail." Except in point of shape and \nvolume of water, the falls will compare favorably with Niagara. \n\nThe river below the falls is very deep. The right bank sinks \ninto the water in a clear sharp precipice, but ou the left side a \nnarrow pebbly beach extends along the foot of the cliff. From \nthe top of the wall, at a point a quarter of a mile below the falls, a \nstream has gradually worn a little stairway down to the river; thick \ngrowths of evergreens have nestled together in this ravine. Under \nthe influence of the cool shadow of the cliffs and the pines, and \nconstant percolating of surface waters, a rare fertility is developed \nin the ravines opening upon the shore of the canon. A luxuriance \nof ferns and mosses, an almost tropical wealth of green leaves and \nvelvety carpeting line the banks. \n\nImmense volumes of foam roll up from the cataract base, and \nwhirl about in the eddying winds, rising often a thousand feet. \nWhen the wind blows down the canon, a gray mist obscures the \nriver for half a mile; and when, as is usually the case in the after- \nnoon, the breeze blows eastward, the foam cloud curls over the \nbrink of the fall and hangs like a veil over the upper river. The \nincessant roar, reinforced by a thousand echoes, fills the canon. \n\nNiagara river falls 228 feet in 23 miles; Shoshone, 500 in five miles. \n\nIn ravines, nooks and glens about the river and falls grow pines, \ncedars, shrubs, grass, mosses, vines and, in season, countless flow- \ners, while hawks and bats make their home in the numberless \ncaves and crevices in the canon walls. \n\nTo make this tour and visit the various objects of interest, at \nleast three days should be provided for. \n\n\n\n192 GLENN\'S FERRY \xe2\x80\x94 MOUNTAIN HOME. \n\n\n\nAGAIN WESTWARD. \n\n\n\nRETURNING to Shoshone \xe2\x80\x94 we start again for the west, fol- \nlowing down Little Wood river, passing the small side-track \nstations of Tcnupa [nine miles] and Toponis [six miles], where there \nare two stores, a few settlers, farmers, stock-raisers, and hay \nmeadows, cross Wood river and reach \n\nBHk* \xe2\x80\x94 [13 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 A small station, with one general merchan- \ndise store and a few farmers and stock-growers in the vicinity. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southeast, once a week to Salmon Falls, 22 \nmiles; Paynes, eight miles, and Bliss, six miles\xe2\x80\x94 all situated on the south side \n\nof Snake river. \n\nThe canon cliffs of Snake river now appear on the left and our \ntrain descends to the banks of that river, passing TlCESKA [seven \nmiles], and King\'s Hir.,1, [eight miles], crossing Clover and Little \nCamas creeks at their junction with the Snake, and skirting the \nnorth bank and sloping bluffs of the Snake to a meal station \n[eight miles] \n\nCileilll\'S Ferrj" \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 250; from Pocatello. 160 miles; elevation, \n2,564 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 This station was named for the old ferry located near. \nThis ferrv is one of the most frequented on Snake river. The \nwagon roads from the north and from the south \xe2\x80\x94 Bruneau valley \ncountry \xe2\x80\x94 center at this ferry. It is in Alturas county, the termi- \nnus of two divisions of the railroad and a regular meal station for \nall through trains. Two stores, several shops and saloons comprise \nthe town. The shipments are light \xe2\x80\x94 grain and wool principally. \n\nOur train in leaving starts with a tandem team \xe2\x80\x94 two engines \xe2\x80\x94 \nrolling along down the river to Medbury [\xc2\xab miles], where com- \nmences the "Medford grade," climbing and serpentining around \nthe bluffs to REVERSE [nine miles], where one of the engines is left, \nhaving gained an altitude, in nine miles, of 590 feet. \n\nIn climbing the "grade" several long curves are made around \nthe points of bluffs, affording extensive views of the country to the \nsouth of the Snake as well as two and three parallel lines at a time \nof the rail-track below, over which our train has been running \nfrom Medbury to gain its present elevation. \n\nMountain HoillC \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 160: from Glenn\'s Ferry. 30 miles; eleva- \ntion, 5.145 feet j. \xe2\x80\x94 rs situated on a broad sage-brush plain, between \nCanon and Rattlesnake creeks, in the midst of 100, 000 acres of as \ngood agricultural land as Idaho can afford. \n\nSome of these lands will raise crops without irrigation. Others \nmust be watered. A number of wind-mills are to be seen in oper- \nation in irrigating farms. Recently a company has commenced \nbuilding canals and ditches with a view of bringing under cultiva- \ntion the greater portion of this immense tract, more than half of \nwhich is yet government land, subject to entry under the general \nland laws. \n\nThe station consists of two general stores, several restaurants, \nshops and saloons, and two hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Turner and Elsmore. \nThere are a number of good brick buildings. The shipments for \nthe year ending June 80th, 1888, amounted to 1,017 tons \xe2\x80\x94 of which \n733 tons were wheat, and 177 tons wool. \n\n\n\nNAMPA \xe2\x80\x94 IDAHO. \n\n\n\n193 \n\n\n\nMountain Home, from its natural position in the midst of great \nagricultural and stock-raising advantages, has a future of much \ngreater promise than any station yet reached on the main line of \nthe railroad west of Pocatello. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Northeast, daily to Pine, 45 miles; thence north \nto Rocky Bar, 20 miles; from thence, three times a week, mail hack to \nAtlanta, 18 miles. \n\nTo the southward \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack, three times a week to Bruneau Valley, 20 \nmiles; thence northwest to Grand View, 26 miles; thence west to Castle \nCreek, 15 miles, and Oreana, eight miles. \n\nFrom Bruneau Valley, southward to Three Creeks, 80 miles, once a week. \n\n\n\nLeaving Mountain Home the direction is to the northwest across \nthe broad table lands named above, upon which \' \' time cards \' \' \nname the following stations and distances between: ClEFFT [h \nmiles], NAMEKO [eight miles], BlSUKA [seven miles], OWYHEE [seven \nmiles], MORA [eight miles], on Indian creek, and \n\nKlIIlSl\xe2\x80\x94 [Four miles; elevation, 2,684 feet].\xe2\x80\x94 This station is a very \nsmall one situated at the western foot of the grade leading down \nfrom the great table lands, in which Mountain Home is a center. \nThe grade commenced 12 miles east; the descent is 461 feet. \n\nKuna, before the railroad, was the most important stage station \n011 the stage road between Boise City to the northeast, and Silver \nCity and Wiuuemucca on the Central Pacific railroad, in Nevada, \n230 miles distant. \n\nShipments for the year ending June 30, 1888, 411 tons, chiefly \nwool, 61 tons; lumber, 60; ore, 14, and wheat, 12 tons. \n\n\\<II1I|>;1 \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop. ,300; from Pocatello, 245 miles; Boise City, 19 miles, Cald- \nwell, seven miles; Huntington, Oregon, 88 miles; elevation, 2,487 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is in \nAda county, situated at the junction of the Idaho Central railroad \nwith the Oregon Short Line, on a broad plain which gradually \nslopes away to the Snake river, 15 miles, southward. The town is \nregularly platted and the streets graded. It contains three general \nmerchandise stores and an unusual n nuber of stores and shops in \nproportion to the size of the place. There are several hotels, chief \nof which is the Barnard, and one weekly newspaper, the Progress. \n\nThe surrounding country is a broad sage brush plain with gentle \nrolling hills, and with water for irrigation would be as productive \nas any portion of the territory. The principal shipments are live \nstock, lumber, wool, hides and wheat. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail to Boise City daily; by mail coach, south daily for \nWalters. 18 miles; Reynolds, 14 miles; Silver City, 15 miles; thence west \nto Jordan Valley 7 , 24 miles. \n\nFrom Jordan Valley south, once a week to Dairy, 20 miles. \n\nFrom Nampa southwest to Central, 15 miles, once a week. \n\n\n\n\ncastle geyser. \n\n\n\nfire basin \n\n\n\n194 GRAND ENTERPRISE \xe2\x80\x94 GRAND VIEW. \n\n\n\n\xc2\xbb;<mm:, tsib: beautiful.: \n\n\n\nSide Tour No. 14\xe2\x80\x94 From Nampa to Boise City and \nBoise Basin. \n\nIn making this tour we take the cars of the Idaho Central \nrailroad which runs in connection with regular through trains \nof the Oregon Short Line. The distance from Nampa to Boise \nCity is 19 miles over a broad sage brush plain on which are a few \nsettlers. The lauds are very rich and productive when irrigated, \nand a movement is now being made for that purpose as the follow- \ning will describe. \n\nGrand Canal Enterprise \xe2\x80\x94 In the summer of 1888 a syndi- \ncate of capitalists was formed at Cheyenne, Wyoming, with a \ncapital of $100,000, who proceeded at once to purchase certain \ncanal and ditch franchises for taking water from the Boise river at \na point above Boise City. The company immediately announced \ntheir intention of building, enlarging and extending a system of \nlands and ditches for irrigating purposes, to cover a great portion \nof the lauds between Boise City and Nampa, and also to supply \nthe town of Nampa with water. Should the company carry out \ntheir announced plan it will bring under cultivation fully 100,000 \nacres of most desirable agricultural land, which means 10,000 \nadditional population on the lands covered by the waters of the \ncanals and ditches within the next five years. Stimulated by the \nactive operations of the company, a large amount of these lands \nwas taken up by actual settlers during the fall, and doubtless will \nall be taken up at an early day. When the enterprise was first \nannounced the title of nearly every acre under the canal level was \nin the government, subject to appropriation under the general \nland laws. \n\nThe train under the conductorship of Mr. Bliss is a perfect \nbliss, it <<oes along lively and makes few and short stops. So just \nas one is about to ask the name of a high range of mountains to \nthe left onlya few miles away, you hear a bliss- full shout\xe2\x80\x94 "Boise!" \n\xe2\x80\x94 Boise! what a charming word, full of poetry, beauty and pleas- \nant expectancy. \n\nGrand View \xe2\x80\x94 Alighting from the cars we are still upon a \nbroad elevated sage covered plain. To the south, the view is \nobstructed by rolling grassy hills. To the eastward a long green \nvalley with the beautiful Boise river in its midst, glistening in \nspots where it can be seen through the thick foliage like mam- \nmoth brilliants in the richest emerald settings; just beyond, but \nreally ten miles away, the Boise mountain range, and the black \nbasaltic walks at the mouth of Boise canon closes the scene. \nNow a sweeping range of vision from the cahou around to the \nnorth and westward, in one immense semi-circle rises the beautiful \nBoise range of mountains, slashed from summit to base by the \nhand of the great architect, into numerous deep and dark ravines \nand gulches, in the mouths of which, extending away back, are \nbeautiful little valleys, productive farms, fruitful orchards, com- \nfortable farm houses and snug little cottages. \n\nAlong the whole base of this magnificent range of mountains is \na strip of green, one vast wilderness of foilage, extending up \nthe ravines and gulches, and in places up the mountain side, away \n\n\n\nHERE IS BOISE. 195 \n\n\n\nup to the summit 2,000 feet above the valley. From our stand- \npoint at the depot this green materializes in towering pines and firs \nand shrubs and grassy parks, interspersed with lofty crags, silvery \nbrooks and miniature cascades. It is a grand picture. But you ask \n\n"WHERE IS BoiSE?" \xe2\x80\x94 We will see \xe2\x80\x94 save only one "knight of \nthe whip," all the "busses" and carriages have gone from the \ndepot while we have been viewing the most magnificent landscape \nin all Idaho. \n\nCalling "his royal nibs" and taking a seat in his barouche, 500 \nyards brings us to the verge of the plain, 800 feet above and over-\' \nlooking Boise valley and river. The valley is nearly four miles \nwide, and as far as one can see up and down the river from eight \nto ten miles is one mass of foilage, bisected by the river, where in \nplaces can be seen green meadows, golden fields of grain, large \nfarm houses, cozy little white cottages, with race-track, mills, \nmanufactories and the whole interspersed with orchards and vine- \nyards in great profusion. Directly in front, across the river, shoot \nup church spires, glistening domes and turrets. Yes, and there is \n"Uncle Sam" and our starry flag. Here, in the midst of all, is \nthe beautiful, the lovely \n\nBOISC C-lty \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,500; from Nampa, 19 miles; Omaha, 1,326 miles; \nPortland, 504 miles; elevation, 2,800 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1863. Is the capital \nof Idaho and the seat of Ada county, situated 011 the north side of \nthe Boise river just at the southern base of the Boise range of \nmountains. The streets are wide and regular, lined on either side \nwith beautiful shade trees of almost every variety. Water flows \nbeside most of the streets and over the gardens and grounds of \nthe citizens. There are many fine private residences, most of \nwhich are embowered in trees, orchards of fruit and vines, and \nsurrounded with grass and flowers. Coming to business Boise has \nsome of the finest brick business blocks in the west and scores of \nlarge merchantile establishments, who do an immense business \nwith the mining towns and camps to the northward. It has an \nefficient steam fire deparment, two flouring-mills, two saw-mills, \nfoundry and machine works, planing-mills, sash, door and blind \nfactory, one brewery, two banks, several hotels, chief of which \nare the Overland and Central, three newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 Statesman, daily \nand weekly, and the Republican and Democrat, weeklies. The \ncity contains seven churches and a school building, occupying one \nentire block, built of brick, 82x100 feet, four stories\xe2\x80\x94 cost $60,000; \nthere are ten teachers and (500 scholars. \n\nThe capitol building is a fine structure that cost $100,000; the \ncounty court building cost $75,000. \n\nHere is located a U. S. assay office, the building of which cost \n$83,000, and the average annual business amounts to $1,000,000. \nHere, too, is a U. S. land office and the offices of the governor, \nsurveyor-general and other territorial officials, besides a govern- \nment military post, U. S. penitentiary and signal service office. \n\nBoise has its Board of Trade with 210 members, who are ever \nlaboring for the substantial advancement of their city; are ever \nloyal, and glory in its history, but discourage a "boom." \n\nFruit \xe2\x80\x94 Boise City and valley abound in fruit of all kinds. \nApples grow to an enormous size; we have seen many that weighed \n30 ounces. One apple sent east for exhibition in September, 1888, \nmeasured 18 inches in circumference and weighed 44 ounces. \n\n\n\n196 \n\n\n\nINNOCENCE LOOKING-A-LEETXE OUT. \n\n\n\nELECTRICITY \xe2\x80\x94 Is used in Boise City in all its forms for lighting, \ntelephone, etc.; quite a number of adjoining towns and mining \ncamps are connected by telephone with Boise City. \n\nBoiSE Barracks \xe2\x80\x94 Are situated close to the north of the city on \na gradual slope of the mountains, and were established for a two- \ncompany post. \n\nThe reservation embraces a tract of land one mile square. \n\nLieut.-Col. J. Green, 2d Cavalry, is in command. The garrison \nconsists of Troop D and company G, 4th Infantry. \n\nClimate \xe2\x80\x94 Meteorological data obtained from the U. S. signal \nservice officer at Boise City, September 29, 1888, for 11 years, \nending December 31, 1887, reads, as fellows: Mean monthly tem- \nperature 50\xc2\xb0. 5; mean monthly rainfall 1.12 inches; mean hourly \nvelocity of wind 4. 3 miles. The lowest temperature in the history \nof the station was 27\xc2\xb0.8, on January 16, 1888. \n\nNow these mean averages are about as deceptive to the ordi- \nnary understanding as the make-up of a fashionable woman. From \na most reliable source we learn that, in 1881, the coldest day was \n15 deg. above zero, and the hottest 101 above, with seven days above \n90. Rainfall, 11 inches; sun shone 264 days. In 1882 the hottest \n< lav was 102, with 32 days of about 90. Fourteen inches of rain \nfell that year, and the sun shone 256 days. In 1883 the thermome- \nter registered 22 degrees below zero, and 15 days at about zero; the \nhottest day was 105 degrees, and 43 days at about 90 degrees; that \n\n\n\n\nXING FOK1RE, DEAR? \' \n\n\n\nBOISE BASIN COUNTRY. 107 \n\nyear 14 inches of rain fell, and 266 days the sun shone. In 1884 \ncoldest days eight below and 95 above. In 1885 seven below and \n99 above. In 1886, one below and\' 107 above. In 18S7, six below \nand 90 above ; the rainfall varying in the four years only three \ninches from 12 inches, with about 290 days of sunshine each year. \n\nWe give these figures to show that "averages" are not educat- \ning. They will apply in many other places besides Boise. \n\nHOT Springs \xe2\x80\x94 These springs are situated five miles eastward \nfrom Boise City in a charming little nook of the mountains, \nreached by a good wagon road affording a most romantic drive \nand views of grand and varied scenery, groves of lombards, \norchards, vineyards, farms, mills, river, valley and mountains. \n\nThese springs gush out of the mountain in a dozen places ; some \nare boiling hot, others are of lower temperature. Physicians com- \nmend their medicinal properties in the very highest terms. \nHere, in one of the loveliest valleys in the world, in close proxi- \nmity to all the luxuries and comforts of life, are springs of medi- \ncinal waters worthy to rank with \xe2\x80\x94 if not outranking \xe2\x80\x94 those of the \nfar-famed Arkansas or Carlsbad of Germany. \n\nAt this time only plain, rustic bathing accommodations are \nprovided at the springs, but we are informed by the owner, Judge \nMilton Kelly, the veteran editor and proprietor of the Idaho Daily \nStatesman, that a first-class hotel, extensive bath-houses, and a \nnumber of cottages are among the improvements that will be made \nat these springs at an early day. A line of street cars is also con- \ntemplated between Boise City and the springs. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Northeast, daily to Idaho City, 36 miles; thence, \nnorth to Centreville, ten miles; Pioneerville, seven miles; thence south- \nwest to Placerville, nine miles; thence northwest to Qcartzburgh, four \nmiles. \n\nFrom Boise City \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, to Mayfield, 35 miles, once a \nweek. \n\nFrom Boise City \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack north, to Horseshoe Bend, 25 miles; thence \neast to Placerville, 20 miles, three times a week. \n\nFrom Horseshoe Bend \xe2\x80\x94 Northwest, to Sweet, 12 miles; thence, north to Ola, \n18 miles, three times a week. \n\nFrom Idaho City \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack northeast, to Banner, 28 miles, three times a \nweek. Also, from Idaho City, special *route to Gardner Valley - , 12 miles. \n\nggg^All of the above named towns, villages and mining camps \nare tributary to the capital city for business, particularly those \nin the \n\nBoiSE Basin \xe2\x80\x94 This "basin" is in about the center of Boise \ncounty, the principal towns being Ouartzburgh, Centerville, Placer- \nville, Idaho City and Banner. The first gold discoveries in south- \nern Idaho were made in this "basin" in the summer of 1863, since \nwhich time the yield of the rich placers have aggregated over \n$30,000,000. Soon after the discovery of the placers, quartz veins \nof surprising richness were discovered that now test the full ca- \npacity of // quartz mills, besides shipping a large amount of ore. \nSome of the quartz lodes have been worked with great profit for \nover 20 years and yet they are hardly prospected, as none of them \nhave been worked deeper than 300 feet. \n\nBoiSE County, besides the great number of rich mines, con- \ntains many thousand acres of rich agricultural land, watered by \nthe Boise and Payette rivers and their numerous tributaries. Dur- \ning 1888 the county produced of wheat, 75,000 bushels; oats, 25,000; \nbarley, 5,000; rye, 500; potatoes, 25,000; apples, 10,000. Its cattle \nnumber 5,540 head; horses, 2,277; sheep, 2,862 head. It has eight \n\n\n\n198 CALDWEI.lv, IDAHO \xe2\x80\x94 ONTARIO, OREGON. \n\nsaw-mills atid 12,000 acres of patented land. It also has a large \namount of government land subject to entry under the various \nland laws. Idaho City, a thrifty mining town, is the county seat. \n\nAda County comprises about one-third agricultural, one-third \ngrazing and the other third mountainous and timbered lands; \nelevation, from 2,500 to 10,000 feet. It contains a population of about \n11,000, with an assessed valuation of $3,020,000. The stock inter- \nests are represented by 19,375 head of cattle, 35,000 sheep, 9,125 \nhorses and 1,200 hogs. It contains 80,579 acres of patented land \nand double that amount of government land awaiting the settler. \n\nReturning to Nampa we start once more for the west. \n\nCilNlWCll\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 6oo; from Nampa, nine miles; Huntington, 73 miles; \nelevation, 2,372 feet],\xe2\x80\x94 Is in Ada county, on the east bank of the Boise \nriver, in an agricultural section of country of unsurpassed fertility. \nTbe town contains a number of large fine brick business blocks, \none bank and several establishments that do a business approxi- \nmating $500,000 per annum. The Commercial, at the depot, and \nthe Haskell are the principal hotels. The Tribune is a weekly \nnewspaper. The town was laid out and settled in 1883 by the \nIdaho & Oregon Improvement Co., of which ex-Senator Caldwell, \nof Kansas, is president, and Mr. Robert E. Strahorn is manager. \nFor some years after the completion of the Oregon Short Line \nCaldwell was a regular meal station, the railroad company having \nhere one of their largest hotels on the line of the road. \n\nShipments for the year ending June 30th, 1888, 2,973 tons \xe2\x80\x94 of \nwhich the two principal items were: Cattle, 2,074; wool, 166 tons. \nCaldwell shipped 1,000 tons more cattle in the last season than any \nstation on the whole system west of Green river. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northeast to Middleton, six miles; thence east \nto Star, seven miles. Also from Middleton north to Emmet, 12 miles; thence \nnorthwest to Falks, 14 miles, and Payette, 16 miles, three times a week. \n\nFrom Caldwell, mail southwest to Henderson, 12 miles, and Rockville, \n23 miles, once a week. \n\nLeaving Caldwell the railroad crosses the Boise river in the \nfirst mile, and then follows it down, passing some fine farms and \nNOTUS [seven miles] and Parma [eight miles], two small stations. \nFive miles beyond Parma we reach the Snake river, and crossing it \nare in Oregon. From the crossing it is 12 miles to \n\nOntario\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 250; from Caldwell, 23 miles; Huntington, 50 miles]. \nIs in Malheur county, Oregon, on a broad sage-brush plain near \nthe western bank of Snake river, and but a short distance south- \nward from the junction of the Malheur river with the Snake. \n\nThere are two stores, an extensive lumber yard, hotel and a \nlarge public hall, and a number of shops and saloons. The prin- \ncipal industry in this vicinity is stock-raising\xe2\x80\x94 horses, sheep \nand cattle. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: West daily to Vale, 16 miles. \n\nFrom Vale\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack northwest, three times a week to Glenn, nine \nmiles; Dell, nine miles; Malheur, 24 miles; Bridgeport, seven miles; Clarks- \nville, four miles, and Baker City, 30 miles. \n\nFrom Bridgeport\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack west, once a week to Herford, 16 miles. \n\nFrom Vale\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack westward, three times a week, to Llano, 13 miles; \nBully, 15 miles; Beulah, 26 miles; Drewsey, 20 miles; Harney, 36 miles, and \nBurns, 14 miles. \n\nFrom Burns\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, once a week to Del Norte, 23 miles, \nthence southeast to Blitzen, 32 miles; thence southeast to Diamond, 18 \nmiles; thence southwest to Plush, 83 miles, and Fort Bidwell 50 miles. \n\nFrom Burns\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack west, once a week to Riley, 30 miles; thence \nnorthwest to Evergreen, 12 miles; Harden, 25 miles, and Paulina, 13 miles. \n\n\n\nPAYETTE \xe2\x80\x94 WEISER. 199 \n\n\n\nFrom Paulina\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack west, once a week to Mowry, 12 miles and \nPrineville, 43 miles. Also from Paulina southeast, once a week to Stuart, \n23 miles. \n\nFrom Harden \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack westward, once a week to Price 25 miles; Crook, \n15 miles; Prineville, 30 miles \xe2\x80\x94 connecting at the latter with lines for the north \nand west. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nLeaving Ontario we soon re-cross the Snake river and then a \nbranch of the Payette at Washo [two miles], a lumbering station, \nand roll along through a fine agricultural section of country to \n\nPayette\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 350; from Ontario, four miles] \xe2\x80\x94 In Ada county, sit- \nuated on the north bank of Payette river just above its junction \nwith the Snake. It is the natural outlet for the rich agricultural \nand stock-raising country bordering the Payette river and its num- \nerous tributaries to the eastward. Payette has many natural ad- \nvantages to make an important town in the near future. It now \nhas a number of fine business blocks, and a variety of mercantile \nestablishments. The Pence house is the principal hotel. \n\nThe Pa}\'ette nursery is located just to the right after leaving \nthe depot. It contains 7o acres devoted to the growing of nursery \nstock. In this nursery are growing a great variety of fruit, orna- \nmental and nut trees, berries, vines, etc., also forest trees. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southeast, three times a week to Falks. 16 \nmiles; Emmet, 14 miles; thence connecting as under "Caldwell" and "Boise \nCity." \n\nPassing Crystae Springs \xe2\x80\x94 [six miles] a run along down the \nSnake seven miles further brings our train to the last station in \nIdaho of any importance \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nWeiSCl* \xe2\x80\x94 Pop., 700; from Payette, 13 miles; Huntington, 23 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 The \nseat ot Washington county, situated on the north bank of Weiser \nriver one mile to the east of the station. It contains one bank, a \nflour-mill, brewery, general store and one weekly newspaper, the \nLeader. The Weiser is the principal hotel. \n\nThe principal shipments are: Cattle, horses, sheep, wheat, oats, \nbarley and hay. The minor productions are fruit, vegetables, lum- \nber, wool and dairy products. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Northeast, daily to Sater, ten miles; Middle \nValley, 12 miles; Salubria, ten miles; thence east to Indian Valley, 13 \nmiles. \n\nFrom Indian Valley, mail hack south to Crane, 12 miles; also Irom Indian \nValley north to Rose, six miles; Council Valley, five miles; thence northeast \nto Meadows, 35 miles, twice a week. \n\nFrom Salubria, mail hack northwest to Spring, four miles, and Ruthbury, \n16 miles, twice a week. \n\n\n\nWeiser Vaeeey, River and Washington County.\xe2\x80\x94 The \nmain valley of the Weiser extends from the mouth of Weiser river \neastward to what is known as the canon, about 15 miles long and \none mile wide. The town of Weiser and the commercial center \nof the county, is located near the foot of this valley. Nearly the \nentire drainage of the country is through the Weiser river and its \ntributaries, all of which rise and run wholly within the count}-, \nmaking the county geographically a little world of its own. \n\nThe area of the county is about 8,000 square miles, of which \nabout one-fourth is timber, one-half mountain grazing of the best, \nand the balance as rich and productive valley and bench land as \nany in Idaho. The river has numberless little tributaries, each of \nwhich runs through rich little valleys, chief of which are Monroe, \nManns, Crane, Middle, Salubria, Indian, Pine, Rush, Council, Big \nWeiser, Little Weiser and Little Salmon. \n\nDid you ever hear a Pacific coaster brag of their oysters? \n\n\n\n200 OREGON \xe2\x80\x94 "SHAKE!\' \n\n\n\nThe valleys are all settled and contain some very fine farms. \nWheat, oats, hay, alfalfa and wild grasses and vegetables are the \nchief productions. The county contains a larger proportion of \ncattle, sheep and horses, with one exception, than any county in \nIdaho. \n\nThere is a large amount of government laud in the county that \ncan be taken up by settlers under the general land laws. \n\nThe "meadows," 90 miles northeast from Weiser \xe2\x80\x94 on a tribu- \ntary of Little Salmon river \xe2\x80\x94 is a most delightful and picturesque \nspot, the level bottom lands of which the "meadows" are composed \nbeing fringed along the numerous water-courses which flow through \nthem with cottonwood and willow, with groves of the finest tam- \narack, pine and fir, while on the foot-hills, which slope gently to- \nward the mountains which enclose the valley, the heavy forest \ntimber common to this region begins and clothes the mountains to \ntheir summits. \n\nThe soil is an alluvial loam, very deep and wonderfully pro- \nlific. This whole region, for hunting and fishing, is par \nexcellent. \n\nFollowing down the Snake we pass a few fine farms, after which \nthe bottom lands are crowded out by the bluffs. \n\n\n\nOld\'* Ferry\xe2\x80\x94 [14 miles from Weiser] .\xe2\x80\x94Is a ferry crossing where \nthe wagon road, after getting squeezed out on our side of the \nSnake, crosses over and starts off over the bluffs to the westward, \ndisgusted, we suppose. \n\nSoon after leaving the old ferry the canon wall began to crowd \nstill closer and rise higher. The Snake appears more angry and \ntumbles along its narrow bed over immense masses of rock in a \nnoisy way. \n\nAfter seven miles of rattling along down the canon, over a tor- \ntuous route, \'mid deafening echos, and between massive, towering \ncliffs, our train reaches the great bridge over Snake river, and in \ncrossing we get a view of the \n\nLower Snake River Canon\xe2\x80\x94 This canon is over 70 miles in \nlength. In most places the walls rise sheer from the water\'s edge \nfrom 800 to 1,000 feet. Save the Powder river and Pine creek, one \n20 miles and the other 45 miles below the bridge, the Snake re- \nceives no streams until the Salmon river is reached, 90 miles distant. \n\nLower Snake River Bridge\xe2\x80\x94 Is a \' \'deck" bridge, consisting of \ntwo iron spans, 184 feet long each; one iron span 190 feet long, and \none iron span 178 feet long; total, 736 feet. Height of rail above \nwater at usual stage, 59 feet; above high-water mark, 45 feet. \n\nThe west end of the bridge is on the soil of Oregon, and a meal \nstation will be the next. In the meantime our train turns up the \nBurnt river canon and labors vigorously in the next two miles. \n\n1 1 Hill l!!\xc2\xabl Oil \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 350; from Weiser, 29 miles; from Omaha, 1,425 \nmiles: from Portland, 397 miles; elevation, 2,112 feet.]^Is in Baker county, \nOregon, on Burnt river, in a little valley surrounded by high, grass- \ncovered hills. \n\nThe place contains several stores, restaurants and saloons, and \none large hotel. The latter belongs to the railroad company, and \nis similar to all their houses along the line from Omaha. These \nhouses usually contain about 36 rooms, are kept as first-class \nhouses; charges, $3 per day. \n\n\n\nBAKER CITY \xe2\x80\x94 EASTERN OREGON. 201 \n\n\n\nHuntington is a regular meal station, and the eud of the \nOregon Short Line, and the commencement of the Oregon Railway \n& Navigation Co. \'s railway, from the east. Here, time changes \nfrom "mountain" to "Pacific time;" here also, some classes of \npassengers "change cars. " The Pullman cars always go through \nand sometimes certain classes of day coaches. \n\nThe two railroad companies have each round houses and shops \nfor repairs, located near the station. The Oregon Railway & \nNavigation Co.\'s lines ("O. R. & N.," for short) are generally \nunderstood to be operated under the directions of the Union Pacific \nRailway Co., but on what terms we are not advised. \n\nHowbeit, we will go through all the sam* \n\nLeaving Huntington the route is up Burnt river; the way in \nplaces is narrow and the climb a heavy one. Old placers, fruit \norchards, cultivated patches, neat farm houses, rounded grass-cov- \nered bluffs, and rocky tunneled cliffs appear at intervals. \n\nWeatlierfoy \xe2\x80\x94 [From Huntington, 12 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the first station, \n\nand a small one. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northeast three times a week, to Connor Creek, \n\n19 miles. \n\nAgain climbing \xe2\x80\x94 more old placers, a few settlers, with hay \nmeadows, rocky ridges, grassy slopes, and stock-raisers. Then \nDURKEE [eight miles], hay ranch; Burnt river comes down from the \nwest (we are going northwest); mail to Express [two miles] daily; \nmore farms; come to Alder creek and a big climb; go twisting \naround on the mountain side in great curves looking up an&dozvn, \nalternately, to the parallel tracks of the railroad \xe2\x80\x94 the route is very \ntortuous and the scenery very much-mixed. \n\nPassing Unity \xe2\x80\x94 [seven miles] \xe2\x80\x94 and a high trestle bridge; then \ndeep cuts, and a broken, rough country; get a peep to the right of \nthe pretty and productive lower Pleasant valley; again deep cuts \nand a ragged country and then the station of \n\nPleasant Valley \xe2\x80\x94 [Eight miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 In upper Pleasant valley, a \npoint for shipping lumber and ties. Again climbing, mid cuts and \ncurves, Encina [two miles] is passed, and NORTON [four miles], and \nfinally [six miles] \n\nBalier City \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,000; from Huntington, 47 miles; Portland. 357 \nmiles; elevation, 3,440 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Seat of Baker count}-. Situated half mile \neast from the depot, on Powder river, near the center of Powder \nriver valley, which is about 20 miles long and 16 miles wide, and \none of the most productive in eastern Oregon. The town contains \nsome large brick business blocks and stores of all kinds, some of \nwhich do a very large business with the small towns and mining \ncamps tributary in the surrounding country. The churches num- \nber six and the school accommodations are first-class. \n\nThe business of the place is represented by two national banks, \none large flour mill, one brewery, saw mill, sash, door and blind \nfactory, planing mill, wagon and carriage works, a dozen hotels\xe2\x80\x94 \nthe Arlington the principal one \xe2\x80\x94 and five newspapers, the Demo- \ncrat and the Reveille, daily and weekly, and Tribune, weekly. \n\nThe court house is a very creditable building, and the (\'.rand \nOpera house seats nearly 800 people. Orchards of fruit are to lie \nseen, and many shade trees about the town. The chief industry is \nconnected with the mining business, which is carried on in the \nsurrounding couutrv and in the mountains to a large extent. The \nmines are placer and quartz lodes. Lumbering, farming and \n\n\n\n202 GRAND RONDE VALLEY. \n\n\n\nstock-raising are also very important industries, and in the eastern \npart of the county, on the Powder, fruit of all kinds and berries \ndo exceedingly well. \n\nThe principal shipments are lumber, live-stock, wool, wheat \nand ores. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 The stage and mail connections at Baker City are very \nnumerous, indicating it to be a great business centre. \n\nMail coach leaves Baker City daily, to the southwest to Auburn, 12 miles; \nBritten, eight miles; Austin, three miles: Prairie City, 17 miles, and John \nDay, 14 miles; thence south to Canyon City, two miles. Fare about 15 cents \nper mile. \n\nFrom Britten mail hack northwest, twice a week, to Sumpter, eight miles, \nand Granite, 14 miles. \n\nFrom Canyon City mail hack south, three times a week, to Blanton, iS \nmiles; Burns, 55 miles. See under "Ontario." \n\nFrom John Day mail hack northwest, three times a week, to Fox, iS miles; \nthence north to Long Creek, six miles; thence northwest to Hamilton, 12 \nmiles, and Monmouth, ten miles. \n\nFrom Long Creek speeial*service to Ritter, 15 miles. \n\nFrom John Day mail hack west, three times a week, to Mount Vernon, \neight miles; Dayvtlle, 24 miles; Camp Watson, iS miles; Caleb, ten miles, and \nMitchel, 11 miles. \n\nFrom Baker City mail hack eastward, three times a week to Keating, 21 \nmiles; Sparta, 12" miles;| New Bridge, ten miles; Pine Valley, ten miles; \nthence northwest to Halfway, seven miles, and Cornucopia, seven miles. See \nunder " Union." \n\nFrom Baker City mail hack southward, three times a week, IoClarksville, \n30 miles; thence west to Bridgeport, four miles; thence south to Malheur, \nseven miles. See under "Ontario." \n\nP\'rom Bridgeport mail hack west, once a week, to Herford, 16 miles. \n\n\n\nLeaving Baker City, grain fields, meadows, orchards, farm \nhouses and farms are passed in rapid succession, while rolling \nacross the broad valley of the Powder [ten miles] to HAINES, \nwhere there are several stores and about 200 settlers, mostly en- \ngaged in lumbering. \n\nCrossing the North Powder river \xe2\x80\x94 extensively navigated by \nlogs and ties \xe2\x80\x94 we come to the station of \n\nNorth Powder \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 320; from Baker City, 20 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Here the \nprincipal productions and shipments are lumber, grain, live-stock \nand wool. \n\nLeaving the station, our direction is to the northeast, following \ndown the Powder a few miles to a point where that river enters a \ncanon, makes a grand curve back upon itself, and runs to the \nsoutheast until it unites with the Snake river. The railroad en- \ngineers disregarded the erratic course of the river in laying out \nthe line of the road, hence our train climbs the bluffs to the left \nand enters a tunnel through a high rocky ridge which unites the \nPowder river mountains on the east with the Blue mountains on \nthe west, separating the waters of the Powder from those of the \nGrand Roude. \n\nThe settlers now are mostly stock-raisers and lumbermen, yet \nsome little valleys are to be seen where grain fields and hay mead- \nows appear. \n\nTeloeaset \xe2\x80\x94 [From Baker City, 30 miles; Union, ten miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small \nstation for shipping lumber and live-stock. Skirting the moun- \ntains, beautiful scenic views begin to appear; towering, timber- \ncovered mountains, snow sheds, pretty little valleys, neat farm \nhouses, rocky ridges, deep ravines, crossed by high bridges, all ap- \npear, as our train gradually descends the Blue mountains into the \nlargest and most productive valley in all eastern Oregon. \n\nGrand Ronde Valley \xe2\x80\x94 This valley contains over 300,0(10 \nacres of as rich level agricultural land as there is in the west. It is \nall prairie land and of the best. The Grand Ronde river flows \nthrough the valley from the south to the north and northeast. \n\n\n\nGARDEN SPOT OP OREGON. 203 \n\n\n\nNumerous small streams start from the everflowiug springs in the \nhills and mountains surrounding the valley that find their way to \nthe Grand Ronde \xe2\x80\x94 pure water being abundant in all parts of the \nvalley. \' Tbe soil is generally alluvial and sandy loam, from two -to \nten feet in depth; subsoil usually gravel. \n\nThe soil is rich and produces wheat, oats, barley, rye, hops, \nflax and hemp, hay, timothy and clover and native wild grasses, \nvegetables, potatoes, cabbage, beets, turnips, cucumbers, peas, \nbeans and other roots of all kinds; berries, currants, gooseberries, \nstrawberries, raspberries, blackberries and wild huckleberries \nthrive, all remarkably; also fruit, apples, pears, plums, cherries, \nand in some localities, peaches. Large quantities of hay are among \nthe shipments. From 25 to 60 bushels of wheat, 45 to 80 bushels \nof oats aud from 45 to 90 bushels of barley are raised per acre. \n\nThe stock interests is an important occupation of the settlers. \n\nThe mild winters, extensive ranges, productive grain and hay \nlauds, absence of contagious diseases, pure water everywhere, \nmakes this now, as it always will be, a choice location for stock- \nraising. As fine horses as can be found on the Pacific coast are \nraised here, also cattle, sheep and hogs. Fattening cattle for ship- \nment is a growing business. Dairy business is also important. \n\nThe land in Grand Ronde valley was principally state land, \nand has been all sold. Although these lands have been sold the \nproportion under cultivation will not exceed one-half. Little land \nis offered for sale. Prices for improved land from $15 to \xc2\xa730 per \nacre; unimproved from $6 to $15. Land in the foot-hills and small \nvalleys surrounding the Grand Ronde can be bought for from $6 to \n$12 per acre; unimproved from $3 to $7. There are two principal \ntowns in the valley \xe2\x80\x94 Union, at the eastern end and LaGrande at \nthe western. \n\nGame and Fish \xe2\x80\x94 The mountain streams are stocked with fish. \nThe most common are salmon, red fish aud trout. For game there \nare deer, antelope, mouutain sheep and bear. Grouse, chickens, \npheasants, ducks and geese delight the sportsman in search of \nsmall game. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nThe view after first coming in sight of the Grand Ronde valley \nas our train describes a half circle on the mountain side in its \ndescent into the valley, is exceedingly grand. The little town of \nUnion lies over beside the mountains to the east and across the \nvalley, three miles away, embowered in foliage in the midst of \nwhich a church spire rises here and there; in the foreground, fine \nfields, freckled with the abodes of the well-to-do settlers and their \nflocks aud herds. \n\n\n\nCllioil \xe2\x80\x94 Siaiion\xe2\x80\x94 [20 miles from Baker City]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is two miles west \nfrom the town of that name, but for all practical purposes the same. \n\nUnion \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated on Catherine creek, a small tributary of \nGrand Ronde river, in the southeastern end of Grand Ronde val- \nley, and contains a population of about 850, most of whom are \nengaged in stock-raising and farming. It is said the citizens rep- \nresent a larger proportion of wealth than any town in Oregon of \nequal size. Howbeit, they have two banks, fine brick business \nblocks, stores representing every line of goods, a large grain ele- \nvator, flouring mill, several hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Union is the principal one, \nand one weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the Seoul. The principal shipments \nare live-stock, wheat, flour and wool. \n\n\n\n204 LAGRANDE AND VICINITY. \n\n\n\nSome hot springs are just to the west of the depot, but \nare not specially notable. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Northeast daily to Cove, nine miles; also spec- \nial * service to Hot Lake, seven miles. \n\nFrom Union: Mail hack southeast to Medicinal Springs, 20 miles: \nSanger, 14 miles, and Cornucopia, 24 miles, three times a week. [See under \n"Baker City."] \n\nHot Lake \xe2\x80\x94 [From Union, four miles; LaGrande, nine miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a \nstation for a lake of the same name close to the left of the road, \ncovering about one acre of ground. The waters are very hot, but \nno analysis could be obtained. Bath accommodations are provided \nof limited dimensions. Report states the property has been pur- \nchased by a strong company, who will build extensive baths, hotel, \netc., at an early day. \' \n\nLiH<jiraH<le \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,250; from Union, 13 miles; Portland, 305 miles]. \nIn Union county, on the Grand Ronde river, in the northwestern \nportion of the great Grand Ronde valley, heretofore described. \nThis place being the junction of divisions, the railroad company \nhave built here their round-houses and machine repair shops, \nbeside a large passenger depot and freight buildings. \n\nBrick enters largely in the construction of the business blocks \nand private residences. The town is built at the base of the Blue \nmountains on a gradual slope, affording ample drainage for the \nadmirable system of water works which it possesses. The place \nis amply provided with stores and shops of all kinds, all of which \nappear to do a thriving business, as LaGrande is a great shipping \npoint for the farmers in the Grand Ronde valley, some of whom \ncome nearly 80 miles and do most of their trading where they ship \ntheir products. LaGrande contains four churches, good schools, \na flouring-mill, saw-mill, sash, door and blind factory, planing \nmill, one bank, a brewery, large opera house, a number of "tele- \nphone" hotels and two weekly newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 the Gazette and \nRegister. The Blue Mountain University is located here, also the \nU. S. land office. The LaGrande land district embraces Union, \nUmatilla and portions of Grant and Baker counties. The business \nof the office for the year ending June 30, 1SSS, amounted to 157,708 \nacres. This included final entries as well as new entries. \n\nShipments comprise all kinds of farm produce, live-stock, lum- \nber, fruit and gold. The wheat shipments alone amounted the \nlast season to a little over 360,000 bushels, at LaGrange and Union; \nwool, 341,000 pounds; lumber, 4,680,000 feet; barley and rye, \n160,000 bushels; butter and cheese, 300,000 pounds; the product \nof potatoes, hay and vegetables was very heavy; also the live- \nstock shipments. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: North daily to Island City, five miles; Scm- \nkerville, 12 miles; thence northeast to Elgin, nine miles; Elk Flat, seven \nmiles; thence east to Wollowa, 17 miles; thence .southeast to Lostine, eight \nmiles; Enterprise, nine miles, and Joseph, six miles. \n\nFrom Joseph: Mail hack southeast, three times a week to Prairie Creek, \nsix miles; also from Joseph, special * service to Arcadia, 30 miles. \n\nFrom Prairie Creek: Mail northeast, once a week, to Imnaha, 40 miles. \n\nFrom Enterprise: Mail hack north to Teepy Springs, seven miles; Lost \nPrairie, 30 miles; Anatona, 24 miles. \n\nSummERVILLE \xe2\x80\x94 17 miles north of LaGrande, is a busy place, \nand surrounded by as rich agricultural land as can be found any- \nwhere. Mill creek furnishes water power to drive two flouring- \nmills. Business enterprises required by a farming community are \nrepresented. \n\n"Captain Jinks," ofColorado, has donated his $250 "night shirts" to the His- \ntorical Society. \n\n\n\nPENDLETON \xe2\x80\x94 INDIAN RESERVATION. 205 \n\n\n\nLeaving La Grande, our way leads up a small tributary of the \nGrand Ronde river, and soon commences to climb the Blue moun- \ntains. Scenery now rough and rugged is all that the route can \nafford for the next 74 miles. The stations are all little side-tracks \nwith from ten to 50 settlers, most of whom are engaged in lumber- \ning, getting out railroad ties and cutting cordwood. The moun- \ntains are very generally covered with timber, and the route of the \nroad very tortuous \xe2\x80\x94 in a number of places exceedingly crooked. \n\nThe stations on the "time card" are HillGard [seven miles], \nKAMEEA [12 miles], MEACHAM [eight miles], LAKA [eight miles], NORTH \nFORK [nine miles], MlKECHA [ n miles], CAYUSE [ten miles]. From the \nlatter it is ten miles to \n\nPeildletOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,750; from I,a Grande, 74 miles; Portland, 229 \nmiles; Walla Walla, 47 miles; elevation, 1.070 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1869. Is \nthe seat of Umatilla county, situated on the south bank of the Uma- \ntilla river, and protected by a levee 20 feet in height from the spring \nfloods; cost, $40,000. A system of water works, which cost $30,000, \nsupplies all needed water for domestic and fire department purposes. \nOf churches there are six, and a school building that cost $20,000, \nrequiring ten teachers, with an average attendance of 600 scholars. \nThere are two national banks, two flouring-mills, one large farm \nimplement works, one planing-mill, two breweries, an opera house \nseating 600, good fire department, several large lumber yards, rail- \nroad machine repair shops, two newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 the East Oregonian, \nsemi-weekly, and the Tribune, weekly \xe2\x80\x94 and an even half dozen \nhotels, chief of which are the Villard and Golden Rule; the others \nare "telephones." \n\nBrick enters largely into the construction of buildings in Pendle- \nton, and many large brick business blocks are to be seen, as well as \nprivate residences. \n\nThe rich country surrounding the town, together with the \nnatural trade center for a score of small hamlets and mining \ncamps, supports a great number of stores of all kinds. Stock- \nraising is an important industry, but wheat makes the largest item \namong the shipments. \n\n\n\n-* The Umatilla Indian Reservation borders Pendleton to \nthe east, and extends on to the timber slope of the Blue moun- \ntains, comprising 26S,()0l) acres. The greater portion of this tract \nis the best agricultural laud in eastern Oregon; the balance is \ncovered with fine timber. By a recent treaty with the Indians they \nhave agreed to accept lands in severalty and abandon the balance \nto the government. Each Indian head of a family to be allotted \n160 acres of agricultural land and 40 acres of timber land; each \nperson over 18 years of age, not included in the above, to have 80 \nacres, and each child under Is years, 40 acres. The amount so \nallotted will .approximate 120,000 acres, leaving 148,000 acres to be \nsold by the government, which will probably be advertised and \nsold at auction during the present year. The terms of sale will \nbe: Any person can buy 160 acres of agricultural and 40 acres of \ntimber lands, but he must buy it for an actual home, and must pay \none-third cash down and one-third in one year, and the last third in \nthree years, provided, 25 acres are cultivated and the purchaser lives \non the tract, so as to be able to prove up according to law. It is \nestimated the land will bring from $10 to $50 per acre. \nA ton of pure silver is valued at $37,704.80. \n\n\n\n206 UMATILLA COUNTY \xe2\x80\x94 OREGON. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By Rail: Walla Walla branch \xe2\x80\x94 north for all points. \n\nAlso, mail coach south, daily to Pilot Rock, 16 miles; thence west to N% i , \neight miles; Vinson, seven miles; Lena, 13 miles; Heppner, 16 miles; thence \nuorl liwest to Lexington, nine miles; Pettysville, six miles; Io.ne, four miles; \nand Arlington, 30 miles. \n\nFrom Pilot Rock \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southward, twice a week to F.varts, ii miles; \nRidge, five miles; and Alba, 12 miles. \n\nFrom Alba \xe2\x80\x94 South, special * service to Dorman, 17 miles. \n\nFrom Heppner \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southwest, twice a week to Fightmile, 14 \nmiles; thence southeast to Hardman, eight miles. \n\nFrom lone \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack northwest, three times a week to Saddle, eight \nmlies; thence northeast to Ella, ten miles. \n\n\n\nUmatilla County \xe2\x80\x94 of which Pendleton is the seat \xe2\x80\x94 contains \nabout 1,730,000 acres, and is the most extensive agricultural region \nof eastern Oregon. About one-third of the area of the county is \noccupied by the Blue mountains and their spurs, and are equally \nvaluable for the timber and grass, with which they are covered. \nThe other two-thirds of the county is in the main arable land, \nthough it is broken here and there by barren bluffs, steep hillsides \nor patches of waste land, and, immediately along the Columbia \nriver, by a belt of sand from six to nine miles in average width. \nThe general character of the arable portion of the county is that \nof heavily-rolling prairie. \n\nThe principal occupations are farming, stock-raising, wool- \ngrowing and dairying. Formerly, when the country was sparsely \nsettled, stock and wool-raising were about the only industries. \nThe plains that are now largely converted into grain fields were \nthen covered with a luxuriant growth of bunch-grass, and this was \nthe stockman\'s paradise. It was believed the land was not adapted \nto agriculture, and for many years any suggestion of grain-grow- \ning was received with incredulity and scorn. Gradually, however, \nthe plow has advanced, beginning in the northeastern portion of \nthe county, and pushing its way gradually but steadily and per- \nsistently southward and westward, until the area left to the flocks \nand herds is greatly diminished. Greatly to the surprise of old \nsettlers, the uplands were found far more prolific than the little \ncreek bottoms, and the higher the land, where the depth of soil is \nsufficient, the greater is the fertility. \n\nWheat yields from 30 to 45 bushels to the acre. Vegetables of \nall kinds do exceedingly well, as does fruit and all kinds of berries. \n\nThe climate is much milder than that several degrees further \nsouth in the eastern states; neither are the excessive extremes of \nheat and cold as protracted, seldom lasting but a few days. Strong \nwinds prevail for a while in spring, but rarely in winter, and any- \nthing like cyclones are unknown. Though the soil is very light \nand loose, and no rain falls during the summer months, no irri- \ngation is necessary. There is no healthier spot on the continent. \nThe Blue mountains afford an inexhaustible supply of pine, fir and \ntamarack timber and an abundance of large game. The streams \nabound in salmon and mountain trout. \n\nTerms Heard on the Plains. \xe2\x80\x94 "Lariat" is the Spanish name for rope; \n"broncho," California or Spanish pony; "bueano" (wa-no), good; \'esta \nbueano" (star wa-no), very good \xe2\x80\x94 no better; "no sabe" (sarvey), don\'t under- \nstand; "quien sabe" (kin sarvey), who knows, or do you understand? \n\nOur various western books answer almost every conceivable question about \nthe great western country. Yet, for over 20 years, we have been in receipt of \nfrom one to 20 letters each week during that time, asking for further informa- \ntion. Hereafter, as we are old, financially "busted" and "played out." we \nmust advise all correspondents to buy the Tours and read up. \n\nHow much better we can bear other people\'s sorrows than our own. How \nresigned we are at their bereavements, and how nobly we withstand their \ntemptations! \n\n\n\nAWAY \xe2\x80\x94 NORTHWARD. \n\n\n\nCOME ALOXtt\xe2\x80\x94 TO SPOKANE FALLS! \n\n\n\nSide Tour Ko. 15. \xe2\x80\x94 From Pendeeton to Waeea Walea, \nDayton, Pomeroy, Riparia, Lewiston, Coefax, Moscow, \nFarmington and Spokane Faees. \n\nTaking the regular through train of the "O. R. & N. from \nPortland for the above-named places the direction is northeast, \ncrossing the Umatilla river in the first mile, and then up Wild \nHorse creek. The creek bottom is narrow and the bluffs on each \nside high, obscuring the view of the country beyond, but wheat and \nlive-stock are the chief productions along the whole line of this \ntour to Walla Walla. \n\nAdams\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 350; from Pendleton, 13 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is a small station on \nWild Horse creek consisting of several general stores, three \nchurches and a good school. The settlers are all farmers and \nstock-growers. Large warehouses and platforms for storing and \nshipping grain. \n\nCentcrville\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 450; from Pendleton, 16 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 On Wild Horse \ncreek in the midst of immense wheat fields, the whole country \nunder cultivation. Large warehouses for storing and platforms for \nshipping grain are here, also a number of stores, churches, hotels \nand one weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the Centervillian. \n\nFor a background to the eastward Ceuterville has the long \ndark timber-covered range of the Blue mountains. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Rail: The Oregon & Washington Territory branch from \nWallula. \n\nLeaving Ceuterville our train climbs a heavy grade for a few \nmiles and then descends to the little valley of Pine creek and \n"Weston" is announced. Here is a fine depot for the town, one \nmile away to the right. \n\nWeston \xe2\x80\x94 Town \xe2\x80\x94 Contains a population of about 600, is one \nmile from Weston station and five miles from Ceuterville. The \npeople are provided with a number of churches, schools, stores of \nall kinds, planing-mill, a weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the Leader \xe2\x80\x94 and \nseveral hotels. Wheat is the great staple. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Special * mail service, southeast to Purdy, 3$ miles. \n\nFrom Weston station our train crosses a long high bridge and \ncommences to climb another heavy grade. The route is very tor- \ntuous running up on one side of a deep ravine to only head it off \nand run down on the other side, showing parallel tracks one far \nabove the other. Between these tracks, at the lower end of the \ngreat curve, is situated a platform for shipping wheat called \nBEUE Mountain, six miles from Weston by rail, but less than \ntwo as the "bird would fly." Giving the "blue" station the go-by, \nas all passenger trains do, we descend into the broad valley of \nWalla Walla river, turn to the right and stop at \n\nWliltOIl\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 450; from Pendleton, 37 miles; Walla Walla, n miles]. \nIs situated on the Walla Walla river which affords water-power for \nrunning a large flour-mill, planing and shingle-mills. The town \nis incorporated and contains a number of churches, good school, \nstores of many kinds, an academy, business college, a weekly \n\n\n\n208 WALLA WALLA. \n\n\n\nnewspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the Eagle \xe2\x80\x94 arid the City hotel. Wheat, general farm \nproduce, flour, shingles, live-stock, wool and some fruit are among \nthe items of shipments. \n\nWalla Walla Valley, or its drainage, is one of the largest \nagricultural valleys in the west, embracing about 5,125,000 acres, \nbounded on the north by Snake river, on the east and south by \nthe Blue mountains, and on the west by the Columbia river, in- \ncluding most of Walla Walla and Columbia counties. In the \nvalley all kinds of grain, vegetables, fruit and berries thrive ex- \nceedingly well. The late fair at Walla Walla made the finest ex- \nhibition of field, orchard, garden and general farm productions \never made. The authentic records were: Wheat, from 30 to 65 \nbushels to the acre; oats, from 40 to 60 bushels; corn, 55 bushels; \npotatoes, 000 bushels; turnips, 350 bushels; carrots, 1,000 bushels; \nparsnips, 850 bushels, and everything else in proportion. Wheat \nis the staple product of the country and the quality is superior, \ncommanding a higher price in foreign markets than that from any \nother region in the world. Bugs, mildew, grasshoppers and rust \nare unknown. Irrigation is not necessary, and a failure of crops \nhas hitherto never been experienced. \n\nThe climate and adaptability of the valley for fruit-raising and \nvine culture is now pretty thoroughly demonstrated; and when the \nknowledge of the facts become more generally known it will not \nbe long before every acre in this immense valley will be taken up \nand cultivated equal to any garden spot in the world. At this \ntime, it is computed there are nearly 2,000,000 acres of government \nland in this valley that can be entered under the general land laws. \n\nLeaving Milton we soon cross the Walla Walla river and run \ndirectly north, along through a very fine tract of country, mostly \nunder cultivation. The river is bordered with trees half a mile in \nwidth, and the valley bottom on each side from two to ten miles \nin width. \n\nClimbing a small divide five miles from Milton, our train crosses \nthe boundary line into Washington Territory, and another five \nmiles brings our train to \n\nWalla "Walla \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 5,000; from Pendleton, 47 miles; Wallula, 31 \nmiles; Riparia, 56 miles; from Portland, 278 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1859. The \nseat of Walla Walla county, situated in the broad valley of and \nastride Mill creek, which affords ample power to run a score or \nmore of mills and manufactories, among which are five large \nflour-mills, capacity 535 barrels a day; two planing-mills, three \nfurniture factories, one brewery, one large agricultural implement \nworks and two sash, door and blind factories. Some of the busi- \nness blocks are very large, built of brick and stone in the most \nsubstantial manner. Stores, shops, restaurants, etc., are very \nnumerous; of half a dozen hotels the Stine and Delmonaco are the \nprincipal ones. The city is provided with a good system of water \nworks, gas, electric light, telephone, etc. There are 12 churches \nand three school buildings; the schools have 12 teachers and 650 \nscholars in attendance. \n\nThere are four private institutions of learning in the city: St. \nPaul\'s [Episcopal!, Whitman College [Congregational] , St. Vincent\'s \nAcademv for girls and St. Patrick\'s for boys \xe2\x80\x94 both of the latter \nunder the control of the Roman Catholic Church. Then there is \na business college and normal institute, an opera house. U. S. \n\n\n\nDETOUR TO DAYTON. 209 \n\n\n\nsignal office, U. S. land office, court house (that cost $25,000), terri- \ntorial penitentiary (occupying three acres of ground), cost, $212,500, \nand last, but by no means least, five newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 the Journal and \nthe Union, both daily and weekly, and the Democrat, weekly. A \nrace-track is also among the luxuries of the town. \n\nStock-raising, next to wheat, is the most important industry of \nthe settlers in the region surrounding Walla Walla. \n\nThe shipments comprise wheat, oats, barley, flour, fruit and \ngeneral farm products. \n\nWalla Walla is embowered in foliage \xe2\x80\x94 shade trees, orchards of \nfruit, vineyards and gardens are everywhere. The city, for wealth, \ngood society, fruit, fine water, vines, flowers and whole-souled \npeople, is a twin brother to Boise, the beautiful. \n\nIn the vicinity of Walla Walla are two nurseries, where nearly \nevery variety of fruit and ornamental trees and many varieties of \nberries, plants, etc., are raised in great quantities. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: With.Wallula branch of O. R. & N. and mainline to \nthe north and south. Also, mail hack northeast, twice a week to Dixie, ten \nmiles. \n\nFort Walla Walla is situated just to the west of the city, \nin command of Col. D. R. Clendenin, 2d Cavalry. It is the head- \nquarters, field, staff, band and troop, of the 2d Cavalry, and \ngarrisoned by companies B, E, F, I and M. \n\nLeaving Walla Walla, that big building just to the north, on a \ncommanding eminence, is the territorial penitentiary, so it may be \nwell to look a leetle out. \n\nPassing a succession of small sidings, for shipping wheat \xe2\x80\x94 as \nthe whole country is one vast wheat field \xe2\x80\x94 we reach PrescoTT \xe2\x80\x94 \n[Pop., 230; from Walla Walla, 20 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 On Trouchet river, where is \nlocated a flour-mill, from which it is four miles to BoLLES Junc- \ntion, situated on Trouchet river at the junction of the \n\nDayton Branch \xe2\x80\x94 Changing cars, we will start on \n\nDetour One \xe2\x80\x94 The route is east, following up Trouchet river. \nThe valley is from half to two miles in width, with high rolling \ngrass or wheat-covered hills on both sides. Nearly all the land is \nfenced and cultivated; cottonwoods, pines, firs and willows line the \nstream-bed, flanked by thrifty settlers. Passing the little wheat \nshipping stations of WATESBURG [four miles], HUNTS VILLE [three \nmiles], and Long\'s [three miles], we reach the end of the \'\'branch" at \n\nDaytOIl \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,850; from Bolles Junction, 13 miles.] \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in \n1871. Is the seat of Columbia count}\', situated on Trouchet river, \nin a beautiful little park-like valley, and besides commodious \ncounty buildings, contains eight churches, schools (with nine \nteachers and 300 scholars), an opera house, two large flour-mills \nand a feed-mill, two banks, a furniture factory, saw-mills, iron \nworks, brewery, shingle-mill, a good system of water works, sev- \neral hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Columbia and Pioneer, being the principal ones \xe2\x80\x94 \nand two weekly newspapers, Chronicle and Inlander. \n\nThe railroad company have here a good depot and immense \nfreight and storage buildings, and long platforms for shipping grain. \n\nA long "V" flume, extending from the Blue mountains to the \neastward, brings down from the saw-mills large quantities of lum- \nber, also ties and cordwood. \n\nThe principal shipments from Dayton are wheat, lumber, flour, \nties and cordwood. \n\n14 \n\n\n\n210 DETOUR TO POMEROY. \n\n\n\nHigh rolling prairie lands surround the town, all well culti- \nvated; in fact, they are about the only lands cultivated producing \nimmense crops without irrigation . All lands similarly situated in \nthe Rocky mountain states and territories would be valueless \nexcept for grazing, for the want of water for irrigation. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Hail hack: Northeast, daily to Corello, ten miles; Mar- \nENGO, eight miles, and PoMEROY, eight miles. \n\n\n\nReturning to Bolles we start again for the north. Menoken \n[four miles], a little side-track in a little valley \xe2\x80\x94 few settlers. \n\nClimbing up the grade to Alto, the summit, [eight miles], where \nthe shipments are heavy and all wheat, we commence a rapid \ndescent over a tortuous route, down into a little valley, cross \nTucannon creek and stop at Starbuck f 2 s miles from Bolles], the \njunction of the \n\nPomeroy Branch \xe2\x80\x94 Changing cars, we commence \n\nDetour Two \xe2\x80\x94 From Starbuck to Pomeroy [30 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Turn- \ning directly east up Tucannon creek, there is little of interest. \nThe "time card" stations of Del axe y [seven miles]. Chard [seven \nmiles] and ZUMWALT [ten miles] are passed, they being only side- \ntracks for shipping grain. \n\nPomeroy \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,200]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1876. Is the seat of Gar- \nfield county. It contains three churches and ample school acom- \nmodations, one bank, one flouring-mill, two planing-mills, one \nsash, door and blind factory, one furniture factory, one brewery, \nseveral hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the St. George the principal one \xe2\x80\x94 and two weekly \nnewspapers, the East Washingtonian and Independent. \n\nWhile wheat is the principal production, the live-stock inter- \nests are very heavy. The wheat shipments for the last season \naggregated over 2o,000 tons. Flour, wool, lumber and live-stock \nare among the principal shipments. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southwest, daily to Marengo, eight miles; Cok- \nello. eight miles, and Dayton, ten miles. \n\nAlso from Pomeroy \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach east, to Pataha City, nine miles, Ai.p- \nowa, 12 miles; Silcott, eight miles, and Lewiston, eight miles. [See under \n"Lewiston:"] \n\nAlso from Pomeroy \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack northward, three times a week to Dixon, \neight miles; Mayview, eight miles; Ilia, five miles; Almota, three miles, \nand Colfax, 15 miles. \n\nReturning to Starbuck we again start for the north, and rattle \nalong down the canon to Grange City [four miles], a city without a \nbuilding. Here we come face to face with our old friend, the Snake \nriver. We parted company just before Huntington, to meet again \nafter a run of 270 miles. \n\nRunning along on a shelf of the canon wall, almost oven the \nriver, a few miles brings our train opposite the Texas rapids, and \nfive miles from Grange City we are at \n\nRijKiria \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 50; from Portland, 334 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a regular meal \nstation, situated on the south bank of Snake river, just above the \nTexas rapids, at the foot of the Upper Snake river navigation. It \nis the end of divisions of the railroad, and the lower landing of the \nsteamboats to Lewiston. The railroad company have a temporary \nbridge here across the Snake, and are building a very substantial \none of stone and steel. It will have a draw, the total length of \nwhich will be 354 feet, and two spans each 32o feet in length. The \ntotal distance between the centers of the bridge-seats on the abut- \nments will be 1,010 feet. The total estimated cost of the bridge is \n\n\n\nDETOUR TO EEWISTON. 211 \n\n\n\n$350,000. The railroad crosses the river here and extends northward \nnp Texas creek to a connection with their Palouse line. The place \ncontains two grocery stores, a hotel, and a machine repair shop of \nthe railroad company. \n\nl>eto\xc2\xbbir Three. \xe2\x80\x94 Taking one of the regular passenger steam- \nhoats of the O. R. & N. at Riparia, we start up the Snake river \nfor Lewiston, Idaho; distance, 78 miles. The boats are fitted up \nequal to any light draft first-class craft on the eastern rivers. The \nstaterooms are roomy and the meals and service all that could be \ndesired. \n\nBoats leave Riparia 6:40 a. m. Wednesday and Saturday, and \narrive at Lewiston at 4 p. in. Returning, leave Lewiston at 5 a. in. \nMonday and Friday, and arrive at Riparia at 2 p. m., connecting \nwith trains for the east. \n\nLeaving Riparia the scenery is confined to the bluffs and canon \nwalls of the river. The regular landings are not very numerous \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe irregular ones depend upon signals from the shore \xe2\x80\x94 or whether \nthere is any passenger on board who desires to laud. \n\nBesides the regular passenger boats there is a regular line of \nfreight boats. \n\nRichard\'s Landing \xe2\x80\x94 For the village of Penwana, and Ai.mota, \nare the regular landings. \n\nLewistOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 2,100].\xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1860. Is the seat of Nez \nPerces county, situated at the junction of the Snake and Clear- \nwater rivers, at the head of navigation. It contains five churches, \ngood schools, three banks, two flour, a planing and a saw-mill, a \nsash, door and blind factory, one brewery, several hotels \xe2\x80\x94 Ray- \nmond, the principal one \xe2\x80\x94 and two weekly newspapers, the Teller \nand the Nezvs\\ also a U. S. land office. \n\nThe principal shipments are wheat, oats, barley, flax, lumber, \nflour and fruit. \n\nLewiston was named after Lewis, the great American explorer, \nwho visited that locality in 1805 011 his journey down the rivers to \nthe ocean. Karly in the spring of 1806 the Lewis and Clarke expe- \ndition, after exploring the Snake and Columbia rivers and winter- \ning on the ocean beach near the mouth of the Columbia, again \nascended the river and camped on the spot where now stands the \ncity of Lewiston After resting a few days at this point they \nascended the south fork of the Clearwater to Camas prairie, where \nthey remained for a time, preparing for their terrible trip over the \nmountains, then covered with several feet of snow. About the \nmiddle of June they renewed their journey, passing over into what \nis now Montana, to the headwaters of the Missouri river, and \nfinally arrived at St. Louis toward the last of September, thus end- \ning their wonderful journey over mountains, rivers and plains, \nthrough an unexplored region infested with Indians, a distance of \n\nover 9,000 miles. \n\nNez PERCES County \xe2\x80\x94 Population about \xe2\x80\xa2">, OOO. Is about one- \nthird mountainous and the balance about equally divided between \ngrazing and agricultural land. \n\nThe argicultural lands are very rich, producing grain and all \nkinds of farm produce equal to any laud in the west. \n\nFor the year ending June 30, 1888, the grain product was: \nWheat, 1,000,000 bushels; oats, 100,000 bushels; barley, 100,000 \nbushels; flaxseed, 55,000 bushels. \n\n\n\n212 PAMPA AND WINONA BRANCHES. \n\n\n\nThere are many orchards of fruit in the county. Apples, pears, \npeaches, plums and all kinds of berries do exceedingly well. \n\nThe section of country known as the Big Potlatch is peculiarly \nadapted for fruit culture, the soil being very rich and warm. \nThe Nez Perces county "Idaho pear," raised on the Potlatch, has \nbecome famous, taking the premium wherever exhibited at the \nstate or county fairs. \n\nThe lumber products and possibilities of the country are \nimmense. \n\nGAME \xe2\x80\x94 Haired and feathered, is abundant; also, many \nvarieties of fish in all the streams. \n\nLive-stock \xe2\x80\x94 In the county: Sheep, 10,800 head; cattle, 7,310 \nhead; horses, 4,200. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: West, daily to Silcott, eight miles; Alpowa, \neight miles; Poiaha, 12 miles, and Pomeroy, nine miles. \n\nAlso from Lewiston, mail coach north, daily to Genesee, 15 miles; Blain, \nseven miles, and Moscow, six miles; also, from Lewiston, mail hack south- \neast, daily to Rustic, 45 miles; Cottonwood, six miles; Grangerville, 16 \nmiles, and Mount Idaho, three miles. \n\nFrom Mount Idaho \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack south, once a week to Fredom, 32 miles; \nJohn Day\'s, five miles; Shearer\'s Ferry, 30 miles, and Warren, 45 miles; \nalso, from Mount Idaho, mail hack northeast once a week to Glenwood, \neight miles, and Clearwater, four miles; from Clearwater southeast, special \n* service, to Elk City, 45 miles. \n\nFrom Lewiston \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack east, ouce a week to Lola, 65 miles; thence \nnorth to Glenn, 15 miles. \n\nFrom Lola \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack east, once a week to Weippe, 16 miles; thence \nnorth to Pierce City, 15 miles. \n\n\n\nReturning to Riparia and taking\' our old seat, cross the Snake \nriver and follow up Texas creek, which comes down through a \nnarrow cation. \n\nStock-raising is now the chief industry of the settlers, although \nthere are a few wheat fields scattered along the way. Hay \n[13 miles] is down on the "time card" for a station; so also is \nMEEKER [six miles], but their peculiarities are neither settlers nor \nhay. \n\nHaving reached the summit, our descent is rapid to La Crosse \nJUNCTION [five miles; from Riparia, 24 miles; Palouse Junction, 53 miles]. \nHere comes in the \n\nPauipn Branch \xe2\x80\x94 from the west. This branch is 53 miles \nlong, connecting at Palouse Junction or Connell with the North- \nern Pacific railroad. The country traversed is devoted entirely to \nstock-raising, none of the half-dozen stations numbering more \nthan a score of settlers. These stations are: PAMPA [three miles], \nHOOPER [four miles], WASHTUCKNA [nine miles], KAHLOUS [ten miles], \n\nSulphur [12 miles], and Palouse Junction or Connell [nine miles]. \n\nThis "junction" is situated on a broad sage-brush plain, fairly \ngrassed, showing man}- evidences of having been visited at some \ndate in the dim past by a great flood of volcanic matter, as indi- \ncated by lava outcroppiugs, lava knolls and the general basaltic \ndeposits seen in many places. \n\nPassing SUTTON [three miles], on Union Flat creek, we descend \nto the valley of the Palouse river at \n\nWillOlia Junction \xe2\x80\x94 [From Sutton, eight miles; Colfax, 25 miles]. \nHere a branch line of railroad is building up the Palouse river \nthrough Pleasant valley, a great wheat country. \n\nChanging direction, our route is eastward up Spring creek, \npassing fenced fields and well cultivated farms, wheat and meadow \nlands. \n\n\n\nCOLFAX AND MOSCOW, \n\n\n\nElldicOtt \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 150; from Riparia, 41 miles; Colfax, 20 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Set- \ntled in 1882. It has a church and school, half-dozen stores and \nshops, and ships live-stock, wheat, wool and farm produce. \n\n\n\nDiamonds \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., ioo; from Endicott, ten miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is a new station, \nin the midst of well cultivated lands, all fenced, and large farm \nhouses surrounded by young fruit orchards. \n\nFrom Diamonds it is four miles to Mockonema, and two miles \nto CrksT, both stations only on paper. At Crest our road is on \nthe side of a high bluff, from which we look away down to the left \non the Palouse river, and also a fine race-track, in a pretty little- \nvalley. This sporting resort is two and a half miles from \n\nCoIfclX \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,700; from Riparia, 60 miles; Moscow, 28 miles; Fanu- \nington, 27 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1873. Is the seat of Whitman county, \nand a flourishing and progressive town. It is situated astride the \nPalouse river, at the junction of the north and south branches. It \ncontaius, besides the county buildings, the Colfax College, three \nchurches, good district school, three banks, one flour-mill, one \nbrewery, one planing mill, one sash, door and blind factory, one \nfanning mill manufactory, two weekly newspapers (the Gazette \nand Commoner) several hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Thealson, Baldwin and \nWatson. \n\nColfax has a good fire department and extensive telephone con- \nnections with the surrounding towns. Two miles east is located an \nextensive nursery. \n\nThere are a number of large brick business blocks here, and \nseveral very heavy mercantile establishments, also stores and \nshops of all kinds. \n\nThe live-stock and wheat interests are the most important in \nthis vicinity; besides these, lumber, wool, flour, beer and general \nfarm products are among the principal shipments. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Rail: Moscow branch and main line "O. R. & N.:\'\' also, \nmail hack southeast, three times a week to Evartsville, ten miles; and \nOntario, 12 miles; also, south, three times a week to Almota, 15 miles; Ilia, \nthree miles- Mayview, five miles; Dixon, eight miles, and Pomeroy, eight \nmiles; also, southwest, three times a week to Penawana, 19 miles; also, north- \nwest, three times a week to Vulcan, 12 miles, and Coin, eight miles; also, \nnorth, special * service to Stepto, 14 miles. \n\n\n\nDetour Four \xe2\x80\x94 Over the Moscow Branch of O. R. &N. The \nroute is southeast, up the south branch of the Palouse river, between \nhigh bluffs, dotted in places with pines and firs, and along the \nriver with willows, rocks, farm houses, more wallows, wheat fields, \nmore rocks, and so it goes. The first station, Riverside [eight \nmiles], has long platforms and warehouses for handling wheat, as \nwheat seems to be about the only product offered for shipment. \nShawnee [two miles], is another, and Guy [three miles] another \nwheat shipping point. The latter is situated in a lovely little val- \nley, and has a population of about 250 in the near vicinity. \n\n\n\nThe river valley, which has been narrow and rugged up to Guy, \ngradually widens, and the grade, which has been heavy, is much \nlighter. \n\nPllllUiail \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 350; from Colfax, 18 miles; Moscow, nine miles]. \nIs a new and thrifty town, situated near the crossing point of the \nMoscow branch of the O. R. & N. and the Spokane & Palouse \nbranch of the Northern Pacific railroad. \n\nIt contains a number of stores, grain elevator, two churches, \na school, one bank and two hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Palace and Empire. \n\n\n\n214 IN LATAH COUNTY \xe2\x80\x94 IDAHO. \n\n\n\nBoth railroad companies have good depot buildings, chutes for \nloading live-stock and storehouses for grain. \n\nMOSCOW\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1,200; from Colfax, 27 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Latah \ncounty, Idaho, situated at the west end of the magnificent Para- \ndise valley, and is about two miles east of the boundary line \nbetween Idaho and Washington. The valley is surrounded by roll- \ning prairie lands, the greater portion sown to wheat and dotted \nwith farm houses in every direction. Heavy timber is within ten \nmiles of town, where are located a number of saw-mills. \n\nMoscow contains a number of large brick business stores, hotels \nand private residences; it has ten churches and ample school \naccommodations (building cost $12,000), a large grain elevator, \nseveral long wheat warehouses, a court house that cost $20,000, a \nfine depot, one bank, one large flour-mill, one plauing-mill, one \nbrewery, chutes for loading live-stock, several hotels \xe2\x80\x94 chief of \nwhich are the Del Norte and Johnson \xe2\x80\x94 and two weekly newspapers, \nthe Mirror and the Star of Idaho; also a number of large lum- \nber yards. The principal shipments are wheat, lumber, live-stock, \noats and general farm products. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: South, daily to Blain, eight miles; Genesee, \nseven miles, and Lewiston. 15 miles. [See "Lewiston;"] also mail coach north, \ndaily to Viola, eight miles; Paloi se, six miles; Jamestown, eight miles, and \nFarmington, seven miles. [See "Farmington" for connections. J \n\nFrom Moscow \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southwest, once a week to Glenton, seven \nmiles; Also, mail hack southeast, twice a week to Cornwall, seven miles; \nBrickaville, seven miles, and Juliette. 11 miles; thence northeast to \nL,kla.\\d, nine miles, and Cameron, three miles. \n\nLatah County \xe2\x80\x94 Has all the essentials to make a rich and \nprosperous county. It contains a large proportion of as rich agri- \ncultural land as can be found in the west. Its present population \nis about 10,000, with room enough for ten times that number. \n\nThe government still holds the title to fully one-half the lands in \nthe county that can be taken up under the general land laws. \n\nTimber is abundant in the eastern part, and also some valuable \nmines of gold, silver and mica. \n\nThe assessed valuation of the county is a little short of $2,000,- \n000. Its productions for 1888 were: Wheat, 820,000 bushels; oats, \n200,000 bushels; barley, 00,000; flaxseed, 140,000 bushels; corn, \n500 bushels. The county contains cattle, 14,130 head; horses, \n6,358 head; very few sheep; hogs 2,577. \n\nImproved lands are held at from $0 to $50 per acre. \n\nReturning to Colfax and resuming our seat in the cars on the \nmain line, start again on our journey. The train backs down half \na mile and then turns up the north branch of the Palouse river. \nPine, fir and cottouwood trees border the river and the bluffs stand \nclose in places on both sides. \n\nElOCrtOli\xe2\x80\x94 LPop., 125; from Colfax, 13 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the first station, \nsituated in a little park. It has several stores, a large wheat ware- \nhouse, saw and planing-mill, flouring-mill, and ships accordingly. \n\nGraduallv climbing up out from the river bottom we enter a \nrolling prairie country, where wheat is the great staple. \n\nGarfield \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 550; from Colfax, 18 miles; Farmington, nine miles]. \nSettled in 1883; situated on Silver creek, in a beautiful valley in \nthe midst of great agricultural wealth. It contains a number of \nstores, three churches, a good school, one hotel \xe2\x80\x94 the Garfield \xe2\x80\x94 and \none weekly paper, the Enterprise; also large grain warehouses. \n\n\n\nFARMINGTON \xe2\x80\x94 SPOKANE. 215 \n\n\n\nBesides the main line of the "O. R. & N." Garfield is connected \nby the Spokane & Palouse railroad to the north and south; \nSpokane Falls, ;>!> miles; Palouse city, nine miles. \n\n\n\nFarillillJftOll \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., Soo; from Garfield, nine miles; Portland, 389 \nmiles; Spokane Falls, 50 miles; elevation, 2,350 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled 111 1871; \nsituated on Pine creek, Whitman count}-. Has three churches, \ngood district school, one large flonring-mill, a brewery, a large plan- \ning and shingle-mill, several hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Whitman, the principal \none; several large lumber yards, and one weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the \nRegister. Farmingtou has a number of good brick and stone \nbuildings and a full supply of stores and shops of all kinds. \n\nThe valley in which the town is situated is very productive, \nand the same can be said of all the surrounding country. Wheat, \noats, barley, hay, potatoes and all kinds of vegetables make good \nyields. \n\nThe shipments of wheat for 1888 exceeded 1 4,< >< M I tons. Lumber \nand live-stock are important items of shipments. \n\nTo the eastward, three miles away, are the Bitter Root moun- \ntains, at the base of which are located a number of saw-mills \n\nIn November, 1888, Farmingtou was the "end of the track" \nfor passenger and freight business, but the rails were laid ten \nmiles further, and grading done for the balance of the way to \nSpokane Falls, where the trains over the O. R. & N. will probably \narrive early in 1889. Another branch line is building east, for the \nCceur D\'Alene mining region, which will probably be pushed for- \nward to completion during the next year. \n\n\n\nFrom Farmingtou looking directly west can be seen "Stepto \nButte," made notorious in the days of Indian troubles. "Cash- \nup" Davis, who lives at the base of the "Butte," has erected an \nobservatory on its summit called "Cash-up\'s Pride." \n\nThe Cceur D\'Alene Indian reservation is situated to the north- \neast 12 miles. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: North, daily to Lone Pine, six miles; Eatah, \nfive miles: Carlew, ten miles; Rockford; five miles; Mica, nine miles, and \nSpokane Falls, 15 miles. Total, 50 miles. Also mail hack east once a week \nto Santa, 25 miles. \n\nSpokane Falls\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 13,500; from Portland, 438 miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Settled ill \n1872; incorporated in 1881; the seat of Spokane count}-. Spokane \nis situated at the great falls of the Spokane river on a broad \n"bench" of land with mountains in view on the north, east and \nsoutheast. The city is laid out to great advantage. The streets \nare wide and admit of practically unlimited extension both east \nand west without change of grade. It must not be imagined, how- \never, that the country in the vicinity of Spokane is characterized \nby the monotony of prairie land. The city extends along both \nsides of the river, which at this point, runs directly east and west. \nThe greater part of the city now lies on the south side of the river. \nA few miles west of Spokane the country is hilly and covered by \na scattered growth of pine trees. Directly south of the city is a \nvery considerable elevation from which can be secured a view of \nthe entire valley and the country to the north and east. Looking \nnorth, the range of mountains in the Colville country meet the \neye. To the east and southeast can be seen the Cabinet, Bitter \nRoot and Cceur D\'Alene mountains. The view is one of great \nbeautv- \n\n\n\n216 spokane; falls and vicinity. \n\nThe water at the falls of Spokane river divides into three chan- \nnels and falls 156 feet by a series of drops, within the city limits, \naffording over 114,000 horse-power in low water and double that \namount in high water, making one of the finest water-powers in \nAmerica. Immense saw-mills and planing-mills are located on \nthe south side of the falls; also four of the largest flouring-mills \nin the west \xe2\x80\x94 two of which produce 375 barrels a day. \n\nSpokane is built largely of brick and stone. Some of the \nlargest and most expensive buildings on the Pacific coast are to be \nseen in this city. The city has nine public buildings (including \ncourt house, Masonic and other halls, opera house), four banks, \none savings and loan, 18 churches, two select schools, one high \nschool and a number of public schools. The higher educational \ninstitutions are Spokane college, Gonzaga college, in charge of \nJesuit Fathers and Sisters Holy Cross. There are two large pot- \nteries, one iron works, three breweries, a business college, Hos- \npital Sacred Heart, 12 secret order lodges, and man}- Christian and \nbenevolent societies. There are eight newspapers, two of which \nare daily and weekly \xe2\x80\x94 the Chronicle and the Review \xe2\x80\x94 and a score \nof hotels, chief of which are the Grand, Windsor and Pacific. The \nparks are Ross and Cceur D\'Alene; the latter comprises eight \nacres. The government has a land office and a signal sendee \noffice located here. \n\nSpokane is provided with a fine system of water works and a \ngood fire department. Gas, electric light, telephone, street cars, \ncable and motor roads are among the conveniences of the city. \n\nThe Board of Trade of Spokane Falls is a very energetic body \nof men. They are all active, experienced business men who have \nthe good of Spokane at heart. They have elegantly fitted apart- \nments in which to transact business, furnished with Brussels car- \npets, and old colonial style of antique oak furniture. Theirs are \nthe finest furnished board of trade rooms on the coast. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Rail: East and southwest, via Northern Pacific railroad; west, \nvia Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railway; south, via Spokane & Palouse rail- \nroad; southeast, via Spokane & Idaho railroad, and Cceur D\'Alene Railway & \nNavigation Co. All run daily trains. \n\nBy mail coach south, daily to Mica, i.s miles; Rockford: nine miles, Latah, \n15 miles, and Farmington, 18 miles. [See under "Farmington."] \n\nBy mail coach, west, daily to Deep Falls, 15 miles; Capps, nine miles; \nMondora, seven miles; Davenport; nine miles; thence north to. Larenh, \nsix miles; Egypt, eight miles, and Miles, eight miles. \n\nBy mail hack, north, three times a week, to Welch, 18 miles, and Colville, \n67 miles. \n\n\n\nXfeiTAt many points of the above-named main lines connections \nare made with lines that run one or more times a week to a great \nmany small places. \n\njjjjg^Don\'t you forget that Crofutt\'s Overland Tours Xo. \n2 describes the routes represented by red lines on the map in \nthis book \xe2\x80\x94 of which it is a twin brother. \n\nA Caiiforuia "49-er" is all wool, yard wide, and 22 karats fine. He was "horn \nagain" when he landed in California \xe2\x80\x94 full grown \xe2\x80\x94 with his boots on, and a \ndouble and single set of teeth all around. \n\nJ8GJ=- You never saw such ignorant roses in all your life, as on the Pacifie \ncoast. They bud and blossom the year around, and never stop to undress or \ntake a wink of sleep. \n\nT11 the Chinook language: Hy-iu means much, many plenty, enough. Hy- \niu till-icum, a crowd; many people; Hy-iu muckamuck, plenty to eat; tenas \nhy-iu, some few-; wake hy-iu, not many or not much. Muck-a-muck, to eat, to \nbite food; muck-a-muck chuck, to drink water; skookum chuck, a rapid. \n\n\n\nUMATILLA \xe2\x80\x94 COLUMBIA RIVER. 21\' \n\n\n\nPE\\\xc2\xbbLETOX-WEST. \n\n\n\nReturning to Pendleton, we start once more for the west, via \nthe main through line. \n\nLeaving Pendleton, direction west, we follow down the Uma- \ntilla river through an agricultural region with little specially to \nnote, passing Barnhart [eight miles], Yoakum [eight miles], Noland \n[three miles], 1 and arrive at \n\nEcho \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 350; seven miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1881; situated on the \nUmatilla river, where is located a large flouring-mill, turning out \n100 barrels of flour a day; several general stores, three churches, \ngood district school, and the Arlington hotel comprise the town. \nShipments \xe2\x80\x94 flour, wheat, lumber and farm products, also some \nlive-stock. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southwest twice a week to Atwood, 13 miles; \nthence west to Alpine, six miles; thence southeast to Calloway, seven miles; \nthence southward to Acton, four miles, and Heppnkr, 17 miles. [See connec- \ntions uuder "Arlington" and "Pendleton".] \n\n\n\nLeaving Echo and passing the little station of Foster\'s \n[four miles] and MAXWELL [nine miles], we reach the sand dunes of \nthe Columbia, and six miles from Maxwell are on the south bank \nof the Columbia river at \n\nUlllifttillil \xe2\x80\x94 LPop., 1S0; from Pendleton. 44 miles; Wallula, 27 miles; \nPortland, 1S7 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated on the south bank of the Columbia \nriver; is the "junction" station for the O. R. & N. railroad line \nalong the Columbia, north and south, as well as their line east that \nwe came over from Huntington. The place contains a general \nmerchandise store, a flouring-mill, and a hotel \xe2\x80\x94 the Umatilla. \nYes, and not forgetting \'"Uncle Jack\'s" hotel and restaurant \xe2\x80\x94 \nan old-time settler in the western country from away-back in \nthe "fifties," and like that other old pioneer, Judge Kelly, of the \nStatesman at Boise, is loaded with rich reminiscences of ye olden \ntimes. \n\nUmatilla, before the railroad, commencing in 1862, was a busy \nplace, there being a good ferry crossing here. "Pilgrims" for cen- \ntral Washington and the Puget Sound country made this place a \nresting and outfitting point on their journey. Then, too, it was \nthe upper landing point for river steamboats for all passengers and \ngoods destined for the Boise and rich mineral districts to the east- \nward. At that time 3,000 people congregated here, with immense \nwagon and pack-trains coming and going continually. \n\nThe shore-landing was packed with goods awaiting transporta- \ntion. Stages left regularly, loaded with passengers, and all was \nlife, bustle and activity; streets and avenues were as well defined \nand named as in any city of to-day, and street sprinklers were in \ndaily use. It had a regular city government; the streets from east \nto west were named A, B, C, etc., those paralleling the river \nfrom north to south by numerals \xe2\x80\x94 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The railroad \ntrack and depot is now on old Fourth street. \n\nMid all the wonderful changes in this place for a third of a \ncentury, "Uncle Jack" alone remains hale and hearty, but suffer- \ning, at times, by an almost death wound, received one night in the \n"sixties" from a "bear-gun," set on a mountain trail over which \nhe was "packing." \n\n\n\nUPPER PALISADES \xe2\x80\x94 GRANDO ! \n\n\n\nNow, when teams arrive to cross the ferry, Indians act as ferry- \nmen, packing wagons and goods across in their canoes and swim- \nming the animals. \n\nThe Advertiser was a tri-weekly paper, published at Umatilla, \nin "the good old da)^," when the paper recorded the freight rates \nto Boise at ten cents per pound; to Owyhee, 16 cents, and to Idaho \nCity, 15 cents. Flour the paper quotes at $12 per 100 pounds; \nbacon, 38 cents; sugar, 24 cents, and everything in proportion. \n\n\n\nIROn IMATILLA-IP THE COLUMBIA. \n\n\n\nSide Tour \\o. 16\xe2\x80\x94 From Umatilla up the Columbia \nriver, through the upper palisades to wallula and walla \nWalla, connecting at the latter with Side Tour No. 15. \n\nLeaving Umatilla junction the direction is to the northeast, up \nthe eastern bank of the famous Columbia river. \n\nAt Umatilla, our starting point, the river bed between banks is \nabout three miles in width, with gradual grassy slopes on each side \nextending back for several miles. As our train proceeds these slopes \nbecome narrower at every revolution of the wheels; little hills \nbegin to appear, then rocky spurs shoot out from taller bluffs and \ncrowd our way. Grassy slopes are seen no more. The river bed, \ntoo, is crowded into half its width at our starting, and the water \ntumbles down over a series of rocky rapids, most beautiful to behold. \n\nOur train has gained in elevation much faster than the river, \nand the bluffs within a few miles have grown to sheer walls of rock, \n500 feet above our heads. At the same time, our train is running \non a narrow shelf of these same walls, 150 feet above the river. \nThe changes are rapid! The views, grand! The surprises, marv- \nelous! At one turn in the road the towering walls seem to open, \nletting in a flood of light. And our iron steed, seemingly desirous \nto get away into the open country, turned directly for the opening \nleaving the river to its back; but the run was a short one; the \nbright prospects proved deceptive, the opening a delusion; the \nwalls presented a solid front and our engine was sufficiently alive \nto the situation to whirl away to the left just in time to save a col- \nlision, running beneath the overhanging cliffs directly for the river, \nbut far above it. It is a wild ride. \n\nIn Utah they would call it the "Devil\'s ride." On thunders \nour train, and just when it seems that we must be dashed into the \nColumbia, our engine whirls to the right on the very nose of the \ncanon spur \xe2\x80\x94 and there, behold! \xe2\x80\x94 the grand! the beautiful! the up- \nper Palisades of the Columbia. The Palisades are in the shape of \na monster semi-circle, a magnificent amphitheater ten miles in \ndiameter and over 2,000 feet in height. The base of these \nj>iant walls are washed by the now broad and placid Columbia, \nleaving barely room between for our passing train. \n\nThese walls are black basaltic cliffs, standing forth in number- \nless wild fantastic shapes. In places, volcanic cones and dikes, \nand castellated forms appear, beside which are crevices, deep \nchasms, and ghost-like caves, relieved by nary shrub or vine, or \nflowering plant. Standing alone, the grandeur of these cliff walls \nis found in their magnificent desolation, but taken in connection \n\n\n\nDOWN THE COLUMBIA. 219 \n\n\n\nwith the majestic Columbia, the light and shade, the little emerald \nborder setting of the river, the scene is one of peculiar beauty \xe2\x80\x94 \none long to be remembered with pleasure, if not profit. \n\nIn sweeping around to the northern end of this huge semi- \ncircle, the train turns abruptly to the right, and both Palisade and \nriver are suddenly lost to view. Almost simultaneously the engine \ngives forth a long, terrific blast and crosses the Walla Walla river \nand stops at \n\n\xc2\xbbVilIllllSi \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 300; from Umatilla, 27 miles; Portland, 214 miles; Walla \nWalla. 31 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Situated on Walla Walla river near its junction \nwith ihe Columbia and at the junction of the 0. R. & N. and the \nNorthern Pacific railroads. Also the junction of the Walla Walla \nbranch of the O. R. & N. and the Oregon & Washington Territory \nrailroad. It\'s pretty much all "junction," being at thej unction of \nsand dunes and sand ridges. The O. R. & N. Co. have at this place \nthe largest, finest and most complete hotel and dining station build- \ning of their entire system, and it\'s well kept. The building, beside \nabout 50 guest rooms, has a large dining-hall and lunch room, and \ncontains the waiting rooms for passengers and the railroad ticket, \ntelegraph, express and baggage offices of the company. \n\nThe station consists of three general merchandise stores, sev- \neral restaurants and saloons, and about 200 railroad employes. \n\nThe connections are all by rail, by the lines above named. \n\n\n\nTaking the Walla Walla branch from Wallula, the route is di- \nrectly east, up the Walla Walla river; the first station is \n\nTrOHOliet\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 60; from Wallula, 15 miles; Walla Walla, 16 miles]. \nIs situated on the north bank of the Walla Walla river at the junc- \ntion of the Trouchet river. One general store and farmers\' surround- \nings comprise the place. \n\nContinuing eastward, farmers and stock-growers possess the \ncountry, and there is little to interest the traveler until the city of \nWalla Walla is reached, where this tour terminates, connecting \nwith Tour No. 15. \n\n\n\nReturning to Umatilla we resume our main tour west. \nFROU UMATILLA TO PORTL.WD. \n\n\n\nUeaving Umatilla we soon cross the Umatilla river and run \nalong down the south bank of the Columbia. \n\nThe way is through ridges of sand, which drift like snow, in \nproportion to the velocity of the wind. Stock-raising is now the \nchief industry, particularly on the Washington side of the river; \nthe north side is Washington and the south side Oregon. \n\nPassing STOKES [seven miles] and CayoTE [nine miles], our train \nstops for a moment at CASTLE ROCR [nine miles], where one store, \nchutes for loading cattle, and about 60 settlers comprise the station. \nThe staple productions are sand, sage, cattle and Indians. \n\nThe grass-covered rolling prairies which have been with us on \nthe north side of the river from Umatilla are now giving place to \nbluffs and rocky buttes; at the same time our roadway is gradually \nbeing crowded closer and closer to the river bank. \n\n\n\n111 \n\n\n\nWillow* Junction\xe2\x80\x94 [ten miles] \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached just after cross- \n* Willow creek. Here the O. R. & N. Co. are building a \n\n\n\nARLINGTON \xe2\x80\x94 BLALOCK\'S. \n\n\n\nbranch southward to Heppuer, which is completed 4-"> miles, and \nwill probably be extended to Canyon City and Ontario at no \ndistant day. \n\nThe cliffs crowd our way, leaving just room enough between, \ntheir rugged sides and the river for our passing train. \n\nPassing the junction, WILLOWS [two miles] is reached, a side- \ntrack .station with a fine depot, where is accumulating a large \namount of construction materials for extending the Willows \nbranch. This station, owing to the limited yard room at the \n"junction," will probably be the starting point for all trains on the \n"branch" when it is completed and trains running. \n\nArlington \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 850; from Willows, nine miles; Umatilla, 45 miles; \nPortland, 142 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Gilliam county, and a regular \nmeal station for some trains. Very little of the town is visible \nfrom the depot, as it is built astride a crooked ravine, half a mile in \nlength, that comes down from the bluffs to the southward just at \nthe depot. The town has quite a number of good brick business \nblocks and many large mercantile houses, beside stores of many \nkinds, two banks, several hotels, one weekly newspaper \xe2\x80\x94 the \nTimes \xe2\x80\x94 three churches, and a good district school. \n\nThe county is fast settling up with thrifty farmers, wheat and \nlive-stock being the chief productions. The shipments are live- \nstock, wheat, wool and farm products. \n\nStock-raising is now the chief occupation of the settlers on \nboth sides of the Columbia river. \n\nA steam ferry-boat conveys passengers and teams across the \nriver from opposite the depot. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Southeast daily to Ione, 30 miles; Pettysville, \nfour miles; Lexington, six miles, and Heppner, nine miles. [See connections \nunder "Pendleton."] Also, mail coach south, daily to Baird, seven miles; Olex, \neight miles; Glem. ten miles; Condon, eight miles: Maryyille, 13 miles, and \nFossil, eight miles. \n\nFrom Olex \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, twice a week to Fletts, nine miles: \nGooseberry, ii miles; thence south to Idea, five miles, and Lone Rock, ii \nmiles. \n\nFrom Condon \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, three times a week to Matney, six \nmiles, and Lost Valley, 14 miles. \n\nFrom Fossil \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack eastward, twice a week to Wagxek, 35 miles, and \nMonument, 22 miles. [See under "Baker City."] \n\nProm Fossil \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack south, twice a week to Contention, 20 miles; \nthence southeast to Waldron, 15 miles; thence southwest to Mitchell, 15 \nmiles; Crescent, 20 miles; thence west to Howard, 19 miles, and Prineville, \n19 miles. [See under "The Dalles.]" \n\n\n\nBlaloekN\xe2\x80\x94 [From Arlington, eight miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is a small station for \npassing trains and shipping cattle and wheat, about the only \nproductions in this region. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: South, twice a week to Rockville. 12 miles. \n\n\n\nFor many miles of our way down the river the bluffs have been \ngradually increasing their elevation until walls of rock appear, \ncrowding close to the river, rising from 800 to 1,000 feet above the \nrailroad, which finds a rough and tortuous way between riverandcliff. \n\nFrom the summit of these cliff-walls a broad table land extends \nfar away to the southward, much of which is occupied by settlers, \nwhose principal productions are live-stock and wheat. How to \nreach these lands from the railroad, by teams, is often a problem \ndifficult to solve without great expense in constructing wagon \nroads up the rough and steep ravines, or along the face of the \ncliffs, for landing wheat and other grain at the foot of the cliff- \n\n\n\nSHOOTING WHEAT. 221 \n\n\n\nwall convenient to a shipping point on the railroad or river, a \nplan of fluming is in use, but operated differently in different \nplaces. \n\nFeuming Wheat \xe2\x80\x94 About half a mile below Blalock\'s is a flume, \nmade of lumber about six inches square, that extends from a side- \ntrack and platform for shipping grain to the top of the cliff, about \n1,200 feet in length, supported by props and cables. At the upper \nend of the flume, and in connection with it, is a large bin con- \nstructed in such a position that farmers can back up their teams \nand dump their entire load into it, the grain rushing down the \nflume with great velocity to another large bin, where the grain is \nput up in sacks for shipment. \n\nIn some other places along down the river, the grain is put into \nsack- before shooting it down the flume, but in those cases the \nflumes are verv much shorter as well as much larger. \n\n\n\n.Several miles below Blalock\'s the basaltic cliff-walls commence \nto present a more pronounced series of terraced, dike formations on \nboth sides of the river. These terraces slope back in tiers of from \nfour to six rows, much like some of the pre-historic battle mounds \nseen in Arizona and Mexico. \n\nThese steps rise sheer one above the other, from ten to 50 feet \neach, extending with great uniformity for many miles, laid up \nseemingly with all the precision of a master-workman. \n\nPEUTo\'s Caldron \xe2\x80\x94 Is a wild collection of volcanic cones, \nbuttes, needle-pointed rocks, mounds, lava beds and an endless va- \nriety of curious black rock formations of every conceivable shape \nand form. \n\nOur engine seems to thread its way cautiously through this \nwitches\' caldron. Yet, there is no longer any "bubble, bubble, toil \nand trouble." \n\nNear the "caldron" is Souaeey Hook, and a magnificent suc- \ncession of rapids in the river, which is here crowded close between \nthe cliff-walls on either side, where it goes tumbling down in one \ntumultuous sheet of sparkling foam, most beautiful to behold. \n\n\n\nRolling over a high trestle bridge and John Day\'s river at the \nsame time, soon passing the side-track of John Day\'s, and then the \nlittle station of RuFUS, formerly Wallace, but not down on the \n"time cards," where there is one store, a platform for shipping \ngrain, several young orchards of fruit trees and many huge sand \ndrifts, arrive at \n\n(lil\'ailt* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 80; from Blalock\'s, 22 miles; The Dalles, 23 miles]. \nFormerly known as Villard. It contains several stores and hotels \nand does a large shipping business in grain, live-stock, wool and \ngeneral farm products from the country to the southward. \n\nThe basaltic cliffs near the station rise sheer 1,000 feet above the \nrailroad. Here is another chute for landing grain from the top of \nthe mountain wall to a sacking bin at its base. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: West, daily across the river to Columbus, four \nmiles; thence northwest to Centerville, eight miles; thence northeast to \nGoldendale, seven miles. Also, from Grants, mail hack south, three times a \nweek to Wasco, ten miles; Monkland, 12 miles; De Moss Springs, four miles; \nMora, three miles; Erskinville, three miles; Grass Valley, six miles, and \nRutledge, seven miles. \n\nFrom Rutledge \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack south, twice a week to Kent, 14 miles. \n\nFrom Grants \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, twice a week to Emigrant, 12 miles; \nalso, from Grants special * service southeast to Grover, 22 miles. \n\n\n\n222 MT. HOOD \xe2\x80\x94 NATIVES. \n\n\n\nBiggsi\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 75; from Grants, three miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is a little side-track \nstation, with one general store, and sand drifts varying to 30 feet in \nheight, shifting with the wind like snow drifts in New England. \nThe principal shipments are wheat and sand, "\'alf and \'alf." And, \nby the way, the wheat from Biggs weighs something less than 200 \npounds to the bushel. \n\nOn the north side of the Columbia opposite Biggs can be seen \nthe graded track of the Northern Pacific railroad, made many years \nago in order to hold a land grant from the government \xe2\x80\x94 20 miles \nin width. The government withdrew the land from market, the \nroad was not built, yet it is kindly held in reserve for the railroad \ncompany during the latter\'s convenience. Generous "Uncle \nSam!" \n\nLeaving Biggs the scenic views of river, Miller\'s Island, Hell \nGate and beyond is very grand and beautiful. Passing De ChuTES, \n[four miles] a side-track and station building, one mile brings our \ntrain on the bridge over the De Chutes river. g\xc2\xae\xc2\xb0Remember to \nlook to the left and view the beautiful rapids close above the \nbridge; they are fine. \n\nColllO\xe2\x80\x94 [four miles]\xe2\x80\x94 is the next statiou, a mere side-track now, \nbut once upon a time it was a noted place, with a population of \n1,0(10 or more. At that time there were only 18 miles of railroad \nalong the entire river \xe2\x80\x94 six miles around the cascades and 12 miles \nfrom The Dalles to Colilo. There was then, as now, a line of steam- \nboats from Portland to the cascades, where a rail transfer was \nmade to boats above, which ran up the river to The Dalles, where \nanother transfer was made from The Dalles by rail, 12 miles, to \nColilo, where another line of boats ran eastward to Umatilla. The \nline from The Dalles eastward to this station and above has been \ndiscontinued, but the lower line is still in operation, affording \npassengers a choice of routes to and from Portland and The Dalles, \nwithout additional fare. \n\nThe rapids and falls of The Dalles are now on our right, and will \ncontinue to the city of The Dalles. \n\nIndians are numerous at all times in the vicinity of The Dalles, \nparticularly in the fishing season. They catch and dry great quan- \ntities of salmon, selling what they can and packing the balance \naway for winter use. The fish roe is a great luxury with the \nIndians, who separate the eggs and dry them in the sun until they \nbecome very hard, resembling fine bird shot. \n\nMost of the Indians in this vicinity belong to the John Day\'s \nand Colilo tribes. One Indian and squaw T who live in a little \n"teepe" just above the middle falls are said to be 12") and 121 years \nof age, respectively. Had we guessed their age from their mummy- \nfied appearance, we should have placed their birth co-equal with \n"the first man and the first woman," and it may be when Adam \nand Eve were turned out of Eden they came over to The Dalles. \n\n\xc2\xa3ix miles above the city of The Dalles, just below Summit sta- \ntion, a fine view can be had of Mt. Hood, directly west, 40 miles \naway. It is the standpoint from which Bierstadt painted his pic- \nture of Mt. Hood, for which Mr. Vanderbilt paid him $20,000. \n\nLess than 60 vears ago fashion pronounced the little ravines of James river \nami the Connecticut, the proud spots of America, and held the great unin- \nhabited wastes of the Mississippi, and its unnavigated streams as worthy only \nto balance codfish. \n\nA ton of pure gold is valued at 5602.799.20. \n\n\n\n1S20\xe2\x80\x94 the; daises\xe2\x80\x94 1889. 223 \n\nXllC Dalles \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 4,300; from Umatilla, 99 miles; Portland, 88 miles]. \nSettled in 1820 by the Northwestern Fur Co. ; in 1836, by the \nMethodist missionaries; in 1846, by the Catholic padres, and in \n1847 by a more permanent class of settlers from "the states." In \n1850 the government established a military post here garrisoned \nby the "boys in blue." The first steamboat \xe2\x80\x94 the Flint \xe2\x80\x94 arrived \nat The Dalles in 1851, previous to which the entire business of \nriver transportation was done by flat-boats and canoes, the latter \nsimilar to those now in use by the Puyallup Indians on Puget Sound. \n\nThe discovery of gold in the Colville region in 1855 brought an \nimmense trade via The Dalles; again, in 1858-9 the Fraser river \nriver excitement, and again in 1861, when the discoveries were \nmade in Idaho, eastern Oregon and Montana, the rush of gold \nhunters and their followers numbered thousands multiplied by \nscores. At that time The Dalles was a "booming" city, and many \nfortunes were made by those in mercantile and trauspo\'rtation \nbusiness. Most towns are fortunate in having one "boom." The \nDalles had three prior to the arrival of the greatest, which com- \nmenced with the building of the O. R. & N. railroad, in 1880, up \nthe Columbia river eastward. For nearly three years The Dalles \nwas the depot of supplies for this work, in which thousands of men \nwere engaged and millions of dollars expended. During all these \nyears of prosperity the rich agricultural and grazing lands lying \nto the southward, in what is now Wasco count}\', were being taken \nup and settled upon by ati enterprising and thrifty class of people. \nThe ready market afforded at The Dalles for all the productions of \nthe settlers \xe2\x80\x94 from both farm and range \xe2\x80\x94 stimulated them to re- \nnewed efforts, until at the present time the shipments of wheat, \nlive-stock, wool, hides and general farm products are larger than \nany county in the state of like area. The fisheries and salmon \ncanning companies afford shipments annually aggregating many \nthousand tons. \n\nThe city of The Dalles is situated on the south side of the \nColumbia river three miles below the principal Dalles rapids, at a \npoint where the river makes a great bend to the south, west and \nnorthward, describing a half circle six miles in diameter. On the \nouter rim of this monster crescent, when the points are directly north, \nsloping back from the river about three miles to basaltic cliffs which \nrise to an altitude of 1,000 feet above it, is the city of The Dalles. \nIt is a lovely site for a city, and we might add it is a lovely city. \nAs an educational city it is provided with two first-class academies \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe St. Mary\'s and the Wasco Independent \xe2\x80\x94 six churches and \nample district and graded schools. It has an excellent system of \nwater works and an efficient fire department, three banks, one \nbrewery, one flour and feed-mill, one planing-mill, two large pack- \ning houses, just half a dozen hotels, chief of which are the Uma- \ntilla and Cosmopolitan, and two weekly newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 the Sun and \nthe Times-Mountaineer. Extensive machine shops belonging to \nthe O. R. & N. are located here, also a U. S. laud office. Here are \na number of large brick and stone business blocks, a $25,000 court \nhouse, many elegant brick private residences, and stores, shops \nand small manufactories of different kinds. \n\nWaXER-power \xe2\x80\x94 The Dalles, with the largest water-power on \nthe Pacific coast, does not utilize it to roll a wheel! Why? \n\nThe Dalles has a Board of Trade. Who knows it outside of Wasco \ncounty? \n\n\n\n224 THE DALLES AND VICINITY. \n\nHere should be located the largest manufactories in the west! \nHere should be located the Lowell of the Pacific! We would \nsuggest to that Board of Trade that they induce a Spokane Falls \nman to settle in their city and wake them up. \n\nFruit \xe2\x80\x94 of all kinds is grown in this vicinity. Orchards are \neverywhere about the city, and the gardens and grounds of the citi- \nzens are embowered in fruit trees aswellas flowersandcreepiugviues. \n\nClimate \xe2\x80\x94 For climate, the great capital stock of some places \nthat we could name, here reaches a happy medium between the \nwet and dry \xe2\x80\x94 western and eastern Oregon. The extremes of all \nkinds meet at The Dalles, and seem to compromise. The air is \npure and mild, while invigorating and healthy. \n\nvSeENERY \xe2\x80\x94 Well, stop at the Umatilla house a week, wander \nabout ten hours each day, and at the end of that time you will only \njust begin to realize the scenic beauties surrounding the beautiful \ncity of The Dalles; then you will wish you had decided to stop over \na mouth. We cannot describe this region adequately, life is too \nshort; come and see for vourself. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Daily line of steamers to Portland; ferry-boat across the \nriver to the Washington side. Also, mail coach south, daily to Boyd, ii miles; \nNausene, six miles; Shkrar Bridge, 13 miles; Bake Oven, 20 miles: Cross \nKeys, 25 miles; Hay Creek, ten miles; Cleek, ten miles; and Prineyille, 18 \nmiles. [See under "Ontario."] \n\nFrom Bake Oven \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, three times a week to Antelope, \nnine miles; Cherry Creek, 25 miles; Burnt Ranch, seven miles; and Mitch- \nell, 17 miles. \n\nFrom Antelope \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack east, three times a week to Crown Rock, 12 miles; \nFrancisyille, 12 miles; thence north to Fossil, nine miles. \n\nFrom Prineville \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack east, twice a week to Howard, 19 milts; Cres- \ncent, 19 miles; thence north to Mitchell, 20 miles. \n\nAlso from Prineville \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southeast, once a week to Mowkv, 45 miles; \nPai-lina, 12 miles; thence south to Hardin, 13 miles; Riley, 12 miles: thence \neast to Burns. 30 miles. \n\nAlso from Prineville \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack once a week to CROOK, 30 miles; Price, 15 \nmiles, and Hardin, 25 miles. \n\nAlso from Prineville \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack west, once a week to Sisters. 42 miles. \n\nAlso from Prineville \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack southwest, once a week to Bend, 35 miles; \nCrater, 18 miles; and Pengra, ten miles. \n\nFrom The Dalles \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack south, three times a week to Dufur. 15 miles; \nKixgsley, 15 miles: Tvi.n Valley, six miles; Warnic, six miles, and Wapini- \ntia, 11 miles. \n\nAlso from The Dalles \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack south, twice a week to Sinnemasho, 12 \nmiles; and to Warm Springs, 18 miles. \n\nAlso from The Dalles \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack north, three times a week to Hartland, 12 \nmiles: thence west to Lylk, 14 miles. \n\n\n\nLeaving The Dalles, well, we do not believe there arc another \n50 miles of such varied, grand and magnificent scenery in the world \nthat can compare with it. Our train rolls around the circle and \nstarts once more to the westward, passing rugged black basaltic \nridges, cliffs, buttes, knolls and chasms; dodging through deep \ncuts, occasional tunnels, and over high trestle bridges; then, in \nview of huge dikes and terraces of rocks, lovely little parks, lakes, \nfarms, orchards, islands, meadows, groves and crystal brooks. \nAnon, little cascades, and cascades tumbling down 1,000 feet; \non the brink of the river at one moment, and another in a dark and \ngloomy gorge; at one time on a high embankment \xe2\x80\x94 the base \nwashed by the river \xe2\x80\x94 and then beneath overhanging walls 1,500 \nfeet in height; another whirl, and before one could count their \nbeads, a dense thicket of oaks, pines, firs Cottonwood and vines \nappear, garnished with ferns and countless flowers. Arid over all, \nan everlasting sentinel, stands Mt. Hood, bareheaded, except with \nthe frosted hair of countless ages. \n\n\n\n"The Tacoma"\xe2\x80\x94 at Tacoina\xe2\x80\x94 is the largest and finest hotel on the North \nPacific Coast; but it costs more in " tips " to get service than the office charges. \n\n\n\nSAM LOWENSTEIN, President. WM. KAPUS, Secretary. \n\nOREGON \nFurniture Manufacturing Co. \n\nOFFICE AND SALESROOM: \n\nNo. 208 & 210 RlRST STREET, \n\nFactory, No. 207 & 209 Front St. \nShipping Dep\'t, No. 7 & 9 Salmon St. \n\nPortland, Oregon. \n\nManufacturers of and Dealers in \nall kinds of \n\nFURNITURE \n\nDiplomas and. First=class iN.4ed.als were \nawarded to this Company at \n\nOREGON STATE FAIR, 1876. \n\nCENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, 1876. \n\nPARIS EXPOSITION, 1878. \nPORTLAND MECHANICS\' FAIR, 1881, \n\nNEW ORLEANS EXPOSITION, 1885. \n\nPHOTOGRAPHS AND PRICE LISTS \n\nFurniahei 1 on application. ^X.11 orders 1 >v letters \npromptly attended t\' >. \n\n\n\n\nCOLUMBIA RIYER \n\n\n\n\nBY MOONLIGHT. \n\n\n\nFirst Yie-w by trie Jesuit Fathers- \n\n\n\nKNIGHT, FRYE & MILLS, \n\nREAL ESTATE BROKERS. \n\nCity and Suburban Property For Sale. Loans Negotiated. Property Rented \n\nand Rents collected. Insurance and Notary Public. Special attention \n\ngiven to collecting Pills, Notes, etc. Searching of Titles and \n\nAbstracts given. Write to us. \n\n1403 PACIFIC AVENUE, \n\nROOM 1, SECOND FLOOR. TACOMA, W.T. \n\nWe also are handling several additions to the City of Tacoma, among them \nMills\' Highland Park Addition. We invest money for non-residents and \nguarantee safety. We refer any one wishing reference to any bank in the City \nor the Citv Mavor. \n\n\n\nCHAS. H. AITKENJr, \n\nNOTARY PUBLIC, \n\nREAL ESTATE AND HOUSE BROKER, \n\nINSURANCE AND GENERAL COLLECTION AGENT, \n1309 Pacific Avenue, -\xe2\x80\xa2 - TACOMA, Washington Ter. \n\n\n\nHouses and Lots for sale and to let. Loans Negotiated. Particu- \nlar attention paid to collection of Rents. Full charge \ntaken of Property for absentees. Insurance, Re- \npairs, Taxes and Street Assessments \nattended to. Bad tenants ejected. \n\n\n\nPERSONS coming to Puget Sound with a view of making a \nhome or investing in Real Estate should, before deciding \nupon a location, visit different points, study the geographical \nposition of the several Cities and Towns, note the character of the \npopulation and examine the relative business and commercial \nprospects of each, and then determine. \n\nROSS & N ALBERT will take pleasure in showing the "City \nof Destiny" to any who may desire to avail themselves of the \nopportunity. \n\n1001 A ST., MASON BLOCK, TACOMA, WASHINGTON TER. \n\n\n\nSEATTLE. No blizzards, heavy snows or cyclones. \nAverage winter temperature 43 degrees above zero. \nSeattle, largest city in Washington Territory. Popula- \ntion 25,000. Commercial, Educational and Financial \ncenter 1 >f Puget Sound country. Full information of Queen \nCITY, SE-AT-TLE, CHAS. H. KITTTXOFR, \nSecretary Seattle Board of Trade, Seattle, Wash. Ter. \n\n\n\n\nWe shall not attempt to describe the varied scenery along this \nroute in detail; no attempt of man could do it justice, and we \nopine the recording angel would down his pen and bless his eyes \nin huge disgust, when he disc overed the half had not been told. \n\nThe stations down on the "time cards" often fail to materialize. \nROWENA [nine miles] and MoSiER [seven miles] are both side-tracks \nfor passing trains. \n\n\n\n22tj hood\xe2\x80\x94 cascadp: locks. \n\n\n\nHood river is crossed half a mile before reaching the station of \nHood River \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 200; from The Dalles, 23 miles; Portland, 65 miles]. \nSituated near the junction of Hood river with the Columbia. \nThe town is in a grove of trees, on an elevation overlooking the \nriver and station. It consists of four churches, a good district \nschool, one general store, saw-mills, several summer boarding- \nhouses, and the Mt. Hood hotel. It is the stopping place and out- \nfitting point for visitors to Mt. Hood [elevation, 11,225 feet], ln sum- \nmer, stages run regularly for Mt. Hood resort \xe2\x80\x94 2") miles; fare for \nround trip, $5. \n\nThe scenic views at Hood river and vicinity are indescribably \ngrand and beautiful. \n\nPassing VlENTO [eight miles] and YY\'vhth [six miles], seven miles \nbrings our train to the noted \n\nCaSOSUlO LiO<\'Ks \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 250; from Hood River, 20 miles; Portland, \n\n45 miles]. -Besides the government business going on here, the \nplace consists of five general stores, several saloons, but no hotel. \nOne good hotel is badly needed. Here we found another of the \nold-time settlers of Oregon \xe2\x80\x94 Dr. Leavens. He has been in this \ncountry since 1833, and is a living encyclopedia of matters pertain- \ning to this western country. \n\nWith suitable hotel accommodations for tourists and cottages \nfor families, we believe there is no place in the wide world that \ncould afford more natural attractions than this. In grand moun- \ntain, forest and river scenery ; in springs of cold, warm and hot \nmedicinal waters, now "running wild " within a short distance of \nthe station ; in varieties of haired and feathered game \xe2\x80\x94 deer, bear, \ngrouse, etc., and fishing, taken in connection with the admirable \nclimate and ease of approach \xe2\x80\x94 affords unrivalled attractions, just \nsuch as would be patronized by tens of thousands of visitors \nannually. \n\nCascade Locks should not be confounded with Cascades, the \nseat of Skamania county, Washington, generally known as \nLower Cascades, by which name it will appear in our tour up \nthe Columbia by steamer. \n\nThe shipments of salmon from this station during the fishing \nseason are very heavy, running into the hundreds of tons. \n\nOn the Washington side of the river are vast forests of the \nfinest timber, where are located some ol the largest saw-mills \nalong the river. \n\nOld Blockhouse. \xe2\x80\x94 On the opposite side of the river from the \nstation, in plain view, is situated the blockhouse once occupied \nby the late Gen. Sheridan, when he was proud of the title of \n"Lieutenant." It is in a dilapidated condition and can last but \na few years longer. \n\nThe Lock. \xe2\x80\x94 The question of improving the navigation of the \nColumbia river by a system of locks was before congress for many \nvears, but not until 1S7<> were any practical results obtained. That \nyear $60,000 was appropriated to commence operations. Various \nsubsequent appropriations have aggregated $1,500,000, and it is \nestimated another million will be required to complete the work. \nIt is about 11 years since work commenced, and it is estimated \nabout five years more will be required before the work will be \ncompleted; provided, there is 110 delay for the want of the necessary \n\n\n\nCOLUMBIA RIVER SCENERY. \n\n\n\n227 \n\n\n\nappropriations of money by congress. The lock now being \nconstructed is eight feet deep over mitre sill at low water ; 402 \nfeet long, and 90 feet wide ; lift of 24 feet. \n\nThere\' are now employed at the work about 200 men of all \nclasses, and quite extensive buildings for the use of officers and \nmen, and storehouses for materials and supplies are located here. \n\nLeaving the station at the Locks, in half a mile a fine view of the \nfalls and also of the work being done un the big lock can be obtained \n\n\n\n\n228 "mui/Tum in parvo." \n\n\n\nBoilMCVillC \xe2\x80\x94 [From Cascade Locks, four miles], \xe2\x80\x94 Is a regular meal \nstation and a very good one; expense, 75 cents. The station is \nsituated in a grove of firs and pines on the river bank. Just below \non the opposite side of the river is the town of Cascade; the rail- \ntrack down to a long floating platform is the landing transfer \nwharf of the Portland and The Dalles line of steamboats. It will \nbe on our Tour No. 19. \n\nFisheries \xe2\x80\x94 Beginning at \'\'the dalles," three miles east of the \ncity of Tl^e Dalles, fisheries are to be seen at many places along \nthe river, on both sides. At some of these are large wheels for \ncatching fish by water power, and large buildings for packing and \ncanning. From Cascade Locks to the mouth of Columbia river \nthey are plentiful \xe2\x80\x94 never out of sight of one or more. \n\nLeaving Bonneville, a number of large fisheries and one can- \nning establishment are passed; also DodsonS [four miles]. \n\nHere the down-river view is exceedingly grand, after which \nget ready to view the Multonomah falls. They will be close on the \nleft, in a narrow gorge, and can only be seen for a moment; hence, \nthis advice, but we first pass OnEOXTA [four miles], and then look \nsharp, in another mile is \n\nYliilf onomuh Fall* \xe2\x80\x94 Both falls and station. The latter is \nwake kloshe, the former \xe2\x80\x94 Immense! sheer drop 850 feet. [See \nTour No. /y and large view No. /. | \n\nBridal Veil\xe2\x80\x94 Is a station and Faee [four miles from MultonomahJ. \nThe former contains a large saw-mill and about 75 lumbermen; the \nlatter\xe2\x80\x94 falls\xe2\x80\x94 can be seen close to the left on leaving the station. ( See \nillustration, page 225. ) \n\nPillars of Hercules \xe2\x80\x94 or Needle Rocks\xe2\x80\x94 are to be seen ahead \nsoon after leaving Bridal Veil; they are between the railroad and \nriver, and form a gate-way to the beyond. On the top of the tallest \nrock grows a thrifty pine, the roots of which are squeezed in \na crevice of the rock. [See illustration, page 25$. 1 \n\nRooster Rock \xe2\x80\x94 or Latourelle Falls\xe2\x80\x94 [pop.. 60; from Bridal \nVeil, four miles; Portland. _>.} miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 The station consists of a general \nstore, two saw-mills, and a few private residences. The attractions \nare the falls \xe2\x80\x94 a drop of 400 feet \xe2\x80\x94 behind which one can walk, and \nthe noted Rooster rock, of which more hereafter, on river tour. \n[See large view No. 4.) \n\nThe views of river, falls, rock and cliff scenery, at this point \nare indescribable, they are extended, grand and most beautiful. \n\nLeaving the Rooster and passing through a tunnel, another \nmarvelous view bursts upon the vision. We are now through the \nCascade range of mountains, and out upon a broad rolling country, \nleaving the Columbia river far to the right. It will be in view no \nmore on this tour. \n\nCrossing Sandy river, we soon pass the little stations of TrouT- \ndai.E [seven miles] and Fairvihw [three miles]; the latter is fairly \nnamed, as a fairer view of fair objects could not be had outside \nof a fairy realm. \n\n( \'. i.T Ready \xe2\x80\x94 Like a hungry government mule in sight of a \ncorn crib our engine, almost in sight of Portland, is rattling along \nat a lively rate. \n\nThe porter comes up smiling, "Brush? brush ye off.\'" He is a \ngood fellow; give him a "tip," be lias earned one. Then look \naround and gather up your "grips," wraps and Torus, by which \n\n\n\nGEM OF OREGON. 229 \n\n\n\ntime the train will be on the big bridge over the Willamette river, \nand a look up and down the river, and the towns and cities beside \nit, may be one of interest. \n\nHoTELvS \xe2\x80\x94 Where to stop in Portland is a question now to be \ndecided, as at the other end of the bridge there will be nearly three \nscore and ten shouters, and all for as many different hotels. The \nEsmond, Oilman, St. Charles and Merchants\' are the nearest to \nfirst-class. Rates grade down from $3 to $1.50 a day, with free \n\'bits to and from traius. \n\nPortland \xe2\x80\x94 [ Pop., including East Portland and suburbs, 50,000; eleva- \ntion, 53 feet]. \xe2\x80\x94 19 the seat of Multnomah county, situated on the west \nbank of the Willamette river, about 114 miles from the Pacific \nocean, at the mouth of the Columbia river, and ten miles above \nthe junction of the Willamette and Columbia rivers. It is a port \nof entry, where steamers and sailing vessels, drawing as high as 20 \nfeet of water, can pass up and down, to and from, without \ntrouble. \n\nThe large steamships which ply between Portland and San \nFrancisco, drawing from 14 to 18 feet of water, come arid go almost \non railroad time. \n\nPortland is the chief commercial city north of San Francisco \non the Pacific coast, being situated in the midst or at the gateway \nof the immense traffic of the state of Oregon and the greater por- \ntion of Idaho, Washington and Montana territories. Portland is \nalso the great railroad center of the North Pacific coast. \n\nThe location of the city is most picturesque. Along the river \nfront for nearly three miles are wharves, ferry docks, immense \nwarehouses, depot buildings, jobbing houses, manufactories, etc. \nThe slope from the wharf to the first parallel street is not far from \n60 feet. Extending back for nearly one mile the slope is gradual, \nafter which the grade increases, and terraces of streets extend along \none above another until the ascent, within one and a half miles \nfrom the .river, becomes almost too steep for firs and pines to root \nand stand; yet we see in nooks and glens the cozy cottage of the \ntradesman, and on more commanding points the castle of the na- \nbob. Towering above all, a thousand feet above the river, a forest \nridge confronts the vision; some are mighty trees, that should a \nsquirrel climb them ten score feet, his rest would then be far below \nthe eagle\'s perch. But could we sit beside the game, what would \nwe see? To the north and westward the Willamette and Columbia \nrivers, with their prows of commerce and numerous islands shaded \nwith forests and bordered with industries. To the northeast Mts. \nRainier, Adams and St. Helens rise from a border of green and gold. \nTurn now to the east and south ; at our feet is Portland and her eastern \nnamesake and suburb, divided by the Willamette in its journey \nthrough the beautiful valley from the south. Raising the eyes over \nimmense forests the long dark range of the Cascades is in view, with \nMt. Hood as the central figure. The memory of the "oldest in- \nhabitant" runneth not back to the date when this grand old moun- \ntain was dressed ivholly in summer clothes; in fact, they are frank \nto affirm that around the summit of Mt. Hood the snow ever rests \nand for eight months of the year its white reservoirs will vary to \n100 feet in depth. \n\nThe city of Portland, in fine business blocks, manufactories, \nimports and exportations, steamship and railroad facilities, costly \n\n\n\n230 PORTLAND AND SUBURBS. \n\n\n\npublic and private buildings, and general improvements and thrift, \nwith but one exception, has no equal on the Pacific coast. It con- \ntains 33 churches, seven schools, and school property valued at \n$356,000, 12 banks and bankers, six large flouring-mills and 1 1 flour \nand feed-mills, nine foundries and machine works, six engine and \nboiler works, three packing houses, 16 furniture manufactories, \n12lumber companies, nine planing-mills, four sash, door and blind \nfactories, four breweries, two broom factories, four carriage and \nwagon works, and many smaller manufacturing establishments. \n\nThe great number, size and extent of business of the wholesale \nmercantile establishments of Portland is a marvel. Their trade \ncovers the entire drainage of the Columbia river and its tributaries \nin Oregon, Washington and the greater portion of Idaho and \nWestern Montana, something over 300,000 scmare miles. \n\nTravel where you will in this region Portland is on the tongue \nof the people. Portland! Every mention of business is connected \nwith Portland. \n\nOf retail stores and shops of all kinds the city is abundantly \nsupplied, including nine Chinese, which do a heavy business with \ntheir people throughout the area of country above named. \n\nThe city is well provided with water works and an efficient fire \ndepartment. It has ten colleges, academies and educational insti- \ntutions, a library of 15,000 volumes, cable and street horse cars. \nThe hotels number scores, the Esmond, Oilman, St. Charles and \nMerchants\' leading; two American theatres and one Chinese. \nThen there are a great number of newspapers. The Oregonian is \nthe chief. * The. Democrat, News, Telegram and Freie Presse \n(German) are each daily and weekly. The prominent weeklies \nare New Northwest, Journal of Commerce, Mercury, Times, \nWorld, Rural Spirit (agricultural), and Farmer and Dairyman. \nThe West Shore is a fine monthly; each number is a mine of in- \nformation. Eor a "time-table" guide of the northwest, buy Lewis \n& Dryden\'s. For a condensed mass of reliable information, send \nto W. R. Struble, secretary state board of immigration, for a copy \nof the "New Empire," sent free. \n\nPortland is embowered in foliage; ornamental shade trees, or- \nchards of fruit, beautiful gardens and lawns abound, while on the \nslopes of the heights the native firs and pines rise from a bed of \nferns, vines and countless varieties of flowers, ten score feet or \nmore. A magnificent emerald border overlooking the richest dia- \nmond setting in all the great northwest \xe2\x80\x94 Portland and its suburbs. \n\nEAST Portland and Aubina \xe2\x80\x94 Are the thrifty suburbs of Port- \nland, situated on the eastern bank of the Willamette river opposite, \nconnected by bridges and ferry lines, and sustains to it the same \nrelative position as Brooklyn, N. Y., does to the city of New York. \nTimber ridges are close to the back of the towns, around which are \nyoung orchards, gardens and scattering private residences. \n\nRail-tracks extend along the entire river front, besides large \nwarehouses, where an immense shipping business is carried on. \nThere are quite a number of manufactories in these places, among \nwhich are two lar,L, r e canning works, saw-mill and three breweries. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 The railroads centering in Portland are Oregon 5c Califor- \nnia. Oregon Railway 5c Navigation, Northern Pacific and the Oregonian. \n\nThe steamer lines are numerous \xe2\x80\x94 too munerous to mention here \xe2\x80\x94 but steam- \nships, for nearly every port up and down ihecoast, on the Columbia, Willamette, \nCowlitz and Clatskaiiie rivers run regularly. \n\n\n\nPOINTERS \xe2\x80\x94 CONDENSED. 231 \n\ngggplf you want to learn all about the country from Portland \nthrough southern Oregon and the whole length and breadth of \nCalifornia to Ensenada, Old Mexico, buy CROFUTT\'S OVERLAND \nTours No. 2. It covers the whole route noted by the red line on \nthe map in this book. \n\nSan Francisco \xe2\x80\x94 by water \xe2\x80\x94 The Oregon Railway & Naviga- \ntion Company run a regular line of steamships between the City \nof Portland and San Francisco, California ; leaving Portland at \n12 midnight and San Francisco at 10 a. m., semi-weekly; time 50 \nhours. Rates of fare : Cabin, $16 ; steerage, $8 round trip, \nunlimited, $30. These rates include meals and berths. \n\njggp^The route to the mouth of the Columbia river is the same \nas noted in Side Tour No. 17. \n\nOregon and Portland City \xe2\x80\x94 Miscellaneous items and \nstatistics for 1888. \xe2\x80\x94 We are indebted for man)- of the following \nitems to the Portland Oregonian. \n\nEducational\xe2\x80\x94 The educational facilities of Oregon are of the \nfirst order, and consist of 45 universities, colleges, academies and \nprivate schools. There are 1,530 organized school districts in the \nstate, and 55,402 children on the rolls, of which the average \nattendance numbered for 1888, 40,872 pupils. There are 2,343 \nteachers. Average salary for males $48.03 ; females, $36.97. \nNumber of school houses, 1,439; valuation of public school \nhouses, $1,190,650 ; valuation of public school property, $1,350,668. \nAmount raised by direct tax, $179,785.22. Amount raised by \ncounty tax, $322,243.52 ; amount raised by counties for state school \nfund, $108,217.25; amount raised from all other sources, $92,774. \n\nCounties \xe2\x80\x94 There are 29 counties in Oregon, the assessed val- \nuation of which [at one-third actual value] was in 1887, $84,888,580 ; in \n1888, $85,893,429\xe2\x80\x94 increase, $1,004,849. \n\ngglfThe first school in Portland, Oregon, was a private one, \nopened by Dr. Ralph Wilcox in the fall of 1847. On March 31, \n1856, districts Nos. 1 and 2 were consolidated. The Central school \nwas opened May 17, 1858 ; Harrison street school, January 1*2, \n1806 ; North school, February 10, 1868 ; High school, April 26*, \n1809; Park school, September 1, 1879; Failing school, October \n9, 1882 ; Couch school, January 2, 1883. \n\nJojgg^Total banking capital of Portland for 1888, $7,824,(19!). \n\ngig^The Portland Board of Trade is a strong body of men, \nnumbering 243 members. \n\nI The total business of Portland for 1888 amounted to \n$911,000,000. \n\nEmigrants \xe2\x80\x94 A close estimate gives the number of emigrants \nwho settled in Oregon during the year 1888 at upwards of 60,000. \n\n{tglf\'The arrivals at the Portland hotels for 1888 show an \nincrease over 1887 of more than double the number. \n\nfiSpTn strolling around Portland, one will seldom see "to let" \non any building. The buildings are usually all rented before \nthey are ready for occupancy. \n\ng&gfThe real estate transfers of Portland for 1888 amounted \nto $7,035,866. \n\nJ8@*Portlaud building and street improvements and street rail \ntracks, $2,162,500. In suburbs, within six miles, $1,360,139. \n\nA man or woman without enemies is oflittle value. \n\n\n\n232 \n\n\n\nFACTS AND FIGURES. \n\n\n\nMeteorological \xe2\x80\x94 At Portland the year 1888 afforded 60 \nrainy days. January 15 was noted for the lowest temperature ever \nrecorded in Portland \xe2\x80\x94 two degrees below zero. The month of May \nwas the warmest, with the least rainfall of an}- May on record, the \nhighest temperature being 91 degrees \xe2\x80\x94 lowest, 38 degrees; average \n20 degrees. June had the most rain of any June on record, and Julv \nhad seven days in succession on which the temperature was above \n90 degrees \xe2\x80\x94 rainfall, 29.05 inches. \n\nNew Railroad Bridge \xe2\x80\x94 The new railroad bridge at Port- \nland, over the Willamette river, is of steel and iron. It consists of \na draw, the length of which is 340 feet, and a fixed span 320 feet \nlong, making a total length of OHO feet. \n\nOregon Railway & Navigation Co. \xe2\x80\x94 The following official \nfigures will give the readers an idea of the amount and class of \nbusiness done by the O. R. & N. Co., for the year ending June 30, \nL888 : Total number of passengers carried during the year, 196,563; \nearnings from same, $784,996.35 ; freight earnings, $3,530,558.42; \ntotal from all sources, 84,542,752.25. \n\nFREIGHT IN TONS. \n\nMerchandise 126,722.3 \\ Oats 10,564.2 \n\nLumber 82,571.8 Barley 13,969.7 \n\n\n\nAgricultural implements 6,633.8 \n\nHousehold goods \n\nCattle 18,207.0 \n\nHogs andsheep 8,945-7 \n\nFish 17,691.8 \n\nHides i,33\xc2\xb0-7 \n\nWool..... 9,138.0 \n\nWheat 324,954.1 \n\n\n\nFlax seed 8,822.2 \n\nFlour and feed 58,558.5 \n\nPotatoes 6,272.1 \n\nHops 1,378.8 \n\nFruit 4,762.8 \n\nWood 20,958.7 \n\nCoal 4,858.9 \n\nMiscellaneous 205,016.6 \n\n\n\nTons, \nIncrease over 1887 \xe2\x80\x94 51,752.7 tons. \n\n\n\n935,869.7 \n\n\n\nRAILROAD MILEAGE. \n\n\n\nColumbia division \nMountain \nEastern \nPalouse \n\n\n\n214.1 \n217-5 \n134.0 \n121.3 \n\n\n\nHeppner branch 45.2 \n\nTotal mileage. \n\nIncrease over 1887 \xe2\x80\x94 08.5 miles. \n\n\n\nDayton branch 13.0 \n\nPomeroy " 29.5 \n\nPampa " 53.0 \n\nMoscow " 27. s \n\n845.4 \n\n\n\nIn addition to its lines of railroad the O. R. oc N. Co. operates \nsteamship lines as follows : \n\n\n\nPortland to San Francisco, 670 miles \nBetween Puget Sound points, 283 " \nPortland and Eugene, 172 " \n\nPortland and Astoria, 98 \n\nTotal, \n\n\n\nPortland and Lower Cascades, 63 miles \nUpper Cascades and The Dalles, 51 " \nCelilo and Priest\'s Rapids, 205 " \nRiparia and Lewiston, 78 " \n\n- \xe2\x80\xa2 - - - 1,620 " \n\n\n\nThe company have in service three ocean steamships, 16 river \nsteamers, and eight barges and wharf-boats; total27; value, $373,075. \nPORTLAND INDUSTRIES FOR 1S8S\xe2\x80\x94 Condensed. \n\n\n\nHANDS BUSINESS \n\nFlour and feed 196 53,357,662 \n\n1,501,200 \n\n825,000 \n800,000 \n686,500 \n624 .8. in \n460,000 \n380,000 \n366,000 \n300,000 \n250,000 \n222,500 \n200,000 \n200,000 \n172,000 \n755,000 \n150,000 \n150,000 \n\n\n\nFoundries 976 \n\nLumber mills 517 \n\nWoolen mills 345 \n\nFurniture 400 \n\nPrinting 310 \n\nPlaning-mills 210 \n\nBreweries 53 \n\nPaint and oil 19 \n\nConfectionery 102 \n\nCrackers and bread.,.. 90 \n\nCordage 35 \n\nGasworks 18 \n\nDressmaking, etc 165 \n\nHarness and saddlery 70 \n\nSpices and coffee 17 \n\nFruit packing 196 \n\nMeat packing 50 \n\nBoat building 100 \n\n\n\nHANDS BUSINESS \n\nBags, tents, etc 50 $130,000 \n\nReduction works 25 127,852 \n\nWagons, etc 100 125,000 \n\nPaper mill 70 125,000 \n\nWaterworks 45 \n\nCooperage 42 92,000 \n\nIce 31 91,000 \n\nWooden boxes 7" 91,000 \n\nFurs 23 90,060 \n\nSoda water 22 75.000 \n\nBrick i.so 64,000 \n\nTanneries 20 56,000 \n\nElectric light works... 20 60,000 \n\nMarble 35 50,000 \n\nPottery i" 35,000 \n\nJewelry 16 35,000 \n\nLime and cement 10 25, \n\nMiscellaneous 400 500,000 \n\n\n\nl\'otal (Footings), \n\n\n\n5,009 $13,884,522 \n\n\n\nFLOATING DOWN THE COLUMBIA. 233 \n\n\n\nA summary of the whole wool clip of the Pacific northwest \nfoots up as follows : \n\nPounds. \n\nWestern Washington 500,000 \n\nWillamette valley 1,000,000 \n\nSouthern Oregon 500,000 \n\nTerritory west of Cascades 2,000,000 \n\nThe Dalles..". 4,500,000 \n\nGrant\'s 500,000 \n\nArlington 2,500,000 \n\nEcho 1,000,000 \n\nPendleton 2,000,000 \n\nLa Grande 1,000,000 \n\nBaker City 750,000 \n\nAll of eastern Oregon 12,250,000 \n\nSouth of Snake river 2,000,000 \n\nNorth of Snake river, 1,000,000 \n\nNorth of Columbia river 1,000,000 4.000,000 \n\nTotal of Columbia region 18,250,000 \n\n\n\nDOWX TO THE (MEAX, \n\n\n\nSide Tour No. 17 \xe2\x80\x94 From Portland, down the Colum- \nbia, to Kalama, Astoria and the Pacific Ocean. \n\nThe regular steamers of the O. R. & N. line leave Portland \nmorning and evening for Astoria. Many of these boats compare \nfavorably with those plying on eastern rivers. The staterooms are \nlarge, the cabins neat and comfortable, and the meals such as to \ndelight an epicure. \n\nThe morning boat leaves at o\'clock, and is the one to take to \nview the scenery by daylight. Then, for the return, if the night \nbe clear and a full moon at half mast, and you desire to behold \nscenery unspeakably wild, weird, grand and beautiful at times, \ntake the night boat from Astoria and you can \' \'make a night of it, " \nthe remembrance of which will remain vivid to a ripe old age. \n\n\n\nLeaving Portland the direction is a point west of north for 4(1 \nmiles, changing gradually to the westward for the remainder of \nthe distance. Steaming down the Willamette river ST. John\'s \n[six miles] is the first landing. It contains a little church, a little \nstore and a big warehouse for shipping produce; for a background \nit has a forest of pines, with fruit orchards and gardens in the little \nclearings. \n\nTen miles from Portland the Willamette joins our old friend, \nthe Columbia river. At this point, should the sky be clear, a fine \nview can be had of Mt. Hood to the east, and Mts. Rainier, \nAdams and St. Helena, their white peaks glistening in the morn- \ning sun. \n\nThere are many islands in the river along its entire length which \nare very generally covered with pines, cedars, willows, ferns and a \ndense undergrowth of shrubs. On some of these islands clearings \ncan be seen, with neat white farm houses, grain fields, orchards and \ngardens. The same can be said of the country on each side of the \nriver, the forests extending away back to the summit of the moun- \ntains, in places 30 to 40 miles. \n\nCommencing about 40 miles from Portland we come upon the \ngreat harvest fields of the salmon fishermen, whose nets, fishing \nplants and canneries extend all the way to the mouth of the Colum- \nbia river, with Astoria for general headquarters. \n\n\n\n234 1808\xe2\x80\x94 ASTORIA\xe2\x80\x94 1889. \n\nSaillt IlelCllX \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 300; from Portland, 2; miles] . \xe2\x80\x94 Is Oil the \n\nOregon side, and is the seat of Columbia county. It contains sev- \neral stores, a court house, and a weekly, Oregon Mist. \nThe lumber interest is the most important here. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Northern Pacific and mail hack west, twice a week \nto Pittsburgh, 20 miles; thence south to Vernonia, five miles. \n\n\n\nKalauia \xe2\x80\x94 |Pop., ioo; from Portland, 3S miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is the seat of Cow- \nlitz couutv, situated at the Columbia river transfer crossing of \nthe Portland and Tacoma line of the Northern Pacific railroad. It \ncontains a good depot, several stores and saloons, three hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the \nRiverside, Kazano and Havana \xe2\x80\x94 and the Cowlitz Advocate. \n\nLeaving Kalama, our boat on its way down the river stops at \nan even score of landings, where salmon fishing, canning and lum- \nbering are the only industries, and passing many more, apparently \nof the same kind, with the islands and the mountains on both \nsides covered with a dense forest of pine, spruce, cedar and hem- \nlock timber. Steaming beside great rocky spurs, shooting down \nfrom the higher mountains, and dropping sheer a thousand feet at \nthe water\'s edge, with the river gradually widening to two, three, \nfour and five miles. On the route we pass scores of great ships, \nsteamers and river craft, and countless numbers of swans, geese, \nducks and other water fowl, 011 all sides. \n\nShooting out from the southern mountains a long, high prom- \nontory confronts our way and vision. Will it move? Our boat \nheads directly for its rocky nose \xe2\x80\x94 "Tongue Point" is its name, \nand it stands there solitary and alone, lapping the briny waters of \nthe Pacific. The boat clears the "tongue" within a few fathoms, \nand there it is directly ahead, but 17 miles away, the great Pacific \nocean. Just to the left, nestling in beside the mountain, is \n\nAstoria \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 7.000; from Portland, 98 miles], \xe2\x80\x94 Settled ill 1808, \nbeing the first settlement on the Pacific coast. It is the seat of \nClatsop county, situated near the mouth of the Columbia river on \na promontory facing Point Adams [at the "jetty," 15 miles west], \nand flanked by Young\'s bay. Its chief industry is salmon fishing \nand canning, being the headquarters of the Columbia river fish- \neries, and does by far the largest salmon fishing business of any \ncitv in the world. \n\nThe city is built around the semi-circular side of a promontory, \nwhich rises 1,000 feet above the waters, covered with timber from \nbase to summit, except where it has been cleared for building pur- \nposes. The residence portion is built on this sloping ground, \nshaded in many places by giant trees of nature\'s planting. All \nthe principal business streets are supported on piers or piles over \nthe waters, also, all the docks, wharves, warehouses and many of \nthe large business blocks have their foundations in the water, the \ntide under or about them, rising from ten to 12 feet. The city has \nquite a number of fine brick business blocks and brick residences, \nstores and shops of all kinds, seven churches, three schools, with \n12 teachers and 510 scholars \xe2\x80\x94 the buildings cost $40,000 \xe2\x80\x94 three \nbanks, three planing-mills, large steam saw-mills, two sash, door \nand blind factories, iron works and one brewery, an opera house, \nwith a seating capacity of 1,500, electric light, telephone, etc. \n\nVessels from all parts of the world visit Astoria. The average \nnumber loaded each year at her wharves is about 200. \n\nThe principal shipments from Astoria are salmon and lumber. \n\n\n\n-SALMON FISHERIES. \n\n\n\n235 \n\n\n\n\nISLANDS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER. \n\n\n\nThe city has a Chamber of Commerce, three hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Occi- \ndental, Astor and Barker \xe2\x80\x94 signal service office and five newpapers \n\xe2\x80\x94 the Astorian and the Pioneer, both daily and weekly, and the \nTranscript, weekly. \n\nAstoria is often called the "Venice of America." The site is \ncertainty a very beautiful one, but we presume the name was sug- \ngested by so much of the city being built over the water of the \nbav. \n\n\n\nSalmon Canning \xe2\x80\x94 Is the chief industry at Astoria. Here are \nlocated 28 large canneries, the annual business of which amounts \nto nearly $3,000,000. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n236 GRAND ROUND-IP. \n\n\n\nThe pack for 1888 amounted to 800,820 cases; the pack for ten \nyears ending with 1888 aggregated 5,067,820 cases, or 243,255,480 \ncans. \n\nThe fishing season commences with April and ends with July, \nfour months, when nearly 5,000 men are employed. The law pro- \nhibits the catching of fish in the months of August and September, \nbut allows them to be caught all other months of the year; but \nthev are very scarce except in the mouths above named. \n\n\n\nClatsop County \xe2\x80\x94 Is largely mountainous, but there is a con- \nsiderable amount of rich bottom land, well adapted for cultivation, \nwhen the ground has been cleared of timber. \n\nThere is also some very rich tide flat land which only wants \ndiking to make it very valuable hay land. Clatsop plains, a strip \nof land lying along the seashore, which has been settled for 35 \nvears, is the largest body of agricultural laud in the county. The \nsoil is light and sandy and produces vegetables, grain and small \nfruits in abundance. But little wheat is raised, oats and barley \nbeing the principal cereals. Hay is the chief crop, and dairying \nthe leading occupation with the farming population \xe2\x80\x94 and its dairy \nproducts are especially fine. \n\nFor a hardy, industrious class of emigrants, who are not afraid \nto go work vigorously and clear up the forests, this region offers \nmany advantages. There still remains a large amount of land sub- \nject to entrv under the various land laws of the government. \n\nConnection\'s \xe2\x80\x94 Steamers for San Francisco and up and down the coast; also, \n\nto ILWACO, OYSTERVILLE, SEASIDE LANDING, GRAYS HARBOR, TILLAMOOK ; \n\nalso, from Astoria, mail hack, once a week to Olney, ten miles; Denver, i) \nmiles; thence south to Jewell, four miles; Mishawaka, nine miles: also, from \nAstoria, mail hack south, once a week, to Shadwell, ii miles; also, from As- \ntoria, southwest, three times a week toSHlPANOK, seven miles; thence south to \nSeaside, 12 miles; thence south, once a week to Onion Peak, iS miles; Neha- \nlem, seven miles; Folley, nine miles; Garibaldi, seven miles; thence, three \ntimes a week to Hobsonville, two miles; Kit, cms, four miles, and Tilla- \nmook, seven miles. \n\nFrom Astoria \xe2\x80\x94 Mail boat northwest, daily to Ilwaco, 15 miles; also, north, \nmail once a week to Knappton, seven miles; also, northea?t, mail once a \nweek to Spark\'s Point, 15 miles; Gray\'s River, six miles. \n\nReturning to Portland we start once more on our main tour \nTO Pl\'GET SOIXD COl\'XTRY. \n\n\n\nmain Tour \xe2\x80\x94 From Portland to Olvmpia, Tacoma, \nSeattle:, Whatcom, Port Townsend, Victoria and the \nPuget Sound Country. \n\n\n\nThe route to be taken from Portland is by the Northern Pacific \nrailroad, from their depot in Portland down the west bank of the \nWillamette and Columbia rivers to Hunter, where a transfer boat \ntakes the entire train on board and crosses the Columbia to \nKalania, and thence northward to Tacoma. There are two regu- \nlar trains each way a day, both in the morning at 2 o\'clock and \n11:05 o\'clock. The latter is the best to take. It is the Portland \nand Tacoma train. \n\n"All aboard!" is now the command, and our train rolls \ngently along through the suburbs of Portland, passing immense \nsaw-mills, potteries, iron works and warehouses. Then comes the \n\nIn Utah a man is rated according to the number of wives he has, thus: A \nman with two wives is a "two-ply" Mormon; one with three, a "three-ply. " \nEach wife adds a "ply." \n\n\n\nHUNTKR \xe2\x80\x94 KAL.VJIA. \n\n\n\nrace-track (maybe in view of a race) and forests of oak, ash, fir, \nhemlock and cottonwood trees, sandwiched with willows, vines, \nferns and flowers, with an occasional clearing showing farms, \nyoung orchards of fruit and vegetable gardens. Such being the \ndescription of the whole route to the crossing at Hunter, 38 miles, \nwith the addition of great numbers of small inlets, creeks and little \nrivulets traversing the way; the whole is bordered on the left by a \nhigh wooded ridge, and on the right by the river and numerous \nislands, with here and there small fisheries, saw-mills and little \nside-track stations. \n\nNoted Mounts \xe2\x80\x94 Should the day be clear many of the noted \nmountain peaks can be seen at different points along the route \nfrom the car windows \xe2\x80\x94 Mt. Hood to the east and Mts. Rainier, \nAdams and St. Helens to the north and northeast. They range in \naltitude: Hood, 11, 225 feet; Rainier, 14,444 feet; Adams, 0,-570 \nfeet, and St. Helens, 0,750 feet. For the greater portion of the \nyear these peaks are covered with snow, and at all times it can be \nfound in the nooks and gorges about their summits. \n\nHlllltCl* \xe2\x80\x94 [From Portland, 38 miles; Kalama, two miles; Tacoma, 107 \nmiles].\xe2\x80\x94 Here the regular passenger trains meet; the one from \nTacoma has just run off the transfer boat and is standing on the \nside-track to the left. An engine is attached to the rear end of our \ntrain which is then divided in the middle and one-half the train is \npulled and the other pushed onto the transfer boat, which immedi- \nately steams away across the river for Kalama, and the bell rings \nfor a 50-cent dinner in the cabin of the boat. \n\nKalama \xe2\x80\x94 [See Tour No. ij ) page 234^ \xe2\x80\x94 Is reached by our train \nafter going over the pull and push process adopted at Hunter for \nloading, when it steams away for the northward beside a high \ntimber-covered ridge on the right, and the Columbia river on the \nleft, and stops at \n\nCarroll\'8\xe2\x80\x94 [five miles].\xe2\x80\x94 A small station just below the mouth of \nthe Cowlitz river. Here the only industry is lumbering. Saw and \nshingle-mills, one general store and about 50 settlers comprise the \nplace. \n\nLeaving the Columbia our train turns to the right up the Cow- \nlitz river through a dense thicket of undergrowth, pines, spruce, \nhemlock, ash and willows, the larger timber having been cut off. \nSaw-mills are now the rule, and lumbering and wood-cutting the \nchief occupations of the settlers, although there area few clearings \nwhere farms, orchards and gardens are to be seen. Stock-raising \nis also a growing industry. \n\nKclao\xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 150; from Kalama, n miles].\xe2\x80\x94 Is a lumbering hamlet \nsituated on the Cowlitz river where there are a number of cleared \nfarms that produce abundantly of ever}\' seed put in the ground, \nas the soil is of the richest black vegetable mold, intermixed with \nfine sand, quick, rich and warm. \n\n\n\nFollowing the river it is ten miles to \n\nCastle Rock, or Silver Lake statiou--[p p., 525; from silver Lake, \nsix miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Several general stores, saw and shingle-mills, two hotels \n\xe2\x80\x94 Spencer and Central\xe2\x80\x94 and numberless large tree stumps com- \nprise the station. The beautiful Silver lake is east from the station \n\nsix miles. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack; East, twice a week to Silver Lake, six miles; \nSightly, seven miles, and Toutle, three miles. \n\n\n\n238 WIN LOCK \xe2\x80\x94 CHEHALIS. \n\n\n\nLeaving Castle Rock the country is unusually rough; tall pines, \nfirs and ash trees cover the valley and slopes together with a dense \nundergrowth of willows and ferns. The river and all the little \nstreams are utilized in times of high water for floating logs and \nwood. Five miles from the last station our train crosses the \nCowlitz river, which comes down from the east to its west bank, \nand leaving it, we pass in two miles the little lumbering camp of \nOLEOUA, and Sopkna [four miles], another of the same kind, and \nthen the big Rhoades saw-mill. \n\nWilllOC\'k \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 550; from Portland, 77 miles; Tacoma, 6s miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 This \nis a new settlement among the stumps, of what was only a few years \nago a dense forest. It is now an important lumbering town, with \nfive general merchandise stores, a number of small shops, two \nchurches, a good district school and one good hotel \xe2\x80\x94 the Winlock. \n\n\n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail coach: Southeast daily to Cowlitz rive miles; thence \nsouth to Toledo, two miles. \n\nFrom Cowlitz\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack north, once a week to Ethel, eight miles. \n\nAlso from Cowlitz\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack northeast, three times a week to Ladew, seven \nmiles; Sai.kcm, six miles; Silver Creek, four miles; and Mossy Rock, seven \nmiles. \n\nFrom Mossy Rock\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack east, once a week to Osborn, five miles, and \n\nVance, 25 miles. \n\nLeaving Winlock, fire, more than the woodman\'s ax, has de- \nstroyed much of the large timber along the line of road, but the \nyoung growth of trees is very thick and growing rapidly, among \nwhich are tamarack, pine, fir, ash, oak and maple. \n\n\\;i|KM UK - \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop.. 100; from Winlock, seven miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is situated in \nthe timber, with two stores, a church and three large saw-mills and \na shingle-mill. Besides the ordinary board lumber, a large business \nis done here in getting out large timbers and ties for the railroad. \n\nIt is a thrifty town. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: East twice a week to Rankin, nine miles; Til- \nden, seven miles \n\nPassing the little station of NEWAUKUM [from Napavine, four miles], \na lumbering camp with one store and a big saw-mill, situated \non Xewaukum creek, we soon reach Chehalis valley, in which are \nmany fine farms. \n\nCliolmli!* \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 600; from Napavine, seven miles; Tacoma, 64 miles]. \nSettled in 1871. Is the seat of Lewis county, on the Chehalis \nriver. It contains five churches, good schools, three general stores, \ntwo saw-mills, a shingle-mill, one planing-mill, two flouring-uiills, \none bank, several hotels\xe2\x80\x94 the Chehalis, the principal one\xe2\x80\x94 two \nweekly papers, the Bee and Nugget. The principal shipments are \nlumber. Hour, wheat, oats, hay and fruit. \n\nConnections\xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: West, twice a week to Ci vquato, five miles; \nthence south to Boistford, \'.en miles; thence west to Pi Ki.i-. nine miles. \n\nCeiltrilliil \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 1, ; from Chehalis, four miles, Tacoma 50 miles}. \n\nSettled in 1871. Formerly known as Skookumchuck. It is a \n\nthrifty town, beautifully sittiated on the Chehalis river, along which \nare some agricultural lauds, producing great crops of wheat, oats, \nhay, potatoes and farm produce. \n\nIt has three churches, and a good district school; two llouring- \nniills, four shingle and lath-mills, two saw-mills, two hotels\xe2\x80\x94 the \nCeutralia and Arlington\xe2\x80\x94 and one weekly paper, the News. \n\nSurveys for a railroad pass through the town from (bay\'s \nharbor eastward, claimed by some to be in the interest of the \nSouthern Pacific Co., of California. \n\n\n\nMTS. TACOMA \xe2\x80\x94 RAINIER. 239 \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: West twice a week to Medow, eight miles; \nthence southeast to Gleneden, five miles. \n\nAlso northwest to Grand Mound, nine miles; thence southwest to Indepen- \ndence, eight miles; thence northwest to Oakvtlle, five miles. [See under \n"Olympia.."] \n\nLeaving Centralia some fine fields appear, then more timber, a \n\nbig saw-mill, Skookumchuck creek, then the station. \n\nSCJltCO \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 650; from Centralia, seven miles; Tenino, four miles]. \nThe station is down on the "time cards," as "Bucoda, " but \nRucoda is nearly one mile away, where are located the Northwest \nCoast Coal Co. \'s coal mines. The coal from this mine is lignite \nand, while inferior to anthracite, or the best quality of bituminous \ncoal, burns readily, and is a coal in good demand. The vein is \nseven feet thick, opened by a slope, 14 feet wide, seven feet high \nand 800 feet long. The out-put for the first nine months of 1888 \naggregated 49,160 tons, employing 7& persons, eight mules and 48 \ncars of one ton capacity each. Most of this coal is shipped to \nTacoma and Olympia, and then sent to San Francisco on vessels. \n\nSeatco is situated on Skookumchuck creek and contains two \ngeneral stores, one sash, door and blind factory, one planing-mill, \ntwo saw-mills. The principal shipments are coal and lumber. \n\n\n\nIClllllO \xe2\x80\x94 [From Portland, 106 miles; Olympia, 16 miles; Tacoma, 39 \nmiles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Here goes forth the "Tenino, change cars for Olympia!" \nThis is merely a junction station where the Olympia & Chehalis \nValley railroad connects with the Northern Pacific. \n\n{Hf The tour over this route, taking in Olympia, the capital of \nWashington, will be SIDE TOUR No. 18, commencing on page 24!). \n\nFrom Tenino, our direction is more to the eastward, crossing \nthe Des Chutes river, and passing through many small clearings, \nthen into the timber again, only to be repeated time and again. \nMany of the moss views while passing are very beautiful, the \npendant moss being very long, resembling, at a distance, trees \nloaded with snow and icicles. \n\nYd ill Prairie \xe2\x80\x94 [From Tacoma, 23 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 This "prairie" is \nmore adapted to hay and oats than other productions, yet others \nare grown to a limited extent. The prairie is more of a Park, \nsurrounded, as it is, on all sides by forests of timber. Stock-rais- \ning is a growing industry in this region, as second to lumbering. \n\nMr. Tacoma \xe2\x80\x94 Is the name for Mt. Rainier in this region, \nand Woe! to the person that calls it "Rainier" in the hearing of a \ncitizen of Tacoma. \n\nBut what is in a name? If the sky be clear a most beautiful \nview can be had of the grand old mountain from this prairie. \nHow would a combination name do? Rainier-Tacoma or Tacoma- \nRainier? A Seattle man would want it Seattle-Rainier. \n\nNisqually river now conies in view, along which are some pros- \nperous settlers; crossing, fenced fields appear to enclose good crops. \n\nPassing the little station of Media [four miles], sometimes called \n"Roy," with its store and lumber business, and then through a \nstrip of country about equally divided between grass-land and \ntimber, we reach HiEEHURST [six miles], where grain and hops figure \namong the productions. Then comes Lake View [five miles], from \nwhich it is eight miles to the protege and prodigy of the Northern \nPacific Railroad Co., its headquarters and terminus on the Pacific \ncoast \xe2\x80\x94 Tacoma. \n\n\n\n240 CITY OF TACOMA. \n\n\n\nTcM\'OlllH \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 14,500; from Portland, 145 miles; Seattle, 41 miles]. \nSettled in 1873. It is the seat of Pierce county, the western term- \ninus of the Northern Pacific railroad, and the head of navigation \non Puget sound, and at the mouth of Puyallup river. Its situa- \ntion is most commanding and picturesque, being on the sloping \nside of a high promontory, extending out into Commencement \nbay, facing to the east and northward. On the eastern face the \nslope is gradual from the water\'s edge; on the more northern the \nbluff rises sheer 800 feet, leaving only room enough along the \nwater\'s edge for a railroad track. From the top of the bluff the \nlaud slopes up gradually. The streets paralleling the bay are built \nin terraces and extend up for half a mile to a lovely table land, \ncommanding a most extended view to the east and north. To the \nback of this table land, less than half a mile, stands a dense forest \nof pine, fir, ash, cedar and maple trees, with a rank undergrowth \nof shrubs, vines, ferns and wild flowers. \n\nIt is only a few years ago since this entire promontory and \nplateau was covered with heavy timber, as evidenced to-day by \nthe great number of stumps still standing, many from three to \nfive feet in diameter. The residence portion of the city is built \nupon the higher slopes and on the elevated table land. Here may \nbe seen magnificent private residences in course of construction, \nsurrounded by stumps higher than your head. So anxious are the \ncitizens to build, and so valuable the time to these rustling, bust- \nling and driving people, that they clear away a spot large enough \nto build upon, get the roof on, move in, and attend to the stumps \nat their leisure. \n\nThe business portion of the city is on the lower streets, where \nare many palatial brick and stone business blocks, filled with \nenormous stocks of goods of all kinds, and from almost every \nland and clime. Here, too, are immense shipping interests in coal, \nlumber, wheat and all kinds of domestic and foreign export and \nimportations. Vessels from all parts of the world are among the \narrivals at this port, bringing the rich goods from the Orient to \nexchange for those of the Occident, thus constituting Tacoma the \nentrepot and commercial center, or gateway between the old and \nthe new world. \n\nIn the rush and boom of business, it\'s but natural to forget all \nelse, yet the Tacoma man remembers his God, as evidenced by L\'4 \nchurch organizations in the city; or, can it be that he is like a \nprominent member of Mr. Beecher\'s church, always ready to pay \nliberally, but didn\'t want to be bothered about God. \n\nThe schools are in a flourishing condition. There are two \ninstitutions here of much merit \xe2\x80\x94 the Annie Wright seminary for \ngirls, and the Washington college for boys. \n\nThe city has a very complete system of water works, and an \nefficient fire department. \n\nComing now 7 to business, the city contains five banks, seven \nlumber and three large coal companies, one iron works, three \nplaning-mills, two shingle and lath-mills, one sash, door and blind \nfactory, four furniture manufactories, three foundry and machine \nworks, two flour and feed-mills, three carriage and wagon works, \ntwo breweries, one ship-builder, one pottery, four brick and tile \nworks, and one broom factory. \n\n.Street cars traverse many of the principal streets; electric light, \ntelephone and all the modern improvements are at Tacoma. \n\n\n\nTACOMA AND VICINITY. 241 \n\nThe Northern Pacific Railroad Co. have here an extensive plant \nof machine works, employing a large force of men. \n\nThe wharves and piers are on the northern face of the city, \nreached by a wagon road from the bluff, by an expensive dug-way \nblasted from the face of the cliff wall. \n\nThere are three theatres, one business college, six newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe Ledger and News, both daily and weekly \xe2\x80\x94 the World, weekly \nand the Die Wacht Aus Sunde (German), weekly; of hotels there \nare just a score; the principal ones are the Tacoma, Villard, \nWestern, Central, Halstead, Massasoit and Hotel Fife \xe2\x80\x94 the latter \non European plan. The charges at these houses rate down from \n$3 to $1.25 a day. \n\nTransfer "busses" and wagons meet all trains and boats; \ncharges, 50 cents for passengers, and 25 cents for trunks. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Northern Pacific railroad for the north, east and \nsouth by steamer for all points on Puget Sound. \n\n\n\nSmei/Ting Works \xe2\x80\x94 The Tacoma Smelter company, organized \nin October, 1888, have secured 25 acres of land four miles west \nfrom Tacoma and commenced erecting large works for smelting \nthe ores from the Cceur D\'Alene mines of Idaho. The parties are \nall heavy capitalists from St. Paul and Chicago. The principal \nreason for locating at Tacoma was the cheap coal for smelting. It \nis estimated the works when completed will cost $500,000. \n\nPierce County, of which Tacoma is the county seat, has an \narea of 1,800 square miles, the greater portion of which is moun- \ntainous and heavily timbered. Lumbering, coal-mining and hop- \nraising are the chief industries. Next in importance comes dairy- \ning and stock-raising. Much of the prairie land is gravelly with \nlight soil with some scattering swamp and swale lauds. Where the \nheavy timber has been cut off a thrift}- growth of young firs and a \nfew cedar and oak covers the land. The agricultural portions of the \ncounty are confined to Puyallup, Stuck and the Upper White river \nvalleys. The Puyallup valley lies on either side of the Puvallup \nriver, and in its agricultural portion varies in width from one quar- \nter to two miles, and is about 20 miles long. It is a strip of very \nrich bottom land, and is chiefly devoted to hop-raising, there be- \ning at this time between 800 and 900 acres devoted to that industry. \nThe lauds originally were covered with a dense growth of timber \nand required clearing. \n\nThe Stuck valley lies between the Puyallup and White, and is \na narrow strip of laud less than two miles wide by seven miles \nlong. The soil is very rich, being an alluvial deposit, and is cov- \nered with a dense growth of small timber. It requires clearing \nwhich takes about two years. \n\nThe Upper White river valley is a small valley though of some- \nwhat greater extent than either the Puyallup or Stuck. Its soil is \nrich though not so rich as either of the other two. It is mostly \ncovered with a growth of vine, maple and alder, easily cleared. \n\nThe great wealth of the county lies in its coal mines and forests of \ntimber. See "Coal," "Lumber" and "Hops" under Olympia. \n\nPuget Sound \xe2\x80\x94 Leaving Tacoma for the northern Puget \nSound country we take the steamers of the O. R. & N. and are \nsoon afloat in a superb palace on the largest and most magnificent \nbody of water on the American continent. The water of the \n\n\n\n242 SEATTLE\xe2\x80\x94 OUEEN BEE. \n\n\n\nsound is very clear and pure enabling one to see objects in it to a \ngreat depth. The navies of the world could float upon its bosom \nand hide from view among its numberless islands, bays and inlets. \nThese islands and the whole country surrounding the sound and \nits bays and inlets are always in holiday costume; being clad in \nan everlasting dress-coat of emerald and gold, cut, fashioned and \nbe-spangled in the most gorgeous maimer by the great architect. \n\nThe waters of the sound are not only beautiful and capable of \ntransporting the commerce of the world, but they contain a wealth \nof life-sustaining food beyond computation. The vast country \nbordering the sound and drained by the numerous streams that \nfind their way into it far exceeds in natural wealth any like area \non the American continent, or the famed regions of the old world. \nIn forests of timber, in mines of coal and iron, in its fishing and \nhop industry, and its water-ways \xe2\x80\x94 the Puget Sound country to-day \nstands without a peer in any land. And we believe had the "Pil- \ngrim Fathers" set foot upon the shores of the "sound" before \nthey landed at " Plymouth Rock" the smoke from the Indian \n"teepe" and the "wilds of America" would noio be not far from \nthat old "blarney stone." \n\nBy leaving Tacoma at 8:45 o\'clock a. m., Seattle is reached in a \nlittle over two hours; but, should the sky be clear, the moon at \nthe full and at half mast, do not fail to take the boat that leaves \nTacoma in the evening at 0:4"> o\'clock, as a view of Puget sound \nby moonlight is one of surpassing beauty. The moon plays such \nwild, weird and fantastic tricks with the surroundings that one \nmust needs feel the pulse to ascertain whether life still exists or by \nsome sudden transition the Utopian dreamland of childhood had \nbecome a solid reality. \n\nIn steaming up the sound to within one mile of the city of \nSeattle the traveler will see no indications of a city until the boat \nsuddenly rounds a headland, when there! just across the beautiful \nEl\'iott bay, resting on the slopes of a monster semi-circle, seven \nmiles in diameter, the outer rim of which rises nearly 500 feet \nabove the waters of the bay, is the city of \n\nSeattle \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 23,000; from Tacoma, 41 miles; Port Townsend, 40 miles] . \nSettled in 1852. Is the seat of King\'s county and the Queen-bee of \nthe Puget Sound country. Its west and portions of its north and \nsouth front is on what is known as Elliot bay, of the middle sound. \nIts northeast, east and southeast is on Black river, Lakes Union \nand Washington and the Duwamish river, all portions sloping \ntowards the water from an elevation of about 500 feet. The cut- \nting of the inter-lake canal has made it possible to row around the \nentire city in a small boat. Lake Washington is about 20 miles \nlong, from two to four miles wide, and 19 feet above the level of \nthe sound, and Lake Union about the size and 12 feet above the \nsound \xe2\x80\x94 both fresh water lakes. Seattle harbor or Elliott bay \naffords seven miles of water front, about one-fourth of which is now \noccupied by docks, railroad depots, ship-yards, ferry privileges, \nfactories, canneries, dry-dock, great warehouses, and scores of \nsmall manufactories. \n\nJust in the rear of these comes large and most expensive busi- \nness blocks of brick, stone and iron, and stores, hotels and \nshops of all kinds; and beyond still, rise terraced streets, \none above the other to the summit, 011 which stand churches, \n\n\n\nSEATTLE AND VICINITY. 243 \n\nschools, colleges, and hundreds and hundreds of elegant \nprivate residences, overlooking the business portion, the bay, \nand sound, where float at times the flags of all nations, and be- \nyond, to\' the snow-capped peaks of the Olympia range of moun- \ntains. Then again, the eastern slopes afford views equally grand. \nThe beautiful Lake Washington appears in the foreground of the \npicture, just above an immense forest extending away 70 miles to \nthe Cascade range of mountains, with the snow-clad peak of Mt. \nRainier as a central figure, 14,444 feet above the level of the sea. \n\nThe railroad tracks entering the city are laid along the entire \nwater front with switch-tracks to warehouses, manufactories, etc. \n\nFor commercial purposes, Seattle, topographically, is beyond \ncomparison on the north Pacific coast, as evidenced in its wonder- \nful increase in population and in its manufacturing and shipping \nbusiness. In 1880 its population was a little over 3,000, in 1886 \nabout 10,401), in 1887 16,200, and at the close of 1888 fully 23,000; \nincreasing in its industries proportionately, and it would seem that \nthis phenomenal growth must continue for many years, in fact as \nlong as timber, coal, iron, agriculture, manufacturing, trade and \ncommerce remain an essential element of prosperity to a city. \n\n\n\nNavy Yard \xe2\x80\x94 The construction of the inter-lake canal was by \nSeattle lumbermen, for the purpose of floating logs to the mills on \nthe sound. It is one-fourth of a mile long, 30 feet deep, from \n15 to 50 feet in width, and cost about $65,000. The project of a \nship canal to unite the lakes with the sound has been urged upon \nCongress by the officials of the territory in language as follows: \n\n"We believe that the lakes situated near the city of Seattle, \nknown as Lakes Union and Washington, are peculiarly fitted for \nthe purpose, our belief being based upon the facts that thev are \nfresh water, with a depth of many fathoms; that they can be made \naccessible from Admiralty inlet by a canal about one mile in length \nthe construction of which promises no engineering difficulties; that \nthese lakes are never frozen; that they are bordered by extensive \nforests of fir, which is the best timber in the country for ship- \nbuilding purposes; that good coal is extensively mined on the \nbanks of Lake Washington, and that iron ore is found in \nabundance in the neighborhood. \n\n"The climate is mild and salubrious, and remarkably even \nthroughout the year, and especially mild in winter when we con- \nsider the latitude. \n\n" The country is rapidly increasing in population, ami it appears \nto us tkat if our government is ever to construct a naval station in \nour waters, it will be to its great advantage and in the interest \nof economy to select the site and acquire the necessarv lands at an \nearly date." \n\nThe following notice taken of the subject in the governor\'s re- \nport is further evidence to the same purport: "A ship canal of less \nthan two miles over an easy route would connect Lakes Union and \nWashington with the tide waters of Puget sound in Seattle harbor. \nThe project of connecting these lakes by canal with the sound, for \nnaval or other purposes, has been under discussion by the United \nStates government at times since 1870, and it now seems likely \nthat early action will be taken in the premises, as renewed interest \nin the matter has recently been manifested by public men and \nengineer officers of the troverument. " \n\n\n\n244 SEATTLE \xe2\x80\x94 INDUSTRIES. \n\nRESORTS \xe2\x80\x94 Seattle is connected with Lake Washington by a fine \ncable road which cost $290,000, the cars of which glide over the \nsummit and down to the lake over a route affording a vast range \nof vision and a beauty of scenery indescribably grand and beauti- \nful. Along the lake and overlooking heights, since the cable-road \nwas completed, are built and building great numbers of elegant \nprivate residences, resorts, boat-houses, etc. The natural beauty \nof the lake and surroundings, its ease of access, to say nothing of \nits unequalled attractions of hunting, fishing, boating, etc., will \nsoon make this the most frequented resort on the Pacific coast. \n\nNatural Industries \xe2\x80\x94 The coal, iron, lumber, fishing and hop \nindustry centering at Seattle is immense, and is increasing at a \nrapid rate. \n\nThe City \xe2\x80\x94 Is amply supplied with water works, good fire de- \npartment, electric light, telephone, street horse cars and cable roads. \n\nDry Dock \xe2\x80\x94 The Seattle Dry Dock and Ship Building Co. have \na site on the city front 500x750 feet, with 42 feet of water at high- \ntide, upon which they are. building a sectional floating dock, 60 \nfeet wide and 200 feet long, or large enough to take in auv of the \nsound steamers or sailing coasters. The plant will cost $75,000. \nNear by will be a ship building yard and extensive machine shops \nwhich will cost as much more. When these establishments are \ncompleted they will be far ahead of anything of the kind on the \ncoast, excepting only San Francisco. \n\nCar Shops \xe2\x80\x94 The extensive machine shops of the Columbia & \nPuget Sound and Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad Ccs. \nare located here and employ a large number of men. \n\nEREOSOTING Works \xe2\x80\x94 Are being erected for the treating of \ntimber used for the construction of city wharves, piling, etc. , as \nthe ravages of the teredo make protection absolutely necessary. \n\nLumber Cut-\xe2\x80\x94 The Seattle mills and those in the vicinity are \nthe largest on the sound, cutting from 350,000 to 517,000 feet of \nlumber a day. The latter feat was accomplished by the Port \nBlakely mill, situated just across the sound, ten miles west of \nSeattle and in plain view from the city. This mill is the largest \non Puget sound. It is not an uncommon thing to see sawed sticks \nof timber at some of these mills 200 feet long and from two to four \nfeet square. These timbers are sawed expressly for shipment to \nforeign ports, to save sawed lumber duties, and are sawed into \nlumber to any required size after arriving at their destination. \nConnected with the lumber industry, Seattle has ten large lumber \nmanufacturing companies, two planing-mills, three sash, door and \nblind factories, four ship builders, 11 furniture factories, three box \nmanufacturers, four cabinet makers and two carriage and wagon \nworks. There are three iron foundries, three boiler makers, two \nflour and feed mills, four breweries, three brick, tile and terra-cotta \nworks, three soap factories, one tannery, two bottlers, one pork \nand beef packing establishment, two large canneries, packing \n15,(100 cases a year, three cigar factories, four nurseries, one theater \nand two opera houses. \n\nSeattle has a Board of Trade, five railroad, two transportation \nand five large coal companies, that have their principal offices in \nthe city. Six banks and several private bankers are here ready to \ntake charge of your cash; 15 hotels are seeking your patronage; \n\n\n\nFISHERIES \xe2\x80\x94 STEEL WORKS. 245 \n\n20 churches are open for your attendance ; several good schools \nwill educate your children; a U. S. land office will sell you land; a \nsignal office will report on the weather; 3(5 real estate agents have \n"just what you need;" and three daily and five weekly newspapers \nwill keep you posted on the news from all parts of the world \xe2\x80\x94 the \nPost-Intelligencer, Ti)nes and Press, are each daily and weekly; \nthe Star and Die Tribune (German) are weeklies. The Occidental \nArlington, New England and the Commercial are the principal \nhotels; charges grade down from $3 to $1.50 per day. \n\nThe University of Washington and the Academy of the Holy \nName are at Seattle. Here at Seattle is the extreme northwestern \nterminus of the railroad system of the United States. \n\nParks \xe2\x80\x94 Seattle has a generous supply of parks \xe2\x80\x94 12 in number \n\xe2\x80\x94 ranging in size from three to 280 acres each. \n\nFisheries \xe2\x80\x94 Besides the large fisheries for canning purposes, \nwhich are very large, there are hundreds of men engaged catching \nsalmon, halibut, herring, cod, smelt and other fish for home market; \nalso oysters, but no person brags much of the sound oysters, although \nwe like them very much when rightly served. Thousands of bar- \nrels of salmon are put up each year for shipment east and to foreign \nports. Since the fishery troubles on the northeast coast with Can- \nada a number of old Gloucester fishermen have transferred their \noperations to Puget sound, and several have made Seattle their \nheadquarters, bringing nearly 100 of their old hands with them. \nThey. expect to be able to fish, cut bait, pack and sell without fear \nor favor from the Canadian government. \n\nWEST SEATTLE \xe2\x80\x94 A new suburb, is situated just across the bay, \nwest, immediately fronting the city of Seattle, on the Duwamish \npromontory, a most sightly location, commanding a view up and \ndown the sound for 20 miles, and to the Cascade range on the east \nand the Olympia mountains on the west. Extensive improvements \nare being made and it is said it will be the shipping point for the \ngreat coal mines of Carbonado \xe2\x80\x94 owned by the Southern Pacific \nRailroad Co. \xe2\x80\x94 who will extend a rail-track to this place, bv the \ntime the wharves and docks now building are in a condition to \nafford facilities for shipping coal. \n\nThe town company have cleared off a large tract of the table \nland, laid out streets, avenues and parks, constructed a system of \nwater works, built a fine roadway from the wharves to the town- \nsite above, and with their cable road project in operation and their \nsteam ferry now running regularly, West Seattle promises to be to \nthe city of Seattle what Brooklyn is to the city of New York. \n\nSTEEL Works \xe2\x80\x94 Of all the industries located or proposed to be \nlocated at Seattle there are none more important than the great \nsteel works now building four miles from the post-office on the \nshores of Lake Washington. The site for these works, comprising \n3,000 acres, was selected by Mr. Peter Kirk, of the Moss Bay Iron \n& Steel Works, Cumberland, England, and named "Kirkland." \nThe site selected is most admirably adapted to the purposes in \nview. It is the nearest navigable point for the Snoqualmie ore- \nbeds, and on the Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railway. \n\nIt is said the works will be the most extensive in America, and \nwith one exception the largest in the world. They will embrace \nall the various branches of steel manufacturing and will employ \nabout 5,000 men. The company have leased the Denny iron \n\n\n\n246 DETOUR \xe2\x80\x94 BELLINGHAM BAY. \n\n\n\nmines, situated in the Snoqualmile pass, which are said to show \nenough micaceous hematite iron-ore in sight to last a century. \n\nWhen these great works are completed and in operation they \nwill alone give employment and support to 20,000 people, around \nwhich will cluster many other industries, and we may look to see \na population within ten miles of Seattle within the next decade of \n150,000. \n\nSmelting and Refining Works \xe2\x80\x94 Is another enterprise in \nthe hands of a close corporation of California capitalists who pro- \npose building at once a plant to cost about $500,000, for smelting \nand refining gold and silver-ores from the mines on the line of the \nSeattle, Lake Shore & Eastern railway, the Salmon river and \nfrom the Cceur D\'Alene mines of Idaho. \n\n\n\nJSJiggrSee under "Olympia" for articles on Washington Territory, \nclimate, lumbering, agriculture, hops, fruit, etc. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Steamers run from or touch at Seattle for all ports on \nPuget sound and the navigable rivers entering into it. The principal lines are: \nTacoma and Olympia daily; Port Townsend and Victoria daily; Oak Harbor \nand Whatcom daily; Skagit river daily; Port Madison daily; Port Blakely \ndaily; Vashon Island and Shelton three times a week; Port Gamble, Seabeck \nand Union City three times a week: Mitchel\'s Point and Port Orchard three \ntimes a week; Snohomish City and intermediate points daily; Colby creek route \nto Colby three times a week". Alaska Route \xe2\x80\x94 Steamers leave Seattle on ad- \nvertised days twice a month for Fort Wrangle, Sitka, Juneau and all Alaska \nports. For San Francisco steamers every week. The Rail Routes are via \nNorthern Pacific; Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern, and the Columbia & Puget \nSound, double daily. By Stage \xe2\x80\x94 Eastward daily, Houghton, seven miles; \nthence north to Juanita, four miles. \n\n\n\nDetour \xe2\x80\x94 from Seattle to Whatcom \xe2\x80\x94 This is a lovely trip, \nparticularly if it should be a moonlight night, as the O. R. & N. \nsteamers \xe2\x80\x94 and there are no others \xe2\x80\x94 all leave at 9 p. m. The \nroute for most of the way is through narrow inlets or passages be- \ntween numberless islands, some occupied by settlers, but the many \nare as wild as created. The accommodations for the comfort and \nconvenience of passengers are all that could be desired; the stops \nduring the night will number just half a dozen before daylight; \nthey are Clinton, Coupeville, Oak Harbor, Utsalady, La Conner \nand Fidalgo. While taking breakfast we land at Anacortes, a \nsmall logging camp. Samish, on Bellingham bay, conies next, \nanother small place, the station for Edison, and Rlanchard\'s big \nlogging camp. \n\nDeception Pass, a very narrow strait between high rocky \ncliffs, dangerous at all times, but doubly so when there is a high \nwind and changing tide (at low tide few boats can pass); we passed \nin the night or gray of morning. It can be seen best on the re- \nturn trip. \n\nChuckanuT. in the bay of that name, about six miles before \nWhatcom, is a stone quarry camp, where a mountain of sand- \nstone crops out just at the water\'s edge. The stone is a pale blue, \nsoft and easy to work, but hardens with exposure. The stone is \nused in building the opera house in Tacoma, and is also used in \nPortland, Seattle and other cities. \n\nBcllillgllillll \xe2\x80\x94 On Bellingham bay, once a "booming" coal- \nmining camp, is now in a high state of decay. This "bay" was for \nmany years the great supply point for coal on the Pacific coast, but a \n"labor strike" completely killed that industry. So much for a \n\n"strike." \n\n\n\nA hen which cackles over night lays no eggs in the morning. \n\n\n\nWHATCOM \xe2\x80\x94 SEHOME. 247 \n\nWhat com \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 700].\xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1852. Is the seat of What- \ncom county, situated on a beautiful table-land at the head of Bell- \ningham bay, commanding a wide range of vision to the west, north \nand east. It has a fine water power running through the town, on \nwhich are located a large saw-mill and several small factories. \nThe town is reached by a long pier beside which vessels of large \ntonnage can ride in safety and is one of the best on the sound. \n\nLake Whatcom, the outlet of which runs through the town, \nis reached three miles east, is a fine body of water 316 feet above \nthe town, is about 15 miles long and from one to three miles in width. \n\nMt. Baker, the snow-capped peak of which is in plain view \nfrom Whatcom, is situated due east 85 miles, elevation 10,800 feet. \nWhatcom contains one bank, four churches, a good graded school, \na saw-mill, a furniture factory and two weekly newspapers \xe2\x80\x94 the \nReveille and Democrat. The Whatcom is the principal hotel. \nThere are a number of general stores and shops of various kinds. \n\nSehome \xe2\x80\x94 sometimes called New Whatcom, is situated just on \nthe south side of Whatcom creek, and contains a population of \nabout 160. It has three general stores and several hotels. \n\nThe table on which are situated the twin Whatcoms was once \ncovered with a forest of heavy timber; some of the smaller trees still \nremain and many stumps of the larger. \n\nThe Belliugham Bay & British Columbia Railroad Co. have a \nroad graded from Sehome for 25 miles and the track laid for about \nhalf the distance. It is generally supposed to be owned bv the \nCanada Pacific Co., and will be extended to a connection with \ntheir main line at an early day. The round-houses and machine \nshops are being located at Sehome, where many new buildings are \nbeing erected by the town, company and others. \n\nTen thousand \xe2\x80\x94 Represented the population that Whatcom \ncontained in 1858, more than the total population of all other \nplaces in the Puget sound country combined. On our late visit to \nWhatcom we were shown by the editor of the Reveille a copy \nof The Northern Light, Vol. 1, No. 3, dated July 17, 1858; \n"price, 25 cents per copy." It was filled with advertisements of \nall kinds similar to those found in many papers of the present \ntime in western cities of 20,000 population. Whatcom was at that \ntime the head of navigation or the outfitting point for tens of \nthousands of people en route for the Caribou gold mines. When \nthe travel ceased, most of the citizens gathered up their tents and \nabandoned the town, but at this time Whatcom is again on the \nhigh road to prosperity; the country tributary is rich in timber, \ncoal, iron and stone, and where cleared, in agricultural land, pro- \nducing wheat, oats, corn, potatoes and varieties of vegetables, but \nnone for shipment, as the settlers are too much occupied in clear- \ning off their lands and speculating on the future prosperity of \ntheir locality to raise more than enough to supply home \nconsumption. \n\nTrusts \xe2\x80\x94 In coal and lumber, it is said, has paralysed both kinds \nof business in Bellingham bay country; very little coal is mined, \nand no shipments of lumber are made. The "trust" pays a stipu- \nlated sum per annum to the lumber companies, who formerly \nshipped lumber, to have them close their mills. \n\nSo between "labor strikes" and "trusts" the two great indus- \ntries of this region are paralyzed \xe2\x80\x94 dead. \n\n\n\n248 FORT AND PORT TOWNSEND. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: East, once a week to Geneva, five miles; \nWoodland, three miles; thence southeast to Park, seven miles; thence north- \neast to Acme, eight miles. \n\nAlso from Whatcom mail hack northeast, three times a week, to Yager, \nten miles; Roder, six miles; thence northwest to Eynden, eight miles. \n\nAlso from Whatcom mail hack northwest, three times a week, to Lim- \nami, seven miles; thence north to Ferndale, five miles; Custer, eight miles; \nBriach, five miles; Hillsdale, four miles, and Blain, five miles. \n\nSteamers leave Sehome on Thursdays, calling at Beach and Beach Bay; \nfare, $i. \n\nReturning to Seattle, we resume our tour, this time to Her \nMajesty\'s dominions. \n\nLeaving Seattle at 11 a. m., on one of the elegant steamers of \nthe 0. R. & N., our direction is north up Admiralty inlet. \n\nIf the sky be clear, the scenic views will be very grand \xe2\x80\x94 the \ntall peaks in the Cascades to the east, and the Olympia range in \nthe west will appear very plain. A run of two and a half hours \nbrings us within view ahead of Port Townsend, with uncle Sam\'s \nflag floating to the breeze at the fort, two miles to the left of the \ntown. Another hour and we steam into the harbor of \n\nPort ToWIlSeild \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 3,000; from Seattle, 40 miles; Victoria, B. C, \n36 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is in Jefferson county, on Port Townsend bay and \nAdmiralty inlet, facing eastward. The business portion of the \ntown is situated on a strip of land about a fourth of a mile wide, \nbetween the water of the bay, and a steep bluff which rises 100 feet \nin height. The residence portion of the city is reached by a dug- \nway along the side of the bluffs to a beautiful table land above, \nwhere are fine streets and some elegant private residences, in the \nback-ground a forest of timber. Port Townsend is a port-of-entry, \nwhere all vessels navigating the American waters must stop and \nsecure a clearance from the revenue office, going and coming. \nThe city has one bank, one steam saw-mill, one planing-mill, one \niron works, two good hotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Central and Cosmopolitan; two \nweekly papers \xe2\x80\x94 the Argus and Call; four churches and a good \ndistrict school. \n\nThe chief industries are lumber and fish. \n\nThe town contains a number of very good brick and stone \nbusiness blocks, and stores and shops of all kinds. \n\nFort Townsend \xe2\x80\x94 three miles south, is situated in a very com- \nmanding position, 100 feet above the bay, on a table land over- \nlooking the water and country to the eastward for many, many \nmiles. The fort is in command of Capt. A. H. Bainbridge of the \n14th Infantry, and garrisoned by Company A. \n\nIrondaIvE \xe2\x80\x94 Is nearly two miles below the fort, where are located \nlarge smelting works for treating the bog-iron ore found in the \nvicinity. \n\nPort Hadeock \xe2\x80\x94 just below Irondale, is the site of a mam- \nmoth saw-mill, also at Port Ludlow and Port Discovery. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack: Southwest, three times a week, to Port Dis- \ncovery, ten miles; thence south, once a week, to Leland, nine miles; Quil- \ncene, seven miles. \n\nLeaving Port Townsend our boat soon rounds Point Wilson \npromontory and lighthouse, and we are fairly afloat on the broadest \nportion of Puget sound \xe2\x80\x94 30 miles in width. Crossing the \nboundary line, midway the distance across the sound, we are in \nBritish Columbia, with its beautiful capital in sight in the distance. \n\nThe Crofutt\'s Books for twenty years have furnished traveling correspon- \ndents with about all the data they have used in writing articles for publication \nin the eastern and foreign newspa\'pers. \n\n\n\nVICTORIA, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 24! I \n\nVictoria \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 15,000]. \xe2\x80\x94 The capital of British Columbia; sit- \nuated on the Straits of Fuca, at the southern extremity of Vancouver \nisland. It is the terminal point for the O. R. & N. sound steam- \ners and Pacific Coast Steamship Co. \'s San Francisco steamship \nlines. It is the headquarters of the Canadian Pacific Navigation \nCo. and the Esquimalt & Nanaimo railway. \n\nA friend by our side says: "Find a prettier little city than Vic- \ntoria, if you can. In a situation to command a practically unlim- \nited range of vision toward three points of the compass, in a vigor- \nous, healthful atmosphere, with well-laid streets, substantial pub- \nlic buildings and private residences. Fine boulevards diverge in \nall directions from the city, while the suburbs abound in beautiful \ngrounds and charming prospects." \n\nEsquimalt \xe2\x80\x94 three miles from Victoria, is the beautiful harbor \non which is located the royal naval dockyard, where stores and \nmunitions of war are dealt out to Her Majesty\'s vessels on the \nPacific. It is well worth a visit. \n\nThen there is the great flash light at Race Rocks, the finest of \nits kind in the world; the Fisgard light at the mouth of the bay; \nthe Dungeness light across on the Washington side; the Smith\'s \nIsland light, 30 miles distant, and an array of lesser luminaries. \n\nVictoria contains a great number of fine brick and stone busi- \nness blocks, and stores and shops of all kinds. \n\nIt has a goodly number of churches and schools, banks, mills \nand miscellaneous manufactories. The private residences are neat \nand substantial, some very elegant and all surrounded by gardens, \norchards and beautiful lawns. \n\nThere are a great number of hotels, high and low-priced, from \nthe "Poodle Dog house" to the Driard; rated by charges the prin- \ncipal hotels are Driard, Clarendon and Occidental; charges, from \n$0 to $3 per day. There are a number of small hotels where the \nappointments and service are equal to those which charge double \nthe price. One is the new French hotel \xe2\x80\x94 European plan \xe2\x80\x94 the \nrestaurant is equal to any in the city. \n\nThe number of excursions which may be made by boat from \nVictoria is almost without limit. Immediately across the Gulf of \nGeorgia from Nanaimo is Burrard\'s inlet. Trips may also be \ntaken to Port Moody, New Westminster and Vale, the Charlotte \nislands, and many other points. \n\nWith Victoria we end our main tour, and return to Seattle. \n\n\n\nTO \xc2\xa9L.YMPIA\xe2\x80\x94 THE CAPITAL. \n\n\n\nSide Tour ]*Jo. 1\xc2\xa7\xe2\x80\x94 From Seattle to Olympia\xe2\x80\x94 Tum- \n\nWATER AND TENINO TO PORTLAND. \n\nThe time of departure, usually, of the regular O. R. & N. \nsteamers of this line, is 12:30 p. m. Here our party of six had the \nonly disagreeable experience on the whole tour. Leaving Seattle \nat 4 p. m., the cloudy weather allowed us little opportunity to view \nthe beautiful scenery known to be on the route. \n\n\n\nThe route from Seattle is via Tacoma and Steilacoom, mid \nislands, inlets, promontories, bays, coves, and forests of timber on \nall sides. \n\n\n\n2">0 OI.YMPIA \xe2\x80\x94 THK FRUITFUL. \n\n\n\nLanding at the capital city sometime in the night, and as the \nboat started on there turn trip at 6 a. m., an opportunity was afforded \nour party for an appetizing walk in the gray of the morning, \nbefore breakfast. \n\nOlympia \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,6ooj. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1852. Is the capital of \nWashington Territory, and the seat of Thurston county. It is at \nthe extreme head of navigation on Puget sound \xe2\x80\x94 situated on a \ntongue of land extending out into the bay, from which the slope is \ngradual back for nearly two miles to a wooded ridge. This city \xe2\x80\x94 \nunlike all others on Puget sound \xe2\x80\x94 is embowered in foliage. Orch- \nards of fruit, beautiful gardens of vines, berries, ornamental shrubs \nand flowers surround the homes of nearly all the citizens, \nreminding one of Boise, the beautiful. The early settlers were \nfrom the New England states, and immediately after their arrival \nin this fair land commenced to plant orchards and build homes in \nthat spirit of contentment which says: "We have found our ideal \nhome on earth, in all that makes life worth living for, and here we \nshall remain during the running out of the sands of time!" In \nprogressive enterprise \xe2\x80\x94 viewed from a "boomer\'s" standpoint \xe2\x80\x94 \nOlvmpia is an "old fogy" town; but for all the comforts and lux- \nuries of home life, with educated and refined society, good churches \nand schools, a healthy climate, abundance of fruit, fish and game, \nconvenient to all the great marts of trade on the coast, a crowned \nqueen at the head of the great Mediterranean of America, she \nstands in her regal robes of green and gold, the "monarch of all \nshe surveys!" \n\nThe greater portion of the surrounding country tributary to \nOlvmpia is heavily wooded, with firs and pines on the uplands, \nand cedar, oak, hemlock and maple on the lowlands. The land \nwhen cleared is of the richest and most productive on the sound. \nMany varieties of berries "run wild" in the vicinity of Olvmpia, \nparticularly blackberries, huckleberries, and strawberries grow in \ngreat profusion; of the latter, many attain a circumference of eight \ninches. \n\nWe were told some have been found ten inches, but we did not \nsee them. \n\nOlvmpia was the first place on the \' \'sound\' \' selected for the \nterminus of the Northern Pacific railroad, but the officers of the \ncompany after securing the necessary terminal facilities from Olyin- \npia concluded to go into town building for themselves; so after \nsecuring all the land required at Tacoma, abandoned Olvmpia and \nproceeded to "boom" the new Tacoma to its present prominent \nposition among the thrifty cities on Puget sound. The building of \nprojected railroads from the Columbia river and Gray\'s harbor, and \nthe extending of the Olympia & Chehalis Valley railroad to the \ncoal mines at Bucoda, will elevate Olympia to her rightful \nposition as an important shipping point for lumber, coal and other \ncommodities on the "sound," and tend to create and stimulate \nestablished industries to a wonderful extent, besides placing the \ncity on the great highway of travel between the most productive \nlower and upper countries. \n\nApples, pears, plums, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, black- \nberries and currants are raised in almost every enclosure about the \nhomes of the Olympians, and shade trees of maple, cypress, pine, \nfir, mountain ash and spruce adorn their grounds. Their business \nblocks are large and substantial, many of brick and stone; their \n\n\n\nWASHINGTON "ROUND UP." 1\')\\ \n\n\n\nprivate residences are elegant, cozy and tantalizingly inviting, par- \nticularly to one almost tired of life and the hum-drum of business. \n\nThe long wharf, extending out into the bay from the "tongue" \xe2\x80\xa2 \nof land on which Olympia is situated, affords a landing place, at \nlow tide, for vessels drawing about 18 feet of water. \n\nThe city contains, among its prominent buildings, the capitol, \ncounty court and city hall, Masonic, Odd Fellows and Good \nTemplars\' halls, and the Providence academy, six churches and am- \nple school accommodations, one bank, one k-rge saw-mill, one \nshingle mill, one wood pipe and one patent water-pipe manufac- \ntory and stores and shops of all kinds. \n\nThe city has a Board of Trade and contains the offices of the \ngovernor, secretary and surveyor-general of the territory, and a \nU. S. signal office. Of hotels, there are just half a dozen, chief of \nwhich are the Carlton, Columbia and Young\'s; charges from $3 \ndown to $1.50 per day; free "carry-all" to boats and trains. Three \nweekly newspapers are published at Olympia \xe2\x80\x94 the Courier, \nStandard and New Transcript. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By rail: Olympia & Chehalis Valley railroad, and by steam- \nboats to all points oh Puget Sound. \n\nBy mail stage \xe2\x80\x94 Daily for Tumwater, three miles; thence southwest to \nLittle Rock, 12 miles; Oakville, 15 miles; thence northwest to Cedarville, \nfour miles; Sharon, five miles; Ki.ma, eight miles; thence west to Satsop, four \nmiles; Montesano, six miles; Wynooche, one mile; Melboen, two miles; \nCosmopolis, ten miles; Aberdeen, three miles, and Hoquiam, four miles; also, \nfrom Olympia, mail hack westward twice a week to Kamilche. 18 miles; \nSummit, nine miles; and Elma, eight miles; also from Olympia by boat to \nArcadia, 14 miles; thence west by stage three times a week, to Shelton, nine \nmiles; thence north to Oakland, five miles; Skokomish, 12 miles; thence, \nonce a week to Dewato, eight miles; Seabeck, 20 miles; thence three times a \nweek to Port Gamble. 21 miles. \n\nFrom Skokomish \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack east, three times a week to Clifton, 14 miles; \nthence twice a week to Sidney\', 13 miles. \n\n\n\nWashington Territory\xe2\x80\x94 Before leaving the capital it may \nbe well to take a hasty glance at its chief resourses. \n\n8\'sisjet Sound \xe2\x80\x94 Is a great deep inland sea, extending nearly \n200 square miles from the ocean, having a surface of about 2,000 \nsquare miles, and a shore line of about 1,594 miles, indented with \nnumerous bays, harbors and inlets, each with its peculiar name, \nand contains numerous islands inhabited hy farmers, lumbermen, \nherdsmen and those engaged in quarrying lime and building \nstone. Admiral Charles Wilkes has described this pride of Wash- \nington Territory as follows: \n\nNothing can surpass the beauty of these waters and their safety. Not a shoal \nexists within the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Admiralty bay, or Hood\'s canal that \ncan in any way interrupt their navigation by a seventy-four-gun ship. I ven- \nture nothing in saying that there is no country in the world that possesses \nwaters equal to these; they cover an area of about 2,000 square miles; the shores \nof all its inlets and bays are remarkably bold, so much so that a ship\'s side \nw.nild strike the shore before her keel would touch the ground. \n\nThe country by which these waters are surrounded is remarkably salubrious \nand affords every advantage for the accommodation of a vast commercial and \nmilitary marine, with convenience for docks, and a great many sites for towns \nand cities, at all times well supplied with water, and capable of being well pro- \nvided with everything by the surrounding country, which is well adapted for \nagriculture. \n\nThe Straits of Juan de Fuca are 95 miles in length and have an average width \nof 1 1 miles. At the entrance (eight miles in width) no danger exists, and it may be \nsafely navigated throughout. \n\nNo part of the world affords finer inlands, sounds, or a greater number ot \nharbors than are found within the Straits of Juan de Fuca, capable of receiving \nthe largest class of vessels and without a danger in them that is not visible. \nFrom the rise and fall of the tide (18 feet), every facility is afforded for the \nerection of works for a great maritime nation. \n\nThe country also affords as many sites for water-power as any other. \n\n\n\nTERRITORIAL RESOURCES. \n\n\n\nAssessed value of Washington \xe2\x80\x94 The value of all taxable \nproperty in the territory for 1888 was $84,621,182. The values of \nsix of the largest counties were as follows: King, $15,016,795; \nPierce, $14,021,842; Spokane, $7,212,509; Whitman, $7,084,74"); \nWalla Walla, $6,754,94(1; and Columbia, $2,825,000. \n\n\n\nU. S. Land \xe2\x80\x94 For the year ending June 30th, 1888, original \nhomestead entries, 312,740 acres; timber culture entries, 89,264 \nacres; cash entries, 133,803 acres; pre-emption filings, 359,643 \nacres; coal land entries, 18,720 acres; desert land entries, 24,000 \nacres; timber land entries, 85,600 acres. In the same time the \nNorthern Pacific railroad company sold 268,700 acres, for which \nthey received the sum of $1,292,473.30. \n\n\n\nRailroad Mileage \xe2\x80\x94 The total railroad mileage in Washing- \nton Territory up to June 30, 1888, was 1,197 miles, of which the \nNorthern Pacific operated 762 miles, and the Oregon Railway cc \nNavigation Co. 282 miles. \n\nCoal \xe2\x80\x94 There are 11 great coal mines in Washington being \nworked. The production of these mines for the year ending June \n30, 1888, was as follows: \n\nFIRST INSPECTION DISTRICT. SECOND INSPECTION DISTRICT. \n\nTons. Tons. \n\nBucoda 49,i6o Franklin 182,921 \n\nSouth Prairie 36,149 Black Diamond 186,522 \n\nWilkinson 2,300 j New Castle 158,134 \n\nCarbon Hill 20.5,702 : Cedar Mountain 52.813 \n\nTacoma, at Wilkins 14,371 : Roslyn 134,201 \n\n\' Gilraan 13, 528 \n\n\n\nTotal tons 305,682 \n\nTotal tons 828,119 \n\nGrand total, 1,133,801\xe2\x80\x94 an increase over 1887 of 608,096 tons. \n\n\n\nGold and silver\xe2\x80\x94 There are three prominent mining districts \nin the territory \xe2\x80\x94 the Ruby, Salmon river and Galena. A large \namount of work is being done in these districts, but no reliable \ndata was obtainable. \n\nIron \xe2\x80\x94 Is found in immense quantities in King county near \nLake Washington and in Jefferson county near Ironton. \n\nLimber \xe2\x80\x94 The forests of Washington Territory seem to"be limit- \nless, extending from the Columbia river on the south to British \nColumbia on the north, and comprise the finest body of timber in \nthe world. The principal woods are pine, spruce, cedar, fir and \nhemlock, with white oak, ash and maple for second place in quan- \ntity. Large tracts of these lands, it is said, will produce 31 1,000 \nfeet of lumber to the acre. There are 97 saw-mills in the territory, \nwhich are estimated to have cut 1,043,596,000 feet of lumber during \nthe last year, loading 398 vessels. The amounts shipped to foreign \ncountries were as follows: Lumber, 43, 133, 732 feet; lath, 3,686,435 \nnumber; shingles, 4,741,500 number. Of this amount the Port \nBlakely mills furnished 17 cargoes, or 10,675,814 feet. \n\nBanking capital \xe2\x80\x94 There are 26 national banks in the terri- \ntory and 11 savings and private banks, aggregating a capital of \n$1,152,834. In addition, there are 12 banks and bankers who \nrefused information. \n\nFish, etc. \xe2\x80\x94 The principal food fishes of the Puget sound are \nsalmon (hook-jawed), halibut, cod (true, black and tom-cod), rock- \nfish, 28 varieties; smelt and herring. Mountain or brook trout \nabound in all the streams coining down from the mountains. \n\n\n\nTERRITORIAL RESOURCES. 253 \n\nOysters, clams and mussels are abundant in the sound waters. \nThere are a number of clam canneries at different places on the \nSound. \n\nIndians \xe2\x80\x94 The total Indian population in Washington Territory \nnumber 11,000 with 17 reservations. Of this number probably not \nmore than three-fifths live on the reservations, while the remain- \ning two-fifths either roam about or have homes of their own on \nhomesteads or land purchased by them, or in villages near white \nsettlements. They are generally peaceable, quiet, law-abiding and \nand measurably industrious. \n\nAgricultural Productions \xe2\x80\x94 East of the Cascades wheat is \nthe chief production, average yield, 25 bushels to the acre; barley \nand oats hold second and third places. Fruit of many varieties \nis raised; also potatoes, sorghum, corn, hops, melons, grapes, \ntobacco and all the varieties of vegetables. Irrigation is seldom \nresorted to, but could be successful if required to raise crops. \n\nOn the Puget sound slopes grasses, oats and root crops do ex- \nceedingly well; four tons of hay to the acre are common. The \ncountry bordering the sound will produce every variety of grain, \nfruit and vegetables grown in the temperate zone, and in great \nabundance. \n\nHops is one of the most profitable crops raised on Puget sound. \nThey have acquired a rating equal to any raised in the world; the \ncrop is often contracted for in England before it is harvested. \nPuyallup and White river valleys contain the principal hop fields. \nA low estimate of the yield of hops is 1,500 pounds to the acre, \nthough exceptional cases are recorded to double that amount. \nTaking ten years together and the average price is 20 cents per \npound; they have been as low as seven cents and as high as one \ndollar. The Puget sound hop crop for 1888 amounted to 7,350,000 \npounds valued at 20 cents per pound, $1,470,000. It is claimed the \ncost of raising hops is about eight cents per pound. Taking 1,500 \npounds as the minimum at the average price of 20 cents, \xc2\xa730(1 per \nacre will pay much better than book making, and we would like to \n"swap" works. \n\nIndians do about all the hop picking on the sound, many of \nthem coming every year in the picking season all the way from \nBritish Columbia for that purpose, and when the season is over \nthey can be seen by hundreds coming into Seattle in their peculiar \ngondola-nosed boots, and, after purchasing winter supplies, \npush off onto the sound with their load of wife, babies, dogs and \nprovision for home again, as happy apparently as the same number \nof Vassar college sophomores at a pic-nic. \n\nClimate, in the Puget Sound country, an old settlers savs, is \none of "etheral mildness." Snow in the low lands is almost un- \nknown, and ice is made by machinery; the mercury in summer for \n16 years never went above 99\xc2\xb0 and seldom above 80\xc2\xb0. In winter \nit seldom falls more than eight or ten degrees below freezing \npoint, and has never been known to reach zero in the history \nof the country since its settlement, nearly 40 years ago. The \nnumber of rainy days for the same period varied from 134 to LSI a \nyear, and included all days on which any rain at all fell within the \n24 hours, and every day on which even a slight shower fell. The \ngreatest rainfall for the period was 67 inches; the least 38 inches; \nmaking a mean average of 52 inches a year. \n\n\n\n254 WAGES AND WIND. \n\n\n\ngilrThe records from which the above is a synopsis were kept at \nOlympia, the capital, and can be found in full in the governor\'s \nreport to the Secretary of the Interior. \n\nThe following table compiled for the governor\'s last annual \nreport, gives the schedule of \n\nWAGES Paid for various kinds of labor in the territory. \n\nPER DAY. PER DAY. \n\nCarpenters >_>.so to 4.00 Boat builders 3.00 \n\nMachinists 3.00 to 4.00 Plumbers 3.00 \n\nSign painters 3.00103.50 Tailors 3.50 \n\nBoilermakers 3.00] per month. \n\nTinsmiths 3-\xc2\xb0o Mill hands 530.00 to 125.00 \n\n\n\nLongshoremen 4.00 \n\nStone and marble cutters 3.50 \n\nPlasterers 4.00 \n\nGun and locksmiths 3.00 \n\nRoustabouts 1.75 to 2.00 \n\nCoal miners (shift work).. 2.50 \n\nCoal miners (by the yard) 3.00 to 4.00 \n\nMechanical engineers 3.00 to 4.00 \n\nBricklayers 4.50 to 6.00 \n\n\n\nBakers 60.00 \n\nFarm laborers 25.00 to 30.00 \n\nPER DAY. \n\nMolders 3.25 \n\nPattern makers 3.50 \n\nLoggers PER MONTH. \n\nTeamsters $65.00 to 125.00 \n\nChoppers 60.00 to 80.00 \n\n\n\nHouse painters 3.00 , Skidders, hook tenders\xe2\x80\x9e5o.oo to 75.00 \n\nShoemakers 2.50 Swampers 45.00 \n\nBlacksmiths 3.00103.50 Sawyers 50.00 to 65.00 \n\nDay laborers 2.25 Common laborers 35.00 to 40.00 \n\nGasfitters 3- 00 \' Boys 25.00 \n\nUpholsterers 2.00 ; Cooks 35.00 to \n\nChinook Wind \xe2\x80\x94 From an article on tbis subject by the Hon. \nEugene Seniple, Governor of Washington Territory, we make a \nfew extracts: \n\n"Winds coming from different quarters and possessing \nvarious characteristics, were named by the Indians after the coun- \ntries whence they appeared to come. \n\n"The east wind, that drying or chilling wind, according to the \nseason, that blows down the Columbia river with great force some- \ntimes, was called by them the Walla Walla wind, because it \ncame to them from the direction of the Walla Walla country. In the \nwinter this wind brings freezing weather, and sometimes will close \nthe streams with ice. In the summer it is a parching wind, and \nits approach can be noted for long distances as it lifts the dust \nand debris high in the air. It is an odious wind, and no one \nwishes it to blow upon him. Fortunately its reign is always short. \nIt rarely prevails for more than a few hours, but will sometimes \ncontinue for three or four days. \n\n"Its enemy is the Chinook wind, so-called by the Indians alluded \nto above, because it came to them from the direction of the country \nof the Chinooks. This is a balmy wind, coming from the Kuro \nvSiwo, or great Japanese current of the Pacific ocean. In the sum- \nmer it is a cool wind, and tempers the heat of summer so that \nnowhere in Washington Territory do people fall down with sun- \nstrokes. In the winter it is a warm, moist wind, and is some- \ntimes slightly odoriferous, as if spice-laden from the tropics. It \nis so gentle upon ordinary occasions that its presence could not be \nnoted by its motion, and it is almost miraculous in its effects. \nSnow and ice disappear before it with rapidity, and it seems to bs \nable to blow for long distances between walls of colder air with- \nout parting with its heat. Sometimes it constitutes an upper current, \nin which case the remakable spectacle is witnessed of snow melting \nfrom the mountain tops while thermometers in the valleys register \nbelow the freezing point. At other times it is the surface current, \nand follows the valleys and gorges as a flood might follow them. \n\n"This wind sometimes penetrates as far as the upper stretches of \nthe Missouri. Wherever it goes the chains of winter are unloosed, \n\n\n\nSOUTHWARD BOUND. 255 \n\n\n\nand the ice-bound rivers are set free. The Chinook is the natural \nenemy of the odious east wind, and while ordinarily it wields its \ninfluence as gently as the zephyrs that waft the thistle downs in \nautumn, still there are times when the two winds engage in giant \nconflicts and fight for supremacy, now in the upper, then in the \nlower strata, on the mountains and in the valleys, alternately \ndriving each other back and forth, swaying the trees, tossing the \nleaves, and swirling the rain drops or the crystals of snow, as the \none or the other advances. But the combat is never long, and the \nvictory is always with the Chinook. The inhabitants east of the \nCascade mountains, when winter has seized them and the east \nwind dashes snow in their faces, pray for the Chinook to come. \nThey look by day for its moist front, and listen by night for the \nnoise of its combat with the east wind, and when it reaches them \nthey rejoice. Such is the Chinook wind, the blessed wind of \nthe far northwest. \' \' \n\n\n\nLeaving Olympia, we take the cars of the Olympia & Chehalis \nValley railroad (narrow gauge), at 7 o\'clock in the morning. The \ndepot is on the west side of the inlet, one mile distant. The main line \nof this road is 16 miles in length to Teuino; the branches for timber \nadd six to the mileage. The first station is two miles distant, called \n\nTumwatcr\xe2\x80\x94 meaning in the Chinook language, cataract \xe2\x80\x94 \nwaterfall \xe2\x80\x94 is situated in a narrow valley, just at the falls of De \nChutes river. Settled in 1845. It has a very valuable water-power, \non which is located a flour-mill, three saw-mills and several small \nfactories. The De Chutes river has a fall of 82 feet, within a few \nhundred yards, discharging about 50,000 cubic feet of water a \nminute in the driest season. The place has a population of about \n25i). most of whom are engaged in the lumbering business. There \nare several stores here and one church, and a district school. \nTuniwater is the oldest settlement in Washington, and is really \nthe head of navigation for any craft, and Olympia for those of \nheavy tonage. Until the Northern Pacific railroad was com- \npleted to Tacoma, Tumwater was on the through line of travel \nbetween Portland and Puget sound. \n\nFollowing up the De Chutes river there is no station of note, \nand only a few clearings, where are located a few settlers. \nThe whole country, with the exceptions above noted, is heavily \nwooded; in some places the large trees have been cut off and a \nvigorous young growth is rising from the sod. The wood is prin- \ncipally spruce, pine, fir, oak, hemlock and maple. \n\nMounds \xe2\x80\x94 Within a short distance of the end of the road are \nthe noted "Tenino Mounds." They are round buttes or mounds \nvarying in height to ten feet, and in diameter to 25 feet; whether \nnatural or artificial is a problem yet undecided by the scientists, \nwho have had the question up for consideration at various times \nfor many years. Governor Squires says of these mounds: \n\n"Many believe them to be artificial. That they are natural \nmay be demonstrated by careful examination on the spot. If the \ndistribution of the materials of which they are composed be exam- \nined, these facts will be found: First, that in all those mounds \nnear Tenino three kinds of material enter into their composition \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe upper portion of every one of these contained a large share of \nvegetable mold, rich and dark of color; the middle portion a sandv \nloam, the base clay and gravel, or clay and boulders. \n\n\n\n256 UP THE COLUMBIA. \n\n\n\n"These three are so graduated into each other as to make it im- \npossible to believe they were ever heaped or sifted into their pres- \nent relations to each other, but easy and natural to believe that the \nsuccession in which they stood was due to the same causes that \nmade a like distribution in the fields around them. No artificial \nheaping could imitate this. But again, the whole cloth out of \nwhich these mounds were carved is yet to be seen in their \nneighborhood. \n\n"And again, the thickness of these uncarved portions varies in \ndifferent places, and the height of the mounds of the place always \ncorresponds with the thickness of this uncarved portion of the \nstrata; higher mounds from thicker strata, smaller mounds from \nthinner strata. They are, therefore, not artificial. But may they \nnot be due to eddies in currents of water? No, there is no touch \nof stratification such as water leaves. If any one will compare \nthose of Teuino with those of Wasco count}-, in Oregon, on the \nnorth slopes of the hills, six or eight miles from The Dalles and \nplainly due to atmospheric agencies, the Tenino ones will seem \nexplained." \n\nArriving at Tenino we board the cars on the Northern Pacific \nand return to Portland, and take a rest before starting on the last, \nshortest and. grandest tour of all others; and if you ever visit the \nNorth Pacific coast, you should not fail to make it. The magnifi- \ncent scenery is worth a trip around the world to behold. \n\n\n\nHOMEWARD BOUND \n\nVIA \n\nSTEAMER TO THE DALLES. \n\n\n\nSide Tour Xo. 19 \xe2\x80\x94 From Portland to Fort Vancouver, \nRooster Rock, Cape Horn, Cascade Locks to The Dalles, \nby steamer. \n\nLeaving Portland, via the O. R. & N. steamer, at 6 o\'clock in the \nmorning, the route is the same as in Tour No. 17, to the mouth of \nthe Willamette river, where the boat turns to the right, up the \nColumbia river. \n\nThe country on each side is under a high state of cultivation, \nand dotted with farm houses, surrounded with orchards of fruit. A \nnumber of saw-mills are located along the river and several \nfisheries. \n\nVancouver \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 2,500]. \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1826 by the employes of \nthe Hudson Bay Fur Co., and incorported in 1862. \n\nBy steamer it is 18 miles from Portland and seven miles by \nferry and rail. \n\nThe city occupies a beautiful site on the north side of the Colum- \nbia river, in Clarke county, of which it is the seat. It was here the \nfirst Catholic missions were established on the North Pacific coast, \nand is still the headquarters for that denomination. The Holy \nAngels\' college, a fine institution of learning, is located here. \nBesides the Catholic, there are five other churches, several good \nschools, one bank, one theatre, and a large hall, a flour-mill, sev- \neral saw-mills, a pipe company, U. S. land office, a number of \nhotels \xe2\x80\x94 the Exchange and Vancouver are the principal ones \xe2\x80\x94 and \ntwo weekly papers, the A\'egisterand Independent. \n\n\n\nVANCOUVER \xe2\x80\x94 EASTWARD. 2o7 \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 Ferry and rail to Portland, six times a day; steamer twice \na day. Also by mail hack, north, three times a week to Union Bridge:, 14 \nmiles; thence east to Pioneer, five miles; thence northward to I,a Centre, four \nmiles; Pekin, three miles; Woodland, three miles, and Kalama, nine miles. \nAlso northeast twice a week to Brush Prairie, ii miles; Hockinson, four \nmiles; Battle Ground, six miles; Levvisville, four miles, and Amboy, ten \nmiles. Also eastward, once a week, to Proebestel, 12 miles. \n\nFrom La Centre \xe2\x80\x94 Mail hack, northeast to Etna, eight miles; thence once a \nweek to Hay\'s, four miles. \n\nVancouver Barracks \xe2\x80\x94 At Vancouver is located the mili- \ntary headquarters of the Department of the Columbia, with \nofficers\' quarters, barracks and storehouses. The reservation \noccupies one section of land \xe2\x80\x94 640 acres\xe2\x80\x94 adjoining the city on the \neast. It is a beautiful place, being considered by army officers the \nmost desirable of all stations to which they could be assigned. \n\nThe post is in command of Col. T. M. Anderson, 14th Infantry. \n\nIt is the headquarters field, staff, band an\xc2\xbbd companies B, C, D, \nE, F, G and H, of the 14th, and light battery E, 1st Artillery. \n\nFrom the boat the view of the post is best after steaming half \na mile away from the landing. \n\nThe back country is well settled and well cultivated, prunes be- \ning an important production. Wheat, hay, oats, fruit and dairying \nare the principal industries. \n\nImproved land along the river is held at $50 per acre. Some \ngovernment land, back from the river, remains to be taken. \n\nLa Camas \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., 600; from Vancouver, 14 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Here are lo- \ncated a large paper mill, saw-mill and flour-mill, using water power. \nTo reach the landing the boat runs half a mile up a narrow \ninlet, and afterwards returning to the river. \n\n\n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By steamer; Daily up and down the river; by mail hack, north, \ntwice a week, to Fern Prairie, three miles. \n\n\n\nWasllOUgal \xe2\x80\x94 [Pop., ioo; from Portland, 36 miles]. \xe2\x80\x94 Is a small farm- \ning community on the Washington side, about opposite the mouth \nof Sandy river. Two stores, saw-mill, apiary and dairymen \n\ncomprise the place. \n\nConnections \xe2\x80\x94 By steamer; Daily up and down the river, and by mail hack, \nnortheast, twice a week to Skye, nine miles. \n\n\n\nUp to this place the country on both sides of the river has been \nmore or less level and occupied by farmers, fruit-growers, dairy- \nmen and small industries. We can now bid them all "good-by" \nfor the balance of the Tour. Our route now is between the great \nwalls of the Cascade range of mountains, which rise in places sheer \nfrom the water\'s edge 3,000 feet. \n\nThe railroad track follows along the bank of the river on the \nOregon side all the way to The Dalles, the train passing in plain \nview from the boat, as it goes dodging in and out of tunnels, over \nhigh trestle bridges, thundering around the point of a rocky spur \non the eyebrow of the tall cliff, then into a thicket of evergreen, \nto appear in a little park or clearing, to be repeated again and \nagain. At times not a sound can be heard, everything being as \nstill as death; in another moment the grand old gorge will thun- \nder with a terrific roar from the engine, to be echoed and re-echoed \na thousand times as it passes from peak to peak and gorge to \ngorge, rattling around the gray old crags. \n\nWhen a stranger in this locality hears for the first time this \ngreat hubub, the conclusion is immediately reached that a terrific \nstorm is impending, and its choicest park of artillery had been let \nloose as an advance courier. \n\n\n\n258 \n\n\n\nWONDKRS THICK AND FAST. \n\n\n\nOur boat seldom touches the Oregon shore, but makes many \nstops on tlie Washington side. \n\nThi; Columbia \xe2\x80\x94 Putting scenery and everything else aside you \nfind in the Columbia a river, in breadth and impressiveuess, the \npeer of the Mississippi \xe2\x80\x94 a river whose channel through the Cascade \nmountains stupefies you with an in forced sense of antiquity and \npower. 15 v the slow attrition of water upon stone, it has sawed a \nmountain chain asunder, and the dissevered peaks, many of them \neternally snow-capped, tower thousands of feet in height on either \nhand. Perhaps the best view possible of Mt. Hood is obtained \nin passing up the river and through this gigantic canon. At Van- \ncouver and then again just above Hood river, the mountain seems \nto stand out as prominently as if alone, at certain seasons, pure \nwhite from base to summit, worshiped by its kneeling foot-hills. \n\n\n\n\nWONDERFUL CAPE HORN. 259 \n\n\n\nRooster Rock \xe2\x80\x94 Soon after leaving Washougal our boat \nsteams along opposite this noted rock. It stands at the extremity \nof a heavily-wooded point, and in the crevices around its base and \nhalf-way up good-sized firs are growing. Yes! and one has secured \na foot-hold near the very summit. The rock is of basaltic formation, \nwith innumerable cracks and crevices from base to summit, in \nwhich ferns, vines and mosses thrive wonderfully. \n\n"Rooster Rock" is a fowl name, and many of the river "skip- \npers" say it should be changed; others claim the name is very \nappropriate, but decline to explain further.!?) \n\nNear the Rooster are Lateourell falls, up a cafion. The drop is \n400 feet, and were they the only falls on the river they would attract \nmany visitors, but the}\' constitute a beautiful babe beside its \nelephantine brothers. \n\nCape Horn comes now in view on the left. It is an object \nof much interest on the Columbia river and can be viewed best \nfrom the boat. It is a bold, sharp promontory of basaltic forma- \ntion, like all others on the Columbia, and rises for a first lift 285 \nfeet sheer from the water, where it is but 30 feet in width. On the \nwest side firs, pines, maples and shrubs giow in great profusion, \nextending upward and backward to the summit of the supporting \nmountain 1,385 feet above the river. Cape Horn derives its name \nfrom the danger in passing it. It is said the Wind vSpirit lies in \nwait for canoes and other small craft, keeping them weather-bound \nfor days together. The narrow channel of the river, the over- \nhanging cliffs which confine the wind as in a funnel, and the \nchanges in temperature to which even in summer this locality is \nsubject, make this a stormy passage at certain seasons of the year. \n\nThe whole "cape" is creviced in a most remarkable manner, \nmuch like a \' \'crazy quilt, \' \' and excepting in the most exposed places, \nalmost every crack and crevice support the roots of mosses, ferns, \nvines and countless varieties of flowers. From hundreds of these \nfissures, at certain seasons, gush sparkling streams of water, some \nare mere threads, others equal to an ordinary garden hose in dis- \ncharge, falling and tumbling frem summit to base, presenting a \nmountain of brilliant cascades. \n\nCape Horn is a marvelous curiosity. Should you conclude to \nmake this tour select the steamer MulTonomah and interview Capt. \nPillsbury; speak to him kindly and he will point out to you the \nprincipal objects of interest on the river, many of which we have \nnot the space to even name. We are under many obligations to \nhim for kind courtesies on our late tour, and hereby nominate him \nfor commodore of the O. R. & N. Co\'s. fleet. \n\nThe landing for Cape Horn is just above the cliffs and is a good \nplace to stop over for a study. \n\nThe scenery from this point is beyond mortal pen to describe. It \nis worth circumnavigating the world to view. [See large viezv No. j. ) \n\n\'Mid all the most magnificent scenic views in the world, particu- \nlarly in this western country, "business" crops out on all sides, \nas instanced in the building of a flume four miles in length on the \nOregon side of the river opposite, for the purpose of "shooting" \ncordwood from the summit of the mountain to the bank of the \nriver. A good field-glass brings the whole plan of operation into \nplain view. \n\nBr idae Veie Faee is nearly opposite Cape Horn. I Seepage 228. J \n\n\n\n260 \n\n\n\nTHE COLUMBIA FOREVER. \n\n\n\n\n& : \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n/ 1 ^AnHEI\xc2\xbb/-r (0 RT/(R l, p-g \n\n.\xe2\x96\xa0\'%.u^\xe2\x80\x9e_^==~ .- is*- ,:,. Butf4ls\\N,y.\xc2\xa3 \n\nENTERING THE PALISADES OF T HE COLUMBIA, FROM THE WEST. \n\nLone Rock is passed soon after leaving Cape Horn. It sticks \nits black nose up from the middle of the river, a lone sentinel \nstanding as a perpetual protest against the erosive tendency of \nthe waters. \n\nMui/tonomah Faels appear on the south side, and Horsetaie \none-fourth of a mile below. (See Main Tour, page 228). \n\n\n\nMARVELOUS SCENERY. 261 \n\nThe Cascade Range derives its name originally from the \ngreat number of beautiful cascades which pour out of almost every \nravine and crevice of the mountains, many times from the very \nsummit, presenting in the sun\'s rays a grand constellation of glit- \ntering jewels. \n\nWhere the Columbia cuts its way through these mountains the \nwalls rise in one place sheer 3,100 feet from the water. At all \ntimes not less than 25 beautiful cascades are to be seen when pass- \ning through the Cascade range, and in the springtime they can be \ncounted away up into the thousands. Some of these in their fall \nfrom the heights are lost in spray before they reach the river below \nwhile others come pouring down over the cliff over a thousand \nfeet above in one unbroken sheet. Many of these falls would pre- \nsent at a distance the appearance of a mountain glacier were it not \nfor the fine sheets of spray, which are wafted by the winds in \nclouds hundreds of feet away. \n\nA day spent in climbing to the summit of one of the highest \npeaks near the Multouomah falls repaid us by a view never to be \nforgotten. The most magnificent views of earthly scenery are \npresented from this point. High mountain peaks, covered with \nperpetual snow, are to be seen in all directions. Among these \npeaks the most notable are Mt. Hood, Mt. Jefferson, Mt. Adams, \nMt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens and the Three Sisters. The sight is \ngrand beyond description. At places, the country viewed with a \nglass looks barren and worthless except for a stock-range, and the \nwaters move sluggishly towards the sea. At others the country \npresents the most beautiful appearance with gardens, orchards, \nvineyards, crops and herds \xe2\x80\x94 a perfect elysium. Again, it is cov- \nered with a thick forest of heavy timber; or, the broad, rich bottom \nlauds are awaiting the husbandman to yield a thousand-fold the \nseed sown. Then again we look down onto the Columbia nearly \n3,000 feet, a narrow channel apparently not wider than your hand. \nHere the fantastic rocks, peaks, spires, domes and pinnacles; dark \nand dismal gorges and fearful chasms, are bewildering, awe-inspir- \ning, indescribable. Make the climb, and our word for it, the vision \nengraved on the tablet of memory will ever remain \xe2\x80\x94 growing \nbrighter as the head grows grayer. \n\n\n\nCASTLE Rock \xe2\x80\x94 As we approach the lower end of the rapids we \nfind that, at the left, the heights recede and inclose a strip of level \nsandy land, in the midst of which stands a solitary mountain \ncalled "Castle Rock" 854 feet in height, surmounted with pines, firs, \nshrubs, vines and flowers. \n\nOrchards of fruit are now to be seen on the left in the midst of \nwhich peep out the little cottage of the settler. These people are \nclearing away the forest, and it will not be long before broad acres \nof grain will cover the slopes where are now but a few dwellers. \n\n\n\nIn a cove near Castle Rock is a camp of Chinese engaged in \ncatching sturgeon, drying, packing and shipping the fish to China. \n\nThe Warren Salmon cannery now can be seen on the Oregon side, \nand their big wheel for catching fish. These wheels, as we have \nbefore explained, are operated by the current of water rushing \nagainst the paddles which are provided with a bucket or trough on \nthe down stream side of the paddle board. The fish in their rush \nup stream drop into these troughs, and the wheel revolving takes \n\n\n\n262 AROUND THE CASCADES. \n\n\n\nthem up, water and all, and empties into a long flume through \nwhich water and fish are carried to the cannery, and the work of \ncleaning, dressing and preparing the fish for market is commenced. \nIt is rather a novel way to catch fish, but then the salmon when \non a run up stream in the spring is a veritable fool fish, exposing \nhimself to all sorts of danger without the least regard for safety. \n\n\n\nLower Cascades or Cascades \xe2\x80\x94 Settled in 1852,by a Mr. Ham- \nilton, is situated on Hamilton island, and is the ^eat of Skamania \ncounty, 63 miles from Portland by the river, and 47 from The \nDalles. At this place all passengers, freight, etc., going up or \ndown the river are transferred from boat to rail, and vice versa. A \nfloating dock upon which is a depot and warehouse is anchored \nbetween the boat and the track of a railroad which extends the \nlength of the island (six miles) to the Upper Cascades, where \nanother transfer is made in like manner \xe2\x80\x94 a boat running regularly \nbetween the Upper Cascades and The Dalles; distance, 41 miles. \n\n\n\nBoNNEvmE, the regular mail station on the railroad, is situ- \nated nearly opposite the Lower Cascades landing. \n\nTaking a seat in the little narrow gauge cars, we are soon \nwhirled along through the timber to the upper end of the island. \nJust before reaching it, a high butte appears on our right, close to \nthe track. Upon this butte stands the old blockhouse, heretofore \nreferred to as the one occupied in early days by Gen. Sheridan. \n\nIn passing over the railroad from the lower to the upper trans- \nfer, and at the latter, many beautiful views are afforded of the falls \nand rapids of the Cascades, of the work being done by the govern- \nment on the big lock, of the hamlet and station of Cascade Locks \non the south side of the river, and the towering mountain wall \nbeyond. It is a grand picture. \n\nUpper Cascades \xe2\x80\x94 Here we leave the cars and step on board \nof the steamer, and when the transfer of passengers and freight is \ncomplete, we steam onward. The river widens out again in a lake- \nlike expanse, made picturesque with islands and handsomely \nwooded shores, and the further we get away from the heart of the \nmountains the more marked is the change in the surroundings. \n\nHood River \xe2\x80\x94 a little settlement on the main line of the rail- \nroad, where we have been before, now appears in view. Passing \nit, our boat hugs the Washington side of the river, and a beautiful \nview of Mt. Hood is obtained, so near does it seem that we can \nsee the glistening of the snow where its cliffs reflect the sun. \n\nGrand Amphitheatre \xe2\x80\x94 About five miles after passing Hood \nriver our boat rounds a sharp promontory and enters on the right \na small bay, from which rises a grand amphitheatre of cliffs to the \nheight of fully 1,500 feet. In places the wall rises sheer 500 feet, \nthen a terrace with a thick growth of trees, shrubs and vines, and \nthen another sheer lift of 500 feet, to be again repeated by terraces, \ntrees, etc. \n\nThe rail-track runs close to the water\'s edge in places, tunnel- \ning and cutting through great rocky spurs which shoot down to \nthe river, inclosing as many little parks between, some of which \nare occupied by settlers with neat little homes surrounded with \norchards and meadows. To our left are a number of beautiful \n\n\n\nTHE END. 263 \n\nlittle islands bey ond which . on the Washington side rise huge \ndikes of rock extending up the mountain side diagonally from the \nwater\'s edge, sheer and uniform lifts from 100 to 500 feet on our \nside, on the other a slooing grassy table, with scattering trees and \nshrubs. \n\nFirs have now entirely Qisappeared while scattering spruce and \npine have taken their places. The climate also is changed, and a \ndryness and warmth quite different from the western climate \nia observable. \n\nOn Hearing The Dalles the country opens out more and more, \nthe terraced appearance continuing quite to that city, and the \nbasalt here presenting a columnar formation. For the last three \nmiles the stream is compressed between the rocky walls to a \nnarrow channel and runs with more velocity than at auv place \nbelow. \n\nThe boat landing is just below the railroa\' i tracks, and the depot \nat the Umatilla house. \n\n\n\nHistory!\xe2\x80\x94 Only a little bit. Capt. Gray, of the British Navy, \nfirst discovered the Columbia river May 14, 1792, and named it \nafter his ship, the Columbia. Capt. Boughtou, of the ship Chat- \nham, first ascended the river as far as where Vancouver is now sit- \nuated and took possession of the river and country in the name of \nHis Britannic Majesty on the loth of October, 1792. \n\nCapts. Lewis and Clarke started from Washington in the spring \nof 1804, to explore the trans-Rocky mountain country and the \nnorthwest coast. \n\n\n\nJfe^ From the latest Congressional news the prospects are \nfavorable for Washington and Montana Territories to soon be- \ncome clothed with statehood \xe2\x80\x94 a right which they have long been \nentitled to demand. \n\n\n\n264 \n\n\n\nEASTERN OFFICES. \n\n\n\nA. H. PRIDE, Gen. Eastern Agent, 409 Broadway, New York. \n\nF. H. MELENDY, New England Pass. Agent, 5 State St., Boston, Mass. \n\nH. A. GROSS, Trav. Pass. Agent, 29 Center Square, Lancaster, Pa. \n\nE. B. SPAIN, Trav. Pass. Agent, 46 Exchange Street, Buffalo, N. Y. \nJ. H. MORLEY, Canadian Pass. Agent, 69 Yonge St., Toronto, Ont. \n\nC. TRAVER, Trav. Pass. Agent, Room 14, Clinton Block, Columbus, O. \n\nF. M. SNAVELY, Trav. Pass. Agent, 224 Bank St., Cleveland, O. \nW. H. GUERIN, Michigan Pass. Agt., 155 Jefferson, Avenue, Detroit, \n\nMichigan. \nA. H. WAGGENER, Trav. Pass. Agent, 7 Jackson Place Indianapolis, \nIndiana. \n\n\n\n\n\nFfrf\'l \nV V JIM \n\n\nTJfil j \n\n\ns \n\n\n\xc2\xa335 \n\n\n\n\n\nOVER 7,000 MILES \n\nOf steel track in Illinois, Iowa, \nWisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, \nNebraska, Dakota and Wyoming, \npenetrates the Agricultural, Mining \nand Commercial Centres of the \n\nWEST -\'NORTHWEST \n\nThe Unrivaled Equipment of the \nLine embraces Sumptuous Dining \nCars, New Wagner and Pullman \nSleepers, Supurb day Coaches and \n\nFAST VESTIBULED TRAINS \n\nRunning direct between Chicago, \nSt. Paul and Minneapolis, Council \nBluffs and Omaha, connecting for \nPortland, Denver, San Francisco \nand all Pacific Coast Points, \n\nONLY LINE TO THE BLACK HILLS \n\nFor Tickets, Rates, Maps, Time Tables and \nfull information, apply to any Ticket Agent or \naddress the Gen\'l Passenger Agent, Chicago, 111. \n\nJ. M. \'WHITMAN, H. C. WICKER, E. P. WILSON, \nGeneral Manager. Traffic Manager. Oen\'l Pass. Agt. \n\nWESTERN OFFICES. \n\nS. B. JONES, City Pass. Agt., 62 Clark St., Chicago, 111. \n\nW. N. BABCOCK, Gen\'l Western Agt., 1401 Famam St., Omaha, Neb. \n\nH. WHEELER, Gen\'l Agt., 8 Winsdor Hotel Block, Denver, Col. \n\nJ. H YOUNG, Trav. Pass. Agt., Salt Lake City, Utah. \n\nE. A. HOLBROOK, Gen\'l Traffic Agent, 2 New Montgomery St., San \n\nFrancisco, Cal. \nH. C ECKENBERGER, Gen\'l Agt., 4 Washington St., Portland, Ore. \n\n\n\nWTS \n\n\n\nTO* \n\n\n\ni^-x \n\n\n\nv -\' j - \xe2\x80\xa2a,/\' \n\n\n\n>i. \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3-/" \n\n\n\n\\) \n\n\n\nSSkl \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0O\'^i\', ^,/rX\' Jil^ \\\' \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2C^* V \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0J^^rStS. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xbb \'^^SS, \n\n\n\nvwk \'^r \n\n\n\n\n\n\n/"^siw \n\n\n\n^ \n\n\n\nM : ^? \n\n\n\nO \n\n\n\n^ VSJi \n\n\n\n*3$ \n\n\n\n\n\n\nx~*3 \n\n\n\n\n\n\nBUSINESS DIRECTORY. \n\n\n\nAGENTS Insurance. \n\nKNIGHT, FRYE & MILLS, Tacoma, Washington. \nSee large view No. 6; Tours No. i. \n\nAGENTS Real Estate. \n\nTHORNBURY & HUDSON, Real Estate Agents, office \nof Eastern Oregon Land Co.; 6oo,oco acres of unim- \nproved land for sale. Office for East End addition of \nDalles City; 500 town lots and 40 five acre lots for sale. \nRooms 7 and S, Land Office Building, The Dalles, \nOregon. \n\nAGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. \n\nFIFIELD, S. G. Dealer in Agricultural Implements, \nWagons, Buggies, Hacks, Carts, Etc. Court street, op- \nposite new Court House, Pendleton, Oregon. \n\nFILLOON BROS. Dealers in Agricultural Implements, \nand every variety of vehicles. Nos. 253 to 257 Second \nstreet, The Dalles, Oregon. \n\nPENDLETON HARDWARE AND IMPLEMENT \nCO. Importers of Agricultural Implements, Heavy and \nShelf Hardware, Stoves, Ranges, Etc. Under the Pen- \ndleton Hotel, Pendleton, Oregon. \n\nSTAVER & WALKER, New Market Block, Portland, \nOregon. See large view No. 5; Tours No. 1. \n\nBANKS National. \n\nCITY NAT. BANK, Lawrence and Sixteenth street, \nDenver, Col. Eastern and Foreign Exchange. \n\nFIRST NAT. BANK, Hailey, Idaho Ter. Capital, $100,- \n000. W. B. F\'arr, President; J. M. Burkett, Cashier. \n\nMERCHANTS\' NAT. BANK, Seattle, Washington. \nSee on large view, No. 5. \n\nPACIFIC NAT. BANK. See large view,No-4; Tours No.! \n\nUNION NAT, BANK AND SAFE DEPOSIT \nVAULTS, Salt Lake City, Utah. General banking busi- \nness. \n\nBANKERS. \n\nDEXTER, HORTON & CO., Seattle, Washington. \nIncorporated, capital stock. $200,000; surplus and un- \ndivided profits, $60,000. \n\nBOARD OF TRADE. \n\nSEATTLE BOARD\xe2\x80\x94 See large view No. 6; Tours No. 1. \n\nBOOKS Publishers. \n\nSMITH & CO., H. J., Nos. 341 to 351 Dearborn street, \nChicago, 111., and No. 249 South Sixth street, Philadel- \nphia, Pa., Publishers Crofutt\'s New Series Overland \nTours. Two volumes, designated No. 1 and No. 2. \nPrice $1 per volume; sent postpaid, on receipt of the \nprice. \n\nCUTLERY Manufacturers. \n\nMERIDEN CUTLERY CO., New York and Meriden, \nConn. Manufrs. of all kinds of Table Cutlery, and ex- \nclusive makers of the Patent Hard Rubber Handle \nKnives. Orders solicited. \n\nDRUGGISTS "Wholesale and Retail. \n\nSNIPES AND KINERSSLY, No. 129 Second street, The \nDalles, Oregon. \n\nDRY GOODS -Staple and Fancy. \n\nMOODY & McLEOD, The Dalles, Oregon. Dealers in \nStaple and Fancy Dry Goods, Clothing! Hats and Caps, \nBoots and Shoes, etc. Best and lowest prices. \n\nDRY GOODS Retail. \n\nFOX, J. C, Hailey. Idaho Territory. Dry Goods, Millin- \nery and Fancy. \n\nENGINES, BOILERS, PUMPS, ETC. \n\nSTAVER & WALKER, New Market Block, Portland, \nOregon. See large view No, 5, Tours No. 1 . \n\n\n\nWASHINK \nTracts of \npresent m \nbach, No \ners, Tacoi \n\nFl \n\nOREGON \ngon. See \n\nG \n\nSWIFT * \nHardwar \nCigars. \n\nGRC \n\nBROOKS \nceries, F \nOretron. \n\n\n\nE. C. COl \nTAYLOR. \nJones, V \nDealers \nments, I \nOregon. \nPENDLE\' \nCO. Imi \nShelf Hf. \ndleton H. \n\n\n\nBRIGGS I \nChicago, \ncoatp;s )UR< \n\nMo - part \n\nESMOND. \nFirst-cla llnts \n\nHOTEL Fhich \n\nstreet, K . \nINTERN. mg! \n\nIdaho Tlmit \n\ntravelers \nMONTE \n\non the lir \nST. JAM! \nST. JAM] \nOVERLA \n\nBros. Pr \nWALKEI \n\nfree bus \nWINDSO \n\nkept hot< \n\n\n\nWEBER, \n\nmodatioi \n\n\n\nHALLAC \nDenver, \n\nTHE E. ? \nURING \n\nTHE OR \nCO., Po \n\nSTAVER \nOregon. \n\nWALKE \n\nPark str \n\n\n\nLEDGEF. \n\nBesbadi \n\nOREGOr \n\nThe larc \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSrtF*<MCIi \n\n\n\n\nMAP \n\nSHOWING \n\nCrofutt\'s \n\n\n\nOvertangH^ \xc2\xab- \nTours. \n\n\n\nNo. I REPRESENTED By GREEN LINES. \n\nMain Tour MHM \n\nSide Tour., or Stages ___^ \n\nNo. 2 REPRESENTED BY RED LINES. \n\nMain Tour a^aT^aM \n\nSide Tours, or Stages ^^^^^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n;.t \n\n\n\nJm;.^SSo^, the" (^feoff faM& \n\n\n\nI ^ r \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xab?.-... \n\n\n\nti^al^/.fflafeific^ \n\n\n\n*Mi,:I \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n\nSPECIAL DEPARTMENT. \nBUSINESS DIRECTORY. \n\nAGENTS -Insurance. \n\nsi . large view Wo. i \n\nAGENTS Real Eetate. \n\nNioxxHMfv A HUDSON.Real KatateAge, \nof Eastern Oregon Land - , f unim . \n\nproved land for sale. Offi, | ,\xe2\x80\x9ei addltionof \n\n{?\xc2\xab>*\xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xab "v for sale. \n\nLand Office R \nOregon. \n\nAGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. \n\nI\'ll ii in, s. O. Dealer in ,i Implement*, \n\nw agons, Buggies, Hat I , I \n\nousi \xe2\x96\xa0 ton, Oregon. \n\ni II. I. "on BROS, Dealers in Agricultural Impli \n\nand every variety <>i vehicles. \\\'os. 25; to 257 Second \n\nstreet, I hi Dallei , Ornfon. \nPENDLETON HARDWARE AND IMPLEMENT \n\nCO. Importers oi Agricultural Implements, Heavy and \n\nShelf Hardware, Stoves, Ranges, Rti 1 rider the Pen \n\ndlelon Hotel, Pendleton, Oregon. \nSTAVER a WALRER.Neu Market Block, Pi \n\nOregon. See large view No. 5; Tours No. 1 \n\nBANKS National. \n\nCITY NAT. HANK, Lawrence and Sixteenth street, \n\nDenver, Col. Eastern and Foreign Exchange. \nFIRST NA\'l BANK, Hailey, Idaho Ter. Capital, $100, \n\n000. W. M. harr, President; J. M. liurkett, (\'..shier. \nMERCHANTS\' NAT. HANK, Seattle, \\\\ ashington. \n\xe2\x96\xa0 Ni large view, No \n\nPACIFIC NAT hank. Bee large view,No.4; Tours N0.1 \nUNION NAT. HANK AND SAM\'. DEPOSIT \nVAULTS, Salt Lake city, Utah. General banking busi- \nness. \n\nBANKERS. \n\nDEXTER, MORTON & CO., Seattle, Washington. \nIncorporated, capital stock, $200,000; surplus and un- \ndivided protils, {60,000. \n\nBOARD OF TRADE. \n\nSEATTLE HOARD-See large view No. 6; Tours No. I. \n\nBOOKS Publishers. \n\nSMITH A CO., M. I., Nos. 341 to 351 Dearborn street, \nChicago, UL, and No. 2411 South Sixth street, Philadel- \nphia, Pa,, Publishers Crofutt\'s New Series Overland \nTours Two volumes, designated No. 1 and No. .-. \n\nPrice $1 per volume; sent postpaid, on receipt of the \nprice. \n\nCUTLERY Manilla, torer*. \n\nMERIDEN CUTLERY CO.. New York and Meriden \nConn. Manufra. of all kinds of Table Cutlery, and ex- \nclusive makers of the Patent Maid Rubber Handle \n\nKnives. Or.lers solicited. \n\nDRUGGISTS Wholesale and Retail. \n\nSNIPES AND KINKKSSI.Y, No. 1 jo Second street, The \nDalles, Oregon. \n\nDRY GOODS Staple and Fancy. \n\nMOODY & McI.KOI), the Dalles, Oregon. Dealers in \nstaple and Fancy Dry Goods, Clothing, Hats ami Caps, \nHoots and Shoes, etc. Best and lowest prices. \n\nDRY GOODS Retail. \n\nFOX, J.C., Hailey, Idaho Territory. Dry Goodt, Millin- \nery and Fan \n\nENGINES, BOILERS. PUMPS, ETC. \n\nSTAVES A WALKER, New Market Block, Portland, \nOregon. See large view No. 5, Tours No. 1 . \n\n\n\nTOR SALE. \n\nWASHINGTON rSSrVoRy TIMBER LANDS! In \n\n\' -"\' <\'\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0:,, ,,!\'.;...., a \xc2\xab res, at prices far below \nant market Vil i, ,\xc2\xab Correspondence solicited. Sikin- \n\xc2\xbbl V " ;J " * s!, tii Re 1 Estate and Mortgage Brok- \n\xc2\xbbma, Vvaah \nItJ *HlTr/RE -Manufacture\xe2\x84\xa2. \n" v \' \'H\\T|| 1:1; MANFG. CO., Portland, Ore- \ngon. \\o 6, Tours No, 1. \n\nGENERAL MERCHANDISE. \n\nWholesale and Retail. \n1 A REGAN Hailey, Idaho Territory. Groceries, \nHardware, Boots \'jnd Shoes, Clothing, Liquors and \nCigars. -Mining supplies a specialty. \n\nGKOCERi ES . PROVISIONS, ETC. \n\nBROOKS A BEERS Jobbers ami Dealers in Staple Gro- \n\xe2\x80\xa2 \'\'"\xe2\x96\xa0. Grain Flour, Bacon, Etc., I he Dalles, \n\n\n\n\n\n\nHARDWARE. \n\n\n\n1 "l 1 IN\' HABDWARE CO., Hailey, Idaho Ter. \nI w LOR, IONES A CO. F. C. Taylor, Prcs.; W. II. \n(ones, Vice-Pres. and Manager; S. P. Sturges, Sec\'y. \nDealers in General Hardware and Agricultural Imple- \nment, Ira,,,\', Opera Mouse Building, Pendleton, \nOregon. \nPENDLBTON MAKDW Alii. AND IMPLEMENT \nru Importers of Agricultural Implements, Heavy and \nShelf Hardware, stoves, Ranges, Etc. Under the Pen- \ndleton Hotel, Pendleton, Oregon. \n\nHOTELS. \n\nBRIGGS HOI sk, lorner Randolph and Fifth avenue, \n\nChicago, III. !\xe2\x80\xa2\'. I\'pman, Proprietor. \nCOATES HOUSE. The hading hotel in Kansas City, \n\nMo. \nBSMOND HOTEL (European Plan) Portland, Oregon. \nFirst-class. Free Bus to and from all trains and boats. \nHOTEL BRUNSWICK, corner Broadway and Eleventh \n\nstreet, Kansas Cily, Mo \nINTERNATIONAL. Matt. McFall, Prop., Bellevue, \n\nIdaho Ter. Special accommodations lor commercial \n\ntravelers. \nMONTR CRISTO, Salida, Colo. Regular meal station \n\non the line of the Denver & Rio Grande Railway. \nST. JAMES. Opp. Grand Opera House, Denver, Colo. \nST. JAME8. Kansas City, Mo. \nOVERLAND HOTEL, Boise City, Idaho Ter. Eastman \n\nBros. Proprietors. Rates $3 to $3.50 per day. \nWALKER MOUSE, Salt Lake City, Utah. First-class \n\nfree bus. G. S. Erb, Proprietor. \nWINDSOR HOTEL. Topeka, Kan. Largest and best \n\nkept hotel in the city. \n\nLI VI RY STABLES. \n\nWEBER, PETER. Hailey, Idaho Ter Special accom- \nmodations for Tourists. \n\nLUMBER, Etc. \n\nMALLACK AJ HOWARD, Seventh and Larimer streets. \nDenver, Colo. \n\nTHE E. F.HALLACK LUMRER AND MANUFACT- \nURING CO., No. iS 2 i S. Malladay Street, Denver, Colo. \n\nTHE OREGON LUMBER AND MANUFACTURING \nCO., Portland, Oregon. \n\nMACHINERY. \n\nSTAYER A.- WALKER, New Market Block, Portland, \nOregon. Sec large view No. 5, Tours No. I, \n\nMATCH MANUFACTURERS. \n\nWALKER * DANA, Office and Factory No. 10 N. E. \nPark street, corner A, Portland, Oregon. \n\nNEWSPAPERS. \n\nI. EDGED. Daily and Weekly, Tacoma, Washington \nBess advertising medium in the Puget Sound country. \n\nOREGONIIAN. Daily and Weekly, Portland, Oregon. \nThe lariest circulation of any newspaper in Oregon. \n\n\n\nKl 1 oki,. Published Weekly at Park Ctv, Utah. The \nrichest Mining I amp in the Territory \n\nd ^r,, !:,::. NTA,v nkw * &* *>* *\xc2\xab**. \n\n^B^tt^aho^e\'rn^ 68 "\'- M \' ;ton KeU * *\xc2\xbb* \nTIMES Daily and Weekly. Hailey, Idaho Territory. \nH\'rhorv"- \xc2\xb0^ ^ Wm **- S:llt \'"^ Cfty, Utah \nPHOTOGRAPHERS. \n\nC i- A o.^eauu^vas7;;4,o\xe2\x80\x9e: of p "* ci so,,n,L Op|,ositc \n\nREAL ESTATE. \n\n[See Agents and Hrokers.] \n\nA JT KB 1 N \xc2\xab-L r,, J na, Washington. See large- \n\nview No. 6, I ours No. 1. \n\nBAER A BOARDMAN. Roans No. 5 and 6 BuUer \n\nBuilding, Seattle, Washington. \nI -HI. I MAN I.I.KH EI.I V \\ & I O., Seattle, Washirg- \n\nton. See on large view No. 5, Tours No. 1. \nKNIGHT, 1\'RVE & MILLS, Tacoma, Washington. See \n\nlarge view No. 6, "lours N\xe2\x80\x9e. ,. \nMcGREGOR, DAN\'L. Investment Hroker, No. 1346 l\'a- \n\ncihc avenue, Tacoma, Washington. \nPINCKNEI A CO., WM. II. Rooms 1 and 2, Union \n\nBlock, Seattle, Wash. Information regarding SeatUe. \n\nthe most desirable locations for intending settlers and \n\nthe best opportunity lor investment in Washington, f ir- \n\nnished upon application. \nROSS & NANAERT, Tacoma, Washington. See large \n\nview No. 6, Tours No. 1. \nTHE SEATTLE LAND CO. Incorporated. Molman & \n\nRobinson. Managers, 12^ Cherry street (ground floor), \n\nSeattle, Washington. t3*~Ruy and sell Real Estate. \nSMART, E. T., Ilutler Block, corner James and Second \n\nstreets. Real Estate Exchange, Seatlle, Washington. \nSMITH. ROOT A- JORDAN, 919 Pacific avenue, Tacoma, \n\nWashington. Special attention to investments for non- \nresidents. Correspondence solicited. \nWHEELER A HALE, No. 1019 Pacific avenue, Tacorr a, \n\nWashington. References, Pacific Nat. Bank and Nat. \n\nRank of Commerce. \nWHITE & Co., corner Main and Second street, Seattle, \n\nWashington. Real Estate and Mortgage Brokers. \n\nREAL ESTATE Brokers. \n\nfSee Agents.! \n\nLEMMON & BOON\'. Real Estate Loans and Insur- \nance. Hailey, Idaho Territory. \n\nPINCKNEY A CO.. Wm. H. Rooms Nos. 1 and 2 Union \nBlock, Seattle. Washington. Information regarding Seatt e \nthe most desirable locations for intending settlers, and the \nbest opportunity for investment in Washington, furnished \nupon application. \n\nSMART, E. T.. Butler Block, corner James and Second \nstreets. Real Estate Exchange, Seattle, Washington. \n\nSMITH, ROOT* JORDAN, 010 Pacific avenue, Tacoma, \nWashington. Special attention to investments for nor \nresidents. Correspondence solicited. \n\nTAYLOR O. D., office in French\'s Building, corner \nWashington and Second streets, The Dalles, Oregon. \nLoans and purchases for non-residents a specialty; S ptr \ncent, net guaranteed to lenders. \n\nRAILROADS. \n\nChicago &\xe2\x80\xa2 Northwestern. See last page of Tours. \n\nTRANSFER LINES. \n\nSEATTLE TRANSFER CO. Incorporated, paid up- \ncapital, $150,000. Passengers, freight and baggage. Bag- \ngage chr-,,ked to all points. Have a fine line of ca.\' \'ages \nand caiis. Special rates to Tourists. Office corner \nSecond and Main streets, Seattle, Washington. Tele- \nphone 41. B. F. Shaubut, Manager. \n\nWATCHES, JEWELRY. ETC. \n\nBRUMM, G. W.. Boise City, Idaho Territory. Watches, \nClocks, Jewelrv, Silverware, Spectacles, Field Glasses, \nImporters and Fancy Goods, Toys, etc. \xe2\x96\xa0 \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n\nyg^This Map goes in all editions of TOURS \nNo. 1 and 2. The cards insetted In this depart \nment are charged for at ten dollars for two lines \n(sixteen words), exclusive of the headings, which \nare free. Parties can go under various headings \nat the same rate. No cuts or display type admit \nted. Each additional line five dollars. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n^ \n\n^ \n\n\n\n^ V ^ c \xc2\xb0" o^ <^ Q V t .\xc2\xab-"^^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nV \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVV \n\n\n\n<^l vP \n\n\n\n\nW \n\n\n\n\' * A^ ^J- *^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n*Ol \n\n\n\n^^ ; ^^ % ****** *\')i\xc2\xa7K v ^/ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nECKMAN \n\nIDERY INC. \n\n^ 1989 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS \n\n\n\n016 092 975 3 \n\n\n\n'