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NSTRUCTION 
BOOK 

FOR BEGINNERS AND EXPERTS IN 


POLLER SKATING 

Plain and Fancy Skating, Tricks, Feats, Rules 
for Polo on Skates, &c. 

PRICE 35 CENTS. 

^tfrifl COPYRIGHT, 1884. 


Roller Skatlntg, 

Its origin and history, theory and methods of practice, 
names and descriptions of movements to be learned in 
Plain and Fancy Skating, Figure and Combination 
Skating, also Records of Fast Skating, and Rules, 
Regulations and description of the Game of Polo. 


ROLLER SKATING 


MADK BASY. 


THIS IS THE SOLE 


INSTRUCTION BOOK 


FOR ROLLER SKATING, 


AND IS INDISPENSABLE TO ALL SKATERS. 


A Healthful Exercise and most Graceful Accomplishment 
Quickly and Easily Learned, 


PORTLAND, MAI 
Published by E. SMITH, (P 

1884. r , 


/? 


Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1884, by E. Smith, in the 
office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 


PREFACE. 


We present this unpretentious little volume to the public 
with the hope that it may enable those who carefully study 
it to learn the principles of skating, and a correct system 
and method for practicing the same. 

Without some such knowledge it is only by much hard 
work that one can become an expert skater ; the fact that 
many skaters, able to perform difficult movements with con- 
siderable expertness, are not graceful in their motions and 
appearance upon skates, is due to a lack of proper instruc- 
tion in systematic methods. 

Every one knows that to become a good musician it is nec- 
essary to learn the system upon which it is founded, and 
the correct methods by which it should be performed. No 
one can attain great proficiency without acquiring this 
knowledge; the one who by aid of natural talent alone, 
without due study of system and methods, becomes a per- 
former, never goes beyond mediocrity. 

Let skaters, whether they are novices or already some- 
what proficient, bear this fact in mind, and by the study 
and practice of proper methods they can effect the satis- 
factory improvement sure to result therefrom. 

If our words serve to make easier the paths whereby 
grace and perfection in skating may be reached, and stimu- 
late to practice the skaters who have ceased to try for fur- 
ther improvement, as also those among beginners who fear 
to attempt more than merely rolling around the rink, then 
the mission of the Instruction Book will be accomplished. 


4 PREFACE. 

The book is intended to be an aid to teachers at the rinks, 
by being the means of preparing pupils to fully compre- 
hend what the teacher may show them in practice, as well 
as to practice by themselves without demanding of the 
teacher constant repetitions. 

The ''Instructions to Beginners,'' if carefully studied, 
will give the novice a thorough knowledge of proper meth- 
ods for acquiring the preliminary steps. 

In the chapter upon " Fancy Skating," the " rolls" are 
first described, and the skater should become proficient in 
all these before attempting more difficult movements. 

It is impossible to give within the limits of this little book 
descriptions of all the tricks and feats performed upon 
skates, but we may safely assert that after a skater has 
acquired ease and grace in the performance of all the move- 
ments herein described, there need be no hesitation in at- 
tempting any movements known to skaters. 

The diagrams will assist the reader in understanding the 
instructions and the curves to be described ; the positions 
of the feet however, in some instances and notably in the 
illustration of the cross-roll, are not shown as exactly as 
might be desirable for the instruction of novices; yet they 
are sufficiently correct for practical purposes we trust, if 
viewed in connection with the descriptions, which instruct 
the reader in regard to the relative positions and angle of 
the feet at the moment each step is taken. 

There, are persons, who, from prejudice or lack of knowl 
edge of the practical value of a book of instruction, are in- 
clined to doubt the benefits to be derived therefrom. To 
all such we will merely say, compare the performances of 
skaters who have learned systematically, practicing step by 
step in accordance with well defined methods, with the 
skating performed by those who have learned by hard prac- 


PREFACE. 5 

tice and main force alone, without proper instruction or at- 
tention to the rules for acquiring grace. 

By means of instruction in the proper system and method 
of skating, one is enabled to make rapid advancement, to 
avoid acquiring an awkward style, and to attain a degree of 
skill such as cannot otherwise be reached. 

All skating, whether of plain movements or the most dif- 
ficult figures, is governed by certain scientific principles 
and rules, which must be learned and practiced if one wish- 
es to become an accomplished and graceful skater. 

In the following pages we endeavor merely to give such 
instructions as will convey to the reader some knowledge of 
the fundamental principles and methods of skating, and 
serve as a convenient reference during practice. We submit 
the book with the following indorsement of one who is well 
and favorably known to the public. 

Mr. Robert J. A gin ton, who is the peer of any skater in 
America in grace and perfection of execution of his move- 
ments upon roller skates, attributes his skill to the careful 
study and practice of a scientific system, and upon reading 
our proof sheets, says that he has "practiced by just such 
methods as are taught by the Instruction Book. ,, 

The Author. 


Origin and History of Skating. 


The derivation of the modern English word skate 
shows its meaning to be shoot or slide. Italian scatta, 
a slide. Dutch, Schaats. In old English the word 
was spelled " scate." 

Skating, as a means of locomotion and a pastime, 
has been in practice many centuries. The exact ori- 
gin of skating is unknown, but it undoubtedly orig- 
inated in a northern clime, where the natural bodies 
of water are ice-bound during a large portion of each 
year. 

The history of Roller Skating is more brief and 
less obscure than that of skating on ice, to which 
the more modern pastime no doubt owes its birth. 

Skating upon ice probably owes its origin to the 
necessities of the people of northern climes in travel- 
ing long distances over frozen surfaces. One natu- 
rally turns to the history of northern races for 
information on this subject, but the allusions therein 
to skates or skating are meager. Southern nations 
are presumed to have had no knowledge of skates 
and their use, and there appears to be no term in the 
Greek or Roman languages that refers to this subject. 

The Scandinavians have been famous as skaters for 
centuries. Formerly long strips of wood turned up 
at the forward end were used for skating over ice and 
snow. Such skates as these were used by the Finns 
in traveling over snow and ice, and their use gave 
the people the name " skrid finnai " — sliding Finns. 
The modern Norwegian snow-shoe is of a somewhat 


8 OJRIGIN AND HISTORY OF SKATING. 

similar form, greatly exaggerated in size, and being 
designed for sliding over hard snow is quite unsuita- 
ble for use on soft snow after the manner in which 
American snow-shoes are used. 

Wood and bone appear to have been the materials 
of which skates were first made. Such skates have 
been found in Holland, Sweden, Iceland, and else- 
where. Bone skates were used in England in the 
twelfth century, and an author of that period de- 
scribes skaters as " binding under their feet the shin 
bones of some animal, and taking in their hands poles 
shod with iron which at times they strike against 
the ice, they are carried along with as great rapidity 
as a bird flying." 

In the old Runic poetry a hero says, in a poem 
called his " Complaint " : "I know how to perform 
eight exercises : I fight with courage ; I keep a firm 
seat on horseback; I am skilled in swimming ; I glide 
along the ice on skates ; I excel in darting the lance; 
I am dexterous at the oar ; and yet a Russian maid 
disdains me." 

Referring again to the Runic poetry, we find that 
skating is there written of as among the highest ac- 
complishments of the people of the North. The 
hero just quoted says, "I glide along the ice on 
skates," in recounting his athletic accomplishments. 
Another hero of the same poetry boasts that he could 
"traverse the snow on skates of wood." 

In the " Edda " occurs the following : " When the 
king asked what the young man could do who accom- 
panied Thor, Thialfe answered, that in running upon 
skates he would dispute the prize with any of the 
countries. The king owned that the talent he spoke 
of was a very fine one." 

In the same, written about 800 years ago, the god 
Uller is represented as distinguished by his beauty, his 
arrow and skates. 


OKIGIN AND HISTORY OF SKATING. 9 

Modern Roller Skating is undoubtedly an outgrowth 
of the ancient skating on ice, and neither is likely to 
become obsolete. 

The ice skate was probably first designed solely for 
utility in every day life, unlike the modern roller 
skate, which was devised for the purposes of amuse- 
ment and healthful recreation. 

The invention and general introduction to public 
use of the roller skates, has made skating popular in 
localities where ice skating is utterly impracticable at 
any season of the year ; and also, on account of its 
many advantages, roller skating is fast becoming 
popular where ice skating may be enjoyed with cer- 
tainty a portion of each year. 

Out door skating upon ice will never be entirely su- 
perseded, for aside from its frequent availability in 
northern regions as an amusement and a useful means 
of locomotion, it has its peculiar charm. 

Roller skating, however, has decided advantages in 
very many respects as a recreation. It is independent 
of clime, season, or the inconstancies of weather. 
The skating surface is good at all times'. N"o ice to 
be too soft, or too hard, or too rough. Roller skating 
oan be more easily learned by novices, and may be 
indulged in without exposure such as might be detri- 
mental to delicate constitutions ; facts which are of 
especial benefit to ladies and children. No danger of 
drowning nor of wet feet, attends this exercise, 
which is less violent than skating upon ice, requires 
less strength of ankles, and therefore is more to be 
enjoyed by ladies accustomed to city life. It is not 
only healthful and invigorating without being ex- 
hausting, but its practice teaches one to acquire a 
well-balanced and graceful carriage. In fact it is a 
graceful and healthful recreation such as should be 
promoted and perpetuated. 

By the published accounts of this subject it appears 


10 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF SKATING. 

that the first inventor of the Roller Skate on record 
was Joseph Merlin, born in 1735, in the town of Hay, 
Belgium. 

In 1819 a patent was granted in France to one 
Petitbled for a device involving the principle of the 
modern roller skate. These skates were "straight 
runners," no provision having been made for change 
of direction without raising the feet. Later, an Eng- 
lishman named Tyers invented a skate with five sin- 
gle wheels in a row, arranged so that only two of 
them had a bearing on the floor at the same time. 

In 1828, another skate named the " Cingar " was 
patented in France, and this skate was used in the 
rendering of a scene in Meyerbeer's opera " Le 
Prophete." 

Twenty years later another skate was in public use, 
and since then the numbers of patents sought and 
granted for roller skates have been very great. 

Probably the greatest single improvement ever 
made in the modern roller skate was that of Mr. 
James L. Plimpton, an American, who, by the device 
of a vertical axis with an oscillating movement, 
produced a skate such as enabled the w^earer to 
guide himself at will in curves similar to those per- 
formed with skates on ice. Patents on the Plimpton 
skate were obtained in January, 1863, in the United 
States of America, and in England August 25, 1865. 
The Plimpton patents have now expired, and there 
are innovations constantly being made toward im- 
provement. 

Within the last few years the public interest in 
roller skating has been rapidly increasing throughout 
the United States ; so that there are now rinks of a 
permanent character erected in nearly every state and 
some of the territories, from Maine to California, and 
from Dakota to Texas. 

The health and pleasure to be derived from the 


ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF SKATING. 11 

exercise of roller skating, deservedly render it a 
most popular recreation in summer and winter, for 
both sexes and all ages. The large permanent rinks 
of the better sort now established in New England 
and elsewhere throughout the United States, are grad- 
ually attracting the attention and patronage of fash- 
ionable and cultivated society. 

The Boston Herald of Dec. 30, 1883, states, in re- 
gard to one of the five roller skating rinks in that 
city, the significant fact that "the number of elegant 
equipages that have been seen at the entrance indi- 
cates the character of the patronage." 

Roller Skates, and the modern roller skating rinks, 
afford to the weak as well as to the strong the means 
of enjoying the graceful and invigorating exercise of 
skating, whereas ice-skating has generally been re- 
garded as an amusement suited only to persons in ro- 
bust health, accustomed to outdoor sports. The ro- 
bust and accomplished ice-skater finds that the execu- 
tion of difficult movements is no more fatiguing with 
the rollers than upon the ice, and a speed as great can 
be attained upon the rollers, while equal grace may be 
displayed. 

To all beginners Roller Skating has the advantage 
of being more easily learned, and therefore becomes 
an amusement more available to the majority of per- 
sons, old and young. 

To business men and others of sedentary habits, 
skating is a most excellent means for preserving 
health and good spirits, by affording an invigorating 
but not exhausting exercise and agreeable diversion. 

Let ladies whose weak lungs or ankles and general 
lack of vigor forbid long walks or violent outdoor ex- 
ercise, learn to skate on rollers, and thenceforth in- 
dulge habitually in the gentle graceful exercise of 
roller skating. They will be pleased to find as a re- 
sult that a very appreciable benefit may be derived 
therefrom, as well as pleasure. 


12 ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF SKATING. 

Physicians who have turned their attention to the 
modern pastime of roller skating, and acquired accu- 
rate knowledge thereof by practical experience, have 
very generally recommended it as one of the most 
beneficial exercises of the age, healthful and invigor- 
ating to the old and young of both sexes. Of course 
excessive indulgence, as of everything else, may be 
injurious. 

We have not devoted space in this connection to 
descriptions of the various forms and merits of Ameri- 
can Roller Skates and the improvements that have 
been made, because we have examined and tested but 
few of them ; but attention will be given to this sub- 
ject in a future edition, if the manufacturers enable us 
to do so. 

In writing of modern skating, it is interesting now 
to recall the record of Mr. William H. Fuller, a young 
American, who left New York in 1865, and gave ex- 
hibitions of roller skating while crossing the continent 
to California. From San Francisco he sailed to Aus- 
tralia, practicing on shipboard during the voyage. 
After remaining many months in Australia he went to 
India, Turkey, Egypt, and then to Russia, in the 
frozen North, where one might naturally expect to 
find skating in its greatest perfection ; and even there 
he " astonished the natives " by his skill in " figure 
skating," such as seemed marvelous to the Russians. 

It would be difficult and perhaps invidious to name 
any one skater of the present time as pre-eminent. 
Their numbers are rapidly increasing, and we hope 
to give in a future edition of this book some mention 
of the most noted skaters, in connection with descrip- 
tions of the special performances in which each excels. 
The best performers are constantly learning something, 
as well as the beginners, and although comparatively 
few will attain the utmost perfection of skill, every- 
one may learn the way thereto by the aid of the 
Instruction Book. 


Instructions to Beginners. 


" Observe that merely rolling round the rink 
Is not so much like skating as you'd think." 

For the better understanding of the instructions 
that follow, attention should be given to the terms 
used in describing the position of the feet during the 
various steps and movements. 

Gliding Foot. The sustaining foot, or that one 
which bears the weight of the skater in gliding. 

Balancing Foot. The raised foot, that serves as 
an aid in preserving the equilibrium or balance of the 
body. 

Leading Foot. The advance foot. Whether the 
motion be forward or backward, this is the foot ad- 
vanced in the direction of motion, thus leading the 
other foot. 

Following Foot. The foot not in advance, but fol- 
lowing after the other. In backward skating this foot 
would be the one farthest in front of the skater as 
then facing. 

In ordinary skating the "gliding foot" is the lead- 
ing foot at the beginning of a step or glide, and the 
" balancing foot " is the following foot at the start. 

The Outer-edge. This term implies the outer roll-, 
ers of the skates, and an outer-edge glide is one per- 
formed with a pressure brought to bear wholly or 
chiefly upon the outer rollers. This is effected by a 
side turn of the foot, but not of the skates, and the 
inner rollers are not raised from the surface. 

The Inner-edge. This term implies the inner roll- 
ers of the skate, and an inner-edge glide is performed 


14 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

with the pressure on the inner rollers. If the foot is 
turned but slightly, the curve described by the glide 
will be an arc of a large circle. If turned more, the 
curve will be sharper. 

The Surface. The word " surface " is used to des- 
ignate the floor or surface upon which the skating is 
performed. 

Many who have already learned to skate fairly well, 
as well as novices, are recommended to read the 
following 

Suggestions. 

Do not try to start too fast or abruptly. 

Do not be afraid of falling, nor struggle too vio- 
lently when a fall is imminent or unavoidable. It is 
better to expect to fall occasionally, .and learn to go 
down easily. You will acquire more confidence in 
skating, when you know by experience that you can 
fall repeatedly without danger. When you find your- 
self obliged to fall, bend the knees suddenly, and 
thus drop down instead of tipping over at full length. 
You will be much less likely to receive a hurt thus. 

Have confidence. You should bid farewell to timid- 
ity after making the circuit of the rink once alone, 
but do not be too bold until you can do this much. 

Do not look at your feet while skating. Of course 
it is necessary for a learner sometimes to look at the 
feet while taking new steps, but it is well to avoid do- 
ing this too frequently. Acquire the habit of carry- 
ing the head and body erect, with the eyes directed 
toward objects upon their level. 

The head should always be held well back, but not 
stiffly. 

The body, when in forward motion, leans slightly 
forward, but should not be in a stooping posture. Ex- 
pand the chest, and keep the shoulders thrown back 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 15 

as far as possible. Don't bend forward, but incline 
the whole figure. 

The legs are always bent at the knee when taking a 
step. The leading one but slightly and ju'st as the 
step is taken, and immediately thereafter the knee 
should be straightened. The balance is more easily 
and gracefully maintained upon the gliding foot with 
the leg straight, beside thus bringing the least possible 
strain upon the muscles. The balancing foot, how- 
ever, is always carried with bent knee, more or less 
according to the. figure being executed. 

The arms should hang naturally and loosely at the 
side as in walking, with elbows and fingers slightly 
bent, and the palms of the hands toward the body. 

Do not swing the arms violently about, nor hold 
them stiffly in one position. 

Do not acquire awkward habits of clutching with 
the fingers, holding the arms out stiffly from the 
body, etc. All such tendencies may be readily over- 
come, as the beginner gains in confidence and pro- 
ficiency, if due attention is given to the subject. 

Dortt try to learn too much at once. Learn to un- 
derstand and acquire the preliminary steps first. The 
most rapid advancement in skating, as in other exer- 
cises, may be made by thoroughly learning the rudi- 
ments as a substantial foundation for what will follow. 
Study well the suggestions and instructions to begin- 
ners, restraining over-eagerness, and practicing one 
movement until able to execute it equally well with 
either foot before trying another ; and when precision 
and perfection have been accomplished in all the move- 
ments to be found in that part of the Instruction 
Book devoted to "Instructions to Beginners," you 
will be able to astonish yourself and others by the ra- 
pidity, ease, and grace with which the evolutions of 
Fancy Skating may be acquired. 

Study the Instruction Book, and practice the steps 


16 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

at home. When at the rink do not practice too long 
at a time. Rest frequently, and refer to the descrip- 
tion of the movement you wish to practice. 

Grace. 

The form of a Venus or Adonis is not essential to 
grace. Absolute perfection in the human form is 
rare indeed, but those less favored by nature may, by 
proper attention to correct positions, acquire a grace 
approaching that which is natural to well-propor- 
tioned forms. 

An erect position, with shoulders and head well 
back is most conducive to grace, and to best attain an 
erect position in skating, the sustaining knee should 
be straight, and the feet near each other. 

A movement to be graceful should be made without 
apparent effort. Skating, which requires so little 
effort, is the peer in grace of any exercise or motion 
for the human form, and is not surpassed in this re- 
spect by dancing. This statement will not be ques- 
tioned by any one who has witnessed the graceful evo- 
lutions and dancing performed upon skates by the 
best skaters of Canada and elsewhere. 

The supple forms and light movements of ladies 
adapt them to excel in gracefulness, and awkward 
motions are more common to the sterner sex. 

If careful attention is given to the suggestions and 
instructions of this volume, it should enable the read- 
er to avoid awkwardness in skating, and to acquire a 
graceful carriage and movement, such as will bring 
ease and pleasure to the skater, and admiration to the 
beholder. 

We will add to the foregoing suggestions an injunc- 
tion of much importance. 

Do not skate always in one direction. This is 
equivalent to saying, don't become a one-sided skater, 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 17 

but learn to turn with equal ease either way, and glide 
in any direction with equal ease upon either foot. 

Of course it is dangerous to skate in the opposite 
direction of a throng, and in all well regulated ice 
rinks the course of the skaters is reversed at short 
intervals. 

This is effected by means of a signal, usually given 
by a single stroke upon the gong, and at intervals of 
about fifteen minutes, or between the intervals of 
music. 

This is a custom we beg to urge managers of Roller 
Skating Rinks everywhere to adopt. It is a very 
serious drawback to skaters to be obliged always to 
skate around the rink in the same direction. It tends 
to make " one-sided " skaters, a fact well-known to 
experts who appreciate the necessity of being able to 
turn either way with equal facility. No one can ex- 
cel in easy and graceful skating, without overcoming 
this one-sided tendency. This can only be done by 
practicing most frequently the turn which seems most 
difficult. Some persons naturally have less freedom 
of action in one direction,' or upon one foot, than for 
the opposite. Such persons ought to practice the 
weaker or awkward side most. 

The present custom at American Roller Skating 
Rinks of skating constantly around in one direction, 
is an immediate cause of " one-sidedness," and we 
hope to see it abolished very soon, and call on skaters 
everywhere to join us in urging this matter upon the 
immediate attention of Rink managers, to whom the 
advancement of skating is of direct interest. 

The Dress. 

For skating one should be dressed as for walking, 
and perhaps no especial directions upon this subject 
are necessary, except as regards the boots. The cus- 

2 


18 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

torn of putting what are known as " French heels " 
upon the boots of ladies and children calls for an es- 
pecial warning. High, tapering boot-heels render it 
difficult for the wearers to carry the body in an erect 
and graceful manner, prevent them becoming accom- 
plished skaters, and as the direct cause of many falls, 
high heels are dangerous. 

Ladies ordinarily accustomed to wear boots with 
such heels should discard them for boots with broad, 
low heels, for the double purpose of utility and safety. 
This is a matter of much importance to ladies, whether 
beginners, or those who have already become some- 
what proficient as skaters in spite of such a drawback. 

It is safe to say that no person can become an ex- 
pert, graceful skater, with extremely high or " cut-un- 
der" heels upon the boots. By a strict observance of 
these instructions in regard to boots, one will be well 
repaid by a rapid advancement in. acquiring ease and 
grace upon skates, and in avoiding the most frequent 
cause of serious falls. 

After one has attained proficiency in skating there 
is little risk of becoming too. much heated by any in- 
dulgence in the exercise, but the beginner sometimes 
finds it otherwise ; therefore ladies and children 
should take care to have the back and shoulders cov- 
ered by some extra garment, while sitting down after 
skating, and should rest frequently, so as to avoid 
becoming overheated. 

The Skates. 

The skates should be of such size as will bring the 
center or axle of the front rollers exactly under the 
"ball" of the foot. It is customary at some rinks 
for skates of a larger size to be given oat to begin- 
ners, but it is usually better to use skates of the 
proper size at the first, or else adopt them after a 
very few trials with longer skates. 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 19 

To adjust a skate to the foot the heel of the boot 
should be placed as far back as possible, and the skate 
placed exactly under the center of the foot. 

The skates are generally worn as " rights and lefts," 
with the buckles on the outer side. They should be 
firmly fastened to the feet, but not so tightly as to be 
painful, or to impede the circulation. 

Clamp skates are generally worn with the linch-pins 
on the inner side, so as to avoid catching against the 
skates of another person when two are skating close 
together. 

When new rollers are needed, they should be se- J 
lected of uniform width and vertical diameter for 
each set. 

The Start, 

Place the feet nearly at right angles to each other, 
and close together, with the hollow of one foot placed 
just behind the heel of the other. Bear this rule in 
mind always when rising, standing, starting and stop- 
ping. And when gliding the novice should not carry 
one foot parallel to the other at any time, as the 
balancing foot would not thus be in a proper position 
to guard or check the movement of the other, and the 
risk of a fall would be incurred with the feet parallel. 

We will now suppose the beginner to be standing- 
erect with the feet in proper position, at right angles 
to each other, ready for a start. NJ3Wj^ii&e_ojie loot 
and place it directly on a line in front of the other, 
always toeing out with each foot, Put the raised 
foot gently upon the surface, and at the same instant 
incline the body slightly forward, in the direction the 
toe points, so as to bring its weight on that foot. 
This slight forward sway of the body and the simul- 
taneous pressure of the weight upon the forward foot 
serve to propel the skater, who rolls along balanced 


20 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

on this foot until the other is placed upon the surface. 

The feet should be kept quite close together, and 
when one foot is placed before the other the step 
should be a very short one, — in fact, just long enough 
to swing the raised foot in advance without striking 
its heel against the toe of the other. 

No perceptible backward push should be made with 
the foot before raising it from the floor. The fault is 
often committed by beginners, especially by those 
previously accustomed to skate upon ice, of pushing 
forcibly with the gliding foot just before raising it, and 
in doing so allowing this foot to remain too far behind 
the other. Such skaters are also prone to keep their 
feet too far apart in skating on rollers, both sideways 
and by taking too long steps. 

Preparatory to the glide let the novice imagine him- 
self or herself, about to walk up a hill on a straight 
line, and required to place the heel of each foot upon 
that line at each step. In doing this one must take 
short steps, and at each step incline the body and 
bring its weight to bear firmly upon the ball of the ad- 
vanced foot, as it is placed on the ground. In taking 
such a step the slight push or pressure of the support- 
ing foot just as it is raised is not perceptible to an 
observer. / 

-^ The Forward Glide. Srlain forward progress on 
rollers is made by alternate zigzag lines, as in skating 
upon ice. It must be borne in mind before starting, 
that the toes are not to be pointed straight forward, 
thus placing the feet parallel to each other. Toe ont y 
is a motto for the beginner to have constantly in 
mind during practice. 

In comparing the steps taken in skating with those 
of walking, it may be said that in skating each step is 
taken as if about to cross the legs. 

The toe is the last to leave the floor and the first to 
touch it, and whenever the foot is raised the toe» should 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 21 

be pointed down. Thus the rear foot is raised, and 
with toe depressed and turned out is brought forward 
of the other foot, and placed upon the surface. At 
this instant the weight of the body is brought to bear 
upon the foot in advance by inclining or swaying the 
figure in the exact direction in which the foot isjiointed. 

The novice should at. the outset, or as soon as able 
to maintain the balance upon one foot, learn to bear 
the weight slightly upon the outer side or " edge " of 
the foot. This will cause each glide to be made with 
a slight outward curve, such as is most in use f op all 
plain skating. There is a tendency for novices to 
bear the weight somewhat upon the inner side or 
" edge " of the gliding foot, and such a tendency may 
be checked before becoming a habit, if the above in- 
structions are borne in mind and practiced constantly. 

Teachers at the rinks usually first instruct the nov- 
ice how to walk on skates without attempting to glide 
along on the rollers, and continue the lessons until 
the proper method of placing the feet and balancing 
the body has been learned. The beginner, however, / 
should not depend too much nor too long upon assist- 
ance or support, but with the aid of instruction first 
seek to become well-informed in regard to the theory 
and method of skating, and then practice alone as 
much as possible. It is by thus frequently practicing, 
that one acquires confidence and ease in balancing on 
one foot, with the other foot raised and held in 
proper position to place immediately upon the surface, 
to afford support when needed. Too much assistance 
from a teacher makes the pupil feel dependent upon 
his support, and less rapid progress in learning is 
made than by the beginner who depends upon an in- 
structor only for occasional hints, corrections of faults, 
and as a guide rather than a support. A few min- 
utes' practice with a teacher will prove of most value 
to those who study the Instruction Book beforehand, 
and use it for frequent reference afterward. 


X 


22 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

To prolong the glide it is only necessary to main- 
tain the balance upon the gliding foot, and delay the 
advance of the balancing foot. By practicing in this 
manner one may soon learn to prolong the glide to 
eight or ten feet or more, and when this can be done 
with a feeling of confidence and security, other ordi- 
nary movements may be rapidly acquired, and skating 
with a partner enjoyed. r.t.g 

Always bear in mind that the chief motive power 
is the weight of the body brought to bear on the glid- 
ing foot, by turning, inclining, or swaying the body in 
the direction the foot points. 

Do not try to propel yourself by violently kicking 
the surface behind, or thrusting back forcibly with the 
gliding foot when about to raise it. 

The beginner should depend chiefly upon the weight 
of the body as inclined over the gliding foot, for the 
motive power. 

The foot when raised should be brought forward 
slowly, with bent knee and toes pointing somewhat 
downward. This movement should not be quick and 
jerky, but gradual and easy, the last half of the move- 
ment being somewhat the quickest. 

The placing of the balancing foot again upon the 
surface in advance of the other should not be done 
with a clattering thump or stamp, but as gently as 
possible, and at the same moment the weight is 
brought to press upon it by a gentle, graceful inclina- 
tion of the body, scarcely perceptible to an observer 
when performed by a skillful skater. 

Do not bend the knee too much, and thus acquire 
an awkward bobbing motion in skating. 

Change of direction a Kext after the plain forward 
glide the beginner needs to learn how to change the 
direction. 

Stand upon one foot, and by turning this foot upon 
its side a very little so as to bring your weight to bear 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 23 

upon the " outer edge," you will perceive that it will 
cause the axle of the rollers to move in such a manner 
as to make that foot toe outward. If gliding upon 
the right foot this would cause you to turn to the 
right, by the step or glide termed the " outer edge." 
If gliding upon the left foot, the weight must be borne 
upon its " inner edge," to effect a turn to the right, 
and upon its " outer edge " to effect a turn to the left. 

By alternately gliding upon the " outer edge " of 
one foot and the " inner edge " of the other, one may 
skate around an entire circle. 

For the method of turning short corners the reader 
is referred to the description of the " lap-foot " step. 

When balanced upon one foot a change of direction 
is greatly facilitated by whirling or turning the body 
and shoulders around with each step, so as to imme- 
diately bring the skater facing in the direction the 
gliding foot points. 

The Forward Lap-foot. 


Figure 4 illustrates the Forward Lap-foot step as 
taken in turning to the left. In thus turning, the 
weight must be borne alternately upon the " outer- 
edge " of the left foot, and the inner-edge* of the right 
foot. If the turn to be made is an arc of a large 
circle, a slight " lap " and a long glide may be made 
at each step. For short turns a short glide and wide 
lap is necessary. 


24 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

The " Lap-foot " step is commonly used in turning 
short corners, or reversing the direction quickly with- 
out loss of speed. In fact if desired the speed may 
be considerably increased by this step, which is taken 
by crossing or lapping one foot over the other re- 
peatedly. 

When wishing to change your forward course to 
an opposite direction, by turning to the left, if gliding 
upon the left foot, bear your weight upon its outer 
edge, then bring the right foot well over in front, and 
as you place it upon the surface, bear the weight upon 
its " inner edge " ; at the same instant raise the left 
foot and bring it quickly forward to succeed the glide 
upon the " inner edge " of the right foot by an " outer 
edge " step with the left foot. This in turn is suc- 
ceeded by the " lap-foot " step with the right foot, 
gliding upon its " inner edge " each time. 

To turn thus around a complete circle it is only nec- 
essary to continue repeating the steps described, which 
are alternately a plain outer-edge step with left foot, 
and a " lap-foot " inner-edge step with the right foot, 
for a turn to the left. For a turn to the right the 
outer-edge step with the right foot and a "lap-foot " 
inner-edge step with the left foot is taken. 

The Backward Lap-Foot. 


( 


Rg-4 


This step is the exact reverse of the forward lap- 
foot step. The cut illustrates the turn as made by 
the skater approaching from the direction of U B." 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 25 

At the termination of the outer-edge glide upon 
the left foot ("L"), the right foot is "lapped" over 
and placed on the surface, with the skater's weight 
borne upon its inner edge. These steps are repeated 
until the complete turn is accomplished, and the skater 
glides away in the direction of " A." 

When making a turn by means of the lap-foot step, 
either forward or backward, the figure of the skater 
must be inclined sideways toward the center of the 
circle. This side inclination may be slight for a slow 
turn or a large circle, but for a sharp curve or high 
rate of speed the figure of the skater must be inclined 
so much that it would be impossible to preserve the 
balance if attempting to stand still in the same position. 

The Stop. 

We will now assume that the beginner, having com- 
mitted to memory the preceding instructions, has 
safely accomplished the start, the glide, and the turn, 
and now wishes to stop. To do this easily and at 
the exact place desired, will be rather difficult for an 
uninstructed novice who is apt to stop abruptly, by 
collision with some person or object not aimed at, or 
by catching hold of any person or thing convenient to 
check an uncontrollable career. 

The most simple and easy method of checking and 
stopping the forward motion is placing the balancing 
foot at right angles in the rear, and close to the glid- 
ing foot, pressing it firmly upon the floor, while the 
body maintains its balance and weight upon the glid- 
ing foot. Thus the feet are in the exact position de- 
scribed for standing and starting, but the weight of 
the body is chiefly sustained by the foot in advance. 

If necessary to turn from your course to stop at 
the desired place, it may be done with either foot in 
advance. For instance, in turning to the right the 
change of direction may be made by gliding either 


26 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

upon the outer e*dge of the right foot, or the inner 
edge of the left foot, with the balancing foot placed 
at right angles behind, with its hollow against the 
heel of the gliding foot. 

The distance required in stopping may be regulated 
by graduating the pressure of the rear skate upon the 
surface. 

The beginner should practice the " stop " very fre- 
quently, as after becoming proficient therein the skater 
will be enabled by this means to avoid collisions in a 
crow r d, or in turning corners, or a stumble over some 
one who has fallen before, by suddenly and with un- 
expected notice checking or stopping his speed. 

This is often necessary where the crowd is too dense 
to permit much change of direction whereby to evade 
such occurrences. 


The Backward Glide. 

The most easy method of acquiring a 
backward glide is by the movement termed 
" sculling " by skaters. This method is il- 
lustrated by " Figure 5," and it is the first 
backward movement to be learned by the 
novice. 

Standing with the left foot at " L," and 
the right foot at " R," as shown in the illus- 
tration, the right foot is brought quickly 
around on its " inner-edge," with a forcible 
outward pressure upon the surface as it 
glides. As the right foot passes to the 
rear it is turned so as to bear the skater's 
weight upon its " outer-edge," and the left 
foot is then brought quickly around on its 

e " inner-edge," in the same manner as was 
the right foot, w r ith an outward push at the 

jr beginning of the curve. This push or out- 
ward pressure upon the surface is the means 


INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNEKS. 27 

of propelling the skater, and is given with each foot 
alternately just as it is turned from the " outer edge," 
so that the push comes upon the beginning or first 
half of each " inner-edge " curve. 

It is necessary to make this push or outward pres- 
sure somewhat forcibly at the start, but when a good 
speed has been acquired it can be maintained with 
slight exertion, and is not apparent to a beholder. 
When this method of skating has been practiced and 
learned so that it can be done with ease, one may be- 
gin to practice raising each foot immediately after the 
" inner edge " push above described, and prolonging 
the glide upon the " outer edge " of the sustaining 
foot. 

v^k common fault with beginners in backward skat- 
ing is to incline the body forward. The body should 
be as erect as possible. In backward skating, unless 
tripped by some obstacle, there is little danger of fall- 
ing backward. The falls experienced by novices in 
backward skating are usually forward falls, and due to 
lack of confidence and the consequent forward incli- 
nation of the body. When gliding backward upon 
one foot the body should be erect, with the shoulders 
and head well back, the balancing foot carried in the 
rear of the gliding foot, and thus in position to be 
placed at once upon the floor to check any loss of 
balance. 

The diagram (Fig. 5), shows the relative position 
of the feet, and it may be seen that each foot is al- 
ternately moved more quickly than the other. For 
example, at " b " the right foot is the leading foot, 
but before arriving at " c " it has been passed by the 
left foot, which has in the same time traversed a 
greater distance and now leads. 

Then in turn the right foot is brought with a quick 
movement and outward pressure from " c," so as to 
become the rear or leading foot before arriving at " d." 


28 INSTRUCTIONS TO BEGINNERS. 

The skater's weight is sustained upon each foot 
alternately, and the change is made at the instant that 
the foot brought around upon its inner-edge is turned 
to its outer-edge. The weight is borne on this foot at 
the same instant, which corresponds to the moment 
the balancing foot is placed on the surface in skating 
the backward roll. 

Before entering upon the descriptions given in the 
chapter on Fancy Skating, we wish to urge beginners, 
and others who wish to skate with precision of move- 
ment, to count the time of each step or glide, one- 
two, etc., as in the practice of music. This will form 
the habit of using each foot alike, so that any step, 
roll, glide, or part of a figure executed on one foot, 
will occupy the same time as the same movement ex- 
ecuted on the other foot. 


Fancy Skating, 


A curved line is the line of beauty, 
And motion in curves the skater's duty. 
Let each movement represent a curve, 
And do not from the proper method swerve. 


Forward Roll— outer-edge, 


The full-page illustration shows the correct attitude 
in skating the outer-edge roll, and the diagram shows 
the position of the feet in taking each step. The 
former represents the skater at the beginning of a for- 
ward roll or glide upon the left foot ; it might also 
serve very well to illustrate the act of skating the 
backward roll. 

The " outer-edge " roll is the most graceful glide 
performed upon skates, and as it is also easy to 
acquire, it is the first movement we describe under 
the caption of Fancy Skating. 

" Figure 1 " illustrates the glide and position of the 
feet in taking each step of the plain forward roll. 
"L" indicates the left foot, and "R"the right foot 
on the diagram. 

The beginner who has by practice thoroughly ac- 
quired plain skating as described in the preceding 
" Instructions to Beginners," can acquire the For- 
ward Roll in an hour. But further practice and at- 


30 


FANCY SKATING, 


THE OUTER-EDGE ROLL. 


FANCY SKATING. 31 

tention to the following directions will be necessary 
to acquire the desired ease and grace. This roll can 
be gradually learned by lengthening the glide in 
ordinary plain forward skating, bearing the whole 
weight upon the " outer-edge " of the gliding foot and 
inclining the body sideways at the same time. But 
it may be learned with more precision and perfection 
by practicing from a start and with constant attention 
to the details of instruction. 

Stand with the feet close together and nearly at 
right angles to each other, the heel of the leading 
foot placed against the hollow of the foot that is to 
follow, with your weight borne upon the rear or " fol- 
lowing" foot, by which you must propel yourself in 
starting. 

Now by a downward push of the rear foot and a 
simultaneous inclination of the body in the direction 
the other foot points, bring the weight to bear wholly 
upon the outer-edge of the "leading" foot, as you 
glide forward under the impetus thus gained. As this 
push is given the " following " foot is instantly raised, 
and placed in the same relative position behind the 
gliding foot as at the start. 

The glide should be prolonged so as to complete a 
curve equal to a quarter circle. 

It is during the last half of this curve that the 
balancing foot should be brought forward, at the same 
time turning the head and shoulders toward the point 
where the curve will end, as if carrying the balancing 
foot and leg around, and not swinging it independ- 
ently of the motion of the body ; always remember- 
ing to keep the balancing foot pointed down, and 
thus the toes lower than the heel. 

The .next step is taken by placing the balancing 
foot forward upon the floor nearly at right angles to 
the other, swaying the body sideways in the direction 
it points, and at the same instant turn the following 


32 FANCY SKATING. 

foot so as to give a slight downward pressure on its 
inner-edge, as the weight is brought to bear upon the 
other foot, which now becomes the gliding foot. Re- 
member that although the knee of the sustaining leg 
is bent at the beginning of a glide, it should be im- 
mediately but not abruptly straightened. 

In the execution of any * c roll " the body should be 
inclined " sideways" with the shoulder toward the 
point that would be the center of a circle made by 
the curve of the glide prolonged. Do not bend the 
body forward, but keep it perfectly erect, and incline 
the whole figure sideways, merely enough to counter- 
act the centrifugal force. Continue the glide of the 
second step for a quarter circle, and then repeat with 
the other foot. 

All the " rolls " should be practiced slowly and 
with precision, with strict attention to every position 
and motion of the feet and body, constantly guarding 
against faults, until the correct method is so perfectly 
acquired as to become a habit with the skater, who 
henceforth becomes graceful in movements. 

Forward Cross-roll— outer-edge. 


Start in the manner described for the plain forward 
outer-edge roll, and bring the balancing foot across in 
front of the gliding, before placing it on the surface 
again. 

The diagram — " Fig. 3 " — represents the first glide 
as upon the left foot. The position of the feet is 
shown for the beginning and end of each step or 
glide, but this diagram does not show the exact angle 
of the feet at the moment of taking a step. The 


FANCY SKATING. 33 

weight of the skater must be constantly borne upon 
the outer-edge of the gliding foot, and as the change 
is made from one foot to the other an impetus is 
gained by swaying the body toward the direction 
the gliding foot points. This impetus is increased 
by turning the shoulders and body with a some- 
what quick movement at the same instant, and the 
push is given on the outer-edge of the gliding foot 
as it is raised, therein differing from the push as given 
for the plain roll. 

Do not attempt to face toward the end of the rink, 
but let your looks follow the direction the gliding 
foot points ; this direction is constantly changing, so 
that you will alternately be brought to face toward 
either side of the rink. 


Forward Roll— inner-edge. 

This " roll " is apt to be less practiced than the rolls 
already described, because it is considered less grace- 
ful. Yet for one to become a good skater it is neces- 
sary to learn the inner-edge glides so as to execute 
them with as much precision and ease as the outer- 
edge movements, therefore practice of the inner-edge 
roll should not be neglected. 

Start as in plain forward skating, and bear the 
weight constantly upon the inner edge of the gliding 
foot. 

The balancing foot should be carried in the rear in 
the manner heretofore described, and brought forward 
and placed on the surface at the end of each glide. 

The impetus is gained chiefly by means of swaying 
the body in the direction of each glide. Some skaters 
carry the balancing foot in front, well toed out, and 
held directly over the gliding foot, in executing the 
inner-edge roll. 


34 FANCY SKATING. 

Forward Cross-roll— inner-edge. 

This is the easiest and most graceful method of 
skating the inner-edge roll, and differs from the pre- 
ceding method described in the respect that the bal- 
ancing foot is carried across in front of the gliding 
foot to be placed on the surface. During the glide 
the same relative position of the feet is maintained as 
for the plain inner-edge roll. At the end of each 
glide the next step is taken by toeing in the balancing 
foot, as it is brought across in front of the other, and 
in placing it on the surface the body is swayed in the 
direction this foot points, and the weight brought to 
bear upon its inner-edge. At the same instant a slight 
push is given on the outer-edge of the rear foot as it 
is raised. This movement is repeated at each suc- 
ceeding step, and the glide should be prolonged to 
describe a quarter circle. After this can be easily 
performed, the skater should practice prolonging the 
curve to an entire circle, and continuing it to a spiral, 
thereby preparing himself for the more difficult figure 
skating to be learned hereafter. 

Backward Roll— outer-edge. 


Ti$ 


This movement is easily learned after one has be- 
come proficient in the backward glide (Figure 5), by 
prolonging the glide upon the outer edge and raising 
each foot alternately as this is done. 

Figure 2 represents the first glide as upon the right 
foot (R). At the end of the glide the weight is 
brought to bear upon the inner edge of the gliding 
foot for a moment, and a slight push is given, as at 


FANCY SKATING. 35 

the same instant the other foot is placed on the sur- 
face, with the weight brought to bear on its outer 
edge. The push or pressure given on the short inner- 
edge curve at the end of each glide affords an impe- 
tus sufficient to carry the skater to the end of the suc- 
ceeding glide. 

As each foot is raised it should be carried to the 
rear' of the other foot, in proper position to be placed 
upon the surface again. 


Backward Cross-roll— outer-edge. 

This movement is the reverse of the forward outer- 
edge cross-roll, and differs materially from the plain 
backward roll. 

At the end of each Hide the balancing foot is 
crossed over behind the gliding foot, and as it is 
placed on the surface, the skater should turn around 
so as to bring his whole person facing the direction 
the sustaining foot points. The push is given upon 
the outer-edge of the foot as it is raised at each step, 
and the turn of the body aids in giving an impetus to 
the succeeding glide. The body should be carried 
very erect, with the weight well upon the heels, and 
the figure inclined sideways toward the center of the 
circle of which the curve of each glide forms an arc. 
The curves thus described are precisely like those of 
the forward cross-roll illustrated by Pig. 3. In effect- 
ing the change from one foot to the other the push 
or pressure is given on the outer-edge of the gliding 
foot as it is raised, and not as in the plain backward 
roll by turning the foot to the inner-edge for the push. 

The proper position of the balancing foot during 
each glide is immediately in the rear of, and nearly at 
right angles to, the gliding foot. There are various 
methods of bringing the foot around after raising it. 


36 FANCY SKATING. 

Some skaters prefer to bring the balancing foot to the 
rear quickly and at once upon raising it from the sur- 
face. Others bring the foot around slowly, quicken- 
ing the movement a little on the latter half of the 
glide, and we deem this the better method. 

The balancing foot may be carried close to the skat- 
ing surface, or raised to any height or in any style 
suited to the taste of the skater. But whether the 
feet are moved quickly or slowly, and raised much or 
little, the skater should avoid abruptness, and seek to 
acquire ease and grace in all motions. 

Backward Roll— inner-edge. 

This movement is an important one and somewhat 
difficult to acquire, and therefore it should be prac- 
ticed assiduously .until thoroughly learned. Too many 
are content merely with being able to skate backward 
by the inner-edge step, without regard to any niethod 
or grace in movement. In skating the backward inner- 
edge glide the skater should not face the direction the 
gliding foot points, but turn the body so as to face in 
the direction of the center of the circle of which the 
curve is an arc. 

The start is usually made from a forward glide, 
and under the impetus thus gained, the skater turns 
and glides backward on the inner-edge, with the bal- 
ancing foot held in the ordinary position behind the 
gliding foot, the sustaining leg straight, the figure 
slightly inclined in the direction toward which the 
glide is made, and the body faced as above described. 

For example, when gliding on the right foot the 
body is faced to the left, and the skater in this posi- 
tion can glance over his left shoulder in the direction 
of movement, and avoid the collisions incurred by a 
front-face position. The body must be ere.ct, and not 
bent forward at the hips. 


FANCY SKATING. 37 

Remember that while gliding on a curve the sus- 
taining leg should be straight, as also the body, and 
the figure of the skater is inclined from the skate, and 
not bent at the hips. At the beginning and end of a 
glide it is necessary of course that the knee of the 
sustaining leg shall be bent. 

At the end of each glide the next step is taken by 
placing the balancing foot upon the surface in the 
rear of, and nearly at right angles to, the other foot ; 
the weight is brought to bear upon it, and an impetus 
gained by inclining the body back, at the same instant 
turning the sustaining foot and giving a push on its 
outer edge as it is raised. 

The foot just raised is now carried to its position 
as balancing foot in the rear of the other, and in do- 
ing this the body is faced around so that the skater 
glides with the right shoulder leading. 

The backward cross-roll is the reverse of the for- 
ward cross-roll, and after the movements of the above 
instructions have been thoroughly acquired by prac- 
tice, the cross-roll may be easily performed. 


The Suburban Roll. 

This is a graceful and favorite method of skating 
with a partner, and it affords good practice for the 
long inner-edge and outer-edge glides. Each .curve is 
described by three glides, the first and last upon the 
outer-edge, and the middle glide upon the inner-edge, 
each succeeding curve being precisely similar. For 
example, if starting with the left foot outer-edge glide, 
continue the curve by a right foot inner-edge glide, 
this in turn succeeded by a left foot outer-edge glide ; 
then begin the return curve by a right foot outer-edge 
glide, succeeded by a left foot inner-edge glide, and a 
right foot outer-edge glide to complete the curve. 


38 FANCY SKATING. 

Backward and Forward Turns. 

Foncard to backward turn on the toes. 

Backward to forward turn on the heels. 

These two general rules give the principle upon 
which all ordinary turns are made. There are various 
methods of turning upon both feet, and all of them 
are easily learned, as the skater advances in pro- 
ficiency. 

The turns from left to right and from right to left, 
should be practiced until each becomes equally easy 
of execution as the others. If at first it is more diffi- 
cult to turn one way than another, practice the dif- 
ficult turn the most. 

A very easy way of turning from forward to back- 
ward is as follows : 

Bring the balancing foot forward and place it on 
the surface so as to point straight ahead, and at the 
instant the weight is borne on this foot, turn the other 
foot on its toe without raising it (just as if about to 
assume the " spread eagle " position for a sideways 
glide), and bring it quickly back alongside its mate, 
as the body is whirled about so as to reverse the posi- 
tion of the skater, who is then in position to skate 
backward by any step that may be chosen. 

The turn from backward to forward is most simply 
effected by making a short outer-edge curve, and turn- 
ing on the heel of the gliding foot, the toe of the 
other faot resting lightly on the surface as the body 
is whirled about. The succeeding forward step is 
effected and an impetus gained by a push on the 
inner-edge of the gliding foot at the close of the turn, 
as the other foot begins the forward glide. In thus 
turning, both forward and backward, the balance of 
the skater is guarded and assisted by keeping the toe 
of the balancing foot upon the surface, until the com- 
plete turn is effected. 


FANCY SKATING. 39 

Proficient skaters usually employ both feet at the 
beginning of a turn only, or else turn upon one foot 
without any assistance from the other. 

One foot turns are effected by whirling the body 
about, with the weight sustained at the instant of the 
turn according to the above rules printed in italics. 
It should be remembered, however, that although the 
turn from forward to backward is made with the 
weight sustained on the toes, this is only for the in- 
stant of the turn, and immediately the turn is ac- 
complished the weight should be borne well upon the 
heel for the backward glide ; and in turning from 
backward to forward the weight is maintained solely 
upon the heel of the gliding foot for the instant of 
the turn only. 

The Promenade. 

The promenade step is a favorite method of skating 
in time to music, and when correctly executed it 
affords an easy and agreeable manner of changing the 
glide from one foot to the other. The ordinary prom- 
enade step is effected by placing the balancing foot 
across in the rear of the other, and bringing the 
weight to bear upon it, as at the same instant the 
other foot is brought around to the rear in position 
for a push which is given to gain an impetus. This 
movement may be executed without any precision or 
attention to the proper way of placing the feet, and 
in a jerky, awkward manner. But it may also be 
executed with precision of movement and in a grace- 
ful manner, if practiced according to the following 
instructions : 

Do not raise the balancing foot from the surface 
while bringing it to the rear. 

We will suppose the learner to be standing in prop- 
er position for the start, the feet at right angles to 


40 FANCY SKATING. 

each other, with the hollow of the rear foot at the 
heel of the leading foot. The movements will then 
be as follows : 

One — the first step is the push with the rear foot, 
and this gives the impetus for each glide. 

Two — the second step consists in changing the glide 
to the rear foot by quickly placing it on the outer side 
of the leading foot, and bringing the weight to bear 
upon it. At this instant the feet assume the same po- 
sition as for the change of glide in the cross-roll (see 
Figure 3). 

For better understanding we will assume, for exam- 
ple, that the start is made with the left foot leading. 
The impetus is given with the right foot, immediately 
followed by step number " two" which changes the 
glide from the left to the right foot. The left foot is 
now brought around, well toed out and the heel 
raised, to the rear of and at right angles to the right 
foot ; the steps, one, tioo, are now executed by the left 
foot in turn. 

It is by repeating these movements alternately with 
each foot that each change of glide is effected. 

There are various methods of performing the prom- 
enade step. The two movements may be executed in 
rapid succession at the change of glide, and each 
glide prolonged to a long roll. In skating thus, if the 
leading foot is quickly brought to the rear it must be 
carried there until the close of the glide, when it is 
again placed on the surface as before, and immediately 
made to assume the glide by step " two" 

The usual method of executing the promenade, is 
by so managing the leading foot at the change of 
glide as to occupy the whole time of the glide in 
bringing it to the rear, in position for executing step 
number " one" and each succeeding step and glide 
may be thus performed without raising the entire 
skate from the surface at any time. Uniformity of 


FANCY SKATING. 41 

movement is essential to grace in skating the various 
promenade steps, and the learner will be aided in ac- 
quiring this by adopting the method of counting time 
for each step. 

Another method consists in giving the push when 
the balancing foot is just opposite, or at one side of, 
the gliding foot, instead of first bringing it to the rear 
as heretofore described. 

A common fault in skating the " promenade " move- 
ment is committed by the skater not bringing the 
leading foot around to the rear in the proper manner, 
merely lifting it back, instead of turning the foot out- 
ward with the toe resting on the surface. The latter 
and proper method is much more graceful. 

The Backward Promenade. 

The usual method of skating the promenade back- 
ward consists in bringing the following foot around to 
the rear by a serpentine curve, similar to the corre- 
sponding movement in the " serpentine express," bend- 
ing the knee of the sustaining leg slightly at each 
step, and crossing the foot in the rear as each suc- 
ceeding glide is begun, with both feet kept continu- 
ously upon the surface. 

The Suburban Promenade. 

This graceful method of skating with a partner is 
similar to the "suburban roll," except that the "sub- 
urban promenade " consists of three glides upon one 
curve, and a change of direction for the return curve 
by means of the promenade step already described. 

For example, start with an outer-edge glide, to be 
succeeded by an inner-edge glide upon the other foot, 
and this in turn succeeded by an outer-edge glide 
upon the first foot, all three glides being made in the 


42 FANCY SKATING. 

same direction upon one long curve. At the close of 
the third glide place the balancing foot upon the sur- 
face in the rear, by the promenade step number "two" 
at the same instant bring the other foot around, and 
by the promenade step number "one" give the impe- 
tus by which to prolong the first glide, on the return 
curve now started on. 

The curves are similar to such as are described in 
skating the long roll, but in the " suburban " roll each 
curve is described by three glides, as has been previ- 
ously mentioned, the middle one being an inner-edge 
glide, and the other two are outer-edge glides or rolls. 

The plain " suburban roll " is executed by making 
the change of direction, as in skating the ordinary out- 
er-edge roll, without introducing the promenade step. 

The Suburban Cut-off. 

This movement is similar to the three-step suburban 
promenade, but with one of the three glides of each 
curve omitted or cut off ; so that each alternate curve 
is performed by two glides, an outer-edge on one foot 
and an inner-edge on the other. If the first curve is 
begun by an outer-edge glide, it is completed by an 
inner edge glide, the next returning curve is begun by 
an inner-edge glide, and the next by an outer-edge 
glide, alternately gliding upon each foot. 

For example, start with an outer-edge glide on the 
left foot, and continue the curve by an inner-edge 
glide on the right foot. The next curve is begun 
with an inner-edge glide on the left foot, and this 
glide is succeeded in turn by an outer-edge right foot 
glide in continuation of the same curve. We there- 
fore come to the end of the second curve by an outer- 
edge glide on the right foot, when the change to the 
return curve is effected by the two steps of the regu- 
lar promenade, the left foot being placed on the 


FANCY SKATING. 43 

surface in the rear, and the right foot quickly brought 
around to give the impetus for the outer-edge glide 
on the left foot that begins the third curve. 

The sequence of glides would be, for first curve, 
outer-edge left foot, inner-edge right foot, turn ; for 
second or return curve, inner-edge left foot, outer-edge 
right foot, turn ; for third curve, outer-edge left foot, 
inner-edge right foot, and so on. 

A curve may be started with either an inner-edge 
or outer-edge glide. If the second glide is on the 
inner-edge, the first glide of the next curve will be on 
the inner-edge of the other foot. If the second glide 
is on the outer edge, the first glide of the siicceeding 
curve will be on the outer-edge of the other foot. 

The " Step-over" Promenade. 

Thi's is executed by three movements. Start as in 
the plain promenade, and after changing the glide to 
the rear foot by movement number "two," step upon 
the toe of the leading foot, the toe of the boot rest- 
ing on the surface. Then step over with the rear 
foot and begin the next glide upon it. For example, 
" one" — glide on left foot ; " ttoo" — glide on right 
foot placed in rear ; " three" — step on the toe of the 
left foot, which is still in advance, and immediately 
raise the right foot, bring it forward, and with a step 
over the other foot, place it on the surface, and upon 
it perform the first glide of the succeeding movement. 
The forward progress during the execution of the 
" step-over " promenade should be slow, and the suc- 
cessive movements executed in regular time. 

The " Cut-off; Promenade. 

This graceful movement is performed by three 
steps, the first two corresponding to the plain prom- 


44 FANCY SKATING. 

enade. For the third step the leading foot is brought 
around to the rear in the same manner, but instend of 
stopping at right angles to the other foot, it is toed 
back as in the " eagle " step and placed thus on the 
surface. A short backward glide is taken on this foot, 
ending with the inner-edge push which forms move- 
ment number " one " of the promenade step and gives 
the impetus for the succeeding forward glide. 

For example, let the skater start with the right 
foot leading. The impetus is given by a push 
(" one ") with the left foot, which immediately after- 
ward becomes the -gliding foot by movement number 
" two." Now turn the body so as to face sideways 
from the direction of the glide, thus bringing the left 
shoulder ahead, as the right foot is turned around so 
as to toe back ; now bring the weight to bear on the 
right foot, and terminate the short backward glide 
on this foot by an inner-edge push, which gives an im- 
petus for the succeeding outer-edge forward glide 
on the left foot. The movements are thus repeated, 
so that the third step of each is a backward glide, 
performed by each foot alternately. 

In executing the " cut-off " promenade, the skater 
faces alternately in an opposite direction and glides 
forward in this position with the shoulder in advance. 
The first o'lide is made on the outer edo*e forward, 
the second is also a forward glide, the third a back- 
ward glide and the shortest one. 

The motions of the skater should be uniform, grace- 
ful and easy, and not too quick. There are two meth- 
ods of skating this movement ; differing from each 
other only in the manner of executing the third or 
backward glide. This may be performed by placing 
the foot on the surface behind the other foot, or be- 
fore it. The former is tht easiest method for a slow 
movement and long glides ; but the latter method — 
turning the foot before or on the inner side of the 


FANCY SKATING. 45 

other* for the backward glide — seems to be most in 
vogue. The " cut-off " is also varied by prolonging 
the backward glide. 

The Eagle. 

The eagle, or " spread-eagle " as it is sometimes 
termed, is a glide performed with each foot toed out 
upon the same line. To execute this it is first neces- 
sary to acquire a momentum ; one foot is then brought 
to the rear and turned so as to point back towards the 
starting point, the other foot pointing forward, and 
the skater thus glides sideways, or with one side in 
advance and facing at right angles to the direction of 
the glide. This movement may be performed with 
the feet far apart and the legs much bent at the knees, 
or the heels may be placed against each other. The 
latter method is the more difficult and can be easily 
acquired only by persons whose joints are flexible and 
adapted to such a position of the feet. 

The eagle inner-edge consists of a glide performed 
with the feet in a similar position, with the weight of 
the body borne on the inner-edge of the skate, and a 
curve instead of a straight line is described by the 
glide thus made. 

The eagle outer-edge is executed by bearing the 
weight upon the outer-edge, the body inclined some- 
what backward, and gliding on the curve of a circle 
having its center behind the skater. - 


Change of Edge. 

It is quite important for the skater to become pro- 
ficient in readily changing from the outer-edge to the 
inner-edge glide and vice versa^ upon either foot, and 
in backward and forward movements. 

Start as in the outer-edge roll and while gliding on 


46 FANCY SKATING. 

one foot change to an inner-edge roll, then to an outer- 
edge roll, and repeat with the other foot. 

Practice this movement forwards and backwards 
until perfect ease is acquired, and you will be well re- 
paid for the time thus spent by the facility with which 
many intricate movements may thereafter be readily 
performed. 

The Serpentines. 

A serpentine is simply a continued glide upon the 
inner and outer-edge alternately, or a " change of 
edge " glide prolonged. This may be performed upon 
both feet, one directly in advance of the other, and 
forward or backward, or upon one foot. 

The eagle serpentine is executed with the feet in 
the position described for the eagle movement, the 
toes pointing in opposite directions and the skater 
facing at right angles to the direction of the glide. 
By repeating the change of edge with each foot the 
serpentine movement is acquired and the glide pro- 
longed by a uniform motion of the feet and body. 

The Serpentine Express. 

£ L 


Great speed can be attained by this movement, 
which is similar to the serpentine, but each foot al- 
ternately leads. The curves performed by either foot 
are the same in forward and backward skating, and 
are shown by the diagram (Fig. 7), which is intended 
to illustrate the backward movement. 

The principle by which an impetus is gained is sim- 
ilar to that of " sculling," or the backward glide de- 
scribed under Fig. 5. 


FANCY SKATING. 47 

Referring to the illustration (Fig. 7), we will 
assume that the skater has already acquired a momen- 
tum and is at " a," with the left foot " L " leading, and 
" R," the right foot following. At " b " the skater's 
weight is chiefly borne on the left foot outer-edge, 
while the right foot is drawn back witli a rapid move- 
ment, and a pressure on its inner-edge as it crosses 
the line of the other foot. By this rapid movement 
the right foot is brought to the rear, so that it leads at 
" c." The left foot now performs a curve across and 
back in front of the right foot while gliding from " c " 
to " d," where it is brought around with the quick 
turn and inner-edge pressure on the toe by which the 
impetus is gained. 

In this movement both feet are constantly on the 
surface and the skating is performed by the feet and 
legs with the body held in one position, facing back 
toward the starting point, without turning from side 
to side. By employing the principle by which the 
impetus is gained in this movement the greatest possi- 
ble speed in backward skating may be attained. 

The relative position of the feet and the curves de- 
scribed in skating forward are similar to the same in 
executing the movement backward. In either direc- 
tion the movements consist of the principle of " scull- 
ing " employed in connection with the method of cross- 
ing one foot alternately before and behind the other. 


English Roll. 

This movement is performed by placing the feet 
parallel and so close to each other that they touch, 
and by swaying the body alternately from side to side, 
accompanied alternately by a slight inner-edge and 
outer-edge pressure on the skates, an advance move- 
ment in serpentine curves is effected. 


48 FANCY SKATING. 

Deception. 

This movement is performed by taking steps as if 
walking in one direction while the actual progress is in 
the opposite direction. The steps may be taken either 
forward or backward, and the legs are crossed at each 
step. 

In skating forward by the deception steps an im- 
petus is first gained and as the forward glide is pro- 
longed each foot is alternately placed upon its inner- 
edge behind the other; at the same moment glide the 
leading foot forward with a quick movement, and 
then immediately draw it back to the rear for the suc- 
ceeding step on its inner-edge. At the moment the 
rear foot is placed on the surface the weight is brought 
to bear upon it, the advance foot is moved as above 
described with an outward turn of the toe, and the 
hips thrown forward by an almost imperceptible mo- 
tion as the upper portion of the body is held well 
erect. 

The forward deception movement is not easy to a 
beginner, because of the difficulty in placing the foot 
upon its inner-edge in the rear of the other. Practice 
the serpentine movement by starting with an inner- 
edge glide, and place one foot behind the other in 
taking each step. Remember that each step must be 
upon the inner-edge, and the glides short. 

When the proper method of managing the feet and 
hips has be.en acquired the skater will be enabled to 
maintain a forward progress for an indefinite time, or 
until tired out. 

The backward deception is the reverse of the for- 
ward movement and is performed by alternately plac- 
ing each foot, well toed out, upon its outer-edge across 
in front of the other, and gliding back upon this foot ; 
then the other is quickly brought to the front and placed 
on the surface, with the weight brought to bear upon 


FANCY SKATING. 49 

its outer-edge, as in turn the skater glides upon this 
foot. 


The Music Step. 

This consists simply of step number two of the 
promenade step, repeated once, twice, or more at the 
skater's option, in each glide. For example, when 
skating the music step in double time, as the weight 
is borne on the rear foot the leading foot is advanced 
and is then made to sustain the weight an instant 
while the rear foot is again brought up behind and 
alongside as before. This is done by two quick mo- 
tions, to be succeeded by the glide. At each step the 
knees are bent and the steps and glides should be in 
time with the music. 

The Grapevine. 

Last but not least among the fancy field movements 
we attempt to describe, comes the grapevine. In 
executing this movement the skater turns about so as 
to alternately face in opposite directions, forward and 
back, but does not make an entire revolution. 

At the start the face may be toward the direction 
of the glide, but the first " whirl " brings the skater 
upon a backward glide and thus facing back toward 
the starting point. The next whirl brings the skater 
back to the position of the start, and facing in the 
same direction as then. 

The black lines of the illustration indicate which 
foot leads during the progress of the glide, and the 
dotted lines indicate the following foot. By this 
4 


50 FANCY SKATING. 

means the reader can perceive the exact point at 
which one foot passes the other, as well as the curves 
described by each foot. As in the " Serpentine Ex- 
press," the feet describe curves precisely alike, and by 
the method illustrated each foot is alternately in ad- 
vance, with both feet constantly upon the surface. 

Assuming that the start is made with the left foot 
leading, the right is brought forward and across in 
front of the left with a slight turn of the body* to the 
left ; the curve is then reversed, the left foot follow- 
ing the right and passing it just as the skater arrives 
at the point for the first " whirl," when he turns so as 
to glide backward with the left foot leading. The 
right foot is now brought by a serpentine movement, 
across and back, in front of the left foot, the weight 
being mainly sustained on the latter, and at the end 
of this serpentine curve the second " whirl " is per- 
formed. This whirl brings the skater back to the po- 
sition of the start, when the right foot is quickly 
brought around as before, and the movement contin- 
ued. Each turn is made upon the heel of one foot 
and toe of the other, as illustrated by the diagram 
(Fig. 6), and between the turns the legs are crossed. 

Another method of skating the grapevine consists 
of the same movements, except that at the first whirl 
the right foot is immediately brought around to the 
rear of the left instead of across and back in front. 

The curves executed by each foot are precisely the 
same as shown by the diagram, but instead of the left 
foot leading on the backward glide after the first 
whirl, the right foot is brought around to the rear and 
made to lead, and at the next whirl brought forward 
so as to lead on the forward glide as before. 

By either method the impetus is gained by a pres- 
sure with the following foot at the turns ; and the lat- 
ter method, by which the foot leading on the forward 
glide is made to lead on the backward glide also, is 


FANCY SKATING. 51 

the method most commonly adopted by skaters, and 
the start is made backwards. 

The grapevine is not a difficult movement to learn 
after one has become proficient in the serpentines and 
turns, but not until such proficiency has been acquired 
will the skater be enabled to attain that uniformity of 
motion so necessary to an easy and graceful execution 
of this movement. 

The double grapevine is performed in a similar 
manner, but instead of turning half around an entire 
revolution is made, and then an entire revolution back 
again. So that if the first turn is from left to right 
the next is from right to left, and the glides between 
the turns are all forward glides. 

The grape-vine may also be performed on the toes. 
A similar movement varied in execution by the meth- 
od of crossing the legs and turning the feet before 
each whirl is sometimes termed the "Philadelphia 
twist. This is a more rapid movement, but the 
curves described are similar to those of the grape- 
vine. 58 JH 


Dancing. 


: 


Dancing upon skates is such a pretty and graceful 
amusement that we hope to see it become as much in 
vogue and popular favor upon rollers as it deservedly 
is with skaters upon ice. When the learner has by 
practice and careful attention to the instructions here- 
tofore given, become a good skater, and especially 
proficient in the turns and changes of edge, then waltz- 
ing may readily be enjoyed, as well as quadrilles. 

For a quadrille the square should be formed of 
larger size than for ordinary dancing, as the move- 
ments of the skaters are more rapid in executing the 
figures. The greater distance between opposite 
couples enables the skaters to acquire an impetus for 


52 FANCY SKATING. 

the turns, and a rapidity of movement in executing 
the figures in time to the music. 

In waltzing the feet are usually not raised from the 
surface, but the steps and turns may be varied to suit 
the individual tastes of the skaters and the time of 
the music. 

The beginner should practice alone until able to 
turn with ease in time to the music, before attempting 
to waltz with a partner, and constantly bear in mind 
that the dance is a succession of glides. The turns 
should not be made by means of a jump. Turn the 
toes well out in making the turns. The "cut-off 
promenade " and " grapevine " movements afford ex- 
cellent practice for acquiring ease in waltzing. We 
would refer the novice to the remarks made in con- 
nection with combination threes and eights for useful 
hints in regard to # dancing quadrilles.' 


Trick and Figure Skating, 


We begin this chapter with a description of the 
figure three. When the skater has practiced the vari- 
ous methods by which this figure can be performed, 
and has become thoroughly proficient in executing all 
of them well with either foot, the skill thus acquired 
will be sufficient for the performance of any figures or 
movements known to skaters, provided that equal 
proficiency has been attained in the movements here- 
tofore described. We therefore commend to skaters 
the threes and their combinations as a most excellent 
practice, especially for acquiring more perfectly the 
turns, changes of edge, etc. 

Single Three. 

The curves described in this figure are illustrated by 
" F " in Fig. 8. There are four ways of executing the 
figure three, viz. : 1 — first curve an outer-edge for- 
ward glide, turn on toe, second curve an inner-edge 


54 TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 

backward glide ; 2 — first curve an inner-edge forward 
glide, turn on toe, second curve an outer-edge back- 
ward glide ; 3 — first curve an outer-edge backward 
glide, turn on heel, second curve an inner-edge for- 
ward glide ; 4 — first curve an inner-edge backward 
glide, turn on heel, second curve an outer-edge forward 
glide. 

In the diagram, Fig. 8, "F" represents the single 
three as begun by a forward glide and ended t>y a 
backward glide, as by either of the methods 1 and 2 
above described. The threes should be practiced up- 
on each foot until equal proficiency with either may 
be attained. 


Double Threes. 

" D," figure 8, illustrates the position of the feet 
when executing double threes by employing both 
feet, commencing at the right with a forward outer- 
edge glide on the left foot, the first curve thus de- 
scribed is succeeded by a similar curve described by 
an outer-edge backward glide on the right foot, and 
this in turn succeeded by an outer-edge forward glide 
on the left foot, and so on. 

Omit the letters R and L and the illustration " D " 
will serve to show the same movement as performed 
upon one foot. A variation may be effected by de- 
scribing three curves upon one foot before changing 
to the other foot. 

Another method of performing double threes is to 
execute a complete three on one foot and then repeat 
on the other foot. For example, an outer-edge for- 
ward glide, turn, — inner-edge backward glide on same 
foot, turn ; then an inner-edge forward glide upon the 
other foot, succeeded by an outer-edge backward glide 
on that foot. 


TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 55 

Flying Threes. 

"E," Fig. 8, illustrates one of the several methods 
by which flying threes may be executed. In the illus- 
tration the first three is executed by a left foot for- 
ward outer-edge glide, and an inner-edge glide back- 
ward on the same foot. The next three is executed 
by an outer-edge forward glide on the right foot, suc- 
ceeded by an inner-edge backward glide on the same 
foot. 

There are several methods of performing the flying 
threes. Three curves instead of two may be de- 
scribed on one foot before executing the reverse curves 
upon the other foot. 

Another method is to change from the last curve of 
the figures executed on one foot to the first reverse 
curve of the next without turning the body, employ- 
ing each foot alternately. 


The Clover Leaf. 

" C," Fig. 8, represents the clover leaf as executed 
upon the right foot. The clover leaf consists of the 
figure three curves prolonged so as to bring the skater 
around to the starting point in three glides or curves. 

We will suppose the start to be made backward on 
the right foot, which describes a short serpentine and 
then executes an outer-edge backward roll, then turn 
and continue by a forward inner-edge roll, turn again 
and execute another outer-edge backward roll which is 
prolonged to the point of starting, when the figure is 
completed by an outer-edge backward roll on the left 
foot, the last glide forming the clover leaf stem as 
shown by the diagram. The figure may also be exe- 
cuted by starting with a forward roll. 

The double clover leaf is performed by prolonging 
the finishing glide that forms the stem so as to make 


56 TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 

it a serpentine, and executing a second clover leaf at 
the end of this serpentine. 

Figure Eight. 

The figure eight consists of two circles joined to- 
gether in such a manner as to resemble the numeral as 
usually printed. There are various methods of execut- 
ing the figure eight, upon one foot, both feet, alternate 
feet, forwards and backwards, etc. 

The eight may be performed upon one foot by first 
attaining sufficient impetus and then executing the 
first circle forwards, upon either inner or outer edge, 
and the second circle backwards. 

In performing the eight by use of both feet an addi- 
tional impetus is gained at the change, when one circle 
has been completed and the second is begun with the 
other foot. 

Loops and Ringlets. 

Loops and ringlets are executed on either edge of 
the skates and upon one foot, by starting with an impe- 
tus previously acquired and turning around constantly 
in one direction by gliding in short curves. The loops, 
as the term denotes, consist of more elongated curves 
than the nearly circular ringlets. 

Locomotives. 

There are various methods of performing the loco- 
motive movements, which are supposed to effect an 
imitation of the noise of a locomotive engine. They 
should be commenced slowly, and the steps gradually 
quickened until the greatest possible rapidity in suc- 
cession of steps is executed, and the finish performed 
by gradually retarding the steps. 


TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 57 

The same steps may be skated without noise by 
gliding the feet on the surface throughout the same 
movements. This method is certainly more graceful, 
while equally attractive to beholders, although the so- 
called " locomotive " imitation effected by the noise of 
placing the skates on the surface at each step is omitted. 

Single Locomotive. 

In this movement one foot constantly leads. If the 
left foot is the leading foot the start is made by plac- 
ing this forcibly on the surface for a forward glide, 
then do likewise with the right foot by placing it on 
the surface in the rear, toed out, and glide forward on 
its inner-edge as the left foot is raised and immedi- 
ately put down again in the same position. Then 
raise the right foot and toeing back place it on the 
surface, and perform a backward glide on its inner- 
edge as the left foot is again raised from and returned 
to the surface. 

Thus it will be seen that the movement consists of 
the repetition of four steps, as follows : Leading foot 
forward, following foot inner-edge forward, leading 
foot forward, following foot inner-edge backward. 

The steps with following foot are executed with 
this foot turned so as to be placed on the surface at 
an angle of about forty-five degrees to the direction of 
progress. The leading foot may be held so as to point 
straight forward, or it may describe a slight serpen- 
tine during the forward movement. 

Double Locomotive. 

This movement is similar to the single locomotive 
and differs only in the change whereby each foot leads 
alternately. It is executed by bringing the rear foot 
in advance after the four steps have been taken, and 


58 TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 

making it the leading foot, while the same steps are 
repeated with the other foot, which then in turn is 
made to lead again. 

Another method of imitating the noise of a loco- 
motive engine consists in gliding forward alternately 
upon each foot, and using the balancing foot to effect 
the noise by tapping upon the surface as it is brought 
forward. 

Backward Locomotive. 

Glide backward upon one foot and with the other 
perform steps similar to those of the forward locomo- 
tive movement. If the left foot leads bear the weight 
upon that foot and draw it quickly back, at the same 
instant toe in the right and crossing it in front of the 
left place it on the surface. The right foot is then 
drawn back on its inner- edge, with a quick turn and a 
backward cross step on its outer-edge, executed in the 
rear of the left. 

It will be seen that in performing the backward 
locomotive the diagonal steps are executed alternately 
before and behind the gliding foot, instead of each 
step behind as in the forward locomotive. 

Picket Fence. 

This movement resembles the locomotive, but the 
skater makes a sideways progress by means of zigzag 
steps, one foot constantly following the other. * For 
example, if the skater starts with his left side in ad- 
vance this position is maintained throughout the exe- 
cution of the movement. The steps or glides are 
very short, and all of them are executed with the feet 
at an angle of forty-five degrees to the direction of 
progress. 

Starting with a forward step or glide on the left 
foot, the second step is forward on the right foot 


TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 59 

placed across in the rear. The third step is backward 
on the left foot, and the right foot is crossed in front 
for the backward fourth step. Then the first forward 
step on the left foot is repeated, and so on. If the 
start is made with the skater's right side in advance,, 
the right foot will lead constantly. A variation may- 
be effected by alternating the leading foot. 

Scissors. 

This figure or movement consists of spreading the 
legs and drawing them together again, and it may be 
performed in a variety of ways. The plain forward 
scissors movement is executed by extending one foot 
directly in advance of the other as far as possible, 
the legs straight, the advance foot gliding on its heel 
and the following foot gliding upon its toe. Then the 
rear foot is brought forward so as to lead, and by thus 
alternating, the skater glides forward, and appears as 
if walking stiff -legged with long strides. The move- 
ment may be performed backward, but is more diffi- 
cult to execute thus. Another movement, usually 
termed the " spread," consists of spreading the legs 
by toeing out, and allowing the feet to glide apart on 
the heels, with the legs straight, and then drawing the 
feet together. 

The revolving scissors is a movement effected by a 
combination of the plain forward and backward scis- 
sors already described, and is executed by turning 
constantly in one direction as the rear foot is brought 
up, so that the skater faces forward and then back- 
ward alternately as the steps are executed ; or an en- 
tire revolution may be made at each turn as another 
variation. 

One-Foot Serpentines. 

In performing the serpentine movement upon one 


60 TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 

foot the same principle of motion is employed as in 
the serpentine with both feet on the surface. The im- 
petus is gained by the alternate pressure of the skater's 
weight upon the inner and outer edges of the skate, 
and a corresponding side sway of the body. The bal- 
ancing foot may be carried in the usual position, at 
right angles in the rear, or swung to and fro across the 
path and in the rear of the gliding foot, or rested upon 
the gliding foot with the toe turned out, or in any way 
to suit the taste of the skater. The one-foot serpen- 
tine, forward and backward, affords excellent practice 
in acquiring a good balance and the change of e"dge 
upon one foot. 

Pivots. 

The term pivot is used to denote a curve or circle 
executed by a glide upon one foot while the other foot 
is held rested on the surface at the center of the circle. 
The principle employed is the same in all the various 
pivots. The figure of the skater must be inclined 
toward the center of the circle, as in executing the 
rolls and all of the longer curves, and the leg that de- 
scribes the curve must be held as straight as possible. 

The plain pivot is performed by gliding upon the 
inner-edge of one foot, either forward or backward, 
around a circle of about two feet radius. That is to 
say, the feet are about two feet apart while executing 
this figure. 

As the body is inclined to one side in starting on 
the gliding foot the skater is enabled to locate the 
center of the circle and drop the toe of the pivot foot 
upon it, and it should be held there until the full circle 
has been described by the gliding foot: 

To start a pivot, stand in the usual position of rest 
with the feet nearly at right angles to each other. 
Give an impetus with the rear foot and glide on the 


TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 61 

outer-edge of the leading foot, immediately placing the 
following foot close alongside in the rear and continue 
the curve on its inner-edge. Then at once raise the 
leading foot, and carrying it about two feet to one 
side, let its toe rest on the surface, in the center of 
the circle to be described. It will be observed that 
the start is effected by means of two steps correspond- 
ing to the " promenade " movement, except that the 
second step is taken on the inner-edge. 

The outer-edge pivot, forward and backward, is 
performed by crossing the legs, one knee being placed 
against the leg under the other knee, and the feet 
crossed over as far apart as possible. The general 
instructions for the inner-edge pivot should be ap- 
plied as far as is possible to the performance of the 
outer-edge pivot. The leg of the pivot foot should be 
crossed over behind the other leg. 

While in the act of executing the pivot the position 
of the skater should be as follows : the body faced as 
the gliding foot points, the outer leg straight and 
controlled from the hip as it is brought around simul- 
taneously with the turn of the body ; the figure in- 
clined to one side so that a straight line could be 
drawn from the shoulder through the leg to the 
gliding foot. The feet are at right angles to each 
other, the pivot foot resting on its toe. 

The weight is sustained by both feet after the 
start, but wholly upon the gliding foot at the instant 
of starting. In the moment required for carrying 
the pivot foot to its position the glide is sufficient to 
enable the skater to assume the proper inclination of 
the body and fix the center point upon which the toe 
of the pivot foot must be placed. Remember that 
the pivot foot must be toed out, at right angles to 
the other foot, and if properly placed it should not 
move from the center point until the circle has been 
completed. 


62 TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 

Pivot Eight. 

There are various methods of executing this figure, 
as the skater may employ the inner-edge, or the outer- 
edge rear cross pivot, or a combination of several 
pivots. A plain pivot-eight may be performed as 
follows : 

The starting point should be at the center of the 
eight or where the two circles meet, and at that point 
the skater faces toward one side of the figure. Ex- 
ecute the first circle by an inner-edge pivot, and at its 
completion bring the feet close together, and the fig- 
ure erect at the same moment, then execute the sec- 
ond circle by an inner-edge pivot upon the other foot. 
The whole figure should be executed with an even 
motion, devoid of any perceptible hitch or pause. Af- 
ter the skater has acquired skill in performing the 
eights but little impetus will be necessary at the start, 
as the motion is effected by means of properly con- 
trolling the inclination and turn of the body. With 
too much impetus it is difficult to hold the pivot foot 
in position so as to describe a perfect circle. 

Each circle of the eight should be of the same size, 
and at the completion of the figure the skater is at the 
point of starting, and facing in the same direction as 
at the start. In changing frtfrn one circle to the other 
the balance of the skater should be preserved by avoid- 
ing any abrupt movement, as the relative positions of 
the feet are changed and the body brought into an 
erect position and inclined to the other side. 

A combination pivot-eight may be performed as 
follows : Start on the first circle with a forward 
outer-edge pivot, the feet not too far apart, and when 
the circle is half described tarn on the toes and com- 
plete the circle by a backward inner-edge glide. Con- 
tinue on the second circle by a backward outer-edge 
glide, pivot-leg crossed behind, and when the circle is 


THICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 63 

half described turn on the heel of the gliding foot and 
complete the circle by a forward inner-edge glide. 

A similar combination pivot-eight may be per- 
formed by starting backward, and making three turns 
instead of two, one at each end of the figure eight 
and a turn in the middle, when the change is made 
from one circle to the other. 


Spins. 

A spin consists of whirling upon one foot or both 
feet by repeated revolutions in one direction. The 
head and shoulders should be turned in the direction 
toward which the skater turns, the body held erect, 
and the arms may be extended each side, held close 
to the sides, or bent at the elbows so as to bring the 
hands up to the breast or shoulders. 

The spins upon both feet are usually started by 
allowing the feet to glide apart, and then drawing 
them together forcibly. 

A spin on one foot is usually started by gliding in 
a sharp curve upon either the inner or outer-edge ; or 
by first performing a spiral under a strong impetus, 
ending with the short curve by which a spin is begun. 
The balancing foot is carried across in front of the 
sustaining leg, and is raised quite high by some skaters 
during the execution of the spin. 

The number of revolutions possible in one spin de- 
pends upon the skill and endurance of the performer. 

The wonderful rapidity and duration of a *good 
spin are w r ell illustrated by the performances of such 
well-known roller skaters as Mr. Robert J. Aginton, 
Mr. W. E. Livesey, and others. Mr. Aginton informs 
us that he has executed upward of three hundred 
turns in a single spin. 


64 TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 

. Pirouettes. 

A pirouette in skating, as in dancing, is a whirl or 
turn performed upon the toes. Or it may be likened 
to a toe spin, consisting of one turn, or two turns only. 
Pirouettes are introduced as variations in fancy and 
figure skating. 


The Figure Q. 

The name of this figure is due to its resemblance 
to the letter Q in form as described by the curves 
executed. The figure is performed by starting with a 
one foot serpentine, at the end of which a "figure 
three" turn is made and a complete circle executed on 
the same foot. For example, start on the outer-edge 
forward and complete the serpentine on the inner- 
edge forward, then turn on the toe and execute a com- 
plete circle by a backward glide. 

Or, start on the outer-edge backward and complete 
the serpentine on the inner-edge backward, then turn 
on the heel and execute a complete circle on the outer- 
edge forward. 

There are eight ways of performing the Q, corre- 
sponding to the eight methods of starting. The start 
may be made on a serpentine and the circle described 
thereafter, or the circle may first be executed and the 
figure completed by the serpentine; and by each 
method there are four ways to begin, viz. : forward 
outer-edge glide, forward inner-edge, backward outer- 
edge, backward inner-edge. 

This figure affords most excellent practice in acquir- 
ing a good balance, in change of edge and inclination 
of the body, and in the turns, and it cannot be too high- 
ly recommended to experts as a regular practice figure. 
The curves described can be varied, and need not cor- 
respond to the form of the letter Q. 


TRICK AND FIGURE SKATING. 65 

Jumping. 

A facility in jumping upon skates is of much prac- 
tical value in field ice-skating, but is less a necessity 
or accomplishment for roller skaters in a rink, although 
sometimes of advantage in Polo playing. Various 
feats are performed by jumping, and among them is 
the " spread eagle " jump. This is performed at full 
speed with the feet in the " eagle " position. The 
eagle reverse is effected by jumping, and turning 
while in the air, so as to come down on the surface 
upon the same line and continue the eagle movement, 
with the foot in advance that was previously the fol- 
lowing foot. 

Toe Steps. 

Nearly all of the movements heretofore described, 
such as the grapevine, promenade, serpentines, threes, 
eights, waltzes, eagle, etc., may be performed upon 
the toes. The skater should become proficient in bal- 
ancing and plain gliding upon the toes before attempt- 
ing difficult movements. If this is not done the toe 
movements cannot be executed with that ease and 
grace w 7 hich render them attractive. 


Combination Skating. 


The figures that may be skated in combination by 
two or more persons are almost innumerable. We 
will make no attempt to mention more than a very 
few of them, as the anticipated limits of our little vol- 
ume have already been exceeded. Expert skaters are 
constantly devising new variations in combination 
skating, and there are many regular movements of 
which a full description would make a long chapter 
on the subject. We commend skaters to assid- 
uously practice the threes and eights, so as to be 
able to enjoy dancing. To Rink managers we w r ould 
say, introduce the quadrille as a never ending source 
of enjoyment for your patrons, not only for the skaters, 
who can become proficient in the necessary movements 
by aid of the Instruction Book, but also for their 
friends who will go to see the beautiful evolutions of 
graceful skaters. 
-^ 

Dancing. 

In the list of combination figures dancing is easily 
first, for it affords opportunities for executing all the 
most graceful movements known to skaters. 

Waltzes may be danced with the ease and grace 
that render a graceful movement the poetry of mo- 
tion. We see expert skaters dancing the waltz alone 
upon rollers, but it is rare to observe any one waltzing 
with a partner in the roller skating rinks. And as yet 
the dancing of quadrilles in the roller rinks seems to 
be unknown, although both kinds of dancing form a 


COMBINATION SKATING. 67 

common amusement in the ice rinks we have visited. 
We do not know of any exhibition in figure skating 
more pleasing to spectators and to the performers, 
than is afforded by quadrilles danced on skates by 
proficient skaters This is especially true of double 
quadrilles, each formed by eight couples. 

As in ordinary European dancing, the figures of a 
quadrille upon skates are not usually called out by 
name. The dancers are supposed to be familiar with 
the figures which are executed in regular rotation or 
merely called by number by the leader of each set. 
In America, however, where so many dancers allow 
themselves to become dependent upon a caller or 
"prompter," it might be necessary to post placards in 
the rink giving a list of the regular figures of a quad- 
rille in their proper order. And instead of the figures 
being called at each change of measure in the music, 
a large placard numeral corresponding to the figure 
as numbered on the regular list may be displayed at 
the band stand, so as to be readily seen from all 
points. 

If these few hints and suggestions result in the in- 
troduction of dancing as an additional rink attraction, 
we shall feel that they have not been offered in vain. 
We would refer the reader to the descriptions of the 
combination figure eight as suggesting the methods of 
dancing quadrilles on skates. 

Revolving Threes. 

This movement is performed by two persons facing 
each other, and joining hands, and in this position the 
curves and turns of the " figure three " are executed, 
each skater alternately gliding backward and then for- 
ward. The movement to be graceful should be rather 
slowly performed. 

Start with an outer-edge roll, one skater gliding 


68 COMBINATION SKATING. 

backward and the other forward upon the opposite 
foot ; at the end of the roll execute a turn, and by an 
inner-edge glide upon the second curve of "figure 
three," the skater who led at the start by a backward 
outer-edge roll now follows by a forward inner-edge 
roll ; and the skater who faced forward at the start 
now glides backward by the inner-edge roll. 

The changes may be effected by turns upon both 
feet or upon one foot, and the movement may be va- 
ried by turning at the ends of each alternate roll, by 
reversing the turns, by separating and joining hands 
again, etc. A similar movement in which the two 
skaters perform the cross-roll, in connection with the 
figure three turns, is termed the " Mercury." 

Combination Eights. 

The combinations of the movements known as threes 
and*eights may be elaborated into a great many vari- 
ations, and these figures are employed in dancing 
quadrilles. We will not attempt, however, to give a 
description of the intricate (and yet to expert skaters 
not difficult) movements that may be performed by 
four or more persons, but merely devote a few lines to 
a description of the plain eights. The start should al- 
ways be made upon the right foot, and it is necessary 
to remember this to avoid confusion when afterward 
practicing the eights comprised in more intricate 
movements. By this w 7 e mean that the first curve of 
the figure itself should be described on the right foot, 
and in the combination eights each skater should have 
the right shoulder toward the center of the figure at 
the start. 

Figure Eight by Two Persons. 

Three circles are described in executing this figure. 
At the start the skaters face in opposite directions, 


COMBINATION SKATING. 69 

each facing toward one side of the figure eight to be 
described, the right shoulder of one skater opposite 
the right shoulder of the other, with the right hands 
clasped together. Now with a forward outer-edge 
cross-roll upon the right foot each skater describes a 
curve, then the hands are disengaged and each de- 
scribes a circle by a forward outer-edge glide on the 
left foot. At the completion of this circle the skaters 
may clasp their right hands again and repeat the 
movement as many times as they choose. 

The figure may be varied in execution by starting 
"backward, and also by introducing the turns of the 
" threes " in the execution of each separate circle. 
The eight may be started from a rest, or by the skat- 
ers meeting while under an impetus, and each outer 
circle of the eight may be executed by the " pivot " 
step. 

The Eight by Four Persons. 

Five circles are described in executing this figure, 
the central circle forming one half of each of the four 
eights. The four skaters clasp right hands across 
each with the right side toward the center, and thus 
describe the first curve upon the right foot outer- 
edge ; then disengaging hands each describes a circle 
on the left foot outer-edge. 

The same variations that are adapted to combina- 
tions performed by two persons may be employed by 
four persons, starting forward or backward, employ- 
ing either edge, the turns of the "three," etc. 

The Eight by Four Couples, 

This figure is executed precisely as the last de- 
scribed, except that the skaters move in couples. The 
positions at the start are the same, the four inner skat- 
ers cross right hands, the left hand of each being held 


70 COMBINATION SKATING. 

by the partner, and thus the first curve is performed. 
The crossed right hands are then disengaged and each 
couple executes a circle on the left foot outer-edge. 

The eight, as performed by two or four couples, is 
the principal figure employed in dancing quadrilles 
upon skates. Starting from a rest, with the four coup- 
les standing so as to form a square as in dancing the 
quadrille, the movements should be regulated so as to 
avoid confusion or any pause after these positions are 
left. The first two opposite couples should start 
slightly in advance, and the other couples reach their 
places at the center just after them, so that the first 
circle to be performed with clasped hands shall be 
commenced without a pause after the skaters start 
from the positions of rest. When in position at rest 
each couple is assumed to be on the outer side of the 
outer circle of the eight to be described by that couple, 
the inner circle of the eight being described in the 
center of the set. In leaving their positions the skaters 
should face somewhat to the right, and approach the 
center by an outer-edge glide on- the left foot, immedi- 
ately changing to the outer-edge right foot glide, as 
the hands are clasped in the center. 

Combination Toe-Steps. 

The toe-steps may be executed in great variety by 
two persons, and some of these movements are very 
pretty, such as the " pivots," for example. 

Some movements are attractive to skaters merely 
because they are difficult. There are but few move- 
ments executed entirely upon the toes that cannot be 
otherwise performed in a more graceful manner, and 
the same may be truly said of the movements per- 
formed entirely upon the heels. 

There are many acrobatic feats performed upon 
skates that might be described in a chapter on com- 
bination skating, but space will not permit. 


Fast Skating. 


The speed possible to acquire upon roller skates ap- 
pears to equal, or even exceed, what has been per- 
formed by the best skaters upon ice. At a champion- 
ship match for fast skating upon ice in England, in 
1867, the recorded time of the winner was 7 min., 4J- 
sec, distance two miles, the course being one mile and 
return, the speed acquired being at the rate of one 
mile in 3 min., 32 sec. We do not mention this record 
as of the greatest speed possible to attain upon ice, 
but for sake of comparison w^ith some of the best pub- 
lic records of roller skating at the present time. Pos- 
sibly all previous records may yet be excelled. 

All the roller skating is done in rinks where there 
are many turns to the mile, yet this fact does not 
seem to conduce to any reduction of speed; but on the 
contrary, the fastest roller skaters testify that the 
greatest momentum can be attained in making the 
turns, provided the rink is not too narrow. Except in 
starting the greatest speed is not to be attained by 
running upon the skates, as novices appear to think, 
and in long distance skating the strokes or glides 
should not be too short. 

In fast skating the arms should not be swung to and 
fro, as this impedes the progress, neither should they 
be held too stiffly. The arms may be carried at the 
side, or with bent elbows so as to bring the hands to 
the breast. 

In making the turns to effect a change of direction 
the weight should be borne mainly upon the inner 
foot, and for as short a time as possible at each step 


72 FAST SKATING. 

on the outer foot, as the curve is described ; while ef- 
fecting the turns the body should be inclined as much 
as is practicable in maintaining a good balance. 

In connection with our chapter on fast skating we 
give the records of speed attained by several of the 
fastest roller skaters known to the public at the pres- 
ent time, and in addition to this is presented a likeness 
of one who has, by defeating in nearly every contest 
the niany skaters with whom he has been matched, 
well earned a title as the champion fast skater of 
America. 


Kenneth A. Skinner. 

The illustration represents the subject of our sketch 
in racing costume. 

Mr. Skinner commenced roller skating at Boston, 
Mass., in 1882, and in his first public race was defeat- 
ed by Mr. F. G. Stumcke, to whom fifty feet start 
was given in this race, which occurred at the Olymp- 
ian Rink in Boston. 

In a race of two miles, at the same rink, for the 
championship of New England, May 20, 1883, Mr. 
Skinner defeated Messrs. O'Rourke and Alliston, and 
won in 8 min., 29f sec. 

In another race of two miles Messrs. F. G. Stumcke 
and A. F. Rivard were defeated in 8 min., 4 sec. 

In two races of two miles each, at the Olympian 
Rink, Newport, R. I., W. M. Drown, of Providence, 
R. I., was defeated. 

At Nantasket Rink, Aug. 29, 1883, Mr. Skinner was 
defeated, in a one mile race, by Mr. Bert. C. Thayer, 
whom he afterward defeated at the same rink in a 
one mile race, Sept. 15, 1883. He again defeated 
Thayer, in 4 min., 15f sec, at the opening of the In- 
stitute Rink in Boston. 


74 FAST SKATING. 

In November, 1883, Mr. Skinner skated one mile, 
in 3 min., 43 sec. in a race with Mr. J. W. Wilson on 
a bicycle, the latter winning by two seconds. 

At the Instiute Rink, Boston, Dec. 8, 1883, he de- 
feated Mr. B. L. Bailey in a race of five miles. Time 
22 min., 29f sec. 

At the same rink Dec. 25, 1883, he skated two races 
of one mile each against Mr. J. W. Wilson on a bicycle, 
the latter winning each race by 12 inches and 3 inches 
respectively. Time 3 m., 59 sec. and 4 m., 5 sec. 

At the Star Rink in Haverhill, Mass., Jan. 22, 1884, 
in a race of twenty miles (23f laps to a mile), with 
Mr. Ladd of Haverhill for the championship of Amer- 
ica, the following time was recorded. 

Skinner — 1 h., 35 m., 7 sec. 

Ladd— 1 h., 37 m., 28 sec. 

At the Institute Rink at Boston, March 3d, 1884, in 
a race of five miles, seven laps to a mile, the following 
time was recorded : First mile, Nate E. Clark, 3 m., 
47-J- sec. K. A. Skinner, 3 m., 47f sec. On the sec- 
ond mile Skinner passed Clark and recorded 3 m., 52 J 
sec. for that mile. Clark then withdrew. 

In a second race of five miles at Haverhill, Mass., 
23f laps to a mile, Skinner won in 21 m., 37 sec. 
Clark's time, 21 m., 47 sec. 

At Lynn, Mass., March 6th, in a race of four miles, 
20 laps to a mile, Skinner won in 17 m., 36 sec. 
Clark's time, 17 m., 41 sec. 

At Institute Rink, Boston, March 7th, race of five 
miles, Skinner, 20 m., 9^ sec. Clark 22 m., 16 sec. 

At Haverhill, March 12th, race of five miles, Mr. 
Skinner was defeated by Mr. Cole in 20 m., 41 sec, 
the record being 20 m., 48 sec. for Mr. Skinner. 

Nate E. Clark. 

This young skater of Corry, Penn., gives us a rec- 
ord of roller skating that shows the best long distance 


FAST SKATING. 75 

time yet made within our knowledge, and has also 
proved himself a formidable rival of the best short 
distance skaters. Mr. Clark writes us as follows : 

" The first race I ever skated was against thirteen 
contestants, in Cleveland, Ohio, a half hour race for a 
gold medal, which I won. The distance accomplished, 
5^- miles, was considered remarkable at that time. I 
have never heard of my 24 hour record being beaten. " 
Mr. Clark gives us the following record : 
213 miles in 24 hours, at Dayton, Ohio. 
100 " " 8 h., 27 m., " " 

104 " u 10 hours " " 

5 " " 19 m., 44 sec. 
3 " " 12 m., 20 sec, at Cleveland, O. 
2 " " 7 m., 56 sec, at Dayton, O. 
15 " "1 hour, at Cleveland, O. 


W. C. Tegethoff. 

This fast roller skater of Cleveland, Ohio, gives us 
the most remarkable record of time yet brought to our 
knowledge, having skated five miles in 18 m., 37 sec, 
and scoring one mile in 3 m., 15 sec, in the same race, 
which occurred at Cleveland, in a rink of 17^ laps to a 
mile. 

In another race at Cleveland, Mr. Tegethoff skated 
three miles in 10 m., 24 sec, an average rate of 3 m., 
28 sec for a mile. Mr. W. H. Van Tine time-keeper, 
and Mr. Geo. Harrison (at that time manager of the 
rink ) scorer of laps. 

Both of these races occurred in February (16th and 
26th) 1882, and we have not learned of any other such 
wonderful record having been made upon roller skates. 


The Game of Polo, 


The modern game of Polo on Skates is the game of 
Hockey (well-known to proficient ice-skaters), adapted to 
the limits of a skating rink. It is a game that can be made 
very attractive to spectators, as well as to the players, if 
skillfully played under proper rules and regulations. It 
should be a game to be won by skill in skating and tactics, 
and not by force. Games played without skill and by 
force alone, may please the few who enjoy roughness, but 
will not be tolerated by the more refined class of people 
visiting the rinks* where a higher grade of entertainment is 
offered. 

As the participant in and witness of skillfully played 
games of Hockey, we have learned by experience that such 
games excite an interest on the part of spectators, as is 
never developed toward the same game if played in a rough - 
and tumble manner that likens it to a kicking and wrestling 
match. Our more recent observations of Polo convince us 
that the same elements will govern the success of this game, 
and in submitting the following rules we do so in the belief 
that their general adoption and observance will serve toward 
eliminating some of the roughness and developing greater 
skill in tactics and scientific methods. We have endeav- 
ored to present these rules and regulations in a manner that 
will enable new clubs without other assistance to properly 
lay out a Polo field and practice the game in accordance 
therewith. Only suggestions, and not rules for playing the 
game, would be of practical use. Each player and each team 
must play in accordance with the experience and skill in 
tactics acquired. 


THE GAME OF POLO. 77 

Players should constantly bear in mind that this is a game 
to be played with the ball on the ground or skating surface. 
Drive the ball and "shinny" it on the surface, instead of 
" batting" it into the air. The rules allow the goals to be 
three feet or not more than four feet high, as agreed upon 
by the contesting teams. We would recommend that three 
feet be the height adopted for goals. 

Low play and a light ball are important features of this 
game, and should be adopted everywhere. Without due 
attention to this suggestion there is the liability of specta- 
tors incurring the risk of being hit by the ball. The occur- 
rence of a child or lady thus receiving a blow in the face 
would do much toward driving Polo out of the rink. 

Many suggestions might be offered in regard to match 
games ; the teams could be drilled to perform skating move- 
ments around the rink with the precision of military com- 
panies, upon entrance to the skating surface, and at the 
finish come to the stations of " attention " (see Ruie.ix). 

Although these rules may prove to be imperfect, we have 
tried to make them concise and plain to the understanding, 
wishing rather to omit some good features possible to be 
added hereafter, rather than risk introducing innovations 
liable to prove objectionable. 

We have briefly offered a few of the many suggestions 
that could be made in regard to the means whereby the 
game of Polo on Skates may take a high rank as an athletic 
game of skill, and it is to further this object that we now 
submit these rules to the public. And as the best results 
may be attained by comparing and combining the experi- 
ence of many, we ask polo players everywhere to aid in the 
improvement and promotion of the game by communicating 
their views to the 

Publisher of the American Polo Rules, 
P. O. box 1898, Portland, Me, 


THE AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO FIELD, 


• ♦ <»-# 


• • 


e 


na 


dR 


Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1884, by E. Smith, in the office of the 
Librarian of Congress, at "Washington. 


THE GAME OF POLO. 79 

Explanation of Diagram. 

The illustration shows a field of rectangular form with a 
width three-fifths of its extreme length. Of course these 
bounds are not arbitrary, but are to be fixed in accordance 
with the proportions of the skating surface of any rink, and 
the relative positions of the players are always in proportion 
to the size and form of the field. 

The exact location of each of the various stations and 
points defined, and indicated by the letters of reference, is 
shown by the dots. 

K — The Goal keeper's station or goal-center, upon each 
side of which are shown the positions of the goal-posts, with 
the goal-line drawn between them, and the whole inclosed 
within the goal-circle. 

Pc — The Point-cover's station, on the Goal-keeper's left. 

Gc— The Goal-cover's station, on the Goal-keeper's right. 

B-B— The right and left Backers' stations. 

R-R— The right and left Rushers' stations. 

S-S — The middle point of side boundaries. 

C— The ball station, or middle point of a straight line be- 
tween goal-centers. 

J- J — The judges' stations, which are respectively be- 
hind the " attention " stations of the Goal-cover and Point- 
cover at the start of a game or innings, and at such distance 
back as will align each with a Rusher and the Goal-keeper. 

The referee should stand at "S," upon either side, at the 
start. 

The letters on the diagram indicate the players in the po- 
sition of "ready." 

The dotted lines indicate the movement from the position 
of " attention." 

The players on the left of the goal are represented as 


80 • THE GAME OF POLO. 

standing each with the left foot forward, and the players on 
the right each with the right foot forward. 

This gives uniformity of appearance, and the same posi- 
tions of the feet should be observed when at " attention." 

The rules provide that at the signal "go," all four " rush- 
ers" shall move from their stations. How far each one 
moves depends upon the tactics of each player and the di- 
rections of his team captain. Ordinarily the right or left 
rusher of a team is instructed to rush for the ball, and the 
other to tarry so as to receive the ball if an opposing rusher 
first moves the ball. 

The instant the ball is moved from its station of rest all 
the other players are released. Ordinarily the Point-cover 
is instructed by his captain to proceed at once and as quick- 
ly as possible to the station of the opposite Point-cover, 
where he is to play throughout each inning. Thus the op- 
posing point-covers exchange places; so that during an 
inning each goal has its goal-cover, to aid the Goal-keeper 
and guard or cover his goal, and the opposing point-cover is 
in a similar position to guard or cover the play of his team. 

When an inning is in progress, the rushers, backers and 
goal-keepers play according to their own judgment and the 
directions of their team captains The judges remain i;i the 
rear of and near the goal. The referee follows the ball as 
much as is practical, his important duties requiring con- 
stant watchfulness. 

The advantages of the field as shown are very apparent. 
The field can be quickly and easily marked out upon the sur- 
face, and it provides for a method and precision of move- 
ment (see Eule ix;, in starting the game and innings, such 
as will aid spectators in comprehending the game, and effect 
a saving of time by enabling the judges and referee to see at 
a glance that the players are in proper position at the start. 


THE GAME OF POLO. 81 

After once accurately fixed, the goal-center, the stations of 
each rusher, and of the ball at rest, should be marked in a 
permanent manner by painting or otherwise upon the 
skating surface. The other stations, including those of the 
judges, may be readily located at any time by alignment 
with the Rushers' stations and the goal-center, if not per- 
manently marked on the surface. 

The stations assigned for the judges and referee are de- 
signed for the start merely. Under these regulations there 
is u a place for every man. and every man in his place" be- 
fore the signal " go " is given to start the game. Uniformity 
in appearance of the field, and of each team of players, is 
thus attained, and in addition to this it may be seen that the 
stations are fixed by a system of practical utility. 

When the players are at their stations in the position of 
" ready," the referee standing at "S" can at a glance see if 
the players of each team on that side are aligned in their 
proper places. As the station of each judge is on the con- 
tinuation of the same line, the judges can see that all the 
players are in proper position on line, while in addition to 
this, the position of the referee enables him to see in line 
half the players of each team, as also to view the ball at the 
start. Thus each line of players is under the direct super- 
vision of a judge, so that if any one moves forward from 
his station in the slightest degree before the proper time, 
it may be observed at once. 

The judges should remain at their respective stations un- 
til all the players have been released by the starting of the 
ball. Thereafter the judges must remain near their allotted 
goals, and always in such a position as not to obstruct the 
players or the ball. 


THE AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO RULES. 


I. The Team. 


1. Each team of players shall consist of seven persons, to 
be designated as follows; one Goal-keeper, two Rushers, 
two Backers, one Goal-cover, one Point-cover. 

2. A substitute may be appointed in case of an injury to 
any player (see Rule xin). 

3. In championship matches no person shall play as a 
member of any team, who has played in a championship 
match within thirty days, as a member or player of another 
team, and all the contesting players must have been mem- 
bers of their respective teams for at least thirty days next 
previous to the match. 

II. The Goals. 

1. The goals shall each be formed by means of upright 
goal-posts, six feet apart, unless otherwise determined by 
the captains of the contesting teams; distance measured 
from center of posts, which shall be set not less than ten 
feet from the end bounds. 

2. The goal-posts, shall be of a uniform height, of four 
feet or not less than three feet, and each of a diameter not 
exceeding two inches. The posts of each goal to be set on a 
line at right angles to the center line from goal to goal. 

3. The distance between the goals, as also the bounds, 
should be fixed in accordance with the size of the rink 
where the game is played, and determined upon by the cap- 
tains of the contesting teams. 

4. The goal-line and the exact position of the posts shall 
be plainly marked upon the surface so as to indicate the 
goal bounds when the posts are displaced. 

III. The Stick. 

The stick shall not exceed one inch in diameter at any 
part, four feet in extreme length, nor one pound (16 ounces 
avoirdupois) weight. 

The stick may be of any material, and any covering shall 
be measured as part of the stick. 

IV. The Ball. 

The ball shall be of three inches diameter, and not ex- 
ceeding six ounces (avoirdupois) weight. 


AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO RULES. 83 

V. The Judges. 

. 1. There shall be four judges; two appointed by the cap- 
tain of each contesting team. 

2. Two judges shall remain behind or near each goal dur- 
ing the progress of a game; the two judges for one goal to 
have been appointed each by the captain of the opposing 
team. 

3. The duties of the judges shall be to decide upon the 
winning of goals and claims for fouls at their respective 
stations. In all cases of disagreement by the judges, final 
decision shall be given by the referee. 

4. A time-keeper shall be appointed by the judges or a 

majority of them, and he shall be under the direction of 

the referee. 

i 

VI. The Referee. 

1. There shall be one referee, who must be well informed 
in regard to the rules of the game, and appointed by the 
captains of the contesting teams. All decisions of the ref- 
eree shall be final unless otherwise provided for by the rules 
or special agreement. 

2. The duties of the referee shall be to decide upon all 
questions submitted to him by the judges, or upon such 
questions as do not come before the judges, that are sub- 
mitted to him by the captains of the contesting teams. 

3. It shall be the referee's duty to start the game; to stop 
it at the end of an inning, or upon failure of compliance 
with the rules by either team, as hereinafter provided; and 
at the request of the team captains he may declare "drawn," 
or "off," any inning. 

4. It shall be the duty of the referee to keep a correct 
score and record of each game as it is played. 

5. The referee may stop the game at any time for a viola- 
tion of the rules, or for any extraordinary occurrence not 
provided for by the rules that may in his judgment demand 
it. 

VII. The Game. 

1. The game shall consist of three or five " goals," as 
may be determined before the contest by the captains of 
the teams, the team adjudged the winner of two goals or 
three goals respectively, the same being a majority, shall be 
the winner of the game. 

2. A goal shall be won when the ball is fairly driven from 
the direction of the opposite goal, through the goal below 
the top of the goal-posts, and entirely beyond a line drawn 


84 AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO RULES. 

across the goal from center to center of its posts, and known 
as the "goal-line." Or if the ball is thus driven over the. 
goal-line, within the bounds named, the goal is won. 

3. The time for a game shall be limited to forty-five min- 
utes unless otherwise agreed upon. If the stipulated time 
expires before a majority of goals is won by either team, a 
five-goal game may be awarded to the team that has won 
two goals out of three, such award to be made by a plurali- 
ty vote of the judges and referee. In other cases games 
not won within the stipulated time may be declared 
" drawn," by the referee. 

YIII. Stations of Players. 

The stations of the players at the start stall be plainly 
marked upon the skating surface. When in the position of 
"ready" prepared to receive the signal "go," the players 
shall be stationed as follows : 

1. The Goal-keeper's station is at the goal-center. 

2. The stations of the Goal-cover and Point-cover are 
each side and in advance of the goal, one-third the distance 
from the goal-center to the Rusher's station, and on line be- 
tween the Rusher and goal-center, the Goal-cover's station 
being on the Goal-keeper's right, and the Point-cover's sta- 
tion on his left. 

3. The two Backers' stations are each on the line between 
the Rusher and the goal-center, and two- thirds the distance 
from the goal-center to the Buskers' station. 

4. The two Rashers' stations are each at a point half way 
from the goal-center to the middle point of the side boun- 
dary, at the center of a line drawn between these two points. 

The referee shall decide by lot the first position of each 
team. Each team contesting shall guard its respective goal 
throughout each inning of a game, nnd at the end of every 
inning the teams shall exchange places. 

IX. The Signals. 

The signals for summoning the players to the field, and 
starting and stopping the game, shall be given by the ref- 
eree, and unless otherwise determined by the captains of the 
contesting teams, shall be as follows: 

1. Attention. This is the first signal, given by one long 
prolonged whistle, and at its summons each team shall take 
its respective place, the players to be in line each side of the 
goal, in proper order of places; the Goal-keeper on the goal-' 
line, the Goal-cover and Point-cover at the right and left, 
outside the goal-posts, the right and left Backers next on 


AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO RULES. 85 

line, and the right and left Rushers at each end of the line. 
The players of the opposing team to be in similar line at 
the other goal. 

When thus in the position of " attention," the players of 
a team should be such a distance apart as will place them 
directly in the rear of their respective stations, to which 
they will advance in parallel lines at the summons of the 
next signal. 

2. Ready. This signal is given by two short whistles, and 
when sounded, the players of both teams shall advance to 
their respective stations, thus changing the straight front 
line to the form of the letter V. When thus in position, the 
referee shall call aloud the word "ready," and the captain 
of each team shall respond by repeating the word " ready" 
to the referee, who, immediately thereafter, shall start the 
playing by giving the next signal. 

3. Go. One short whistle given by the referee shall be 
the signal "go," to start an inning, and it shall mean "stop," 
when given during the progress of a game. At the signal 
"go," the Rushers leave their stations by "rushing" to- 
ward the ball, and the game begins. 

The close of each inning shall be announced by the sig- 
nal " attention," upon which all the players shall at once re- 
sume the positions first taken under this signal, prepared 
to respond to the following signal "ready "for the next 
innings. 

X. The Start. 

1. All games and innings shall be started by the referee. 
After the teams have been called to the field and are in the 
position of attention, the referee shall place the ball at its 
station of rest, at the middle point of a straight line from 
goal-center to opposite goal-center. 

2. When the referee gives the signal " go" (see Rule ix., 
sec. 3), all the " Rushers" shall move from their stations, 
and any one or all of them may "rush " for the ball. 

3. No other player shall leave his station until the ball is 
moved from its place of rest, when every player becomes 
free to act as he pleases under the rules. 

XL Bounds. 

1. The field bounds shall be the skating surface of the 
rink, unless otherwise agreed upon. 

2. When the ball goes out of bounds during the progress 
of an inning, and rebounds to the skating surface again, the 
game shall proceed without interruption. 


86 AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO RULES. 

3. When the ball goes out of bounds and does not imme- 
diately return, the game shall be suspended, and the referee, 
with least possible delay, shall place the ball four feet 
within the boundary line at the point where the ball went 
out, and the game shall be resumed at the signal of the 
word " go" given by the referee. 

4. And the referee may thus temporarily suspend the 
game on account of the "ball out of bounds," whenever 
the ball is returned in such a manner as shall, in the judg- 
ment of the referee, demand such suspension. 

5. There shall be a circle plainly marked upon the sur- 
face around the goal, and known as the goal-circle, to be of 
five feet radius from the goal-center. 

After the game is begun, and during the progress of an 
inning no player except the goal-keeper shall stop within the 
goal-circle, under penalty of a foul, except when the ball 
passes within this circle. 

No person shall be allowed within the field boundaries 
during the progress of a game, except the contesting play- 
ers, the judges, and the referee. 

XII. Claims fob Fouls. 

1. A claim of "foul" may be made by any of the players 
of the contesting teams during the progress of a game, by 
calling to the referee the word "foul," and some word or 
words to indicate the nature of the foul claimed, as "foul 
blow," "foul kick," etc. 

2. If the claim of "foul" is not at once allowed by the 
referee, or the "stop" signal given, the game shall proceed 
without interruption. If the claim is allowed, the referee 
announces the fact by sounding the signal (one short whis- 
tle), to stop the game. The referee may also stop the game 
whenever in doubt about a claim for foul. 

3. After the game is stopped for a claim of foul, it shall 
be started by the referee placing the ball as near as possible 
where the foul occurred, and giving the signal "go." 

XIII. Definition of Fouls. 

It shall be deemed a foul: 

1. If any player intentionally strikes, kicks, or trips an- 
other player during the progress of a game. 

2. If any player catches, strikes, or stops the ball with his 
hand, or drives the ball by kicking, — but any player may 
use his feet for stopping the ball, and the Goal-keeper may 
stop or drive the ball with his feet. 

3. Any player using skates with the rollers covered or 


AMERICAN SKATERS' POLO RULES. 87 

smeared with any substance not a part of the construction 
of the skates, or such as may be injurious to the skating 
surface, shall be declared guilty of a foul, and prohibited 
taking any further part in the game in progress. 

XIV. Penalties for Fouls. 

Two fouls within the goal-circle adjudged against one 
team during the progress of an inning may be declared as 
a goal for the opposing team. 

Three fouls anywhere, adjudged against one team during 
the progress of an inning, shall be declared as a goal for 
the opposing team. 

XV. Accidents. 

1. If a player is disabled during the progress of a game, 
by personal injury, illness, breakage or loss of a skate, or 
otherwise, the referee shall stop the game, upon request of 
the captain of either team, and after permitting a delay not 
exceeding three minutes, shall call the teams to the position 
of "ready," and start the game again. 

2. If any player is disabled so as to prevent his continu- 
ing the game, a substitute may be appointed by the captain 
of the team thus deprived of a member, and as much delay 
for such purpose shall be allowed as is deemed necessary by 
the referee. 


THESE RULES HAVE BEEN ADOPTED BY 
THE MAINE POLO LEAGUE. 


NOTE. 

In all games played under these rules the decisions of the referee are 
final. 

There can be no exceptions to the rules unless previously stipulated in 
the terms for match games. It may be desirable to use a ball not fully 
corresponding to Rule IV, and any such exception or change can be effected 
by special stipulation or agreement as above indicated. 

RULE XIII. 

Section 4. If a player drives the ball, or intentionally 
stops it, while any part of his person touches the surface, he 
shall be declared guilty of a foul. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


SUMMER 


-AT THE- 


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Fishing, Shooting, and 

Beach Bathing. 

FOR FULL PARTICULARS AND TERMS, ADDRESS 

E. SMITH, Portland, Me. 
-^T. * IB. * ID*^.*"y"*I*S,^- 

Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 

ROLLER AND ICE SKATES, FISHING TACKLE, &C, 

17 8 MIDDLE STREET, PORTLAND, ME. 
Agent for Laflin & Rand Powder Co., Atlas Powder, Parker Gun. 


90 ADVERTISEMENTS. 

■WIUSLOWS 


Vineyard Roller Skates 


VINEYARD, A, B AND C. 

VINEYARD, ALL CLAMP CLUB. 
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VINEYARD, HEEL BUTTON CLUB, 

There are more of these skates in use than all other 
kinds combined. 

These skates are used almost exclusively by profes- 
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players throughout the country. 

They are offered to the public with the superlative 
indorsement of over nine-tenths of the rink managers 
in the United States. 

Address all orders and communications to 

FRANK E. WIHSLOW, 

Corner St. James Avenue and Clarendon Street, 

BOSTOU 7 - MASS. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


91 


^TBIGHT 6Z IDITSOILT, 
580 Washington Street, - Boston, Mass., 

Manufacturers, Importers and Dealers in 

FiplE $WM G[00D^ 


MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

* ADOPTED REGULATION* 

P6L8 STICK ANB BALL, 


OF TI1E- 


New England League .of Polo Clubs. 

cefTof 5 8t c^ ed 8tamp! OSUe "^^ t0 *»* addre8S U *° n ~" 


92 ADVERTISEMENTS. 


"W^MC. HIES-A^D c*? SONS, 

10 7 WASHINGTON STREET, - BOSTON", 
•-•DEALERS INh« 

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Agents for W. & C. Scott & Sons' Haminerless and Hammer Guns. 
Harrington & Richardson, Colt, Parker and others. 

IMPORTERS OF 

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OF All THE STANDARD MAKES. 

Sole New England Agents for 


THE 
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THE HENLEY ROLLER SKATE. 

Cheapest and best! Improvement over all others. Especially 
adapted for Rinks. Prof. Fletcher , the celebrated Roller Skater, 
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It is lighter running, quicker in movement and in every respect better 
than auy otfier." Also the new 

HENLEY CLAMP ROLLER SKATE, 

Bottoms of the finest spring * steel and shaped to the foot. This new 
Clamp Skate is the most beautiful thing of the kind yet produced, and 
from the bottoms being of Spring Steel, is especially liked for fancy 
skating. Liberal discount to the trade. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


93 


*WILSON*BROS,« 

*DARING* 


Tric^idBJ? 


—ON THE- 


#STAR# 

BICYCLE, 

(Little wheel in front.) 

FOR DATES AND TERMS, 
ADDRESS, 

8 HANOVER ST., 
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C. DA. Y, 

241 MIDDLE ST., PORTLAND, ME. 

ROLLER SKATES, SKATE BAGS, BI- 
CYCLES, VELOCIPEDES, POLO 
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BALLS, CROQUET, 

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94 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


Henley ' s * Challenge * Roller * Skates. 

sTIHIIEs-IHIIEItSri-iIETr* 
SPRING STEEL 

Acknowledged 
by all experts as 
the very perfec- 
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Skates. 

TheHenlB^in^lpte 

The only Complete and 
Perfect Skate in use. 

Patented 

Nov. 16th, 1880, and 

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Improved 
August, 1882. 

For 40 page Illustrated Catalogue of ROLLER SKATES ANJ> 
RINK SUPPLIES, send 4 cent stamp to 

!LZC. a. IE3I "E IsT L IE "5T , 

EICHMOND, - INDIANA. 
Clark's Steel Cased Rubber Skate Wheels, 

The only successful Rubber Wheel made. 

I. C. HENLEY, Sole kmti for the I). S; 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


95 


CITY*HOTEL, 

PORTLAND, ME. 


cr. "w. irozbizestsoin" & soit, 

* PBOPEIETOBS.^ 


One of the most unexceptionable first-class 
hotels in Maine for business men or pleas- 
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tric bells and lights, and 
a good Livery. 

Located upon elevated ground, and 
the nearest hotel to the principal rail- 
road stations and steamboats. 


96 ADVERTISEMENTS. 


OLD ORCHARD BEACH, MAINE. 
C. B. WHITNEY, - Manager. 

One of the largest and finest summer rinks in America, being 
nearly 200 feet in length and 100 feet wide, with a skating sur- 
face of nearly 11,000 square feet, built of the finest kiln-dried 
yellow birch, and has the reputation of being the finest skating 
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It has accommodations for 2000 spectators, while nearly 1000 
persons can skate at one time. 

It is lighted by electric lights and gas. 

The interior of the rink is made especially attractive by a 
brilliant series of decorations, designed expressly for this rink. 

MUSIC has received special attention, being furnished by a 
carefully selected Band and Orchestra of first class musicians. 

All the appointments are as nigh perfect as can be, and the 
highest character of rink management will be maintained. 

* S % IE * S * S * X * O * I5T # S * 

MORNING, FROM 10 TO 12. 

AFTERNOON, FROM 2.30 TO 5. 

EVENING, FROM 7.30 TO 10.15/ 

MUSIC AT EACH SESSION. 

ATTRACTIONS, of which due notice will be given, will be 
of the very highest order. Nothing but first class talent has 
been secured. 

This Rink has one of the strongest Polo Clubs in New England . 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


97 


JOHN P. LOVELL'S SONS, 

ROLLER * SKATES. 


JDHN F. LDYELL'5 SDNS, 

147 Washington Street, - BOSTON, MASS., 

DEALERS IN 


I^UN^IFLE&FIppllTJ^LE 

AND SPORTING GOODS. 


R*I#N*K 


DECORATION 


FLAGS, LANTERNS, BANNERS, SCROLLS, 
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Managers of Kinks should send for our Catalogue and Price List. 
The principal N. E. Kinks were furnished by us. 

MASTEF & WELLS, 

18 HAWLEY STREET, BOSTON. 


98 ADVERTISEMENTS. 


#NFfWFfRASKA3TFfRR# 


MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

NEW ERA ALL CLAMF 

axid. — - — 

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floor. 
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Indorsed by the Bay State Polo Club of Chelsea, Mass., win- 
ners of the New [England Tournament. 

Rink Owners should inspect our Skate before ordering elsewhere. 

IB^^Send for Illustrated Circular. 

Office, 120 Hanover Street, 
BOSTON, MASS. 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 99 


9? _|_ -i;*- r~~l •$- H i ^? 


]VEaine Central Railroad 

IS THE ONLY 

^lLL RAIL K/OTJTE] 


TO AND FROM 


ALL PARTS OF THE STATE OF MAINE, 

VANCEBORO, ST. JOHN, AND THE 

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Sullivan), with the newly established 

NEW ENGLAND & AGAB1A S. S. G8., 

Opening to this route the beautiful Annapolis Valley. 
THIS 

MAINE * CENTRAL * RA1LR9AD, 

IS ALSO THE BEST ROUTE TO 

Moosehead-^Rangeley Lakes, 

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Brunswick, anxi leads to all 

the Seaside Resorts, with which 

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on the long line of sea coast. 

F. E. Boothby, iPfmTF AATn Ml? J Payson Tucker, 
Gen'l P. & T. Agt. ] 1 UIvlLAlM L>, IVlIj. { Gen'l Manager. 


100 


ADVERTISEMENTS. 


^.ra 


fT)< 


WILL BE READY FOR BUSINESS. 

-* SEASON * OF * 1884. -if 

TIKE 

NIT. DESERT BRANCH 


OF THE 


Maine Central Railroad, 


•GIVING- 


THEEE DAILY TRAINS 


BETWEEN 


BAiraoR; 


-AND 


BAR ZECJLIE^IBOIR,, 

Connecting with through trains from and to 

BOSTON, PORTLAND, AND ST. JOHN. 

Express Trains, Boston and Bar Harbor, in 10 1-2 hours. 


BREAKFAST 
AT BOSTON. 


ENTIRE TRIP BY DAYLIGHT} 


SUPPER AT 
BAR HARBOR. 


M=5? ^r??; 


erv3 


H 79 78 543 • 


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