•J] ( * •lit . 1*4 r.i* :^a *i :: ■ ■' '‘;:j-;|J]ihdin- j iUi! Mi i) i'i I J 55;’! • • • 5 ' r . . V • ? •; • / * f' I • i ^ J' i' / * i ' ■ • ' . : • • • • < I (1. H } i I * f • i'; Y 5 »• * i • » . * . . 4 4. •, 4 4 ;«4i 4 J Mi fi:»iM r 4 • :' . ( rl-? * <• ri?^fWf It! ■ s ‘ • - • <' 4 r y • • J i . ♦ . « ,. 4 •:* *xij*i';*:* • < I t » 1 fj *i^ 05 ri'i:t:|;H:{- FLM 2015 098841 : 5 ;' :!}i :1} 5 uu »Tl * »4 4 w; f t a • * j t .M r I V r: i: j * • 4 • !)•) r r CJass Gr J Book_ !2S Ri t 9 f ■. I I 5 1 « ■ ♦ :> t . CAMP’S HIGHER GEOGRAPHY, PREPARED TO ACCOMPANY MITCHELL’S SERIES OF OUTLISE MAPS, AND DESIGNED FOR GRAMMAR AND HIGH SCHOOLS, AND FOR THE HIGHER'classes OF DISTRICT SCHOOLS. DAVID N. CAMP, PRINCIPAL OF THE CONN. STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AND STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF COJOION SCHOOLS. H ARTFOHD: PUBLISHED BY 0. D. CASE AND COMPANY. OHICAaO: GEORGE SHERWOOD. 1862. V Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1862, by O. D. CASE & CO., In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the District of Connecticut. CASE, LOCKWOOD & CO., ELECTROTYPERS AND PRINTERS, HARTFORD, CONN. The following work has been prepared for use in High Schools and Academies, and for the higher classes in District Schools. The lessons are arranged to accompany Mitchell’s Series of Outline Maps, but can be used independently, as the book is complete in itself. The maps are exact transcripts of the Outline Maps reduced in size, and the key to the maps in the book is also a key to the larger maps. The map questions are prepared to test the pupil’s knowledge of the most important things in map studies, after he has carefully studied the map with the key. The geographical definitions, it is believed, are exact, and sufficiently comprehensive; and the lessons in descriptive geography include the more important facts relative to countries and cities, and are so arranged as to facilitate the comparison of different countries, and assist in generalization and classification. The cuts have been specially prepared for this work, and the subjects have been selected, not only as illustrations of the text, but as worthy of extended study by the P^Vpil. , The Outline Maps have been revised and improved so as to present to the eye, in a clear and distinct manner, the divisions of the earth’s surface with the natural features of each. HINTS TO TEACHERS. In introducing the study of Geography to a class of young pupils, their attention should first be directed to the school yard, or a portion of the road, or fields; prominent objects should be pointed out, and their relative position and distance noted. The whole should then be represented on the blackboard, by the teacher. Thus would be conveyed to the child the idea of a map. This map should be copied on a slate, by each member of the class, and recited from as a lesson. Additions of surrounding fields, roads and prominent objects, should be made at successive lessons, till a map of the district, village, town, or city, is completed. Various natural features should be described when located, such as brooks, ponds, hills and islands ; the points of the compass indicated ; the boundaries, peculiarities, and general features of the whole taught orally, and by actual view of the same if possible. By similar and successive steps, the geography of the county and state should be taught, while an outline of the same is made upon the board and copied by the class. In the use of this book let the mathematical terms employed in geography be carefully explained with a globe or other apparatus, and the definitions be well learned and fully illustrated. In the study of the maps, the pupil should be taught to remember the various natural objects from their form and position, and not alone from the numbers which mark them. In using the Outline Maps, the map should, if convenient, be suspended on the north side of the room. In recitation, the pupils can name the objects as pointed out by the teacher, or can point them out as called by the teacher, or some member of the class. Commencing with the upper left hand corner of each map, let the countries and natural bodies of land and water be learned and recited in their order, classified as follows; Countries. 5 Oceans, Seas, Gulfs and Bays. 6 Straits, Channels and Sounds. 7 Islands. 8 Capos, Peninsulas and Isthmuses. Mountains and Deserts. Lakes and Rivers. Cities and Towns, (not recited on Map No. 1.) The pupil should become so familiar with each map, the natural features represented, the political divisions and the locality of places, as to recognize them at once without numbers or names. This attainment oan be secured by a careful study of the map with the key in the geography, and by drawing the map on the slate or paper, putting down the parallels and meridians, and accurately filling up the outline with the natural and political divisions. HINTS TO TEACHERS. In the location and description of countries or other bodies of land, and bodies of water, it is ^yell for the teacher to give a model to be followed by eacli member of the class. Thus in describing A Country or State.— Locate and bound. An Ocean, Sea, Gulp or Bay.— Give its direction from the nearest coast, and tell with what bodies of water it is connected. A Strait, Channel or Sound,— State between what countries or islands it lies, and what bodies of water it connects. An Island.— Give its direction from some country or larger island, and what water surrounds it. A Cape. —Tell from what country or coast, and into what body of water it projects. A Peninsula.— Mention the body of land with which it is connected, and the bodies of water nearly surrounding it. An Isthmus.— Mention the countries it connects and the bodies of water it lies between. A Mountain.— Tell in what part of what country it is situated; if a range of moun¬ tains, give the direction in which it extends. A Lake.— Tell in what part of what country it is, and give its outlet if any is named. A River.—T ell its source, direction, and into what body of water it flows. A City or Town. —Locate and tell whether a seaport or not. Each map is to be reviewed by promiscuous questions. A few of these have been given. But the teacher should multiply and vary them, as circumstances require. The questions on the maps are followed by a brief description of the countries repre¬ sented. The more important facts are given on each country. But a full description could not be given, without increasing the size and price of the book far beyond the wants of our schools. This can much better be obtained from gazetteers, geographical dictionaries and cyclopedias, than from any text-book. For classes of advanced scholars, topical instruction will often be found the most beneficial. For this purpose, let a country be selected and a topic given to each member of the class. Each pupil should then consult reference books, such as cyclopedias and books of travel, and from all available sources obtain the information desired, and be prepared to stand by the map, before the class, and give a connected, intelligent account of the facts he has obtained, without questions or suggestions. The following list of topics is given to be varied to suit the size and capacities of the class; LIST OF TOPICS FOR ADVANCED CLASS. 1 Name of Country, Situation, Extent and Boundaries. 2 Coast, (indentations and projections.) 8 Rivers and Lakes, (water-sheds.) 4 Surface, (mountains, plains, plateaus, Ac.) 5 Soil and Climate, (how varied and affected.) Vi CONTENTS. 6 Prochictions, (animal, vegetable and mineral.) 7 Manufactures. 8 Commerce, (exports and imports.) 9 Cities and Towns, (capitals, seaports and manufacturing towns.) 10 Traveling Facilities. 11 Inhabitants, (population, manners and customs.) 12 Government. 13 Education and Religion. 11 History, (Colonial Possessions.) 15 Miscellaneous. (Natural curiosities, places and objects of interest, distin¬ guished persons, &c.) CONTENTS. Preface, ..... Page. 3 No, 7, Asia, . ^ .■ Page. 126 Hints to Teachers, . . 4 No. 8, Africa, • 142 Mathematical Definitions, 7 No. 9, OCEANICA, . « 166 Geographical Definitions. No. 10, The Physical World, • . 164 The Earth, .... 8 Descriptive Geography. Natural Divisions, Land, . 8 North America, . • 29 Natural Divisions, Water, 9 British Provinces, . 35 Description of Maps, 10 United States and Mexico, • 49 Hemispheres, .... 10 South America, . t » 86 Size, Motions and Circles of Earth, 11 Europe, • • . 103 Latitude, ..... 11 Asia, • 131 Longitude, .... . 12 Africa, • . 146 Zones, . . . • . 12 OCEANICA, . . * « 160 Maps, with Key and Questions. Physical Geography, • • , 167 No. 1, The Word, 14 Land, • • 167 No. 2, North America, 24 Water, • . 172 No. 3, British Provinces, 82 The Atmosphere, • • 175 No. 4, United States and Mexico, 40 Geographical Distribution of Plants, . 177 No. 6, South America, 82 Geographical Distribution OF Animals, 178 No. f), Europe, . 96 Vocabulary and Tables, • • . 180 HIGHER GEOGRAPHY. DEFINITIONS OF MATHEMATICAL TERMS USED IN GEOGRAPHY.''^ Q. What is a sphere ? A solid bounded by a surface every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the center. Q. What is the diameter of a sphere ? The distance from one side to the other through its center. Q. What is the circumference of a sphere ? The distance round it. Q. What is the axis of a sphere ? The straight line about which it revolves. Q. What are the poles ? The ends of the axis. A hemisphere is half a sphere. Q. What is a circle ? A portion of a plane bounded by a curved line every point of which is equally distant from a point within, called the center. The bounding line is called the circumference. Note. In Geography, the term circle is sometimes ap¬ plied to the circumference. Q. What are great circles of a sphere ? Those which pass through its center. All which do not pass through the center are small circles. Q. What is an arc ? A portion of the circumference of a circle. Q. How are arcs measured ? Every circle is divided into 360 degrees, every degree into 60 minutes, every minute into 60 seconds, and these are used for the measurement of arcs. * This lesson should be illustrated by a sphere or by figures on a blackboard. 8 GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. 1. THE EARTH. Q. What is Geography ? A description of the surface of the Earth. Q. AVhat do we understand by “ the Earth ?” The globe or world on which we live. Q. What is its form ? It is round or spherical, like a ball. Q. Of what does the surface of the earth consist ? Of land and water. 2. LAND. Q. What portion of the earth is land ? About one-fourth part—the other three parts are water. Q. What are the principal divisions of land ? Continents and Islands. Q. AA'hat is a continent ? A very large extent of land, surrounded by water, as the Eastern Continent and Western Continent. Note. Divisions are sometimes called continents, as Asia, Africa. Q. What is an island ? A portion of land less than a continent, entirely surrounded by water, as Atistralia. Q. AA'hat other natural divisions of land ? Peninsulas, Isthmuses, Capes and Prom¬ ontories. Note. These divisions are parts of continents or islands. Q. What is a peninsula ? A portion of land almost surrounded by water. Africa is a peninsula. Q. AThat is an isthmus ? A narrow neck of land connecting two large divisions of land, as the Isthmus of Darien. Q. AYhat is a cape? A point of land extending into the sea, as the Cape of Good Hope. Q. AA’hat is a promontory ? A high point of land extending into the sea. Q. How is the earth diversihcd ? By Mountains, Hills, Plains and Valleys. Q. AA'hat is a mountain ? A high elevation of land. A continuous elevation, or a number of mountains con¬ nected together, is called a chain or range of mountains, as the Andes. Note. The tops of the highest mountains are covered with ice and snow, even in the warmest regions of the earth. Q. AA'hat is a volcano ? It is a mountain sending forth fire and smoke, also lava or melted stones, from an opening at the top, called a crater. Note. Some volcanoes are constantly burning, while others are intermittent in their eruptions. Q. AA’hat is a hill ? An elevation of land not so high as a mountain. Q. What is a plain ? A level tract of land. Note. High and extended tracts of land are called Table Lands, or Plateaus. Q. AVhat is a valley ? A portion of land situated between moun¬ tains or hills. Q. AATiat is a desert ? A sandy, barren tract of land. Note. A fertile spot in a desert is called an oasis. Q. What is a shore, or coast ? A portion of land bordering on the Avater; as the Atlantic coast—Long Island sliore. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. MOCNTAISS, HILLS, PLAINS AND TALLKYS. 8. WATER. Q. How is the water divided ? Into Oceans, Seas, Archipelagoes, Gulfs, Bays, Sounds, Channels, Straits, Lakes, and Rivers. Q. What is an ocean ? It is the largest extent of water,—as the Pacific ocean. Q. How many oceans are there ? Five.—The Northern, Southern, Pacific, Atlantic and Indian. They are all connected and form one vast body of salt water. Q. What is a sea ? A collection of salt water smaller than an ocean, and nearly surrounded by land. Q. What is an Archipelago ? It is a sea containing many islands. Note. The term archipelago is also applied to groups of islands. Q. What are gulfs and bays V Portions of the sea or ocean, extending into the land. Q. What is a strait ? A narrow passage connecting two large bodies of water. Q. What is a channel ? A wide strait. Q. What is a sound ? A strait or channel that may be measured with lead and line. Q. What is a lake ? A body of water surrounded by land, ex¬ cept where it receivesor discharges its waters. Note. The water of most lakes is fresh. Salt Lakes are generally called seas,—as the Caspian. Q. What is a river ? A large stream of water, flowing from its source into larger streams or other bodies of water. Note 1. Small streams are called creeks, rivulets, brooks or rills. Note 2. The banks of a river are the land bordering on its sides. Tbe right bank is that on the right hand side as you descend the stream, and the left bank is on the opposite side. GEOGRAPHICAL DEFINITIONS. BODIKS OF LAND AND WATER. Q. How are rivers formed ? By a union of rivulets flowing from springs, issuing from high lands, or from lakes or ponds. Q. Where is the source of a river ? That place from which it begins to flow, as a spring or lake. Q. What is the mouth of a river ? The place where it discharges its waters. Note. The space occupied by the water of a river is called its bed or channel. 4. MAPS. Q. Describe a map. A map is a picture of a part or the whole of the earth’s surface, as it would appear if viewed from a place above it. Note. See map of continent, &c., above. Q. What docs a map represent ? The forms of Continents, Oceans, Islands, Lakes, Rivers, idly improved for manufacturing purposes. Questions. What is said of Minnesota ? Its Cli¬ mate ? Soil ? Productions ? Minerals ? Animals ? St. Paul ? St. Anthony ? 35. KANSAS. Square miles, 114,798. Population, 107,000. | Kansas is a new state lying west of Mis¬ souri. I The eastern part of the state is level or | gently undulating; the western is hilly, and sometimes mountainous. ^ It has numerous rivers. The Missouri forms its north-eastern boundary. The | Kansas is the largest river principally with¬ in the territory, and is said to be navigable for 900 miles. The eastern portion and the valleys of the principal rivers are unrivaled in fer¬ tility. Its productions are similar to those ■ of Missouri. It has valuable forest trees and timber, consisting of oak, hickory, ash, cottonwood, and sugar-maple, on the river bottoms, and cedar, pine, and poplar, on the slopes of the ; mountains. i UNITED STATES, 73 Kansas was erected into a territory in 1854, and ad¬ mitted as a state in 1861. Leavenworth, Lecomplon, and Lawrence are the prin¬ cipal towns. Questions, How is Kansas situ¬ ated ? ■\That is said of the surface ? Its rivers? The .soil? Productions? Forest trees ? History ? Towns ? 32, CALIFORNIA. Square miles, 155,980. Population, 380,000. California is the most western of the United States, and extends for seven hun¬ dred miles on the shores of the Pacific. It has an undulating surface with numer¬ ous valleys, deep ravines and high mountains. The climate is warm and dry in summer, and wet in winter. In the valleys, the soil is very fertile. Barley, wheat, oats, potatoes, and fruits, are the chief products. In the southern parts, the fruits of tropical climates are produced. The rich deposits of gold make this one of the most important mineral regions in the world. Quicksilver is found in abund¬ ance. Copper, silver and platina have been discovered in various places. California was first colonized by the Span¬ iards. It became a province of Mexico, and was subject to revolutions and disturbances till by the treaty of peace of 1848, it became a part of the United States. The discovery of gold in 1847, was the principal cause of the early rapid growth of California, which gained for it admission Hito the Union as a state, in 1850. SAN FRANCISCO. Sacramento is situated on the Sacramen¬ to river about one hundred and twenty miles from the ocean, and is extensively en¬ gaged in trade. It is accessible for steamers and sailing vessels of a large size, at all sea¬ sons of the year. Its streets are well laid out, crossing each other at right angles. San Francisco lies on the western side of a bay of the same name. It is regularly laid out, has a fine harbor, and considerable commerce. It is the natural market for the state, and one of the finest ports in the woidd. Stockton, near the San Joaquin river, is an important trading point for the southern mines, and Marysville, on the Feather river, for the northern mines. Questions. How is California situated ? tThat is said of its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Produc¬ tions ? Minerals ? History ? Describe Sacramento, San Francisco. Stockton and Marysville. 39. OREGON. Square miles, 100,000. Population, 52,000. Oregon lies north of California, on the Paci¬ fic Ocean. It is mostly hilly or mountainous. A part of it consists of elevated plateaus. 74 UNITED STATES. The climate is mild and healthy. The valleys are very productive. Wheat is the staple; but oats, barley, turnips, and most of the fruits of the Middle States flourish. Gold and coal have been discovered in Oregon. The forests abound with wild animals, such as deer, black and grizzly bears, elks, foxes, wolves, and antelopes, and the rivers are well stocked with fish. Salem, the capital, is pleasantly situated on the Willamette, in the midst of a fertile country. CASCADES OF THE COLCMDIA. Astoria^ on the Columbia, ten miles from its mouth, is the principal port of entry. Portland, at the head of ship navigation, on | the Willamette River, is the largest and most commercial town in Oregon. Questions. Where is Oregon situated ? What is said of the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Minerals? Animals? Salem? Astoria? Portland? TERRITORIES. The Territories of the United States com¬ prise that portion of the country not yet organized with state governments, and ad¬ mitted into the confederacy as states. They are mostly thinly settled, or in a wild state. A portion have territorial governments, and send delegates to Congress. Some of them arc rapidly increasing in population and wealth, and will soon be organized as states, and admitted into the Union. Questions. What constitutes the Territories ? What is their condition ? 34. NEBRASKA. Square miles, 335,000 Population, 20,000. Nebraska includes a large tract of coun¬ try lying west of the Missouri River, and north of Kansas. The surface is principally a high prairie land. The climate is mild, and the soil, fertile, especially ni the river bottoms. The timber trees are black walnut, oak, and lime trees. The principal wild animals are grizzly bears, buffaloes and beavers. A great number of fossils have been found in this territory. Omaha City is pleasantly situated on the west bank of the Missouri River. Questions. What does Nebraska include? What is said of its surface? Climate? Soil? Timber trees ? Wild Animals ? Fossils ? Omaha City ? 36. INDIAN TERRITORY. Square miles, 71,127. Indian Territory lies west’ of Arkansas, between Kansas and Texas. It is inhabited principally by Indians, many of whom removed from the Southern States east of the Mississippi. The Chero- kees. Choctaws, Creeks and Chickasaws are UNITED the most improved of the aborigines, and are advancing in civilization. There are good schools and churches among them. Questions. Where is Indian Territory ? By whom is it principally inhabited? What is said of the Cherokees, &c. 37. NEW MEXICO. Square miles, 210,000. Population, 93,000. New Mexico is south of Utah, between Texas and California. This territory is principally a high table land traversed by broken ranges of moun¬ tains, the most prominent of which is the Sierra Madre. The soil is generally sterile, except in the valleys of the rivers, which are productive, yielding large crops of wheat, Indian corn^ oats and barley, and apples, peaches, melons, and grapes. The minerals are gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, coal, and gypsum. The inhabitants are Indians, Mexicans, and Americans. New Mexico is a part of the tract acquired from Mexico, by the treaty of 1848. Santa Fe, the capital, is situated on the Santa Fe River, a branch of the Rio Grande. The houses are principally built of adobes, or sun dried bricks. Each house usually forms a square with a court within, upon which nearly all tlie apartments open. This town is the great emporium of the overland trade from Missouri and Kan¬ sas. Questions. Where is New Mexico situated ? What is its surface? Soil? Minerals? Inhabit¬ ants? When was New Mexico acquired? Describe Santa Fe. STATES. 38. UTAH. Square miles, 188,000. Population, 40,000. Utah Territory is situated west of the Rocky Mountains, and is wholly in the in¬ terior. The eastern part is diversified with hills, mountains and fertile valleys. The west¬ ern portion, known as the Great or Fre¬ mont Basin, is an elevated table land hem¬ med in by mountains, with its own system of rivers and lakes. The climate of the plateau, in mid-sum¬ mer, is dry and hot, with cool mornings and evenings. The winters arc mild, and the temperature is generally more uniform than in the eastern states. WESTERN EMIGRATION. The greater part of the territory is barren and can not be cultivated with profit. Some of the valleys are fertile, and produce wheat, rye, oats, barley, and Indian corn. Gold has been discovered in eonsiderablo 76 Ux'^ITEDSTATES. | quantities; and salt is collected from the lakes. The most extensive lake is the Great Salt Lake. It is about seventy miles long and thirty wide, with no visible outlet. The water is so salt, that no living thing can exist in it. The Utah lake, about thirty-five miles long, is a fresh water lake stored with fish. It is connected with Great Salt Lake by the Jordan Kiver. The other principal lakes are the Pyramid, Humboldt and Ni¬ collet Lakes ; all of them without any visi¬ ble outlet. Most of the civilized inhabitants of the territory are Mormons. They are settled in a well-watered fertile district east of the Great Salt Lake. Fillmore City is the capital. Salt Lake City is situated near the east bank of the Jordan river. It was laid out in July, 1847. Questions. Where is Utah Territory ? What is said of the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Minerals ? Great Salt Lake? Utah Lake? Other principal Lakes ? Inhabitants ? Salt Lake City ? 40. WASHINGTON. Square miles, 207,732. Population, 12,000. j Washington Territory occupies the north- j west portion of the United States, lying on j the Pacific, with British America for its northern boundary. ; The surface, soil and productions arc I similar to those in Oregon. The climate is I more variable. The liighest peaks of the mountains are covered with perpetual snow. Coal has been found. Olympia, the capital, is situated at the j head of Puget’s Sound. FORT TANCQUVEn. Questions. What does Washington Territory oc¬ cupy ? What is said of the surface, soil and produc¬ tions ? Climate ? What mineral is found ? AYhcre is Olympia ? 41. DAKOTA. Square miles, 70,000. Population, 5,000, Dakota is a new territory lying west of Minnesota,- and bounded north by British America. Its surface is broken by mountains and valleys. The valleys are quite fertile and productive. In the northern part the climate is cold, and the winters severe; in the southern part it is more mild. The products are Indian corn, wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes. Timber is scarce in some parts of the territory. Coal has been found in several places. There are numerous salt lakes in the northern part, Yancton is the capital. Questions. Where is Dakota ? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Coal ? Salt lakes ? Yancton ? V j I i i MEXICO. 42. COLORADO. Square miles, 150,000. Population, 34,000. Colorado lies between Kansas and Utah. Its surface is uneven, and, in some parts, mountainous. The Rocky Mountains pass through nearly the center of the terri¬ tory. The valleys of most of the rivers arc fer¬ tile blit much of the soil is unfitted for cultivation. Gold is produced in large quantities. Denver City is an important place, and has considerable trade. Questions. What is said of Colorado? Its sur¬ face ? The Rocky Mountains ? The valleys ? Gold ? Denver City ? 43. NEVADA. Square miles, 175,000. Population, 7,000. Nevada is between Utah and California. Its surface is broken with mountains and valleys. Some of the latter are very fertile. The soil in the north¬ ern and western parts is sterile. The climate is mild and generally healthy. Wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and fruits, are the chief vegetable products. It contains rich sil¬ ver mines. Carson City, the capital, is pleasantly situated in the Carson Valley. Questions. How is Nevada situated ? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Silver mines ? Carson City ? 77 MEXICO. Square miles, 850,000. Population, 7,662,000. Mexico occupies the southern portion of North America, and comprises twenty-two states, one federal district, and five territo¬ ries. It has in general a very elevated though broken surface; and is traversed by the Sierra Madre, or the southern portion of the Rocky Mountains. The shores are low, hot, and unhealthy; the table lands, mild and salubrious; the mountainous districts are cold. There are some barren tracts, but most of the soil is very fertile, producing the grains and fruits of the temperate zone, and, in the lowlands, the most valuable tropical products. Indian corn, wheat, sugar, coffee, tobacco, and the American aloe, or maguey plant, are the chief vegetable productions. Agriculture, manufactures and commerce, are all much neglected. The gold and silver mines of Mexico are exceedingly rich, and constitute its chief re¬ source. Iron, copper and lead are abundant. , - r ''’VX-Ce THE GREAT SQUARE AND CATHEDRAL, MEXICO. 78 C E N T R A L The inhabitants consist of whites, Indians, and mixed races. The mass of them are ignorant and insubordinate. The Roman Catliolic is the prevailing religion. Mexico was conquered by the Spaniards under Cortez, in 1521. It remained a Span¬ ish province until 1821, when it became a republic. The government is very unset¬ tled. When the Europeans discovered Mexico, it was inhabited- by partially civilized but warlike Indians, the most civilized of which were called Aztecs. Many monuments of their arts still re¬ main, the most remarkable of which is the Pyramid of Cholula, on which was the “ Temple of the Sun,” where were offered thousands of human sacrifices. Mexico, the capital, is a large and wealthy city, situated in a delightful valley, 7000 feet above the level of the sea. It is regu¬ larly laid out, has spacious streets, and contains many costly cathedrals and other buildings. Guanajuato and Zacatecas are large cities, chiefly important for their rich silver mines. Puebla is a handsome city, con¬ taining a few manufactures. Vera Cruz, the principal seaport and commercial town, is situated on the Gulf of Mexico. Its har¬ bor is strongly fortified by the castle of Juan de Ullua, which was captured by the United States in 1847. Questions. Where is Mexico situated ? What does it comprise ? Describe its surface. Climate. Soil. What are its chief productions? What is said of agriculture, manufactures and commerce ? Of mines ? The inhabitants? Religion? Of the history of Mexico? By whom was it inhabited when discov¬ ered? What still remain? Describe the city of Mexico. Guanajuato and Zacatecas. Puebla. Vera Cruz. AMERICA. 3. BAIilZE. Square miles, 15,000. Population, 11,000. Balize, or British Honduras, is situated east of Yucatan. Its shores are studded with numerous small islands; along the coast, the land is swampy, and in the inte¬ rior, wooded. The soil of the valleys is fertile. The climate is moist, but not unhealthful. The productions arc sugar, cotton, coffee, and indigo. Mahogany, logwood, and other dye-woods, are exported. It is a Britieh Colony. Balize, the capital, is inhabited princi¬ pally by blacks, and has considerable trade. Questions. How is Balize situated ? What is said l of its shores? Soil? Climate? Productions? To ' whom does it belong ? Describe Balize. • | Square miles, 200,000. Population, 2,150,000. Central America is the most southern por- ^ tion of North America. It is a mountain- | ous country, abounding with elevated plains ] and numerous volcanoes. The climate is i extremely warm on the coast. In the into- j rior, it is temperate and salubrious, rcsemb- ling perpetual spring. The soil is rich, and yields choice fruits and other tropical pro- i ducts in great abundance; mahogany is also found here in large quantities. : The forests are very extensive and con- ; tain many kinds of trees fatal to animal life. Central America includes the five states of Guatimala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nic- ^ aragua and Costa Rica. These were for a time associated in a confederation, similar to that of the United States, but this being * See Map .-md Key of North America. WEST INDIES. 79 dissolved in 1839, the different states, though nominally republican, have since been in reality ruled by a succession of military des¬ pots. Attempts have been made to form other and partial confederations, whose du¬ ration, when formed, has been short. The population consists of three classes; whites and Creoles; Mestizoes, or the de¬ scendants of whites and Indians; and abo¬ riginal natives. San Salvador is situated on a small stream which flows into the Pacific Ocean. It stands in a well watered vale, several thousand feet above the Pacific. It has greatly suffered by earthquakes, and was nearly destroyed by one in 1854. Guatimala, the capital of the state of Guatimala, is pleasantly situated in a rich and spacious plain. It contains upwards of sixty richly ornamented churches and several public offices. It has a flourishing trade. Questions. How is Central America situated ? What is said of its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Forests ? What does it include ? Describe its gov¬ ernment. Population. San Sal¬ vador. Guatimala. smallest are mere islets formed of coral reefs, and uninhabited. The winters are mild and pleasant. The heat of summer is extreme, though moder¬ ated by the mountains and sea-breezes. Some of these islands are well-watered by mountain streams, and are remarkablyfertile, yielding cotton, sugar, maize, coffee, spices, medicinal plants, dye-stuffs, and a great vari¬ ety of fruits, as oranges, lemons, pine-apples, bread-fruit, tamarinds, and citrons. Cuba, Ilayti and Jamaica belong to this class. The forests abound with mahogany, cedar, and lignum-vitaB. The commerce is impor¬ tant and very flourishing. The West India Islands are divided into the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Caribbee and Bahamas. All of them are subject to various European powers, except Hayti. GREATER ANTILLES. WEST INDIES.* Square miles, 91,800. Population, 3,800,000. The West India Islands are a numerous group lying in the torrid zone, between North and South America. The larger islands are traversed by ranges of mountains; others contain isolated peaks, many of which are volcanic; while the * See Map and Key of North America. THE EXCHANGE, HAVANA. Cuba is the largest of the West India Islands, and lies at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico. The nortliern part is generally level and has rich valleys and plains. The central 80 WEST INDIES. and southern portions are more diversified and in some parts, mountainous. The productions are tobacco, cotton, su¬ gar,* eoflcc, and tropical fruits. Havana, the capital, is the most impor¬ tant city in the West Indies. It has a secure and commodious harbor. Malanzas is an important commercial town, and has a flourishing trade with the United States. Cuba belongs to Spain. Jamaica is about ninety miles south of Cuba. A chain of mountains crosses the "island from east to west. Its productions are the same as those of Cuba. The capital is Spanish Town. Kingston is the chief commercial city. The island belongs to Great Britain. Hayti, or St. Domingo, lies east of Cuba. The center of the island is mountainous. The soil is fertile, the climate hot, and during most months of the year, unhcalth- ful to foreigners. Coffee and cotton are the chief articles of export. Mahogany is abundant. Porto Rico lies east of Hayti. The sur¬ face is varied and well-watered. The soil is fertile, and the climate fine and salu¬ brious. The principal productions are sugar and coffee. St. Johns is the capital, and principal sea-port. ^ This island belongs to Spain. The Lesser Antilles consist of a num¬ ber of small islands, which lie off the coast of South America. I The Caribbee Islands lie between the Caribbean Sea and tlie Atlantic Ocean, and extend from Porto Rico to South America. The northern arc called the Leeward, and the southern, the Windward Isles. The Bahamas lie north-east of Cuba, and are supposed to number about five hun¬ dred. Many of them are simply coral rocks, not inhabited. The surface of most of the islands is level, and the soil sandy. The principal product is cotton. Indian corn, and the fruits and vegetables of trop¬ ical regions are produced on many of the islands. Salt is also exported. Nassau, the capital, is on the island of New Providence. These islands belong to Great Britain. Questions. Where are the West India Islands? Describe their surface. Climate. Soil. What are their productions ? With what do the forests abound ? What is said of their commerce ? IIow are they di¬ vided ? To whom subject ? Which is the largest ? What is said of its surface ? What are its productions ? Describe Havana. Ma- tanzas. To whom does Cuba belong? IIow is Jamaica situated? What is said of its mountains? Productions? What is its capital? Its commercial city ? To whom does Jamaica belong ? Where is Hayti ? AVhat is said of it ? Its ex¬ ports ? Describe Porto Rico. Surface. Soil and Climate. What are its productions? Describe St. Johns. To whom does Porto Rico belong ? What are the Lesser Antilles ? Where are the Ca¬ ribbee Islands ? Where arc the Bahamas ? What are many of them ? What is said of their surface and soil ? What are the products ? What is exported ? Describe Nassau. To whom do these islands be¬ long? UNITEDSTATES. 81 GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE UNITED STATES. IIow arc the United States bounded? What states border on British America ? On the Atlantic Ocean ? Which are the Gulf States ? What states border on the Pacific ? What states are bounded on the west by the Mississippi River? What states have no sea coast? Where are the White Mountains ? Green Moun¬ tains? Ozark Mountains? Mention the principal peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Of the Cascade Mountains. Where is the St. Lawrence River ? In what direc¬ tion does it flow ? Describe the Connecticut River. The Hudson. Susquehanna. Potomac. Ohio. Sa¬ bine. What are the principal rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico? Where does the Mississippi river rise ? What are its principal tributaries ? What rivers west of the Rocky Mountains ? Where is Lake Superior ? Lake Michigan ? Lake Champlain? Lake Pontchartrain ? Great Salt Lake ? Where is Massachusetts Bay ? Chesapeake Baj" ? Tampa Bay ? Jlobile Bay ? Galveston Bay ? Gulf of Georgia? Florida Strait? Albemarle Sound? Long Island Sound ? Strait of Juan de Fuca ? Where is Nantucket ? Long Island ? Cape Cod ? Cape May ? Cape Charles ? Cape Hatteras ? Cape Mendocino ? Between what parallels of latitude are the United States? What is the latitude of Albany? New York? Philadelphia? Washington? New Orleans? Chicago ? San Francisco ? What longitude from Greenwich is Washington?* Boston? Philadelphia? St. Louis ? San Francisco ? Which of the United States are mostly mountain¬ ous ? Which states have a level surface ? What is the climate of the New England States ? Of Louis¬ iana? Of Texas? Of California? What states produce corn ? Of what states is wheat a staple production ? Tobacco ? Cotton ? Rice ? Sugar ? What are the staple productions of Ohio ? Kentucky ? Texas ? Iowa ? In what states is iron found ? Coal ? Gold ? Sil¬ ver? Lead? Copper? Locate the principal gold mines in the United States ? Which state has the greatest amount of commerce ? Which are the principal manufacturing states? Which is the largest city in the United States ? Which is the largest city in the Western States? Which are the principal Atlantic sea ports ? What ports on the Gulf of Mexico ? On the great Lakes ? On the Pacific Ocean ? Through what waters would a vessel pass in going from St. Louis to New York ? What is the principal natural curiosity of the Middle States? Of the Western States? Of the Southern States. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES. IIow IS Mexico Bounded ? What is its Capital ? What Mountains in Mexico? What Volcano? Bound Balize. Where is the river Santander? Tula? Grande? Yaqui ? Lake Chapala ? What Gulf east of Mexico ? ■Where is the Bay of Campeachy ? Honduras ? Te¬ huantepec? In what direction from Florida is Cuba? The Ba¬ hamas? In what direction from Cuba is Hayti? Jamaica? In which direction is Cuba the longest? Where is Cape Catoche? Cape San Antonio? Cape San Lucas? What is the latitude of Cuba ? The City of Mexi¬ co ? In what zone is Cuba ? In what zones is Mexi¬ co ? What is the climate of Mexico ? Of the West India Islanas ? What are the productions of Mexico? Of the West India Islands? Where is mahogany found? Coffee ? What minerals in Mexico ? Describe Jamaica. The Bahamas. Who inhabit Mexico? Central America? What is said of the government of Mexico? Central America? West Indies ? i Describe the city of Mexico. San Salvador. Havana. * The figures at the top of the Map miirk the longitude from Greenwich. SOUTH AMERICxV. SQUARE MILES, 6,500,000. POPULATION, 18,000,000. KEY TO MAE NO. 5. STATES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 1 New Granada, l Bogota, 2 Aspinwall, 3 Cartha- gena, 4 Santa Marta, 6 Mompox, 6 Socorro, 7 Honda, 8 Popayan, 9 Panama. 2 Venezuela, l Caracas, 2 Coro, 3 Valencia, 4 La Giiayra, 5 Cumana, 6 Bolivar City, 7 Trujillo, 8 Maracaybo. 3 Guiana, l Georgetown, 2 New Amsterdam, 3 Paramaribo, 4 Cayenne. 4 Brazil, l Rio Janeiro, 2 Macapa, 3 Para, 4 Maranham, 5 Parnahiba, 6 Aracati, 7 Pernambuco, 8 Bahia or St. Sal¬ vador, 9 Espirito Santo, 10 San Paulo, 11 Porto Alegre, 12 Rio Grande, 13 Diamantina, 14 Cuyaba, 15 Matto Grosso, 16 Barra, 17 San- tarem. 5 Paraguay, l Assumption, 2 Concepcion, 3 Curu- guaty, 4 Villa Rica, 5 Neembucu. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Pacific Ocean, 3 Caribbean Sea, 4 Gulf op Darien, 5 Gulp of Venezuela, 6 Gulf op Paria, 7 PiNZON Bat, 8 Bat of A.ll Saints, 9 Paranagua Bat, 10 Blanco Bat, 11 St. Matthias Bat, ; 12 Bat op St. George, 13 Queen Adelaide’s Archipelago, 14 Archipelago de Mad re de Dios, 15 Gulf of Penas, 16 Chonos Archipelago, 17 Gulf op Guattecas, 18 Concepcion Bat, 19 Gulf of Guataquil, s 20 Bat of Choco, 21 Bat of Panama. ■ 0 Uruguay, 7 Argentine 8 Patagonia. 9 Chili, 10 Bolivia, 11 Peru, 12 Ecuador, 1 Montevideo, 2 Maldonado. Republic, 1 Buenos Atre's, 2 Cor- rientes, 3 Cordova, 4 Mendoza, 5 Rioja, 6 Catamarca, 7 Tucuman, 8 Santiago. 1 Santiago, 2 Copiapo, 3 Huasco, 4 Coquimbo, 5 Quillota, 6 Valparaiso, 7 Concepcion, 8 Valdivia, 9 Castro. 1 Chuquisaca, 2 La Paz, 3 Cochabam¬ ba, 4 Potosi, 5 Cobija. 1 Lima, 2 Payta, 3 Caxamarca, 4 Tru¬ jillo, 6 Cerro Pasco, 6 Callao, 7 Huamanga, 8 Cuzco, 9 Arequipa, 10 Puno, 11 Arica. 1 Quito, 2 Ibarra, 3 Guayaquil, 4 Rio- bamba, 5 Cuenca, 6 Loja. STRAITS. 22 Maracatbo, 23 Magellan, 24 Le Maire. ISLANDS. 25 CuRACOA, 26 Buen Atre, 27 Margarita, 28 St. Vincent, 29 Barbadoes, 30 Grenada, 31 Tobago, 32 Trinidad, 33 Joannes, 34 Itamaraca, 35 Abrolhos, 36 St. Sebastian, I SOUTH AMERICA. 87 Cananea, LAKES. 38 St. Catharina, 82 Maracaybo, 89 Falkland, 83 Patos, 40 South Georgian, 84 Mirim, 41 Staten Land, 85 Ibera, 42 Terra del Fuego, 86 COLUGUAPE, 43 Hermit, 87 Bevedero, 44 Wellington, 88 PORONGOS, 45 Chiloe, 89 Titicaca, 46 Juan Fernandez, 90 Reyes. 47 St. Feli^, 48 Lobos, 49 Puna, RIVERS. 60 Quibo, 91 Magdalena, 61 St. Anne. 92 Cauca, 93 Orinoco, \ 94 Apure, ISTHMUS AND CAPES. 95 Meta, 96 Guaviare, 62 Isthmus of Darien, 97 Caroni. 63 Gallinas, 98 Essequibo, 64 Orange, 99 Demerara, 56 North, 100 Berbice, 66 St. Roque, 101 Surinam, 67 Frio, 102 Marowyne, 68 St. Antonio, 103 Oyapok, 59 CORRIENTES, 104 Amazon, 60 Blanco, 106 Trombetas, 61 Horn, 106 Aniba, 62 Pillar, 107 Negro, 63 Blanco, 108 Branco, 64 San Lorenzo, 109 Cassiquiark, 65 San Francisco. 110 Uaupes, 111 Caqueta, 112 Putumayo, MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 113 Napo, 66 Parima, 114 Huallaga, 67 Pacaraima, 115 UCAYALE, 68 Acarat, 116 Javary, 69 Brazilian, 117 JutAY, 70 Vulcan, 118 JURUA, 71 Andes, 119 Purus, 72 Aconcagua, 120 Madeira, 73 Gualateiri, 121 Beni, 74 Illimani, 122 Mamore, 75 SORATA, 123 Guapai, 76 Chuquibamba, 124 Guapore, 77 Cotopaxi, 126 Topajos, 78 Chimborazo, 126 Akinos, 79 Tolima, 127 Tres Barras, 80 Geral, 128 XiNGU, 81 Desert of Atacama. 129 Para, S 0 U T II A M E R I 0 A. 85 130 Tocantins, 145 CUYABA, 131 Araguay, 146 PlLCOMAYO, 132 R. DAS Mortes, 147 Vermejo, 133 Gcrcpi, 148 Salado, 134 Maranham, 149 Tercero, 135 Parnahiba, 160 Salado, 136 St. Francisco, 151 Ddlce, 137 Paraiuba, 152 Colorado, 138 Rio de la Plata, 153 Rio Negro, 139 Urugcat, 154 Camarones, 140 Parana, 165 Port Desire, 141 Tiete, 156 Chico, 142 Paranaiba, 167 Santa Cruz, 143 Paraguay, 158 Biobio, 144 Tacuari, 159 Desagdadero. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA. BounDj South America. How many square miles CAPES. has it ? Inhabitants V What is its latitude ? Long- Which is the most northern cape ? 53. Which is itude ? In what zones does it lie ? the most eastern? 56. Southern? 61. Western? 63. How many States has South America ? Name them. What four capes has Brazil ? 64-57. What two has The capital of each. Bound each state. What states the Argentine Republic? 58, 69. What cape at the border on the Pacific Ocean ? The Atlantic Ocean ? western extremity of Terra del Fuego ? 62. What The Caribbean Sea ? AYhich state has no sea coast ? two capes has Ecuador ? 64, 65. What state entirely west of the Andes ? Which is the largest state in South America ? MOUNTAINS. What mountains between Guiana and Brazil ? 67, OCEANS, GULFS, BAYS, &c. 68. In the south-eastern part of Brazil? 69. What What ocean east of South America? 1. West? 2. in the western ? 80. What chain of mountains ex- What sea north ? 3. What bay south of the Isthmus tends the whole length of South America ? 71. Men- of Darien? 21. What gulf north? 4. What gulf tion the principal peaks. 72-79. north of Venezuela? 6. What three bays on the coast of Brazil? 7-9. What three bays on the At- LAKES. lantic coast south of Brazil? 10-12. What lake in Venezuela? 82. What two lakes in What archipelagoes on the west coast of Patago- the southern part of Brazil ? 83, 84. What lakes in nia ? 13, 14, 16. What two gulfs on the west coast of the Argentine Republic ? 85, 87, 88. What lake in Patagonia? 15, 17. AVhat gulf on the coast of Ecu- the southern part of Peru ? 89. ador ? 19. What bay on the west coast of New Granada? 20. $ RIVERS. What river in New Granada flows into the Carib- ISLANDS. bean sea? 91. What river in Venezuela flows into What islands north of Venezuela? 25-32. What the Atlantic? 93. Which is the largest river in South island at the mouth of the Amazon ? 33. What five America? 104. Mention its principal branches. 107, islands near the coast of Brazil ? 34-38. What islands 115, 119, 120, 125, 128. What river flows into the east and south of Patagonia ? 39-43. What west ? 44, Atlantic about 11° south latitude? 136. What at 45. West of Chili? 46, 47. What island west of about 35° south latitude? 138. Mention its principal Peru ? 43. South of the Isthmus of Darien ? 50. tributaries. 139, 140. DESCRIPTIVE South America is avast triangular penin¬ sula, occupying the southern half of the west¬ ern continent. Its greatest length is 4800 miles, and its greatest breadth, 3230 miles, and it contains 6,500,000 square miles. It is naturally divided into three great sections, the eastern, or table lands of Bra¬ zil; the middle, or valley of the Amazon, La Plata and Orinoco; and the western, or mountainous districts of the Andes. It is distinguished for its lofty moun¬ tains, majestic rivers and extensive plains. Though partly in the Torrid Zone, the cli¬ mate is not excessively hot, but usually mild and salubrious. The soil is much of it fertile. The elevated plains and mountain decliv¬ ities abound with the fruits and vegetables of the temperate zone, and the lower re¬ gions yield all the most valuable tropical products. GEOGRAPHY. The vegetation of this country is unsurpas¬ sed in its luxuriance and beauty. In many places winter is unknown, and the hills and valleys are clothed with constant verdure. The potato, maize, cocoa, vanilla, and many other useful plants, are found in their native state. The dense forests contain ex¬ cellent timber, and remain in their primitive grandeur, It is rich in mineral productions, among which are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, and precious stones. The most ferocious animals of South America are the puma, jaguar and ocelot. Tlie sloth, ant-eater, armadillo, tapir, and antelope, are numerous. The lama, alpaca, and vicuna are useful animals, A variety of monkeys is found, and birds of the most superb plumage. The condor, the largest bird of flight, inhabits the snowy solitudes of the Andes. SOUTH AMERICA. 87 Vultures, harpies, eagles, toucans, orioles, and parrots, abound. There are numerous insecds and reptiles. The serpents and alli¬ gators are of monstrous size. The domestic animals were imported from Europe. They have multiplied so rapidly as to relapse into a wild state, and now roam the country in vast herds. South America was first visited by Co¬ lumbus in 1498. Soon after, the Spaniards and Portuguese conquered the native In¬ dians, and made numerous settlements. These settlements or provinces remained subject to Spain and Portugal until the present century, when they threw off the yoke and became republics. South America comprises the following divisions, viz.. New Granada, Venezuela, Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uraguay, Argen¬ tine Republic, Patagonia, Chili, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Questions. What is South America ? How divided ? For what distinguished ? What is the climate ? Soil ? What are the products of the different sections? What is said of the vege¬ tation ? What plants are found in their native state ? What can you say of the Minerals ? M’ild animals ? Domestic animals ? Of the discovery and settlement of South America? What farther of the provinces ? Name the divisions. 1. NEW GRANADA. Square miles, 480,000. •Population, 2,360,000. New Granada is traversed by three ranges of the Andes, and contains several lofty peaks. The scenery among these moun¬ tains is extremely grand and beautiful. The lower tracts are hot and unhealthy. Tliey abound with the most valuable tropical products. The elevated plains on which most of the inhabitants reside, are cool and salubrious. Cocoa, coffee, sugar, tobacco, indigo, hides, Brazil and dye woods,are the principal arti¬ cles of cultivation and commerce. It has rich mines of gold and silver, also precious stones. The country is in many parts so nigged as to render the construction of roads im¬ practicable. Travelers are carried in a chair by persons hired for that purpose, or on mules. Rope iiridges, on which the inhabitants pass with ease, are thrown over the chasms. The Panama railroad, about fifty miles in length, extends across the isthmus from As- pinwall to Panama. Bogota, the capital, is a handsome town, situated in the interior, on an elevation, a mile and a half above the level of the sea. The streets are narrow but regular. CARTHAGENA. Carlha^ena has a fine harbor, and an ex¬ tensive trade. Aspinwall^ on the north, and Panama^ on the south side of the isthmus of Darien, are the principal ports. Questions. How many square miles has New Gra- 1 88 SOUTH AMERICA. nada ? What is the population ? Surface ? Climate ? What are the chief articles of cultivation and com¬ merce ? In what is it rich ? What is said of roads and travelers ? Bridges ? Railroad ? Describe Bo¬ gota. Carthagena. Aspinwall and Panama. 2. VENEZUELA. Square miles, 426,000. Population, 1,400,000. [ Venezuela, in the northern part, is trav- I ersed by the Andes. The southern portion j comprises the vast fertile plains of the Ori- j noco and its branches. The climate is extremely hot in the low- j lands, but temperate in the higher regions. The soil is very rich, yielding large crops of sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, and the trop- j ical fruits. 1 The plains or llanos are covered -with tall coarse grass, on which graze numerous herds of cattle, horses and mules. Caracas, the capital, is situated in a pleas- I ant valley, and is subject to earthquakes. It I was nearly destroyed in 1812, with 12,000 of ! its inhabitants. It has since been rebuilt. ! La Guayra has an important commerce. Cumana and Angostura are places of some trade. The Island of Margarita belongs to Vene¬ zuela. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Venezuela ? The population ? What is said of the surface? The climate? Soil and productions? Plains? What animals are found in great numbers ? Describe Caracas. La Guayra, Cumana, and An¬ gostura. What island belongs to Venezuela? 3. GUIANA. Square miles, 163,000. Population, 214,000. Guiana is a level, fertile country, belong¬ ing to the English, Dutch and French. It has two dry seasons and two wet seasons in a year. In the dry seasons the climate is agreeable. The principal productions are sugar, cof¬ fee and maize. Cayenne pepper and cloves are largely exported from Cayenne. The inhabitants consist of foreign resi¬ dents, aboriginal tribes and negroes; the latter constituting the majority. Georgetown, the capital of British Gui¬ ana, at the mouth of the Demerara river, is regularly built. Its streets are broad, mostly with canals in the middle, communicating with each other and the river. The low, swampy position of the city renders it un¬ healthy. Paramaribo, the capital of Dutch Guiana, has a fine harbor, and is the center of trade for the colony. Cayenne, the capital of French Guiana, is situated on an island, and is noted for its pepper. Questions. Mention the number of square miles in Guiana. The population. Describe Guiana. Its climate. Name its chief products. What is said of the inhabitants ? Georgetown ? Paramaribo ? Cay¬ enne ? 4. BRAZIL. Square miles, 3,000,000. Population, 6,500,000. Brazil is an extensive country, comprising nearly the whole of the valley of the Ama¬ zon, and the country lying on the coast south of it as far as latitude 32°. It abounds with majestic rivers, extensive plains, and vast forests. A part of it con¬ tains low ranges of mountains. The climate is mild and salubrious in the elevated and southern sections, but hot and unhealthy near the equator. The soil is very fertile, and vegetation, exceedingly luxuriant. SOUTH AMERICA. 89 Its staple productions are coffee and sugar, but cotton, rice, tobacco, maize, wheat, gin¬ ger, and yams, are found in great abundance. Oranges, lemons and bananas, grow luxuri¬ antly in some parts. It is also rich in mineral treasures, as gold, silver, diamonds, topaz, and other precious stones. Wild animals are very numerous, among which are enormous serpents, alligators, and birds of beautiful plumage. Immense herds of cattle, which are hunted for their hides and horns, graze on the plains. Horses and mules are numerous in the south. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. There are few manufactures. It has considerable commerce. Sugar, cotton, hides, horns, cof¬ fee, cabinet and dye woods, and gums, are among the chief exports. The government is a hereditary, constitutional monarchy. The inhabitants consist of Whites, Negroes, mixed races, and several savage tribes of In¬ dians. Labor in the fields and in the mines is performed principally by negro slaves. Free schools for teaching the rudiments of learning are established. The religion is Roman Catholic, but other religions are tolerated. Rio Janeiro, its capital, and the largest city in South America, has a very fine har¬ bor, an extended commerce, and several lit¬ erary institutions. It contains several public buildings, and is surrounded by varied and picturesque scenery. Para, Maranham, Pernambuco and Bahia are the other principal seaports. Questions. How many square miles has Brazil ? Inhabitants ? AVhat does it comprise ? With what abound? What is the climate? Soil? Name the chief products. Minerals. What is said of wild an¬ imals? Cattle? Agriculture and manufac¬ tures? Commerce? Exports? Government? Inhabitants? Schools? Religion? Rio Jan¬ eiro ? What are the other principal seaports ? 5. PARAGUAY. Square miles, 84,000. Population, 300,000. Paraguay occupies the peninsula be¬ tween the Parana and Paraguay rivers. It is a small, level state, well watered and fertile. The climate is temperate and healthy, and the productions are various and valuable. Maize, rice, sugar, drugs, and tropical fruits abound; also matte, or Paraguay tea, used in South America as China tea is used in this country and in Europe. Large herds of wild cattle roam the plains, and birds of beautiful plumage live in the dense forests. Its inhabitants are chiefly civilized Indians, and descendants of Europeans, from Spain. They are generally intelligent and industri¬ ous. The government is a republic. The reli¬ gion, Roman Catholic. This state became independent in 1813, 90 SOUTH AMERICA. and soon after was governed by Dr-Francia, who ruled under the title of Dictator, until his death, in 1840. lie very much improved the condition of the people, and secured to them peace and prosperity, while the neigliboring republics were unsettled and distracted. Assumption, the capital, is finely situated, but poorly built, and has considerable trade. Foreigners are now admitted, and commerce with other nations is encouraged. Questions. Paraguay has how many square miles ? What is the population? Describe it. Name the chief products. What abound on its plains and in its forests ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Gov¬ ernment ? Religion ? AVhat can you say of its his¬ tory ? Of Assumption ? 6. URUGUAY. Square miles, Y5,000. Population, 120,000. Uruguay is a small state lying between the river Uruguay and the Atlantic. The principal productions are wheat, maize and beans. Melons are raised in abundance. Hides, horns and tallow arc its chief ex¬ ports. The government is republican. This republic, formerly known as the Banda Oriental, belonged to the United Provinces of Buenos Ayres. On account of its commercial facilities, Brazil laid claim to it; but after a protracted war both parties assented to its independence. ]\IONTEViDEO, the capital, is situated on the Rio de la Plata, which is here eighty miles wide. It has a fine cathedral, a good harbor and an important trade. Questions. What is the number of square miles and the population of Uruguay ? Describe its situation. Surface, soil and climate. Mention its productions. Its exports. What is its Government? History? Describe Montevideo. 7. ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Square miles, 900,000. Population, 1,300,000. CATHEDRAL AT MONTEVIDEO. The surface is generally level, and the climate agreeable. The soil is fertile, but remains for the most part uncultivated. Tbe Argentine Republic occu¬ pies a section drained by the waters of the Paraguay and Col¬ orado. The northern part is moun¬ tainous and barren. The central and southern portions are fertile, and consist principally of immense plains called Pampas. These have few trees and are covered with tall grass that affords fine pasture. The plains are extremely warm; the coast and elevated tracts are cool. The climate is remarkable for its dryness. The productions are sugar, cotton, tobac¬ co, maize, wheat, and the various fruits of the temperate and torrid zones. SOUTH AMERICA 91 It has rich mines of gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal. On the plains, are vast herds of horses and cattle, which are taken by the Indian with his lasso, a leathern thong. Deer, jaguar, and the American ostrich also abound. Wool, hides, horns, and tallow, are the chief articles of export. The government is nominally a republic, but the president, or director, possesses in reality the pow'ers of a dictator. The religion is Roman Catholic. Educa¬ tion throughout the province is in a low state. This Republic became independent of Spain in 1816. It has taken, at different times, the names of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, the Argentine Re¬ public, and Buenos Ayres. Buenos Ayres, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has an extensive commerce, somewhat impeded by the difficulty of nav¬ igating the La Plata. The houses are most¬ ly built of brick,and whitewashed. It con¬ tains fine public buildings, a good college well endowed, normal and other schools. PCnLIC SQUARE AT MENDOZA. Mendoza is well built and has an exten¬ sive trade with Chili, carried on by means of mules. Questions. Give the number of square miles in the Argentine Republic. Its population. Describe its situation. Surface. Climate. Name its products. Minerals. Animals. Articles of export. What is said of its Government ? Religion ? Education ? History? Names? Of Buenos Ayres? Mendoza? 8. PATAGONIA. Square miles, 350,000. Population, 120,000. NATIVES OF PATAGONIA. Patagonia comprises the southern por¬ tion of the western continent, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. The Andes pass through it, rendering its surface mountainous and rugged. The greater part of it is cold and barren, only a very small portion being under cultivation. Fish abound on the coast. It is thinly inhabited by independent tribes of Indians, who are said to be excellent horsemen. Questions. How many square miles and inhabit- 92 SOUTH A ants has Patagonia ? What does Patagonia comprise ? What is its surface and climate ? What abound on its coasts ? Who inhabit it ? 9. CHILI. Square miles, 170,000. Population, 1,200,000. Chili is a long, narrow tract of land, lying between the Andes and the ocean. It has a mountainous surface, is subject to violent earthquakes, and has several volcanoes con¬ stantly burning. COSTCMES OF THE CHILIANS. The climate is equable and very salubri¬ ous. Numerous mountain streams, which flow into the Pacific, fertilize the soil, espe¬ cially in the southern part, where it is pro¬ ductive ; the northern part is barren. Fruits, grains, and vegetables, are abun¬ dantly raised, but the rearing of cattle is the most important branch of industry. Mines of gold, silver, and copper, are ex¬ tensively worked. The Chilians are courteous, humane, and industrious. The general government is administered by a president elected for five years. He is MERIC A. assisted by a council of eight members. The legislature consists of two houses, the Sen¬ ate and House of Deputies. The established religion is Roman Catho¬ lic. Other religions are tolerated. Chiloe and its adjacent islands, also those of Juan Fernandez, belong to Chili. Juan Fernandez is celebrated as the residence of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor. His adventure gave rise to the story of Robinson Crusoe. Santiago, the capital, is beautifully situ¬ ated. Valparaiso^ its port, has a fine harbor, and an extensive trade with Europe, the United States and China. Quillota has remarkably rich mines of copper. Valdivia and Coquim- bo possess good harbors. Questions. What is the area of Chili ? Popula¬ tion ? Surface ? Its climate and soil ? What is said of fruits, grains, &c. ? The rearing of cattle ? Mines ? Chilians? Government? Religion? What islands belong to Chili? What can you say of Juan Fernan¬ dez? Santiago? Valparaiso? Quillota? Valdivia and Coquimbo? 10. BOLIVIA. Square miles, 375,000. Population, 1,700,000. Bolivia is an extensive republic situated north of Chili and the Argentine Republic, and west of Brazil. The surface is mountainous and greatly elevated. The climate is generally temper¬ ate. Rye, maize, potatoes, cotton, rice, indigo, and cocoa, are the chief productions. This country is noted for its valuable mines of gold and silver. The silver mines of Po- tosi are the richest in the world. They were discovered by Hualpo, a Peruvian Indian, in 1545, while climbing a mountain in pursuit SOUTH AMERICA, 93 of some goats. Laying hold of a shrub to assist his ascent, it was torn up by the roots, exposing the silver beneath. Bolivia was a Spanish province till 1825, when it achieved its independence under General Bolivar, from whom it derives its name. The constitution, which was drawn up for the new state by him, and adopted by con¬ gress in 1826, makes ample provision for personal and political liberty, securing reli¬ gious toleration and the freedom of the press. The religion is Roman Catholic. THE GRAND PLACE AT CHGQCISACA. Chuquisaca, the capital, has a university and several fine buildings. Potosi is situated 13,000 feet above the level of the sea, in a region cold and barren, but rich in silver mines. Cochabamba has considerable trade in grain and fruits. Questions. What is the area of Bolivia? Popula¬ tion ? What is said of its situation ? Surface ? Climate ? Productions ? For what is it noted ? Who discovered its mines? When and under whom did it become in¬ dependent? What is said of the government? Re¬ ligion ? Describe Chuquisaca. Potosi. Cochabamba. 11. PERU. Square miles, 400,000. Population, 2,300,000. Peru is an irregular country, traversed by two ranges of the Andes. On the coast the climate is very hot, and the soil arid. The table lands have a cool climate and fertile soil. The chief productions are cotton, maize, sugar, coffee, and Peruvian bark. There are also rich mines of gold, silver, and mercury, or quicksilver. Agriculture and manufactures are neg¬ lected. The country is almost destitute of roads and bridges. Transportation is carried on principally by means of lamas and mules. A railroad between Lima and Callao has been completed, and another from Arica to Tacna has been commenced. The native Peruvians were a peaceable race, who understood agriculture and the arts, and worshiped the sun. The present inhabitants are supposed to be about one-half Indians, one-fourth white per¬ sons, or Creoles, and the rest colored people of mixed breeds. The Peruvians achieved their independ¬ ence in 1824. They possess a good degree of enterprise, wealth and refinement. The government is popular and repre¬ sentative. The president is elected for six years. The dominant religion is Roman Catholic but other creeds are tolerated, Lima, the capital, is a wealthy city, re¬ markable for its magnificent public build- 94 SOUTH AMERICA. THE CONVENT OF SAN FRANCISCO, LIMA. ings. It has several manufactories, and a large trade through the port of Callao. Cuzco, was the capital of the ancient Pe¬ ruvian empire, and the residence of the Peruvian Incas. It was founded by Manco Capac, the first Inca of Peru, in 1043, and contains numerous elegant palaces and tem¬ ples. In 1534 it was taken by the Span¬ iards, under Pizarro, who cruelly put to death the reigning Incas, and pillaged the city. It is remarkable for its lofty mountains, elevated plains and varied climate. Vegetation is luxuriant, and the forests are covered witli perpetual green. All the tropical fruits abound. Cocoa, rice, pepper, sugar-cane, Indian corn, cotton, wheat, and liarley, are also produced. Earthquakes and violent tem¬ pests are frequent. Some of the most elevated peaks of the Andes are found in this country; among which arc Mount Chimborazo and the vol¬ canoes Cotopaxi and Pichincha. Questions. What number of square miles has Peru ? Inhabitants ? Describe its surface, climate and soil. What are its productions ? What is the Slate of agriculture and manufactures ? What is said of roads and bridges ? What can you say of its in¬ habitants 2 When did Peru become independent? What is said of the government? Religion? Lima? Cuzco ? The form of government is republican, witli a president and vice-president as the head. The religion is Roman Catholic. Education is in a very backward state. 12. ECUADOR. Square miles, 240,000. Population, 020,000. Ecuador is situated on the coast of the Pacific, north of Peru, and directly under equator. CATHEDRAL AT GUAYAQUIL. Quito, the capital, is a beautiful city, built on the side of a volcano, 8000 feet above the level of the sea. It is well built and has several handsome squares. Eleven snoiv- capped inountains may be seen from the city. SOUTHAM ERICA. 95 Guayaquil lias a fine harbor and an ex¬ tensive commerce. It is well laid out and has some good public edifices; but it is mostly built of wood, on low ground, and is ill supplied with water. How is South America bounded ? What is its gen¬ eral form ? In which direction is it the longest ? What divisions border on the Caribbean Sea ? What on the Atlantic Ocean ? What on the Pacific ? Which division has no sea coast ? Which is the largest di¬ vision ? Which is the smallest ? What range of mountains extends the whole length of South America ? Mention the principal peaks of the Andes. In what state are the highest peaks ? What other mountains in South America? What states are mostly level ? Which are the three largest rivers of South Amer¬ ica ? In what direction does each flow ? Why are there no large rivers flowing into the Pacific ? What are the principal tributaries of the Orinoco ? Of the Amazon ? Of the La Plata ? Where is Lake Mara- caybo ? Lake Titacaca ? Into what does the river Dulce flow ? Where is the gulf of Darien ? The gulf of Vene¬ zuela? The gulf of Guayaquil? The bay of All Saints ? Blanco Bay ? The bay of St. George ? The bay of Panama ? Straits of Maracaybo ? Straits of Magellan ? Where is the island of Curacoa? Trinidad? Jo¬ annes ? Where are the Falkland Islands ? South Georgian ? Where is Terra del Fuego ? Chiloe ? Juan Fernandez? Cape Gallinas? Cape St. Roque? Cape Frio ? Cape Horn ? Cape Blanco ? What is the latitude of Cape Gallinas ? Cape Horn? Of the island of Juan Fernandez? Of the mouth of the Amazon ? Of the mouth of the Ori¬ noco ? Of the mouth of the La Plata ? Of Quito ? Rio Janeiro? Buenos Ayres? Lima? What is the longitude from Greenwich of the Isth¬ mus of Darien ? Of Cape St. Roque ? Of Bogota ? Questions. Number of square miles in Ecuador ? Population? Describe its situation. Surface. Veg¬ etation. Productions. To what is it subject ? What is said of its mountain peaks ? Government ? Reli¬ gion ? Education ? Describe Quito ? Guayaquil. ON SOUTH AMERICA. Of Rio Janeiro ? Chuquisaca ? The mouth of the Amazon ? The mouth of the Orinoco ? What countries of South America are crossed by the equator ? What by the Tropic of Capricorn ? In what zones is South America ? What countries are in the Torrid Zone ? What in the South Temperate Zone ? In which zone is vegetation most luxuriant ? What, besides distance from the Equator, affects the climate of the countries of South America ? Which division of South America has the coldest climate? In what divisions is the climate very warm ? What divisions have a temperate climate ? Wliat are the seasons in Guiana ? What is the gen¬ eral character of the soil in the valleys of the north¬ ern and middle countries ? What are the vegetable productions of New Granada and Venezuela? In ■what country is ginger produced ? From what coun¬ try is Cayenne pepper exported ? In what countries are coffee and sugar found ? Cotton ? What country exports dye woods and gums? In what countries are there large numbers of cattle ? Where is gold found? Silver? Copper? Mer¬ cury ? In what country are the richest silver mines ? Where are diamonds found? What is the govern¬ ment of Brazil ? Of most of the other countries ? What is the prevailing religion in South America ? Which is the largest city in South America ? What has it? How is Bogota situated? What are the principal sea ports in South America? For what is Lima remarkable? What has Chuquisaca? What does Buenos Ayres contain ? How is Quito situated ? In what direction from New York is Rio Janeiro ? How would you sail from Buenos Ayres to San Fran¬ cisco, Cal. ? How is transportation carried on in Peru? How,do people travel in New Granada? GENERAL QUESTIONS 9^15 . I \fiz liC/lG sio EUROPE. SQUAKE MILES, 3,800,000. POPULATION, 270,000,000. KEY TO MAE NO. G COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOAVNS. 1 Norway, 1 Christiania, 2 Drontheini, 3 Koiiigs- burg, 4 Bergeu. 2 Sweden, 1 Stockholm, 2 Gefle, 8 Fahluu, 4 Upsal, * 6 Kalmar, 6 Carlscroua, *7 Gothcu- burg. 3 Hussia, 1 St. Petersburg, 2 Archangel, 3 Kasan, 4 Saratov, 5 Astrakhan, 6 Sevasto¬ pol, 7 Kherson, 8 Odessa, 9 Ismail, 10 Kiev, 11 Minsk, 12 Vilua, 13 Riga, 14 Revel, 15 Abo, 1C Cron- stadt, 17 Novgorod, 18 Yaroslav, 19 Tver, 20 Moscow, 21 Kalooga, 22 Orel, 23 Smolensk. HUSSIAN PROVINCES. 4 Lapland, 1 Kola, 2 Tornea. 5 Poland, 1 Cracow, 2 Warsaw, 3 Lublin. 6 Austria, 1 A'^ienna, 2 Prague, 3 Brunn, 4 Olmutz, 5 A\''ieliczka, 6 Bochnia, 7 Lemberg, 8 Cronstadt, 9 Hermanstadt, 10 Temcsvar, 11 Agram, 12 Ragusa, 13 Cattaro, 14 Trieste, 15 Lay bach, 16 Gratz, 17 Liutz, 18 Presburg, 19 Buda, 20 Pesth, 21 Debreczin. 7 Turkey, 1 Constantinople, 2 Belgrade, 3 AVidin, 4 Bucharest, 5 Brahilov, 6 Jassy, 7 Silistria, 8 Shoomla, 9 Varna, 10 Adrianople, 11 Gallipoli, 12 Seres, 13 Salonica, 14 Larissa, 15 Arta, 16 A'anina, 17 Scutari, 18 Bosna- Serai, 19 Sophia. 8 Greece, l Athens, 2 Corinth, 3 Nauplia, 4 Trip- olitza, 6 Patras. ITALY, OR ITALIAN STATES. 9 Sardinia, 1 Turin, 2 Milan, 3 Parma, 4 Modena, 10 Venice, 5 Florence, 8 Alantua, 9 A^'erona, 11 Parma, -J 10 Padua, 11 Venice, 24 Leghorn, 12 Modena, 13 Tuscany, 14 States of the Church, 6 Rome, 12 Bologna, 13 San Alarino, 14 Ancona. 15 Kingdom of Naples, 7 Naples, 15 Bari, 16 Ta¬ ranto, 17 Reggio, 18 Messina, 19 Catania, 20 Syracuse, 21 Trapani, 22 Palermo, 23 Salerno. 10 France, 1 Paris, 2 Brest, 3 Rennes, 4 Cher¬ bourg, 5 Caen, 6 Havre, 7 Rouen, 8 Calais, 9 Lille, 10 Amiens, 11 Rheims, 12 Metz, 13 Nancy, 14 Strasburg, 15 Dijon, 16 Lyons, 17 Bastia, 18 Ajaccio, 19 Toulon, 20 Marseilles, 21 Montpelier, 22 Toulouse, 23 Bayonne, 24 Bor¬ deaux, 25 Nantes, 26 L’Orient, 27 Angers, 28 Tours, 29 Orleans, 30 Troyes, 31 St. Etienne, 32 Li¬ moges. 17 Spain, 1 Madrid, 2 Compostela, 3 Corunna, 4 Ferrol, 5 Gijon, 6 Bilbao, 7 Bar¬ celona, 8 Tortosa, 9 A’'alcncia, 10 Alicante, 11 Murcia, 12 Cartagena, 13 Granada, 14 Malaga, 15 Gibral¬ tar, 16 Cadiz, 17 Seville, 18 Cor¬ dova, 19 Badajos, 20 Toledo, 21 Salamanca, 22 Leon, 23 A'aHadolid, 24 Burgos, 25 Saragossa. 18 Portugal, 1 Lisbon, 2 Braga, 3 Oporto, 4 Coim¬ bra, 5 Elvas, 6 Evora, 7 Setubal. 1 London, 2 Newcastle, 3 York, 4 Hull, 6 Norwich, 6 Cambridge, 7 Dover, 8 Portsmouth, 9 Southampton, 10 Plymouth, 11 Bristol, 12 Birming¬ ham, 13 Liverpool, 14 Manchester, 15 Leeds, 16 Shefiield. 1 Caernarvon, 2 Merthyr Tydvil, 3 Car¬ digan. 19 England, 20 Wales, 25 Genoa, 26 Nice, 27 Sassari, 28 CagliarL 21 Scotland, l Edinburgh, 2 Wick, 3 Inverness, 4 Aberdeen, 5 Dundee, 6 Perth, 7 Paisley, 8 Glasgow. EUROPE. 99 22 Ireland, l Dublin, 2 Londonderry, 3 Belfast, 4 Waterford, 5 Cork, 6 Limerick, 7 Galway, 8 Sligo. 23 Belgium, 1 Brussels, 2 Ghent, 3 Antw'erp, 4 Liege. 24 Holland, 1 Hague, 2 Amsterdam, 3 Groningen, 4 Rotterdam. 25 Denmark, l Copenhagen, 2 Elsinore, 3 Flens* V borg, 4 Sleswick. 26 Prussia, l Berlin, 2 Stettin, 3 Colberg, 4 Dant- zic, 5 Konigsberg, 6 Memel, 7 Thorn, 8 Posen, 9 Breslau, 10 Liegnitz, 11 Halle, 12 Magdeburg, 13 Potsdam, 14 Elberfield, 15 Co¬ logne, 16 Aix la Chapelle. 27 German States, l Frankfort, 8 Bremen, 9 Ham¬ burg, 10 Lubeck.* 28 Mecklenburg, 2 Schwerin. 29 Hanover, 3 Hanover, 11 Gottingen. 30 Saxony, 4 Dresden, 12 Leipsic. 31 Bavaria, 5 Munich, 13 Nuremburg, 14 Augsburg. 32 Wirtemburg, 6 Stuttgart, 15 Ulm. 33 Baden, 7 Carlsruhe, 16 Manheim. 34 Switzerland, l Berne, 2 Basel, 3 Zurich, 4 Ge¬ neva. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 Atlantic Ocean, 2 Arctic Ocean, 3 White Sea, 4 Onega Gulf, 6 Tcheskaya Gulf, 6 Caspian Sea, 7 Azof Sea, 8 Black Sea, 9 Gulf of Burgas, 10 Sea of Marmora, 11 Archipelago, 12 Mediterranean Sea, 13 Adriatic Sea, 14 Gulf of Taranto, 15 Gulf of Genoa, 16 Gulf of Lyons, 17 Bay of Biscay, 18 Galway Bay, 19 Donegal Bay, 20 Irish Sea, 21 North Sea, 22 Murray Firth, 23 Firth of Forth, 24 ZuYDER Zee, 25 Baltic Sea, 26 Gulp of Riga, 27 Gulf of Finland, 28 Gulf of Bothnia, 29 Faxe Bay, 30 Brede Bay. ' STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 31 Skager Rack, 32 Cattegat, 33 The Sound, 34 Strait of Yenikale, 35 Channel of Bosporus, 36 Strait of Dardanelles, 37 Strait of Otranto, 38 Strait of Messina, 39 Strait of Bonifacio, 40 Strait of Gibraltar, 41 English Channel, 42 Strait of Dover, 43 Bristol Channel, 44 St. George’s Channel, 45 North Channel. ISLANDS. 46 Iceland, 47 Loffoden Islands, 48 SOROE, 49 Mageroe, 60 Cyprus, 61 Rhodes, 62 SCARPANTO, 63 Samos, 64 Scio, 66 Mitylene, 66 Stalimni, 67 Negropont, 68 Cyclades, 69 Candia, 6 * Frankfort, Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck, are free cities. 100 EUROPE. Ionian Islands, 60 Cerigo, 61 Zante, 62 Cephalonia. 63 Corfu, 64 Sicily, 66 Malta, 66 Lipari Islands, 67 Elba, 68 Corsica, 69 Sardinia, 70 Minorca, 71 Majorca, 72 Itica, 73 Jersey, 74 Guernsey, 75 Wight, 76 Sc ILLY Islands, 77 Great Britain, 78 Ireland, 79 Anglesea, 80 Isle of Man, 81 Hebrides Islands, 82 Orkney Islands, 83 Shetland Islands;, 84 Faroe Islands, 85 Zealand, 86 Funen, 87 Laaland, 88 Falster, 89 Rugen, 90 Bornholm, 91 Oland, 92 Gothland, 93 Oesel, 94 Dago, 96 Aland. PENINSULAS. 96 Crimea, 97 Morea. CAPEa 98 North, 99 SVIATOI, 100 Matapan, 101 Spartivento, 102 Passako, 103 Teulada, 104 Corso, 106 San Martin, 106 Palos, 107 Gata, 108 Trafalgar, 109 St. Vincent, 110 Finistere, 111 Ortegal, 112 La Hague, 113 Land’s End, 114 Clear, 115 Wrath, 116 The Naze. MOUNTAINS. 117 Scandinavian, 118 Ural, 119 Caucasus, 120 Carpathian, 121 Balkan, 122 Alps, 123 Mount Blanc, 124 Apennines, 125 Mount Vesuvius, 126 Mount ^tna, 127 Sierra Nevada, 128 Sierra Morena, 129 Cantabrian, 130 Montserrat, 131 Pyrenees, 132 Cevennes, 133 Auvergne, 134 Grampian Hills, 135 Mount Hecla. LAKEa 136 Wener, 137 Wetter, 138 Maelar, 139 Purus, 140 Sego, 141 Vigo, 142 Onega, 143 Ladoga, 144 Ilmen, 145 Peipus, 146 Platten Zee, 147 Constance, 148 Geneva. EUROPE. 101 RIVERS. 149 Drammen, 150 Glommen, 151 Klar, 152 Dahl, 153 IXDAL, 154 Umea, 155 Skelleftea, 156 Lulea, 157 Torxea, 158 Keni, 159 Onega, 160 Dwina, 161 SOOKHONA, 162 VlTCHEGDA, 163 Mezene, 164 Petchora, 165 OosA, 166 Ural, 167 Volga, 168 Samara, 169 Kama, 170 Bielaya, 171 VlATKA, 172 Oka, 173 Sera, 174 Kooma, 175 Terek, 176 Kooban, 177 Don, 178 Manitch, 179 Khoper, 180 Donets, 181 Dnieper, 182 Desna, 183 Fripets, 184 Bog, 185 Dniester, 186 Danube, 187 Pruth, 188 Theiss, 189 Drave, 190 Save, 191 Maritza, 192 Po, 193 Tiber, 194 Rhone, 195 Saone, 196 Ebro, 197 Guadalquivee, 198 Guadiana, 199 Tagus, 200 Douro, 201 Minho, 202 Garonne, 203 Dordogne, 204 Loire, 205 Seine, 206 Meuse, 207 Rhine, 208 Weser, 209 Elbe, 210 Oder, 211 Wartha, 212 Vistula, 213 Bug, 214 Kiemen, 215 Duna, 216 Neva, 217 VOLKHO, 218 SvEER, 219 Humber, 220 Thames, 221 Severn, 222 Shannon. APBICA ON THE MAP OP EUROPE. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 1 Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabat, 3 Mequinez, 4 Fez, 2 Algiers, l Algiers, 2Oraii,3Constautinc,4 Bona. 3 Tunis, 1 Tunis, 2 Kairwan. 4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 6 Tripoli, 1 Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. 6 Barca, 1 Derne, 2 Bengazi. 7 Egypt, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, 3 Rosetta, 4 Damietta. ASIA ON THE MAP OP EUROPE. COUNTRIES AND CHIEF TOWNS. 11 Persia, 2 Tabreez. 12 Arabia, 6 Petra. 13 Turkey, l Smyrna, 2 Brusa, 3 Trcbizond, 4 Erz- room, 5 Kars, 6 Diarbekir, 7 Mo¬ sul, 8 Bagdad, 9 Bassorah. 14 Syria, l Aleppo, 2 Damascus, 3 Jerusalem, 4 Beyroot. 102 EUROPE. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. Bound Europe. How many square miles has it i Inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longitude ? In what zones is it ? What are its principal political divi¬ sions? Which is the most Northern? Eastern? Southern ? W estern ? Bound Norway. Sweden. Russia. Austria. Tur¬ key. Greece. Italy. France. Spain. Portugal. England. Wales. Scotland. Ireland. Belgium. Holland. Denmark. Prussia. Germany. Switzer¬ land. Name the capitals of each. OCEANS, SEAS, BAYS AND GULFS. ^Vliat ocean west of Europe ? 1. North ? 2. What sea in the north of Russia ? 3. North of Prussia ? 25. East of Great Britain? 21. West? 20. What sea separates Europe from Africa ? 12. What two seas south of Turkey ? 10, 11. What three south of Rus¬ sia ? 6-8. What bays west of Ireland ? 18, 19. What bay west of France? 17. What gulf north of Russia ? 5. What three gulfs west ? 26-28. What two gulfs south and west of Italy ? 14, 15. What gulf south of France? 16. North of Holland? 24. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. What three channels at the entrance of the Baltic Sea? 31-33. What two channels between great Brit¬ ain and Ireland? 44, 45. What channel between England and France? 41. In the south-west of Eng¬ land? 43. What strait separates England from France ? 42. What strait is the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea ? 40. What strait between the islands of Sardinia and Corsica ? 39. Sicily and Italy? 38. Italy and Turkey? 37. What strait connects the Sea of Marmora and the Archipelago ? 36. The sea of Marmora and the Black Sea ? 35 The Black Sea and the sea of Azof? 34. ISLANDS. ■ What islands off the west coast of Norway ? 47, 48. What large island west of Norway ? 46. What group south-east of Iceland? 84. To what country do they belong? To Denmark. What islands north of Scotland? 82, 83. What west ? 81. What islands in the Irish Sea ? 79, 80. What large island west of Great Britain ? 78. What islands between England and France? 73- 75. What islands between Sweden and Denmark ? 85-88. AYhat islands in the Baltic Sea ? 89-95. AYhat three islands east of Spain ? 70-72. AYhat islands south of Italy ? 64, 66-69. AYhat island south of Sicily ? 65. To what government does it belong ? To England. AA^hat islands west of Greece? 61, 62. AYhat large island south of the Archipelago ? 59. AYhat two islands south of Turkey in Asia? 50, 51. PENINSULAS AND CAPES. AYhat peninsula south of Russia? 96. AYhich is the most northern cape of Europe ? 98. AA^hat cape south of Norway ? 116. South-west of England? 113. South of Ireland? 114. Of Portugal? 109. What two capes has Spain on the north-west? 110, 111. AYhat cape south of Greece ? 100. MOUNTAINS. AYhat mountains between Europe and Asia? 118. Between Norway and Sweden? 117. AA’hat mount¬ ains in Austria ? 120. Turkey? 121. Switzerland? 122. Italy? 124. Spain? 127-130. France? 132, 133. AYhat mountains separate France and Spain? 131. AYhat volcano in Iceland ? 135. In Italy ? 125. Sicily? 126. LAKES. AYhat are the three principal lakes of Sweden? 136-138. AYhat lakes has Russia ? 139-145. AYhat two lakes in Switzerland ? 147, 148. What lake in Austria? 146. RIA^ERS. AA'hat rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean? 163, 164. Into the AA'hite Sea? 159, 160. AYhat rivers of Russia flow into the Caspian Sea? 166, 167. Into the Sea of Azof? 177. Into the Black Sea? 181, 184, 185. AYhat river from Turkey flows into the Black Sea ? 186. Mention its principal branches. 187-190. What two rivers in Italy? 192, 193. AA^'hat are the rivers of Spain and into what do they flow ? 196-201. AYhat are the principal rivers of France? 194, 202, 204, 205. AYhat rivers flow into the North Sea ? 206- 209. Into the Baltic Sea ? 210, 212, 214. AYhat river flows into the Gulf of Riga? 215. AA^hat rivers flow into the Gulf of Bothnia ? 152 -158. A\"hat river flows from Lake Ladoga to the Gulf of Finland? 216. What three rivers in England ? 219-221. AYhat river in Ireland ? 222. E (JROPE. 103 DESCRIPTIVE Europe is the least of the grand divisions in size, but the first, in social, political, and commercial importance. Numerous seas, gulfs and bays penetrate its coast; and the surface is agreeably di¬ versified with mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The climate is cold in the north and east, generally temperate and healthful in the middle and west, and warm in the south. The soil is mostly fertile, producing the most important grains in the north, while in the south, the vine, olive, orange, lemon, and other tropical fruits, are found in abundance. Coal, iron, copper, lead, tin, zinc, mercu¬ ry, and salt, are abundant. Gold, silver and precious stones, are found in the Ural moun¬ tains. Europe has comparatively few wild ani¬ mals, but domestic animals thrive in great numbers and variety. GEOGRAPHY. Agriculture, manufactures and the arts are carried to a high degree of perfection, and its commerce is extensive. The population is chiefly of Caucasian de¬ scent, and great inequalities in society exist. The lower classes are often extremely ignorant and degraded, and the masses are unable to read and write. The nobility live in great luxury and often oppress the poor. In many of the European states, common schools are unknown, but universities and colleges abound, which are more liberally endowed with funds and libraries than those of our own country. Great improvements have been made in popular education during the present cen¬ tury. The Roman Catholic, Protestant and Greek are the prevailing religions. The govern¬ ments are chiefly monarchical. A few are small republics. 104 EUROPE. The principal political divisions of Europe are Norway, Sweden, Russia, Austria, Tur¬ key, Greece, Italy or the Italian States, France, Spain, Portugal, England, Scotland, Ireland, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Prus¬ sia, the German States, and Switzerland. Questions. What is the rank of Europe among the grand divisions ? What is said of its coast and surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What minerals are abun¬ dant ? What is said of the animals ? Agriculture, &c.? Population ? What is the condition of the peo¬ ple ? Of education ? What religions prevail ? Gov¬ ernment ? Name the principal political divisions. 1. NORWAY. Square miles, 123,000. Population, 1,328,000. Norway is a rough, mountainous country, abounding with cataracts and precipices, and presents much romantic scenery. The winters are long and severe; the sum¬ mers short, and very hot. -The soil is rocky and barren, and but a small part of it suit¬ able for cultivation. Potatoes, barley, rye, and other kinds of grain, are raised, but the rearing of cattle, mining, and the manufacture of lumber, are the chief occupations of the people. Norway is rich in mines of lead, iron, copper, and silver. The Norwegians are well educated, frank, hospitable and industrious, manufacturing their clothing, furniture and tools. Norway has a legislature of its own, but is subject to Sweden. The Lutheran is the religion of the state and is professed by the great body of the people. Education is very generally diffused; in¬ struction is gratuitous, and children are required to attend school. Norway was united with Sweden in 1814. Christl\nia, the seat of government, has a picturesque situation and a fine harbor. It is regularly laid out and built wholly of stone and brick. Drontheim was the residence of the ancient kings, and is one of the most northern towns in Europe. Bergen has a good harbor, and is surrounded by mountains on the land side. Questions. How many square miles has Norway? Inhabitants ? What is its surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What can you say of its products and pursuits? Mines? The Norwegians? Government? Religion ? Education ? When was Nor¬ way united with Sweden? Describe Christiania. Drontheim. Bergen. 2. SWEDEN. Square miles, 170,000. Population, 3,482,000. Sweden is situated east of Norway, and with it forms the peninsula of Scandinavia. It has in general a level surface, and is diversified by numerous beautiful lakes and rivers. The climate is cold but healthy. EUROPE. 105 The soil is light, and a part of it only, capable of cultivation. It produces rye, barley, oats, and potatoes. The chief resonrces of the people are the forests, fisheries and mines. There are extensive mines of iron. Cop¬ per, silver and lead, are also found. The inhabitants are industrious, virtuous, and distinguished for their intelligence and independence. Prom the polish of their manners, they are called the French of northern Europe. The government is a limited constitutional monarchy. Great pains is taken in education, and its primary, grammar schools and universities are superior. The Lutheran religion is professed by the great body of the people, though other relig¬ ions are tolerated. Stockholm, the capital, is beautifully sit¬ uated between lake Maelar and the Baltic sea. It is built partly on the main land, and merce. Its royal palace is one of the finest buildings in Europe. Gothenburg is, next to Stockholm, the most important trading city of the kingdom. Questions. How many square miles has Sweden ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is said of its surface and climate ? Soil ? Productions ? The chief resources ? Its mines ? Inhabitants ? Govern¬ ment ? Education ? Religion ? Stockholm ? Goth¬ enburg ? RUSSIAN EMPIRE. The Russian Empire is the most extensive empire in the world, containing over seven millions of square miles, and sixty-five mill¬ ions of inhabitants. It embraces Russia in Europe, Russia in Asia, and Russian Amer¬ ica. Questions. What is the extent of the Russian Empire ? What does it embrace ? 3. RUSSIA. Square miles, 2,142,000. Population, 60,000,000. THE ROYAL PALACE, STOCKHOLM. partly on several islands connected with each other and the main land by bridges. It has an excellent harbor, and considerable com¬ Bussia is a vast plain occupy¬ ing all the eastern part of Europe, and comprising more than one- half of it. It abounds with lakes, majestic rivers, and immense for¬ ests. The northern part is excessively cold, and only adapted to grazing. The other sections arc temperate, witli a fertile soil, producing abundantly,wheat, rye, oats, bar¬ ley, maize, potatoes, flax, hemp, hops, and various kinds of fi'uits. Iron, copper, salt, gold, platina, diamonds, and other precious stones, abound. Cattle and sheep are reared in great num¬ bers. 106 EUROPE GENERAL VIEW OF THE KREMLIN, AT MOSCOW. ]\ranufactiires and the arts are much en¬ couraged, and have rapidly improved within a few years. Russia has an extensive system of canals, and several railways are completed, or in progress. The traveling in the winter is principally by sledges drawn upon the snow. The inland commerce of Russia is exten¬ sive, but its foreign commerce is limited, many of its harbors being frozen over most of the year. Tallow, wheat, hemp, flax, flaxseed, timber, and leather, are the chief exports. The inhabitants belong to the Caucasian and Asiatic races, and speak different lan¬ guages. The nobility are wealthy, and live in great splendor. The government is a military despotism, supported by an army of seven hundred thousand men. The emperor, styled the Autocrat of Russia, is at the head of both church and state. The established religion is that of the Greek church. St. Petersburg, the scat of government, is situated at the head of the Gulf of Fin¬ land. It was founded by Peter the Great, and from the extent and magnificence of many of its buildings, is called the city of palaces. It also contains many elegant churches. In commerce and science it is the first city in Russia. Moscoiv is a very populous city, abound¬ ing with beautiful palaces and gardens. It was burnt to the ground in 1812, to prevent the army of Napoleon from occupying it, but has been rebuilt with increased splen¬ dor. The Kremlin, or ancient citadel of Moscow, is surrounded by an immense white wall. Sevastopol is an important town and the principal naval station of Russia on the Black Sea. The forts were principally destroyed by the English and French in 1855. Odessa, on the Black sea, Riga, on the Baltic sea. Archangel, on the White sea, and Cronstadt, on an island in the gulf of Finland, are im¬ portant seaports. EUROPE. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Russia ? Inhabitants ? What is the surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? What is said of min¬ erals ? Cattle and sheep ? Manufactures ? Canals and railways ? Commerce and exports ? The inhab¬ itants? Government? The Emperor? Religion? St. Petersburg ? Moscow ? Sevastopol ? Odessa, Riga, Archangel and Cronstadt ? HUSSIAN PROVINCES. 4. LAPLAND. Lapland is a dreary, mountainous region, lying at the extreme northern part of Europe, and belongs principally to Russia, but a por¬ tion of it to Sweden and Norway. It is intensely cold, and covered with snow two-thirds of the year. Yegetation is scanty, but minerals are abundant. The Laplanders are a small hardy race, and rude in their customs. They live in huts, in the center of which they build fires, while the smoke escapes through a hole at the top. The reindeer, of which they own great numbers, draw them over the snow in sledges; while their milk and flesh supplies them with food, and their skins and horns, with clothing and household furniture. Tornea and Kola are the chief towns. Questions. What is Lapland ? Its climate ? Veg¬ etation ? What can you say of the Laplanders ? The reindeer ? Tornea and Kola ? 5. POLAND. Poland, a once powerful country, was con¬ quered in 1795, and divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The portion that fell to Russia was erected ' into a kingdom in 1815, but seeking to re¬ gain its independence in 1830, it was com¬ pletely subdued. 107 The surface is almost a perfect level; the soil very fertile; and the inhabitants, as in Russia, divided into several grades. The Jews are very numerous and enjoy many privileges. CATHEDRAL AT CRACOW. Cracolu, the ancient capital of Poland, is now under the Austrian Government. It is celebrated for its magnificent cathedral, in which most of the Polish kings and illus¬ trious men are buried. Warsaw, the last capital of the kingdom of Poland, is the most important commer¬ cial city. It has many fine promenades and palaces. Questions. When was Poland conquered ? What occurred in 1815? In 1830 ? What is said of the surface and soil ? The inhabitants ? Describe Cra¬ cow. W arsaw. 6. AUSTRIA. Square miles, 257,000. Population, 36,514,000. Austria is an extensive empire in Central Europe, embracing portions of ancient Ger¬ many and Poland. It ranks among the lead¬ ing states of Europe. EUROPE. 108 It is generally mountainous, though there is a great variety of surface. The climate is very variable. The soil is good in the valleys and on the j* plains, hut is not well cultivated. ' The productions are, in the north, wheat, rye, oats and barley; in the central and southern provinces, the vine, maize and olives, are produced. Various minerals, as gold, silver, iron, copper, quicksilver, lead, and salt, are found in great quantities. The commerce of Austria is limited, but its manufactures arc of considerable impor¬ tance. It has but a small extent of sea- coast. The inhabitants are chiefly Roman Cath¬ olics, and the body of them, though posses- ing a common education, much oppressed. Tlie government is intolerant, restraining ' the liberty of the press and freedom of speech. The emperor has almost unlimited power, j Vienna, the capital, is situated in the ! midst of a beautiful plain on the river Dan- ! ube. It has many handsome buildings, and is the residence of great numbers of wealthy I noblemen. Prague is peculiar in its architecture, and from its domes has quite an oriental appear¬ ance. Pesth, on the left bank of the Dan¬ ube, is an important city. It is regularly laid out, and is the seat of the only univer¬ sity in Hungary. Debreczin has extensive manufactures of soap, tobacco pipe bowls and shoes. Trieste is the principal seaport of Austria. Questions. How many square miles in Austria? Inhabitants ? llow is it situated ? What does it embrace ? How does it rank ? What are its surface, climate and soil ? Productions ? What minerals are found ? What is said of commerce and manufactures ? The inhabitants ? Government ? Vienna ? Prague, Pesth, and Debreczin? Trieste? TURKISH, OR OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Turkey, or the Ottoman empire, comprises Turkey in Europe, Tur¬ key in Asia, and a large territory in Africa, including Tunis, Tripoli and Egypt, and their dependen¬ cies. It is ruled by the Sultan, or Grand Porte, whom the Turks im¬ piously style the “ Shadow of God ” —the “Brother of the Sun,” &c. Questions. What does Turkey comprise? How is it ruled ? 7. TURKEY IN EUROPE. Square miles, 210,000. Population, 15,500,000. This eountry is situated on the west of the Black sea and sea of Marmora, and south of xVustria. It is beautifully diversified with moun¬ tains, plains and valleys; and the climate, though subject to extremes of heat and cold, is generally healthy. i The valleys are fertile, and yield in profu- VIEW or TRIESTE. EUROPE. 109 sioii wheat, maize, rice, eotton, tobacco, and various fruits, but agriculture is badly conducted. Immense numl)ers of silk¬ worms are reared on the leaves of the mulberry. Manufactures are much neg¬ lected, and the commerce is chiefly in the hands of foreigners. Education and the arts receive little attention. Tlie Turks are a well formed race, but extremely haughty, grave and indolent. They are rigid Mohammedans, and very superstitious. Their customs and dress are unlike those of other Europeans. They wear turbans, and loose flowing robes, —sit on cushions, and dispense with knives and forks in eating. Bathing and smoking seem to be their favorite employments. The government has the charactei-istic features of an Asiatic despotism, but has been very much modified by the influence of European powers, and especially by that of the allied powers of France and England, whose armies occupied the country during the struggle with Russia in the war of 1854 -56. Constantinople is the capital of the Otto¬ man Empire, and the residence of the Sultan. It is a strongly fortified, populous, and beau¬ tiful city, situated on the Bosporus, with considerable commerce. Its harbor, called the Golden Horn, is one of the most secure, Capacious and beautiful in the world. Adrianople, the former metropolis, is a flourishing city. Questions. How many square miles has Turkey in Europe ? Inhabitants ? What is its situation ? What is said of the surface and climate ? Soil and RUINS AT PHILIPPI. productions? What is said of manufactures and commerce? Education and the arts? Describe the Turks. Their customs, &c. Government. Constan¬ tinople. Adrianople. 8. GREECE. Square miles, 18,500. Population, 1,002,000. Greece is a small kingdom south of Tur¬ key, comprising two peninsulas united by a narrow isthmus, and several islands. The surface is mountainous in the inte¬ rior, interspersed with fertile vales. There are a few small plains. The climate is mild but variable. Wheat, maize, rice, cotton, wool, silk, oil, and a variety of fruits, are produced. The Greeks are an active, brave and pol¬ ished people, possessing much genius and love of distinction. They have little learn¬ ing, but are adepts in cunning and in¬ trigue. Schools and colleges have recently been established, and the inhabitants seem desir¬ ous of improvement. The government is a hereditary monarchy. A constitution was granted in 1844. 110 EUROPE. The Greek church is the religion estab¬ lished by law. For several centuries the Greeks were in subjection to the Turks, who took every method to degrade and oppress them. In 1820, they asserted their independence; and after a long and bloody contest, secured it through the mediation of England, France and Russia. Ancient Greece was one of tl;e most pow¬ erful empires in the world. Two thousand years ago it was the land of-song, and the seat of learning and the arts. Ruins of archi¬ tecture and sculpture still remain, and afford the artist many of his finest models. Athens, one of the most famous cities of antiquity, is the capital of modern Greece. Ruins of magnificent temples and theaters still exist, but they render the meanness of its present buildings only the more conspic¬ uous. Corinth, in remote times, was one of the most flourishing cities of Greece, and pro¬ verbial for its luxury. It is now an import¬ ant port, and its citadel and fortifications are, next to those of Nauplia, the strongest in Greece. Nauplia, is a strongly fortified sea¬ port in the Morea. Questions. How many square miles has Greece? Inhabitants? What does it comprise ? What is its surface? Climate? What are its productions ? What is the character of the Greeks ? What is said of edu¬ cation? Government? Religion? Of the subjection of the Greeks ? Their independence ? x\ncient Greece ? Ruins? Athens? Corinth? Nauplia? IONIAN ISLANDS. The Ionian Republic comprises the islands in the Ionian sea, west of Greece; and is under the protection of Great Britain. About half the surface is under cultiva¬ tion, yielding wheat, barley and other grains, wines, olive oil, and currants. The inhabitants number about two hun¬ dred thousand, chiefly Greeks and Italians, and are shrewd, active, and industrious. Corfu, on the island of Corfu, is the capital. Questions. What does the Ionian Republic com¬ prise? What can you say of the surface and pro¬ ductions ? Inhabitants ? Corfu ? ITALY, OR THE ITALIAN STATES. Square miles, 119,000. Population, 24,700,000. Italy is a celebrated country in the south of Europe and consists of a large peninsula and several islands. Its surface is varied; a range of mountains extending north and south nearly through the peninsula. Between the mountains are numerous fertile valleys, abounding in beau¬ tiful scenery. In the north is a large and fertile plain, very productive. It has an excellent climate; the atmos¬ phere is remarkable for its clearness. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Wlieat, maize, rye, rice, oil, wine, silk, dates, almonds, figs, and oranges, are the chief products. Manufactures and commerce are in a lan¬ guishing condition. It is rich in mineral products, but has few metals except iron and lead. The Apennines furnish the beautiful mar¬ ble of Carrara. The Italians possess ardent feelings, lively imaginations, and much skill in music, paint¬ ing and sculpture; but are deplorably indo¬ lent, ignorant and superstitious. The Roman Catholic is the established religion ; and the clergy compose a considerable portion of the population. EUROPE. Ill THE PONTE SANTA TRINITA cfcC., FLORENCE. Italy was once the seat of a mighty em¬ pire, and renowned in the arts and sciences. Monuments of its former wealth and mag¬ nificence are every where seen. In modern times, it has been subdivided into a number of independent kingdoms or states. The principal divisions have been the kingdom of Sardinia, the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, the duchies of Parma and Modena, the grand duchy of Tuscany, the States of the Church, and the kingdom of Naples. The eastern part of the Lombardo Veni- tian kingdom is subject to Austria; the other states have been united under one government. Mount Etna, a burning volcano, is situated on the island of Sicily, and Mount Vesuvius, near the bay of Naples. Turin is situated in the midst of a fertile plain, and is remarkable for its neatness and regularity. Blilan is one of the most splendid cities in Italy. Its cathedral is a fine structure of pure white marble, containing 4000 statues. Florence is situated on the river Arno, and is celebrated for its beautiful fountains, churches, ])alaces, statu¬ ary, and paintings. Rome is situated on the Tiber and built on seven hills. It was once the me¬ tropolis of the renowned, ancient Poinan empire. It has been celebrated in modern times for the num¬ ber and grandeur of its fountains and churches. It contains the church of St. Peter, a magnificent temple, erected at an ex¬ pense of over eighty millions of dollars. Naples is located at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, on the north side of the bay of Naples. In beauty of situation, clearness of atmosphere, and mildness of climate, it is almost unrivaled. THE ASINELLI AND GAUISENDA TOWERS, BOLOGNA. 112 EUROPE. Bologna is noted for the lofty tower of Asinelli, and for the loaning tower of Gari- seiida. From the top of the former more than a hundred cities may be seen. Genoa is a commercial city pleasantly located on the gulf of Genoa. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Italy? Inhabitants? Of what docs it consi.st? What is its surface ? Climate ? What is said of agri¬ culture ? What are its chief products ? What is said of manufactures and commerce ? Minerals ? The inhabitants ? Religion ? The former condition of Italy ? How has it been subdivided in modern times ? What is said of the government? Of Mount Etna and Mount Vesuvius ? Describe Turin. Milan. Flor¬ ence. Rome. Naples. Bologna. Genoa. 16. FRANCE. Square miles, 200,700. Population, 35,780,000. Prance is an important empire in the west of Europe, extending from the Mediterra¬ nean Sea to tlie Atlantic Ocean. HOTEL DE VILLE, PARIS. The surface is level in the north, consist¬ ing mostly of an extensive plain, but hilly and mountainous in the south. The soil is usually fertile, and the climate temperate and agreeable. It surpasses all the other countries of Europe in the variety of its agricultural products. The chief productions are wheat, rye, oats, barley, maize, potatoes, and grapes. The grape vineyards cover several millions of acres, and produce large quantities of wine. Agriculture is in an advanced state, and a chief pursuit. In the variety and value of its manufactures, France is only second to England; and its commerce is very ex¬ tensive. Its minerals are lead, iron, coal and salt. The French are very gay, social and polite, remarkable for their versatility and bravery, and extremely fond of amusements, espe¬ cially dancing. Public lil iraries and colleges are numerous; many of the French arc distinguished for their learning and science, and much progress has been made in common educa¬ tion. All religious sects are tolerated,but the people are chiefly Roman Catholics. T li e government was formerly one of the most powerful monarchies of Eu¬ rope. In the revolution of 1848 it became republican in form, and in 1853 was changed to an empire. Paris, the capital, situ¬ ated on the river Seine, is noted for the number and elegance of its public buildings and gardens, and as tlie scat of literature, science and fashion. It is extensively engaged in man EUROPE. iifactures, and is celebrated for its mathe- ' matical and optical instruments. j Lyons is a populous, wealthy and commer¬ cial city, celebrated for its manufactures of silk, and gold and silver stuffs. Marseilles is the chief seaport on the Mediterranean. | Rouen is noted for its manufactures; Bor- \ (leaux, for its wines. Toulon and Brest are large naval stations. Havre has an exten¬ sive trade with the United States. To France also belongs the island of Cor- ; sica, in the Mediterranean sea. Ajaccio, on this island was the birth-place of Bonaparte. Questions. How many square miles has France? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is said of its surface, soil and climate ? Products ? Agricul¬ ture, manufactures and commerce? Minerals? The | French ? The state of education ? The government ? Paris? Lyons? Marseilles? Rouen? Bordeaux? Toulon and Brest? Havre? Corsica? Ajaccio? The Spaniards are proud, friendly and brave; but ignorant, easily excited and revengeful. They are extremely fond of amusements, among which are dancing, music and bull-fights. In religion, they are Roman Catholics. ir. SPAIN. Square miles, 188,000. Population, 13,900,000. Spain occupies the larger part of the pe¬ ninsula in the south-west of Europe. Several ranges of mountains render its surface broken, and afford much wild and romantic scenery. The climate is warm on the coast, but sub¬ ject to great changes on the table lands. Tlie soil is varied. In the fertile regions, wheat, rice, maize, and barley, are produced, and various fruits flourish, particularly grapes, oranges, lem¬ ons, figs, and melons. The minerals are numerous and valuable, but at present little worked. They include gold,silver,quicksilver,copper, iron, and zinc. Manufactures and commerce are greatly neglected; and the people lack a spirit of enterprise and improvement. THE LEANING TOWER OF SAN FELIPE, SARAGOSSA. The government is a limited monarchy, and formerly possessed vast territories in North and South America. The only Amer¬ ican colonies now subject to Spain are Cuba, Porto Rico, and a few smaller "West India islands. Its dependencies in the Mediter¬ ranean are the Balearic islands. Madrid, the capital, is built on low and irregular sand hills, and is surrounded by a barren and extensive plain. It has several fine palaces, churches and public squares, but is almost destitute of manufactures and trade. Gibraltar, the most strongly fortified city 114 EUROPE. ill the world, is situated at the southern extremity of Spain, on a bold rocky bluff. It has been in possession of the British since 1705. Cadiz, on the island of Leon, is the principal seaport. Sarag'ossa is noted for the leaning tower of San Felipe. Questions. How many square miles has Spain? Inhabitants? How is it situated? What is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? Productions ? What minerals are found ? What can you say of manufac¬ tures and commerce ? The Spaniards ? Government ? Madrid ? Gibraltar ? Cadiz ? Saragossa ? 18. PORTUGAL. Square miles, 35,090. Population, 3,471,000. Portugal is situated in the south-western part of Europe. The Portuguese resemble the Spaniards in their characteristics, but the two nations have a deep rooted antipathy to each other. The government is a limited monarchy. The religion is Roman Catholic. Lisbon, the capital and principal seaport, is situated at the mouth of the river Tagus, and has considerable commerce. It has sev¬ eral fine public buildings and churches. Oporto is noted for its wines; Coimbra for its University; and Setubal for its man¬ ufacture of salt. Questions. What number of square miles in Por¬ tugal ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What is said of its surface and climate ? Soil and produc¬ tions? Manufactures and commerce? The Portu¬ guese ? Government ? Religion ? Lisbon ? Oporto, Coimbra, and Setubal ? THE SQUARE AND FOUNTAIN OF TOWERS AT BRAGA. It is beautifully diversified with hills and plains, and possesses a mild and agreeable climate. The soil is fertile, but agriculture is in a very backward state. Wheat, barley, oats, flax, rice, olives, oranges, lemons, and grapes, are the chief products. The manufactures are limited. The com¬ merce, formerly large, is now less extensive, and mostly in the hands of foreigners. THE BRITISH ISLES. Great Britain comprises Eng¬ land, Wales and Scotland; and with Ireland forms “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,” also called “The Brit¬ ish Isles.” Its principal foreign possessions arc British America,West Indies, Cape Colony, a large part of India and Australia. These, with other colonies, united with the British Isles, form the British Empire. Great Britain is distinguished for the en¬ terprise and intelligence of its inhabitants, and is unrivaled in the extent of its manu¬ factures and commerce. The government is a limited and heredit¬ ary monarchy. Questions. What does Great Britain comprise? What are the principal possessions of the United Kingdom ? What does the whole form ? How dis¬ tinguished ? What is the government ? I 19. ENGLAND. Square miles 51,000. Population, 18,762,000. England comprises the southern portion of the island of Great Britain. It has a beautifully diversified surface and abounds with picturesque scenery. The cli¬ mate is mild, but damp, and the soil, though not naturally fertile, has been brought to a high state of cultivation, and yields the va¬ rious grains and vegetables in abundance. Coal, iron, copper, tin, lead, and salt, are found in large quantities. Several mineral and hot springs exist, to which throngs of invalids and fashionable people resort. England has carried agriculture to a very high state of perfection, and excels every other nation in the variety and value of its manufactures. It is densely populated, but striking differ¬ ences are seen in the character and social condition of its citizens. The nobility live [ in affluence and luxury,—the poor, often j in great want. As a nation, however, the English may be characterized as grave, hon¬ est, industrious, benevolent, and brave. The universities of England are numerous and distinguished; but many of the poorer classes are entirely destitute of instruction. I The religion is protestant, though all re¬ ligious sects have perfect freedom. London is the capital of the British Em¬ pire and the largest city in Europe. It is situated on the river Thames, and in wealth and commerce and its literary and benevo¬ lent institutions, it surpasses every other city on the globe. A number of beautiful bridges cross the Thames, and a tunnel forms a passage un¬ der the bed of the river. Many of its pub¬ lic buildings are very imposing structures. St. Paul’s Church is next to St. Peter’s at Rome, in point of magnificence. VIEW OF LONDON FROM GREENWICH PARK. 116 EUROPE. Greenwich, a borough and parish adjoin¬ ing London, contains the royal observatory from which the longitudes in all British charts are reckoned, and it has a magnifi¬ cent naval hospital, for the maintenance of wounded or unfortunate seamen. Green¬ wich park contains about two hundred acres of undulating and wooded land, and is a place much resorted to by the inhabitants of London. Liverpool, on the river Mersey, is the second commercial city, carrying on an im¬ mense trade with all parts of the world. Bristol is situated on the Avon, and has an extensive commerce. It was the first port in Britain, whence regular steam commu¬ nication with the United States was estab¬ lished. Birmingham is noted for its iron manufactures, and Manchester for its man¬ ufactures of cotton. Portsmouth and Ply¬ mouth are important naval stations. Questions. How many square miles has England ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is the surface ? Climate ? Soil ? What is said of minerals and springs ? Of England in respect to agriculture and manufactures ? Its citizens ? How may the Eng¬ lish be characterized? What is said of education? Religion ? London ? Greenwich ? Liverpool ? Bris¬ tol? Birmingham and Manchester? Portsmouth and Plymouth ? m 20. WALES. Square miles, 7,400. Population, 1,300,000. Wales is situated west of England, and has generally a mountainous surface. Its climate is similar to that of Eng¬ land, and its soil is fer¬ tile. The principal produc¬ tions are barley, oats, and potatoes. Coal, iron, copper, and lead are abundant. The Welsh are descen¬ dants of the ancient Bri¬ tons, and are an indus¬ trious and hospitable people. Until 1283, Wales was an independ¬ ent kingdom, when it was united to England. Merthyr-Tydvil is the principal town, and is situated in a mining district. Questions. What number of square miles in Wales ? Inhabitants ? What can you say of its sit¬ uation and surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? Minerals ? The Welsh ? History ? Merthyr-Tydvil ? 21. SCOTLAND. Square miles, 30,000. Population, 3,061,000. Scotland occupies the whole of the north¬ ern part of the island of Great Britain. It has a broken surface and is noted for the wildness and grandeur of its mountain scenery, its rapid streams, and beautiful lakes, called lochs. WINDSOR CASTLE. EUROPE. The Grampian Hills divide it into two sections, called the Highlands and the Low¬ lands. The Highlands are cool, and chiefly adapted to pasture; the Lowlands are milder, and productive of various kinds of grain and vegetables. The principal minerals are coal, iron, lead, and copper. Manufactures are flourishing; and commerce and the fisheries are exten¬ sively pursued. The Scotch are grave, hardy, and enter¬ prising; of a moral and religious turn of mind; and are remarkably well instructed. Schools are established in every parish, and many of the most distinguished scholars, historians, and poets, have sprung from Scotland. EDINBURGH CASTLE. Edinburgh, the metropolis of Scotland, is distinguished for its romantic site, and nu¬ merous literary and charitable institutions. Glasgow is a large city, with flourishing manufactures, and noted for its university. Aberdeen and Dundee are very flourishing manufacturing and commercial towns. The Hebrides, Orkney, and Shetland islands comprise several hundred in num¬ ber, and belong to Scotland. Fingal’s Cave, a very romantic cavern, is on the island of StafFa, one of the Hebrides. It is composed of basaltic columns, beauti- fully jointed and of various forms. Questions. How many square miles has Scotland ? Inhabitants? Where is it situated? "What is its surface and for what is it noted? How divided? What is said of the Highlands ? Lowlands ? Min¬ erals, manufactures and commerce? The Scotch? Schools and scholars ? Edinburgh? Glasgow? Aber¬ deen and Dundee? The islands? Fingal’s Cave? 22. IRELAND. Square miles, 32,500. Population, 5,T64,000. Ireland is a large island, west of Great Britain,sometimes called “ Green Erin,” from the beauty of its verdure.* Its coast is generally bold and rugged. The surface is undulating, a large part of the interior consisting of an expanse of bog, from which peat for fuel is obtained. The climate is mild; but its great moisture renders the country bet¬ ter adapted to grazing than tillage. Potatoes, oats, flax, wheat,and bar¬ ley, are the chief products. Linen is the prin¬ cipal article of manufacture. Cotton and woolen goods are made to a limited extent. Tlie Irish are ardent, brave, generous, and possess a large share of good humor and wit; but the mass of them are in a state of extreme wretchedness and poverty. The majority are Roman Catholics. EUROPE. 118 The Giant’s Causeway, on the north-west coast, consists of perpendicular columns of rock, which rise from 200 to 400 feet above the level of the sea. It is the most remark¬ able curiosity in Ireland. Dublin, the capital, abounds with mag¬ nificent edifices and handsome streets, and is surrounded by beautiful suburbs. But in the midst of all this splendor, the deep¬ est indigence and distress are to be found. Cork is the second city in size, and has a capacious harbor with an extensive com¬ merce. Belfast is also a commercial city. Questions. Give the number of square miles in Ireland. Inhabitants. What are the surface and soil ? What can you say of the climate ? Products ? Linen, cotton and woolen goods ? The Irish ? The Giant’s Causeway ? Dublin ? Cork ? Belfast ? 23. BELGIUM. Square miles, 11,400. Population, 4,359,000. Belgium is a small kingdom of Western Europe, situated north-east of France. Its surface may be regarded as an inclined plane, somewhat rugged, elevated in the south-east and sloping to the north-west. The climate is temperate and agreeable, but the low flats are considered unhealthy. The soil is so highly cultivated as to re¬ semble a garden, and agriculture is carried to the highest perfection. Grains, tobacco, flax, hemp, and fruits, grow in great luxu¬ riance. The mineral kingdom is exceedingly rich in lead, manganese, zinc, iron, and coal, and manufactures and commerce are in a flour¬ ishing state. The roads of Belgium are very superior, and spacious canals connect the principal cities. The Belgians combine the persevering in¬ dustry of the Dutch with the vivacity of the French, and arc distinguished for mechani¬ cal skill. They are rigid adherents of the Catholic religion. The government is a limited monarchy. Brussels, the capital, is a beautiful city, adorned with elegant palaces, handsome squares, fountains, and shaded walks. It is also noted for the manufacture of laces, carpets and linens. Ghent has extensive manufactures. The treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain was signed here in 1814. Antwerp is the chief commercial city of Bel¬ gium, and contains one of the most magnifi¬ cent cathedrals in Europe. Questions. How many square miles has Belgium ? Inhabitants ? What is Belgium ? What is said of its surface ? Climate ? Soil and agriculture ? Produc¬ tions ? Mineral kingdom ? Manufactures and com¬ merce? Roads and canals? Tlie Belgians? Gov¬ ernment? Brus.sels? Ghent? Antwerp? 24. HOLLAND. Square miles, 13,000. Population, .3,962,000. Holland lies on the North sea, east of Belgium. CANAL AND PALACE, AMSTERDAM. It is a flat country, and a part of it is lower than the level of the sea, which is EUR kept from overflowing its surface by em¬ bankments raised along its coasts. It has a moist and cool climate, and a sur¬ passingly rich and productive soil. Grains and fruits are raised abundantly; but more attention is paid to the raising of cattle, and the making of butter and cheese. Commerce and manufactures, though not so extensive as formerly, are in a flourishing condition. Canals are very numerous, and alford the principal means of conveyance. The Dutch are a remarkably neat, frugal, industrious, patient, and honest people. Protestantism is the prevailing religion. The government is a limited monarchy. Hague, the capital, is handsomely built, and intersected by numerous canals, whose banks are bordered with trees. Amslerdam, the most populous and chief commercial city of Holland, is built on piles driven into a marsh of the Zuyder Zee. It is divided by canals into ninety islands, which are connected with each other by nearly 300 bridges. Its stadt-house is a most magnificent build¬ ing of freestone, resting on pile^ driven very deep into the ground. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Holland ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? Grains and fruits ? Cattle ? Commerce and manu¬ factures ? Canals ? The Dutch ? Religion ? Gov¬ ernment ? Hague ? Amsterdam ? 25. DENMARK. Square miles, 23,000. Population, 2,108,000. Denmark comprises the peninsula of Jut¬ land, and the adjacent islands, lying north of Germany. It has a moist, but healthy climate. The OPE. 119 soil is in general sandy, interspersed with some extensive fertile tracts. Agriculture is the leading pursuit, and wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, and peas, are raised in considerable quantities. Cattle and poultry are reared in great num¬ bers. The products of the dairy are im¬ portant articles of export. THE EXCHANGE AT COPENHAGEN. Denmark is favorably situated for com¬ merce and is extensively engaged in the whale and herring fisheries. The Danes are industrious, honest and well educated. Common schools are very numerous, and the attendance of the child¬ ren is enforced by law. The Lutheran is the established religion. The government is an unlimited monarchy, but wisely ad¬ ministered. Copenhagen, on the island of Zealand, is the capital. It has an excellent harbor and extensive dockyards, and is adorned with numerous beautiful squares and fine build¬ ings. EUROPE. 120 The Danish possessions include Green¬ land, (already described,) Iceland and the Faroe islands. Iceland is cold and mountainous, abound¬ ing with volcanoes and boiling springs. Veg¬ etation is scanty, and the inhabitants chiefly subsist on cattle, sheep and fish. The Ice¬ landers are simple in their habits, but indus¬ trious and well instructed. Questions. How many square miles has Denmark ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? What is the climate? Soil? What can you say of agriculture and the products ? The situation of Denmark in re¬ spect to commerce ? The Danes ? Common schools ? Religion and government ? Copenhagen ? Danish possessions ? Iceland and its inhabitants ? 26. PRUSSIA. Square miles, 109,000. Population, 16,935,000. Prussia is divided into two sections by the kingdom of Hanover. COLOGNE. The principal division is situated between the Baltic sea and Austria. The western division lies south of Holland and Hanover. The eastern division is very level, abound¬ ing in plains, some of them covered with extensive forests. The western division has numerous low mountain ranges enclosing fertile valleys. Tlie climate is in general healthy. Much of the soil in the eastern section is sandy and unproductive; that of the w^estern is more fertile. Wheat, rye, barley, oats, potatoes, and cattle, are largely produced. The minerals are iron, coal, copper, zinc, tin, silver, salt, and, on the shores of the Baltic, amber. The inhabitants are chiefly Protestants, of German descent, and well educated. Prussia has a well organized and complete system of public instruction, and every child is required by law to attend school. The government is an absolute monarchy. Berlin, the seat of government, is built on a sandy plain, on both banks of the Spree, and is about ten miles in circumfer¬ ence. It is surrounded by a wall sixteen feet high. It is an ele¬ gant city, distinguished for the magnificence of many of its public build¬ ings, and for its literary institutions, and possesses extensive manufactures and trade. Breslau is extensively engaged in manufactures and trade. Dantzic and Konigsberg- are the principal seaports. Cologne^ upon the Rhine, is built in the form of a crescent. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Prussia ? Inhabitants ? How is it divided ? What is its situation ? The surface ? Climate ? What are produced ? What minerals are abundant ? What can EUROPE. 121 you say of the inhabitants ? System of instruction ? Government ? Berlin ? Breslau ? Dantzic and Kon- igsberg ? Cologne ? 27. GERMANY. Square miles, 92,000. Population, 17,592,000. Germany proper occupies the central part of Europe. The Germanic confederation comprises one-third of Austria, nearly all of Prussia, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg in Denmark, the kingdoms of Bavaria, Hano¬ ver, Saxony, and Wurtemburg, with twenty- eight smaller states, or principalities, and four free cities. The northern section of Germany consists of a plain which is low and sandy; the central part, of a plateau and mountainous region, and the southern, of mountains and valleys. The climate is remarkably uniform, ex¬ cept in the district south of the Alps. With the exception of the loftier moun¬ tain districts, the soil is fertile, producing the various grains, and hemp, flax, potatoes, tobacco and hops. Grapes are extensively cultivated south of latitude 51° and in the valley of the Rhine. Iron, copper, coal, gold, silver, and other metals, are found. Agriculture is the lead¬ ing pursuit. Manufactures are flourishing, but commerce receives little attention. The Germans have light complexions, and are noted for industry, perseverance, frank¬ ness and hospitality. They are generally well educated, imaginative, and fond of music and dancing. Universities of the highest celebrity, schools and valuable libraries abound, and no nation produces a greater number'of authors, or men more distinguished in science, than Germany. The German Diet, composed of delegates from the several states, holds its sessions at Frankfort, on the Maine, a city noted for the amount of business transacted at its semi-annual fairs. Questions. How many square miles has Germany proper ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What does the Germanic Confederation comprise ? What is said of the surface of Germany ? Climate ? Soil and products? Minerals? Pursuits? The Germans? Universities and Schools? The German Diet? 28. MECKLENBURG. Square miles, 5,600. Population, 641,000. Mecklenburg is a level, agricultural tract, bordering on the Baltic Sea. Cattle are reared in great numbers. Liquor, distilled from corn, is the principal article of manu¬ facture. Schwerin is the capital, and Rostivick the chief seaport. Questions. Describe Mecklenburg ? Name its cap¬ ital and seaport? 29. HANOVER. Square miles, 14,800. Population, 1,819,000. Hanover is a kingdom in the north-west of Germany. In the low alluvial flats, the soil is remark¬ ably rich, but it has many barren heaths. Agriculture and manufactures are in a low condition. Gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, and coal, are found; and mining constitutes a chief branch of industry. Hanover, the capital, is built in a sandy j plain. It is divided by the Leine, a branch | of the Weser, into the old and new town; | 122 EUROPE. the former, ill built and dirty; the latter, regularly laid out. Gottingen is the seat of a university; the library, observatory and botanical gardens of which, are among the most celebrated in Europe. Questions. Where is Hanover situated ? What is said of the soil ? What is the condition of agricul¬ ture and manufactures in Hanover ? What minerals are found ? What is said of Hanover ? Gottingen ? 30. SAXONY. Square miles, 5,900. Population, 2,000,000. Saxony, a kingdom of central Germany, is situated south of Prussia. Its university, gymnasia and schools have been much celebrated. Universal toleration is guaranteed to all religious creeds ; but the principal religion is Lutheran. Dresden, the capital, is a beautiful city, with superb palaces and churches, and val¬ uable libraries and galleries of paintings. Leipsic is the second city in Saxony, and one of the chief seats of commerce in Ger¬ many. It is noted for its fairs, at which people are congregated from all parts of Europe, and from Asia and America. It is extensively engaged in the manufacture and trade of books. Its university is one of the most distinguished in Ger¬ many. Questions. Where is Saxony sit¬ uated ? What is said of the climate ? For what is it distinguished ? What is the state of agriculture, manufac¬ tures and trade ? What is said of educational institutions ? Religion ? Describe Dresden ? Leipsic ? The climate in the loftier mountain dis¬ tricts is cold and bleak, but in other parts, it is milder than in most countries of Europe in the same latitude. This kingdom is distinguished for the productiveness of its soil, the superiority of its cattle and sheep, and the variety and richness of its minerals. Agriculture, manufactures and trade are in a flourishing condition, and education is universally diffused, 31. BAVARIA. Square miles, 29,600. Population, 4,600,000. The Kingdom of Bavaria, situated west of Austria, with a small portion of territory west of the Rhine, in extent and population, is the most import¬ ant state of Germany proper. The climate is temperate and healthful, though on account of its general elevation, it is colder than the other countries of Ger¬ many. The soil is fertile, the mountains yielding excellent pasturage, while the valleys are productive in grains and fruits. Munich, the capital, is one of the hand- EUROPE. somest cities in Germany, and is noted for its literary institutions, and fine galleries of paintings and sculpture. THE CATHEDRAL OF SPIRES. Nuremberg' has an antique appearance, and is celebrated for the manufacture of watches, and musical instruments, and the ingenuity of its citizens. Questions. What is said of Bavaria ? Its climate ? Soil? Productions? Munich? Nuremberg? 32. WURTEMBURG. Square miles, 7,500. Population, 1,815,000. Wurtemburg is a kingdom of Germany, situated west of Bavaria. Though mountainous, it is one of the most fertile and highly cultivated portions of Germany, producing grain, fruits and wine. The inhabitants are among the most high¬ ly civilized and best educated in Europe. Schools and libraries are very numerous. Stuttgart is the capital. It is well built, with broad and handsome streets and fine squares. It has an extensive public library and many private libraries. Ulm is noted for its splendid cathedral. 123 Questions. Where is Wurtemburg situated ? AVhat is said of its soil ? Inhabitants ? Schools and libra¬ ries ? Stuttgart ? Ulm ? 33. BADEN. Square miles, 5,900, Population, 1,357,000. Baden is a narrow, fertile tract, bordering the Rhine. The Black Forest extends over a large part of the state. Many of its hills are covered to their very summits with vine¬ yards. Agriculture, manufactures and trade are in a flourishing state. Carlsruhe, the capital, and Manheim, are well built towns. Questions. What can you say of Baden ? Carls¬ ruhe ? Manheim ? FREE CITIES. 1. Frankfort, 2. Bremen, 3. Hamburg, 4. Lubeck. These are all that remain of the eighty- five cities which were united in the middle ages for mutual assistance, and called the Hanseatic league. Frankfort, on the Maine, the seat of the Germanic diet, is pleasantly situated in a beautiful, but narrow valley. It has a large number of public squares. It is rich in establishments for the promotion of art and literature, and has considerable trade. Bremen, situated on both banks of the Weser, has an extensive foreign trade, especially with North America. It is the principal German port for the shipment of emigrants. Hamburg, the largest of the free cities, and the greatest commercial port on the continent of Europe, is situated on the right bank of the Elbe, seventy miles from its mouth. ♦ 124 EUROPE. SENATE HOUSE, MARKET PLACE AND CATHEDRAL, LUBECK. Lubeck is enclosed by ramparts and a promenade. Its trade is less important than formerly, but is still thriving, especially with the Baltic states. Questions. Name the free cities. What is said of Frankfort? Bremen? Hamburg? Lubeck? 34. SWITZERLAND. Square miles, 15,000. Population, 2,390,000. Switzerland, a federal republic of central Europe, comprises twenty-two cantons, called the Helvetic Republic. It is a land of mountains and vales, lakes and streams, presenting some of the wildest, most picturesqtie, and sublime scenery in the world. The Alps, which form its southern boun¬ dary, are the loftiest mountains in Europe, and extremely rugged. Dazzling glaciers, or fields of ice, crown their summits, and vast avalanches of snow, rushing from their sides into the vales below, sometimes bury whole villages. Switzerland has a great variety of climate. The declivities of the mountains are cold, and only adapted to grazing; the vales are warm, and productive of grain and fruits. Cotton goods and watches are the principal manufactures. A variety of minerals has been found, but none are worked to much ex¬ tent, except iron. The cantons are united for mutual defence, but retain their individual in¬ dependence in regard to all matters of internal administration. The diet meets alternately at Berne, the nominal capital. Lucerne and Zurich. The Swiss are well educated and indus¬ trious, honest and hospitable, and ardently attached to their country. In religion they ALPS AND CONVENT OF THE GREAT ST. BERNARD. are nearly equally divided between the Prot¬ estant and Roman Catholic. Berne, on a branch of the Rhine, is one EUROPE. 125 of the finest cities in Europe, and is sur¬ rounded by a picturesque country. Geneva, distinguished for its literary in¬ stitutions, and the manufacture of watches, is beautifully situated on lake Geneva. Questions. How many square miles has Switzer¬ land ? Inhabitants ? What does it comprise ? De¬ scribe its surface. The Alps. What is said of the climate ? Productions ? Manufactures ? Minerals ? The cantons? The diet? The Swiss? Religion? Berne ? Geneva ? GENERAL QUESTIONS ON EUROPE. How is Europe bounded? Which is the largest division? What divisions border on the Atlantic? What on the North Sea ? What on the Baltic Sea ? What on the Mediterranean Sea? What divisions have no sea-coast ? What two divisions form a penin¬ sula in the northern part ? In the south-western part ? What divisions are entirely separated from the conti¬ nent? Where are the Scandinavian Mountains ? Carpa¬ thian Mountains ? Alps ? Apennines ? Pyrenees ? Where is Mount Vesuvius? Mt. Etna? Mt. Hecla? Where is Lake Wener? Constance? Onega? Ladoga ? What are the principal rivers of England ? Of Sweden? Describe the Dwina. Ural. Don. Danube. Guadiana. Rhone. Loire. Rhine. Elbe. Thames. What are the tributaries of the Danube ? What sea between England and Norway ? Between Sweden and Russia? Between Italy and Turkey? Between Ireland and Wales ? Mention all the seas in and around Russia ? What gulfs connect directly with the Baltic Sea? With the Mediterranean? Where is the Bay of Biscay ? Galway Bay ? Strait of Dar¬ danelles? Strait of Otranto? Strait of Messina? Strait of Gibraltar ? English Channel ? Bristol Chan¬ nel? St. George’s Channel? The Skager Rack? Cattegat ? Mention the principal islands found in the Mediter¬ ranean Sea. In the Archipelago. In the Baltic Sea. Where are the Shetland Islands? Faroe Islands? Orkney Islands ? Hebrides ? Loflfoden Islands ? What Peninsula in the southern part of Russia? Where is the North Cape ? Cape Matapan ? Cape Spartivento? Cape Trafalgar? Cape St. Vincent? Cape Ortegal ? La Hague ? Lands End ? What is the latitude of London ? Paris ? St. Pe¬ tersburg ? Rome ? Constantinople ? Strait of Gib¬ raltar ? North Cape ? What is the longitude of Paris ? Frankfort? St. Petersburg? Constantinople? Mad¬ rid? Lisbon? Dublin? What countries in Europe arc about the same lat¬ itude as Vermont? As Pennsylvania? In what zones is Europe ? What countries of Europe are mostly mountainous ? What countries are level ? What is the climate of England ? Of Russia ? Of Italy ? Of Spain ? In what countries is agriculture best conducted ? What are the vegetable productions of Norway ? Of Aus¬ tria? Of Italy? Of Portugal? Of France? What are the mineral productions of Norway ? Austria ? France ? Spain ? England ? Scotland ? What is the general character of the French ? Italians ? Spaniards ? Scotch ? Dutch ? Turks ? What is the government of Great Britain ? France ? Aus¬ tria ? Russia ? TurkJ&y ? Switzerland ? What countries of Europe are Roman Catholic ? Protest¬ ant ? Greek Church ? What is the religion of Tur¬ key ? Describe London. Paris. Stockholm. St. Peters¬ burg. Constantinople. Athens. Rome. Madrid. What are the most commercial cities of England ? France ? How would you sail from New York to London ? From London to St. Petersburg ? From London to Naples? From Naples to Constantinople? From Constantinople to Copenhagen ? What mountains would you pass in traveling by land from Paris to Rome? What cities of interest? In what countries of Europe should we find the best traveling facilities ? ASIA. SQUAEE MILES, 16,000,000. POPULATION, 660,000,000. KEY TO MAP NO. 7.‘ COUNTRIES, CAPITALS, CHIEF TOWNS. 1 Siberia, l Omsk, 2 Irkootsk, 3 Yekaterin- boorg, 4 Tobolsk, 6 Tomsk, 6 Barnaul, 7 Kiakhta, 8 Ya- kootsk, 9 Okhotsk, 10 Petro- paulovski. 2 Chinese Tartary, Soongaria, l Eelee. Mongolia, 2 Maimaitchin. Mantchooria, 3 Saghalien, 4 Chinyang. Toorkistan, 5 Yarkand, 6 Kashgar. 3 Corea, l Kingkitao. 4 China, l Peking, 2 Teentsin, 3 Nanking, 4 Shanghai, 5 Hang-chow-foo, 6 Amoy, 7 Canton, 8 Macao. 6 Thibet, 1 Lassa, 2 Jiga Gounggar. 6 Japan, 1 Yeddo, 2 Miaka, 3 Osaka. 9 Beloochistan, i Kelat. 10 Afghanistan, l Cabool, 2 Herat, 3 Peshawer. 11 Persia, l Teheran, 2 Tabreez, 3 Reshd, 4 Meshed, 6 Ispahan, 6 Sheeraz. 12 Arabia, l Mecca, 2 Derateh, 3 Muscat, 4 Sana, 5 Petra, 6 Medina, 7 Mocha, 8 Aden. 13 Turkey, l Smyrna, 2 Brusa, 3 Trebizond, 4 Erzroom, 6 Kars, 6 Diarbe- kir, 7 Mosul, 8 Bagdad, 9 ‘ Bassorah. 14 S3rria, l Aleppo, 2 Damascus, 3 Jerusalem, 4 Beyroot. 16 Georgia, l Tiflis. 16 Independent Toorkistan, i Khita, 2 Khokan, 3 Bokhara, 4 Tashkend, 6 Sam- arcand. 7 Farther India, Burmah, l Monchoboo, 9 Rangoon, 10 Amara- ' poora. Anam, 2 Hue, 6 Ketcho, 6 Saigon. Siam, 3 Bangkok. Malacca, 4 Malacca, 7 Singapore. Tenasserim, 8 Amherst. 8 Hindostan, l Calcutta, 2 Cashmere, 3 Amritseer, 4 Lahore, 5 Delhi, 6 Lucknow, 7 Benares, 8 Patna, 9 Dacca, 10 Nagpoor, 11 Hyderabad, 12 Madras, 13 Colombo, 14 Poonah, 15 Bombay, 16 Surat, 17 Bar- oda, 18 Ahmedabad, 19 Hydra- bad, 20 Oojein. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 Arctic Ocean, 2 Pacific Ocean, 3 Indian Ocean, 4 Sea op Kara, 6 Gulp op Obi, 6 Yenisei Gulp, 7 Gulp op Lena, 8 Gulf of Anadir, 9 Sea of Kamtchatka, 10 Sea op Okhotsk, 11 Penjinsk Gulf, 12 JiJioiNSK Gulp, 13 Tomsk Gulf, 14 Sea of Yesso, 128 ASIA. 15 Sea of Japan, 57 Fadievskoi, 16 Yeddo Bat, 68 New Siberia, lY Yellow Sea, 69 Liaghoff, 18 Pecheelee Gulf, 60 Behring’s Islands, 19 Eastekn Sea, 61 Tchantar, 20 China Sea, 62 Saghalien, 21 Gulf of Tonquin, 63 Koorile Islands, 22 Gulf of Siam, 64 Staten Islands, 23 Gulf of Martaban, 65 Yesso, , 24 Bay of Bengal, 66 Niphon, 25 Gulf of Manaar, 67 SiKOKF, 26 Arabian Sea, 68 Kioosioo, 2Y Gulf of Cambay, 69 Quelpaert Islands, 28 Gulf of Cutch, 70 Loo-Choo Islands, 29 Gulf of Ormus, 71 Formosa, SO Persian Gulf, 72 Hongkong, 31 Gulf of Aden, 73 Hainan, 32 Red Sea, 74 Singapore, S3 Dead Sea, 75 Sumatra, 34 Mediterranean Sea, 76 Penang, 36 jEgean Sea, 77 Junk Ceylon, 86 Sea of Marmora, 78 Nicobar, 8Y Black Sea, ^ 79 Andaman, 88 Sea of Azof, 80 Ceylon, 39 Caspian Sea, 81 Maldite Islands, 40 Dead Gulf, 82 Coralline Islands, 41 Aral Sea. 83 Laccadive Islands, 84 Kishm, 85 Bahrein, 86 Socotra, STRAITS AND CHANNELS. 42 Behring’s Strait, 43 Channel of Tartart, 44 Perouse Strait, 45 Strait of Yesso, 87 Cyprus. 46 Strait of Corea, PENINSULAS, CAPES AND ISTHMUSES. 47 Strait of Formosa, 88 Peninsula of Kamtchatka, 48 Strait of Malacca, 89 Cape Zelania, 49 Palk’s Strait, 90 North East Cape, 60 Strait of Ormus, 91 Chelagskoy Cape, 51 Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, 92 East Cape, 62 Strait of Dardanelles, 93 Cape St. Thaddeus, 63 Channel of Bosporus, 94 Cape Lopatka, 64 Strait of Yenikalk. 96 Cape Cambodia, 96 Cape Romania, _ -- 97 Cape Negrais, ISLANDS. 98 Cape Comorin, 99 Cape Easalhad, 100 Cape Isolette, 65 Nova Zembla, 101 Isthmus of Kraw, 66 Kotelnoi, 102 Isthmus of Suez. ASIA. 129 MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. 143 Tobol, 103 Ural, 144 ISHIM, 104 Konjakofski, 145 Yenisei, 105 Little Altai, 146 Angara, ' ' 106 Stanovoi, ]47 Selenga, 107 Aldan, 148 Toongooska, 108 Khingan, 149 PlASINA, 109 Peling, 160 Khatanga, 110 Meling, 161 Anabara, 111 Kuenlun, 152 Olenek, 112 Himalaya, 163 Lena, 113 Kunchinjunga, 154 Vitim, 114 Beloor, 155 Aldan, 115 Thian Shan, 156 Amga, 116 Peshan Volcano, 157 Yana, 117 Ghauts Mountains, 158 Indighirka, 118 Hindoo Koosh, 159 Kolyma, 119 Elbrooz, 160 Anadir, 120 Demavend, 161 Amoor, 121 Ramleah, 162 Chikiri, 122 Sinai, 163 SlIILKA, 123 Taurus, 164 Argoon, 124 Ararat, 165 SOONGARI, 125 Caucasus, 166 OosooRi, 126 Great Desert of Gobi, 167 Pei-Ho, . 127 Sandy Desert, 168 Hoang Ho, 128 Great Sandy Desert, 169 Yang-tse-Kiang, 129 Great Salt Desert, 170 Hong Kiang, 130 Desert of Akhaf, or Arabian Desert. 171 Cambodia, 172 Menam, 173 Salwin, * 174 Irrawaddy, i 175 Brahmapootra, LAKES. 176 Ganges, 131 Tchany, 177 Jumna, 132 Baikal, 178 Mahanuddy, 133 Balkash, 179 Godavery, 134 Zaisan Nor, 180 Kristnah, 135 Lop Nor, 181 Nerbudda, 136 Koko Nor, 182 Indus, 137 POYANG, 183 Sutlej, 138 Ton-Ting Hoo, 184 Chenaub, 139 ZURRAH, 185 Helmund, 140 OOROOMEEYAH. • 186 Tigris, 187 Euphrates, ^ 188 Koor, 189 Attruck, 190 Ural, RIVERS. 191 Sihon, 141 Obi, 192 Amoo, 142 Irtish, 193 Yarkand. 130 ASIA. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA. Bound Asia. What is the number of its square miles ? Inhabitants ? What is its latitude ? Longi¬ tude? In what zones is Asia? With w'hat grand divisions is it connected? (See Map of Hemispheres.) Name its political divisions. Their capitals. Which division extends farthest north ? South ? East ? West? AVhat divisions have no sea-coast? OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. What ocean North of Asia ? 1. East ? 2. South ? 3. What sea between Nova Zembla and Siberia? 4. W’’hat two seas east of Siberia? 9, 10. What sea east of Chinese Tartary? 15. AYest of Corea? 17. South of China? 20. West of Hindostan? 26. Between Asia and Africa? 32. West of Turkey? 34. What three seas between Asia and Europe ? 36, 37, 39. AYhat sea in Independent Tartary ? 41. AYhat is there remarkable in respect to the Caspian and Aral seas ? Ans. — Large rivers flow into them, but no outlets have yet been discovered. What three gulfs north of Siberia ? 5-7. What four gulfs on the east? 8, 11-13. AYhat bay in the east of Japan? 16. AVhat gulf south of China? 21. AVhat gulfs south of Farther India ? 22, 23. AVhat bay east of Hindostan ? 24. What gulfs west of Hin- dbstan ? 27, 28. AVhat gulf south of Beloochistan ? 29. South of Persia? 30. South of Arabia? 31. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. What strait separates Asia from North America? 42. AVhat channel east of Chinese Tartary ? 43. What strait between the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Yesso? 44. AYhat strait between Niphon and Ye.sso? 45. What strait south of Corea? 46. East of China? 47. West of Malacca? 48. South of Persia? 50. South of Arabia? 51. ISLANDS. What islands north of Siberia? 55-59. East of Kamtchatka ? 60. AYhat island north-east of Chinese Tartary ? 62. What islands east of the Sea of Japan ? 65, 66. What islands east of China ? 67-71. What islands south of China ? 72, 73. What island west of Malacca? 75. AVhat islands west of Farther India? 76-79. What large island south of Hindostan? 80. AYhat groups south-west of Hindostan ? 81-83. CAPES AND PENINSULAS. AYhich is the most northern cape of Asia ? 90. The most eastern ? 92. AA'hat cape south of the Peninsula of Kamtchatka ? 94. East of the gulf of Siam? 95. South of Malacca? 96. South of Bur- mah in Chin India? 97. What cape south of Hin¬ dostan ? 98. AYhat isthmus unites Asia to Africa ? 102. What peninsula east of the Sea of Okhotsk ? 88. MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS. AYhat mountains between Asia and Europe ? 103. Siberia and Chinese Tartary ? 105, 106. AYhat mountains and deserts in Chinese Tartary ? 108, 115, 126, 127. AA'hat mountains in China? 109, 110. North of Thibet ? 111. North of Hindostan ? 112. What mountains and desert in Persia? 119, 129. What mountains and desert in Arabia? 121, 130. What mountain near the isthmus of Suez ? 122. AYhat mountains in Turkey? 123, LAKES. What two lakes in Siberia? 131, 132. What lakes in Chinese Tartary ? 133-136. AA'hat lake in Afghan¬ istan ? 139. AYhat lake in Persia ? 140. RIVERS. AYhat rivers flow from Siberia into the Arctic Ocean? 141, 145, 149-153, 157-159. Mention the tributaries of the Obi. 142-144. Of the Yenisei. 146—148. Of the Lena. 154—156. AYhat river flows into the Channel of Tartary ? 161. AYhat are the principal rivers of China? 167-170. Of Farther India? 171-174. AA’^hat rivers from Hindostan flow into the Bay of Bengal? 176, 178-180. What into the Arabian Sea? 181, 182. What river flows into Lake Zurrah ? 185. AYhat rivers of Turkey flow into the Persian Gulf? 186, 187. What river be¬ tween Independent Tartary and Russia? 190. AA^hat two rivers flow into the Sea of Aral? 191, 192. ASIA. 131 DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. Asia is the largest and most populous grand division of the globe. It contains immense plains and elevated plateaus, traversed by lofty mountains. It has large inland seas or lakes, and numer¬ ous rivers. It is distinguished for its delicious fruits, fragrant spices, and medicinal drugs. Rice, the vine, the tea-plant, and many of the fruits of the torrid zone, are extensively cultivated. It is rich in gold, diamonds and other precious gems. Silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead, are also found. The elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger, bear, and other wild animals, are numerous. In the southern part, insects and reptiles are abundant—also birds of splendid plumage. The inhabitants belong chiefly to the Cau¬ casian, Asiatic and Malay races. The Caucasian race occupies the western part; the Asiatic, the northern and eastern; the Malay race, Malacca, and the Asiatic islands. The principal nations have their learned men, but the great mass of the population are deplorably ignorant and superstitious. The women are degraded, and often treated like slaves. Agriculture is pursued in some parts of Asia with great care, but not with the same skill as in Europe. The arts and manufac¬ tures are in an imperfect state, though the most superb silks and shawls in the world are manufactured in Asia. Tlie religion is mostly Pagan and Moham¬ medan ; far the greatest number of people are Pagan. Asia formerly contained the most wealthy and enlightened nations of the world, and was the seat of the powerful empires of Assyria, Babylonia and Persia. 132 A S It has been the theatre of the greatest events that ever transpired on our globe. Here man was created and placed in the garden of Eden—here he sinned and brought death into the world—here the patriarchs and prophets dwelt—and here, too, was the scene of the birth, crucifixion, and ascension of Christ, the Redeemer of mankind. Questions. "What is the size of Asia ? Mention its natural characteristics. For what is it distinguished ? What are cultivated ? In what is it rich ? What ani¬ mals are found? Who inhabit it? What is their character ? What is said of agriculture and the arts ? Religion ? What did Asia formerly contain ? What has transpired here? 1. SIBERIA. Square miles, 5,300,000. Population, 3,000,000. Siberia is a vast country occupying the northern part of Asia, and subject to the Russian government. It is mostly one immense plain, abounding with numerous marshes and large rivers. The northern part is excessively cold, scarcely admitting of cultivation. The southern part abounds with extensive for¬ ests, and produces grain and potatoes. The mountainous sections are rich in mines of gold, silver, iron, platina, and in precious stones. Bears, sables, ermines, beavers, lynxes, and marmots are numerous, furnishing val¬ uable skins and furs for export. The rein¬ deer, sheep and dog, are the principal domes¬ tic animals. The inhabitants consist of wandering native tribes, and exiles who have been banished from Russia for crime. Hunting and mining are their chief employments. Numerous bones of the mammoth, ele¬ phant, and other animals of the torrid zone. I A. are found on the banks of the rivers, and shores of the Arctic Ocean. Omsk, one of the capitals of West Siberia, has an important military school. Tobolsk, the other capital of West Sibe¬ ria, is situated at the junction of the Irtish and Tobol rivers. It is surrounded by a strong brick wall, and the streets are mostly paved with wood. Irkootsk, the residence of the governor of East Siberia, is situated on the Angara, thirty miles from lake Baikal. It has seve¬ ral public buildings and numerous schools, and is a place of considerable commerce. Questions. How many square miles has Siberia ? Inhabitants? Where does Siberia lie, and to whom is it subject ? What is said of its surface ? Climate and productions ? Mines ? Animals ? Inhabitants ? Bones of Animals ? Omsk ? Tobolsk ? Irkootsk ? CHINESE EMPIRE. Square miles, 5,000,000. Population, 400,000,000. The Chinese Empire is an immense terri¬ tory, stretching from the center to the east¬ ern extremities of Asia, and occupying nearly a third of its surface. It is the most populous empire in the world, and comprises Chinese Tartary, China, Corea, Thibet, and numerous islands. The government is despotic, and the Em¬ peror is styled the “ Son of Heaven,” and the “Father op his people.” Questions. How many square miles has the Chi¬ nese Empire? Inhabitants? Describe it. What does it comprise ? What is its government ? What is the Emperor styled ? 2. CHINESE TARTARY. This extensive country consists chiefly of elevated table land, abounding with deserts ASIA. 133 and mountain ranges, and is better adapted to graz¬ ing than to tillage. It is divided into the following provinces, com¬ mencing on the east, Mant- chooria, Mongolia, Soon- garia, and Toorkistan. The last is the most thickly settled. The inhabitants lead a roving life, and raise large numbers of horses and cattle. Yarkand is the present capital of Chinese Toorkis¬ tan. It is enclosed by an earthern rampart, and its houses arc built of stone and clay, mostly of one story. It is the chief em¬ porium of trade between the Chinese Em¬ pire and the countries west. Kashgar^ the former capital of Toorkistan, is a city of considerable importance. It has manufactures of cotton goods, and articles of gold and jasper. Questions. Describe Chinese Tartary. How is it divided ? What is said of its inhabitants ? Describe Yarkand. Kashgar. 3. COREA. Square miles, 80,000. Population, 18,000,000. Corea is very uneven, being traversed by mountains; the climate is cold. The soil is generally fertile, and the productions are barley in the north; wheat, cotton, rice, millet, and hemp, in the south. Gold, silver, copper, iron, rock salt, and coal, are found. Kingkitao, the capital, is situated on the Kiang river, near the center of the kingdom. THE GREAT CHINESE WALL. Questions. How many square miles has Corea? Inhabitants ? What is said of the surface, climate and soil ? Productions ? Minerals ? Kingkitao ? 4. CHINA. Square miles, 1,298,000. Population, 367,633,000. China proper is a large country in the south-east of Asia. It is mountainous in the interior and western parts, and slopes gradually toward the shore. The climate is cold in the north, and more mild in the south, though all parts are sub¬ ject to great extremes of heat and cold. The soil is fertile, especially in its rich alluvial plains, and is cultivated with great care. The most noted product is tea. Eice, cotton, wheat, barley, and potatoes are also extensively raised. Gold, silver, copper, iron, and coal, are found to some extent. 184 ASIA. The Chinese excel in the manufacture of silk and porcelain. Teas, silks, and China ware, are the principal exports. China has a very dense population, and is remarkable for the great antiquity of its government, and the peculiarity of its cus- I toms. I The inhabitants are mild, intelligent and | industrious. Learned men are highly [ esteemed and much attention is paid to ! education. The religion of the Chinese is ' Pagan. j The Chinese wall was built 2000 years ! since, as a defense against the Tartars. It is 1,500 miles in length, and in some places twenty or thirty feet high, and sufficiently wide for six horsemen to ride abreast. Peking, the capital city of China, is situ¬ ated on a sandy plain, a hundred miles from the Yellow Sea, It consists of two contigu¬ ous cities, separately enclosed by lofty walls. The nortliern, or imperial city, is occupied by the Tartars, and contains several public buildings and magnificent temples. The southern, or Chinese city, contains the largest number of inhabitants. Its entire circuit is twenty-five miles. It has consid¬ erable trade and manufactures. FAMILY BOAT. Canton is the greatest commercial city in China. It has a large foreign trade, and exports immense quantities of tea. Thou¬ sands of its inhabitants live in boats on the river. Nanking, a large city and the ancient capital of southern China, is situated near the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, a])out ninety miles from its moutli. It has import¬ ant manufactures of crape, satin, Nankeen cloths, artificial flowers, and Indian ink. It contains the celebrated porcelain tower, which was built in the fifteenth century at a cost of over 835,000,000. The principal Chinese islands are Hainan and Formosa. Large quantities of rice, with camphor, maize, salt, sulphur, fruits, and timber, are exported from the latter. Questions. How many square miles has China ? AYhat is its population ? How is it situated ? What is said of its surface ? Climate and soil ? Produc¬ tions ? Minerals ? Manufacture of silk and porcelain ? Of exports? For what is China remarkable ? What can you say of its inhabitants ? Learned men ? Re¬ ligion ? The Chinese wall ? Describe Peking. Can¬ ton. Nanking. The Chinese islands. 5. THIBET. Square miles, 723,000. Population, 8,000,000. Thibet occupies the southern portion of the great table land of central Asia, and is Availed in by lofty mountains. It has a cold, dry, healthful climate. The soil is poor, and the vegetable productions are A'ery few. It is rich in mineral productions. Gold, silver, iron, and salt are abundant. It has large numbers of cattle and sheep. A kind of goat furnishes a very fine hair for the manufacture of cashmere shawls. Lassa is the capital. The Grand Lama resides here, and has a magnificent temple near the city, which is constantly thronged with multitudes of worshipers. Questions. Give the number of square miles of Thibet. Population. How is Thibet situated ? By what is it walled in ? What is said of its climate and soil ? Minerals ? Aninmte ? Lassa ? AS j 6. EMPIRE OF JAPAN, j Square miles, 200,000. Population, 30,000,000. ; This empire includes the islands of Yesso, Niplioii and Kioosioo, with several small adjacent islands. j The surface is generally uneven. The ! coasts of the larger islands are extremely irregular, having numerous bays and gulfs. BAY OF YEDDO. j It has a changeable climate and fertile soil, producing in abundance, rice, cotton, j sugar, wheat, tea, and the finest fruits, j Gold,, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and i coal, abound. I Buffaloes and zebus are common, and are used for agricultural purposes. Horses are small but excellent, and are used only by I the nobility. There is a great variety of birds and insects. ! The Japanese belong to the Mongol race. They are divided into eight classes; princes, nobles, priests, soldiers, civil officers, mer¬ chants, artisans, and laborers. Many of them are very intelligent. They are skilled j in agriculture and manufactures. Females j are treated with great respect. I The government is an absolute hereditary i -8 I A. 136 monarchy. The religion consists chiefly in the worship of departed spirits of good men. Yeddo, the capital, is one of the most populous cities. The houses arc usually of one story, but it contains many palaces. Questions. What number of square miles has the Empire of Japan ? Inhabitants ? What does it in¬ clude ? What is said of the surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? Minerals? Animals? Inhabitants? Government? In what does the religion consist? Describe Yeddo. INDIA. India is an extensive and populous coun¬ try, embracing Chin-India on the east, and Hindostan on the west. It is distinguished by its numerous rivers, fertile soil, and luxuriant vegetation; and is rich in gold, diamonds, and other pre¬ cious stones. Lofty and beautiful forests are numerous. Some of these are rendered almost impen¬ etrable by vines and shrubs, and are called jungles. The elephant, tiger, lion, panther, leop¬ ard, hyena, and rhinoceros, abound—also birds of beautiful plumage, and swarms of insects. Most of the inhabitants are superstitious pagans, and exceedingly degraded. Questions. What is India ? By what is it distin¬ guished ? In what is it rich ? What is said of the forests ? What animals are found ? Describe its in¬ habitants. 7. FARTHER INDIA. Square miles, 1,000,000. Population, 22,000,000. Farther India, or India beyond the Gan¬ ges, is situated between the bay of Bengal and China Sea. Four parallel mountain chains traverse 136 ASIA. this region, from north to south, bounding the great basins of its principal rivers. It contains many rich valleys, yielding a variety of vegetable products. The climate is healthful. Agriculture is in a backward state. Rice is the principal product. Maize, cotton, sugar-cane, ginger, and tropical fruits, are raised to some extent. In some parts of Farther India, gold, silver, copper, and iron, are found. Farther India comprises the empires of Anam and Burmah, the kingdom of Siam, the peninsula of Malacca, and the British possessions. Anam extends from China and the Gulf of Tonquin, to the Gulf of Siam, and in¬ cludes Tonquin, Cochin China, Champa, and the eastern portion of Cambodia. Burmah occupies the western part of the | peninsula, extending from China to the Gulf of Martaban. Siam occupies the center of the peninsula, lying between the empires of Anam and Burmah. Malacca is the most southern portion of Continental Asia, lying between tire China Sea and the Strait of Malacca. It was for¬ merly an independent territory, but is now divided between European powers and the king of Siam. The British possessions embrace a section of country on the east and north of the Gulf of Martaban, the southern portion of Malacca, and the island of Singapore. Hue, the capital of the empire of Anam, is situated on the Hue river, ten miles from the China Sea. It is surrounded by walls mounting numerous cannon, and its for¬ tress is considered the strongest in Asia. Bangkok, the capital of Siam, is situated i on both banks of the river Menam, twenty miles above its mouth. It has manufactures of tin and iron wares, and leather, and is one of the most commercial cities in Asia. Monchoboo has recently become the cap¬ ital of the Burman Empire. Singapore, situated on the south side of the island of the same name, is one of the principal commercial emporiums of the east. It has an extensive trade with eastern and southern Asia, Great Britain, France, and the United States. The port is free to ves¬ sels of all kinds and from all nations. Questions. What is the extent of Farther India? Population? How is Farther India situated? What is said of its surface ? Soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Minerals ? What does it comprise ? Describe Anam. Burmah. Siam. Malacca. The British possessions. Hue. Bangkok. Monchoboo. Singapore. 8. HINDOSTAN. Square miles, 1,280,000. Population, 160,000,000. Hindostan comprises the great central peninsula of Southern Asia. It consists of a vast plain in the north, and high plateaus bounded by mountains in the south. Its soil is very fertile. The climate in the northern part is mild and agreeable. In the southern, it is op¬ pressively hot and often unhealthy. Rice, sugar, tobacco, opium, cotton, silk, indigo, and various kinds of grain and spices, are the vegetable productions. The most delicious fruits grow spontaneously. One of the remarkable vegetable curiosi¬ ties of Hindostan, is the Banian, or Indian fig tree. Its limbs send downward to the earth numerous shoots, which take root and become large trunks. One tree will some¬ times form a grove large enough to shade several thousand persons. ASIA. 137 Its minerals are gold, iron, coal, diamonds, and other precious stones. The Hindoos have excelled in a few man¬ ufactures; the embroidered shawls of the province of Cashmere being unrivaled. The population is dense, and divided into castes, which never associate or intermarry with each other. In some districts, the in¬ habitants are intelligent and industrious, in others, ignorant and extremely degraded. PALACE OF THE KING, DELHI. Their religion is paganism. They wor¬ ship many thousands of deities—also the river Ganges, and various animals. The British Government has the control of the larger portion of the country. The British also possess Ceylon, a beau¬ tiful and fertile island, abounding with fruits and spices, and valuable for its pearl fisheries. . Calcutta, the capital and largest city in ITindostan, has an extensive commerce, and is thronged with persons from all parts of the globe. Bombay, the capital of Western British India, though inferior to Calcutta and Ma¬ dras, has an extensive commerce, and is the chief Indian port, connected with the estab¬ lishment of steam navigation between India and Great Britain. Madras is situated on a sandy shore on the eastern coast. It lias no harbor, but is a place of extensive trade. Benares is a wealthy city, situated on the north bank of the Ganges. It is the holy city of the Hindoos, and contains numerous mosques and temples. It is famous for its trade in diamonds. Delhi was once the largest city in India. It is distinguished for its royal palace. Questions. How many square miles has Ilindos- tan ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? What is the surface of Hindostan ? What can you say of the soil ? Climate ? Productions ? Banian tree ? Min¬ erals? Manufactures? Population? Religion? Who control most of the country ? Describe Ceylon. Cal¬ cutta. Bombay. Madras. Benares. Delhi. 9. BELOOCHISTAN. Square miles, 100,000. Population, 2,000,000. Beloochistan lies west of Hindostan, and extends six hundred miles on the shore of the Arabian sea. It is a mountainous country, covered chiefly with barren wastes, and thinly pop¬ ulated. The climate is various, being cold in the elevated parts, and excessively hot in the valleys. In the low and watered plains, rice, sugar-cane, cotton, indigo, and tobacco, are raised; in other parts, wheat, barley, and fruits are the principal products. The government is despotic, and the re¬ ligion, Mohammedan. The inhabitants consist of Belochees and Brahoees. The Belochees are a warlike race, living by plunder. The Brahoees arc mild, peaceful, and subsist on their cattle. Kelat is the principal city and capital. 138 ASIA. Questions. How many square miles has Beloo- chistan ? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? De¬ scribe it. Climate. Productions. Government and religion. The inhabitants. Name its chief city. 10. AFGHANISTAN. Square miles, 300,000. Population, 5,000,000. Afghanistan lies directly north of Beloo- NATIVES. chistan, which it resembles in surface and soil. The summits of the mountains are often covered with snow, while the valleys in summer are extremely hot. It is inhab¬ ited by various tribes, of which the Afghans are the chief, and of a brave character. Arts and manufactures are in a backward state Cabool, the capital, is beautifully situated on the Cabool river in a fertile plain, and has a delightful climate and active trade. Herat is important for its manufactures and trade. Questions. What is the number of square miles in Afghanistan? Population? Describe Afghanistan. Its inhabitants. Arts and manufactures. Cabool. Herat. 11. PERSIA. I Square miles, 450,000. Population, 10,000,000. i Persia extends from the Caspian Sea to ^ the Persian Gulf. It consists of an exten¬ sive central plateau, encircled by mountain- chains on three of its sides. These, with vast salt or sandy deserts, and long, arid valleys destitute of streams, are the most striking characteristics of Persia. The climate is subject to extremes of heat and cold; only in the valleys, is the soil fertile. Silk of the finest quality, grains, rice, tobacco, cotton, wines, and fruits, are the chief products. Agriculture receives comparatively little attention. The most elegant silks, shawls, carpets, and porcelain, are manufactured. MOSQUE OF SUUTAN HUSSEIN, ISPAHAN. The Persians are a handsome, active and warlike people. Pastoral tribes or shepherds who frequent¬ ly plunder the more fertile tracts, inhabit the mountainous districts. ASIA. 139 Ill ancient times, Persia was one of the most powerful empires of the East, but its power and influence have been much re¬ duced. The sovereign is an absolute despot. Teheran, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has an unhealthy site. It has manufac¬ tures of carpets and iron goods. Ispahan is a populous city, with a beauti¬ ful situation. Reshd is a seaport on the Caspian Sea. Questions. Give the number of square miles in Persia. Inhabitants. Situation. Striking character¬ istics. What is said of the climate and soil ? Chief products ? Agriculture and manufactures ? The Per¬ sians? Pastoral tribes? Persia in ancient times? Government? Teheran? Ispahan? Reshd? 12. ARABIA. Square miles, 834,000. Population, 10,000,000. Arabia occupies a large peninsula in tlie south-west of Asia. It consists chiefly of broken mountains and sandy plains or deserts, interspersed with fertile spots; and is almost destitute of streams of water. The mountainous districts are temperate —the plains are excessively hot, and subject to a pestilential wind, called the Sirocco. In the fertile regions, coffee and fragrant spices are abundant. Dates, oranges, figs, and melons, grow spontaneously, and furn¬ ish the people with much of their food. The Arabian horse is fleet and beautiful. The camel is the most useful animal. The Arabs are proud, active, intelligent and hos¬ pitable to their guests, but rob all whom they meet in the desert. The Arabs are Mohammedans, and pre¬ serve the patriarchal form of government. The Bedouins are a wandering tribe, who live in the deserts and dwell in tents. They subsist principally on vegetables, and the milk of their camels and asses. The pearl banks, in the Persian gulf, give employment to nearly thirty thousand men. Mecca, the birth-place of Mohammed, is considered a sacred city, and resorted to by vast numbers of pilgrims. Medina contains the tomb of Mohammed, inclosed by magnificent mosques. It is called the “ City of the Prophet.” Mocha MOCHA. is the center of trade with Europe, and exports large quantities of coffee. Muscat, a seaport on the Indian ocean, is the grand emporium of Eastern Arabia, and a key to the entrance of the Persian Gulf. Questions. How many square miles in Arabia? Inhabitants ? Where is it situated ? Of what does it consist ? What is the soil ? Climate ? Name the products. What is said of the horse ? Camel ? De¬ scribe the Arabs. What is their religion and govern¬ ment? What can you say of the Bedouins? The pearl fisheries ? Mecca ? Medina ? Mocha ? Muscat ? 13. TURKEY IN ASIA. Square miles, 538,000. Population, 10,000,000. Turkey in Asia extends from Arabia to the Black sea, and embraces Asia Minor and Syria. 140 AS It is remarkable for having been the seat of the most thrilling occurrences recorded in the Sacred Scriptures. MOSQUE OF OMAR. It is still an interesting country, and con¬ tains the ruins of the mighty Babylon, of Nineveh, Balbec, and Jerusalem. It consists of two plateaus and an exten¬ sive plain. The larger plateau occupies the wliole of its northern portion, and has an elevation of from four to five thousand feet; the other includes Syria and Palestine, and lies to the east of the Mediterranean. The plain forms the lower basin of the Euphrates and Tigris. The soil and climate present many varie¬ ties. The river banks and valleys are very fertile, but in the south are vast arid plains, and but few productions. The summits of the mountains are covered with snow, while the valleys have a tropical climate, and pro¬ duce the fruits of Southern Asia. Tlie chief products are grain, cotton, cof¬ fee, and tobacco. lA. Asiatic Turkey was once the seat of pow¬ erful empires. It has been conquered by one nation after another, and is now subject to the Turks. The inhabitants are ignorant and barbar¬ ous. They comprise a motley assemblage of Jews, Arabs, Moors, Tartars, Greeks, Turks, Armenians, &c. Syria is a country of Asiatic Turkey, bounded south by Arabia, and west by the Mediterranean, and a large part of it is very productive. The southern part of Syria is called Palestine. Jerusalem, the capital of ancient Pales¬ tine, is celebrated as the “Holy City” of the Jews, and the scene of many important events recorded in Scripture. It retains few traces of its ancient grandeur, except the foundation stones of some of its walls, and the remains of arclies, acqueducts and sub¬ terranean passage ways. Smyrna is the most populous city of Tur¬ key, and has an extensive trade and com¬ merce. Damascus is celebrated for its anti¬ quity, and the fineness of its manufactures. A highly fertile and beautiful country sur¬ rounds it. ' ' Questions. How many square miles has Turkey in Asia ? Inhabitants ? What is its situation ? What does it embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? What is its surface ? Climate and soil ? What are its chief products ? Of what was it once the seat ? Describe the inhabitants. Syria. What can you say of Jeru¬ salem ? Smyrna ? Damascus ? 15. GEORGIA. Square miles, 28,800. Population, 300,000. Georgia is usually employed to designate the wdiole territory claimed by the Russians, between the Black and Caspian Seas, and south of the Caucasus mountains. ASIA. The central part is occupied by a large and fertile valley, having a mild and health¬ ful climate. The soil in the valleys is very fertile, pro¬ ducing maize, hemp, flax, great quantities of wine and cotton, and also fine fruits. The natives are distinguished for their fine forms, and for the beauty of the women. The Georgians belong nominally to the Greek Church. Tiflis, the capital, is situated in a narrow valley on the Koor. It is the residence of the Russian governor, and is defended by walls and several forts. Questions. What is the extent of Georgia ? Popula¬ tion ? Where is it situated ? What is its surface ? Soil ? What are its productions ? For what are the natives distinguished ? What is said of the religion ? Tiflis ? 16. INDEPENDENT TOORKISTAN. Square miles, 720,800. Population, 4,000,000. Independent Toorkistan extends from Chinese Tartary to the Caspian Sea, occu¬ pying the central portions of Asia. 141 It has an elevated surface, a mild climate, and abounds with vast deserts. The southern part of Independent Toor¬ kistan is called Bokhara, and is far the most fertile and best cultivated section. It was formerly the seat of a powerful empire. The principal productions are cotton, silk, wool, maize, and fruits. Various independent roving tribes inhabit this country, some of whom subsist by agri¬ culture, but more on their flocks. They are generally Mohammedans. Bokhara, the capital of the Khanat of Bokhara, is situated in a flat country, em¬ bosomed among the hills, and is enclosed by earthftrn ramparts. It has long been famous as a seat of Mohammedan learning. Questions. How many square miles in Independent Toorkistan ? Inhabitants ? How is it situated ? What is the surface and climate ? What abound ? What can you say of Bokhara? What are the principal productions of Toorkistan ? Who inhabit it ? How do they live ? Describe the city of Bokhara ? GENERAL QUESTIONS ON ASIA. In what part of Asia is Siberia ? Hindostan ? Ara¬ bia ? What divisions lie south of Siberia ? Where are the Ural mountains ? Stanovoi ? Ghauts ? Hin¬ doo Koosh ? Elbrooz ? Himalaya ? Where is Mount Sinai ? Ararat ? Where is Lake Baikal ? Lop Nor ? Zurrah ? Where is the river Obi ? What are its tributaries ? Where is the Amoor ? What are the principal rivers of China ? Where is the Irrawaddy ? Ganges ? In¬ dus ? Tigris ? Ural ? Where is cape Lopatka ? Cape Cambodia ? Cape Comorin ? Isthmus of Suez ? Nova Zembla ? For¬ mosa ? Singapore ? Ceylon ? Cyprus ? Where is the Gulf of Lena? Gulf of Siam? Gulf of Ormus ? Sea of Kara ? China Sea ? Arabian Sea ? Dead Sea ? Caspian Sea ? Channel of Tar¬ tary ? Strait of Corea ? Strait of Malacca ? Strait of Dardanelles ? Channel of Bosporus V What is the latitude of Calcutta ? Peking ? Mecca ? In what zones is Asia ? What division of Asia is crossed by the Arctic Circle ? What divisions by the Tropic of Cancer ? What is the climate of Siberia ? What are its minerals ? What is the most noted pro¬ duct of China ? How is Peking situated ? To what race do the Japanese belong ? What are the charac¬ teristics of the Mongol race ? For what is India dis¬ tinguished? What does Farther India comprise? How is Singapore situated ? What remarkable tree is found in Hindostan? In what have the Hindoos excelled ? What are the chief products of Persia ? The manufactures ? For what is Turkey remarkable V What ruins does it contain ? By whom is Toorkistan inhabited ? How would you sail from New York to Calcutta ? From Calcutta to Constantinople? Which of these three cities is the largest ? a \ 00 : CO / • IS. • # » / « • ••• (M 1 CO \ AFRICA. SQUARE MILES, 12,000,000. POPULATION, 00,000,000. KEY TO MAP NO. 8. COUNTRIES, CAPITALS AND CHIEF TOWNS. 1 Morocco, 1 Morocco, 2 Rabat, 3 Mequinez, 4 Fez. 2 Algiers, 1 Algiers, 2 Oran, 3 Constantine, 4 Bona. ! 3 Tunis, 1 Tcnis, 2 Kairwan. 4 Beled el Jereed, i Tooggoort. 6 Tripoli, 1 Tripoli, 2 Mesurata. j j 6 Barca, 1 Der.ne, 2 Bengazi. I 7 Egypt, 1 Cairo, 2 Alexandria, 3 Rosetta, 4 I Damietta, 6 Sioot. I 8 Nubia, 1 New Dongola, 2 Khartoom, 3 Sen- j naar. ! 9 Abyssinia, l Gondar, 2 Massowah, 3 Antalo. 10 Adel and Ajan, i Berbera, 2 Zeyla. 11 Zanguebar, or Essawabil, l Magadoxo, 2 I Mombas. I 12 Mozambique, 1 Mozambique, 2 Quilimane, 3 Sofala. I 13 Zooloo Country. 14 Natal, 1 Pietermaritzburg. 15 Kaffraria. 16 Bosjesman’s Country, i Kurrichane, 2 Lat- j takoo. I j 17 Cape Colony, l Cape Town, 2 Graham’s Town, 3 Georgetown. 18 Hottentot. 19 Cimbebas. 20 Lower Guinea, l Loango, 2 San Salvador, 3 St. Paul’s de Loanda, 4 New Benguela. 21 Upper Guinea, 1 Coomassie, 2 Abomey, 3 Benin, 4 Abbeokoota. 22 Liberia, 1 Monrovia. 23 Sierra Leone, i Freetown, 24 Senegambia, l Bathurst, 2 St. Louis, 3 Teem- boo. 25 Fezzan, 1 Moorzook, 2 Zueela. 26 Soodan, 1 Kemmoo, 2 Sego, 3 Timbuctoo, 4 Saccatoo, 5 Kobbe, 6 Obeid, *7 Booda, 8 Katunga, 9 Kano, 10 Angornou. 27 Ethiopia. 28 Madagascar, l Tananarivoo, 2 Tamatav, 3 Man anzary. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 1 Indian Ocean, 2 Atlantic Ocean, 3 Mediterranean Sea, 4 Gulf of Cabes, 6 Gulf of Sidra, 6 Red Sea, *7 Gulf of Aden, 8 Delagoa Bay, 9 Algoa Bat, 10 St. Helena Bat, 11 Cruz Bat, 12 Walvisch Bay, 13 Great Fish Bat, 14 Gulf of Guinea, 15 Bight of Biafra, 16 Bight of Benin, U Antongill Bay, 18 Bembatooka Bat. 144 AFRICA. STRAITS, CHANNELS AND SOUNDS. 1 1 MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. 19 Strait of Gibraltar, 1 61 Atlas, 20 Strait op Bab-el-Mandeb, 62 Miltseen, 21 Mozambique Channel. 63 Kong, ISLANDS. 64 Cameroon’s, 65 Mts. of the Moon, 66 Abba Yaret, 67 Kenia, 22 Abd-el-Curia, 68 Kilimandjaro, 23 Socotra, 69 Radama, 24 Seychelles Islands, 70 Red, 26 Amirante Islands, 71 Lupata, 26 Pemba, 72 Snow, 27 Zanzibar, I 73 Crystal, 28 Monfia, 74 Sahara Desert, 29 Comoro, 75 Libyan Desert, 30 Madagascar, 76 Nubian Desert, 31 Mauritius, 77 Desert of Challehenga, 32 Bourbon, 78 Oasis of Seewah, 33 St. Helena, 79 Oasis of Tuat, 34 Ascension, 80 Oa.sis of Tibesti, 35 Annobon, 81 Oasis of Bilmah, 36 St. Thomas, 82 Oasis of Agadez. 37 Prince’s, 38 Fernando Po, 89 Cape Verde Islands, LAKES. 40 Canary Islands, 41 Madeip^i Islands, 83 Melgig, 42 Azores Islands. 84 SlBKAII, ISTHMUS AND CAPE& 85 Tchad, 86 Fittre, 87 Dembea, 88 Ukerewe, 43 Isthmus of Suez, 89 Nyassi, or Maravi, 90 Ngami, 44 Bon, 91 Debo. 45 Guardafui, 46 Orfui, 47 Bassas, 48 Delgado, RIVERS. 49 Ambro, 92 Nile, 60 St. Mary, 93 White, 61 CORRIENTES, 94 Gojkb, 52 Agulhas, 95 Blue, 63 Good Hope, 96 Tacazze, 54 Cross, 97 Haine 66 Frio, 98 Juba, 56 Palmas, 99 Ozi, 67 Verde, 100 Sabaki, 68 Blanco, 101 Matoni, 69 Bojador, 102 Zambeze, 60 Noon. 103 Orange, AFRICA. 145 104 Vaal, 112 Volta, 105 Bembarocghe, 113 St. Paul’s, 106 COANZA, 114 Rio Grande, 107 Ambriz, 116 Gambia, 108 Congo, 116 Senegal, 109 Umbre, 117 Yeoo, 110 Niger, 118 SlIARY, 111 Chadda, 119 Misselad. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. Bound Africa. In what zones is it situated ? Point ISTHMUS AND CAPES. out its chief divisions on the map. What states bor- What isthmus connects Africa with Asia ? 43. der on the Mediterranean Sea? On the Red? On Which is the most northern cape of Africa? 44. the Indian Ocean ? Atlantic? What states have no Eastern? 45. Southern? 52. Western? 57. What sea-coast ? What states are crossed by the Equator ? capes on the eastern coast south of Cape Guardafui ? What by the Tropic of Cancer ? What by the Tropic 46—48, 51. Which is the most northern cape of of Capricorn ? Madagascar ? 49. Southern ? 60. What capes on the coast of Cimbebas ? 54, 55. On the coast of Liberia? 56. On the western coast north of Cape OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. Verde? 58-60. What ocean east of Africa? 1. West? 2. What sea north ? 3. Between Africa and Asia ? 6. MOUNTAINS, DESERTS AND OASES. What gulfs north of Africa ? 4, 5. What gulf AVhat mountains in the north of Africa ? 61. What north of Adel and Ajan ? 7. mountains in the east? 66-68, 71. North of Ethi- What bay south of Mozambique? 8. South of opia ? 65. In Cape Colony ? 72. East of Lower Cape Colony? 9. West? 10. West of Hottentot Guinea? 73. North of Upper Guinea? 63. What Country? 11. West of Lower Guinea? 13. What mountains on the island of Madagascar ? 69, 70. gulf south of Upper Guinea? 14. What large desert north of Soodan ? 74. South of What strait at the entrance of the Mediterranean Barca? 75. In Nubia? 76. Mention the principal Sea? 19. Red? 20. oases in the Desert of Sahara. 79-82. What desert What channel between Mozambique and Madagas¬ car? 21. in the southern part of Ethiopia ? 77. LAKES AND RIVERS. Which is the largest lake in Soodan ? 85. In Ethi- ISLANDS. opia? 89. What island at the entrance of the Gulf of Aden ? What river flows into the Mediterranean ? 92. What 23. What large island south-east of Africa ? 30. are its principal branches ? 93, 95, 96. What are the What two clusters of islands north-east of Madagas- principal rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean ? 98 car? 24, 25. What islands east? 31, 32. What 102. What river between Cape Colony and Hottcn- islands between Madagascar and the continent ? 29. tot Country ? 103. What river forms the northern What islands in the Gulf of Guinea? 35-37. What boundary of Cimbebas ? 105. What three rivers from island in the Atlantic Ocean between ten and twenty Lower Guinea flow into the Atlantic ? 106-108. What degrees south latitude ? 33. Between the Equator large river from Soodan flows into the Gulf of Guinea ? and ten degrees south latitude ? 34. What cluster of 110. What rivers in Senegambia ? 114-116. What islands west of Senegambia? 39. South-west of rivers flow into Lake Tchad? 117, 118. What one Morocco? 40. North west? 41, 42. into Lake Fittre? 119. AFRICA. Africa is wliolly surrounded by water, except where the Isthmus of Suez connects it with Arabia. It has a coast line of upwards of fifteen thousand miles, hut it is nowhere indented by any great gulf or bay, except by the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast. It is about 5000 miles in extreme length, and 4,800 in its greatest breadth, containing 12,000,000 square miles. It has three principal ranges of moun¬ tains, and numerous extensive deserts. The climate of most of Africa is exceed¬ ingly hot, and rain seldom falls. It is sub¬ ject to scorching winds. The well watered sections are exceedingly fertile, and yield the richest tropical pro¬ ducts. The deserts are barren tracts of dry, burning sand. It has rich mines of gold ; and iron, cop¬ per and salt, are found in some parts. Africa contains a great variety of wild animals. The principal are the lion, leo¬ pard, T^amelopard, elephant, rhinoceros, hip¬ popotamus, panther, hyena, zebra, and antelope. The most useful animals are the camel and the ass. The former requires little food, while it supplies the owner with milk. There is a great variety of birds, of which the ostrich is the largest, and dwells in the deserts. The vulture is next in size and very ferocious. Monkeys, insects, reptiles, and enormous serpents and alligators, are also very numer¬ ous. Northern Africa is chiefly inhabited by Europeans, who are generally Mohamme- DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY. AFRI dans, and in various stages of civilization. Negroes inhabit the central and southern parts, most of whom are Pagans, and live in a barbarous state. Africa contained in ancient times, many wealthy and enlightened nations, and is distinguished for its antiquities. QaESTiONS. What is the position of Africa ? What is said of its coast? What is the size of Africa? What is said of its mountains and deserts ? Climate ? Soil and productions? Minerals? Wild animals? Useful animals ? Birds ? Other animals ? By whom is Africa inhabited? What did Africa formerly con¬ tain ? BARBARY STATES. These states border on the Mediterranean Sea, and comprise the states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and the districts of Barca and Beled-el-Jereed. They are tra¬ versed by the Atlas mountains, and contain elevated table lands. The climate is warm, the soil fertile, and the productions resemble those of southern Europe. Noxious animals and ferocious lions, pan¬ thers and hyenas, also serpents and scorpions of the most deadly venom, roam here. Agriculture is not well understood, and manufactures and commerce are very limited. The inhabitants are chiefly Moors, Jews, Berbers, and Arabs. 1. MOROCCO. Square miles, 222,000. Population, 8,600,000. Morocco, the ancient Mauritania, includes the kingdom of Morocco, Fez, and Tafilet. It yields an abundance of fruit and grain and is noted for the manufacture of morocco leather. Horses, cattle and sheep, are nu¬ CA. 147 merous. From the latter, wool of the finest quality is obtained in large quantities. Morocco, the capital, is situated in a fer¬ tile plain, and is surrounded by a wall thirty feet in height. The streets are nar¬ row, irregular and unpaved. It ccmtains many elegant mosques. Fez was formerly an important city, but is now much decayed. It has a variety of manufactures of the common articles of clothing. It contains upwards of two hun¬ dred mosques. 2. ALGIERS. Square miles, 90,000. Population, 2,500,000. Algiers, formerly called Numidia, is a mountainous country lying on the Mediter¬ ranean, east of Morocco. A STREET IN ALGIERS. It has a very variable though salubrious climate, and a soil which is rendered fertile by irrigation. The principal productions are figs, pomegranates, oranges, lemons, and dates. It has extensive coral fisheries. It is now a French colonial province, un¬ der the supreme power of a governor-gen- AFRICA. 148 erai, appointed by the French Govern¬ ment. Algiers, the capital, is strongly fortified, and has some commerce. It is rapidly im¬ proving in its appearance. 3. TUNIS. Square miles, 70,000. Population, 2,500,000. Tunis, the ancient Carthage, lies next east of Algiers, and is the most fertile and flourishing of the Barbary States. Owing to the extortions of government, agriculture is very much neglected. It is rich in mineral products. The government is nominally tributary to the Turkish sultan. - . . Tunis, the capital, is about twelve miles from the ruins of Carthage, and one of the finest cities in Africa. It has an extensive trade. 4. BELED EL JEREED. Square miles, 140,000. Population, 500,000. Beled el Jereed is a narrow but extensive tract of land, lying between the Atlas mountains and the Great Desert. The soil is generally sterile, but the country con¬ tains several oases fertile in dates. It is inhabited by nomadic tribes. 5. TRIPOLI. Square miles, 105,000. Population, 1,500,000. Tripoli is a barren and thinly populated state. Much of its surface is a desert, but some of its plains are very fertile. On these rich crops of wheat, barley, millet, and In¬ dian corn, are grown. The government is an unlimited and bar¬ barous despotism. Tripoli, the capital, is situated on the Mediterranean, and has a good harbor. 6. BARCA. Square miles, 35,000. Population, 300,000. Barca is a maritime country, east of Tri¬ poli. It is fertile along the coast, but the interior and southern part is desert. It has no permanent rivers, but numerous moun¬ tain torrents. It belongs to Tripoli. Derne is the capital. Questions. Name the Barbary States. Give the square miles and population of each. \Yhat is said of their surface ? Climate, soil and productions ? Noxious animals ? Agriculture, manufactures and commerce ? Inhabitants ? Describe Morocco. Its productions and manufac¬ tures. Its animals. Its capital. De.scribe Fez. Algiers. Its climate and soil. Pro¬ ductions. Government. Its capital. Describe Tunis. Its agriculture. Minerals. Gov¬ ernment. Its capital. Describe Beled el Jereed. Describe Tripoli. Its government. Its capital. Describe Barca. Deme. 7. EGYPT. Square miles, 180,000. Population, 2,890,000. ' Egsrpt, a country in the north-eastern part of Africa, comprises the narrow valley of the Nile, with extensive deserts on either side. This valley, throughout its whole extent, is hemmed in on both sides by con¬ tinuous chains of hills. Those on the east side approach more closely to the river. The climate is remarkable for its uni¬ formity. In the upper part, rain is hardly known, but the Nile overflows its banks, leaving behind a rich loam, that annually yields two or three crops. AFRICA. 149 Rice, cotton, wheat, maize, barley, durra, a kind of grain, and fruits, grow in great luxuriance. Considerable attention is given to agri¬ culture, though the system of husbandry is probably the same now that it was thou¬ sands of years ago. TFJE SPHTSX AND PYRAMIDS. Much trade is carried on by means of caravans. Canals have been constructed, and a railroad extends from iUexandria to Cairo. Egypt is governed by a Pasha, subject to Turkey, who encourages education and the arts. The prevailing religion is the Mo¬ hammedan. Egypt was anciently a wealthy and power¬ ful kingdom. Many stupendous ruins of its former glory still remain. Pyramids, obelisks and catacombs are scattered over the country. The largest pyramid is near Cairo. It is 500 feet high and covers eleven acres. The ruins of Thebes extend several | miles, and are among the most magnificent in the world. Cairo, the capital, is the largest city in Africa, and the center of trade with Europe and Asia. The streets are narrow, crooked, ill-paved and unfit for the passage of car¬ riages. Alexandria was once renowned in the arts and sciences. It is the principal sea¬ port of Egypt and connected by means of steam vessels with the chief ports of the Mediterranean. Questions. What is the extent of Egypt ? Pop¬ ulation ? What does Egypt comprise ? What is said of the valley of the Nile? What is said of the climate ? Soil ? Productions ? Agriculture and trade ? Government and religion ? What vras Egypt anciently ? Describe the pyramid near Cairo. Ruins of Thebes. Cairo. Alexandria. 8. NUBIA. Square miles, 800,000. Population, 500,000. Nubia is situated south of Egypt, on the shore of the Red Sea. It consists chiefly of mountains and sandy deserts. The cultivated portion occupies the narrow valley of the Nile, and yields cotton, barley, tobacco, and palm trees. The climate is hot and dry, but healthful. The Nubians belong to the Arabian and Ethiopian races. They are of a dark-brown complexion; bold, frank, cheerful, and sim¬ ple in manners. Nubia is divided into petty kingdoms, subject to the pasha of Egypt. Magnificent ruins abound; the principal one of which is the temple of Ipsambul, which is cut out of a solid rock. It is supposed to be 2000 years old, but is in a state of complete preservation. 150 AFRICA, TEMPLE OF IPSAMBL'L. New Dongola, the capital, is important as a military depot and place of trade. Kiiartoom, the capital of a province of Nubia, is regularly built and very flourish¬ ing. Questions. How many square miles has Nubia ? "What is its population ? What is the surface of Nubia? Productions? Climate? Who inhabit it? IIow is it divided ? What is said of its ruins ? Netv Dongola ? Khartoom ? 9. ABYSSINIA. Square miles, 250,000. Population, 280,000. Abyssinia, comprised in the ancient Ethi¬ opia, is a country of East Africa, south of Nubia. It is a mountainous country, with an agreeable climate and fertile soil. Wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, a small grain called teff, fruits, and honey, are the chief products. The minerals are iron ore, rock-salt and gold. Ivory and gold are the principal exports. The inhabitants are Jews, Arabs and Negroes. Their religion is a curious mixture of the Jewish and Pagan religions. The government is divided up among several petty states. Gondar, the capital city, is j twenty miles from lake Pern- , bea; it contains a ruined pal¬ ace and was formerly a royal residence, but is now a meanly j built town. Massoioah, the principal seaport town, ^is on a small : island in the Red Sea. i Questions. What is the extent of Abyssinia ? Population ? IIow is Abyssinia situated ? What is the j surface ? Climate and soil ? What are the productions ? Minerals ? Exports ? What is said of the inhabitants ? The government ? Gon¬ dar ? Massowah ? EASTERN AFRICA. Eastern Africa comprises all the coast between Abyssinia and the Tropic of Cap¬ ricorn. In consequence of the excessive heat, numerous wild animals, and ferocious natives, it has been little explored. 10. ADEL AND xUAN. Adel and Ajan are noted for their gold, ivory, frankincense and myrrh. Berbera is a seaport station on a bay of the gulf of Aden. An annual fair is held here from October till April, at which from ten to twenty thousand people as¬ semble. Zeyla stands on a low sandy cape on the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. AFRICA. 11. ZANGUEBAR. Zanguebar contains several independent states, and has a number of unimportant towns. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the Arabs. Ma^adoxo is a maritime town, enclosed by stone walls, and divided into two parts, one composed wholly of tombs. 12. MOZAMBIQUE. Mozambique nominally belongs to the Portuguese. Its trade consists principally in gold and ivory. Mozambique, the residence of the Portu¬ guese Governor, is situated on an island near the coast. It has a good anchorage for ships. Questions. "What does Eastern Africa comprise? wliat has prevented its being explored ? For what are Adel and Ajan noted ? Describe Ber- bera. Zeyla. Describe Zanguebar. What is said of the trade ? Of Magadoxo? What is said of Mozambique ? Describe Mozam¬ bique. SOUTHERN AFRICA. Southern Africa includes Zooloo Coun¬ try, Natal, Kaflfraria, Bosjesman’s Country, Capo Colony, and Hottentot Country. 13. ZOOLOO COUNTRY. This is a small extent of territory, and lies south of Mozambique. 14. NATAL. Natal, a colonial possession of Great Brit¬ ain, lies south of Zooloo Country. 151 The surface is undulating, well watered, the soil generally fertile, and the climate healthy. Cotton and indigo grow wild. The other productions are coffee, sugar, wheat, and | tobacco. I Iron is abundant, and a superior kind of 1 coal is found. * | Pietermaritzburg, the capital, is fifty miles inland. 15. KAFFRARIA. Kaffraria, a country in South-eastern Africa, is level near the coast; the western portion is varied. The soil is generally fer¬ tile. The principal productions arc maize, millet, and melons. The Kaffres arc tall and well-formed. Their color is a dark gray. The men arc chiefly engaged in war, and in the care of their cattle. 16. BOSJESMAN’S COUNTRY. This country lies north-west of Natal and Kaffraria. The inhabitants, a race of Hottentots, are of small stature and of a savage disposition. 17. CAPE COLONY. Cape Colony, occupying the southern ex¬ tremity of Africa, consists of several plat¬ eaus and mountain ranges, rising one above another. The climate is changeable; the alterna¬ tions of heat and cold being frequently great and sudden. The soil is fertile on the coast, and pro- j duces an abundance of grain, fruits, and > 162 AFRICA. good pasturage. Large herds of cattle are kept by the farmers, or boors. Cape Colony belongs to Great Britain, and is inhabited by English, Dutch, and Hottentots. Cape Town, the capital, is a fortified sea¬ port, regularly laid out with broad streets lined with shade’ trees. It has a royal observatory and other public buildings, and is visited annually by a large number of vessels. What is said of Cape Colony ? Its climate ? Soil ? Cattle ? To whom does it belong ? Describe Cape Town. Describe the Hottentots. WESTERN AFRICA. Western Africa embraces the coast from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Great Des¬ ert. It is remarkable for its fertility, luxuriant vegeta¬ tion, and vast numbers of wild animals. It is inhabited by degraded Negroes, many of whom wor¬ ship reptiles. They are sub¬ ject to vindictive chiefs. Cimbebas, Lower and Up¬ per Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Senegambia, are its divisions. 19. CIMBEBAS. Cimbebas lies north of Cape Colony, and is but little known. It is inhabited by an inoffensive farming com¬ munity, who reside chiefly in the interior. CAPE TOWN AND TABLE MOUNT. 18. HOTTENTOT COUNTRY. The Hottentots are stupid and degraded. The wild Hottentots, called Bushmen, are a miserable race, living like wild beasts, and subsisting on roots, insects, and reptiles. Questions. What does South Africa include ? What is said of the Zooloo Country. What is said of Natal ? Its surface, soil and cli¬ mate ? Productions ? Minerals ? Pietermaritzburg ? What is said of Kaffraria ? The Kaffres ? What is said of Bosjesman’s Country ? The inhab¬ itants ? 20. LOWER GUINEA. This is a fertile and thickly populated country, embracing a number of different states. The northern part is little known. The central and southern portions belong to the Portuguese. The trade consists of ebony, palm-oil, and gold-dust. Its principal divisions are Loango, Congo, Angola and Benguela. The palm tree is the most useful production. AFRICA. 153 21. UPPER GUINEA. This state is "situated between the Kong Mountains and the Gulf of Guinea, and contains several native kingdoms. It has a large trade in gold-dust and ivory. Most of its inhabitants are deeply degraded and ferocious. Thousands of human beings are sometimes sacrificed at the death of a king. The British, Dutch, and Danes, have sev¬ eral small garrisons on the coast. 22. LIBERIA. Square miles, 26,000. Population, 250,000. Liberia lies on the coast, west of Upper Guinea. It is well watered, and the soil is fertile, producing cotton, colfee, sugar-cane, dye-woods, and fruits. It was established by the American Col¬ onization Society in 1821, as a home for emancipated and free negroes. It is a republic, the government consist¬ ing of a president, vice-president, senate, and a house of representatives. Monrovi.\ is the capital and principal town, and lias a number of schools, churches, and a public library. 23. SIERRA LEONE. 1 Square miles, 25,000. Population, 45,000. I This is a small British settlement, made ' in 1787, for the purpose of putting a I stop to the slave trade, and civilizing ' Africa. ' Freetown, the capital, is regularly built, and contains the government offices, bar- i racks, and various schools. 24. SENEGAMBIA. This extensive region in Western Africa, includes all the countries lying on the Sen¬ egal and Gambia rivers. The climate is extremely hot, and the soil well watered and fertile. The principal productions are palm-oil, ivory, gold-dust and gums. It is densely populated, and trades in ivo¬ ry and gold-dust, with the English, French, and Portuguese, who have settlements on the coast. 25. FEZZAN. Pezzan is a kingdom of Africa, bounded on all sides by the Sahara, or Great Desert, except on the north. The northern part consists of ranges of mountains perfectly barren; in the south, sandy plains, destitute of vegetation, alter¬ nate witli low hills and valleys, wliich con tain all the cultivated soil in the country. The principal products are dates, figs, pomegranates and garden vegetables. It has considerable trade, carried on by caravans. The country is governed by a chief with the rank of sultan. Questions. What does Western Africa embrace ? For what is it remarkable ? By whom is it inhabited ? What are its principal divisions ? Describe Cimbebas. Describe Lower Guinea. To whom does it belong? What is said of its trade ? What are its principal divisions. Describe Upper Guinea. What is said of its trade ? Inhabitants ? How is Liberia situated ? "What is said of its soil and productions ? When was it colonized ? W’'hat is its government ? Describe Monrovia. Describe Sierra Leone. Freetown. AFRICA. 154 What is said of Senegainbia? Climate? Soil? Productions ? Trade ? How is Fezzan situated ? What is said of the sur¬ face and soil? Productions? Trade? How is it governed ? CENTRAL AFRICA. This section includes all the interior of Africa south of the Great Desert, embrac¬ ing Ethiopia and Soodan. 20. SOODAN. Soodan has been only partially explored. It is a large, fertile and populous tract, em¬ bracing the valley of the Niger, and abounds with valuable tropical jiroducts. It is divided into a large number of states, ruled by petty chiefs, called kings. The inliabitants are generally humane and in¬ dustrious. Tlicre arc a number of large cities, of which Timbuctoo is the most important. 27. ETHIOPIA. This is a vast country in Central Africa, lying south of the Mountains of the Moon. ! It is for the most part an unexplored and unknown region. Decent travelers have represented the country as extremely popu¬ lous, containing regularly organized gov¬ ernments. QuESTidNS. What does Central Africa include? What is said of Soodan ? How is it divided ? What is said of the inhabitants ? Cities ? What is said of Ethiopia ? AFRICAN ISLANDS. 28. MADAGASCAR. This island is in the Indian Ocean about one hundred miles from Africa. It is 1,000 miles in length with an average breadth of 240 miles, having an area a little larger than France. It is low and level on the coast, and in the interior, mountainous. The heat in the low lands is often intense, and rains are nearly constant, rendering the climate of the coast very unhealthful, both to natives and Europeans. In the interior it is salu¬ brious. Its vegetable productions are rich and varied, containing many species of plants not found elsewhere. Cotton, sugar-cane, tobacco, hemp, and rice, arc cultivated. Ginger, pepper, and indigo grow wild in the woods. It has also a variety of fruits, among which are the orange, peach, citron, and mulberry. The population appears to have sprung from different races, but has a perfect unity of language. Tliougli nearly in a barbarous condition,- the people have manufactures of iron utensils and of cloths. The government is a monarchical des¬ potism. The religion is pagan. Tananarivoo, the capital, is near the cen¬ ter of the island. It is little known by Europeans, but is reported to be large, and to have manufactures of gold and silver chains, and of silk stuffs. Bourbon and Mauritius arc fertile isl¬ ands. Coffee and sugar are the chief pro¬ ducts. Bourbon has a volcano constantly burning. Seychelles and Amirante Islands arc de¬ pendencies of Mauritius. Both produce cotton and cocoa-nuts. AFRICA. Pemba, Zanzibar and Monfla are fertile islands belonging to Muscat. Socotra, an island in the Indian ocean, one hundred and twenty miles from cape Guardafui, is inhabited principally by the Bedouins. It produces aloes of the finest quality. It belongs to the Sultan of Ke- shin. The chief islands on the western coast, arc the Azores, iMadeira, Canary, and Cape Verde islands. Excepting the Cape Verde islands, they 155 have a mild healthful climate, a fertile Mjil, and produce wine and various kinds of grain and fruits in abundance. The island of St. Helena is noted as the place of Napoleon’s exile and death. Questions. "What is Madagascar ? Its size ? Surface ? Climate ? Productions ? What is said of the population ? Manufactures ? Government ? Religion ? Tananarivoo ? What is said of Bourbon and Mauritius ? Sey¬ chelles and Amirante ? Pemba, Zanzibar and Mon- fia? Socotra? What are the principal islands on the western coast? What is said of their climate, soil, and productions ? For what is St. Helena noted. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON AFRICA. IIow is Africa bounded ? In which direction is it the longest? With what other grand division is it connected? What states lie north of the Sahara De.sert ? What states border on the Red Sea? What large state south of the Sahara Desert? AVhat coun¬ try occupies the greater part of Central Africa? What state extends farthest south ? East ? West ? Where are the Atlas Mountains ? The Mountains of the Moon? Snow Mountains? Crystal Moun¬ tains? Where is the Sahara Desert? Libyan Des¬ ert? Nubian Desert ? What large river in Eastern Africa flowing north ? Where is the Zambeze ? Orange ? Coanga ? Congo ? Niger ? Senegal ? Gambia ? Where is Lake Tchad ? Lake Dembea? LakeNyassi? LakeNgami? Where is the Gulf of Sidra? Gulf of Aden ? St. Helena Bay? Gulf of Guinea? Where is the Red Sea ? Mozambique Channel ? Where is Socotra ? Madagascar ? Zanzibar ? Mau¬ ritius? St. Helena? Ascension? Cape Verde I.sl- ands? Canary Lslands ? Azores? Cape Bon? Cape Guardafui? Cape Palmas? Cape Verde? What is the latitude of Cape Bon ? Cape of Good Hope? Straits of Bab el Mandeb? Between what meridians of longitude is Africa situated ? In what zone is the greater part of Africa ? What states in the North Temperate Zone ? In the South Temperate Zone? What is the climate of the Barbary States ? Of Egypt? Of Nubia? Of Cape Colony? Of Mada¬ gascar? What fruits grow in Northern Africa? What grains? What are the productions of Egypt? Of Liberia ? What animals are found in the Barbary States ? For what are Adel and Ajan noted ? What countries have a trade in ivory ? In what countries is gold found ? What other minerals in Africa ? What ruins in Egypt ? In Nubia? Describe Cairo. Alexandria. Cape Town. Monrovia. What is the character of the inhabitants of Western Africa? What is the government of Egypt ? o OCEANICA SQUARE MILES, 4,400,000. POPULATION, 23,500,000. KEY TO MAP NO. 9 OCEANS AND SEAS. 1 Pacific Ocean, 2 Indian Ocean, 8 China Sea, 4 Coral Sea. ISLANDS. 1 Polynesia. 5 Bonin Islands, 6 Magellan’s Archipelago, 7 Guadalcpe, 8 Anson’s Archipelago, 9 Sandwich Islands, 10 Oahu, 11 Hawaii, or Owhyhee, 12 Palmyras, 13 America Islands, 14 Christmas, 15 Marquesas Islands, 16 Nookaheeta, 17 St. Paul’s, 18 Easter, 19 Ducie, 20 Pitcairn, 21 Gambier Islands, 22 Pearl Islands, 23 Palliser Islands, 24 Society Islands, 25 Tahiti, 26 Austral Islands, 27 Cook’s Islands, 28 Kermadec Islands, 29 Friendly Islands, 30 Hapai Islands, 31 Tonga Islands, 32 Feejee Islands, 33 Navigator Islands, 34 Central Archipelago, 35 Mitchell’s Islands, 36 Be Peyster’s Islands, 37 Taswell’s Islands, 38 Gilbert’s Archipelago, 39 Scarborough’s Range, 40 Mulgrave Islands, 41 Radack Islands, 42 Caroline Islands, 43 Ulalan, 44 Strong’s, 45 Torres, 46 Mortlock Islands, 47 Hall Islands, 48 Egoi Islands, 49 Pelew Islands, 60 St. Andrew’s Islands, 51 Ladrone Islands. Australasia. 52 Australia. 3 North Australia. 4 New South Wales, 1 Brisbane, 2 Sydney. 5 Victoria, 3 Melbourne, 4 Portland. 0 South Australia, 5 Adelaide. 7 West Australia, 6 Albany, 7 Freeman tie, 8 Perth. 53 Melville, 64 Arroo Islands, 55 New Guinea, 66 Admiralty Islands, 67 New Ireland, 68 New Britain, 69 Louisiade, 15S OCEANIC A. 60 New Georgia, 61 Solomon’s Archipelago, 62 Rennel Islands, 63 Egmont, 64 New IIedrides, 65 New Caledonia, 66 Norfolk, 67 New Zealand, 68 New Ulster, 69 New Munster, 70 New Leinster, 71 Chatham, 72 Van Diemen’s Land, 1 Hobart Town. 8 Malaysia. 73 Sumatra, 74 Banca, 75 Java, 76 Borneo, 81 82 83 84 77 Celebes, 78 SooLOO Islands, 79 Phillipine Islands, 80 Luzon, 1 Manilla. Samar, Mindoro, Palawan, Mindanao, 85 Sangir, 86 Spice Islands, 87 Gilolo, 88 Timor, 89 Flores, 90 Sandalwood, 91 SUMBAWA, 92 Bally Islands, 93 Keeling. 1 Acheen, 2 Padang, 3 Pa- lembang, 4 Bcucoolen. 1 Batavia, 2 Samarang. 1 Borneo, 2 Baujcmassiu, 3 Sarawak. 1 Macassar. GULFS AND BAYS. 94 Cambridge Gulf, 95 Gulf of Carpentaria, 96 Halifax Bay, 97 Botany Bay, 98 Spencer’s Gulf, 99 Shark’s Bay, 100 Bay of Islands, 101 Bay of Plenty, STRAITS. 102 Malacca, 103 SUNDA, 104 Macassar, 105 Torres, 106 Bass, 107 Cook’s, 108 Foveaux. CAPES. 109 Engano, 110 Rodney, 111 York, 112. Flattery, 113 Townsend, 114 Sandy, 115 Howe, 116 Chatham, 117 Leeuwin, 118 North West, 119 Leveque, 120 Bougainville, 121 Maria Van Diemen. MOUNTAINS. 122 Mount Ophir, 123 Blue, 124 Australian Alps, 125 Mount Kilauea. LAKE. 126 Torrens. RIVERS. 127 Lynd, 128 Murray, 129 Darling, 130 Lachlan, 131 Swan. o c R A N T r A 159 SAUDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1 CAPES. 1 Nihau. 1 1 Koolau, 2 Eauhal. 1 2 Kahaka, 3 IIana, 3 Oahu, 1 IIoxoLcuj. 4 Molokai. 4 TJpola, 5 Maui, 2 Lahaina, 8 Wairuku. 6 Lanai. MOUNTAINS. 7 Kahoolawe. 5 Mauna Kea, 6 Kilauea, 8 Hawaii, 4 Ililo, 6 Kaalia, G Kealakeakua. 7 Mausa Loa. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF OCEANICA. In what two oceans are the islands of Oceanica What gulf north of Australia ? 95. What gulf on situated ? Which are the three grand divisions of the south ? 98. Oceanica ? What part of Oceanica constitutes Malay- What two bays on the east of Australia ? 96, 97. sia ? Australasia ? Polynesia ? What bay on the west ? 99. What bays on the north of New Zealand? 100, 101. What strait north-east of Sumatra ? 102. Between Sumatra and Java? 103. Between Australia and ISLANDS. New Guinea? 106. Between Australia and Van Die¬ men’s Land? 106. Between the islands of New Zea- What are the principal islands in Polynesia V land? 107. What archipelago is crossed by the equator? 34. What groups between the equator and ten degrees north latitude? 19, 39, 42. What two archipelagoes CAPES, MOUNTAINS AND RIVERS. are crossed by the tropic of cancer? 6, 8. What are the principal groups in Poli’-nesia south of the Equa- AVdiat cape north of the Philippine islands ? 109. tor ? 15, 24, 28, 29, 33. AVhat cape at the northern point of Australia? 111. Which is the largest island in Australasia? 52. AYhat capes on the east? 112-114. Southwest? 116, What are the divisions of Australia? What large 117. AVhat cape west ? 118. island north of Australia? 55. "What south? 72. AA^hat mountain in Sumatra? 122. What moun- South-east ? 67. East ? 65. What islands in Aus- tains in Australia? 123, 124. tralasia east of New Guinea ? 61. AA’^hat lake in Australia? 126. What three large islands in Malaysia are crossed by the equator? 73, 76, 77. What group of islands northeast of Borneo? 79. East of Celebes? 86. What large island south-east of Sumatra ? 75. AV'hat rivers in Australia ? 127, 128, 131. SANDWICH, OR HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. AA'hich is the largest of the Sandwich Islands ? 8. AVhat are the other principal islands ? 1-7. Mention the principal towns of Hawaii. 4-6. Mountains. 5, SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, AND STRAITS. 7. AVhat two towns in Maui ? 2, 3. What town in "N'rhat sea west of the Philippine islands ? 3. What Oahu ? 1. Mention the principal capes of each of sea east of Australia ? 4. the four larger islands ? 1 -4. 160 0 CE ANICxV. SYDNEY. DESCEIPTIVE OcEANiCA includes the islands lying in the Pacific and eastern portion of the Indian ocean, and is divided into Polynesia, Aus¬ tralasia and Malaysia. Questions. What does Oceanica include, and how is it divided ? 1. POLYNESIA. Square miles, 151,000. Population, 445,000. Polynesia includes a great number of islands in the Pacific ocean, lying on both sides of the equator. These islands are distributed into different groups, which are usually composed of one or more large islands and, numerous smaller ones. They are all more or less of coral formation. The GEOGRAPHY. temperature, owing to the influence of the surrounding ocean, is mild and compara¬ tively uniform. The climate is delightful and salubrious. The soil is generally fertile, except on the mountains. The productions are bread¬ fruit, cocoa, banana, yams, sweet potatoes, and cotton, besides various fruits. There are several species of timber trees, especially sandal wood, and a few spices. The inhabitants consist of two races, one of Malay origin, and the other a variety of the negro race. A few years since they were all idolaters, and sunk in the lowest paganism. Through the efforts of mission¬ aries many of them have received Christian¬ ity and civilization. OCEANIC A. The Sandwich Islands are the most im¬ portant group of Polynesia, and form a kind of connecting link between America and China. The group consists of thirteen islands, seven of which are inhabited. The surface is mountainous. The islands are of volcanic origin. Several active vol¬ canoes still exist. European manners and arts have been adopted by the people, and a regular gov¬ ernment established. Churches and schools are common, and books and newspapers are printed in the language of the coun- try. Honolulu, the principal town and seaport of the Sandwich Islands, is on the south side of the island of Oahu. Its harbor, capable of containing between seventy and eighty ships, is often visited by British and American vessels. Questions. What does Polynesia include ? What is said of these islands ? Climate ? Soil ? Produc¬ tions ? Trees ? Inhabitants ? Which is the most important group ? What is said of the surface ? Vol¬ canoes? Arts and government? Churches and schools ? Honolulu. 2. AUSTRALASIA. Square miles, 3,500,000. Population, 1,600,000. Australasia embraces Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Van Dieman’s Land, New Hebrides, and New Britain, with nu¬ merous smaller islands. Australia is the largest island in the world, and on account of its vast extent is often called a continent. It lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans, south-east of Asia, and is about 2,400 miles in length from east to west, and nearly 2,000 in breadth from north to south. 161 It is traversed by several ranges of moun¬ tains, though it is mostly level. It is subject to severe droughts of several months duration, which are sometimes fol¬ lowed by sudden and heavy rains. Not¬ withstanding these sudden changes, the climate, especially in the southern part, is salubrious. The soil on the coast and in the lowlands is fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, flax, indigo, and tobacco, arc the principal productions. Oranges, lemons, figs, bananas, pine-apples, olives, and peaches, thrive well. NATIVE NEW ZEALAND VILLAGE. The chief mineral is gold which, since its discovery in 1850, has been exported in large quantities. There are also rich de¬ posits of copper. Tin and iron are found to some extent. The aboriginal inhabitants are usually small, very ignorant, and live in the lowest state of degradation. The island is divided into New South Wales. North, West, and South Australia, and Vic¬ toria, and is claimed by Great Britain. 1C2 OCEANIC A. THE BAMROO TREE. The government consists of a legislative council, and a governor, appointed by the crown. Melbourne, and Sydney are the principal cities and seaports, and are rapidly increas¬ ing in population and importance. Van Diemen’s Land is directly south of Australia. The interior is rugged and mountainous. The climate and produc¬ tions are similar to those of South Australia. This island was for a long time used by Great Britain as a penal colony. Papua, or New Guinea, is a large island, north of Australia, lying immediately south of the equator. It is supposed to be mo\in- tainous in the interior. Tlie coast is lined with coral reefs. Little is j known of the climate and productions. It is inhabited by negroes and Malays. New Zealand consists of a group of islands in the south Pacific ocean, be¬ longing to Great Britain. The two principal islands arc New Ulster and New Munster. The surface is mountain- I ous, the climate remark- j ably healthful, and the soil ! fertile. j The native plants, like | those of other islands in the South Pacific, differ from vegetable forms in other parts of the world. European fruits and plants are cultivated. The inhabitants belong to the Malay race, and have been much im¬ proved, through the exertions of the mis sionaries laboring among them. Questions. What does Australasia embrace ? De¬ scribe Australia. Its .situation and size. Its sur¬ face. Climate. Soil. Productions. Minerals. In habitants. IIow is the island divided ? What is said of the government ? Melbourne and Sydney ? How is Van Diemen’s Land situated ? Describe it. New Guinea. Of what does New Zealand consist? Describe its surface. Climate. Soil. I’roductions. Inhabitants. 3. MALAYSIA. Square miles, 760,000. Population, 21,600,000. | or the Malay Archipelago, in eludes tlie most important and extensive OCEANICA. 163 group of islands on the globe, the largest of which are Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Celebes. Malaysia embraces also the Sun- da, Philippine, and Spice Islands. The surface is generally mountainous in the interior. The climate is for the most part warm, and in some portions delightful. The soil is very fertile, and yields an abundance of spices, gums, and delicious fruits. The interior of most of the islands is covered with thick jungles, containing for¬ est trees of great variety and gigantic size. One of the most useful is the bamboo tree. The principal minerals are gold, tin, sil¬ ver, copper, iron, and coal. The inhabitants are chiefly of tlie Malay race, and dwell principally upen the coast. Their chief towns arc in many instances built over the water. Tlie Philippines belong to Spain. Pen¬ ang and a few other islands belong to Great Britain. The north and north-west portions of Borneo and the Sooloo islands are under native rulers. The remainder of this vast Archipelago is under the control of the Dutch, and is frequently named the Dutch East Indies. tillage of warog. Manilla, the capital of the Spanish pos¬ sessions, and Batavia, the capital of the Dutch, arc large and flourishing commer¬ cial cities. Questions. What does Malaysia comprise ? What can you say of the surface ? Climate ? Soil and pro¬ ductions? Forests? Minerals? Inhabitants? How are the towns built ? To whom do the islands belong ? 1 Describe Manilla and Batavia. GENERAL QUESTIONS ON OCEANICA. Which division of Oceanica is nearest America? Nearest Asia? Which division contains the largest island ? On what island is Mount Ophir ? Mount Kilauea ? Whore are the Blue Mountains ? Which IS the largest river m Australia ? What branches has it? Where is the Gulf of Carpentaria? Halifax Bay? Botany Bay? Spencer’s Gulf? Bay of Islands? Where is the Strait of Malacca ? Strait of Sunda? Strait of Macassar? Cook’s Strait? Where is New Guinea? Sumatra? Borneo? Java? Celebes ? Where are the Philippine Isles ? Sand¬ wich Islands? Spice? New Zealand? Society Isl¬ ands? Cook’s? Friendly? Caroline? What isl ands are crossed by the Equator? AVhat is the latitude of the Sandwich Islands? Longitude? In what zones is Oceanica? What is the climate of Polynesia ? What are the productions ? Mention the principal town and seaport. What is the climate of Australia ? What minerals has it? % I '»ft*J'.^ S'k>t. r'‘w»”»/ii’ft •“ “r^ r-^ \/:mz i- \ \ \ 11 ~*^ — , • • “ • * ^ ^ 6 ....... t"'^' Jfe-. (f • ' U L A R Y. 181 Modena, mod'-6n-A. Corea, ko-re'-a. Bosjesman’s, bos'-yes-maiiz' Naples, Norway, nH'-pl’z. Farther India, iii'-de-a. Cape Colony, kdp kol'-o-iic. nor'-wA Georgia, jor'-ji-a. ClMBEBAS, sim-bi'-bas. Parma, par'-111 a. Hindostan, hiii-doo-stin'. Egypt, e'-jipt. Poland, po'-land. Japan, ji-pin'. Essawaiiil, es-sa'-wi-heel. Portugal, p6r'-tu-gal. Malacca, ni4-lak'-ka. Ethiopia, e-the-o'-pe-a. Prussia, proo'-she-a. roo'-she-a. Mantchooria, inan-choo'-re-a Fezzan, I'ez-zau'. Russia, Mongolia, nion-go'-le-a. Guinea, Hottentot, ghin'-ne. Sardinia, sir-diu'-e-a. Persia, per'-she-a. hot'-ten-tot. Saxony, sax'-6-ne. Siam, sl-am'. Kaffraria, kdf-fra'-re-a. Scotland, skot'-land. Siberia, sl-be'-re-a. Liberia, li-be'-re-a. Sweden, Bwe'-den. SOONGARIA, soong-ga'-re-a. Madagascar, mad-a-gas'-kar mo-rok'ko. Switzerland, Ewit'-zer-land. Syria, slr'-e-a. Morocco, Turkey, Tuscany, tur'-ke. 'Penasserim, ten-as'-se-rim. Mozambique, mo-zani-beek'. tus'-ka-ne. Thibet, tib'-et. Natal, nd-tdl'. Venice, ven'-is. Toorkistan, Independent, Nubia, Senegambia, nu'-be-a. Wales, w4lz. toor-kis-tin'. sdn-c-gam'be-a WURTEMBURO, wur'-tem-berg. Turkey, '-ke. Sierra Leone, se-er'-ri le-on'. Asia. Africa. Oceanica. Afganistan, if-gSn'-is-tSn'. Abyssinia, ab-is-sin'-e-a. Australasia, aus-tral-a'she-a Anam, i-ndni'. Adel, a-dsi'. Australia, aws-tra'-le-a. Arabia, a-ri'-be-a. Ajan, d-zhan'. Malaysia, ina-la'-she-a. Beloochistan. bel-oo-kis-tJn'. Algiers, Al-jeerz'. New South Wales, nu south \v4lz. Burmah, bur'-iiia. Barca, Beled-el-J ereed. bdr'-ka. Polynesia, pol-e-ne'she-a. China, Chinese Tartary, chl'-na. tar'-ta-rc. be-led'-el-j cr¬ eed'. Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. II. CITIES AND TOWNS. Abbeville, North America. ab'-be-vil, Burlington, Iowa, Cairo, Camden, bur'-ling-tun, kl'-ro, kam'den. 6,700 14,300 Acapulco, d-kd-pool'-ko. 6,000 Cam peachy. kam-pe'-chc. 18,000 Adrian, a' dre-aii, 6,200 Cape Haytien, ha'-te-cn. 12,000 Alton, al'-tun. 6,300 Carlisle, kar-lll'. 6,600 Albany, fil'-ba-ne. 62,300 Charleston, chdrlz'-tun. 51,200 Annapolis, aii-nap'o-lis. 3,000 Chicago, she-ka'-go, 109,200 Ann Arbor, an dr'-bor. 5,000 Chihuahua, che-wd'-Wii, 15,000 7,600 Appalachicola, ap-pe-ld-che-ko'-la. 1,000 Chillicothe, chil-li-koth'-e. Arispe, d-ris'-p4. *7,000 Cincinnati, sin'-sin-nd'-te. 161,000 Astoria, Atlanta, as-to'-re-a, at-lau'-ta. 9,500 Ciudad Real, Cleveland, se-oo-ddd' re-dl', klcve'-land. 43,400 Augusta, Me., au-gus'-ta, au-gus'-ta, ds'-tin. 7,600 Coburg, ko'-burg. 4,500 Augusta, Ga., 42,400 Colima, ko-le'-ma. Austin, 3,000 COLLINGWOOD, kol'-ling-wood. Balize, ba-leez'. 3,000 Columbia, S. C., ko-luni'-be-a. 8,000 Baltimore, bdr-te-m6r, 212,400 16,400 Columbia, Tenn., ko-!um'-be-a, 2,500 Bangor, ban'-gor. Columbus, Ga., ko-lum'-bus. 9,600 Batesville, bates'-vil, 1,700 Columbus, 0., ko-lum'-bus. 18,600 Baton Rouge, bd'-ton roozh. 6,400 Columbus, Miss., ko-lura'-bus. 3,300 Bath, bdth. 8,000 Concord, kon'-kord. 10,800 Bathurst, bdth'-urst. 2,000 Corpus Ciiristi, k or'-pus kris'-te. 1,200 Beaufort, bu'-fort. 2,000 Council Bluff, koun'-sil bluf. 5,000 Benecia, be-nish'-e-a. 2,000 Culiacan, koo-le-d-kan'. 7,000 Boston, bos'-tun. 177,400 Cumberland, kum'-ber-land. 8,400 Bowling Green, b6'-ling green. 3,000 Darien, da'-re-en. 500 Brantford, brant'-ford. 4,000 Dayton, Des Moines, da'-tun. 20,400 Bkattleboro, brat'-t’l-bur-ro, . 4,000 de moin'. 2,500 Brockville, brok'-vil. 3,000 Davenport, dav'-en-port, 11,00u Brooklyn, brook'-lin. 266,600 Detroit, de-troit'. 46,600 Buffalo, buf-fa-lo. 81,100 Dorchester, dor'-ches ter, 4,000 Burlington, Vt., bur'-liiigtun. 7,700 Dover, do'-ver. 182 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. ) Dcbcque, du-book'. 13,000 Liverpool, liv'-cr-pool. Dunkirk, duii'-kirk. 4,400 22,000 London, luu'-dun. 6,0(K) Durango, doo-raiig'-go, Loreto, lo-ra'-to. Easton, Pa., is'-tou. 8,900 Louisville, loo'-is-vil. 69,700 Easton, Md., is'-toii. 1,500 Loavell, lo'-el. 36,800 Eastport, 4st'-port, 4,200 Lunenburg, lu'-nen-burg, Eiienton, i*'-den-tun. 1,000 La'nciiburg, lincli'-burg. 6,800 Elmira, el-nii'-ra. 8,600 Macon, nia'-kon. 8,200 Erie, i'-re, 9,400 Madison, Ind., inad'-i-sun, 8,100 Evansville, ev'-ans-vil. 11,400 Madison City, Wis., niad'-i-sun. 6,600 20,000 Fayetteville, la'-et-vil, 7,000 Manchester, mau'-ehes-ter. f’lLLMORE City, Iil'-ni6r sit'-e. Marshall, niar'-shal, 4,000 Fond du Lac, fond du lak'. 6,400 Marysville, nia'-riz-vil, ini-ta-gor'-da. 9,000 Fort Vancouver, van-koo'-ver. Matagorda, 1,200 Frankfort, fruuk'-fort, 6,000 Matamoras, ini-ta-nio'-ras. 20,000 F’redericksuurg, frcd'-cr-iks-burg. 6,000 Matanzas, inil-tan'-zas. 46,000 F'rederickton, frcd'-er-ik-tun, 5,000 Maa'sville, niaz'-vil, 7,000 Galena, ga-Ie'-na, 8,100 Mazatlan, maz-al-lan'. 11,000 Gala'eston, gal'-ve.s-tuii. 8,100 Memphis, nieni'-tis. 22,600 Georgetown, R. C., jorj'-towii. 1,600 Merida, iner-e-dtl. 40,000 Georgetown, Ky., jorj'-towu. 2,o00 Mexico, Michigan City, inex'-i-ko. 180,000 Goliad, go'-lc-ad, inish'-e-gan. 2,400 Grand Haven, grand ha'-vcn. 800 Milledgeville, niil'-ej-vil. 3,500 Grand Rapids, grand nV-pids, 8,000 Milavaukee, inil-wd'-Ke, 45,200 Green Bay, green bay. 2,500 Mobile, ino-beel'. 29,200 Guadalajara, gwa-dA-lA-lnV-rA, 7o,000 Monroe, jnon-ro'. 3,500 Guanajuato, gwi-na-hwi'-to. 63,000 Monti:jiey, Mcx., inon-ti-ra'. 12,000 Halifax, hal'-e-fax. 28,000 Monterey, Cal., iiion-ta-riV', 2,000 Ha.milton, U. C., hain'-il-tun, lidr'-per’s fer'-re. 2 o,o 00 Montgo.mery, niont-goni'-er-e. 9,800 Harper’s Ferry, 2,000 Montpelier, niont-pcel -yer, niont-re-al'. 2,400 77,400 Harrisburg, har'-ris-burg. 13,400 Montreal, Hartford, hart'-ford. 29,100 Murfreesboro’, inur'-fres-bur-o. 2,000 Haa'ana, hi-van'-a, 200,000 Muscatine, inus'-ka-tcen'. 6,300 Helena, hel-i'-na. Xasiiua, nash'-yu-a. 10,000 Holsteinburg, hoP-stin-burg, Nashville, iiasli'-vil. 16,900 7,000 Houston, lui'-ston. 6,000 Nassau, iias'-sil. Huntsville, hunts'-A'il, 4,000 Natchez, natch'-ez, natch-i-totch'-iz. 13,500 Iowa City, i'-o-wa sit'-e. 5,200 Natchitoches, 1,300 Independence, in-de-pen'-dens. 3,000 New Albany, al'-ba-nc. 12,400 Indianpaolis, in-de-an-ap'-o-lis. 1>>,600 Newark, nu'-ark. 71,900 Jackson, Miss., jak'-sun. 3,500 New Bedford, nu bcd'-lbrd. 22,300 Jackson, Tciiii., jak'-sun. 2,500 Newbern, New Guatamala, nu'-bern. 6,400 Jackson, Mich., jak'-suu. 4,500 gwa-ta-ind -la. 60,000 Janesville, jans'-vil. 7,700 New Haven, uu ha'-ven. 39,200 Jalapa, ha-la'-pA, 10,000 New Hernhutt, nu heru'-hut. Jefferson City, jef-fer-sun sit'-e. 2,500 Neav London, lun'-dun. 10,100 JuLIANSIIAAB, yoo'-le-&ns-hib'. Neav Orleans, or'-leauz, 168,600 Kalamazoo, kal-a-ma-zoo'. 6,000 Newport, nu'-port. 10,600 Key West, ke Avest', 2,800 New York, nu york'. 813,600 Kingston, U. C., kingz'-tun. 16,000 Niagara, ni-ag'-a-ra. 4,500 Kingston, W. I., kingz'-tun, nox'-vil, 35,000 Norfolk, nor'-folk. 14,600 Knoxville, 6,000 Oa.iaca, wa-h4'-ka. 2,500 La Crosse, la kros'. 2,000 Ogdensburg, og'-dens-burg, ^ 7,400 Lafayette, laf-a-yet'. 9,400 Old Guatamala, gwa-ti\-niiV-lA, Lancaster, lan'-kas-tur, 17,600 Olympia, o-liin'-pc-a. 1,200 Lansing, Ian'-sing, 3,000 Omaha, o-niA -ha. 1,800 La Paz. la paz'. Oswego, os-wc'-go. 16,800 Lawrence, l^-reus. 17,600 Ottawa, ot'-ta-wa. 8,000 Leavenavort”, Leco.mpton, lev'-en-wurth, le-komp'-tun. Pacific City, Paducah, pa-sif-ik sit'-e, pa-du'-ka. 8,000 Lewistown, Lexington, Ky., lu'-is-town, 3,000 Paterson, pat'-er-sun. 19,500 lex'-iug-tun. 9,300 Pensacola, pen-sa-ko'-la. 3,600 Lexington, Mo., lex'-ing-tun. 4,000 Peoria, Petersburg, pe-o'-re-a. 14,400 Lichtenau, lik'-teh-naw. pe'-terz'-burg. 18,200 Lichtenfkls, Little Rock, lik'-ten-fMs, Philadelphia, fil-a-del'-fe-a. 665,500 lit'-tle rok. 3,800 PiCTON, pik'-tun. 1,600 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 183 PiTTsncno, pita'-burg. 49,200 Tallahassee, tal-la-has'-se. 1,000 Placer City, pla'-ser sit'-e. «,000 Taos, Tehuantepec. tA'-os, 9,600 PLATTSnURCf, plats'-burg, 6,600 ti-win-tA-pSk', 8,000 Port ac Prince, port 0 priiLs, port'-land, 20,000 Terre Haute, t6r'-re h6t. 8,600 Portland, Me., 26,300 Three Rivers, thre riv'-erz. 6,600 Portland, Orcf'ori, port'-laiid, pbrt.s'-nuith, ports'-uiutli. Toledo, to-le'-do. 13,700 PORTSMOCTU, N. 11., 9,300 Topeka, to-pe'-ka. Portsmouth, Ohio, 6,200 Toronto, to-roii'-to. 60,000 POTOSI, po-to'-so. 500 Trenton, tren'-tun. 17,200 PoTTSVILLE, pots'-vil, 9,400 Troy, troi. 39,200 Prairie du Chien, pra'-rc du .‘iheen. 2,000 Tuscaloosa, tus-ka-Ioo'-sa, 3,900 Providence, prov'-i-dens. 60,600 *70,000 Uper.navic, oo-per-ni'-vik. PlEHLA, pweb'-la. Utica, u'-te-ka, 22,600 Puerto Principe, pwer'-to precn'-se-pi. 45,000 Valladolid, vJl-yA-do-l6d', 18,000 Queiiec, kwe-bek'. 42,000 Van Buren, vAu bu'-ren. 1,800 OUERETARO, ka-ri-ti\'-ro. 30,000 13,700 Vera Cruz, va'-ra krooz. 8,200 Quincy, quin'-se. Vicksburg, viks'-burg. 4,600 Racine, ras-seen'. 7,800 Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. Raleigh, r^'-le. 6,000 Vincennes, vin-senz', 2,200 Reading, Richmond, rSd'-ing, 23,100 37,900 Wabounse, wa-bouns'. ridP-inund, Washington, w&sh'-ing-tun. 61,100 Rio Grande City re'-o gi And, 1,000 Wetumpka, we-tuinp'-ka. 3,500 Rochester, roch'-es-ter. 48,200 Wheeling, wheeP-ing, 14,100 Rock Island, i-land, 6,100 13,700 Whitehall, white'-hAll, 5,0O,000 M( ZAMBIQUE, nio-zain-biH'k', 4,000 Singapore, sing' gA i)Oie', 5 ),000 New Benguela, new bdn gd' la, Smyrna, fiinyr'Mia, 160,000 New Dongola, new dong go-id, 4,000 Sr RAT, foo'-iAt', 157,000 Obeii), o-bad'. 30,000 Tabreez, td' brcez', • 60,000 Oran, o-ran'. 24,000 Tasukend, tdsh-keiuT, 40,000 Pietermaritzburg, pe'-ter-ind-ritz burg, 2,000 Teentsin, tecnt' soon', Quilimane, ke-le*nid'-iu'i. 2,000 Teheran, teh'-hcr-AiT, 60,000 Kabatt, rd'-bdt', 27,000 Tiflis, til'-lis. 60,000 Bosetta, ro-zet'-td. 4,000 Tobolsk, to-bolsk', 20,000 Saucatoo, sdk-kd-too'. 40,000 Tomsk, toinsk, 24,000 San Salvador, sdn sdl va-doi'. •20,000 Trebizond, treb'-e-zoiid'. 40,000 Sego, se'-go, 30,000 Yakootsk, A'A'-kootsk', 7,000 Sennaar, sdu-ndr'. 4,000 Yarkand, Tdr'-kdiid', 100,000 SlOOT, SP-OOt', 20,000 Y EDDO, )Ad'-do, 1,600,000 Sofala, so-l'd'-ld, Y EKATERINBOORG, )'a-kA-ti\-riu-boorg', 16,000 St. Louis, sAnt loo'-is. 12,000 St. Paul de Loanda, da lo-an'-dd. Africa. Tamatav, td-md-tdv', Tananarivoo, td-nd-nd'-rc-voo', 12,000 Abbeokoota, ab-bc-o-koo'-td. 60,000 Teem BOO, teem'-boo. 16,000 Abomey, ab'-o-niiV, 20,000 Timbuctoo, tecm-buk'-too, 12,000 Alexandria, al-cx-au'-dre-a. 60,000 Tooggoort, toog-goort'. Algiers, dl-jccrz'. 95,000 Tripoli, tiip'-o-le. 15,000 Axgornoc, dn-gor-iioo', 80,000 Tunis, tu'-ni.'». 180,000 Antalo, dn-td'-lo. 8,000 Zeyla, zA'-ld, 600 Batherst, bath'-urst. 3,000 ZUEELA, zoo-e'-la. Bengazi, , ben-gd'-zo. 5,000 Benin, bcu-oon'. 15,000 Oceanica. Kerbera, bcr'-be-ra. 15,000 Bona, ko'-nd, 10,000 Acheen, at-eheen'. 40,000 Booda, boo'-da. •s Adelaide, ad'-e- lad. 20,000 Cairo, kl'-ro. 250,000 Albany, al'-ba-ne. Cape Town, kdp town, 23,000 Banjermassin, bdn-yer-md.s-sin', 1,600 i Constantine, kou'-stan-teen', 28,000 Batavia, ba-ta'-ve-a. 120,000 COOMASSIE, ' koo-nids'-sc. 18,000 Bencoolen, ben-koo'-len. 6,000 Pamietta, dain-e-c*t'-ta. 28,000 Borneo, bor'-ne-o. 22,000 Derne, der'-ndh. 6,000 Brisbane, briz'-bdn. 1,000 Fez, fez. 90,000 Freemantle, ire'-man-tl. Freetown, frc'-town. 18,000 Hilo, lii'-lo, Georgetown, jorj' town. Hobart Town, lio'-bart-town. 26,000 Gondar, gon'-dar, 6,000 Honolulu, lion'-o-loo'-loo, 6,000 Graham’s Town, gra'-hainz town, 6,000 Kaaha, kd-d-lid'. Kairwan, kir'-wan, 60,000 Kealakeakua, kd-ld-kA-d-l.oo'-d, Kano, kd'-no'. 30,000 Lahaina, la-lii'-nd, K at UNO A, kd-tung'-gd. 18,00) .Macassar, ma*kd.s'-;ar. 20,000 K EM MOO, kcin'-inoo, Manilla, md-ne'-la. 140,1100 Khartoom, kar-tooin'. 18,000 Melbou rne. mel'-burn, 60,000 Kobbe, kob'-be, 6,0(0 Padang, pd-ddng', 22,000 Kurricane, kur-ro-kd'-na, 16,000 Palembang, pa'-lein-bdng', 26,000 Lattakoo, Idt-ta-koo', Perth, piTth, IjOANGOj lo-ang'-go, 20,000 Portland, jMirt'-land, Magadoxo, mag-a-dox'-o, 4,000 Samarano, sd-ind- rang', .50,000 Mananzary, nid-ndn-zd'-re', Sarawak, sd-id'-wdk'. 12,000 Massowah, mds'-so-wd. 4,000 Sydney, sid’-nc. 100,0(X) Mequinez, mdk’-e-ndz'. 60,000 Wairukc, wa-ru'-ku. Mescrata, ines-oo*rd'*td, / 188 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Adkn, III, i'-(lun, or Adriatic, ad-re-at'-ik. .La KAN, e-je'-an. Aluemarlk, ar-bc-Diarl. Alcoa, al-fro'-A. All Saints, all s:\nts. Anadir, iVn;l-deer'. Antarctic, aiit-ilik'-tik. Antongil, iiii-toii-zhcer. ArPALACHEE, ap-pa-U'-che. A RA III AN, ar-a'-bc-aii. Aral, ar'-al. Archipelago, ar-ke-pel'-a-go. A rctic. Hrk'-tik. Atlantic, at-lan'-tik. .VZOK, a'-zof. Baefin’s, baf'-finz. Baltic, bill'-tik. Bengal, bcn-gal'. Benin, bcii-eeii'. Bembatooka, bein-ba-too'-ka. Biafra, be-af'-ra. Biscay, bis'-ka. Black, Blanco, blak. bliiii'-ko. Bonavista, bo-na-vis'-ta. Boothia, boo'-the-A. IfoTANY, bot'-a-iie. Bothnia, both'-nc-A. Brede, bra'-di\. Bristol, bris'-tol. Burgas, boor-gas'. Cares, kAb'-es. California, kal-e-lbr'-nc-a. Cambay, kam-ba'. Cambridge, kaiii'-brij. Campeachy, kam-pe'-che. Carpentaria, kAr-])oii-ta'-rc-a. Caribbean, kAr-rib-be'an. Caspian, kAs'-pe-aii. Chalecr, sliA-loor'. Charlotte, sliar'-lot. Chatham, cbat'-ani. Chesapeake, cbes'-a-peck. China, cbi'-ua. Choco, cbo'-ko. Chonos, ko'-nos. Concepcion, koii-s?‘p-se-6n'. Coral, Corea, kor'-al. ko-rc'-a. Coronation, kor-o-iia'-sbuii. Corpus Chiusti, kor'-pus kris'-te. Babel Mandkd, bAb-i‘l-nian'-deb. Bank, bank. Barrow, bar'-row. Bass, bA.s. Behrings, bo'-riugz. Bellisle, b61-ile'. Bonifacio, bo-ne-fa'-cho. Bosporus, bos'-po-rus. OCEANS, SEAS, GULFS AND B Cruz, krooz. CUTCII, kutcb. Darien, da-ri-on'. Dead, Delagoa, d6d. del-a-go'-a. Delaware, d6r-a-war. Disco, dis'-ko. Donegal, doii'-e-gal. Eastern, ^st'-ern. English, ing'-lish. Faxe, faks'-i. Finland, fin'-land. Forth, forth. Fundy, fun'-de. Galveston, gal'-ves-tiin. Galway, g^l'-wa. Genoa, jen'-o-a. Georgia, jor'-je-a. Great Fish, grit fish. Guatamala, gwa-te-nnV-lil. Guayaquil, gwl-i-kcel'. • Guaytecas, gwi-ta'-kAs. Guinea, gliin'-ne. Halifax, hal'-e-fax. Honduras, hon-doo'-ras. Hudson, hud'-sim. Humboldt, huni'-bolt. Indian, in'-de-an. Irish, I'-rish. Islands, Bay of. I'-lands. James’s, jiniz'-ez.. Japan, JlJIGINSK, ja-paii'. je-je-gbinsk'. Kamtchatka kAm-chat'-ka. Kara, kA'-rA. Lena, hV-iiA. Lyons, ll'-oiiz. Madre de Dios, ma'-dn’i dA de'-is. Maracaybo, niA-ra-kl'-bo. Marmora, Martaban, mAr'-iiio-ra. mar'-ta-ban'. Massachusetts, iiias-sa-chu'-scts. Matagorda, iiiat-a-gor'-da. Mediterranean, iiicd-i-ter-ra'- nc-an. Melville, nicl'-vil. Mexico, mcx'-i-co. Mobile, mo-beel'. Monterey, nion-ta-ri'. Murray, niur'-re. Narragansett, nar-ra-gan'-set. North, north. IV. STRAITS AND CHANNELS Bristol, bris'-tol. Canadian, ka-iia'-de-an. Canso, kaii'-so. Cattegat, kat'-te-gat. Charlotte, shAr'-lot. Cook, kook. Corea, ko-re'-a. Cumberland, kuni'-ber-land. 4YS. Notre Dame, not'-r dam. Obi, o'-be. Okhotsk, o'-kotsk. Onega, o-ne'-ga. Ormus, or'-nuis. Pacific, pi-sif'-ik. Pamlico, pain'-le-ko. Panama, piii-a-ma'. Paranagua, pi-ri-iiil'-giia. Paria, Passamaquoddy, pi'-ro-A. pas-sa-nia- quod'-de, Peciieelee, pi-che-le'. Penas, p6ii’-yas. Penjinsk, pi'ii-jinsk'. Penobscot, pe-nob'-skot. Pensacola, peu-sa-ko'-la. Persian, per'-shaii. PiNZON, pin-z6ii'. Placentia, pla-scii'-shA. Plenty’, pleu'-te. Prince of Wales, prins of walz. Queen Adelaide’s, ad'-c-lad. Red, red. Riga, ri'-ga. San Diego, sail de-a'-go. San Francisco, sAn frAu-sis'-ko. Shark's, sharkz. Siam, sT'-ain. Sidra, sid'-ra. Spencer, speii'-scr. St. George’s, jor'-jos. St. Helena, hel-e'-iia. St. Layvrence, sAiit law' rcns. St. Matthias, saiit mat-thi'-as. Tampa, tam'-pa Taranto, tA' lAii to. Teiieskaya, tA-hcs-ki'ya. Tehuantepec, ta wAii til pok'. Tomsk, tomsk. Tonquin, ton-koon'. Ungava, fiii-gA'-va. Venezuela, veii-cz we'-Ia. Victoria, vik-to'-rc-a. Walvisch, wAl'-vish. White, wliite. Yeddo, yed'-do. Yellow, yel'-low. Yenisee, yf'ii-c-sA'-e. Y ESSO, ycs'-so. ZuY DER Zee, zl-dcr-ze'. Dardanelles. dar-dA-ntlz'. Davis, da'-vis. Dover, do'-ver. English, ing'-lish. Florida, flor'-c-da. Formosa, for-mo'-sa. Foveaux, fo-vo'. Frobisher, frob’-ish-er. PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 189 GtBRALTAR, je-brS,P-ter. Mozambique, mo-zam-beek'. Smith, smith. Hudson’s, Juan de Fuca, hud'-suiiz. North, Northumberland, north. The Sound, sound. ju'-an da fu'-ki\. north-uin'-bcr- St. Mary’s, sint ina'-riz. Lancaster, lan'-kas-ter. land. SUNDA, sun'-da. Le Maire. le inir. Norton, nor'-tun. Tartary, tilr'-tdr-rc. Long Island, long I'-land. Ormus, or'-mus. Torres, tor'-res. Macassar, niA-kAs'-sar. Otranto, o-tr4n'-to. Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. Magellan, mi-jel'-lan. Palk’s, pawks. Wellington, wel'-ling-tun. Malacca, mS-lak'-ka. Perouse, pe-rooz'. Yenikale, ySn-e-kd'-la. Manaar, mA-n4r'. Prince Regent’s, prins re'-gents. Yesso, Yucatan, yes'-so. Melville, mel'-vil. Prince William, prins wil'-vum. yu-kd-tan'. Messina, nies-se'-n4. Skager Rack, skag'-cr rak. North America. y. ISLANDS. Shoomagins, shoo-ina'-gin.s. Bornholm, born'-holm. Anticosti, an-te-kos'-tc. Sitka, Southampton, sit -ka. south-anip'-tun. Candia, Cephalonia, kan'-de-d. s6l-d-lo'-ne-d. Antilles, an-teel'. The Three MARiAS,iim-rl'-as. Cerigo, ch6r'-e-go. Bahama, ba-hi'-ma. Tiburn, tl'-liurn. Corfu, kor'-fu. Baring, ba'-ring. Tortugas, tor-too'-gas. Corsica, kor'-sc-ka. Bermudas, ber-moo'-da. Vancouver’s, van-koo'-verz. Cyclades, ' sik'-la-diz. Boothia, boo'-the-a. Victoria, vik-to'-re-a. Cyprus, si'-prus. Cape Breton, Caribbees, kip brit'-un. kar'-re-biz. South America. Dago, Elba, dd'-go. cl '-ba. Carmen, Cerros, kir'-men. scr'-ros. Abrolhos, 4-br6l'-y6se. Fal.ster, Faroe, fdl'-ster. la'-ro. Cozumel, ko-zoo-meP, Balleny, bal'-le-ne. Funen, Gothland, Great Britain, fu'-nen. Cuba, ku'-ba. Barbadoes, b4r-ba'-doz. goth'-land. Cumberland, kum'-ber-land. Buen Ayre, bwen Ir'-a. grit brit'-un. Disco, dis'-ko. Cananea, kl-na-ni'-4. Guernsey, ghurn'-ze. Espiritu Santo, &s-pir'-e-too Chiloe, cheel-o-i'. Hebridez, heb'-rid-ez. s4n'-to. CuRACOA, ku-ra-so'-a. Iceland, ise'-land. Florida Keys, flor'-e-da keez. Falkland, falk'-land. Ionian, Ireland, I-o'-ne-an. ’ Greenland, green'-land. Gallipagos, gal-li-pi'-gc)S. gra'-amz land. Ire'-laud. Georgian, jor'-je-an. Graham’s Land, IVICA, e-ve'-sd. Great MANiTOULiNE,man-o-too'-lip. Grenada, gren-i'-da. Jersey, jer'-ze. Guanhani, gwa-ii4-h4'-ne. Hermit, her'-niit. Laaland, hV-land. Hayti, hi\'-tc. Itamaraca, e-ti-niil-ra'-ca. Lipari, lip-a'-re, or le'-pd-re. Iceland, ise'-land. Joannes, jo-4n'-nes. Jamaica, ja-nii'-ka. Juan Fernandez, ju'-an fer-nan'- Loffoden, lof'-fo-den. Kodiak, ko'-de-ak. dez. Mageroe, niaj'-er-o. Long, long. Lobos, Margarita, lo'-bos. Majorca, nia-jor'-kd. Magdalen, inag'-da-len. niar-ga-re'-ta. Malta, mill'-td. Manitouline, man-c-too'-lin. Puna, poo'-n4. Man, man. Mansfield, inans'-fild. Quibo, South Georgian, ke'-bo. Minorca, niin-or'-kd. Margarita, m4r-ga-re'-ta. jor'-je-an. Mitylene, mit-c-le'-ne. Martha’s Vineyard, iiiar'-thaz Staten Land, stat'-en land. Negropont, neg'-ro-pont. viu'-yard. St. Anne, sint an. Oesel, e'-sel. Melville, mel'-vil. St. Catiiarina, .sint ki\-ta-re'-na. Gland, o'-land. Nantucket, nan-tuk'-et. St. Felix, sant fe'-lix. Orkney, Rhodes, ork'-ne. Newfoundland, nu'-fund-land. St. Sebastian, sint se-bast'-yan. rodz. North Devon, north dev'-on. St. Vincent, sint vin'-sent. Rugkn, ru'-ghen. Nunnivak, noo-ne-v4k'. Terra del Fuego, tor'-ri del fwa'-go Samos, sd'-mos. Orleans, or'-Ie-anz. Tobago, to-ba'-go. Sardinia, sdr-din'-e-a. Porto Rico, p6r'-to re'-ko. Trinidad, trin-i-dad'. ScARPANTO, skdr-pan'-to. Pines, Isle of. pines. Wellington, wel'-ling-tun. SCILLY, sil'-le. Prince Edward, Prince William, prins ed'-ward. prins wil'-yum. Europe. SOROE, Spitzbergen, so'-ro. spitz-bfrj'-cn. Queen Charlotte, Revillagigedo, shar'-lot. ri-veeP-yi-he- Aland, a'-land. Stalimni, Wight, std-liin'-ne. wit. hi'-do. Anglesea, ang'-g’l-se, az'-6r8. Zante, zdn'-te. Santa Barbara, s4n'-t4 bir'-ba-ra Azores, Zealand, ze'-land. 190 PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. Asia. Pemba, pom'-ha. Melville, mol'-vil. Prince’s, prins'-ez. Mindanao, min-da-ni'-o. Andaman, an-da-man'. Seychelles, .sa-sheP. Mindoro, min-do'-ro. Bahrein, bi-ri\ne'. Socotra, sok-o'-trS. Mitch ell’.s. mitch'-clz. Behrings, be'-riiigz. St. Helena, Si\nt hel-e'-na. Molokai, mo-lo-kl'. Ceylon, sc'-lon. St. Thomas, sint tom'-as. Mortlock, niort'-lok. Coralline, kor'-al-lin. Zanzibar, zaii'-ze-bar. Mulgrave, rnul'-griv. Cyprus, sl'-prus. Navigator, nav'-i-ga-tor. Faihevskoi, fa-de-ev'-skoi. Oceanica. New Britain, nu brit'-en. Formosa, for-ino'-sa. New Caledonia, nu kal-o-do'-ne-a. Hainan, hi-iu\n.' Admiralty, ad'-mi-ral'-tc. New Georgia, nu jor'-je-i. Hong Kong, hong kong'. America, a-mcr'-e-ka. New Guinea, nu ghin'-e. Jl'nk Qeylon, junk se'-lon. Anson’s, an'-sunz. New Hebrides, nu heb'-re-dez. Kioosioo, ke-oo'-se-ooL Arroo, ar-roo'. New Ireland, nu Ire'-laiul. Kisiim, kish'-cin. Austral, aws'-tral. Neyv Leinster, nu lin'-stcr. Koorile, koo'-ril. Australasia, aws-tral-a'-she-a. New Munster, nu mun'-stor. Kotelnoi, ko-tel-noi'. Australia, aw.s-tra'-le-a. New Ulster, nu-iil'-stcr. Laccadive, lik'-ka-(Iiv. Bally, baP-le. New Zealand, nu ze'-land. Liaghokf, le-ig'-hoi'. Banca, bank'-ka. Niiiau, ne-how'. Loo Choo, loo choo'. Bonin, bo-necn'. Nookaiieeva, noo-kA-he'-Vi\. Maldive, niaP-div. Borneo, bor'-ue-o. Norfolk, nor'-fiik. New Siiieria, nu si-be'-re-a. Caroline, kar'-o-lin. Oahu, YVil'-hoo. Nicodar, iiik'-o-bar. Celebes, s&l'-e-bSs. OWHYEE, o-wi'-hc. XlPHON, ni-f'on'. Central, seii'-tral. Palawan, 9 1 9 9 f pA-la-wan . Nova Zembla, no'-va zcni'-bla. Chatham, chat'-am. J’alliser, pal-li'-.‘icr. 1’enang, pe-nang'. Christmas, krist'-mas. Palmyras, pal-ml'-ras. Qiielpaert, kw6l'-part. Cook’s, kooks. Pearl, purl. Saghalien, sa-giVlc'-cn. De Peyster, dc pi'-ster. Pelew, pc-lcw'. SlKOKF, sc-kot'. Ducie, du'-se. Philippine, fil'-ip-in. Singapore, sing-ga-poro' Easter, is'-ter. Pitcairn, pit'-kini. Socotra, sok-o'-trA. Egmont, eg'-mont. Radack, riVdilk'. Staten, stat'-en. Ego I, e-goi'. Ren NELL, ren-neP. Sumatra, soo-nuV-trA. Friendly, frcnd'-le. Sandalyvood, sau'-dal-wood. Tchantar, chAn'-tA. Feejee, fe'-Jc. Sandwich, sand'-wich. Y ESSO, yes''SO. Flores, flo'-ros. Sangir, siln-gheer'. Gambier, gam'-bc-cr. Samar, sA-mar'. Africa. Gilberts, gil'-bertz. Scarborough, skog. 340 tor'-ne-a. 230 Bug, 300 Umea, oo'-me-a. 250 Danube, dau'-ubc. 1,800 Ural, Yoo'-ral, 1,800 Dahl, dAl. V iatka. vc-at'-kii. 600 Desna, dAs'-iiA, 500 T ISTULA, vis'-tu-la. 630 Dnieper, ne'-per. 1,230 Vitchegda, vo-chZ-g'-di, 380 Dniester, nees'-ter. 500 Volga, vol'-gi. 2,500 Don, don. 1,000 Volkhov, vol-kov'. 130 Donets, do-njts'. 400 Wartha, war'-ti. 450 Dordogne, dor-din'. 220 Weser, we'-ser. 250 Douro, doo'-ro. 400 Drammen, drAm'-meiu Asia. Drate, drAv, 360 Duna, du'-nA, 400 Aldan, il-din'. 300 Dwina, dwi'-na. 330 Amga, am'-ga. 460 Ebro, e'-bro. 340 Amoo, i-nioo'. 1,300 Elbe, elb. 550 Amoor, i-inoor'. 2,200 Garonne, ga-ron'. 380 Anahara, i-ni'-ba-ra', 400 Glommen, . gloin'-mcn. 280 Anadir, i-ni-deer'. 450 Guadalquiver, gaw-dal-kwiv'-er, 280 Angara, Sng-ga-nV, 1,000 GbADIANA, gwA-de-A'-nA, 380 Argoon, ar'-goou'. Humber, huin'-ber, 40 Attruck, at'-truk. Indal, in'-dal. 60 Brahmapootra, brah'-ma-poo'-tra. 1,500 Kama, kA'-iuA, 1,400 Cambodia, kam-bo'-cle-a. 1,800 700 Kem, kein. 100 ClIENAUB, che-naub'. Keni, ke'-ni. Euphrates, u-fri'-tez. 1,800 Khoper, ko'-per. 250 Ganges, gan'-jiz. 1,960 Klar, klAr, 200 Godavf.rt, go-da'-ver-e. 700 Kooban, koo'-bAn, 380 IIelmund, hfil-mund', ho-ang' ho, 650 Kooma, koo'-mA, 300 Hoang Ho, 2,000 Loire, 1 9 Iwiir, 640 Hoang Kiang, ho-ang' kc-ing. 800 Lulea, loo'-le-a. 200 Indighirka, in'-de-ghir'-ka. 750 Man itch. mA-neetch', 300 Indus, in'-dus. 1,660 Maritza, mA-rit'-zA, 260 Irrawaddy, ir'-ra-\va'-dc. * 1,200 M EUSE, muz. 430 Irtish, * ir'-tish. 1,700 Mezen E, ni6z-An', 450 ISHI^I, ish'-im. 700 Min ho. meen'-yo. 130 Khatanga, 650 Kolyma, ko-le-ina'. 700 * Including the Paraguay. Koor, koor. 620 196 STATISTICAL TABLES. Kistnah, kist'-na. 600 CnADDA, chad'-da. Lena, le'-na. 2,400 COANZA, ko4n'-za, 500 Mahanuddt, m^-ha-nud '-de. 250 Congo, kong'-go. 240 Wenam, mA-uam', 800 Gambia, gllm'-be-a. 1,000 Nerbudda, ner-bfid'-dA 620 Gojeb, go'-jeb'. Obi, o'-bo, 2,000 Haines, h4nz. Olenek, 0-li-ii6k', 800 Juba, zhoo'-bS. 1 OosooRi, oo'-soo-re' 840 Matoni, mA-to'-ni. Pei Ho, pa h6, 170 Misselad, mis-se-lid' • Piasina, pe-a-se'-n& 260 Niger, nl'-jer. 2,500 Salwin, sil'-win. Nile, nil. 1,800 Selenga, si-lSng'-ea, 600 Orange, or'-inj. 1,0UU Shilka, sbil'-kl Ozi, o'-ze. SiHON, sl-hoa'. 900 Rio Grande, re'-o grind'. SOONGARI, soon-gj'-re, or sooq- Sabaki, sJ-bi'-ke. -re'. 800 Senegal, sen'-e-gil. 1,000 Sutlej, sut'-lej. 960 Shaky, sbi'-re. Chikiri, che-ke'-re' 450 St. Paul, sAnt pil. 300 Tigris, ti -gris. 1,150 Tacazze, ti-kit'-si. Tobol, to-boP, 600 Umbre, oom'-bri. Toongooska, toong-goos'-ki. Vaal, vil. Ural, yoo'-ral. 1,800 V olta. vol'-ti. 860 Vitim, vit'-im. 900 White, tvblt, 1,200 ^ Yana, yi'-nA 600 Y eoo. yi-oo', 300 1 Yangtse Kiang, jAiig'-tse ke-ang'. 2,600 Zambeze, zam-ba'-ze. Yarkanu, yar'-kand'. 600 Yenisei, 1 yen'-e-sa'-e, 2,600 Australia. 1 1 Africa. • Darling, dar'-ling, 1,000 Lachlan, lak'-lin. 400 . Ambriz, am'-briz. Lvnd, lind. Bembaroughe, bem-ba-rooj'. Murray, mur'-ra, 1.400 Blue, blu, 0 1 0 GO Swan, swan, STATISTICAL TABLES. RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. Total Miles Actual Total , Miles ' Actual STATES length of in length in STATES length of in length in I lines. operation state lined operation state * Alabama, . • 1,822.4 798.6 628.9 Mississippi, . 445.1 365.4 691.1 Arkansas, • 101.3 38.5 38.5 Missouri, . 1,337.3 723.2 72,3.2 California, • 308.8 22.5 22.5 New Hampshire, . 699.9 665.2 661.7 Connecticut, . 820.7 665.6 699.3 New Jersey, 668.9 666.4 566.4 Delaware, « 117.9 117.9 127.1 New York, . 3,610.6 2,756.4 2,779.8 Florida, • 730.5 289.8 289.8 North Carolina, 1,020.2 770.2 703.2 Georgia, . • 1,617.2 1,241.7 1,234.5 Ohio, .... 4,084.7 8,008.2 3,016.7 Illinois, • 3,5.00.7 2,752.7 2.727.7 Oregon, 300.0 Indiana, . . 1,839.0 1,327.9 2,005.4 Pennsylvania, 3,995.1 3,081.1 2,787.1 Iowa, . « 1,806.8 395.3 395.3 Rhode Island, . 86.9 63.6 100.9 Kentucky, • 698.4 458.5 610.5 South Carolina. . 1,136.0 807.3 900.3 Louisiana, • 1,160.0 419.0 294.0 Tennessee, 1,434.4 1,062.3 977.5 Maine, . 618.1 544.6 476.4 Texas, .... 2,667.0 2S4.6 284.5 Maryland & Dist. Col., 889.3 833.3 478.1 Vermont, . 588.5 637.9 561.1 Massachusetts, . 1,507.3 1,428.3 1,391.1 Virginia, 2,058.5 1,525.7 1,756.7 Michigan, 1,747.8 1.132.8 796.9 Wisconsin, 2,224.3 826.0 '876.0 3I1NNESOTA, 1,167.5 1 STATISTICAL TABLES. 197 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, FOR EVERY TWENTY YEARS, FROM 1800 TO 1860. STATES. 1800. 1820. 1840. 1860. STATES. 1800 1820. 1840. 1860. Alabama, 127,9(11 690,766 964,296 Minnesota, 162,022 Arkansas, 14,273 97,574 435,427 Mississippi, 8,850 75,448 375,651 791,395 California, 380,015 Missouri, 66,586 383,702 1,173,317 Connecticut, 251,002 275,202 309,978 460,151 New Hampshire, 183,762 244,161 284,574 326,072 Delaware, 64,273 72,749 78,085 112,218 New Jersey, 211,949 277,676 373,306 672,031 Florida, 54,477 140,439 New York, 686,756 1,372,812 2,428,921 3,887,542 Georgia, 162,101 340,987 691,392 1,057,327 North Carolina, 478,103 638,829 753,419 992,667 Illinois, 65,211 476,183 1,711,753 Ohio, 45,365 681,434 1,519,467 2,339,699 Indiana, 4,875 147,178 685,866 1,350,479 Oregon, 52,464 Iowa, 43,112 674,948 Pennsyltania, 602,365 1,049,468 1,724,033 2,906,370 Kansas, 107,110 Rhode Island, 69,122 83,059 108,830 174,621 Kentucky, 220,955 564,317 779,828 1,155,713 South Carolina, 345,591 502,741 694,398 703,312 Louisiana, 153,407 352,411 709,433 Tennessee, 106,602 422,813 829,210 1,109,847 Maine, 151,719 298,335 501,793 628,276 Texas, 601,039 Maryland, 341,548 407,350 470,019 687,034 Vermont, 154,466 235,764 291,948 315,116 Massachusetts, 423,246 623,287 737,699 1,231,065 Virginia, 880,200 1,065,379 1,239,797 1,696,083 Michigan, 8,896 212,267 749,112 Wisconsin, 30,945 775,873 HISTORICAL TABLE OF THE UNITED STATES. STATES AND TEREIT0RIE3. When settled. Where settled By -whom settled. When admitted into the Union. Virginia, 1607 Jamestown, . English, .... June 26th, 1778 New York, 1614 Albany, . Dutch, ..... July 26th, 1788 Massachusetts, . 1620 Plymouth, English, .... February 6th, 1788 New Hampshire, 1624 Dover, English, ..... June 21st, 1788 New Jersey, 1624 Bergen, Dutch and Danes, December 18th, 1787 Delaware, 1627 Cape Henlopen, Swedes and Finns, December 7th, 1787 Connecticut, 1633 Windsor, Emigrants from Massachusetts, January 9th, 1788 Maryland, 1624 St. Mary’s, Englisii, ..... April 28th, 1788 Rhode Island, 1636 Providence, . Roger Williams, . May 29th, 1790 North Carolina, 1663 Albemarle, English,. November 21st, 1789 South Carolina, 1670 Port Royal, . English, .... May 23d, 1788 Pennsylvania, 1682 Philadelphia, English, ..... December 12th, 1787 Georgia, 1733 Savannah, English, .... January 2d, 1788 Florida, . 1565 St. Augustine, . Spanish,. March 3d, 1845 Maine, 1625 Bristol, English, .... March 5th, 1820 WISCONSIN, 1669 Green Bay, French, ..... May 29th, 1848 Michigan, . 1670 Detroit, French, .... January 26th, 1837 Arkansas, 1685 Arkansas Post,. French,. June 15th, 1836 Texas, 1690 San Antonio, Spanish, .... December 29th, 1845 Indiana, . 1690 Vincennes, French,. December 11th, 1816 Louisiana, . 1699 Abbeville, French, .... April 8th, 1812 Alabama, 1711 Mobile, French,. December 14th, 1819 Mississippi, . 1716 Natchez, French, December 10th, 1817 Illinois, . 1720 Kaskaskia, French, . December 3d, 1818 Vermont, 1725 Fort Dummer, Emigrants from Massachusetts, March 4th, 1791 Tennessee, 1757 Fort London, . Emigrants from North Carolina, June 1st, 1796 Missouri, 1764 St. Louis, French,. August 10th, 1821 California, . 1769 San Diego, Spanish, .... September 9th, 1850 Kentucky, . 1775 Boonesboro’, Daniel Boone, .... June 1st, 1792 Ohio, 1788 Marietta, . Emigrants from New England, November 29th, 1832 Iowa, . . . 1833 Burlington, , Emigrants from New England, , March 3d, 1845 Minnesota, . St. Paul, . Emigrants from the East, May 11th, 1858 Oregon, Astoria, Emigrants from the East, . February 14th, 1859 Kansas, . • Emigrants from the East, 1861 198 STATISTICAL TABLES. COLLEGES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES. Bowdoin, Brunswick, Me. AA'eslkyan Female, Macon, Ga. Watkrville, AA’atcrville, Me. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala. Dartmouth, Hanover, Burlington, N. H. Florence AVesleyan, I'lorence, Ala. University of Vermont, Vt. Howard, Marion, Ala. Middlebury, Middlebury, Vt. Madison, Sharon, Miss. Norwich University, Norwich, Vt. University of Mississippi, Oxford, Miss. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Mlssissippi, Semple Broaddus, Clinton, Miss. AVilliams, AA'illiamstown, Mass. Centre Hill, Miss. Amherst, Amherst, Mass. University of Louisiana, Kew Orleans, La. Holy Cross, AA^orcester, Mass. Centenary, Jackson, La. Tufts, Medford, Mass. AA'’ashington, Washington Co., La. Brown University, Providence, R. 1. Dolbear’s Co-mmercial, Kew Orleans, La. Yale, Neiv Haven, Conn. Aranama, Goliad, Texas. Trinity, Hartford, Conn. University of Nashville, Kashville, Tenn. AVesleyan University, Middletown, Conn. Franklin, Rear Nashville, Teiin. Columbia, New York, N. Y. East Tennessee, Cumberland University, Knoxville, Tenn. Union, Hamilton, Schenectady, N. Y. Lebanon, Tenn. Clinton, N. Y. Jackson, Columbia, Tenn. Madison University, Hamilton, N. Y. Union, Murfree.sboro’, Tenn. Hobart Free, Geneva, New York, N. Y. Greenville, Greenville, Tenn. University of City of N. York N. Y. Transylvania, Lexington, Ky. University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y. St. Joseph’s, Bardstown, Kv. St. .John’s, Fordham, N. Y. Centre, Danville, Kv. College of NriSv Jersey, Princeton, N. J. Georgetow.n, Georgctoivn, kV. Rutgers, New Brunswick, N. J. Kentucky Military Institute, Franklin Springs, kV. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Penn. Kentucky, Harrodsburg, Ky. Dickinson, Carlisle, Penn. Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. Jefferson, Canonsburg, Penn. Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. AVashington, AA'ashington, Penn. Franklin, New Athens, Ohio. Alleghany, Mcadvillc, Penn. AA^estern Reserve, Hudson, Ohio. Pennsylvania, Gettysburg, Penn. Kenyon, Gambier, Ohio. IjAFAYETTE, Easton, Penn. Denison, Granville, Ohio. Franklin and Marshall, Lancaster, Lewisburg, Penn. Marietta, Marietta, Ohio. University at Lewisburg, Penn. Oberlin, Oberlin, Ohio. Polytechnic, Philadelphia, Penn. Ohio AA’^esleyan University, Delaware, Ohio. Delaware, Newark, Del. AA’'lTTENnERO, Springfield, Ohio. St. Mary’s, AA''ilmington, Del. Urbana University, Urbana, Ohio. St. John’s, St. Charles’s, Annapolis, Ellicott’s Mills, Md. Antioch, A'ellow Springs, Ohio. Md. Indiana State University, Bloomington, Ind. Mount St. JIary’s, Emmetsburg, Md. Hanover, South Hanover, Ind. St. Ja.mes’s, AA'^ashington Co., Md. AA'abash, Indiana Asbury University, Crawfordsville, Ind. AVashingto.n, Chestertown, Md. Greencastle, Ind. Georgetown, Georgetown, D. C. Illinois, Jacksonville, Ill. Columbian, AA'’ashington, D. C. Shurtleff, McKendree, Upper Alton, Ill. AVilliam and AIary, AA'’illiamsburg, Va. Lebanon, Ill. Hampden-Sidney, Prince Ed. Co., Va. Knox, Galesburg, Ill. AV^ashington, Lexington, Va. University of Chicago, Chicago, St. Louis, Ill. University op Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. St. Louis University, Mo. Randolph-Macon, Boydon, Va. Masonic, University of State of Mo., Lexington, Mo. Emory and Henry, AA^ashington Co., Va. Columbia, Mo. Bethany, Bethany, Va. St. Charles, St. Charles, Mo. Richmond, Richmond, Va. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Virginia AIilitary Institute, Lexington, ALa. AVisconsin University, Madison, AVis. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C. Beloit, Beloit, Rock Co., AVis. Davidson, Mecklenburg Co., N. C. Lawrence University, Appleton, AVis. AVake Forest, Forestville, N. C. Milwaukee Female, Milw'aukee, Wis. Charleston, Charleston, S. C. Carroll, AVaukesha AVis. South Carolina, Columbia, S. C. Racine, Racine, AVis. Franklin, Oglethorp’e, Athens, Ga. Iowa State University, Iowa City, Iowa. Milledgeville, Gil. Iowa AVesleyan University, Mt. Pleasant, Near San Jose, Iowa. Emory, Mercer University, Oxford, Penfield, Ga. Ga. Santa Clara, * m Cal. STATISTICAL TABLES. 199 THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLS. Bant.or Theological Semi.nauy, Mktii. Gen. Bin. Institctk, Gil.manton Theol. Seminary, X. Hampton Theol. Seminary, Theological Seminary, Divinity School, Uarv. Unit., Theological Institution, Theol. Dep., Yale College, Theol. Inst, of Connecticut, Theol. Inst., Epis. Church, Union Theological Seminary, Theol. Seminary of Auburn, Hamilton Theol. Seminary, Rochester Theol. Seminary, Hartwich Seminary, Theol. Sem. Ass. Ref. Church, Th. Sem. Dutch Ref. Church, Tii. Sem. Presbyterian Church, WiTTEMBURG Th. SEMINARY, German Reformeo, Western Theol. Seminary, Theological School, Theological Se.minary, Western Theological School, Th. Dep. Lem isburg Univ., Georgetown College, Medical School of Maine, X. II. Medical School, CasTLeton Medical Coll., .Med. Dep. Unit. Vermont, Vermo.nt Medical Coll., -Medical School, Harv. Unit., Berkshire Medical School, Medical Inst., Yale Coll?, Coll. Phys. and Surg., N. York, Geneva Medical Coll., Med. Faculty, Univ. N. Y., Albany Medical Coll., Med. Dep., Unit. Penn., .Iefferson Medical Coll., Med. Dep., Penn. Coll., Philadelphia Coll, of Med., Med. School, Unit. Md., Washington Med. Coll., Xat. Med. Coll., Columb. Coll., Med. Dep., Georgetown Coll., Dane L.\w School, H. Unit., Law School, Yale Coll., Unitersity of Albany, Law School, Colu.mbia Coll., Unitersity of Pennsyltania, William and Mary College, Law School, Unit, of Va., North Carolina Unitersity, Unitersity of Louisiana, University of Louisville, Bangor, Me. Concord, N. H. Giliiianton, N. H. New Hampton, N. H. Andover, Mass. Cambridge, Mass. Neivton, Mass. New Haven, Conn. East Windsor, Conn. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Auburn, N. Y. Hamilton, N. Y. Rochester, N. Y. Hartwich, N. Y. Newburg, N. Y. New Brunswick, N. J. Princeton, N. J. Gettysburg, Penn. Mercersburg, Penn. Alleghany, Penn. Canonsburg, Penn. Pittsburg, Penn. Meadville, Penn. Lewisburg, Penn. Georgetown, D. C. St. Mary’s Seminary, Epls. Theol. School of Va., Union Theological Se.minart, Virginia Baptist Seminary, Theological Seminary, Theological Seminary, Furman Theol. Seminary, Th. Sem. of Mercer Unit., Howard Th. Institution, Western Bap. Th. Institution, Danville Theol. Seminary, Southwest Theol. Seminary, Th. School Comb. Unit., Tii. Dep. St. Louis Unit., Lane Seminary, Theol. Dep. Kenyon Coll., Theol. Dep. W^est. Res. Coll., Granville Theol. Dep’t, Oberlin Theol. Dep’t, Th. Sem. Ass. Ref. Church, Wittenberg, Bibl. Dep. Ohio Wesl. Unit., New Albany Tii. Se.minary, Theological Seminary, Alton Theol. Seminary, Nasuotaii Theol. Seminary, Baltimore, Md. Fairfa.x Co., Va. Prince Ed. Co., Va. Richmond, Va. Columbia, S. C. Lexington, S. C. Fairfield Dist., S. C. Penfield, Ga. Marion, Ala. Georgetown, Kv. Danville, kV. Maryville, Teiin. Lebanon, Tenn. St. Louis, Mo. Cincinnati, Ohio. Gainbicr, Ohio. Hudson, Ohio. Granville, Ohio. Oberlin, Ohio. Oxford, Ohio. Springfield, Ohio. Delaware, Ohio. Hanover, Ind. Chicago, Ill. Upper Alton, Ill. Nashotah, Wis. Brunswick, MEDICAL Me. SCHOOLS. Med. School, Unit. Va., Charlottesville, Va. Hanover, N. H. Med. Dep., Hamp.-Sid. Coll., Richmond, Va. Castleton, Vt, Winchester Med. Coll., Winchester, Va. Burlington, Vt. Med. Coll. State of S. C., Charleston, S. C. Woodstock, Vt. Med. Coll, of Georgia, Augusta, Ga. Bo.ston, Mass. Med. Dep., Unit. Louisiana, New Orleans, La. Pittsfield, Mass. Med. Dep., Unit. Nashville, Nashville, Tenn New Haven, Conn. Med. Dep., East Tenn. Unit., Knoxville, Tenn New York, N. Y. Med. Dep., Transylvania Unit., Lexington, Kv. Geneva, N. Y. Med. Dep., Unit. Louisville, Louisville. Ky. New York, N. Y. Med. Dep.,West. Reserve Coll., Cleveland. Ohio. Albany, N. Y. Medical College of Ohio, West. Coll. Homeopathic Med., Cincinnati, Ohio. Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Penn. Cleveland, Ohio. Penn. Starling Medical Coll., Columbus, Ohio. Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Penn. Rush Medical Coll., Chicago, Ill. Pena University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Baltimore, Md. St. Louis Medical Coll., St. Louis, Mo. Baltimore, Md. Med. Dep. of Missouri Unit., Columbia, Mo. Washington, D. C. Med. Dep. of State Unit., Keokuk, Iowa. Washington, D. C. Med. Dep. State Unit., Madison, Wis. LAW SCHOOLS. Cambridge, Mass. New Haven, Conn. Albany, N. Y. New York, N. Y. Philadelphia, Penn. Williamsburg, Va. Charlottesville, Va. Chapel Hill, N. C. New Orleans, La. Louisville, Ky. Kentucky Military Inst., Cumberland University, Law School, Cincin. Coll., Indiana State University, Indiana Asbury University, Maynard L. S., Hamilton Col., N. Y. State and National L. S., University of Mississippi, University of Michigan, Franklin Springs, Ky. Lebanon, Tenn. Cincinnati, Ohio. Bloomington, Ind. Greencastle, Ind. Clinton, N. Y. Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Oxford, Miss. Ann Arbor, Mich. / 200 STATISTICAL TABLES. I ' TELEGRAPH LINES. / LENGTH OP LINES OF LAND TELEGRAPH. America, (United States,) 36,000 India, 4 4 6,000 America, (British Provinces,) 6,000 Italy, * , 4 4 2,600 America, (other parts, and islands,) 6,000 Prussia, 4,000 Australia, ..... 1,200 Russia, . 6,000 Austria and Germany, .... 10,000 Switzerland, . . 1,500 Bavaria and Saxony, 1,700 Rest of Europe, . . 1,400 Belgium, ...... 660 Other parts of the World, . . 600 England, ..... 10,000 France, ...... 8,000 Total, • • • 96,350 LINES OF submarine telegraph. Miles. Wires Date. Dover and Calais, .... • » • • 25 4 1851 Dover and Ostend, .... • • • 75 6 1862 Holyhead and Hoivth, • • • • 65 1 1852 England and Holland, .... • » • 116 3 1853 Port Patrick and Donaghadee, • • • 13 6 1853 Port Patrick and Donaghadee, (second cable,) • • 4 13 6 1853 Across the Soland, Isle of Wight, (England,) • 4 • . 3 4 1855 Across the Frith of Forth, (Scotland,) 4 . • 4 4 1854 Denmark, across the Great Belt, , 4 4 * 15 3 1854 Denmark, across the Little Belt, 4 4 4 6 3 1854 Denmark, across the Sound, , • 4 4 4 12 3 1855 Petersburg to Cronstadt, • 4 4 10 1 1866 Italy and Corsica, .... • 4 4 4 65 6 1864 Corsica and Sardinia, .... • 4 4 10 6 1854 Messina to Reggio,. , 4 4 4 6 1 1856 Across the Danube at Shumla, 1 1 1855 Six cables across the mouth of the Danube at the Isle of Serpents, (each one mile lonsr and having one conductor,) . 4 4 4 6 6 1857 Varna and Balaklava, (across the Black Sea,) 340 1 1855 Balaklava and Eup.atoria, . , 4 4 4 60 1 1855 Across the Bosporus at Kandili, 4 4 4 1 1 1856 Across the Hoogly River, . 4 4 4 2.61 Across the St. Lawrence, 74 1 1866 Across the Straits of Northumberland, (Prince Edward’s Island,) 10.51 1 1866 Across the Gut of Canso, (Nova Scotia,) • 3 3 1856 Across the St. Lawrence at Quebec, •44 1 1 1855 Across the Mississippi at Paduca, • 4 • 1 1 1851 Small River Crossings, .... ' 4*4 20 Total length of Submarine Cables, . • • • • • 956 i . i