b'A \n\n\n\nJAPANESE CHESS \n\n(SHO-NGI) \n\nTHE SCIENCE AND ART ^^ \n\n\n\n\n\nWAR OR STRUGGLE \n\nPhilosophically Treated \n\n\n\n>^ CHINESE CHESS \n\n\n\n\n(CHONG-KIE) \n\nAND \n\nI-GO \n\nBY \n\nCHO-YO \n\n\n\nr? \n\n\n\n\n\nn \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3L \n\n\n\nEURASIAMERICA \n\nNew YORK: \n\nThe Press Club of Chicago \n\nU. S. A. \n\n\n\nLIBRARY of CONGRESS \nTwoCoDies Received \n\nMAR 7 1906 \n\n^ Copyri^fit Entry \nCLASS u \'xxe. NoT* \n\n\n\n\n\n\nCOPYRIGHT, igOS, BY CHO YO \n\n\n\nAii Rights Reserved. \n\n\n\nM. A. DONOHUE; &. COMPANY \n\nPRINTERS AND BINDERS \n407-4.29 DEARBORN STREET \n\nCH ICAGO \n\n\n\nA \n\n\n\nTO MY ESTEEMED FRIEND \n\nEDWIN F. BROWN, \n\nONE OF THE GENIUSES IN THE \nGAME OF HUMAN AFFAIRS, \nTHIS WORK IS INSCRIBED BY \n\nThe Author. \n\n\n\nOF THIS EDITION \n\nNINE HUNDRED NINETY AND NINE COPIES \n\nHAVE BEEN PRIVATELY PRINTED, \n\nAND THE TYPE DISTRIBUTED. \n\nEACH COPY IS NUMBERED AND SIGNED, \n\nAND THIS COPY IS \n\nNUMBER \n\n\n\nDATE 190 \n\n\n\nPREFACE \n\n1. Inspired by the grand economy of the nature which \nreveals itself into the causes and effects governing all things \nfrom the universe down to molecular existences, admiring \nthe almost incomprehensible foresight, clear plans and diplo- \nmatic movements of Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas \nJefferson and that sort of personages, and the tactics and \nstrategy of George Washington \xe2\x80\x94 those who won the victory \nin a colossal chess game of humanity in which they stood for \nthe side of pure democracy; \xe2\x80\x94 thus inspired, while the little \nJapanese of the small little island Empire are contesting with \nthe gigantic and most puisant Russian Autocrat, the writer \ndares say that it is not merely a great number of population, \nnor enormous amount of pecuniary wealth, nor an immensely \nextensive territory, nor a considerable superiority of naval and \nmilitary materiels, nor all these conditions put together that \none belligerent power compels another to do what the former \nwants. \n\n2. It is a union of minds and hearts, others being equal, \non the part of the people whose each protects the other, and \nwho support one another according to causes and effects of \npredestination that one group of men wins over the other. \nHow the thirteen young colonies did cause the powerful father- \nland to succum at the mercy of their will? We know it \nperfectly well. \n\n\n\ng PREFACE. \n\n3. Many say that the Japanese are of small bodily constitu- \ntions and their works are consequently small, but they forget \nthat whatever small things they do are worked most carefully \nand perfectly, and that the personages that can perfectly finish \nthe small objects can easily produce ponderous works according \nto conditions and circumstances, as the small works are apt \nto be taken as valuable models for magnificently massive ones. \nThey, in fact, produced many wonderful works at home many \ncenturies ago to the latest hour. For these little ones it would \nnot be difficult to make battleships, even however big, because \ntheir minds and hearts have been practically drilled and ex- \nperienced. \n\n4. Who remarked that the Japanese do not have a mathe- \nmatical head? There should be a limit to hypercriticality ! \nThe Far East has produced thinkers, scientific men, diplomats, \npractical business men and so on. There has been a great \nsecrecy \xe2\x80\x94 the writer says secrecy, for the public does not know \nsomehow, though openly practiced \xe2\x80\x94 to have pleasingly developed \nthe faculties or their healthy brains, which have been and are \nnaturally a priori flexible and adaptable to the fullest extent. \nThis great secrecy has been the playing of the Science and \nPhilosophy and Art of War, a national game of Chess, of which \nthe true orientals are the greatest players in the world. The \ngame or rather the science which they play, nay! practice \xe2\x80\x94 \nfrom the oldest to the youngest who are to think sanely, from \nthe wealthiest to the poorest, from the highest down to the \nlowest, from the most learned to the ignorant, from the highest \npriest to the misosuribozu (valet priest, or page). \n\n5. The chess play with an exhaustive attention and constant \npractice in the land of the rising sun is without exaggeration \nequal to that of billiard, bowling alley, cards and the last of all \n\xe2\x80\x94 chess, and something else more, put together in this country. \nThey play it in summer evenings on verandas, along the streets, \nat the shop entrances, where passers-by would look at the \n\n\n\nPREFACE. g \n\nbeautiful operations of technique of struggles on a small war \nfield of chessboard. \n\n6. They would not suffer summer heat \xe2\x80\x94 whenever the \nweather is too hot to do anything, they gather their heads to \nponder over critical movements of fleet, navies, and battalions, \ndivisions and armies \xe2\x80\x94 they do not seem to sleep ever. \n\n7. In winter they play it within houses, while enjoying \ntrue native original tea, and deliberately thinking and planning \nwith utmost considerations. Before entertainments, either at \npublic places or at private houses, begin, the guests or members \nare hospitably accommodated with chessboards and pieces, \nand fine tea in small cups, accompanied by sweet things to \nheighten the taste and flavor of the beverage \xe2\x80\x94 they are playing \nhere and there, smiling and laughing \xe2\x80\x94 their beautiful and \nskilful hands full of strategy and tactics, watched by their \nfriends and acquaintances and admirers. \n\n8. The jinrikisha-men are, at street corners, and in summer \nin shady nooks, playing Chess, while they are waiting for patrons. \nAye! the little Japanese have drilled their minds with their \nchess playing and made the brains comparatively larger with \nregard to bodily constitution after a fashion of ceasely working \nants and bees. They understand the\' importance of union \nof which protection and supports of each and every other are \nto be paramount. \n\n9. What will be the difficulties, as far as human mind con- \ncerns, as regard to mathematics or anything else, for the people \nthat can not have ennui at all, and who can see many hands \nat once \xe2\x80\x94 some of them able to discern fifty or a hundred differ- \nent hands ahead or blindfold play a game simultaneously with \n3 or 10, even fifteen games, or more, the most complicated con- \ntests founded upon scientific combinations of movements of \nnavies, armies, etc., on diminutive war-fields of a board? \n\nI. The Japanese were playing Chess whenever they had \ntime, in time of peace, also of war, before the European intni- \n\n\n\njQ PREFACE \n\nders went there, so that it is natural that, having trained their \nminds, they could see the advantage of modem diplomacy, \nwarships, and ponderous weapons. \n\n2. The little people with a comparatively large quantity \nof gray-matter in their intellectual case have improved Chess \naccording to their peculiar ingenuity of inventions, discoveries \nand the assimilating "power of adaptability, as they did so in \nthe lines of the Chinese works of art and many others, and \nhave so come out as to surpass their masters, and, as at the \nlatest times, they have improved the most modem warfare \nweapons implements and other things, such as for example, \nthe Shimose gunpowder, the Japanese rifles, wireless telegraphy, \nmedicinal discoveries, and therapeutic advancement. \n\n3. This Japanese Chess, thus improved, is the most highly \ndeveloped, most interesting and most scientific and philosophical \nof all the games ever invented and known. It plainly illustrates \nthe secret intricacies and combinations and permutations of \ncauses and effects of every human affair as a factor of nature. \nPlaying this game cultivates business tact, keeps up strategy and \ntactics, improves diplomacy and strengthens the mental faculties. \n\n4. That little Japan has come out to surprise the world \nthrough the realm of beautiful works, diplomacy and warfares: \nthere might be few who do not at all play this game in her army, \nfrom the highest officers. Field- Marshals, down to privates, \nsoldiers and the carriers of supplies and provisions ; in her navy \nfrom admirals down to mere sailors; in diplomatic department, \nfrom the minister to the telephone or gate-keepers; from the \npremier \xe2\x80\x94 cabinet officials \xe2\x80\x94 to footmen; the rich and poor. \n\n5. For ages ago, many of the best known generals and great \npersonages played chess, even of very primitive state: Gotama \nBuddha, Julius Caesar, Charlemagn, William the Conqueror \nand others it is said, and it is very well known that Napoleon \nplayed well, and that celebrated historian Henry Thomas \nBuckle, Charles Dickens, and Thomas Henry Huxley. And \n\n\n\nPREFACE. I J \n\nall the great Japanese personages of yore played, of course, \nto the deepest and highest degree, the most highly contrived \ngame. \n\n6. Some of the richest Japanese have presented many \nhundred chessboards and as many sets of pieces to the hospi- \ntals, for the soldiers, in this present war, and there is no exag- \ngeration to say that every one of these sets are incessantly \npatronized by the wounded, who would enjoy to bring up the \npast and speculate for the future in association with the games. \n\n7. Certain the writer dares say it is that almost all the \nDai Nipponese concerned in the present Manchurian War are \ndexterious players of a game of the true Oriental Science and \nArt of War or Struggle. \n\n8. The writer is wholly convinced that if any one would a little \nstudy the easy movements of the pieces of this fascinating chess \nwar, he will, without doubt, understand how the brain is easily \nimproved and his nerves will be tempered and hardened; and \nthe author fully hopes that his mental faculty, brightened, \nsharpened and advanced by manoeuvres, tactics, diplomacy, \nstrategy of wise men and generals on minimized battlefields \non a small board upon a table \xe2\x80\x94 the maps of real warfares \nor struggles \xe2\x80\x94 would surely contribute one of the greatest \nshares for the everlasting promotion of the GREATEST RE- \nPUBLIC, THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, the \nFIRST in peace and FIRST in the hearts of all nations, and \nfor its supremacy to oversee and direct the whole world for the \nsake of SUBLIME HUMANITY. \n\nC\xe2\x80\x94 Y. \n\nChicago, 0:10 A. M. Fourth of July, 1904. \n\n\n\nCONTENTS \n\n\n\nPagb \n\nFrontispiece \n\nPreface 7 -i i \n\nThe Tree of Chessologics compared with that of Math- \nematics \xe2\x80\x94 Chess Evolution \xe2\x80\x94 (a plate) between.. 14-1S \nChess, Chessology, or Chessologics, its definition, its \n\nlegitimate position, functions, etc i5~37 \n\nThe importance of knowledge of the use of Figures. 38-49 \n\nChessonytn \xe2\x80\x94 Chessonymy 47-81 \n\nJapanese Chess \xe2\x80\x94 its legitimate position, offices, etc. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nas the Calculus in Chessology 50-214 \n\nDiagrams 60-65 \n\nTengoma, or Mochingoma, the Vitalities of the cap- \ntured Chess pieces 86-186 \n\nActual Warfare Elements as examples for the above 11 6-186 \nAlexander\'s siege and destruction of Tyre of the \n\nPhoenicians 11 7-1 29 \n\nThe Siege of Port Arthur, a factor of the Man- \n\nchurian campaign of Japan- Russian war. 129-186 \n\nNaru Promotion Method 187-190 \n\nChinese Chess 207-210 \n\nI-go {Wei\'ki) [Japanese and Chinese] 210-214 \n\nProblems (Mondai) 215-229 \n\nIndex 230-243 \n\n\n\n\xc2\xab3 \n\n\n\nA View of Comparatively Assumed Probabilities of Relation of Branches of Ch \n\n86-116; ss. 2a-6a, pp. 21 1-3.) \n\n\n\n\nEach of the divisions, or branches of the two Trees is divided, as in the n \nnitude or quantity or quality abstractly, with relatoin to matter; am \nbodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical considerations. \n\n\n\ngics and Mathematics as much Referred in This Work. (s. 8-8b, p. 17-19; pp. \n\n\n\n\nocks, into PURE or ABSTRACT, which, respectively, considers element or mag- \nED or APPLIED, which treats of magnitude or element as subsisting in material \n\n\n\nJAPANESE CHESS \n\nTHE SCIENCE AND ART OF WAR OR STRUGGLE \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGY \n\n\n\nDefinition, Its Position and Functions. \n\n1. Japanese Chess, or what we may vaguely call so here \nat present, is of a very great antiquity, and it is a descendant \nof the family of that which originated or was invented in time \nimmemorial, or at least 5,000 years ago. The game has ac- \nquired a great and unique importance throughout the empire; \nmainly, no doubt, in consequence of its peculiarly and sooth- \ningly extreme, yet inviting, difficulty. It is the subject of \na most extensive literature which would fill up quite a large \nlibrary, and its study has become more that of a science and \na philosophy than a mere recreation. \n\n2. Chess, or rather, Chessology, in its simple definition, is \nthe most abstract of all the sciences, and is played, or rather \npracticed, as an intellectual pastime, the most purely intel- \nlectual of all the games of skill. It is founded upon a self- \nevident truth working irresistibly and uniformly in all spaces \nat all times. Chessology, in its largest sense, treats of the \nprinciples of the science of human struggles conceivable and \nsymbolized in the shortest, smallest and least possible time, \nspace and force and played as the highest and most intellectual \ngame to develop and train the Mind, by virtue of amusement \naccompanied with competition; the term Chess is mainly to \nmean the art of skill and practice of Chessological game; and \nthe latter is sometimes for convenience sake to be used to \n\n15 \n\n\n\n1 6 JAPANESE CHESS \n\nmean either of both terms. It reveals the Idealistic and \nArtistic, as well as the beautiful, combinations symbolizing \nevery known element of nature essential for struggles. Chess \nis the stronghold of abstract science and philosophy. (See \nand digest Mochingoma, pp. 86-1 1 6.) It is the Sovereign in \nthe domain of all games. \n\n3. Chess, a clear well and factory of patience, a regulator \nor governor of the Mind, has an extraordinarily flexible nature, \ncomparable to the attributes of water, in a visible and tangible \ndomain, electricity in the physical world and ether in space. \nAgain, Chess is the conception and action out of enlivened \nimaginations, formed most commonly in regular numbers as \nto space, time and force, and it contains the impassioned ex- \npression which is in the countenances of all sciences and phi- \nlosophies, and more concise in work than in actual warfares \nand struggles. \n\n4. It is simple, sensuous and impassioned; that is, simple \nin conception, abounding in sensible images, and in forming \nthem all with the spirit of the Mind. Brevity, the soul of wit, \nconsisting in the compactness and exactness of the thought, \nnot in the curtailed expression of it, is the only fundamental \nprinciple of Chessology. \n\n5. In Chess, beauty of thought and that of style should be \nreverenced to the fullest extent, for Chess is to elevate the \naltitude of Mind. There is embodied in Chess the repetition \nin a most condensed and most economized form of ideas, based \nupon experiences and observations and synthetic speculations, \nthus producing the effect of conciseness. The reason that \nconciseness is energy permeates Chess. The different \nplayers can develop the mission of Chess in their minds as large \nas their respective storage of knowledge expands. \n\n6. Chessology, or Chess viewed from a wide standpoint of \nour present knowledge, in its entirety with especial reference \nto the part played by man, is to aim at reaching the highest \ntraining of Mind for the settlement of struggles, whatsoever \nconceivable by man, making them welcome and pleasure to \nhimself. \n\n7. It is, thus in brief, an abstraction of the highest kind \nof knowledge and of the universe of struggles and specula- \ntions conceivable by the human mind. \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS \n\n\n\n17 \n\n\n\n7a. Chess, in a general sense, has appeared in some or other \nform in times immemorial, though the term chess itself and \nall its cognate words were derived from the Persian tongue. \n(s 3, p. 36.) It has come out at the same time with the forma- \ntion of human mind, at the same time when the fingers begun \nto be used for counting numbers for human intellectual need. \nIt has been improved, revolutionized and specialized in one \nway or another; and there are at present many kinds of Chess, \nbut really branches, or divisions according to the law of Evolu- \ntion (the last part, s. 8a, p. 103 ; s. 4c, p. 115). The game is now \nplayed in all civilized countries and some others, and it is the \nonly universal game that there is. The game was played in \nancient Rome (s. 3, p. 36), and previously in early Greece; in \nEgypt antedating the period of the Pharaohs, in India long \nbefore the birth of history, and in China thousands of years \nago. As according to the true and highest sense of the term, \nthere is the only one History, and such a history as that of the \nUnited States, or English history or any other national history, \nis a mere story for contribution to the Unity of Stories \xe2\x80\x94 the \nHistory of Civilization \xe2\x80\x94 , so the time has arrived to have pro- \nduced what is called Chessology (s. 8, p. 17; s. 3-4C, p. 115; \ns. 4, p. 109). But for grasping this high conception or abstrac- \ntion of Chess, chessplayers are very far from perfectly under- \nstanding Chess in both general and pure, or abstract sense of \nthe term, and especially the grand beauty of Japanese Chess \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe Calculus of Chessology. (Study and digest the Tree of \nChessologics bet. pp. 14-15.) \n\n8. Chessology, or Chessologics is in the highest and \nrigidest sense the Ultra- Philosophic-Science \xe2\x80\x94 both the Phi- \nlosophy and Science of treating with training the Mind in the \nfewest vivid symbolization by minimum abstract condensation \nand maximum application for the maximum harvestage in \nstruggles of all known principles of knowledge, the sum of \nhuman wisdom, for the most highly organized co-operation: \nChess \xe2\x80\x94 Applied Chessology \xe2\x80\x94 the Art of the Chessological \ntreatment of all kinds of spheres of knowledge, or the Art of \nan actual duel of wits and knowledge. It profits the players \nMaxima by virtue of Minima. It may be popularly defined \nas "a nutshell in which the Infinitude lies." \xe2\x80\x94 Kazan (s. 2a, p. \n29; see \'\'Chestnuts,\'\' s. 3, p. 36 Hux.; s. 6a, p. 56; s. 7aa, p. 60). \n\n\n\n1 8 JAPANESE CHESS \n\n8a. Just as there is no such a science as Mathematics or Chem- \nistry or Astronomy of this or that country, so there is no other \nChessology but the purest one only(s. 4, p. 109 ;s. 8, p. m). As \ngame or an Art practicable and productive, Chess in the purest \nand highest significance is an abstraction, pure intellect and \nknowledge rendered into visible symbols of all human struggle- \nelements. It shows the student at first only the seemingly \nmost important points, and then the others gradually to be \ndiscovered when further and deeper studied, as in the case of \nheavenly bodies, (s. 9, p. 35; s. 8, p. 88.) This abstraction \nembodied in Chess of all struggle-elements is in its manifesta- \ntions like sunlight viewed through stained glass by ordinary \nas well as special persons, whereas profound Chessologists take \nor generalize them as an entity. Chess in general is, therefore, \na method or formula for abstraction of all struggles of which \nthere are such grandest incessant struggles at the time of peace \nas International commerce, International competition for \npolitical supremacy and the like, and what is popularly and \nlimit edly known as "war," is the most conspicuous at present \nas a legacy of savagism. Hence, the term chess attached \nwith the local names in adjective such as the European, Oriental, \nChinese or Korean, is a chsssological corollary or demonstra- \ntion or formula, and what is so-called a war-game is a con- \ncrete problem of chessological treatment of things pertaining \nto only military works; hence, the French, German, American \ngame of war, or siege-game (s. 2, p, 29; 7, p. iii). They are the \nformulas or offsprings evolved out of the principles of Chess, \nthat is, struggles in absolute Chessdom according to the ne- \ncessities and capabilities of the mind of persons in different \nlocalities and speciality, (s. 2, p. 39.) Checkers is a branch also. \nThose branches are related to each other in Chessology in such \na similar way as Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry \n(plane and spherical), Calculus, and others are in Mathematics. \n(See the Tree ofChessologics, bet. pp. 14-5 ; s. 3a, p. 7o-) A chess- \nological principle teaches us that the fighting men \xe2\x80\x94 all con- \ncerned in actual warfares or struggles \xe2\x80\x94 are the sorts of chesspieces \nas war-field is a chessboard; and chessologists, including naval \nand military tacticians and strategists, may consider wars, \nthat is, bloody struggles as a part of AppHed Chessological \nKnowledge or Arts. As just as Mathematics pervades all \nphysical sciences, Chessology permeates all reasoning. \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS \n\n\n\n19 \n\n\n\n8b. The greatest aim of Chessology is to seek the absolute \npeace and happiness in the domain of all struggles of the self-in- \nterested human aggrandisement of things, as "to return violence \n(brute force) for violence is wrong." \xe2\x80\x94 {Kazan\\, \'\'Bo-womotte Bd- \nni Kdru, Kore Hi nari" (Chinese sage\'s in Japanese), and lastly \nto secure that same peace even in the struggle of peace itself \nversus struggles: "The soft conquers well the hard." \xe2\x80\x94 Kazan, \n"Ju yok Kd-wo seis-vC (Chinese sage\'s in Japanese), as "the \nmeek and soft shall inherit the earth." \xe2\x80\x94 Tyndale, and "a soft \nanswer turneth away wrath." \xe2\x80\x94 Prov. xv., i, as "no wind has \nbroken a twig of a weeping willow. \' \' \xe2\x80\x94 Kazan ; \' \'the pen is mightier \nthan the sword," and "Chess checks and checkmates struggle \nor war." \xe2\x80\x94 Kazan (s. 5, p. 208). In struggles are included any \nstruggles, such as that of a tribe against another, a tribe against \na nation, a nation versus another, an individual against another, \na political party against another, freedom versus despotism, \ntrusts or capitalists vs. unions or laborers, boycott vs, strike, \neconomy versus extravagance, imperialism vs. democracy; \nmonarchy or plutocracy or religiocracy or timocracy or strat- \nocracy or all like these put together vs. Socialism, and the like. \n\n9. Peace! Peace! Let there be peace! \n\nSome say that war brings peace, but it is not very satisfac- \ntory! Hence, The Hague Tribunal has been instituted, and \neven then wars devasted the territory of peace; hence the \ntreaties of arbitrations are trying to checkmate the horrible \nwars; and even then it might be doubtful to let them cease \nentirely, hence commerical relations founded upon intellectual \nknowledge for a practical, peaceful life are needed to check- \nmate warlike struggles, (s. 2,3, p. 29.) Thus even arbitration \nor peace conference itself comes under the head of struggle. \n\nI. Struggles needing, consciously or unconsciously, the \nmeasurements of time, distance (locality) and force \xe2\x80\x94 Logistics \n\xe2\x80\x94 the science and art of meeting with them come under the \ntraining by Chess of the Mind. Chessology, the most abstract \nand severe of all sciences, trains the human Mind the only source \nof intellectual activity, to prepare through the most unresistible \nmental pastime, amusement and competition, to meet with future \ncomplicating ramifications of energy, by the aid of the fewest \npossible symbols, to expose the largest possible influence or \nspheres of inter-relations of both mental and physical actions. \n\n\n\n20 JAPANESE CHESS \n\n2. Chessology is the basis of all the discipline and training \nof the human mind, deliberately prepared to meet with the events \nof struggles. It points out the chief elements or factors of fail- \nures and successes in the ceaseless strife for competitions or exist- \nences; \xe2\x80\x94 in the severest and most abstract way as possible and \nthrough soothing powers of intellectual amusement and com- \npetition, it innately leads the players to, and it teaches them, \nthe principles of training and nursing the MIND to be developed \ninto a more highly tempered and sounder Mind, which is the \nparamount Sovereign Lord of all sciences, arts and philosophies : \n\xe2\x80\x94 Hence, Chess is the most abstract of all the departments of \nknowledge; consequently, it undergoes a change, both subjective \nand objective, according to the different strata of the players, \nrespectively different minds. \n\n3. Chess is unquestionably and keenly susceptible of any \nideas conceivable and impressive whatever, whether of the \nmatter or the spirit or even extra-natural speculations. All \nsciences are to become a basis, or pay their tributes for the \nemployment of mental energy, in the Science and Art of strug- \ngles in life ; the right and the proper application of them by vir- \ntue of the Science of training the human Mind through intellec- \ntual amusement and competition \xe2\x80\x94 applied Chessology \xe2\x80\x94 is a \nspecial Art in itself \xe2\x80\x94 Chess. It opens to the players the \ngeneral course of intellectual development. \n\n4. Chess, which is worth}^ to be praised as the mother of Logic \nand Mathematics, is simpler to be practiced for the culture of \nthe ^lind than the latter which are heavier and comparatively \nsomewhat cumbersome. Consequently Chess is easily prac- \nticed and exercised, and, in fact, played by the oldest and the \nmost learned as well as by the youngest and unschooled children \nbecause of its being subjective, whilst Logic and Mathematics are \nonly to be handled by the especially cultured. Chess forms \nmind and intellectual strength which are positively indispensable \nto Logic and Mathematics which are not consciously necessary in \nplaying chessological game. Hence, "CHESSOLOGICS, or \nChess KJnowledge is an indispensable and positively necessary \npart of education." \xe2\x80\x94 Danzo-Kikzan. (s. 2a, p. 29; s. 3, p. 36.) \n\n5. Chess invigorates the power of mind and endows the play- \ners with the power and habit of the concentration of mind. It \nproduces a strong frame and fineness of mind; \xe2\x80\x94 in brief. Chess- \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS 21 \n\nologics harnesses the Sovereign Mind. The unfolding and for- \nmation of an individual character are, therefore, left to practice, \nand those of an individual judgment are thus theoretically se- \ncured perfectly well. \n\n6. Washington, speaking of Thomas Paine \xe2\x80\x94 who constantly \nand successfully stirred and kept up the spirit of the Revolution- \nary Soldiers by repetitions of his motto, "These are the times to \ntry our souls," when he saw the soldiers\' hardships \xe2\x80\x94 remarked \n"Thomas Paine\'s pen did more than the sword;" the pen might- \nier than the sword, the result of Mind, the soul of Chessology. \n(s. 8b, p. 19; s. 8, p. 47; s. 3, p. 115; Arts. 26,28, 30-1, p. 204-5.) \n\n7. Napoleon, a chessplayer over the board, in war and diplo- \nmacy, said "Before entering upon an undertaking I have medi- \ntated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It \nis not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have \nto say or do, in a circumstance unexpected by other people; \nit is reflection and meditation." He made himself by delibera- \ntion and premeditation, active flower of his mind. (s. 3, p. 36; \ns. 2, p. 117.) \n\n7a. It is not a large size and a huge population, nor enormous \nresources of a country, nor the superior number of the best cruis- \ners, nor the first class battleships, nor a few best diplomatists, \nnor all those combined that one nation wins victories over an- \nother ; but a larger mass of people of the nation should have their \nMind trained as all other matters followit. In the Manchurian \ncampaign, the " Yellow Rats\'\' in Russian terminology showed in \nevery way their trained mind on battle fields. The Japanese \nnaval success was due entirely to the personnels of their fleet. \nThe Russian materials, except torpedo boats and destroyers, was \nconsiderably superior to ^heir extremely despised foe\'s. The \nwhole Muscovite tragedy plainly exposes that the need of Chess- \nologically training the most essential factor of the personnels, \nthat is. Mind, is paramount importance for men, as shown by the \nJapanese navy and army, acted and moved like a clockwork \nexactly after the manner of chesspieces on a war-field board, \n(ss. 5, 6, p. 27; s. 4, p. 51; pp. 117-186.) \n\n8. Human actions in whatever ways attributed are traceable \nto the thought, or conception, or mental images, the productions \nof the Sovereign Mind, whereby universal truths or permanent \narrangements of elements of struggles are expressed and sym- \n\n\n\n22 JAPANESE CHESS \n\nbolized in Chess. (5, p. 54.) What is then our estimation of the \nvalue of Chess, in which are expressed conception in the most \nflexible ways from the smallest to the largest in the least possible \nlimit of space, time and force, and besides, with the greatest in- \ntellectual amusement by the most soothing competitions not \nshared by the other sciences, arts and philosophies and by which \nthe Sovereign Mind is harnessed and it is trained to take its own \nright course in every way? It is the highest of all sciences and \narts and philosophies, and the supreme guide of the human \n\nAFFAIRS. \n\n9. Because "I think, therefore I am", because "Know thy- \nself, TvS)6l o-cavTov", and because the first and the greatest dis- \ntinction between man and the other animals or living existences \nand, in fine, between a wise man and other men, is the thought \nor Mind which makes the former divine and lets him govern the \nlatter, therefore Chessology, a reservoir of wisdom \xe2\x80\x94 philoso- \nphic science and scientific philosophy \xe2\x80\x94 of drilling or training \nthe Mind, the thinking principle, with minimum condensed prin- \nciples for the maximum fruitage of its application, is the highest \nof all the departments of knowledge, the power itself. (See s. \n5, p. 54 and s. 7, p. III.) \n\n1. To have thus perfected Chess and exalted it to this re- \nsplendent zenith is traceable to a spark of the burning mind, \ntrained and nursed in the brains of the far eastern Geniuses, \nwhose minds have been in turn heightened by Chess itself. \nJapanese Chess is the mastery, and can never be otherwise, in \nthe sphere of Chessdom. (s. 7, p. 21 ; ss. 4-4c,p. 115 ; s. 2, p. 117.) \n\n2. Chessplaying cultivates the habit of attention, strengthens \nthe power of observation, speculation, the reasoning by induc- \ntion and deduction, produces equanimity, makes one exact and \nrecreates very much by amusement in concentrating the power of \nthe mind, and especially by taking possession of the intellectual \nfaculties and diverting them from their accustomed routine \ngrooves. The organ of thought, after being much occupied in \nbusiness or greatly worried by cares, or in any way set by dis- \nappointments and painful reflections, finds in the absorbing and \nabstracting properties of chessological game that temporary \nrelief which the lighter pastimes will not always bring. Here \nthere is the reason which is not far from being understood. \n\n3. Here acts a principle of something like homoeopathic work. \n\n\n\nCHESSO LOGICS 23 \n\nAnxieties, cares and sorrows are caused by looking forward \nto or apprehending things to come, and as such, are neutralized \nby that foresight which the conduct of the chessological game \ndemands. Chess thus checkmates an unnecessary nervous ex- \ncitement. Then, Chess, nursing previous preparation or readi- \nness of mind and, thus, doing away with unexpected contingen- \ncies, has peacefully succeeded in subduing or utterly checkmat- \ning irritability of temper and nervous excitability, for the under- \nstanding of the nature could almost pierce into future contin- \ngents. (See s. 3 p. 16; ss. 5-6, p. 27.) Chess calls one away \nfrom gambling and dissipations into which almost all other \ngames are apt to drive him; Intelligence vs. Brute instinct! A \ngame of Chess cures vanity and a conceit forever, (ss. 5-6, p. \n27; s. 9, Art. 22, p. 204.) \n\n3a. The question, whether or not Chess, however the greatest \nof intellectual games, might be too much of a strain on the mind, \ncould be chessologically answered in regard to whether or how \nfar it may become a recreation or an excessive and hurtful exer- \ntion, because Chessology itself by reason of the highest intellect- \nuality commands us to ascertain where there is just such a degree \nof playing as to bring out the most useful, harmless and pleasant \nrecreation for checkmating the violent effort. Chess is the re- \ncreation itself; it solves Strain 7;^. Recreation! (s. 8b, p. 19.) \n\n4. Chess is the most and the best fitted for old folks to en- \njoy their rest from taking out-of-door exercises during younger \nage, and to be delighted in teaching their youngsters with their \nexperiences and speculative ideas. The old do not realize \nthat they are becoming older; it refreshes and rejuvenates \ntheir mind, and gives to the young the power of competitions \nand patience, and cultivates endurance and foresight, and \nendows them with the virtues of the elder people. \n\n5. This chessological game is the only game in which the \nold people and the young can congenially play together with- \nout making each other tired at all and forget and entirely \ndiscard their seniority and juniority that are, in other depart- \nments of games and knowledge, constant bone of contentions, \nin despising each other\'s inferiority in their operations and \npractical skill. Chess teaches the players this essential ad- \nvantage of the game and encourages them in sustaining union \nof minds and hearts, however old or young, \xe2\x80\x94 mutual pro- \n\n\n\n24 JAPANESE CHESS \n\ntection and support \xe2\x80\x94 co-operation in their whole life careers \n(pp. 129-186; s.9,p. 163; s. 8, p. 169). It is the only democratic \ngame in which the players do not exclude any class of men, and \nno castes are tolerated. ZE ^ J|$ ;t9 \'W S ^ \'\'Wang Kung \nTseang Seang yew Chung wu,\'\' in Chinese; and in Japanese, "(5 \nKoSho Sho Shu aran yaV \'Is there any stock (caste) whosoever \nof King (emperor, or any other chief), Dukes (nobles). Generals \nand ministers (assistants, advisers, secretaries)?\' A war-game \nKriegspiel, the newest and youngest offspring of Chess, is \nonly fitted profitably for military officers, and not possibly \nfor naval persons, and not even for ordinary soldiers, simply \nbecause of its being made only for military leaders, and con- \nsequently and certainly not for others (see ss. 7-9, p. 70-3; \nss. 6-4, p. 99), for it is too stiff; that is, too concrete for high \nideals of human life, as mere militarism is a source of a caste \nsystem or a despotism. (See 3a, p. 23.) \n\n6. Why the Far Eastern people are progressing in every \nline of their actions can be easily discerned by this game of \nstruggles in life. It is now an open secret art, as a key to \nelevate the Mind. (s. 4, p. 8.) \n\n7. Chessological principle being the most flexible of all of \nthose of sciences and philosophies, its practical art or game is \nplayed in both the easiest and most difficult ways possible, \nand it is enjoyed through the advantages of the most abundant \npower of the greatest mental amusement accompanied with \nthe most exhaustive mental competition. \n\n8. There is not at all a least exaggeration whatever in \nregard to the merit of all the foregoing statements when \nwe know that all the factors, besides amusements and com- \npetitions, of all the human struggles ever conceivable by men, \nare perfectly embodied in the apparently small board with \nonly \xe2\x80\x94 in the case of the Japanese \xe2\x80\x94 9 X 9 squares or slightly \nrectangular sections, simply marked by exoterically straight \nlines, over which the seemingly small and unworthy insig- \nnificant chess-pieces are to be moved by any sane man. (See \nss. 6, 6a, 7, p. 56-8.) \n\n9. Some think that chessplaying is interesting as well as \ninstructive, yet a time is taken a great deal, besides none of \nprofit. But, Chess is, on the contrary, a live and beneficial \npastime \xe2\x80\x94 and not at all a dull game for mere recreation; it \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS 2$ \n\nteaches how a time (also space, and force, of course), however \nshort (small), is important, and when considered from purely \nchessological standpoint, the practice of drilling the mind will \nfinally recompensate more than what they think a great loss by \nan exorbitant use of time. Chess, in this way, serves the players \nto turn ennui into account by making himself exact, and thus \nmaking the game absolutely productive. For the Mind is \nthe sovereign pilot, compass, guiding force of human actions \nand intellectual functions; and that governing supreme en- \nergy, when trained by chessological principles, will make the \nplayers to enable to employ and adjust the time to the most \nadvantageous extent which ordinary or superficial and hyper- \ncritical people complaining of the amount of time to be used \nin chess can never conceive or realize for their whole lives, \nbecause even the least wastage of energy or three elements \xe2\x80\x94 \nspace, time and force \xe2\x80\x94 is forbidden in Chess, and Chess trains \nthe Mind in the most economical ways to employ a least frac- \ntion of the energy to the greatest possible culmination of the \nadvantages. In brief, "Chessology is the most severe teacher \nof the Science of Economy." \xe2\x80\x94 Qhen-O. (s. 4. p. 20.) \n\n9a. Some think that chess is a difficult game, and almost \nevery English pocket dictionary defines it as "a difficult game"; \nbut this is utterly a mistake. The idea of difficulty works as \na stumbling block in a way of encouraging chess beginners. \nReal chessological difficulty exists only when it stares at the \nface of experts. Non-difficulty for ordinary amusement pur- \npose is the beauty of the game. (See s. 7 above, and s- 2, p. 50,) \nThe moves may be learned in half an hour, and a few days\' \npractice will evoke a sufficient amount of skill to afford pleasure \nboth to the learner himself and even to his tutor. The in- \ntelligent novice will soon be convinced that an ignorant manipu- \nlation of the chesspieces does not conduce to success, and he will \nseek for instruction in the right manner to open the game; the \nvarious debutes are, after all, simple, and he will find no diffi- \nculty in acquiring them, one after another. This nobly ac- \ncommodating attribute of making chess in one way the easiest , \nand in the other, the most difficult game (7, p. 24), is a most \nbeautiful factor of the supremacy of Chessology in the ocean \nof scientific pleasures of knowledge. (s. 9c, Art. 31, p. 205.) \n\nI. When many months \xe2\x80\x94 several years, or centuries, or \n\n\n\n2 6 JAPANESE CHESS \n\nages of warfares or struggles of innumerable kinds are involved \nin the shortest possible time on a struggle field of the chess \nboard, real chessological game players cannot afford to com- \nplain of the loss of time, \xe2\x80\x94 if they can do so, they are not chess \nplayers! They play chess as they think, but they do not. \n\'Shdngi sashi no Shdngi shiraz, chessplayers ! you do not know \nChess ! \' \xe2\x80\x94 Kazan. \n\n2. Several weeks, one hour a day, will suffice for this pur- \npose, unless his power of understanding be checked by ob- \nstinacy, indolence or self-esteem, and the rest goes with his \nnatural capacity. A mere average intelligence is sufficient \nfor a very fair amount of proficiency and strength; while an \nintellect not much above the common men will suffice to lead \nright up to the tolerably recognized class of players; that is, \nthose to whom the masters of the game can only concede some \nsmall odds of \'\'Fuhyd, an infantry piece and move," and the \nlike. (ss. 4, 5, 6, p. 190.) \n\n3. In regard with any persons who already play European \nchess, they would be able fairly to play the Japanese within \nhalf an hour or less and soon to make himself par his former \nself in interesting in his new line but with uncomparably far \ngreater enjoyment accrued from sound reasoning of the latter \nthan the former. A player, even as a beginner, cannot help to \nbecome very easily and deeply interested in chessworks when he \ncould independently discover there something, however seem- \ningly insignificant, which would reveal itself to his instinct, \nassociation of his ideas and reasoning, (ss. 2-2a, pp. 28-9.) \n\n4. Those wishing to improve will find it very beneficial to \nplay upon even terms with players stronger than themselves; \nfor a persistence in taking odds, besides having a discouraging \nand debilitating effect upon the weaker player, takes the game \nout of its proper grooves, and tends to produce positions not \nnaturally or unchessologically arising in the ordinary course \nof the game, as developed from the recognized openings. \nThe reception of odds incapacitates a player from acquiring \nan insight into the principle of Chessology, and from compre- \nhending the latent meanings and conceptions upon which \ncombinations and a proper plan of struggles or warfares are \nfounded; while play on even terms throws the player at once \nupon his own judgment, and by causing him to study his op- \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS \n\n\n\n27 \n\n\n\nponent\'s play, leads necessarily to a material improvement in \nhis own style. \n\n5. The habit of patience and conformity with orders and \nobservance of the rules of refined etiquette is absolutely culti- \nvated by chessologic practice. (Sees.7,(2o),p.203.) The author, \nwhen a mere boy, watching his grandfather playing I go (pp. \n210-214), was told once a while by his mother that he should \nnot disturb the welfare of the players; and she referred to the \nsquare pit on the back of the chessboard and I go-hoard (see pp. \n210-4). She stated that when bystanders would make \ntrouble or lead rough conducts around players, or say or remark \nor suggest about plans or take the side of one, or when one \nplayer would have acted any mean unmanly unchival- \nrous campaign on the stage of struggles, the player himself \nso provoked could punish the impolite unresponsible fellows \nby killing the offender on the spot and by putting his head \nchopped off on the back pit turned upside down. The mother \nsaid that it was for the purpose to have the hollow part, and \nthat the killed deserved to have been punished because of a \nviolation of strict fundamental laws, and ethical rules of etiquette \nof the Samraism, the first principle of the then governing class \nof people, (s. 4, p. 51.) \n\n6. She said that none were chastised on that score by the \nLord of the land. How in Japan\'s olden time the governing \nclass of people valued the chessological Art or Science of strug- \ngles, commonly known as Shdngi (Chess), and Go, (4 p. 2 12) we \ncan even at present easily imagine. Whether the square pit \nof a severe form was carved in the down side of the board \nblock of wood for the purpose, or just for an ornament, a \nstrong moral effective power upon the part of the youngsters, \nthe parents of youths, should have been certainly remarkable. \nThus, there was a way of a Spartan training of mind and \ndiscipline of orders. This very spirit of the Samrai-no- \nMichi, Biishido, the doctrine of Chivalry rules the country; \n(see s. 4, p. 51.); and it checkmated China and Russia (see \npp. 129-186). This Bushidd has preserved the nation in \nsound state never to have been conquered by a foreign \nnation. (Arts. 18-22, pp. 113; 203-4.) \n\n7. With a moderate expenditure of time and mental \nlabor, there might be acquired a playing both amusing and \n\n\n\n28 JAPANESE CHESS \n\ninstructive, and training intellectual knowledge based upon \nan appreciation of the chessological principles and empirical \nformulae representing the generalized experiences of the players. \n\n8. In the dead winter and infernal summer days when \nout-of-door exercises are often unpracticable the utilitarian \namusement is nothing but sublime. \n\n9. Baseball and football, especially, are by row^^/i competition \nfor athletic or muscular development; and the chessological \ngame, by quiet and soothing competition and amusement for \nmental strength and intellectual development; the latter may \nbe mentioned as the J u juts, the Soft Art, of the Mind. When \nmental gymnastics is needed. Chess is only the best recourse \nto which every one in any walk of life should appeal, (s. 3, p. 23.) \n\n1. The chessological principles permeate any branches of \nknowledge, because Chess is the philosophic science of draining \nthe human Mind, the sole source of human actions and knowl- \nedge, and the other sciences are not so active as Chess to \nstimulate the Mind for investigations (s. 2a, p. 29). The latter \nworks to do so by direct mental competitions, and with a re- \nenforcement of the sublime intellectual amusement: direct \ncompetition and amusement almost utterly lacking in other \nsciences and philosophies. \n\n2. That knowledge developes through natural means \xe2\x80\x94 \nobservations, experiences, experiments, their associations and \nassimilations, comparisons, generalizations, discoveries and in- \nventions \xe2\x80\x94 by successive failures through inclemencies, is exactly \nembodied in Chessology, the extract and abstract of the sum \nof knowledge condensed and expressed by the cardinal prin- \nciples of Chess, of which the interpretations are established by \nconformity with natural laws and probably even extra-natural \nspeculations of interactions and uniformity of nature \xe2\x80\x94 and these \ninterpretations by virtue of different mental capacities of the \ndifferent players actuate the equivalences of corresponding \nforces in proportion with time and distance and their inter- \nrelationship. Being purely abstract. Chess when represented \nas concrete, depending upon the different mental attitudes of \npersons, would, therefore, stand as a business game for a busi- \nness man, as a military game (as already schemed as a war- \ngame, suggested by the chessological principles) for an army \nman, as a naval game for a navy man, as shown by a Japanese \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS 29 \n\nbattleship commander who played a live Japanese Chess game \nby substituting the subordinate officers for the pieces of the \ngame-board chalk-marked on the deck of the ship involved \nin the present war, as a real and true war-game for a war-man, \nman of warfare, as a philosophical solution for a deep thinker \nor a speculator, as a love game for all persons concerned in the \naffairs, as politics for a politician or a statesman, a diplomatic \ngame for diplomats, its application upon international law to \nsettle international struggles. Why is it that the Japanese are \nversed in the laws ? They say that they are born diplomats. But \nhow? (See the Tree of Chessologics, bet. pp. 14-15.) \n\n2a. Many consider life as a game of chess, or chess as a game \nof life (see s. 8b, p. 19; s. 3, p. 36, Huxley), and painters have \ntreated life as such thereby a man is figured as playing over \nthe board against Destiny or Fate, an untangible form behind \nthe scenes (Huxley s. 3, p. 36). To some persons, Chess ap- \npears to be rendered as a synonym with the love game. Charles \nDickens remarked: "Love [intellectual affection, the only \nlasting love] that has a game of chess in it can checkmate any \nman and solve the problem of life." (s. 7, p. 45.) To a mili- \ntary man Chess is \xe2\x80\x94 in fact, looks like \xe2\x80\x94 a military game. But \nmany identify Chess as seen by entirely dropping the funda- \nmental principles of chessology (ss. 3a, 4, p. 32-3). The student \nmust not confound the terms and meanings of a military game, \nor so-called war-game, and Chess as a war-game or military \ngame. He should clearly understand the distinctions in order to \ntaste and to digest the principles exhaustively demonstrated. \n\n3. A war-game, which is not really a war-game in its pres- \nent form and sense, but a military game \xe2\x80\x94 hence, a so-called \nwar-game \xe2\x80\x94 is one of the promiscuous problems made concrete \nout of Chessology, just as an arithmetical question, one of mis- \ncellaneous concrete examples rendered out of mathematical \nsolutions in symbols of facts to be determined. It means that \nthe construction of the latent meanings of the chesspieces, their \nmovements, squares and all other factors depends upon the \nindividual party\'s state of mind, which Chess endeavors to \nelevate. (See8-8b, p. i7-9;pp. 108-112.) If checkers, a branch of \nChessology, could be fairly interpreted as, and paralleled with, \nthe drill of a battalion or a regiment, Chess rendered severely \nconcrete exhibits the strategic movements of armies. Every \n\n\n\n30 JAPANESE CHESS \n\nchessplayer should not even a minute forget that Chess is \nthe highest abstraction, so that blood-thirsty struggles in \nsavagery, commonly known as wars, occupy in the rigidest eyes \nof Chessology a very small part of Applied Chessologics (s. 8a, \np. i8; s. 3, p. 36, Hux.), while a military game under the name \nof a war-game conducts only the movements of armies, or \nland forces, (s. 5, p. 208.) \n\n4 A highly advanced, refined, scientific training of the \nmind, which Chess nurses even to the highest degree and finish, \nis required in order clearly to see the essence of Chess, especially \nthe movements of the chess-pieces. All other sciences and \nphilosophies, and speculations pay Chess their respective ab- \nstract tributes, essential to the struggles in human affairs. \nChessology is a reservoir of mental power; it gives at first and \nreceives the reward \xe2\x80\x94 so that it is a science of \'to give and take\' \nor vice versa to reach a desired end, HOPE. (s. 7a, p. 73.) \n\n5. The Chinese name for chess is the most beautifully ap- \npropriate one, which will be explained presently. It describes \nalmost exactly the meaning or the principle of Chess. \n\n6. The Mathematic- Astronomical and Astrological (s. 4, p. 108) \nAncient Chinese expressing Chess by this name could exactly \ndivine the scientific truth of nature; it is surely to embody all \nthe abstract elements and essential attributes conceivable of \nknowledge. The Chinese nomenclature, from a chessological \nview point, clearly and wisely depicts both concretely and \nesoterically the general aspect of the most abstract and ma- \njestic of all the departments of knowledge, which is power. \nNow, the term Knowledge in Chinology has been, according to \nthe Ancient Chinese sages, \'^\\,Shin-Jin, idealized, idiographed \nand pictographed as ^, hed) Q, originally, QP, stands for a \nmortar ; 1 , originally ix , or ji* , ;:; or the like indicating some \nsmall things, anything to be put in a mortar, thus, \xc2\xab?,\' \xe2\x80\x94 \npounded, powdered or cleaned ; \xe2\x80\xa2^, \'or originally, \'^, a pestle; \nand ^, originally ^, a man; so that the entire character sug- \ngesting that a man with a pestle pounds or polishes something \nin a mortar. \n\n7. The whole character, standing for Knowledge, is to con- \nvey the meaning that a mere acquisition of Knowledge is not \nenough, but should be pulverized or cleaned and digested for \npractical purposes; that it should be classified or you must \n\n\n\nCHESSOLOGICS 3 1 \n\nsystematically reason, whence $, hed, means Science or Philoso- \nphy. (See s. 4, p. 37 ; s. I , p. 95.) (See the Figures pp. 38-49 and \ndigest.) The way to understand the latent meanings of chessolo- \ngical matters and chessonyms (see ss. 9, 9a, 3, p. 47-8; pp. 70-73) \nis very necessary and the most important, and indispensable \nto get the perfect enjoyment out of Chess. \n\n8. Make yourself divine and digest the principles of Mochi- \nngoma (pp. 86-186). Now, the Chinese call Chess "Chong-Kie" \n^^, \'\' Chong,\'" \xc2\xae, originally, an elephant, secondly symbolized \nto stand for ^, Heaven, or the Universe, as in the case of the \nold Hindus, with whom the L^/^ra-ancient Chinese participated in \nknowledge, thereby the white elephant, the symbol of the Uni- \nverse; then meaning phenomena or the phases of the Universe, \nwhence meaning changes or figures or appearances equivalent \nto the character J^, as seen in the phrases ^J^, "present \nforms" equivalent to ^^, or ]^^ "present forms or figures or \nphases," and as shown by ^^