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RAPID WEALTH. 





Hook of Knowledge 



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NEW YORK: 

HURST & CO., PUBLISHERS, 

75 AND 77 Nassau Stbebt. 





THE 



Book of knowledge 



AND 



Sure Guide to Eapid Wealth. 



A COMPLETE 



Book of Receipts 

AND 

OOMPENDIUM OF VALUABLE INPOEMATION. 

AN INDISPENSABLE HAND-BOOK FOR THE USE OF EVERYBODY; 

THE BEST COLLECTION OF RARE AND HIGHLY 

VALUABLE RECEIPTS EVER PUBLISHED. 



♦ ♦♦ 



NEW YORK: 
HUBST & COMPANY, Publishebs, 

75 AND 77 Nassau Steeet. 



A^^. 



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CONTENTS. 



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PAGE 

SECRETS OP THE LIQUOR TRApE........^^^--— ,••^»•^-•♦%*^--^*^^-• •• "^ 

DRUGGISTS* DEPARTMENT U 

MANUFACTURERS* DEPARTMENT. 20 

THE TOILET— PERFUMERY, &c 34 

HUNTERS* AND TRAPPERS* SECRETS. ^. ...., . 41 

THE FINE ARTS AND SCIENCES 43 

FARMERS' DEPARTMENT 45 

CONFECTIONERS* DEPARTMENT 47 

VALUABLE AND MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS FOR THE HOUSE- 
HOLD AND EVER Y-D AY REQUIREMENTS 60 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by Hurst & Company, in the 
Office of the Eibrarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 



THE' BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE, 

AND 



SECRETS OF THE LIQUOR TRADE. 

Cider Without Apples. — To each gallon of cold water, put 
1 lb. common sugar, i oz. tartaric acid, 1 tablespoonful of yeast, 
shake well, make in the evening, and it will be fit for use next 
day. I make in a keg a few gallons at a time, leaving a few quarts 
to make into next time; not using yeast again until the keg needs 
rinsing. K it gets a little sour make a little more into it, or put 
as much water with it as there is cider, and put it mth the vinegar. 
If it is desired to bottle this cider by manufacturers of small 
drinks, you will proceed as follows : Put in a barrel 5 gallons hot 
water, 30 lbs. brown sugar, f lb. tartaric acid, 25 gallons cold wa- 
ter, 3 pints of hop or brewers' yeast worked into paste with | lb. 
flour, and 1 pint water will be required in making this paste, put 
all together in a barrel, which it will fill, and let it work 24 hours 
— the yeast running out at the bung all the time, by putting in a 
little occasionally to keep it full. Then bottle, putting in 2 or 3 
broken raisins to each bottle, and it will nearly equal Champagne. 

Cider Champagne, No. 1.— Good cider, 20 gallons; spirit, 1 
gallon; honey or sugar, 6 lbs. Mix, and let them rest for a fort- 
night; then fine with skimmed milk, 1 quart. This, put up in 
champagne bottles, silvered and labeled, has often been sold for 
Champagne. It opens very sparkling. 



8 BOOK OF KNOWIiEDGE. 

Cider Champagne^ No. 2. —Good pale vinous cider, 1 hogs- 
head; proof spirit, (pale) 3 gallons; honey or sugar, 14 lbs. Mix, 
and let them remain together in a temperate situation for 1 month; 
then add orange-flower water 1 quart ; and fine it down with 
skimmed milk i a gallon. This will be very pale; and a similar 
article, when bottled in champagne bottles, silvered and labeled, 
has been often sold to the ignorant for Champagne. It opens very 
brisk, if managed properly. 

British Champagne.— Loaf sugar, 56 lbs. ; brown sugar (pale,) 
48 lbs. ; water (warm, ) 45 gallons ; white tartar, 4 ounces. Mix, 
and at a proper temperature add yeast, 1 quart; afterwards add 
sweet cider, 5 gallons; bitter almonds (bruised,) 6 or 7 in number; 
pale spirit, 1 gallon; orris powder, i ounce. 

Cider— To Keep Sweet.— 1st. By putting into the barrel be- 
fore the cider has begun to work about a half pint of whole fresh 
mustard seed tied up in a coarse muslin bag. 2d. By burning a 
little sulphur or sulphur match in the barrel previous to putting 
in the cider. 3d. By the use of f of an ounce of the bi-sulphite 
of lime to the barrel. This article is the preserving powder sold 
at rather a high price by various firms. 

To Neutralize Whiskey to make various Liquors.— To 40 

gallons of whiskey, add 1 ^ lbs. unslacked lime ; J lb. alum, and ^ 
pint spirits of nitre. Stand 24 hours and draw it off. 

Port Wine. — Worked cider, 42 gallons; good port wine, 12 gal- 
lons; good brandy, 3 gallons; pure spirits, 6 gallons. Mix. Elder- 
berries and sloes, and the fruit of the black hawes, make a fine 
purple color for wines, or use burnt sugar. 

Madeira Wine. — To 40 gallons prepared cider, add, i lb. tar- 
taric acid; 4 gallons spirits; 3 lbs. loaf sugar. Let it stand 10 days, 
draw it off carefully; fine it down, and again rack it into another 
cask. 

Sherry Wine. — To 40 gallons prepared cider, add, 2 gallons 
spirits; 3 lbs of raisins; 6 gallons good sherry, and h ounce oil bit- 
ter almonds, (dissolved in alcohol.) Let it stand 10 days, and 
draw it off carefully; fine it down and again rack it into another 
cask. 

Port Wine. — To 40 gallons prepared cider, add, 6 gallons 
good port wine; 10 quarts wild grapes, (clusters;) i lb. bruised 
rhatany root; 3 oz. tincture of kino; 3 lbs loaf sugar; 2 gallons 
spirits. Let this stand ten days ; color if too light, with tincture 
of rhatany, then rack it off and fine it. This should be repeated 
until the color is iDerfect and the liquid clear. 

To correct a bad taste and sourness in Wine.— Put in a 

bag the root of wild horse-radish cut in bits. Let it down in the 
wine, and leave it there two days; take this out, and put another, 
repeating the same till the wine is perfectly restored. Or fill a bag 
with wheat; it wiU have the same effect 



CECrJ3T3 OF TUB LIQUOR TRADE. 9 

To remove Ropiness from Wine. — Add a little catechu or a 
small quantity of tne bruised berries of the mountain ash. 

To restore Flat Wine. — Add four or five pounds of sugar, 
honey, or bruised raisins, to every hundred gallons, and bung 
close. A little spirits may also be added. 

To restore Wine that has turned sour or sharp.— Fill a 

bag with leek-seed, or of leaves or twisters of vine, and put either 
of them to infuse in the cask.^ 

Ginger Wine. — Take one quart of 95 per cent alcohol, and 
put into it one ounce of best ginger root, (bruised and not ground,) 
five grains of capsicum, and one drachm of tartaric acid. Let 
stand one week and filter. Now add one gallon of water, in which 
one pound of crushed sugar has been bofled. Mix when cold. To 
make the color, boil i ounce of cochineal, J ounce of cream tartar, 
i ounce of saleratus, and 5 ounce alum in a pint of water till you 
get a bright red color. 

Brandy. — To 40 gallons of pure or neutral spirits, add 1 pound 
crude tartar, dissolved in 1 gallon hot water; acetic ether, i pint; 
bruised raisins, 6 pounds; tinct. kino, 2 ounces; sugar, 3 pounds; 
color with sugar coloring. Stand 14 days, and draw o& 

French Brandy. — ^Pure spirits, 1 gallon; best French brandy, 
or any kind you wish to imitate, 1 quart; loaf sugar, 2 ounces; 
sweet spirits of nitre, | ounce; a few drops of tincture of catechu, 
or oak bark, to roughen the taste if desired, and color to suit. 

Pale Brandy. — Is made the same as by the above receipt, using 
pale instead of the French, and using only 1 ounce of tincture of 
kino for every five gallons. 

Cognac Brandy. — To every 10 gallons of pure spirits add 2 
quarte New-England Rum, or 1 quart Jamaica Rum, and from 30 
to 40 drops of oil cognac cut in half a pint of alcohol, and color 
with burnt sugar to suit 

British Cognac Brandy.— Clean spirit (17 up), 100 gallons; 
high flavoured cognac, 10 gallons; oil of cassia, 1^ ounces; oil 
of bitter almonds (essential), J ounce; powdered catechu, 10 
ounces; cream of tartar (dissolved), 16 ounces; Beaufoy's concen- 
trated acetic acid, 3 pounds; coloring (sugar), 1 quart or more. 
Put the whole into a fresh emptied brandy piece, and let them 
remain a week, together with occasional agitation, then let them 
stand to settle. 

Brandy Bitters. — Bruised gentian, 8 ounces; orange peel, 5 
ounces; cardamoms, 3 ounces; cassia, 1 ounce; cochineal, 4 ounce; 
spirit, 1 gallon. Digest for one week, then decant the clear, and 
pour on the dregs, water, 5 pints. Digest for one week longer, 
decant, and mix the two tinctures together. 

Gin. — Take 100 gallons of clean, rectified spirits; add, after you 
have killed the oils weU, li ounces of the oil of English juniper, 
i ounce of angelica essence, i ounce of the oil bitter almonds, 



10 BOOK OP KNOWLEDOE. 

^ ounce of the oil of coriander, and h onnce of the oil of caraway; 
put this into the rectified spirit and well rummage it up: this is 
what the rectifiers call strong gin. 

To make this up^ as it is called by the trade, add 45 pounds of 
loaf-sugar, dissolved; then rummage the whole well up together 
with 4 ounces of roche alum. For finings there may be added 
two ounces of salts of tartar. 

Holland Gin, — To 40 gallons of neutral spirits, add, 2 ounces 
spirits nitre; 4 pounds of loaf sugar; 1 ounce oil juniper; g ounce 
oil caraway. The juniper and caraway to be first cut in a quart 
of alcohol; stand 24 hours. 

To reduce Holland (xin.— To 25 gallons pure Holland gin, 
add 25 gallons pure French spirit; i gallon of white sugar syrup; 
mix thoroughly. 

Cordial Oin. — Of the oil of bitter almonds; vitriol, turpentine, 
and juniper, i a drachm each; kill the oils in spirits of wine; 15 
gallons of clean, rectified proof spirits, to which add 1 drachm of 
coriander seeds, 1 drachm of pulverized orris root, J pint of elder- 
flower water, with 10 pounds of sugar and 5 gallons of water or 
liquor. 

English Oin. — Plain malt spirit, 100 gallons; spirits of tur- 
pentine, 1 pint; bay salt 7 pounds. Mix and distil. The differ- 
ence in the flavor of gin is produced by varying the proportion of 
turpentine, andby occasionally adding a small quantify of juniper- 
berries. 

Aromatic Schiedam Schnapps, to imitate.— To 25 gallons 
good common gin, 5 over proof, add 15 pints strained honey; 2 
gallons clear water; 5 pints white-sugar syrup; 5 pints spirit of 
nutmegs mixed with the nitric ether; 5 pinte orange-flower water; 
7 quarts pure water; 1 ounce acetic ether; 8 drops oil of winter- 
green, dissolved with the acetic ether. Mix all the ingredients 
well; if necessary, fine with alum and salt of tartar. 

St. Croix Hum. — ^To 40 gallons p. or n. spirits, add, 2 gallons 
St. Croix Eum; 2 oz. acetic acid; IJ ounce butyric acid; 3 pounds 
loaf sugar. 

Jamaica Hum. — ^To 45 gallons New-England rum, add 5 gal- 
lons Jamaica rum; 2 ounces butyric ether; J ounce oil of caraway, 
cut with alcohol; 95 per cent Color with sugar coloring. 

Jamaica Eum. No, 2.— To 36 gallons pure spirits, add 1 gal- 
lon Jamaica rum; 3 oz. butyric ether; 3 oz. acetic ether; J gallon 
sugar syrup. Mix the ethers and acid with the Jamaica rum, and 
stir it well in the spirit. Color with burnt sugar coloring. 

^Santa-Cruz Rum. — To 50 gallons pure proof spirit, add 5 gal- 
lons Santa-Cruz rum; 5 pounds refined sugar, in i gallon water; 
3 oz. butyric acid; 2 oz. acetic ether. Color if necessary. 

Pine- Apple Rum.— To 50 gallons rum, made by the fruit 



SECEETS OP THE LIQUOR TEADE. It 

method, add 25 pine-apples sliced, and 8 pounds white sugar. Let 
it stand two weeks before drawing off. 

Irish or Scotch Whiskey. — To 40 gallons proof spirits, add 
60 drops of creasote, dissolved in 1 quart of alcohol; 2 oz. acetic 
acid; 1 pound loaf sugar. Stand 48 hours. 

Monongahela Whiskey.— To 40 gallons proof spirits, add 2 
ounces spirits of nitre; 4 pounds dried peaches; 4 pounds N. O. 
sugar; 1 quart rye (burnt and ground like coffee;) 4 pound all- 
spice; J pound cinnamon; 5 pound cloves. Put in the ingredients, 
and after standing 5 days, dmw it off, and strain the same, if ne- 
cessary. 

Batayia Arrack. — To 12 gallons pale rum, add 2 oz. flowers 
of benzion; i ounce balsam of Tolu; 1 ounce sliced pine-apple. 
Digest with occasional agitation for a month; then add i pint raw 
milk agitated well for fifteen minutes, and rack in a week, a fine 
imitation. 

Rum Shrub. — Tartaric acid, 5 pounds; pale sugar 100 pounds; 
oil lemon, 4 drs. ; oil orange 4 drs. ; put them into a large cask (80 
gallons,) and add water, 10 gallons. Eummage till the acid and 
sugar are dissolved, then add rum (proof,) 20 gallons; water to 
make up 55 gallons in all; coloring 1 quart or more. Fine with 
12 eggs. The addition of 12 sliced oranges will improve the 
flavor. 

Bourbon Whiskey. — ^To 100 gallons pure proof spirit, add 4 
ounces pear oil; 2 ounces pelargonif ether; 13 drs. oil of winter- 
green, dissolved in the ether; 1 gallon wine vinegar. Color with 
burnt sugar. 

Strong Beer, English Improred.— Malt, 1 peck; course 
brown sugar, 6 pounds; hops, 4 ounces; good yeast, 1 teacup; if 
you have not malt, take a little over 1 peck of barley, (twice the 
amount of oats will do, but are not as good, ) and put it into an 
oven after the bread is drawn, or into a stove oven, and steam the 
moisture from them. Grind coarsely. Now pour upon the ground 
malt 85 gallons of water at 170 or 172° of heat. The tub in which 
you scald the malt should have a false bottom, 2 or 3 inches from 
the real bottom; the false bottom should be bored full of gimlet 
holes, sa as to act as a strainer, to keep back the malt meal. When 
the water is poured on, stir them well, and let it stand 3 hours, 
and draw off by a faucet; put in 7 gallons more of water at 180 to 
182°; stir it weU, and let it stand 2 hours and draw it off. Then 
put on a gallon or two of cold water, stir it well and draw it off; 
you should have about 5 or 6 gallons. Put the 6 pounds of coarse 
brown sugar in an equal amount of water; mix with the wort, and 
boil I5 to 2 hours with the hops; you should have eight gallons 
when boiled; when cooled to 80° put in the yeast, and let it work 
18 to 20 hours, covered with a sack; use sound iron hooped kegs 
or porter bottles, bung or cork tight, and in two weeks it will be 
good sound beer, and will keep a long time; aad for persons of a 



12 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

weak habit of body, and especially females, 1 glass of this with 
Iheir meals is far better than tea or coffee, or all the ardent spirits 
in the universe. If more malt is used, not exceeding 4 a bushel, 
the beer, of course, would have more spirit, but this strength is 
sufficient for the use of families or invalids. 

Cheap Beer. — Fill a boiler vdth the green shells of peas, pour 
on water till it rises half an inch above the shells, and simmer for 
three hours. Strain off the liquor, and add a strong decoction of 
the wood sage or the hop, so as to render it pleasantly bitter, then 
ferment in the usual manner. The wood sage is the best substitute 
for hops, and being free from any anodyne property is entitled to 
a preference. By boiling a fresh quantity of shells in the decoc- 
tion before it becomes cold, it may be so thoroughly impregnated 
with saccharine matter, as to afford a liquor, when fermented, as 
strong as ale. 

Root Beer, — For 10 gallons beer, take 3 pounds common bur- 
dock root, or 1 ounce essence of sassafras; i pound good hops; 
1 pint com, roasted brown. Boil the whole in 6 gallons pure 
water until the strength of the materials is obtained; strain while 
hot into a keg, adding enough cold water to make 10 gallons. 
When nearly cold, add clean molasses or syrup until palatable, — 
not sickishly sweet. Add also as much fresh yeast as will raise a 
batch of 8 loaves of bread. Place the keg in a cellar or other cool 
place, and in 48 hours you will have a keg of first-rate sparkling 
root beer. 

Boot Beer, No. 2. — For each gallon of water to be used, take 
hops, burdock, yellow dock, sarsaparilla, dandelion, and spikenard 
roots, bruised, of each 5 ounce; boil about 20 minutes, and strain 
while hot, add 8 or 10 drops of oils of spruce and sassafras, mixed 
in equal proportions, when cool enough not to scald your hand, 
put in 2 or 3 table-spoons of yeast; molasses, § of a pint, or white 
sugar, i pound, gives it about the right sweetness. 

Superior Ginger Beer,— Ten pounds of sugar; 9 ounces of 
lemon juice; ^ a pound of honey; 11 ounces of bruised ginger 
root; 9 gallons of water; 3 pints of yeast Boil the ginger half 
an hour in a gallon of water; then add the rest of the water and 
the other -ingredients, and strain it when cold. Add the white of 
an egg, beaten, and | an ounce of essence of lemon. Let it stand 
4 days, then bottle, and it will keep many months. 

Spruce Beer. — Take of the essence of spruce half a pint; 
bruised pimento and ginger, of each four ounces; water, three 
gallons. Boil five or ten minutes, then strain and add 11 gallons 
of warm water, a pint of yeast, and six pints of molasses. Allow 
the mixture to ferment for 24 hours. 

To Cure Ropy Beer.— Put a handful or two of flour, and the 
same quantity of hops, with a little powdered alum, into the beer 
and rummage it well. 



SECEETS OF TH J LI JUOH TKADi:. 13 

To give Beer the appeariince of Age.— Add a few handfuls 
of pickled cucumbers and Seville oranges, both chopped up. This 
is said to make malt liquor appear six months older than it 
really is. 

How to make Mead, — The following is a good receipt for 
Mead: — On twenty pounds of honey pour five gallons of boiling 
water; boil, and remove the scum as it rises; add one ounce of 
best hops, and boil for ten mi antes; then put the liquor into a tub 
to cool; when all but cold add a little yeast spread upon a slice of 
toasted bread; let it stand in a warm room. When fermentation 
is set up, put the mixture into a cask, and fill up from time to 
time as the yeast runs out of the bunghole; when the fermentation 
is finished, bung it down, leaving a peg-hole which can afterwards 
be closed, and in less than a year it will be fit to bottle. 

Stomach Bitters, equal to Hostetter's, for one-fourth its 
cost. — ^European Gentian root, I5 ounce; omnge peel 2k ounces; 
cinnamon, i ounce; anise seed, i ourtce; coriander seed, i ounce; 
cardamon seed, § ounce; unground Peruvian bark, i ounce; gum 
kino, i ounce; bruise aU these articles, and put them into the best 
alcohol, 1 pint; let it stand a week and pour off the clear tincture; 
then boil the dregs a few minutes in 1 quart of water, strain, and 
press out all the strength; now dissolve loaf sugar, 1 pound, in 
the hot liquid, adding 3 quarts cold water, and mix with spirit 
tincture first poured off, or you can add these, and let it stand on 
the dregs if preferred. 

Soda Syrup, with or without Fountains.— Th 3 common or 
more watery syrups are made by using loaf or crushed sugar, 8 
pounds; pure water, 1 gallon; gum arable, 2 ounces; mix in a brass 
or copper kettle; boil until the gum is dissolved, then skim and 
strain through whit« flannel, after which add tartaric acid, 5 2 oz., 
dissolved in hot water; to flavor, use extract of lemon, orange, 
rose, pine-apple, peach, sarsaparilla, strawberry, &c., ^ ounce to 
each bottle, or to your taste. 

Bead for Liquor. — The best bead is the orange-flower water 
bead, (oil of neroli, ) 1 drop to each gallon of brandy. Another 
method: — To every 40 drops of sulphuric acid, add 60 drops 
purest sweet oil in a glass vessel; use immediately. This quantity 
is generally sufficient for 10 gallons spirit Another. — Take 1 
ounce of the purest oil sweet almonds; 1 ounce of sulphuric acid; 
put them in a stone mortar, add, by degrees, 2 ounces white lump 
sugar, rubbing it well with the pestle till it becomes a paste; then 
add small quantities of spirits of wine till it comes into a liquid. 
This quantity is sufficient for 100 gallons. The first is strongly 
recommended as the best. 

Coloring for Liquor s, — Take 2 pounds crushed or lump sug- 
ar, put it into a kettle that will hold 4 to 6 quarts, with i tumbler 
of water. Boil it until it is blacky then take it off and cool with 
water, stirring it as you put in the water. 



14 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Wax Putty for Leaky Casks., Bungs, etc.— Spirits turpen- 
iine, 2 pounds; tallow, 4 pounds; solid tuxpentine, 12 pounds. 
Melt the wax and solid turpentine together over a slow fire, then 
add the tallow. When melted, remove far from the fire, then stir 
ihs spirits turpentine, and let it cooL 

Cement for the Mouths of Corked Bottles.— Melt together 
4 of a pound of rosin, a couplo of ounces of beeswax. When it 
froths stir it with a tallow candle. As soon as it melts, dip the 
mouths of the corked bottles into it. This is an excellent thing 
tD exclude the air from such things as are injured by being ex- 
posed to it. 



DRUGGISTS' DEPARTMENT. 

Arnica Liniment — Add to one pint of sweet oil, two table- 
spoonfuls of tincture of arnica; or the leaves may be heated in the 
oil over a slow fire. Good for wounds, stiff joints, rheumatic, and 
all injuries. 

Ayer's Cherry Pectoral. — Take for grains of acetate of 
morphia, 2 fluid drachms of tincture of bloodroot, 7 fluid drachms 
each of antimonial wine and wine of ipecacuanha, and 3 fluid 
ounces of syrup of wild cherry. Mix. 

Balm Grilead. — Balm-gilead buds, bottled up in new rum, are 
very healing to fresh cuts or wounds. No family should be with- 
out a bottle. 

Blackberry Cordial. — To one quart of blackberry juice, add 
one pound of white sugar, one tablespoonful of cloves, one of all- 
spice, one of cinnamon, and one of nutmeg. Boil all together 
fifteen minutes ; add a wineglass of whiskey, brandy, or rum. 
Bottle while hot, cork tight, and seal This is almost a specific in 
diarrhea. One dose, which is a wineglassful for an adult — half 
that quantity for a child — ^will often cure diarrhea. It can be taken 
three or four times a day if the case is severe. 

Brandreth's Pills. — Take two pounds of aloes, one pound of 
gamboge, four ounces of extract of colocynth, half a pound of 
castile soap, two fluid drachms of oil of peppermint, and one fluid 
drachm of cinnamon. Mix, and form into pills. 

Brown's Bronchial Troches.— Take one pound of pul- 
verized extract of licorice, one and a half pounds of pulverized 
sugar, four ounces of pulverized cubebs, four ounces of pulverized 
gum arable, and one ounce of pulverized extract of conium. Mix. 

Bryan's Pulmonic Wafers for Coughs, Colds, «fec.— Take 
white sugar, seven pounds ; tincture of syrup of ipecac, four 
ounces ; antimonial wine, two ounces; morphine, ten grains; dis- 



druggists' depabtment. 15 

solved in a tablespoonful of water, with ten or fifteen drops sul- 
phiiric acid; tincture of bloodroot, one ounce; syrup of tolu, two 
ounces; add these to the sugar, and mix the whole mass as con- 
fectioners do for lozenges, and cut into lozenges the ordinary size. 
Use from six to twelve of these in twenty-four hours. They sell 
at a great profit 

Candied Lemon or Pepermint, for Colds.— Boil one and a 
half pounds of sugar in a half pint of water, tiU it begins to candy 
round the sides; put in eight drops of essence; pour it upon but- 
tered paper, and cut it with a knife. 

Camphor Balls, for rubbing on the hands, to prevent chaps, 
&c. M^lt three drachms of spermaceti, four drams of white wax, 
and one ounce of almond oil; stir in three drachms of powdered 
camphor. Pour the compound into small gallipots, so as to form 
small hemispherical cakes. They may be colored with alkanet, 
if preferred. 

Camphorated Oil. — This is another camphor liniment. The 
proportions are the same as in the preceding formula, substitut- 
ing olive oil for the alcohol, and exposing the meterials to a mod- 
erate heat. As an external stimulant application it is even more 
powerful than the spirits; and to obtain its full influence the part 
treated should be also covered with flannel and oil silk. It forms 
a valuable liniment in chronic rheumatism and other painful af- 
fections, and is specially valuable as a counter-irritant in sore or 
inflamed throats and diseased bowels. Camphor constitutes the 
basis of a large number of valuable liniments. Thus, in cases of 
whooping-cough and scTme chronic bronchitic affections, the fol- 
lowing liniment may be advantageously rubbed into the chest and 
along the spine. Spirits of camphor, two parts; laudanum, half 
a part; spirits of turpentine, one part; castile soap in powder, 
finely divided, half an ounce; alcohol, 3 parts. Digest the whole 
together for three days, and strain through linen. This liniment 
should be gently warmed before using. A powerful liniment for 
old rheumatic pains, especially when affecting the loins, is the 
following: camphorated oil and spirits of turpentine, of each two 
parts; water of hartshorn, one part; laudanum, one part; to be 
v>rell shaken together. Another very efficient liniment or embro- 
cation, serviceable in chronic painful affections, may be conven- 
iently and easily made as follows: Take of camphor, one ounce; 
cayenne pepper, in powder, two teaspoonfuls; alcohol, one pint. 
The whole to be digested with moderate heat for ten days, and 
filtered. It is an active rubificant; and after a slight friction with 
it, it produces a grateful thrilling sensation of heat in the pained 
part, which is rapidly relieved. 

Camphor Tablet for Chapped Hands, etc.— Melt tallow, and 
add a little powdered camphor and glycerine, with a few drops of 
oil of almonds to scent Pour in molds and cool. 

Camphorated Eye-Water.— Sulphate of copper, 15 grains; 



16 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

French bole, 15 grains; camphor, 4 grains ; boiling water, 4oz. 
Infuse, strain, and dilute with 2 quarts of cold water. 

CankervCure. — Take one large teaspoonful of water, two tea- 
spoonfuls of honey, two of loaf sugar, three of powdered sage, 
two of powdered gold-thread, and one of alum. Stir up all to- 
gether; put into a vessel, and let it simmer moderately over a 
steady fire. An oven is better. Then bottle for use. Give a tea- 
spoonful occasionally through the day. 

Cephalic Snuff. — Dried asarbacca leaves, three parts; marjo- 
ram, one part, lavender flowers, one part; rub together to a 
powder. 

Certain Cure for Eruptions, Pimples, &c.— Having in num- 
berless instances seen the good effects of the following prescrip- 
tion, I can certify to its perfect remedy: Dilute corrosive subli- 
mate with the oil of almonds, apply it to the face occasionally, 
and in a few days a cure will be effected. 

Certain Cure for Headache and all Neuralgic Pains.— 

Opodeldoc, spirits of wine, sal ammoniac, equal parts. To be 
applied as any other lotion. 

Chamomile Pills. — Aloes, twelve grains; extract chamomile, 
thirty-six grains; oil of chamomile, three drops; make into twelve 
pills; two every night, or twice a day. 

Chlorine Pastiles for Desinfecting the Breath.— Dry chlo- 
ride of lime, two drachms ; sugar, eight ounces ; starch, one ounce ; 
g'lm tragacanth, one drachm; carmine, two grains. Form into 
small lozenges. 

2. Sugar flavored with vanilla, 1 ounce; powdered tragacanth, 
20 grains; liquid chloride of soda sufficient to mix; add two drops 
of any essential oil. Form a paste and divide into lozenges of 15 
grains each. 

Cholera Morbus. — Take two ounces of the leaves of the bene 
plant, put them in half a pint of cold water, and let them soak 
an hour. Give two tablespoonfals hourly, until relief is expe- 
rienced. 

Cholera Remedy. — Spirits of wine, one ounce; spirits of la- 
vender, quarter ounce; spirits of camphor, quarter ounce; com- 
pound tincture of benzoin, half an ounce; oil of origanum, quar- 
ter ounce ; twenty drops on moist sugar. To be rubbed outwardly 
also. 

2. Twenty-five minims of diluted sulphuric acid in an ounce 
of water. 

Corn Remedy. — Soak a piece of copper in strong vinegar for 
twelve or twenty-four hours. Pour the liquid off, and bottle. 
Apply frequently, till the corn is removed. 

2. Supercarbonate of soda, one ounce, finely pulverized, and 
mixed with half an ounce of lard. Apply on a linen rag every 
night. 



DKUGGISTS' DEPAETMENT. 17 

Cou^h Compound. — For the cure of coughs, colds, asthma, 
whooping cough, and all diseases of the lungs : One spoonful of 
common tar, three spoonfuls of honey, the yolk of three hen's 
eggs, and half a pint of wine; beat the tar, eggs and honey well 
together with a knife, and bottle for use. A teaspoonful every 
morning, noon, and night, before eating. 

Cough Lozenges. — Powdered lactucarium, two drachms; ex- 
tract of licorice root, twelve drachms; powdered squills, fifteen 
grains; refined sugar, six ounces; mucilage of tragacanth sufficient 
to mix. Make into two hundred and forty equal lozenges. 

Cougll Mixture. — Four drachms paregoric, with two drachms 
of sulphuric ether, and two drachms tincture of tolu. Dose, a 
teaspoonful in warm water. 

Cough Syrup. — ^Put one quart hoarhound to one quart water, 
and boil it down to a pint; add two or three sticks of licorice and 
a tablespoonful of essence of lemon. Take a tablespoonful of llic 
syrup three times a day, or as often as the cough may be troublo- 
some. The above receipt has been sold for $ 100. Several firms 
are making much money by its manufacture. 

Cure for Diarrhea. — The following is said to be an excellent 
cure for the above distressing complaint : Laudanum, two oun- 
ces; spirits of camphor, two ounces; essence of peppermint, two 
ounces; Hoffman's anodyne, two ounces; tincture of cayenne 
pepper, two drachms ; tincture of ginger, one ounce. Mix all to- 
gether. Dose, a teaspoonful in a little water, or a half teaspoon- 
ful repeated in an hour afterward in a tablespoonful of brandy. 
This preparation, it is said, will check diarrhea in ten minutes, 
and abate other premonitory symptoms of cholera immediately. 
In cases of cholera, it has been used with great success to restore 
reaction by outward application. - 

Digestire Pills, — Rhubarb, two ounces; ipecacuanha, half an 
ounce; cayenne pepper, quarter of an ounce; soap, half an ounce; 
ginger, quarter of an ounce; gamboge, half an ounce. Mix, and 
divide into four grain pills. 

Dinner Pills. — Aloes, twenty grains; ginger, half a drachm; 
add syrup sufficient to mix. Divide into twenty pills. One to be 
taken daily, before dinner. 

Disease of the Bowels. — Take equal parts of syrup of rhu- 
barb, paregoric, and spirits of camphor; mix together. For an 
adult, one teaspoonful. If necessary, it may be repeated in two 
or three hours. 

Dried Herbs. — ^All herbs which are to be dried should bo 
washed, separated, and carefully picked over, then spread on a 
coarse paper and keep in a room until perfectly dry. Those which 
are intended for cooking should be stripped from the stems and 
rubbed very fine. Then put them in bottles and cork tightly. 
Put those which are intended for medicinal purposes into paper 
bags, and keep them in a dry place. 



18 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Dysentery. — In diseases of this kind, the Indians use the roots 
and leaves of the blackberry bush — a decoction of which in hot 
water, well boiled down, is taken in doses, of a gill before each 
meal, and before retiring to bed. It is an almost infallible cure. 

Dysentery Specific, (particularly for bloody dysentery in 
Adults and Children. ) — Take one pound gum arabic, one ource 
gum tragacanth, dissolved in two quarts of soft water, and strained. 
Then take one pound of cloves, half a pound of cinnamon, half 
a pound allspice, and boil in two quarts of soft water, and strain. 
Add it to the gums, and boil all together over a moderate fire, and 
stir into it two pounds of loaf sugar. Strain the whole again when 
you take it off, and when it is cool, add to it half a pint sweet 
tincture rhubarb, and a pint and a half of best brandy. Cork it 
light in bottles, as the gums will sour, if exposed. If corked pro- 
perly it will keep for years. 

Anti-Bilious Pills. — Compound extract of colocynth, 60 
pjrains; rhubarb, 30 grains; soap, 10 grains. Make into 24 pills. 
Dose, 2 to 4. 

2. Compound extract of colocynth, 2 drachms; extract of rhu- 
barb, half a drachm; soap, 10 grains. Mix, and divide into 40 
pills. Dose, 1, 2, or 3. 

3. Scammony, 10 to 15 grains; compound extract of colocyntli, 
2 scruples; extract of rhubarb, half a drachm; soap, 10 grains; 
oil of caraway, 5 drops. Make into 20 pills. Dose, 1 or 2, as 
required. 

Great Pain Extractor, — Spirits of ammonia, one ounce; 
laudanum, one ounce; oil of organum, one ounce; mutton tallow, 
half-pound; combine the articles with the tallow when it is nearly 
cool. 

(xodfrey's Cordial. — Sassafras, six ounces; seeds of coriander, 
caraway, and anise, of each one ounce; infuse in six pints of 
water; simmer the mixture till reduced to four pints; then add 
vAx pounds of molasses; boil a few minutes; when cold, add three 
fluid ounces of tincture of opium. For children teething. 

Hooper's Female Pills. — Sulphate of iron, eight ounces; wa- 
ter, eight ounces; dissolve, and add Barbadoes aloes, forty 
ounces, myrrh, two ounces; make twenty pills. Dose, two to six.- 

Hydrophobia, to Prevent.— Elecampane, one drachm; chalk, 
four drachms; Armenian bole, three drachms; alum, ten grains; 
oil of anise-seed, five drops. 

Infant's Syrup. — The syrup is made thus rone pound best box 
raisins, half an ounce of anise-seed, two sticks licorice ; split the 
raisins, pound the anice-seed, and cut the licorice fine ; add to it 
three quarts of rain water, and boil down to two quarts. Feed 
three or four times a day, as much as the child will willingly 
drink. The raisins are to strengthen, the anise is to expel the 
wind, and the licorice as a physic. 



DRUGGISTS* DEPARTMENT, 19 

Basilicon Ointment. — Good resin, five parts; lard, eight parts; 
yellow wax, two parts. Melt, and stir together till cool. 

Cancer Ointment. — White arsenic, sulphur, powdered flowers 
of lesser spearwort, and stinking chamomile, levigated together 
and formed into a paste with white of egg. 

Elder Flower Ointment. — Lard, twenty-five pounds; prepared 
mutton suet, five pounds; melt in an earthern vessel; add elder 
flower water, three gallons. Agitate for half an hour, and set it 
aside ; the next day gently pour off the water, remelt the ointment, 
add benzoic acid three drachms; otto of roses, twenty drops; 
essence of bergamot and oil of rosemary, of each, thirty drops; 
again agitate well, let it settle for a few minutes, and pour off the 
clear into pots. 

Eruption Ointment, for Frosted Feet, &c.— Chrome yellow 
and hog's lard. 

Foot Ointment (for all domestic animals. ) — ^Equal parts of tar, 
lard and resin, melted together. 

Golden Ointment. — Orpiment, mixed with lard to the consis- 
tence of an ointment. 

Pile Ointment. — Powdered nutgall, two drachms; camphor, 
one drachm; melted wax, one ounce; tincture of opium, two 
drachms. Mix. 

Ointment. — Take equal parts of yeUow root or gold thread 
and common elder bark, and simmer them in hog's lard. No 
family should be without this ointment. It is good for chapped 
hands, chilblains, burns, scalds, sore nipples and lips. 

Swaim's Vermifuge. — Wormseed, two ounces; valerian, rhji- 
barb, pink-root, white agaric, of each, one and a half ounces; 
boil in sufficient water to yield three quarts of decoction, and add 
to it thirty drops of oil of tansy, and forty-five drops of oil of 
cloves, dissolved in a quart of rectified spirits. Dose, one tea- 
spoonful at night. 

For Tetter, Ringworm and Scald Head.— One pound simple 
cerate; sulphuric acid, one quarter of a pound; mix together, and 
ready for use. 

Tincture for Wounds. — Digest flowers of St. Johnswart, one 
handful, in half a pint of rectified spirits, then express the liquor 
and dissolve in it myrrh, ak>es and dragon's blood, of each one 
drachm, with Canada balsam, half an ounce. 

Tonic. — The following is the tonic used by reformed drunkards 
to restore the vigor of the stomach. Take of gentian root, half 
an ounce; valerian root, one drachm; best rhubarb root, two 
drachms; bitter orange peel, three drachms; cardamom seeds, 
half an ounce, and cinnamon bark, one drachm. Having bruised 
all the above together in a mortar (the druggist will do it if request- 
ed), pour upon it one and a half pints of boiling water and cover up 



20 BOOK OP KNOWIiEDGE. 

close; Ijt it stand till cold; strain, bottle and cork securely; keep 
in a dark place. Two tablespoonfuls may be taken every hour 
before meals, and half that quantity whenever the patient feels 
that distressing sickness and prostration so generelly present for 
some time after alcoholic stimulants have been abandoned. 

Whooping Cougk. — Mix a quarter of a pound of ground ele- 
campane root in half a i3int of strained honey and half a pint of 
water. Put them in a glazed earthen pot, and place it in a stone 
oven, with half the heat required to bake bread. Let it bake un- 
til about the consistency of strained honey, and take it out. Ad- 
minister in doses of a teaspoonful before each meal, to a child; if 
an adult, double the dose. 

Wild Cherry Bitters. — Boil a pound of wild cherry bark in a 
quart of water till reduced to a pint. Sweeten and add a little 
rum to preserve, or, if to be used immediately, omit the rum. 
Dose, a wineglassful three times a day, on an empty stomach. 

A Certain Cure for Drunkenness. — Sulphate of iron, 5 grains 
magnesia, 10 grains; peppermint water, 11 drachms; spirits of 
nutmeg, 1 drachm; twice a day. This preparation acts as a tonic 
and stimulant, and so partially supplies the place of the accus- 
tomed liquor, and prevents that absolute physical and moral 
prostration that follows a sudden breaking off from the use of 
stimulating drinks. 



MANUFACTURERS' DEPARTMENT. 

Indelible Ink for Marking" Clothing.— Nitrate of silver, 
five scruples ; gum arable, two drachms ; sap green, one scruple ; 
distilled water, one ounce ; mix together. Before writing on the 
article to be marked, apply a little of the following : carbonate of 
soda, one-half ounce ; distilled water, four ounces ; let this last, 
which is the mordant, get dry ; then, with a quill pen, write what 
you require. 

Imitation Gold. — 16 parts platina ; 7 parts copper ; 1 part zinc. 
Put in a covered crucible, with powdered charcoal, and melt to- 
gether till the whole forms one mass, and are thoroughly incorpo- 
rated together. Or, take 4 oz. platina, 3 oz. silver, 1 oz. copper. 

Imitation Silver. — 11 oz. refined nickel ; 2 oz. metalic bis- 
muth. Melt the compositions together three times, and pour 
them out in ley. The third time, when melting, add 2 oz. pi:re 
silver. Or take J oz. copper, 1 oz. bismuth, 2 oz. saltpetre, 2 oz. 
common salt, 1 oz. arsenic, 1 oz. potash, 2 oz. brass, and 3 oz. 
pure silver. Melt all together in a crucible. 

Recipe for Making Artificial Honey.— To 10 lbs. sugar add 



^ 



manufacturers' department. 21 

3 lbs. water, 40 grains cream tartar, 10 drops essence peppermint, 
and 3 lbs. strained honey. First dissolve the sugar in water and 
take off the scum ; then dissolve the cream of tartar in a little 
warm water, which you will add with some little stirring ; then 
add the honey ; heat to a boiling point, and stir for a few minutes. 

Vinegar, — Take forty gallons of soft water, six quarts of cheap 
molasses, and six pounds of acetic acid ; put them into a barrel 
(an old vinegar barrel is best), and let them stand from three to 
ten weeks, stirring occasionally. Add a little '* mother " of old 
vinegar if convenient. Age improves it. 

Soft Soap. — Dissolve fifteen pounds of common cheap hard 
soap in fifteen gallons of hot water, and let it cool. Then dissolve 
fifteen pounds of sal soda in fifteen gallons of hot water ; add six 
pounds of unslaked lime, and boil twenty minutes. Let it cool 
and settle, and then pour off the clear liquor very carefully and 
mix it with the soap solution. It improves it very much to add 
one quart of alcohol after mixing the two solutions. Smaller 
quantities can be made in the same proportions. If too strong, 
add water to suit. 

Babbit's Premium Soap. — 5 gals, strong ley ; 5 gals, water ; 5 
lbs. tallow; 1 lb. potash; 2 lbs. sal soda; i lb. rosin; 1 pt. salt; 1 
pt. washing fluid. Let the water boil ; then put in the articles, 
and boil half an hour. Stir it well while boiling, and then run 
into moulds. It will be ready for use as soon as cold. The above 
preparations are for 100 pounds of soap. 

Imitation of the Ruby. — Strass, eighty parts ; oxide of man- 
ganese, two parts ; mix and fuse same as topaz. 

Imitation Emerald. — Strass, five hundred parts ; glass of an- 
timony, twenty parts ; oxide of cobalt, three parts ; fuse with care 
for twenty-four hours, then cool slowly. 

Imitation Sapphire. — Oxide of cobalt, one part ; strass, eighty 
parts. Fuse carefully for thirty-six hours. 

Paste Resembling the Diamond. — Take white sand, nine 
hundred parts ; red lead, six hundred parts ; pearl-ash, four hun- 
dred and fifty parts ; nitre, three hundred parts ; arsenic, fifty 
parts ; manganese, half a part. To make it harder, use less lead, 
and if it should have a yellow tint, add a little more manganese. 

Imitation Topaz. — Strass, five hundred parts ; glass of anti- 
mony, twenty-one j)arts ; purple of cassius, haU a part ; fuse for 
twenty-four hours, and cool slowly. 

Celebrated Recipe for Silver Wash.— One ounce of nitric 
acid, one ten-cent piece, and on ounce of ^uick-silver. Put in an 
open glass vessel, and let it stand until dissolved ; then add one 
pint of water, and it is ready for use. Make it into a powder by 
adding whiting, and it may be used on brass, copper, German sil- 
ver, etc. 

Cement for Aquaria. — Many persons have attempted to make 



22 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

aquarium, but have failed on account of the extreme difficulty in 
making the tank resist the action of water for any length of time. 
Below is a recipe for a cement that can be relied upon ; it is per- 
fectly free from anything that injures the animals or plants ; it 
sticks to glass, metal, wood, stone, etc. , and hardens under water. 
A hundred different experiments with cements have been tried, 
but there is nothing like it. It is the same as that used in con- 
structing the tanks of the Zoological Gardens, London, and is al- 
most unknown in this country. One part, by measure, say a gill, 
of litharge ; one gill of plaster of Paris ; one gill of diy, white 
sand ; one-third of a gill of finely-powdered resin. Sift and keep 
corked tight until required for use, when it is to be made into a 
putty by mixing in boiled oil (linseed) with a little patent drj^er 
added. Never use it after it has been mixed (that is, with the oil) 
over fifteen hours. This cement can be used for marine as well 
as fresh water aquaria, as it resists the action of salt water. The 
tank can be used immediately, but it is best to give it three or 
four hours to dry. 

Cement for Attaching Metal to Glass.— Take two ounces of 
a thick solution of glue, and mix it with one ounce of linseed-oil 
varnish, and half an ounce of pure turpentine ; the whole are then 
boiled together in a close vessel. The two bodies should bo 
clamped and held together for about two days after they are unit- 
ed, to allow the cement to become dry* The clamps may then be 
removed. 

Cement for Mending Broken China* — Stir plaster of Paris 
into a thick solution of gum arable, till it becomes a viscous paste. 
Apply it with a brush to the fractured edges, and draw the parts 
closely together. 

Cement for Mending Steam Boilers.— Mix two parts of finely 
powdered litharge with one part of very fine sand, and one part of 
quicklime which has been allowed to slack spontaneously by ex- 
posure to the air. This mixture may be kept for any length of 
time without injury. In using it a portion is mixed into paste with 
linseed oil, or, still better, boiled linseed oil. In this state it 
must be quickly applied, as it soon becomes hard. 

Cheap OalViinic Battery.— Take a cylindrical vessel, and put 
another of porous porcelain inside of it ; fill the vessel with di- 
luted sulphuric acid, and the space between the two with sulphate 
of copper (if you require to plate the article with copper) ; if not, 
a solution of the salt of gold, silver, &c. , according to that which 
you wish it to be ; put a slip of zinc in the sulphuric acid, and 
attach a copper wire to it, and the other end to the metal or other 
article you wish to plate, and immerse that in the other solution. 
Your battery is now complete. If you want the copper to be very 
thick, you must put a few solid crystals of copper in the solution ; 
where you do not want it to come in contact, you must touch it 
with a little grease ; if you want to take the copper off the article, 
you must do it over with a slight varnish. 



MANUFACTUEEES' DEPARTMENT. 23 

Cheap White House Paint. — Take skim milk, two quarts, 
eight ounces fresh slaked lime, six ounces linseed oil ; two ounces 
white Burgundy pitch, three pounds Spanish white. Slake the 
lime in water, expose it to the air, and mix in about one-quarter 
of the milk ; the oil, in which the pitch is previously dissolved, 
to be added, a little at the time ; then the rest of the milk, and 
afterwards the Spanish white. This quantity is sufficient for 
thirty square yards, two coats, and costs but a few cents. If the 
other colors are wanted, use, instead of Spanish white, other col- 
oring matter. 

Composition for House-Roofs. — Take one measure of fine 
sand, two of sifted wood-ashes, and three of lime, ground up 
with oil. Mix thoroughly, and lay on with a painter's brush, 
first a thin coat and then a thick one. This composition is not 
only cheap, but it strongly resists fixe. 

Diamond Cement. — Isinglass, one ounce; distilled vinegar, 
five and a half ounces; spirits of wine, two ounces; gum ammo- 
niacum, half an ounce; gum mastic, half an ounce. Mix well. 

French Polish. To one pint of spirits of wine, add a quar- 
ter of an ounce of gum copal, quarter of an ounce of gum arable, 
and one ounce of shellac. Let the gums be well bruised, and 
sifted through a piece of musliiL Put the spirits and the gums 
together in a vessel that can be closely corked; place them near a 
warm stove, and frequently shake them; in two or three days they 
will be dissolved; strain the mixture through a piece of muslin, 
and keep it tightly corked for use. 

Furniture Oil for Polishing and Straining Mahogany. — 

.Take of linseed oil, one gallon ; alkanet root, three ounces ; rose 
pink, one ounce. Boil them together ten minutes, and strain so 
that the oil be quite clear. The furniture should be well rubbed 
with it every day until the polish is brought up, which will be 
more durable than any other. 

Furniture Polish. — Take equal parts of sweet oil and vinegar, 
mix, add a pint of gum arable, finely powdered. This will make 
furniture look almost as good as new, and can be easily applied, 
as it requires no rubbing. The bottle should be shaken, and the 
polish poured on a rag and applied to the furniture. 

Olue for ready Use. — To any quantity of glue use common 
whiskey instead of water. Put both together in a bottle, cork 
tight, and set it away for three or four days, when it will be fit 
for use without the application of heat. 

A Quart of Inli, for a Dime.— Buy extract of logwood, which 
may be had at three cents an ounce, or cheaper by the quantity. 
Buy also, for three cents, anounce of hi-chromate of potash. Do not 
make a mistake, and get the simple chromate of potash. The 
former is orange red, and the latter clear yellow. Now, take half 
an ounce of extract of logwood and ten grains of bi-chromate of 
potash, and dissolve them in a quart of hot rain water. When. 



24 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

cold, pour it into a glass bottle, and leave it uncorked for a week 
or two. Exposure to the air is indispensable. The ink is then 
made, and has cost five to ten minutes' labor, and about three 
cents, besides the bottle. The ink is at first an intense steel blue, 
but becomes quite black. 

An Excellent Substitute for Ink. — Put a couple of iron 
nails into a teaspoonful of vinegar. In half an hour pour in a 
tablespoonful of strong tea, and then you will have ink enough 
for a while. 

Ink, First-Rate Black. — Take twelve pounds of bruised galls, 
five pounds of gum Senegal, five pounds of green sulphate of 
iron, and twelve gallons of rain water. Boil the galls with nine 
gallons of water for three hours, adding fresh water to replace 
what is lost by evaporation. Let the decoction settle, and draw 
off the clear liquor; add to it a strained solution of the gum; dis- 
solve also the sulphate of iron separately, and mix the whole. 

Another. — Galls, three pounds; Sulphate of iron, one pound; 
logwood, half a pound; gum, half a pound; ale, four gallons. 
Let it stand in loosely corked bottles in a warm place for a week 
or two, shaking it daily. 

Ink, Blue. — Chinese blue, three ounces; oxalic acid, (pure,) 
three-quarters of an ounce; gum arable, powdered, one ounce; 
distilled water, six pints. Mix. 

Ink, Blue, Easily Made. — The soluble indigo of commerce 
makes a good blue ink w^hen slightly diluted with hot water. It 
is incorrosive for steel pens, and flows freely. 

Ink, Cheap Black. — Extract of logwood, two ounces; sul- 
phate of potash, quarter of an ounce ; boiling water, one gallon. 
Mix. This is an excellent ink, and can be made at a cost not ex- 
ceeding fifteen cents a gallon. 

Ink« Cheap Printing'. — Take equal parts of lampblack and 
oil; mix and keep on the fire till reduced to the right consistency. 
This is a good ink for common purposes, and is very cheap. We 
have used it extensively ourselves. 

Ink, Copying. — Dissolve half an ounce of gum and twenty 
grains of Spanish licorice in thirteen drachms of water, and add 
one drachm of lamp-black, previously mixed with a teaspoonful 
of sherry. 

Another. — Common black ink, three parts; sugar candy, one 
part. 

Ink, Indelible. — To four drachms of lunar caustic, in four 
ounces of water, add 60 drops of nutgalls, made strong by being 
pulverized and steeped in soft water. The mordant, which is to 
be applied to the cloth before writing, is composed of one ounce 
of pearlash, dissolved in four ounces of water, with a little 



MANUFACTUEEBS' DEPARTMENT. 25 

gum arable dissolved in it. Wet the spot with this; dry and iron 
the cloth; then write. 

2. Nitrate of silver, five scmples; gum araoic, two drachms; 
sap green, one scruple ; distilled water one ounce. Mix together. 
Before writing on the article to be marked, apply a little of the 
following: carbonate of soda, half an ounce; distilled water, four 
ounces; let this last, which is the mordant, get dry; then with a 
quill, write what you require. 

Ink, Indelible Marking. — One and a half drachms of nitrate 
of silver, one ounce of distilled water, half an ounce of strong 
mucilage of gum arable, three-quarters of a drachm of liquid 
ammonia. Mix the above in a clean glass bottle, cork tightly, 
and keep in a dark place till dissolved, and ever afterwarcfe. 
Directions for use: Shake the bottle, then dip a clean quill pen in 
the ink, and write or draw what you require on the article ; im- 
mediately hold it close to the fire (without scorching, ) or pass a 
hot iron over it, and it will become a deep and indelible black, 
indestructible by either time or acids of any description. 

Ink, Indestructible, — On many occasions it is of importance 
to employ an ink indestructible by any process, that will not 
equally destroy the material on which it is applied. For black 
ink, twenty-five grains of copal, -in powder, are to be dissolved in 
two hundred grains of oil of lavender, by the assistance of a 
gentle heat, and are then to be mixed with two and a half grains of 
lamp-black and half a grain of indigo. This ink is particularly 
useful for labelling phials, &c., containing chemical substances 
of a corrosive nature. 

Ink for Marking" Linnen with Type-— Dissolve one part of 
asphaltum in four parts of oil of turpentine, and lamp-black or 
black-lead, in fine powder, in sufficient quantity to render of 
proper consistency to print with type. 

Ink Powder for Immediate Use, — Reduce to powder ten 
ounces of gall-nuts, three ounces of green copperas, two ounces 
each of powdered alum and gum arable. Put a little of this mix- 
ture into white wine, and it will be fit for immediate use. 

Ink Stains. — The moment the ink is spilled, take a little milk, 
and saturate the stain, soak it up with a rag, and apply a little 
more milk, rubbing it well in. In a few minutes the ink will be 
completely removed. 

Red Ink. — Take of the raspings of Brazil wood, quarter of a 
pound, and infuse them two or three days in colorless vinegar. 
Boil the Infusion one hour and a half over a gentle fire, and after- 
ward filter it while hot, through paper laid in an earthenware cul- 
lender. Put it again over the fire, and dissolve in it first half an 
ounce of gum arable, and afterward of alum and white sugar 
each half an ounce. Care should be taken that the Brazil wood 
be not adulterated with the Brazlletto or Campeachy wood. 



26 BOOK OE KNOWLEDGE. 

Resin-oil Ink. — Melt together thirteen ounces of resin, one 
pound of resin-oil, and one and a half ounces of soft soap. When 
cold, add lamp-black. 

Range's Black Writing Fluid. — Boil twenty-two pounds of 
logwood in enough water to yield fourteen gallons of decoction. 
To each one thousand parts add one part of yellow chromate of 
potash. Stir the mixture. 

Sympatlietic Invisible Ink. — Sulphuric acid, one part; water, 
ten parts; mix together and write with a quill pen, which writing 
can be read only after heating it. 

Sympathetic or Secret Inks.— Mix equal quantities of sul- 
phate of copper and sal ammoniac, and dissolve in water. Writ- 
ing done with this ink is invisible until the paper is heated, when 
it turns a yellow color. Lemon juice, milk, juice of onions^ and 
some other liquids become black when the writing is held to the 
fire. 

Transfer Ink. — Mastic in tears, four ounces; shellac, -six oz. ; 
Venice turpentine, half an ounce; melt together; add wax, half a 
pound; tallow, three ounces. When dissolved, further add hard 
tallow soap (in shavings), three ounces; and when the whole is 
combined, add lamp-black, two ounces. Mix well, cool a little, 
and then pour it into molds. This ink is rubbed down with a 
little water in a cup or saucer, in the same way as water-color 
cakes. In winter, the operation should be performed near the 
fire. 

Indian Glues. — Take one pound of the best glue, the stronger 
the better, boil it and strain it very clear; boil also four ounces of 
isinglass; put the mixture into a double glue pot, add half a pound 
of brown sugar, and boil the whole until it gets thick; then pour 
it into thin plates or molds, and whenrcold you may cut and dry 
them in small pieces for the pocket. The glue is used by merely 
holding it over steam, or wetting it with the mouth. This is a 
most useful and convenient article, being much stronger than 
common glue. It is sold under the name of Indian glue, but is 
much less expensive in making, and is applicable to all kinds of 
small fractures, etc. ; answers well on the hardest woods, and cem- 
ents china, etc. , though, of course, it will not resist the action of 
hot water. For parchment and paper,^ in lieu of gum or paste, it 
will be found equally convenient. 

Japanese Cement. — Intimately mix the best powdered rice 
with a little cold water, then gradually add boiling water until a 
proper consistence is acquired, being particularly careful to keep 
it well stirred all the time; lastly, it must be boiled for one min- 
ute in a clean saucepan or earthern pipkin. This glue is beauti- 
fully white and almost transparent, for which reason it is well 
adoopted for fancy paper work, which requires a strong and color- 
less cement. 

Liquid Blacking.— Mix a quarter of a pound of i-vory-bkick . 



MANUrACTUEEBs' DEPARTMENT. 27 

six gills of vinegar, a tablespoonfal of sweet oil, and two large 
spoonfuls of molasses. Stir the whole well together, and it will 
then be fit for use. 

Li<][uid (jrlue. — Dissolve one part of powdered alum, one hun- 
dred and twenty parts of water; add one hundred and twenty 
parts of glue, ten of acetic acid, and forty of alcohol, and digest. 
Prepared glue is made by dissolving common glue in warm water, 
and then adding acetic acid (strong vinegar) to keep it. Dissolve 
one pound of best glue in one and a half pints of water, and add 
one pint of vinegar. It is then ready for use. 

Magic Copying Paper, — To make black paper, lamp-black 
mixed with cold lard; red paper, Venetian red mixed with lard; 
blue paper, Prussian blue mixed with lard; green paper, Chrome 
green mixed with lard. The above ingredients to be mixed to the 
consistency of thick paste, and to be applied to the paper with a 
rag. Then take a flannel rag, and rub until all color ceases com- 
ing off. Cut your sheets four inches wide and six inches long; 
put four sheets together, one of each color, and sell for twenty- 
five cents per package. The first cost will not exceed three cents. 

Directions for writing with this paper: Lay down your paper 
upon which you wish to write; then lay on the copying paper, and 
over this lay any scrap of paper you choose; then take any hard 
pointed substance and write as you would with a pen. 

Mahogany Stain.— Break two ounces of dragon's blood in 
pieces, and put them in a quart of rectified spirits of wine ; 1 :t 
the bottle stand in a warm place, and shake it frequently. When 
dissolved, it is fit for use, and will render common wood an ex- 
cellent imitation of mahogany. 

Marine Grluo,— Dissolve four parts of india-rubber in thirty- 
four parts of coal tar naphtha, aiding the solution with heat and 
agitation. The solution is then thick as cream, and it should be 
added to sixty-four parts of powdered shellac, which must be 
heated in the mixture till all is dissolved. While the mixture m 
hot it is poured on plates of metal, in sheets like leather. It can 
be kept in that state, and when it is required to be used, it is pu,t 
into a pot and heated till it is soft, and then applied with a brush 
lo the surfaces to be joined. Two pieces of wood joined with 
this cement can scarcely be sundered. 

Parchment. — Paper parchment may be produced by immers- 
ing paper in a concentratic solution of chloride of zinc. 

Silver Plating Fluid. — Dissolve one ounce of nitrate of silver 
in crystal, in twelve ounces of soft water; then dissolve in the 
water two ounces cyanuret of potash, shake the whole together, 
and let it stand till it becomes clear. Have ready some half ounce 
vials, and fill half full of Paris white, or fine whiting, and then 
fill up the bottles with the liquor and it is ready for use. The 
whiting does not increase the coating power — it only helps to 



28 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

clean the articles, and to save the silver fluid by half filling the 
bottle. 

Amalgam of Oold. — Place one part of gold in a small iron 
saucepan or ladle, perfectly clean, then add 8 parts of mercury, 
and apply a gentle heat, when the gold will dissolve ; agitate the 
mixture for one minute, and pour it out on a clean plate or stone 
slab. 

For gilding brass, copper, etc. The metal to be gilded is first 
rubbed over with a solution of nitrate of mercury, and then cov- 
ered with a very thin film of the amalgam. On heat being ap- 
plied the mercury volatilizes, leaving the gold behind. 

A much less proportion of gold is often employed than the 
above, where a very thin and cheap gilding is required, as by in- 
creasing the quantity of the mercury, the precious metal may be 
extended over a much larger surface. A similar amalgam pre- 
pared with silver is used for silvering. 

Amalgam for Mirrors. — Lead and tin, each 1 oz.; bismuth,* 
2 oz. ; mercury, 4 oz. ; melt as before, and add the mercury. These 
are used to silver mirrors, glass globes, etc., by warming the glass, 
melting the amalgam, and applying it. 

Annealing Steel. — 1. For a small quantity. Heat the steel to 
a cherry red in a charcoal fire, then bury in sawdust, in an iron 
box, covering the sawdust with ashes. Let stay until cold. — 
2. For a larger quantity, and when it is required to be very ''soft. " 
Pack the steel with cast iron (lathe or planer) chips in an iron 
box, as follows: Having at least 2 or | inch in depth of chips in 
the bottom of box, put in a layer of steel, then more chips to fill 
spaces between the steel, and also the 2 or | inch space between 
the sides of box and steel, then more steel; and lastly, at least 1 
inch in depth of chips, well rammed down on top of steel. Heat 
to and keep at a red heat for from two to four hours. Do not 
disturb the box until cold. 

To make Bell Metal. — 1. Melt together under powdered char- 
coal, 100 parts of pure copper, with 20 parts of tin, and unite the 
two metals by frequently stirring the mass. Product very fine. — 
2. Copper 3 parts; tin 1 part; as above. Some of the finest church 
bells in the world have this composition. — 3. Copper 2 parts; tin 
1 part; as above. — 4. Copper 72 parts; tin 265 parts; iron 1 5 parts. 
The bells of small clocks or pendules are made of this alloy in 
Paris. 

Brass to make. 1- Fine Brass.— 2 parts of copper to 1 part 
of zinc. This is nearly one equivalent each of copper and zinc, 
if the equivalent of the former metal be taken at 63-2; or 2 equi- 
valents of copper to 1 equivalent of zinc, if it be taken with 
Liebig and Berzelius, at 31-6. 

2. Copper 4 parts, zinc 1 i)art. An excellent and very useful 
brass. 

Cleansing Solution for Brass. — Put together two ounces 



MANUFACTUREKS' DEPARTMENT. 29 

sulphuric acid, an ounce and a half nitric acid, one dram salt- 
petre and two ounces rain water. Let stand for a few hours, and 
apply by passing the article in and out quickly, and then wash- 
ing off thoroughly with clean rain water. Old discolored brass 
chains treated in this way will look equally as well as when new. 
The usual method of drying is in sawdust. 

To Coyer Brass with beautiful Lustre Colors.— One ounce 
of cream of tartar is dissolved in one quart of hot water, to 
which is added half an ounce of tin salt (protochloride of tin) 
dissolved in four ounces of cold water. The whole is then heated 
to boiling, the clear solution decanted from a trifling precipitate, 
and poured under continual stirring into a solution of three oun- 
ces hyposulphite of soda in one-half a pint of water, whereupon 
it is again heated to boiling, and filtered from the separated sul- 
phur. This solution produces on brass the various luster-colors, 
depending on the length of time during which the articles are al- 
lowed to remain in it. The colors at first will be light to dark 
gold yellow, passing through all the tints of red to an irridescent 
brown. A similar series of colors is produced by sulphide of 
copper and lead, which, however, are not remarkable for their 
stability; whether this defect will be obviated by the use of the 
tin solution, experience and time alone can show. 

Bronzing Grun -Barrels. — The so-called butter of zinc used 
for bronzing gun-barrels is made by dissolving zinc in hydro- 
chloric acid till no more free acid is left; which is secured by 
placing zinc in the acid until it ceases to be dissolved. The liquid 
is then evaporated until a drop taken out and placed on a piece 
of glass solidifies in cooling, when it is mixed with 2 parts of 
olive-oil for every three parts of the liquid. The barrels must be 
cleansed and warmed before applying the so-called butter, which 
put on with a piece of linen rag. 

Bronzing Fluid. — For brown : Iron filings, or scales, 1 lb.; 
arsenic, 1 oz. ; hydrochloric acid, 1 lb. ; metallic zinc, 1 oz. The 
article to be bronzed is to be dipped in this solution till the de- 
sired effect be produced. 

Bronze^ Green. — Acetic acid, diluted, 4 lbs. ; green verditer, 
2 oz. ; muriate of ammonia, 1 oz. ; common salt, 2 oz. ; alum, i oz. ; 
French berries, i lb.; boil them together till the berries have 
yielded their color, and strain. Olive bronze, for brass or copper. — 
Mtric acid, 1 oz.; hydrochloric acid, 2oz.; titanium or palladium, 
as much as will dissolve, and add three pints of distilled water. 

To Soften Cast-iron, for Drilling.— Heat to a cherry red, 
having it lie level in the fire, then with a pair of cold tongs put 
on a piece of brimstone, a little' less in size than you wish the 
hole to be when drilled, and it softens entirely through the piece; 
let it lie in the fire until a little cool, when it is ready to drill. 

To Weld Cast-Lron. — Take of good clear white sand, three 
parts; refined solton, one part; fosterine, one part; rock-salt, one 



cO BOOK OF KNOWLEDGK 

part; mix all together. Take 2 pieces of cast-iron, heat them in 
a moderate charcoal-fire, occasionally taking them out while heat- 
ing, and dipping them into the composition, until they are of a 
proper heat to weld; then at once lay them on the anvil, and 
gently hammer them together, and, if done carefully by one who 
understands welding iron, you will have them nicely welded to- 
gether. One man prefers heating the metal, then cooling it in 
the water of common beans, and heat it again for welding. 

Case-Hardening. — The operation of giving a surface of steel 
to pieces of iron, by which they are rendered capable of receiv- 
ing great external hardness, while the interior portion retains all 
the toughness of good wrought iron. Iron tools, fire-irons, fend- 
ers, keys, etc., are usually case-hardened. 

1. The goods, finished in every respect but polishing, are put 
into an iron box, and covered with animal or vegetable charcoal, 
and cemented at a red heat, for a period varying with the size and 
description of the articles operated on. 

2. Cow's horn or hoof is to be baked or thoroughly dried, and 
pulverized. To this add an equal quantity of bay salt; mix them 
with stale chamber-lye, or white wine vinegar; cover the iron with 
this mixture, and bed it in the same in loam, or inclose it in an 
iron box; lay it then on the hearth of the forge to ^-y and harden; 
then put it into the fire, and blow till the lump have a blood-red 
heat, and no higher, lest the mixture be burnt too much. Take 
the iron out, and immerse it in water to harden. 

3. The iron, previously polished and finished, is to be heated 
to a bright red and rubbed or sprinkled over with prussiate of 
potash. As soon as the prussiate appears to be decomposed 
and dissipated, plunge the article into cold water. 

4. Make a paste with a concentrated solution of prusiate of 
potash and loam, and coat the iron therewith; then expose it 
to a strong red heat, and when it has fallen to a dull red, 
plunge the whole into cold water. 

To recut old Files and Rasps. — Dissolve 4 oz. of saleratus in 
1 quart of water, and boil the files in it for half an hour; then re- 
move, wash, and dry them. Now have ready, in a glass or stone 
ware vessel, 1 quart of rain water, into which you have slowly 
added 4 oz. of best sulphuric acid, and keep the proportions for 
any amount used. Immerse the files in this preparation for from 
six to twelve hours, according to fineness or coarseness of the file; 
then remove, wash them clean, dry quickly, and put a little sweet 
oil on them to cover the surface. If the files are coarse, they will 
need to remain in about twelve hours, but for fine files six to eight 
hours is sufficient. This plan is applicable to blacksmiths', gun- 
smiths', tinners", coppersmiths' and machinists' files. Copper 
and tin workers will only require a short time to take the articles 
out of their files, as the soft metals with which they become filled 
are soon dissolved. Blacksmiths' and saw-mill files require full 
time. Files may be recut three times by this process. The liquid 



MANUFACTUREBS' DEPABTMENT. 31 

may be used at different times if required. Keep away from 
children, as it is poisonous. 

Twist, Browning for Gun-Barrels.— Take spirits of nitre 
I oz. ; tincture of steel f oz. ; (if the tincture of steel cannot be 
obtained, the unmedicated tincture of iron may be used, but it 
is not so good) black brimstone 4 oz. ; blue vitriol h oz ; corrosive 
sublimate i oz. ; nitric acid 1 dr. or 60 drops; copperas J oz. ; mix 
with 1 1 pts. of rain water, keep corked, also, as the other, and 
the process of applying is also the same. 

Gun Metal. — 1. Melt together 112 lbs. of Bristol brass, 14 lbs. 
of spelter, and 7 lbs of block tin. — 2. Melt together 9 parts of 
copper and 1 part of tin; the above compounds are those used in 
the manufacture of small and great brass guns, swivels, etc. 

Cliinese Method of Mending Holes in Iron.— The Chinese 
mend holes in cast-iron vessels as follows: They melt a small 
quantity of iron in a crucible the size of a thimble, and pour the 
molten metal on a piece of felt covered with wood-ashes. This is 
pressed inside the vessel against the hole, and as it exudes on the 
other side it is struck by a small roll of felt covered with ashes. 
The new iron then adheres to the old. 

Common Pewter. — Melt in a crucible 7 lbs. of tin, and when 
fused throw in 1 lb. of lead, 6 oz. of copper and 2 oz. of zinc. 
This combination of metal will form an alloy of great durability 
and tenacity; also of considerable lustre. 

Best Pewter. — The best sort of pewter consists of 100 parts 
of tin, and 17 of regulus of antimony. 

Hard Pewter. — Melt together 12 lbs of tin, 1 lb. of regulus 
of antimony, and 4 oz. of copper. 

To Mend Broken Saws.— Pure silver 19 parts; pure copper 1 
part; pure brass 2 parts; all are to be filed into powder and inti- 
mately mixed. Place the saw level upon the anvil, the broken 
edges in close contact, and hold them so ; now put a small line of 
the mixture along the seam, covering it with a large bulk of pow- 
dered charcoal; now with a spirit lamp and a jeweler's blow-pipe, 
hold the coal-dust in place, and blow sufficient to melt the solder 
mixture; then with a hammer set the joint smooth, if not alreadj'- 
so, and file away any superfluous solder; and you will be surpris- 
ed at its strength. 

Solder^ to Adhere to Brass or Copper.— Prepare a solder- 
ing solution in this way: Pour a small quantity of muriatic acid 
on some zinc filings, so as to completely cover the zinc. Let it 
stand about an hour, and then pour off the acid, to which add 
twice its amount of water. By first wetting the brass or copper 
with this preparation, the solder will readily adhere. 

Common Solder. — Put into a crucible 2 lbs. of lead, and when 
melted throw in 1 lb. of tin. This alloy is that generally known 



32 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

by the name of solder. When heated by a hot iron and applied 
to tinned iron with powdered rosin, it acts as a cement or solder. 

Tempering SteeL — For tempering many kinds of tools, the 
steel is first hardened by heating it to a cherry red, and plunging " 
it into cold water. Afterward the temper is drawn by moderately 
heating the steel again. Different degrees of hardness are re- 
quired for different purposes, and the degree of heat for each of 
these, with the corresponding color, will be found in the annex- 
ed table: 

Very pale straw color, 430° — the temper required for lancets. 

A shade of darker yellow, 450'' — for razors and surgical instru- 
ments. 

Darker straw-yellow, 470° — for penknives. 

Still darker yellow, 490° — chisels for cutting iron. 

A brown yellow, 500° — axes and plane-irons. 

Yellow, slightly tinged with purple, 520° — tabie-knives and 
watch-springs. 

Tempering Liquid* — 1. To 6 quarts soft water put in corrosive 
sublimate, 1 oz. ; common salt, 2 handfuls; when dissolved it is 
ready for use. The first gives toughness to the steel, while the 
latter gives the hardness. Be careful with this preparation, as it 
is a dangerous poison. — 2. Salt, ^ tea-cup; saltpetre, i oz. ; alum, 
pulverized. 1 tea-spoon; soft water, 1 gallon; never heat over a 
cherry red, nor draw any temper. — 3. Saltpetre, sal-ammoniac, 
and alum, of each 2 oz. ; salt, 1 k lbs. ; water, 3 gallons and draw 
no temper. — 4. Saltpetre and alum, each 2 oz. ; sal-ammoniac, h 
oz. ; salt, IJ lbs. ; soft water, 2 gallons. Heat to a cherry red, and 
plunge in, drawing no temper. 

Bayberry, or Myrtle Soap* — Dissolve two and a quarter 
pounds of white potash in five quarts of water, then mix it with 
ten pounds of myrtle wax, or bayberry tallow. Boil the whole 
over a slow fire till it turns to soap, then add a teacup of cold 
water; let it boil ten minutes longer; at the end of that time turn 
it into tin molds or pans, and let them remain a week or ten days 
to dry; then turn them out of the molds. If you wish to have 
the soap scented, stir into it an essential oil that has an agreeable 
smell, just before you turn it into the molds. This kind of soap 
is excellent for shaving, and for chapped hands ; it is also good 
for eruptions on the face. It will be fit for use in the course of 
three or four weeks after it is made, but it is better for being 
kept ten or twelve months. 

Chemical Soap, (for taking Oil, Grease, etc., from Cloth.) — 
Take five pounds castile soap, cut fine; one pint alcohol; one pint 
soft water ; two ounces aquafortis; one and a half ounces lamp- 
black; two ounces of saltpetre; three ounces potash; one ounce 
of camphor; and four ounces of cinnamon, in powder. First 
dissolve the soap, potash and saltpetre, by boiling; then add all 



MANTTFACTURERS' DEPARTMENT. 33 

the otlier articles, and continue to stir until it cools; then pour 
into a box and let it stand twenty-four hours and cut into cakes. 

Cold Soap. — Mix twenty-six pounds of melted and strainde 
grease with four pailfuls of ley, made of twenty pounds of white 
potash. Let the whole stand in the sun, stirring it frequently. 
In the course of the week, fill the barrel with weak ley. 

Grenuine Erasive Soap.— Two pounds of good castile soap; 
half a pound of carbonate of potash; dissolve in half a pint of 
hot water. Cut the soap in thin slices, and boil the soap with 
the potash until it is thick enough to mould in cakes; also add 
alcohol, half an ounce; camphor, half an ounce; hartshorn, half 
an ounce; color with half an ounce of pulverized charcoal. 

Hard White Soap. — To fifteen pounds of lard or suet, made 
boiling hot, add slowly six gallons of hot ley, or solution of 
potash, that will bear up an egg high enough to leave a piece big 
as a shilling bare. Take out a little, and cool it. If no grease 
rise it is done. If any grease appears, add ley, and boil till no 
grease rises. Add three quarts of fine salt, and boil up again. 
K this does not harden well on cooling, add more salt. If it is 
to be perfumed, melt it next day, add the perfume, and run it in 
moulds or cut in cakes. 

Labor-Saving" Soap. — Take two pounds of sal-soda, two 
pounds of yellow bar soap, and ten quarts of water. Cut the 
soap in thin slices, and boil together for two hours; strain, and it 
will be fit for use. Put the clothes in soak the night before you 
wash, and to every pail of water in which you boil them, add a 
pound of soap. They will need no rubbing; merely rinse them 
out, and they will be perfectly clean and white. 

To Make Good Soap. — To make matchless soap, take one 
gallon of soft soap, to which add a gill of common salt, and boil 
an hour. When cold, separate the ley from the crude. Add to 
the crude two pounds of sal soda, and boil in two gallons of soft 
water till dissolved. If you wish it better, slice two pounds of 
common bar soap and dissolve in the above. If the soft soap 
makes more than three pounds of crude, add in proportion to the 
sal soda and water. 

To make Hard Soap from Soft. — Take seven pounds of good 
soft soap; four pounds sal soda; two ounces borax; one ounce 
hartshorn; half a pound of resin; to be dissolved in twenty-two 
quarts of water, and boiled about twenty minutes. 

Whale Oil Soap (for the destruction of Insects.) — Eender 
common ley caustic, by boiling it at full strength on quicklime; 
then take the ley and boil it with as much whale oil foot as it will 
saponify (change to soap), pour off into molds, and, when cold, 
it is tolerably hard. Whale oil foot is the sediment produced in 
refining whale oil, and is worth two dollars per barrel. 



34 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

Soluble Glass. — ^Mix ten parts of carbonate of potash, fifteen 
parts of powdered quartz, and one pound of charcoal. Fuse well 
together. The mass is soluble in four or five parts of boiling 
water, and the filtered solution, evaporated to dryness, yields a 
transparent glass, permanent in the air. 

Tracing Paper, — In order to prepare a beautiful transparent, 
colorless paper, it is best to employ the varnish formed with 
Demarara resin in the following way : The sheets intended for 
this purpose are laid flat on each other, and the varnish spread 
over the uppermost sheet with a brush, until the paper appears 
perfectly colorless, without, however, the liquid thereon being 
visible. The first sheet is then removed, hung up for drying, and 
the second treated in the same manner. After being dried, this 
paper is capable of being written on, either with chalk or pencil, 
or steel pens. It preserves its colorless transparency without be- 
coming yellow, as is frequently the case with that prepared in any 
other way. 

Unsurpassable Blacking.— Put one gallon of vinegar into a 
stone jug, and one pound of ivory-black well pulverized, half a 
pound of loaf sugar, half an ounce of oil of vitriol, and seven 
ounces of sweet oil. Incorporate the whole by stirring.; 

2. Take twelve ounces each of ivory-black and molasses; sper- 
maceti oil, four ounces ; and white wine vinegar, two quarts. Mix 
thoroughly. This contains no vitriol, and therefore will not in- 
jure the leather. The trouble of making it is very little, and it 
would be well to prepare it for one's self, were it only to be as- 
sured that it is not injurious. 

Tarnish for Iron Work. — To make a good black varnish for 
iron work, take eight pounds of asphaltum and fuse it in an iron 
kettle; then add five gallons of boiled linseed oil, one pound of 
litharge, half a pound of sulphate of zinc (add these slowly, or 
it will fume over), and boil them for about three hours. Now 
add one and a half pounds of dark gum amber, and boil for two 
hours longer, or until the mass wiU become quite thick when 
cool, after which it should be thinned with turpentine to due 
consistency. 



THE TOILET, PERFUMERY, Etc. 

Hair Restorers and Inrigorators.— There are hundreds; 
Lyon's, Wood's, Barry's, Bogle's, Jayne's, Storr's, Baker's, Dris- 
col's, Phalon's, Haskel's, Allen's, Spalding's, etc. But, though 
all under different names, are similar in principle, being veget- 
able oils dissolved in alcohol, with the addition of spirit of soap, 



THE TOILET, PEEFUMERY, ETC. 35 

and an astringent material, snch as tincture of catechn, or infa- 
sion of bark. The best is to dissolve one ounce of castor oil in 
one quart of 95 alcohol, and add one ounce of tincture of canth- 
arides, two cunces of tincture of catechu, two ounces of lemon 
juice, two ounces of tincture of cinchona; and to scent it, add 
oil of cinnamon, or oil of rosemary, or both. 

To Cure Baldness. — Take water, one pint; pearl-ash, one-half 
ounce; onion juice, one gill. Mix, and cork in a bottle. Bub 
the head night and morning, with a rough towel, dipped in the 
mixture. 

To Make the Hair Soft and Glossy.— Put one ounce of cas- 
tor oil in one pint of bay rum or alcohol, and color it with a 
little of the tincture of alkanet root. Apply a little every 

morning. 

Poudre Subtile for Remoying Superfluous Hair.— Take 

powdered quick-lime, two parts; sulphuret of arsenic, one part; 
starch, one part; mix into a fine powder, and keep in a close 
corked bottle. When required for use, take a small quantity and 
add two or three drops of water, and apply on the part you de- 
sire to remove the hair from — let it remain about one minute, or 
until it becomes red, then wash oiS. 

Chinese Depilatory for Remoying Superfluous Hair. — Fresh 
burnt lime, sixteen ounces; pearl-ash, two ounces; sulphuret of 
potash, two ounces. Reduce them to fine powder in a mortar, 
then put it into closely corked phials. For use, the part must be 
first soaked in warm water, then a little of the powder made into 
a paste must be immediately applied. Should it irritate the skin, 
wash it o£f with hot water or vinegar. 

Instantaneous Hair Dye. — Take one drachm of nitrate of 
silver, and add to it just sufficient rain water to dissolve it, and 
no more; then take strong spirit of ammonia, and gradually pour 
on the solution of silver, until it becomes as clear as water, (the 
addition of the ammonia at first makes it brown;) then wrap round 
the bottle two or three covers of blue paper, to exclude the light 
— otherwise it will spoiL Having made this obtain two drachms 
of gallic acid; put this into another bottle which will contain 
one-half pint; pour upon it hot water, and let it stand until cold 
— when it is fit for use. 

Directions to Dye the Hair. — First wash the head, beard, or 
moustaches with soap and water; afterwards with clean water. 
Dry, and apply the gallic acid solution, with a clean brush. 
When it is almost dry, take a small tooth comb, and with a fine 
brush, put on the teeth of the comb a little of the silver solution, 
and comb it through the hair, when it will become a brilliant 
jet black. Wait a few hours; then wash the head again with clean 
water. If you want to make a brown dye, add double or treble 
the quantity of water to the silver solution, and you can obtain 
any shade of color you choose. 



"36 BOOK OP KNOWLEDGE. 

Whiskers or Moustache forced to Grow.— Cologne, two 
ounces ; liquid hartshorn, one drachm; tincture cantharides, two 
drachms; oil rosemary, twelve drops; oil nutmeg, twelve drops, 
and lavender, twelve drops. This is the recipe used in making 
the celebrated Graham Onguent. 

To Make Hair Curl. — At any time you may make your hair 
curl the more easily by rubbing it with the beaten yolk of an egg, 
washed off afterwards with clean water. 

To Prevent Gray Hair. — ^When the hair begins to change co- 
lor, the use of the following pomade has a beneficial effect in pre- 
venting the disease extending, and has the character of even re- 
storing the color of the hair in many instances; Lard, 4 ounces; 
spermaceti, 4 drachms; oxide of bismuth, 4 drachms. Melt the 
lard and spermaceti together, and when getting cold stir in the 
bismuth; to this can be added any kind of perfume, according to 
choice. It should be used whenever the hair requires dressing. 
It must not be imagined that any good effect speedily results; 
it is, in general, a long time taking place, the change being very 
gradual. 

Liquid Eou^e for the Complexion.— Four ounces of alcohol, » 

two ounces of water, twenty grains of carmine ; twenty grains of 
ammonia, six grains of oxalic acid, six grains of alum — mix. 

Tinegar Rouge. — Cochineal, three drachms; carmine lake, 
three dra.chms; alcohol, six drachms; mix, and then put into one 
pint of vinegar, perfumed with lavender; let it stand a fortnight, 
then strain for use. 

Pearl Powder for Complexion. — Take white bismuth, one 
pound; starch powder, one ounce; orris powder, one ounce. Mix 
and sift through lawn. Add a drop of ottar of roses or neroli. 

Pearl Water for the Complexion.— Castile soap, one pound; 
water, one gallon. Dissolve, then add alcohol, one quart; oil of 
rosemary and oil of lavender, each two drachms. Mix well. 

Complexion Pomatum. — Mutton grease, one pound; oxid of 
bismuth, four ounces; powdered French chalk, two ounces; mix. 

Spanish Yermilion for the Toilette.— Take an alkine solution 
of bastard saffron, and precipitate the color with lemon juice; mix 
the precipitate with a sufficient quantity of finely powdered French 
chalk and lemon juice, then add a little perfume. 

Lily White is nothing but purified chalk, scented. 

To Remove Freckles and Tan. — Tincture of benzoin, one 
pint; tincture tolou, one-half pint; oil rosemary, one-half ounce. 
Put one teaspoonfuU of the above mixture in one-quarter pint of 
water, and with a towel wash the face night and morning. 

Feuchtwanger's Tooth Paste. — Powdered myrrh, two ounces 
burnt alum, one ounce; cream tartar, one ounce; cuttle fish bone, 
four ounces; drop lake, two ounces; honey, half a gallon; mix. 



THE TOILET, PERFUMEEY, ETC. 37 

Fine Tooth Powder. — Powdered orris root, one ounce; Peru- 
vian bark, one ounce; prepared chalk, one ounce; myrrh, one-half 
ounce. 

To make Brown Teeth White. — Apply carefully over the teeth, 
a stick dipped in strong acetic or nitric acid, and immediately 
wash out the mouth with cold water. To make the teeth even, if 
irregular draw a piece of fine cord betwixt them. 

Superior Cologne Water. — Alcohol, one gallon; add oil of 
cloves, lemon, nutmeg, and bergamot, each one drachm; oil ne- 
roli, three and a half drachms; seven drops of oils of rosemary, 
lavender and cassia; half a pi>nt of spirits of nitre; half a pint of 
elder-flower water. Let it stand a day or two, then take a cul- 
lender and at tke bottom lay a piece of white cloth, and fill it up, 
one-fourth of white sand, and filter through it. 

Smelling Salts. — Super carbonate of ammonia, eight parts; put 
it in coarse powder into a bottle, and pour out lavender oil one 
part. 

Bandoline for the Hair. — This mixture is best made a little at 
a time. Pour a table-spoonful of boiling water on a dozen quince 
seeds ; and repeat when fresh is required. 

Oil of Roses— for the Hair.— Olive oil, two pints; otto of 
roses, one drachm ; oil of rosemary, one drachm, mix. It may be 
colored by steeping a little alkanet root in the oil (by heat) 
before scenting it. 

Arnica Hair Wash. — When the hair is falling off and becom- 
ing thin, from the too frequent use of castor. Macassar oils, &c. , 
or when premature baldness arises from illness, the arnica hair 
wash will be found of great service in arresting the mischief. It 
is thus prepared: take elder water, half a pint; sherry wine, half 
a pint; tincture of arnica, half an ounce; alcoholic ammonia, 1 
drachm — if this last named ingredient is old, and has lost its 
strength, then two drachms instead of one may be employed. 
The whole of these are to be mixed in a lotion bottle, and applied 
every night to the head with a sponge. Wash the head with warm 
water twice a week. Soft brushes only must be used during the 
growth of the young hair. 

Ammoniacal Pomatum for Promoting the Growth of Hair. 

— Take almond oil, quarter of a pound; white wax, half an ounce; 
clarified lard, three ounces ; liquid ammonia, a quarter fluid ounce ; 
otto of lavender, and cloves, of each one drachm. Place the oil, 
wax, and lard in a jar, which set in boiling water; when the wax 
is melted, allow the grease to cool till nearly ready to set, then 
stir in the ammonia and the perfume, and put into small jars for 
use. Never use a hard brush, nor comb the hair too much. Apply 
the pomade at night only. 

Bandoline for the Hair. — This mixture is best made a little at 



38 BOOK OP KNOWLEDGE. 

a time. Pour a tablespoonful of boiling water on a dozen quince 
seeds, and repeat when fresh is required. 

Artificial Bears' Grease. — ^Bear's 'grease is imitated by a mix- 
ture of prepared veal suet and beef marrow. It may be scented 
at pleasure. . The following are some of the best compounds sold 
by that name: 

1. Prepared suets, 3 ounces; lard, 1 ounce; olive oil, 1 ounce; 
oil of cloves, 10 drops; compound tincture of benzoin, 1 drachm. 
Mix. 

2. Lard, 1 pound; solution of carbonate of potash, 2 ounces. 
Mix. 

3. Olive oil, 8 pints; white wax, 3 ounces; spermaceti, 1 ounce; 
scent with oil of roses and oil of bitter almonds. 

Bears' Oil. — The best description of lard oil, properly per- 
fumed, is far preferable to any other kind of oil. 

Circassian Cream. — One pint of olive oil; three ounces white 
wax; two ounces spermaceti; half an ounce alkanet root. Digest 
the oil with the alkanet till sufficiently colored, strain, melt the 
wax and spermaceti with the oil, and, when sufficiently cool, add 
two and a half drachms oil of lavender, one drachm of essence 
and of ambergies. 

Cosmetic Soap, for Washing the Hands.— Take a pound of 
castile soap, or any other nice old soap; scrape it fine; put it on 
the fire with a Httle water, stir it to a smooth paste; turn it 
into a bowl; or any kind of essence; beat it with a silver 
spoon till well mixed; thicken it with Indian meal, and keep 
it in small pots, closely covered; exposure to the air will harden 
it. 

Cosmetic Wash for the Hair.— Ked wine, one pound; salt, one 
drachm; sulphate of iron, two drachms; boil for a few minutes, add 
common verdigris, one drachm; leave it on the fire two minutes; 
withdraw it, and add two drachms of powdered nutgall. Kub 
the hair with the liquid, in a few minutes dry it with a warm 
cloth, and afterwards wash with water. 

To Bemove Dandrufif. — Take a thimbleful of powdered refined 
borax, let it dissolve in a teacupful of water, first brush the head 
well, then wet a brush and apply it to the head. Do this every 
day for a week, and twice a week for a few times, and you will 
effectually remove the dandruff. 

To make the Complexion Fair. — Take emulsion of bitter al- 
monds, one pint; oxymuriate of quicksilver, two and a half grains; 
sal ammonia, one drachm. Use moderately for pimples, freckles, 
tanned complexions. 

Eau de Cologne— Cologiie Water.— Oil of lavender, oil of 
bergamot, oil of lemon, oil of neroli, each one ounce; oil of 
cinnamon, half an ounce; spirit of rosemary, fifteen ounces; 



THE TOILET, PEEFUMERT, ETC. 39 

highly rectified spirits, eight pints. Let them stand fourteen days; 
then distill in a water bath. 

2. Essential oils of bergamot, lemon, neroli, orangepeel and 
rosemary, each twelve drops; cardamon seeds, one drachm, rec- 
tified spirits, one pint. It improves by age. 

Eau de Bosieres. — Spirits of roses, 4 pints; spirits of jessamine, 
one pint; spirits of orange flowers, one pint; spirits of cucumber, 
two and a quarter pints; spirits of celery seed, two and a quarter 
pints; spirits of angelica root, two and three quarter pints; tinc- 
ture of benzoin, three quarters of a pint; balsam of Mecca, a few 
drops. 

Ean de Tiolettes. — ^Macerate five ounces of fine orris root in a 
quart of rectified spirits, for some days, and filter. 

Esprit de Bouquet. — Oil of lavender, oil of cloves and oil of 
bergamot, each two drachms; otto of rose, and of oil of cinnamon, 
each, twenty drops; essenceof musk, one drachm; rectified spirits, 
one pint. Mix. 

Essence of Ambergris. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; amber- 
gris, 24 grains. Let it stand for three days in a warm place, and 
filter. 

Essence of Bergamot. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; bergamot 
peel, four ounces; as above. ^ 

Essence of Cedrat. — ^Essence of bergamot, one ounce; essence 

of neroli, two drachms. 

Essence of Cloves. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; bruised cloves* 
one ounce. 

Essence for the Headache. — Spirits of wine, two pounds; 
roche alum, in fine powder, tw^o ounces; camphor, four ounces; 
essence of lemon, half an ounce; strong water of ammonia, four 
ounces. Stop the bottle close, and shake it daly, for three or 
four days. 

Essence of Larender. — Essential oil of lavender, three and a 
half ounces; rectified spirits, two quarts; rose water, half a pint; 
tincture of orris, half a pint. 

Essence of Lemon. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; fresh lemon 
peel, four ounces. 

Essence of Musk. — Take one pint proof spirit, and add two 
drachms musk. Let it stand a fortnight, with frequent agitation. 

Essence of Neroli.— Spirits of wine, half a pint; orang-peel, 
cut small, three ounces; orris root in powder, one drachm; musk, 
two grains. 

Essence for Smelling Bottles.— Oil of lavender and essence 
of bergamot, each one drachm; oil of orange peel, eight drops; 
oil of cinnamon, four drops; oil of neroli, two drops; alcohol and 
strongest water of ammonia, each two ounces. 



40 BOOK OF KNOWIiEDGE. 

Essence of Yerbena Leaf. — Take rectified spirits of wine, 
half a pint; otto of verbena, half a drachm; otto of bergamot, 
one drachm; tincture of tolu, quarter of an ounce. Mix them 
together, and it is ready for use. This sweet scent does not stain 
the handkerchief and is very economical. 

Essence of Violets. — Spirits of wine, half a pint; orris root, 
one ounce. Other essences in the same manner. 

Eye Water. — Take one pint of rose water, and add one tea- 
spoonful each of spirits of camphor and laudanum. Mix and 
bottle. To be shaken and applied to the eyes as often as necessa- 
ry. Perfectly harmless. 

Honey Water — Rectified spirits, eight pints; oil of cloves, oii 
of lavender, oil of bergamot, each half an ounce; musk, eight 
grains; yellow sandus shavings, four ounces ; digest for eight days 
and add two pints each of orange flower and rose water. 

Lavender Water. — Oil of lavender, four ounces; spirit, three 
quarts; rose water, one pint. Mix and filter. 

Lisbon Water. — To rectified spirit, one gallon, add essential 
oils of orange peel and lemon peel, of each three ounces, and otto 
of roses, one quarter of an ounce. 

Odoriferous Larender Water. — Rectified spirit, five gallons; 
essential oil of lavender, twenty ounces; oil of bergamot, five 
ounces; essence of ambergris, half an ounce. 

2. Oil of lavender, three drachms; oil of bergamot, twenty 
drops; nerolic, six drops; otto of roses, six drops; essence of ce- 
drat, eight drops; essence of musk, twenty drops; rectified spirit, 
twenty-eight fluid ounces; distilled water, four ounces. 

Queen of Hungary's Water. — Spirit of rosemary, four pints; 
orange flower water, one quarter of a pint; essence of neroli, four 
drops. 



FACE PAINTS. 

Almond Bloom. — Boil one ounce of Brazil dust in three pints 
of distilled water, and strain; add six drachms of isinglass, 2 
drachms of cochineal, one ounce of alum, and eight drachms of 
borax; boil again and strain through a fine cloth. 

Eine Carmine — (prepared from cochineal) is used alone, or de- 
duced with starch, &c. And also the coloring matter of safflower 
and other vegetable colors, in the form of pink saucers, &c. 

Face Powder,— Starch, one pound; oxide of bismuth, four 
ounces. 



FACE PAINTS. 41 

Face Whites. — Frencli clialk is one of the most innocent; finely 
powdered. White starch is also used. 

Kouge. — Mix Vermillion with enough gum tragacanth dissolved 
in water to form a thin paste ; add a few drops of almond oil, place 
the mixture in rouge pots, and dry by a very gentle heat. 

Turkish Rouge. — Take half pint alcohol and one ounce of al- 
kanet; macerate ten days and pour off the liquid, which should be 
bottled. This is the simplest and one of the best articles of the 
kind. 

Caution. — ^White lead, and all cosmetic powders containing it 
should never be applied to the skin, as it is the most dangerous 
article that could be used. 

Mouth Pastiles, for Perfuming the Breath.— Extract of lic- 
orice, three ounces ; oil of cloves, one and a half drachms ; oil of 
cinnamon, fifteen drops. Mix, and divide into one-grain pills^ 
and silver them. 

2. Catechu, seven drachms; orris powder, forty grains, sugar, 
three ounces; oil of rosemary, (or of clove, peppermint, or cinna- 
mon, ) four drops. Mix, and roll flB,t on an oiled marble slab, and 
cut into very small lozenges. 

Oil for the Hair. — A very excellent ready-made oil for the hair 
which answers all common purposes, is made by mixing one part 
brandy with three parts of sweet oiL Add any scent you prefer. 

Oil of Roses. — Fine olive oil, one pint; otto of roses, sixteen 
drops. If required red, color with alkanet root, and strain before 
adding the otto. For common sale essence of bergamot or of 
lemon is often substituted, wholly or 4n part, for the expensive 
otto. 

Oil to make the Hair Curl. — Olive, one pound; oil of origanum, 
one drachm; oil of rosemary, one and a quarter drachms. - " 



HUNTERS' AND TRAPPERS' SECRETS. 

The following secret applies to all animals, as every animal is 
attracted by the peculiar odor in a greater or less degree; but it is 
best adapted to land animals, such as Foxes, Minks, Sables, Mar- 
tins, Wolves, Bears, Wild Cats, &c. , &c. 

Take one half pound strained honey, one quarter drachm 
musk, ^three drachms oil of lavender, and four pounds of tallow, 
mix the whole thoroughly together, and make it into forty pills, 
or balls, and place one of these pills under the pan of each trap 
when setting it. 

The above preparation will most wonderfully attract all kinds 



42 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

of animals, and trappers and others who nse it will be sure of 

success. 

To Catch Foxes. — Take oil of amber, and beaver's oil, each 
equal parts, nnd rub them over the trap before setting it. Set in 
the usual way. 

To Catch Mink. — Take oil of amber, and beaver's oil, and 
rub over the trap. Bait with fish or birds. 

To Catch Muskrat. — In the female muskrat near the vagina is 
a small bag which holds from 30 to 40 drops. Now all the trapper 
has to do, is to procure a few female muskrats and squeeze the 
contents of a bag into a vial. Now when in quest of muskrats, 
sprinkle a few drops of the liquid on the bushes over and around 
the trap. This will attract the male muskrats in large numbers, 
and if the traps are properly arranged, large numbers of them 
may be taken. 

*^*In trapping Muskrats, steel traps should be used, and they 
should be set in the paths and runs of the animals, where they 
come upon the banks, and in every case the trap should be set 
under the water, and carefully concealed; and care should be 
taken that it has sufficient length of chain to enable the animals 
to reach the water after being caught, otherwise they are liable to 
escape by tearing or knawing of their legs.. 

To Catch Beayer. — In trapping for beaver, set the trap at the 
edge of the water or dam, at the point where the animals pass from 
deep to shoal water, and always beneath the surface, and fasten it by 
means of a stought chain to a picket driven in the bank, or to a 
bush or tree. A flat stick should be made fast to the trap by a 
cord a few feet long, which, if the animal chanced to carry away 
the trap, would float on the water and point out its position. The 
trap should then be baited with the following preparation, called 

** The Beaver Medicine." 

This is prepared from a substance called castor, and is obtained 
from the glandulous pouches of the male animal. 

The contents of ioYe or six of these castor bags are mixed with 
a nutmeg, twelve or fifteen cloves and thirty grains of cinnamon 
in fine powder, and the whole well stirred together with as much 
whiskey as will give it the consistency of mixed mustard. This 
preparation must be left closely corked up, and in four or five 
days the odor becomes powerful; and this medicine smeared upon 
the bits of wood &c. , with which the traps are baited, will attract 
the beaver from a great distance, and wishing to make a close in- 
spection, the animal puts its legs into the trap and is caught. 

*^*The same caution in regard to length of chain should be ob- 
served for Beaver, as for Otters, Muskrats, &c. , for unless they 
can reach the water they are liable to get out of the trap and 
escape. 



riNE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 43 

Chinese Art of Catching Fish.— Take Coccnlns Indicus, pul- 
verize and mix with dough, then scatter it broadcast over the 
water, as you would sow seed. The fish will seize it with great 
avidity, and will instantly become so intoxicated that they will turn 
belly up on top of the water, by dozens, hundreds, or thousands, 
as the case may be. All that you now have to do, is to have a boat, 
or other convenience to gather them up, and as you gather put 
them in a tub of clean water and presently they will be as lively 
and healthy as ever. 

This means of taking fish, and the manner of doing it, has, 
heretofore, been known to but few. The value of such know- 
ledge admits of no question. This manner of taking fish does 
not injure the flesh in the least 

Secret Art of Catching Fish,— Put the oil of rhodium on 
the bait, when fishing with the hook, and you will always suc- 
ceed. 

To Catch Fish, — Take the juice of smallage or lovage, and 
mix with any kind of bait. As long as there remain any kind of 
fish within many yards of your hook, you will find yourself busy 
pulling them out. 

To Catch Abundance of Eels, Fish, &c. — Get over the wa- 
ter after dark, with a light and a dead fish that has been smeared 
with the juice of stinking glawdin — the fish will gather round you 
in large quantities, and can easily be scooped up. 



THE FINE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 

To Transfer Engravings to Plaster Casts.— Cover the plate 
with ink, polish its surface in the usual way, then put a wall of 
paper round; then pour on it some fine paste made with plaster 
of Paris. Jerk it to drive out the air bubbles, and let it stand 
one hour, when you have a fine impression. 

The New and Beautifal Art of Transferring on to Glass.— 

Colored or plain Engravings^ Photographs, Lithographs, Water 
Colors, Oil Colors, Crayons, Steel Plates, Newspaper Cuts, Mez- 
zotinto, Pencil, Writing, Show Cards, Labels, — or in fact any- 
thing. 

Directions. — Take glass that is perfectly clear — window glass 
will answer — clean it thoroughly; then varnish it, taking care to 
have it perfectly smooth; place it where it will be entirely free 
from dust; let it stand over night; then take your engraving, lay 
it in clear water until it is wet through (say ten or fifteen minutes) 
then lay it upon a newspaper, that the moisture may dry from the 
surface^ and still keep the other side damp. Immediately varnish 



44: BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

your glass the second time, then place your engraving on it, press- 
ing it down firmly, so as to exclude every particle of air; next 
rub the paper from the back, until it is of uniform thickness — so 
thin that you can see through it, then varnish it the third time, 
and let it dry. 

Materials used for the above Art. — Take two ounces balsam 
of fir, to one ounce of spirits of turpentine; apply with a camel's 
hair brush. 

The Art of Potchiomoni. — Take plain glass jars or vases, in 
any shape, and clean them thoroughly; then obtain two or three 
sheets of figures, flowers, or views, in imitation of Chinese, Egyp- 
tian, or Swiss painting. These goods, as well as the jars, can be 
obtained in any of the principal cities. Now, in whatever style 
you determine to ornament your vase or jar in, cut out the figures 
from your sheet, and secure them in different parts inside your 
jar, with the figures looking outwards. The best material for 
making them adhere is, to boil a piece of parchment; this makes 
a good size. Having secured the prints, make a varnish of balsam 
of fir and turpentine, and apply all over inside with a fine brush. 
"When the first coat is dry, give another coat; now take any color 
you choose — ^black, blue, green, yellow, white, pink, brown or red 
— and grind the paint fine, with the best white varnish, and apply a 
coat of this paint over the whole inside; let it dry, and then re- 
peat coat upon coat, until the color is sufficiently strong to show 
even and bright outside. Jars and vases may be decorated in 
endless variety by this method. Some use cuttings from prints, 
silks, &c. 

New Method of Embalming.— Mix together five pounds dry 
sulphate of alumine, one quart of warm water, and one hundred 
grains of arsenious acid. Inject three or four quarts of this mix- 
ture into all the vessels of the human body. This applies as well 
to all animals, birds, fishes, &c. This process supersedes the old 
and revolting mode, and has been introduced into the great anat- 
omical schools of Paris. 

Tracing Paper. — In order to prepare a beautiful transparent, 
colorless paper, it is best to employ the varnish formed with Dem- 
arara resin in the following way: The sheets intended for this 
purpose are laid flat on each other, and the varnish spread over 
the uppermost sheet with a brush, until the paper appears per- 
fectly colorless, without, however, the liquid thereon being visi- 
ble. The first sheet is then removed, hung up for drying, and 
the second treated in the same manner. After being dried this 
paper is capable of being written on, either with chalk or pencil, 
or steel pens. It preserves its colorless transparency without be- 
coming yellow, as is frequently the case with that prepared in 
any other way. 

To Make Wax Flowers.— The following articles will be re- 
quired to commence wax work: 2 lbs. white wax, i lb. hair wire. 



farmers' department. 4 



re 



1 bottle carmine, 1 ultramarine blue, 1 bottle chrome yellow, 

2 bottles chrome green, No. 1, 2 bottles chrome green, No. 2, 
1 bottle rose pink, 1 bottle royal purple, 1 bottle scarlet powder, 
1 bottle balsam fir, 2 dozen sheets white wax. This will do to 
begin with. Now have a clean tin dish and pour therein a quart 
or two of water; then put in about 1 lb. of the white wax and 
let it boil; when cool enough, so the bubbles will not form on 
top, it is ready to sheet, which is done as follows : — Take half of 
a window pane, 7x9, and, after having washed it clean, dip into 
a dish containing weak soap-suds ; then dip into the wax and draw 
out steadily and plunge it into the suds, when the sheet will read- 
ily come off. Lay it on a cloth or clean paper to dry. Proceed 
in like manner until you have enough of the white ; then add 
enough of the green powder to make a bright color, and heat 
and stir thoroughly until the color is evenly distributed; then 
proceed as for sheeting white wax. The other colors are rubbed 
into the leaves after they are cut out, rubbing light or heavy ac- 
cording to shade. 

For patterns you can use any natural leaf, forming the creases 
in wax with the thumb nail or a needle; to put the flowers to- 
gether or the leaves on to the stem, hold in the hand until warm 
enouglp to stick. If the sheeted wax is to be used in Summer, 
put in a little balsam of fir to make it hard. If for Winter, none 
will be required. 

You can make many flowers without a teacher; but one to as- 
sist, in the commencement, would be a great help ; though the 
most particular thing about it is to get the wax sheeted. The 
materials I have suggested can be procured at any drug store, 
and will cost from $3 to $4.50. 



FARMERS' DEPARTMENT. 

How to get New Tarieties of Potatoes.— When the vines are 
done growing and are turned brown ; the seed is ripe : then take 
the balls and string with a large needle and strong thread; hang 
them in a dry place, where they will gradually dry and mature, 
without danger or injury from frost. In the month of April, 
soak the ball for several hours from the pulp ; when washed and 
dried, they are fit for sowing in rows, in a bed well prepared in 
the garden; they will sprout in a fortnight; they must be attended 
to like other vegetables. When about two inches high, they may 
be thinned and transplanted into rows. As they increase in size, 
they should be hilled. In the autumn many of them wiU be of 
the size of a walnut, and from that to a pea. In the following 
spring they should be planted in hills, placing the large ones to- 
gether, — they will in the second season attain their full size, and 



46 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

will exhibit several varieties of form, and may then be selected to 
suit the judgment of the cultivator. I would prefer gathering the 
balls from potatoes of a good kind. The first crops from seeds 
thus obtained, will be productive, and will continue so for many 
years, gradually deteriorating, until they will need a renewal by 
the process. 

To Destroy Rats. — Fill any deep smooth vessel of considerable 
capacity to within six inches of the top with water, cover the sur- 
face with bran, and set the vessel in a place most frequented by 
these pests. In attempting to get at the bran they will fall in and 
be drowned. Several dozen have been taken by this simple method 
at a time. 

To Kill Rats in Barn and Rick.— Melt hog's lard in a bottle 
plunged in water of temperature of 150 degrees Fahrenheit; intro- 
duce into it half an ounce of phosphorus for every pound of lard; 
then add a pint of proof spirits or whiskey ; cork the bottle firmly 
after its contents have been to 150 degrees, taking it out of the 
water and agitating till the phosphorus becomes uniformly dif- 
fused, making a milky looking fluid. The spirit may be poured 
off on the liquor cooling; and you then have a fatty compound, 
which, after being w^armed gently, may be incorporated, with a 
mixture of wheat flower, or sugar, flavored with oil of rhodium, 
or oil of anise-seed, &c. , and the dough, on being made into pel- 
lets, should be laid at the rat holes; being luminous in the dark, 
and agreeable both to the palates and noses, it is readily eaten, 
and proves certainly fatal. The rats issue from their holes and 
seek for water to quench their burning thirst, and they commonly 
die near the water. 

Rat Poison. — Flour, six pounds; sugar, one pound; sulphur, 
four pounds ; phosphorus, four pounds. 

EECrPES FOR HORSES. 

Blistering Liniment. — Powdered Spanish flies, one ounce; 
spirits turpentine, six ounces. Rub on the belly for pain in the 
bowels, or on the surface for internal inflammation. 

Catliartic Powder. — To cleanse out horses in the spring, mak- 
ing them sleek and healthy; black sulphuret of antimony, nitre, 
and sulphur, each equal parts. Mix well together and give a 
tablespoonful every morning. 

Cougli Ball for Horses. — ^Pulverized ipecac, three quarters of 
an ounce; camphor, two ounces; squills, half an ounce. Mix 
with honey to form into mass, and divide into eight balls. Give 
one every morning. 

Diuretic Balls. — Castile soap scraped fine, powdered resin, 
each three teaspoonfuls; powdered nitre, four teaspoonfuls; oil of 
juniper, one small teaspoonful; honey, a sufficient quantity to 
make into a ball. 



confectioners' department. 47 

To prevent Horses being Teased by Flies.— Boil three hand- 
fuls of walnut leaves in three quarts of water; sponge the horse 
(before going out of the stable) between and upon the ears, neck 
and flank. 

To Prevent Botts. — Mix a little wood-ashes with their drink 
daily. This effectually preserves horses against the botts. 

Liniment for Galled Backs of Horses. — White lead moistened 
with milk. When milk cannot be procured, oil may be substitut- 
ed. One or two ounces will last two months or more. 

Remedy for Strains in Horses.— Take whiskey, one half pint; 
camphor, one ounce; sharp vinegar, one pint. Mix. Bathe the 
parts effected. 

Another. — Take opodeldoc, warm it, and rub the strained part 
two or three times a day. 

Lotion for Blows, Bruises, Sprains, &e.— One part laudanum, 
two parts oil origanum, four parts water ammonia, four parts 
oil of turpentine, four parts camphor, thiry-two parts spirits of 
wine. Put them into a bottle, and shake them until mixed. 

Fever Ball. — Emetic tartar and camphor, each half an ounce; 
nitre, two ounces. Mix with linseed meal and molasses to make 
eight balls. Give one twice a day. 

Liniment for Sprains, Swellings, &c. — ^Aqua ammonia, spirits 
camphor, each, two ounces ; oil origanum and laudanum, each, 
half an ounce. Mix. 

Lotion for Mange. — Boil two ounces tobacco in one quart 
water; strain; add sulphur and soft soap, each, two ounces. 

Purgative Ball. — Aloes, one ounce; cream tartar and castile 
soap, one quarter of an ounce. Mix with molasses to make a 
baU. 



CONFECTIONERS' DEPARTMENT. 

Ginger Candy. — Boil a pound of clarified sugar until, upon 
taking out a drop of it on a piece of stick, it will become brittle 
when cold. Mix and stir up with it, for a common article, about 
a teaspoonful of ground ginger; if for a superior article, instead 
of the ground ginger add half the white of an egg, beaten up 
previously with fine sifted loaf sugar, and twenty drops of strong 
essence of ginger. 

Another. — Take coarsely powdered ginger, 2 ounces; boiling 
water one and a quarter pints ; macerate in a warm place for 2 
hours, strain, and add seven pounds each of loaf and brown 
sugar. 






48 BOOK OF KNOWIiEDGE. 

Ginger Drops* — Are the same, except that they are made with 
all loaf sugar. 

(xing'er Lozenges. — Dissolve in one quarter of a pint of hot water 
half an ounce of gum arable ; when cold, stir it up with one and 
a half pounds of loaf sugar, and a spoonful of powdered ginger, 
or twelve drops of essence of ginger. KoU and beat the whole up 
into a paste; make it into a flat cake, and punch out the lozenges 
with a round stamp; dry them near the fire, or in an oven. 

Peppermint Lozenges. — Best powdered white sugar, seven 
pounds; pure starch, one pound; oil of pepermint to flavor. Mix 
with mucilage. 

Peppermint, Rose or Hoarhound Candy.— They may be 

made as lemon candy. Flavor with essence of rose, or pepper- 
mint or finely powdered hoarhound. Pour it out in a buttered 
paper, placed in a square tin pan. 

To Clarify Sugar for Candies. — To every pound of sugar, put 
a large cup of water, and put it in a brass or copper kettle, over 
a slow fire, for half an hour; pour into it a small quantity of isin- 
glass and gum Arabic, dissolved together. This will cause all im- 
purities to rise to the surface; skim it as it rises. Flavor accord- 
ing to taste. 

All kinds of sugar for candy, are boiled as above directed. 
When boiling loaf sugar, add a tablespoonful of rum or vinegar, 
to prevent its becoming too brittle whilst making. 

Loaf sugar when boiled, by pulling and making into small rolls, 
and twisting a little, will make what is called little rock, or snow. 
By pulling loaf sugar after it is boiled, you can make it as white 
as snow. 

Common Twist Candy. — Boil three pounds of common sugar 
and one pint of water over a slow fire for half an hour, without 
skimming. When boiled enough take it off; rub the hands over with 
butter; take that which is a little cooled, and pull it as you would 
molasses candy, until it is white; then twist or braid it, and cut 
it up in strips. 

Fine Peppermint Lozenges.— Best powdered white sugar, 7 
pounds; pure starch, 1 pound; oil of peppermint to flavor. Mix 
with mucilage. 

Everton Taffee. — To make this favorite and wholesome candy, 
take 1 k pounds of moist sugar, 3 ounces of butter, a teacup and 
a half of water and one lemon. Boil the sugar, butter, water, 
and half the rind of the lemon together, and when done — which 
will be known by dropping into cold water, when it should be 
quite crisp — let it stand aside till the boiling has ceased, and then 
stir in the juice of the lemon. Butter a dish, and pour it in about 
a quarter of an inch in thickness. The fire must be quick, and 
the taffee stirred all the time. 

Candy Fruit. — Take 1 pound of the best loaf sugar; dip each 



CONFECTINOEBS' DEPARTMENT. 49 

lump into a bowl of water, and put the sugar into your preserving 
kettle. Boil it down and skim it imtil perfectly clear, and in a 
candying state. When sufficiently boiled, have ready the fruits 
you wish to preserve. Large white grapes, oranges separated into 
small pieces, or preserved fruits, taken out of their syrup and 
dried, are very nice. Dip the fruits into the prepared sugar while 
it is hot ; put them in a cold place ; they will soon become hard. 

Popped Corn. — Dipped in boiling molasses and stuck together 
forms an excellent candy. 

Molasses Candy. — Boil molasses over a moderately hot fire^ 
stirring constantly. When you think it is done, drop a little on a 
plate, and if sufficiently boiled it will be hard. Add a small 
quantity of vinegar to render it brittle and any flavoring ingredi- 
ent you prefer. Pour in buttered tin pans. If nuts are to be 
added strew them in the pans before pouring out the candy. 

Li(][Uorice Lozenges. — Extract of liquorice, 1 pound, powder- 
ed white sugar, 2 pounds. Mix with mucilage made with rose- 
water. 

Fig Candy. — ^Take 1 pound of sugar and 1 pint of water, set 
over a slow fire. When done, add a few drops of vinegar and a 
lump of butter, and pour into pans in which split figs are laid. 

Raisin Candy. — Can be made in the same manner, substituting 
stoned raisins for the figs. Common molasses candy is very nice 
with all kinds of nuts added. 

Scotch Butter Candy. — Take 1 pound of sugar, 1 pint of water; 
dissolve and boil. When done add ' 1 . tablespoonlul of butter, 
and enough lemon juice and oil of lemon to flavor. 

Icing for Cakes. — Beat the whites of two small eggs to a high 
froth; then add to them a quarter of a pound of white, ground or 
powdered, sugar; beat it well until it will lie in a heap; flavor 
with lemon or rose. This wiU frost the top of a common-sized 
cake. Heap what you suppose to be sufficient in the centre of 
the cake, then dip a broad-bladed knife in cold water, and spread 
the ice evenly over the whole- surface. 

Saffron Lozenges. — Finely powdered hay-saffron, 1 ounce; fine- 
ly powdered sugar, 1 pound; finely powdered starch, 8 ounces. 
Mucilage to mix. 

Chocolate Cream. — Chocolate, scraped fine, ^ ounce; thick 
cream, 1 pint; sugar, (best,) 3 ounces; heat it nearly to boiling, 
then remove it from the fire, and mill it well. When cold add the 
whites of four or five eggs ; whisk rapidly and take up the froth 
on a sieve; serve the cream in glasses, and pile up the froth on 
the top of them. 

Candied Lemon or Peppermint for Colds.— Boil IJ pounds 
sugar in a half pint of water, till it begins to candy round the 
sides; put in 8 drops of essence; pour it upon buttered paper, 
and cut it with a knife. 



50 BOOK OP KNOWLEDGE. 

VALUABLE MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS, 

FOR THE HOUSEHOLD AND EVERY DAY 

REQUIREMENTS. 



Alnm in Starch. — For starching muslins, ginghams, and cal- 
icoes, dissolve a piece of alum the size of a shellbark, for every 
pint of starch, and add to it. By so doing the colors will keep 
bright for a long time, which is very desirable when dresses must 
be often washed, and the cost is but a trifle. 

Cider Yeast. — Take cider from sour apples before it ferments, 
scald, skim thoroughly, and pour, while hot, upon flour enough 
to make a stiff batter. When cool, add yeast of any kind, and let 
it rise, stirring it down as often as it tries to run over for several 
days, then put it in a cool place (where it will not freeze), and 
you will have something equal to the best hop yeast. It will keep 
until May without any further labor. 

To Destroy Cockroaches. — The following is said to be effectual : 
These vermin are easily destroyed, simply by cutting up green 
cucumbers at night, and placing them about where roaches com- 
mit depredations. AVhat is cut from the cucumbers in preparing 
them for the table answers the purpose as well, and three applica- 
tions will destroy all the roaches in the house. Bemove the peel- 
ings in the morning, and renew them at night. 

Fire Kindlers. — Take a quart of tar and three pounds of resin, 
melt them, bring to a cooling temperature, mix with as much 
sawdust, with a little charcoal added, as can be worked in ; spread 
out while hot upon a board, when cold break up into lumps of 
the size of a large hickory nut, and you have, at a small expense, 
kindling material enough for a household for one year. They will 
easily ignite from a match and burn with a strong blaze, long 
enough to start any wood that is fit to burn. 

Remedy against Moths. — An ounce of gum camphor and one of 
the powdered shell of red pepper are macerated in eight ounces of 
strong alcohol for several days, then strained. With this tincture 
the furs or cloths are sprinkled over, and rolled up in sheets. In- 
stead of the pepper, bitter apple may be used. This remedy is 
used in Russia under the name of the Chinese tincture for moths. 

Substitute for Yeast.— Boil one pound of flour, one quarter 
pound of brown sugar and a little salt in two gallons of water for 
one hour. When milk- warm, bottle and cork close, and it will be 
ready for use in twenty-four hours. 

To make Ley. — Have a large tub or cask and bore a hole on 
one side for a tap, near the bottom ; place several bricks near the 
hole and cover them with straw. Fill the barrel with strong wood 
ashes. Oak ashes are strongest, and those of apple-tree Avood 



MISCELLANEOUS BECEEPTS. 51 

make the whitest soap. Pour on boiling water until it begins to 
run, then put in the tap and let it soak. If the ashes settle down 
as they are wet, fill in until fulL 

Tomato Wine. — Take ripe, fresh tomatoes, mash very fine, 
strain through a fine sieve, sweeten with good sugar, to suit the 
taste, set it away in an earthen or glass vessel, nearly full, cover 
tight, with exception of a small hole for the refuse to work off 
through during its fermentation. When it is done fermenting it 
will become pure and clear. Then bottle, and cork tight. A lit- 
tle salt improves its flavor; age improves it. 

To Color Brown on Cotton or Woolen. — For ten pounds of 
cloth boil three pounds of catechu in as much water as needed to 
cover the goods. When dissolved, add four ounces of blue vitriol ; 
stir it well; put in the cloth and let it remain all night; in the 
morning drain it thoroughly; put four ounces of bi-chromate of 
potash in boiling water sufficient to cover your goods; let it 
remain 15 minutes; wash in cold water; color in iron. 

To Cleanse and Brigrliten Faded Brussels Carpet.— Boil 

some bran in water and with this wash the carpet with a flannel 
and brush, using fuller's earth for the worst parts. When dry, 
the carpet must be well beaten to get out the fuller's earth, then 
washed over with a weak solution of alum to brighten the colors. 
Some housekeepers cleanse and brighten carpets by sprinkling 
them first with fine salt and then sweeping them thoroughly. 

To give Stores a fine Brilliant Appearance. —A teaspoonful 
of pulverized alum mixed with stove polish will give the stove a 
fine lustre, which will be quite permanent. 

Method of Keeping Hams in Summer.— Make bags of un- 
bleached muslin; place in the bottom a little good sw^eet hay; put 
in the ham, and then press around and over it firmly more hay; 
tie the bag and hang up in a dry place. Ham secured in this way 
will keep for years. 

How to Cause Vegetables and Fruits to Grow to an Enor- 
mous Size and also to Increase the Brilliancy and Fragrancy 
of Flowers. — A curious discovery has recently been made public 
in France, in regard to the culture of vegetable and fruit trees. 
By watering with a solution of sulphate of iron, the most wonder- 
ful fecundity has been attained. Pear-trees and beans, which have 
been submitted to this treatment, have nearly doubled in the size 
of their productions, and a noticeable improvement has been re- 
marked in their flavor. Dr. Becourt reports that while at the 
head of an establishment at Enghien, or the sulphurous springs, 
he had the gardens and plantations connected with it watered, 
during several weeks of the early Spring, with sulphurous water, 
and that not only the plantations prospered to a remarkable ex- 
tent, but flowers acquired a peculiar brilliancy of coloring and 
healthy aspect which attracted universal attention. 



52 BOOK OF KNOWLEBGE. 

Drying Corn. — With a sharp knife shave the corn from the 
ear, then scrape the cob, leaving one-half the hull clinging to the 
cob. Place a tin or earthen vessel two-thirds full of this **milk 
of corn" over a kettle of boiling water, stir frequently until dry 
enough to spread upon a firm cloth without sticking, when the f. 

wind and sun (away from dust and flies) will soon complete the ^- 

process. To prepare for the table, put in cold water, set it where 
it will become hot, but not boil, for two hom-s; then season with 
salt and pepper, boil for ten minutes; add of butter and white 
sugar a tablespoonful of each just before ready to serve. 

To Destroy Lice on Chickens. — The following will kill lice on 
the first application : Pat six cents worth of cracked Coculus Indicus 
berries into a bottle tbat Ynll hold a half pint of alcohol; fill the 
bottle with alcohol, and let it stand twenty-four hours. "When 
the hen comes off with the young chickens, take the mixture, and 
with a small cotton rag, wet the head of each chicken enough to 
have it reach through the little feathers to the skin; also, with the 
same rag, wet the hen under her wings. Be careful that no child, 
nor any one else, uses it, because it is a deadly poison. 

CraclvCd Wheat. — For a pint of the cracked grain, have two 
quarts of water boiling in a smooth iron pot over a quick 
fire; stir in the wheat slowly; boil fast and stir constantly 
for the first half hour of cooking, or until it begins to thicken 
and * 'pop up;" then lift from the quick fire, and place the pot 
where the wheat will cook slowly for an hour longer. Keep it 
covered closely, stir now and then, and be careful not to let it 
burn at the bottom. Wheat cooked thus is much sweeter and 
richer than when left to soak and simmer for hours, as many 
think necessary. White wheat cooks the easiest. When ready to 
dish out, have your moulds moistened with cold w^ater, cover 
lightly, and set in a cool place. Eat warm or cold with milk and 
sugar. 

How to liare Green Pea Soup in Winter.— Sow peas thickly 
in pots and boxes, say six weeks before the soup is wanted. 
Place them in a temperature of 60^ or so, close to the glass in a 
house or pit. Cut the plants as soon as they attain a height of 
from three to six inches, and rub them through a sieve. The 
shoots alone will make a fair soup. Mixed with dry peas, also 
passed through a sieve, no one could scarcely distinguish color or 
flavor from that of real green pea soup. There is, however, con- 
siderable difference in the flavor of pea leaves, as well as of tte 
peas themselves. The best marrows, such as Ne Plus Ultra and 
Veitche's Perfection, yield the most piquant cuttings. Also the 
more light the plants receive the higher the flavor, plants drawn 
up or at all blanched, being by no means comparable with those 
well and strongly gro^vn. 

In the spring, a few patches or row"> may be sowti in opan 
quarters expressly for green cuttings. These are most perfect and 



MISCEIiLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 63 

fall flavored when four inches high. When too long, the flavor 
Beams to have run to wood, and the peculiar aroma of green peas 
is weaker. 

There is yet another mode of making green pea soup at any 
reason at very short notice. Chip the peas by steeping them in 
water and leaving them in a warm place for a few days. Then 
slightly boil or stew, chips and all, and pass them through a sieve. 
The flavor is full and good, though such pea soup lacks color. 
It is astonishing how much the mere vegetation of seeds develops 
their, more active and predominant flavor or qualities ; a fact that 
might often be turned to useful accouat in the kitchen in the fla- 
voring of soups or dishes, with turnips, celery, parsley, &c. 

Composition for Restoring* Scorched Linen. — Boil, to a good 
consistency, in half a pint of vinegar, two ounces of Fuller's 
earth, an ounce of hen's dung, half an ounce of cake soap, and 
the juice of two onions. Spread this composition over the whole 
of the damaged part; and if the scorching is not quite through, 
and the threads actually consumed, after suffering it to dry on, 
and letting it receive a subsequent good washing or two, the place 
will appear full as white and perfect as any other part of the 
linen. 

To Remove Indelible Ink Stains.— Soak the stained spot in 
strong salt water, then wash it with ammonia. Salt changes the 
nitrate of silver into chloride of silver, and ammonia dissolves 
the chloride. 

To Cook Cauliflower. — Choose those that are close and white 
and of middle size, trim off the outside leaves, cut the stalk off 
flat at the bottom, let them lie in salt and water an hour before 
you boil them. Put them into boiling water with a handf iil of 
salt in it, skim it well and let it boil slowly till done. Fifteen 
minutes will suffice for a small one, and twenty will be long 
enough for a large one. If it is boiled a minuta or two after it is 
done the flavor will be impaired. 

To Pickle String Beans. — Place them in a pan with alter- 
nate layers of salt and leave them thus for 24 hours. Drain them 
and place them in a jar with allspice, cloves, pepper, and a little 
salt. Boil enough vinegar to cover them, pour over them and let 
them stand till the next day, boil the vinegar the second tinio, 
and pour it on again. The next day boil the vinegar for the li^t 
lime, pour it over the beans, and when quite cold, cover the j ir 
lightly and set in a cool closet. 

Chili Sauce. — Twelve ripe tomatoes, four ripe peppers, two 
onions, two table-spoonfuls of salt, two table-spoonfuls of sugar, 
three tea-cups of vinegar, a little cinnamon; peel the tomatoes 
and chop them fine, also the peppers and onions, and boil all to- 
gether one hour. 

How to Cause a Baby to Thrive and Grow.— Try the milk 
firot drawn from a cow that is fresh, add one-quarter water, and a 



54 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

little sugar. If the milk constipates, sweeten it with molasses, 
or mix with it a small quantity of magnesia. Abjure soothing 
syrups, and for colic give catnip or smellage tea. Give the baby 
a tepid bath at night as well as in the morning, rubbing him well 
with the hand. After the bath, let him feed and then sleep. We 
find open air the best of tonics for babies. Ours takes his naps 
out of doors in the shade during the warm weather, and his 
cheeks are two roses. 

To Can Grooseberries without Breaking tliem,— Fill the 

cans with berries, and partly cover with water, set the jars into a 
vessel of water, and raise the temperature to the boiling point. 
Boil eight minutes, remove from the kettle, cover with boiling 
water, and seal immediately. If sugar is used, let it be pure 
white, and allow eight ounces to a quart of berries. Make into a 
syrup, and use in the cans instead of water. The glass cans with 
glass tops, a rubber and a screw ring, we have found the simplest 
and most perfect of the many kinds offered for sale in the market. 

Ready Mode of Mending* Cracks in Stoves, Pipes, and Iron 
Ovens, — When a crack is discovered in a stove, tnrough which 
the fire or smoke penetrates, the aperture may be completely 
closed in a moment with a composition consisting of wood ashes 
and common salt, made up into paste with a little water, and 
plastered over the crack. The good effect is equally certain, 
whether the stove, &c., be cold or hot. 

Preservation of Milk and Cream.— Put the milk into bottles, 
then place them in a saucepan with cold water, and gradually 
raise it to the boiling point; take it from the fire, and instantly 
cork the bottles, then raise the milk once more to the boiling point 
for half a minute. Finally let the bottles cool in the water in 
which they were boiled. Milk thus treated will remain perfectly 
good for six months. Emigrants, especially those having child- 
ren will find the above hint add much to their comfort while on 
their voyage. 

To Keep Milk from Turning Sour.— Add a little sub-carbo- 
nate of soda, or of potash. This by combining with, and neu- 
tralizing the acetic acid formed, has the desired effect, and keeps 
the milk from turning sooner than it otherwise would. The ad- 
dition is perfectly harmless, and does not injure the taste. 

Strawberry Vinegar. — Put four pounds of very ripe straw- 
berries, nicely dressed, into three quarts of the best vinegar, and 
let them stand three or four days; then drain the vinegar through 
a jelly-bag, and pour it on the same quantity of fruit. Repeat 
the process in the days for a third time. Finally, to each pound 
of the liquor thus obtained, add one pound of fine sugar. Bottle^ 
and let it stand covered, but not tightly corked, one week ; then 
cork it tight, and set it in a cool, dry place, where it will not freeze. 
Raspberry vinegar is made the same way. 

Cider Vinegar. — After cider has become too sour for use, set it 






MISCELLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 55 

in a warm place, put to it occasionally the rinsings of the sugar 
basin or molasses jug, and any remains of ale or cold tea; let it 
remain with the bung open, and you will soon have the best of 
vinegar. 

To give Lustre to Silver. — Dissolve a quantity of alum in 
water, so as to make a pretty strong brine, and skim it carefully; 
then add some soap to it, and dip a linen rag in it, and rub over 
the silver. 

To make Water-Proof Porous Cloth.— Close water-proof 
cloth labrics, such as glazed oil-cloth. India-rubber, and gutta- 
percha cloth are completely water-proof, but do not permit per- 
spiration and the exhaled gases from the skin to pass through 
them, because they are air-tight as well as water-tight. Persons 
who wear air-tight garments soon become faint, if they are under- 
going severe exercise, such as that to which soldiers are exposed 
when on march. A porous, water-proof cloth, therefore, is the 
best for outer garments during wet weather, for those whose du- 
ties or labor causes them to prespire freely. The best way for 
preparing such cloth is by the following process: Take 2 J pounds 
of alum and dissolve this in 10 gallons of boiling water; then in 
a sepjirate vessel dissolve the same quantity of sugar of lead in 
10 gallons of water, and mix the two solutions. The cloth is now 
well handled in this liquid, until every part of it is penetrated; 
then it is squeezed and dried in the air, or in a warm ajpartment, 
then washed in cold water and dried again, when it is fit for use. 
If necessary, the cloth may bo dipped in the liquid and dried 
twice before being washed. The liquor appears curdled, when 
the alum and lead solutions are mixed together. This is the re- 
sult of double decomposition, the sulphate of lead, which is an 
insoluble salt, being formed. The sulphate of lead is taken up 
in the pores of the cloth, and it is unaffected by rains or mois- 
ture, and yet it does not render the cloth air-tight. Such cloth 
is fdso partially non-inflammable. A solution of alum itself will 
render cloth, prej)ared as described, partially water-proof, but it 
is not so good as the sulphate of lead. Such cloth — cotton or 
woolen — sheds rain like the feathers on the back of a duck. 

To Cleanse Carpet. — 1 teaspoonful liquid ammonia in one 
gallon warm water, will often restore the color of carpets, even if 
produced by acid or alkali. If a ceiling has been whitewashed 
with carpet down, and a few drops are visible, this will remove it. 
Or, after the carpet is well beaten and brushed, scour with ox 
gall, which will not only extract grease but freshen the colors— 
1 pint of gall in 3 gallons of warm water, will do a large carpet. 
Table floor-cloths may be thus washed. The sud.<^ left from a 
v/ash where ammonia is used, even if almost cold, cleanses these 
iioor-cloths well. 

To Keep Hams. — After the meat has been well cured by pickle 
and smoke, take some clean ashes from bits of coal; moisten them 



56 BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE. 

with a little water so that they will form a paste, or else just wet 
the hams a little, and rub on the dry ashes. Bubbed in thorouhgly 
they serve as a capital insect protector, and the hams can be hung 
up in the smoke-house or wood-chamber without any danger of 
molestation. 

A Cold Cement for Mending Earthenware, says a recent 
English work, reckoned a great secret among workmen, is made 
by grating a pound of old cheese, with a bread grater, into a quart 
of milk, in which it must be left for a period of fourteen hours. 
It should be stirred quite often. A pound of unslaked lime, fine- 
ly pulverized in a mortar, is then added, and the whole is thor- 
oughly mixed by beating. This done, the whites of 25 eggs are 
incorporated with the rest, and the whole is ready for use. There 
is another cement for the same purpose which is used hot It is 
made of resin, beeswax, brick-dust, and chalk boiled together. 
The substances to be cemented must be heated, and when the sur- 
faces are coated with cement, they must be rubbed hard upon 
each other, as in making a glue joint with wood. 

How to Make Cucumber Tines Bear Fire Crops.— When 
a cucumber is taken from the vine let it be cut with a knife leav- 
ing about the eighth of an inch of the cucumber on the stem, 
then slit the stem with a knife from the end to the vine, leaving a 
small portion of the cucumber on each division, and on each 
separate slit there will be a new cucumber as large as the first. 

White Cement. — Take white (fish) glue, 1 lb. 10 oz. ; dry white 
lead 6 oz. ; soft v^ater 3 pts. ; alcohol 1 pt. 

Dissolve the glue by putting it in a tin kettle or dish, contain- 
ing the water, and set this dish in a kettle of water, to prevent 
the glue from being burned; when the glue is all dissolved, put 
in the lead and stir and boil until.it is thoroughly mixed; remove 
from the fire, and when cool enough to bottle, add the alcohol, 
and bottle while it is yet warm, keeping it corked. This last re- 
cipe has been sold about the country for from twenty-five cents to 
five dollars, and one man gave a horse for it. 

To Clean Furniture. — An old cabinet maker says the best 
preparation for cleaning picture frames and restoring furniture, 
especially that somewhat marred or scratched, is a mixture of 
three parts lineseed oil and one part spirits of turpentine. It not 
only covers the disfigured surface, but restores wood to its nat- 
ural color, and leaves a lustre upon its surface. Put on with a 
woolen cloth, and when dry, rub with woolen. 

Bruises on Furniture. — Wet the part in warm water; double 
a piece of brown paper five or six times, soak in the warm water, 
and lay it on the place; apply on that a warm, but not hot, flat- 
iron till the moisture is evaporated. If the bruise be not gone 
repeat the process. After two or three applications the dent will 
be raised to the surface. If the bruise be small, merely soak it 



MISCELLANEQUS RECEIPTS. 57 

with warm water, and hold a red-hot iron near the surface keep- 
ing the surface continually wet — the bruise will soon disappear. 

To Prevent Iron Rust. — Kerosene applied to stoves or farm- 
ing implements, during summer, will prevent their rusting. 

To Color Sheep Skins.— Unslaked lime and litharge equal 
parts, mixed to a thin paste with water, will color buff — sevenxl 
coats will make it a dark brown ; by adding a little ammonia and 
nitrate of silver a fine black is produced. Terra japonica will 
Impart a "tan color" to wool, and and the red shade is deepened 
by sponging with a solution of lime and water, using a strong 
solution of alum water to **set" the colors; 1 part crystallized nit- 
rate silver, 8 parts carbonate ammonia, and 1 h parts of soft water 
dyes brown; every additional coat darkens the color imtil a black 
is obtained. 

Remedy for Burns. — Take one teacup of lard and the whites 
of two eggs; work together as much as it can be, then spread on 
cloths and apply. Change as often as necessary. 

How Summer Suits should be Washed.— Summer suits are 
nearly all made of white or buff linen, pique, cambric, or muslin, 
and the art of preserving the new appearance after washing is a 
matter of the greatest importance. Common washerwomen spoil 
everything with soda, and nothing is more frequent than to see 
the delicate tints of lawns and percales turned into dark blotches 
and muddy streaks by the ignorance and vandalism of a laundress. 
It is worth while for ladies to pay attention to this, and insist upon 
having their summer dresses washed according to the directions 
which they should be prepared to give their laundresses them- 
selves. In the first place, the water should be tepid, the soap 
should not be allowed to touch the fabric; it should be washed 
and rinsed quick, turned upon the wrong side, and hung in the 
shade to dry, and when starched (in thin boiled but not boiling 
starch) should be folded in sheets or towels, and ironed upon the 
wrong side as soon as possible. But linen should be washed in 
water in which hay or a quart bag of bran has been boiled. This 
last will be found to answer for starch as well, and is excellent for 
print dresses of all kinds, but a handful of salt is very useful also 
to set the colors of light cambrics and dotted lawns; and a little 
ox gall will not only set but brighten yellow and purple tints, and 
has a good effect upon green. 

How to Fasten Rubber to Wood and Metal.— As rubber 
plates and rings are now-a-days used almost exclusively for mak- 
ing connections between steam and other pipes and apparatus, 
much annoyance is often experienced by the impossibility or im- 
perfection of an air-tight connection. This is obviated entirely 
by employing a cement which fastens alike well to the rubber and 
to the metal or wood. Such cement is prepared by a solution of 
shellac in anmaonia. This is best made by soaking pulverized gum 
shellac in ten times its weight of strong ammonia, when a slimy 



53 BOOK OF KNOWLdEDGE. 

mass is obtained, which in three to four weeks will become liquid 
withont the use of hot water. This softens the rubber, and be- 
comes, after volatilization of the ammonia, hard and impermeable 
to gases and fluids. 

Renewing Maroon Colors on Wool.— Wash the goods in very 
weak lye; then rinse thoroughly in clear water; thus you have a % 

beautiful, even color, although your goods may have been much 
faded and stained. Though the color thus obtained may not be 
the exact shade as when new, it is, however a very pretty one. 
The above will not answer for other than all woolen goods of 
a maroon color. 

To make Water-Proof Cloth out of thick Ducking'.— The 

following French recipe is given : Take two pounds four ounces 
of alum, and dissolve it in ten gallons of water. In like manner 
dissolve the same quantity of sugar of lead in a similar quantity 
of water, and mix the two together. They form a precipitate of 
the sulphate of lead. The clear liquor is now withdrawTi, and the 
cloth immersed one hour in the solution, when it is taken out and 
dried in the shade, washed in clean water and dried again. 

Cochineal Coloring. — The following is a good recipe: — Cochi- 
neal, alum, cream tartar, carb. potassa, each three drachms; wa- 
ter, eight ounces; sugar, six ounces. Eub the cochineal, alum 
and cream tartar with eight ounces of boiling water, and, when 
cold, gradually add carb. potassa, and strain; pour water on the 
strainer sufficient to measure eight fluid ounces, then add the 
sugar. 

How to Stop a Pinhole in Lead Pipe.— Take a ten-penny nail, 
place the square end upon the hole, and hit it two or three slight 
blows with a hammer, and the orifice is closed as tight as though 
you had employed a plumber to do it at a cost of a dollar or 
more. 

To Build a Cliimney that Will Not Smoke.— The Scientific 
American gives the following hints to those who would * 'build a 
chimney which will not smoke:" — The chief point is to make the 
throat not less than four inches broad and twelve long; then the 
chimney should be abruptly enlarged to double the size, and 
so continued for one foot or more; then it may be gradually 
tapered ofi: as desired. But the inside of the chimney, through- 
out its whole length to the top, should be plastered very smooth 
with good mortar, which will harden with age. The area of a 
chimney should be at least half a square foot, and no flues less 
than sixty square inches. The best shape for a chimney is circu- 
lar, or many-sided, as giving less friction, (brick is the best ma- 
terial, as it is a non-conductor, ) and the higher above the roof the 
better. 

To Prevent Turners' Wood Splitting.— Small pieces of valua- 
ble wood, such kinds as are used for turning, etc. , are very liable 
to split readily— that is, outward from the center. To prevent 



MISCEIiLANEOUS RECEIPTS. 59 

this, soak tho pieces, when first cut, in cold water for 24 hours, 
then boil in hot water for two or three hours, and afterward dry 
slowly, and under cover. This will be found useful in making 
handsome mantel, toilet, and other articles from sumac, cherry, 
and other woods that never grow very large. 

To remove Dry Paint on Windows.— The most economica! 
way to remove dry paint from the panes is to make a small swab 
having a handle some eight inches long, dip it in a little diluted 
oxalic acid, and rub off the paint with a swab. 

Everlasting Fence Posts. — I discovered many years ago that 
wood could be made to last longer than iron in the ground but 
thought the process so simple and inexpensive that it was not 
worth while making any stir about it. I would as soon have pop- 
lar, basswood, or quaking ash as any other kind of thimber for 
fence posts. I have taken out basswood posts after having been 
set seven years, which were as sound when taken out as when they 
were first put in the ground. Time and weather seemed to have 
no effect on them. The posts can be prepared for less than two 
cents a piece. This is the recipe: Take boiled linseed oil and 
stir it in pulverized charcoal to the consistency of paint. Put a 
coat of this over the timber, and there is not a man that will live 
to see it rotten. 

How to Test the Richness of Milk,— Procure any long glass 
vessel — a cologne bottle or long phial. Take a narrow strip of 
paper, just the length from the neck to the bottom of the phial, 
and mark it off with one hundred lines at equal distances; or into 
fifty lines, and count each as two, and paste it upon the phial, so 
as to divide its length into a hundred equal parts. Pill it to the 
highest mark with milk fresh from the cow, and allow it to stand 
in a perpendicular position twenty-four hours. The number of 
spaces occupied by the cream will give you its exact percentage in 
the milk without any guess work. 

To Mend Tinware by the heat of a Candle.— Take a yial 
about two-thirds full of muriatic acid, and put into it little bits 
of sheet zinc as long as it dissolves them ; then put in a crumb of 
salammoniac, and fill up with water, and it is ready to use. Then, 
with the cork of the vial, wet the place to be mended with the 
preparation ; then put a piece of sheet zinc over the hole, and 
hold a lighted candle or spirit-lamp under the place, which melts 
the solder on the tin, and causes the zinc to adhere without 
further trouble. Wet the zinc also with the solution ; or a little 
solder may be put on instead of the zinc, or with the zinc. 

To Remove Stains. — The stains of ink on cloth, paper, or 
wood may be removed by almost all acids ; but those acids are to 
be preferred which are least likely to injure the texture of the 
stained substance. The muriatic acid, diluted with five or six 
times its weight of water, may be applied to the spot, and after a 
minute or two may be washed off, repeatiug the application as 



60 BOOK OF KNOWJLEDGE. 

often as may be necessary. But the vegetable acids are attended 
with less risk, and are equally effectual. A solution of the oxalic, 
citric (acid of lemons), or tartareous acids in water may be appli- 
ed to the most delicate fabrics, without any danger of injuring 
them ; and the same solutions will discharge writing but not 
printing ink. Hence they may be employed in cleaning books 
which have been defaced by writing on the margin, without im- 
pairing the text. Lemon-juice and the juice of sorrels will also 
remove ink-stains, but not so easily as the concrete acid of lemons 
or citric acid. 

To Prevent Snow-water or Rain from Penetrating the 
Soles of Shoes or Boots in Winter. — This simple and efiectual 
remedy is nothing more than a little beeswax and mutton suet, 
warmed in a pipkin until in a liquid state. Then rub some of it 
lightly over the edges of the sole where the stitches are, which 
will repel the wet, and not in the least prevent the blacking from 
having the usual effect. 

An Easy Method of preventing Moths in Furs or Woollens 

— Sprinkle the furs or woollen stuffs, as well as the drawers or 
boxes in which they are kept, with spirits of turpentine ; the 
unpleasant scent of which will speedily evaporate on exposure of 
the stuffs to the air. Some persons place sheets of paper, moist- 
ened with spirits of turpentine, over, under, or between pieces of 
cloth, &c., and find it a very effectual mode. 

To keep Moths, Beetles, &e,, fi'om Clothes.—Put a piece of 
camphor m a linen-bag, or some aromatic herbs, in the drawers, 
among linen or woollen clothes, and neither moth nor worm will 
come near them. 

To make Sea-water fit for Washing Linen at Sea,— Soda 
put into sea- water renders it turbid : the lime and magnesia fall 
to the bottom. To make sea- water fit for washing linen at sea, as 
much soda must be put in it, as not only to effect a complete 
precipitation of these earths, but to render the sea- water suffic- 
iently laxivial or alkaline. Soda should always be taken to sea 
for this purpose. 

To Destroy Insects. — When bugs have obtained a lodgment 
in walls or timber, the surest mode of overcoming the nuisance is 
to putty up every hole that is moderately large, and oil-paint the 
whole wall or timber. In bed-furniture, a mixture of soft soap, 
with snuff or arsenic^ is useful to fill up the holes where the bolts 
or fastenings are fixed, &c. French polish may be applied to 
smoother parts of the wood. 

Poultice for Burns and Frozen Flesh.— Indian-meal poult- 
ices, covered with young hyson tea, moistened with hot water, 
and laid over burns or frozen parts, as hot as can be borne, will 
relieve the pain in five minutes ; and blisters, if they have not, 
will not arise. One poultice is usually sufficient. 



MISCELIiAKEOUS RECEIPTS. Gi 

Cracked Nipples. — Glycerine and tannin, eqnal weights, rub- 
bed together into an ointment, is very highly recommended, as 
is also Mutton Tallow and Glycerine. 

To take the Impression of any Butterfly in all its Colors. 

— Having taken a butterfly, kill it without spoiling its wings, 
which contrive to spread out as regularly as possible in a flying 
position. Then, with a small brush or pencil, take a piece of 
white paper ; wash part of it with gum-water, a little thicker than 
ordinary, so that it may easily dry. Afterwards, laying your 
butterfly on the paper, cut off the body close to the wings, and, 
throwing it away, lay the paper on a smooth board with the fly 
upwards ; and, laying another paper over that, put the whole 
preparation into a screw-press, and screw down very hard, letting 
it remain under that pressure for half an hour. Afterwards take 
off the wings of the butterfly, and you will find a perfect impres- 
sion of them, with all their various colors, marked distinctly, 
remaining on the paper. When this is done, draw between the 
wings of your impression the body of the butterfly, and color it 
after the insect itself. 

To take the Stains of Orease from Woollen or Silk.— Three 

ounces of spirits of wine, three ounces of French chalk powdered, 
and five ounces of pijja-clay. Mix the above ingredients, and 
make them up in rolls about the length of a finger, and you will 
find a never-failing remedy for removing grease from woollen or 
silken goods. N. B. — it is applied by rubbing on the spot either 
dry or wet, and afterwards brushing the place. 

Easy and Safe Method of discharging Grease from Woollen 
Cloths. — Fuller's earth or tobacco pipe-clay, being put wet on an 
oil-spot, absorbs the oil as the water evaporates, and leaves the 
vegetable or animal fibres of the cloth clean on being beaten or 
brushed out. When the spot is occassioned by tallow or wax, it 
is necessary to heat the part cautiously by an iron or the fire 
while the cloth is drying. In some kinds of goods, blotting- 
paper, bran, or raw starch, may be used with advantage. 

To Take out Spots of Ink. — As soon as the accident happens, 
wet the place with juice of sorrel or lemon, or with vinegar, and 
the best hard white soap. 

To take Iron-moulds out of Linen.— Hold the iron-mould on 
the cover of a tankard of boiling water, and rub on the spot a 
little juice of sorrel and a little salt ; and when the cloth has tho- 
roughly imbibed the juice, wash it in lye. 

To take out Spots on Silk. — Rub the spots with spirits of 
turpentine : this spirit exhaling, carries off with it the oil that 
causes the spot. 

To take Wax out of Yelyet of all Colors except Crimson.— 

Take a crumby wheaten loaf, cut it in two, toast it before the fire, 
and, while very hot, apply it to the part spotted with wax. Then 



6J BOOK OF KNOWLiEDGE. 

apply another piece of toasted bread hot as before, and continue 
tnis application until the wax is entirely taken out. 

To Bleach Straw. — Straw is bleached by the vapors of sul- 
phur, or a solution of oxalic acid or chloride of lime. It may be 
dyed with any liquid color. 

Windows, to Crystallize. — ^Dissolve epsom-salts in hot ale, or 
solution of gum arable, wash it over the window, and let it dry. 
If you wish to remove any, to form a border or centre-piece, do 
it with a wet cloth. 

Wax for Bottling. — Rosin, 13 parts ; wax, 1 part ; melt and 
add any color. Used to render corks and bungs air-tight by 
melting the wax over them. 

White wasll. — ^Slack half a bushel of lime with boiling water, 
and cover the vessel to retain the steam. Strain the liquor, and 
add one peck of salt previously dissolved in warm water, 3 lbs. of 
rice boiled and ground to a j)aste, Spanish whiting, 8 oz. ; glue, 
1 lb. : mix and add hot water, 5 gallons ; let it stand a few days, 
and apply hot. It makes a brilliant wash for inside or outside 
works. 

To Purify Water for Drinking. — Filter river-water through 
a sponge, more or' less compressed, instead of stone or sand, by 
which the water is not only rendered more clean, but wholesome ; 
for sand is insensibly dissolved by the water, so that in four or 
five years it will have lost a fifth part of its weight. Powder of 
charcoal should be added to the sponge when the water is foul or 
fetid. Those who examine the large quantity of terrene matter 
on the inside of tea-kettles, will be convinced all water should be 
boiled before drunk, if they wish to avoid being afflicted with 
gravel or stone, &c. 

To Purify the Muddy Waters of Rivers or Pits.— Make a 
number of holes in the bottom of a deep tub ; lay some clean 
gravel thereon, and above this some clean sand ; sink this tub in 
the river or pit, so that only a few inches of the tub will be above 
the surface of the water ; the river or pit water will filter through 
the sand, and rise clear through it to the level of the water on the 
outside, and will be pure and limpid. 

Method of Making Putrid Water Sweet in a Night's Time, 

— Four large spoonfuls of unslacked lime, put into a puncheon of 
ninety gallons of putrid water at sea, will, in one night, make it 
as clear and sweet as the best spring- water just drawn ; but, 
unless the water is afterwards ventilated sufficiently to carbonize 
the lime, it will be -a lime-water. Three ounces of pure unslack- 
ed lime should saturate 90 gallons of water. 

Tree of Le::d. — Dissolve an ounce of sugar of lead in a quart 
of clean water, and put it into a glass decanter or globe. Then 
susj^end in the solution, near the top, a small piece oi zinc of an 
irregular shape. Let it stand undisturbed for a day, and it will 



MISCELLANEOUS KECEIP-TS. 63 

begin to shoot out into leaves, and apparently to vegetate. If left 
undisturbed for a few days, it will become extremely beautiful ; 
but it must be moved with great caution. It may appear to those 
unacquainted with chemistry, that the piece of zinc actually puts 
out leaves ; but this is a mistake, for, if the zinc be examined, it 
wiU be found nearly unaltered. This phenomenon is owing to 
the zinc having a greater attraction for oxygen than the lead has ; 
consequently^ it takes it from the oxyde of lead, which re-aj^pears 
in its metallic state. 

Arbor Martis, or Tree of Mars. — Dissolve iron filings in 
aquafortis moderately concentrated, till the acid is saturated ; 
then add to it gradually a solution of fixed alkali, commonly 
called oil of tartar per deliquium. A strong effervescence will 
ensue ; and the iron, instead of falling to the bottom of the vessel, 
will afterwards rise so as to cover the sides, forming a multitude 
of ramifications heaped one upon the other, which will sometimes 
pass over the edge of the vessel, and extend themselves on the 
outside with all the appearance of a plant. 

To keep Apples from Freezing. — Apples form an article of 
chief necessity in almost every family : therefore, great care is 
taken to protect them from frost ; it being well known that they, 
if left unprotected, are destroyed by the first frost which occurs. 
They may be kept in the attic with impunity throughout the 
winter, by simply covering them over with a linen cloth : be sure 
you have linen, tor woollen or other cloth is of no avail. 

To Preserve Or apes. — Take a cask or barrel w^hich will hold 
water, and put into it, first a layer of bran, dried in an oven or of 
ashes well dried and sifted ; upon this i^lace a layer of grapes 
w^ell cleaned, and gathered in the afternoon of a dry day, belcre 
they are perfectly ripe ; proceed thus with alternate layers of bran 
or ashes and grapes, till the barrel is full, taking care that the 
grapes do not touch each other, and to let the last layer be of 
bran or ashes ; then close the barrel so that the air may not pene- 
trate, which is an essential point. Grapes thus packed will keep 
for nine or even twelve months. To restore them to freshness, 
cut the end of the stalk of each bunch of grapes, and put it into 
red wine, as you would flowers into water. White grapes should 
be put into white wine. 

To Increase the Laying of Eggs.— The best method is to mix 
with their food, every other day, about a teaspoon of ground cay- 
enne pepper to each dozen fowl. Whilst upon this subject, it 
would be well to say, that if your hens lay soft eggs, or eggs 
without shells, you should put plenty of old plaster, egg-shells, 
or even oyster-shells broken up, where they can get at it. 

To Preserve Meats.— Beef to pickle for long keeping. First, 
t'loroughly rub salt into it, and let it remain in bulk for twenty- 
four hours to draw off the blood. Second, take it up, letting it 
drain, and pack as desired. Third, have ready a picklo prepared 



G4 BOOK or KNOWLEDGE. 

as follows : for every 100 pounds of beef use 7 pounds salt ; salt- 
petre and cayenne pepper each. 1 ounce ; molasses, 1 quart ; and 
soft water, 8 gallons : boil and skim well, and when cold pour 
over the beef. 

Another method is to use 5 pounds salt, 1 pound brown sugar, 
and 4 oz. saltpetre, to each 100 pounds ; dissolve the above in 
sufficient water to cover the meat, and in two weeks drain all off, 
and make more same as first It will then keep through the 
season. To boil for eating, put into boiling water ; for soups, in- 
to cold water. 

FlieSj to Destroy. — Boil some quassia-chips in a little water, 
sweeten with syrup or molasses, and place it in saucers. It is 
destructive to flies, but not to children. 

Walnuts to Pickle.— Take 100 young walnuts, lay them in 
salt and water for two or three days, changing the water every 
day. (If required to be soon ready for use, pierce each walnut 
with a larding pin that the pickle may penetrate. ) Wipe them 
with a soft cloth, and lay them on a folded cloth for some hours. 
Then put them in a jar, and pour on them sufficient of the above 
spiced vinegar, hot, to cover them. Or they may be allowed to 
simmer gently in strong vinegar, then put into a jar with a hand- 
ful of mustard-seed, 1 oz. of ginger, J oz. mace, 1 oz. allspice, 2 
heads of garlic, and 2 split nutmegs ; and pour on them sufficient 
boiling vinegar to cover them. Some prefer the walnuts to be 
gently simmered with the brine, then laid on a cloth for a day or 
two till they turn black, put into a jar, and hot spiced vinegar 
poured on them. 

To Pickle Cucumbers and Gherkins. — Small cucumbers, but 
not too young, are wiped clean with a dry cloth, put into a jar, and 
boiling vinegar, with a handful of salt, poured on them. Boil up 
the vinegar every three days, and pour it on them till they become 
green ; then add ginger and pepper, and tie them up close for 
use, or cover them with salt and water (as above) in a stone jar ; 
cover them, and set them on the hearth before the fire for two or 
three days, till they turn yellow ; then put away the water, and 
cover them with hot vinegar, set them near the fire, and keep 
them hot for eight oi ten days, till they become green ; then pour 
oft' the vinegar, cover them with hot spiced vinegar, and cover 
them close. 

Mushroom Ketchup. — Pickled mushrooms, 4 lbs. ; salt, 2 lbs. 
Sprinkle it on the mushrooms ; and, when they liquefy, remove 
the juice ; add pimento, 6 oz. ; cloves, 1 oz. ; boil gently and 
strain ; the remaining liquor, if any, may be treated with pepper, 
mace, and ginger for a second quality. 

Tomato Ketchup. — Proceed as for mushroom ketchup, and 
add a little -.Chili peppejf vinegar. 



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THE 



1 



FOETIE TEIIB AND DBEAM BOOK; 

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Th.e FvLtvire TJnfolded. 

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