aass_/_o:^ Book T'2~ S C THE EXHIBITS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM II AT THE Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition Seattle, Washington 1909 WASHINGTON 1909 971 CO CO I X llJ Ol CO 3 < Z o < z o z < z o I- H co o CO I CO UJ I I- Ll. o UJ < LU z UJ THE EXHIBITS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM AT THE Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition Seattle, Washington 1909 %» '.. AVASHINGTOX 11)0*) .<< ^ WASHINGTON, D. C. PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEII.ER, INC. 1909. , ^- OF 0, 3— Bo a Exhibits of the Smithsonian institution and United States National Museum j> at the Alasiia-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, ^ Seattle, Washington, 1909. INTRODUCTION. Smithsonian Institution and U. S. National Museum. The Institution was established by statute in 1846, under the terms of the will of James Smithson, who bequeathed his fortune in 1826 to the United States for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." From the income of the fund a building, known as the Smithsonian building, w^as erected on land given by the United States. The Institution is legally an establishment having as its members the President of the United States, the Vice-Presi- dent, the Chief Justice, and the President's Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents consisting of the Vice-President, the Chief Justice, three members of the United States Senate, three members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens of the United States appointed by joint resolution of Congress. It is under the immediate direction of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, who is the executive officer of the board and the director of the Institution's activities. For the increase of knowledge, the Institution aids investigators by making grants for research and exploration, supplying books, apparatus, laboratory accommodations, etc. It occasionally pro- vides for lectures, which are published. It has initiated numerous scientific projects of national importance, some of which have been turned over to the Government and resulted in the creation of in- dependent Government bureaus. It advises the Government in many matters of scientific importance, especially in those that have an international aspect. It cooperates with scientific bodies of national importance, like the National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Histori- cal Association, etc. It issues three regular series of publications: Annual Reports, containing papers of general interest intended to keep the ordinary reader abreast of the progress of science; Contri- butions to Knowledge, the distinct feature of which is that each memoir constitutes an original contribution to knowledge; Miscella- 4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 7ieous Collections, which contain bibliographies, reports of expeditions, standard tables, and a scientific quarterly. All these publications are distributed gratuitously to important libraries throughout the world. The Hodgkins Fund, the income of $100,000 of which is for the increase and diffusion of knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of atmospheric air in connection with the welfare of man, has made grants, issued publications, and awarded medals and prizes. The Institution maintains a library in cooperation with the Li- brary of Congress, which numbers 250,000 volumes, and consists mainly of the transactions of learned societies and scientific period- icals. While the body of the library is deposited in the Library of Congress and accessible to all its readers, a working library is main- tained at the Institution. Lists, bibliographies, rules for cataloguing, and library work have been published. It supports a table at the Biological Station at Naples. All these and numerous other ac- tivities may be carried on solely from the income of the Smithsonian fund. The Regents are empowered to accept gifts without action of Congress, in furtherance of the purposes of the Institution, and to administer trusts in accordance therewith. The United States National Museum is the depository of the national collections. It is especially rich in the natural history, geology, paleontology, archeology, and ethnology of America, and has unique collections of American history, as w^ell as many series relating to fine arts and the industrial arts. It is both an educa- tional and research museum, and issues numerous technical and popular scientific publications. Ar,ASKA- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. The act of Congress, approved May 2"/, 1908, authorizing an exhibit by the departments and bureaus of the Government at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, appropriated the sum of $200,000, to be expended under the direction of the United States Board of Managers composed of three persons in the employ of the Govern- ment, one to be designated by the President as Chairman, and one as Secretary and Disbursing Officer, who wtre charged with the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, safe- keeping, exhibition, and return of such articles and materials as the heads of the several departments and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution respectively decide shall be embodied in the Government exhibit herein authorized. There was also appropriated $125,000, to be expended under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior, to aid the people of the district of Alaska and the Territory of ALASKA-YUKON- PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 5 Hawaii in providing and maintaining appropriate and creditable exhibits of the products and resources of Alaska and Hawaii, and $25,000, to be expended under the Secretary of War, to aid the people of the Philippine Islands in providing and maintaining an appropriate and creditable exhibit of the products and resources of the Philippine Islands. In addition to this, the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to erect suitable buildings for the said Gov- ernment exhibit, including an irrigation and biograph building ; also a fisheries building, and buildings for the exhibits of the district of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, for which an appropriation of $250,000 was made. Mr. Jesse E. Wil- son, Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, and Mr. W. M. Geddes were appointed members of the Government Board of Managers ; Mr. Wilson chair- man and Mr. Geddes secretary and disbursing officer. The act also provided that the Smithsonian Institution and Na- tional Museum should exhibit such articles and material of an his- torical nature as would impart a knowledge of our national history, especially that of Alaska, Hawaii and the Philippine Islands, and that part of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution designated Mr. Ravenel, Administrative Assistant, U. S. National Museum, as representative of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum to the Gov- ernment Board, which was created by Congress and charged with the preparation of the exhibit. Of the total appropriation, $24,000 was allotted to the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, and about 10,000 square feet of space in the main Government building. Plan of Exhibit. The plan of the exhibit as approved by the Secretary outlines the progress and achievements of the nation, and especially deals with the men and facts determining the development, not only of the United States as a whole, but especially of the western portion — • Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands. The exhibit consists of 1. Portraits of eminent persons associated with the discovery and history of America. 2. Portraits of eminent persons connected with the history of the Pacific Coast and Alaska. 3. Portraits of eminent persons connected with the history of the Hawaiian Islands. 6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 4. Portraits of eminent persons connected with the history of the PhiHppine Islands. 5. Historic scenes and landmarks. 6. History of the capitol. 7. Historic vessels. 8. Early American steamboats. 9. History of land transportation. 10. History of the contributions of Henry and Morse to electricity and the telegraph. 11. MedalHc history of the United States. 12. History of American cartography. 13. History of the territorial expansion of the United States. 14. History of the Pacific Coast and Alaska : History of California Missions. The Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Aborigines of the Southwestern United States. Ancient Pueblos of Arizona and New Mexico. The aborigines of California. History of British Columbia. The aborigines of the North Pacific Coast and Southeastern Alaska. Western Eskimo. , Historical Paintings of Alaska. 15. Peoples of the Philippine Islands: Civilized and uncivilized peoples. Series of photographs. 16. Peoples of the Hawaiian Islands : Model of village. Series of photographs. Emerson ethnographic collection. Church Mission work in Hawaii. 17. Peoples of the Samoan Islands : The natives. Paintings and photographs. 18. The Natives of Guam: Series of photographs. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. / 19. History of photography. 20. History of medicine in America. The preparation of the exhibits in Washington was carried on under the direction of Prof. W. H. Holmes, Dr. Walter Hough, Mr. T. T. Belote, Dr. I. M. Casanowicz, Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, Mr. T. W. Smillie, Dr. J. M. Flint, U. S. N., and Mr. George C. Maynard. The groups were modeled by Mr. U. S. J. Dunbar;. the models of Casa Grande and Santa Barbara Mission were prepared by Mr. H. W. Hendley ; and the model of the Hawaiian village by Mr. I. B. Ad^illner. The ethnographic exhibits were set up by Mr. T. W. Sweeny. The exhibits from the California Missions were secured by George Wharton James; from the Russian Orthodox Church of. Alaska by Rev. A. P. Kashevaroff ; from the committee of the Church of Latter Day Saints by Mr. O. F. Whitney, chairm.an ; from Hawaii by Mr. N. B. Emerson and the Board of Hawaiian Evangelical Association. Photographs and paintings were secured through the kindness of Mr. H. W. Henshaw, Lieut. George T. Emmons, U. S .N., Mr. T. J. Richardson, Dr. C. H. Townsend, and Mr. W. E. Safford. Special mention is made of the assistance cordially given by the U. S. Department of State, the U. S. Department of War, the Signal Corps, the Bureau of Fisheries, and the Bureau of American Eth- nology and American Museum of Natural History. On June i, when the Exposition was opened by the President, the exhibits as described in the appended catalogue, prepared by Dr. Walter Hough and Mr. T. T. Belote, were installed, labeled, and ready for inspection by the public. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. PORTRAITS OF EMINENT PERSONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISCOVERY AND HISTORY OF AMERICA. Christopher Cokimbus, Discoverer, 1435-1506. John Cabot, Discoverer, Died 1498. Americus Vespuciiis, Discoverer, 1451-1512. Ponce De Leon, Explorer, 1460-1521. Fernando De Soto, Discoverer, 1496- 1542. Henry Hudson, Discoverer. Sir Walter Raleigh, Explorer, 1552-1618. Samuel De Champlain, Explorer, 1567-1635. Captain John Smith, Pioneer, 1580-1635. •Lord Baltimore, Governor, 1580-1632. John Winthrop, Statesman, 1588-1649. Roger Williams, Founder of Rhode Island, 1599-1683. William Penn, Founder of Pennsylvania, 1644-1718. Elihu Yale, Philanthropist, 1649-1721. Benjamin Franklin, Statesman, 1710-178.S. Jonathan Trumbull, Statesman, 1710-1785. Israel Putnam, Soldier, 1718-1790. Roger Sherman, Statesman, 1721-1793, George Washington, President, 1789-1797. John Adams, President, 1797-1801. John Jay, Chief Justice, 1789-1795. Samuel Adams, Statesman, 1722-1803. Christopher Gadsden, Soldier and Patriot, 1724-1805. James Otis, Statesman, 1725-1783. George Mason, Statesman, 1725-1792. Francis Marion, Soldier, 1732-1795. David Rittenhouse. Astronomer, 1732-1796. Joseph Priestley, Chemist, 1733-1804. Robert Morris, Statesman, 1734-1806. Daniel Boone, Pioneer, 1735-1820. Patrick Henry, Statesman, 1736-1799. John Hancock, Statesman, 1737-1783. Charles Carroll, Statesman, 1737-1832. Oliver Ellsworth, Chief Justice, 1796-1800. Benjamin West, Painter, 1738-1820. Anthony Wayne. Soldier, 1745-1796. Charles C. Pinckney, Statesman, 1746-1825. James Madison, President, 1809-1817. James Monroe, President, 1817-182?. John Paul Jones, Commander, U. S. N., 1747-1792. Stephen Girard, Philanthrooist, 1750-18^1. Stephen Decatur, Naval Officer, 1751-1808. lO SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. George Rogers Clark, Soldier, 1752-1818. Edmund Randolph, Statesman, 1753-1813. Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford), Physicist, 1753-1814. Joel Barlow, Poet and Patriot, 1754-1812, Gilbert C. Stuart, Artist, 1755-1828. Alexander Hamilton, Statesman, 1757-1804. James Wilson, Statesman and Jurist, 1742-1798. Elbridge Gerry, Vice-President, 1813-1814. John Marshall, Chief Justice, 1801-1835. Andrew Jackson, President, 1829-1837. Marquis de Lafayette, Soldier, 1757-1834. W. H. Thornton, Architect, 1761-1828. B. H. Latrobe, Architect, 1764-1820. Eli Whitney, Inventor, 1 765-1825. James Smithson, Founder Smithsonian Institution, 1765-1829. Henry Clay, Statesman, 1777-1852. John J. Audubon, Ornithologist, 1780-1851. Daniel Webster, Statesman, 1782-1852. Washington Irving, Author, 1783-1859. Oliver H. Perry, Commodore, U. S. N., 1785-1819. John Quincy Adams, President, 1825-1829. John C. Calhoun, Vice-President, 1829-1833. Martin Van Buren, President, 1837-1841. William Henry Harrison, President, 1841-1841. Winfield Scott, General, U. S. A., 1786-1866. John Tyler, President, 1841-1845. Thomas Say, Naturalist, 1787-1834. James Knox Polk, President, 1845-1849. George Peabody, Philanthropist, 1795-1869. George M. Dallas, Vice-President, 1845-1849. Zachary Taylor, President, 1849-1853. Millard Fillmore, President, 1850-1853. Samuel F. B. Morse, Inventor, 1791-1872. John Rutledge, Chief Justice, 1795. Roger Brooke Taney, Chief Justice, 1836-1864. Franklin Pierce, President, 1853-1857. Samuel Houston, Statesman, 1793-1863. James Buchanan, President, 1857-1861. Abraham Lincoln, President, 1861-1865. Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President, 1861-1865. Andrew Johnson, President, 1865-1869. Salmon P. Chase, Chief Justice, 1864-1873. Joseph Henry, Secretary Smithsonian Institution, 1797-1878. Ulysses S. Grant, President, 1869-1877. Charles Wilkes, Commodore, U. S. N., 1798-1877. Morrison R. Waite, Chief Justice. 1874-1888. George Bancroft, Historian, 1800-1891. David G. Farragut, Admiral, U. S. N., 1801-1870. William Henry Seward, Statesman, 1801-1872. Ralph W. Emerson. Author, 1803-1882. ALASKA-YUKON- PACIFIC EXPOSITION. II Matthew F. Maury, Geographer, 1806-1873. Robert E. Lee, General, C. S. A., 1807-1870. Joseph E. Johnston, General, C. S. A., 1807-1891. Louis Agassiz, Naturalist, 1807-1873. Henry W. Longfellow, Poet, 1807-1882. John G. Whittier, Poet, 1807-1892. Jefferson Davis, Statesman, 1808-1889. Edgar Allan Poe, Author, 1809-1849. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Author, 1809-1894- Asa Gray, Botanist, 1810-1888. Horace Greeley, Journalist, 1811-1872. Alexander Stephens, Statesman, 1812-1883. Stephen A. Douglas, Statesman, 1813-1861. John C. Fremont, Explorer, 1813-1890. Rutherford B. Hayes, President, 1877-1881. James A. Garfield, President, 1881-1881. Chester A. Arthur, President, 1881-1885. Grover Cleveland, President, 1885-1889—1893-1897- Benjamin Harrison, President, 1889-1893. William McKinley, President, 1897-1901. David D. Porter, Admiral, U. S. N., 1813-1891. George G. Meade, General, U. S. A., 1815-1872. Wade Hampton, General, C. S. A., 1818-1902. Elias Howe, Inventor, 1819-1867. James Russell Lowell, Author, 1819-1891. William T. Sherman, General, U. S. A., 1820-1891. Spencer F. Baird, Secretary Smithsonian Institution, 1823-1887. Francis J. Parkman, Historian, 1823-1893. Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, General, C. S. A., 1824-1863. George B. McClellan, General, U. S. A., 1826-1885. William D. Whitney, Educator, 1827-1894. Philip H. Sheridan, General, U. S. A., 1831-1888. Melville W. Fuller, Chief Justice, 1888. John W. Powell, Geologist, 1834-1902. Samuel P. Langley, Secretary Smithsonian Institution, 1834-1906. George Dewey, Admiral, U. S. N., 1837. H. H. Richardson, Architect, 1838-1886. John Hay, Statesm.an, 1838-1905. Theodore Roosevelt, President, 1901-1909. William H. Taft, President, 1909 — . PORTRAITS OF EMINENT PERSONS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF THE PACIFIC COAST AND ALASKA. Sir Francis Drake, Navigator, 1540-1595. Meriwether Lewis, Explorer, 1774-1809. William Clark, Explorer, 1778-1838. Alexander MacKenzie, Explorer, 1755-1820. Alexander Baranof, Governor of Russian America, 179D-1819. John McLoughlin, Governor of Vancouver, 1829-185 1. 12 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. John H. Kinkead, Governor of Alaska, 1884-1885. General Lovell H. Rousseau, U. S. A., Military Governor of Alaska, 1867. Pio Pico, Governor of California, 1845-1846. George Abernethy, Governor of Oregon, 1845-1849. George Vancouver, Explorer, 1 758-1 798. James Cook, Explorer, 1728-1779. Thomas Hart Benton, Statesman, 1782-1858. Lewis Fields Linn, Statesman, 1795-1843. John Augustus Sutter, Pioneer, 1803-1880, James Wilson Marshall, Pioneer, 1812-1885. John White Geary, General, U. S. A., 1819-1873. Stephen Watts Kearny, General, U. S. A., 1794-1848. Isaac Ingalls Stevens, General, U. S. A., 1818-1862. Joseph Lane, General, U. S. A., 1801-1881. Robert Field Stockton, Commodore, U. S. N., 1795-1866. Joseph LeConte, Geologist, 1823-1901. Hubert Howe Bancroft, Historian, 1832 — . John Jacob Astor, Financier, 1763-1848. Bret Harte, Author, 1839-1902. John Bidwell, Pioneer, 1819-1900. Edward Dickinson Baker, Soldier, 1811-1861. Christopher Carson, Pioneer, 1809-1868. PORTRAITS OF EMINENT PERSONS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. RoYAi, Family of Hawaii. Royal Coat of Arms of Hawaii. Kamehameha I, 1795-1819. Queen Kaahumanu, Wife of Kamehameha I. Kamehameha II, 1819-1824. Queen Kamamalu, Wife of Kamehameha II. Kamehameha HI, 1824-1854. Queen Kalama, Wife of Kamehameha HI. Kamehameha IV, 1854-1863. Queen Emma, Wife of Kamehameha IV. Kamehameha V, 1863-1872. King Lunalilo, 1872-1874. King Kalakaua, 1874-1891. Queen Kapiolani, Wife of King Kalakaua. Queen Liliuokalani, 1891-1893. John O. Dominis, Consort of Queen Liliuokalani. Princess Likelike (Mrs. A. S. Cleghorn). Princess Kaiulani (Miss Cleghorn). Princess Pauahi (Mrs. C. R. Bishop). C. R. Bishop, Consort of Princess Pauahi. Prince Kalanlanaole. Prince Hawananakoa. ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. I3 Americans Prominent in Hawaiian History. Sanford B. Dole, President of Hawaii, 1894-1898. John L. Stevens, Diplomat, 1820-1895. Garritt P. Judd, Statesman, 1803-1873. Peter J. Gulick, Missionary, 1797-1877. PORTRAITS OF EAIINENT PERSONS CONNECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Coat of Arms of the Philippine Islands. William Howard Taft, Statesman, 1857 — . Luke E. Wright, Statesman, 1847 — . Jose Rizal, Patriot, 1896 — . Emelio Aguinaldo, Soldier, 1870 — . Henry Ware Lawton, General, U. S. A., 1843-1899. Arthur MacArthur, General, U. S. A., 1845—. Wesley Merritt, General, U. S. A., 1836—. James F. Smith, General, U. S. A., 1859 — . HISTORIC SCENES AND LANDMARKS. Arlington, Home of Lee. Mount Vernon, Home of Washington. The Capitol. The White House. The Library of Congress. Independence Hall. « Baptism of Pocahontas. Marriage of Pocahontas. First Railroad Train, Perth Amboy, N. J. Washington's Last Birthday. General Marion in His Swamp Camp. Capture of Major Andre. Embarcation of the- Pilgrims. The Peace Ball. Columbus' First Sight of Land. Battle of Bunker Hill. First Foreign Recognition of the American Flag. Henry Hudson in New York Ba}^ Funeral Mass on the Mississippi over De Soto. Columbus at Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. Burgoyne's Surrender at Saratoga. Landing of Columbus. De Soto Discovering the Mississippi. Declaration of American Independence, July 4, 1776. Washington and his Generals. Washington Crossing the Delaware. Speech of Patrick Henry. Washington Taking Leave of his Generals at New York. Franklin at the Court of France. 14 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSE;UM. The Surrender of Cornwallis. Columbus Caravels, 1492 : Santa Maria, Nina, Pinta. Susan Constant — The Ship that brought the First Colonists to Jamestown. Mayflower. Miles Standish's Challenge. Battle between Serapis and Bon Homme Richard. Battle of New Orleans. Arrival of Relief Expedition at Jamestown, Eliot Preaching to Indians. Elm Tree under which Penn made Treaty with Indians. Old Map of Virginia. Old Map of Fort— 1585. Map of America, 1659, showing the Chesapeake Bay to the St. Lawrence River, including a Small Map of the City of New York as it was in 1659. Declaration of the Independence of America, July 4, 1776. Washington delivering his Inaugural Address, April, 1789, New York. The Hermitage, the Home of Andrew Jackson, The Hermitage, the Great Central Hall, The Tomb of Andrew Jackson. Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia, Congress Hall, Philadelphia, Monticello, Home of Jefferson. French Embassy at Austin, 1839-1842 — Built by Count Dubois de Saligny, French Charge d' Affaires. Fall of the Alamo in 1836 — The Alamo was built in 1716 by Franciscans, and was used as a military fortress, church, school, and residence. At the out- break of the war between the Republic of Texas and Mexico, it was defended by General Cos. It was captured on December 10 by Generals Milam, Travis, and Burleson with 300 Texans after five days' fighting. On the 6th of March, 1836, Travis, Bowie, and Crockett with 160 men left to garrison it, were at- tacked by Gen. Santa Anna with 5,000 Mexicans. All of the Texans were killed and the Mexicans lost more than 1,600. Declaration of Independence (East Wall), enlarged to 7 by 9 feet by photography — This shows with great distinctness the signatures of the signers and the writing in the body of this epochal document. Oil Painting — Battle of Caloocan, between the American troops and Philip- pine Insurrectionists. Painted by George Peters, Signing of the Treaty for the Purchase of Russian America (Alaska), March 30, 1867. General Lawton Conferring with Admiral Dewey April 21, 1899, Concern- ing Proposed Route for an Expedition from Manila to the North. Photograph made near La Loma Church in a Suburb of Manila, Center, Admiral Dewey and General Lawton; left, Maj. C. R. Edwards, Chief of Lawton's Staff; right, Lieut. Frank H. Brumby, Aid of Dewey; rear, Mrs. Lawton, Honolulu from the "Punch Bowl." Sacramento in 1849. San Francisco in 1855. San Francisco in 1856, San Francisco in 1864. ALASKA-YUKON- PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 1 5 Old .Russian Blockhouse, built at St. Michael, Alaska, 1833. Old Russian Gunboat, in the Harbor of St. Michael, Alaska. Royal Palace, with Birds-eye View of Honolulu. HISTORY OF THE CAPITOL. Elevation of James Diamond's Competitive Design. Front Elevation of Philip Hart's Competitive Design. View of Capitol when first occupied by Congress in 1800. William Thorn- ton, Architect. Basement plan, 1800. Plan in Black showing portion first occupied by Congress. East elevation of design accepted. William Thornton, Architect. Exterior view from Latrobe's Drawings. Longitudinal section; Latrobe's Modification of Thornton's plan of the House of Representatives. West Elevation, 181 1 to 1814. Exterior, after Fire, from Drawing of Crittendon, 1814. Drawing of House of Representatives after Destruction by the British. House of Representatives, Southwest View. Senate Chamber, showing Southwest Gallery. Perspective View Drawn by George Strickland. Northwest View of Capitol in 1840. Southeast View of Capitol in 1840. Capitol View from President's Mansion, 1840. Exterior Design Approved by President Fillmore, 1851. Thomas U. Walter, Architect. East Portico of Wings, 1853. Thomas U. Walter, Architect. Elevation of New Dome, 1855. Thomas U. Walter, Architect. Section of Dome Showing Scaffolding and Temporary Roof. Northeast View as Completed. Northwest View of Capitol, showing Marble Terrace. West View of Capitol. Southeast View of Capitol, showing Marble Terrace. Design for the Extension of the Central Portion of the Capitol, perspective view. Thomas U. Walter, Architect, 1874. Chief Justice Marshall. W. W. Story, Sculptor. HISTORIC VESSELS. Models of Viking Ship. — Taken from a ship contemporaneous with the voyage of Leif Ericsson, in looi, to the American continent. It was ex- cavated from a "King's Mound," near Sandefjord, Norway, in 1880. and is now in the Royal Frederick University, at Christiania. The original is a clinker-built ship, (yj feet long, over all; in width, amid- ships, 17 feet; depth, 4 feet. Made of oak planking, averaging one inch in thickness, fastened with iron nails, and caulked with oakum made of cow's hair. It had thirty-two oars, twenty feet long, one mast with a square sail, and open deck floored with loose boards. When at the oars, the crew hung their shield to the gunwales. A tent cloth, stretched above in stormy weather, was made of fine woolen texture, white, with red stripes. l6 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. In the same mound were found fragments of small oak boats, sleeping berths, cooking utensils, wooden cups and plates. Model made in the United States National Museum. 244,974. The ''Santa Maria." — A caravel-ship, in which Christopher Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain, Friday, August 3, 1492, in company with the open deck vessels, Nina and Pinta, and landed, October 11, on what was supposed to be the shores of Farther India. The landing place proved to be one of the Bahamas, which Columbus named San Salvador, and now generally con- ceded to be Watling Island. Sailing southward he discovered Cuba, Haiti, and other islands, which were called the West Indies. He named Haiti "Hispaniola," or "Little Spain." On its northern shore, the Santa Maria was wrecked, and with the timbers he built a fort, leaving thirty men for its de- fense. He set sail in the Nina for Spain, January, 1493. Model made in the United States National Museum. 244,931. The "Susan Constant.^"" — Model of a caravel-built ship of the English type in the early part of the seventeenth centur}*. Length over all, 66 feet; beam, 18 feet. The ship Susan Constant, 100 tons, the God-speed, 40 tons, and the Discovery, 20 tons, sailed from England under command of Captain Christo- pher Newport, on January i, 1607, and arrived on the Virginia coast on April 26, bringing one hundred and five planters, the founders of the James- town colony. The point where the ships anchored, on April 30, was desig- nated, in thankful spirit, as Point Comfort. The colonists landed at Pow- hatan, May 13, and established there a settlement which they called "James- town." Model made in the United States National Museum. 160,187. Arrow and Lance Heads and Ax.^Made of stone and used by the In- dians during the early colonization of the Province of Virginia, contempo- raneously with the Susan Constant. The "Haef Moon."" — Henry Hudson, navigator, born in England about the middle of the i6th Century, offered his services to the Dutch East India Com- pany. On April 6, 1609, he sailed from Amsterdam, in the Half Moon, a barge-built ship of 90 tons, to Nova Zembla, to look for a northeast passage. Prevented by the ice barrier, he sailed around the southern shores of Green- land to look for a northwest passage. Repulsed again by the ice, went south- ward, discovering the American continent off the coast of Maine. He sailed as far south as Virginia, touching at Cape Cod. Returning, he discovered Delaware Ba}-, and early in September he entered Raritan Bay, and after- ward the present harbor of New York, ascending the river as far as Albany. Returning, he followed the coast to Chesapeake Baj' and then went back to Holland. In 1610, on his fourth expedition, he discovered the bay that bears his name. On his return vo3'age to Holland, he and others were seized by mutineers of his own vessel, placed in a small boat, and being set adrift, their fate was never known. Gift of William J. Boyd. 79,181. The "Mayflower'' of the Piegrims. — Model of a wooden, caravel-built ves- sel. Length over all, 82 feet : beam, 22 feet ; depth, 14 feet. The style of ship in which the one hundred and two Pilgrims who settled at Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620, made the passage from England to America. Rigged model : Scale, half inch to one foot. Model made in the United States National Museum. i6oT6r ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 1 7 The United States Frigate "Constitution/' — Built in Boston Harbor, 1794; launched, 1797; ready for sea, March 2^, 1798. Length, 204 feet; beam, 43.6 feet; rated a 44-gun frigate; complement in 1798, 500 officers and men. As flagship, in 1799, cruised in southern waters, captured coastwise vessels, and at Porta Plata, cut out a French privateer. She was dismantled in Bos- ton in 1800, participated in the War with Tripoli, 1804-1805. The Constitution was overhauled in 1808. Flagship in southern waters in 1809. She sailed to France in 1810 with United States Minister. Overhauled at Washington in 1812 and her armament changed, she sailed in the same year and encountered a British fleet off the coast of New York, escaping capture by kedge-hauling. She captured the British frigate GuerrierCj August 17, 1812 ; and December 29, took the 38-gun frigate Java, after which she was overhauled in Boston. The chief events of her subsequent career are as follows : Destroyed the Pictou, in 1813 ; blockaded in Boston, in 1814; captured the Cyane and the Levant, in 1815 ; laid up in Boston until 1821 ; was flagship of the Mediter- ranean squadron, 1822-1825. In 1829, she was ordered to be "broken up and sold," but Holmes' poem, "Old Ironsides," caused the repeal of the order, and she was rebuilt. In 1897, dismantled, she was used as barracks in Bos- ton harbor. By Act of Congress, 1906, she was ordered to be rebuilt on original lines. Model made in the United States National Museum. 237,884. EARLY AMERICAN STEAMBOATS. This exhibit shows the most important features in American invention of vessels propelled by steam. John Fitch's Steamboat. — Designed by John Fitch, built in Philadelphia in 1786, and first tested on the Delaware River July 27 of that year, when a successful public trial was made. Length, 34 feet; width, 8 feet; depth, 3 feet 6 inches. Equipped with a steam engine which, connected by geared machin- ery, sprocket wheel and chain, operated six oars placed vertically in a frame on each side of the boat. In 1788 Fitch completed his first commercial boat for carrying passengers, and it was driven in a similar manner. This boat was 60 feet long and 8 feet wide. She made a trip from Philadelphia to Burlington, about 20 miles, in July, 1788, the longest ever made by any steamboat up to that date. October 12, 1788, the boat took 30 passengers from Philadelphia to Burlington in 3 hours and 10 minutes, a speed of over six miles an hour. In 1790 Fitch built another boat, which attained a speed of eight miles an hour, and continued to run on the Delaware River, carrying passengers and freight, for three or four months. 203,712. Rum bey's Steamboat. — Propelled by jets of water forced out through the stern. Tested on the Potomac River at Shepherdstown, W. Va., 1787. 203,711. Steamboat "Clermont," 1807.— Designed by Robert Fulton, built in the city of New York, and made its first trip from that city to Albany in August, 1807. Length, 175 feet; breadth, 12 feet; depth, 8 feet. Equipped with a single- acting bell-crank engine, 24-inch cylinder, and 4 feet stroke, made by Boulton and Watt in England, which operated the side wheels, 15 feet in diameter. The hull was built with flat bottom, sharp vertical ends, perpendicular sides, being straight on top, open in the middle, and having small cabins at the bow 2Y l8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. and stern. This model represents the first experimental boat designed and constructed by Robert Fulton. After making several successful trips it was replaced, in the winter of 1807-1808, by another boat, also called the Cler- mont, which embodied numerous improvements made by Fulton. 160,302. Steamboat "Phcenix," 1808. — Length, 103 feet 3 inches ; width, 16 feet; depth, 6 feet 9 inches. Equipped with paddle wheels driven by a cross-head engine with twin condensing cylinders, 16 inches in diameter, 3 feet stroke. The boiler, set in brickwork, consisted of a cylindrical shell with one return flue. The hull and engines were designed by Colonel John Stevens, and were built under his personal supervision in Hoboken, New Jersey. In the summer of 1808 the Phoenix made a trip from Sandy Hook, New York, to Cape May, New Jersey, the first sea voyage ever made by a steam vessel. Sub- sequently she ran for a number of years, carrying passengers and freight to various points on the Delaware River, until wrecked at Trenton, New Jersey, in 1814. 160,303. The "Savannah" — First Steamship to Cross the Atlantic Ocean. — Built by Francis Fickett at Corlear's Hook, New York. Launched August 22, 1818. Length, 120 feet ; width, 29 feet ; depth, 13 feet 6 inches ; tonnage, 350. Equipped with one inclined direct-acting, low-pressure engine of 90 horse- power; cylinder, 40 inches in diameter; stroke, 5 feet. Engine built by Stephen Vail at Morristown, New Jersey; boilers by Daniel Dod, Elizabeth, New Jersey. Paddle wheels provided with eight radial arms, so arranged that they could be folded together. The wheels could be unshipped and tak^^n aboard when steam power was not required. The Savannah was originally designed as a sailing ship, to run as a packet between New York and Havre, France, but, before completion, was fitted with paddle wheels and steam engines. Commanded by Moses Rogers, of New London, Connecticut, the Savannah proceeded from New York to Savannah, Georgia, and, on May 22, 1819, sailed thence for Liverpool, where she arrived on June 20. Subsequently she visited Stockholm, St. Petersburg, and other European ports, and returned to Savannah, arriving November 30, 1819. 160,364. Steamboat "R. F. Stockton."" — The first vessel with screw propeller and iron hull to cross the Atlantic Ocean, 1839. Machinery designed by John Ericsson, 160,404. John Stevens' Twin-screw Steamboat of 1804. — Fitted with propellers designed in 1844. 160,306. SiDE-wHEEE Steamboat "Gray EageE." — Mississippi River, i860. 160,323. HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORTATION. The exhibit Illustrates the methods of transporting passengers and supplies, beginning with very primitive devices rudely constructed from materials cut out of the forest, up to the stage coach and railroad locomotive. Among the latter there are : 1. Model of the experimental locomotive made by John Stevens, of Hobo- ken, New Jersey, in 1825. 2. The Stourbridge Lion, built at Stourbridge, England, which made ex- perimental trips on the tracks of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, in 1829. The first full-size locomotive ever run in the United States. ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 19 3. The John Bull and Train, which was put in service on the Camden and Amboy Railroad, New Jersey, in 183 1. This locomotive was kept in use for about thirty years and is still in serviceable condition. 4. Locomotive Best Friend and Train, used on the South Carolina Railroad, in 1832. 5. Other typical locomotives, of later dates. American Indian Travois. — Used by Indians and Colonists for transporting game, fuel, forage, and persons. 181,254. Primitive Sledge. — Made from the forked limb of a tree. The American Indians and early settlers of the country commonly used sledges of this form for transporting supplies. Primitive Sled. — Generally used by the early settlers of the United States, and still in use in some parts of the country. Tobacco Rolling Hogshead. — Illustrating the method of transporting tobacco; in use throughout Virginia and neighboring States, 1750-1861. 181,259. "Carreta," or Ox Wagon. — Heavy wheels, composed of three pieces of thick timber held together by dowels of wood. This type of wheel was originated by the Spaniards and is still to be found in Spain. Carts of this style are made by the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico, where they are still in use. 181,308. Red River Cart. — Vehicles of this form have been extensively used in the Red River country, Dakota, and British America for transporting freight over the northern plains. 181,309. Modern Farm Cart. — Generally used throughout the United States. 181,490. American Colonial Chaise. — Vehicles of this description were largely used in New England in Colonial times, and are referred to by Oliver Wendell Holmes in the "Old One Horse Shay." 181,284. CoNESTOGA Wagon. — Drawn by six or eight horses, and extensively used for transporting merchandise and emigrants from the North and East across the Allegheny Mountains to Wheeling and Pittsburg, en route for the South and West. 184,444. American Stage Coach, 1825, i860. — The vehicle used for overland travel and mail conveyance. In general use through the United States from the beginning of the 19th century until superseded by railways. 180,055. John Stevens' Locomotive, 1825. — The first locomotive in America of which there is a reliable record; built by Stevens and run experimentally on a circular track at Hoboken, New Jersey, during the years 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. Model made in the Museum Workshops. 180,241. Locomotive Tom Thumb, 1829. — Designed and constructed by Peter Cooper, in Baltimore, Maryland, and tested on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, August 28, 1829. On that occasion it drew a car carrying 24 passengers a dis- tance of thirteen miles in ^2 minutes, and made the return trip in 57 minutes. Model made in the Museum Workshops. 204,581. Locomotive Stourbridge Lion, 1829. — The first full-size locomotive run on a railroad track in the United States. Built by Foster, Rastrick & Co., in Stourbridge, England. Trial trip made on the Delaware and Hudson Canal 20 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSKUM. Company's track at Honesdale, Pennsylvania, August 8, 1829. Model made in the Museum Workshops. 215,649. Locomotive John Bvi,!,, 1831. — "Number i," Camden and Amboy Railroad Company. The oldest complete locomotive in America. (Model.) Built by George Stephenson & Sons, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, i830-'3i ; shipped from Liverpool, July 14, 1831, on the ship Allegheny bound for Philadelphia. Model made in the Museum Workshops. On November 12, 1831, in the presence of members of the New Jersey Legislature, with Isaac Dripps acting as engineer, in a train with two cars, this locomotive made the first movement by steam in the State of New Jersey, at Bordentown, where the Railroad Monument now stands. The John Bull was in continuous service from 183 1 to 1865, during which time it was altered and added to. It was exhibited at the Centennial Exposition, 1876, and at the Exposition of Railway Appliances, Chicago, 1883. It was placed in the U. S. National Museum, 1885, and remained there until 1893, when (April 17-22) it was run under steam from New York to the World's Columbian Exposition, where for a time it made daily trips upon the Exposition tracks. On Decem- ber 13, 1893, it was returned to Washington, having made the last trip under steam on that date. Original Dimensions: Weight, 10 tons (22,425 pounds). Boiler, 13 feet long, 3 feet 6 inches in diameter. Cylinders, 9 by 20 inches. Driving wheels, 4 feet 6 inches diameter ; cast-iron hubs ; locust spokes ; tire of wrought iron, shrunk on, flange i^ inches deep. Sixty-two flues, 7 feet 6 inches long, 2 inches diameter. Furnace, 3 feet 7 inches by 3 feet 2 inches high. Steam ports, i^ by 6^ inches; exhaust ports, i^ by 6J^ inches. Throw of eccentric, 3^2 inches. Grate surface, 10.08 square feet. Fire-box surface, 36 square feet. Flue surface, 213 square feet. Locomotive Best Friend and Train, 1830. — The first locomotive constructed in the United States for actual service on a railroad. Built at the West Point Foundry, in New York City, for the South Carolina Railroad on which its trial trip was made January 15, 1831. Model made in the Museum Work- shops. 180,244. Locomotive Oed Ironsides, 1832. (Model). — Built by Matthias Baldwin in Philadelphia. This locomotive hauled the first passenger train in the State of Pennsylvania. Gift of the Baldwin Locomotive Works. 180,114. Locomotive Sandusky, 1837. — Built by Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor, in Paterson, New Jersey, and placed in service on the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad at Sandusky, Ohio, in 1838. Model made in the Museum Work- shops. 180,245. JOSEPH HENRY'S ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. This collection illustrates important features in the work done by Professor Henry in his researches in electrical science, and comprises the following : 1. The signaling apparatus and battery used by him in Albany, New York, and Princeton, New Jersey, in 1832, for transmitting signals over wires of various lengths, up to one mile, stretched about his laboratories. By this means he was enabled to ring a bell at the distant end of the line. 2. Two forms of the apparatus by which he produced reciprocating or vibrating motion of a pivoted bar, by the power of the electric current. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 21 3. One of the large magnets made by him for determining the electric power of an electro-magnet. The original machine, of which this is a model, % size, was made by Henry, for Yale College, and is now deposited in the United States National Museum. Several other machines of this description were made by Henry, but this is the only one that has been preserved. 4. Two induction coils made of flat strips of copper insulated with cloth, used by Henry in his experiments in electro-magnetic induction. 5. Hearder's magnetometer and other pieces of magneto apparatus, used by Henry in his experiments. Henry's description of the apparatus, and his records of the experiments, were published by the Smithsonian Institution in 1866; see "Scientific Writ- ings of Joseph Henry," volumes i and 2. Galvanic Battery. — Copy of original battery used by Joseph Henry in 1832 to operate his electro-magnetic signaling apparatus, 181,322. Henry's Electro-magnetic Signaling Apparatus. — Reproduction of ap- paratus devised by Joseph Henry and used by him in 183 1 at Albany, New York, in sending signals through one mile of wire. 181,323. Henry's Reciprocating Electro-magnetic Apparatus. — Copy of apparatus devised and used by Joseph Henry in 183 1. 181,324. Henry's Reciprocating Electro-magnetic Apparatus. — Reproduction of apparatus devised and used by Joseph Henry in 1831. 244,904. Henry's "Yale" Magnet, 1831. — Large magnet, made by Henry for Yale College — model one-eighth size of original, which is in the National Museum. This apparatus was operated by two small cells of battery and used for de- termining the lifting power of the electro-magnet, which was between 2,000 and 3,000 lbs. 181,763. Induction Coil. — Devised and used by Joseph Henry in his researches in electro-magnetic induction. 181,546. Induction Coil. — Devised and used by Joseph Henry in his researches in electro-magnetic induction. 181,547. Hearder's Magnetometer. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and researches in electrical science. 181,488. Magneto Wheel. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and re- searches in electrical science. 181,444. Magneto Wheel. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and re- searches in electrical science. 181,445. Magneto-electric Apparatus. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and researches in electrical science. 181,743. Magneto Bell. — Used by Joseph Henry in his experiments and researches in electrical science. 181,477. THE MORSE TELEGRAPH. This exhibit illustrates the beginning and development of the electro-mag- ^netic telegraph, and includes the following: I. A model, one-half size, of the first instrument, which was made by Morse in 1837. It recorded the messages in zigzag lines made by a pencil on a strip of paper. 22 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. A crude apparatus, made in 1844, with which the Morse characters were embossed on a strip of paper by a steel point. 3. The recording apparatus used on the first commercial line, connecting ' Washington and Baltimore, opened for public business May 24, 1844. The record made by this instrument was similar to that made by No. 2. It orig- inally had three steel points, and made three identical records. 4. A later type of recording apparatus, an improved form of embossing register, made about 1850. 5. An improved apparatus, introduced about 1880, in which the record is made in ink. 6. Various forms of telegraph-transmitting keys and relays. 7. One form of repeaters which were used for automatically repeating mes- sages from one line to another. The principle of this apparatus was one of Morse's early discoveries. Morse TEi^iiGRAPH Register, 1837. — Model, half size, of the first electro- magnetic receiving telegraph instrument. The original recorded the Morse signals in zigzag lines on a strip of paper drawn underneath the pencil by clockwork. It can be placed on any Morse telegraph line and used for re- ceiving messages by sound. Made by S. F. B. Morse and first exhibited in New York city, September 2, 1837. 181,765. Copy of Morse TeeEgraph Register. — The original instrument was made by James Green, about 1844, and used on a private line connecting the resi- dence and the school of Reverend Henry Schieb, in Baltimore. 181,764. Morse TeeEGraph Register^, 1844 (Copy of original). — The original is one of the receiving instruments used on the telegraph line built by S. F. B. Morse, under the auspices of the Government, connecting Washington and Baltimore, and formally opened May 24, 1844. The line was operated by Professor Morse in the U. S. Capitol building, at the Washington end of the line, and by Alfred Vail in the Baltimore office. 221,482. Morse Telegraph Register. — A type of telegraph-receiving apparatus, oper- ated by clockwork with a cord and weight, which embosses the Morse char- acters on a paper strip. Made by Knox and Shain, Philadelphia, and ex- tensively used between 1845 and 1875. 216,045. Morse Telegraph Ink Recorder. — A form of receiving instrument which superseded the apparatus by which the Morse characters were embossed on a paper strip by a steel point and which makes the record in ink. First used about 1880. 181,118. Morse Telegraph Key, 1840. 181,769. Morse Telegraph Key, 1844. 181,770. Morse Telegraph Key, 1846. 181,171. Morse Telegraph Key, 1890. 181,119. Morse Telegraph Relay, 1846. 181,422. Morse Telegraph Relay, 1858. Made by J. Rodgers, New York. 181,421. Morse Telegraph Relay, 1895. Made by E. S. Greeley Company, New York. 181,117. Morse Sounding Relay, 1880, 181,375. Morse Telegraph Sounder, 1856. Made by J. J. Clark, Philadelphia. 181,424. MiLEiKEN Automatic Telegraph Repeater. — Repeaters of this type were first used in Portland, Maine, in 1862, on the lines of the American Telegraph ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 23 Company, between Boston, Massachusetts, and Calais, Maine. They were ex- tensively used in the United States up to 1895. 181,378. Morse Telegraph Instruments, Key, Relay, and Sounder. — Used at the Electrical Exposition in New York city. May 16, 1896, on the lines of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, in transmitting a message around the world; sent by Chauncey M. Depew to E. D. Adams — Albert B. Chandler, sending operator; Thomas A. Edison, receiving operator. 181,427. MEDALLIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. Presidents oe the United States. Bronze copies of medals struck in honor of the Presidents and for presenta- tion to Indian chiefs in token of peace and friendship. From the U. S. Mint. Thomas Jefferson. — March 4, 1801, to March 4, 1809. Born October 30, 1735 ; died July 4, 1826. James Madisqn. — March 4, 1809, to March 4, 1817. Born March 16, 1751 ; died June 28, 1836. James Monroe. — March 4, 1817, to March 4, 1825. Born April 28, 1759; died July 4, 1831. John Quincy Adams. — March 4, 1825, to March 4, 1829. Born July 11, 1767; died February 23, 1848. Andrew Jackson. — March 4, 1829, to March 4, 1837. Born March 15, 1767 ; died June 8, 1845. Martin Van Buren. — March 4, 1837, to March 4, 1841. Born Dec. 5, 1782 ; died July 24, 1862. William Henry Harrison. — March 4, 1841, to April 4, 1841. Born Feb. 9, 1773; died April 4, 1841. John Tyler. — April 4, 1841, to March 4, 1845. Born March 29, 1790; died Jan. 18, 1862. James Knox Polk. — March 4, 1845, to March 4, 1849. Born Nov. 2, 1795; died June 15, 1849. Zachary Taylor. — March 5, 1849, to July 9, 1850. Born Nov. 24, 1784; died July 9, 1850. Millard Fillmore.— July 10, 1850, to March 4, 1853. Born Jan. 7, 1800; died March 8, 1874. Franklin Pierce.— March 4, 1853, to March 4, 1857. Born Nov. 23, 1804; died Oct. 8, 1869. James Buchanan. — March 4, 1857, to March 4, 1861. Born April 22, 1791 ; died' June i, 1868. Abraham Lincoln. — March 4, 1861, to April 14, 1865. Born Feb. 12, 1809; died April 15, 1865. Andrew Johnson.— April 15, 1865, to March 4, 1869. Born Dec. 29, 1808; died July 31, 1875. Ulysses Simpson Grant. — March 4, 1869, to March 4, 1877. Born April 29, 1822; died July 23, 1885. 24 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Rutherford B. Hayes. — March 5, 1877, to March 4, 1881. Born Oct. 4, 1822; died Jan. 17, 1893. James Abram Garfiei^d. — March 4, 1881, to Sept. 19, 1881. Born Nov. 19, 1831 ; died Sept. 19, 1881. Chester Ai. X. Old Russian Graveyard, Sitka. Russian Log Dwellings. Sitka. Old Russian Log Building, Sitka. Greek Cathedral of St. Michael's, Sitka. Native Village in 1888, Sitka. Con-dah-nah-ha. a Chilkaht Chief, Sitka. Chilkat Indians Berry-gathering, Sitka. Chilkat Graves and Kluckwan Village Houses, Southeastern Alaska. Tlingit Indian Girls, Sitka. Old Russian Saw Mill, Sitka. Baranof Castle and Old Russian Buildings, Sitka. Tlingit Canoe and Native Tlacin Bag, Sitka. Old Russian Blockhouse, Sitka. Old Russian Log Buildings, Sitka. The Berry Dance, Sitka. Tlingit Graves, Icy Straits. 4Y 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. PEOPLES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. The Negrito. Famii^y Group of the Negritos of Zambai^es, Luzon, Philippine Islands. — The Negritos are small, black, wooly-haired natives inhabiting out-of-the-way places in several islands of the Philippines, but mostly living in the great island of Luzon. They call themselves Aeta, and, because they are very shy, make their home in the mountain forests. Their houses are rude shelters scattered through the country and never gathered into villages like those of the Igorot. Not much has been known about them until the acquisition of the Philippines by the United States. They cultivate a little, but depend for food principally on the fruits of the chase and forest products, a few of which they exchange with the lowland people for cloth, rice, or iron sufficient for their small needs. They are keen hunters of wild animals and their traps are quite ingenious. Their only weapons are bows and arrows, and in the use and manufacture of them they are very skilful. Among them is found a primitive method of fire-making by sawing a knife of bamboo across another piece, as shown in the kneeling figures, the fire rising in the ground-off dust which falls beneath when the lower bamboo is cut through by the friction. The Negritos are cheerful, intelligent, peaceable, and moral; they love music, and one of their chief amusements is dancing; they are born pantomi- mists, and, like children, dramatize the events they wish to relate. While physically the Negrito seems inferior, in reality he is strong, marvellously agile, and his black, wizened, dwarfish frame is capable of incredible endur- ance. Though nothing definite is known of his origin, the Negrito is thought to be a remnant of a once widespread population related to the Papuans, the Andamanese, and other black, wooly-haired peoples of Oceanica. Designed by W. H. Holmes ; Modeled by U. S. G. Dunbar. Philippine Islander Weaving Cloth — Type of the Tagala People. — The woman here shown is a half-breed Malay and Chinese, such as constitute a large proportion of the population about ]\Ianila. She is engaged in weaving cloth on a hand loom, which is doubtless of foreign origin, although the type here represented has found its way all over the world and is practically the form to be seen throughout the United States in the first part of the last centur}^ and the colonial period for weaving homespun fabrics. The specimen here given is capable of making the plainest cloth, the sheds being made by means of the treadle worked by the feet. The shuttle and the heddle are worked by hand. Delicate fabrics are woven on these simple devices. In the Philippine Islands fiber of the finest quality abounds. Costumes and materials collected by F. F. Hilder. Arts of the Negritos of Luzon and Palawan. Philippine Islands — Objects Connected with Social LiFE.^The arts of the Negritos of Luzon are very limited and comprise the manufacture of bows, arrows, and quivers, snares for game, rude baskets, crude domestic utensils, and ornaments suitable to their simple life. The implement with which they make fire consists of two pieces of bamboo. Knives, bolos, and other necessaries they secure from the Filipinos in trade for beeswax brought out of the forest. The Negrito- like tribes of Palawan are more advanced than the blacks of Luzon, and the ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 5 1 majority of the specimens in the case are from the former island. They are musical instruments; personal ornaments, as combs, girdles, bracelets, leglets, and rings ; domestic utensils of cocoanut and gourd, and traps for fish and other game. Collected by J. M. Harkins, E. Y. Miller, E. L. Hawkes, and the American Museum of Natural History. The Igorot. Family Group of the Bontoc Igorot, Luzon, Philippine Islands. — The Igorot are of Malayan stock and live in the higher central portion of Luzon, principally in the Province of Bontoc. They cultivate rice in terraces on the hills, and also plant maize, bananas, sweet potatoes, and other crops; weave cloth; make pottery, and mine and smelt ore. Their houses are lightly con- structed, and are gathered together into villages, ruled over by clan councils. The population of each group is, as a rule, at enmity with all others, and because the Igorot are the least modified of the Philippine tribes they were until recently addicted to the practice of head-hunting, which they held in common with many Malayan groups of the East Indies. At the time of the War with Spain Igorot levies, equipped with armor, spears, bolos, and knives, were pushed forward by the Spanish to engage American troops, and it is said that they displayed much courage during the slaughter that followed. The Igorot is of cheerful disposition, strong, a good worker, and inclined to peaceful pursuits. He is of medium stature, has fine muscular develop- ment, black evQS and hair, smooth skin, and differs little from the Dyak of Borneo, to whom he is related. Occasionally there is seen among the Igorot traces of an admixture with the Negrito, whom they supplanted, and on the borders of their habitat they merge into other uncivilized tribes. Designed by W. H. Holmes ; Modeled by U. S. G. Dunbar. Arts oi^ the Igorot of Luzon, Philippine Islands — Objects Connected WITH Social Life. — The Igorot live in the mountains of Luzon, and grade in culture between the Negrito and the civilized tribes. The case contains a model of their house and' granary ; forks, spoons, bowls, cups, dishes of dark hard- wood, with ceremonial handles ; baskets for carrying ore and for storing food ; a fire piston for lighting the fire; pipes of carved wood; spears, head-hunting ax, knives, shields, and spear for hunting boars ; traps and nooses for cap- turing game ; a scarecrow, carrying baskets, and a shovel used in agricultural work; jewsharp, gong, flute, and articles of personal ornament, and carved wooden figures which are probably connected with the primitive religion of this tribe. Collected by the Philippine Insular Commission and Col. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A. The Moro. Arts of the Moro and Bagobo Tribes of Mindanao, Philippine Islands — Objects Connected with Social Life. — The arts of these tribes are little modified by European influences, but the Moro have received much from the civilized peoples of the Asiatic mainland, especially in decorative art and metal-working. There are shown in llie case baskets and vessels made of 52 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. bamboo and rattan, torches of palm and resin, carved wood shields, shell- work ornaments, carabao-skin armor, and objects made of horn, all of vegetal and animal substances. Brasswork of the Moros, consisting of bracelets and armlets, betel and lime boxes inlaid with copper and silver, pitcher, tea- pot, vase, covered bowl, snuffbox, gongs, and cooking bowls, show the extent to which this material has taken the place of utensils of gourd, cocoanut, and bamboo. Ironwork consisting of daggers, knives, swords, lances, and har- poons, manufactured with great skill and taste, show that this metal is utilized solely for weapons. The Bagobo specimens consist of personal ornaments, baskets, haversacks, belts, bags, and pouches, and are ornamented with beads of various colors and other gewgaws. Collected by Col. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A., J. M. Harkins, F. F. Hilder, A. H. Stewart, and the Philippine Insular Commission to St. Louis Exposition. Arts of the Philippines — Costume of the Tribes of Mindanao. — The Moro tribes of Mindanao, in keeping with the customs of the Mohammedans, clothe themselves, but wear no foot-covering. Their costume consists for the men of a short jacket, trousers of formal cut, a sash, a cap, and, in some cases, a turban ; and for the women the Malay skirt, or sarong, which reaches to the knee. The Moro affects bright colors, and is fastidious as to the quality of the cloth and the cut of his garments. The costume of the Bagobos and other related tribes of Mindanao consists of a short jacket of mixed cloth of native weaving, worn by the men, and a short skirt of the same material, worn by the women. As is customary among all of the uncivilized tribes of the Philippines, the men wear a loin cloth and a native print head kerchief, w^hich, when figured in a certain pattern, denotes that its wearer has taken the head of an enemy. Collected by Col. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A., A. H. Stewart, J. R. Harris, and F. F. Hilder. Arts of the Moro, Mindanao, Philippine Islands — Tools and Utensils. — The case contains tools of iron for timbering, splitting bamboo, agricultural purposes, and general work ; baskets of various forms and materials, skilfully woven and applied to numerous uses ; traps and snares for capturing wild chickens and other game, and traps for catching fish ; a fire-making piston, and a torch of resin. The arts of the Moro have been influenced largely by the tropical vegetal environment in which they live, and which has supplied by far the greatest portion of the materials that minister to their needs. Without iron and other metals the resources of their islands would be suffi- cient to satisfy the demands of a semi-civilization like that of the Moros, and there are evidences that useful metals have not long been known to them. Collected by J. R. Harris, Col. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A., J. M. Harkins, and the Philippine Insular Commission to St. Louis. Arts of the Moro, Mindanao, Philippine Islands — Tools and Utensils.— The case contains tools and appliances used by the Moros in their customary occupations. In form and materials these tools bear a resemblance to those found widely in Malaysia, where commerce and migration have distributed them. They consist of basketry in great variety, made of bamboo, rattan, and bejuco; traps ingeniously devised for the capture of small game; knives for domestic purposes, for work in the woods and fields, and for offensive and defensive warfare; the most useful ax, which may, when desired, be converted ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 53 into an adze; agricultural tools, and other specimens illustrating weaving, wood-carving, metal working, and the manufacture of musical instruments. Collected by Col. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A., J. M. Harkins, J. W. Wood, Gen. J. M. Bell, U. S. A., and others. Arts of the Moros of Mindanao, Philippine Islands — Metal Work. — The Moros are in advance of all other Philippine tribes in their metal work, and in the application of decorative designs on objects connected with their daily life. The metal work consists of betel-boxes, lime-cups, trays, bowls, vases, and other appliances connected with the use of the narcotic betel. Weapons are illustrated by armor for the trunk, shields of carved wood, and cutting weapons, such as the borong and the waved kris. The esthetic side of their life is illustrated in full by the decorative designs or forms and by musical instruments, consisting of drum, series of brass gongs mounted on frame of carved wood, and the large bass gong, which is a remarkable speci- men of casting. It is believed that the larger gongs are secured by the Moros from the Asiatic mainland. Collected by Major G. P. Ahern, U. S. A., J. R. Harris, and the Philippine Insular Commission to St. Louis. The Tagals and Other Christian Tribes. Arts of the Philippines. Edged Weapons of Iron. — The weapons of the islands are remarkable for their variety, the skill displayed in their manufacture, and their use as insig- nia. The bolo, a weapon with broad lanceolate blade and short, curved handle, is most widespread and has many varieties, some. of them much modified by European influence. The Kris, with waved or straight blade, widening to a spur at the base, is a Moro weapon ; the Kampilan, with long, straight blade Avidening to a truncated end is also Moro, as is the Talibong or headsman's sword, with a long, curved blade mounted in a handle. Daggers and knives shown in the case follow the forms of the weapons mentioned. The lances, confined mainly to the southern islands inhabited by the Moros and like tribes, are fine specimens of metal-work. The shields vary from the pronged (Igo- rot), the long and broad (Dyak-like tribes of Mindanao), to the circular shields of the Moro, and they are made with much taste and skill. Sword canes, a folding knife-sword, and knives are also shown. Collected by President Roosevelt, Dr. R. B. Grubbs, Col. E. A. Mearns, U. S. A., J. M. Harkins, Gen. J. M. Bell, U. S. A., and others. Head Coverings. — The large hats of the Philippine tribes are characteristic of tropical countries where the excessive light renders such head-covering necessary. In no other feature of costume is there such a variety of style, indicating locality, tribe and rank, and occupation of the wearer. While the hats of the Christianized tribes are modifications of the helmet type, those of other tribes are of Malay types, brought in through the waves of migration. The Igorot hat is merely ornamental, and the Negritos and some wild tribes whose habitat is forested wear no head covering, while other tribes wear the head-band or handkerchief. The most skilful workmanship is lavished on hat-making, and some of the specimens are worthy of great admiration. Collected by F. F. Hilder, Major G. P. Ahern, U. S. A., J. W. Wood, and the Philippine Commission to St. Louis. 54 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSKUM. Needlework. — The ornamentation of woven cloth with designs in needle- work is general among the advanced tribes of the Philippines. Floral and other elaborate designs in accordance with European taste are generally employed by the Christianized peoples, who also weave the most delicate fabrics of pina and silk thread and make exquisite drawn work. The Moro designs are conventional and show Mohammedan influence. They are em- broidered in brilliant silks, and frequently sentences from the Koran form the decorative patterns. Collected by F. F. Hilder and A. J. Gies. Objects Connected with Social Life. — The Tagals have been in contact with the Spanish civilization for several centuries and have made progress in the arts of life, so that they are now not inferior to any other Philippine peoples in culture. Their houses are suited to the tropics, and the models shown give an impression of their materials and appearance. Pottery of unglazed terra cotta, ornamented with incisions, is made and used extensively for stoves, cooking pots of various sizes with lids, dishes, water bottles, and saucers. The shell of the cocoanut is much used for cups, bowls, dippers, and spoons. Bamboo enters into their arts for a myriad purposes, especially in furniture, vessels, and house-building. The domestic utensils are represented by articles used in the laundry and about the native hearth — tubs, bowls, clothespins, fire-blower, broom, lamp, wooden and earthenware dishes, and milk and palm wine vessels. Collected by General James M. Bell, U. S. A., and F. F. Hilder. Tools and Utensils. — The Tagals are the progressive inhabitants of Luzon and occupy the coasts and fertile interior lands. As fishermen they use the traps of various models, lines, baskets, floating creels, nets, and dredges like those shown in the case. As agriculturists they have reapers for heading rice, knives for cutting grass, bolos for chopping, shredders for removing the husk of the cocoanut, digging-sticks for potatoes, traps for rats and other noxious animals, carrying, winnowing, and storage baskets. Boxes, bottles, bird cages, strainers, and numerous other useful and ornamental forms are the products of the skilful worker in basketry materials. Collected by F. F. Hilder. Weaving. — A surprising variety of textile work is produced on the hand looms of the Tagals, and the quality is remarkable for its fineness, while much taste is displayed in its ornamentation. The abaca, or "Manila hemp" fiber, lends itself to the manufacture of silky textures, as well as to coarse cloth and cordage. The finer grades are called sinamay. Cotton is woven as plain cloth or in striking patterns. Pina fiber produces the finest stuffs, which are strong and diaphanous, and costly both to the weaver and purchaser. When silk is combined with pina as pattern or warp the fabric is called jusi — a beautiful transparent textile, much used for skirts, jackets, and shoulder kerchiefs by the Tagal women. Collected by F. F. Hilder. Land Transportation. — Transportation by land in Luzon was formerly over trails by means of bearers. The caribao or water buffalo is the only native draught animal, and the vehicles are rude sleds and clumsy two-wheel carts, the latter usually covered to protect the load from sun and rain. The wheel vehicles bear a general family resemblance to those in use in India and ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 55 Other portions of the East, and were, no doubt, introduced from the Asiatiq mainland. Collected by F. F. Hilder. Water Transportation. — In contrast with land transportation, water trans- portation is quite varied and well organized in the Philippines. Beginning with the dugout canoe of the fisherman, there is a series in which the simple keel is modified by the addition of decks, superstructure, masts, and rigging. Carrying out the idea of the fisherman's outrigger, the freight boat shows two keels side by side, covered with a single deckhouse with expansible roof. Freight barges, called casco, are often very large. Passenger boats for coast- ing are modeled after the Malay pirate vessels, and in some cases the Chinese type of junk is used. Collected by F. F. Hilder. Photographs by the United States Signal Corps. Permission oe Chief Signal Oeeicer, U. S. A. Light-house, Corregidor Island, Entrance to Manila Bay. Fort Malate, Manila, after American Bombardment of August 13, 1898. Congressional Hall of Filipino Republic. Block-house, Malabang, Mindanao. Map of American Operations against Town of Manila, August 13, 1898. Block-house, Iloilo. Magellan's Praying Place. City Wall, Manila. Governor's Palace, Manila. Entrance Gate to Fort Santiago, Manila. Residence of Peace Commission, Manila. Residence of Captain General, Manila. Office of Captain of the Port, Manila. Convent Wall, Calapan, Mindoro. Block-house, Manila. Spanish Fort, Cebu. Spanish Fortifications, Manila. Church Interior during Services, Cagayan. Convent and Church, Ormoc. Spanish Fortifications on the Luneta, Manila. Residence of Aguinaldo, Cavite Viejo. Old Spanish Barracks, Pasacao. Governor General's Residence, Manila. Spanish Fortifications, Manila Bay. Municipal Building, Manila. Manila Bay. View from Fort William McKinley. William H. Taft delivering his Inaugural Address as First Civil Governor of the Philippines, Manila, July 4, 1901. Light-house, Pasig River Entrance. The Luneta and Walled City, Manila- 56 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL ^vIUSEUM. Photographs. Series of photographs m two screen cases illustrating the scenery, archi- tecture, natives, family life, occupations, and historical events in the Philippines at the close of the War with Spain. Gateway "Puerta de Isabel,'" Walled City, Manila. Gate to the Arsenal. Market in Tondo, a Suburb of jManila. Native Landing-craft. La Luneta Park, Manila. Native Landing-craft. Building Cascos. An Execution on the Luneta. Pasig River at the Custom House, Manila. Mending a Casco, Caulking with Lime, Oil, and Cocoanut Fiber. Tondo Canal, near Caloocan, Manila Province. A Canal entering Manila. Monument to Magellan, Discoverer of the Philippine Islands. Captain Salbador, Insurgent Leader. Group of Tinguianes from Abra, Benguet District, Luzon Island. Spanish Mestizo, or Half-breed Tagal. Three Tinguiane Warriors. Group of Thirteen Moros, Zamboanga, Capital of Mindanao Island. A Native Igorot from Ilocos Sur, Mountains of South Ilocos Province, Luzon Island. Church of St. Augustine, Manila. Chapel, de La Loma Cemetery. San Sebastian Church, Manila. General Luna, Insurgent Leader. Emilio Aguinaldo, Commander-in-chief of the Tagal Insurgent Forces. Gregoria del Pilar, an Officer of the Tagal Insurgent Forces. General Concepcion, Insurgent Leader. Insurgent Government Officials. General Isidor Torres, Insurgent Leader. Colonel Cardenas, Insurgent Leader. Secretario de Cardenas, Insurgent Leader. General Garcia, Insurgent Leader. Insurgent Leader Emilio Aguinaldo and Troops at Malolos, Bulacan Prov- ince, Luzon Island. Insurgent Leader Emilio Aguinaldo and his "Congress." Two Negrito Warriors, Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon Island. An Execution on the Luneta. Two Igorot Warriors of Bontoc District, Luzon Island. Filipinos with Gun captured from Yorktown's Boat. Church and Insurgent Headquarters, San Fernando, Union Province, Luzon Island. Lieutenant Greene in an Insurgent Village. U. S. Soldiers' Graves in Paco Cemetery, Manila. Funeral of General Lawton. FAMILY GROUPS OF THE NEGRITOS ALASKA-VUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 57 Rojas and Companions before Execution on the Luneta. Bodyguard of Insurgent General Panar. U. S. Government Hospital, built of Nipa Palm. Rojas and Companions after Execution. Insurgent Congress Hall, Malolos, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island. Agui- naldo in the Chair on the Platform. U. S. Government Corral. Two Moro Chieftains, Sulu Archipelago. Petty King of the Tinguianes, with his Guards, Abra, Benguet District, Luzon Island. Group of Tinguianes Men and Women. Group of Negritos. Igorot Soldier of Bontoc District, Luzon Island. Group of Eleven Mariveles Warriors. Five Moro Chieftains, Zamboanga, Capital of Mindanao. Three Moro Chieftains, Sulu Archipelago. Gorge near Sitang, Cavite Province, Luzon Island. Plowing in Antipole, Morong District, Luzon Island. View of Zamboanga, Mindanao Island, from the Sea. Plowing with a Bullock on a Mountain, Batangas Province, Luzon Island. Street in San Miguel, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island. Lagoon, Pagsan River. Bancos, Round-bottom Boat, with Outriggers. Bridge of Spain, Manila. Ayala Bridge, over the Pasig, San Miguel and Paco. Railway Bridge, ruined by Insurgents. Suspension Bridge, from Site of the New Government Ice Plant. San Mateo Valley, Manila Province, Luzon Island. Casco unloading Nipa Palm Fiber for thatching Houses. Bridge of Spain, Manila. Suspension Bridge, Manila. Mouth of the Pasig River, from Fort Santiago, Manila. Bancos, Round-bottom Boats, with Outriggers. East End of Corregidor Island, Manila Bay. San Pedro Macati, Manila Province, Intrenchments in the Foreground. . Group of Insurgent Cannon. An Execution on the Luneta. Igorot Warriors. Petty King of the Tinguianes, with his Guards, Abra, Benguet District, Luzon Island. Group of Beggers. Waterworks near Manila. Calle Iris (Iris Street), Manila. Street Scene, San Miguel, Island of Leyte. Calle Nozalida (Nozalida Street), near Ermita, a Suburb of iManila. Calle Alix (AHx Street), Sampaloc, a Suburb of jNIanila. Steam Engine at Malabon, Luzon Island. Native Dwelling at Sampaloc, Suburbs of Manila. Native Dwelling in Sampaloc, Suburbs of Manila. Native Dwelling at San Fernando, Luzon Island. Santa Mesa Road. 58 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Iloilo, Panay Island. San Pedrillo, Paco, Suburbs of Manila. Three Tinguianes from Abra, Luzon Island. Calle Escolta (Escolta Street), Manila. Monument to Carlos III. Spanish Mestizo, with two Boys. Shipping in the Pasig River at Manila. Along the Road to Pasig, near Manila. A Native Woman and her two Sons. Native Cock-fighting. Three People at a Native Bath and Well. Natives carrying Produce to Manila. Natives carrying Produce to Manila. Carrying a Pig to Market. Market at Dagupan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon Island. Casco, or Flat-bottom Freight Boat. Bancas, Round-bottom Boats with Outriggers. Foreign Shipping in the Pasig River. Foreign Shipping in the Pasig River. Coasting Banca, or Round-bottom Boat with Outriggers. Washerwomen on the Pasig River. Dugouts in the Canal at Manila. Bank of the Pasig River outside of Manila. Fagade of a Building in Manila. , " Royal Philippine Exposition (Interior). Suspension Bridge, Manila. Ayala Bridge, Manila. Panoramic View of the Pasig River at Manila. Shore at Navotas, Manila Province. Church at Sampaloc, a Suburb of Manila. Cathedral of Manila. Church at Calumpit, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island. Church of San Sebastian, Manila. Native Fisherman of Tondo, a Suburb of Manila. Church of Santo Domingo, Manila. Church of Tondo, Manila. Malabon Church from the Bridge. Santa Anna Church, Captured by Americans. Church at San Pedro Macati, Manila Province, Luzon Island. Dr. Rizal. Plaza de Ayuntamiento (Civil Court Square). Cathedral of Manila. Execution of Dr. Rizal, Rebel against the Spanish Government. Tagal Woman Milk Vendor. Street in the Walled City, Manila. Santa Anna Church, Captured by Americans. Church in Santa Cruz, a Suburb of Manila. Native Fisherman of Tondo, a Suburb of Manila. Mangrove Swamp at Malabon, Manila Province, Luzon Island. Mangrove Swamp at Malabon, Manila Province, Luzon Island. Farm near Manila. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 59 Farm near Manila. House in San Juan del Monte, Manila Province, Luzon Island. Plowing in Antipolo, Morong District, Luzon Island. A Country Store near Manila. Two Carabaos, or Water Buffalos, with Drivers. Uliuli Road. Along the Road to Pasig, near Manila. Nipa Palm Grove, Batangas Province, Luzon Island. A Carabao Farm. Natives Drying Carabao Meat. Natives Drying Carabao Hides. Coasting Banca, or Round-bottom Boat with Outriggers. Natives selling Milk in Bamboo Vessels. Canal Scene, Pandacan, Manila Province. Natives Casting Circular Fishnet. Harrowing a Field with the Carabao, or Water Buffalo. Tondo Canal, Suburbs of Manila. Natives using Scoop-net in Shallow Water. Group of Rich Natives from Batangas Province, Luzon Island. Boys Matching Pennies. A Small Cart. Arsenal at Cavite, south of Manila. Bridge over the Malabon River, Luzon Island. View of Tondo, a Suburb of Manila : Raft of Bamboo. Street in Albay, Capital of Albay Province, Luzon Island. Plaza Amboaque, Manila. Entrance to the Cemetery de La Loma, Manila. Spanish Mestizo Woman in Holiday Dress. Group of Tagal Children. Group of Natives from Lingayen, Pangasinan Province, Luzon Island. Chinese Mestizo Family. Tagal Family Bathing. Tagal Family of Nine Children. Washerwoman on the Pasig River. Group of Natives from Dagupan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon Island. Group of Moro Women, Mindanao Island. Tagal Women. House Building at Imus, Cavite Province, Luzon Island (Frame). House Building at Imus, Cavite Province, Luzon Island. Philippine "Boy" (Servant). Boy Riding a Carabao. House Building at Imus, Cavite Province, Luzon Island (Frame, Covered). House Building at Imus, Cavite Province, Luzon Island. Native Fisherman of Tondo, a Suburb of Manila. Typical Native House. A Bamboo Sled. Stacking Rice at Meycanayan, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island. Bank of the Pasig River outside Manila. Transplanting the "Sacate" Plant. Garden of the Jesuit College, Manila. Market at Dagupan, Pangasinan Province, Luzon Island. 6o SMITHSOXIAX INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Church in Santa Cruz, a Suburb of ^lanila. Native Pony and Cart. East End of Corregidor Island, Manila Bay. A Colesen (Dog Cart). Petty King of the Tinguianes with his Guards, Abra, Benguet District, Luzon Island. An Execution. A Native Plow. Monument to Simon de Anda, Spanish Patriot. Group of Women and Children. Market at Banan, Batangas Province, Luzon Island. Natives Sawing Lumber from Logs by Hand. Spanish Mestizo Woman in Holida}'' Dress. Spanish Guns mounted on the Sea Wall at ^Manila. Washerwomen on the Pagsan River. Ruins of a Native Potter}' Kiln. Canal Landing, Pasig River. Pounding and Sifting Rice. Insurgent Government Banquet Hall, Malolos, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island. Natives using Scoop-net in Shallow Water. Harrowing a Field with the Carabao, or Water Buffalo. Three Tagal W^omen Sewing. Tagal Soldier with Bow Gun. Bay Shore at Tondo, a Suburb of Manila. Fishing Rafts at Malabon, Manila Province. A Native Family preparing Food. General Garcia and Troops at Caloocan, Luzon. Natives Dancing. Spanish Mestizo Flower-girl. Cigarette-making, Manila. Tagal Woman, Manila. Tagal Woman, IManila. Tagal Mother carrying a Child. Spanish Mestizo Woman in Holiday Dress. Tagal Family : IMother and Children. Tagal Woman. Hotel de Oriente, Manila. Tagal Woman, Manila. PEOPLES OF THE HAW^A^IIAN ISLANDS. Model of Village. Village Group of the Early Hawaiians. — Formerly the Hawaiians lived in grass thatch houses of several kinds grouped into villages, which were the home of a clan ruled over by a chief and a priest. The houses shown in the model, which is a restoration of Hawaiian social life before contact with Europeans, are, beginning from the left — the jnua, eating house for the young men ; the lanai, or bower, often attached to the house ; the alii, or chief's house; the noa, or house of the chief's wife; the aina, where the women eat, ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITIOX. 6l and the pea, or tabu house of the women. On the front row is the heiau, or temple, with image and skulls on posts; the kua, or workshop, with lanai, or shed, and on the extreme right, a pupupu, or fisherman's temporary' shed, back of which a laborer is cultivating taro in artificially irrigated ponds. On the shore are natives bathing, a canoe being unloaded, and a fisherman haul- ing his net in a fish pond. In the open space in front of the village is an oven from which a roast pig is being taken ; two men hauling a log ; a man making wooden umekes, or bowls; two women pounding taro root to make poi; a woman beating bark to make tapa cloth ; a woman painting tapa cloth ; a group of women feasting, and a woman bearing leis or wreaths of flowers ; a nurse with children; the chiefs wife and son; the chief standing on a plat- form in front of his house, and the chief's poi, or food-bearer, with calabashes. *'Such," as Malo finishes his quaint chronicle, "were the possessions of the old-time people who lived on the ancient Hawaii. Great pity for them." (Legend on frame of model.) Designed and modeled by I. B. Millner. Series of Photographs. By H. W. Hcnshau: Native Grass Hut under Cocoanut and Mango Trees, Hawaii. Native Canoes : Cocoanut and Lauhalla Trees, Puna District, Hawaii. Canoe, fitted with Outrigger, Waiakea River, Hilo, Hawaii. Girl with Leis around her Neck, Hawaii. Kanaka Fisherman and Dugout Canoe, Hawaii. Method of carrying Burdens, Hawaii. Kanaka just in from Fishing, Hilo, Hawaii. Grass House, shaded by Papaia Trees, Puna District, Hawaii. Kanaka spearing Fish, Hilo Bay, Hawaii. Making Fire with Two Sticks by Friction, Hawaii. Kanaka pounding Poi : Patch of Taro in Background. Hawaii. Kanaka pounding Poi, Hawaii. Kanaka Women gathering Limpets for Food, Hawaii. Hula Girl dressed for the Dance : Man playing the Nose Flute. Hawaii. Kanaka spearing Fish, Hilo, Hawaii. Grass Hut : Wild Tobacco and Taro in the Foreground. Hilo District, Hawaii. Native Grass Hut : Natives in Foreground pounding Poi. Puna District, Hawaii. Kanaka with Raincoat of Lauhalla Leaves, Hawaii. Kanaka about to throw Cast Net, Hawaii. By U. S. Fish Commission. Grass House of the Kanakas, Hawaiian Islands. Grass Houses of the Kanakas, Hawaiian Islands. Emerson Ethnological Collection. Fish-hooks. I. Makau hiilii-lua of whale tooth; has two barbs; finely finished; provided with line attached — ka-a — also with small line — mali — to retain bait. Length, about 4^4 in. 62 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 2. Makau hulu-kahi of whale tooth; has but one barb. Is let down into the water or used as a trolling hook, without bait. Provided with ka-a attached line; also mali (the line) to hold the bait. 3. Makau hulu-kahi. — Fish-hook with one barb; whale tooth; figure highly incurved; has the ka-a attached; also the mali. The latter is the line to hold the bait in place. Extreme length, 25^ in. 4. Makau lihi, has no barb; whale tooth; has the ka-a and the mali. Fish are sometimes attracted by spitting into the water bait chewed up. Length, 2% in. 5. Makau hulu (hulu means barb). — Hawaiian; of tortoise shell; con- sidered very choice by the Hawaiians ; has no ka-a; used largely in shallow waters. Length, i^ in. 6. Makau lihi, or makau lihi honua, so called because its barb was so situ- ated low down. It was also called m. paca (lucky), because the material was human bone, a lucky material. This is an heirloom from Kona, Hawaii. No line attached. Length, i^ in. 7. Makau opelu, or m. pa, from the material, mother-of-pearl, or makau lou. Mostly used to catch the opolu, a fish similar to the herring. Has line attached; i. e., ka-a. Length, 5^ in. 8. Makau mahina (mahina, the moon); of iron; called also lihi mahina. Has line attached. The Hawaiians had the custom of soaking their fish-nets and lines in a tanbark, thinking it preserved them. Has no barb; the great curve of the hook was thought to compensate for this lack; line attached. Length, 35^ in. 9. Makau oopu-hue, iron ; has no barb ; line attached ; also the mali. This hook has a peculiar curve. Length, 2^ in. 10. Makau oopu-hue, or m. kikala-ke'e (humpback) ; has line attached. The material is iron. 11. Makau hoomo; so called because it is intended to be swallowed whole. Has line attached; material, of iron. None of the hooks of Hawaiian make have a barb, and the same is true of those made of brass. Length, i^ in. 12. Makau hoomo, or m. kikala-ke'e. — Is provided with the ka-a and the mali. Sometimes this hook is bundled up together with a mass of fine bait and then thrown into the water, when the bundle opens by a skilful arrange- ment of the mali. Length, i^ in. 13. Makau copu-hue, or m. kikala-ko'o, or m. kuli-pa'a (the Hawaiians oft- times gave fanciful names to their fish-hooks). Material, iron; has line at- tached, and mali. Length, 2J/2 in. 14. Makau lou, or m. oopu-hue; of iron; line attached. Length, 2% in. Trolling hook. 19. Pa-hi-aku {pa, mother-of-pearl). — The plate is of mother-of-pearl, the barb of whale tooth, the line and lashings of olona, a bark much used in making lines and nets. The brush is of pig bristles. It was trolled with a comparatively short line at the end of a short' rod. The aku was the bonito. Notice the resemblance of this to the trolling hooks of the Micronesian group. (See No. 26.) Length of plate, about 3 in. and 2>4 in. Squid hooks. 45. Leho-lu-he'e. — A large cowrey, with a stone carved into the shape of a cowrey, are lashed to a staff. To the lower end of the staff are fixed two hooks, which may be of bone, of wood, or of iron. A brush is attached below. The Hawaiians claim that the stone and the cowrey must have a certain ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 63 color resemblance to each other in order to attract the squid. Lead is now at times used instead of stone. This is let down into the water and dangled close to the octopus, who is attracted by it and wraps himself about it. This method is still very successfully practiced by Hawaiian and by Chinese fisher- men. It shows no signs of going out of date. The wood here used is the kauila, once the favorite material for spear-making. 46. Leho-lu-he'e. — For description, see No. 45. In this the fisherman em- ploys hooks made of brass. The stone used as a sinker in this contains many crystals of olivine. The stone is called komina paakai. 272. Pauhu-lu-he'e. — In this specimen two cowries are used, with but one stone sinker; otherwise the arrangement is the same as previously mentioned. The Hawaiians apply to this arrangement a new name as above. Bel-caichers. 22. Haca-puhi. — A double-cylindrical stick — kauila — is used, with a line attached to its middle. The bait is wrapped about one end of the stick and held by means of the smaller line. The other sharp end of the stick is thrust into a split end of another long stick, which constitutes the handle. By this means it is thrust into the hole or habitat of the eel. When swallowed by the eel, and when the line is pulled, the stick turns crosswise and cannot be regurgitated by the eel. 47. Haoa-puhi. — In this case the fisherman has provided a little hole in the paca to receive a thread-like line for the purpose of holding the large line down to its place while the hook — though it can hardly be called such — is being swallowed by the eel. The material is of bone. An arm of the quid is a favorite bait for this kind of fishing, being wrapped about the forward end of the haoa. Fish-hooks from Micronesia. It will be interesting to compare with the trolling hooks of the Hawaiians the pa-hi-aku — those from the Micronesian groups of islands — with which they have points in common : the mother-of-pearl plate and the hook of bone or of mother-of-pearl attached thereto. 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 35. The material of each one of the specimens here shown is substantially the same and the method of construction the same, there being used a plate of mother-of-pearl, to which is attached very firmly a hook of the same material. The hook has a hole near its base to give the lashing a better hold. A hole is also bored in the upper end of the plate for the attachment of the line. The lashings are evidently from the bark of the hau, as it is called in Hawaii (a sort of hibiscus). A fringe is attached to act, no doubt, as a means of steadying the hook in its course. (The Hawaiian hooks [19-21] are more delicate and adapted to fishes with a smaller mouth; they also have more elaborate lashings.) These Micronesian hooks are of wide-spread use, being found in all parts of that archipelago. Fish-hooks from the small Island of Banope. 23. Banope, or Panavi, is a small island of the Santa Cruz group and is situated lo"* 17' S, and in long. 166° 19' E. (W. T. Brigham : "Index the Islands of the Pacific") This hook is the product of the ingenuity of the natives of this island. The shank is a crystalline limestone, which is said to be made from a stalactite that occurs in caves located on this island. The hook is of iron, the brush is evidently of human hair. It is, without doubt, used as a trolling hook. 64 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSKUM. 24. The shank of this hook is of the same material as No. 23, but the hook is of bone, and the brush of hibiscus bark. Fish-hook from Micronesia. 40. This hook, obtained from Captain Garland of the missionary ship Morn- ing Star, was intended for a shark-hook. It is rudely but effectively con- structed by what seems to be the bent root of the mangrove. The two parts are lashed together very securely. Fish-hook from Alaska. 49. The shank is a straight piece of pine carved rudely to represent the human figure ; to this is lashed at an angle of about 30° another piece, which holds the iron barb. It is noticeable that the barb in this, as in our own hooks, points inwardly, whereas the Hawaiians place the barb by preference exter- nally, when there is but one. Net-making Utensils — Hazvaiian. 50. Bobbin to hold twine in net-making, called by the Hawaiians Hi'a upena. The material is evidently whale tooth. 51. Bobbin-Hi'a upena. Bone. 52. Bobbin. — Mahogany-colored wood of the kauila, much used by the Hawaiians for spears. 53. Gauge to measure the size of the mesh. A simple plate of tortoise shell. 54. Gauge used in measuring the size of the mesh of a fish-net. Boivling Stones. 64. Ulu-maika. — Such was the name given the stones of which this is a specimen. The ulu-maika, a biconvex disc, was bowled along a prepared track. The winner was sometimes the one who drove his disc farthest, or who succeeded in passing his disc between two sticks that were set up, as wickets. The game was popular and accompanied with betting. This speci- men, a dark basalt of a pinkish hue, is a little below the average in size. This stone bears the mark of having been used as a hammer. 65. Gray sandstone ; small size. 66. Gray sandstone ; the size of this is so small that one is almost inclined to quer}^ whether it might not have been used or intended for some other purpose than the game of ulu-maika, say for the game of kuhola. 6y. Dark, heavy bazalt ; of small size, 2^4 in- 68. Dark bazalt with veins of dark-reddish color: diameter, 2^ in. 69. Gray sandstone; diameter, 2 9/16 in. 70. Gray volcanic stone; diameter, s^ in. 71. Gray sandstone. This specimen is decidedly fuller on one side, or sur- face rather, than on the other, indicating that it was probably intended to run in a semi-circular course. This is a supposition in accordance wnth fact, for it is well known that the Hawaiians had ulu-maika courses that were pur- posely laid out with a bend to them, and that they had bowling stones fitted by their one-sidedness to follow such a course ; diameter, 2% in. 72. This stone has all the marks of being an ulu-maika, yet it may have l)e«?n used as a kuhela stone. (See No. 148.) Diameter, 2 7/16 in. 55. Gray sandstone; diameter. 3 15/16 in. 56. Gray sandstone ; diameter, 2^^ in. 57. Gra}^ sandstone ; diameter, 2^ in. 58. A fine dark heav}'' basalt, the same material as that of which the adzes are made; diameter. 3 5/16 in. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 65 59. Volcanic sinter, a light yellow limestone mixed with dark red nodules and patches of a mahogany color; called by the Hawaiians ili-wela (sunburnt skin). This stone was obtained from a man afflicted with a chronic disease, for which he had long cherished this stone as a remedy. His talisman had failed him. Diameter, 3^ in. 60. Same material as 59. A much battered specimen; diameter, 3)4 in. 61. IMaterial : a cream-colored limestone, called by the Hawaiians liiwalu; it must be borne in mind that these stones were ofttimes used for some other than their original purpose, and even came to flatten the lashings of a canoe; diameter, 3% in. 62. A very solid, business-like stone, capable of withstanding much knock- ing about. A dense and heavy stone; has evidently been used as a hammer; diameter, 3 in. 63. Crystalline, almost like granite ; contains olivine ; has evidently been used as a hammer; diameter 3 9/16 in. 96. A light gray sandstone ; diameter, 3 in. Id. Heavy granular basalt; from its decided one-sidedness it must have been designed to travel in a circular course. Has been used as a hammer. This specimen must have been originally the lower part of a poi pounder ; diameter 4^ in. Spherical Bowling Stones — Ulu. 98. The ulu is rudely spherical in shape, and is so named because it re- sembles in figure the bread-fruit, which is called ulu. The use of this stone in bowling antedated that of the maika, or itlu-maika. Before the stone ulu was invented for use in the game of bowling, the hard unripe bread-fruit itself was used as the instrument of the game, and its name became transferred to the round stone that succeeded it. Of porous volcanic stone ; diameter 3^ in. 100. An ulu of smaller size; material denser than is usually found in the ulu; diameter, 2]/^ in. 146-7. Though not quite spherical, these stones were, it is claimed, used in the game of bowling practised by the old Hawaiians. They are from the Koolau (windward) side of Oahu. Stones Used in the Game of Hop-scotch — Kuhela. 97. The game of hop-scotch, an old favorite with the Hawaiians, was called by them Kuhela. These stones are liable sometimes to be mistaken for ulu- maika. Material : porous volcanic stone ; diameter, 2^/^ in. 99. A coarse porous lava stone ; diameter, 2^)^ in. 148. Same as that of 99; diameter, 2}4> in. 288. Same as 99. The coarseness of the material testifies to the plebian quality of the sport in which the stone was used: diameter, 2 in. Stone Adzes — Ko'i pahoa. 108. Large sized stone adze (ko'i pahoa), such as would be used in felling a tree, or in hollowing it for a canoe. Part of the back is ground smooth, also the edges in part. The material is a dense black basalt. Length, 13^ in.; width, 254 in. 109. Fine pattern; the same as tc8; length. 12^; width at edge, 2>^ in. no. Unfinished specimen: edge not ground. The entire surface shows the dents and hollows where the spalls were chipped out. Length, lO^ ; width at edge, 4 in. III. A flat thin blade: dimensions. 8 by 3 3/16 in. at cutting edge; at the handle end, 2l^ in. 5V 6(y SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 112, A fragment of a very large adze; the handle end broken off; has evi- dently seen hard service; was once well ground; width at edge, 3^4 in. 113. An unfinished specimen; shows no marks of being ground or smoothed. 115. Fine specimen of the ko'i pahoa; dimensions, 8^^ in. by 2 in. 116. Dimensions, 7% by 1% in. 117. The cutting edge has flaked off, as if the material were of inferior quality. 118. The handle end of this specimen was broken off long ago. 119. A battered specimen dug out of the earth. 120. Long and narrow ; almost deserves to be called a chisel ; dimensions, 8^ by lYs in. 121-122. Tools that have evidently seen service. Observe the polish on their protuberances. 123. The blade has almost the shape of a broad chisel ; dimensions, 7% in. by 2 9/16 in. at edge, tapering at heel to V/i in. 124. Another chisel-like shape. The generic Hawaiian name of the stone is ala, the specific name uliuli. 125. A fragment of an adze ; shows polished surface. 126. Fragment of a rejected specimen of adze {ko'i pahoa). 128. This specimen was bought from a Hawaiian carpenter, who had it from his father, a native of Molokai. Its shape marks it as a gouge or chisel. It is also used to bore holes with. 129. Picked up in the road at Kalaupapa in 1879. 130. Has seen much service. 131. A small specimen, that has been much used. Dimensions, 2f^ in. by I 3/16 in. 132. Dimensions, 2 by 15/16 in. 134. Adze from Kauai. Notice the convexity of its outer surface, also the angle of its cutting edge. This edge is adapted to cutting soft wood. 135. Adze from Kauai. The edge of this adze is blunter and therefore fit for harder wood than 134. 140. An example showing how the Hawaiians substituted steel for stone: a plane-iron has been mounted on a handle in a manner similar to that in which the stone adze, the ko'i pahoa, had been once mounted ; a very effective tool. Stone Adzes with helves affixed. 138. In this specimen is seen the manner of affixing a stone adze on a helve. The helve is of the light but strong han (hibiscus), which plays an important role in Hawaiian and mechanic arts when important and extensive work was on hand, as when a koa was being felled and fashioned into a canoe {wa'a), attendants stood ready with new helves to supph^ the place of those which might be broken, as well as to lash the adze to its new helve. The usual lashing was cocoanut sinnet (twisted) or twisted cord of olona, as in this specimen. 136. The lashing of this specimen is slighter than in No. 138. 139. Small-sized adze lashed to its helve. 141. Stone adze with helve. 142. A large stone adze with helve, such as might be used in felling a tree and in shaping a canoe. It is provided with a wrapper about the stone. This was very commonly done. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 6/ Kupa-aike'e. 143. In this large adze the wooden piece to which the adze is lashed is socketed into the helve in such a way as to allow of its being turned from one side to the other and thus enable the workman to cut on one side and then on the other side. This fact gives to this special variety of adze-mount-, ing the name of kupa-ai-ke'e; i. e., the contrivance-to-cut-sidewise, or to cut crooked. 274. A short, stunted Hawaiian adze. Stone adzes or axes from Oregon. 144. Stone implement, adze, or axe from Oregon, introduced to show, by way of contrast, the marked differences between the Hawaiian and the North American Indian types. 347. Stone-cutting implement, adze, or axe (probably from Oregon). It is shown as another example to illustrate the difference between the workman- ship of the Hawaiian and the North American Indian. Stone Implements for Various Uses — Mirrors. 73. Mirror, termed by the Hawaiians pohaku kilo, or p. kilohi. When dipped into the water this reflected an image of the human face or form if held in position. 74. This mirror, of larger size, is in a less perfect condition. These speci- mens are exceedingly rare. These pohaku kilo were also used in incantation. Stone Weapons of Offense or Defense. 103. This finely carved (coral) sandstone was used, flail fashion, as a canoe-breaker. There was at one time, no doubt, a piece of sinnet attached to it. It was no doubt used for other warlike purposes, offensive and de- fensive. Sling-stones — (pohaku ma'a). 92. This bluntly fusiform stone w^as a form largely used by the warriors who used slings in the armies of Hawaii in ancient times. 93. This specimen was dug out of the ground in excavating a cellar at the site of the pumping station in Kalihi, in the suburbs of Honolulu. 94. A sling-stone of more than ordinary size. 276. Sling-stone of the average size. 353. A sling-stone not wrought into perfect shape {pohaku ma'a). Stones used as Bolas. 151. The Hawaiian gave to all stones which they used as bolas the generic name ikoi. This ikoi, to which they gave the specific Mahoe-lani, was perhaps more used by robbers and in private combat than in open warfare between armies. The line, or alio, was generally made of cocoanut sinnet. It was a very effective weapon. 152-3. These two stones were tied together by a line of some length and hurled against one's enemy in much the same way that the Patagonian used the bolas. The Hawaiians termed them Ikoi uwe. 154. This ikoi was used in much the same way as those mentioned in 152. The warrior, or robber, might retain one end of the line in his hand, or he might use it at close quarters as a sling-shot. The Hawaiians gave to it the name ikoi-hana-kau-luna. 155. This ikoi ivom Kauai was termed ikoi-piko, or ikoi-pua. The line would be coiled up in the cup-shaped hollow, and the whole carried hidden in a fold of the malo, ready for use at any time. Its consequent closeness to the navel, in the fold of the malo, gave to it the name piko, navel. 68 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Stones used in Betting Game of Puhenehene. 348-50. These stones, called 7io'a, were used in playing the betting game of Puhenehene. A tumble of kapa was placed before the player, and it was his role to hide the no'a, which lay in the hollow of his hand, under one of the heaps into which the kapa was crumpled, so that his opponents could not detect under which pile he hid it. There were 5 piles or heaps of kapa. The betting was very spirited, and was an essential part of the game. 160-1. These stones are claimed to have been used as no'a in the game of puhenehene (see numbers 348-50). Their large size must have made the management of them in the game a more difficult matter than when the smaller stone was used. A similar game to that of puhenehene was some- times played in the sand. Stones used in Grinding, Sharpening, and Polishing. 102, This stone, from Oahu, was used in rubbing down and smoothing woodwork, or perhaps stone implements, a purpose for which its grain well fits it. 95 and 273. These two stones (pohaku hookala) were used in sharpening stone implements, adzes, etc. Are called hones or grindstones. 149. This piece of pumice (Hawaiian ana) was extensively used as we would use sandpaper, in smoothing and polishing wooden dishes. They some- times added oil, expressed from the kiikui nut. The same oil has since been sometimes used as we use linseed oil. 166. This long and narrow splinter of stone, tapering at one end almost to a point, and showing the spall-marks on two sides, was intended for some sort of a drill. 167. This rough fragment of stone, showing the spall-marks of the stone- cutter, was undoubtedly intended for an adze, but was unfinished, perhaps because it is not of the best material. 145, 162, 163, 352. This stone is said to have been used as a cooking stone (pohaku-eho). It was heated and then put inside of the fowl, pig, or dog, which was then placed in the imu, or oven, thus expediting thorough cooking. 158. Noni pounder-stone, pohaku-ku'i-noni. The leaf of the noni (Myrinda citrifolia) was pounded up by fishermen and laid at the bottom of the sea in certain spots where there was coral (ko'a) as a lure for fish, who were attracted by it. When the fish had gathered to eat of it the net, upena lauhulu, was let down to encompass them. The meat of the zvana, an echinus that has needle-like spines, was used as a lure in the same way. Stone Poi Pounders. 75. This is the style of poi pounder in general use on the islands of Oahu, Molokai, Maui, Hawaii, and Kauai ; in fact, throughout the group. This specimen weighs, roughly, 6^2 lbs. ; knob at the top of the handle for the hold. The material, a dark basalt, is called by Hawaiians ala pe' emalu, and by others kai-anu'u. Height, 8 in. ; diameter of base, 5^ in. y6. Stone poi pounder — Oahu style; weight, 7^2 lbs. yj. Stone poi pounder — Oahu style; weight, 8 lbs., 6 oz. 78. Stone poi pounder — Oahu style ; height, 8^4 in. ; diameter at base, 4 in. 79. Stone poi pounder — Oahu style. The material is called by the natives on Oahu pahapaha, and by those of Kauai makawi, because the poi sticks to it. Height, 8^ in. ; diameter, 5 7-16 in. 80. Stone poi pounder — Oahu style. Weight, 7 lbs., 2 oz. ; height, 7I4, in. ; diameter, 5 7-16 in. AI^ASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 69 81. Stone poi pounder — Oahii style. Material gray volcanic basalt; on Oahu called maono, on Kauai kuanu'u halelo. 82. Stone poi pounder — Oahu style; a slim, elegant pattern. This specimen has evidently been used to triturate bark, probably that of the kukui, hili kukui. Height, 7^ in, ; diameter, 5 in. ; weight, 4 lbs., 10 oz. 83. Poi pounder — Oahu style ; material a pinkish volcanic basalt, called pehaku eleku. Height, 8>^ in. ; width, 4^ in. ; weight, 4 lbs., 10 oz. 84. Stone poi pounder; one of the small sort; by the Hawaiians some- times called pohaku wi, because it was used in time of famine, or when kalo was scarce. Its use did not make much noise, and thus did not attract the attention of the public. This sort of pounder is of slighter figure. 85. Poi pounder; small size. Weight, 2 lbs., 14 oz. ; height, 6 1-16 in.; width, 3^ in. 86. Poi pounder of small size. This has the contour of a large poi pounder, though it is diminutive in size. Material black vexicular volcanic stone. Weight, 2 lbs., 12 oz. ; height, 6 1-16 in. ; width, 3^ in. 87. Poi pounder of small size and pattern. Weight, 2 lbs., 3 oz. ; height, 5^ in.; width, zVa in- 89. Ring poi pounder of stone, from Kauai. This variety of poi pounder seems to be peculiar to the island of Kauai. 90. Ring poi pounder from Kauai. Material, sandstone. 91. Unfinished poi pounder of stone. Kapa, the paper-cloth of the Hawaiians, was made from the fiber of the waoko, a small tree (Brousonetia papyrifera, Hillebrand). This was soaked in water until it became pulpy, and then, being constantly wetted, was beaten out into thin sheets with the kapa pounders. This was done on the kapa-log, next mentioned. The round clubs were used first; later, those on which figures are cut. These left water-marks on the fabric. 170 to 217. Kapa pounders; i. e., kuku-kapa; wooden; 43 specimens. Kapa-logs. 218. Kapa-log, called by the Hawaiians papa kuku-kapa; material, hard wood. 219. Kapa-log; material, hard wood. The woman who engaged in this work sat on her knees before the log. A dish of water was at hand where- with to keep the kapa wet. Awa Drinking Cups. 2.2.0. KyN2L drinking cup, called by the Hawaiians apu-awa; material, cocoa- nut shell. The whitish film on the inside of the cup is caused by a sediment from the awa. Awa was made from the root of the Piper methysticum. 221-2. Cocoanut cups used in awa-drinking. Sundry Dishes of Coconut Shell. 223. A polished bowl of coconut shell, such as the Hawaiians would use for salt or any condiment, or as a dish for other purposes on the table. 224-5. Coconut bowls for the table; from the collection left by the Princess Ruth Keelikolani. Calabashes. 226-7. Small calabashes, such as would be used as an individual poi bowl. By the Hawaiians called ipu poi. Size, about 5^ by 3J^ in. 228. Small calabash, with cover, such as might be set aside to keep, or used as an individual poi bowl at a feast. 238. Gourd dish. 70 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 230. Water gourd ; called by the Hawaiians hiic-wai; enclosed in a net for convenience in carrying. Its long neck, which gives it a certain resemblance to a decanter, makes it convenient for drinking directly from it. 231. Calabash v^ith net and cover, such as would be used in carrying poi or other food. The net is quite elaborately made, and is partly of cocoanut sinnet and partly of olona. Wooden Bowls. 233. Wooden bowl; material, kou wood; very old. This bowl was made before the lathe was introduced into Hawaii. It was such a bowl as might have been used to contain poi for use at a luau, a Hawaiian feast. The possession of such a dish was generally confined to the alii class. This speci- men was from the estate of the Princess Ruth Keelikolani. Diameter of opening varies from 17^ in. to a little more. 234. Wooden bowl; material, kou wood. From the estate of Ruth Keeliko- lani. Mouth, 5^ in. 235. Wooden bowl; material, kou; very old; hand-work; shows modern repair. Diameter of opening, 9]^ inches, more or less. 243. Wooden bowl; material, koii; hand-made; old pattern. Width of opening at mouth, 7% in. ; height, 6 in. 275. W^ooden bowl; material, kou; hand-made; old; has marks of modern repair. Width of opening, 85^ in. ; depth, 4^ in. 235. Small bowl of kou; found in a cave; shows modern repair. Mouth, 4^ in. to 5 in.; depth, 3^ in. 237. Wooden bowl of kou; very old; has handle; presents marks of repair. Formerly used as an ipukai, to hold some sort of flesh cooked with a gravy or soup. 279. Spittoon, or ipu-kuha; material, kou; has a handle; very old. The ancient kings and chiefs had their spittoon-carriers as well as kahili-bearers. The spittle was carefully guarded lest it fall into the possession of a kahuna (priest) and be used as a charm against the life of the owner. 368. Pot de chambre; old; material, kou wood; has a handle of the same piece ; shows marks of repair with pegs ; rare if not unique. 370. Kilu. — This cocoanut shell, cut in an oblique fashion, was used in playing the ancient Hawaiian game kilu. See account in Hawaiian Antiqui- ties, p. 284. 373. This spear of kauila wood is said to have been used in the battle of Ka-pani-wai, which was fought in the lao Valley, Wailuku, Llaui, in 1790. Kamehameha was the victor. Canoes and Paddles {Models). 280. Hawaiian canoe; wa'a; material ahakea wood; the body in this speci- men is all of one piece. Length, 27 in. 281. Paddle; hoe; material, koa. 375. Paddle; hoe; material, ahakea; a rudely made specimen. 374. Paddle; hoe; material, koa; a perfect model. Note the knob on the tip of the blade — a vestige of some old utility, preserved, probably, out of superstition. 282. Canoe; wa'a; material of hull, koa wood; of rail or top streak, ahakea wood; as, also, are the bow and stern ornaments; cross-pieces of outrigger hau; the float of the outrigger wiliwili. The lashings and the material used in sewing is cocoanut sinnet. This is a perfect specimen. Length, 29 in. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Jl 283. Paddle; hoe; material, koa wood. Notice the knob at the tip of the blade. (See 374.) 284. Paddle; hoe; material, koa wood. (See description of 374.) Musical Instruments. 332. Gourd drum; ipu hula; an instrument made by joining together two pear-shaped gourds, making a shape like a figure-of-eight. An opening was let in one end to emit the sound, which was elicited by striking the instru- ment with due force on a padded earthen floor. It was an instrument of great efficiency and eflfect, used in the hula. 324. Gourd rattle; uli-uli; an instrument used by the Hawaiians in the hula. 311. Cocoanut drum; puniu; a small drum made from the shell of a cocoa- nut; used in the hula. The sound was elicited by striking the drum with a twisted thong. (See 309.) 309. Thong used as a drum-stick; ka; material, twisted cocoanut leaf. 321-2. Bamboo rattles ; puili; were shaken, struck together, or tossed from one player to another in the hula. 344. Harp; ukeke ; material, ulei wood and strings of cocoanut sinnet. It was tuned to suit the player's ear. The music was elicited by picking with the finger or with a plectrum. It was used in the hula, but more commonly in accompanying amorous ditties and in love-making. 323. Nose-flute; ohe-hane-ihu ; material, bamboo; was played upon with the fingers, while the breath was supplied from the nose ; used in the hula. 325-7. Musical bamboo; kaekeeke; a joint of bamboo open at one end; the tone was elicited by striking the closed end against the solid padded earthen floor. It was used in the hula of the same name. 303. Hula stick; material, kauila; used in beating time for the hula per- formances ; Hawaiian name, laau hula. 304. Hula stick; used in connection with 303, in a manner similar to a drumstick; material, kauila. 307. Hula stick; used in connection with 303, in a manner similar to a drumstick; material, ulei. 376. Whistle; hokeo; material, a small gourd; was used in the hula, though no hula was named after it. The number of holes — besides the embouchure — varied; sometimes there was only one. Marionettes used in the Hula. 315. Marionette; ki'i; personal name, Maka-ku; used in the hula ki'i; i. e., the marionette hula; supposed to be of the male sex. 314. Marionette; ki'i, or ki'i hula; personal name, Maile-lau-li'i (small- leafed maile) ; supposed to be of the female sex. 316. Marionette; ki'i-hula; supposed to be a man; personal name, Puapua- kea. 317. Marionette; ki'i-hula; female; personal name, Maile Pakaha. 318. Marionette; ki'i-hula; male; named Nihi-au-moe; i. e., Midnight- walker. 319. Marionette; ki'i-hula; male; name not learned. All of these marion- ettes were employed in the hula ki'i, or marionette hula, a performance that resembled our Punch and Judy show, and was accompanied by a dance. (See a description of this dance in "Unwritten Literature of Hawaii," by N. B. Emerson.) 260. Calabash, of modern workmanship, containing articles of regalia used in the Hale Naua, a secret society founded by King Kalakaua in imitation 72 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION x\ND U. S. NATIONAL MUSKUM. of an ancient order of that name. The meetings of the Hale Nana were mostly at night, and, if one may accept report, under circmnstances favorable to the adoption of the fig-leaf order of garb worn by the ancient gods and our forebears in the Garden. These fig leaves are represented in part by the bits of apparel as shown in numbers next in sequence. 261. A triangular apron, as it seems to be, of old-gold color; gilt fringe on the border; a twelve-pointed star embroidered in the center; provided with tapes to attach it about the body. 262. A cape of yellow cotton; decorated with one black and two red crescents. 263. An apron of yellowish red, or orange-colored cotton cloth ; decorated in the- center with a twelve-pointed white star. 264. A plain black cape of glazed cotton. 265. A plain cape of slate-colored cotton. 266. A tooth-like instrument, made in imitation of a shark's tooth, set in a wooden handle and provided with a loop of strong cord to pass over the finger. 267-8. These balls of twine are reputed to have played an important role in the esoteric rites of the Halo Nana, so that the organization came to be popularly known as the "ball-of-twine society." At the expiration of the monarchy the Hale Nana also drew its last breath. ]\Iany of the former members of the defunct organization hastened to realize a few dollars by selling, not only the fragile regalia, but the secrets of the society to whomr ever would buy them as "curios." For a description of the real Hale Nana, as it once existed, see "Hawaiian Antiquities," pp. 253, 254, and 263. 104. Stone lamp; ipii-kukui. These are to be found in great variety; in the rudest form, an unfashioned stone with a hollow in it sufficient to hold the oil of kukui nut or animal fat that was used. Into this oil a wick was introduced. The form of this specimen was a common one. 105. Stone lamp. A flat stone of oval shape, with a hole to receive the oil. 106. Stone lamp ; taller than the average. 149. Polishing stone ; material, pumice ; used in smoothing and polishing a canoe, or a umeke. 159. Stick for playing the game of mumble-peg. This sharp stick of hard kauila wood is thrown from a number of positions, in a manner corresponding to our game of mumble-peg, the object being the same as in our game — to have the point stick into the ground. The player did each attitude 5 times. When one player failed the other took his turn. Each player began wuth the attitude at which he had previously missed, or at the beginning. There were 7 or more different attitudes. 165 and 259. PoJiaku kilo, divining stone used by fishermen and men of other crafts in gaining luck and enabling them to secure their ends. These stones were superstitiously regarded; yet they were not properly or exactly regarded as gods. This fetish, or stone fish god, was named Kantioi. The prayer used in connection with this fish god was as follows : Translation. Kane - mai! Come Kane, E lono i ka leo ; Voice this petition Kau alo au Of thy tender scion, A ka pulapula e nohe ana i ke ao nei. In thy presence bowing. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EIXPOSITION. y}^ Owan, o Mano-ka-lanipo, In this lower world, la Ku, ia Hina, Of Mano-lani-po. Ka onkoii ola ! Hail to thee, Ku ! Hoopae in mai And to Hina, Hail ! Na i' a e kela, keia ano, Turn hither the fish, I ola ka kukou pulapuia Of this kind and that; E nono nei ke ao nei, That 3^our scion may live Kaniko's, palalaukala, In this life here below — Haumakaicle, kani-lapu-anaenae. Or, with palsy stricken, Amama; ua noa. Or bedridden, or blear-eyed, Or in death trance lying, Accept the Charm 1 Let tabu flee ! The ceremonies were performed in a little hut, with pouring and drinking of awa, anointing with coconut oil, etc., while the fishermen waited outside. When the god indicated — by what sign I cannot exactly make out — the nets were cast in the place indicated by the priest, and great was the haul. i68. Au-lima, fire-stick, held in the hand and rubbed against 169. 169, 383, and 384. Au-naki, fire-stick against which the au-lima (168) was rubbed to produce fire. 239. Tanoa, awa bowl ; from Apia, Samoa. Has four legs, all carved out of the same piece as the bowl. 240. Awa cup, of coconut shell ; from Apia, Samoa. Its shape argues that it must have been handed from one person to another without being allowed to rest on the floor or ground. Otherwise its contents would have spilled. This implies an etiquette. The Hawaiian awa cup was shaped so that one could let it stand on the floor, or ground, without spilling its contents. These two speci- mens, No. 239 and No. 240, were brought from Samoa by the Hawaiian gun- boat "Kaimi loa." 241. Cup of coconut shell, modern. From the estate of Princess Ruth Keeli- kelani. 242. Whirl-gig, or a kind of top; a plaything made of three small pear- shaped gourds fixed longitudinally on a stick. The central one is loose ; the other two are fixed. A string is passed through a hole in the central gourd and if pulled, when wound up, will communicate to the stick and to the other two gourds a rotary motion. 246. A platter for fish or meat of hard wood ; material koa. 248-9. Coconut water-bottles from Samoa. 250. Coconut dish with base. Modern. 253 and 254. Carrying-sticks called by the Hawaiians mamaka; used in car- rying burdens on the shoulder. 255. Paddle, hoe. True to the old-time models. Notice the knob at the tip of the blade ; a vestige superstitiously preserved. This must have had a utility at some time, perhaps to strengthen the point and to keep it from wearing rapidly when the paddle was used in poling in shoal water. , 256. Paddle, hoe; material koa. 257. Walking stick, ko'oko'o; material kauila. 258. Old-fashioned digger, 00. Such as this was used by the farmers in Hawaii before the introduction of iron. 74 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 277. Olona scraper; iwi-kahe-olona ; material the shell of a turtle. This instrument was used in scraping and cleaning the olona hark, to prepare it for being made into lines. 285. Fish god- of stone. It is thought to represent Kn-iila, a god worshipped by fishermen ; a unique specimen. 287. Breeding stones; iliili-o-Koloa. These little pebbles are reputed to have the power of breeding and multiplying their number. By count their present number is ninety. 291. Neck ornament; lei palaca. A neck ornament worn only by kings, chiefs and people of high rank; suspended from the neck after the manner of the collar and pendent of the order of the garter. It is a whale tooth carved with consummate art, and suspended from a heavy mass of human hair, skil- fully plaited into numerous fine cords. Such fine specimens as this are very rare, and are hardly to be found outside of museums. 292. Carved whale tooth; niho-palaoa; is without its neck apparel of human hair. Perhaps it was never furnished with it. 296. Carved whale tooth, a neck ornament ; niho palaoa. 297. Carved ornament for the head, part of a lei po'o. The materal is some other bone than whale tooth. The size is diminutive. 293. Carved ivory beads, attached to a small carved whale tooth of the fashion described in 292. This string of beads was worn, it is said, by Keepuolani ; from her it came into the possession of Manuha'aipo, the grand- mother of Kahiamoe. Manuha'aipo took care of the apparel of Keopuolani. The twelve oval beads and the pendant niho are of whale tooth. Such a string of beads as this is very rare. 294. Carved kukui nuts for a necklace. This was obtained from an inmate of the Lunalilo Home. 298. Bracelet, kupe'e; of whale tooth; an ornament highly prized by the ancient Hawaiians. This has two holes for the string. 299. Bracelet, kupe'e; whale tooth. This specimen has three holes for the string. 300. Bracelet, of whale tooth. Three holes for the string. 301. Skirt; narrow strips of pandanus leaf are strung together and bound about the waist. From Micronesia. 302. Hula skirt. Hawaiian. This skirt pa-ii hula, was made by a hula girl, and is such as w^as used in dancing in the ancient times. They also used kapa, a more elegant and stylish attire. 328, 329, 331. Anklets, kupe'e wazvac. Used in. the hula. 330. Feather cape. This was made in imitation of the old-time feather capes of royalty. In this the feathers are, of course, from common fowl, being dyed to suit the purpose. This cape figured at the coronation of King Kalakaua. 33. Sandals, ma'a. These were much used in Hawaii as a defense against the cruel a-a. The material is the leaf-stem of the ti plant. 334 and 342. Net to carry calabash, koko. Of coconut sinnet. 335. Net for calabash, koko, of olona. 336. Net for calabash, koko. In part coconut sinnet and in part olona. 337. 339> 341- Net for calabash koko. Of waoke, the bark from which kapa cloth is made. 338. Net for calabash, koko. Of olona, coconut sinnet and horse hair. 343. Mat used to lay upon the floor to furnish a seat in the modern fial'e Nana services. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 75 346. Arrow, pna, made from the flower stalk of the sugar-cane; darted along the ground in the Hawaiian game called ke'a pua. This game was much in vogue many years ago. 351. Massage stick, laau lomidomi. This stick was designed for use in scratching the back. 366. Pillow, from Samoa. A joint of bamboo is supported on two forked sticks. 385. Drill ; from Tarawa, Micronesia. 386-7. Knife of shark-teeth, from the Gilbert Island. 389, 148. Hop-scotch stone, pohaku kuhela, now called kini-wa. 146-7. Bowling stones, ulu; though not quite spherical; these stones were used in the game of iilii-maika. 390 to 399. Arrows from Solomon Islands ; material, bamboo. The shaft is not feathered; tipped with hardwood point; possibly poisoned; delicately etched with black lines at the nodes along the shaft. 400 and 408. Spear ; from the New Hebrides ; material, hardwood, tipped with iron, probably used in fishing. 402 and 403. Spear ; a slender shaft of hard, dark wood ; tipped with iron ; probably used in fishing. From New Hebrides. 401 and 407. Spear; from the Solomon Islands; a decorated bamboo stock, to which is attached a long point of palm wood ; used for hunting or hurling in war. 409 and 410. Spear; from Samoa (?) ; purchased in Honolulu. A slender shaft of light-colored hardwood; multi-barbed point; the tail end spatula shaped; evidently intended for hurling. 404. Spear; from Gilbert Island, Micronesia a shaft of cocoanut wood, set on four sides with shark teeth; each shark tooth perforated; a murderous weapon used in war. 405 and 406. Sword-spear; from the Gilbert Islands, a powerful shaft of cocoanut wood ; beset on two sides with large shark teeth ; provided with a guard, and wrapped about the handle with some rough fish-skin. 411. Carved stafif; from Samoa; probably a ceremonial staff; carved like a blade at one end. 412. Mace, or club; from Samoa; carved. Some one has engraved on it a name, very likely that of the owner. 413. A short club, or mace ; from Samoa ; such as they used in battle ; carved into diamond-shaped teeth on the edge. 414. Club for use in battle; from Samoa; carved in what may be called the palm-top fashion; with zigzag lines, filled in with lime and a gummy matter. 415. Carrying stick; Hawaiian; somewhat broken at the ends. Used for carrjang burdens on the shoulder. 417-9. Spear ; from Samoa ; used in catching a prisoner. The carved end is thrust into the mop of a man's hair and being twisted about, holds him securely. 420. Wand or staff; from Samoa; ends once provided with a jut having a hole in it, into which feathers were put ; probably used as a ceremonial wand. 421. Wand, or staff of ceremony; from the Caroline group, of light wood, probably hibiscus ; wrapped at intervals with red worsted, and carved with geometrical figures, of a diamond shape. 422. A paddle; from Queen Charlotte's Island, Alaskan coast; a well- 76 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. fashioned blade. It was used in propelling a boat-like canoe, which was made out. of a single tree. The Indian tribe was called Haida. 423. A bow; from the New Hebrides; dense hardwood. It lacks string. 424. War club, from Solomon Island; dense hardwood; nicely carved. 425 and 427. War club, or halberd, from the Solomon group ; of dark hard- wood; finely carved. 428. War club; of about the same pattern as 425, but of lighter wood and carved with less skill ; the work evidently of an amateur. 429 and 430. War club, from the New Hebrides ; of dark and very heavy wood; well fashioned and carved; somewhat ornamented; has been slightly splintered, perhaps by a heavy blow in battle. The sinnet about the grip still remains. 431-3. War club, from the New Hebrides; the pattern of the club end is different from 429; material the same. 434. War club, from the New Hebrides ; literally a club ; its pattern is unique; material same as 431. 435-47. War club, from the New Hebrides ; plainly fashioned ; no ornament. 448. War club, from the New Hebrides; plainly fashioned; has an etching of wave-lines at the club end. 450. War club, from the New Hebrides; plainly fashioned; no ornament. 451-4. Battle-axe or tomahawk, from Ambrym, New Hebrides. The handle is evidently an old war club that has been fitted to the cheap iron axe-head; in the hands of a wild man no doubt a very effective weapon. The head is elaborately carved into a basket form, which must have been simply for display; as a protection to the hand it was nil; its aid to the grip worse than useless. 455-63. Battle-axe, from Montague or Mann Island of the New Hebrides. The head of this specimen is fashioned into a conical figure that has a con- siderable resemblance to the acorn, though cut transversely by a deep furrow. 464-5. Battle-axe, from the New Hebrides ; the carving of this is the head — a flattened cone. 466. Tobacco pipe; Kiseru; from Japan; a form of pipe much used by the Japanese in this country for smoking tobacco, and one introduced by them from Japan. This was procured from a newly-arrived immigrant at the Quarantine Station. 467-8. Sacred rings from Olapat, Ngatick, of the Caroline group of islands. These are said to have been exhumed from the base of a shaft of basalt, which was adored as a divinity under the name of Olahst. The material is evidently the whorl of some good-sized sea-shell. 469. Necklace, from Ruk; the pink beads are from some sea-shell, the black ones of cocoanut shell. 470. Tobacco pipe ; Hawaiian ; found in a burial cave along with old- fashioned glass beads of foreign manufacture, evidently put with the body as a burial object. 473. Necklace of glass beads ; found in an old burial cave in Kalini, along with a tobacco pipe. 474. Musical bamboo ; Kackeeke ; when the closed end is struck vertically against the ground or a solid, non-resonant floor, this bamboo emits a clear, musical tone ; used as an accompaniment in the hula kackeeke. If properly selected, a set of these bamboos would have served to play a tune, as did a set of bells in the hands of the "bell-ringers" in old times in America. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. JJ 472. Calabash cover. 475. Opium pipe; by the Chinese called yen tan; obtained in Honolulu. 476. Opium container; used in connection with the pipe. 477. Scales for weighing opium; used in connection with the pipe in an opium den. These things are all of Chinese importation and use. 478. Spatula used in handling the opium, in an opium den as well as in the dose. 479. Lamp used by the opium sucker. It was kept alight and at his side. 127. Polishing stone; pohaku hookah; used in sharpening a tool or polish- ing a piece of woodwork. 372. Squid-hook sinker; pohaku lu-he'e; the matrix of this stone is dark and sparkles with olivine. 369. Bowl ; material, kou ; shows marks of repair with pegs. This shows marks of having been in a lathe at some state of its existence. 480. Canoe ornament; Manw-bird; this object is introduced as an illustra- tion of the artistic and mechanical degeneracy that has befallen the canoe and all that relates to it. 251-2. Cocoanut dish, with base of the same material; modern; from the estate of Princess Keelikolani. 493. Trumpet ; Hawaiian ; such as was used in ancient times to call the people together for war, or work, or pleasure, and in modern times for work or worship. 492. Cocoanut dish ; Hawaiian ; rough make ; modern. 491, Olona; the fiber much used in making fish-lines and nets, and for fabricating the mesh which was the groundwork of the feather capes, etc. ; the Hawaiian hemp. 490. Decorative cord, from Ruk; narrow strips of white banana (?) fiber and of black bark of some sort are braided about a nucleus. 361. Squid-hook sinker; loho-lu-he'e ; material, a crystalline limestone, which is very appropriately called pia — arrowroot — by the Hawaiians. 494. Spine of echinus ; used as a slate pencil, in the lack of that article, by the school children of Hawaii in the olden times. 495. Board used to give a water-mark to tapa ; by pressing the tapa when wet onto the grooved surface of this board the tapa had a water-mark im- printed on it. 496. Section of submarine cable connecting Honolulu with the United States ; landing of the first section of the Pacific cable at Waikiki, December 28, 1902, connecting with San Francisco. The section connecting with Mid- way, Guam, and the Philippines was completed July 4, 1903. 497-8. Poi board; papa pu'i poi; Hawaiian; ahakea wood. This was the hollowed plank on which the Hawaiian made his hard poi, by pounding the steam-cooked taro tuber into a dough-like mass. This was later mixed with a small quantity of water and kneaded into a pasty mass of the proper con- sistency. 499. Hula drum; pahu hula; material, a hollowed log of cocoanut; a dia- phragm is left in the cross section of the log to complete the hollow. The head is of shark-skin ; the lashings are of cocoanut sinnet. Such drums as this were also used at one time in the temple (helau) service, at which human sacrifices were made. 500. Club, from Samoa; a hardwood club of a pattern quite common in Samoa. y^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSKUM. 501. Battle-axe, from the New Hebrides. A hardwood club has been affixed to a poorly made axe-head. 244. Gourd dish, from the estate of Princess Ruth Keelikolani ; of small size. 483-4. Check to support canoe ; Paepae; material, soft wiliwili wood, the wood as the outrigger. 485. Tomahawk or battle-axe, from Sandwich Islands, of the New Hebrides group. 486. Musical bamboo ; kaekeeke ; Hawaiian ; used as an instrument of ac- companiment in the hula kaekeeke. 487. Ceremonial staff, from the Caroline Islands. 488. Hairpin, from Ruk; two pins of wood held together by means of beads or rings of cocoanut shell slipped over the end. 489. Hair-comb, from Ruk. A number of long wooden pins are bound together with string; ornamented with bead work. 490. Decorative cord, from Ruk. A central core is braided about with narrow strips of banana fiber or some bark, perhaps that of the hibiscus, forming a plaid pattern. List of photographs representing buildings, ancient and modern, and data of church, settlement, and school work being carried on by the Board of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands. 1. Alexander Parsonage, Wailuku, Maui; Birthplace of Gen. S. C. Arm- strong; Old Missionary Homestead. 2. Alexander Social Settlement, Wailuku, Maui. 3. Girls from Alexander Settlement; Class in Needlework. 4. Alexander House, Wailuku, Maui ; Home of Settlement Workers. 5. Chinese Church, Wailuku, Maui. 6. Kaahumanu Hawaiian Church, Wailuku, Maui; Church Organized 1838; Old Building Remodeled. 7. Kohala Seminary, Kohala, Hawaii. 8. Kohala Hawaiian Church, Hawaii; Organized in 1828; Old Building Remodeled. 9. Lihue Union Church, used by two congregations — one in Hawaiian and one in English. 10. Members of Kauai Evangelical Association, 1909. 11. Parsonage at Waimea, Kauai; probably Oldest Building on Kauai; Old Missionary Homestead. 12. Old Church Building at Waimea; Built of Coral-stone; Church Organ- ized 1825. 13. Kawaiahao Church, Honolulu; built 1839. 14. Annual Meeting Hawaiian Evangelical Association, representing loi churches. 15. Haili Hawaiian Church, Hilo, Hawaii, of which Rev. Titus Coan was for so long the pastor. • 16. Waiakea Social Settlement, Hilo, Hawaii. 17. Hilo Boarding School, Hilo, Hawaii ; established 1836. 18. Palama Social Settlement, Honolulu. 18]^. Palama Settlement Children. 19. Japanese Church and Sunday School, Honolulu. 20. Japanese Christian Endeavor Society. ALASKA- YUKON- PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 79 21. Chinese Church in Honolulu. 22. Faculty Kawaiahao Seminary, Honolulu. 23. Students Kawaiahao Seminary. 24. Kaumakapili Hawaiian Church, Honolulu. 25. Memorial Hall, Oahu College, Honolulu. 2.^. Lunalilo Home, Honolulu; for aged Hawaiians. 27. Portuguese Church, Honolulu. 28. Kawaiahao Hawaiian Church. 29. Central Union Church, Honolulu. 30. Original Frame House, Mission Premises, Honolulu; erected 1821. 31. Moiliili Hawaiian Church; old building still in good repair, and used for services regularly. 32. Lahaina Social Settlement; "Governor's Guar.ds." 33. Baldwin House, Lahaina Social Settlement; Old Mission Homestead. 34. Baldwin House; Chinese Sunday School. 35. Lahaina Social Settlement; "Bonnet Brigade." 36. Lahaina Kindergarten. yj. Lahaina Settlement Group. 38. Lahainaluna Seminary. 39. Memorial Hall; Lahainaluna Seminary. 40. Campbell Memorial Park; Site of Old Mission House. 41. Hale Aloha, Lahaina, one of the oldest Mission Buildings ; recently renovated and used for regular services. 42. Parsonage of Hale Aloha, in Campbell Memorial Park. 43. Wainee Hawaiian Church, Lahaina, Maui ; graves of Ancient Chiefs in foreground. 44. An Old Hawaiian Couple after the day's work is over. 45. A typical Hawaiian Woman. 46. A typical Hawaiian Man. 47. A typical Hawaiian Man. 48. A typical Hawaiian Chapel, Manoa Valley, Honolulu. 49. Racial Types in Kawaiahao Seminary, Honolulu. 50. Chinese Sunday School Picnic, Mid-Pacific Institute Grounds, Honolulu. 51. Japanese Boarding School, Honolulu. 52. Mills Institute Brigade, Mid-Pacific Institute Grounds, Honolulu. 53. Chinese Students' Alliance, Honolulu. 54. Fort Street Chinese Church, Honolulu. 55. A Chinese Patriarch ; Tam Lin Kong and Family, Honolulu. 56. Chinese Pastors and Evangelists, Honolulu. 57. Aala Chinese School, Honolulu. 58. The Lucky Thirteen; Li Kong Fi's Family, Honolulu. 59. Family of Ho Kwai Tak, Chinese Evangelist, Honolulu. 60. Typical Variations of Race; Mid-Pacific Institute, Honolulu. 61. Chinese School in Kauai. 62. Chinese School on Kauai. 63. Chinese School on Kauai. 64. Rev. T. Okumura and Family, Pastor Makiki, Japanese Church, Hono- lulu. 65. Japanese Church, Ewa, Oahu. 66. Kakaako Social Settlement, Honolulu. 6^. Japanese Night School, Ewa, Oahu. 8o SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 68. Ewa Japanese Church. 6g. Group of Hawaiian Pastors. 70. Japanese Christians at Hilo. 71. Japanese Sunday School, Ewa, Oahu. 72. Cadets, Japanese Boarding School, Honolulu. 7^. Japanese Evangelist's Class of Makaweli Plantation, Kauai. 74. Refreshment Awning at Association Meeting, Kauai ; sides made of braided cocoanut leaves. 75. Building at Kamehameha School; Manual Training School for Ha- waiians, Honolulu. 76. Camps and Dormitories at Kamehameha Manual Training School,. Honolulu. yy. Printing Room at Kamehameha School. 78. Forge Room at Kamehameha School. 80. Dynamo Room at Kamehameha School. 81. Lathe Room at Kamehameha School. 82. Parade on Campus, Kamehameha School. 83. Kamehameha Girls' School. 84. Bishop Memorial Chapel. 85. Battalion Officers, Kamehameha School. 86. Kaluaaha Hawaiian Church, Molokai; one of the oldest and largest church structures. 87. Council at Organization of Kahului Union Church ; seven different nationalities; thirteen different denominations. Church Mission Work in Hawaii. American Board Mission to Hawaii. The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions began its work in the Hawaiian Islands in 1820 and continued till 1863, when it with- drew. During that time it sent out 140 missionaries, spent $1,577,950.27, and made 53,583 converts. The Hawaiian Evangelical Association, which has continued the work of the American Board, comprises 7,189 members, organized into 100 churches, as follows : 67 native, with 4,536 members ; 10 English-speaking, with 1,368 members; 3 Portuguese, with 219 members; 6 Chinese, with 318 members, and 14 Japanese, with 748 members. Its Sunday schools count 8,783 members, and the young peoples' societies of Christian Endeavor 2,862 members. Under its control are 6 social settlements, 6 boarding schools, and 3 religious monthlies. It carries on missionary work among 30,000 Hawaiians, 70,000 Japanese, 17,000 Chinese, 17,000 Portuguese, and 41,000 Anglo-Saxons and others. Its working force consists of 6 superintendents, 6 field agents, 70 pastors, 16 evangelists, 6 settlement workers, 5 kindergarten workers, and 3 district nurses. Its church property is valued at $532,689, with endowment funds of $268,296.95. Its annual expenditures amount to $60,000, and in 1908 it gave $17,639 to benevolences. List of Papers, etc., Describing Work Under Hazvaiian Board. Two copies Missionary Album. Thirty copies Jubilee issue of The Friend. CO z < O < CO UJ I H u. O CO Q. O cc. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 8 1 File of The Friend, January, 1908, to May, 1909. November, 1908, lacking. File of Ka Hoaloha (Hawaiian) June, 1908, to May, 1909. August, 1908 lacking. File of The Tomo (Japanese), July, 1908, to March, 1909. November, 1908, lacking. Fifty copies Annual Report Hawaiian Board, 1908. Twenty-five copies Annual Report Hawaiian Board, 1907. Copies of The Oriental Student. Peoples of the Samoax Islands. Family Group of the Samoan Islanders^ Navigator Archipelago, South Pacific Ocean. — The Samoans are of the brown Polynesian race which at some early period spread over the Pacific to numerous widely separated islands and reached west to within 1,800 miles of the South American conti- nent. The Samoan Islands were visited by the Dutch navigator Roggoveen in 1722, and named by Bougainville in 1768. They are village people, living like the Hawaiians along the coasts of their tropical islands in comfortable palm-roofed, well-constructed houses, and ruled by a hereditary chief. Bread- fruit, bananas, taro, potatoes, and cocoanuts furnish the principal food supply, and fish are eaten. The only domesticated animal is the pig. The Samoans are robust and active, their warlike exercises with club and spear and their constant practice with the canoe paddle developing a fine physique. They are cleanly and delight in flowers and perfumes. In wood working the men excel, building elaborate houses, large canoes, and carving out bowls, dishes, clubs, and spears of the Samoan chestnut. The women weave mats of the finest texture, and beat out bark cloth of strong fiber with corrugated clubs, deco- rating the fabric with native designs in color. The Samoans have a drink called kava, made from the root of a pepper plant, prepared in wooden bowls and drank in a ceremonial fashion. The group illustrates a people of nearly pure race, living on a tropical island and depending almost exclusively for subsistence and the arts of life upon the bounties of the vegetal kingdom. Designed by W. H. Holmes ; modeled by U. S. G. Dunbar. Samoan ^Lan (oil painting). Samoan Woman (oil painting). Objects Connected with Social Life. — The central exhibit is a house model accurately built to show the structure. Surrounding it are articles illustrating the social life of this interesting people, consisting of clubs, spears, adzes for canoe and house building, cups of cocoanut shell, bamboo pillows, the kava bowl, cups, strainers, and the root used in preparing the drink called ava or kava, which is drunk ceremonially, and the drum used in the dance. Collected by Admiral Charles Wilkes. U. S. N., A. B. Steinberger, Admiral L. A. Kimberley, U. S. N., Lieut. T. Dix Bolles, U. S. N., and W. H. Phillips: Bark Cloth. — The Samoans are especially noted for their manufacture of tapa, or bark cloth, which they use for clothing, for partitions in houses, for blankets, and for other purposes. It is made by beating out bark with a ridged club, and is decorated with colored earth, the pattern applied by placing a relief fo'rm under the cloth and rubbing the color on with a pad or with the 6v 82 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. hands. The design is commonly a palm leaf on the body of the cloth and conventional patterns on the border. The white shaggy mat was a present from Malietoa, King of Samoa, to President Cleveland. Collected by Admiral L. A. Kimberley, U. S. N., and W. H. Phillips. Textile Work. — The Samoans are skilled in making mats, baskets, and fans from pandanus and palm leaf, these plants yielding excellent materials for the purpose. Mats are made of exquisite fineness and pliability, and are valued as heirlooms. A small species of parrot kept in a cage furnishes the red feathers, which are applied to the borders of fine mats. Baskets are woven in checker designs in black and natural colors, and fans in beautiful forms and patterns are constructed. A few plates, a "talking stick" held in the hand by orators, and fly-brushes, which are a badge of rank, are also shown in the case. Collected by Admiral Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., Admiral L. A. Kimberley, U. S. N., Lieut. W. E. Safiford, U. S. N., and E. H. Richards. Photographs by U. S. Fish Commission. Houses of the Samoans, Apia, Samoa. Native House of the Samoans, Apia, Samoa. THE NATIVES OF GUAM. Photographs by U. S. Fish Commission. « Native Houses along a street. Agana, Island of Guam. Native Houses of Guam. Marianne Islands. Native Family of Guam. Marianne Islands. Natives of Guam. Marianne Islands. Bamboo House, rude cart, and group of natives of Guam. Marianne Islands. HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY. This series was prepared by T. W. Smillie, of the United States National Museum. In the thirteenth century the camera obscura was invented, it is said, by Bacon, and probably more or less improved by Porta in the sixteenth century. The alchemists discovered that chloride of silver was blackened by light, but no use seemed to have been made of this discovery until the year 1777, when Scheele photographed the solar spectrum by projecting it upon a sheet of paper which was previously dusted over with pulverized lunar caustic. In 1802 Wedgwood and Davy made photographs by placing a man in strong sunlight so that his profile was projected upon the wall. A sheet of paper which had previously been immersed in a solution of nitrate of silver and dried was then pinned upon the wall to receive the image. This, after a con- siderable exposure, produced a profile portrait in white upon a black ground. They also obtained impressions of objects in the solar microscope upon paper prepared in the same way, but up to this time no means had been found to fix the image, and it remained for Joseph Nicephore Niepce to make the first permanent photograph or heliograph. This was done by coating a plate with ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 83 asphaltum, exposing the same in the camera, and then washing away the unaltered parts with essential oils. This was done in 1824. In the year 1829 Niepce and Daguerre entered into partnership and carried through a long series of experiments which culminated (after the death of Niepce) in the perfection and publication of the daguerreotype process in 1839. This was followed by the first negative process, which was invented by H. Fox Talbot in 1841. These negatives were made upon iodized paper, and from them prints were made upon plain silvered paper. Next followed the glass plate negative with albumen in 1848, then the glass plate with collodion in 1851, and in 1871 began the gelatine-bromide dry-plate photography of the present day. This series represents only a few of the great steps in photography. The asphalt etching process invented by Niepce in 1824, and now used in some of the photo-mechanical processes. The Daguerreotype invented by Niepce and Daguerre (the process being published by the latter in 1839), is a picture of extreme delicacy and beauty. It is produced as follows : A polished silver plate is treated to vapors of iodine and bromine, and then exposed to the image in the camera. The picture is then developed with vapor of mercury, fixed in a solution of hyposulphite of 'soda and toned in double hyposulphite of soda and gold. The discovery of the solvent action of hyposulphite of soda upon the silver haloids by Herschel was of immense value in the silver processes. The Talbotype was invented and patented by H. Fox Talbot in 1841, and appears to be the first practicable process in which a negative was made solely for the purpose of producing prints. It was made on paper, sensitized with iodide of silver and developed with gallic acid. The prints were made on plain chloride of silver paper. In the Technologist for 1848, Niepce de Saint Victor published his mode of applying albumen to glass for making negatives. In the year 185 1 the collodion process on glass was invented and created quite a revolution in the art. One of the first permanent photographs printed from an etched metal plate which was coated with asphalt exposed in the camera and developed with essential oils, by Joseph Nicephore Niepce. The last page of the Contract between Niepce and Daguerre, for combined efforts in research in Heliography. Signed in 1829. Daguerreotype. — As invented by Daguerre before the discovery of the gold- toning process. Daguerreotype of Daguerre, made by C. R. Meade, and loaned to the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Meade's niece, Mrs. Sarah M. M. Valentine. Early albumen vinette of Mr. Chas. R. Meade, of New York, who made the accompanying portrait of Daguerre at Daguerre's Chateau. Daguerreotypes made after the discovery of the gold toning process. Panoramic daguerreotype of the Harbor of San Francisco made about 1852. Stereoscopic daguerreotype made by Langenheim. Stereoscopic albumen-glass positives made from albumen negatives. Prints made from old albumenized-glass negatives before the introduction of collodion. Series of negatives and prints made by the talbotype process. 84 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAI^ MUSEUM. Talbotype print made by the inventor of the process. Portrait of J. H. Fox Talbot, the inventor of the talbotype or Calotype process. Albumen print made from old talbotype negative. Ambrot3'^pes or collodion positives on glass. Melainotype made by Peter Neff, the inventor of the method. Leaf prints, negative and positive, made on albumenized paper in 1861 by J. W. Osborne. History of the Coli.odion Process on Glass. The collodion process on glass consists in combining sulphuric ether and alcohol, dissolving pyroxyline in it, and adding soluble iodide and bromide. A glass plate is coated with this and immersed in a solution of nitrate of silver, exposed in the camera, and developed with ferrous sulphate. The prints were made by coating paper with albumen containing soluble chloride, and then sensitizing with nitrate of silver, and finally toning with chloride of gold and fixing in hyposulphite of soda. The vitrified enamels are photographs transferred to porcelain, then covered with glass flux and burned in a muffle. It may be mentioned that the first three pictures in this case represent the beginning of artistic design in photographing from life. Studies from Life, by O. G. Re j lander. Wet collodion negatives printed on albumenized paper, 1858. Albumen prints from wet collodion negatives. Albumen print from gelatine bromide negative. Albumen prints from Azalin color sensitive plates, by Kurtz. Vitrified photographs on porcelain, by Lafon de Camersac, the inventor of the process. Photograph on porcelain. Portrait of S. F. Baird. Portrait of R. E. Lee. History oe the Carbon Process. The carbon print is made by adding pigment to bichromatized gelatine, paper is coated with this, exposed under a negative, then attached face down to another paper with waterproof paste and developed from the back with warm water. Carbon Print.- The first publication in carbon in the United States, by W. Kurtz. Carbon print, by Kurtz. Carbon print, by Rockwood. Portrait study by H. P. Robinson, made with a diffusion lens, 1866, printed in carbon by Swan, the inventor of the Swan Carbon process. Carbon print, by Swan. Carbon print, by Pounc5% 1862. Portrait in carbon, by Mrs. Cameron. Portrait in carbon, by Mrs. Cameron. Carbon print, by J. W. Osborne, Pouncy's process. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 85 History of the Platinum Printing Process. The Platinum printing process, introduced at a time when men of taste were trying to combine art with photography, aided this matter very much. Many men, after devoting a great deal of thought and labor in the compo- sition of a picture, were disappointed when they saw the results in a glossy print. The Platinum paper is coated with potassic chloro-platinite and ferric oxalate, and must be dried quickly. After printing, it is developed in a solu- tion of oxalate of potash. The bromide and chloride of silver and gelatine developing papers are, on account of their similarity in appearance to the platinum and their reasonable prices, in a great measure superseding the platinum. These papers are coated with bromide or chloride of silver in emulsion with gelatine, and require very little light to print. After printing they are de- veloped in solutions very much like those used for developing dry plates, and fixed in hyposulphite of soda. Platinum portrait, by F. Hollyer. Platinum, by Hollyer. Platinum portrait of F. Hollyer. Platinum landscape, by Walter Wilcox. Platinum portrait group, by Frances B. Johnston. Platinum pictures, by H. P. Robinson. Platinum portrait of H. P. Robinson. Platinum portraits of Dogs, by W. O. Locke. Velox prints, by the Eastman Company. Print on Royal Bromide paper, by the Eastman Company. Pictures on Silver-chloride and Gelatine developing paper, "Cyko," by Anthony and Scoville Co. History oe Scientieic Photography. This series, on account of the limited space, shows only a point here and there of the great advancement of photography as applied to scientific work. In Lunar work we show a photograph of the Moon made in 1865, and a portion of a recent photograph of the Moon which was taken in sections. A photograph of the Solar spectrum, made in 1868, and part of the great 30-foot normal Solar spectrum by Rowland, and the great invisible spectrum beyond the red, by S. P. Langley, and a small direct photograph in color of the normal spectrum, by Lippmann. One Solar corona photograph, a few photomicrographs, and some of the results of the Langley Telephoto-theodoHte camera. Photograph of the Moon, by Rutherford, 1865. Recent Photographs of the Moon, by Professor Ritchie. The Bridges-Lee photo-theodolite, -with two record prints. Telephoto-theodoHte camera, designed by Mr. S. P. Langley. These cameras were used in pairs, placed on a base line ninety or one hundred feet apart, and properly oriented and connected electrically. The person at camera A, noting and recording the direction and velocity of the wind, aims at the bird, pulls the trigger at the right moment, thereby taking the pictures in both cameras simultaneously, and automatically record- 86 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. ing the altitude and azimuth, the assistant at camera B having nothing to do but keep his camera pointed at the bird. All this being done in the fraction of a second, the rapid changes of the bird's position can be very closely followed and recorded. Photographs of Buzzards, made with Mr. Langley's Telephoto-theodolite camera. Photographs of the Langley prodrome in Flight, made with Mr. Langley's Telephoto-theodolite camera. Tele-photograph of the Statue of Freedom on U. S. Capitol dome, made at a distance of one-third mile. Photographic print made by exposing the paper (on which the Washington Evening Star is printed) under a negative, without any chemical treatment. Photographic print made on poplar wood through a stencil without any chemical preparation. Photograph of the Solar Spectrum, by Rutherford, 1869. Part of the recent thirty-foot photograph of the Solar Spectrum, by Prof. Rowland. S. P. Langley's photograph of the Infra-red Solar Spectrum of a 60-degree salt prism, with holograph energy curves. Apparatus in position as used by the Smithsonian Eclipse Expedition at Wadesboro, N. C, 1900. Coelostadt, with objective and thirteen-inch prism of the great 135-foot telescope, Smithsonian Eclipse Expedition. Photograph of the Solar Eclipse of 1900, by T. W. Smillie, on the Smith- sonian Eclipse Expedition, with a telescope of 135 feet focus. Section of the International Photographic Star Chart. Solar Microscope as used in Photography. Photo-micrograph of thin section of crystalline rock by polarized light, 150 diameters. Photo-micrograph of transverse section of wood, Pinus Ponderosa-Dougl., roc diameters. Photo-micrograph of transverse section of wood, Pinus strobus, 100 diam- eters. History of the Evolution of Color Photography. This group shows, in addition to the real color photographs, some of the shifts that photographers were driven to by the demand for color in the picture. They began by tinting the cheeks in the daguerreotype and ambrotype with dry powdered color. Next the silver prints on paper were entirely worked over with water color. Then translucent albumen prints were mounted on glass and colored from the back, and finally transparent positives were made on glass by the collodion and other methods ; then the outlines were traced on paper and filled in with color and mounted on the back, or the positive film was stripped from the glass and mounted over the color sketch. All of these are interesting as steps leading up to the direct photograph in color, some specimens of which are shown in this case. 1. Photograph in colors from the original painting, by M. Miley & Son, Lexington, Va. 2. Direct Photograph in color of the Solar Spectrum, by Lippman. ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 8/ 3. Instrument for viewing defraction color photographs. 4. Defraction color photographs, by Prof. R. W. Wood's process. 5. 6, and 7. Photographs colored by hand. 8. Albumen Print on Glass colored from the back. 9. Gelatine-bromide print on Celluloid, colored from the back. 10. Collodion Transfer Portraits, mounted over a color sketch on paper. 11. Woodburytype stained from the back. 12. Woodburytype, Trafalgar Square at Night, with yellow stain from the back, by Marten. 13. Reproduction from a photograph representing Fire-light and Lamp-light effects, by Henry Essenhigh Corke. 14. Composite Heliochrome, by Ives. 15. Composite Heliochrome, by Ives. 16. Ruled Screen Color Photograph, by the Macdonough Joly process. 17-25. Color Photographs, by the starch-grain color screen process, from a painting. 17-25. Color Photographs, by the starch-grain color screen process, from nature. 26. Author of the Hoosier Schoolmaster; bromide enlargement from the original, by L. Bernie Gallaher. 27-29. Bromide Enlargements, untouched. 30. Bromide Enlargement from color sketch, by E. Siebert. History of the Development of the Photographic Camera. The first photographic camera of which we have any account was simply a darkened room, the sunlight being reflected through a window by means of a mirror casting an image of the subject upon a sheet of sensitized paper. The next was a plain box wth a plateholder fitted to the back, the lens being mounted in a tube and inserted in the aperture in front so that it would slide in or out as a means of focusing. Such was the camera used by Niepce and Daguerre in their early experiments, but in 1839 we find Daguerre using a camera composed of two boxes, one sliding within the other, controlled by a brass sliding rod underneath. Then followed the camera with stationary front, the back sliding upon its base, with a set-screw and connected with the front by means of a bellows. From this point the portrait and landscape cameras diverged, the former hav- ing many attachments added for convenience, making it too heavy to be port- able outside of the studio, and the latter growing always lighter and more compact, yet still retaining all of the necessary adjustments. 1. Machine for Polishing Daguerreotype Plates, 1851. 2. Daguerreotype Plate Vise. 3. Daguerreotype Iodine Box. 4. Improved Daguerreotype Bromine Box, 1853. 5. Daguerreotype Mercury Chamber. 6. Buflf Stick for Polishing Daguerreotype Plates. 7. First Daguerreotype Camera made in the United States, 1839. 8. Daguerreotype Camera used about 1845. 9. W. H. Masters' Solar Camera for making Enlarged Prints. 10. Stereoscopic Daguerreotype Camera, 1854. . 88 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ti. Magazine Camera for making Stereoscopic Negatives with one lens used with the Tanen dry plate process. 12. Film Roll Holder for Camera used about 1875. 13. John Stock Double Swing-back and sliding and revolving front Camera, 1859. 14. Rolling Slide Camera with crank focusing screw, used about i860. 15. Panoramic Camera, invented in 1865, by J. R. Johnson. 16. Machine for Retouching Negatives, invented 1876, by F. Mauravour. DevKi convicted, dismissed from the service, and imprisoned. Dr. Jqhn Morgan, Penn. (1735-1789). — Appointed by the Continental Con- gress "Director General of Hospitals, and Physician-in-chief to the American Army," October 17, 1775. He immediately joined General Washington in Cambridge, and continued in office until January 9, 1777. "By reason of unjust clamors he was dismissed from service. A committee of Congress afterw^ards investigated his case, and honorably acquitted him of all charges." Dr. William ShippEn, Jr. (1736-1808). — Unanimously elected by Congress "Director General of all the Military Hospitals for the Armies of the United States," April 11, 1777. In consequence of charges brought against him of maladministration of his office, he resigned his post June 3, 1781. "The in- vestigation did not develop any matter reflecting on his integrity." "The Razor Letter." — From Director General John Morgan to Surgeon General John Warren, at the Long Island Hospital, illustrating the difficulty under which the surgeons of the Continental Army labored. Written four days before the battle of Long Island. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. lOI "Sir: I have sent to the surgeons, desiring the youngest off duty to go to your assistance and take four mates with him; to carry over 500 additional bandages and twelve fracture-boxes. I fear they have no scalpels, as what- ever I have committed to the hospitals has always been lost. I send you two, in which case, if you want more, use a razor for an incision knife. Let me know from time to time at Long Island. "John Morgan.'' Dr. John Cockran, N. J. (1730-1807). — Surgeon General of the Middle Department in 1777. Director General of Hospitals and Chief Physician of the Continental Army (1781 ?). Born in Pennsylvania; studied medi- cine with Doctor Thompson, of Lancaster. Served as Surgeon's Mate in the French War. Eminently distinguished as a practitioner of medicine and surgery. Some Doctors Who Held Military Command in the Revolution. Dr. Josiah Bartlett^ N. H. (1729 ). — Lieutenant Colonel of Militia under the King, 1767-1775; deprived of his commission because of his zeal in the cause of the Colonies ; reappointed Colonel of Militia by the Provincial Congress, 1775 ; organized regiments to resist impending attack from Mon- treal, 1777; accompanied General Stark to Bennington, in charge of supplies for the New Hampshire troops. Born in Amesbury, Mass.; studied medi- cine with Dr. Ordway; practiced in his native town, where he gained great repute ; was an ardent patriot, and left medicine for politics at the outbreak of the Revolution. Dr. John Beatty^ N. J. (1749-1826). — Colonel in the Pennsylvania Line; made prisoner at Fort Washington, and held for several years ; Commissary General of Prisoners, 1778-1780. Born in Pennsylvania; graduated at Prince- ton, 1769; studied medicine with Dr. Rush; practiced medicine until the Revolution; delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, i783-'85; member of the National Congress, i793-'95. Dr. Theodoric Bland, Va. (1742-1790). — Captain of the First Troop of Virginia Cavalry ; Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel of the regiment ; distin- guished himself at the battle of Brandywine ; in command of the troops in Albemarle Barracks, Va., 1779. Born in Prince George County, Va. ; edu- cated in England ; graduated in medicine from Edinburgh ; returned to Amer- ica in 1764, and practiced medicine in his native State until the Revolution. Dr. James Brickett, Mass. (1737-1818). — Brigadier General in the expe- dition designed for Canada, 1776; commanded the American escort of Bur- goyne's surrendered army from the Saratoga battlefield to Cambridge, Mass., 1777. Was a physician in Haverhill, Mass., until the French War; Surgeon in the Army at Ticonderoga ; wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Dr. John Brooks, Mass. (1752-1825). — Captain of the Minute Men at Concord; Major in the Continental Army at White Plains; Colonel Eighth Massachusetts Regiment at Saratoga; acting Adjutant General at Monmouth. Born in Medford, Mass.; studied medicine with Dr. Tufts; practiced in Read- ing and Medford, Mass.; Fellow of Massachusetts Medical Society; member of Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Governor of the Commonwealth of Massa- chusetts; President of the Society of Cincinnati and of the Washington Monument Association. I02 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dr. Timothy Childs, Mass. (1748-1821). — Captain of Minute Men in 1775; Surgeon to Colonel Patterson's Regiment on the expedition against Montreal. Born in Deerfield, Mass. ; at Harvard, i764-'67 ; studied medicine ; began practice at Pittsfield, Mass., 1771. Dr. David Cobb, Mass. (1748-1830). — Lieutenant Colonel of Henry Jack- son's Regiment, 1777 and 1778; Colonel and Aide to General Washington for several years; promoted to rank of Brevet Brigadier General. Born in Attle- boro, Mass. ; graduated from Harvard, 1766 ; studied m*edicine and practiced for many years in Taunton, Mass. ; after the war he was Judge of the County Court, Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, member of Congress, President of State Senate, Lieutenant Governor, and Major General of State Militia. Dr. Henry Dearborn, N. H. (1751-1829). — Captain in Colonel Stark's Regiment at Bunker Hill; captured in the attack on Quebec; Major at Ticon- deroga; Lieutenant Colonel at Monmouth; present at the surrender of Corn- wallis; Major General U. S. Army, February, 1812. Born at North Hampton, N. H. ; studied medicine with Dr. Jackson, of Portsmouth ; practiced medicine in Portsmouth, 1771-1775 ; after the war, twice elected to Congress ; Secretary of War for eight years under Jefferson, 1801-1809; Minister to England, 1822. Dr. John Eey, Conn. (1737-1800). — As Captain of Militia, 1775, marched to Roxbury; Major and Colonel Commandant of Fort Trumbull, 1776; captured by the British, December, 1777, and held prisoner at Flatbush, L. I.; refused parole in order to devote himself to the care of the sick prisoners ; afterward refused exchange for the same reason. Born in Lyme, Conn. ; studied medi- cine and practiced in his native town ; was particularly successful in the treat- ment of smallpox, and erected several hospitals near Lyme for its treatment. Dr. John Flagg, Mass. (1743-1793). — Lieutenant Colonel of Militia under Colonel Timothy Pickering. Born in* Chester, N. H. ; graduated at Harvard^ 1761 ; studied medicine in Andover ; practiced at Lynn, Mass. ; an early mem- ber of the Massachusetts Medical Society. Dr. Nathaniel Freeman, Mass. (1741-1827). — Commanded a regiment of militia in the expedition to Rhode Island; Brigadier General of Militia, 1781- 1793. Born in Dennis, Mass. ; studied both law and medicine, and became distinguished as a physician and surgeon; practiced in the town of Sand- wich, Mass.; Member of Congress, i795-'99; Judge of Probate for 47 years. Dr. Joseph Gardiner, Pa. (1752-1794). — Commanded the 4th Battalion of Militia from Chester county. Was a physician; member of the Committee of Safety, i776-'87; member of the Assembly, i776-'78; member of the Su- preme Executive Council, 1779; delegate to the Continental Congress, i784-'85. Dr. Edward Hand, Penn. (1744-1802). — Lieutenant Colonel Continental Army, 1776; Brigadier-General, 1777; Adjutant-General on the staff of Gen- eral Washington, 1781. Born in Ireland; came to America as Surgeon's Mate of the i8th Royal Irish Regiment, 1744; resigned and took up the practice of medicine in Pennsylvania ; served in the Patriot Army through the war ; delegate to the Continental Congress, 1784-1785. Dr. Wieeiam Irvine, Pa. (1741-1804). — Colonel of the 6th Pennsylvania Line; taken prisoner at the battle of Three Rivers, June, 1776; exchanged, 1778; Brigadier-General 2d Pennsylvania Brigade, 1779. Born in Ireland; studied medicine with the celebrated Dr. Cleghorn ; surgeon in the British ALASKA-YUKOX-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. IO3 Navy during the French War; came to America in 1763; commanded Penn- sylvania troops in suppression of the "Whiskey RebelHon," 1794; President of the Society of the Cincinnati, of Pennsylvania ; "he was distinguished for his personal bravery and as an able disciplinarian." Dr. James McHenry, Md. (1753-1816). — Secretary on the staff of General Washington, 1778; Aide-de-camp on the staff of General Lafayette, 1780; pro- moted to Major, October, 1780; Secretary of War in the Cabinet of Washing- ton, 1796. Born in Ireland ; immigrated in 1771 ; studied medicine with Dr. Rush ; Assistant Surgeon Continental Army, 1775 ; Surgeon of sth Pennsylvania Battalion; taken prisoner at the capture of Fort Washington; member of Continental Congress, i783-'84, and of the convention which formed the Con- stitution, 1787; Fort McHenry, in Baltimore Harbor, was named in his honor. Dr. Hugh Mercer, Va. (1726-1777). — Captain under Braddock, 1755; desperately wounded at the battle of Monongahela, July 9, 175S; Lieutenant- Colonel, 1758; Colonel of 3d Virginia Regiment, 1776; Brigadier-General Continental Army, June, 1776; killed at the battle of Princeton, 1777. Born in Scotland; medical degree from Aberdeen University; Assistant Surgeon in the Army of Prince Charles Edward at the Battle of Culloden, 1745 ; came to America, 1747; practiced medicine near what is now Mercersburg, Penn. ; at the close of the French War he resumed practice in Fredericks- burg, Va., until the Revolution. Dr. Nathaniel Peabody, N. H, (1741-1823). — Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Army, 1774; resigned his commission and joined the patriot army; engaged in the capture of Fort William and Mary at Newcastle, Del.; Adjutant-General of the State Militia, 1777; served in Rhode Island in 1779; Major-General of Militia, 1793-1798. Born in Topsfield, Mass.; studied medi- cine with his father; began practice in Plaistow, N. H., 1761 ; Delegate to Continental Congress, i779-'8o; one of the founders of the New Hampshire Medical Society, 1790. Dr. Oliver Prescott^ Mass. (1731-1804). — Major, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Colonel of Militia under the King; Brigadier-General of Militia, 1775; Major-General of Massachusetts Militia, 1778-1781, Born in Groton, Mass. ; graduated from Harvard, 1750, and engaged in the active practice of medicine in his native town; a founder of the Massachusetts Medical Society; Presi- dent of the Middlesex Medical Society; honorary degree of Doctor of Medi- cine from Harvard University, Dr. Arthur St. Clair, Pa. (1734-1818). — Ensign in Royal American Foot Regiment, 1757; Lieutenant, 1759; took part in the attack on Quebec and siege of Montreal, 1760; Colonel of Pennsylvania Militia, 1775; Brigadier- General, 1776, at the battles of Trenton and Princeton; Major-General, 1777; voluntary Aide-de-Camp to General Washington at Brandywine. Born in Scotland ; studied medicine with the celebrated Dr. Hunter, of London ; left his medical studies for service in the army; came to America with his regi- ment, married in Boston, resigned his commission, and remained in this country. Dr. Erastus Sergeant, Mass. (1742-1814'). — Major of the 7th Massachu- setts Regiment; served on Lake Champlain, 1776-1777, and was present at Burgoyne's surrender. Born in Stockbridge, Mass. ; studied medicine with his uncle at Deerfield; after his military service resumed practice in his native region, where he was esteemed as a very skillful surgeon. I04 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. Dr. Isaac Smith^ N. J. (1740-1807). — Colonel, commanding a regiment in the Continental Army. Graduated at Princeton, 1758; studied medicine and became a practicing physician ; "was distinguished as an efficient officer, and was especially noted for his wisdom and sagacity;" Associate Justice of the U. S. District Court for New Jersey, 1777-1803. Dr. John Thomas, Mass. (1725-1776). — Colonel of a Provincial Regiment at the capture of Montreal, 1760; Brigadier-General Continental Army, 1775, commanding the Brigade which captured Dorchester Heights, March 4, 1776; Major-General, March 6, 1776. Born in Marshfield, Mass.; became promi- nent as a physician and surgeon in Kingston, Mass. ; Regimental Surgeon, 1746; Surgeon on the staff of Gen. Wm. Shirley, 1747; died of smallpox dur- ing the operations against Quebec, June, 1776. Dr. Joseph Warren, Mass. (1741-1775). — An ardent and aggressive patriot ; started Paul Revere on his historic ride to Lexington ; commissioned Major-General, June 14, 1775 ; offered the command of the troops at Bunker Hill by Colonel Prescott and General Putnam, but declined, and fought as a volunteer in the ranks ; killed near the end of the action by a bullet in his brain. Born in Roxbury, Mass.; graduated at Harvard, 1759; studied medi- cine; began practice in Boston, 1764; became noted for his success in the treatment of smallpox; made President of the Massachusetts Provincial Con- gress in 1774; also Chairman of the Committee of Safety. Dr. James Wiekinson, Md. (1757-1825). — Captain in a New Hampshire regiment, 1776; Brigade Major, July, 1776; Lieutenant-Colonel, 1777; Brevet Brigadier-General, 1777; Brigadier-General, 1792; General-in-Chief of the Army, 1796-1798 and 1800-1812. Major-General in the campaign against Montreal, 1813-1814. Born in Maryland; educated by private tutor; studied medicine for two years, leaving his medical studies to join Washington's Army at Cambridge. Dr. OeivER Woecott, Conn. (1726-1797). — A signer of the Declaration of Independence. Born in Connecticut; graduate of Yale; student of medicine with his brother, Alexander Wolcott; Sheriff of Litchfield Co., 1751; Judge of Probate ; member of Council of State ; Commissioner of Indian Affairs ; member of the Continental Congress, 1776; signer of the Declaration; Gov- ernor of the State for ten successive years. Eighteenth Century. Dr. James McCeurg, Va, (1747-1825). — For many years the acknowledged head of his profession in Williamsburg and surrounding country. Born in the county of Elizabeth City, Va. ; educated at the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg ; graduate of the University of Edinburgh ; settled in Williamsburg; afterward removed to Richmond. For a long time one of the Council of State in Virginia, and was a member of the convention that form'ed the Constitution of the United States. Dr. David Ramsay, S. C. (1749-1815). — The best known physician from the South, Army surgeon, statesman, historian, member of Congress, and pre- siding officer for one year in the absence of John Hancock. Born in Penn- sylvania ; graduate of Princeton College, 1765 ; Bachelor of Medicine, 1772, College of Philadelphia; M. D., 1780, from same college, the mandamus stating: "And the Degree of Doctor of Medicine on David Ramsay, now a ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. IO5 prisoner with the enemy." Settled in Charleston, S. C, in 1773, where he acquired great celebrit}'. Author of "History of the Revolution in South Carolina" and "History of the American Revolution." Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, Mass. (1725-1826). — First President of the Massachusetts Medical Society, organized in 1781. Graduated at Harvard, 1746; studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Berry; practiced in Salem, Mass., for about 58 years. The portrait represents him at 100 years of age. The Medical Society of which he was the first President was not the first to be formed in the Colonies, but it remains, next to the New Jersey Society, the oldest now in existence. Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, Mass. (1754-1846). — The first to introduce vaccination, after the method of Doctor Jenner, into America. One of the founders of the Medical School of Harvard University, and its first Pro- fessor of Theory and Practice of Medicine. Born in Newport, R. I. ; studied medicine in Newport, Edinburgh, and Leyden, graduating from the latter uni- versity. Settled in Newport ; removed to Cambridge. Published in the Columbian Sentinel^ a newspaper of Boston, March 12, 1799, an account oi the "new inoculation" under the title "Something Curious in the Medical Line." June, i8co, successfully vaccinated his five-year-old son. Two months later the boy was inoculated with the virus of smallpox without effect. Dr. Elihu Hubbard Smith, Conn. (1771-1798). — Projector, and, in con- junction with Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill and Dr. Edward Miller, the founder of the first medical periodical, "The New York Medical Repository," pub- lished in this country, 1797. Born in Litchfield, Conn. ; graduate of Yale at 15 years of age; studied medicine under his father; practiced in Weathers- field; afterward in New York City. One of the physicians to the New York Hospital. A voluminous writer. Died of yellow fever, September, 1798, at the age of 27 years. The Medical Repository. — The first medical periodical published in Amer- ica. Photographic reproduction of a page of the "Repository" containing Table of Contents of Volume I, Number i. Massachusetts General Hospital. — i'ounded in the year 1811, largely through the initiatory efforts of Drs. James Jackson and John C. Warren. On the loth of August, 1810, a circular letter was issued by Drs. Jackson and Warren asking subscriptions to a "hospital for the reception of lunatics and other sick persons." The aid of prominent citizens was secured and a corpo- ration formed under the name of "The Massachusetts General Hospital ;" a substantial building was erected, and the first patient admitted in September, 1821. Nineteenth Century. Massachusetts Medical College (Harvard Medical School), Mason Street, Boston. — Erected in 1815. The home of the Medical School from 1816 to 1847. The school was founded in 1782. Dr. John Warren, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery; Dr. Benjamin, Professor of Theory and Practice of Physic. First lectures held in Holden Chapel, Cambridge ; removed to Marlborough street, Boston, in 1810; to North Grove street in 1847; to Boylston street in 1883 ; and to its present location in 1905. I06 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEJUM. Massachusetts Medical College (Harvard Medical School), North Grove Street, Boston. — Erected in 1846; occupied by the College from 1847 to 1883. Harvard Medical School^ Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston. — Occupied by the Medical School from 1883 to 1905. During this period radical changes were made in the requirements for admission and graduation, and in the methods of instruction. Harvard Medical School. — The new group of white marble buildings for the use of the Medical School of Harvard University, dedicated in the year 1905. These four medical school buildings symbolize the progress of medi- cine in America during the last century. Dr. Nathan Smith^ Vt. (1762-1828). — "The most famous physician and surgeon combined that we have produced, for his fame lies in both fields." Born in Rehoboth, Mass. ; removed when an infant to the wilds of Vermont ; education very limited; studied medicine with Dr. Goodhue, and practiced for a time in Concord, N. H. ; graduated in medicine at Harvard in 1790, being the third to receive a degree from that department; from 1796 to 1798 attended lectures and clinics in Europe ; established the Medical School of Dartmouth College in 1798, the fourth in order in this country, and for 12 years was practically the only instructor; was the first Professor of Theory and Practice in Yale Medical School ; in 182 1 he performed ovariotomy, not knowing that it had ever been previously undertaken. Dr. James Jackson, Mass. (1777- ). — One of the founders of the Massachusetts General Hospital; active in the upbuilding of the Medical School; foremost in the reorganization of the Medical Society. Born in Newburyport, Mass.; graduated from Harvard at the age of 19; studied medicine with Dr. Holyoke, of Boston; after a year in the hospitals of Lon- don, commenced practice in Boston, where he was for more than half a cen- tury the "beloved physician ;" he shares with Dr. Waterhouse the honors of introducing vaccination to the notice of American physicians ; wrote the re- markable book, "Letters to a Young Physician just Entering upon Practice," which was for years the vade mecum of every New England practitioner. Dr. Jacob Bigelow, Mass. (1787-1879). — Eminent Physician, Botanist, Au- thor, Teacher, and Artist. Born in Sudbury, Mass. ; graduate of Harvard in 1806; student of medicine in Harvard School; medical degree from the Medi- cal School of the College of Philadelphia ; settled in Boston ; Professor of Materia Medica at Harvard; editor of the first edition of the U. S. Pharma- copoeia; founded Mount Auburn Cemetery, laid out the grounds, surveyed the roads, and supervised its ornamentation ; published an elaborately illus- trated series of volumes under the title of "American Medical Botany." His address on "Self-limited Diseases" had probably more influence on medical practice than any similar work ever published in this country. Dr. William Beaumont, U. S. Army (1785-1853). — "The pioneer physiolo- gist of this country, the first to make an important and enduring contribution to this science." Born in Lebanon, Conn. ; left his country home at 22 years of age; taught a village school and read medicine for three years; studied medicine with Dr. Benjamin Chandler, at St. Albans, Vt. ; Surgeon's Mate, 6th Regiment of Infantry, 1812; Cavalry, 1819; Post Surgeon, 1819; Surgeon, ist Regiment, 1826; resigned, 1839; practiced In St. Louis the rest of his life. Especially noted for his "Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. IO7 and the Physiology of Digestion," made upon one Alexis St. Martin, afflicted with a gastric fistula resulting from a gun-shot wound. Ai^Exis St. Martin, Canada (1798-1880). — Upon whom Dr. Beaumont made his noted experiments on the physiology of Gastric Digestion. Photo- graph taken at the age of 81 years, 57 years after his injury. On June 6th, 1822, young Martin was accidentally wounded by the discharge of a shot- gun, carrying away a large portion of his left side and making a direct open- ing into his stomach. He survived the wound, but was left with a permanent fistula of the stomach. Through this opening Dr. Beaumont was able to take samples of the stomach contents for investigation at any period of the process of digestion. Dr. David Hosack, N. Y. (1769-1835). — One of the best known, most popu- lar, accomplished, and useful physicians in New York. First in America to tie the femoral artery for aneurism. Born in New York City; graduated in arts at Princeton ; medical degree at Philadelphia ; commenced practice in Alexandria, Va., but soon returned to New York, then to Edinburgh and London for two years. Again in New York, he speedily gained a successful practice. Held six professorships in the course of sixteen years. He was the friend and family physician of Alexander Hamilton, and attended the latter on the field in the fatal duel with Aaron Burr. Dr. Valentine Mott, N. Y. (1785-1865). — Eminent as a physician, sur- geon, and teacher. The first on record to tie the innominate artery. It was said of him that no man living or dead ever tied so many arteries. Born at Glen Cove, N. Y., of Quaker parents; studied medicine with Doctor Seaman, of New York; medical degree from Columbia Medical School in 1806. Spent two years in England and Scotland; settled in practice in New York, where his success was prompt. Professor of surgery for many years in several schools. His operation on the innominate artery made him famous on both sides of the Atlantic. Dr. Lyman Spaulding, N. Y. (1775-1821). — Originated a plan for the for- mation of a national pharmacopoeia, which was submitted to the Medical Society of the County of New York in January, 1817. Born in Cornish, N. H. ; graduated in arts at Harvard ; studied medicine with Dr. Nathan Smith, and assisted him in instituting the medical school at Dartmouth Col- lege. Commenced practice in Portsmouth, N. H, Became professor of sur- gery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District of New York. Removed to New York City in 1813. Member of convention for the preparation of a national pharmacopoeia, and one of the committee on publication of the first edition, issued in the year 1820. Pharmacopceia of the United States oe America. — Photographic repro- duction of the title page of the first edition of the United States Pharma- copoeia. Published in Boston, December 15, 1820, under the direction of a committee appointed by a General Convention of Delegates from Medical Societies and Schools, which met in Washington, D. C, January ist, 1820. Dr. Philip Syng Physick (1768-1837). — Called the "Father of American Surgery." Native of Philadelphia; graduate of the University of Pennsyl- vania at 17; studied medicine with Professor Kuhn, of Philadelphia; at 21 went to London, where he lived in the family of the famous John Hunter. Degree of Doctor of Medicine from Edinburgh at 24; Surgeon to Pennsyl- To8 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAI, MUSElUM. vania Hospital in 1794; Professor of Surgery in the Medical School of Penn- sylvania University in 1805, which chair he held for thirteen years. He was a brilliant operator, an ingenious surgical mechanic, an instructive teacher, and a noted lithotomist Performed lithotomy upon Chief Justice Marshall, removing more than a thousand small calculi from his bladder. The House in Danvilee, Ky,, in which Dr. Ephraim McDowell per- formed the first known operation of ovariotomy. The operation was in the annex marked with a cross ( + ). Of this initial operation the editor of the London Medico-Chirurgical Review wrote as follows : "A back settlement of America has beaten the mother country, nay, Europe itself, with all the boasted surgeons thereof, in the fearful and formidable operation of gas- trotomy, with extraction of diseased ovaries. We cannot bring ourselves to credit the statement." Dr. Ephraim McDoweli., Ky. (1771-1830). — The first surgeon to perform the operation of ovariotomy for the removal of a tumor ; done at Danville, Ky., in the year 1807. Born in Virginia ; early removed to Danville, Ky. ; studied medicine with Dr. Humphreys, of Staunton, Va., and in Edinburgh with John Bell. Commenced practice in Danville, and soon became the lead- ing surgeon in all that region. Of his first seven cases of ovariotomy six were successful. This was thirty years before the days of ether anaethesia, and nearly sixty years before the dawn of antiseptic surgery. Dr. DaniEIv Drake^ Ky. (1785-1852). — Foremost physician of the West, and one of the ablest and most versatile of his time in America. Born in New Jersey; removed to Kentucky when three years of age. With only the rudiments of an education he commenced the study of medicine at 15. Diploma from Doctor Goforth, the first in Ohio, at 20; in practice at Cin- cinnati when 22. Became a founder of medical schools and one of the great- est educators in the West. Held eleven professorships in six different schools. In 1850 published his great work on "Diseases of the Interior Valley of North America." Dr. RoblEy Dunglison^ Penn. (1798-1869). — Renowned as a medical teacher and writer. Author of a "Medical Dictionary" for many years the standard authority in this country. Born in England; educated in Edin- burgh, London, and Paris ; a practitioner in London. Author of a treatise on "Children's Diseases," and an edition of the London Medical Repository when 26 years old. Invited, 1824, by Jefferson to the chair of anatomy, physiology, materia medica, and pharmacy in the medical school of the University of Virginia. Professor in the University of Maryland, 1833 ) and the Jefferson Medical School, Philadelphia, 1836-1868. Author of "Sys- tem of Physiology," "Hygiene," "Therapeutics," "Practice," and "Materia Medica." Dr. WauAM Gibson, Md. (1788-1868). — Eminent surgeon; one of the organizers of the Medical Department of the University of Maryland. The first to tie the common iliac artery for aneurism. Born in Baltimore ; edu- cated in Annapolis and studied medicine in Philadelphia ; Professor of Sur- gery at Baltimore and Philadelphia; brilliant teacher, bold operator, "scholar, sportsman, artist, musician, accomplished man of the world;" present at the battle of Carunna, Spain, 1809; at Lundy Lane, 1814, where he extracted a bullet from Gen. Winfield Scott, and at Bladensburg, and the repulse of the British at Baltimore; also at Waterloo, 1815, where he was slightly wounded. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. IO9 Dr. George McClEllan, Penn. (1796-1847). — One of the founders of the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, 1826, and its first professor of sur- gery. Born in Woodstock, Conn. ; graduated in arts at Yale ; studied medi- cine at Pomfret, Conn., and at Philadelphia, graduating at the University of Pennsylvania, 1819. Became an eminent surgeon and "was extremely popu- lar as a bold, dashing operator and an enthusiastic, inspiring teacher." Dr. Samuel D, Gross^ Pa. (1805-1884). — Eminent as a Surgeon, Teacher, and Author. His "System of Surgery" has been pronounced the greatest work on surgery ever written by one man. Born at Easton, Pa. ; educated in the public schools and academies ; pupil in medicine of Dr. George Mc- Clellan; graduate of Jefferson Medical College, 1828; Demonstrator of Anat- omy in the Medical College of Ohio, 1833 ; Professor of Pathological Anat- omy, Cincinnati, 1835, where he gave the first systematic course of lectures in the United States on morbid anatomy; Professor of Surgery, University of Louisville, 1840; Professor of Surgery, Jefferson Medical College, 1856. Upon the pedestal of his statue erected, 1897, in the Smithsonian Park, Washington, D. C, is inscribed, "American physicians have erected this statue to commemorate the great deeds of a man who made such an impres- sion upon American surgery that it has served to dignify American medi- cine." Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Mass. (1809-1894). — The first in America to maintain vigorously the thesis of "The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever." A brilliant anatomist, a fascinating teacher, noted for his contributions to medical and general literature. Born in Cambridge, Mass. ; graduated in arts at Harvard; medical degree from Harvard, after having spent several years in European hospitals. Professor of anatomy in Harvard Medical School for many years. In his paper on "Puerperal Fever" he writes : "The time has come when the existence of a private pesthouse in the sphere of a single physician should be looked upon not as a misfortune, but a crime." Dr. W. W. Gerhard, Pa. (1809-1872). — "The merit of having decided this important question, of having demonstrated the essential difference between typhus and typhoid fever, belong chiefly, if not wholly, to Dr. Gerhard." Born in Philadelphia; graduate of the University of Pennsylvania; studied for two years in Paris under the teachings of Louis. Assistant clinical lec- turer to Prof. Samuel Jackson ; senior physician to the Pennsylvania Hospital for twenty-five years ; one of the editors of the Medical Bxaminer. Dr. Nathan S. Davis, III. (1817 ). — "The father of the American Medical Association." Born in Greene, N. Y. ; educated in the schools and col- leges of the vicinity; graduated in medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the western district of New York, 1837. Practiced in Bing- hamton, N. Y., for several years ; removed to Chicago in 1849. At a meeting of the New York Medical Society in May, 1846, he introduced a resolution, to the effect that the New York State Medical Society recommend a National Convention of delegates from medical societies and colleges in the whole Union for the purpose of elevating the standard of medical education in the United States. This resolution "marks the inception of the American Medical Asso- ciation." Dr. J. Marion Sims, S. C. (1813-1883).— Called the "Father of Modern Gynaecology;" founder of the Woman's Hospital of the State of New York. no SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSE)UM. Born in Lancaster County, S. C. ; graduated at the South Carolina CoHe.j^e in 1832; studied medicine at Charleston and Philadelphia; degree in medicine from Jeflferson Medical College. Practiced in Lancaster, S. C, and Mont- gomery County, and Marion County, Alabama; removed to New York in 1853. Especially noted for his successful method of treating vesico-vaginal fistula, and for the invention of various surgical instruments and appliances of the greatest utility in the practice of his specialty. Decorated by the French, Spanish, and Italian Governments. Honorary member of many foreign learned societies. Benjamin W. Dudley, Ky. (1785-1870). — Master of Western Surgery for 40 years. First of the eminent teachers of the Middle West. First professor of anatomy and surgery in the medical department of the Transylvania Uni- versity. His success as a lithotomist was unparalleled, hav'ng operated one hundred times before losing a patient. His operation of trephining for the cure of epilepsy, marked a new era in cranial surgery. Introduced a new operation for hydrocele by excision of the sac. Famous for his success in treatment of chronic ulcers of the leg by rest, elevation, and elastic com- pression. Ether Anesthesia. Dr. John C. Warren, Mass. (1778-1856). — The Operative Surgeon in the first public demonstration of surgical anaesthesia. Born in Boston; graduated at Harvard; studied medicine under his father, John Warren; spent three years in the hospitals of London, Edinburgh, and Paris. One of the prime movers in the organization of the Massachusetts General Hospital, and its foremost surgeon until his death. With Doctor Jackson he raised most of the funds for building the Massachusetts Medical College. The first American surgeon to operate for strangulated hernia. Performed the first public opera- tion under ether anaesthesia. Dr. Henry J. BigeIvOW, Mass. (1818-1890). — Made the announcement to the world of the great discovery of surgical anaesthesia in a paper read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences November 3, 1846, and published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal November 18,. 1846. Born in Boston ; graduated at Harvard, 1837; degree in Medicine from Harvard, 1841. Pro- fessor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, i849-'84; surgeon to the Massa- chusetts General Hospital, i846-'86. Dr. Crawford W. Long, Ga. (1815-1878). — The first intentionally to pro- duce anaesthesia by inhalation of sulphuric ether for a surgical operation. Born in Danielsville, Ga. ; graduated in arts at Franklin College, Pa. ; degree in medicine from University of Pennsylvania; commenced practice in Jeffer- son, Ga. A wandering lecturer having brought to notice the curiously intoxi- cating effects of ether, so-called "ether frolics" became common among the young people. On one occasion a negro boy was etherized by the b.oys to in- sensibility, and Dr. Long was called in alarm to resuscitate him. This event suggested to Dr. Long the use of ether in surgery, and on March 30, 1842, he used it with success in an operation for the removal of a small cystic tumor of the jaw. He seems not to have appreciated the importance of his discovery, and the world knew nothing of his experiment for several years. First Public Demonstration oe Surgical An^^isthesia, Boston, October 16, 1864. — ''The decisive experiment from which dates the continuous and ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Ill consequent history of anaesthesia." "The most important event in surgical and one of the most important in human history." The illustration repre- sents the scene in the operating-room of the Massachusetts General Hospital when the patient, a young man with a large vascular tumor on the neck, was bemg etherized by Dr. W. T. G. Morton preparatory to operation. Dr. William T. G. Morton, Mass. (1819-1868). — "First demonstrated to the world the art of surgical anaesthesia, the happiest gift conferred upon man- kind by medical science or art." Born in Charlestown, Mass. ; educated in the common schools ; studied dentistry at the Dental College of Baltimore ; set- tled in practice in Boston ; tried various methods for relief of pain in dental surgery; experimented upon animals and himself with sulphuric ether; pre- vailed upon Dr. John C. Warren, then the most famous surgeon in New Eng- land, to permit a test of its effects upon a surgical patient in the Massachu- setts General Hospital. Operation performed October 16, 1846. Results published to the world November 3, 1846. Dr. Charles T. Jackson, Mass. (1805-1873). — A distinguished chemist; rival claimant to Morton as the discoverer of the effects of ether as an anaesthetic. Born in Plymouth, Mass. ; studied medicine with Drs. James Jackson and Walter Channing; medical degree from Harvard, 1829. Opened in Boston the first laboratory in the United States for instruction and re- search in analytical chemistry. Made some experiments with ether as an anaesthetic, but never ventured upon a public demonstration of its properties. Horace Wells, Conn. (1815-1848). — Also a claimant for the discovery of surgical anaesthesia. Born in Hartford, Vt. ; studied dentistry in Boston, and began its practice in his native town. Used nitrous oxide gas ("laugh- ing gas") to render painless the extraction of teeth. In a demonstration attempted at the Massachusetts General Hospital, he failed to produce in- sensibility, and was subjected to much ridicule. After the successful demon- stration by Morton, Wells sought a share in the honors. Disappointment at his failure affected his mind, and he- died by his own hand. Twentieth Century. Dr. Walter Reed, Va. (1851-1902). — Major and Surgeon, U. S. Army; President of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission. He personally directed the conclusive experiments at Camp Lazear to determine the possibility of communicating yellow fever to non-immune persons, either (i) by the bites of infected mosquitoes, (2) by injection of blood taken from a yellow fever patient, or (3) by exposure to the intimate contact with fomites. Born in Gloucester Co., Va. ; graduated in medicine at the University of Virginia, 1869, and at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, 1870. First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, 1875; Captain, 1880; Major, 1893. Professor of bacteriology and clinical microscopy in the Army Medical School, 1893. Died of appendicitis, November 22, 1902. The honorary degree of M. A. was conferred on him, 1902, by the President of Harvard University, in these words : "Walter Reed, graduate of the University of Virginia, the army sur- geon who planned and directed in Cuba the experiments which have given man control over that fearful scourge, yellow fever." Yellow Fever Investigation. — Researches concerning the Etiology, Propa- gation, and Prevention of Yellow Fever. Conducted by a Commission organ- 112 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAL MUSEIUM. ized in May, 1900, and consisting of the following members : Major Walter Reed, Surgeon U. S. Army, President of the Commission ; Dr. James Carroll, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army; Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, Acting Assist- ant Surgeon, U. S. Army; Dr. Aristides Agramonte, Acting Assistant Sur- geon, U. S. Army. By a series of brilliantly conceived and skillfully executed experiments it was conclusively proven : 1. The mosquito, Stegomyia calopiis Meigen {S. fasciata Fabricius), serves as the intermediate host for the parasite of yellow fever. 2. Yellow fever is transmitted to the non-immune individual by means of the bite of a mosquito that has previously fed on the blood of those sick of the disease. 3. An interval of about 12 to 18 days after contamination is necessary before the mosquito is capable of conveying the disease. 4. Yellow fever can be produced by the subcutaneous injection of blood taken from a patient during the first and second days of the disease. 5. Yellow fever is not conveyed by fomites, and hence disinfection of articles of clothing, bedding, or merchandise is unnecessary. 6. A house may be said to be infected with yellow fever only when there are present within its walls contaminated mosquitoes capable of conveying the parasites of this disease. 7. The spread of yellow fever can be most effectually controlled by de- struction of mosquitoes and protection of the sick of this disease against the bites of these insects. Dr. Josiah C. Nott, Ala. ( ). — The first person to suggest that in- sects play a part as carriers of yellow fever ; presented in a paper entitled "On the Cause of Yellow Fever," published in the New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, 1848, vol. 4. "It is probable that yellow fever is car- ried by an insect or animalcule bred on the ground, and in what manner it makes its impression is but surmise; but unless the animalcule is, like that of psora, bred in th'^ system, we could no more expect it to be contagious than the bite of a serpent." Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, Cuba ( ) . — The first to formulate a definite theory of the transmission of yellow fever by the mosquito. In a paper read before the Royal Academy of Havana, on August 11, 1881, entitled "The Mos- quito Hypothetically Considered as the Agent of Transmission of Yellow Fever," he states : "Three conditions will therefore be necessary in order that yellow fever may be propagated : "i. The existence of a yellow fever patient into whose capillaries the mos- quito is able to drive its sting and to impregnate it with the virulent par- ticles, at an appropriate stage of the disease. "2. That the life of the mosquito may be spared after its bite upon the patient until it has a chance of biting the person in whom the disease is to be reproduced. "3. The coincidence that some of the persons whom the same mosquito happens to bite thereafter shall be susceptible of contracting the disease." Dr. Finlay made many experiments to establish his theory, but failed to make them so conclusive as to command the acceptance of the profession, either in Cuba or elsewhere. Dr. James Carroll, Md. (1854 ). — Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army; member of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission. Submitted to the ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. II3 bite of a mosquito which had been hatched and reared in the laboratory and caused to feed upon four cases of yellow fever; four days later he was taken sick with the fever; his was the first in a scries of successful cases of mos- quito inoculation. Born in England; emigrated to Canada; enlisted in the U. S. Army, 1881 ; medical degree from University of Maryland, 1891 ; ap- pointed Acting Assistant Surgeon and assigned to duty at the Army Medical School, Washington, D. C, in association with Dr. Reed. All the reports of the Commission bear Dr. Carroll's name as well as Dr. Reed's. "The accu- racy with which the experiments were carried out and the care by which all possible precautions w^ere taken to exclude every source of error are due to Dr. Carroll as much as to Dr. Reed." Dr. Jesse W. Lazear, Md. (1866-1900). — Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army ; member of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission. Allowed himself to be bitten on the hand by a mosquito while at the bedside of a yellow fever patient; five days later he was attacked with the disease in a violent form, and died after an illness of one week. Born in Baltimore ; graduate of Johns Hopkins University, 1889; medical degree from Columbia University, 1892; after two years at Bellevue Hospital and one year in Europe, was appointed bacteriologist at Johns Hopkins Hospital ; appointed on the Yellow Fever Commission in 1900. "With more than the courage and devotion of the sol- dier he risked and lost his life to show how a fearful pestilence is communi- c?ted, and how its ravages may be prevented." Dr. AristidES Agramonte, Cuba (1868 ). — Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army ; member of the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission ; had charge of the pathological work and the autopsies. Born in Cuba ; came early to New York; graduated with honor from the Medical Department of Columbia College, 1890; appointed Sanitary Inspector and Assistant Bacteriologist in the Health Department of New York; Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army, 1898, and sent to Santiago and Havana to 'Study the bacteriology of yellow fever; appointed on the Commission, May, 1900. John R. Kissinger, Ohio. — Private in the U. S. Army. Volunteered for the yellow fever experiments "solely in the interests of humanity and the cause of science," stipulating that he should receive no pecuniary reward." He was the subject of the first experiment in Camp Lazear; was attacked by yellow fever three days and nineteen hours after being bitten by infected mosquitoes. In his report of the case Dr. Reed says : "In my opinion this exhibition of moral courage has never been surpassed in the Army of the United States." John J. Moran, Ohio. — Private in the U. S. Army. Also volunteered, at the same time with Private Kissinger, for the yellow-fever experiments, under the same stipulations. He entered a screened room in which were confined several infected mosquitoes and allowed himself to be bitten by fifteen of them. Three days and twenty-three hours afterward he was stricken with yellow fever. Yellow Fever Mosquito. Stegomyia calopus Meigen {S. fasciata Fabr.). Day Mosquito, Calico Mosquito. — Distinguished from other mosquitoes by its velvety-black body, with a distinct, white, lyre-shaped mark on the upper part of the back, with rest of the body and legs being ringed with white. Strictly a domesticated form, breeding in any standing water, foul or otherwise, in or 8y r 114 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND U. S. NATIONAI, MUSEUM. about houses, especially in cisterns and open gutters. Bites by day, though not in hot sunlight; sometimes on a bright night or by lamplight. Camp Lazear. — Building where the experiments were made which proved that yellow fever is not transmitted by means of infected clothing. In this ill- ventilated and carefully screened room three men, Acting Assistant Surgeon Robert P. Cooke and two privates of the Hospital Corps, Folk and Jernigan, spent twenty successive nights, surrounded by the soiled garments of yellow fever patients, and even sleeping in the soiled sheets and blankets of those who had died of the disease. None contracted the fever. Graphic Chart. — Showing the mortality in Havana from yellow fever previous to the demonstration of its transmission by the mosquito and after the obvious preventive measures were instituted. The main line in the chart shows the average number of deaths from yellow fever in Havana each month for 20 years preceding Major Reed's discovery; the dotted line gives the number of deaths in 1891, when preventive measures were instituted. In 1902 there were no cases of yellow fever in Havana. .B D '12