Glass TC 4l)t Book ^S/^ Copyright^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. SPANISH GRAMMAR ?y CHARLES PHILIP WAGNER University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Mich. THE ANN, ARBOR PRESS I909 copyright, i909 By Chari.es Philip Wagner. ICLA251357 PREFACE The present grammar represents the third stage of an experiment which the author has been carrying on in his classes, in the attempt to provide the maximum of material for oral work, without sacrificing that drill in the elements of Grammar which, in his opinion, must form the basis of all language study pursued under the artificial conditions of the class room, The first stage was the use, for three seasons, of a pamphlet. of conversation material, the second, the use in a class of beginners, of the advance sheets of a large share of this book. In certain important respects, the result of this experi- ment presents a radical departure from the types of gram- mar now r most in vogue. Detached sentences have been used in a few exercises for drill w r ork; but elsewhere they have been discarded because of their failure to provide the important element of interest. In their place, connected dialogue and description have been introduced, based on a carefully selected vocabulary of every-day words, and illus- trating the facts of form and syntax which make up the first part of each lesson. The sort of foot-note which tells the student to "use the subjunctive" or to "omit the arti- cle" without telling him why, has been discarded as well. s The English to Spanish exercise has been banished from the current lesson because of the difficulty of, doing satis- factory composition work with new material. Every fourth lesson has been made a composition lesson, containing only familiar material in new combinations, and preceded by a synopsis of the review on which it is based. The grammatical facts about a given part of speech will be found somewhat more scattered than is usual, the ar- rangement having been determined largely by the desire to present as soon as possible the facts of the verb and the IV SPANISH GRAMMAR personal pronoun, and occasionally by the exigencies of the connected exercise. Certain matter often given a prominent place will be found relegated to the later lessons. A case in point is the use of the intimate pronouns and the other forms related to them, although the forms themselves are given early in the paradigms. Model verbs are not used, and the student is made to build up the regular verbs from stem and endings. So far as possible, he is made to do this also with irregular verbs, whose regular forms are omitted from the general section devoted to verbs. This section has been reduced to its lowest terms, and should not prove at all terrifying to the beginner. The reference list of irregular verbs contains only such as. might be en- countered in the average non-technical text. A word as to how the lessons may be used will not be out of place here, though in this regard every teacher will work out his own salvation. Whether the lessons are found to be too long or not, will depend on the character of each class, and the length of the recitation period. They may be conveniently divided before or after the vocabulary. In either case the sentences used to illustrate rules may prop- erly be considered to form a part of the first half-lesson. As to the oral exercise, the author's practice is as follows. The first part is read aloud sentence by sentence by the teacher, and translated, with books closed, by members of the class. It is then translated orally by the teacher and re-translated into Spanish by the class. Next, the questions in the last part of the exercise are asked by the teacher and answered by the class, and finally, each pupil is made to ask a question bearing on the lesson. Whether all or a part of this program is carried out, depends upon the other work assigned for the hour. The questions are not at all exhaustive, and represent only a part of what the ingenious teacher can do with the material. On completing the book, the method here employed may be used with any text the class may be using as a reader. ■ PREFACE V In the composition lessons, the synopsis has been found a great help in controlling the review, and a full hour may he devoted to it if desired. The teacher who feels that these lessons do not provide sufficient composition material, may pass from them to any good composition book. It is hoped that users of this grammar will communi- cate freely with the author about desirable changes and necessary corrections. It is desired to improve the book in every possible way in any future edition.* The author's sincerest thanks are due to his colleagues. Professor James P. Bird and Mr. Herbert A. Kenyon, for valuable suggestions and for reading the proof, and to Sr. D. Augusto Valenzuela of Bogota and Sr. D. Guillermo Fernandez of Mexico City for revising the Spanish exer- cises. C. P. W. Ann Arbor, Sept.. 1909. CONTENTS PAGE Pronunciation ....... i Essentials oe Grammar ...... 9 LESSONS I. Gender and number of nouns. Definite and indefi- nite articles. Possessive Case o II. The verb. Infinitives. Stem and Endings. Pres- ent Indicative. Non-inflection of Spanish noun. Indirect object. Word-order . . . .11 III. Subject pronouns. Tener, tener que and deber. Expression of purpose. Word-order . . 16 IV. Synopsis of review. Composition ... 20 V. Adjectives, gender, number, agreement, position and substantive use. Ser. Numerals 1-10. Age. Word-order . . . . . . .21 VI. Past participle. Haber. Perfect tense. Present participle. Bstar. Comparison of ser and estar . . . . . . . .25 VII. Possessive adjectives and pronouns. Special use of masculine plural of nouns and pronouns 29 VIII. Synopsis of review. Composition 33 IX. Noun of material. Personal object. Agreement of adjectives. Demonstrative adjectives . and pronouns. Prepositional forms of personal pro- nouns. Ir. Idiomatic ..... 34 X. Object forms of personal pronouns. Position. Double pronoun object construction. Poder, querer, decir, hacer. Gustar .... 39 XI. Imperfect and past definite. Irregular imperfects. Orthographical irregularities. The pluperfect . 44 Vlll SPANISH GRAMMAR LESSONS PAGE XII. Synopsis of review. Composition ... 48 XIII. Reflexive pronouns and verbs. Que and cudl. Ver. 49 XIV. Irregular past definites. Infirfitives after preposi- tions. Numerals 11-39. Tener idiomatic. Time of day ........ 54 XV. Future and conditional. Future and conditional perfects. Comparison. Use of the articles . 57 XVI. Synopsis of review. Composition ... 61 XVII. The subjunctive in subject and object clauses. Se- quence of tenses. Dependent infinitives . . 62 XVIII. Radical-changing verbs. Adjectives that lose the final letter .... . . . . .66 XIX. Constructions with two object pronouns. Neuter gender. Dar. Acabar. Omission of articles 70 XX. Synopsis of review. Composition ... 74 XXI. Subjunctive in main clauses and as imperative. Ir- regular present subjunctives. Inceptive verbs. Greeting and leave-taking .... 75 XXII. Imperfect subjunctives. Conditions contrary to fact. Quisiera. Salir and venir. Days, months, and seasons ....... 79 XXIII. Subjunctive in adjective and adverb clauses. In- definite negative words. Use of infinitive. The weather ........ 83 XXIV. Synopsis of review. Composition 87 XXV. Future subjunctive. Endings of imperative. More orthographical changes. Conocer and saber. Cardinal points. Distance. Cualquiera. Agra- decer . . . . . . . .88 XXVI. Subjunctive in object clauses. Pcdir and comprar. Uno. Demonstratives as correlatives. Definite articles used for demonstratives and personal pronouns. Adverbs in -mcntc . . .93 CONTENTS IX LESSONS PAGE XXVII. Cardinal numerals. Relative pronouns. Causative construction. Object pronouns impersonally used. Haber idiomatic. ..... 97 XXVIII. Synopsis of review. Composition . . . 102 XXIX. Clauses depending on prepositions. Verbs with subjunctive or infinitive. Possessive adjectives (long forms). Indirect object to express pos- session. Parecer, hacer falta, and poner. Tal 103 XXI£. Compound tenses of the subjunctive. Compari- son. Cuyo. Valer ...... 108 XXXI. Irregular use of tenses. The perfect of the past definite. Personal objective. Nunca and jamas. Si and no. Definite article. Traer . .112 XXXII. Synopsis of review. Composition . . .117 XXXIII. Hacer in time expressions. Oir. Oir and ver with an object and an infinitive. Todo. Impersonal verb with indirect object . . . . .118 XXXIV. Position of adjectives. Grande and santo. Otro. Cada. Sino. Ann. Dar idiomatic . . . 122 XXXV. More about personal pronouns. Reciprocal con- struction. Adverbial clauses involving two sub- junctives. Impersonal verbs. Andar . . 127 XXXVI. Synopsis of review. Composition . . .131 XXXVII. The passive and its substitutes. Bstar with the past participle. Dcjar. Ac or dar se de and re- cordar. Idioms. ...... 133 XXXVIII. El cuerpo humano 138 XXXIX. Omission of indefinite article. Verbs in -uir. Con- cluir. Mayor and menor. Joven and viejo. Correlatives 140 XL. Review and composition 143 XLL Use of the imperative mode. Irregular impera- tives. Prometer. Volver a. Jugar. Caer and reir 144 X SPANISH GRAMMAR LESSONS PAGE XLII. Spanish money. Price. Suffixes -evo, -eria, -ito, -illo, -uelo . Traducir. Ni and tampoco. Shop- ping ...... .147 XLIII. Idiomatic. Dimensions. Prepositions . . 150 " XLIV. Ordinal numerals. Noun construction. Definite article. Suffixes of nationality. Caber. Madrid 153 The Verb. Paradigms and List of Irregular Verbs . 157 English-Spanish Vocabulary . . . . . 177 Index . . 193 \ SPANISH GRAMMAR PRONUNCIATION 1. The Alphabet. The signs of the Spanish alphabet are: a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i j, (k), I, 11, m y n, n> o, P, q> r, rr, s, t, u, v, (w), x, y, z. The combinations ch, 11, n, and rr are considered letters of the alphabet. They are to be found in the dictionaries after c, I, n t and r respectively. k and w do not properly belong to the Spanish alphabet. They are used in a few foreign words only, k has the sound of English k and zv that of English v or w. Mute or silent letters are common in English. Spanish letters are almost invariably pronounced. There are two important ex- ceptions. h is always mute, and must be ignored in pronunciation. i< is mute if it follows q or g and at the same time precedes e or i : that is to say, it is mute in the combination gue, gui, que, qui. 2. The Vowels. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u. They are graded according to their resonance into strong (a, e, o) and weak (i, u) vowels. Each vowel has its distinct, char- acteristic sound. a has the sound of English a in "father." e has the sound of English a in "fate." i has the sound of English i in "machine." o has the sound of English o in "no." u has the sound of English oo in "moon." Note. It is certain that the vowels sometimes assume natter, or more open sounds than those given above ; but as this is the result of purely natural causes, such as unaccented position in the word, or proximity of other sounds that interfere with the full vowel sound, and since the English speaking student has a natural tendency to flatten the Spanish vowels, it seems advisable to ignore these distinctions here. 2 SPANISH GRAMMAR 3. Diphthongs and Triphthongs. (a) An English diphthong consists of two vowels pronounced as a single sound. The Spanish diphthong is a combination of two vowels so rapidly pronounced as to make but a single syl- lable. The vowels lose little of their individual value. (b) Two vowels side by side do not necessarily make a diphthong. The only possible diphthongs are composed of a strong and a weak vowel (a, e, o, with i, u), or of two w^eak vowels (i with u). The possible combinations are, then: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou, iu, or, transposing the vowels, ia, ie, io, ua, ue, uo, ui. (c) When a diphthong stands in an unstressed syllable, neither vowel is stressed more than the other. When a diphthong stands in a stressed syllable, a decided stress is placed on the strong vowel, or, in case the diphthong con : sist of two weak vowels, on the second weak vowel. (d) A triphthong is a combination of a strong vowel be- tween two weak vowels, occurring in a stressed syllable. Possible triphthongs are iai, iei, uai, uei, iau. (e) The letter y is sometimes found in a diphthong or triphthong as the last letter of a word instead of i. Ex. : hay, doy, buey. 4. The Consonants, f, 1, m, n, p, and x need not be discussed, since they sound alike in English and Spanish. b, v. The English b is made by pressing the lips firmly together and violently separating them. In making the Spanish b, the pressure is the merest contact, and the re- sulting sound is much fainter. It is something between our v and w. This sound has a somewhat more explosive character after m or n, and when it is uttered emphatically. Spanish v is made in the same way as Spanish b, and is identical with it in sound, but it is never written before consonants. PRONUNCIATION 3 ch. This sound is identical with the English ch in "cheese." d is similar to the English sound, but is made by putting the tongue against the upper teeth instead of against the palate. This different contact gives Spanish d a sound very much like English th in "these." j has the sound of a very roughly aspirated h. It is quite like German ch in "Bach." 11 has the sound of English Hi in "million." n has the sound of English ni in "onion." q never occurs except before u, when it has the sound of English k. r is never slighted. It is always pronounced very dis- tinctly, and with a distinct roll when coming at the begin- ning of a word, when final, or after another consonant. rr is an r that is trilled with the tip of the tongue. s has the sound of s in "sister," never that of s in "please." t is similar to English t, but, like Spanish d, is made against the upper teeth instead of against the palate. y has sometimes the consonant value of English y in "yes," and is sometimes identical with Spanish i. z has the sound of English mute th in "thing." 5. c, g. These consonants differ from the other Span- ish consonants in that each has two quite different sounds. c before a, o, u, or a consonant, has the same sound as Spanish qu (English k). c before e or i has the sound of Spanish z (English th in "thing"). g before a, o, u, has the sound of English g in "go." g before e or i, has the sound of Spanish j (rough h- sound). SPANISH GRAMMAR c, qu, z, g, gu, j, gii. The sounds represented by these spellings, and their relation to each other, offer the chief difficulty in the spelling of Spanish. The following table will help to make these matters clear : ENGLISH SOUND SPANISH SPELLING Before Vowels Before Consonant or When Final a e i o u k ca que qui CO cu c thin ' 'thing" za ce ci zo zu z gin "go" ga gue gui go gu g rough h-sound ja ge gi JO JU — gw-sound gua giie gui guo. — — Note a. In que, qui, gue, gui, the u is silent, as already stated in i. It is merely an orthographical sign-post, to show that the preceding consonant. is pronounced as before a, o, u. In these com- binations, ue and ui do not, of course, make diphthongs. In giie, gui, the diaeresis causes the u to be pronounced, and ue, ui are diphthongs. Note b. In a few words / or z may be written before e or i. Ex. : traje, paje, dije, jeronimo, zigzag, zinc, etc. 6. Syllabification, a. In dividing a word into sylla- bles, groups of consonants of which the second is 1 or r, may not be separated. Exceptions to this rule are the groups rl, si, tl, and sr. (Inseparable) la-bra-dor, de-cla-rar, re-fre-nar, re-gla. (Sep- arable) es-la-bon, Is-ra-el, At-las, Car-los. b. A single consonant between vowels begins a sylla- ble, ch, 11, n, rr, and x are considered single consonants. me-dal, o-lor, a-mi-go, cie-no, pa-na-de-ro, ma-cho, ca-lle, ba-rra, e-xa-men. c. The second of two consonants not inseparable, un- less it be an s, begins a syllable. ser-vir, cuan-to, en-ga-no, res-pon-der, ar-zo-bis-po, es-ta-do, ins-truc-cion, cons-ti-tuir, pers-pi-ca-cia, trans-pi-rar. d. The second of two vowels that do not make a diph- thong, begins a syllable. cre-er, bre-a, co-o-pe-rar, ma-cs-tro, pa-is, co-mi-ais, ba-id. PRONUNCIATION 5 e. Spanish compounds are regularly divided according 10 their elements. des-am-pa-ro, nos-otros, vos-otros. 7. Stress and Accent. The following simple rules for determining the stressed syllable of a Spanish word, are now universally followed, although a different system pre- vails in books issued previous to 1888, at which time these rules were fixed by the Spanish Academy. a. A word ending in a vowel, or n or s, is regularly stressed on the next to the last syllable (penult). alto, grande, tierra, aman, imposible, antiguo, venia, fragua, etc. b. A word ending in a consonant, other than n or s, is regu- larly stressed on the last syllable. usted, mujer, abril, vecindad. c. Many words are irregular, and do not conform to these rules. Such words always have the syllable to be stressed plainly indicated by the acute accent (') over the vowel. hable, lie go, comi, tendrds, iambien. (Exceptions to a.) huesped, cardcter, drbol, etc. (Exceptions to b.) d. Any word stressed farther back than the next to the last syllable, must have the acute accent on the stressed syllable. dnima, espiritu, digamelo, timidamente. e. Monosyllables regularly require no written accent. rey, yo, de, cal. f. A written accent placed over a syllable that contains a diphthong, falls on the strong vowel, or on the second of two weak vowels, in accordance with the principle expressed in 3 c. A triph- thong takes the accent over the strong vowel. 8. The Acute Accent. The acute accent is the only accent used in modern Spanish. a. The acute accent is used chiefly to point out irregularly stressed syllables, as indicated in 7. b. It is also used to break up a diphthong: that is, to show that contiguous vowels which would normally make a diphthong or triphthong (see 3 b), belong to different syllables. When used in this way the accent stands always over a weak vowel (over the first weak in the case of two weaks, over the weak in the case of a strong and a weak, and over the first weak of a triphthong). baul, pais, impios, Huido, comiais. O SPANISH GRAMMAR c. It is often used to distinguish two words which are spelled and pronounced the same, but which have a different meaning or use. tu, you tu, your el, he el, the este, this one este, this (adj.) ■ d. With a few monosyllables it is used arbitrarily. a, 6, u, e, di, vi, fiue, etc. 9. Capitalization. The use of the capitals in Spanish is in general the same as in English. 'Exceptions, (a) The pronoun yo, "I," the days of the week, the months of the year, and proper adjectives, are not capitalized when they stand in the body of a sentence, (b) Adjectives of na- tionality used as nouns, may or may not be capitalized, (c) Names of languages are not capitalized. Ex. : Los Espanoles hablan es- panol. The Spaniards speak Spanish. 10. Punctuation. The chief peculiarities of Spanish punctuation are: — a. Inverted question marks (i) and ex- clamation points (i) at the beginning of questions and exclamations, b. Use of the dash instead of quotation marks in dialogue, c. In an extensive quotation, the use of the quotation mark (") at the beginning of each line. d. Frequent use of suspension points (...) to indicate an incomplete sentence. 11. Irregularities of Pronunciation. The pronuncia- tion of Spanish indicated above, is based on the speech of an educated native of Madrid. The Spanish of certain parts of Spain, and of certain Spanish-American countries varies somewhat from this standard, but no more than the Eng- lish of London and of New York and of New Orleans dif- fer from each other. It is thought that an exposition of the peculiarities of the Spanish spoken outside of Castile, would tend, at this point, to confuse the student. In prac- tice they are very readily acquired by anyone who has a tolerable facility in the use of the Castilian. PRONUNCIATION Any individual words that may be irregular in pronun- ciation, will be commented on as they occur in the follow- ing; lessons. X t5 12. Some Suggestions, (a) There are many Spanish words that are written like the corresponding English words of Latin origin. The student, coming across them for the first time, has a tendency to pronounce them in the familiar way. He may be sure in advance that he is wrong. Such words require especial care. con-ti-nen-tal, per-so-nal, doc-tor, va-lor, di-ges-tion, re-H-gion, cir-cu-lar, me-tal, crisis, ter-mi-nal. b. Many English vowels are impure, and end in a glide, as can be seen by pronouncing, rather slowly, "can" (ca-un), "spell" (spe-ul), "bone" (bo-un). The Spanish vowels are free from this glide, and are enunciated with a certain crispness. c. In a Spanish word, no matter how long, each vowel has its characteristic sound. It does not break down into an indeterminate u-sound, as internal vowels often do in English, when not accented. ca-rac-te-ris-ti-co, characteristic. res-pon-si-bi-li-dad, responsibility. ex-tra-or-di-na-ria-men-te, extraordinarily. d. Those who have studied French must be careful not to give the syllables an, on, en, etc., the French nasal sound, nor to pro- nounce final e as mute, in the syllables de, me, te, se, : que, etc. e. Always stress a syllable that has a written accent. fdcil, dificil, cardcter, nacion, retorico, telegrafo, telefono, etc. /. In writing, remember that doubled consonants almost never occur in Spanish. inmenso, immense; atencion, attention; aniversario, anniversary; aiirmar, affirm; aproximar, approximate; pasando, passing. EXERCISES IN PRONUNCIATION. Note. This exercise after being used for oral drill, should be used as a dictation exercise. The reason for each written accent should be brought out. a, e, i, o, u, f, I, m, n, p, r, s, t: me, le, la, lo, fe, ni, no, en, el, un, fil, pan, amo, pena, mono, polo, mula, fano, foro, era, fulano, meloso, lesa, liso, panela, minuto, peseta, Teresa, tiro, sumo, ma- rino, perulero, tupe, papa, sali, amo, Peru, eran, pusimos. ch, h, 11, n, r final and initial, rr : chucha, chino, hache, macho, hallar, nulla, lloroso, rollo, relleno, pillito, ella, manana, fiapa, pena, 8 SPANISH GRAMMAR arioso, rine, rufiar, safiudo, rana, arre, parra, arrimar, marrullero, horror, sur, ahora, vehiculo. d, b, v, y. boda, beber, bayeta, badila, sabido, fabula, burro, madera, red, tened, de, don, maduro, vivir, varonil, voto, revelar, pavura, villa, raya, yerro, huye, yema, yo, hoyo. c $ Q u , z, g, g u , j '• calle, toco, recuperar, cecina, decimo, racimo, duque, maquina, caza, zurron, zizaiia, haz, coz, pagar, logico, geologo, guerra, guijo, guiar, caja, j anion, majadero, judicar, figura, Jesus, jiba, zero, cero, zorro, mazo, jumelos, quemar, gula. Inseparable consonant groups : tabla, blando, brazo, abrasar, clima, tecla, crocodilo, necrosis, drama, padre, flor, franela, peri- frasis, gloton, miraglo, grefia, vinagre, pluma, aplomo, profeta, apretado, tren, patrono. Separable consonant groups: esbelto, escaldar, esforzar, es- grima, eslabon, esmalta, esparcido, esquela, esquina, estanco, Car- lota, doctor, empresa, hombre, manzana, olmo, fornido, ordenes, alerta, cesante, excepto, apto, burgo, expansivo, atlantico, balcon, alhaja, falange, carbon, dando, hermano, designar, tratarse, honra, conyugal, volvera, ensalzaba, ninfa, golpe, albergue, parezca, or- questa, servir, ennegrecer, aceder, adlatere, admirar, dogma, himno, anhelo, monjita, Archena, rasgo, enfado, inmenso, inquisidor, plazga, Jorge, envolver, Elche. transcurrir, esclavo, escribir, esdrujulo, explosion, transparen- tar, obscuro, exclamar, transformacion, complacer, entrar, pamfleta, constructor. Diphthongs and triphthongs : retraimiento, baile, reinado, boina, caudillo, jaula, reunion, deuda, ciudad, Miura, familia, viaja, bou, sociedad, nadie, tierra, prestigio, dio, perpetua, guardarropa, cuando, frecuentar, nuevas, agiiero, antiguo, virtuosa, cuota, ruidoso, Luis, argiiir, fiais, apreciais, aprecieis, averigiiais, averigiieis, Miau, hay, voy, rev, muy, guay, buey, influencia, Biblia, eleccion, monstruo. Non-diphthongs : Bilbao, maestro, Joaquin, coexistir, leon, idea, creeme, loor, pais, creimos, oido, baul, todavia, varien, continue, pua, duo, impios, fluido, huiais. Names of letters of the alphabet: a, be, ce, che, de, e, efe, ge, hache, i, jota, ka, ele, elle, erne, ene, ene, o, pe, cu, ere, erre, ese, te, u, ve, equis, y griega, zeta. ESSENTIALS OF GRAMMAR LESSON I. Remark. All words given in this lesson should be memorized. 13. Gender of Nouns. Spanish nouns, including the names of things, have either masculine or feminine gender. Some nouns give us a clue to their gender, in their form, or their meaning. Note. For the benefit of those who have studied French or L,atin, it may be stated that the gender of the Spanish noun is generally that of the related French noun, and that of the L/atin noun, except that L,atin neuters are masculine in Spanish. a. Most nouns that end in o are masculine. Most nouns that end in a are feminine. The most important exceptions are mano, f., "hand," and dia, m., "day." b. The names of male beings are masculine, and the names of female beings are feminine. c. Names of female beings are often like the corresponding names of male beings, except that they end in a. hermano, brother hermana, sister hi jo, son hija, daughter muchacho, boy muchacha, girl nino, child (male) nina, child (female) senor, gentleman senor a, lady maestro, teacher (man) maestro, teacher (woman) 14. Plural of Nouns. In general, Spanish nouns form their plural by adding ^ or es to the singular according to the following rules : a. Nouns ending in a vowel (or diphthong) add s: hijo, hijos; hermana, hermanas. b. Nouns ending in a consonant (including y) add es: senor, senores. c. As z does not regularly stand before e, nouns ending in this letter must change z to c before adding es. (See 5.) voz, voice; voces, voices. IO SPANISH GRAMMAR 15. Definite Article. The definite article, "the" in Eng- lish, has the following forms : Masculine. Singular el. Plural los. Feminine. Singular la. Plural las. a. The definite article always precedes the noun it modifies., and regularly agrees with it in number and gender. el senor, la maestra, los muchachos, las hijas. Note. The noun agua, "water," and all feminine singular nouns that begin with stressed a or ha, require the masculine article el instead of the feminine la, thus : el agua. This violation of the rules of agreement is to avoid the unpleasant prolongation of the a- sound. b. The preposition de, "of, from," followed by el, contracts with it to del. The preposition a, "to, at," followed by £// contracts with it to al. 16. Indefinite Article. The indefinite article, English "a, an," like the definite article, precedes its noun and agrees with it. It has but two forms : un, masculine singular, and una, feminine singular. un nino, una nlna. a. In English the article (both definite and indefinite), may be made to serve two or more nouns. In Spanish, the articles must be repeated before each noun : El nino y la nina. The boy and girl. Una senora y un senor. A lady and gentleman. 17. Possessive Case. As the Spanish noun has no special form for the possessive, it is necessary to employ the preposition de to express this relation thus: el som- brero de la nina, the child's hat ; las Hores del muchacho, 1lie boy's flowers. Exercise. Give the gender of the following nouns : libro, book padre, father casa, house mesa, table hombre, man dinero, money perro, dog presidente, president MSSON II II Give the plurals of the following nouns, and of those already learned, and give the reason for the plural form : clase, f., class, recitation comedor, m., dining-room sombrero, m., hat rey, m., King flor, f., flower lengua, f., language despacho, m., sitting-room, office voz, f., voice Translate orally into English : i. El comedor del rey. 2. Los libros de los maestros. 3. Las voces de las ninas. 4. El padre de la muchacha. 5. De la clase a la casa. 6. Del presidente al rey. 7. Del despacho a la clase. 8. Las clases del dia. 9. La mesa del comedor. 10. Los perros del nifio. Translate orally into Spanish: 1. The King's son. 2. From the dining-room to the sitting-room, 3. A boy of the class. 4. A man's sister. 5. The gentlemen's books. 6. The girl's hands. 7. The children's father. 8. A president's brother. 9. The lan- guage of the gentlemen. 10. The ladies' money. LESSON II. 18. The Verb, Infinitives, the Three Conjugations. The Spanish verb has more forms than the English verb. The name of the verb, and the form by which it is to be found in the vocabularies, is the infinitive. All Spanish in- finitives end in -ar, -er, or -ir. hablar, to speak; comer, to eat; vivir, to live. Verbs are grouped into three conjugations on the basis of the three infinitive endings. Verbs of the first conjugation {-ar verbs) differ widely in form from verbs of the second {-er verbs) and third {-ir verbs) conjugations. Verbs of the second and third con- jugations are conjugated alike in all but four forms out of fifty- nine. , 19. Stem and Endings. The stem of a verb may be found by cutting off the infinitive ending. habl- com- viv- To this stem, which we shall call the stem of the infini- tive, are added the "endings," which express distinctions of person, number, tense, and mode. 12 SPANISH GRAMMAR 20. Regular and Irregular Verbs. A regular verb is one, all of whose forms may be derived from the infini- tive : i. e., all of whose forms may be made by adding ap- propriate endings to the stem of the infinitive. An irregular verb may have more than one stem, or it may have "irreg- ular" endings. 21. The Present Indicative. The endings for the present tense, indicative mode, are : SINGULAR PERSON I. 2. 3- i. 2. 3- Applying these endings to stems of regular verbs, we get : hablo, I speak como, I eat hablas, you speak comes, you eat habla, he speaks, she come, he eats, speaks eats hablamos, we speak comemos, we eat habldis, you speak comeis, you eat hablan, they speak comen, they eat vivo, I live vives, you live she vive, he lives, lives vivhnos, we live vivis, you live viven, they live she Note. Tt is clear from these models that the endings express the number and person of the subject of the verb, and in this respect perform the func- tion of the personal pronouns, which are usually omitted. If the subject of a verb is a noun, the verb agrees with it in number. El discipulo estudia mucho. The pupil studies a great deal. Los discipulos estudian mucho. The pupils study a great deal. DRILL. In similar way form the present indicative of each of the verbs given in the vocabulary. Repeat orally. Note. In conjugating orally the learner should consider most carefully the stress of each verb form. In the present indicative the stress falls on the stem in all forms except the first and second persons plural. 22. Use of the Present Indicative. The forms of the present indicative express, not only simple statements in LESSON II T3 present time, but also the emphatic present, expressed in English by the auxiliary "dd," "does," and the progressive present (Eng., "I am speaking," etc.). hablamos, we speak, we are speaking, we do speak. 23. Non-inflection of Spanish Noun. The Spanish noun does not vary in form to express the objective (accus- ative) case, the possessive (genitive) case, or the indirect objective (dative) case. Its form is the same whether used as subject, direct or indirect object of a verb, or object of a preposition. (For the possessive see 17.) 24. Noun as Indirect Object. The noun used as in- direct object of a verb, is preceded by the preposition a, "to," or para, "for." Juan compra el libro para Maria. John buys the book for Mar)'. Juan lleva el libro a Maria. John takes the book to Mary. Note. These prepositions are never omitted as their equivalents often are in English. John buys Mary the book. John takes Mary the book. 25. Word-order, a. Affirmative. The normal order of the simple affirmative sentence is: subject (if expressed), verb, object (if any). Maria compra libro s. Mary buys books. Compramos un sombrero. We are buying a hat. b. Interrogative. An affirmative sentence is made in- terrogative by inverting the order of subject and verb. j Compra Maria librosf Is Mary buying books? If no subject is expressed, the order is the same as in the affirmative sentence. Question marks or the inflection of the voice show that the sentence is interrogative. jCompran un sombrero para Juan? Are they buying a hat for John? 14 SPANISH GRAMMAR In an interrogative sentence, if the subject of the verb is not a pronoun, the object may come before the subject, particularly if it be shorter than the subject. jCompra libros el hijo del maestro f Is the teacher's son buy- ing books? c. Negative. An affirmative or an interrogative sen- tence may be made negative by placing the adverb no be- fore the verb. Maria no compra libros. Mary does not buy books. j No compran un sombrero para Juan? Are they not buying a hat for John? Note. In English, sentences are made interrogative or negative with the help of the auxiliary *'do." There is no equivalent for this auxiliary in Spanish. In negative sentences, no must be translated "no" or "not," accord- ing to the sentence. VOCABULARY VERBS. aprender, to learn. bajar, to go down, to come down. beber, to drink. cantar, to sing. comer, to eat. comprar, to buy. correr, to run. entrar en, to go into, to come into. escribir, to write. estudiar, to study. fumar, to smoke. hablar, to speak, to talk. hallar, to find. llevar, to carry, to bring. tomar, to take. trabajar, to work. vivir, to live. NOUNS. discipulo, -a, pupil. Juan, John. leccion, f., lesson. Maria, Mary. senor, -a, Sir, Madam. tienda, store, shop.* ADVERBS. aqui, here. bien, well. demasiado, too, too much. mal, badly. mncho, much, a great deal. no, no, not. poco, little. si, yes. tambien, also. PREPOSITIONS. con, with. en, in, on. para, for. CONJUNCTIONS. 6, or. pero, but. y, and. •Gender of nouns in vocabularies is not indicated, if regular. (See 13.) J.DSSOiX II 15 EXERCISE II. (a). Aprendo bien. <; Aprendes bien? <:No aprendes bien? No aprendo bien. «j Canto bien? No cantas mal. iNo canto mal? Cantas bien. Juan corre mucho. <; Corre mucho? ^No corre Juan mucho? Juan no corre mucho. Maria estudia poco. ^Estudia Maria poco? iVivimos aqui? Vivis aqui. <;No escribimos? No escribis. Los muchachos trabajan. <: Trabajan los muchachos? Las muchachas trabajan tambien. I Trabajan las muchachas tambien? ^Estudiais 6 trabajais? Estudiamos y trabajamos. (b). El maestro vive aqui. El maestro baja al comedor. Come y bebe. Fuma pero no fuma demasiado. Entra en el despacho. Halla dinero en la mesa. Lleva el dinero a una tienda. Compra libros con el dinero. Compra libros para los discipulos. Lleva los libros de la tienda a la clase. Los discipulos toman los libros de las manos del maestro. Estudian en los libros. Estudian las lec- ciones. Aprenden una lengua. Los ninos aprenden bien, pero las ninas aprenden mal. Maria habla demasiado y estudia poco : corre y canta y escribe en el libro del maestro. (c). iVive el maestro aqui? Si, senor, el maestro vive aqui. iBaja el maestro al despacho? No, senor. El maestro baja al comedor. iFuma mucho el maestro? No, senora : pero come y bebe mucho. I Comes mucho? <;No fumais demasiado? I Halla el maestro dinero en el comedor? I Lleva el maestro el dinero a la clase? I Compra flores en la tienda? iNo compran los discipulos flores para el maestro? I Compra el maestro un sombrero con el dinero? iEstudiais una lengua? ^Estudiais en el comedor, 6 en el despacho? I Aprendes bien 6 mal? i6 SPANISH GRAMMAR LESSON III. 26. Personal Pronouns used as Subject. The per- sonal pronouns have different forms, according as they are used as subject or object. The forms used as subject follow : Person . Form English o en i j "intimate" ( "ordinary" 3 yo tu usted el, m., ella, f. I you you he, she, (it) i J "intimate" ( "ordinary" 3 nosotros, m., nosotras, f. we vosotros, m., vosotras, f. you ustedes you ellos, m., ellas, f. they 27. Use of the Subject Pronouns. a. We have nothing in English corresponding to the so-called "intimate" forms of the second person singular and plural. They correspond more nearly to the German du and ihr, and French tu. They are used in addressing near relatives and intimate friends, as well as animals and inferiors. Since they might be used but rarely by foreigners in Spain, they will occur but rarely in this book. Naturally, the student will find them constantly in his read- ing. b. Usted and ustedes are the pronouns of ordinary address. They arc used with the third person singular and plural of the verb, respectively. Usted habla mncho. You talk a great deal. Ustedes comen poco. You eat little. Note. The reason for this peculiar usage is that usted is derived from two words meaning "your grace." A similar use prevails in English, with titles. Your grace has ..., Your Majesty is ..., etc. r. Usted and ustedes are commonly abbreviated V ., VV., or Vd., Vds. d. With the exception of usted and ustedes, the subject pro- nouns agree with their verb in person and number. I^SSON HI 17 e. Since names of things have grammatical gender in Spanish, it is clear that el and ella, when referring to things, are translated by English "it" DRILL. Conjugate orally any verb in Lesson II, placing before each form the corresponding subject-pronoun or pronouns. Yo trabajo, itc. Conjugate negatively, Yo no trabajo, etc. Conjugate interrog- atively, jTrabajo yo? etc., and both negatively and interrogatively, \No trabajo yo? etc. 28. Omission of Subject Pronouns. Since the verb- ending makes clear, in most cases, the person and number of the subject, the subject pronoun is often omitted. It must be expressed, however, when it is not perfectly clear what the subject is, and also to bring out emphasis or con- trast. Ustcd and ustedes are generally expressed, even where there is no ambiguity. If they stand as subject of more than one verb, they are commonly expressed but once. Apr end o. Estudiamos. Trabajdis y estudidis. El cant a pero ella no canta. (Expressed for contrast.) Juan y Maria trabajan. El estndia tambien. (Not clear with- out pronoun.) Usted habla. Usted habla y escribe. iHabla y escribe usted? 29. The irregular verb tetter. Tener, "to have/' ex- 1/ presses ownership or temporary possession. It is quite ir- regular. PRESENT INDICATIVE. SINGULAR PLURAI, i. tengo, I have 1. tenemos, we have 2. Uenes, you have 2. tenets, you have 3. tiene, he has, she has, you 3. ticnen, they have, you have have 30. English "must" and "ought." a. Obligation and compulsion are expressed in Spanish by some form of tener, followed by que, and an infinitive. Tengo que comer ahora. I must eat now. j Tiene que estudiarf Does he have to study? Tienen que trabajar. They have to work. SPANISH GRAMMAR b. Duty or moral obligation is expressed by the regular verb deber, and an infinitive. Usted debe aprender una lengua. You ought to learn a lan- guage. Debemos estudiar la lection. We should study the lesson. 31. Para with Infinitive. Purpose may be expressed by para and the infinitive. El nino estudia para aprender. The child studies to (in order to) learn. 32. Interrogative Word-order. If a sentence contains an interrogative word, it generally begins the sentence. jPor que estudia msted ahora? Why do you study now? jDonde vive el muchacho? Where does the boy live? jQue compra el maestro? What is the teacher buying? VOCABULARY. VERBS. deber, to owe, "ought." desear, to wish, want. ensenar, to teach. entrar, to go in, come in (in- transitive). significar, to mean, signify. tener, to have. tener que, to have to, "must." terminar, to finish, end. NOUNS. ami go, -a, friend. carta, letter. ejercicio, exercise. Espana, Spain. espanol, m., Spanish. ingles, m., English. Jose, Joseph. palabra, word. pizarron, m., blackboard. sustantivo, noun. vcrbo, verb. ADVERBS. all or a, now. antes, first. d:spucs, afterwards. hoy, to-day. porque, because (conj.). Hola! Hello! (interjection.) que? what? (interrogative ad- jective or pronoun.) por que? why? (interrogative adverb.) dondc? where? (interrogative adverb.) quicn? who? whom? (interrog- ative pronoun.) EXERCISE III. (a). iQue tengo? Usted tiene un sombrero. iQue tiene usted? Tengo un perro. iQue tiene Maria? Maria tiene la carta. I Tenemos amigos ? Ustedes tienen amigos y amigas. i No tienen WESSON III 19 ustedes hermanos? Tenemos una hermana. <; Tiene el maestro dis- cipulos? El maestro tiene discipulos y la maestra tiene discipulas. (b). iQue desea usted? Deseo entrar. 1 Por que desea usted entrar? Deseo entrar porque deseo hablar con Jose. Jose escribe en el despacho. j Hola ! Jose. 1 Escribe usted el ejercicio para el maestro? No, senor. Escribo una carta. ,;A quien escribe usted la carta? Escribo la carta a un amigo. <;D6nde vive el amigo? iVive aqui? Vive en Espafia. «;No tiene usted que estudiar hoy? Si; pero antes deseo terminar la carta. Usted debe estudiar ahora y terminar la carta despues. (c). iQue ensena el maestro? El maestro ensefia una lengua. iQue lengua ensena el maestro? El maestro ensena espanol. <;A quien ensena espanol el maestro? Ensena espanol a los discipulos. iDonde escribe las palabras? Escribe las palabras en el pizarron. I Escribe ingles 6 espanol? Escribe espanol. iQue palabras es- cribe? Escribe las palabras sustantivo y verbo. iQue significan sustantivo y verbo en ingles? Sustantivo significa "noun" y verbo significa "verb." (d). iQue desea el senor? ^Donde desea el senor entrar? iCon quien desea hablar? I A quien escribe Juan? iPor que no estudia? I Por que no estudia antes ? iNo debe trabajar antes? I Tiene que trabajar despues? iQue aprendemos? i'Que lengua aprendemos? I Quien ensena espanol? iEstudiamos ingles 6 espanol? eiQue significa "casa" en ingles? iQue significa "blackboard" en espanol? iQue lengua habla el maestro? iHabla ingles el discipulo? I Habla usted espanol ? 20 SPANISH GRAMMAR LESSON IV. SYNOPSIS. Note. The figures in heavy type refer to the paragraphs of the fore- going lessons. ARTICLE— (a) indefinite, forms and use, (16) (b) definite, forms and use, (15) NOUN— (a) gender, (13) (b) number, (14) (c) case, (17, 23, 24) PRONOUN — Personal— (a) subject forms, (26) (b) " " use, (27) (c) " " omission, (28) VERB — regular, (a) infinitives, stem, endings, (18, 19, 20) (b) present indicative, forms and use, (21, 22) — irregular, (a) tener, present indicative, (29) MISCELLANEOUS— Word-order, (25, 32) "Must" and "ought," (30) Para with infinitive, (31) EXERCISE IV. Turn into Spanish. 1. The boy learns the lessons. 2. The girls go into the store. 3. A girl writes a letter to a friend. 4. A pupil writes an exercise. 5. We buy flowers for Mary. 6. The children carry the book to the class. 7. The teacher's son finds money on the table. 8. He buys a hat with the money. 9. The King does not smoke too much. 10. Does John smoke a great deal? 11. I am working and you (intimate sing.) are working also. 12. Are you studying (ordinary sing.) in order to learn? 13. Does the lady's friend live here? 14. He speaks English and she speaks Spanish. 15. The children ought to come in now. 16. We (fern.) have a sister and you (intimate phi.) have a broth- er. 17. Must I sing for the teacher? 18. Do you wish (ordinary phi.) to come in? 19. I have to go down to the sitting-room to finish the letter. 20. You should (intimate phi.) write the words on the blackboard. 21. What does the word mean? 22. W T hat lan- guage do you teach? 23. To whom are you bringing the water? 24. Why does the dog not come in? 25. The boys and girls are studying with the teacher. 26. Where do they (fern.) live? 27. Are you not running (intimate sing.) too much? 28. Where do they (mase.) write the words "noun" and "verb"? 29. Is not LESSON V 21 Joseph now living in Spain? 30. We are coming in because we ought to study to-day. 31. You (intimate plu.) sing well, but they (fern.) sing badly. 32. I have some books.* S3- John has not any classes to-day. LESSON V. 33. Agreement of Adjectives. An adjective varies \^ in form for gender and number, and must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. una niha buena, a good girl; nihos buenos, good boys. 34. Plural of Descriptive Adjectives. Descriptive ad- jectives form their plural in the same wav as nouns. (See ho americano, americanos; ingles, ingleses; fdcil, fdciles. 35. Gender of Descriptive Adjectives. Most descrip- tive adjectives end in o in the masculine singular, and change o to a to form the feminine singular. bueno, buena; malo, mala. Those which do not end in in the masculine, do not change to form the feminine, but remain the same. un muchacho grande ; una nina grande. a. An important exception is that an adjective signifying na- tionality, if it ends in a consonant, adds a to the masculine to form the feminine. espanol, espanola, Spanish. f ranees, franc esa, French. 36. Position of Descriptive Adjectives. Descriptive adjectives regularly follow the noun they modify. a. Otro, "other," "another," and all adjectives of quantity pre- cede their noun. otro libro espanol, another Spanish book. muchos libros, many books. * In 32 and 33 the indefinite "some" and "any" are not to be trans- lated, these sentences being equivalent to "I have books," and "John has no classes to-day." 22 SPANISH GRAMMAR b. When two adjectives of equal value modify the same noun, they follow it, and are connected with each other by the conjunc- tion y (e before a word beginning with i or hi). un libro grand e y hermoso, a large handsome book. c. In case the adjectives are of unequal value, the one which comes nearest the noun in English, follows the Spanish noun, and the other precedes it. el hermoso muchacho francos, the handsome French boy. 37. Adjectives used as Nouns. Adjectives are often used substantively accompanied by the appropriate article, the noun modified being implied. listed tiene un libro bueno y yo tengo un malo. You have a good book and I have a bad one. Los aplicados trabajan y los perezosos no trabajan. The indus- trious work, and the lazy do not work. Los Espanoles v'wen en Espana. The Spanish live in Spain. a. Adjectives of nationality used substantively for the name of a language, require the masculine definite article. This article is generally omitted after the prepositions en or de, and after the verbs hablar, aprender, ensenar, estudiar and escribir, unless an adverb stands between the verb and the adjective, in which case the article is used. El ingles es dificil. English is hard. El senor habla ingles y espahol. The gentleman speaks Eng- lish and Spanish. Nosotros aprendemos frances. We are learning French. Escribimos el ejercicio en espanol. We are writing the exer- cise in Spanish. El maestro de espanol tiene mnchos discipulos. The teacher of Spanish has many pupils. El discip'itlo habla bien el ingles. The pupil speaks English well. 38. The verb ser. The present indicative of the irreg- ular verb ser, "to be/' is as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL i. soy, I am i. somos, we are 2. eres, you are 2. so is, you are 3. es, he (she, it) is, you are 3. son, they are, you are LESSON V 23 Note. English "it is," impersonal, is expressed in Spanish by es, without a pronoun ; but the Spaniard does not use the imper- sonal es in replying to the question jQuien es? "Who is it?" The Spanish usage follows : It is I Yo soy 1 ( Soy yo It is you Usted es * ! or ! Es listed It is we Nosotros somos | j Somos nosotros It is they, etc. Ellos son J [Son ellos Is it you? jEs usted? etc. 39. Numerals. The cardinal numerals from one to ten are: uno (fern, una), dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, diez. They are uninfected, excepting uno, and stand before their noun. Note. The masculine uno loses its final when used with a noun. un libro 40. Idiomatic. Age. Age is expressed in Spanish by the idiomatic use of tener. jCudntos anos tiene usted ? How old are you? (Literally, How many years have you?) Tengo ocho aiios. I am eight years old. (Literally, I have eight years.) 41. Word-order. In an interrogative sentence, a pred- icate adjective regularly comes between the verb and the subject, if the subject be a noun. jEs alemdn el ninof Is the child German? jSon aplicados los discipulos? Are the pupils diligent? jEs usted ingles f Are you English? DRILL. Turn into Spanish : A good boy ; a pretty girl ; a diligent pupil; difficult lessons; the French teachers; Spanish children; German words ; long letters ; the small class ; handsome stores ; a large house ; easy languages ; another day ; the other hand ; how many books? how much money? many friends. 24 SPANISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY. VERBS. llamar, to call, knock. tratar, to treat. NOUNS. aho, year. capitulo, chapter. clase, f., class, kind. grama tica, grammar. Luis, Louis. pdgina, page. regla, rule. ADVERBS. at contrario, on the contrary. alii, there. manana, to-morrow. muy, very. pasado manana, day after to- morrow. un poquito, a little bit. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN. de quien? of whom, whose? ADJECTIVES. alemdn, -a, German. amcricano, -a, American. aplicado, -a, industrious. bonito, -a, pretty. bueno, -a, good. corto-a, short. cndnto, -a? how much? cndntos, -as? how many? dificil, hard, difficult. cspanol, -a, Spanish. fdcil, easy. francos, -a, French. grande, big, large. hermoso, -a, handsome- ingles, -a, English. largo, -a, long. malo, -a, bad. otro, -a, other, another. peqneno, -a, little, small. perezoso, -a, lazy. ADJECTIVE OR PRONOUN. mucho, -a, much. muchos, -as. many. que, which, that, (relative pron.). EXERCISE V. (a). Los ninos estudian en un libro. Tienen un libro grande y hermoso. Es el libro de Luis (or el libro es de Luis). Es un libro de gramatica. Los ninos son aplicados. Estudian la leccion para maiiana. Estudian el capitulo que trata del sustantivo. El capitulo es largo. Tienen que aprender dos paginas de reglas. Las reglas no son dificiles. Al contrario son muy faciles. El libro trata de gramatica espanola pero las reglas son en ingles. Los ninos son ingleses pero estudian espahol. Hablan espafiol un poquito pero no muy bien. Uno de los ninos tiene ocho afios y el otro tiene diez. Son hermanos. Hoy tienen dos clases y manana tienen cuatro. La maestra de los ninos es pequefia pero bonita. Muchos de los discipulos de la maestra son buenos, otros son malos y perezosos. (b). iQue tienen los ninos alii? I Tienen un libro pequeno? , iDe quien es el libro? LESSON VI (c). Que clase de libro es? Son perezosos los nifios? Estudian la leccion de hoy? Que capitulo estudian ? Es largo el capitulo? Cuantas paginas de reglas tienen que aprendcr? Son faciles las reglas? Trata el libro de gramatica francesa u espanola " J Cuantas clases tienen los nifios hoy? Cuantas tienen manana? Cuantos afios tienen los nifios? Tienen los ninos hermanos? Es grande la maestra de los nifios ? Que clase de discipulos tiene la maestra? Soy americano 6 espaiiol? Es americano el nino? Habla ingles 6 espaiiol ? Es usted espanol 6 f ranees? Que somos nosotros? Tiene usted muchos amigos f ranceses ? Cuantos amigos f ranceses tiene usted? Tienen los discipulos un maestro aleman 6 americano? Son americanos 6 alemanes los muchachos? LESSON VI. 42. Past Participle. Regular verbs of the first conju- gation form their past participles by adding -ado to the stem of the infinitive. Verbs of the second and third con- jugations add -ido. hablado, spoken; vivido, lived; tenido, had; comldo, eaten; sido, been. a. The irregular past participle of escribir is escrito. 43. The auxiliary haber. The irregular verb haber, "to have/' is chiefly used as an auxiliary in the formation of compound tenses of other verbs. 26 SPANISH GRAMMAR PRESENT INDICATIVE 1. he, I have, etc. i. hemos, we have, etc. 2. has 2. habeis 3- ha. 3. han a. There is also a form of the third person, hay, which is used impersonally to mean "there is," "there are." Hay una mesa en el comedor. There is a table, etc. Hay much os discipulos en la clase. There are many, etc. 44. The Perfect Tense. The perfect tense is a com- pound tense formed from the present indicative of haber, and the past participle of the verb to be inflected. The use of this tense corresponds in the main to that of the English present perfect, but it may be used instead of a simple past tense. " PERFECT INDICATIVE Comer (I have eaten, I have been eating, I ate.) 1. . he comido i. hemos comido 2. has comido 2. habeis ccmido 3. ha comido 3. han comido a. The auxiliary verb must not be separated from its parti- ciple. j Ha trabajado listed? Have you been working? 4N0 han estudiado los nihos? Have the children not been studying? 45. The Present Participle. Verbs of the first conju- gation regularly form their present participle by adding the ending -ando to the stem of the infinitive. Verbs of the second and third conjugations add -iendo. The present participles never change in form. hablando, speaking; comiendo, eating; viviendo, living; siendo, being; teniendo, having. 46. The irregular verb estar. The present indicative of the verb estar, "to be" is as follows : SINGULAR PLURAL 1. estoy, I am, etc. 1. estamos, we are, etc. 2. estds 2. estdis 3. estd 3. estdn The present and past participles of estar are regular. LESSON VI 27 47. Comparison of ser and estar. These verbs, though both mean "to be/' are not used interchangeably. A. Estar is used : a. To express a condition or quality that is temporary or acci- dental : Bstoy cansado. I am tired. El agna estd caliente. The water is warm. jComo estd listed? How are you? b. To express "place where" or position, whether permanent or temporary : El hombre estd en Paris. The man is in Paris. El cuarto estd en la casa. The room is in the house. jDonde estd el maestro? Where is the teacher? c. With the present participle to express continued action. Estoy comiendo. I am eating. Usted estd escribiendo. You are writing. B. Ser is used : a. To express a condition or quality that is permanent or in- herent : La maestro es bonita. The teacher is pretty jEs fdcil la leccion? Is the lesson easy? b. With a predicate noun or pronoun : Los senores son amigos. The gentlemen are friends. Madrid es una ciudad. Madrid is a city. jQuien es usted? Who are you? c. To express ownership, material or origin : El sombrero es de paja. The hat is of straw. El sombrero es de usted. The hat belongs to you. La carta es de Espafia. The letter is from Spain. d. In impersonal expressions : Es tarde? No, es temprano. Is it late? No, it is early. Note a. Cases arise in connection with the use of ser and estar, where the Spaniard takes a different viewpoint from our own: as in the expression, La sefiora es joven, "The lady is young,'" where we look upon youth as a temporary quality. Such exceptions to the rules given are rare, and will be acquired by practice only. Note b. Some adjectives have different meanings according as they are used with ser or estar. The commonest are these : ser bueno, to be good estar bueno, to be well ser malo, to be bad estar malo, to be sick ser cansado, to be tiresome estar cansado, to be tired ser triste, to be a dull person estar triste, to be sad 28 SPANISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY. Remark. — Words in vocabularies will from now on be arranged alphabetically. Luisa, Louise. madre, mother. Madrid, Madrid. pajctj straw. Paris, Paris. pre para r, to prepare. qaienes? who? (plur. of quien?) repasar, to review, go over. subir, to go up, come up. tarde, adv., late. temprano, adv., early. todavia, adv., still, yet. tostadas, toast. triste, sad. ya, adv., already. arriba, adv., up-stairs. bastante, adv., enough, plenty. biblioteca, library, study. calient c, warm, hot. cansado, -a, tired. ciudad, f., city. cocina, kitchen. comof how? cuarto, room. chocolate, m., chocolate. del todo, adv., at all. desayuno, breakfast. enfermo, -a, ill, sick. frio, -a, cold. lis to, -a, ready. EXERCISE VI. (a). Maria, ^donde esta usted? Estoy en la cocina. iEsta usted trabajando? Estoy preparando el chocolate para Juan. <: No ha bajado Juan todavia? Si; esta en el despacho (la biblioteca) con Luisa. «;Estan repasando la leccion de hoy? Ella esta estudi- ando y el esta escribiendo una carta. <;Esta listo el desayuno? El chocolate y las tostadas estan en la mesa. \b). Es tarde ya y Juan no ha bajado todavia. <;D6nde esta madre? Esta arriba. Ha subido al cuarto de Juan. Madre, «Jpor- que no baja Juan? No esta bueno del todo. Esta enfermo (or esta malo). iHay agua caliente? En la cocina hay bastante. (c). iEs temprano ?v <;D6nde esta Maria? — iQue esta preparando en la cocina?^ I Para quien esta preparando el desayuno?, ,;D6nde esta el cuarto de Juan?^ I Quien esta arriba con Juan? «; Por que no ha bajado Juan todavia? ^ Como esta el nifio ? <:Es malo el nifio 6 esta enfermo? ,; Por que ha tenido madre que subir al cuarto de Juan ? LESSON VII 2Q ('• ustedes ) SINGULAR PLURAL my your his her your, its our your their your mi, m. & f. tu, m. &/. su, m. & f. nuestro, m., nuestra, f. vuestro, m., vuestra, f. su, m. &/. mis, m. «& f. tus, m. 8cf. sus, m. 8cf. nuestros, w.,nuestras,/. vuestros, w.,vuestras,/. sus, m. & f. \ 49. Use of the Possessive Adjectives. There is a possessive adjective to correspond to each personal pro- noun. The person and number of the possessor determine which, possessive shall be used, and the possessive agrees with the noun modified (the thing possessed) in number and gender. Its position is before the noun modified. Tcngo tu libro. I have your book. Hemos estudiado nuestra leccion. We have studied our les- son. Ellos v sus ami g os. They and their friends. 30 SPANISH GRAMMAR a. If the possessive adjective modifies more than one noun, it is expressed before each noun modified. mi hermano y mi hermana, my brother and sister. 50. The possessive adjective sit. The possessive of the third person, su, sus, may mean "his," "her," its," "your," "their." It should be noted particularly that usted and ustedes, which take the verb in the third person, are used also with the possessive of the third person. Some- times, to avoid doubt as to the exact meaning of su, the following substitute possessive construction is used : la casa de el la casa de ella la casa de ellos la casa de ellas la casa de usted la casa de ustedes his house her house !■ their house [■ your house = su casa a. We also find the double possessive construction : de el, su casa de ellos, su casa de usted, etc. su casa 51. Possessive Pronouns. SINGULAR el mio, la mia el tuyo la tuya el suyo, la suya el nuestro, la nuestra el vuestro, la vuestra el suyo, la suya PUJRAI, los mios, las mias los tuyos, las "tuyas los suyos, las suyas los nuestros, las nuestras los vuestros, las vuestras los suyos, las suyas ENGLISH mine yours his, hers, yours, its ours theirs, yours 52. Use of the Possessive Pronouns. A possessive pronoun is used to take the place of a noun and a possessive adjective modifying it. There is a possessive pronoun to correspond to each possessive adjective. The possessive pronoun agrees in gender and number with the thing pos- sessed. Mi casa y la tuya, my house and yours. Yo ten go un libro y usted tiene dos libros. El mio es gvande, pero los suyos son pequenos. I have a book and you have two books. Mine is large, but yours are- small. LESSON VII 31 a. When the possessive pronoun is used in the predicate, the article is omitted. El libro es mio. The book is mine. Los perros son de usted. The dogs are yours. 53. The Possessive Pronoun el snyo. In the third person singular and plural of the possessive pronoun we find the same possibility of confusion as in the case of the third person of the possessive adjective. Possible ambi- guity is avoided by the use of the. following constructions. el de el, la de el, los de « . el, las de el . ms el de ella, etc. hers el de listed, etc. yours el de ellos, etc. \ • el de ellas, etc. tlieirS el de nstedes, etc. yours el suyo, la sitya, h\ suyos, las suvas 54. Special Use of Noun and Pronoun. It is a pe- culiarity of Spanish that names of male beings, if used in the plural, may be understood to include the corresponding female being. This is also true of the plural personal pro- nouns. mis hermanos = mi hermano y mi hcrmana — my brother and sister. His tios = in tio y tu tia = your uncle and aunt. sits hijos = su hijo y su hija = his son and daughter. los esposos = el esposo y la esposa = the husband and wife los maestros = el maestro y la maestro = the schoolmaster and his wife. ellos z= el y ella = they (he and she). nuestros padres — mtestro padre y nuestra madre — our parents. VOCABULARY. dueho, master, owner. plumq, pen. Eduardo, Edward. por consigiiiente, conj., conse- esposo, -a, husband, w T ife. - queutly. Manuela, Emma. primo, -a, cousin. mismo, -a, -os, -as, (adjective or sobrino, -a, nephew, niece. pronoun), same. tio, -a, uncle, aunt. pariente, -ta, relative. 32 SPANISH GRAMMAR EXERCISE VII. (a). Mi padre y yo. Tu y tu hi jo. El y su madre. Ella y su hermano. Usted y su tio. Nosotros y nuestros amigos. Vos- otros y vuestras tias. Ellos y sus libros. El libro y su dueno. Ellas y sus sombreros. Ustedes y sus maestros. (b). Ella y el y el amigo de ella. Usted y el y el maestro de el. Ellos y ellas y los tios de ellos. Ustedes y ellos y los padres de ustedes (or sus padres de ustedes). (c). Mi madre y tu madre. La mia y la tuya. Mi padre y el tuyo. Tu hi jo y el mio. Nuestro padre y el de ella. El amigo de ella y el de el. Nuestro libro y el de usted. Nuestros hijos y los de ustedes. Los maestros de usted y los nuestros. Las tias de ella y las vuestras. Tus primos y mis primos. Los tuyos y lo' mios. (d). Mi madre es la esposa de mi padre y mi padre es el esposo de mi madre. Tu tio es el hermano de tu padre 6 de tu madre. El esposo de tu tia es tambien tu tio. Luisa tiene un primo. Su primo es el hijo de' sus tios (i. e., de los tios de ella). El primo de Luisa tiene un tio. Su tio es el padre de Luisa. El libro tiene dos dnefios. Sus duefios son Luisa y su hermana.. Usted tiene tres tias : la hermana de su padre, la hermana de su madre, y la esposa de su tio de usted. Nuestras primas son las hermanas de nuestros primos y las hijas de nuestros tios. Vuestro hermano es el hijo de vuestro padre. Luis es el primo de Maria y Maria y Eduardo son hermanos. El primo de ella es tambien el primo de el. Usted es su hermano de ellos : por consiguiente su primo de ellos es tambien su primo de usted. Los hijos y las hijas de nues- tros tios son nuestros primos. Mis padres son mi padre y mi madre. Mis hermanos son mis hermanos y mis hermanas 6 mi hermano y mi hermana. -Usted y Luisa son primos porque el padre de ella y el padre de usted son hermanos. Ustedes y las hermanas de Luis estudian la misma leccion porque tienen el mismo maestro. Su maestro de ustedes y el maestro de ellos son el mismo. (*')■ dQuien es mi padre? ,;Quien es la madre de Eduardo? ^;Quienes son nuestros padres? ,;Cuantos primos tenemos? ;Quien es la tia de Manuela? LESSON VIII iQuienes son vuestros sobrinos? <;De quien es el libro que tengo? iDe quienes son los libros que ustedes tienen? «;De quien es el libro que Maria tiene? iEs mio 6 tuyo el libro que esta en la mesa? «;Ha hallado usted mi pluma 6 la tuya? ;Es el sombrero de ella 6 de Maria? LESSON VIII. SYNOPSIS. ADJECTIVES — (a) descriptive (i) number (34) (2) gender (35) (3) agreement (33) •(4) position (36) _ (5) used substantively (37) (b) numeral, cardinal, 1-10 (39) (c) possessive, (48, 49, 50) NOUNS — special use of masculine plural (54) PRONOUNS — possessive, (51, 52, 53) VERBS — (a) regular (1) present participle (45) (2) past participle (42) (3) perfect indicative (44) (b) irregular (1) ser (38) (2) estar (46) " compared with ser (47) (3) haber (43) MISCELLANEOUS— word order (41) — idiomatic, age, (40) EXERCISE VIII. Remark. The "intimate" pronouns of the second person and their corresponding possessives are not to be used in this lesson. Turn into Spanish. 1. A good girl studies hard (i. e. s a great deal) because she wishes to learn. 2. A bad boy does not review his lessons. 3. Many lazy children have to learn rules. 4. The kitchen is a small room, but the library is large. 5. The teacher is very pretty and her cousin is handsome. 6. How many French girls are there in his class? 7. Spanish is quite easy, but the les- sons of your grammar are too long. 8. Is the grammar John's? Whose is it? 9. Louis and Emma are my brother and sister. 10. Louise is ten years old and Edward is eight. 11. My nephews and nieces are my brothers' sons and daughters. 12. We are not 34 SPANISH GRAMMAR at all well. We are very sick. 13. My uncle and aunt are in Paris but they have relatives in the city of Madrid. 14. Have you not eaten yet? We are already eating. 15. The water is cold and the chocolate is hot. 16. I am preparing the break- fast for my mother. 17. Being industrious, my cousin is prepar- ing the lesson for day after to-morrow. 18. Being sick, she does not wish to eat. 19. They have had to go up. They are upstairs now. 20. I am the teacher and you are the pupil. 21. You and I are American. 22. Did you buy the hat to-day? 23. Having no money, they are sad. 24. Have you not been in Paris ? 25. You are my sister, consequently my mother and your mother are the same. 26. Your (plu.) toast is on the table. Ours is in the kitchen. 27. Her friend is in the library. 28. Who are your nephews? 29. The house is mine, ours, yours, his. 30. Whose is the pen which I have? 31. We have learned a lesson of tour pages. How many are there in yours? 32. How are you (/>/«.)? LESSON IX. 55. Noun of Material, etc. Material is expressed in Spanish by the preposition de followed by a noun of mater- ial, instead of by a noun used as an adjective of material, as in English. un sombrero de encaje, a lace hat. un traje de seda, a silk dress. a. In general, Spanish is opposed to the use of a noun to mod- ify another noun directly, like an adjective. The nouns are pre- ferably joined by a preposition. una tienda de zapatos, a shoe-store. un traje de verano, a summer dress. la mesa del despacho, the sitting-room table. la calle de Sevilla, Seville street. 56. Noun as "Personal" Object. When a noun used as direct object of a verb denotes a person, a living higher animal, or a personification, the preposition a is used before it. This construction, which may be called the personal ob- M WESSON IX 35 jective or personal accusative, is not easy to remember, since we naturally associate a with the indirect object only.* El padre llama a su hijo. The father calls his son. He comprado al perro. I have bought the dog. iBusca usted a Maria? Are you looking for Mary? a. The a is omitted when the object is not a definite, determi- nate person or animal. He comprado un perro. I have bought a dog. b. For the sake of clearness, the a is generally omitted before the personal objective when there is also an indirect object. El nino lleva su hermano a la escuela. The boy takes his brother to school. c. The a is omitted before the personal object after the verb tener. Tengo dos hermanos. I have two brothers. 57. A Possessive Construction. lish to say, "at Wanamaker's," etc. omitted in English must be supplied. d la tienda de Wanamaker. a casa de Eduardo. It is current in Eng- In Spanish the noun 58. Agreement of Adjectives, a. An adjective that modifies two or more nouns of the same gender is put in the plural, and takes the gender of the nouns modified. un traje y un sombrero hermosos, a handsome suit and hat. Maria y Luisa son bonitas. Mary and Louise are pretty. b. An adjective that modifies two or more nouns of different genders is usually put in the masculine plural. mi padre y mi madre son buenos, my father and my mother are good. 59. Demonstrative Adjectives. SINGULAR PLURAL MAS. FEM. MAS. FEM. ENGLISH este ese aquel esta esa aquella estos esos aquellos estas esas aquelias this, these that, those that yonder, those yonder *The use of the personal accusative is extended to nouns in the plural, but not to nouns preceded by a numeral. Busco a mis amigos. He comprado dos perros. 36 SPANISH GRAMMAR a. A demonstrative adjective stands before the noun it modi- fies and agrees with it in number and gender. este libro, aquellos ninos, esa muchacha. b. These demonstratives correspond in use to the English de- monstrative adjectives, except that a sharp distinction is drawn between ese and aquel. Ese is used only to point out what is near to, or what has some relation to the person addressed. Aquel is used only to point out what is remote from both speaker and the person addressed. 60. Demonstrative Pronouns. a. In form, the demonstrative pronouns are distinguished from the demonstrative adjectives only in that they bear the written ac- cent on the stressed syllable. este, estas, aquel, aquella, etc. b. The demonstrative pronouns correspond in meaning to the demonstrative adjectives, but they are used to take the place of a noun, with which they agree in number and gender. Yo tengo este libro y tu tienes ese. Ese libro es pequeno, aquel es grande. 61. Prepositional Forms of the Personal Pronouns. The forms of the personal pronouns used as object of a preposition are the same as the subject forms (see 26), with the exception of the first and second persons singular, which have the special forms mi and ti, respectively. a mi, to me. de ti, from you. con el, con ella, w T ith him, with her. a nosotros, to us. de usted, de ustedes, from you. de vosotros, from you. para ellos, para ellas, for them a. "With me" and "with you" (intimate) are expressed by the special forms conmigo and coniigo. 62. The Irregular Verb, ir, "to go." Infinitive ir, Present Part., yendo, Past Part., ido. ussson ix 37 PRESENT INDICATIVE. SINGULAR PEURAI, I. 2. 3- voy, I go, vas va etc. i. vamos, we go, 2. vais 3. van etc. Remark. Note that in this tense the stem is v-. a. Ir followed by a with an infinitive means "to be about to," "to be going to." This construction also expresses purpose. Voy a comprar un sombrero. I am going to buy a hat. Deseo ir a comprar un sombrero. I want to go and (to) buy a hat. 63. Spanish use of names of places after a and en does not always correspond to the English idiom. Note the fol- lowing : al despacho, to the office (like English idiom). a la escuela, to school. en la escuela, at school, in school. . en casa, at home, home (place). a casa, home (direction). a casa de Juan, to John's. VOCABULARY. alia, adv., there (direction). noche, f., night, evening. barato, cheap. par, m., pair. buscar, to look for. pasar, to pass, spend. calle, f., street. qiicdar, to remain, stay. Carmen, Carmen. rato, time (short period of), casa, house, home. spell, while. cerca, adv., near by. responder, to answer. cosa, thing. Rico, a family name. dcjar, to leave. seda, silk. encaje, m., lace. Seville, Seville. escuela, school. si, conj., if. esta noche, adv., to-night. simpdtico, likeable, "nice" (used guante, m., glove. of persons). juntos, -as, together. sin, prep., without. lectura, reading. solo, adj., alone. lejos, adv., far, a long way off. tarde, f., afternoon. Lopez, a family name. traje, m., suit, dress. manana, morning. verano, summer. mejor, adj., best. zapato, shoe. necesitar, to need. 38 SPANISH GRAMMAR EXERCISE IX. (a). iDe quien es esta pluma? Esa pluma es mia. <;De quien es ese libro de lectura? Este libro de lectura es de usted. ,iDe quienes son aquellos sombreros? Aquellos sombreros son de Juan y Luis. iEs esta su pluma (la pluma de usted)? Esa no es mia. He dejado la mia en casa. iSon estos mis libros? Esos no son suyos (de usted). Aquellos son de usted (suyos). (b). La escuela de Luisa* no esta cerca. Esta lejos, Esta mafiana Luisa no va a quedar en casa. Va a la escuela. Su hermano Juan va con ella. Van juntos. Ahora Juan no esta aqui. No esta listo todavia. Maria llama a Juan. Juan no responde a su hermana. Maria busca a su hermano. Busca tambien sus libros. Si Juan no esta listo, Maria tiene que ir sin el. Tiene que ir sola. (c). iEsta lejos la escuela de Luisa? «;D6nde va ella esta mafiana? I Por que no va a casa de su amiga ? I Quien va con ella a la escuela? I A quien llama Maria? iPor que no responde el? 5430 93. Future Perfect and Conditional Perfect. These compound tenses, formed respectively from the future and conditional of haber and a past participle, offer no especial difficulty. They are literal translations of the English. Habrdn ido ya. They will have gone already. No lo habrian visto. They would not have seen him. 94. Comparison of Adjectives. a. Equality. Comparison of equal degree is expressed by tan, "as," before the adjective, and como, "as," after it. Juan es tan aplicado como yo. John is as industrious as I. wesson xv . 59 b. Inequality. Comparison of unequal degree is expressed by mas, "more," or menos, "less," before the adjective and que, "than," after it. Juan es mas aplicado que yo. John is more industrious than I. Maria es mas bonita que Luisa. Mary is prettier than Louise. Esta leccion es menos fdcil que la otra. This lesson is less easy than, the other, c. Superlative. Superlative degree is expressed by el {la, los, las) mas, or el (la, los, las) menos before the adjective. los mas cortos, the shortest. la menos fdcil, the least easy. Note i. If the adjective follows the noun, the article precedes it. el medico mas famoso, the most famous doctor. Note 2. "In" after a superlative is expressed by de. el medico mas famoso de la ciudad, the most famous doctor in the city. Note 3. The possessive adjective may take the place of the article, mis discipulos mas aplicados, my most industrious pupils. 95. Use of Definite Article. The definite article must accompany titles, except in direct address. el sehor Suarez, Mr. Suarez. Senor Sudrez, jcomo estd listed? How are you, Mr. Suarez? Exception. — Don and Dona are Spanish titles that have no English equivalent. They are used before the Christian name only, and are never accompanied by the article. Don Carlos, Dona Maria* 96. Omission of Indefinite Article. The indefinite article is not used with a predicate noun denoting class, profession, occupation, rank and nationality. Mi amigo es americano. My friend is an American. Don Carlos es maestro. Charles is a teacher. jNo es listed medico? Are you not a doctor? a. If the predicate noun is limited by an adjective or other- wise, the article must be used. El Sr. Lopez es un medico muy famoso. Mr. Lopez is a very 'famous doctor. 97. Present Participle Clauses. A clause introduced by a present participle may express a condition. Teniendo yo diner o } compraria una casa. If I had money, I should buy a house. Siendo medico, jtrabajaria usted dia y noche? If you were a doctor, would you work day and night? *Sefior, Sefiora, Don and Dona are abbreviated Sr., Sra., D., Da. 60 - SPANISH GRAMMAR VOCABULARY. Alfonso , Alphonso. mujer, woman, wife. besar, to kiss. ocupado, -a, busy. desde. . .hasta, from. . .to. oficina, office. Diego, James. pie, m., foot. criado, -a, servant. a pie, on foot. ejemplo, instance, example. periodico, newspaper. famoso, -a, famous. por, prep., for, in, during. Fernandez, a family name. tan, adv., as, so. lee he, f., milk. tanto, adv., so much. medico, physician. tasa, cup. mediodia, m., noon. todo el dia, toda la noche, toda la manana, all day, all night, all the morning. por la manana, in the morning, mornings. por la tarde, in the afternoon, afternoons. por la noche, at night, in the evening, nights, evenings. por el dia, during the day. EXERCISE XV. a. El Sr. Fernandez se llama D. Diego. Su esposa (mujer) se llama Da. Carmen. D. Diego es medico. Es un medico famoso. Su hermano D. Alfonso es tambien medico, pero no es tan famoso como D. Diego. El Sr. Fernandez es uno de los medicos mas famosos del pais. Es el mejor medico de la ciudad. Todo el dia D. Diego esta muy ocupado. Por ejemplo: Mariana la criada le llamara a las siete menos cuarto. Tomara una taza de cafe con leche, y pan 6 tostadas, repasando (mirando) al mismo tiempo el periodico de la manana y las cartas que hallara en la mesa del comedor. Entonces besara a sus hijos y a su mujer, y se ira a pie a su oficina, donde le estaran esperando muchos enfermos. Alii estara desde las ocho hasta mediodia. Por la tarde tendra que visitar a los enfermos que no han podido ir a verle en la oficina. b. iEs maestro el Sr. Fernandez? iQue es el Sr. Fernandez? ,;C6mo se llama? iQue hace por la manana? <:Es mas famoso que su hermano? iCual de los dos es el mas ocupado? iComo pasara D. Diego el dia manana? iQue hara mientras que esta comiendo? ^Quien es el mejor medico de la ciudad? iComo ira a la oficina? <;Le veran sus hijos antes de irse el a la oficina? i LESSON XVI 6 1 Para ir a la oficina, <:por que calle tendra que pasar? iTendra que estar mucho tiempo alii? What shall we be able to do then? 22. What kind of man is the President of Cuba? 23. If you were sick, what should you do? 24. How long shall we have to wait in order to see them? 25. Who made you that suit? 26. What will mother say? 27. If you were very hungry should you take ice-cream? 28. My wife, because of her poor health, eats very little in the morning. 29. She takes only a cup of coffee with milk. 30. Did you buy the watch for yourself? 31. Are you sleepy? Then why are your eyes shut? 32. May I accompany you (fern.)? 33. I shall go to-night. 34. Have you not seen the magnificent lace at Rico's? 35. My best friend is not a teacher He is a doctor. 36. You should study every evening. LESSON XVII. 98. Subjunctive Mode. The use of the subjunctive has become very rare in English. It will be recognized in the following examples : If it be he, let him come in. Were I you, I should go to-morrow. I desire that he come at once. In Spanish, on the other hand, the use of the subjunctive is so common that there is a whole range of ideas which cannot be expressed without a knowledge of its forms. To express these ideas, the subjunctive has a full complement of tenses, both simple and compound, one to correspond to each tense of the indicative. 99. Subjunctive and Indicative. A verb in the indicative, in both English and Spanish, makes a direct statement, either positive or negative, or asks a direct ques- tion. It is used in simple sentences and independent clauses. John is sick. The wind is blowing, but it is not cold. Has John gone, or is he still in his room? WESSON XVII 63 A verb in the subjunctive cannot make a direct statement or ask a direct question. It is employed, in general, in dependent clauses, whose meaning is intelligible only in connection with the idea expressed in the principal clause. In the following examples, the verb in the dependent clause would be expressed in Spanish by the subjunctive: I wish that he would come. Do you know a man who can fix bicycles? It is too bad that he is so thoughtless. They will stay until he comes. 100. Present Subjunctive. The endings of the pres- ent subjunctive are, in regular verbs, added to the stem of the infinitive. FIRST CONJ. 2ND AND 3D CONJ. -e -a -es -as -e -a ■emos -amos -eis -ais -en -an Applying these endings to stems of familiar regular verbs, we get: pre gunt e res pond a preguntes respondas pregunte . . responda pre gunt emos respondamos pregunte is responddis pre gunt en respondan Note. The stress in the present subjunctive is the same as in the pres- ent indicative. Note that, contrary to what is true in the indicative, the characteristic vowel of the present subjunctive is not that of the infinitive. 101. Subjunctive in Dependent Object Clauses. The subjunctive is regularly used in Spanish in a dependent clause which is the object of a verb in the main clause that expresses (a) a command, a request, a prohibition or a per- mission. Le digo a ues, conj., well. al mes, per month. semana, week. antier, day before yesterday. sentirse bueno, to feel well. eontento, satisfied. todos los dias, every day. desgraciadainente, adv., unfortu- ultimo, last (the very last). nately. verdad, f., truth. error, m., error. vez, f., time (one of a number parece, it seems. of times). pasado, last (in the sense of una vez, once. just past). dos veces, twice. proximo, next. . EXERCISE XXII. a. i Por que no salio Vd. con los demas discipulos ? Porque el maestro no me permitio que saliese. I Que le decia el maestro cuando vine ? Me estaba diciendo que trabajase mas. Pero Vd. es uno de los mejores discipulos de la clase. No soy tan bueno como a Vd. le parece ; pero es cierto que he trabajado, y sentiria mucho que el maestro no estuviese eontento conmigo. Si no hubiera (hubiese) estudiado, no habria hecho tan bien hasta ahora. Desgraciadamente, esta manana, al escribir el * Pronounced and sometimes spelled, setiembre. WESSON XXIII * 83 ejercicio en el pizarron, hice muchos errores de gramatica. L,a verclad es que toda la semana pasada no me he sentido bueno, y antier mi madre me prohibio que estudiase mas por la noche. Pues, si yo fuera Vd., se lo diria todo al maestro. b. iCuantas horas al dia trabaja Vd. ? iCuando se marcha Vd. ? (Answer in as many ways as pos- sible.) iCuantos dias hay en la semana? ^Cuales son? iCuales son los meses del afio? iCuantos dias ticne el mes de enero? <;el mes de junio? iCuantas semanas en un mes? iCual es el primer dia de la semana? <;el tercero? ^ el pos- trero? <;Cual es el dia que viene despues del lunes? i*Que mes viene despues de marzo? iCuales son los meses de la primavera? I have never been in Spain. Nunca he estado en Espana. ) a. Nunca and jamas are translated positively in questions ex- pecting negative answers, and after a comparative. jVio Vd. nunca tal cosaf Did you ever see such a thing? Ahora mas que nunca. Now more than ever. 182. Si and no. Si and no are used ellipticaily in the second of two contrasted sentences or clauses, to avoid the repetition of the verb. 114 SPANISH GRAMMAR En Espana no se come miicho por la manana, pero en Ingla- terra si. In Spain they don't eat much in the morning, but in Eng- land they do. A mi padre le gustan los huevos, pero a mi no. My father likes eggs, but I don't. iSe levdnfa Vd. tempranof Yo no. Do you get up early? I don't. a. Used apart with a pronoun, a noun, or another adverb, si and no follow. Ella no. Not she. Mi padre no. Not my father. Todavia no. Not yet. b. Certain verbs commonly followed by que require que before si and no in answering questions. The verb of the question is un- derstood. Supongo que si. I suppose so. Espero que no. I hope not. Die en que si. They say so. Respondio que no. He answered that he would not. 183. Definite Article. The definite article is used in Spanish before a noun in apposition with a personal pro- noun understood or implied in a verb-form. Nosotros los espanoles. We Spaniards. Los espanoles teneis . . . You Spaniards have . . . 184. In address sefior and senora are currently, often untranslatably, employed before a title, or the name, of a profession. Senor Marques. Marquis. Sefior Presidente. Mr. President, 185. Traer, "to bring/' For conjugation see 544. 186. Idiomatic. a la espanola, in the Spanish style. a la am eric ana, in the American style. a la francesa, in the French style. VOCABULARY. aceite, m., olive-oil. almuerzo, lunch, noon meal. acoslumbrarse a, to get used to. asar, to roast. almorzar, to lunch, have lunch asado, roast meat, (noon meal) See 519. came, f., meat. LESSON XXXI 115 cocido, boiled dish, stew. national, national. cocer, to boil (see 508b, 519). ordinario, ordinary, common. , cocina, cooking. par, m., couple. \componer {de), to compose parecer a, to look like, resem- (of), (see 538). m ble. comer, to dine (at night). pimiento, pepper (the fruit). consistir en, to consist of. plato, plate, dish. Iclarol To be sure! postres, dessert (masc. plu.). ensalada, salad. principio, beginning, principal frito, fried. course. frnta, fruit. sano, healthy, wholesome. garbanzos, chick-peas. so pa, soup. huevo, egg. suponer, to suppose (see 538). importancia, importance. tocino, bacon. lista, list; — de' los platos, bill- tomate, m., tomato. of-fare. tortilla, omelet, pan-cake. mantequilla, butter. verdura, greens. EXERCISE XXXI. a. iLlamo Vd., D. Eduardo? Si, sefior amo. Deseaba saber acerca de las comidas. Supongo que en Espana, como en los demas paises, comeran lo menos tres veces al dia. Claro ; pero nosotros los Espafioles no comemos tanto por la mafiana como Vds. los Ingleses. Ordinariamente (Por lo comun) no tomamos mas que chocolate 6 cafe con pan y mante- quilla. Eso esta bien. No me he acostumbrado nunca a tomar mucho por la mafiana, pero si me gusta comer temprano. La criada le traera el desayuno a su cuarto a la hora que Vd. quiera. iCual es la hora del almuerzo? Almorzamos a mediodia y comemos a las ocho de la noche. «;En que consisten las comidas aqui? Al almuerzo se come un par de huevos fritos 6 pasados por agua, 6 una tortilla de huevos, y entonces algun plato de carne y fruta. Para la comida de la noche hay siempre sopa y el cocido. Al cocido sigue el principio, que es carne asada con ensalada, y los postres. iQue es el cocido? El cocido, que se llama tambien olla 6 puchero, es el plato nacional de Espana, y esta compuesto de carne cocida 6 tocino, con garbanzos y verdura. La lista de los platos parece mucho a la de mi pais, y me parece que todas las cosas que ha mencionado Vd. son muy sanas. Lo son, y le gustara seguramente comer a. la espanola, si le Il6 SPANISH GRAMMAR gustan los platos preparados con aceite, pimientos y tomate; por- que estos tres comestibles tienen mucha importancia en la cocina espafiola. b. iCon quien estaba hablando el extranjero? ^Acerca de que deseaba preguntarle? ^Donde toman los espafioles el desayuno? I Quien se lo trae? I A que hora almuerzan los espafioles? I A que hora almorzamos nosotros los americanos? iEn que consiste el desayuno de Vd. ? <;En que consiste el desayuno de los espafioles? <;Comen mas a mediodia 6 por la noche? iComemos nosotros por la noche mas tarde que los espafioles? «jEn que consiste la comida de la noche? <;De que esta compuesto el cocido? iQue es el principio? Ademas del de cocido, ique otros nombres tiene el plato nacionaT de Espafia? En la lista de los platos de los espafioles <;que cosa le gusta mas? iMe hace Vd. el favor de mencionar algunos comestibles que tengan mucha importancia en la cocina espanola? iQue significa sano? Responda Vd. en espanol. iQue significa un par? traer (544) ADVERBS — comparison (173-174) — nunca and jamas (181) — si and no (182) PREPOSITIONS— used to introduce a clause (165) MISCELLANEOUS— Senor in address (184) —Than (175) — idiomatic (171 a) EXERCISE XXXII. Turn into Spanish. 1. The Northern Spaniards are not so gay as those of the South. 2. Don't forget to (de) bring your overcoat and steamer-rug. We shall need them before we get back. 3. John was so thirsty that he insisted that the cab should stop in order that he might get a glass of water. 4. Do you prefer to travel by train or by boat? 5. I should like to take a bath before dinner. Is the bath-room on this floor? 6. In their cook- ing the Spaniards use a great deal of olive-oil. 7. There are three families living on the upper floor of this house. 8. Give me a list of things you need. 9. All the rooms of this apartment are heated from November to March. 10. The -proprietor of the boarding-house is a cousin of ours. n. I am sure that I could never get used to eating meat at breakfast like you Americans. 12. In America there are some extremely high buildings. 13. The, apartment consists of a sitting-room and three bed-rooms, two of which open on the court. 14. There is no kitchen, but there is a restaurant on the ground floor. 15. Do }^ou know that you re- semble an aunt of mine? 16. Let us suppose, for instance, that Il8 SPANISH GRAMMAR you have just received a telegram from Germany. 17. I told him not to read at night. 18. Did you wash your hands? 19. The mother washed the child's hands. 20. This is the young gentleman whose father took lunch with us yesterday. 21. The janitor put the boxes in the cellar. 22. I am sure that such a thing never happened. 23. As soon as Mary had prepared her lessons for the following day, she went to bed. 24. I do not think they have ar- rived yet. ^5) There were more eggs than I needed to make the omelet. 26. Man ! I tell you the house was worth much more than it cost me. 27. It is worth at the present time more than 20,000 pesetas. 28. They are coming to-morrow if it is' good weather. 29. My nephew said that he was glad we had not taken the house. 30. How much he thanked me for what I did for him! 31. I advise you to cross to the other side of 'the station. 32. All the inner rooms are unoccupied. S3- It did not seem to me that the house was worth what he paid for it. 34. Thanks, I never smoke. 35. What you need is an abundance of fruit. 36. We occupy three outer rooms on the second floor. $7- My father forbade me to bring such a thing into the house. 38. Bring it here this very minute. 39. On looking at my watch I saw that I should arrive several minutes late. 40. I shall put all the food in the pantry. 41. In addition to the soup and the main course, there is salad and dessert. 42. The natives like garbanzos but I don't. 43. I wonder how many families live in this house? 44. It is a business matter of little importance. LESSON XXXIII. 187. Hacer in Time Expressions. Hacer is used im- personally with an expression of time as its object, to indi- cate the point from which time is reckoned forward. ' a. Hace, hacia and hard, used with a verb in the past definite or pluperfect, express the time that has elapsed, had elapsed, or will have elapsed since something took place. Llego hace tin ano. He arrived a year ago. Habia Uegado hacia tin ano. He had arrived a year before. Llego hard un ano. It will be a year since he arrived. b. Hace, hacia and hard, used with a verb in the present, im- perfect or future, express the time during which something has been going on, had been going on or will have been going on. LESSON XXXIII 119 Estudiamos espanol hace un ano. We have been studying Spanish for a year. Estudidbamos espanol hacia un ano. We had been studying Spanish for a year. Bstudlaremos espanol hard un ano. We shall have been study- ing Spanish a year. c. In any of the sentences above, hacer and its object may come first, que being used to introduce the following verb. Hace un ano que llego. He arrived a year ago. Hacia un ano que habia llegado. He had arrived a year before. Hace un ano que estudiamos espanol. We have been studying Spanish for a year. Hacia un ano que estudidbamos espanol. We had been study- ing Spanish for a year. d. In questions and negative sentences, the order preferred is that of c. 4 Hace mas de un ano que llego? Is it more than a year since he came? jA T o hace cerca de dos anos que estudiamos espanol? Have we not been studying Spanish for nearly two years? No hace un ano que llego. It is not a year since he arrived. jCudnto tiempo hacia que estdbamos alii? How long had we been there? e. After time expressions introduced by desde (prep.) and dcsde que (conj.), "since," or desde combined with hacer, the use of tenses corresponds in the main to rules a and b, though a definite act in past time may be expressed by the perfect. Desde el ano pasado como muy poco por la manana. Since last year I have been eating very little in the morning. Desde que estoy aqui no me siento bueno. I have not been well since I have been here. Desde que vine estoy enfermo. I have been sick ever since I came. j Desde cudndo estamos aqui? How long have we been here? Desde hace tres meses. Since three months ago. j Desde entonces ha estado Vd. en Espana? Since then have you (ever) been in Spain? /. In sentences similar to the foregoing, to express what has not taken place or what had not taken place, the perfect or plu- perfect is used. Hace una semana que no he estudiado. I have not studied for a week. Hacia una semana que no habia estudiado. I had not studied for a week. jCudntos dias hace que no ha venido a verme? For how many days has he not come to see me? Desde el viernes pasado no ha venido. He has not come since last Friday. 120 SPANISH GRAMMAR 188. Oir, u to hear/' For conjugation see 536. a. Oir and ver may take as object the subject of an infinitive, which may also take an object. If the subject of the infinitive is a noun, it follows the infinitive. La vi entrar. I saw r her come in. Quisiera ver preparar una comida espahola. I should like to see a Spanish meal prepared. Anoche oi cantar a Caruso. Last night I heard Caruso sing. Voy a ver preparar el cocido a Maria. I am going to see Mary prepare the cocido. 189. Todo, -a, -os, -as, "all," "every/* "whole. " The following uses of todo should be noted. a. In the singular before a noun, or in the plural with the definite article and an expression of time, todo is translated "every.'' To do Jiombre debe saberlo. Every man should know it. Tod os les meses. Every month. b. In the singular with the definite article and an expression of time, todo is translated "the whole." Todo el dia he trabajado. I have worked the whole (all) day. c. The masculine singular is used as a pronoun meaning "ev- erything." When the object of a verb, todo so used is accompanied by the neuter article lo. Todo es hermoso. Everything is beautiful. Se lo dije todo. I told him everything. Este Jiombre todo lo sabe. This man knows everything. 190. Impersonal Verbs. An impersonal verb may be used with an indirect pronoun object and infinitive, instead of a clause. No me es posible ir. It is not possible for me to go. 191. Note how the use of a noun to modify another noun is avoided in the following phrases. See 55 a. taza para cafe, coffee-cup. cuchiHo de mesa, table-knife. cajon del aparador, sideboard cuchara para sopa, soup-spoon, drawer. VOCABULARY. aceiiuna, olive. ausentc, absent. agrio, sour. asucar, m., sugar. aparador, m., sideboard. bcbida, drink. armario, cupboard, bookcase, bistc, m., beefsteak, wardrobe, clothespress. boca, mouth. LESSON XXXIII 121 botella, bottle. manera, manner; de — que, so cajon, m., drawer. , that (with subjunctive). came de cerdo, pork. mantel, m., table-cloth. came de vaca, beef. mevcado, market. condimento, condiment. mosirar, to show (R-ch. I). convidado, invited guest (plu. necesario, necessary. company). pataia, potato. cordero, lamb. pescado, fish. cortar, to cut. pimenton, m., pepper (the corredor, m., corridor, hall. spice). cuchara, spoon (large). polio, chicken. eucharilla, teaspoon. queso, cheese. cuchillo, knife. rosbif, m., roast-beef. dulce, sweet (plu. sweets, can- sal, L, salt. dy). servilleta, napkin. ecliar, to pour, throw. te, m., tea. estante, m., shelf. tenedor, m., fork. instruction, f., instruction. tern era, veal. jamon, m., ham. vinagre, m., vinegar. limp 10, clean. vino, wine. mama, mamma. EXERCISE XXXIII. a. Hombre, me parece que no llegara nunca la hora de la comida. iTiene Vd. tanta hambre? J Si. En mi pais acostumbramos a comer a las seis y aqui hay que esperar hasta las ocho. Ayer, no sabiendo la hora de la comida, me volvi a casa a las cinco y media, y cuando al fin me llamaron a ccmer, hacia dos horas que estaba esperando. b. i Por que no viniste cuando llame ? No la oi a Vd. llamar. cJ^c^*-'. Me has dicho que quieres aprender a poner la mesa. Pues bien, esta roche tenemos convidados y es preciso que nos ayudes a mi y a Rosa. Ella estara ocupada todo el dia en la cocina, y a mi me es necesario ir al mercado a comprar carne y polios. Lo que quiero es que pongas la mesa, lo mejor que puedas. Has visto hacerlo varias veces a Rosa, y te enseiiare donde hallaras todo lo que necesites. Si deseas instrucciones mientras que este ausente, pideselas a Rosa. Esta bien mama. Tratare de hacerlo de manera que este con- tenta conmigo. Primero, hay que llevar todo esto a la cocina. Entonces busca un mantel limpio y ocho servilletas en el armario del corredor. Los platos y los vasos para vino y las tazas para cafe, hallaras en este otro armario. En el cajon del aparador estan los cuchillos, los tenedores, las cucharas para sopa y para servir, y las cucharillas. I2 2 SPANISH GRAMMAR En el estante hay sal, pimenton y vinagre. Me voy ahora, pero me volvere luego. Al volverse Vd., todo estara listo. c. iCuanto tiempo hace que Vd. esta en esta escuela (univer- sidad) ? AiCuanto tiempo hace que estudiamos espanol en esta clase? ;Cuantas lenguas ha estudiado Vd. ? ^Cuales son? ^Desde cuando no ha estudiado Vd. aleman 6 frances?^-?*^ ; Desde cuando estudiamos espanol ? Al entrar en la escuela (universidad) en el mes de septiembre (octubre) pasado, <;cuanto tiempo hacia que Vd. no habia estu- diado? iCuantos minutos hace que entramos en este edificio? d. i Con que se corta la carne ? <;Con que la llevamos a la boca? iPara que sirven las cucharas? iQue se necesita para poner la mesa? iEn que se sirve la carne? <:el vino? iCuales son los comestibles que le parecen a Vd. mas nece- sarios para la vida? . . ,:Que clase de carne le gusta mas a Vd. ? <;Que condimentos empleamos todos? iQue bebidas se beben en Espafia? ^aqui? iDe donde se echa el vino? iCual es el condimento mas dulce? <:el mas fuerte? <;el mas agrio? «jel mas necesario? iComo se dice en espanol: "Please pass the salt"? LESSON XXXIV. 192. Adjectives. Position. An adjective may stand before its noun if it names a quality generally associated with the noun, as in the case of "white snow," "black ink," etc. Emphasis or figurative use may also cause an adjective to precede its noun. Some adjectives regularly have one meaning when they precede and another when they follow. la blanca nieve, white snow; una casa blanca, a white house. pobre muchacho, poor boy; un hombre pobre, a poor man (lit- erally). ciertas cosas, certain things; una cosa cierta, an assured thing. LESSON XXXIV 123 193. Grande and santo. Grande, "big," "grand," "great," follows the noun when it means literally large in size. Meaning "great," it precedes, and may lose its final syllable before a masculine or feminine noun. un muchacho grande, a big boy. una gran (de) casa, a great (remarkable) house. a. Santo, "holy," "blessed," when used before the name of a male Saint generally loses its last syllable. una santa mujer, a saintly woman. San Juan, St. John. 194. Otro, -a, -os, -as, "other" /'another/' "others.'' Otro is both pronoun and adjective. Used as an adjective it precedes its noun. The indefinite article may not be used with it. Used with a numeral or adverb of quantity it pre- cedes. otro libro, another book; el otro libro, the other book. Trdigame otro. Bring me another. Trdigame los otros. Bring me the others. Tengo otros muchos, otros dos. I have many others, two others. el otro dia, the other day. 194 A. Cada, "each," "every." Cada is invariable in form, and as an adjective precedes its noun. It is often associated with a numerical expression. cada casa, each house ; cada dos casas, every two houses. a. As a pronoun cada is associated with uno or cual. Cada una {cual) de las muchachas, each one of the girls. Hable con cada cual (uno) de los discipulos. I talked with each of the pupils. 195. Sino, "if not," "but." Sino is used instead of pero to introduce a positive statement that is contrasted with a preceding negative one. No es pobre, sino al contrario es bastante rico. He is not poor, but on the contrary he is quite wealthy. a. No with sino and a verb may mean "only" or "except." No tengo sino dies pesetas. I have but (only) ten pesetas. No tengo diner sino dies pesetas que me did mi madre. I have no money except ten pesetas which mother gave me. 124 SPiVNISH GRAMMAR 196. Dar is often used in idioms with the meaning "to strike." Est an dando las dos. It is striking two. gHan dado ya las once? Has it struck eleven yet? Le di con el paraguas. I struck him with the umbrella. No me da la gana. I don't feel like it. (Lit., The notion doesn't strike me.) 197. Aun. The adverb aun is equivalent to todavia, meaning '"still" in a positive sentence, and "yet" with a negative. When it follows a verb it bears an accent and is pronounced as two syllables. As a conjunction it means "even." Tenemos aim tiempo.H } w , > u t ,- Aun tenemos tiempoA < We stl11 have time - Aun no ha venido. He has not yet come. Llegaremos a tiempo, aun yendo a pie. We shall get there on time, even if we go on foot. 198. Idiomatic. d ver, let's see. tener ganas, to feel like. de buena gana, gladly. de mala gana, unwillingly. No import a. No matter. No me importa. I don't care. Lo mismo me da. It's all the same to me. por esto, on this account. por eso, on that account. jde que manera? in what way? de otra manera, in another way. de esta manera, in this way. ocho dias, a week. quince dias, a fortnight. tener puesto, to have on. cchar una carta al correo, to "mail" a letter. VOCABULARY. apurarse, to be worried, dis- tressed. automozil, m., automobile. buzon, m., letter-box. cama, bed. campo, country, field. cantidad, f., amount, quantity. jcaramba! (exclamation). cartero, letter-carrier. centimo, ioo = i peseta, cerrar, to shut (R-ch. I). cortes, polite. correo, post-office, mail. cuenta, account, bill. cuniplcafws, m., birthday. empezar (d), to begin, com- mence, start (R-ch. I, 507 d), Enrique, Henry. enviar, to send (see 510). estanco, tobacco-store. extranjero, foreign. felicitar (por), to congratulate (on). fehz, happy, fortunate. gana, inclination. importar, to be of importance, to matter, to make a differ- ence. LESSON XXXIV 125 importe, m., amount (of a bill, pobre, poor. etc.). postal, postal. invitar (a), to invite (to). querido, dear. motivo, motive, cause; con — de, rico, rich. concerning, on. sello, stamp. nada, adv., (not) at all. sastre, tailor. peor, worse, worst. sobre, m., envelope, wrapper. EXERCISE XXXIV. a. \ Levantese, hombre ! <;Va Vd. a quedar todo el santo dia en la cama? Dejeme Carlos. Aun es temprano. No es temprano sino bastante tarde ; y Vd. sabe bien que Juan nos ha invitado a pasar el dia en la casa de campo de su tio, y que viene a buscarnos con el automovil. Si, ; caramba ! Lo olvidaba por complete Verdaderamente no tengo^ganas de ir. Abra la ventana para ver si hace buen tiempo. (Carlos abre la ventana y el sol entra en abundancia. Aun en el verano muchos espanoles duermen con las ventanas cerradas.) El dia es magnifico (Hace un tiempo magnifico), pero si Vd. no quiere ir, a mi no me importa. Iremos otro dia. Si quiero. Cuando le dije que no, aun tenia suefio. Me visto cuanto antes. Digale a Rosa que prepare el agua para mi bano, y que traiga el chocolate. <;Han traido el periodico? Todavia no; pero aqui tiene Vd. dos cartas y una tarjeta pos- tal. El cartero las ha traido ahora mismo. ;De quien viene esta carta con el sobre azul y el sello extranjero? De mi pobre primo. Esta enfermo desde hace algun tiempo. Espero que no se encuentre peor. A ver lo que dice. (Abre la carta y la lee). Querido Enrique; Voy a empezar mi carta diciendole que cada dia me siento mejor ... Esta otra carta sera de mi sastre, quien me escribe cada dos dias pidiendome el importe de su cuenta. Y no es nada cortes. No se apure por eso. Estoy rico en este momento, y le prestare de buena gana la cantidad que le hace falta. ^De quien es la tar- jeta? De mi sobrina Luisa, quien me felicita por (con motivo de) mi cumpleanos. I Cuando fue su cumpleanos? Ayer. j Hombre ! no lo sabia. Que Vd. los tenga siempre felices. Muchas gracias. Creo tener tiempo para responder a estas 126 SPANISH GRAMMAR cartas antes que llegue Juan. <;Tiene Vd. sellos de correo de quince centimos ? No tengo ninguno ; sino de cinco centimos. . Lo mismo da. Echaremos las cartas al correo al pasar por la calle de Carretas. b. Despues de escribir una carta ponemos en el sobre un selio de quince centimos si deseamos enviarla de algun punto de Espafia a cualquier otro punto del pais. Para los paises extranjeros hay que poner un sello de veinticinco centimos. Los sellos se compran en Espafia en los estancos, 6 como aqui, en la oficina de correos. En los estancos hay buzones en donde podemos echar las cartas, y de donde las sacan los carteros para llevarlas al correo. c. iQuien viene a despertarle a Enrique? I Donde van a pasar el dia? iQuien viene a buscar a Enrique y a Carlos? <;De que manera (modo) van al campo? iEn cuya casa de campo van a pasar el dia? i Sabe Vd. por que los espanoles duermen con las ventanas cerradas? Porque temen el viento frio de la noche. <:Quien nos trae las cartas? <:Que trae ademas de las cartas? iCuantas cartas le trajo el cartero a Enrique? iDe quienes eran las cartas? iQue le pidio el sastre a Enrique? <;Le escribe a menudo el sastre? iPor que no le ha pagado el joven? iQuien le dijo a Enrique que no se apurase con motivo de la cuenta ? <; Cuanto dinero le presta Carlos a su amigo? I Donde podemos comprar los sellos de correo? I was very well treated. Se me trtto muy bien. » 212. Dejar. Already used in the sense of "to leave," or "to allow,'' dejar, when followed by de and an infinitive may mean "to leave off," or "to fail to." No dejar c de seguir sus instrucciones. I shall not fail to fol- low your instructions. No deje Vd. de estudiar mientras que este ausente. Don't leave off studying while I am awav. UCSSON XXXVII 135 213. Synonyms. To remember. Acordarse de and recordar both mean "to call to mind," "to recall." Re- cordar alone is used with the meaning of "to remind." (Both are R-ch. Class I). No me acuerdo de la palabra. I don't remember the word. Recuerdo que aquel ano fui a Paris. I recall that I went to Paiis that year. Vd. me recuerda mi pobre marido. You remind me of my poor husband. Permitame que le rccnerde su deber. Allow me to remind you of your duty. 214. Physical Characteristics. Tener and the defi- nite article are often used in Spanish in describing physical characteristics or temporary physical condition, where in English we use "to be" with an adjective, or "to have" with the indefinite article. Vd. tiene siempre la boca abierta. Your mouth is always open. Tengo la cava encendida. My face is flushed. Tiene la mano pequcna. He has a small hand. a. If the condition described is not temporary, and the object of tener is a plural noun, the definite article may be omitted. Carmen tiene ojos negros. Carmen has black eyes. 215. Idiomatic. guardar cama, to stay in bed. pier da Vd. cuidado, don't worry. un fuerte constipado, a hard una fuerie tos, a hard cough. cold. cosa de cuidado, a thing to wor- cosa de peligro, a dangerous ry about. matter. tener calentura, to be feverish. to mar el pulso, to feel the pulse. me duele la mano, my hand tener miedo, to be afraid. hurts. tener cuidado, to be careful. estar enfermo del corazon, to i Cuidado! Look out! have heart trouble. VOCABULARY. agudo, sharp, acute. casi, almost. apetito, appetite. constipado, a cold. botica, drug-store. constiparse, to catch cold cabeza, head. consuliar, to consult. caldo, broth. corazon, m., heart. calentura, fever. cucharadita, teaspoonful. capa, cape. cuidado, care, anxiety. car a, face. curar, to cure, care for. I36 SPANISH GRAMMAR doctor, Doctor (a title). mlembro, member, limb. doler, to ache, pain, hurt, (R- oido, hearing (the sense). ch. I). peligro, danger. dolor, ache, pain, grief perder, to lose (R-ch. I). durante, prep., during. pulso, pulse. enccndido, inflamed, heated, rccado, message. flushed. receta, receipt, prescription. enicro, entire, whole. rcmedio, remedy. estomago, stomach. resfriado, a cold. estornudar, to sneeze. resultado, result, outcome. cxccsivo, excessive, extreme. salvar, to save. horrible, terrible, horrible. sufrir, to suffer, to bear. lengua, tongue. telefono, telephone. mandar, to send, command. telefonar, to telephone. marido, husband. tos, f., cough. mledo, fear. toser, to cough. EXERCISE XXXVII. a. (Da. Manuela es el ama de una casa de huespedes.) La he llamado a Vd. Da. Manuela porque me siento muy malo. Desearia que se mandase un recado al despacho diciendo que hoy no podre ir. Se lo agradecere infinite. Se hara en seguida. iQue tiene Vd. ? «:Le duele la cabeza? Me duele excesivamente. Ayer sali sin capa, y antes de llegar a la oficina empezo a Hover, y creo que me constipe (que he cogido un resfriado). Me acoste anoche con dolores en todos los miem- bros, y he tosido y estornudado mucho durante la noche. He pasado casi toda la noche sin dormir. I No quiere que le traiga algo caliente, una taza de te 6 de caldo? Gracias. No tengo apetito. <;Vive cerca de aqui algun medico? Ninguno bueno; pero si Vd. desea consultar un medico, llamare por telefeno al nuestro, el Doctor Fernandez, y si estuviere (esta) en casa no tardara diez minutos en llegar, pues siempre hace sus visitas en automovil. Pero D. Jose, eso que tiene Vd. no es nada. Vd. tendra solamente un fuerte constipado. \ Hombre ! j Que bien me acuerdo de la ultima enfermedad de mi pobre marido. Aquello si fue horrible. Durante un aho entero estuvo enfermo del corazon y del estomago. Sufrio agudos dolores. Los mejores medicos de la ciudad trataron de salvarle, y se le dio muchos remedios, pero todo sin resultado. Se murio el afio pasado. Hacia mucho tiempo ya que habia perdido casi por completo el oido. Lo peor es que el pobre tenia tanto miedo de morir. Pero ique estoy haciendo? Si no dejo de hablar de enferme- LESSON XXXVII 137 dades va Vd. a ponerse peor. Voy corriendo a telefonar al despacho y al medico. (El medico entra despues de un rato.) I Que le pasa, caballero? Dejeme tomarle el pulso. Mues- treme Vd. la lengua. Bastante sucia. Vd. tiene la cara encendida. A ver lo que indica el termometro. 100 grados. Vd. tiene calen- tura, pero no sera cosa de cuidado. Guardando cama, en un par de dias se pone bueno. Mande Vd. Sra. ama, preparar esta receta en la'botica, y dele al enfermo una cucharadita cada tres horas. No debe comer hoy, pero dele agua cuando pida. Vuelvo por la tarde para ver como lo esta pasando. Hasta entonces, pues. b. 1 Para que ha llamado D. Jose al ama? ,;Desde cuando se siente malo? <;Cual fue la causa del constipado que ha cogido? iQue quiere traerle el ama? <:D6nde le duele a D. Jose? I Como ha pasado la noche ? ; Por que no quiere tomar nada? I Se va Da. Manuela en seguida a telefonar al despacho? ,:que hace pues? iQue le recuerda la enfermedad de su marido? ^;De que murio su marido? I Cree Vd. que le sea interesante a D. Jose oir hablar de las enfermedades del marido de la buena sefiora? I Tarda ella mucho en dejar de hablar? ■ I Que hace el medico cuando entra ? ;Cuanto tiempo tendra el enfermo que guardar cama? I Cuantos dias tardara en ponerse bueno ? ;D6nde se preparan las recetas de los medicos? I Como se llaman los hombres que curan a los enfermos ? i Como se llama la enfermedad de D. Jose? ; Tiene miedo de morir? <:Estara peor manana que hoy? ; Quiere Vd. que le de algun recado a su amigo cuando le vea? r ;Se acuerda Vd. de lo que quiere decir resfriado? I No me oye Vd., 6 ha perdido el oido, 6 no me entiende? 138 SPANISH GRAMMAR LESSON XXXVIII. VOCABULARY. alma, soul. anterior, fore, anterior. arteria, artery. barba, chfn, beard. brazo, arm. bigote, m., moustache. calvo, bald. cerebro, brain. ciego, blind, blind person. cojo, lame, lame person. comun, common. contener, to contain (see 543). crdnec, skull. cuello, collar, neck. cuerpo, body. cutis, m., skin. debit, weak. dedo, finger. dedo anular, ring-finger. dedo del corazon, middle finger. dedo del pie, toe. dedo indice, index finger. dedo menique, little finger. dedo pulgar, thumb. dedo pulgar del pie, big toe. diente, m., tooth. digerir, to digest (R-ch. II). encarnado, red. espalda, back (in plu., shoul- ders). espinazo, spfnal column. frente, f., forehead. garganta, throat. gordo, fat, stout. gusto, taste (the sense). habla, speech. EXERCISE higado, liver. hueso, bone. humano, human. inferior, lower, inferior. intestinos, intestines. labio, lip. manco, one-armed. medula c spinal, spinal-cord. mover (se), to move (R-ch. I). mudo, mute, dumb, silent. musculo, muscle. nariz, f., nose. olfato, smell (sense of). oreja, ear. organo, organ. palma, palm. pecho, breast, chest. pelo, hair. pierna, leg. planta, plant, sole. posterior, hinder, rear, back. pulmones, lungs. puno, fist, hand-writing. respiracion, f., breathing. respirar, to breathe. sangre, f., blood. sentido, sense. sordo, deaf, dull. tacto, feeling (sense of). tronco, trunk (of body or tree). tuerto, one-eyed. uso, use. vena, vein. vientre, belly, stomach. vital, vital. XXXVIII. r ;En que consiste la mayor parte del cuerpo humano? iComo se llaman las partes principales del cuerpo? ,;Cuantos brazos tenemos? This lesson may be omitted if desired. LESSON XXXVIII 139 iComo se llaman los miembros con que andamos? iCuales son los organos vitales principales? iComo se llama la parte exterior del cuerpo? <;la mano cerrada? <:la parte interior de la mano? <;la parte inferior del pie? ila parte que esta entre el tronco y la cabeza? ila parte que contiene la medula espinal? «jla parte que contiene el cerebro? i la parte superior de la cara? <;la parte inferior de la cara? <;la parte anterior del tronco? <;la parte posterior del tronco? <:la parte anterior y superior del tronco? t Cual es el nombre del pelo que cubre la cabeza ? 1 que cubre la barba? ;que cubre el labio superior? <:De que esta cubierta la cabeza? i Como llamamos al hombre que ha perdido el uso de los ojos, 6 que no ha visto nunca? ,jal hombre que no tiene sino un.ojo? ,;al que tiene solamente un brazo? 2>- I hope you have not made a mistake. 34. So then, he has a sweet- heart, has he? 35. Don't fail to telephone to the drug store for (por) the stamps. 36. How (cudiito) my foot hurts! You imag- ine it. 27- When I have my glasses on, do I not look like some professor? 38. I can't imagine such a thing. 39. All good boys and girls (chicos) obey their parents. 40. His eyes are shut, but his mouth is open. 41. I told him I would lend him as much as he needed. LESSON XLI. 222. Use of Imperative Mode. Review 142. The imperative is -used to express intimate positive commands only. Intimate negative commands are expressed by the second persons singular and plural of the present subjunc- tive. habla, Jiablad, speak; no Jiables, no Jiableis, don't speak. responde, responded, answer; no respondas, no responddis, don't answer. escribe, escribid, w T rite; no escvibas, no escribdis, don't write. a. In positive commands the object pronouns are attached to the verb. This necessitates in certain cases a written accent. hablame, compramclo, habladle, coniprddmelo. b. Tn negative commands the object pronouns come before the verb. No me Jiables. Don't speak to me. Xo se lo digdis. Don't tell him so. LESSON XU 145 c. Before the reflexive object os, the imperative plural drops its final d. ocapaos, busy yourselves. 223. Irregular Imperatives. Most irregular verbs are regular in the imperative plural, and many are irregular in the singular. Study the imperatives in 515, 521, 523, 525, 538-547- 224. Prometer, "to promise," may be followed by the infinitive or the indicative. It takes the indirect object of the person, and the direct object of the thing promised. Pro met c m c que me compraras algo. Promise me that you will buy me something. Me prometio que volveria temprano. He promised me he would return soon. Te prometo volver temprano. ) T n n • ^ T .„ , rr 1 . 7 ,\ r I promise you 1 w T ill return soon. le prometo que solvere temprano. ) v J 225. Volver followed by a and an infinitive means "to (whatever the infinitive expresses) again." No volvere a hacerlo. I shall not do it again. No he vuelto a verle. I have not seen him again. 226. Jugar, "to play/' is always followed by a before the name of a game. See 516. Los ninos estdn jugando a la pelota. The children are playing ball. 226 A. For caer, "to fall/' and reir, "to laugh/' see 522 a, and 528. VOCABULARY. acd, adv., here (used, like alia contar, to count, tell, relate (R- with verb of motion). ch. I). amar, to love. desobedecer, to disobey (see /Ay! Oh! Ouch! Alas! 513). besOy kiss. detrds de, prep., behind. burlarse de, to make fun of. ensuciar, to dirty, make dirty. caerse, to fall down. esconder (se), to hide. eamisa, shirt. Federieo, Frederick. easOy case, affair, circumstance. feo, homely, ugly, wicked. I46 SPANISH GRAMMAR hacer caso a, to pay attention to. ;Por Dios! exclamation. limpiar, to clean. quitar, to remove, take off. mentir, to lie (R-ch. II). reuse (de), to laugh (at). m'entira, lie, lying. romper, to break, tear (see 549). pantalon, m., trousers, breeches. saltacamero, leap-frog (literal- pecado, sin. ly, leap-sheep). pegar, to strike, hit, stick (see toro, bull (in plural, "biill-fight- 507 b). ing"). pelota, ball. vergiienza, shame. perdon, m., pardon. tener vergiienza, to be pillo, young scamp, rowdy. ashamed. EXERCISE XLL a. Hija, ipor que lloras? Cuentalo todo a tu madre. Federico me pego y me llamo fea. No llores. No le hagas caso a tu hermano. No eres fea. Fe- derico, no te escondas detras de la puerta. Te estoy viendo. No te rias. 1 Te estas burlando de tu madre ? Ven aca, mal muchacho. I No tienes vergiienza? <;No sabes que los nirios debeis amaros? Pero, ; que s.ucio estas ! Y £ por que te has quitado los zapatos ? iComo te has roto el pantalon y ensuciado la camisa limpia? No se. Federico, dime la verdad. No mientas. Sabes que la mentira es un pecado muy feo. ^No has estado jugando a la pelota 6 a los toros con los pillos de la calle? Estabamos jugando a saltacarnero, cuando me cai, y se me ha roto el pantalon. Te he prohibido jugar en la calle, y tendre que castigarte. i Ay, mama, por Dios ! No me castigue Vd. Le prometo que no volvere a desobedecerla. Pues por esta vez te perdono. Ahora vete a tu cuarto a lim- piarte bien ; pero antes debes pedir perdon a tu hermana y darle un beso. b. 1 Por que esta la nifia llorando ? I A quien lo cuenta todo? iLes duele mas a las nifias que se las pegue, 6 que se las llame feas Que le dice su madre a la nifia? Donde trata Federico de esconderse? Que hace detras de la puerta? Tiene mucha vergiienza? Le dice la verdad a su madre? ique hace pues? En que estado se encuentra? Donde estaba jugando cuando se le rompio el pantalon: I^SSON XUI 14/ <;A que estaba jugando? <;No ha visto Vd. nunca jugar a los toros? iQue es mentir? iQue le promete Federico a su madre? <;Por que se lo promete? <;A donde le manda su madre? ipara que? iQue pide a su hermana antes? <:Que le da ella? I A que juegan los nifios espafioles? iCual es el dia en que no se puede comer carne sin pecado? ^Hacen caso los nifios a las ordenes de sus padres? I Por que se ha quitado Federico los zapatos ? iQue hay que pegar en el sobre de una carta antes de echarla al correo? LESSON XLII. 227. Spanish Money, The unit is the peseta, divided into 100 centimos. Five pesetas make a duro or peso. The copper coins (monedas de cobre) are the piece of 5 centimos (perra chica) and the 10 centimo piece (perra grande). Silver coins (monedas de plata) are the peseta, dos pesetas and duro. Bank notes are of 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 pesetas. Exchange is cambio, loose change suelto, and change for a coin or bill, la vuelta or las vuel- tas. In Mexico and Spanish America generally, the unit is the centavo (=one cent). In Spain the real (=2$ cen- timos) is often used in reckoning price, but there is no coin to correspond to it. 228. Idiomatic. Price. Bstas navanjas se venden a peseta la docena. These oranges are sold at a peseta a dozen. jCudnto vale estof Dos reales la libra. What is this worth? Two reals a pound. /Cudnto pide Vd. por estof Duro la vara. What do you ask for this? A dollar a yard. Uvas de a real la libra. Grapes at a real a pound. I48 SPANISH GRAMMAR 229. Suffix -ero. The suffix -ero, applied to nouns, forms derivatives indicating the person in charge of, the dealer in, or manufacturer of. puerta, porter ; coche, cocker ; libro, librero (bookseller) ; zapato, za pat ero (cobbler or shoe-dealer) ; reloj, relojero (watch- maker) ; cuchillo, cuchillero (cutler) ; especia (spice) ; especiero (grocer) ; vaca, vaquero (cow-boy). 230. Suffix -eria. The suffix eria indicates generally a place where something is manufactured or sold, or a trade or business. Ubreria, book-store; zapateria, shoe-store; reloj eria, watchmak- er's; cuchilleria, cutlery store; especieria, grocery. 231. Diminutive Suffixes. These are very commonly applied to nouns and adjectives, and even to adverbs. The commonest are -ito, -illo, -uelo (-ita, -ilia, -uela). Hbrito. little book ; chiquillo, little child ; mozuelo, young chap ; prontito, quite promptly. 232. Either ... or, in a positive sentence is 6 . . . 6. In a negative sentence, ni . . . ni, which also ex- presses neither . . . nor. Ni further expresses and not. Tampoco means neither or not either. It is generally found after a negative, but it may come first in the sen- tence. It is used instead of no in replying negatively to the second of tw r o questions. Vendrd 6 esta noche, 6 manana temprano. He will come either to-night or to-morrow earl)'. No hemos tornado ni chocolate ni tc. We have not taken either chocolate or tea. (We have taken neither chocolate nor tea.) No ten go diner o, ni espero tenerlo. I have no money, nor do I hope to (and I do not hope to) have any. Yo no qniero ir tampoco. I don't want to go either. j No tiene Vd. diner of Ni yo tampoco. Haven't you any mon- ey? Nor have I either. jQuiere Vd. pan? No. jTostadasf Tampoco. a. O, "or," becomes u before a word beginning with o or ho. mujeres u h ombres, women or men. 233. For traducir, "to translate," and other verbs in -ucir see 529. LESSON XIJJ. 149 VOCABULARY. bacalao, codfish. bazar, m., bazaar, department store. camiceria, meat-market. carnicero, butcher. cerdo, pig, hog. correr, to be current. crndo, unripe, raw, crude. docena, dozen. especie, f., species, kind. fino, fine, delicate, excellent. fresa, strawberry. frijoles, beans (Mexico). genera, genus, gender, kind. generos, dry-goods. granada, pomegranate. harina, flour. judias, beans (Spain). kilo, kilogramo. libra, pound. limon, m., lemon. lomo, loin. maduro, ripe, mature. manzana, apple. melocoton, m., peach. melon, m., musk-melon. naranja, orange. pescaderia, fish-market, pescadero, fisherman, fish-deal- er. podrido, rotten. selecto, choice, select. tendero, store-keeper. trncha, trout. uva, grape. vender, to sell. z-erde, green, unripe. EXERCISE XLII. a. Vamos primero al mercado. Despues iremos al bazar y a las tiendas de generos . . . Hoy necesito una cantidad de cosas. Primero, frijoles (judias) de los mejores. Los tengo muy finos. Haga el favor de mostrarlos. Verdad que son finos. ,;A cuanto se venden? A peseta el kilo. (A dos reales la libra). No los tiene Vd mas baratos? Si, pero no son tan selectos. Bueno. Mandeme a casa cinco kilos. iQue clase de frutas tiene Vd.? Tenemos naranjas, manzanas, melocotones, limones, uvas, gra- nadas, y melones. Muchos de estos melocotones estan verdes, otros estan podridos. Escoja Vd. los mejores. Me quedo con estos seis. Tambien media docena de limones y un melon. iNo necesita Vd. naranjas ni uvas? Hoy no. I Granadas ? Tampoco . . . Ahora a la carniceria, donde comprare un lomo de cerdo para asar, y entonces a la especieria a comprar harina, y bacalao. 150 SPANISH GRAMMAR b. ,;D6nde compramos el pescado? ,;la carne? ^los zapatos? I un reloj ? 1 un cuchillp ? 1 los libros ? iComo llamamos al hombre que vende libros? <;que vende cuchillos? ique guarda vacas y toros? ique hace reloj es?