LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. @|apZ*?iD@.apgrig|t ^o Shelf. .«Qi^d/ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. COO-S'WEX-.X-rS COMPENDIUM OF PHONOGRAPHY. BEING A COMPLETE AND CONCISE EXPOSITION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF VERBATIM REPORTING AS PRAC- TICED BY THE BEST REPORTERS. FOR SELF-INSTRUCTION AND FOR USE IN SCHOOLS. By F. H. COGSWELL, OFFICIAL REPORTER OF THE SUPERIOR AND COMMON PLEAS COURTS, LATE PRINCIPAL COGSWELL'S PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE AND EDITOR OF THE PHONOGRAPHER. TWELFTH EDITION. REVISED .AJSTT3 ENLARGED, F. H. COGSWELL, PUBLISHER, NEW HAVEN, CONNT \ COPYRIGHT BY F. H. COGSWELL 4" A* PREFACE. This book has been issued for the following reasons: We have been unable to secure any satisfactory text-book for use in our own teaching. First, because most of the so-called instruction books are poorly arranged, without proper exercises, and contain much that the student does not require, and only serves to confuse. The multiplicity of word-signs and contractions found even in those books which claim to discountenance their frequent use, is sufficient to condemn them for practical purposes. Second, because we prefer to use, both in our practice and teaching, the best results of progress from whatever source they may come; hence, we do not accept the works of any author as being adapted to the wants of the student who wishes to avail himself of the best helps to a verbatim speed. Phonography is a growing science, and while all systems contain good points, they are but the stepping-stones to greater possibilities, and are all more or less imperfect. We have embodied in this book what seems to us, at the present stage of development in Phonography, to be the best means, consistent with legibility, of attaining a verbatim speed. We do not wish to be understood as laying any claim to authorship. We have neither the time, ability, nor the audacity to invent another system. Our principal object has been a better presentation of the subject, and if any seeker after a knowledge of the mystic art finds this book a clearer guide than those that have gone before, the end we have had in view will have been attained. PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. In our prefatory remarks to the " Compendium of Phonography," when first published, we disclaimed any idea of originality, our aim being simply a clearer and more concise exposition of an art that has been very much " muddled " by self-styled authors ; but which if properly presented, is simple enough for the comprehension of ordi- nary individuals. Since that time we have made use of some addi- tional speed principles in our practice, and have incorporated them in this book. These have in part been suggested by other reporters, and some have been accidentally hit upon in emergencies and used because of their special value on such occasions. Such ideas being common property and their free circulation being a matter of univer- sal advantage, it is not necessary that special credit should be given here. The student of the following exercises may discover an occasional expedient for which there seems to be no general rule. It will be sufficient to suggest that such improvisations are frequently made by reporters when the context is sufficiently strong to render the mean- ing certain. TO THE STUDENT. You have in this book the principles of verbatim reporting set forth as concisely as is consistent with a clear exposition of the subject. It is possible for any bright young man or woman having an hour or two of leisure every day to thoroughly master the art in a few weeks. By this we do not mean that ycu can become a verbatim reporter in a few weeks, but you can become fully ac- quainted with the principles by which a verbatim speed can be attained. After the principles are learned it would be desirable, if you intend to make phonography a profession, to attend some good training school for a few months, in order to perfect yourself in the details of the subject, and get up the necesssary speed. for practical work. The benefits to be derived from such a course cannot be too highly valued. You become associated with others having the same as- pirations and having the same obstacles to surmount; you give and receive new ideas and suggestions that solitary study do not afford; you form professional acquaintances that will prove val- uable in after life; and, most important of all, you are under the direction and receive the advice of those who have already attained success and had practical experience. These advantages, however, are not within the reach of all, and there are many good phonographers who never saw a training school. To those proposing to take up the subject at home we would say that it would be desirable to induce one or more of your friends in the same neighborhood to take it up with you. This will make the study more interesting, and you will get ideas from your fellow students that will help you. You must not make the mistake of trying to grasp the whole subject at one sitting. If a student of mathematics should, as soon as he had acquired the fun- damental principles, attempt to solve the intricate problems of the Calculus, he would utterly fail and would soon give up in despair. One might as well try to scale a mountain at one stride. If you have a few grains of that precious but rare "metal" known as common sense, you are all right. Learn one principle thoroughly before looking at the next. Do not even look ahead to see how the remaining lessons appear. Let 3 T our attention be concentrated entirely on the lesson in hand till it is mastered, then build in the next, and so on until the whole is accomplished. If this course is faithfully pursued for a few weeks, you will have the principles mastered. Do not stop here and imagine that there is nothing more to do but sally out with your notebook and inquire for Philips Brooks. You have the foundation laid, but the structure is not yet finished. Spend the hour or two each day that you have been spending on the principles, in taking dic- tation from some friend, or if there is a club, let each take turns in dictating. This course kept up for a few weeks longer will make you a tolerably good phonographer. Loose no opportunity for practice, even after you have attained a working speed. The musician practices his scale every day, and the phonographer will "get left" sometimes if he does not keep in constant practice. The study may engross your leisure time for several months, but it will amply repay you for your trouble. If you pursue it only as a pastime, you will find it a most beautiful and fascinating art, and a valuable acquisition in any walk of life. MATERIALS. Most reporters prefer to use glazed paper, a good reliable gold pen, and common writing fluid. A pencil is preferred sometimes when writing on the knee. Fountain pens are generally deceptive. There are one or two, however, that are very convenient and seldom fail, but it is always best to have another pen in reserve. It is prob- able that a good fountain pen will soon appear which will be so simple in its construction as to admit of a free and regular flow. For a simple gold pen there is nothing yet invented equal to the " Stenographic Pen," made by Mabie, Todd vN: Bard. New York. It is well to accustom yourself to inconvenience in writing. The reporter is often obliged to write in cramped and uncomfort- able positions; he may be obliged to write with the book on his knee; sometimes he must rrdd it in his hand; and fre- quently at open air speaking he will rest his book on the back of the man in front of him. The phonographer who has always been used to writing at a table, with everything conducing to his ease and convenience, rinds these circumstances very trying. and often gets disconcerted and makes mistakes. The reporter's reputation rests on his ability to reproduce the speaker's exact words, and no allowance is ever made for such circumstances as those mentioned above. For general reporting it is desirable to have notebooks pre- pared in a convenient size for either pen or pencil. Those arranged for pencil work should be made from rougher paper, and the regular "Phonographic Pencil" which can be obtained of most stationers should be used. Such books should be ruled with a margin half an inch wide at the left side for doubtful words and convenience in arranging paragraphs. This is also very useful in concert practice, which subject is discussed at length in : 'Fowler's Shorthand Execution," a most valuable book for sten- ographers by F. G. Fowler, Bridgeport, Conn. For our own use we have notebooks made in large quantities and will send them to any wishing them at ten cents each and five cents extra for postage PHONOGRAPHY. Phonography means sound-writing. It is from two Greek words, (povq, sound, and ypaqu, to write, to write sound. It is written phonetically — that is, by sound — and not by the ordinary spelling. For instance, though is written by representing the sounds tho, the ugh being silent. The consonant sounds are represented by simple strokes, straight and curved, and the vowels by dots and dashes. The consonant outlines comprise the framework of the art, and it is on these, in their various combinations and modifications, that the reporter chiefly depends. He writes jmp for jump, drnk for drink, krt for cart (c sounding like k). He cannot, however, rely solely on the consonant combinations, for drnk could stand for drank and drunk as well as for drink. This necessitates the use of vowels in cases where the consonant outline fails to be definite. The gen- eral sense of a sentence goes a long way toward rendering certain the meaning of an outline that would be doubtful when standing alone; thus "I will drnk some water." "He drnk some water." " He cannot become drnk by the use of water." The consonants are first taken up, and in the first two lessons the student acquires a familiarity with their outlines. In the third lesson the vowels are considered, and here comes the only difficult feature of the subject. A little thoughtful study will conquer it, and then it is plain sailing to the close. It must be constantly borne in mind that sound-writing and ordinary English are two different things. It takes a little time for one not already familiar with phonetics to think out the sounds. You must learn to think phonetically. Practice analyzing words according to their sound, and remember that ma spells may, te tea, nu new, hop cope, kum come, kom comb, tuf tough, do dough, rim rhyme, katl cattle, konva convey, diafram diaphragm, etc. Do not be in a hurry to get through the book. Go slowly and thoroughly. The successful use of phonography depends not so much on the ability to write the outlines rapidly as to think how to write them. The mind must work faster than the hand. Aim to be accurate and thorough, and let speed be a secondary consideration until the contents of the book have been thoroughly mastered. COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM OF PHONOGRAPHY. LESSON I. Alphabets. directions. Examples. _ _ v v Write perpendicu- v I _ _ Pe, Be, \\ / i *• \ I Pk, Dp, \ X lar and slanting v — - V * trt Te, De, strokes downward, [^^^-v^ Tm, Fn, Ch, Ja, / / exce P l La >^ Ra ^ and Av / Shp, Mr, / / Hay, which are writ- t^ Ka, Ga, — ten upwarc j Ef, Ve, \ V Sh and Lay may be -r , r^, / ( written either upward Ith,Thee, (I _ , . ^ V or downward in com- Es, Ze, j 1 binations, according Sh Zh J J to conven i ence « ^ -f Write horizontal Lay, Yay, ( f strokes from left to Ar, Way, ^^ right. Write Ray more Em, En, ^^""^^ ' slanting than Ch. / Ray.Hay, / / H ay is generally ~~7 V Kch, VI, Ing, >^ m ^ omitted. s — ^^ Mng. In joining strokes to form words, write them all together, without lifting the pen, thus, \ bake, ^ / merry. After reading carefully the above Directions and the Examples at the right, write the following EXERCISE. Cup, neck, make, came, match, pope, babe, cheap, reap, cage, rage, check, gem, gone, game, rain, duly, daisy, mum, honey, meek, shake, dame, deny, bush, beef, bevy, map, life, rose, theme, rock, valley, zeal, fame, sham, arm, fish, tag, nag, rag, hitch, body, rink, duty, faith, copy, hung, type, ensue, gag, cake, coffee, mock, rich, holy, ark, wreath, wreathe, gaily, maim, main, rib, rope, teeth, death, pang, tongue, beauty, ball, keg, book, deck, thick, into, enjoy, assume, lion, lame, nail, mail, among, money, envy, laugh, image, lake. COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM LESSON II. CIRCLES AND LOOPS. A small circle is generally used to represent s and z. When joined to a curve it is placed inside the curve, thus: When used between strokes it is turned thus: When joined to a straight stroke it is placed on the right, if it is a downward stroke, and on the upper side of horizontals and upward strokes, thus: The circle may be made large to express two sounds of s oc- curring together, thus: \) passes, \Q faces, q cases, ^ roses, £ houses, q) ceases. The circle may be made into a loop to to express the sound of st, thus: \ step, \ post, \> boast, f state, \ test, | study, {dust, cistern, s^> must, # nest, y ceased, =*=> guessed, /raised, g hast. Zd is expressed in the same way as st. When s is the first consonant sound in a word, but is pre- ceded by a vowel sound, the stroke should be used instead of the circle. The reason will clearly appear in the next lesson. OF PHONOGRAPH Y. 1 1 The loop may be made large to express the sound of str, thus: \^ pastor, v> boaster, ^~^> master, t duster, \^> faster, ^J^ roaster, /^ lustre. The str loop is never used at the beginning of a word. Plurals and possessives may be indicated by adding a final s, thus: \> posts, \^) possesses, i^ diseases, ^^> masters, {^ coasters, \ dusters. EXERCISE. 1. Sip, set, pass, tease, raise, does, race, case, sack, seer, gas, this, sick, face, foes, ages, sage, nose, shoes, grows, voice, cease, guess, hiss, safe, sob, sail, joys, sight, chase, such, sign, signs, scene, seems, soles, seals, acts, knees, issues, amuse, mouse, house, lease, annoys, city, sinew, soothe, south, seive. 2. Rasp, task, bask, mask, chosen, abysm, design, listen, reason, risk, gasp, dislike, spasms, decides, decisive, mason, resume, misery, unseen, unsafe, receive, vessel, visage, passage, beseech, husk, pacif}', respect, outside, insane, excite, missile, honesty, nestle, thistle, guzzle, dazzle, muzzle, cousin, music. 3. Pieces, bases, guesses, chases, races, losses, faces, noses, recess, races, access, desist, system, resist, subsist, insist, scissors,, season, success, successive, necessity, passive, missive, accessory, necessary, exist, sources. 4. Stop, state, steady, dust, stitch, stage, stock, store, chaste, style, arrest, sting, must, missed, opposed, reposed, paused, refused, amassed, stick, supposed, studies, stages, guessed, jest, aghast, vast, last, steals, solaced, deposed, reduced, infest, next, mixed, diffused. 5. Faster, lustre, songster, roadster, jester, master, rooster, teamster, forrester, bannister, spinster, castor, coaster. 6. Successes, diseases, lists, vests, masters, artists, song- sters, chests, boasters. COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM LESSON III. VOWELS. The reporter generally writes only the consonant outlines, leaving the vowels to be implied by the position of the words with reference to the line. The following is the vowel scale employed by most phonographic writers: e a • 1 e aim, , ■ ■- mew. . >- - fee, / foe, ■•" -W few - EXAMPLES. ^^rr^meek ^rdlcame .-^^^-funny^.^rr^fame-X^pa.^w^-.-.arm V bonnv nonk '• ^-^ Irincv •« S • \s~ % , -_>rri - , o=" 1jCk ^ 1R = ^.-cow y^^ rnin_fg_.de1 -\c/|-.purity, .^-.-beauty, ^^Z. merry, Jzr_ deem, _JL Eden ay ive _ V^" belc : coolie. It is well for the student to make a practice of writing in every vowel, so as to acquire facility in their use. i 4 COGS WELLS COMPENDIUM Note. — The circle and loop do not affect vocalization. For example : -^ ope, _£>t — soap, _==l_ eke, ... ?. seek, ' ache, „.9^A^__. stake. But a vowel cannot be written before an initial or after a final circle or loop. In such cases the stroke must be used and the vowel placed against it according to position. EXERCISE. With the outlines* for the following words in the proper positions, and insert the accented vowel: Pea, paw, ape, beg, bough, tea, oat, tow, day, dough, owed, age, each, chew, itch, oak, key, gay, go, ague, thaw, oath, ace, say, saw, show, shy, shore, lay, law, lie, oil, lien, aim, may, mow, nay, know, nigh, woo, way, woo, yea, edge, ell, ill, etch, odd, ash, echo, egg, keep, cape, coach, peek, opaque, peal, pale, pole, pull, boat, beak, bowl, beam, team, deep, dale, dome, cake, cage, catch, check, joke, gala, coolie, gallows, themes, sheep, shop, leave, loaf, laugh, love, loathe, wreath, wreathe, name, many, heath, hate, mock, mellow, leap, rap, rogue, wrote, oar, reach, rage, roam, zero, shock, shook, shaggy, nap, live, lilly, follow, guinea, gang, coffee, chimney, ring, mighty hurry, shiny, chamois, lung, lash, lath, money, enough, iron, knife, match, purity, policy, parody, cabbage, period, arraign, marriage, infamy, monk, resume, kick, America, became, voyage, vouch, vowel, duty, power. OF PHONOGRAPHY. 15 LESSON IV. WORD-SIGNS. Simple strokes are used to express frequently recurring words, and are sometimes written out of position for convenience. Memorize the following list of CONSONANT STEMS. \ \ \ I I V * • > 1 1 1 by, be, to be, subject, time, it, itself, do, had, ^ -/- i- / = = - large, common, which, much, advantage, kingdom, come, give-n, _^ A, ^_i k. together, for, ever, have, however, several 1 1 ( _ L _ L --(- -4- think, thank-ed, them, though, this, those, they, thou, thus, L. J ! , L L themselves, was, is, his, as, has, wish, shall, J ../... ■■)■ \ usual-ly, will, whole, her-e, are, our, hers-self, i6 COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM -V "&- curs-self, ourselves, am, may, him, home, in, any, own, thing, language; long, length, influence, ^ >. -> C why, way, away, your, he. VOWEL STEMS. ! JL all, already, ought, two, oh, awe, too, owe, who-m. of, or, on, to, but, should. I, eye, high, how, now, new, the a-n-d. knew, OF PHONO GRA PII V. 17 PUNCTUATION. >o crr^_yoke, -1 •/' -_Vsioet should be written _V_jmd not..X„ ; mighty is written _Jl1 and not X.. which gives only might. EXERCISE. Pit, pat, pet, pate, apt, pout, bate, bet, bat, bought, boat, taught, toot, date, dot, dote, doubt, cheat, chide, chat, jet, kite, caught, act, coat, got, gate, get, goat, gout, fight, fought, fit, feet, fate, oft, aft, foot, vate, vat, east, shot, frhout, shoot, pied, paid, abode, bid, bed, bad, deed, died, dead, joyed, jade, code, aged, good, gad, feed, void, viewed, showed, shad, shade, shed, food, fed, toyed, allowed, allied, mud, load, mood. OF PHOXOGR 4PHY. WORD- SIGNS. < = - - - '- <■ >- put, about, quite, could, good, after, that, without, astonish-ed. j '■ ^ > , - - establish-ed-ment, world, Lord, heard, hard, word, immediately, read, order, ordinary. . ,g->.. S-_S. somewhat, nature, under, want, went. hand, hundred, ) ..)... as it, sometime, is it has it. SENTENCES. i. Put that bad boy to bed. 2. The cat caught the bat, after a hard fight. 3. Chide the aged jade that could act such a deed. 4. Kate Coit cau.ght quite a cute rabbit in the woods, and let it get out of her hand after she had reached home. COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM LESSON VII. EL-HOOK. When /is the next consonant sound after a stroke, it may be written by a small hook at the beginning and on the circle side, thus:._.J>„.plea, ...\..play, ._S.___.plow, ....(..idle, / chill T ^C-jail, •.. clay, eagle, ,,_ V awful, ^- flaw, j^/shell. The El-hook may be added to the Hay stroke by enlarging the hook, thus: J~; hall, £ hale. When a dash-vowel occurs between a stroke and the El-hook. it may be cut througe the stroke, thus : T, ma toll, ...S v -~. pool, *\ \,poll, ...^..foal, _^~ full, .. c r±rr...coa.\. When a dot-vowel so occurs it may be expressed by a small circle placed before the stroke if long, after it if short, thus: ._!.. peal, _\_ pill, JL=,-. fail, . V^. fell. But this is seldom necessary, and is rarely used. When the El-hook is used with Em, En, and Ray, it is made large, thus: <^^ ml, Q__x nl > ^S rl - The circle may be used with the El-hook, thus: __\..... spell, 1___ settle, ./o satchel, J^zr.. skill, JSr... civil. OF PHONOGRA PH Y. 23 EXERCISES. 1. Plea, play, plow, blow, blue, tool, till, tell, tall, dell, dole, dale, chill, jail, gill, call, keel, kill, coal, cool, guile, goal, glue, eagle, glee, flee, fly, awful, flaw, flew, flue, evil, oval, thill, shell, shoal, mile, mill, mole, mule, knell, kneel, knoll, haul, heeL 2. People, pickle, pupil, bible, babble, feeble, faithful, noble, liable, legal, local, amiable, likely, angle, uncle, bushel, special, especial, tumble, thimble, rumble, mumble, ofhciah 3. Claim, gloom, gleam, plume, club, oblige, classes, clois- ter, please, pleases, pleased, clip, clock, blame, clause, clauses, clothes, plaster, bluster, cluster. WORD-SIGNSo c. t_ : 1 until, difncult-y, equal-ly, child-ren. at all, SENTENCES. i Toll the bell. 2 My ethical uncle plays the fiddle. 3. Please tell the people to oblige the official. 4 The youthful pupil placed the sample on the table. 24 COGSWELL S COMPENDIUM LESSON VIII. AR-HOOK. When r is the next consonant sound after a stroke, it may be written by a small hook placed at the beginning on the side opposite the El-hook, thus: \ pi, \ pr, f tl, | tr, Z 77 chl, J chr, «= kl, c kr. The Ar-hook is written with a curve by reversing the form as written with the El-hook, thus: \ fl, \ fr, V thl, 1 thr, V vl, 1 vr, <^ shl, J shr. When the Ar-hook is written with Em and En, the stroke is shaded, thus: (! '" > v mr, <^_ t -* nr. The El and Ar hooks may be enlarged to imply the addition of the opposite hook, thus: \^ plr, \ prl, tlr, j trl, V_ fir, °\ frl, & puffs, I — 3 J* T ....^.....Hoffs,-- 1 -coughs, „„£^ hives, ____??_ drives, „.!Sy. proves. The Ef-hook may occur in the middle of a word, thus: proffer, 9- - traffic, ,rrrrr. giver, „„_J(_ driver. When a stroke having a final hook is halved to add t or d, the sound indicated by halving is read after the hook, thus: _ V drive, drift, \> believe, ~ believed, „~_ _ achieve, achieved, ^ grieve, ;. _ grieved. EXERCISE. . i. Beef, tough, deaf, chief, chafe, cuff, calf, roof, hoof, reef, rough, heave, staff, scoff, serf, strife, cliff, drove. 2. Puffs, paves, drives, droves, coughs, coves, cliffs, cuffs, graves, proves, delves, cloves, grieves, groves, gloves, strives, stoves. 3. Prefer, braver, toughen, profane, divine, deafen, define, devote, defense, advance, engraver. 4. Tuft, raft, heft, haft, deft, chafed, coughed, gift, reft, bluffed, cleft, cleaved, draught, craft, graft. OF PHONO GRA PH Y. 2 7 WORD-SIGNS. ^ ' l - - t before, whatever, differ-ent, careful-ly, govern-ment, advertise- SENTENCES. i. Whatever differences may exist in regard to the govern- ment, let them be adjusted peaceably if possible. 2. Go over the case carefully before the trial, and see that the defence is properly prepared. 3. The profane driver grieved the clever rover and almost deafened him with loud oaths and frightful yells. 23 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM LESSON X. EN-HOOK. When n is the next consonant sound following a stroke, it may be expressed by a final hook written on the side opposite the V I I Ef-hook, thus: ^__. pun, y ton, __J den, ..-^m- cane, — Sl.~ rain, ~.js£~ chain. The En-hook may be added to curves by writing it on the concave side, thus:- — -- fine, > fan,— k thin, >L}...vain, — _even, mean, ~^X?_moan, _shine r c/ shone, nine, ""^t none. The En-hook may occur in the middle of a word, thus: W "7 finer,...^ .fancy, finish, minute, ;?==r .___„ mechanic. The En-hook on curves may be lengthened to express/" and v thus: .....:* ...five. J^vive, Ji thie f. The circle may be written in place of the En-hook on straight strokes to express ns, thus: J^ pens,.._ J dens,,.... .J dance, —.-1 dances. The loop may be used in this same way, thus: — i danced, A.— punster, 5L spinster. OF PHONOGRAPHY. 29 EXERCISES. i. Pin, pawn, open, pine, pain, pan, happen, bane, bone, ebon, boon, tin, tan, town, chin, coin, keen, hen, wren. 2. Fawn, fan, vine, Avon, oven, heaven, home, woven, lawn, nun, moon, mine, loin. 3. Panic, punish, bench, vanish, candy, finish, furnish. thinner, plunge, blanch, fringe, finance. 4. Pawns, pens, vans, spins, dense, chances, chanced, rains, glance, glances, glanced, expense, expenses, suspense,, screens, strains, scorns, punsters, spinsters. WORD-SIGNS. d yeneral-ly, phonography, within, men, man, women, woman, human, opinion. SENTENCES. 1. One can generally detect traces of humanity in even the basest ( — ^f — ) of mankind. 2. The young man or young woman who nas a desire to succeed in life will learn phonography and become expert in its use. 3. If you would become cultured in a high degree, enquire within, and develop the resources of your own mind. 4. No man knows what death is, yet men fear it as if they knew well that it was the greatest of all evils. COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM LESSON XL TER-HOOK. When used on straight strokes, the En-hook may be made large to express tr t di , or thr, thus: V ... patter, q - , better, | tutor, ..A daughter, „.^L_ scepter, actor, ...3... bolder, J^> colder, -— j- gather, -^O- rather. The Ter-hook may be used to express the words theh , there, they are, etc., thus: O by their, ...T!T3L.. g° tnere ».....w. U P there, jy_ . each other. The circle may be used with the Ter-hook, thus: _ ...\*^_... operation, addition. ration, caution, When the sound of shun follows a curve, a large hook is placed on the concave side, thus: \ fashion, _-^T^>._ motion, __^r:_ notion, >s> allusion. The Shun-hook may occur in the middle of word, thus: auctioneer, ^- national, /i ^r missionary. ■v2t" " The circle may be added to the Shun-hook thus: V , operations, y^S- allusions. EXERCISE. Potion, passions, edition, sedition, section, deception, at- traction, inception, perception, inspection, perdition, approba- tion, oration, adoration, derision, vision, visionary, attention, voli- tion, recreation, navigation, elocution, dictionary, reputation, repetition, faction, dilation, cohesion, aggregation, occasion, per- oration, fashions, motions, nations, occasions. 2. ESHUN-HOOK. When the sound of shun follows a circle, it is read Eshun, and is expressed by turning a back hook, thus: .._.„?_.... position, j* decision, ..^€..... physician, ... pump, _.._.L_-.._.. damp, ~£a*> jump, imbecile, ■-/^.-— ^ am P» - impostor, glimpse. Ar may be added to Emp by lengthening, thus: fT""^> timber, ,._-™.. simper, .Jc_~$— temperance. EXERCISES. r. Pomp, bump, tamp, stamp, stump, camp, romp, thump, lump, limp, vamp, swamp, samp, plump, tramp, cramp, hemp. 2. Bumper, temper, damper, jumper, amber, ember, lumber, scamper, sombre. September, November, December, cucumber, slumber, empire, embargo, chamber, vampire. WORD-SIGNS. ...<^>_.. impossible, import-ance, improve-ment, simpl-e-y, example, -ant, SENTENCES. 1. Fell your timber in December if you would get good lumber. 2. It would be simply impossible to improve upon such a worthy example. 34 COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM LESSON XIV. LENGTHENING OTHER CURVES. The sound of kr or gr may be added to Ing by lengthening, thus: ^T^-. inker, anchor, -_?.....rT. winker, 4 V ?rr: ^..thinker, JOZZZL. stronger. TV, dr or thr may be added to any other curve by lengthening, thus: jL.. letter, 2L niter, ^^^. enter, J^^.... ardor,. \ father, _^rx^v mother. EXERCISE. Anger, linger, languor, handkerchief, center, literary, thither, oyster, eastern, sunder, wonder, winter, hinder, wither, whither, wander, render, cinder, tinker, latter, smatter, entire, senator, northern, modern, neither, water, longer. SENTENCES. 1. Father brought mother a letter. 2. The senator was chosen because of his literary fame and his power as a thinker. 3. Bring hither the lantern, and let us wander forth despite the winter and the fierce northern blasts. OF PHONOGRAPHY. 35 LESSON XV. PREFIXES. Con, corn, accoi?i and cog occurring at the beginning of a word may be expressed by a dot, thus : ,.'.C\.. confer, Vo confess, ...: conceal, ^J commit, \__._ comply, •_.„^_ accompany, cognate, JS^rzL. cognition. Either of these sounds may be implied, when occurring in the middle of a word, by writing the part following under that which precedes it, thus: m _ m 'SL. .. misconceive, § j£_ inconsistent; iL..u discontent, _/*£„_ reconcile, . /^__ recognition. This prefix may be implied by writing the word having such prefix just under the preceding word, thus: :L- in content, V^ she confessed, ___?_'_ we are constrained, jC L. select committee, ./^T.„ will accommodate. Circum and self may be implied by writing a small circle as a prefix, thus: fca.__ circumvent, __S t circumscribe, ..^f\. self- o *-— respect, self-esteem. Contra, contro and counter may be implied by a short tick written as a prefix, thus : V contraband, „_X_. controversial, ..LQ^... countersign. Fore may be expressed by writing disjoined Ef as a prefix, thus: ^JL foreknowledge, A\™, forefathers. 36 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM Magna and magni may be expressed by writing disjoined Em as a prefix, thus: ..^3^... magnify, S^.... magnificent, ^- Magna Charta. These prefixes may sometimes be joined when legibility would not be destroyed by so doing. EXERCISE. Comfort, commend, commence, commissioner, commute, conclusion, cognizance, cognovit, conciliate, consult, circumlocu- tion, contradict, countermand, counterfeit, incomparable, incon- stant, incognito, forefinger, forestall, foreseen, reconcile, irrecon- cile, magnitude, magnanimous, misconstrue, reconnoiter, recom- mend, recognize, selfish, self-evident, self-respect, unconscious unconquerable, unrecompensed, unconcern, unconstitutional. OF PHOXOGRAPHY. 37 LESSON XVI. AFFIXES. B2e, bly may be expressed by writing Be as an affix, thus: ..^k- sensible, t _S-_ profitably. Ing may be expressed by writing a small dot as an affix, thus: \ - doing, V . having, :..._ seeing. lugs may be expressed by a small circle, thus : j doings, .__^ musings. Ingly ma}*- be expressed by a heavy tick written slanting, thus: '■* . exceedingl)-, J---^5L lovingly. Ling may be expressed by the same tick written perpendicu- lar or horizontal, thus: handling, scantling, - mingling. Mental may be expressed by merit written as an affix, thus: ^S^-L ornamental, —la— instrumental. 5/fo^ may be expressed by Sh written as an affix, thus : jsskJ— hardship, ^ friendship. Someness and lessness may be expressed by a large circle written separately as an affix, thus : /^ * lonesomeness, ./^..-S helplessness. Ology, alogy, / ^ theology, ?Bz£-~ mineralogy. Dlogy, C3±a£- ss COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM EXERCISES. Insurmountable, amenable, attainable, trying, seeking, know- ing, drying, amazing^, charmingly, foundling, stripling, handling, mingling, musings, savings, lordship, courtship, partnership, township, irksomeness, biology, phrenology, zoology. OF PHONOGRAPHY. 39 LESSON XVII. PHRASING. It is proven by tests with Fowler's "Graphometer," a machine for determining the exact time required to write certain forms, that about 40 per cent., or more than one-third of the whole time, is snent in passing from word to word. This "waste" may be reduced in a considerable degree by the judicious use of phrasing. ^.Vord-signs and simple outlines may generally be phrased with safety, but phrases that would be difficult of reading should be avoided. EXAMPLES. V /X we have. will be. __**=^a you must. ^\ .could not be. should be. ? many things. you will do so. Jong ago. at home. 4 o COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM SENTENCES. 1. Come unto me all ) T e that labor and are heavy laden and I will give you rest. 2. There are man}' things about the subject of phonograph}* that cannot fail to interest the most careless and inattentive. 3. Give thy thoughts no tongue, nor any unproportioned thought its act. 4. The heart is not necessarily the fountain of words; but it is always the source of tears, whether of joy, gratitude, or grief. 5. As the dews of heaven, falling at night, are absorbed by the earth, or dried up by the morning sun, so the tears of a people, shed for their benefactor, disappear without leaving a trace to tell to future generations of the services, sacrifices and virtues of him to whose memory they were a grateful tribute. OF PHONO GRA PH Y. 4 * LESSON XVIII. SPECIAL PHRASING. A-n-d and the may be phrased with other words by writing a-7i-d with a perpendicular or horizontal tick, and the with a slant- ing tick, thus: > . by a-n, ,../.. by the, JSl, if a " n > .J^L if the, ...I..., and it, of a-n of the, ...\,... to a-n, ..> to the, ...X. and a-n, ...tt... and the, on the, or the, ...k'..... but the. /and he may be phrased more easily by writing them as ticks, thus: not 1^ I am, Jzi*- I can > — X wilI » -I-.. I do > JL I did ...I I said, -< ^- he can, ..y\ -- from hour to hour, _v^_. hand in hand, ^CL more or less,. o_l sooner or later. 44 COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM SENTENCES. 1. A great many of the children were out to the picnic. 2. Only one of them could have been there. 3. Sooner or later he will be brought to his reward. 4. Let me recur to pleasing recollections, let me indulge in refreshing remembrances of the past. 5. Shoulder to shoulder they went through the Revolution, hand in hand they stood round the administration. 6. Determined to deserve success, he risked his own life and the lives of his associates without reserve. Enchanted with the splendor of victory, he would wade in torrents of blood to at- tain it. OF P II 0X0 GRA PII Y. 4 5 LESSON XX. SPECIAL SPEED PRINCIPLES. Words may often be added by means of the foregoing prin- ciples. Thus, the halving principle may safely be employed to add it. For example, if it,.. _S.__ior it, __V_ have it, if it is. The hook may be employed to add words, thus: -->„ by all, — I it will, -/»-- which will, of all, - «___and all, _Sw— to all, on all, _.£. but all — will, __/"_ who will, orwill — all, __?__ by our, _„„_ by ours-self, __„_ by ourselves, of our,. <\ all are-our, ...?— who are, -e^~ . and are-our, .. x.„ to have, I have, _^__. which have, -/—who have, of one-any, - - all our own, ^ to our own, or not,..^.. have not, __Yo.__ for one. <> her own, _:\ _ our own, _s%) rather than, ___ gather in, \ H> ._^_ by theii own, __!__ instead of, I out of, \___ at once,. May be can be written, ^r^... Words may also be added by lengthening, thus: r^w^ many other, _ < ^ s ^ r among their, \ ior their-they are,, _\^-- for their own, V _ if therebe, /_„ later than, ^\ shall there be, J^_. are there any, __^__ i s there one. The circle may be used to add us, thus, ->^- for us, __>* before us, give us, ^__ round about us. 46 COGSWELLS COMPENDIUM Words may be added by the In-hook, thus : in the spirit /a^N. in some, _z?tl_ in as great, _?T— in secret. Sounds may be indirectly implied. For example: _Tr^.in all, ^T^. in our, __ J__ enlighten, _TlX in respect, S^^Z in regard, _T7^- in reply. Note — Word-signs in the above that have not already been given will be found in the following list. OF PHONOGRAPHY. CONTRACTIONS. ... .*-* ... movement. ^- never. -^-nevertheless. „_..„X. nothing. j".. notwithstanding. ordinary. ,.„. r N.. opportunity. « particular. A. ...plaintiff. *<^S~ ..refer. ../^....reference . .sC\. represent. P satisfactory. significant. 3 *■■ strange-r. ...A-m ....technical-ity. •— «^~ testimony. 4? ~ ' acknowledge. ..../ at first. f at last. christian. ...../..... charge. ..../.. danger. h ... defendant. V^.... evidence. „....\... experience. ...Js^.forever. indiscriminate, in order. ....^...intelligent. j interest. intellect. Jz.. gentlemen. ...J... ...gentleman. 4 8 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM ADDITIONAL SPEED PRINCIPLES. First may be written by using only the loop of the word; thus : O. The first may be written thus: r& Ing-a-n-d may be expressed by writing a tick at right angles with the previous stroke; thus: I taking a-n-d ; i having a-n-d. Ing-the may be written by using the same tick written not at right angles with the previous stroke; thus: - seeking the;)—/ asking the. Hoio may be expressed by the he-tick written just under the line ; as 7 — r -liow can, -/w how long, ..-je^- how soon, \_^ how do you know. Con, com or accom may be implied when following to by writing the word of which it is a prefix as though the word to were the only thing to be implied; as p I am willing to concede, —*- ^- £ £• » he desires to comply with your request, /2. ^i he will not refuse to accommodate ! you. Ing may be implied by writing the following word or part of word directly under what precedes. At the end of a word thus, J[ telling you, -±^_ •••■ asking him, ^\ giving OF PHOA O GRA PHY. 49 P her, -— >~^-- going home, ! sitting down, ■■- J*- standing up. In the middle of a word; thus, " v Not- tingham, /-L^ Cheltingham, N — ^^ Buckingham, Birmingham, *..-e==3-_ - Cunningham, J! Stonington. P In compound words; thus, V sitting-room, i dining-room, c?^ — smoking-room, 3 v^^ walking-beam, &~(g— sailing-vessel. In expressing numbers in the alternative, the word or may be omitted, and the second number written above and to the right of the first; thus, ^ two or three, 9 - ° twenty-five or thirty-five. In expressing inclusive sets of numbers both prepositions may be omitted, and the second number written below and 2 23 to the right of the first; as, * from two to four, 2 k from twenty-three to twenty-five. The fractions i, £, J, f , f , being those most commonly used, may be indicated by the use of a small index figure. If the fraction to be written is either £, £, or J, it may be expressed by writing the denominator at the top of the whole number as an index; thus, 12 2 for 12|, 33 3 for 33^, 6 4 for 6£, etc. The fraction f may be expressed by writing the index 3 against the whole number, thus, I63 for 16f-, 93 for 9J-, etc. 50 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM. The fraction f may be expressed by writing- the index 4 at the bottom of the whole number; thus, 10 4 for 10£, 18 4 for 18f, 46 4 for 46|, etc. When in law reporting an answer is given by repeating the exact words of the question, the answer may be indicated by drawing a long line; thus, Q. ^^ He went to the same place ? ^ A. He went to the same place. Or where the answer repeats the question with a change of pronoun ; as, Q. q *-^/ I v. You spent the summer ^ <0 ^ OZ^vT. J ■^—^ — at Newport ? A. / spent the summer at Newport. Where the question is repeated as a part of the answer, the same principle may be applied even more liberally; as, Q. k— ; I ^ a ' Did you go at the appointed v time ? A. tf , J ^ a _^ Yes, sir; I went at the appointed time but did not rind him. ENGRAVED EXERCISES. cr*, IVvL^rs^. OJx & . . JyVKvVU ^ .. : / <) * <-.-*■... ' * .^^ ,...^..w-....^Z ^;...jt..Ti Ml ..^Jr:^ s «Jr.ji^.ri_^iLz .,. .«. L v *X t— i- ,, - J/K(LA^^.u^..}a _ __ *^-— v .— ... ..^^ |_ i^ \— c- ^2.*. 11 rjL, L,JrWX*.Z..±:... v !L_^ ^.,^^'^.1A \.s^ c n l...k...q J> '. ^h*,._.x. ^.V!5lJs2.^ C' si ..^.. v -.~l. -J /.L.JK.^.^A^.j l ....z....Y... 1 ^-.' -M"-^ Z.t.Z- tUC ]> l..^..-J v.....^....,...^ -v ..«. ^ r. I *_js-sfi£!lJb -^zi.. ...|...~....«-v ■ * ■ 1 ■*■' 5 1 * .y-srsj..... <«-\»....te.J ' *** fa A 3 > ..) 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S* >..L.Lu. = .Ji..^:a. t N. i + .L d t £ . 4-i ^±= r ^=v> -^ \ ^~s : \„..x\....i v.. v J ..jo »..—*rt3».. \ 1 ^ \ -A- „lc....rt d™......../***-^- <*• «•»• . +ty < l * m S- !»....£.... ..,..:. L ^->.. <\> Var oLj^y: m o&-feri?y^. p r S. /zrt^sL** +s> I ../ ££_£ ^J^JLljsitl £ 6/ ^/ !2^ti^-t^ ^....^....y....-...^....:.....^ ■ ./ V w^ . ^ b, n <. v ^t.^^^ jr __^ / Q ,^ ) *£_*- *= .^£> Sft | :v.,r...,r...r-.^.^ L/...a.^./ vv ^.^. -/ -^-| (T^ i ^^-^ :JJI V/- _.L*. mt/ ^....^L^.,.i ■PK^y '* . < ■V ^ ^ G3 .._•*, ^..'.....•...y....... 4 :..^....^^ \ t &/jLzLlL ? ..°\.. C i.A.. Y- X k/^> L o ...\ J ..^ ^v >' --^ ^7 ..C A.....*«w^^ ^.... A '-. r ^XJL.JXjLTf w ^ . >-!t '.A .....1 iL*. ........c..^.. A._l 4 -^ ^yL^LS, =t£ ...^ ^ ...Z%. 1.VO..X a., .^^i "v / s / rjii / ^ — ^.....-.\...rL L£ju 1 , c*J> ■^•^x. i t ..r~~^^^ JL n -\- L...r^So. ri r^...v^... x ..^..... : _.>. h ^/-^ r-ZS^aL^ „ f ' f M ra^ J < %8L-l_^_ _ - _ ^-^Jfc__a£_ _ V-^- — H * g-^^-^r =ir£=r L...^...S....: Z= .... ~^. ^JL!!lV!^-^ u~->-^ ... i^-bx..™.. *< * < «. -3: .'....h. : *.. jv. _. {JJ >_«^s.__£ fJfc.JLs^H "^...J.....^v.....'_, t t .^_ V -C-JU. JL.C.1. A..^....^....^ l C„.L.^- ^- ±>~...^ j.— \ ^.-^ i m..x_ |^ j.i. .1.V.......1. ^JLX ? b=t 7 J .2 s^. ; ^\Mlt .^. £.£T... j... ^: y~s.\ ■^'^X. h Lsjz ^..X..^/...... ( i _.... «*j s. *. r....^..A......^.....^..... .......^...2/..^ ^ ^— ^v^v- : >r " 66 ~« siz .at — ^ i ...S^^i....% k >>JSL^d. x*rx± £.. ..^t...:.\i..i > ^...g.. ^ :....vi^ L£. j. « L-,...a L..k:..^^....^.....r^.k..A_..^..>.. x^ - 6g d. x * JS=k_ Z^L^A^ s~*...^3.........?L.. .r.^..y. « JkJL _J3L A..l..,.^ *\ ^Z " *S v P- rJ^JT. \ ../^..,^. ..1^.1 v ..,._l v .~.^.. Vo. . n ... 1 .. / /.. ..!,.._ / '" ^ / J c-.. _Z Ltltl. ,..^....Ly/^~ f ...i_ ( :...v, _ ...W ..^.. i..r.....k.X\..^Z-. -Zi _r_ _^l ^^ ^ 4^, : r Jr_ ^ is_ ^KEY^Sr ENGRAVED EXERCISES COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM KEY TO ENGRAVED EXERCISES. OXE THING AT A TIME. The student who abandons a subject without understanding it is like a commander who leaves an enemy in his rear; he ad- vances without the cheering certainty of being fully master of the road over which he has travelled, and most generally finds the difficulty, which he has left without overcoming, start up in the course of his progress in a hundred different shapes, and a hundred different subjects to harass and perplex him.— Hoffman. indolence. A habit of indolence is a most powerful enemy to those whose profession in life demands the utmost exertion. I mean not here to allude to that shocking intemperance of idleness which utterly precludes every hope. Xo man of sense is likely on a sudden, or perhaps ever, to fall into so disgraceful an inac- tivity. I mean that indolence which steals upon us by degrees, even while we flatter ourselves all is activity and diligence ; which does not boldly rob us of our time and powers at once, but which persuades us that we are already sufficiently indus- trious ; which is eternally whispering into our willing ears, '* Xow is the time for repose ; you have done enough ; you pursue your studies with an unnecessary attention ; recreate yourself ; you have a right to recreation ; you have done more than is commonly done." This is the language, this is the sentiment, that beguiles us of apparently small, but really valuable, portions of time, and that defrauds us of excellence. — Raithby. pulling down the old chukch. The ropes were all adjusted, and there was an affecting silence through the motley group of old and young that had come together to witness" the scene. Not a word was uttered while the carpenter, with a reluctant hand, was pass- ing his saw through the heart of the last of the large posts of the old house of God. There was a kind of awe-inspiring influ- ence creeping over every heart, as the venerable sanctuary stood tottering and reeling in the breeze. True, a more beautiful house had been erected in the centre of the village, and the old superannuated edifice was doomed by common consent to be demolished. The young men of the hamlet had engaged with alacrity in the service, and all was now ready for the closing scene. The patriarchs of the village had come up to OF PHONOGRAPHY. take the last look of that ancient house of prayer, which had boon to them for more than half a century the nearest gate to heaven. 1 was then but a boy, but well can I remember how many of these old fathers turned away their faces, and wept on their staves, as they witnessed the progress of the sad preparation. Their bosoms were full of the most touching associations that can affect the human heart. There they stood, immovable as statues, while the old dismantled church was trembing, and reeling, and nodding towards them, as if entreating their in- terposition, or reproving the sacrileges that were sapping its foundations. It had survived all the first settlers of the vil- lage, and most of their -children, who. through all the years of their trials and tribulations, had assembled there for divine communion and consolation. Thither had they resorted in their manhood for spiritual direction and in frosty age. and thence gone down to their long homes in a little enclosure a few rods distant. The venerable pastor, after having seen most of his flock gathered to their respective dust, had also been laid at the head of the silent a rgregation. The few that remained of his time, now lingered around like grieved spectres beneath the old oaks that were bowing their aged heads, as if in sympathy with their doomed contemporaiy. There they stood, mourn- ful and silent. There were long-reaching souvenirs kindling up in their aged breasts until their hearts burned and bled within them. They heard not the groaning and creaking timbers: but their spirits seemed listening to the long-lost tones that once filled the venerable sanctuary. " All's ready ! " shouted the carpenter, stepping hastily back- wards a few rods. " All's ready ! '' passed along the ropes in a doubtful undertone. The old church paused for a moment from its oscillation before the wind, as if feeling a new force. It groaned, tottered, quivered, and then a blinding cloud of dust arose, followed by a crash that made the ground tremble beneath our feet, and it was all over. As soon as it had cleared away. I looked for those venerable fathers who had so enlisted my sympathy. They were still leaning upon their staves, contemplating the heap of ruins, without uttering a word. I looked again, and they were gone. I never saw them more. — Eliiiu Burritt. ARTISTIC HINTS IX AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY. A view is not necessarily a picture. This is a distinction which the amateur photographer must draw in the beginning, if he desires to make an art of his work, and not a mere me- chanical exercise. If he learns what constitues this radical 72 COGSWELL'S COMPEXDIUM difference, his pursuit will be to him a source of unceasing pleasure, and he will become, within the limitations thereof, as truly an artist as though he were an adept with pencil, brush and palette. He needs but the artistic sense and the easily- acquired skill to manipulate his apparatus ; nature does the rest. Many are attracted to amateur photography simply I y the novelty of it ; they are fascinated by the mysteries of the various processes, but as soon as the newness wears off, they abandon the whole thing as a child throws away a toy. One . season almost invariably does the work for this class of enthu- siasts, alter which the camera is relegated to the lumber-room; and the dark closet, perhaps fitted up with great care and elaboration, is abandoned. We fortunately thus have a limit set to the production of the appalling array of staring clap- boarded houses as expressionless as packing-crates, groups of grinning summer boarders stiffly drawn up on hotel verandas, and the other familiar attempts at view-catching character- istic of the average novice. But the true amateur photographer is a different person. His artistic sense keeps his interest alive ; the novelty of the beginning wears off, but his love for his work grows with practice, and observation and experience are ever teaching him new things of artistic value. It is this which makes a true artist of the amateur, while the professional photographer, devoted to the technicalities of his calling, is apt to be but a highly pro- ficient artizan. The latter, devoid of artistic perception, when he has a view to take, plants his camera at random before his subject and fires it off much as one would a cannon, demolish- ing, from a picturesque standpoint, whatever he aims at. The most awkward point of view may be taken, and, indeed, usually seems to be deliberately selected. This accounts for the com- monplace dreariness characteristic of the general run of photo- graphs of scenery found on sale along the beaten routes of tour- ist travel. They are merely " views " without the faintest suggestion of pictures. The idea of the photographer seems to be that all which the tourist cares for are reminders of the hotels where he put up, of the railway stations where he left the train, and the eating-houses where he took his meals, with an assortment of the biggest and ugliest railroad bridges, trestle-works and cuttings thrown in. There are few more hideous blotches upon the American landscape than that formed by the summer-resort hotel, and yet think of the scores of White Mountain views, for instance, in which a great bar- rack-like caravansary, ugly as American carpentry can make it, is the central feature, taking all the repose out of the ma- jestic heights above, and making one desirous for a providen- tial landslide in that particular spot. On the other hand, one occasionally sees an example of OF PHONOGRAPHY. 73 amateur photographic work at which the professional would sneer as rubbish, but which, though bad photographs, techni- cally considered, yet form the most charming pictures. Per- haps the subject may have been somewhat out of locus, or the camera have slightly jarred when the picture was taken, just blurring the outlines and giving a softness and suggestiveness just adapted to the subject, as a certain class of subjects is best adapted to the peculiar handling of Corot. with his gray, silvery lights and indefinite outlines. Professional photographers are, however, not to be con- demned, as a class, as lacking in artistic sentiment. Not to mention the many thoroughgoing artists in portrait photog- raphy to be found in our leading cities, there are also pro- fessional landscape photographers whose exquisite sense of the picturesque ^ives them high artistic rank. Prominent among tliese is Mr. Muybridge, of San Francisco, celebrated for his experiments with instantaneous photography on the horse in motion, an important discovery which made his name deservedly famous. Look to your foregrounds! Amateurs should bear this par- ticularly in mind, for it is one of the points most neglected. The tendency is to look to the distance and disregard the fore- ground entirely, so that what might have been made a picture is left an empty, forlorn view. It is an easy matter to secure a good foreground. A clump of grass or weeds, a rock or a shrub, a tree with branches drooping from above, or dashed across a comer of the picture like a Japanese silhouette, or simply the curving lines of a road or path may be availed of so as to give the desired balance or symmetry to the composition. If there be nothing else, a most excellent effect may be obtained- and the empty foreground rilled out with a figure or a group of figures, utilizing one's companion, or the bystanders who are usually attracted by operations with a camera. Do not let them stand gaping, with arms akimbo, but dispose them symmetrically in an artistic group. It requires considerable experience for a novice to learn what subjects are best adapted for photographic pictures. A most interesting landscape to look upon, a scene that would at once be seized by a painter, or even an artist in black-and- white, may make an utterly uninteresting photograph. A landscape maybe glorious of aspect, and yet owe all its charm to color rather than to form. — SylvesierBaxtee, in Outing. 74 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM LAW REPORT. EXTEACT FEOM WELTOX'S APPEAL, TRIED IX SUPERIOR COURT, NEW HAVEN COUNTY, CONNECTICUT, 1886; OFFICIALLY REPORTED EY F. II. COGSWELL. E. T. Gerry, sworn. Examined by Mr. Dewitt. Q. 1. What is your name? A. My name is Elbridge T. Gerry. Q. 2. Your age? A. 48 years old. Q. 3. Where do you reside? A. Xo. 8 East Forty-eighth Street. New York City. Q. 4. What is your occupation? A. I am a member of the bar of the State of New York and a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. Q. 5. When were you admitted to practice? A. In 1860, fall term. Q. 6. Have you any other occupation, and if so, state it? A. I am President of the New York Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Children, and also Yice-President and coun- sel of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Q. 7. State, Mr. Gerry, if you knew the late Carrie J. Wel- ton, and if so, when you first met her? A. I did know the late Caroline Josephine Welton. I think I met her previous to the interview about which I am about to state, at the office of the Society on one occasion when she was there 1 , I met her at the headquarters of the Society, on the corner of Twenty-sec- ond Street and Fourth Avenue. I was merely presented to her at the time and passed out. On the 17th of October, 1878, in consequence of a note which I had received from Mr. Bergh, the President of the Society, to call at the Buckingham Hotel on Fifth Avenue, in the city of New York, corner of Fiftieth Street, I think. I called and inquired for Miss Welton and sent up my card. Q. 8. Did she receive you? A. I was received by the young lady in one of the parlors of the hotel. Q, 9. Describe Miss Welton as she appeared to yon at that time? A. Miss Welton was a young lady, I should say of probably twenty-five or a little over, somewhere between twenty-live and thirty. She was very refined and delicate looking, dressed with the usual simplicity which characterizes ladies of taste, very nicely dressed; rather fragile looking, so to speak. She was very pleasant and courteous in her manner, refined and elegant in her expressions. The language which she used was the language of an educated person. OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75 Q. 10. What did she say to you? A. She said to me that she was an only daughter, that her father was dead, that she re- sided in the State of Connecticut, that she had at her disposal a very large property both real and personal. She then stated that she had been for years very fond indeed of animals, that she had personally known Mr. Bergh, the President of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals; that she had for many years been a contributor to its funds and had taken a deep interest in its work. She went on to speak of Mr. Bergh. She said that she regarded Mr. Bergh as one of the noblest men in the country; that he had labored for years in the cause of the brute creation, and that she was desirous, after she passed away, of leaving the greater part of her property to the society of which he was President, in order that the humane work might be prosecuted with more vigor than it was at that time. She then said she was anxious to have this will drawn as soon as possible; she consulted some memoranda which she had, and went on to mention each, and as she mentioned it I made some notes in pencil at the time. Cross-examined by Mr. Webster. Q. 1. How long did I understand you that you had been counsel for this Society? A. I think since 1868 or 1869, sir. Q. 2. This Society issues annual reports to the public. Do you recognize this as being their annual report? (Hand- ing witness pamplilsto) Objected to as irrelevant. Claimed for the purpose of show- ing what Miss Welton's contributions to the Society actually were, as it has been claimed that she was a large contributor. Excluded. Q 3. Mr. Gerry, you saw nothing of this lady which would excite any suspicion to distrust her statement, I suppose, and so like any one else who called to have a will made you took her directions and entered them clown and drafted the will? A. Yes. Q. 4. Did you hurry any about it in consequence of that suggestion of Mr. Bergh that you had better be in haste on ac- count of the condition of her health? A. Yes. Q. 5. You spoke of her expressing great affection for her mother, but your statement was quite general. I haven't heard what those expressions were. Will you have the kind- ness to repeat her expressions of affection for her mother at that interview. A. She stated in substance to me that she and her mother lived together up in Connecticut; that she was an only child, an oaiy daughter. She spoke of her father's death, that he had died some time since, that she 7 6 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM had considerable property in her own right, and her mother also had a certain amount of property Q. 6. I called for expressions of affection, and nothing else. Now you have undertaken to make a speech and that is not what I called for. If you heard any expressions of affection of the daughter for the mother, state what they were, as near as you remember? A. What was your precise question, sir? Stenographer repeats the preceding question. The Court: Go on, Mr. Gerry, and confine yourself to those expressions. A. I don't recall the exact language which she used in reference to her mother. I have stated simply the substance of what I can recollect. That is a matter, of course, of eight years ago, and it is difficult for me to tax my memory with the precise expressions she used, excepting in speaking in the way in which I have testified. Q. 7. Then you can't give any expressions of affection in her language? A. No, sir. ARGUMENT BEFORE A JURY. EXTRACT FROM ARGUMENT OF GEORGE G. DEWITT, JR., IN WELTOX'S APPEAL. In conclusion, gentlemen of the jury, I wish to say that even if you believe all that has been offered in this case by the appellants, if you believe all that Mrs. Johnson said in regard to what Carrie told her, if you believe she has not exaggerated that first interview, or if you believe that first interview took place at the time she said it did — upon that you cannot find that this Avill of 1878 was invalid. If you find that those charges were the outcome of a delusion existing on the part of Miss Welton at that time against her mother, you cannot find that the will of 1878 was invalid on that account, because all those were made after the will was made ; and when the will was made you have evidence that is uncontradicted that they were devoted, friendly and affectionate, and that that will was made with the mother's approval, and it was a long preconceived testamentary intention that the testatrix was then carrying out. Consider all the facts that have been presented to you in this case on both sides, and then see if you can conscien- tiously say that the will and codicil are not valid. To do that you must find that Miss Carrie Welton was insane on Oc- tober 18, 1878, and further, that the will was the outcome of her estrangement from her mother, or from possible delusions that she entertained against her mother. And to do that yor OF PHONOGRAPHY. 77 must ignore the evidence that in 1875, before she went to California, and in 1878, when she conferred with her mother, she told her that she proposed to give the estate to charities and principally to this society. To declare this will invalid you must reject the evidence of the three doctors who saw Miss Welton and could rind no evidence of insanity; you must rind what those practical men of long experience could not rind: you must reject the evi- dence of Dr. Hamilton and Dr. Lindsley who say that tak- ing this case all together that there is not sufficient evidence that this young lady possessed an insane delusion as to her mother, and are not contradicted by Dr. Ma cD on aid or Dr. Stearns; for Dr. MacDonald said that if she made that will with the approval of her mother, there was no insane delusion about that; and Dr. Stearns did not go on the stand in relut- tai after he had heard all this testimony and say that he ad- hered to his opinion formed upon that hypothetical question which included only part of the facts in this case and part of those we have proved to you were erroneous. We have introduced some thirty-two witnesses here who have known this woman from 1868 down to the time of her death; we have given you evidence of her conduct for eveiy month of her life since then, and you must ignore all that evi- dence in order to set aside this will. Gentlemen, I thank you lor the close attention you have given to this trial; I thank you for the close attention "you have given me while addressing you; audi thank the Couit for his forbearance, for possibly in the heat of trial I may have overstepped the legal proprieties for the moment; and I also thank my opponents for the courtesies they have extended to me. REPORT OF CONVENTIONS from the official report of the thirteenth axxual.- coxyextiox of the national association of fire englxeers, held at loxg branch, x. j., sept. 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1885; takex by f. h. Cogswell. Ex-Chief Stockell: Chief Shay and Mr. President, I rise to. ask a question. Which would be your preference for an out- side shutter ? Chief Shay: A wooden shutter, covered with metal. Ex-Chief Stockell: That would be your preference ? Chief Shay: Yes, sir. Chief Lindsley: I)o you think iron shutters could be dis- 78 COGSWELL'S COMPENDIUM, pensed with on the street front, or where they look out on streets, or confined to the walls in the rear? Chief Shay: My answer to that would be, that it would be regulated by the width of the streets. In a street sixty feet wide, 1 should think it would not be necessary. Chief Lindsley: Does the law compel them to put on the shutter ? Chief Shay: The law requires it on the rears and sides, but not on the front. Chief Lindsley: It was my impression that it was sufficient protection if the rear of the buildings are protected by iron shutters. Ex-Chief Stockell: I would like to continue and ask a ques- tion of Chief Shay in regard to the matter. I have no doubt he has had considerable experience. Where buildings are closed in the front and rear with iron shutters and a large stock of inflammable material inside, isn't there danger of an explosion taking place and throwing clown the building and killing your men. *" Havn't you" had experience of that kind ? Chief Shay: Well, we had a case about a month ago in a building on the corner of Barclay and Washington streets, an eight-story building. The fire originated on the first floor, and about six minutes after the first alarm and the companies got to work, there was an explosion, caused by the gas and rarified air, etc., through combustion. The trouble there was, there was no sky-light in the roof. It was a solid roof, with only one scuttle-hole in it. It was secured by a trap. It raised the roof on Barclay Street, and blew the stones and about six courses of bricks into the street. It struck about eight or ten men. There were about seven, I think, of our men hit, and about three citizens. One of the men had his thigh broken, and four Aveeks afterwards he had his leg amputated, and he died. That was the cost of not having proper openings in the roof. INDEX. Additional Speed Principles . Affixes Alphabet Ar-Hook Circles and Loops Contractions .... Ef-Hook El-Hook Engraved Exercises . En-Hook Halving Key to Engraved Exercises Lengthening Curves . Phonography • ... Materials Omitting Words Phrasing " Special . Preface . Prefixes . Punctuation ..... Shading and Lengthening Em Shun, Eshun and En-Hooks Special Speed Principles Student, to the .... Ter-Hook Vowels Way and Yay, Brief Signs for Word Signs, (Consonant Stems) " " (Towel Stems) 48 37 9 24 10 47 26 22 51 28 20 69 34 8 7 43 39 41 3 35 17 33 31 45 5 30 12 18 15 16 u-