"£087 


nentar£ Classics 




CAESAR 




^SION OF BRITAIN 




WELCH and DUFFIELD 


^^^^■PHBH^RBi 


1 -^B^?3 fej&$£; 


S. G. ASHMORE, A.M. 


• •■'• 


'\"-.' : ~ : " ""'. '';>'.>♦,.•/■ ■ .'.. KgpMffBji ' 


HHIBHn£^i&^ 


dSj^T ^^^K*C* 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



®(ptjr.......-_ ©optjrirjJjt T$n. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



CAESAK'S INVASION OF BEITAIN 
i 



j&m 



€lementarij Classics 

. CAESAR'S 
INVASION OF BRITAIN 

ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS 

BY 
W. WELCH, M.A. 

AND 

C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 

ASSISTANT MASTERS AT CRANLEIGH SCHOOL 

WITH NOTES, EXERCISES, AND VOCABULARIES 

NEW EDITION 

Enlarged, and Adapted for Use in American Schools by 

SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D. 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN UNION COLLEGE, SCHENECTADY, N.Y. 

MACMILLAN AND CO. 



AND LONDON ***!|2J5L 

1892 

All rights reserved 






Copyright, 1892, 
By MACMILLAN AND CO. 



Typography by J. S. Cushing & Co., Boston, U.S.A. 



Presswork by Berwick & Smith, Boston, U.S.A. 



f 



PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR. 



In re-editing Welch and Duffield's edition of 
Caesar (Invasion of Britain), El. CL, I have made 
the following alterations and additions : I have 
changed the orthography of Latin words through- 
out the book so as to bring it into conformity with 
Brambach's ( Hulf sbuchlein fur lateinische Eecht- 
schreibung/ and the Elementary Latin Dictionary 
of Dr. Charlton T. Lewis (Harper and Brothers, 
1891). Accordingly, besides other changes, I have 
substituted everywhere cum for quum, and i for j. 

In making my notes I have consulted, and not 
infrequently levied contributions upon other edi- 
tions, and to explanations of a grammatical nature 
have added references to the grammars of Allen 
and Greenough, of Harkness, and of Gildersleeve 
(designated respectively A., H., and G.) ; but have 
used everywhere the nomenclature of A. I have 



vi PREFACE OF THE AMERICAN EDITOR. 

also corrected some slight errors and misprints, 
and in the Latin-English vocabulary have added 
extensively to the marks of quantity, which had 
been but sparingly inserted by the English editors. 

Sidney G. Ashmore. 

Union College, Schenectady, N.Y. 
April, 1892. 



PEEFAOE. 



Caesar's { Invasion of Britain ' is intended as a 
first Translation Book. The text, which has been 
taken from Books IV. and V. of the Gallic War, 
has been simplified as much as possible ; the vari- 
ous constructions being introduced gradually to 
the learner's notice. On each construction will 
be found one or more exercises and an explanation 
or rule. 

An English vocabulary has been added at the 
request of the Publishers, and the objection raised 
to such a vocabulary in the Introduction to the Eu- 
tropius has been overcome by giving a reference to 
the chapter or vocabulary where the word occurs 
instead of giving the Latin word itself. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Introduction ........ xi 

Directions for Translating ..... xviii 

Rules of Agreement . . . . . . xix 

Directions for Parsing xix 

Text . 1 

Notes .......... 23 

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . 38 

Vocabulary — Latin-English ..... 39 

Exercises . . . . . . . . . 67 

Vocabulary — English-Latin ..... 93 

Index .......... 99 

ix 



INTEODUOTIOK 



JULIUS CAESAR IN BRITAIN. 

The transactions recorded in this book should be 
of the highest importance to Englishmen, for, how- 
ever transient in their effects, they mark the dawn 
of the history of our island. Before the year 55 B.C., 
Britain was a terra incognita to the ancient world 
at Rome. The first mention of the island by any 
Eoman writer is found only in the second book of 
Caesar's Gallic War, and even then he knew next 
to nothing about it. In 55 b.c. all Gaul lay pros- 
trate at the feet of the conqueror ; one by one the 
tribes had succumbed, and although they were only 
waiting an opportunity to strike again for freedom, 
the advancing legions had carried their victorious 
arms to the northern sea-coast of Gaul. Suddenly 
a new danger arose ; the barbarous hordes of Ger- 
many poured across the Ehine upon their helpless 
neighbours ; Caesar was summoned hastily from 
Eome, and hurrying across the wintry passes of the 
Alps he met the invader near the junction of the 



Xll CAESAWS INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

Mosa and the Rhenus, and after a most determined 
battle nearly annihilated two entire tribes. It was 
at this time that the invasion of Britain was deter- 
mined upon. If Gaul were to be preserved as a 
Roman dependency, it must be delivered from for- 
eign foe and foreign ally alike. A severe example 
had just been made of one of the former, which 
would intimidate the rest for some time to come. 
But this was not enough. Caesar reflected that, in 
the conflict with the Veneti the year before, when 
all the maritime tribes had sent help against him, 
a fleet had sailed in from the direction of the white 
cliffs that lay far out on the horizon, and had joined 
the Venetian League. This was enough. If the 
security of his Gallic conquests was to be preserved, 
this mysterious ally from across the sea must be 
taught the power of the Eoman arms. An uncon- 
quered people, so close at hand, would offer an 
example of independence highly dangerous to the 
peace of Gaul. At all hazards, therefore, the Britons 
must be silenced. Caesar took up his quarters on 
the coast of the Morini, who provided him with 
information and assistance. Volusenus, a Roman 
officer, was sent to reconnoitre the opposite coast. 
Commius, chief of the Atrebates, was commissioned 
to precede the Romans and impress upon the Britons 
the advisability of an alliance or submission to the 
Roman power. The autumn was advancing ; little 



INTROB UCTION. Xlll 

way could be made this year, an expedition would 
not be thrown away however, and so upon the even- 
ing of the 26th of August, b.c. 55, two divisions, 
consisting of two legions and a few hundred cavalry, 
were arranged to sail from two ports in the country 
of the Morini. Caesar with his legions made a 
favourable passage, and in a few hours was under 
the Dover cliffs where the hostile tribesmen were 
gathered to repel the invader. To land here was 
impracticable, and the other squadron of ships had 
not yet arrived. Accordingly Caesar drifted up 
seven or eight miles with the tide and arrived off 
the flat beach of Deal. The Britons were on the 
alert, and rushed into the waves to bar his landing. 
A hard fight followed; the Britons fought stub- 
bornly; the ships of war drawn up on the flanks 
poured volley after volley of darts upon them ; the 
Britons were dazed but unbeaten, when an ensign 
of the 10th legion, calling on his comrades to follow, 
dashed into the water at their head and drove back 
the Britons upon the shore. Their courage failed 
and they fled. A fortified camp was constructed 
on the shore, and the Britons at once began to send 
embassies with overtures of peace. Meantime 
Caesar's other detachment had been less fortunate ; 
detained in harbour for four days after the first had 
sailed, they started at last to join the main body of 
ships. They were no sooner sighted from the camp 



XIV CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

on shore when a strong gale sprang up from the east 
and beat them down channel ; some succeeded, how- 
ever, in making the coast of Gaul in safety, while 
others were driven down the coast of Britain. This 
storm nearly proved fatal to the Komans on shore. 
The war vessels drawn upon the beach were shat- 
tered by the breakers, the transports at anchor were 
dragged from their moorings and dashed upon the 
coast. Nor was this the only misadventure. About 
the same time the Britons made an attack upon the 
seventh legion, which had been sent upon a forag- 
ing expedition, but as it was not out of communica- 
tion with the camp, they were repulsed. Not a 
moment was to be lost. The shattered vessels were 
repaired, and in view of the coming stormy season, 
offers of submission made by the barbarians were 
accepted, and Caesar set sail for G-aul without delay. 
In the spring of B.C. 54, preparations were com- 
pleted for a descent upon Britain with a much 
larger force. Six hundred transports, with five 
legions and the pick of the Gallic cavalry on board, 
sailed from Portus Itius and, without casualty, 
landed at the same spot as in the preceding sum- 
mer. A naval station was constructed on the shore, 
and a permanent camp pitched at some distance 
inland without the slightest opposition. It was not 
until he arrived at the banks of the little river 
Stour that he met with any bar to his progress, and 



IN TB 01) UCTION. . XV 

even then the Britons at once fell back upon their 
entrenchment, a clearing in a neighbouring wood, 
where they were dislodged by the seventh legion. 
Next day news came from Q. Atrius, who had been 
left behind on shore to guard the naval station, that 
a storm on the previous night had again wrought 
havoc amongst the fleet. To prevent similar de- 
struction for the future, Caesar determines to beach 
the remainder of the fleet and fortify the vessels 
with a camp on the shore, a task costing his men 
ten days of ceaseless labour. Meanwhile the Brit- 
ish tribes had rallied under Cassivellaunus, a chief 
of the Trinobantes, and were prepared to dispute 
his advance at the river Stour. The fleet secured, 
Caesar rejoined his legions, and a most determined 
battle ensued. Again and again the Britons in 
their war-chariots dashed at the Roman lines, but 
they never gave way, while the former lost the 
flower of their warriors. The Roman arms won 
the day, and never again was Caesar met in the 
open field. In spite of numerous irregular skir- 
mishes he pushed on boldly, and arrived at the banks 
of the Thames, at a spot eighty miles from the sea. 
Here he found a ford, but the opposite bank was 
fortified with stakes driven into it, and the enemy 
were waiting to receive him. It is almost impossi- 
ble to say where this spot was, but a long cherished 
tradition has fixed upon Cowey Stakes — an old ford 



XVI CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

on the river near the junction of the Wey with the 
Thames — as the place where Caesar crossed. No 
real opposition was encountered here, the Romans 
forded the river easily, carrying all before them, 
and Caesar inarched straight on Verulamium, the 
stronghold of Cassivellaunus. On his way he re- 
ceived the submission of the Trinobantes, over whom 
Cassivellaunus had usurped authority, as well as 
that of several other tribes, and Cassivellaunus had 
to meet the invaders with only a handful of fol- 
lowers sheltered in the morasses and thickets in 
which his capital lay. Here he held out for a time ; 
he urged the Britons of Cantium to attack the 
Roman camp on the shore, which they did without 
success. His last chance was gone, and he sur- 
rendered to the Romans on hearing of the failure 
of the attack. 

Caesar was now in haste to return to Gaul. News 
had reached him that a spirit of rebellion was abroad 
there, and to quell it his legions must return. After 
exacting tribute and hostages from Cassivellaunus 
he re-embarked his legions and sailed away to Gaul, 
never to return. Thus ended a most fruitless expe- 
dition. The Britons were beaten, yet no territory 
was added to the Roman power ; not a single garri- 
son was left behind ; no British wealth was poured 
into the treasury at Rome ; no train of captive 
Britons trod the Sacra Via before the conqueror's 



INTRODUCTION. XVII 

chariot. Much bravery and determination, many 
lives, and a large number of vessels had been thrown 
away upon it with this result. As Tacitus says in 
his 'Agricola/ Caesar "rather showed Britain to 
posterity than handed it down to them as a con- 
quest." It was not until nearly a hundred years 
later, in the reign of the Emperor Claudius (a.d. 
43 and 44), that any part of Britain was annexed 
to the Roman empire. 

(The localities mentioned above are disputed by 
various writers ; many places contend for the hon- 
our of Caesar's landing-place, but the views of Mr. 
George Long on such matters have been adopted, 
and to him the editors are indebted for help in other 
parts of the book.) 



DIRECTIONS FOR TRANSLATING.* 



1. Pick out the finite verb (the predicate) and find out its 
voice, mood, tense, number, and person. 

2. Find the subject or subjects with which it agrees. Trans- 
late. 

3. If the verb is incomplete, find the object or completion. 
Translate. 

4. See if the subject is enlarged by any of the methods 
mentioned below ; if it is, translate, taking the enlargements 
with the subject. 

5. See if the object is enlarged; if it is, translate, taking 
the enlargements with the object. 

6. Take the extensions of the predicate. Translate. 

7. Translate finally, putting in the introductory conjunctions 
or other words not yet taken. 

The subject may be 

1. A noun. 

2. A pronoun (perhaps understood in the verb). 

3. An adjective. 

4. An infinitive mood. 

5. A phrase. 

The subject may be enlarged by 

1. An adjective or participle. 

2. A noun in apposition. 

3. A noun in the genitive case. 

* To those who are inclined to follow implicitly these directions of the 
English editors, the perusal of Professor W. Gr. Hale's little pamphlet 
on the " Art of reading Latin as the Romans read it," is recommended, 
xviii 



DIRECTIONS FOR TRANSLATING. XIX 

4. A relative clause. 

5. A participial phrase. 

The object or completion may consist of a phrase, or of any 
of the parts of speech which can form a subject. 
The object may be enlarged in the same way as the subject. 

The predicate may be extended by 

1. Adverb. 

2. Ablative case. 

3. Preposition and its case. 

4. Adverbial sentence. 

Rules of Agreement. 

1. The verb agrees with its subject in number and person 
(and gender in the compound tenses) . 

2. The adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, num- 
ber, and case. 

3. The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and 
number ; for case it looks to its own verb. 

Parsing. 

1. Verb. Person, number, tense, mood, and voice, from 

(give the parts). Agrees with , its subject. 

2. Noun. Case, number, and gender, from , of the 

declension. Give the reason for the case. 

3. Adjective. Case, number, and gender, from and is 

declined like . It agrees with its substantive . 

Give the comparative' and superlative. 

4. Relative. Case, number, and gender, from . It agrees 

with its antecedent . Give the reason for the case. 




Tyfo.Etching Co. sc 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 



1. lam exigua pars aestatis reliqua f uit : 
Caesar tamen in Britanniam profi- Caesar makes inqui . 

Cisci Statuit : ries about Britain. 

Britarmi in omnibus fere G-allicis bellis auxilium 
hostibus nostris subministraverant. 5 

2. Sed primo genus hominum, loca, portus, adi- 
tus cognoscere statuit : 

haec omnia fere Gallis erant incognita. 
Nemo enim, praeter mercatores, illo adiit : 
neque iis ipsis quicquam praeter oram maritimam 10 
notum est. 

3. Itaque mercatores ad se convocat. 

Sed ea quae maxime cognoscere volebat, insulae 
magnitudinem, incolarum genus ? usum belli, repe- 
rire non poterat. jc 

C. Volusenum cum navi longa praemittit : 

ipse autem CUm Omnibus Sllis COpiis His preparations. 

in Morinos proficiscitur : 

inde erat brevissimus in Britanniam traiectus. 

4. Hue naves undique venire iubet : 20 

1 



2 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

et classem, quam ad Veneticum belluni effecerat, 
convenire iubet. 

Interim consilium eius per mercatores ad Britan- 
nos perlatum est : 
25 legati ab insulae civitatibus ad eum veniunt : 

obsides dare et imperio populi Eomani obtempe- 
rare volunt. 

5. Caesar, liberaliter pollicitus, eos domum re- 
mittit. 
30 Commium autem una cum iis mittit : 

hunc Caesar regem constituerat : 

huius virtutem et consilium probabat : 

Commius Caesari fidelis esse videbatur : 

et eius auctoritas in his regionibus magna habe- 
35 batur. 

Volusenus autem neque e navi egredi neque se 
barbaris committere audet. 

Itaque quinto die ad Caesarem redit : 

et ? quae viderit, renuntiat. 
4° Help given him by 6. Caesar in his locis moratur : et 
theMorini. naves parat : 

Legati ex magna parte Morinorum ad eum veniunt : 
de superioris temporis consilio se excusaverunt : 
olim enim bellum populo Eomano fecerant. 
45 Hoc Caesari esse opportunum videbatur : 

nam neque post tergum ho stem relinquere volebat, 
neque facultatem belli gerendi propter anni tem- 
pus habebat. 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 3 

His magnum numerum obsidum imperat, et eos 
in fidem recipit. 5° 

7. Naves circiter octoginta onerarias cogit : 
hae satis esse numero ei videbantur : 

sed praeter eas quasdam naves longas habebat : 
has quaestori, legatis praefectisque distribuit. 
Hue accedebant octodecim onerariae naves, 55 

quae ex eo loco ab milibus passuum octo vento 

tenebantur : 

has equitibus distribuit. 

Publium Sulpicium Eufum legatum cum praesi- 

dio portum tenere iussit. 60 

8. Mox tempestatem ad navigationem idoneam 
nactus est : 

turn naves tertia fere vigilia solvit : 

equitesque in ulteriorem portum progredi, et 
naves conscendere, et se sequi iussit. 65 

Ipse autem hora circiter diei quarta cum primis 
navibus Britanniam attigit : 

et ibi armatas hostium copias in omnibus collibus 
expositas conspexit. 

9. Haec erat loci natura : 70 
mare angustis montibus continebatur : 

telum ex locis superioribus in litus adigi poterat. 

Hie nequaquam idoneus locus esse videbatur : 

et ad nonam horam reliquas naves in ancoris 
exspectabat. 75 

Interim legatos tribunosque militum convocat, et 
eos hortatur. 



4 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

Postea et ventum et aestum uno tempore secun- 
dum nanciscitur : 
80 signum dedit et ancorae sublatae sunt. 

10. Turn circiter milia passuum septem ab eo 
loco progressus est, 

et naves in aperto ac piano litore constituit. 
At barbari consilium Eomanorum cognoscunt : 
#5 The Britons show equitatum et essedarios praemit- 
fight ' tunt : 

hoc plerumque genere militiae. in proeliis uti con- 
suescunt. 

Itaque subsecuti reliquis copiis nostros e navibus 
90 egredi prohibent. 

11. Erat ob has causas summa difficultas : 
naves propter magnitudinem nisi in alto constitui 

non poterant: 

militibus nostris loca ignota erant : 
95 manus eorum impeditae erant : 

ipsi magno et gravi onere armorum oppressi erant. 
Hostes autem aut ex arido aut paulum in aquam 
progressi audacter tela coniecerunt : 
et equos insuefactos incitaverunt. 
100 12. Quibus rebus nostri perterriti, atque huius 
omnino generis pugnae imperiti, non solita alacri- 
tate utebantur. 

The Britons receive Q uod ubi Caesar aniinadvertit, 

a Roman standard- naves longas paulum removeri ab 

105 bearer. onerariis navibus, et remis incitari, 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 5 

et ad latus apertum hostium constitui, atque inde 
fundis, sagittis, tormentis hostes propelli ac sub- 
moveri iussit : (navium longarum et species erat 
barbaris inusitatior et motus ad usum expeditior). 
Quae res magno usui nostris fuit. no 

Nam barbari, et navium figura et remorum motu 
et inusitato genere tormentorum permoti, constite- 
runt ac paulum modo pedem rettulerunt. 

13. Atque nostris militibus cunctantibus, maxime 
propter altitudinem maris, quidani decimae legionis 115 
aquilifer, contestatus deos, ut ea res legioni felici- 
ter eveniret : "Desilite" inquit, "milites, nisi vultis 
aquilam Jiostibus prodere : ego eerie meam rei publi- 
cae atque imperatori offitium praestitero" Mox se 

ex navi proiecit atque in hostes aquilam ferre 120 
coepit. Turn nostri, tantum dedecus metuentes, 
universi ex navi desiluerunt. Hos item ex proxi- 
mis navibus ubi conspexerant, subsecuti hostibus 
appropinquarunt. 

14. Pugnatum est ab utrisque acriter. Nostri 125 
tamen magnopere perturbabantur : Engagement on the 

, . beach. Victory of 

nam neque ordmes servare neque the Romans, 
firmiter insistere, neque signa subsequi poterant, 
atque alius alia ex navi, quibuscumque signis oc- 
cur rerat, se aggregabat. Hostes vero, notis omni- 130 
bus vadis, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi 
egredientes conspexerant, equos incitabant : nostros 
impeditos adoriebantur : plures paucos circumsis- 



6 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

tebant : alii ab latere aperto in uni versos tela coni* 
135 ciebant. 15. Quod ubi viderat Caesar, scaphas 
longarum naviuni, item speculatoria navigia a mili- 
tibus compleri iussit, et iis, quos laborantes con- 
spexerat, subsidia submittebat. Nostri simul in 
arido constiterunt, suis omnibus consecutis, in hostes 
140 impetum fecerunt atque eos in fugam dederunt : 
neque longius prosequi potuerunt, quod equites cur- 
sum tenere atque insulam capere non potuerant. 
Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam Caesari defuit. 
16. Hostes, proelio superati, simul atque se ex 
145 The Britons sue for fuga receperunt, statim ad Caesarem 

peace and restore . 

Commius, the envoy, legatos de pace miserunt : promit- 

whom they held in . 

custody. tunt se obsides daturos esse, et 

Caesaris mandata effecturos. Una cum his legatis 
Commius Atrebas venit, qui a Caesare in Britan- 

i5oniam antea praemissus erat. Hunc Britanni, e navi 
egressum, cum ad eos oratoris modo Caesaris man- 
data deferret, comprehenderant atque in vincula 
coniecerant. 17. Turn proelio facto, remiserunt 
et eius rei culpam in multitudinem contulerunt, et 

155 ut ignosceretur propter imprudentiam petiverunt. 
Caesar questus est, quod bellum sine causa intu- 
lissent ; dixit se ignoscere imprudentiae obsidesque 
imperavit : quorum illi partem statim dederunt, 
partem ex longinquioribus locis se arcessituros esse 

i6opaucis diebus dixerunt. Interea suos remigrare in 
agros iusserunt, principesque undique convenire, et 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 7 

se civitatesque suas Caesari cominendare coepe- 
runt. 

18. Pace COnfirmata, naves OCtO- Destruction of the 

Roman fleet by a 

decim, quae equites sustulerant, ex storm. 165 

superiore portu leni vento solverunt. Quae cum 
appropinquarent Britanniae et ex castris viderentur, 
magna tempestas subito coorta est : neque ulla navis 
cursum tenere poterat ; sed aliae eodem, unde erant 
profectae, referebantur, aliae ad inferiorem partem 170 
insulae 2 quae est propius solis occasum, magno sui 
cum periculo deiciebantur : quae tamen, ancoris 
iactis, fluctibus complebantur : itaque necessario 
adversa nocte in altum provectae continentem peti- 
verunt. Eadem nocte accidit, ut esset luna plena, 175 
qui dies maritimos aestus maximos in Oceano ef- 
ficere consuevit ; nostrisque id erat incognitum. 
19. Ita uno tempore et longas naves, quibus Caesar 
exercitum transportaverat, quasque in aridum sub- 
duxerat, aestus complebat, et onerarias, quae ad an- 180 
coras erant deligatae, tempestas adflictabat ; neque 
ulla nostris facultas aut administrandi aut auxili- 
andi dabatur. Complures naves fractae sunt; re- 
liquae, funibus, ancoris, reliquisque armamentis 
amissis, erant ad navigandum inutiles : itaque 185 
magna totius exercittis perturbatio facta est. Ne- 
que enim naves erant aliae, quibus reportari pos- 
sent, et omnia, quibus naves refici possent, deerant : 
et quod Caesaris consilium hiemandi in Gallia omni- 



8 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

190 bus cognitum est, frumentum his inlocis in hiemem 
non provisum erat. 

20. Quibus rebus cognitis, principes Britanniae, 

Overjoyed at Ro- <l ui P 0St Proelium ad Caesareill COIl- 
man misfortunes the venerant, inter se conloquuntur. 
Britons renew hos- " j- 

195 tmties. Eomanis deesse equites et naves 

et frumentum intellegunt ; et paucitatem militum 
ex castrorum exiguitate cognoscunt : quae castra 
hoc erant etiam angustiora, quod sine impedimen- 
tis Caesar legiones transportaverat. Constituunt, 

200 rebellione facta, nostros frumento commeatuque 
prohibere, et rem in hiemem producere; his supe- 
ratis aut reditu interclusis, neminem postea in 
Britanniam transiturum belli inferendi causa con- 
fldunt. Itaque rursus coniuratione facta, paulatim 

205 ex castris discedere, ac suos clam ex agris deducere 
coeperunt. 

21. Caesar nondum eorum consilia cognoverat: 
Caesar repairs the tamen et ex eventu navium suarum 
shattered fleet. e ^. ex eo ^ q U 5(j obsides dare intermi- 

210 serant, fore id, quod accidit, suspicabatur. Itaque 
ad omnes casus subsidia comparabat. Nam et 
frumentum ex agris cottidie in castra conferebat et 
materia atque aere earum navium, quae gravissime 
adflictae erant, ad reliquas reficiendas utebatur ; 

215 alia, quae ad eas res usui erant, ex continenti com- 
portari iubebat. Quae res summo studio a niili- 
tibus administrabatur : itaque, duodecim navibus 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 9 

amissis, reliquis ut navigari commode posset, effe- 
cit. 

22. Dum ea geruntur, una legio, quae appella-220 
batur septima, ex consuetudine fru- The Romans sur- 

. , prised by an ambus- 

mentatum missa est: nulla ad id cade of the Britons, 
tempus suspicio belli interposita erat : pars homi- 
num in agris remanebat, pars etiam in castra venti- 
tabat : ii, qui pro portis castrorum in statione erant, 225 
Caesari nuntiaverunt pulverem magnum atque inu- 
sitatum in ea parte videri, quam in partem legio 
iter fecisset. Caesar aliquid novi consilii a bar- 
baris initum esse suspicabatur. Itaque cohortes, 
quae in stationibus erant, secum in earn partem 230 
proficisci iussit : duas ex reliquis cohortes in stati- 
onem succedere, reliquas armari et confestim sese 
subsequi iussit. 23. Cum paulo longius a castris 
processisset, suos ab hostibus premi animadvertit : 
conf erta legione, ex omnibus partibus tela conicie- 235 
bantur. ISTam omni frumento ex reliquis partibus 
demesso, pars una erat reliqua: liostes suspicati 
nostros hue esse venturos noctu in silvis delituerant : 
turn subito nostros dispersos adoriuntur : nam illi, oc- 
cupati in metendo, arma deposuerant : itaque, paucis 240 
interfectis, reliquos incertis ordinibus perturbant : 
simul equitatu atque essedis nostros circumdant. 

24. Genus hoc est ex essedis pugnae. Primo per 
omnes partes perequitant, et tela British mode of 

. . . fighting. Their use 

coniciunt: ipso terrore equorum et of chariots. 245 



10 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

strepitu rotarum ordines plerumque perturbantur : 
turn cum se inter turmas equitum insinuaverunt, ex 
essedis desiliunt, et pedibus proeliantur. Aurigae 
interim paulatim ex proelio excedunt : atque ita cur- 

250 rus conlocant ut, si essedarii a multitudine hostium 
premantur, expeditum ad suos receptum habeant. 
25. Ita mobilitatem equitum, stabilitatem peditum 
in proeliis praestant : ac tantum usu et cottidiana 
exercitatione efficiunt, ut in declivi ac praecipiti 

255 loco incitatos equos sustinere possint : et brevi 
spatio eos moderari ac flectere, et per temonem per- 
currere, et in iugo insistere, et se inde in currus 
citissime recipere solent. 

Nostri milites novitate pugnae perturbantur : qui- 

260 Caesar's arrival on bus tamen tempore opportunissimo 
battie? en Ta B king fd- Caesar auxilium tulit : namque eius 
lausef by h ttovml adventu hostes constiterunt, nostri 
Sli? r for n cw in for aB i se ex timore receperunt. 26. Sed 
fresh attack. Caesar alienum esse tempus ad com- 

265 mittendum proelium arbitrabatur : ita suo se loco 
continuity et post aliquid temporis in castra legio- 
nes reduxit. Dum haec geruntur, nostri omnes oc- 
cupati sunt : reliqui, qui erant in agris ? discesserunt. 
Tempestates continuos complures dies secutae sunt: 

270 quae et nostros in castris continebant, et hostem 
a pugna prohibebant. Interim barbari nuntios in 
omnes partes dimiserunt, paucitatemque nostrorum 
militum suis praedicaverunt : et demonstraverunt, 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 11 

quanta daretur facultas praedae faciendae ac liber- 
tatis occupandae, si Komanos castris expulissent. 275 
Itaque, magna nmltitudine peditatus equitatusque 
coacta, ad castra venerunt. 

27. Caesar autem animadvertit hostes, si pelle- 
rentur, celeritate periculum effugere The Roman camp at _ 
posse: quae res superioribus diebus ^'aKSfuSS 280 
acciderat. Itaque nactus equites with slaughter, 
circiter triginta quos Commius Atrebas secuni 
transportaverat, legiones in acie pro castris con- 
stituit. Hostes, commisso proelio, diutius impetum 
nostrorum militum ferre non potuerunt, ac terga 285 
verterunt. Quos nostri spatio brevi secuti sunt : 
complures ex iis occiderunt ; deinde, omnibus longe 
lateque aedificiis incensis, se in castra receperunt. 
i Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem 
de pace venerunt. 28. His Caesar numerum obsi- 290 
dum, quern antea imperaverat, du- The Britons sur- 

, . . . n render, and Caesar 

piicavit : eosque m contmentem ad- returns to Gaul. 
! duci iussit. Ipse^ idoneam tempestatem nactus, 

paulo post mediam noctem naves solvit : quae om- 
, nes incolumes ad continentem pervenerunt : sed ex 295 
J iis onerariae duae portus capere non potuerunt 7 et 
, paulo infra delatae sunt. 

Caesar in Belgis omnium legionum hiberna consti- 

' tuit. E6 duae Civitates ex Britannia Preparations made 
p, . . during the winter for 

1 obsides miseruntj reliquae neglexe- a second invasion to 300 

■,.-.« .be undertaken in the 

I runt. Romae ex litteris Caesaris following summer. 



12 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

dierum viginti supplicatio a senatu decreta est. 
Interim naves aedificari veteresque refici iubet : 
ipse in fines Treverorum profectus est, quod hi 

305 neque ad concilia veniebant neqne imperio parebant. 
29. Inde ad portum Itium pervenit, quo naves 
convenire iusserat, quod inde erat brevissimus in 
Britanniam traiectus. Dies circiter viginti quinque 
in eo loco commoratus est, quod Corus ventus navi- 

3iogationem impediebat, qui magnam partem omnis 
temporis his in locis flare consuevit. Tandem ido- 
neam nactus tempestatem milites equitesque con- 
scendere in naves iubet. Labienum in continente 
cum tribus legionibus et milibus duobus equitum re- 

315 linquit, ut portus tueatur et frumentum provideat. 
Ipse- cum quinque legionibus et pari numero equi- 
tum, quern in continenti reliquerat, ad solis occasum 
The fleet crosses the naves solyifc - 30. Primo leni Af rico 
aucT n strikes ap te?ror P r °vectus est : lnox tamen media cir- 

320 int0 the Britons. citer nocte, vento intermisso, cursum 
non tenuit et aestu longius delatus est : orta luce 
sub sinistra Britanniam relictam conspexit. Turn 
rursus aestus commutationem secutus remis con- 
tendit, ut earn partem insulae caperet, qua optimus 

325 esset egressus. Qua in re militum virtus admodum 
fuit laudanda; qui vectoriis gravibusque navigiis 
remigandi laborem non intermiserunt : itaque lon- 
garum navium cursum adaequarunt. 31. Accessum 
est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere 



CAESARS INVASION OF BBITAIN. 13 

tempore, neque in eo loco hostis est visus : sed, ut 33° 
Caesar postea ex captivis cognovit, cum magnae 
manus eo convenissent, multitudine navium perterri- 
tae erant; statim a litore discesserant ac se in supe- 
riora loca abdiderant. Caesar exercitum exposuit et 
locum castris idoneum cepit : ex captivis cognovit, 335 

QUO in loCO llOStium COpiae COllSe- Caesar lands his 

I". troops. The enemy 

dlSSent : COnortlbUS decem praeSldlO are discovered in a 

.. _ . ' . „ A , forest inland. Caesar 

navibus Q. Atrium praetecit. Ad dislodges them, 
mare rel-iquit et equites trecentos, qui praesidio 
navibus essent. Ipse de tertia vigilia ad hostes 340 
contendit. Noctu progressus milia passuum circiter 
duodecim, hostium copias conspicatus est. 32. Illi, 
equitatu atque essedis ad flumen progressi, ex loco 
superiore nostros prohibere et proelium committere 
coeperunt. Repulsi ab equitatu se in silvas abdide- 345 
runt, locum nacti egregie et natura et opere muni- 
tum : nam, crebris arboribus succisis, omnes introitus 
erant praeclusi. Ipsi ex silvis rari propugnabant, 
nostrosque intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. 
At milites legionis septimae, testudine facta, et35o 
aggere ad munitiones adiecto, locum ceperunt : 
eosque ex silvis expulerunt, paucis vulneribus ac- 
ceptis. Sed eos fugientes longius Caesar prosequi 
vetuit : nam loci naturam ignorabat : magna pars 
diei iam consumpta erat ; munitioni castrorum tern- 355 
pus relinqui volebat. 

33. Postero die mane, tripertito milites equites- 



14 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

Next day he is pre- que ln expeditionem misit, ut eos, 

b^enerr^he qui fugerant, persequerentur. Hi 

3 6 ° destroyed be by Tgaie aliquantum itineris progressi sunt, 

in the night. e ^ i am p aene erant in prospectu 

hostium ; sed equit'es a Q. Atrio ad Caesarem vene- 
runt, qui nuntiarent superiore nocte, maxima coorta 
tempestate, prope omnes naves aclflictas atque in 

365 litore eiectas esse, quod neque ancorae funesque 

subsisterent, neque nautae gubernatoresque vim 

tempestatis pati possent : itaque ex eo concursu na- 

vium magnum incommodum esse acceptum dixerunt. 

34. His rebus cognitis, Caesar legiones equita- 

370 working night and tumque revocari atque in itinere 

day for ten days, the . 

Romans repair their resistere mbet, ipse ad naves rever- 

tleet which is safely . 

beached. titur : eadem fere, quae ex nuntiis 

litterisque cognoverat, coram perspicit : naves cir- 
citer quadraginta erant amissae : reliquae tamen 

375 refici posse magno negotio videbantur. Itaque ex 
legionibus fabros deligit, et ex continenti alios 
arcessi iubet : ipse, etsi res erat multae operae ac 
laboris, tamen commodissimum esse statuit omnes 
naves subduci, et cum castris una munitione con- 

380 iungi : in his rebus circiter dies decern consumit : 
ne noctu quidem labor intermittitur : naves subdu- 
cunt, et castra egregie muniunt. 35. Turn Caesar 
Caesar once more easdem copias, quas ante, praesidio 
makes for the in- nav ib us re liquit, et eodem, unde 

tenor, where ne J- 7 

3 8 5 finds the Britons re d.ierat, profectus est. Eo cum 

u J gathering under Cas- 7 *■ 

siveiiaunus. venisset, maiores copiae Britanno- 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 15 

rum iam undique in eum locum convenerant : 
summa imperii bellique administrandi communi 
consilio Cassivellauno permissa erat: cuius fines 
a maritimis civitatibus flumen dividit, quod appel- 390 
latur Tamesis, a mari circiter milia passuum octo- 
ginta. Huic superiore tempore cum reliquis civi- 
tatibus continentia bella intercesserant ; sed nostro 
adventu permoti, Britanni hunc toti bello imperio- 
que praefecerant. 395 

36. Insula natura est triquetra, cuius unum latus 
est contra Galliam. Hums lateris Descr1ption of 
alter angulus, quo fere omnes ex Britain - 
Gallia naves appelluntur, ad orientem solem, infe- 
rior ad meridiem spectat. Hoc pertinet circiter 400 
milia passuum quingenta. Alterum Dimensions, etc. 
vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem solem : qua 
ex parte est Hibernia, dimidio minor, ut aestimatur, 
quam Britannia, sed pari spatio transmissus atque 
ex Gallia est in Britanniam. In hoc medio cursu 405 
est insula, quae appellatur Mona : complures prae- 
terea insulae minores subiectae esse existimantur : 
de quibus insulis nonnulli scripserunt dies continuos 
triginta sub bruma esse noctem. 37. Nos nihil de 
eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis 6X410 
aqua mensuris breviores esse quam in continenti 
noctes videbamus. Huius lateris est longitudo, ut 
fert illorum opinio, septingentorum milium. Ter- 
tium est contra septentriones : cui parti nulla est ob- 



16 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

4 X 5 iecta terra, sed eius angulus lateris maxime ad Ger- 

maniam spectat. Hoc milia passuum octingenta 

in longitudinem esse existimatur. Ita omnis insula 

est in circuitu vicies centum milium passuum. 

Britanniae pars interior ab iis incolitur, quos natos 

4 2 ° Its inhabitants, and eSSe in inSula iP si dicunt : maritima 

products. p ars a b ii s ^ q U i praedae ac belli 

inf erendi causa ex Belgis transierunt : (qui omnes 
fere iis nominibus civitatum appellantur, quibus orti 
ex civitatibus eo pervenerunt) : et, bello inlato, 

425 ibi permanserunt, atque agros colere coeperunt. 
38. Hominum est infinita multitudo, creberrimaque 
aedificia, fere Gallieis consimilia; pecorum magnus 
est numerus. Utuntur aut aere aut taleis ferreis 
ad certum pondus examinatis pro nummo. ISTascitur 

430 ibi plumbum album in mediterraneis regionibus : in 
maritimis ferrum, sed eius exigua est copia: aere 
utuntur importato. Materia cuius que generis, ut in 
Gallia est, praeter fagum atque abietem. Leporem 
et gallinam et anserem gustare fas non putant : haec 

435 tarn en alunt animi voluptatisque causa. Loca sunt 

temperatiora quam in Gallia, remissioribusfrigoribus. 

39. Ex his gentibus longe sunt humanissimi, qui 

Manners and customs Cantium incolunt, quae regio est 

of the Britons. maritima omnis ; neque multum a 

44P Gallica diff erunt consuetudine. Interiores plerique 
frumenta non serunt, sed lacte et carne vivunt, pel- 
libusque sunt vestiti. Omnes vero se Britanni vitro 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 17 

inficiunt, quod caeruleum efficit colorem, atque hoc 
horridiores sunt in pugna aspectu ; capilluni habent 
promissum ; omneni corporis partem praeter caput 445 
et labrurn superius radunt. 

Equites hostiuni essedariique acriter proelio cum 
equitatu nostro in itinere conflix- An indecisive en- 

., .. gagement with the 

erunt : nostri tamen omnibus parti- Britons, 
bus superiores fuerunt, atque eos in silvas collesque 450 
compulerunt : sed, compluribus interfectis, cupidius 
insecuti nonnullos ex suis amiserunt. 40. At illi, 
intermisso spatio, subito se ex silvis eiecerunt, im- 
petumque in eos fecerunt, qui erant in statione pro 
castris conlocati. Xostri autem imprudentes erant 455 
atque in munitione castrorum occupati: hostes acri- 
ter pugnaverunt : et, nostris novo genere pugnae 
perterritis, per medios audacissime perruperunt, 
seque inde incolumes receperunt. Eo die Q. La- 
berius Durus, tribunus militum, interricitur. Illi, 460 
pluribus coliortibus submissis, repelluntur. 

Postero die procul a castris suis hostes in colli- 
bus constiterunt : rari se ostende- Followed next day 

, -. . , . by a great victory 

runt : et lenms quam pridie nostros for the Romans, 
equites proelio lacessere coeperunt. 41. Sed meri-465 
die cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones atque 
omnem equitatum cum Gaio Trebonio legato misis- 
set ; repente ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores 
advolaverunt, sic uti ab signis legionibusque non 
absisterent. Nostri acriter in eos impetu facto 47° 



18 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

reppulerunt, neque finem sequendi fecerunt, quoad 
subsidio confisi equites, cum post se legiones vide- 
rent, praecipites hostes egerunt. Magnus numerus 
hostium interfectus est : nam nostri iis neque sui 

475 conligendi neque consistendi aut ex essedis desili- 
endi facultatem dederunt. Ex hac fuga protinus 
quae undique convenerant auxilia discesserunt ; 
neque post id tempus umquam summis copiis nobis- 
cum liostes contenderunt. 

480 42. Caesar, cognito consilio eorum, ad flumen 

Caesar crosses the Tailiesim in fines Cassivellauni ex- 
Thames, ercitum duxit : quod flumen uno 
omnino loco pedibus, atque hoc aegre, transiri 
potest. E6 cum venisset, vidit magnas hostium 

485 copias ad alteram fluminis ripam esse instructas. 
Eipa autem erat acutis sudibus munita ; sudesque 
eiusdem generis sub aqua defixae flumine tegeban- 
tur. Caesar, his rebus cognitis, equitatum praemit- 
tit : legiones confestim subsequi iubet. Sed milites 

490 ea celeritate atque eo impetu ierunt, cum capite 
solo ex aqua exstarent, ut hostes impetum legionum 
atque equitum sustinere non possent : ripas dimise- 
runt ac se fugae mandaverunt. 

43. Cassivellaunus omnem contentionis spem 

4Q r Cassiveiiaunus, deponit : ampliores copias dimittit : 

J not wishing to risk . 

another battle, har- milibus circiter quattuor essedano- 

asses the Roman . 

march by irregular rum relictis, itinera nostra serva- 

skirmishes and am- , . , . ^ ■, , . 

buscades. bat : paulum ex via excedebat : 



CAESARS INVASION OF BRITAIN. 19 

locis impeditis ac silvestribus se occultabat : in iis 
regionibus, quibus nos iter facturos esse cognoverat, 500 
pecora atque homines ex agris in silvas compelle- 
bat : turn, cum equitatus noster praedandi vastan- 
dique causa se in agros eiecerat, omnibus viis notis 
semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat : ita magno 
cum periculo nostrorum equitum cum iis confTige-505 
bat, atque hoc metu latius vagari prohibebat. Ita- 
que Caesar equites non longius ab agmine legionum 
discedere passus est. 

44. Interim Trinobantes, prope firmissima earum 
regionum civitas, legatos ad Cae- TheTrinobantessub-510 

..... mit to Caesar. Other 

sarem mittunt, pollicenturque sese tribes follow, 
ei dedituros atque imperata facturos : ex qua civi- 
tate Mandubracius adulescens ad Caesarem in G-al- 
liam venerat : cuius pater in ea civitate regnum 
obtinuerat, interfectusque erat a Cassivellauno : 515 
ipse fuga mortem vitaverat. Illi petunt, ut Caesar 
Mandubracium ab iniuria Cassivellauni defendat, 
atque in civitatem mittat. His Caesar imperat ob- 
sides quadraginta, frumentumque exercitui; Man- 
dubraciumque ad eos mittit. Illi imperata celeriter 520 
fecerunt : obsides ad numerum frumentumque mise- 
runt. 

45. Ita Caesar Trinobantes defendit atque mili- 
tes ab omni iniuria prohibuit : mox Caesar's attack on 

. . Verulamium (S. Al- 

etiam Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Anca- tans) the strong- 5 2 5 

■... t^., . ~ . , . ... hold of Cassivellau- 

lites, Jiibroci, Cassi, legationibus nus. 



20 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

missis, sese Caesari dedunt. Ab his cognoscit non 
longe ex eo loco oppidum Cassivellauni abesse, sil- 
vis paludibusque munituim quo magnus hominum 

530 pecorisque numerus convenerit. Oppidum autem 
Britanni vocant, cum silvas impeditas vallo atque 
fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandae 
causa convenire consuerunt. E6 proficiscitur cum 
legionibus : locum reperit egregie natura atque 

535 opere munitum : tamen hunc duabus ex partibus 
oppugnare contendit. Hostes, paulisper morati, 
militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt, seseque 
alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. Magnus ibi numerus 
pecoris repertus est : multique in fuga sunt compre- 

540 hen si atque interfecti. 

46. Durn haec in his locis geruntur, Cassivellau- 
CassiveiiaunuB urges nus ad Cantium, quibus regionibus 
KeVt°Yo C auact S th°e f quattuor reges praeerant, Cingeto- 
SSSatrftSB^S 8 .: rix < Carvilius, Taximagulus, Sego- 

545 Sf^iubmns bi To vax > nnnti °s mittit : his imperat, 
Caesar - ut, coactis omnibus copiis, castra 

navalia de improviso oppugnent. Ii cum ad castra 
venissent, nostri eruptionem fecerunt : multos 
eorum interfecerunt : Lugotorigem, ducem nobilerm 

550 ceperunt. Cassivellaunus, hoc proelio nuntiato, tot 
detrimentis acceptis, vastatis finibus, maxime etiam 
defectione civium permotus est : legatos per Atre- 
batem Commium de deditione ad Caesarem mittit. 
Caesar, cum constituisset hiemare in continent! 



CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 21 

propter repentinos Galliae motus, neque multuni 555 
aestatis superesset, obsicles imperat : constituit quid 
vectigalis in singulos annos populo Eomano Britan- 
nia penderet : imperat Cassivellauno, ne Mandu- 
bracio neu Trinobantibus noceat. 

47. Obsidibus acceptis, exercitum redncit ad 560 
mare, naves invenit refectas. His Caesar returns to 

v -1 , , • G-aul to winter quar- 

deductis, quod et captivorum mag- ters. 
num. numerum habebat, et nonnullae tempestate de- 
perierant naves, duobus commeatibus exercitum 
report are instituit. Ac sic accidit, ut ex tanto 565 
navium numero, tot navigationibus, neque hoc 
neque superiore anno, ulla omnino navis, quae 
milites portaret, desideraretur : at ex iis, quae inanes 
ex continenti ad eum remittebantur, militibus prioris 
commeatus expositis, perpaucae locum ceperunt : 570 
reliquae fere omnes reiectae sunt. Quas cum ali- 
quamdiu Caesar frustra expectavisset, ne anni tem- 
pore a navigatione excluderetur, quod aequinoctium 
suberat, necessario angustius milites conlocavit : 
summa tranquillitas consecuta est: inita vigilia575 
secunda, naves solvit : prima luce terram attigit 
omnesque incolumes naves perduxit. 



NOTES. 



Tlie Numbers refer to the lines of the Text. 

3. Proficisci statuit. Caesar was at this time in N. Gaiil: 
he had just been fighting the Suevi and other tribes near the 
Rhine. 

6. loca. The usual plural form of locus : loci means topics, 
places in books generally. A. 78. 2 b ; H. 141 ; G. 78. 

10. iis. Dative after notum. A. 232. a; H. 388. 1; G. 352. 

13. ea. Ace, object of reperire. 

16. C. The character C (surd palatal) always retained the 
force of the sonant palatal G in the abbreviations C. (for Gaius), 
and Cn. (Gnaeus) . See A. 6. and 80. d ; H. 2. 3. and 649. 1. 

navi longa = * a ship of war.' Roman ships of war were 
long and narrow to ensure speed. 

18. Morinos. See map. The most northerly people of Gaul. 
Verg. sEn. viii. 727, Extremique hominum Morini. 

19. brevissimus traiectus. The strait of Dover. 

21. Veneticum bellum = ' the war with the Veneti.' See map. 
They were a sea-faring tribe, and had possessed a large fleet, 
which Caesar had just destroyed in battle. 

26. dare...obtemperare. Verbs like volo, possum, videor, 
etc., are incomplete in meaning without an infinitive, which is 
called prolative, or complementary. A. 271 ; H. 533 fr\ ; G. 424. 

imperio. Dative after obtempero =' I am obedient to.' 
A. 228; H. 386; G. 346. 

30. Commium. A Gaulish king, chief of the tribe of the 
Atrebates. They had been defeated by Caesar, and he had 
appointed Commius to be their king. 

23 



24 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

34. magna. Supply • esse/ to be taken with habebatur. 

39. quae viderit. Viderit is subjunctive because it is not 
stated as a, fact, but as a representation of Volusenus. A. 341. d ; 
H. 528. 1; G. 630. 

42. Legati. Legatus will be found in Caesar with two mean- 
ings, to be decided by the context : (1) a herald or ambassador ; 
(2) a lieutenant-general, or adjutant to the Imperator. 

43. de superioris temporis consilio = ' for their (hostile) pur- 
pose of the season before.' 

44. populo. Dative case of the indirect object. A. 224, 225; 
H. 384. II. andl. 1); G. 343. 

47. belli gerendi. See Exercise xxvi; A. 295-8; H. 543-4; 
G. 428, 429. Translate, ' for a regular war with them.' 

propter anni tempus. The summer was growing late. 
It was now towards the end of August. 

49. His. Dative of indirect object. See on 44 and 291. 

50. eos in fidem recipit = ' receives their submission.' 

51. naves onerarias = ' vessels of burden.' These were broader 
and rounder than the naves longae = ' war-ships.' 

cogit = ' presses into his service.' He brought them 
together at Boulogne, or possibly at Wissant. 

52. numero. Abl. of specification. ■ A. 253; H. 424; G. 398. 

54. quaestori. The quaestores had charge of all money mat- 
ters : they sometimes took command. 

legatis. See on 42 (2). Caesar had ten legati in Gaul. 
They were sometimes entrusted with separate commands. 

praefectis. The praefecti militum commanded the aux- 
iliary troops, or had special duties apart from the legion. 

55. accedebant = came = ' were added.' 

56. ex eo loco : i.e. from the port of Ambleteuse. 

ab milibus passuum. Mille passus or mille passuum 
(partitive gen.) = 1000 paces, about 1618 English yards, or 142 
yards less than the English statute mile. Ab here denotes not 
merely distance or separation from, but also the measure of the 
distance. Translate, * at a distance of eight miles from,' etc. 



NOTES. 25 

61. idoneam tempestatem = ' favourable weather.' 
63. tertia vigilia. The period between sunset and sunrise 
was divided into four equal parts called vigiliae, distinguished 
as prima, secunda, tertia, quarta vigilia, each vigilia contain- 
ing three horae noctis. Of course the length of the vigilia 
varies, being longest in winter, and shortest in summer. 

Caesar set sail at 'midnight,' on the 26th of August, 
B.C. 55. 

solvit naves = ' weighed anchor,' ' set sail.' Lit. ' loosed ' 
or ' cast off the ships.' 

64. ulteriorem portum. If Caesar sailed from Itius, and if 
Itius is Wissantj this ulterior portus where the cavalry em- 
barked should be Sangatte (Calais). See on 306. 

6Q. hora circiter quarta. The day would begin about 5 a.m., 
and this would therefore be about 8.30 o'clock. The Roman 
day from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve equal parts, 
called horae, varying according to the season. Circiter is an 
adverb here. 

67. Britanniam. The Dover shore. 

71. angustis = ' precipitous.' angustus (from ango) = drawn 
in, contracted, hence 'having no slope.' 

73. nequaquam idoneus, that is, for landing. 

74. ad nonam horam. Till about 3.30 o'clock. 

76. tribunos militum = ' military tribunes.' There were six 
in each legion, but only one was on duty at a time. He had 
entire charge of the discipline when the soldiers were in camp. 

78. secundum, secundus is really a participle from sequor, 
' I follow ' : hence applied to wind and tide = ' favourable.' 

80. sublatae = 'weighed.' 

81. ab eo loco : i.e. west of Dover. According to some, east. 
83. aperto . . . litore : i.e. at Lymne in Romney Marsh, about 

seven miles west of Dover. According to some, the coast between 
Walmers and Deal. 

85. essedarios. essedum, from which essedarii comes, is a 
word of Gallic, not Latin, derivation: it was a two- wheeled 
chariot. 

87. hoc genere. Abl. after uti. The verbs that govern an 



26 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

ablative are fungor, fruor, utor, vescor, potior, and a few more. 

A. 249 ; H. 421 ; G. 405 : uti is prolative infinitive. See on 26. 
89. reliquis copiis. Abl. of accompaniment. A. 248. a. 

Note ; H. 419. I. and 1. 1) ; G. 391. R. subsecuti, ' following 

closely.' 
92. in alto =' in deep water.' Caesar means that the ships 

drew so mnch water that they could not be beached. 
97. ex arido = ' from the dry beach.' 
99. insuef actos = ' trained to go into the water.' 
101. imperiti= ' inexperienced in.' Takes a gen. case. A. 218. 

a; H. 399.1.2; G. 373. 
104. naves, etc. = ' ordered the war-ships to be set back a 

little,' etc. 

109. inusitatior = ' somewhat strange.' Literally, * stranger ' 
(than the appearance of trading ships). 

motus ad usum expeditior = ' their facility for steering 
was readier.' The use of rudders in larger ships was unknown 
to the Britons. 

110. magno usui nostris fuit. ' Sum ' admits a dative case 
as the completion of the predicate (Dat. of Service), and a 
second dative of the person or thing affected. A. 233. a ; H. 390. 1 ; 
G. 350. Translate, ' was a great advantage to our men.' 

113. paulum modo = ' just a little.' pedem referre, to retreat. 

114. militibus cunctantibus. Abl. abs. in place of temporal 
clause. A. 255 d. I ; H. 431. 2. (3) ; G. 409. R. 2. See Exercise xiii. 

115. decimae legionis. The 10th legion, the ' Fighting Tenth,' 
contained the pick of Caesar's troops. Under Caesar a legion 
consisted of about 3000 men. Each legion contained 10 cohorts 
of 300 men ; each cohort 3 maniples of 100 men ; and each 
maniple 2 centuries of 50. The men in each cohort stood ten 
deep. Usually on the field of battle the legion was drawn up 
in three lines. The principal standard of the legion was the 
eagle, which was carried by one of the bravest soldiers in the 
first cohort, under the charge of the centurion of the first 
century. 

116. ea res = ' this thing,' i.e. what he intended to do. legioni. 
Dat. of reference. A. 235 ; H. 384 , II. 7. 2) ; G. 345. 



NOTES. 27 

117. eveniret. The subjunctive, in a substantive clause of 
purpose, contestatus ut = ' with a prayer that.' A. 331 ; H. 498. 
I ; G. 544. II. and 546. 

119. praestitero = ' shall have discharged.' 

125. pugnatum est ab utrisque = utrique pugnaverunt. This 
impersonal use of pugnare is common. A. 146. d ; H. 195. II. 1. 
and 301. 1 ; G. 199. R. 1. 

127. ordines servare = ' to keep their lines unbroken.' 

128. signa. Besides the eagle, each division of the legion 
had its own standard, usually carried in front of the division. 

129. alius alia ex navi = ' one from one ship, another from 
another.' 

quibuscumque, etc. = ' would attach himself to whatever 
standard each had chanced to meet.' 

131. singular es = ' in scattered groups.' 

134. ab latere aperto = ' on the undefended flank.' 
in uni versos = ' upon our collected forces.' 

135. scaphas longarum navium = ' the men-of-war's cutters.' 
Scapha is a Greek word, meaning a - dug-out.' 

136. speculatoria navigia= ' reconnoitring vessels.' 

137. laborantes = ' in distress.' 

142. cursum tenere = ' to hold on their course.' The trans- 
ports conveying the cavalry to Britain had encountered a 
violent storm. 

insulam capere = ' to reach the island.' 

143. ad pristinam fortunam. Caesar's good fortune was 
now to give place to a long period of disaster. 

144. simul at que = 'as soon as.' 

151. oratoris modo = ' in the character of ambassador.' 

152. deferret. Cum 'when,' referring to past time, is gen- 
erally followed by the subjunctive. 1 

1 The more advanced student is referred to Professor W. G-. Hale, on 
the cwm-constructions; Cornell University Studies, Ithaca, N.Y. 



28 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

153. remiserunt = ' they sent him back.' 

155. ignosceretur. Supply sibi. Verbs taking a dative in 
the active are used impersonally in the passive. Translate, 
'that pardon might be granted to them.' A. 230; H. 301. 1; 
G. 208. Cf. n. on 125. For the mood, see on 117. 

156. quod . . . intulissent. Intulissent is subjunctive, because 
it states, not a fact, but what Caesar said they had done, 
Caesar being regarded as a person other than the writer. 
A. 321. 2. ; H. 516. II ; G. 539. R. and 541. Cf . n. on 39. 

164. naves. Norn., subject of solverunt, which is here used 
absolutely = ' set sail.' Cf. n. on 63. 

166. superiore portu. The same as ult. portum, 1. 64. 

171. propius occasum. The preposition props takes an accu- 
sative case after it : so do propior and proximus, adjectives 
derived from prope and propius, adverb, sui, objective genitive, 
' with great peril to themselves.' 

173. fluctibus complebantur = ' were in danger of being 
swamped.' 

174. adversa nocte = ' right into the darkness.' Lit. ' with 
night facing them.' 

in altum provectae = ' having run out to sea.' 

175. lit esset. Subjunctive, in a substantive clause of result, 
subject of accidit. A. 332. a. 2 ; H. 501. 1. 1 ; G. 558. 

luna plena. This full moon has been fixed as having 
happened on the night of the 30th and 31st August, B.C. 55. 

176. qui dies = ' which period ' : dies, the astronomical day. 

aestus maximos= 'spring tides.' The ocean tides rose 
here between 20 and 30 feet. 

177. incognitum. Because there are no tides in the Medi- 
terranean. 

182. administrandi aut auxiliandi = ' of managing the ships, 
or bringing any help.' 

187. quibus reportari possent. See on 188. 

188. quibus naves refici possent. Subjunctive, in a clause 
of characteristic. A. 320. examp. 4; H. 500. 1 ; G. 633, 634. 



NOTES. 29 

190. his in locis. Referring to Britain. For the order of the 
words, see A. 345. a ; H. 569. II ; G. 680. R. 2. 

195. Romanis. Sum with its compounds, except possum and 
absum, takes a dative. A. 231. a; H. 387. and 386; G. 349. 

198. hoc . . . quod = ' for this reason . . . because.' hoc is abla- 
tive of degree of difference. A. 250. Note ; H. 423. Note 1. and 
416 ; G. 400. and 406. 

200. frumento. Abl. of separation: observe also reditu 
interclusis. A. 243 ; H. 414 ; G. 388. 

202. his... interclusis. Abl. abs. in place of conditional 
clause : ' if these should be overcome or shut off from a return.' 
A. 255. d. 4 ; see references on 114. 

205. castris. Caesar's camp. 

208. ex eventu navium = ' from what had happened to his 
ships.' Objective genitive. A. 217 ; H. 396. Ill ; G. 361. 2. 

209. ex eo quod = ' from the fact that.' 

211. ad omnes casus = ' against every emergency.' 

215. usui. Dat. of purpose {service). A. 233. and a ; H. 384. 
II. 1. 3) ; G. 350. Cf . n. on 110. 

ex continenti. Understand terra : continuous, unbroken 
land as opposed to an island; i.e. Gaul. 

218. reliquis ut . . . ef fecit = * he brought it about that the 
voyage could be advantageously accomplished (navigari, imper- 
sonal) with the remainder.' ut . . . posset is a substantive clause 
of result, object of effecit. A. 332 ; H. 501. II. 1. or 498. II ; G. 557. 

220. Dum ea geruntur. Bum ( = while) always takes the 
present tense. A. 276. e ; H. 467. III. 4 ; G. 572. 

221. frumentatum. The supine in -urn is used to express a 
purpose after verbs of motion. A. 302; H. 546; G. 436. 

223. pars hominum = ' some of the population ' : referring to 
the Britons. 

224. castra. The camp of the Romans. 

ventitabat = ' returned from time to time.' A. 167. b ; 
H. 336. 

225. in statione = ' on guard.' 



30 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

227. in ea parte . . . quam in partem = ' in that direction 
towards which ' : this superfluous addition of the noun in a 
relative sentence is not uncommon in Caesar. Compare i. 16, 
diem instare, quo die, etc. 

228. fecisset. Subjunctive, in a subordinate (rel.) clause in 
indirect discourse. A. 336. 2 ; H. 524 ; G. 653. 

aliquid novi consilii. The genitive after aliquid, mul- 
tum, plus, nihil, is commoner than those words in agreement 
with the succeeding noun. Partitive genitive. A. 216. 3; 
H. 397. 3 ; G. 371. 

230. in earn partem. In the direction in which the legion 
had gone. 

232. armari = ' to arm (themselves).' 

235. conf erta = ' formed in solid square.' 

241. incertis ordinibus = ' since the ranks could not be regu- 
larly formed.' Abl. abs. in place of causal clause. A. 255. d. 2; 
see references on 114. 

243. ex essedis has the force of an adjective agreeing with 

pUgnae (= t^<? e£ k^a^v fJ-a-xV^) . 

247. turmas. The cavalry attached to each legion numbered 
300, divided into 10 squadrons (turmae) of 30 each. 

251. premantur. Present subjunctive, in a less vivid future 
condition. A. 307. b, but also 342; H. 507. II, but also 529. II. 
Note 1. 1) ; G. 598, but also 666. 

habeant. Present subjunctive, in a clause of result, but 
also the apodosis (conclusion) to si premantur. See references 
on 251. 

255. incitatos sustinere= ' rein-in when at full gallop.' 

256. temonem...iugo, 'the chariot-pole,' 'the yoke to hold 
the horses' necks together.' 

per temonem percurrere = ' to run along the pole.' 
263. receperunt se= 'recovered themselves.' 

266. post aliquid temporis. See on 228. 

267. nostri omnes occupati sunt = ' the attention of all our 
men was directed elsewhere.' 



NOTES. 31 

268. reliqui = the rest of the Britons. 

269. dies. Ace. of duration of time. A.240.e; H.379; G. 337. 

274. daretur. Subjunctive, in indirect question. See Exer- 
cise xxxiii. ; A. 334; H. 529; G. 469. 

275. expulissent. Plup. subj., in a subordinate (condit.) 
clause in indirect discourse ( = the indirect question quanta 
daretur), following the past tense demonstraverunt. In direct 
discourse the indie, fut. perf. expulerimus would have been 
employed, making a future more vivid condition. A. 337. a. 3. 
and 307. c. and f ; H. 525. 2 ; G. 660. examp. 4. and 659. 3. III. 

278. si pellerentur. A future condition (A. 307 a. and b) in 
indirect discourse, carried into the past by the sequence of tenses. 
A. 307. f. and 337. a. 3; H. 527. I and II; G. 660. examp. 3. and 
659. 3. II. 

279. effugere posse. Equivalent to a future infinitive. 
283. pro castris= ' as a defence to the camp.' 

286. spatio brevi = ' at a short interval.' 

290. His. Dative with notion of disadvantage. 

291. quern imperaverat = • which he had imposed ' : imperare 
with dat. of person and ace. of thing is common in this sense. 

296. portus capere = ' to reach the port.' Cf . n. on 142. 

297. infra = to the south. 

301. ex litteris= 'in accordance with Caesar's despatches.' 

302. supplicatio. When a general at the head of his army 
won a victory, the senate decreed a public thanksgiving (suppli- 
catio) to the gods for a number of days in proportion to the 
greatness of the victory. 

304. Treverorum. The Treveri, who have given their name 
to Treves or Trier, occupied a part of the district of the Belgse 
between the Moselle and the Rhine. 

306. ad portum Itium. The chief place of the Morini in 
those days : most probably the place now called Wissant. Pos- 
sibly the basin of the Liane near Boulogne (so Desjardins). 

309. Corus (or Caurus). A wind from the W.N.W. 

310. omnis temporis= ' every season (of the year).' 



32 CAE SAB'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

315. lit . . . tueatur. Subjunctive, in a pure clause of purpose. 
A. 317. 1 ; H. 497. II ; G. 544. 1, and 545. 1. 

316. pari . . . quern. Par is more frequently followed by ac 
or quam. Here it seems to be used like idem which is followed 
by qui. Translate — ' with an equal number of cavalry to that 
which he had left.' 

318. Africo. A wind from the W.S.W. 

320. circiter is an adverb here: nocte, abl. of time ivhen. 
A. 256; H. 429; G. 392. 

322. sub sinistra : i.e. he had drifted to the north-east, past 
the South Foreland. 

323. secutus = ' having taken advantage of.' 

324. caperet. Subjunctive, in a substantive clause of pur- 
pose, object of contendit= ' strove,' ' endeavoured.' A. 331. and 
e; H. 498. II; G. 546. 

325. esset. Subjunctive, because it states not a direct fact, 
but an impression in Caesar's mind, being a part of the thought 
expressed in the purpose clause. A. 342. and footnote ; H. 529. II. 
Note 1. 1) ; G. 666. Cf . references on 251. 

326. laudanda. See Exercises xxx and xxxii. 

vectoriis, etc. = ' though the vessels were transports and 
heavily laden besides.' Abl. abs. in place of concessive clause. 
A. 255. d. 3 ; see references on 114 ; cf. n. on 202. and 241. 

328. accessum . . . Britanniam. They landed at Romney. 

334. exposuit = ' disembarked.' 

336. consedissent. Subjunctive in indirect question. 

337. cohortibus. Dat. after praefecit : praesidio, dative of 
service : navibus, dative of thing affected. A. 233. a ; H. 390. II ; 
G. 350. Cf . n. on 110. 

340. de tertia vigilia. de here means 'in the course of,' 
implying that part of the vigilia is past. 

341. contendit= 'hastened.' 

343. equitatu. Abl. of accompaniment. See on 89. ad 
flumen. The Stour, near Wye. 

344. ex loco superior e. The north bank is higher than the 
south one. 



NOTES. 33 



348. rari= ' in small detachments.' 

350. testudine facta. In attacking a wall or rampart the 
Roman soldiers locked their shields together over their heads 
for a protection against missiles from above. This was called 
a testudo or ' tortoise.' 

351. aggere adiecto. agger was a bank of earth carried up 
to the base of the ramparts to enable the besiegers to climb over 
them. 

357. mane. An old indeclinable noun, used in the nom., ace, 
and abl. cases. 

359. persequerentur. See on 315. 

363. nuntiarent. Subj., in relative clause of purpose, qui = ut 
ii. A. 317. 2 ; H. 497. 1 ; G. 632. 

366. subsisterent= 'maintained their hold.' Subj., in de- 
pendent (causal) clause in indirect discourse. A. 321. a. and 
336. 2; H. 524; G. 653. Cf. n. on 228. Impf., not Pluperf., to 
bring the reader to the standpoint daring the storm. 

371. resistere= ' to halt.' 

372. eadem fere, etc. = ' personally sees that the facts were 
almost as he had ascertained,' etc. 

377. multae operae. Genitive of quality describing res. 
A. 215; H. 396. V; G. 364. 

379. subduci = ' to be beached.' Supply in aridum. 

388. summa, etc. = ' the supreme command and entire direc- 
tion of the war.' 

389. Cassivellaunus ruled over the country N. of the Thames. 
He was the most powerful chieftain of these parts, and to him 
was entrusted the supreme command of the British forces. 

391. Tamesis. The Thames. Caesar reckons its distance 
from the coast by the length of his march from the coast to 
where he crossed, i.e. 80 miles from Romney. 

400. hoc. Supply latus. pertinet: i.e. in a S.W. direction. 

402. ad Hispaniam. Tacitus (Agric. 34) says that Ireland is 
between Britain and Spain. 



34 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

403. dimidio. Abl. of degree of difference. A. 250 ; H. 423 ; 
G. 400. 

404. transmissus. Gen. after pari spatio (abl. of quality), 
1 of a like distance of passage (from there to Britain) with that 
from Gaul to Britain.' 

atque = *as.' A. 156. a; H. 554. I. 2. Note; G. 646. See 
vocabulary. 

405. medio cursu = medio transmissu, i.e. half-way across. 

406. Mona. Tacitus speaks of Anglesey under this name : 
but, from the position, Caesar may be referring to the Isle of 
Man. The insulae minores are probably islands on the W. 
coast of Scotland, subiectae = ' lying near.' 

409. bruma. Contracted from brevumd, old form of superla- 
tive brevissima. Supply dies. The winter solstice ; winter. 

410. certis ex aqua mensuris = ' by accurate water (clepsydra) 
measures.' The clepsydra was a contrivance by means of which 
time was measured by water dropping from one vessel into 
another. 

412. ut opinio fert = ' as the opinion is.' 

413. septingentorum milium. Genitive of quality. See on 
377. 

418. passuum. See on 413. 

420. ipsi = 'the inhabitants themselves.' natos in insula = 
indigenas. 

422. Belgis. There was a tribe called Belgae in Britain occu- 
pying parts of Hampshire and Sussex. 

423. iis . . . pervenerunt = ' are called by the names of those 
tribes from which they originated before they came there ' : for 
civitatum, quibus ex civitatibus, see on 227. 

428. taleis ferreis = ' bars of iron.' 

430. plumbum album = ' tin,' in which, from the earliest 
times, Britain had driven a trade with the Phoenicians. The 
'inland districts' are probably Cornwall, as the tin mines of 
Cornwall are older than any historical record. Iron was worked 
in Sussex (maritimis regionibus), as it was until long after 
Caesar's time. ' Bronze ' probably came from Gaul. 



NOTES. 35 

435. animi causa = ' for the sake of fancy/ 

442. vitro = ' woacl, ' a plant used for dyeing blue. 

443. hoc = ' on this account, ' ' hence. ' 

447. The preceding remarks about Britain have been a diver- 
sion : the account is now resumed from the point where it was 
dropped in c. 35. 

452. illi. The Britons. 

453. intermisso spatio = ' after an interval of time.' 
458. perruperunt. The subject is hostes. 

460. illi. The Britons. 

461. submissis = ' sent to their relief.' 

467. C. Trebonio. Tribunus plebis B.C. 55, now a legatus 
under Caesar, was afterwards one of his assassins. 

469. ab . . . absisterent = ' they were close up with the stand- 
ards and legions.' 

472. subsidio. Abl. after confisi. A. 254. b. and 227. c. Note ; 
H. 425. II. 1. 1) Note ; G. 407. 

474. sui conligendi = ' of rallying themselves.' sui is best 
taken, not as the genitive of the personal pronoun, but as the 
neuter of the possessive adjective suus, suum = one's own, one's 
interest, one's self. This is shown by the fact that the same 
stereotyped expression is used irrespective of gender. Or sui 
may be explained as the genitive of the reflexive pronoun limit- 
ing conligendi, 'recovering of themselves.' Harper and Tol- 
man's Caesar, on Bk. 3. ch. 6. Cf. A. 298. a; H. 542. I. Note 1; 
G. 429. R. 1. 

476. ex = * in consequence of.' 

477. auxilia. The various contingents of British troops, 
which had joined the army of Cassivellaunus. 

478. summis copiis = ' with all their forces together.' 

480. consilio. This was to fall back on the river Thames. 

483. uno loco . . . transiri potest. See Introduction, p. xv. 

487. defixae = driven into the bed of the river. 

490. cum. Concessive, ' although.' A. 326 ; H. 515. Ill ; G. 588. 
Cf . Exercise xxiii. 



36 CAESARS INVASION OF BBITAIN. 

497. itinera nostra servabat = ' kept our route in sight.' 

498. ex via = ' from the beaten track.' 

502. cum . . . eiecerat. Cum (temporal) may take the pluperf . 
indicative when a demonstrative (as turn here) precedes, more 
accurately marking the time. A. 325. a ; H. 521. II. 1 ; G. 582. 

505. periculo nostrorum, etc. Objective gen. after periculo. 

506. hoc metu = ' fear of this ' : a frequent idiom. 

507. agmine. agmen is the line of march : acies, the line of 
battle. 

509. Trinobantes. The people of Essex. 

firmissima = most warlike. Used of physical strength. 

510. Civitas. Used by Caesar rather loosely of both Gallic 
and British tribes. 

517. ut . . . def endat. Substantive clause of purpose. See on 
117. 

Cassivellauni. Subjective genitive, after iniuria. A. 213. 
1; H. 393. II; G. 361. 1. 

518. His . . . imperat. See on 291. 

521. ad numerum = ' to the required number.' 

525. The Cenimagni probably came from Norfolk, Suffolk, 
and Cambridge : the Segontiaci from parts of Hampshire and 
Berks : the Ancalites from Wilts : the Bibroci from Berks : 
the Cassi from Herts. The position of some of these tribes is 
very doubtful, but Berks seems to preserve the name of the 
Bibroci, and Cassiobury that of the Cassi. 

528. oppidum : afterwards occupied by the Romans, who 
built the town of Verulamium upon it, the site of the present 
St. Alban's. 

530. convenerit. Subjunctive, in a subordinnte (rel.) clause 
in indirect discourse. See on 228. 

547. ut . . . oppugnent. See on 517. 

554. constituisset. Subj., after cum causal .( = since). A. 326. 
and R ; H. 517 ; G. 581. III. and 587. See Exercise xxiii. 

557. quid vectigalis. See on 228. 



NOTES. 37 

559. neu. ne repeated becomes neu, not neque. 

564. duobus commeatibus = ' in two relays,' or 'crossings.' 

566. navigationibus = ■ naval expeditions.' 

568. quae milites portaret = ' such as is used for carrying 
soldiers.' Clause of characteristic, expressing restriction. A. 320. 
d ; H. 503. 1, and Note 1 ; G. 634. 

desideraretur. See on 175. 

569. prioris commeatus = ' of the former voyage.' 

570. locum ceperunt = ' made good the harbour.' Cf . n. on 296. 

573. ne excluder etur. See on 315. Cf. Exercise xlvi. 

aequinoctium. Caesar left Britain before the last week 
of September, after a stay of nearly three months. 

574. angustius milites conlocavit - ' stowed his troops in a 
narrower compass than usual.' 

575. vigilia secunda. See on 63. 



ABBEEVIATIOE"S. 



abl., ablative. 
ace, accusative. 
adj., adjective. 
adv., adverb. 
com., common. 
comp., comparative. 
conj., conjunction. 
dat., dative. 
defect., defective. 
demons., demonstrative. 
distrib., distributive. 
/., feminine. 
frequent., frequentative. 
gen., genitive. 
gov., governing. 
imper., imperative. 
impers., impersonal. 
incept., inceptive. 
indecl., indeclinable. 
indef., indefinite. 
in fin., infinitive. 
trreg., irregular. 
lit., literally. 
m., masculine. 
n., neuter. 



nom., nominative. 

num., numeral. 

part., participle. 

pass., passive. 

perf, perfect. 

pi., plural. 

poss., possessive. 

prep., preposition. 

pres., present. 

pron., pronoun. 

pronom., pronominal. 

reflex., reflexive. 

rel., relative. 

sing., singular. 

subst., substantive. 

superl., superlative. 

v.a., verb active. 

v. dep., verb deponent. 

v.n., verb neuter. 

voc, vocative. 

A., Allen & Greenough's Latin 
Grammar. 

H., Harkness' Latin Grammar. 

G., Gildersleeve's Latin Gram- 
mar. 



VOCABULAET. 



(LATIN-ENGLISH.) 



I. 

iam, adv., already, now. 
exigu-us, -a, -mri, adj., small, 

little. 
par-s, -tis, /., a part, a side, 
aest-as, -atis, /., summer. 
reliqu-us, -a, -urn, adj., left, 

remaining. 
sum, esse, fu-i, v.n. irreg., I 

am. 
Caes-ar, -aris, m., Caesar. 
tamen, adv. nevertheless, yet. 
in, prep, with ace, into, for, 

against; with abl, in, on, at, 

upon. 
Britann-ia, -iae, /., Britain, 
proficlsc-or, -i, -fect-us sum, 

v. dep. 3, I set out. 
statu-o, -ere, -i, statut-um, v. a. 

3, I decide, I determine. 
Britann-i, -orum, m. pi., the 

Britons. 
omn-is, -e, adj., all, every. 



fere, adv., nearly, almost, 
about. 

Gallic-us, -a, -um, adj., Gallic. 

bell-um, -i, n., a war, warfare. 

nos-ter, -tra, -trum, adj.pron., 
our; as* subst. pi. m., our 
men. 

hos-tis, -tis, comm. gen., an 
enemy. 

auxil-ium, -ii, n., help, suc- 
cour. 

sub-ministr-o (sum-m-), v.a. 
1, I supply, I furnish. 

II. 

sed, conj., but. 

primo, adv., at first, in the 

first place, 
gen-us, -ens, n., a race, a kind, 
hom-o, -mis, comm. gen., a man, 

a person, 
ldc-us, -i, m. (pi. 16c-i and 

16c-a), a place, a position. 
39 



40 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



port-us, -us, m., a harbour, 
adit-us, -us, m., a means of 

approach. 
cognosc-o, -ere, gnov-I, -gnit- 

um, v.a. 3, I make inquiry 

about, I ascertain, I know, 
hie, haec, hoc, demons, pron., 

this, 
omn-ia, all things (ch. i.). 
Gall-I, -orum, m. pi., the 

Gauls, 
incognit-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
known, (in, not; cognitus, 

known), 
nem-o, comm. gen., no one, 

nobody, 
enim, conj., for. 
praeter, prep. gov. ace, except, 

besides. 
mercat-or, -oris, m., a trader. 
illo, adv., to that place, thither. 
adeo, -Ire, iv-i, or 1-1, -it-urn, 

v.n. irreg., I go to, I ap- 
proach. 
neque, conj., and not, nor ; 

neque... neque, neither... nor. 
is, ea, id, pron., he, she, it, 

that, 
ips-e, -a, -um, pron., self, very ; 

as subst., himself. 
quisquam, quaequam, quic* 

quam or quidquam, pron. 

indef., any (person or thing). 
or-a, /., the coast, 
mar-itimus, -itima, -ltimum, 

adj., of the sea, sea-; on the 

sea-coast. 



nosc-o, -ere, nov-i, not-um, v.a. 
3, I know. 

III. 
ta-que, conj., and so, therefore. 

ad, prep., gov. ace, to, at, 
towards, for. 

se (or sese), rejlex. pron., sing, 
and pi., himself, herself, it- 
self, themselves. 

coirv6c-o, v.a. 1, 1 call together, 
I assemble. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., 
who, which, that. 

maxime, superl. adv., in the 
highest degree, chiefly, very 
greatly. 

vdl-o, vel-le, v61u-i, v. irreg., 
I am willing, I wish. 

insul-a, -ae, /., an island. 

magn-itudo, -itudmis, /., great- 
ness, magnitude. 

incol-a, -ae, comm. gen., an 
inhabitant. 

u-sus, -siis, m., use, experience 
(utor, ch. x.). 

reper-io, -ire, repper-I, rfr 
pert-um, v.a. 4, I find out, I 
discover. 

non, adv., not. 

possum, posse, p6t-ui, v. ir- 
reg., I am able, I can (potis, 
able, and sum). 

C. =Gai-us, -I, m., Gaius. See 
note. 

Volusen-us, -I, m., Volusenus. 



VOCABULARY. 



41 



cum, prep. gov. abl, with, 
long-us, -a, -urn, adj., long, 
nav-is, -is, /., a ship, 
praemitt-o, -ere, -mls-i", -miss- 

um, v.a. 3, I send forward or 

in advance. 
autem, conj., but, moreover, 
su-us, -a, -nm, jwss. pron., his 

own, her own, its own. 
cum, prep. gov. abl., with. 
cop-ia, -iae, /., a supply, plenty, 

a quantity; plural, forces, 

troops. 
Morin-i, -orum, m. pi., the 

Morini, a tribe of the Belgse 

on the coast of Picardy. 
inde, adv., from that place, 

thence. 
brev-is, -e, adj., short, small 

{comp., brev-ior; superl., 

brev-issimus). 
traiect-us, -us, m., a crossing, 

passage. 

IV. 

hue, adv., hither. 

undique, adv., from all parts. 

ven-io, -ire, ven-I, vent-um, 

v.a. 4, I come, 
iub-eo, -ere, iuss-I, iuss-um, 

v.a. 2, I order, I command, 
et, conj . , and ; et . . . et, both . . . 

and. 
class-is, -is, /., a fleet. 
Venet-icus, -ica, -icum, adj., of 

or belonging to the Veneti. 



ef'fic-io, -ere, *fec-i, 'fect-um, 
v.a. 3, I make, I carry out, 
I bring to pass. 

conven-io, -ire, *ven-i, -vent- 
um, v.n. 4, I come together, 
I assemble. 

interim, adv., in the mean- 
time. 

consil-ium, -ii, n., a plan, a 
purpose, intention, counsel. 

per, prep. gov. ace., through, 
by, along. 

perfer-o, -re, *tul-i, •lat-um, 
v.a. irreg., I bear, I carry. 

legat-us, -I, m., an ambassador, 
a lieutenant. 

ab or a, prep. gov. abl., by, 
from, away. 

civ-itas, -itatis, /., a state. 

obs-es, -idis, m. and /., a hos- 
tage. 

d-o, -are, ded-i, dat-um, v.a. 1, 
I give, I put. 

imper-ium, -ii, n., dominion, 
empire, a command. 

popul-us, -i, in., the people. 

Roman-us, -a, -um, adj., 
Roman. 

obtemper-o, v.n. 1, I submit 
to, I obey (with dative). 

V. 

liberaliter, adv., courteously, 

liberally. 
pol'lic-eor, -eri, -Itus sum, v. 

dep. a. and n. 2, I promise. 



42 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



dom-us, -I and -us,/., a house, 
a home. 

re-mitt-o, -ere, -mis-i, -mlss- 
um, v.a. 3, I send back. 

Comm-ius, -ii, m., Commius. 

una, adv., at one and the same 
time, together. 

mitt-o (see ch. iii.), v.a. 3, I 
send. 

rex, reg-is, m., a king. 

ibi, adv., there. 

constitu-o, -ere, -i, -stitut-um, 
v.a. 3, I put, I station, I ap- 
point, I draw up, I deter- 
mine. 

vir-tus, -tutis, /., courage. 

prob-o, v.a. 1, 1 approve, I think 
highly of. 

fid-elis, -ele, adj., faithful. 

vid-eo, -ere, vid-i, vis-um, v.a. 
2, I see ; pass., I seem. 

auctor-itas, -itatis, /., influ- 
ence, authority. * 

r£g-io, -ionis, /., a territory, a 
region. 

magn-us, -a, -um, adj., great, 
large. 

hab-eo, v.a. 2, I have, I hold, I 
consider. 

aud-eo, -ere, aus-us sum, v. 
semi. dep. 2, I dare. 

e or ex, prep. gov. abl., from, 
out of, away from, accord- 
ing to. 

egred-ior, -T, -gress-us sum, v. 
dep. 3, I disembark. 



barbar-us, -I, m., a barbarian. 

conrmitt-o (see ch. iii.), v.a. 3, 
I entrust (with dative), I en- 
gage in. 

di-es,-ei, m. and/., a day, a time. 

quin-tus, -ta, -turn, num. adj., 
fifth. 

redeo, ire, *iv-i, or *i-i, -it-urn, 
v.n. irreg., I go back, I re- 
turn. 

renunti-o, v.a. 1, I bring back 
word, I report. 

VI. 

mor-or, v.a. dep. 1, I delay, I 
linger, I tarry. 

par-o, v.a. 1, I prepare, I pro- 
cure. 

de, prep. gov. abl., from, out of, 
concerning, during. 

super-ior, -ius, adj., higher, up- 
per, former, superior (comp. 
of superus) . 

temp-us, -oris, n., time, season. 

ex'cus-o, v.a. 1, I excuse. 

olim, adv., at some time, for- 
merly. 

fac-io, -ere, fec-i, fact-um, v.a. 
3, I make. 

esse, see sum (ch. i.). 

op'port-unus, -una, -unum, 
adj., convenient, suitable, 
opportune. 

nam, conj., for. 

post, prep. gov. ace, after, be- 
hind. 



VOCABULARY. 



43 



terg-um, -i,n., the back. 

re'linqu-o, -ere, -liqu-i, -lict- 
um, v.a., 3, I leave. 

facul-tas, -tatis, /., power, op- 
portunity. 

ger-o, -ere, gess-i, gest-um, 
v.a. 3, I carry on, I do, I 
wage. 

propter, prep. gov. ace, on ac- 
count of, because of. 

ann-us, -i, m., a year. 

numer-us, -I, m., a number. 

imper-o, v.a. 1, I command, I 
order. 

fid-es, -ei, /., faith, engage- 
ment, protection. 

recip-io, -ere, *cep-i, *cept-um, 
v.a. 3, I take back, I receive. 

VII. 
circiter, adv., about, nearly. 
octoginta, num. adj., eighty, 
oner-arius, -aria, -arium, adj., 

of or belonging to a burden 

(see note). 
co # g-o, -ere, coeg-I, ccact-um, 

v.a. 3, I collect, I compel 

(cum, together ; ago, I drive). 
satis, adv., sufficiently, enough, 
vis-us. See video (ch. v.). 
qui dam, quaedam, quod-dam 

and (as sitbst.) quid 'dam, 

indef. pron., some, certain, 
quaest-or, -oris, in., a quaestor. 
praefect-us, -I, m., a prefect, a 

commander. 



distribu-o, -ere, -i, •trfbut-um, 
v.a. 3, I distribute, I assign 
(dis, among several; tribuo, 
I give). 

acced-o, -ere, 'cess-i, 'cess-um, 
v.n. 3, 1 approach, I am added 
(ad; cedo, I go). 

octodecim, num. adj. indecl., 
eighteen. 

mili-a, -um, n. pi., thousands. 

pass-us, -us, m., a step, a pace 
(esp. as a measure, about five 
Roman feet) . 

octo, num. adj. indecl., eight. 

vent-us, -i, m., wind. 

ten-eo, v.a. 2, I hold, I detain, 
I keep. 

equ-es, -itis, m., a horseman; 
pi., cavalry. 

Publ-ius, -ii, m., Publius. 

Sulpic-ius, -ii, m., Sulj)icius. 

Ruf-us, -i, m., Rufus. 

praesid-ium, -ii, n., a protect- 
ing force, a garrison. 

VIII. 

mox, adv., soon, afterwards. 

tempes-tas, -tatis, /., a time, a 
season, a storm. 

naviga-tio, -tionis, /., a sail- 
ing. 

idone-us, -a, -um, adj., suitable, 
convenient. 

nancisc-or, -I, nact-us sum, v. 
dep. 3, I get, I obtain. 

turn, adv., then. 



44 



LA TIN-ENGLISH 



ter-tius, -tia, -tium, adj., the 

third. 
vigil-ia, -iae, /., a watch. 
solv-o, -ere, -i, solut-um, v.a. 

3, I loosen (se-, apart ; luo, I 

loosen). 
-que, conj., and. 
ulter-ior, -ius, comp. adj., 

further. 
progred-ior, -I, 'gress-us sum, 

v. dep. 3, I go forward, I ad- 
vance, I proceed. 
con'scend-o, -ere, -I, 'scens-um, 

v.a. 3, 1 embark, I go on board 

(con ; scando, I mount), 
sequ-or, -I, secut-us sum, v. 

dep. 3, I follow. 
hor-a, -ae, /., an hour. 
quart-us, -a, -um, adj., the 

fourth, 
prim-us, -a, -um, adj., the first. 
atting-o (ad't-), -ere, "tig-I, 

•tact-um, v.a. 3, I touch on, I 

reach (ad; tango, I touch). 
arm-o, v.a. 1, I arm, I furnish 

with arms. 
coll-is, -is, m., a hill. 
expon-o, -ere, *posu-i, posit- 

um, v.a. 3, I post, I draw up, 

(ex, out, forth; pono, I 

place). 
coirspic-io, -ere, -spex-i, -spect- 

um, v.a. 3, I see, I observe. 

IX. 
natur-a, -ae, /., the nature. 



mar-e, -is, n., the sea. 

angust-us, -a, -um, adj., nar- 
row, contracted, steep. 

mon-s, -tis, m., a mountain. 

con-tin-eo, v.a. 2, I confine, I 
shut in, I restrain (con, teneo. 
See ch. vii.). 

tel-um, -i, n., a weapon, a 
javelin. 

Ht-us, -oris, n., the sea shore. 

ad'ig-o, -ere, *eg-i, *act-um, 
v.a. 3, I drive to, I hurl to 
(ad; ago, I drive). 

ne-quaquam, adv., by no 
means. 

non-us, -a, -um, adj., ninth. 

ancor-a, -ae, /., an anchor. 

ex'spect-o, v.a. 1, I wait, I 
await. 

trfb-unus, -uni, m., a tri- 
bune. 

mil-es, -itis, comm. gen., a sol- 
dier. 

hort-or, v. dep. 1, I exhort, I 
encourage. 

post'ea, adv., after that, after- 
wards. 

aes-tus, -tus, m., the tide. 

un-us, -a, -um, adj., one. 

secund-us, -a, -um, adj., favour- 
able, second. 

sign-um, -I, n., a signal, a (mili- 
tary) standard. 

toll-o, -ere, sustul-i, sublat- 
um, v.a. 3, I lift up, I carry 



VOCABULARY. 



45 



X. 

septem, num. adj. indecl., 
seven. 

apert-us, -a, -urn, adj*, un- 
covered, exposed (aperio, to 
uncover) . 

ac (at-que), conj., and. 

plan-us, -a, -um, adj., level, 
flat. 

equit-atus, -atus, m., cavalry. 

essed-arius, -aril, m., a chariot 
warrior, charioteer. 

plerumque, adv., for the most 
part, generally. 

milit-ia, -iae,/., warfare. 

proel-ium, -ii, n., a battle. 

ut-or, -i, lis-us sum, v. dep. 3, 
I use, I employ (with abl.) . 

consue-sco, -scere, -vi, -turn, 
v.n. incep. 3, I accustom my- 
self. 

sub'sequ-or, v. dep. 3, I follow 
close after, I follow in close 
pursuit (see ch. viii.). 

pro-hlb-eo, v.a. 2, I hinder, I 
prevent, I protect. 

XI. 

summ-us, -a, -um, superl. adj., 
highest, greatest, very great 
(superl. of superus). 

difficul-tas, -tatis, /., difficulty. 

ob, prep. gov. ace, for, on ac- 
count of. 

caus-a, -ae, /., a cause, a 
reason. 



nisi, conj., if not, unless, ex- 
cept. 

alt-um, -i, n., the deep, the 
open sea (alt-us, high, deep) . 

rgnot-us, -a, -um, adj., not 
known, unknown (nosco. See 
ch. ii.). 

man-us, -us, /., a hand, a band 
(of men) . 

inrped-io, v.a. 4, I impede, I 
hinder (in ; pes, a foot) . 

grav-is, -e, adj., heavy. 

6n-us, -eris, ??., a burden, a 
load, a weight. 

arm-a, -orum, n. pi., arms, 
weapons. 

op-prim-o, -ere, press-i, -press- 
urn, v.a. 3, I overwhelm, I 
overload (ob, against ; premo, 
I press). 

aut, conj., or aut . . . aut, either 
. . . or. 

arid-um, -i, n., dryland (aridus, 
dry). 

paulum, adv., a little, some- 
what. 

aqu-a, -ae,/., water. 

audacter, adv., boldly (audax, 
bold). 

con-ic-io, -ere, "iec-i, 'iect-um, 
v.a. 3, I throw, I hurl. 

equ-us, -I, m., a horse. 

in -sue "fact-us, -a, -um, adj., ac- 
customed. £ee note (suesco, 
I accustom ; facio, I make) . 

in-cit-o, v.a. 1, I set in rapid 
motion, I urge forward. 



46 



LA TIN-ENGLISH 



XII. 

re-s, re-i, /., a thing, an affair, 
a circumstance. 

per*terr-eo, v.a. 2, I frighten 
thoroughly, I terrify greatly. 

omnlno, adv., altogether, 
wholly, in all. 

im'perit-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
skilful, not acquainted with 
(with gen.) . 

pugn-a, -ae, /., a fight, a battle. 

solit-us, -a, -um, adj., usual, 
ordinary (soleo, I am accus- 
tomed) . 

alacrlt-as, -atis, /., alacrity, 
ardour. 

ubi, adv., when, where. 

animadvert-o, -ere, -i, -advers- 
um, v.a. 3, I observe, I un- 
derstand (animum, the mind ; 
adverto, I turn towards). 

remov-eo, -ere,'m6v-i,-mot-um, 
v.a. 2, I remove, I withdraw. 

rem-us, -T, m., an oar. 

lat-us, -eris, n., a side, a flank. 

fund-a, -ae,/., a sling. 

sagitt-a, -ae, /., an arrow. 

torment-um, -I, n., a military 
engine. 

propell-o, -ere, pul-i, -puls- 
um, v.a. 3, I propel, I drive 
forward, I push forward. 

sub-mov-eo (sunrm-), -ere, 
•mov-I, -mot-um, v.a. 2, I 
drive away, (sub, from be- 
neath; moveo, I move). 



speci-es, -ei, /., an appear- 
ance. 

in/usitat-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
usual, extraordinary (comp., 
inusitatior) . 

mot-us, -us, m., a motion, a 
movement. 

ex'pgdit-us, -a, -um, part., un- 
impeded, ready, easy (comp., 
expeditior) . 

figur-a, -ae, /., a form, a shape, 
appearance. 

per-mov-eo, v.a. 2, I move 
deeply, I stir (see above, sub- 
mo veo). 

coirsist-o, -ere, -stit-i, *stit- 
um, v.n. 3, I halt, I stop. 

mod6, adv., only, merely. 

pes, ped-is, m., a foot. 

re-fer-o, -re, rettiil-i, re lat- 
um, v.a. irreg., I bring back, 
I carry back, I relate. 

XIII. 

cunct-or, v. dep. 1, I delay, I 

hesitate, 
alt-itudo, -Itudinis, /., depth 

(altus, see ch. xi.). 
dec-imus, -ima, -imum, num. 

adj., tenth, 
leg-io, -ionis, /., a legion, 
aquilif-er, -eri, m., a standard 

bearer (aquila, an eagle ; f ero, 

I carry) . 
con-test-or, v. dep. 1, I call to 

witness, I invoke. 
de-us, -I, m., a god. 



VOCABULARY. 



47 



lit (or uti), adv., as conj., that, 

so that, in order that, 
feliciter, adv., prosperously. 
even-io, -ire, 'ven-I, 'vent-urn, 

v.n. 4, I happen. 
inquam, v. def., I say. 
desil-io, -ire, -ui", -suit-urn, 

v.n. 4, I leap down. 
vult-is (volt-), from volo 

(ch. iii.). 
aquil-a, -ae, /., an eagle. 
prod-o, -ere, did-i, *dit-um, 

v.a. 3, I give up, I surrender, 

I betray. 
ego, pers. pron., I. 
certe, adv., surely. 
me-us, -a, -um, poss. pron., 

my, mine. 
res publica, rei publicae, /., 

the commonwealth, 
impera-tor, -toris, m., a com- 
mander, a general. 
offic-ium, -ii, n., a duty, an 

office. 
prae'st-o, -are, *stit-i, 'stit-um, 

v.a., 1, I show, I. perform, 

v.n., I am superior. 
pro*ic-io,-ere, *iec-i, "iect-um, v.a. 
• 3, I throw, I throw forward. 
fer-o, -re, tul-i, lat-um, v.a. 

irreg., I bear, I carry. 
(coep-io), -Isse, -i, -turn, def., 

v.a. and n. 3, I begin. 
tant-us, -a, -um, adj., so much, 

so great. 
dedec-us, -oris, n., a disgrace, 

a dishonour. 



mStii-o, -ere, -I, metut-um, v.a. 

and n. 3, I fear, 
univers-us, -a, -um, adj., all 

together, the whole. 
Item, adv., so, also, in like 

manner, 
proxim-us, -a, -um, superl. adj., 

nearest, next. 
appropinqu-o (ad-p-), v.n. 1, 

I draw near to, I approach 

(with dative). 

XIV. 

pugn-o, v.a. 1, 1 fight. 

uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
pron. adj., both, each; as 
subst. pi., both sides. 

acriter, adv., sharply, vigor- 
ously. 

magn-opere, adv., greatly, ex- 
ceedingly. 

per-turb-o, v.a. 1, I disturb 
utterly, I throw into con- 
fusion. 

ord-o, -inis, m., order, a line, 
a rank. 

serv-o, v.a. 1, 1 keep, I watch. 

firmiter, adv., firmly. 

in'sist-o, -ere,'stit-i (no supine), 
v.n. 3, I stand. 

al-ius, -ia, -md, adj., another 
{gen., alius ; dat., alii), alii . . . 
alii, some . . . others. 

quicumque, quaecumque, 
quod'cumque, rel. pron., 
whoever, whatever. 



48 



LA TIN-ENGLISH 



oc/curr-o, -ere, -1, -curs-urn, 
v.n. 3, I run up to, I fall in 
with, I meet (ob, towards; 
curro, I run). 

ag-greg-o (ad-g-), v.a. 1, I 
flock to, I attach myself to 
(ad ; grex, a flock) . 

vero, adv., but, indeed, how- 
ever. 

not-us, per/, part, from nosco 
(ch. ii.). 

vad-um, -I, n., a shallow. 

aliquis, air quid, indef. pro- 
nom. adj., some. 

singular-is, -e, adj., single, 
solitary. 

ador-ior, -Iri, -tus sum, v. dep. 
4, I attack. 

plus, plur-is, comp. adj., more; 
pi., several, very many. 

pauc-us, -a, -um, adj., small; 
pi., few. 

circunvsist-o, -ere, -stet-i or 
stit-i (no supine), v.a. 3, I 
stand round, I surround. 

XV. 

scaph-a, -ae, /., a boat. 

speculator-ius, -ia, -ium, adj., 
pertaining to a spy or scout. 

navig-ium, n., a vessel. 

conrple-o, plere, -plev-I, plet- 
um, v.a. 2, I fill up. 

labor-o, v.n. 1, I labour, I am 
hard pressed. 

subsid-ium, -ii, n., aid, assist- 
ance, a support. 



sub-mitt-o (suin-m-), v.a. 3, I 

send, I despatch (see mitto, 

ch. v.). 
simul, adv., together, at once, 

at the same time. 
consequ-or, v. dep. 3, I follow 

after, I pursue (see sequor, 

ch. viii.). 
impet-us, -us, m., an attack, an 

onset. 
fug-a, -ae, /., flight. 
longius, adv., longer, farther. 
pro-sequ-or, v. dep. 3, I follow 

after, I pursue (see sequor, 

ch. viii.). 
quod, conj., that, because that, 

inasmuch as. 
cur-sus, -sus, m., a running, a 

course (curro, I run). 
cap-io, -ere, cep-i, capt-um, v.a. 

3, I take, I reach, I seize, I 

capture, 
pris-tmus, -tina, -tinum, adj., 

former. 
fortun-a, -ae, /., chance, for- 
tune. 
de-sum, esse, fu-i, v.n. irreg., 

I fail, I am wanting. 

XVI. 
super-o, v.a. 1, I overcome, I 

subdue, I conquer. 
simul atque, as soon as (see ch. 

XV.). 

recipere se, to betake one's 
self, to recover one's self 
(see ch. vi.). 



VOCABULARY. 



49 



st&tim, adv., immediately. 
pax, pac-is, /., peace, 
mis-erunt, from mitto (ch. v.). 
promitt-o, v. a. 3, I send for- 
ward, I promise (see mitto, 

ch. v.). 
dat-urus, from do (ch. iv.). 
mandat-um, -I, n., a command, 

an order, 
effect-urns, from, efficio (ch. 

iv.). 
Atreb-as, -atis, m., one of the 

Atrebates. 
antea, adv., previously, once, 
praemlss-us, from praemitto 

(ch. iii.). 
e'gress-us, from egredior (ch. 

v.). 
cum, conj., when, since, as. 
ora-tor, -toris, m., an ambas- 
sador. 
mod-us, -i, m., a manner, a 

way. 
defer-o, v.a. irreg., I bring 

down, I carry down (see fero, 

ch. xiii.). 
conrprehend-o, -ere, -I, pre- 

hens-um, v.a. 3, I seize, 
vinc-ulum (vinc-lum), -uli, n., 

a chain, a fetter (vincio, I 

bind). 

XVII. 

fact-us, from facio (ch. vi.). 
culp-a, -ae, /., a fault. 
mult-itudo, -ltudmis, /., a mul- 



titude, the mass of the 

people. 
confer-o, -re/tul-i, conlat-um, 

v.a. irreg., I bring together, 

I collect, I attribute to. 
rgnosc-o, -ere, 'gnov-i, *gnot- 

um, v.a. and n. 3, I pardon, 

I overlook (with dat.), (in, 

not ; nosco, I know). 
imprudent-ia, -iae, /., impru- 
dence, indiscretion, 
pet-o, -ere, -Ivi and -II, -Itum, 

v.a. 3, I seek, I beg. 
quer-or, -I, quest-us, sum, v. 

dep. 3, I complain, 
sine, prep. gov. abl., without, 
infer-o, -re, 'tul-I, inlat-um 

(il'l-), v.a., I bring into, I 

make (war). 
dic-o, -ere, dix-I, dict-um, v.a. 

3, I say. 
ill-e, -a, -ud, pron. demons., 

he, she, it, that, 
ded-erunt, from do (ch. iv.). 
longinqu-us, -a, -um, adj., far 

off, distant (compar., longin- 

quior). 
arxess-o, -ere, -ivi, -Itum, v.a. 

3, I call, I send for (ad, to; 

cedo, I go, I cause to go), 
interea, adv., meanwhile. 
re*migr-o (no supine), v.n. 1, I 

depart back, I return. 
ager, agr-i, m., a field, terri- 
tory, country, 
princ-eps, -lpis, m., a chieftain, 

a leading man. 



50 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



commend-o, v.a. 1, I commit, 
I entrust. 

XVIII. 
coirfirm-o, v.a. 1, I strengthen, 

I establish, 
susttil-erant, from tollo (ch. 

ix.). 
len-is, -e, adj., gentle, 
castr-a, -orum, n. pi., a camp. 
subito, adv., suddenly. 
coor-ior, -Iri, -tus sum, v. dep. 

4, I arise. 
ull-us, -a, -um, adj., any. 
eodem, adv., to the same place. 
uncle, adv., whence. 
profect-us, from proficiscor 

(ch. i.). 
Infer-ior, -ius, comp. adj., lower. 
propius, comp. adj., nearer, too 

near (prope, near). 
sol, sol-is, m., the sun. 
occas-us, -us, m, the setting or 

going down (ob ; cado, I fall). 
de'ic-io, -ere, iec-i, 'iect-um, 

v.a. 3, I throw down, I drive 

down (de, down) ; and 
iac-io, -ere, iec-i, iact-um, v.a. 

3, I throw, 
necessario, adv., necessarily, 
advers-us, -a, -um, opposite, 

unfavourable, 
nox, noct-is, /., night, 
proveh-o, -ere, *vex-i, *vect- 

um, v.a. 3, 1 carryforwards, I 

carry along. 



continen-s, -en-tis, /., the con- 
nected land, the mainland 
(continere, to be continuous). 

rdem, ea'dem, rdem, demons, 
pron., the same. 

accid-o, -ere, -I (no supine), 
v.n. 3, to fall out, to happen 
(ad, upon; cado, I fall). 

lun-a, -ae, /., the moon. 

ple-nus, -na, -num, adj., full 
(pleo, I fill). 

maxim-us, -a, -um, superl. adj., 
greatest, very great (mag- 
nus, great). 

6cean-us, -I, m., the ocean. ' 

consuev-it, from consuesco (ch. 
x.). 

XIX. 

ita, adv., thus, so. 

exerc-itus, -itus, m., an army 
(exerceo, I exercise). 

transport-o, v.a. 1, I carry 
over, I transport. 

subduc-o, -ere, dux-i, -duct- 
urn, v.a. 3, 1 draw ashore (sub, 
from below; duco, I draw). 

de*lig-o, v.a. 1, I bind down, I 
fasten. 

ad'flict-o, v.a. 1, I toss (ad, to; 
fligo, I dash). 

administr-o, v.a. 1, I manage, 
I carry out. 

auxili-or, v. dep. 1, I help. 

conrplur-es, -a, or -ia; gen. 
-ium, adj., very many, several. 



VOCABULABT. 



51 



frang-o, -ere, freg-i, fract-um, 

v.a. 3, I break, I wreck. 
fun-is, -is, m., a rope, a cable. 
armament-a, -orum, n. pi., 

tackling, 
amitt-o, v.a. 3, 1 lose (see mitto, 

ch. v.). 
navig-o, v.n. 1, I sail (navis, 

a ship). 
in-util-is, -e, adj., useless, 
tot-us, -a, -um, adj., the whole 

(gen., totius ; dat., toti). 
perturba-tio, -tionis, /., con- 
fusion. 
report-o, v.a. 1, I carry back. 
re*fic-io, -ere, 'fec-I, 'feet-urn, 

v.a. 3, I repair, 
hiem-o, v.n. 1, I winter, I take 

up winter quarters (hiems, 

winter). 
' Gall-ia, -iae, /., Gaul, 
cognit-us, from cognosco (ch. 

ii.). 
frument-um, -I, n., corn, 
hiem-s (hiemp-s) , -is,/., winter. 
pro-vid-eo (see video, ch. v.), 

v.a. 1, I foresee, I provide, I 

furnish. 

XX. 

inter, prep. gov. ace., between, 

among, 
conloqu-or (col 'I-) , -i, 'locut-us 

sum, v. dep. 3, I talk with, I 

confer with (con; loquor, I 

speak). 



intelleg-o, -ere, -lex-i, *lect- 
um, v.a. 3, 1 perceive, I under- 
stand. 

pauc-itas, -itatis, /., a small 
number. 

exigu-itas, -itatis,/., small size 
(exiguus, small). 

hoc, adverbial abl, on this 
account. 

etiam, conj., also, even. 

angust-ior, comp. of angustus 
(ch. ix.). 

impedi-mentum, -menti, n. 
(pi.), baggage. 

rebell-io, -ionis, /., a revolt. 

commea-tus, -tus, m., supplies, 
provisions, a voyage. 

pro'duc-o (see subduco, ch. 
xix.), v.a. 3, I prolong. 

superat-us, from supero (ch. 
xvi.). 

redit-us, -us, m., a returning, 
a return (redeo, I return). 

interclud-o, -ere, 'clus-i, -clus- 
um, v.a. 3, I close up, I cut 
off (inter, between; claudo, 
I shut). 

transeo, -ire, iv-i, or -i-i, -it- 
um, v.a. irreg., I go across, I 
cross over. 

caus-a, adverbial abl. (with gen. 
or gerund in-di), for the pur- 
pose of (ch. xi.). 

confid-o, -ere, *fis-us sum, v.a. 
semi-dep. 3, I am persuaded, 
I am confident, v.n., I rely 
upon. 



52 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



rursus, adv., back again, again. 
con iura-tio, -tionis, /., a plot 

(con; iuro, I swear). 
paulatim, adv., by little and 

little, gradually. 
dis'ced-o, -ere, xess-i, xess- 

um, v.n. 3, I depart. 
clam, adv., secretly, by stealth. 
deduc-o {see snbduco, ch. xix.), 

v.a. 3, I lead off, I withdraw, 

I launch. 

XXI. 

non-dum, adv., not yet. 

cognov-erat, from cognosco 
(ch. ii.). 

event-us, -us, ?n., occurrence 
(evenire, to happen). 

dare, see do (ch. iv.). 

inter mitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), 
v.a. 3, I leave off, I relax. 

fore, from sum. 

suspic-or, v. dep. 1, I mistrust, 
I suspect. 

cas-us, -us, m., chance, acci- 
dents (cado, I fall). 

compar-o, v.a. 1, I prepare. 

cottldie or cotidie, adv., daily. 

mater-ia, -iae (-ies, -iei), /., 
wood, timber. 

ae-s, -ris, n., bronze, copper. 

gravissime, adv., very seri- 
ously (superl. q/'graviter). 

adflig-o, -ere, -flix-I, -flict-um, 
v.a. 3, I shatter, I damage 
(ad, to; fligo, I dash). 



reficiend-as, from reficio (ch. 
xix.). 

conrport-o, v.a. 1, I carry to- 
gether, I collect. 

stud-ium, -ii, n., eagerness, 
energy. 

duSdecim, num. adj. indecl., 
tweh r e. 

amiss-us, from amitto (ch. 
xix.). 

commode, adv., advantage- 
ously. 

XXII. 

dum, conj., whilst, until. 

appell-o (adp-), v.a. 1, I call. 

sept-imus, -ima, -lmum, num. 
adj., seventh. 

consue-tudo, -tudmis, /., cus- 
tom, habit. 

frument-or, v. dep. 1, 1 get corn, 
I forage. 

nullus, 'ulla, "ullum, adj., not 
any, none, no (ne, not ; ullus). 

suspic-io (-splt-io), -ionis, /., 
mistrust, suspicion. 

interpon-o, -ere, -pos-ui, -pos- 
ltum, v.a. 3, I interpose. 
Pass., I arise (inter; pono, 
I place). 

reman-eo, -ere, -man-si (no su- 
pine), v.n. 2, 1 remain behind. 

ventit-o, v.n. intens. 1, I keep 
coming. 

pro, prep. gov. abl., before, in- 
stead of, as, for. 



VOCABULARY. 



53 



port-a, -ae, /., a gate. 

stat-io, -ionis, /., a station, an 

outpost, 
nunti-o, v.a. 1, I announce. 
pulv-is, -eris, ra., dust, 
l-ter, -tmeris, n., a march, a 

journey. 
alrquis, all-quid (fern. sing. 

and neut.pl. not used), some- 
body, something. 
n6v-us, -a, -um, adj., new. 
ineo, *ire, -Iv-I or -i-i, -it-urn, 

v.a. irreg., I form, I adopt, 

I begin. 
cdhor-s, -tis,/., a cohort. 
secum, with himself (cum is 

written after and joined to 

pers. pron.). 
du-o, -ae, 5-, num. adj. pi., 

two. 
succed-o, e-re, -cess-i, -cess- 

um, v.n. 3, I go in the place 

of, I succeed (sub ; cedo, I go). 
confestim, adv., immediately. 

XXIII. 

paulo, adv., a little, some- 
what, 

proced-o (see ch. xxii., succedo) , 
v.n. 3, I go forwards, I ad- 
vance. 

prem-o, -ere, press-i, press-um, 
v.a. 3, I press hard, I 
harass. 

confert-us, -a, -um, adj., 
crowded together, close 
packed. 



demet-o, -ere, *mess-ui, 'mess- 
urn, v.a. 3, I mow, I cut 
down. 

noctu, adv. abl., by night. 

silv-a, -ae, /., a wood. 

de*litesc-o (-isc-o), -ere, •lit-ui 
(no supine), v.n. 3, I conceal 
myself (de, away; latesco, I 
hide myself) . 

disperg-o, -ere, 'pers-i, -pers- 
um, v.a. 3, I disperse (dis, in 
different directions; spargo, 
I scatter). 

r occup-o, v.a. 1, I seize, I 
\ gain. 

J occupat-us, per/, part., en- 
v. gaged in. 

met-o (see above, de'meto), v.a. 
3, 1 mow, I reap. 

depon-o, -ere, -pos-ul, -posit- 
um, v.a. 3, I lay down, I lay 
aside, I give up. 

interfic-io, -ere, *fec-i, *fect- 
um, v.a. 3, I kill. 

hr cert-us, -a, -um, adj., uncer- 
tain. 

essed-um, -I (-a, -ae), n. (and 
/.), a war chariot. 

circumd-o, -are, "ded-i, dat- 
um, v.a. 1, I surround. 

XXIV. 
per equit-o, v.n. 1, I ride 

through or hither and 

thither, 
terr-or, -oris, m., alarm, terror, 
strepit-us, -us, m., a noise. 



54 



LA TIN-ENGLISH 



r6t-a, -ae,/., a wheel. 
turm-a, -ae, /, a troop, a 

squadron. 
lnsinu-o, v.a. 1, I make a way 

into (in; smuo, I wind), 
proeli-or, v. dep. 1, I join 

battle, I fight. 
aurig-a, -ae, m., a driver, a 

charioteer. 
exced-o, -ere, *cess-i, -cess-urn, 

v.n. 3, I go out, I with- 
draw. 
curr-us, -us, m., a chariot 

(curro, I run). 
con*16c-o (coll-), v.a. 1, I put, 

I place (con ; loco, I place) . 
si, conj., if. 
recept-us, -us, m., a retreat 

(recipio) . 

XXV. 

mobil-itas, -itatis, /., quick- 
ness, rapidity (mobilis, easily 
moved) . 

stabfl-itas, -itatis, /., steadiness 
(stabilis, steady). 

praestant (ch. xiii.). 

cottidi-anus or cotidi-anus, 
-ana, -anum, adj., daily. 

exercitat-io, -ionis,/., exercise, 
practice. 

decliv-is, -e, adj., sloping. 

praexep-s, -cip-itis, adj., steep, 
precipitous (prae, caput, 
head-foremost) . 

sus # tin-eo, -ere, -m, 'tent-um, 
v.a. 2, I support, I check. 



incitat-us, -a, -um, past, part., 

at full speed, swift (ch. xi., 

incito) . 
spat-ium, -il, n., space, distance, 

interval of time. 
m6der-or, v. dep. 1, I manage, 

I control, I check, 
flect-o, -ere, flex-i, flex-um, v.a. 

3, I turn, 
tem-o, -onis, m., the pole (of a 

carriage) . 
percurr-o, -ere, -cucurr-i or 

•curr-I, -curs-um, v.n. 3, I 

run along, 
iug-um, -I, n., the yoke. 
citissime, superl. adj., with 

the utmost rapidity (cito, 

rapidly). 
sdl-eo, -ere, -ltus sum, v.n. 2, I 

am wont, I am accustomed, 
ndv-itas, -itatis, /., newness, 

strangeness (novus, new), 
opportun-issimus, -issima, -issi- 

mum, superl. adj., most con- 
venient, most opportune, 
tul-it, from fero (ch. xiii.). 
namque, conj., for indeed, 
advent-us, -us, m., arrival (ad- 

venio, I come to), 
constit-erunt, from consisto 

(ch. xii.). 
tim-or, -oris, m., fear, terror. 

XXVI. 

ali-enus, -ena, enum, adj., 
belonging to another, un- 
favourable. 



VOCABULARY. 



55 



arbitr-or, v. dep. 1, I think, I 

consider. 
reduc-o, -ere, dux-i -duct- 

um, v.a. 3, I lead back. 
contin-uus, -ua, -uum, adj., in 

succession (con; teneo, I hold). 
nunt-ius, -ii, m., a messenger. 
drmitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), v.a. 

3, I send about, I dismiss, I 

quit, I abandon. 
praedic-o, v.a. 1, I declare, I 

announce, 
demonstr-o, v.a. 1, I show, I 

point out. 
quant-us, -a, -um, adj., how 

great, how much. 
daretur, from do (ch. iv.). 
praed-a, -ae, /., booty, plunder, 
faci-endae, from facio (ch. vi.). 
liber-tas, -tatis, /., liberty, 

freedom. 
expell-o, -ere, *pul-i, -puls-um, 

v.a. 3, I drive out, I expel. 
peditat-us, -us, m., foot soldiers, 

infantry. 
co*act-a, from cogo (ch. vii.). 

XXVII. 

pell-o, -ere, pepul-i, -puls-um, 

v.a. 3, I rout, I put to 

flight. 
celer-itas, -itatis, /., swiftness, 

speed (celer, swift). 
pericul-um (perlcl-um), -i, n., 

an attempt, danger. 
ef'fug-io, -ere, 'fug-i, (no su- 



pine), v.n. 3, I rlee away, I 

escape, 
nact-us, from nanciscor (ch. 

viii.). 
triginta, num. adj. indecl., 

thirty, 
aci-es, -ei, /., order or line of 

battle. 
diutius, adv., longer (compar. 

of diu) . 
ferre. See fero (ch. xiii.). 
vert-o, -ere, -i, vers-um, v.a. 3, 

I turn. 
oc*cid-o, -ere, i-, •cis-um, v.a. 

3, I cut down, I kill (ob, 

against ; caedo, I strike). 
de - inde, adv., afterwards, then. 
longe, adv., far off. late, adv., 

widely, longe lateque, far 

and wide, 
aedific-ium, -ii, n., a building. 
incend-o, -ere, -I, -cens-um, 

v.a. 3, I set on fire, I burn, 
miss-us, from mitto (ch. v.). 

XXVIII. 

duplic-o, v.a. 1, 1 double. 

adduc-o, -ere, -dux-i, duct- 
um, v.a. 3, I lead to, I bring 
to. 

med-ius, -ia, -ium, adj., mid- 
dle, media nox, midnight. 

in'colum-is, -e, adj., quite safe, 
in safety. 

perven-io (see venio, ch. iv.), 
v.n. 4, I come up, I arrive. 



56 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



infra, adv., below. 

de*lat-us, from def ero (ch. xvi.) . 

Belg-ae, -arum, m. pi., the 
Belgae, the Belgians. 

hibern-a, -orum, n. pi., winter 
quarters. 

eo, adv., thither, there, for this 
reason. 

negleg-o, -ere, neglex-i, ne- 
glect-urn, v.a. 3, I overlook, 
I neglect. 

Rom-a, -ae, /., Rome. 

litter-a (liter-a), -ae,/. sing., a 
letter (of the alphabet); pi., 
a letter, an epistle. 

viginti, num. adj. indecl., 
twenty. 

supplicat-io, -ionis,/., a thanks- 
giving. 

senat-us, -us, m., the Senate. 

decern-o, -ere, *crev-i, -cret- 
um, v.a. 3, I decree, I de- 
cide. 

aedific-o, v.a. 1, I build. 

vet-us, -eris, adj., old. 

fin-is, -is, m., an end, a bound- 
ary; pi., borders, territory. 

Trever-i (-vir-i) , -orum, m., the 
Treveri. 

concil-ium, -ii, n., a meeting, a 
council. 

par-eo, v.n. 2, I obey (with 
dat.) . 

XXIX. 

It-ius, -ii, m., Itius. 



quo, adv., whither, where, in 

order that, 
qulnque, num. adj. indecl, 

five. 
com-mdr-or, v. dep. 1, I delay, 

I stop. 
Cor-us (Caur-us), -i, m., Corus, 

i.e., the north-west wind, 
fl-o, v.n. 1, I blow. 
tandem, adv., at length, at 

last. 
Labien-us, -I, m., Labienus. 
tres, tria {gen., trium), num. 

adj., three, 
tu-eor, -eri, -ltus sum, v. dep. 2, 

I protect, I defend. 
par, par-is, adj., equal. 

XXX. 

Afric-us, -I, m., the south-west 

wind. 
pro'vect-us, from proveho (ch. 

xviii.). 
inter -miss-us, from intermitto 

(ch. xxi.). 
or-ior, -Iri, -tus sum, v. dep. 3 

and 4, I rise, I spring from, 
lux, luc-is, /., light, daylight. 
sub, prep. gov. abl. and ace., 

under, below, near, during, 
sinistr-a, -ae, /., the left hand, 
relict-us ,from relinquo (ch. vi.) . 
commuta-tio, -tionis, /., a 

change, an alteration, 
secut-us, from sequor (ch. viii.). 



VOCABULARY. 



57 



contend-o, -ere, -1, -tent-urn, 
v.n. and a. 3, I strive, I 
contend, I proceed eagerly, 
I hasten. 

qua, adv., in which place, 
where, wherever. 

optim-us, -a, -urn, superl. adj., 
best. 

egress-us, -us, m., a landing- 
place. 

admodum, adv., very, exceed- 
ingly. 

laud-o, v.a. 1, I praise. 

vector-ius, -ia, -ium, adj., for 
carrying. 

remig-o, v.n. 1, I row (remus, 
an oar) . 

lab-or, -oris, m., toil, labour. 

adaeq-uo, v.a. 1, I bring to an 
equality, I keep pace with 
(ad, to; aequo, I make 
equal) . 

XXXI. 

access-um est, from accedo (ch. 

vii.), it was approached, 
meridi-anus, -ana, -anum, adj., 

of mid-day. merldianum 

tempus, mid-day. 
cap-tivus, -tivi, m., a prisoner 

(capio, I take), 
discess-erant, from discedo (ch. 

xx.). 
ab'd-o, -ere, *did-i, 'dit-um, v.a. 

3, I hide, 
expos-uit, from expono (ch. 

viii.). 



cep-it, from capio (ch. xv.). 
con-sid-o, -ere, -sed-i, -sess-um, 

v.n. 3, I take my station, I 

encamp, 
decern, num. adj. indecl., ten. 
trexent-i, -ae, -a, num. adj., 

three hundred, 
prae-fic-io, -ere, *fec-i, -fect- 

um, v.a. 3, I place over, I 

appoint to the command 

of (prae, before; facio, I 

make) . 
pro-gress-us, from progredior 

(ch. viii.). 
con'spic-or, v. dep. 1, I see, I 

descry. 

XXXII. 

flu-men, -minis, n., a river (fluo, 
I now). 

repell-o, -ere, *pP ul -i> puls- 
um, I drive back, I repulse. 

egregie, adv., excellently, ex- 
ceedingly well, strongly. 

6p-us, -eris, n., work, a fortifi- 
cation. 

'mun-io, v.a. 4, I fortify, I pro- 
tect. 

cre-ber, -bra, -brum, adj., fre- 
quent, numerous, many. 

arb-or, -oris, /., a tree. 

sucxid-o, -ere, -I, xls-um, v.a. 
3, I cut down (sub ; caedo, I 
cut). 

introit-us, -us, m., an entrance, 
an approach. 



58 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



praeclud-o, -ere, clus-i, -clus- 
um, v.a. 3, I close in front, I 
block (prae; clando, I shut). 

rar-us, -a, -um, adj., dispersed 
here and there, seldom. 

propugn-o, v.n. 1, I throw 
missiles (ex silvis). 

intra, prep. gov. ace, within. 

muni-tio, -tionis, /., a fortify- 
ing, a fortification (munio) . 

ingred-ior, -I, *gress-us sum, 
v. dep. 3, I enter. 

at, conj., but, yet. 

test-udo, -Minis,/., a covering, 
a shed. 

agg-er, -eris, m., an earth-work. 

adic-io, *ere, 'iec-i, "iect-um, 
v.a. 3, I throw upon, I 
add. 

ex'pul-erunt, from expello (eh, 
xxvi.). 

vuln-us (voln-), -eris, n., a 
wound. 

fug-io, -ere, fug-i, fuglt-um, 
v.n. and a. 3, I flee. 

vet-o, -are, -ui, -itum, v.a. 1, I 
forbid. 

Ignor-o, v.a. 1, I am unac- 
quainted with. 

consum-o, -ere, 'sumps-i, 
•sumpt-um, v.a. 3, I spend, 
I pass. 

XXXIII. 

post-erus, -era, -erum, adj., 
next, following. 



mane, adv., early in the morn- 
ing. 

tripertito (tripart-), adv., in 
three divisions. 

expedi-tio, -tionis, /., an ex- 
pedition. 

persequ-or, -i, -secut-us sum, 
v. dep. 3, I pursue. 

aliquant-um, -I, n., somewhat, 

some portion, aliquant-us, 

-a, -um, adj., some. 
paene, adv., nearly, almost. 
prospect-us, -us, m., sight. 
coort-us, from coorior (ch. 

xviii.). 
prope, adv., nearly, almost, 
adfllct-us, from adfligo (ch. 

xxi.). 
eic-io (see adicio, ch. xxxii.), 

v.a. 3, I cast out, I drive 

ashore, 
subsist-o, -ere, *stit-i, *stit- 

um, v.n. 3, I hold out. 
naut-a, -ae, m., a sailor, 
gtiberna-tor, -toris, m., a pilot, 
vis {pi., vlr-es, -ium), /., 

strength, violence, 
pat-ior, -i, 'pass-us sum, v. dep. 

3, I bear, I endure, I suffer. 

concurs-us, -us, m., a running 
together, a collision (con- 
curro) . 

incommod-um, -I, n., trouble, 
disaster. 

accip-io, -ere, *cep-I, -cept-um, 



VOCABULARY. 



59 



v.a. 3, I receive (ad ; capio, 
I take), 
dix-erunt, from dico (cli. xvii.). 



XXXIV. 

1, I call back, I 



revdc-o, v.a, 

recall, 
re'sist-o, -ere, "stit-i (no su- 
pine), v.n. 3, I withstand, I 

halt, 
revert-or, -i, *vers-us sum, v. 

dep. 3, I return. 
coram, adv., personally ; prep., 

in the presence of. 
perspic-io, -ere, spex-i, spect- 

um, v.a. 3, I perceive, I ascer- 
tain. 
quadraginta, num. adj. indecl., 

forty, 
negot-ium, -ii, n., an affair, 

trouble (nee; otium, leisure), 
fa-ber, -brl, m., an artificer. 
delig-o, -ere, 'leg-i, *lect-um, 

v.a. 3, I choose out, I select. 
etsi, conj., even if, although. 
nml-tus, -ta, -turn, adj., much. 
opera, -ae, /., work, labour, 

aid. 
comm6dissim-us, -a, -um, 

superl. adj., most convenient, 

very advantageous, 
coniung-o, -ere, -iunx-I, -iunct- 

um, v.a. 3, I join together, I 

unite. 
ne, conj., lest, that not. 
ne quidem, not even. 



XXXV. 

ante, adv., before, previously; 

prep. gov. ace., before, 
mai-or, -us, comp. adj., greater. 
summ-a, -ae, /., the whole, the 

chief. 
| commun-is, -e, adj., common. 
Cassivellaun-us, -i, m., Cassi- 

vellaunus. 
per*mitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), 

v.a. 3, I give up, I entrust, I 

allow. 
divid-o, -ere, divis-i, divis-um, 

v.a. 3, I divide. 
Tames-is, -is, m., the Thames. 
continen-s, -en-tis, pres.part. of 

contineo, continuous, con- 
stant. 
inter ced-o, -ere, -cess-i, xess- 

um, v.n. 3, I intervene, I am 

between, 
advent-us, -us. m., arrival (ad, 

venio). 

XXXVI. 

triquetr-us, -a, -um, adj., tri- 
angular. 

contra, prep. gov. ace, against, 
opposite to. 

al-ter, -tera, -terum {gen., al- 
terius or -terms ; dat., al-teri), 
adj., the one (of two); alter 
. . . alter, the one . . . the other. 

angul-us, -I, m., an angle, a 
corner. 



60 



LA TIN-ENULISIf 



appell-o (adp-), -ere, pul-i, 
puls-um, v.a. 3, I drive to, I 

bring to. 
ori-ens, pres. part, from orior 

(eh. xxx.). 
meridi-es, -el, m., mid-day, the 

south. 
spect-o, v.a. 1, I look at or 

towards, 
pertin-eo, -ere, -ui, -tent-urn, 

v.n. 2, I reach, I extend. 
qumgent-i, -ae, num. adj., five 

hundred, 
verg-o, -ere (no per/, or supine) , 

v.n. 3, I lie, I am situated. 
Hispan-ia, -iae,/., Spain. 
occld-o, -ere, -i, 'cas-urn, v.n. 

3, I go down, I set. 
Hibern-ia, -iae, /., Ireland, 
dimidi um, -i, n., a half, 
min-or, -us, compar. adj., less 

(comp. of parvus), 
aestlm-o, v.a. 1, I estimate, I 

reckon. 
quam, adv., than. 
par-i, from par (ch. xxix.). 
trans-miss-us (tram-) , -us, m., 

a passage (across the sea) 

(trans, across ; mitto, I send). 
atque, conj., as, with (after 

words denoting similarity), 

(see ac, ch. x.). 
M6n-a, -ae, /., Mona. See note. 
praeterea, adv., besides, more- 
over, 
subic-io, -ere, 'iec-I, *iect-um, 



v.a. 3, I throw under, I place 

near. 
existim-o, v.a. 1, I think, I 

suppose (ex; aestimo). 
noirnull-us, -a, -um, adj., some, 
scrib-o, -ere, scrlps-i, scrlpt- 

um, v.a. 3, I write. 
brum-a, -ae,/., winter. 

XXXVII. 
nos, pi. of ego (ch. xiii.). 
nihil, n. indecl., nothing. 
percontat-io, -ionis, /., an en- 
quiry, 
cert-us, -a, um, adj., certain, 

sure, 
mensur-a, -ae, /., a measuring, 

measurement. 
brev-ior,-ius, comp. adj., shorter 

(brevis, ch. iii.). 
noct-es, from nox (ch. xviii.). 
longitud-o, -inis, /., length, 
fert, from fero (ch. xiii.). 
opin-io, -ionis, /., opinion. 
septingent-I, -ae, -a, num. adj., 

seven hundred. 
septemtri-o (septen-) , -onis 

(most frequently pi.) , m., the 

north. 
obic-io, -ere, "iec-I, 'iect-um, v.a. 

3, 1 present (to view), I oppose 

(ob, before; iacio, I throw). 
German-ia, -iae,/., Germany. 
octingent-T, -ae, -a, adj., eight 

hundred. 



VOCABULARY. 



61 



circuit-us, -us, m., a circum- 
ference. 

vicies, adv., twenty times. 

centum, num. adv. indecl., a 
hundred. 

inter-ior, -ius, comp. adj., inner, 
interior. 

urc51-o, -ere, -ui (no supine), 
v.n. and a. 3, I dwell, I 
inhabit. 

nasc-or, -I, nat-us sum, v. dep. 
3, I am born, I am produced. 

nom-en, -inis, n., a name. 

ort-i, from orior (ch. xxx.). 

inlat-um (ill-) , from inf ero (ch. 
xvii.). 

per-man-eo, -ere, -man-si, -man- 
sum, v.n. 2, I remain. 

col-o, -ere, -ui, cult-um, v.a. 3, 
I cultivate, I till. 

XXXVIII. 

infinit-us, -a, -um, adj., count- 
less, infinite. 

creberrim-us, -a, -um, superl. 
adj., very frequent, very 
numerous (creber, frequent). 

consimfl-is, -e, adj., quite like 
(with dat.). 

pec-us, -oris, n., cattle. 

tale-a, -ae, /., a rod, a bar. 

ferr-eus, -ea, -eum, adj., made 
of iron, iron. 

pond-us, -eris, n., a weight. 

examin-o, v.a. 1, I weigh. 

numm-us, -i, m., money. 



plumb-um, -I, n., lead. 

alb-us, -a, -um, adj., white. 

plumbum album = tin. 

mediterr-aneus, -anea,-aneum, 
adj., inland. 

ferr-um, -I, h., iron. 

inrport-o, v.a. 1, I carry into, 
I import. 

quis-que, quae-que, quod-que, 
and (as subst.) quid-que, adj. 
pron. indef, each, every. 

fag-us, -i,/., a beech tree, beech. 

abi-es, -etis, /., a pine tree, fir. 

lep-us, -oris, m., a hare. 

gallin-a, -ae, /., a hen. 

ans-er, -eris, m., a goose. 

gust-o, v.a. 1, I taste. 

fas, n., indecl., the will of the 
gods, a lawful thing. 

put-o, v.a. 1, 1 think, I consider. 

al-o, -ere, -ui, -ltum and -turn, 
v.a. 3, I rear, I keep. 

anim-us, -I, m., mind, amuse- 
ment. 

vdlupt-as, -atis,/., pleasure. 

temperat-ior, -ius, comp. adj., 
more temperate, milder. 

remiss-us, part. perf. pass. 
(remitto, ch. v.), mild, not 
severe. 

frig-us, -oris, n., cold, cold- 
climate. 



XXXIX. 

gen-s, gen-tis, /., 
nation, a people. 



a race, a 



62 



LATIN-ENGLISH 



human-issimus, -issima, -issi- 
mum, super I . adj., most civ- 
ilized (humanus). 

Cant-ium, -if, n., Cantium, 
Kent. 

multum, adv., much, greatly. 

differ-o, -re, distul-i, drlat- 
um, v.n. irreg., I am different. 

plerusque, pleraque, plerum- 
que, adj., the greater part; 
pi., very many. 

ser-o, -ere, sev-i, sat-um, v.a. 
3, I sow. 

lac, lact-is, n., milk. 

car-o, -nis, /., flesh. 

viv-o, -ere, vix-i, vict-um, v.n. 
3, I live. 

pell-is,, -is, /., a skin. 

vest-io, v.a. 4, I clothe. 

vitr-um, -I, n., woad. 

infic-io, -ere, *fec-i, 'feet-urn 
v.a. 3, I dip in, I dye with. 

caerule-us, -a, -urn, adj., deep 
blue. 

c61-or, -oris, m., colour. 

horrid-ior, -ius, compar. adj., 
more terrible, more horrible 
(horridus). 

aspect-us (adsp-), -us, m., ap- 
pearance. 

cap-illus, -illi, m., the hair 
(caput, the head). 

promlss-us, -a, -um, adj., long, 
hanging down. 

corp-us, -oris, n., a body. 

cap-ut, -itis, n., the head. 



labr-um, -I, n., a lip. 

rad-o, -ere, ras-i, ras-um, v. a. 

3, I shave, 
conflig-o, -ere, -flix-i, -flict-um, 

v.n. 3, I come into conflict, 

I engage (con; fligo, I dash). 
conrpell-o, -ere, pul-i, -puls- 

um, v.a. 3, I drive together, 

I force. 
interfect-us, from interficio 

(ch. xxiii.). 
cupidius, compar. adv., more 

eagerly, too eagerly (cupide). 
Iirsequ-or (see sequor, ch. viii.), 

v. dep. 3, I follow after. 

XL. 

intermiss-us, from intermitto 
(ch. xxi.), being allowed to 
intervene. 

eicere se (see eicio, ch. xxxiii.), 
to throw themselves out, to 
rush forth. 

im'prud-ens, -entis, adj., heed- 
less, unwary (in, not; pru- 
dens, foreseeing). 

audacissime, superl. adv., very 
boldly (audacter, ch. xi.). 

perrump-o, -ere, rup-i, rupt- 
um, v.n. 3, I break through. 

Q. =Quint-us, -i, m., Quintus. 

Laber-ius, -ii, m., Laberius. 

Dur-us, -I, m., Durus. 

plures (see plus, ch. xiv.). 

pr6cul, adv., at a distance, far 
off. 



VOCABULARY. 



63 



ostend-o, -ere, -I, ostens-um 

and ostent-um, v.a. 3, 1 show. 
lenius, comp. adv., more slowly, 

with less spirit (leniter, 

slowly). 
pridie, adv., on the day before. 
lacess-o, -ere, -Iv-i or i-i, -it-urn, 

v.a. 3, I provoke, I attack. 

XLI. 

pabul-or, v. dep. 1, I forage. 

Trebon-ius, -il, m., Trebonius. 

repente, adv., suddenly. 

pabulat-or, -oris, m., a forager. 

adv61-o, vm. 1, I fly to, I 
hasten. 

sic, adv., so, thus, sicuti, to 
such a degree that (see ut, 
ch. xiii.). 

ab'sist-o, -ere, -stit-i, -stit-um, 
v.n. 3, I stand apart from. 

quo-ad, adv., till, until. 

confis-us, perf. part, of confido 
(ch. xx.). 

prae-ceps, xip-itis, adj., head- 
long, in headlong flight (prae, 
before ; caput, the head) . 

ag-o, -ere, eg-i, act-um, v.a. 3, 
I do, I drive. 

conlig-o (coll-), -ere, leg-i, 
•lect-um, v.a. 3, I gather to- 
gether, I collect (con ; lego, I 
gather). 

coirsist-o {see above, absisto), 
v.n. 3, I take my stand, I 
halt. 



protlnus, adv., forthwith, im- 
mediately. 

umquam (unquam), adv., at 
any time, ever. 

noblscum = cum nobis. 

XLII. 

duc-o, -ere, dux-i, duct-um, v.a. 

3, I lead. 
ped-es, -itis, m., a foot soldier ; 

pi., infantry. 
aegre, adv., with difficulty, 

scarcely. 
rip-a, -ae, /., a bank. 
mstru-o, -ere, -strux-I, -struct- 

um, v.a. 3, I build, I draw 

up (troops). 
acut-us, -a, -um, adj., sharp, 

pointed, 
sud-is, -is, /., a stake. 
de*fig-o, -ere, -fix-i, -fix-um, 

v.a. 3, I fix down, I drive 

down. 
teg-o, -ere, tex-i, tect-um, v.a. 

3, I cover. 
eo, Ire, Iv-i, or i-i, it-urn, v.n. 

irreg., I go. 
sol-us, -a, -um, adj., alone, 

only. 
ex"st-o, -are (no perf. or supine), 

v.n. 1, I stand out of. 
mand-o, v.a. 1, I command, I 

commit: 

XLIII. 
content-io, -ionis, /., a contest. 



64 



LA TIN-ENGLISH 



spe-s, spg-i, /., hope, expecta- 
tion, 
ampl-ior, -ius, comp. adj., the 

greater (amplus). 
quattuor, num. adj. indecl., 

four. 
vi-a, -ae, /., a way, a road. 
impSdit-us, past part., impedio 

(ch.xi.), obstructed, intricate, 
silv-estris, -estre, adj., woody, 

wooden (silva). 
occult-o, v.a. 1, I hide. 
pec6r-a, from pecus (ch. 

xxxviii.). 
praed-or, v. dep. 1, I plunder. 
Tast-o, v.a. 1, I lay waste, I 

devastate, I plunder. 
semit-a, -ae,/., a path, 
emitt-o (see mitto, ch. v.), v.a. 

3, I send out. 
meVus, -us, 77i., fear, dread, 
lat-ius, comp. adv., more widely 

(late, ch. xxvii.). 
vag-or, v. dep. 1, I wander, 
ag-men, -minis, n., a march, a 

column (of soldiers). 
pass-us sum, from patior (ch. 

xxxiii.). 

XLIV. 

Trinobant-es, -um, m. pi., the 

Trinobantes. 
firm-issimus, -issima,"-issimum, 

superl. adj., strongest, most 

powerful (firmus). 
sese. See se (ch. iii.). 



ded-o, -ere, -did-i, "dit-um, 

v.a. 3, I give up, I surrender. 
imperat-um, -i, n., a command. 
Mandubra -cius (-tius) , -ii, m., 

Mandubracius. 
adulesc-ens, -entis, comm. gen., 

a youth, 
regn-um, -i, n., supreme power, 

a kingdom. 
obtm-eo, -ere, -ui, *tent-um, 

v.a. 2, I hold, I acquire. 
mor-s, -tis, /., death, 
vit-o, v.a. 1, I avoid. 
iniuri-a, -ae, /., injustice, a 

wrong. 
defend-o, -ere, -i, -fens-urn, 

v.a. 3, I protect. 
celeriter, adv., quickly. 

XLV. 

Cenimagn-i, -orum, m. pi., the 

Cenimagni. 
Segontiac-i, -orum, m. pi., the 

Segontiaci. 
Ancalit-es, -um, m. pi., the 

Ancalites. 
Bibr6c-I, -orum, m. pi., the 

Bibroci. 
Cass-i, -orum, m. pi., the Cassi. 
legat-io, -ionis, /., an embassy. 
absum,esse, afui (not abf ui) , 

v.n.,1 am away, I am distant. 
pal-us, -udis, /., a swamp, a 

marsh. 
oppid-um, -I, n., a town, a city. 



VOCABULARY. 



65 



vall-um, -i, n., a rampart, 
foss-a, -ae,/., a ditch, a trench, 
incur-sio, -sionis,/., an inroad, 

a raid (in; curro, I run), 
consu-erunt, from consuesco 

(ch. x.). 
oppugn-o, v.a. 1, I attack, I 

besiege. 
paulisper, adv., for a short 

time, 
mdrat-us, from moror (ch. vi.). 
tul-erunt, from fero (ch. xiii.). 
repert-us, from reperio (ch. iii.). 
comprehens-us, from compre- 

hendo (ch. xvi.). 

XLVI. 

praesum, esse, fui, v.n., I am 
over, I rule. 

Cingetor-ix, -Igis, m., Cinge- 
torix. 

Carvil-ius, -ii, m., Carvilius. 

Taximagul-us, -1, m., Taxima- 
gulus. 

Segon-ax (-ovax), -acis, m., 
Segonax. 

nav-alis, -ale, adj., naval, sea-. 

invprovls-us, -a, -um, adj., un- 
expected (in, not; provideo, 
I foresee), deimproviso, un- 
expectedly. 

erupt-io, -ionis, /., a sortie, a 
sally (erumpo, I break out). 

Lugotor-ix, -igis, m.,Lugotorix. 

dux, due-is, comm. gen., a 
leader, a chief. 



no-bilis, bile, adj., noble. 

t6t, num. adj. indecl., so many. 

detriment-um, -1, n., loss, dam- 
age. 

accept-us, from accipio (ch. 
xxxiii.). 

defect-io, -ionis, /., a revolt, a 
defection. 

civ-is, -is, comm. gen., a citizen. 

dedit-io, -ionis, /., a surrender 
(dedo, ch. xliv.). 

repentin-us, -a, um, adj., sud- 
den, unexpected. 

super-sum, -esse, -fui, v.n., I 
remain, I am left. 

quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), 
pron. interrog., who, what. 

vectig-al, -alis, n., a tax, 

- tribute. 

singul-i, -ae, -a, num. distrib. 
adj., separate, single, each. 

pend-o, -ere, pepend-i and 
pend-i, pens-um, v.a. 3, I 
pay. 

neu, conj., and not, nor. 

noc-eo, v.n. 2, I hurt, I harm. 

XLVII. 

in'ven-io (see venio, ch. iv.), 

v.a. 4, I find, I discover, 
refect-us, /ro?n reficio (ch. xix.). 
deduct-us, from deduco (ch. 

xx.). 
deper-eo, -ire, # iv-i or # i-i (no 

supine), v.n., I am entirely 

destroyed. 



66 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



commea-tus, -tus, m. (ch. xx.). 
institu-o, -ere, -I, -stitut-um, 

v.a. 3, I resolve, I begin. 
port-o, v.a. 1, I carry, 
desider-o, v.a. 1, I desire, I 

miss (a thing) . 
inan-is, -e, adj., empty, 
pri-or, -us, comp. adj., former, 

previous. 
exp6sit-us, from expono (ch. 

viii.) . 
perpauc-us, a, um, adj., very 

little; pi., very few. 
re'lc-io, -ere, *iec-i, *iect-um, 

v.a. 3, I throw back. 
aliquamdiu, adv., for a con- 
siderable time. 



frustra, adv., in vain. 

exclud-o, -ere, xlus-i, clus- 
um, v.a. 3, I prevent, I hin- 
der (ex; claudo, I shut). 

aequinoct-ium, -ii, n., the equi- 
nox (aequus, equal; nox, 
night). 

subsum, -esse, no perf. v.n., I 
am near, I am at hand. 

angustius, compar. adv., more 
closely. 

tranquillit-as, -atis, /., calm- 
ness, a calm, 
init-us, from ineo (ch. xxii.). 

perduc-o, -ere, dux-I, duct- 

um, v.a. 3, I bring, I conduct. 



EXERCISES. 



Usual order of words in a simple sentence : — 

1. Subject with extensions. 

2. Adverbs or other extensions of Predicate. 

3. Indirect Object. 

4. Direct Object. 

5. Predicate. 



I. 
KULES TO BE LEAKNT. 

(1) A verb agrees with the subject of the sentence in gender, 

number, and person. 

(2) Adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number, and 

case. 

(3) Transitive verbs usually take an accusative of the object. 

1. (It) is now summer. 

2. Of our enemies. 

3. We are setting out. 

4. For all the Britons. 

5. In our wars. 

6. We shall supply help. 

7. Our enemies determined to set out. 

67 



68 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 



II. 

Rule. — Certain prepositions require the accusative case : 
ante, apud, ad, circiter, contra, in (into), ob, per, post, praeter, 
prope, propter. 

1. We know the place. 

2. He knew that place. 

3. They are unknown to Caesar. 

4. No one except you was known to me. 

5. Except Caesar, no one set out. 

6. The traders know the sea coast. 

III. 

Rule. — Certain prepositions require the ablative case: as 
ab, cum, de, ex, in (in), pro, sine, sub (rest under). 

1. He set out with the traders. 

2. We shall set out in a ship. 

3. He wishes to approach the island. 

4. Caesar wishes to send forward his forces. 

5. I have been sent forward to the island with all 

the ships. 

6. All the ships were in the harbour. 

IV. 

Rule. — Certain verbs require a dative case of the object: 
appropinquo, desum, ignosco, impero, noceo, obicio, obtem- 
pero, occurro, praesum, pareo, resisto. 

1. We shall obey the Eomans. 

2. The traders obeyed Caesar. 



EXERCISES. 69 

3. The hostages would have obeyed the lieutenant. 

4. The inhabitants will make a fleet. 

5. The ships will come to the war. 

6. The lieutenant ordered me to come. 



Rule. — A point of time (time 'when*) is expressed by the 
ablative case ; duration of time (time ' how long ') by the 
accusative. 

1. Caesar sent the ships home. 

2. On that day the fleet will return. 

3. The king is not faithful to the Romans. 

4. His courage does not seem to be great. 

5. The enemy will not dare to approach the island. 

VI. 

1. Caesar wishes to prepare ships. 

2. Caesar's plan is known to the enemy. 

3. In the fifth year war was made. 

4. The season of the year is not suitable for war. 

5. We dare not tarry in this place. 

6. Part of the enemy tarried in this place on ac- 

count of the season of the year. 

VII. 

Rule. — Write niecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum. 
quocum for cum me, cum te, etc. 

1. He had with him eighty ships. 



70 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

2. They held the harbour for eighteen clays. 

3. On the fifth day the ships were seen. 

4. He tarried with me eight days. 

5. On the fifth day he will return with you. 

6. The ships were detained by the wind eighteen 

days. 

VIII. 

Rule. — When 'him,' 'his,' 'them,' 'their,' etc., mean the 
same person or persons as the subject of the sentence, translate 
by the proper case of se and suus. 

1. He sends his cavalry to the war. 

2. Caesar sent his ambassador to the king. 

3. Caesar ordered his soldiers to follow him (that is, 

Caesar). 

4. The lieutenants had eight soldiers with them. 

5. The Romans reached Britain with their ships. 

6. Caesar had eighteen ships with him. 

7. The Eomans embarked upon their ships. 



IX. 

Rule. — When 'him,' 'his,' 'them,' 'their,' etc., do not 
mean the same person as the subject of the sentence, but 
refer to some one else mentioned before, use the proper case 
of 'is,' ' ea,' ' id.' His = ' of him ' = eius. Their = ' of them ' = 
eorum. 

1. His cavalry (pi.) were sent. 

2. The place seems to them to be suitable. 



EXERCISES. 71 

3. Caesar assembled them. 

4. Their ships have been seen. 

5. The soldiers followed him (that is, Caesar). 

6. For five days Caesar was waiting-for them. 

X. 

Rule. — Several verbs require an ablative case, as utor, 
fungor (I perform) , fruor (I enjoy) , vescor (I eat). See n. on 87. 

1. The Komans rise ships in battle. 

2. We shall not use the cavalry. 

3. Caesar will use a suitable place for (ad) the battle. 

4. The ships were drawn up on the shore. 

5. He gave them (dative) the signal. 

6. We do not use ships. 

XI. 

Rule. — Transitive verbs in the passive voice take an abla- 
tive case to express the instrument (the thing by which). 

1. The ships are held back by the waves (fluct-us, 

us). 

2. The sea is shut in by the mountain. 

3. The soldier hurls the javelin with his hand. 

4. The weight of the armour (arma, pi.) impedes 

the soldiers. 

5. The soldiers are impeded by the weight of the 

armour. 

6. They are not accustomed to use heavy armour. 



72 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

XII. 

Rule. — Transitive verbs in the passive voice take a or ab 
with the ablative case to express the agent (the person by 
whom) . A is used before words commencing with a consonant, 
ab before words commencing with a vowel. 

1. Our soldiers had been terrified by the appearance 

of the barbarians. 

2. Our soldiers will not be terrified by the 

enemy (pi.). 

3. The enemy (pi.) are terrified by this kind of 

warfare. 

4. The ships were being propelled by oars. 

5. The soldiers were being led (ducere) by Caesar. 

6. The ships had been drawn up by the soldiers. 

7. The signal had been given by Caesar. 

XIII. 

Rule. — An ablative case may combine with a participle to 
express the time, cause, instrument, or manner of the action 
of the principal verb in the sentence, as Navibus factis, Caesar 
in Britanniam transiit. We usually express the same thing in 
English by a complete sentence beginning with ' when,' 'while,' 
' if,' etc. This construction is called ablative absolute. Cf. n. 
on 114. 

1. While the soldiers were hesitating, he leaped 

down. 

2. When the enemy had been seen, the soldiers 

returned to the ships. 

3. If the eagle is surrendered, I shall not return. 



EXERCISES. 73 

4. If the soldiers hesitate, the eagle will be surren- 

dered. 

5. The signal having been given, the soldiers leaped 

down from the ship. 

6. The standard-bearer will throw himself into the 

sea. 

7. With Caesar (as) our general, we shall not fear 

disgrace. 

XIV. 

Rule. — The English infinitive expresses a purpose, as He 
came to see the games. In Latin a purpose is expressed by 
ut ( = in order that) with pres. or imperf. subjunctive, as Venit 
ut ludos videret. The pres. subj. is nsed after tjhe present, 
fut. simple, perfect (with ' have '), fut. perfect, in the principal 
sentence. The imperf. subj. is used after the imperfect, per- 
fect (without ' have '), and pluperfect in the principal sentence. 
But see A. 287. a; H. 495. I. 

1. He urges his horse, that he may see the enemy. 

2. He urged his horse, that he might pursue the 

enemy. 

3. He goes out to see (purpose) the enemy. 

4. We shall have gone out to see the place. 

5. We had gone out to see the horses. 

6. We are going out to see the ships. 

XV. (Kecapitulatory). 
1. The enemy was seen by Caesar. 



74 CAESAR'S 'INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

2. When the ships are filled (abl. abs.), we shall 

make an attack. 

3. The horses were terrified by the attack. 

4. Caesar will use the ships. 

5. If the ships follow (abl. abs.), we shall capture 

the island. 

6. His horses were captured. 

7. Having captured the horses (abl. abs.), he will 

return. 

8. Caesar followed the enemy, that he might put 

them to flight (fugare). 

XVI. 

Rule. — Verbs meaning 'to say,' 'to tell/ 'to inform/ 'to 
promise,' or with any meaning implying ' speech,' require the 
subject of the sentence that follows to be in the accusative 
case, and the predicate in the infinitive mood. In English 
after these words we insert 'that,' which is untranslated in 
Latin, as He says that Caesar has come = Dicit Caesarem 
venisse. 

1. He says that the enemy have sent ambassadors. 

2. He promises to come [that he will come]. 

3. They say that the ambassadors have come. 

4. Caesar promised to send [that he would send] 

help. 

5. The ambassadors say that they were thrown into 

chains. 

N.B. — Verbs of ' promising ' require a fut. infinitive and the 
accusative of the pronoun. 



EXERCISES. 75 

6. We promise to come [that we will come] with 
the ambassadors. 

XVII. 

Rule. — Same as preceding exercise. 

1. Caesar says that he pardons the soldiers [Eule 

of Ex. iv.]. 

2. Caesar promises to pardon the soldiers. 

3. The enemy promised to send hostages. 

4. Caesar says that the Britons made war without 

cause. 

5. He promises that he will not make war without 

cause. 

6. Having sent ambassadors (abl. abs.), Caesar seeks 

peace. 

XVIII. 

Rule. — A Relative Pronoun is put in the same gender, 
number, and person as its antecedent ; but its case is deter- 
mined by its position in its own sentence. 

1. The ships which were approaching Britain, were 

seen from the camp [Rule of Ex. iv.]. 

2. A storm arose, which filled the ships with water. 

3. This is the island which Caesar has conquered. 

4. I see the ships, which are coming into harbour. 

5. The enemies, whom Caesar has subdued, are 

many. 

6. I have seen the hostages, who were given to us. 



76 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 



XIX. 

Rule. — The Infinitive Mood of a verb is really a Verbal 
Noun in the neuter gender, of which the gerunds are the 
oblique cases ; as navigare = sailing. Norn, and ace, navigare ; 
ace. after prepositions, navigandum ; gen., navigandi; dat., 
navigando ; abl., navigando. 

1. Sailing is not easy (facil-is, -e). 

2. I love (amare) sailing. 

3. These ships are useful (for use) for (ad) sailing. 

4. We have come for the sake of (causd) winter- 

ing. 

5. I had an opportunity of sailing. 

6. They came into Britain by sailing. 

7. This place is useful for (ad) wintering. 

XX. (Recapitulatory). 

1. Caesar determines to come. 

2. An opportunity of crossing will be given (xix.). 

3. The camp, that Caesar made, was useless for win- 

tering (xviii.). 

4. Caesar says that he will come after the battle 

(xvi.). 

5. When the Britons are subdued (xiii.) we shall 

cross over. 

6. He crosses the sea to wage war with the Britons 

(xiv.). 



EXERCISES. 77 

XXI. 

Rule. — Verbs relating to the mind or the senses may take an 
accusative with the infinitive after them : such verbs are to 
see, to feel, to know, to hear, to think, to believe, etc. 

1. Caesar knows that the lieutenants have come. 

2. I suspect that hostages will be given. 

3. I think that these (things) will be useful (for 

use) to us. 

4. Caesar thinks that the lieutenants are collecting 

corn. 

5. Caesar thinks that corn is being collected. 

6. I think that twelve ships were lost. 

7. I suspect that you know all our plans. 

XXII. (Eec apitul atory) . 

1. He promises to send other ships (xvi.). 

2. I suspect that he has sent twelve ships (xxi.). 

3. The lieutenants announce that the ships have 

come. 

4. This is the legion that Caesar sent to forage (use 

supine in -urn). 

5. Caesar used three legions for foraging (ad with 

ace. of gerund). 

6. The enemy's design was known to Caesar. 

7. Caesar orders hostages to be given to him. 

8. It is announced to Caesar that three legions 

have been seen. 



78 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

9. The general orders three legions to set out with 
him (xiv.). 

10. Caesar suspected the design of the enemy from 

(ex) the dust that he saw in that direction 
(pars) . 

11. Their design of foraging was known to Caesar. 

12. Three legions have been sent to forage (use 

supine in -urn). 



XXIII. 

Cum* ( = when) takes either indicative or subjunctive. It 
takes indicative if simple time is expressed; subjunctive, to 
denote thought; whether it be cause ( = since), succession 
( = when) , contrast ( = ' although ' or ' whereas ') . See A. 325 ff., 
326 ft. ; H. 521 ff. ; G. 582-589. 

1. When Caesar had ascertained this, he ordered 

the ambassadors to remain. 

2. When they had laid down their arms, they fol- 

lowed the general. 

3. When Caesar had come into the camp, he ordered 

the soldiers to reap the corn. 

4. When the cavalry had surrounded the camp, the 

legion was thrown into confusion. 

5. Caesar suspects that the enemy will come by 

night. 

* The student is referred to Professor W. G-. Hale on the cum-con- 
structions; Cornell University Studies, Ithaca, N.Y. 



EXERCISES. 79 

6. The general ascertains that the cavalry have laid 
down their arms. 

XXIV. 

Rule. — Same as preceding exercise. 

1. The noise of the wheels frightens our horses. 

2. When the charioteers had leaped down from 

(their) chariots, they fought on foot. 

3. When Caesar had ridden down (perequitare) the 

line (acies), he ordered the cavalry to ad- 
vance (procedere). 

4. When they see the cavalry (simple time), they 

leap down from the chariots. 

5. The general rides through the line, that he may 

encourage (hortari) the soldiers. 

6. When the general has been killed (simple time), 

the soldiers lay down their arms. 

XXV. 

Rule.— 'That' after 'so,' 'such/ 'so great,' etc., is ex- 
pressed in Latin by ut with the subjunctive ; ut then intro- 
duces a consequence. The rule for the sequence of tenses is 
the same as in Ex. xiv. 

1. So great (tantus) is the noise of the wheels, that 

it frightens our horses. 

2. The general is so (tarn) skilful (perlt-us, -a, -urn), 

that he conquers the enemy. 



80 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

3. The place is so steep that we cannot check the 

horses. 

4. They are so skilful that they can turn their 

horses in a very small space. 

5. The general's horse is so swift (intitatus), that 

it is checked with difficulty (aegre). 

6. This kind of fighting (pugna) is so new (novus), 

that it frightens our soldiers. 

XXVI. 

Rule. — The Gerundive is a Verbal Adjective. In translat- 
ing the English verbal nonn ending in -ing into Latin, i^ the 
verbal comes from a transitive verb, the gerundive is to be 
used instead of the gerund, and the following substantive, 
instead of being in the accusative case, is drawn into the case 
in which the gerund would have been, if it had been used. 
Thus you can translate 'the hope of making booty' by spes 
praedandi (intransitive) or by spes praedae faciendae (transi- 
tive), but not by spes faciendi proedam. Cf. n. on 47. 

1. The hope of engaging in battle. 

2. The fear of seeing the enemy. 

3. The hope of gaining liberty. 

4. An opportunity of restraining the soldiers. 

5. Caesar has many opportunities of coming 

(gerund). 

6. Many opportunities of seeing the battle were 

given to us. 

7. The time is suitable for (ad) repairing (reficere) 

the ships. 



EXERCISES. 81 

8. We have hopes of seeing the army. 

9. We shall have many opportunities of making 

booty. 

XXVII. 

Rule.— Direct questions are asked in Latin by means of 
Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs, and by the particles 
num, nonne and -ne. Num expects the answer 'no,' nonne, 
' yes,' and -ne, which must be attached to the first word of the 
sentence, simply asks for information. The chief interrogative 
pronouns are, quis, who? ecquis, any? qualis, of what kind? 
quantus, how great? quot, how many? and the chief inter- 
rogative adverbs, ubi, where ? unde, whence ? quando, when ? 
cur, why ? 

1. Who is able to follow ? 

2. Have not ambassadors been sent by Caesar? 

[Yes.] 

3. Have you seen the general ? [No.] 

4. Have you not seen the cavalry ? [Yes.] 

5. Are you able to come ? 

6. How many soldiers had Caesar? Don't you 

know? 

7. How great is the army ? 

8. Do you think that Caesar will depart before the 

winter ? 

9. Who can escape danger ? 

10. When will you come ? 



82 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

XXVIII. 

Rule. — See preceding exercise. 

1. How great is the number of the hostages ? 

2. How many ships has Caesar ? 

3. Can they be brought to the island ? 

4. Do you not think that Caesar is a good (bon-us, 

-a, -um) general? 

5. Do you think that the soldiers will fight with- 

out their general ? 

6. Has not the general set out for (ad) the army ? 

XXIX. (Eecapitulatory. ) 

1. Caesar tarried five days in the camp. 

2. He ordered the legions to follow him. 

3. What wind is blowing ? 

4. The time is unsuitable for (ad) making the 

harbour. 

5. Ships were sent to defend the harbour. 

6. Caesar sends the five legions which he had left 

in camp. 

7. Did you not promise to come? [Yes.] 

8. Have you heard (audire) that the general will 

furnish corn ? 

9. Have you not had many opportunities of coming ? 



EXERCISES. 83 



XXX. 

Rule. — The gerundive agreeing in gender and number with 
the subject of a sentence may combine with any part of the 
verb ■ esse ' to form the predicate. This construction expresses 
duty, fitness, or necessity, as Virtus laudanda est, = Valour is 
to be praised = Valour ought to be praised =: Valour must be 
praised. 

1. The soldiers must be praised. 

2. The island ought to be captured. 

3. The Britons must be subdued. 

4. Corn must be furnished for the troops. 

5. The ships must be left in the harbour. 

6. The course of the ships must be changed (mutare) . 

7. Caesar is to be praised on account of his courage. 

XXXI. 

Rule. — The gerundive takes a dative with it to denote the 
agent by whom instead of the ablative with a or ab. 

1. The courage of the Britons is to be praised by 

the Romans. 

2. The enemies must be subdued by us. 

3. Labour must not be relaxed by us. 

4. The plan of the general must be approved of by 

good soldiers. 

5. Our ranks must not be broken by the enemy. 

6. A time suitable for sailing must be sought by 

the general. 



84 CAESAU'S INVASION OF BBITAIN. 



XXXII. 

Remark. — The Gerundive is passive. It is used to trans- 
late ' must ' or ' ought ' with an active verb in English by turning 
the sentence first into the Passive construction and then trans- 
lating literally, thus: We must praise valour = Valour is to be 
praised by us = Virtus nobis laudanda est. Turn the following 
sentences in this way before translating. 

1. You must praise the soldiers. 

2. Caesar must furnish corn. 

3. We must see the ships. 

4. We must subdue the Britons. 

5. We must praise the labours of the soldiers. 

6. I must leave the island. 

XXXIII. 

Rule. — An Indirect Question is one that depends upon such 
verbs as ask, doubt, know, &c. Interrogatives introduce the 
indirect question (as in xxvii.), and the verb is in the subjunc- 
tive mood. See n. on 274. 

Rule for sequence of tenses same as in xiv. 

Where are you ? (Direct Question.) Ubi es ? 

I asked him where you were. (Indirect Question.) Rogavi 
eum ubi esses. 

1. Where is the enemy ? [Direct Question.] 

2. I will ask, [rogare] where the enemy is. [In- 

direct Question.] 

3. Caesar did not know [ignorare] where the enemy 

was. 



EXERCISES. 85 

4. I ask you why you do not come. 

5. I shall ascertain where Caesar is. 

6. He will show me (clat.) where the enemy have 

encamped. 

7. I asked the general how many legions he had. 

XXXIV. (EEC APIT UL ATORY. ) 

1. The ships must be drawn up, and the camp must 

be fortified. 

2. Ten days must be spent in this work. 

3. How many days will you spend? 

4. I will ask Caesar how many days he spent in 

repairing the ships, [xxxiii.] 

5. How great is the army ? 

6. The general replied (respondere) that he had 

four thousand men. [xvi.] 

7. I asked the general how many days he had spent. 

8. Did you not ascertain where the enemy had en- 

camped? [xxvii.] 

9. Caesar ascertains that the Britons have lost thirty 

ships, [xxi.] 

XXXV. (BECAPITUL ATORY.) 

1. When the general had seen the enemy, [xxiii.] 
he commanded the soldiers to draw up the 
ships, [xvi.] and to fortify the camp. 



86 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

2. He did not think that the enemy would come. 

[xxi.] 

3. Nevertheless [tamen, second word in sentence] 

he left one legion to guard [ = for a guard to] 
the camp. 

4. And set out by night to meet Caesar, [xiv.] 

5. When he had returned, he was asked where 

Caesar was. [xxxiii.] 

6. He replied that Caesar had not been seen. 

XXXVI. 

Rule. — Verbs of making, calling, thinking, believing, &c, 
require the Nom. Case after them when they are in the Passive 
Voice ; as Creatur Consul, = he is made consul: insula appellatur 
Mona, = the island is called Mona. 

1. This island was called Britain. 

2. The winter is thought to be very short. 

3. A part of the legion was called a cohort. 

4. One part of the year is called winter. 

5. Caesar is made general. 

6. He is thought to be the best general. 

7. The king was called Cassivellaunus. 

XXXVII. (Eecapitulatory.) 

1. The nights are shorter in Britain than in Gaul. 

2. The island is thought to be Britain. 

3. Is all the island inhabited ? [No.] 



EXERCISES. 87 

4. Do not the inhabitants till the fields ? [Yes.] 

5. The Belgae crossed over that they might make 

booty, [xiv.] 

6. The enemy will come for the sake of (causd with 

gen. case) making booty, [xxvi.] 

7. After making booty [xiii.] the enemy will cross 

over. 

XXXVIII. (Becapitulatory. ) 

1. The Britons are said to use lead. 

2. Is (there) not a large quantity of iron in Britain ? 

[Yes.] 

3. There is such (tant-us, -a, -nm) a quantity of 

iron in Britain, that the inhabitants use it 
for many purposes (ad midtas res), [xxv.] 

4. Do the Britons use buildings ? [No.] 

5. Do you not think that Britain' is milder than 

Gaul? [Yes.] 

6. Why do you think that it is not lawful to use 

lead? 

XXXIX. (Eec apitul atory. ) 

1. Corn is to be sown in the winter, [xxx.] 

2. Which is the most civilized people of Britain ? 

3. Have not very many men been killed in battle ? 

[Yes.] [xxvii.] 

4. How many men have you lost, [xxvii.] 



88 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

5. He asked how many men we had lost, [xxxiii.] 

6. He had an intention of sowing corn, [xxvi.] 

7. They go out to sow corn, [xiv.] 

XL. 

Rule. — Instead of an adverb with the predicate, an adjective 
agreeing with the subject expressed or understood is preferable 
in Latin, as Rari pugnant = they seldom fight. 

1. The enemies seldom show themselves. 

2. They did this unwillingly (invitus= unwilling). 

3. They boldly (auclctx, audac-is) make an attack. 

4. Caesar returned safely to the camp. 

5. The Britons seldom provoke our cavalry. 

6. The Britons heedlessly encamped upon the hills. 

XLI. 

Rule. — Causa ( = for the sake of) with the genitive of the 
gerund of an intransitive verb, or with the genitive of a noun 
and a gerundive of a transitive verb agreeing with it, may be 
used to express a purpose, as Caesar pabulandi causa tres 
legiones misit = Caesar sent three legions to forage; Caesar 
hostium expellendorum causa legionem unam misit = Caesar 
sent one legion to dislodge the enemy. 

1. Caesar sent five soldiers to forage. 

2. They go into the fields to sow corn. 

3. They go to till the fields. 

4. Caesar will send soldiers to fortify the camp. 

5. Caesar sent the legions into Gaul to winter. 

6. Two legions were sent to make an attack. 



EXERCISES. 89 



XLII. (Recapitulatory.) 

1. Caesar orders the cavalry to cross the river. 

2. An opportunity of following was not given. 

[xxvi.] 

3. Having sent forward the cavalry, Caesar delays. 

[xiii.] 

4. The soldiers were sent into the fields to reap the 

corn, [xii.] 

5. The bank was so exceedingly well fortified that 

the cavalry were not able to cross the river, 
[xxv.] 

XLIII. (Recapitulatory.) 

X All hope of making booty was laid aside, [xxvi.] 

2. Caesar had sent two legions to lay waste the 

fields, [xli.] 

3. Having dismissed (his) forces, Caesar returned 

to the city. [xiii. or xxiii.] 

4. The Roman soldier seldom gives himself to flight 

[xl.] 

5. Caesar seldom suffered the legions to leave the 

camp, [xl.] 

6. An opportunity of engaging with the enemy will 

be given, [xxvi.] 



90 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 



XLIV. (See Exercise XVI.) 

Rule. —The future infinitive is used after the verbs 'to 
promise,' ' to hope,' ■ to undertake,' where in English we use 
the present infinitive, as He hopes to come = sperat se ven- 
turum esse. 

1. He promises to send ambassadors. 

2. He promised to ask Caesar. 

3. They have promised to send hostages. 

4. He hopes (sperare) to see his father. 

5. They hope to avoid death by flight. 

6. We hope that the king will defend the town. 

XLV. 
Rule. — See preceding exercise. 

1. Caesar promised to defend the soldiers. 

2. I hope Caesar will set out before the winter. 

3. The soldiers hoped that Caesar would not leave 

the town. 

4. Caesar had promised that he would not leave 

the town. 

5. I hope that a large number of men will assemble. 

6. The legions promised to surrender themselves to 

the enemy. 

XLVI. 

Rule. — When ut with subj. expresses a purpose, ut becomes 
ne when there is a negative in the sentence; when ut with 



EXERCISES. 91 

subj. denotes a consequence, if there be a negative in the sen- 
tence, ut remains and the negative is expressed by non. Observe 
the following variations : 

Purpose. Consequence, 

(a) That... not (1) ne (2) ut...non. 

(&) That nobody (1) ne quis (2) ut nullus. 

(c) That nothing (1) ne quid (2) ut nihil. 

(d) That never (1) ne umquam. (2) ut numquam. 

1. He commands the legions not to (a 1) attack the 

camp. 

2. He orders that nobody (b 1) may come into the 

camp. 

3. Caesar commanded the legions not to (a 1) take 

prisoners. 

4. I ask you not to (a 1) come before night. 

5. I commanded the legions not to (c 1) plunder 

anything. 

6. Cassivellaunus was so greatly moved by the 

revolt of the citizens, that he never (d 2) 
returned to the town. 

7. He had received so many losses that he was not 

(a 2) able to pay tribute. 

XL VII. (Eecapitulatory.) 

1. Caesar orders the general to lead back [xiv.] the 

army. 

2. The number of the soldiers is so great that the 

ships are not able to carry all. [xxv. and 
xlvi.] 



92 CAESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 

3. The harbour was so small that it was not able to 

receive all the ships, [xxv. and xlvi.] 

4. Have not the ships been repaired? [Yes.] 

5. After a storm follows a calm. 

6. When the soldiers had repaired the ships, they 

proposed to sail. 



VOCABULABY. 

(ENGLISH-LATIN.) 

The Roman Numerals refer to the Exercises ; the other Numerals 
to the Vocabularies, 



able (to be), 3. 
account of (on), 6. 
accustomed (to be), 10. 
advance (to), 8. 
after, 6. 
all, 1. 

ambassador, 4. 
anything, xlvi. 
announce (to), 22. 
appearance, 12. 
approach (to), 2. 
arise (to), 18. 
armour, 11. 
arms, 11. 
army, 19. 
ascertain (to), 2. 
ask (to), xxxiii. 
assemble (to), 3. 
attack (an), 15. 
avoid (to), 44. 

bank, 42. 
barbarian, 5. 
battle, 10. 
be (to), 1. 



before, 35. 
Belgae, 28. 
best, 30. 
blow (to), 29. 
bold, xl. 
booty, 26. 
break (to), 19. 
bring to (to), 28. 
Britain, 1. 
Briton, 1. 
buildings, 27. 
by, 4. 

Caesar, 1. 
call (to), 22. 
calm, 47. 
camp, 18. 
can (I), 3. 
capture (to), 15. 
carry (to), 47. 
Cassivellaunus, 35. 
cause, 11. 
cavalry, 10. 
chain, 16. 
change (to), xxx. 
93 



94 



ENGLISH-LATIN 



charioteer, "10. 
check (to), 25. 
citizen, 46. 
civilized, 39. 
cohort, 22. 
collect (to), 17. 
come (to), 4. 
command (to), 4. 
conquer (to), 16. 
corn, 19. 
courage, 5. 
course, 15. 
cross over (to), 20. 

danger, 27. 
dare (to), 5. 
day, 5. 
death, 44. 
defend (to), 29. 
delay (to), 6. 
depart (to), 20. 
design, 4. 
detain (to), 7. 
determine (to), 1. 
difficulty, 11. 
direction, 1. 
disgrace, 13. 
dismiss (to), 26. 
draw up (to), 5. 
dust, 22. 

eagle, 13. 
easy, xix. 
eighteen, 7. 
eighty, 7. 
embark (to), 8. 
encamp (to), 31. 



encourage (to), 9. 
enemy, 1. 
engage in (to), 5. 
engage with (to), 39. 
escape (to), 27. 
exceedingly well, 42. 
except, 2. 

faithful, 5. 
fear, 25. 
fear (to), 13. 
field, 17. 
fifth, 5. 
fight (to), 11. 
fill (to), 15. 
five, 29. 
fleet, 4. 
flight, 15. 
follow (to), 8. 
foot, 12. 
for, 22. 

forage (to), 22. 
forces, 3. 
fortify, 32. 
four, 43. 

frighten (to), 12. 
from, 4. 
furnish (to), 19. 

gain (to), 23. 
Gaul, 19. 
general, 13. 
give (to), 4. 
go (to), 42. 
go out (to), 24. 
great, 5. 



VOCABULARY. 



95 



greatly, 3. 
guard, 7. 

hand, 11. 
harbour, 2. 
have (to), 5. 
hear (to), xxix. 
heavy, 11. 
help, 1. 

hesitate (to), 13. 
Mil, 8. 
him, 17. 
himself, 3. 
his, 3. 
hold (to), 7. 
holdback (to), 7. 
home, 5. 
hope, 43. 
horse, 11. 
hostage, 4. 
how great, 26. 
how many, 26. 
hurl (to), 11. 

impede (to), 11. 
in, 1. 

inhabit, 37. 
inhabitants, 3. 
intention, 4. 
into, 1. 
iron, 38. 
island, 3. 

javelin, 9. 

kill (to), 23. 
kind, 2. 



king, 5. 
know (to), 2. 
know (not to), 32. 

labour, 30. 
large, 5. 
lawful, 38. 
lay aside (to), 23. 
lay down (to), 23. 
lay waste (to), 45. 
lead, 38. 
lead (to), 42. 
lead back (to), 26. 
leap down (to), 13. 
leave (to), 6. 
legion, 13. 
liberty, 26. 
lieutenant, 4. 
line, 27. 
lose (to), 19. 
loss, 46. 
love (to), xix. 

make (to), 6. 
man, 2. 
many, 34. 
me, 13. 
meet (to), 14. 
milder, 38. 
mountain, 9. 
move (to), 12. 
move deeply (to), 12. 

nevertheless, 1. 
new, 22. 
night, 18. 
night (by), 23. 



98 



ENGLISH-LATIN 



nobody, xlvi. 
noise, 24. 
no one, 2. 
not, 3. 
now, 1. 
number, 6. 

oar, 12. 
obey, 28. 
on account of, 6. 
one, 9. 

opportunity, 6. 
order (to), 4. 
our, 1. 

pardon (to), 17. 
part, 1. 
pay (to), 46. 
peace, 16. 
people, 39. 
place, 2. 
plan, 4. 

plunder (to), 43. 
praise (to), 30. 
prepare (to), 6. 
prisoner, 31. 
promise (to), 5. 
propel (to), 12. 
provoke (to), 40. 
purposes, 38. 
pursue (to), 15. 
put to flight (to), 15. 

rank, 14. 
reach (to), 8. 
reap (to), 22. 
receive (to), 33. 
relax (to), 21. 



remain (to), 22. 
repair (to), 19. 
reply (to), xxxiv. 
restrain (to), 9. 
return (to), 5. 
revolt, 46. 
ride down (to), 24. 
river, 32. 
Roman, 4. 

safely, 28. 

sail (to), 19. 

say (to), 17. 

sea, 9. 

sea coast, 2. 

season, 8. 

see (to), 5. 

seek (to), 17. 

seem (to), 5. 

seldom, 32. 

send (to), 5. 

send forward (to), 3 

set out (to), 1. 

ship, 3. 

shore, 9. 

short, 3. 

shorter, 3. 

show (to), 26. 

shut in (to), 9. 

signal, 9. 

small, 1. 

so, 11. 

so great, 13. 

soldier, 9. 

so many, 46. 

sow (to), 39. 

space, 25. 



VOCABULARY. 



97 



spend (to), 32. 
standard bearer, 13. 
steep, 25. 
storm, 8. 
subdue (to), 16. 
suffer (to), 33. 
suitable, 6. 
summer, 1. 
supply (to), 1. 
surrender (to), 13. 
surround (to), 23. 
suspect (to), 21. 
swift, 25. 

take (to), 15. 

tarry (to), 6. 

ten, 31. 

terrify (to), 12. 

that (conj.), 13. 

that (demons. pr on.), 2. 

their, 3. 

them, 17. 

themselves, 3. 

think (to), 36. 

thirty, 27. 

this, 2. 

thousand, 7. 

three, 29. 

throw into (to), 13. 

throw into confusion (to), 14. 

till (to), 37. 

town, 45. 

trader, 2. 

tribute, 46. 

turn (to), 27. 

twelve, 21. 

two, 22. 



unknown, 2. 
unwillingly, xl. 
upon, 1. 
urge (to), 11. 
us, 37. 
use (to), 10. 
useful (for use), 3. 
useless, 19. 

very many, 19. 
very small, 3. 

wage (to), 6. 
wait (to), 9. 
war, 1. 
warfare, 1. 
water, 11. 
wave, xi. 
weight, 11. 
what, 46. 
wheel, 24. 
when, 16. 
where, 12. 
which, 3. 
while, 22. 
who (inter rog.), 46. 
wind, 7. 
winter, 19. 
winter (to), 19. 
wish (to), 3. 
with, 3. 
without, 17. 
work, 32. 

year, 6. 



mDEX. 



The Numbers refer to the Chapters. 



a, 4. 

ab, 4. 
abdo, 31. 
abies, 38. 
absisto, 41. 
absum, 45. 

ac, 10. 
accedo, 7. 
acceptus, 46. 
accessum, 31. 
accido, 18. 
accipio, 33. 
acies, 27. 
acriter, 14. 
acutus, 42. 

ad, 3. 

adaequo, 30. 
adduco, 28. 
adeo, 2. 
adflicto, 19. 
adflictus, 33. 
adfligo, 21. 
adigo, 9. 
aditus, 2. 
adicio, 32. 
administro, 19. 
admodum, 30. 
adorior, 14. 
adulescens, 44. 
adventus, 25. 
adversus, 18. 
advolo, 41. 
aedificium, 27. 
aedifico, 28. 
aegre, 42. 



aequinoctium, 47. 
aes, 21. 
aestas, 1. 
aestimo, 36. 
aestus, 9. 
Africus, 30. 
ager, 17. 
agger, 32. 
aggrego, 14. 
agmen, 43. 
ago, 41. 
alacritas, 12. 
albus, 38. 
alienus, 26. 
aliquamdiu, 47. 
aliquantus, 33. 
aliqui, 14. 
aliquis, 22. 
alius, 14. 
alo, 38. 
alter, 36. 
altitudo, 13. 
altum, 11. 
amissus, 21. 
amitto, 19. 
amplior, 43. 
Ancalites, 45. 
ancora, 9. 
angulus, 36. 
angustior, 20. 
angustius, 47. 
angustus, 9. 
animadverto, 12. 
animus, 38. 
annus, 6. 



anser, 38. 
ante, 35. 
antea, 16. 
apertus, 10. 
appello (-are), 22, : 
appello (-ere) , 36. 
appropinquo, 13. 
aqua, 11. 
aquila, 13. 
aquilifer, 13. 
arbitror, 26. 
arbor, 32. 
arcesso, 17. 
aridum, 11. 
arma, 11. 
armamenta, 19. 
armo, 8. 
aspectus, 39. 
at, 32. 
attingo, 8. 
atque, 10, 36. 
Atrebas, 16. 
auctoritas, 5. 
audacissime, 40. 
audacter, 11. 
audeo, 5. 
auriga, 24. 
aut, 11. 
autem, 3. 
auxilior, 19. 
auxilium, 1. 

barbarus, 5. 
Belgae, 28. 
bellum, 1. 



100 



INDEX, 



Bibroci, 45. 
brevior, 37. 
brevis, 3. 
brevissimus, 3. 
Britannia, 1. 
Britannus, 1. 
brnma, 36. 

C.,3. 

caeruleus, 39. 
Caesar, 1. 
Caius, 3. 
Cantium, 39. 
capillus, 39. 
capio, 15>. 
captivus, 31. 
caput, 39. 
caro, 39. 
Car villus, 46. 
Cassi, 45. 

Cassivellaunus, 35. 
casus, 21. 
castra, 18. 
causa, 11. 
causa, 20. 
celeritas, 27. 
celeriter, 44. 
Cenimagni, 45. 
centum, 37. 
cepit, 31. 
certe, 13. 
certus, 37. 
Cingetorix, 46. 
circiter, 7. 
circuit us, 37. 
circumdo, 23. 
circumsisto, 14. 
citissime, 25. 
civis, 46. 
civitas, 4. 
clam, 20. 
classis, 4. 
coacta, 26. 
coepit, 13. 
cognitus, 19. 
cognoverat, 20. 
cognosco, 2. 



cogo, 7. 
cohors, 22. 
collis, 8. 
colo, 37. 
color, 39. 
commeatus, 20. 
commendo, 17. 
committo, 5. 
Commius, 5. 
commode, 21. 
commodissimum, 34. 
commoror, 29. 
communis, 35. 
commutatio, 30. 
comparo, 21. 
compello, 39. 
compleo, 15. 
complures, 19. 
comporto, 21. 
comprehendo, 16. 
comprehensus, 45. 
concilium, 28. 
concur sus, 33. 
confero, 17. 
confertus, 23. 
confestim, 22. 
conndo, 20. 
conflrmo, 18. 
confisus, 41. 
conrligo, 39. 
conicio, 11. 
coniungo, 34. 
coniuratio, 20. 
conligo, 41. 
conloco, 24. 
conloquor, 20. 
conscendo, 8. 
consequor, 15. 
consido, 31. 
consilium, 4. 
consimilis, 38. 
consisto, 12, 41. 
conspicio, 8. 
conspicor, 31. 
constiterint, 25. 
constituo, 5. 
consto, 12. 



consuerunt, 45. 
consuesco, 10. 
consuetudo, 22. 
consuevit, 18. 
consumo, 32. 
contendo, 30. 
contentio, 43. 
contestor, 13. 
continens (n.), 18. 
continens (part.), 35. 
contineo, 9. 
continuus, 26. 
contra, 36. 
convenio, 4. 
convoco, 3. 
co-orior, 18. 
co-ortus, 32. 
copia, 3. 
coram, 34. 
corpus, 39. 
Corus, 29. 
cottidianus, 25. 
cottidie, 21. 
creber, 32. 
creberrimus, 38. 
culpa, 17. 
cum (prep.), 3. 
cum (conj.), 16. 
cunctor, 13. 
cupidius, 39. 
currus, 24. 
cur sus, 15. 

dare, 21. 
daretur, 26. 
daturus, 16. 
de, 6. 

de improviso, 46. 
decern, 31. 
decerno, 28. 
decimus, 13. 
declivis, 24. 
dedecus, 13. 
dederunt, 17. 
deditio, 46. 
dedo, 44. 
deduco, 20. 



INDEX. 



101 



deductus, 47. 
defectio, 46. 
defendo, 44. 
defero, 16. 
defigo, 42. 
deicio, 18. 
deinde, 27. 
delatus, 28. 
deligo (-are), 19. 
deligo (-ere), 34. 
delitesco, 23. 
demeto, 23. 
demons tro, 26. 
dspereo, 47. 
depono, 23. 
desidero, 47. 
desilio, 13. 
desum, 15. 
detrimentum, 46. 
deus, 13. 
dico, 17. 
dies, 5. 
differo, 39. 
difficultas, 11. 
dimidium, 36. 
dimitto, 26. 
discedo, 20. 
dlscesserant, 31. 
dispergo, 23. 
distribuo, 7. 
diutius, 27. 
divido, 35. 
dixerunt, 33. 
do, 4. 
domus, 5. 
duco, 42. 
dum, 22. 
duo, 22. 
duodecim, 21. 
duplico, 28. 
Durus, 40. 
dux, 46. 

e, 5. 

effecturus, 16. 
efncio, 4. 
effugio, 27. 



ego, 13. 
egredior, 5. 
egregie, 32. 
egressus, 16. 
egressus (n.), 30. 
eicere se, 40. 
eicio, 33. 
emitto, 43. 
enim, 2. 
eo, 28. 

eo (verb), 42. 
eodem, 18. 
eques, 7. 
equitatus, 10. 
equus, 11. 
eruptio, 46. 
esse, 6. 

essedarius, 10. 
essedum, 23. 
et, 4. 

etiam, 20. 
etsi, 34. 
evenio, 13. 
eventus, 21. 
ex, 5. 

examino, 38. 
excedo, 24. 
excludo, 47. 
excuso, 6. 
exercitatio, 25. 
exercitus, 19. 
exiguitas, 20. 
exiguus, 1. 
existimo, 36. 
expedio, 33. 
expeditus, 12. 
expello, 26. 
expono, 8. 
expositus, 47. 
exposuit, 31. 
expulerunt, 32. 
exspecto, 9. 
exsto, 42. 

faber, 34. 
faciendus, 26. 
facio, 6. 



f actus, 17. 
facultas, 6. 
fagus, 38. 
fas, 38. 
feliciter, 13. 
fere, 1. 
fero, 13. 
ferre, 27. 
ferreus, 38. 
ferrum, 38. 
fert, 37. 
fidelis, 5. 
fides, 6. 
figura, 12. 
finis, 28. 
firmiter, 14. 
firmissimus, 44. 
fleet o, 25. 
no, 29. 
fluctus, XI. 
numen, 32. 
fore, 21. 
fossa, 45. 
frango, 19. 
frigus, 38. 
frumentor, 22. 
frumentum, 19. 
frustra, 47. 
fuga, 15. 
fugio, 32. 
funda, 12. 
funis, 19. 

Gaius, 3. 
Galli, 2. 
Gallia, 19. 
Galiicus, 1. 
gallina, 38. 
gens, 39. 
genus, 2. 
Ger mania, 37. 
gero, 6. 
gravis, 11. 
gravissime, 21. 
o-ubernator, 33. 
gusto, 38. 



102 



INDEX. 



habeo, 5. 
Hibernia, 36. 
hiberna, 28. 
hie, 2. 
hiemo, 19. 
hiems, 19. 
Hispania, 36. 
hoc, 20. 
homo, 2. 
hora, 8. 
horrid ior, 39. 
hortor, 9. 
hostis, 1. 
hue, 14. 
humanissimus, 39. 

iacio, 18. 
iam, 1. 
ibi, 5. 
idem, 18. 
idoneus, 8. 
ignoro, 32. 
ignosco, 17. 
ignotus, 1. 
inlatum, 37. 
ille, 17. 
illo, 2. 

impedimentum, 20. 
impedio, 11. 
impeditus, 43. 
imperator, 13. 
imperatum, 44. 
imperitus, 12. 
imperium, 4. 
impero, 6. 
impetus, 15. 
importo, 38. 
improvisus, 46. 
imprudens, 40. 
imprudentia, 17. 
in, 1. 

inanis, 47. 
incendo, 27. 
incertus, 23. 
incitatus, 25. 
incito, 11. 
incognitus, 2. 



incola, 3. 
incolo, 37. 
incolumis, 28. 
incommodum, 33. 
incursio, 45. 
inde, 3. 
ineo, 22. 
inferior, 18. 
infero, 17. 
inficio, 39. 
infinitus, 38. 
infra, 28. 
ingredior, 32. 
initus, 47. 
iniuria, 44. 
inquam, 13. 
insequor, 39. 
insinuo, 24. 
insisto, 14. 
instituo, 47. 
instruo, 42. 
insuefactus, 11. 
insula, 3. 
intellego, 20. 
inter, 20. 
intercedo, 35. 
intercludo, 20. 
interea, 17. 
interfectus, 39. 
interficio, 23. 
interim, 4. 
interior, 37. 
intermissus, 40. 
intermitto, 21. 
interpono, 22. 
intra, 32. 
introitus, 32. 
inusitatus, 12. 
inutilis, 19. 
invenio, 47. 
ipse, 2. 
is, 2. 
ita, 19. 
itaque, 3. 
item, 13. 
iter, 22. 
Itius, 29. 



iubeo, 4. 
iugum, 25. 

Laberius, 40. 
Labienus, 29. 
labor, 30. 
laboro, 15. 
labrum, 39. 
lac, 39. 
lacesso, 40. 
late, 27. 
latius, 43. 
latus, 12. 
laudo, 30. 
legatio, 45. 
legatus, 4. 
legio, 13. 
lenis, 18. 
lenius, 40. 
lepus, 38. 
liberaliter, 5. 
libertas, 26. 
littera, 28. 
litus, 9. 
locus, 2. 
longe, 27. 
longinquus, 17. 
longitudo, 37. 
longius, 15. 
longus, 3. 
Lugotorix, 46. 
luna, 18. 
lux, 30. 

magnitudo, 3. 
magnopere, 14. 
magnus, 5. 
maior, 35. 
mandatum, 16. 
mando, 42. 
Mandubracius, 44. 
mane, 33. 
manus, 11. 
mare, 9. 
maritimus, 2. 
materia, 21. 
maxime, 3. 



INDEX. 



103 



maximus, 18. 
media nox, 28. 
mediterraneus, 38. 
medius, 28. 
mensura, 37. 
mercator, 2. 
meridianus, 31. 
meridies, 36. 
meto, 23. 
metuo, 13. 
met us, 43. 
meus, 13. 
miles, 9. 
militia, 10. 
milia, 7. 
minor, 36. 
miserunt, 16. 
missus, 27. 
mitto, 5. 
mobilitas, 25. 
moderor, 25. 
modo, 12. 
modus, 16. 
Mona, 36. 
mons, 9. 
moratus, 45. 
Morini, 3. 
moror, 6. 
mors, 44. 
motus, 12. 
mox, 8. 
multitudo, 17. 
multum, 39. 
multus, 34. 
munio, 32. 

nactus, 27. 
nam, 6. 
namque, 25. 
nanciscor, 8. 
nascor, 37. 
natura, 9. 
navalis, 46. 
navigatio, 8. 
navigo, 19. 
navigium, 15. 
navis, 3. 



nauta, 33. 
ne, 34. 

ne quidem, 34. 
necessario, 18. 
neglego, 28. 
negotium, 34. 
nemo, 2. 
nequaquam, 9. 
neque, 2. 
neu, 46. 
nihil, 37. 
nisi, 11. 
nobilis, 46. 
nobiscum, 41. 
noceo, 46. 
noctes, 37. 
noctu, 23. 
nomen, 37. 
non, 3. 
nondum, 21. 
nonnullus, 36. 
nonus, 9. 
nos, 37. 
nosco, 2. 
noster, 1. 
notus, 14. 
novitas, 25. 
novus, 22. 
nox, 18. 
nullus, 22. 
numerus, 6. 
nummus, 38. 
nuntio, 22. 
nuntius, 26. 

ob, 11. 
obicio, 37. 
obses, 4. 
obtempero, 4. 
obtineo, 44. 
occasus, 18. 
occido, 27. 
occido, 36. 
occulto, 43. 
occupo, 23. 
occurro, 14. 
oceanus, 18. 



octingenti, 37. 
octo, 7. 
octodecim, 7. 
octoginta, 7. 
officium, 13. 
olim, 6. 
omnia, 2. 
omnino, 12. 
omnis, 1. 
onerarius, 7. 
onus, 11. 
opera, 34. 
oppidum, 45. 
opinio, 37. 

opportunissimus, 25. 
opportunus, 6. 
opprimo, 11. 
oppugno, 45. 
optimus, 30. 
opus, 32. 
ora, 2. 
orator, 16. 
ordo, 14. 
oriens, 36. 
orior, 30. 
orti, 37. 
ostendo, 40. 

pabulator, 41. 
pabulor, 41. 
paene, 33. 
palus, 45. 
par, 29. 
pareo, 28. 
pari, 36. 
paro, 6. 
pars, 1. 
passus, 7. 
passus sum, 43. 
patior, 33. 
paucitas, 20. 
paucus, 14. 
paulatim, 20. 
paulisper, 45. 
paulo, 23. 
paulum, 11. 
pax, 16. 



104 



INDEX. 



pecora, 43. 
pecus, 38. 
pedes, 42. 
peditatus, 26. 
pellis, 39. 
pello, 27. 
pendo, 46. 
per, 4. 

percontatio, 37. 
percurro, 25. 
perduco, 47. 
perequito, 24. 
perfero, 4. 
periculum, 27. 
permaneo, 37. 
permitto, 35. 
permoveo, 12. 
perpaucus, 47. 
perrumpo, 40. 
persequor, 33. 
perspicio, 34. 
perterreo, 12. 
pertineo, 36. 
perturbatio, 19. 
perturbo, 14. 
pervenio, 28. 
pes, 12. 
peto, 17. 
planus, 10. 
plenus, 18. 
pier unique, 10. 
plerusque, 39. 
plumbum, 38. 
plumbum album, 38. 
plures, 40. 
plus, 14. 
polliceor, 5. 
pondus, 38. 
populus, 4. 
porta, 22. 
porto, 47. 
portus, 2. 
possum, 3. 
post, 6. 
postea, 9. 
posterus, 33. 
praeceps, 25, 41. 



praecludo, 32. 
praeda, 26. 
praedico, 26. 
praedor, 43. 
praefectus, 7. 
praeficio, 31. 
praemissus, 16. 
praemitto, 3. 
praesidium, 7. 
praesto, 13. 
praesum, 46. 
praeter, 2. 
praeterea, 36. 
premo, 23. 
pridie, 40. 
primo, 2, 
princeps, 17. 
prior, 47. 
pristinus, 15. 
pro, 22. 
probo, 5. 
procedo, 23. 
procul, 40. 
prodo, 13. 
produco, 20. 
proelium, 10. 
proelior, 24. 
profectus, 18. 
proficiscor, 1. 
progredior, 8. 
progressus, 31. 
prohibeo, 10. 
proicio, 13. 
promitto, 16. 
promissus, 39. 
prope, 33. 
propello, 12. 
propius, 18. 
propter, 6. 
propugno, 32. 
prosequi, 15. 
prospectus, 33. 
protinus, 41. 
provectus, 30. 
proveho, 18. 
provideo, 19. 
proximus, 13. 



Publius, 7. 
pugna, 12. 
pugno, 14. 
pulvis, 22. 
puto, 38. 

Q., 40. 
qua, 30. 
quaestor, 7. 
quadraginta, 34. 
quam, 36. 
quantus, 26. 
quartus, 8. 
quattuor, 43. 
que, 8, 
queror, 17. 
qui, 3. 

quicumque, 14. 
quidam, 7. 
quingenti, 36. 
quinque, 29. 
quintus, 5. 
Quintus, 40. 
quis, 46. 
quisquam, 2. 
quisque, 38. 
quo, 29. 
quoad, 41. 
quod, 15. 

rado, 39. 
rarus, 32. 
rebellio, 20. 
receptus, 24. 
recipere se, 16. 
recipio, 6. 
redeo, 5. 
reditus, 20. 
reduco, 26. 
refectus, 47. 
refero, 12. 
reficiendus, 21. 
reficio, 19. 
regio, 5, 
regnum, 44. 
reicio, 47. 
relictus, 30. 



INDEX. 



105 



relinquo, 6. 
reliquus, 1. 
remaneo, 22. 
remigo, 30. 
remigro, 17. 
remissus, 38. 
remitto, 5. 
removeo, 12. 
remus, 12. 
renuntio, 5. 
repello, 32. 
repente, 41. 
repentinus, 46. 
reperio, 3. 
repertus, 45. 
reporto, 19. 
res, 12. 
resisto, 34. 
res publica, 13. 
re vert or, 34. 
revoco, 34. 
rex, 5. 
ripa, 42. 
Roma, 28. 
Ronianus, 4. 
rota, 24. 
Rufus, 7. 
rursus, 20. 

sagitta, 12. 
satis, 7. 
scapka, 15. 
scribo, 36. 
se, 3. 

secum, 22. 
secundus, 9. 
secutus, 30. 
sed, 2. 
Segonax, 46. 
Segontiaci, 45. 
semita, 43. 
senatus, 28. 
septem, 10. 
septemtrio, 37. 
Septimus, 22. 
septingenti, 37. 
sequor, 8. 



sero, 39. 
servo, 14. 
sese, 44. 
si, 24. 
sic, 41. 
sic uti, 41. 
signum, 9. 
silva, 23. 
silvestris, 43. 
simul, 15. 
simul atque, 16. 
sine, 17. 
singularis, 14. 
singuli, 46. 
sinistra, 30. 
sol, 18. 
soleo, 25. 
solitns, 12. 
solus, 42. 
solvo, 8. 
spatium, 25. 
species, 12. 
specto, 36. 
speculatorius, 15. 
spes, 43. • 

stabilitas, 25. 
statim, 16. 
statio, 22. 
statuo, 1. 
strepitus, 24. 
studium, 21. 
sub, 30. 
subduco, 19. 
subito, 18. 
subicio, 36. 
subministro, 1. 
submitto, 15. 
subinoveo, 12. 
subsequor, 10. 
subsidium, 15. 
subsisto, 33. 
subsum, 47. 
succedo, 22. 
succido, 32. 
sudes, 42. 
Sulpicius, 7. 
sum, 1. 



summa, 35. 
summus, 11. 
superatus, 20. 
superior, 6. 
supero, 16. 
super sum, 46. 
supplicatio, 28. 
suspicio, 22. 
suspicor, 21. 
sustineo, 25. 
sustulerant, 18. 
suus, 3. 

talea, 38. 
tamen, 1. 
Tamesis, 35. 
tandem, 29. 
tantus, 13. 
Taximagulus, 46. 
tego, 42. 
telum, 9. 
temo, 25. 
temperatior, 38. 
tempest as, 8. 
tempus, 6. 
teneo, 7. 
tergum, 6. 
terror, 24. 
tertius, 8. 
testudo, 32. 
timor, 25. 
tollo, 9. 

tormentum, 12. 
tot, 46. 
totus, 19. 
traiectus, 3. 
tranquillitas, 47. 
transeo, 20. 
transmissus, 36. 
transporto, 19. 
Trebonius, 41. 
trecenti, 31. 
tres, 29. 
Treveri, 28. 
tribunus, 9. 
triginta, 27. 
Trinobantes, 44. 



106 



INDEX. 



triquetrus, 36. 
tripertito, 33. 
tueor, 29. 
tulerunt, 45. 
tulit, 25. 
turn, 8. 
turma, 24. 

ubi, 12. 
ullus, 18. 
ulterior, 8. 
una, 5. 
unde, 18. 
undique, 4. 
universus, 13. 
umquam, 41. 
unus, 9. 
usus, 3. 
ut, 13. 



uterque, 14. 
utor, 10. 

vadum, 14. 
vagor, 43. 
vallum, 45. 
vasto, 43. 
vectigal, 46. 
vectorius, 30. 
Veneticus, 4. 
venio, 4. 
ventito, 22. 
ventus, 7. 
vergo, 36. 
vero, 14. 
verto, 27. 
vestio, 39. 
veto, 32. 
vetus, 28. 



via, 43. 
vicies, 37. 
video, 5. 
vigilia, 8. 
viginti, 28. 
vinculum, 16. 
virtus, 5. 
vis, 33. 
visus, 7. 
vito, 44. 
vitrum, 39. 
vivo, 39. 
volo, 3. 
vulnus, 32. 
voluptas, 38. 
Volusenus, 3. 
vultis, 13. 



MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 

The following Elementary Boohs, edited 
with Introductions, Notes, and Vocabularies, 
and in some cases with Exercises, are ready : 

18mo. 40 cents each, 

AESCHYLUS.— Prometheus Vinctus. Edited by Rev. H. M. 

Stephenson, M.A. 
ARRIAN. — The Expedition of Alexander. Selections. Edited 
• by J. Bond, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 

AULUS GELLIUS. — Stories from Aulus Gellius. Edited by 

Rev. G. H. Nall, M.A. With Exercises. 
CAESAR. — The Helvetian War. Being Selections from Book I. 

of " The Gallic War." Adapted for Beginners. With Exercises. 

By W. Welch, M.A., and C. G. Duffield, M.A. 
American edition, with References to American grammars, 

edited by S. G. Ashmore, L.H.D. [Shortly. 
The Invasion of Britain. Selected from Books IV. and V. of 

"The Gallic War." By. W. Welch, M.A., and C. G. Due- 
field, M.A. With Exercises. 
American edition, with References to American grammars, 

edited by S. G. Ashmore, L.H.D. 
The Gallic War. Book I. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
The Gallic War. Books II. and III. Edited by the Rev. W. G. 

Rutherford. 
The Gallic War. Book IV. Edited by C. Bryans, M.A. 
The Gallic War. Book V. Edited by C. Colbeck, M.A. 
The Gallic War. Book VI. Edited by C. Colbeck, M.A. 
The Gallic War. Scenes from Books V. and VI. Edited by 

C. Colbeck, M.A. 
The Gallic War. Book VII. Edited by Rev. John Bond, M.A., 

and A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
De Bello Civili. Book I. Edited by Malcolm Montgomery. 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 



CICERO. -De Senectute. Edited by E. S. Shuckburgh, M.A. 
De Anoicitia. By the same Editor. 

Stories of Roman History. By the Rev. Gr. E. Jeans, M.A., 
and A. V. Jones, M.A. With Exercises. 
EURIPIDES.— Alcestis. Edited by the Rev. M. A. Bayfield, 
M.A. 
Medea. Edited by A. W. Verrall, Litt.D., and Rev. M. A. Bay- 
field, M.A. 
Hecuba. Edited by Rev. John Bond, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, 
M.A. 
EUTROPIUS. By W. Welch, M.A., and C. G. Duffield, M.A. 

With Exercises. 
HERODOTUS. — Tales from Herodotus. Edited by GL S. Far- 

nell, M.A. 
HOMER. — Iliad. Book I. Edited by Rev. J. Bond and A. S. 
Walpole. 
Iliad. Book XVIII. The Arms of Achilles. Edited by S. R. 

James. 
Odyssey. Book I. Edited by Rev. John Bond, M.A., and A. S. 
Walpole, M.A. 
HORACE. — Odes I.-V. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. Each 40 cents. 
LATIN ACCIDENCE AND EXERCISES. Arranged for Be- 
ginners. By W. Welch, M.A., and C. G. Duffield, M.A. 
1.IVY. — Book I. Edited by H. M. Stephenson, M.A. 

Book XXI. With Notes adapted from Mr. Cape's Edition, by 

J. E. Melhuish, M.A. 
Book XXII. Adapted from Mr. Cape's Edition, by J. E. Mel- 
huish, M.A. 
Books XXI. and XXII. in one vol., 75 cents. 
Legends of Ancient Rome. Edited by Herbert Wilkinson, 

M.A. 18mo. 
The Hannibalian War. Being part of the XXI. and XXII. 

Books of Livy. By Gr. C. Macaulay, M.A. 
The Siege of Syracuse. Being part of the XXIV. and XXV. 
Books of Livy. By Gr. Richards, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, 
M.A. With Exercises. 
L.UCIAN. — Extracts from IiUcian. Edited by Rev. John Bond, 

M.A., and A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
NEPOS. — Selections Illustrative of Greek and Roman His- 
tory. By Gr. S. Farnell, M.A. With Exercises. 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 



OVID. — Selections. Edited by E. S. Shuckburgh, M.A. 

Easy Selections from Ovid in Elegiac Verse. Arranged and 

Edited by Herbert Wilkinson, M.A. With Exercises in Latin 

Verse Composition. 
Stories from the Metamorphoses. Selected and Edited by Rev. 

John Bond, M.A., and A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
PHAEDRUS. — Select Fables. Adapted for the Use of Beginners 

by A. S. Walpole, M.A. With Exercises. 
THUCYDIDES. — The Rise of the Athenian Empire. Book I., 

Chapters 89 to 117 and 128 to 138. Edited by F. H. Colson. 

With Exercises. 
VIRGIN. — Aeneid. Book I. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
Aeneid. Book II. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
Aeneid. Book III. Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by T. E. 

Page, M.A. 18mo. 
Aeneid. Book IV. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
Aeneid. Book V. Edited by Rev. A. Calvert, M.A. 
Aeneid. Book VI. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
Aeneid. Book VII. The Wrath of Turnus. Edited by Arthur 

Calvert, MA. 18mo. 
Aeneid. Book IX. Edited by Rev. H. M. Stephenson. 
Aeneid. Book X. Edited by S. G. Owen, M.A. 
Bucolica. Edited by T. E. Page, M.A. 
Georgics. Book I. Edited, with Notes and Vocabulary, by T. E. 

Page, M.A. 18mo. 
Georgics. Book II. Edited by Rev. J. H. Skrine. 
Selections. Edited by E. S. Shuckbttrgh, M.A. 
XENOPHON. — Anabasis. Book I. Edited by A. S. W^alpole, M.A. 
Anabasis. Book II. Edited by A. S. Walpole, M.A. 
Anabasis. Book I., Chapters 1 to 8. By E. A. Wells. With 

Exercises. 
Selections from Book I. of the Anabasis. By W. Welch, 

M.A., and C. G. Duffield, M.A. 
Anabasis. Book III. Edited by the Rev. G-. H. Nall, M.A. 18mo. 
Anabasis. Book IV. Edited by Rev. E. D. Stone, M.A. 
The Retreat of the Ten Thousand. Selected from Anabasis. 

Book IV., with Exercises, by Rev. E. D. Stone, M.A. 
Selections from the Cyropaedia. Edited by A. H. Cooke, M.A. 

With Exercises. 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 

3 



MACMILLAN'S ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 

The following more advanced Books, with 
Introductions and Notes, but no Vocabulary, 
are ready: 

CICERO. — Select Letters. Edited by Rev. a. E. Jeans, M.A. 

HERODOTUS. — Selections from Books VII. and VIII. The 

Expedition of Xerxes. Edited by A. H. Cooke, M.A. 

HORACE. — Selections from the Satires and Epistles. Edited 
by Rev. W. J. V. Baker, M.A. 

Select Epodes and Ars Poetica. Edited by H. A. Dalton, M.A. 

PLATO. — Euthyphro and Menexenus. Edited by C. E. Graves, 
M.A. 

TERENCE. — Scenes from the Andria. Edited by F. W. Cor- 
nish, M.A. 

THE GREEK ELEGIAC POETS. — From Callinus to Calli- 
machus. Selected and Edited by Rev. H. Ktnaston, D.D. 

THUCYDIDES. — Book IV., Chs. I.-XM. The Capture of Sphac- 
teria. Edited by C. E. Graves, M.A. 

V Other volumes to follow. 



MACMILLAN'S LATIN COURSE. 

By A. M. Cook, M.A. 

First Part. New edition, revised and enlarged. 90 cents. 

Second Part. Irregular Verbs, etc. 60 cents. 

Shorter Latin Course. First Year. Revised for American Schools 
by James C. Egbert, Ph.D., of Columbia College. 16mo. 40 cents. 



MACMILLAN'S LATIN READER. 

A Latin Reader for the Lower Classes in Schools. By H. J. 

Hardy, M.A. 16mo. 60 cents. 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 
4 



Macmillan's Shorter Latin Course. 

By A. M. COOK, M.A. 

A BOOK FOE BEGINNERS IN LATIN, 

With Exercises of Gradually Increasing Difficulty, and 
Easy Passages for Translation. 

AMERICAN EDITION 

Revised, and Adapted to American Schools, by James C. Egbert, Ph.D., 
Tutor of Latin in Columbia College. 

18mo. 40 cents. 

The Saturday Review says: "The book is a good one. The exer- 
cises are plentiful, and the words which they contain are such as will be 
useful to learners when they pass on to higher work." 

The Literary World says: " The young learner who cannot ' get on 
with ' his Latin under so simple and gently-progressive a course as Mr. 
Cook has here laid down, had better be allowed to give it up altogether. 
The teacher's work has been greatly simplified and lessened by the 
omission of any advanced rules or complex examples. . . . The book 
seems to us admirably suited for girls' schools as well as for boys', and 
it is marvellously well printed and got up for the price charged." 

The Glasgow Herald says: "This manual is admirably adapted to 
the Latin requirements of the Scotch Code for the first year. All the 
ground is covered, and the exercises for translation from and into Latin 
are numerous and judiciously arranged. The plan of the book is one 
by which the pupil is made to take stock of his knowledge at every step, 
and security is thus got for the foundation in Latin grammar being soundly 
laid. The book is likely to become a favorite. . . . The book is admir- 
ably simple and practical." 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



CAESAR.— The Helvetian War. 

BY 

W. WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 

REVISED FOR AMERICAN SCHOOLS BY 

Prof. S. G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., 

Selections from Book I. of " The Gallic War," arranged 

for the Use of Beginners. With Notes, 

Vocabulary, and Exercises. 

18mo. 40 cents. 

Educational Mews: "By far the most remarkable novelty in this 
book is the manner in which the text is arranged in the first twenty-nine 
chapters. Teachers, as a rule, find a difficulty in initiating pupils into 
the reading of Caesar, which is, in almost all cases, the first Latin author 
read after the accidence has been mastered. This difficulty has, we 
venture to say, been obviated in this book by each sentence having a 
separate line." 



CAESAR.— The Invasion of Britain. 

Selections from Books IV. 'and V. of " The Gallic War." 

Adapted for the Use of Beginners. With Notes, 

Vocabulary, and Exercises. 

18mo. 40 cents. 

BY 

WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. 

REVISED, WITH REFERENCES TO AMERICAN 
GRAMMARS, BY 

Prof. S. G. ASHMORE, I..H.D. 

The School Board Chronicle says : " Caesar's Invasion is a very 
useful combination of a reading book and an exercise book for beginners. 
It is furnished with an excellent map of Britain as known to the Romans, 
and with two vocabularies, — English and Latin, and Latin and English. 
At the beginning of each chapter is wisely given a summary of the sense; 
this will be found a great help to beginners. The notes are admirable, — 
short, to the point, and very practical." 

The Saturday Review says: "The notes, which deal chiefly with 
simple points of syntax, are short and generally sufficient." 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



A COMPANION 



SCHOOL CLASSICS. 

By JAMES GOW, M.A., Eitt.D., 

Head Master of the High School, Nottingham. Late Fellow of Trinity- 
College, Cambridge. 

Second Edition, Revised. With Illustrations 

12m,o. $1.75. 

" By ' school classics ' I mean classics with commentaries for use in 
schools, and by describing the book as a 'companion' to these, I mean 
that it attempts to give the information which a commentator is, from 
the nature of his task, compelled to assume even in a young student. 
My aim is to place before a young student a nucleus of well-ordered 
knowledge, to which he is to add intelligent notes and illustrations from 
his daily reading." — From the Preface. 

"Mr. Gow has presented a vast amount of information in a small 
compass; yet it is so well arranged, and so clearly stated, that, notwith- 
standing its condensation, it is read with ease and pleasure. Indeed, 
we do not know where to look for so good an account of Athenian and 
Roman public affairs in a form at once clear, concise, and full enough 
for ordinary students as Mr. Grow has here given us." — Science. 

"He has made use of the most recent authorities, and the young 
student will find the pith of many books in the space of less than 400 
pages. . . . Much of the information would be sought to no purpose 
in the ordinary manuals, and what is given is conveyed in its true 
connection." — Nation. 

" Excellently planned and admirably executed. The author — for Mr. 
Gow is more than a compiler — has had a distinct object in view. He is 
a distinguished student of the classics, and he is an eminent practical 
teacher. With such qualifications, we turn with confidence to a reliable 
book." — Educational Times. 



MACMILLAN & CO., 

112 FOURTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




003 037 265 7