PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS JK ■S>T SHARPE I 3 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY was Book _ — ___2i^__ Copyright N? COPYRJGHT DEPOSIT. PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Thousands have died for it, Millions defend it ; Emblem of justice and mercy to all. — Oliver W. Holmes. PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS BY MARY F. SHARPE TEACHER OF ENGLISH TO IMMIGRANTS IN" THE DAY AND EVENING SCHOOLS ROCHESTER, N. V. AUTHOR OF "A FIRST READER FOR FOREIGNERS" AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 4ftf *1 COPYRIGHT, 1914, BY MAKY F. SHAEPE. Copyright, 1914, in Great Britain. PLAIN FACTS. E. P. I ••' < SIP ~3 /9/4 CU380208 BeMcatefc TO SAMUEL P. MOULTHROP WASHINGTON SCHOOL, ROCHESTER, N.Y. THROUGH WHOSE KINDLY INTEREST AND EXEMPLARY TEACHING, NUMBERLESS IMMIGRANTS HAVE BEEN LED TO THE GOAL OF GOOD CITIZENSHIP INTRODUCTION The path of the non- English-speaking immigrant in America is bestrewn with many difficulties. A stranger in a strange land, this newcomer finds himself face to face with trials of which he little dreamed when he left his native domicile in search of home and happiness in a new land. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenes, confronted by strange customs and a strange language, many an immigrant is so perplexed by the situation that his embarrassment results in serious complications for himself and others. Not only is the immigrant handicapped by his inability to understand and speak the English language, but his ignorance of American customs sometimes causes him in- nocently to become a transgressor of law and order. Only by those who have a full appreciation of the strug- gle made by the immigrant to overcome the obstacles which fill his early life in America is it thoroughly under- stood that violations of our laws and ordinances are more often the result of ignorance or misunderstanding on the part of the transgressor than any desire of his to break the laws of the country in which he has chosen to seek a home. And it is the earnest belief of those who have a most intimate knowledge of these strangers in our land that it is the hope and wish of the vast majority of them to fit themselves to become worthy citizens of their new home. To overcome some of the difficulties and embarrass- ments by which the early life of the immigrant in America is beset, it is essential that he be made to understand, as soon as possible, something of the customs and institutions which govern life in America. This cannot be done suddenly ; for, of course, before he 7 8 INTRODUCTION can be made to understand anything of the laws and cus- toms by which our country is governed he must under- stand something of the language of the country. He must be made to understand that the first duty he owes himself and his new homeland is to begin at once the study of English. Simultaneously with his first lessons in English he must be taught that right living leads to good citizenship. He must be made to realize that respect for others, and for the rights of others, as well as for himself is the first step in the right direction. He must be taught that care for his health and for his personal appearance are prime factors in promoting his self-respect and in gaining the respect of others. Personal observation during years of teaching English to foreigners in both day and evening schools has given the author a clear insight into the needs of these people. This book is the outgrowth of the experience gained with evening school pupils, and each lesson has been prac- tically tested, with satisfactory results. For immigrants who have a slight knowledge of English as well as for those who have acquired more proficiency in the use of the language, the book is designed, and it is its aim to give such assistance to the pupil as will enable him to understand his duty toward himself, toward his neighbor, and toward the country of his adoption. The lessons have been carefully planned and arranged to meet the aim of the book, and in helping the immigrant to understand his obligations to his country, his fellow- man, and himself, it is hoped that they will do much toward helping him to overcome some of the difficulties by which he finds himself embarrassed, and also to assist him in realizing his wish to become a happy individual as well as a good and useful citizen. INTRODUCTION 9 To carry out the design of the book the subjects have been arranged in logical order. Proceeding from the simple to the more difficult, the vocabulary employed includes such words as will meet the needs of the pupil as he gains power to use and compre- hend the lessons presented. In the first chapters, in lessons on the home, family, body, health, personal hygiene, etc., instruction is given on the value of self-respect, the necessity of respect for others, the advantage of good health, the great importance of personal cleanliness, care of clothing, selection of food, necessity of work, pure air, exercise, rest, etc., — and through these early lessons it is designed to help the im- migrant physically, mentally, and morally on his way to good citizenship. When he has learned what constitutes the foundation of good citizenship, the immigrant must be taught that respect for the ordinances and laws of his city is an indis- pensable requirement. He should then be instructed in the fundamental laws which govern his city, and he should be taught something of the various departments of city government. With a view to inculcating civic pride, he should be impressed with the many advantages and benefits given by his city government. He should then be instructed on how the city cares for the health, property, and lives of its citizens. In a series of chapters on municipal government, the various departments and the duties of the officials who carry on the work of these departments, it is intended to furnish valuable lessons in the rudiments of civics. In succeeding chapters, lessons on state government, various important state officials and their respective duties are given with a view to a more extensive study of civics. 10 INTRODUCTION Lessons on the great advantages given by the United States government to its people are intended to bring be- fore the immigrant a full realization of the necessity of using every means offered by the government to fit him- self to merit and enjoy these advantages. The importance of employing all available time in learn- ing to speak, read, and write English is shown in lessons on education, the newspaper, public library, evening school, etc. While giving the pupil valuable information, it is hoped that the lessons on America, first settlers, etc., may culti- vate in him a wholesome curiosity to know more of the history of the country and more of the lives of the men who helped to make the country. The lessons on How America became the United States are given with the hope that they may instill in the mind of the pupil some idea of the high price paid for American freedom. To bring him to a better understanding of the meaning of American liberty, and to teach him that our true liberty is founded upon law and order, it is thought well to ac- quaint him with something of the character of the men who declared independence for America. While each lesson is intended as a preparation for cit- izenship, the closing chapters furnish a basis for special instruction on naturalization, how to prepare for natural- ization, qualifications for admission to citizenship, etc. Throughout the book, from beginning to end, while giv- ing the pupil practice in reading and power to use the English language, each chapter is intended to give him useful information as well as to convey to him a lesson of moral value, which it is hoped will guide him in safety and happiness along the pathway to good citizenship. MARY F. SHARPE. CONTENTS LESSON PAGE 1. The Family 15 2. The Home 17 3. My Body 21 4. Good Health ........ 22 5. Food 24 6. Rest 26 7. Exercise 28 8. Personal Cleanliness . . . . . 30 9. Sleep 35 10. Be Strong Procter 38 11. The Immigrant's Story 39 12. A Promise to a Friend 42 13. My Letter 43 14. My Letter {Continued) 45 15. A Foreign-born Citizen's Story ... 47 16. A Stranger in America 50 17. America Smith 53 18. Work in a Factory . . . . . .55 19. Law and Government . . . .59 20. City Government 62 21. The Charter ...... 64 22. Three Main Departments . 67 23. The Mayor 70 24. Various Departments . . . .72 25. Judicial Department . . . .75 li 12 CONTENTS LESSON PAGE 26. Police Protection 77 27. Duties of Police Officers .... 79 28. Fire Protection 83 29. Fire Precaution .85 30. City Health Department . . . .88 31. Health Inspectors 89 32. Food Inspection 92 33. Street Cleaning 94 34. City Taxes 98 35. A Visit to a Public Market . . .101 36. Hospitals . . . . . . . .104 37. Playgrounds . . . . . . . 108 38. At the Shoe Store Ill 39. One by One Procter 115 40. State Government — The Constitution . 117 41. Legislative Department .... 121 42. The Chief Executive Officer . . 124 43. Important Executive Officers . . 126 44. Judicial Department . . . .129 45. Courts and Judges . . . . 131 46. Education 133 47. Evening Schools 137 48. The Public Library 140 49. The Newspaper 144 50. The Builders .... Longfellow 147 51. A Visit to a Department Store . . .149 52. The United States 154 53. First Settlers in America . . . .156 54. How America became the United States . 160 CONTENTS 13 55. Why the Constitution was Needed 56. Our First President 57. Two Signers of the Declaration 58. A Framer of the Constitution 59. The American Flag . 60. The National Government 61. Congress 62. The President . 63. United States Cabinet 64. Judicial Department 65. United States Postal Service 66. Advice to Immigrants 67. How the Government Protects its Citizens 68. Whom does the Government Protect? 69. What Citizens are entitled to . 70. Duties of American Citizens 71. The Rights and Duties of Aliens 72. Naturalization . . . 73. The Declaration of Intention . 74. Preparation for Naturalization . 75. Can All Aliens become Citizens? 76. Aliens who are Denied Citizenship 77. how to apply for first papers . 78. Proof of Arrival in America 79. Full Naturalization 80. Votes and Voters .... 81. How Voters helped to save the Union 164 166 170 174 177 181 183 185 188 191 193 197 199 201 203 205 208 209 211 214 216 217 219 223 229 231 234 A Family PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 1 The Family parents man children husband father woman boy wife mother male girl brother papa female son sister mamma child daughter baby The family is made up of husband, wife, and children. The husband is a man and is the father of the children. The wife is a woman and is the mother of the children. The father and mother are the parents. In some families there are only the father, mother, and one child. Many families are larger and are made up of parents and several children, boys and girls. 15 16 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The male children, or boys, are called sons. The female children, or girls, are called daughters. The boys are the brothers; the girls are the sisters. A good father is ever watchful of his wife and children. The good father provides a home for his family, and he tries to keep them from harm. The father works every day and earns money with which to support his family. A good mother loves her husband and children. She takes good care of her family and does the work in the home. The mother does the cleaning, cooking, washing, sewing, and baking for the family. Sometimes when sickness or death comes to the husband, the wife has to work outside of the home in order to earn the money needed for the support of the family. Besides the members of our own family there are other persons whom we call our relatives or kinsfolk. Some families have many relatives, others have but few. THE HOME grandfather grandmother grandson granddaughter father-in-law mother-in-law son-in-law daughter-in-law brother-in-law sister-in-law uncle aunt nephew niece cousin cousin LESSON 2 The Home 17 tidy welfare dwelling property- pleasant obey citizenship honor healthful respect instruct trained clean respectable truthful playmates orderly healthy justice surroundings The home is the dwelling place of the family. To keep a family well, healthy, and happy, the home must be kept in a healthful, pleasant, and happy condition. To have a healthful, pleasant home, the house must be kept clean and orderly. To have a clean and orderly house, the children 18 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS must be taught to keep themselves and their sur- roundings clean and tidy. To have a happy home the family should love one another, and do all in their power to help one another. The best and happiest kind of home is the one in which there is good government, love, respect, and obedience. The children in the home should be trained THE HOME 19 to respect and obey their parents, and to be kind to their brothers, sisters, and playmates. Parents should teach their children to respect their neighbors and their neighbors' property. To have a happy and pleasant home the chil- dren should be taught to be respectful, obedient, and kind. There are also other reasons why they should be so taught. For the welfare of the child, and for the sake of justice to others, each child in the family should be taught to be respectful, obedient, kind, and truthful. It is in the home that the first lessons in good citizenship should be learned. Careful training received from the good father and mother will not only help to keep the family happy, but it will prepare the boys and girls in the family to become good, respectable citizens. The boys and girls who are taught to be orderly, truthful and kind, obedient and respectful to parents and teachers, to have respect for their neighbors and their neighbors' property, will in time become good citizens, an honor to them- selves and to their parents. PLAIN FACTS 2 20 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS EYELIDS EAR CHEEK .FOREHEAD .EYEBROWS ' [ NOSE ...LIPS ■ CHIN 5HOUL0E MY BODY 21 LESSON 3 My Body flesh lungs eyelids throat trunk bones heart contains stomach liver eyebrows connects unites attached cavity important abdomen forehead highest intestines My body is made up of flesh and bones. The highest part of my body is my head. My face is a part of my head. My face contains my forehead, ears, eyes, eyebrows, eyelids, nose, lips, cheeks, and chin. The part just below my head is my neck. My neck unites my head and my trunk. The front of my neck* is called my throat. The largest part of my body is my trunk. My shoulders and chest are on the upper part of my trunk. The cavity within my chest contains my lungs and my heart. The lower part of my trunk is named the abdomen. The cavity within my abdomen contains my liver, stomach, intestines, and other parts. 22 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS I have a pair of arms ; each arm has an elbow and a wrist. Each wrist unites a forearm and a hand. I have a right and a left hand; each hand has four fingers and a thumb. I have two legs, each of which has a thigh, a knee, and an ankle. My legs support my; body, and are attached to the lower part of my trunk. I have a right and a left foot, each foot has a heel, a sole, and five toes. My ankles unite my feet and my legs. My body is made up of many parts, and each part of my body has important work to do. LESSON 4 Good Health depends successfully build soundly succeed nourished hope mind vigorous fatigued exercise cheerful power enjoy sound wholesome If I would have a strong body, I must have good health. GOOD HEALTH 23 My health depends upon the care I give my body. To have good health I must take good care of my body. If my health is good, I am well. To be able to care for myself I must be well. To be of use to others my health must be good. I must have good health if I would enjoy life. If I would help others enjoy life, I must have good health. To do my work successfully I must be in good health. My health must be good if I would help others succeed. To be well and strong my body must be well nourished. To have a well-nourished body I must eat plenty of wholesome food. To build up and keep a strong body I must : — Have plenty of exercise. Rest when I am fatigued. Sleep soundly at night. Work, exercise, and sleep in fresh air. Keep my body and my mind clean. Be cheerful and help others to be cheerful. 24 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 5 Food nourishing decayed vegetables stale strengthening cooked eaten spoils excellent unripe cereal wilted properly unwholesome regularly necessary ripe baked chewed condition To be strong our bodies must be well nourished. Wholesome food nourishes the body. Good meat, fresh eggs, good butter, and pure milk are nourishing food. Fresh fish is excellent food. FOOD 25 If we eat fish, we must be sure that it is fresh. Vegetables, when fresh and ripe, are good food. Wilted or decayed vegetables should never be eaten. Fresh, ripe fruit is wholesome food. Decayed fruit and unripe fruit are both unwhole- some and should not be eaten. Rice, corn meal, barley, oatmeal, and wheat are called cereals. They are very wholesome food when properly cooked. Well-baked bread is very nourishing food. All foods, to be wholesome, must be cooked in the proper way. Improper cooking spoils the most wholesome food and makes it unwholesome. Drink is as necessary as food, if we would keep our bodies in a healthy condition. Pure water and pure milk are the best drinks for young or old. We must drink plenty of water every day, if we would keep well. Clean, fresh, pure milk is a very nourishing drink, and is good for babies, children, old persons, and everybody. 26 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS To have our food do us good we must eat enough, but not too much. We must eat our meals regularly. Our meals must be eaten slowly and our food must be chewed well. LESSON 6 Rest muscles tired rested ill continually nerves studying change wearing study unable rest repaired awhile need know exhausted ample labor completely Our bodies are continually wearing out, and if we would enjoy good health, we must give them ample time to be repaired. If we labor all the time, we soon become tired. When our nerves and muscles become tired, they need to be rested. If we study all the time, we soon become tired. When our eyes and heads become fatigued from studying, we need to rest them for a while. Some persons work so long and so hard, taking no rest, that they become completely exhausted. REST 27 If one becomes exhausted from overwork, he is likely to become ill and be unable to work at all. It is better to take enough rest each day and keep well than to work too long and become ill. Sometimes a change of work will rest us. Sometimes we have worked too long and are too tired for a change of work to rest us. If we would have our rest do us good, we must learn how and when to rest. When one is tired of sitting, it is a good plan to stand or walk awhile. When one has become tired of walking or stand- ing, it is a good plan to sit awhile. When one is tired of reading or studying, it is well to do some work with the hands. We all know that we must work to live. We should learn also that we must have plenty of rest if we would live to do our work well. Restful Recreation. 28 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 7 * Exercise air overdone s harmful recreation free football appetite beneficial regular baseball afterwards moderately quickly games circulation swimming duties skating rowing vigorously Without healthful exercise our bodies cannot be strong and well. Exercise, to be healthful, must be taken in fresh air. Exercise must also be taken moderately and j regularly. To exercise moderately means i NDOOR exercise. that we must not exercise too long or too hard. To exercise too vigorously or for too long a time is as harmful as not to exercise enough. We should exercise regularly. It is not well to exercise for a few days and then to go several days without any exercise. EXERCISE 29 Time should be taken each day for regular exer- cise in the fresh air. Good exercise in fresh air makes the muscles stronger. To keep the blood in free circulation one must have plenty of healthful exercise. *>! Outdoor Games. Exercising in fresh air will give one a good appetite. When a person has a good appetite, he enjoys his food, and his food does him good. Walking in the fresh air is wholesome exercise. If our shop is not too far from our home, it is better to walk than to take a car to our work. Skating is excellent exercise, but one must be careful not to cool off too quickly afterwards. 30 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Swimming and rowing are very pleasant rec- reations as well as being excellent forms of exercise. Baseball, football, and basket ball are good games for giving those who play them whole- some exercise. There are many ways of getting wholesome exer- cise while we are busy about our everyday duties. We may turn our work about our homes and yards into healthful exercise, but we should re- member that our exercises, to be beneficial, must not be overdone. "A healthfully active mind makes the body health- ful." — Spalding. LESSON 8 Personal Cleanliness comfortable ourselves frequent refreshes unless ache neatly unsound bathe thoroughly appearance particular shampoo constantly perspire waste associated frequently occasional perspiration An unclean body cannot be a healthy body. An unclean body cannot be a comfortable body. PERSONAL CLEANLINESS 31 To be healthy, comfortable, and able to do our work well our bodies must be kept clean. To be respected by others and to have respect for ourselves we must keep our bodies clean. Frequent bathing helps to keep the body clean. In the Bathroom. Bathing not only helps to keep the body clean and healthy, but it refreshes and makes the body more comfortable. When we are very tired, a good bath helps to rest us. Our bodies are constantly throwing off waste matter. 32 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS This waste matter is called perspiration. When we exercise freely, our bodies perspire freely. When our bodies become heated by any exer- tion, we perspire freely. The perspiration passes off through the skin. If we would keep the skin clean, it is very neces- sary to bathe frequently. For the Teeth. Plenty of good soap, water, and clean towels are necessary when one takes a bath. To be well and to look well we must not only keep the skin clean, but we must keep the teeth, hair, and finger nails clean. If our food is to do us good, we must chew it well. PERSONAL CLEANLINESS 33 We cannot chew our food well if our teeth are unsound. We cannot look well if our teeth are dirty or decayed. We cannot be comfortable if our teeth ache. Good sound teeth are very necessary to good health, good looks, and comfort. No person can have good sound teeth unless he keeps them clean. To keep the teeth clean one must brush them thoroughly and regularly. To keep the teeth clean they should be well brushed every night and morning. If possible, we should brush our teeth after each meal. To present a neat and tidy appearance one must be particular about the condition of his hair. An occasional shampoo with a thorough comb- ing and brushing two or three times a day will keep the hair in good condition. Every person should be careful about his finger nails if he would have his hands look good. The finger nails should be trimmed neatly ; and 34 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS every one should avoid the habit of biting his finger nails. Biting the finger nails is an unclean habit. It also spoils the looks of the fingers. Brushing and cleaning the finger nails several times a day will keep them in good condition. For the Nails. We have learned that to be healthy we must have clean bodies; we must also remember that clean clothing is necessary to our good health and comfort. Let us remember that clean clothing not only adds to our personal comfort, but by helping us to make a good appearance it does much toward gaining for us the respect of those with whom we are associated. " Cleanliness is next to godliness/ ' SLEEP 35 LESSON 9 Sleep fagged meant require pure brains top deprived extra necessary bottom breathe grown suffer aired weakens loss As we must have nourishing food and healthful exercise to make the body strong, we must have sleep to keep the body strong. If we want our bodies and our brains to be well and to keep well, we must have enough sleep. As sleep is just as necessary to good health as food is, so to do us good and keep us in good health our sleep must be refreshing. What is meant by refreshing sleep ? Sound sleep rests and refreshes the body. To sleep soundly and well we must not be too tired when we go to bed. If we wish to sleep soundly and well, we must not eat or drink just before going to bed. To enjoy sound sleep we should have a com- fortable bed. PLAIN FACTS — 3 36 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS A bed, to be comfortable, must be clean and warm. To sleep comfortably our night clothes should be clean and well aired. Fresh Air while Sleeping. If we breathe bad air while we are sleeping, our sleep will do us no good. Sleeping in bad air weakens the body, while sleeping in pure air refreshes the body. If we would be well and strong, we must breathe fresh air all the time we are asleep. SLEEP 37 How can we breathe fresh air all the time we are sleeping ? To have fresh air coming into our bedrooms all the time we are sleeping, we must keep our bedroom windows open a little at the top and bottom to have a circulation of fresh air in the room. How much sleep do we require? Full-grown men and women need to sleep about eight hours in every twenty-four hours, while children require more than eight hours' sleep. Can anything take the place of sleep, or make up for the loss of sleep ? Sleep is so important to health that nothing' can take its place. When we are deprived of sleep for a time, we must make up for its loss by taking extra sleep or our bodies and brains will become fagged and we will suffer in health of body and mind. If we eat enough good food, drink plenty of pure water, rest when we are tired, sleep soundly at night, breathe plenty of fresh air, take enough healthful exercise, keep our bodies and our minds clean, we may hope to be well, strong, and happy. 38 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 10 Be Strong Be strong to hope, Heart ! Though day is bright, The stars can only shine In the dark night. Be strong, Heart of mine, Look towards the light ! Be strong to bear, Heart ! Nothing is vain ; Strive not, for life is care, And God sends pain ; Heaven is above, and there Rest will remain ! Be strong to love, Heart ! Love knows not wrong ; Didst thou love creatures even Life were not long ; Didst thou love God in heaven Thou wouldst be strong. — Adelaide A. Procter. THE IMMIGRANT'S STORY 39 LESSON 11 The Immigrant's Story ocean faster countries country longer during lonesome journey strangers violent luck miles foreign search cheer shore crossed ago travel passengers A Large Steamship. Not long ago we were all strangers in a strange land. We had come here from foreign countries. We had been living on the other side of the ocean. Our homes were many, many miles from here. 40 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS When we left our homes, we crossed the ocean in large steamships. Some steamships travel faster than others, so some of us were on the ocean longer than others. Some of us had fine weather during our trip; others were made very ill by violent storms while on the ocean. On the steamships with us were many men, women, and children. Men who had left wives and children at home were coming to America to make new homes for their families. Some families were coming to America to meet fathers and brothers who had been living some years in this country. Wives were crossing the ocean to meet husbands who had left their old homes many years before in search of work in America. We all knew we were coming to a good country, but some of us were very lonesome on account of the homes and friends that we had left behind. As we were about to leave, many people came to our sailing port to say good-by to us, and to wish us godspeed and good luck in our new home. THE IMMIGRANT'S STORY 41 After we had been a few days on the ocean many of us wished we had not started, and we wanted to go back. But, of course, no one could go back at that time. As the days passed we became more and more lonesome. Some of the passengers on the steamship had been to America, and they tried to cheer us by telling us many good things about the country to which we were going. The many good things that they told us about America helped to cheer us. When, at last, the long journey came to an end and we saw the shores of America, we forgot to be lonesome. Now we are glad we came to this country. We all like America, and we want to learn to live here as good Americans should. "Firm, united, let us be ! Rallying round our liberty, As a band of brothers joined, Peace and safety we shall find." 42 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 12 A Promise to a Friend anxious follow requested ■ voyage friends account arrival native trip impressions employment promised success experiences early left When I came to this country, I left many friends in my old home. Some of my friends wanted to come to America, and said they would follow me soon. One friend was very anxious to follow me to this country, but said he wanted to learn more about America before leaving his native land. My friend requested me to write to him and tell him how I liked America. I promised to write to my friend and tell him all about my ocean voyage and all about my arrival in this country. I promised to write about my first impressions of America. I promised to tell my friend of my success in finding work to do and of my experience during my early days in my new home. MY LETTER 43 LESSON 13 My Letter immigrate eager industrious finished authorities undesirable examined unfit admitted unfortunate welcome acquaintances honest compel willing pitiable desirable opportunity unwelcome port I did not write my friend immediately after my arrival in New York city. I waited until I had learned something about life and work in America. I then wrote a long letter to my friend. I told him of my ocean voyage and of my arrival in port. I wrote an account of what I saw at Ellis Island, where immigrants are detained for ex- amination. I wrote of the very rigid examination given immigrants by the examiners at Ellis Island. I told my friend what kind of immigrants are welcome, and what class of immigrants are un- welcome in the United States. I wrote of the many undesirable foreigners who 44 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS immigrate to America and who are not allowed to land in this country. My letter told of the unfortunate and pitiable condition of many persons whom the United States Examination at Ellis Island. immigration authorities compel to return to their native countries because they are unfit to be ad- mitted to the United States. I told my friend about the opportunities await- ing honest, industrious immigrants who are will- MY LETTER 45 ing to work and eager to become good American citizens. I wrote of how the United States government welcomes all immigrants who can show that they will become desirable citizens. I asked my friend to tell his friends and acquaint- ances of all I had written about America. LESSON 14 My Letter (Continued) deposited appointed address stamp sealed envelope relatives waiting postage finished folded front corner right left collected post office sorted postmarked carriers When my letter was finished, I folded it and put it in an envelope. I sealed the envelope and wrote the name and address of my friend upon the front of it. I put a postage stamp in the upper right-hand corner of the envelope. I wrote my own name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the envelope. 46 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS I deposited my letter in a mail box. At the appointed time the postman came down the street and collected the mail. My letter was taken with other letters to the post office. At the post office the letters were assorted and postmarked. Some of the letters were then sent by letter carriers to per- sons living in my city. Some of the letters were taken by train to other cities in this country. My letter was sent with other letters to an ocean steamship. The steamship crossed the ocean and carried our letters to foreign countries. The Mail Box. A FOREIGN-BORN CITIZEN'S STORY 47 My letter was one of the many hundreds of letters which are sent every day to people in Europe who are anxiously waiting to hear good news from their friends in America. LESSON 15 A FOREIGN-BORN Citizen's Story lonely realize satisfied struggle effort deeds protection deserving successful succeeded rewarded correct correctly advice difficulty advised knowledge express unable profitable When I came to America, I seemed all alone in a strange country. I saw strange faces everywhere. Everywhere I heard a strange language spoken. For a while I was very lonely. One day I met some friends who had been my neighbors in my old home. They told me of their helplessness when they arrived in this country. They told of the difficulty they had in finding work because they were unable to speak or under- stand English. 48 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS They told me of their determination to help themselves by learning the language of the country. They told of the effort they had made and how well they had succeeded. My friends advised me to do as they had done and they knew I would be successful. Reading the Newspaper. My friends' advice to me was to make my home with American people, to attend an evening school, and to begin at once the study of English. I found board in a family where no language but English was spoken. A FOREIGN-BORN CITIZEN'S STORY 49 I entered an evening school and attended it regularly. I spent a certain time each evening reading a newspaper printed in English. My American friends and acquaintances were ever ready and willing to tell me the meaning of words, to correct my mistakes, and to help me to express myself correctly. When I could understand and speak English, I had no trouble in obtaining work at my trade. Although my knowledge of the English language had helped me find profitable employment I was not satisfied. I wanted to know the history of the country which gives home and protection to all deserving persons who come to it. I began the study of United States history. I read of the noble lives and brave deeds of the men and women who had helped to make United States history. As I read of the lives and deeds of these brave men and women I wanted to become a citizen of the country they helped to make and save. In due time I became an American citizen, and 50 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS I realize now that my early struggle in niy new home was well rewarded. I am proud to be an American citizen, and I hope ever to be known as a good American citizen. "We are what, by the grace of God, our own wills make us." — Spalding. LESSON 16 A Stranger in America acquainted dearly independence law meaning won heard cease brave freedom interfere speech lives pledge fought "I am a stranger in this country. " I have not been long here. " I want to become acquainted with American life and law." "Where did you come from?" "I came from a foreign country. "My home was in England." "Why did you come to America?" "I heard America called the land of freedom, A STRANGER IN AMERICA 51 so I thought it must be a good country in which to live." "Yes, America is a good country to live in for those who understand the meaning of American freedom and liberty." "What does Ameri- can freedom mean?" " American freedom means that in America every one is free to speak and act so long as his speech and acts do not interfere with the rights of others/' "What do you mean by 'rights of others' ?" "The United States government gives to its people, — every man, woman, and child, — certain rights, and the law says that these rights must be respected." "Does the right to freedom in America ever cease?" Statue of Liberty. PLAIN FACTS 52 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "Yes, the right to freedom ceases when one in- terferes with the freedom or liberty of others/ ' "What does American liberty mean?" "American liberty is the liberty of law and order, and means liberty for all who obey the laws of the country." "Who makes the laws in America?" " Citizens of the United States make the nation's laws, and if these laws are respected and obeyed, peace and safety, freedom and liberty are to be found in our country." "Why do Americans love their country so well ?" "Americans love their country because they know that American independence was won by brave men who fought and gave up their lives for it." "Why do Americans love their flag so dearly? " "Americans love their flag because they know that the American flag stands for justice and truth and is a pledge of freedom and liberty to all." Thy one business is thy conduct; learn to behave rightly, and whatever is needful or useful shall be thine. — Spalding. MY COUNTRY 53 Coat of Arms of United States. LESSON 17 America My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, Of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, Land of the pilgrims' pride, From every mountain side Let freedom ring ! 54 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS My native country ! Thee — Land of the noble free, — Thy name I love ; I love thy rocks and rills, Thy woods and templed hills ; My heart with rapture thrills Like that above. Let music swell the breeze, And ring from all the trees Sweet freedom's song. Let mortal tongues awake ; Let all that breathe partake; Let rocks their silence break, - The sound prolong. Our fathers' God, to Thee, Author of liberty, To Thee we sing ; Long may our land be bright With freedom's holy light ; Protect us by Thy might, Great God, our King ! WORK IN A FACTORY 55 LESSON 18 Work in a Factory employed hiring employ charge factory discharges forbids firm occupied superintendent department hires employing daytime piecework hour inspectors begin quit intermission foremen noon leave o'clock Two men were talking one day, and this is what they said about their work. "Are you employed during the day or do you work at night ?" "I am employed in the daytime." "Where do you work?" " I work in a shoe factory." "At what time do you go to work ?" " I leave my home at half -past seven in the morn- ing, and I begin my work at eight o'clock." "At what time do you come home?" "I quit my work at five o'clock and I reach my home in about half an hour from the time I leave the shop." 56 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "Are you occupied all the time you are at the factory ?" "We have one hour's intermission at noon." 1^ v«« C? r '-\ J I Registering the Time we arrive at the Factory. "Are there many employed in the factory where you work?" "Oh, yes, there are a great many persons em- ployed there." "Do they all work by the week ?" "No, some work by the hour, some by the week ; others do piecework." "Does the firm you work for employ boys and girls?" WORK IN A FACTORY 57 "Yes, they employ girls and boys over fourteen years of age." "Why do they not employ children under that age?" "Because the law forbids the employing of children under fourteen years of age, and there are labor inspectors who visit factories to see that the law is obeyed." "Who has charge of the factory where you work?" "There is a superintendent at the head of the factory and a foreman at the head of each depart- ment." "Who hires and discharges the help?" "The hiring of help is done by both superinten- dent and foreman. There are not many dis- charged from the factory." "How is it that all keep their places so well ?" "We are always on time at our work. We do our work well. We waste no time, and we are respectful to our superintendent and foremen." "Do all who work in your shop have good health?" 58 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "We all try to keep well. " We know that if we want to do good work, we must have good health." "Do you have plenty of fresh air in your work- rooms?" "Oh, yes. We try to have fresh air in our shops all day. "We know we cannot keep well unless we have plenty of fresh air all the time in our shops and in our homes." "How do you get fresh air all the time in your shop and in your home ?" "We keep our shop windows open at the top all day. "We take a walk in the fresh air at noon-time, and at night we sleep with our bedroom windows open." " Land of lands ; to thee we give Our prayers, our hopes, our service free ; For thee thy sons shall nobly live, And at thy need shall die for thee." LAW AND GOVERNMENT 59 LESSON 19 Law and Government rule established certain power conduct taught civic control legal guidance enforcing chief village rightfully continued principal social government wise rightful What is law ? Law is a rule of conduct established by a person or persons having rightful or legal power to make such rules. Who has rightful or legal power to make laws ? Laws for the guidance of home and family are rightfully made by father and mother. In the home, where the first laws for the good government of the children should be made, the parents are the rightful law makers. In the home, where the first lessons in good citizenship should be taught, the parents are the rightful law makers. In the schools, where the good work begun in the home by the wise parents is continued, school 60 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS authorities have rightful power to make laws and rules for the guidance of the children in their care. In village, city, state, and nation the legal A Schoolroom. right to make laws is given by the people to certain bodies of law makers. What is government? Government is the exercising of authority. Government is control. Why is government needed ? Government is needed to enforce laws and rules for the good of home, social, business, and civic life. LAW AND GOVERNMENT 61 Where is government needed? Government is everywhere needed. In the home, school, shop, village, city, state, and nation government is needed. Where should good government begin ? Good government should begin in the home. Who is at the head of government in the family ? The father and mother are the chief rulers in the government of the family. How should the father and mother govern their children ? The good father and mother govern their children by enforcing the wise and just laws established for their welfare. Who take the place of parents in governing children ? In the schools principals and teachers take the place of the parents, and have rightful power to govern children in their charge. In village, city, state, and nation the people give to certain officers of government legal power to enforce laws made for the good government of the people. 62 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 20 City Government purpose inhabitants protect why secure success voting where prosperity according honest promote appreciating without use learned We have learned that government is control. We have learned why such control is needed. We have learned where control is needed. We see that it is the purpose of all government to secure order among people. We see that it is also the purpose of government to promote happiness, peace, and prosperity among people. We have learned that government is needed in every state, city, town, and village. Every village, town, city, and state must have its own lawmakers and its own laws if it would have good government. If the inhabitants of a city, town, or village would enjoy happiness and success, they must live according to law and order. CITY GOVERNMENT 63 Without law and order how can there be good government ? Without good government how can there be peace and prosperity among citizens ? We see the need of law and order. To protect citizens in their right to property we know there must be law. There must be law to protect citizens in their right to life and health. The health, comfort, happiness, and life of citi- zens depend upon good city laws and good govern- ment to enforce the laws. Can citizens help in the good government of a city? In what way can citizens help to govern their city? All citizens can help in the good government of a city : — By voting for good, honest, and intelligent men to help make city laws. By respecting and obeying all laws made by city lawmakers. By appreciating and making good use of the opportunities given them by city government. 64 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 21 City Government (Continued) Charter fundamental foundation constitution direction regulation chosen legislature ordinances incorporated granted imposed document defines boundaries prescribe interprets importance increases population convenience agree In all government there must be fundamental laws for the guidance of the people. The fundamental laws are the foundations for all other laws. The Constitution of the United States contains the fundamental laws for the guidance of the nation. In state government the state constitution contains the fundamental laws for the direction of the lawmakers and the people of the state. What is the fundamental law for the regulation of city government ? CITY GOVERNMENT 65 By what authority are city laws made and city lawmakers chosen ? The state legislature gives the city the right to make laws, rules, and ordinances for city govern- ment. When a city is incorporated, its powers and duties are set forth by the state legislature. The powers and duties granted and imposed by the state legislature are found in the city charter. The city charter is a written document contain- ing the fundamental rules established for the government of the city. The state grants the city its charter. The charter defines the boundaries of a city. The charter prescribes what officers a city shall have. It interprets the powers and duties of these officers. The charter does not contain all the rules for the direction of city government. As the city grows in importance and increases in population, many new laws become necessary and many officers are required to enforce these laws. 66 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The charter gives the city law makers power to pass all city laws and ordinances needed for the good government, health, safety, and con- venience of the inhabitants. As the city charter must agree with the state constitution, the laws made by the city law makers must agree with the city charter. When changes are needed in the charter of a city, they are made through the state legislature. The charter of a city cannot be changed with- out the consent of the state legislature. There are many large cities in America. Here are the names of a few of the largest : — New York Chicago Philadelphia St. Louis Boston Cleveland Baltimore Pittsburgh Detroit Buffalo San Francisco Los Angeles Cincinnati Newark, N. J. Milwaukee Washington New Orleans Minneapolis Seattle Jersey City Kansas City Portland, Ore. Indianapolis Denver CITY GOVERNMENT 67 A City Hall. LESSON 22 City Government (Continued) Three Main Departments branches entire legislative judicial various main executive enacts aldermen include council adjusted elected voters administers divided There are many laws needed for the government of a city. So if all the city laws are properly enforced, there must be many branches of government. PLAIN FACTS 5 68 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS While there are various branches of city govern- ment, the work of governing the city is divided into three main departments. These three main departments include all other departments and branches of city government. Through these three principal departments the entire work of governing the city is carried on. The three principal departments of city govern- ment are the legislative department, the execu- tive department, and the judicial department. What is the work of the legislative department ? The legislative is the lawmaking department of city government. The legislative department makes and enacts city laws and ordinances. Who belong to the legislative department of city government ? Members of the city council are the city law- makers, and belong to the legislative branch of government. The city council is made up of city aldermen. The city lawmakers are elected by the voters of the city. CITY GOVERNMENT 69 Laws made by the city lawmakers are enforced by the executive branch of city government. Through the executive department of govern- ment all city laws and ordinances are enforced. We have learned of the duties of two main departments of city government. Let us try to learn something of the third department of government. The third main department of city government is called the judicial department. The judicial department administers the laws of a city. The judicial department of city government is composed of judges and courts. Through the judicial department legal matters of city government are adjusted. City laws are made by the city lawmakers for the protection of all the people. So all the people must obey the law. Laws are enforced by the executive department of government for the good of all the people. So all the people should help the executive department to see that all laws are enforced. As all laws are made to be obeyed, when city 70 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS laws are broken, those who break the law may be arrested. When lawbreakers are arrested, they are brought before the court, and the judge of the court ad- ministers the law. LESSON 23 City Government (Continued) The Mayor magistrate enforcement just mainly equal officer general privilege council vote interested honest voters elected department duty enjoy chief various important citizens Each of the various branches of city govern- ment must have its chief officer. Each of the three main departments of gov- ernment must have its chief officer. It is the duty of each chief officer of govern- ment to carry out the laws and rules of his depart- ment. CITY GOVERNMENT 71 At the head of all departments of city govern- ment is one chief officer. The mayor of a city is the chief magistrate. The mayor is elected by the voters of the city. The mayor's duties are mainly executive. What are the mayor's duties? It is the mayor's duty to see to the general enforcement of city laws and ordinances. We have learned that the lawmaking depart- ment of a city is the city council. The mayor is at the head of the city council. It is one of the mayor's most important duties to see that only good and just laws are passed by the city council. All citizens have equal rights to enjoy the privileges given them by law. So all city laws should be made and enforced with equal justice to all. As all citizens have equal rights to privileges given by law, all citizens should be interested in electing a good and honest man for mayor of the city. Citizens should vote for the man who will see 72 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS that only good, wise, and just laws are made by the city lawmakers. Citizens should vote for the man who will see that all good, wise, and just laws are enforced. "A man's worth is measured by his usefulness." — Spalding. LESSON 24 City Government (Continued) Various Departments unsafe relating aid charity special disorder crime provide unfortunate prevent public officials furnishes instruction needy construction assist perform education disturbance We know that in a well-governed city there must be several departments of city government. We have learned that each department has its own special duties. We have learned that each department has its own special officials to perform these duties. The peace, health, comfort, and safety of citizens should be the main object of city government. CITY GOVERNMENT 73 Who looks after the public health of citizens ? Rules and regulations relating to public health are made by the city health board. How does the city protect the lives and safety of its citizens ? Officials of the police department look after the safety and lives of citizens by trying to prevent crime, disturbance, and disorder. Members of the city fire depart- ment work to pro- tect the lives and property of citizens. Can a dirty city be a healthful or comfortable city? We know that to be healthful a city must be kept clean. The city street department provides for the cleaning of city streets. Can citizens enjoy prosperity if the city govern- ment does not provide schools for the boys and girls ? Street Cleaner at Work. 74 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS How is education provided for citizens ? The public schools provide education for the boys, girls, men, and women of the city. The schools are under the direction of the department of public instruction. What is done for the sick, poor, and unfortunate men and women in cities ? The commissioner of public charity furnishes protection and aid to the unfortunate and needy. Orphan children and people who are unable to care for themselves are looked after by the com- missioner of public charity. Are the lives of citizens safe if people are allowed to build unsafe buildings in a city ? It is the duty of the building department of city government to look after the construction of city buildings. It is the duty of the building department to see that no unsafe building is constructed in, the city. The fire marshal and his assistants are officials of the city building department. So we see that the great work of governing a city is divided into many departments. CITY GOVERNMENT 75 We see that the officials of each department have many important duties to perform. If citizens would assist the officials of each city department to enforce the laws and rules of that department, we would all enjoy the order, peace, and prosperity to be found in a well-governed city. LESSON 25 City Government (Continued) i Judicial Department composed trial wills surrogate belongs jury decide lawsuit municipal courts decision estates grades opinion judges verdict civil probate attorney deceased We have already learned that the judicial de- partment of city government is composed mainly of courts and judges. We have learned something of the duties of the judicial department of government. We must now learn more of the duties which make up the work of judges and other members of this department. 76 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS As there are many laws needed for the gov- ernment of a city, it is necessary that there be some one in city government to interpret city laws. Each city must have its city attorney to in- terpret city laws. How does the city attorney interpret the laws ? The city attorney gives his opinion on legal matters brought before him by the different branches of city government. The city attorney belongs to the judicial de- partment of city government. In the city's judicial department of govern- ment there are county courts, municipal courts, probate or surrogate courts, and several other grades of court. In each court the judge is the presiding officer. Many lawsuits and civil cases are brought before the municipal court for settlement. The police justice tries the cases of some law- breakers who are brought before him. These cases are tried in police court. Some lawbreakers are brought to trial before higher courts. POLICE PROTECTION 77 Probate or surrogate courts take care of the wills and settlement of the estates of deceased persons. In some courts cases are tried before judge and jury. In some courts the judge alone tries the case. When cases are tried before judge and jury, the jury decides the case and renders a verdict. In other courts the decision is given by the judge. LESSON 26 Police Protection danger reputation law-abiding arrest vicious endeavors suppress guilty wicked disorderly lawless quiet guarded willful dishonest justice rob recreation deprive guard Not all persons who live in cities are law-abiding citizens. In all places where many people live the peace, lives, and property of the inhabitants are in danger from disorderly and vicious persons. 78 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS In cities there is great need for police protection. There are disorderly and lawless persons who would rob others of peace and quiet. There are dishonest persons who would rob people of their money and property. , There are wicked and willful persons who would rob persons of their lives. There are vicious persons who would rob per- sons of their good reputa- tion. City government pro- vides for the protection of its people from persons who would willfully de- prive them of peace, prop- erty, and the enjoyment of life. So that people may go in safety to and from work it is necessary that their safety be guarded. So that people may go in safety to wherever business or recreation may call them, it is neces- sary that their safety be guarded. To guard the safety of its inhabitants it is A Mounted Policeman. DUTIES OF POLICE OFFICERS 79 necessary that the city be under police protection every hour of the day and night. Through the city police department city govern- ment endeavors to prevent crime, suppress dis- order, arrest lawbreakers, and bring guilty per- sons to justice. LESSON 27 Duties of Police Officers obstructing fine injured accused patrol vehicles committed warrants punished thoroughfare imprisonment detect speeding patrolmen investigate serve accident highway pedestrians offenders It is the duty of police officers to do all in their power to prevent persons from breaking the law. When laws are broken, it is the duty of the police- men to detect and arrest the lawbreakers. When warrants are issued for the arrest of law- breakers, the policemen serve the warrants upon the guilty persons. There are policemen whose duty it is to walk through the streets during all hours of the day and night. 80 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS These officers are called patrolmen. There are special officers appointed to patrol public parks and other places of recreation. When disorderly acts are committed in these rnrff-' 7 ' - Sf Sptgsl SB 1 ~ ^_ ^SfiBlll ^a Bj= igyfBillliilpgifll ISHHiBH 3fS=£«- ^^^^^^HBIJ|^I wKlpE -— r^f^S; =r-==J=: -— _— A Police Court. places, the offenders are arrested and punished by fine or imprisonment. There are traffic officers whose duty it is to regulate traffic. These officers enforce the laws against the speeding of automobiles and fast driving of horses through the city streets. DUTIES OP POLICE OFFICERS 81 The traffic officers also prevent vehicles and pedestrians from crowding and interfering with traffic in busy thoroughfares. In cases of accident in the street it is the duty , ft/ '' " mm Police Duties. of the policeman at hand to attend to the injured persons. When necessary, in such cases, it is the duty of the officer to call an ambulance and to keep curious persons from obstructing the highway. When an alarm of fire is sounded, policemen go to the scene of fire to keep order and to prevent people from interfering with the work of firemen. 82 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS There are special police officers whose duty it is to investigate cases of crime and to detect and arrest the persons who committed the crime. These special officers are called detectives. When these officers detect and arrest the per- sons accused of crime, it is their duty to bring them before the courts of justice for trial. It is unlawful to help guilty persons to escape arrest. It is unlawful to interfere with the work of any police officer. Any one who interferes with an officer while he is performing his duty may be arrested and pun- ished. It is the duty of all citizens to respect and obey all officers of the law. All citizens should assist in the enforcement of the law by doing nothing to interfere with an officer while in the discharge of his duty. "Let every man remember that to violate the laws is to trample on the blood of liberty/ ' — Abraham Lincoln. FIRE PROTECTION 83 LESSON 28 Fire Protection firemen readiness tillermen means performance disastrous lieutenant money risk aims pipemen brave constant engineers laddermen paid closely captains battalion causes Fire causes great destruction of property. Great loss of life is caused by fire. The danger of fire in any place is great. The danger of fire in closely built towns or cities is very great. Why is the danger of fire greater in towns or cities than in the open country? It is because of the many buildings and of the great number of people who live in them that fires in cities and towns are so disastrous. City government provides means for the pro- tection of the lives and property of its people from fire. How does the city aim to protect the lives and property of its citizens from fire ? PLAIN FACTS 84 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Through the city government hundreds of fire- , men are employed to protect lives and property of citizens. These firemen risk their own lives in the perform- 3 ance of duty. ~ x When are fire- / men ready to fight fire? The brave fire- men are on duty day and night. They are in constant readiness to fight fire and save life and property. The city fire department is made up of chief, bat- talion chiefs, captains, lieutenants, pipemen, drivers, tillermen, ladder- men, and engineers. The chief is at the head of the city fire depart- ment. Members of the city fire department are paid by the city with public money. Fireman Saving Lives. FIRE PRECAUTION 85 LESSON 29 Fire Precaution valuable location destroyed speed rubbish fatal raising escapes intelligence delay attic coolness rats carelessness alert mice quickness false warned cellars In all large cities many lives are lost and much valuable property destroyed by fire. Many of the most disastrous fires are caused by carelessness. Many persons are careless about leaving children alone in the home. Parents should never go away from home, leaving the little ones alone. Disastrous fires have been started by children playing with fire or matches while alone in the home. Children should be warned of the great danger of fire. Children should never be allowed to play with matches or to light fires. 86 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Every one should be careful of fire for his neigh- bor's sake as well as for his own sake. Cellars, attics, and fire escapes should be kept free from papers, rags, and rubbish. Matches should never be left where mice or rats can get at them. Every one should know how to act when a fire breaks out. To prevent delay and loss of life in case of fire doors leading to fire es- capes should never be locked. The location of fire escapes should be known. The location of fire alarm boxes should be known. When a fire is discovered, an alarm should be sent in at once. All fire alarms should be sent quietly without raising the cry of "Fire." Fire Escapes. FIRE PRECAUTION 87 Why should fire alarms be given quietly ? Because the cry of "Fire" may alarm people and cause a panic. Great loss of life has sometimes resulted because people have been frightened by the cry of, " Fire ! fire ! " Be sure there is a fire before sending in an alarm. Any one found guilty of sending a false alarm of fire may be severely punished by law. A false alarm is an alarm sent in when there is no fire. Let us remember that carelessness and ignorance has caused thousands of deaths and great destruc- tion of property by fire. Let us not forget that quickness and intelligence has helped to save many lives and much valuable property from fire. In case of fire, let us be ever alert and ready to act with coolness, speed, and good judgment. By so doing we may be the means of helping to prevent much of the suffering and desolation brought about by fire. 88 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 30 City Health Department association important laid obeyed keeping carefully disease neglects condition known assist does neglects prosperous would Does the city government do its duty if it neglects the health of its citizens ? Can a city be prosperous if its citizens are in bad health? The general welfare and prosperity of a city depends upon the good health of its inhabitants. It should be one of the chief duties of the city government to promote the welfare of the city by protecting the health of the inhabitants. In every city there is a department known as the board of health, health department, or health association. It is the duty of the city health board to keep the city healthful and to protect the citizens from disease. Members of the health board look after the CITY HEALTH DEPARTMENT 89 health of inhabitants by making and enforcing wise and necessary rules and regulations. It should be the duty of every citizen to assist the health department in the important work of keeping a clean city. It should be the duty of every citizen to assist in keeping a healthful city. The rules relating to public health, laid down by the health board, must be carefully obeyed if all citizens would help in the work of keeping a city in a healthful condition. LESSON 31 Health Inspectors inspector measles visitors fumigate accumulate tenement scarlet fever premises occupants report dirt quarantine contagious owners notified diphtheria recovery immediately allowed whooping cough In all cities it is the duty and aim of the health officers to keep the city in a sanitary condition. What does sanitary condition mean? A sanitary city is a clean city. 90 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS A sanitary city should -be a healthful city in which to live. How can the city health board know of the sanitary conditions of the city? There are men employed by the city health department, whose duty it is to inspect dwelling places and all other places where dirt may accumulate. The men sent out by the city health board are called health inspectors. When health inspectors find dwelling places or business places in an unclean condition, they report what they have found to the city health board. When the board of health receives a report of unclean condition of houses or premises, the owners or occupants are notified to clean up their places. The health officers of a city have many important duties to perform if they would keep a city free from disease. One of the most important duties of the health board is to prevent the spread of contagious disease. How can the spread of contagious disease be prevented ? HEALTH INSPECTORS 91 The health laws of a city say that all cases of contagious disease must be reported immediately to the health department. When a contagious disease is reported to the health department, they see that the house in which the disease is, is quarantined. When a place is put in quarantine, no visitors are allowed, and persons suffering from the disease are kept apart from others for a certain length of time. When a person recovers from a contagious dis- ease, officials of the health department fumigate all rooms occupied by the person while sick. Are visitors allowed before these rooms are fumigated ? Visitors are not allowed until permission has been given by the health authorities. Among the contagious diseases are : measles, scarlet fever, whooping cough, diphtheria, and smallpox. Each and every citizen should assist the depart- ment of health in enforcing the health laws of a city. They can do this by obeying all the rules of the department relating to contagious diseases. 92 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 32 Food Inspection against insisting presentable dust meat market offered sale pride germs uncovered exposed any one stale flies sold merchant himself unsanitary refusing storekeeper patronizing grocery store would once If we would protect ourselves against disease, we must keep healthy. If we would keep healthy, we must have plenty of good, wholesome food. By employing men whose duty it is to visit and inspect all places where food is offered for sale the health department of the city endeavors to prevent the sale of unwholesome food. These men visit grocery stores, meat markets, and all other places where the sale of food is carried on. The food inspectors try to see that only good meat, pure milk, fresh ripe fruits, and fresh ripe vegetables are placed on sale. Food that is left uncovered and exposed to FOOD INSPECTION 93 dust, germs, and flies is not fit to be eaten and should not be sold to any one. When the food inspectors find food for sale in unclean and unsanitary surroundings, they order the storekeeper to clean his store at once. Unwholesome Food. When the inspectors find stale meats, impure milk, decayed vegetables, unripe or decayed fruit offered for sale, it is their duty to notify the owners and then see that these foods are not sold. 94 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS We should all try to help the health board execute the health laws : — By refusing to buy food from a merchant who does not keep himself and his clothing in a clean and presentable condition. By refusing to buy food that has been exposed to flies, dust, and germs. By patronizing merchants who take a pride in keeping themselves and their store in good condition. By insisting upon buying only good meat, pure milk, fresh ripe vegetables, and fresh ripe fruits. By obeying all the rules of the health board. LESSON 33 Street Cleaning gardens engaged encouraged sprinkling sidewalks crosswalk slush pavements spent snow carts melting yearly ice attractive flooding lawns interest maintaining dusty For the health of the people, it is necessary that the streets and sidewalks of a city be kept clean. STREET CLEANING 95 For the comfort and convenience of all in the city, it is necessary that the streets and sidewalks be kept clean. How are the city streets cleaned ? Through the city street department many men T Cleaning the Streets. are hired to keep the streets and sidewalks in a good condition. Who pays for the cleaning of city streets? Much money is spent yearly by the city government in maintaining a street-cleaning department. At what season of the year is the work of street cleaning done ? 96 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Men who work for the city street department are busy all the year round. Some of these men work during the daytime. Other men clean streets at night. It is the duty of the men hired by the city street department to keep streets, sidewalks, and cross- walks free from mud, slush, snow, and ice. In summer sprinkling carts pass along the streets. These carts sprinkle water on the dusty pave- ments. The water settles the dust and cools the air. In winter men are engaged in removing snow and ice from streets and crosswalks. After heavy snowstorms hundreds of men are sent out by the street-cleaning department to clean the snow from the streets. The snow on some of the streets is thrown into carts and carried away from the city. Carrying off the snow in this way prevents it from melting and flooding the streets. Should all the work of keeping a city clean be left to the street-cleaning department? All the work of keeping a city clean should not be left to city government. STREET CLEANING 97 Much can be done by each citizen towards keep- ing homes and streets clean. Each person living in a city can help to keep his city clean by keeping his own yard clean. Sidewalks, in summer, should be kept free from dust and mud. In winter they should be kept free from snow and slush. How can citizens help in keeping a city clean ? Papers or rubbish should never be thrown about yards or streets. Papers should never be left where the wind can blow them about lawns or streets. Children should be encouraged to take an interest in the appearance of their yards and sidewalks. Children should be taught not to throw papers or anything else into yards, walks, or streets. Everybody, young and old, should feel a pride in helping to keep their city clean. Keeping the city clean will not only help to make the city attractive, but it will add to the comfort of the inhabitants by making it a healthful place to live in. 98 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 34 City Taxes cost vast paved taxes caring spend taxation rented expense sewers assess paying assessors treasury tax real estate We have learned what city government is. We have learned what city government does. We have read of the many departments and various branches of government in a city. We know that there are many officers needed to carry on the great work of these various departments. Does it cost the city much money to carry on the work of caring for its citizens? Yes, the expense of carrying on the work of city government is very great. It costs the city a vast amount of money to educate its children. The city must spend a great deal of money to care for its poor people. Citizens must have police protection. CITY TAXES 99 The public health must be protected. For the protection of life and property a city must provide a fire department. Inhabitants of a city must be provided with pure drinking water. Good sewers must be built through city streets. City streets must be well lighted. City streets must be well paved. City streets must be kept clean. We must learn how the city pays for the great work of caring for the health, education, safety, and life of its inhabitants. The expense of the city government is met by the city with public money. What is public money ? Public money is money collected from the people to pay the expense of conducting city government. How is this public money collected ? Public money is raised by taxation. Every man living in a city must help pay the expense of carrying on the government of that city. Property owners pay taxes. People who live in rented houses help to pay taxes. PLAIN FACTS 7 100 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Who decides upon the amount of taxes each property owner shall pay? There are men employed to assess property. These men are known as city assessors. These assessors decide upon each property owner's share of taxes. Each owner of real estate receives a bill telling him how much his tax is. Owners of property must pay taxes when they become due. If there were no taxes paid, there would be no public money in a city treasury. If there were no money with which to carry on city work, there could be no good government in a city. If there were no good government in a city, there could be no prosperity there. Thus, city government is carried on for the good of all the people living in a city. Every one living in a city should do his duty by helping in the work of governing his city and by paying his share of the taxes. A VISIT TO A PUBLIC MARKET 101 In a Public Market. LESSON 35 A Visit to a Public Market wagon entered separate lamb surprised aisle section poultry different extended quantities turkeys visited either systematic chickens handled stalls beef bacon veal ham cheese lard "Have you ever visited a public market ?" "No, I never have, but I should like to visit one.' 102 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "I spent some time at a public market in a large city a few days ago. "I should like to tell you what I saw there." "Thank you, I should like very much to hear about your visit. "I know I shall be interested." "I went to the market in the early morning. "I was surprised to see so many people, horses, wagons, and carts there at that time. "All around were carts, wagons, and horses, with the farmers and hucksters who had brought fruits, vegetables, and meats to market. "Everywhere there were great crowds of people. "Some of these people had come to sell. "Others had come to buy. "As I entered the market I saw a long aisle which extended from one end of the large building to the other. "On either side of the long aisle there were many rooms or stalls. "I could not understand why there were so many rooms. "I soon learned that in each room a different kind of food is sold. A VISIT TO A PUBLIC MARKET 103 "In one section I found meats of all kinds. " In this place I saw beef, mutton, lamb, and veal. "In another section I saw ham, bacon, and fresh pork. "Farther on, there was poultry. "In the poultry section I saw chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys. "Butter, cheese, lard, and eggs were sold at another section. "There was a separate place for the sale of fish. "Salmon, white fish, cod, and many other kinds of fish were to be found there. "I saw all kinds of fruits and vegetables in large quantities. "There were barrels of apples and pears, and baskets of plums and peaches. "There were bags of nuts, boxes of oranges and lemons, grapes, figs, and dates. "There were onions, carrots, turnips, potatoes, and cabbages. "There were beans, peas, and other vegetables. "I was surprised to see so many kinds of food, and to see the systematic way in which it was all handled. 104 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "I learned a great deal from my visit. "When I started for home, I felt that I had spent a most profitable morning. "I hope you will visit a public market soon. "You, too, will be surprised to see the many kinds and the great quantities of food that are bought and sold at a public market/' LESSON 36 Hospitals poverty patients nurses treated suffering courage ward relieve sickness charitable nursing bureau treatment overseer gentle strict medical sufficient ventilation kindly Among the inhabitants of large cities much suffering is caused by poverty. For want of comfortable homes and nourishing food many people become ill and are unable to care for themselves. For want of sufficient clothing many people become ill. How does the city care for its sick poor ? HOSPITALS 105 All sickness among the sick poor should be re- ported to the public health board, overseer of the poor, or the bureau of charities. When reported, cases of sickness are investigated, In a City Hospital. and the sick persons are sent to a hospital for treatment. In a city hospital medical care and nursing is given free to the sick poor. If a person is too ill to go to a hospital, what is to be done ? When cases of sickness or accident are reported, 106 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS and the sick or injured persons are too ill to go to a hospital, a call may be sent for an ambulance to take them there. When sick persons arrive at a hospital, they are made as comfortable as possible. The best medical care is given these patients, and they are treated with kindness. The patients are attended to by kind and gentle nurses. The nurses do all in their power to relieve the suffering of the sick. There are doctors in attendance at the hospitals at all times, day and night. Poor patients are kindly treated by the doctors. Almost every kind of disease is treated at a city hospital. There are separate buildings for contagious diseases. Each special contagious disease has its own special building or ward apart from all others. There are wards for men, other wards for women, and still other wards for children. Everything possible is done to make the chil- dren's ward attractive for the children. HOSPITALS 107 Everything is done to help the little ones forget their sufferings. Persons in charge of hospitals try to keep every room clean, comfortable, quiet, and orderly. Those in charge give strict attention to ventilation. They see that plenty of fresh air, light, and sunshine come in to help patients recover their health, strength, and courage. A Day School for Small Boys. " Write your name in kindness, love, and mercy on the hearts you come in contact with, and you will never be forgotten." — Chalmers. 108 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 37 sa i F^sa Playgrounds present future mentally realized appreciation influence instructors space physically advantages courtesy fairness habit benevolent forced mapped morally conduct supervision useful The boys and girls of the present are the men and women of the future. Do we want our boys and girls to be sound mentally and physically ? PLAYGROUNDS 109 Do we want our future men and women to be strong and healthy ? If boys and girls are to be mentally and phys- ically sound, they must have plenty of healthful play and exercise. If boys and girls are to become strong and healthy men and women, they must have plenty of healthful play and exercise. Children who live in towns or villages, or on farms, have many opportunities for wholesome recreation that children of large cities do not have. At one time children who lived in crowded sec- tions of large cities had no room in yards for play. Many of these children, if they had any recrea- tion at all, were forced to find room for play in the streets and on the sidewalks. Benevolent citizens, boards of education, and officials of the city government realized that un- less something were done for the children their health and strength would suffer. At the present time in many of the larger cities, where thousands of children live who have no place to play but upon streets or sidewalks, play- grounds have been opened. 110 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The playgrounds provide space where these children may enjoy wholesome recreation away from the danger of the streets. Are playgrounds opened for no other reason than to provide space for wholesome exercise ? Is it only to keep children off the streets that kind-hearted men and women have mapped out plots of ground to be used as places of recreation for the children ? It is the aim of those who provided playgrounds that they not only serve as places of recreation, but that they aid the children by giving them healthy minds and bodies to become intelligent and useful citizens. Playgrounds are open to children of all ages. Instructors guide the girls and boys in their play. It is under careful supervision of the instructors that good habits of body and mind are formed. Under the good influence of watchful instructors of playgrounds, children are trained in habits of courtesy, fairness, and kindness. Children are taught to have respect for the appearance of the grounds and surroundings. Children are encouraged to show by their good AT THE SHOE STORE 111 conduct an appreciation of the advantages and privileges given them. By being taught to have respect for authority and for surroundings, these children are trained to become good citizens, strong physically, men- tally, and morally. "Habit is the deepest law of nature. It is our su- preme strength or our most miserable weakness/' — Spalding. LESSON 38 At the Shoe Store style advertise retail sore weight waterproof leather dull reduced wholesale cramped profit bargain suit dispose arrange transaction value stock calfskin "Good morning, sir !" "Good morning, Mr. Smith !" "What can I do for you to-day, sir?" "I need a pair of new shoes/' "What style of shoes would you like to see?" "The last pair I had were buttoned shoes. I think I shall try a pair of laced ones this time." 112 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "Do you care for a heavy or a light weight shoe?" "I want them for everyday wear, so I think I ought to have a pair of heavy ones." "You want a waterproof leather, don't you?" "Yes, if you have a leather that is waterproof !" "What size shoe do you wear?" "I wear size 8, width E." "What price do you want to pay for your shoes?" "I am not so particular about the price as I am the fit of my shoes. "The last pair I had were very uncomfortable. They cramped my feet and caused them to be- come sore." "They must have been too small for you. Per- haps you had better try a larger shoe this time." "Very well, you may show me a pair of 9's." "Here is a pair of calfskin, dull finish, laced shoes. "They are size 9, width E, and I think they are just the size and style to suit you." "They seem to be all right. "What is the price of this pair?" AT THE SHOE STORE 113 "The regular price of that pair is four dollars, but I am having a sale and all of my shoes have been marked down/' " I do not understand what you mean by 'having a sale/ Are not your shoes always for sale?" At the Shoe Store. "Yes, my shoes are always for sale, but once or twice a year I advertise to sell my shoes and rub- bers at reduced prices for a certain length of time." "What do you mean by 'reduced prices'?" "I buy my shoes at wholesale and sell them at retail. I sell my goods for more than I pay for 114 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS them, and I depend upon this profit to pay my business expenses and the cost of my living. "During dull seasons and sometimes at the end of the season — to make room for new stock — I arrange for a sale. "I reduce the prices of my goods and sell them at cost — or for a little more than I paid for them." "How can you afford to sell your goods at so little profit?" "Of course, I do not make much profit, but I do not lose anything by the transaction. "During my sales I dispose of a great many pairs of shoes and rubbers. "I always sell good goods. " I give my customers full value for their money, and they are so well pleased that they patronize me in the regular seasons as well as during my sales." "How long do your sales last?" "I arrange to have them last about a week at a time." "I am glad to understand what is meant by 'bargain sales/ "I shall bring my wife and children to you to- ONE BY ONE 115 morrow, and have you fit them in shoes and rubbers/' " Thank you, I shall be glad to serve them and hope that I may be able to please them." "Good morning, Mr. Smith." "Good morning, sir !" LESSON 39 One by One One by one the sands are flowing ; One by one the moments fall, Some are coming, some are going ; Do not strive to grasp them all. One by one thy duties wait thee ; Let thy whole strength go to each, Let no future dreams elate thee ; Learn thou first what these can teach. One by one — bright gifts from Heaven Joys are sent thee here below ; Take them readily when given, Ready too to let them go. PLAIN FACTS — 8 116 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS One by one thy griefs shall meet thee, Do not fear an armed band ; One will fade as others greet thee — Shadows passing through the land. Do not look on life's long sorrow, See how small each moment's pain ; God will help thee for to-morrow, So each day begin again. Every hour that fleets so slowly Has its task to do or bear ; Luminous the crown, — and holy, When each gem is set with care. Do not linger with regretting, Or for passing hours despond, Nor, the daily toil forgetting, Look too eagerly beyond. Hours are golden links, — God's token, Reaching heaven ; but one by one Take them, lest the chain be broken Ere the pilgrimage be done. — Adelaide A. Procter. STATE GOVERNMENT 117 State House where Laws are Made. LESSON 40 State Government The Constitution Union supreme political common drafted appoints governor representatives election national prescribed local adoption majority formulated favor conflict proposed drafting forbids Through the Constitution of the United States each state in the Union has power to make the laws for its local government. 118 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS What do we mean when we say each state in the Union ? We speak of our nation as the Union. Our nation is composed of many states united. So we call our nation the Union. Each state in the Union has its own state con- stitution. What is a state constitution ? A state constitution is a set of fundamental laws established for the government of the state. In our lessons on City Government we learned that fundamental laws are the foundation for all other laws. So the state constitution is the foundation for all state laws. The state constitution is the political law of the state. By whom is a state constitution established? Through its voters each state can establish its own constitution. How is a state constitution established ? In establishing a constitution a set of laws for the common good of all the people in the state is STATE GOVERNMENT 119 drafted by the representatives of the voters in the state. After the drafting of this set of laws an election is held in which the voters in the state are given an opportunity to vote for or against the proposed constitution. Those in favor of it vote for its adoption. If the majority of the citizens voting at the elec- tion are in favor of the proposed set of laws, it is adopted as the state constitution. The constitution lays down laws for the govern- ment of the state. The constitution sets forth the powers and duties of the more important state officers. Can a state constitution conflict with the na- tional constitution ? While each state must have its own constitution, the state constitution must not conflict with the national constitution. While each state can make and administer its own laws, state laws must not conflict with national laws. Are all state laws formulated in the state con- stitution ? 120 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS No, because the great public business of the state requires many new laws to be made each year. While these new laws are needed to carry on state government, they must all agree with the constitution of the state. The making of many of the state laws is left to the special law makers of the state. The voters of the state elect a body of law makers to make all necessary laws not prescribed by the state constitution. Sometimes the governor of the state appoints the special law makers of the state. The state constitution is the supreme law of the state, so the special law makers can make no laws which the constitution forbids. STATE GOVERNMENT 121 LESSON 41 State Government (Continued) Legislative Department districts consists together enacted Congress senate assembly delegates senators assemblymen terms transact capitol capital speaker lieutenant In state government, as in city government, the work is divided into three main departments. The people of the state make the state laws through the legislative department of the state government. This law-making department is known as the state legislature. The state is divided into sections or districts, and each district is represented by one or two law makers. Once in every one, two, or three years a state law maker is elected to the legislature by the voters of each district. These law makers, taken as a body, are the legal 122 PLAIX FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS representatives of the people and are known as state legislators. The state legislature or law-making department of state government consists of two departments called houses. All laws enacted by the state law-makers must agree with the state constitution, the national constitution, and the laws of Congress. The two houses of the state legislature are known as the upper house and the lower house. The senate is the upper house of the state legislature and is known as the state senate. The assembly is the lower house of the state legislature. In some states the state legislature is called the general assembly. In some states the lower house is called the house of representatives. In others it is called the house of delegates. The members of the senate or upper house of the legislature are known as senators. Each senate district of a state sends a senator to the upper house of the state legislature. Members of the assembly or lower house of the STATE GOVERNMENT 123 legislature are called representatives, delegates, or assemblymen. Each assembly district sends an assemblyman, delegate, or representative to the lower house of the legislature. Senators are chosen for longer terms than are the members of the lower house. The two houses of the state legislature meet and transact their official business at the state capitol building in the capital city of each state. Each body of law makers has a presiding officer. In the lower house of the legislature the pre- siding officer is called the speaker. In states where there is a lieutenant governor he is the presiding officer of the senate. Where there is no lieutenant governor a speaker of the senate is chosen to preside. The members of the house choose the speaker. 124 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 42 State Government (Continued) The Chief Executive Officer faithfully restore forces military dealings militia maintain commander in chief We have learned how state law makers are chosen. We have learned how state laws are made. We must now learn how laws for state govern- ment are enforced. By whom are state laws enforced? We know there are many officers needed to enforce state laws. Who gives the right to these officers to execute laws for the government of the state ? The officers who enforce state laws are chosen by the voters of the state. We know that at the head of each government there must be one chief officer to see to the general enforcement of laws. Who is at the head of the state government ? STATE GOVERNMENT 125 The governor is the chief executive officer of the state government. The governor is elected by the voters of the state. In some states the governor is elected for a term of one year. In other states the governor's term of office is for two, three, or four years. If the voters of the state choose, he may be reelected. In most states when a governor is elected, a lieutenant governor is also chosen. During his term of office the governor lives in the capital city of the state. The executive business of the state government is transacted in the state capitol building. When the governor takes his office, he promises to faithfully execute all state laws. The powers and duties of the chief executive officer of the state government are many and very important. The governor represents the state in all official dealings with other states. It is the duty of the governor to suppress dis- order and to maintain peace in the state. 126 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS In case of disorder in the state how can the governor restore order ? The governor may call upon the military forces of the state to suppress disorder or to maintain peace in the state. By what right can the governor call upon mili- tary forces in time of disorder ? As the governor is commander in chief of the state militia he may call upon them whenever their services are needed to keep the peace. LESSON 43 State Government (Continued) Important Executive Officers secretary auditor advises comptroller treasurer lawyer proceedings ' appointed adjusts accurate accountant bills records charged inability illness We have learned that the governor of the state is the chief officer of the state government. We have read that the general enforcement of the state laws is the governor's most important duty. STATE GOVERNMENT 127 Can the work of governing a state be done by the governor alone ? The great work of governing a state could not be carried on by one man. There are many officers needed to assist the governor in executing and administering the work of state government. In some states these executive officers are chosen by the voters of the state for terms of two or three years each. In some states these officers are appointed by the governor of the state. In other states they are appointed by the state legislature. The most important among the officers of the state government are : — The Lieutenant Governor, The Secretary of State, The State Treasurer, The State Comptroller, The Attorney-General. In states where there is a lieutenant governor he is the presiding officer of the state senate. In the event of the governor's illness or inability 128 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS to attend to the work of executing and administer- ing the law, the lieutenant governor takes his place at the head of state government. The secretary of state transacts important business and keeps the official state records. He keeps a record of the acts and proceedings of the state legislatures. The state treasurer has charge of all of the money matters of the state. It is the duty of the state treasurer to keep ac- curate account of all moneys received or paid out by the state. The state comptroller is the chief accountant and auditor of state bills. The comptroller inspects and adjusts all claims against the state. The attorney-general advises other state officials in regard to their legal duties. He gives his opinion on all legal questions brought before him by the executive and legisla- tive departments of the state government. The attorney-general also assists in bringing to justice persons who are charged with certain crimes against the state. STATE GOVERNMENT 129 LESSON 44 State Government (Continued) Judicial Department dispense disputes entirely separate absolutely institution question independent As in the city government, so in the state govern- ment, courts and judges are needed. The judicial department of the state govern- ment is composed of the courts and judges of the state. Each state has its courts of law and its judges to dispense the law. For the sake of justice to the people of the state, courts and judges are necessary. The legislative department makes the laws for the state government. The executive department carries out the laws made by the legislative department. The judicial department defines the laws for these two official bodies of the state government. The judicial department does not make laws. The judicial department does not enforce laws. 130 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS It is the duty of the judicial department to decide all questions of law and to settle all disputes in state government. The judicial department is entirely separated from the law-making and the law-enforcing bodies of state government. Why is the judicial department an entirely separate branch of state government? So that all laws may be passed and enforced with equal justice to all, it is necessary that this department be an absolutely independent institu- tion. Sometimes there is a question as to whether a law passed by the state law makers agrees with the state constitution. Sometimes disputes arise over these questions between the law-making and law-enforcing bodies of state government. When these disputes arise between the legislative and the executive bodies of state government, the law must be decided before the laws can be en- forced. The judicial department interprets and decides the law. STATE GOVERNMENT 131 So that all the legal questions and disputes that arise in state government may be settled with justice to all, it is necessary that the courts and judges form an entirely separate department of government. LESSON 45 State Government (Continued) Courts and Judges grades several county usually created appeals referred satisfaction parties concerned appeal defeated error reverses satisfied differ Each state judicial department has its several grades of court. State courts are higher than city or county courts. The higher state courts are usually created by the state constitution. The lower courts are usually established by the state legislature. The Supreme Court is usually the highest state court. PLAIN FACTS — 9 132 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS In some states the highest court is known as the court of appeals. Cases of law which cannot be settled in the lower courts may be referred to the highest state court. Sometimes when a case is tried in a lower court and not settled to the satisfaction of all the parties concerned, the defeated party may appeal the case. When a case is appealed, it is carried to the next higher court. The higher court does not try the case. The case is examined by the higher court to see if any error was committed by the lower court. If the higher court can find no error, the judg- ment of the lower court is affirmed. If in the opinion of the higher court there was an error committed, the court reverses the judg- ment of the lower court and grants a new trial. Sometimes, when a case has been appealed and the defeated party is not satisfied with the judg- ment of the higher court, the case may be carried to a still higher court. The judges of our state courts are elected or appointed. EDUCATION 133 Some judges are elected by the people. Some are appointed by the legislature. Some are appointed by the governor of the state. The terms of office of the judges of the various state courts differ in length of time. The judges of the higher courts are appointed or elected for longer terms than are judges of the lower courts. LESSON 46 Education system tends capable supervise lazy supplies selects generations neglecting promote dangerous improvement It is said that the prosperity of a nation depends upon the education of its people. If this be true, whose duty is it to see that the people are educated ? It should be the duty of every government to promote the welfare of its people by providing means for their education. The interest of the nation requires that every child should receive an education. 134 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The interest of the child requires that a means of education be provided for it. Why should education be provided for every child? Because ignorance is dangerous. Ignorance tends to make people lazy and vicious. So the interest of the nation and of every per- son in the nation requires that education be given to all the children. How does the United States government pro- vide for the education of its people ? Through a system of public schools, the govern- ment of each state cares for the education and improvement of its people. What does " public school' ' mean? Public means for the people — for all the people. The public schools are for all the people. How are the public schools supported ? The public schools in America are supported chiefly by taxation. Many states have also large school funds. In most states the law compels all children between certain ages to attend school. EDUCATION 135 It is the duty of parents to see that their children attend school regularly. If children refuse to attend school regularly, what is to be done ? When children do not go to school, parents are held responsible, and may be punished for neglect- ing to obey the law. Every state has a system of public schools. Each state has a state superintendent of schools, whose duty it is to supervise the schools of the state. Each city has a board of education. The board of education selects the city super- intendent of schools. It employs public school teachers. It builds schoolhouses and buys supplies for the schools. The board of education makes rules for the government of the city schools. It is the aim of the national as well as of the state government that future generations, through education, may become intelligent and capable citizens. It is the aim of the government that its future 136 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS citizens may be able to properly govern themselves and their country. A Public School. It is the aim of the government that its future citizens may be able to enjoy the opportunities and privileges offered by the noblest republic in the world. "Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army." — Edward Everett. EVENING SCHOOLS 137 LESSON 47 Evening Schools examinations ended prevented diligently continue millinery plain carpentry dressmaking printing avail trim bookkeeping drawing plumbing sewing mechanical instruction earnestly engineering In America when children have reached a certain age and have passed required examinations, the law allows them to go to work. Many boys and girls are obliged to go to work as soon as the law allows them to do so. In many cities evening schools have been estab- lished to provide a means of higher education for the many girls and boys who are employed during the day, and who are prevented from attending the day school. The evening schools also offer opportunities to many men and women who wish to continue their studies after day-school life is ended. In many of the evening schools there are classes for women in which plain sewing, dressmaking, and millinery is taught. 138 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Women are given an opportunity to learn to sew. Many learn to make their own dresses. Others learn to make and trim their own hats. There are also classes in cooking. Many women learn to prepare and cook food in the most wholesome way. There are classes for men in which plumbing, printing, and carpentry are taught. An Evening School. There are also classes in bookkeeping, mechanical drawing, and engineering. In the evening schools in many of the larger cities classes in English have been formed to give instruction to non-English-speaking immigrants. EVENING SCHOOLS 139 Teachers of these classes for immigrants are greatly interested in their pupils. The teachers work earnestly and diligently to help their pupils to speak, read, and write English in the shortest possible time. All non-English-speaking immigrants should avail themselves of the opportunities offered by the evening schools. They should try to interest all newly arrived foreigners so that they, too, may attend some even- ing school and become acquainted with the lan- guage, customs, and laws of their new home. "The end of education is to teach men to find pleasure in the best of things." — Spalding. Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time. Let us then be up and doing With a heart for any fate, Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. — H. W. Longfellow. 140 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 48 The Public Library magazines discovery heroes medicine newspapers printed trades geography subject borrow issuing librarian arranged promptly disturb history deface invention loaned study "Have you ever visited a public library?" "No, I have never been in a public library. Have you?" "Oh, yes, many times, and I find the library a great help to me." "In what way does the library help you?" "I go to the library to read. "I read books, magazines, and newspapers, and I learn a great deal about the history of the United States, and many other things which I wish to know." "Can anyone who wishes go to a public library ?" "Yes, the public library is free to all who wish to go there to read or to study." "At what time may one go to the library?" THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 141 "Any person may visit the library whenever it is open." "What kind of books are there in a public library?" "Books of all kinds may be found there. There m 0301 H0S( In a Public Library. are histories of the United States and of other countries. Histories of discovery and invention ; stories of heroes; books on travel, geography, medicine, trades, and every other subject." "Are all the library books printed in English?" "No; besides the books printed in English, there are books printed in many other languages." 142 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "Who has charge of the public library ?" "The library is in charge of a librarian." "How do you find the books which you wish to read?" "When I wish to know the name of a book, I look in a catalogue. Then I ask the librarian to get it for me." " What is a catalogue ? " "A catalogue is a list of the books in the library, arranged in order, telling in which section of the library the books may be found." "Do you do all of your reading in the library?" "I read all the time I am there, and I sometimes borrow a book and take it home." "How do you borrow a book?" "The library has a system of issuing books for home reading. To borrow a book one must have a library card." "How may the library card be obtained?" "The librarian tells you how to obtain one of these cards." "How long may borrowed books be kept at home?" "That depends upon the length of time given THE PUBLIC LIBRARY 143 when the book is loaned. Some books may be kept one week; others may be kept longer/' "Is there any charge for books taken for home reading ?" "Not if all the rules of the library are strictly obeyed. "The rules say: 'All who borrow books must be particular to keep them clean, and must not deface them in any way. '"All borrowed books must be returned promptly/ " "Are there many people in the library at one time?" "Yes, many go there to read and to study. " All visitors to the library must be quiet and orderly. " The public library makes it possible for boys, girls, men, and women to help educate themselves, and all who go there should improve their own time and do nothing to disturb others who go to the library to study." "A book is a friend ; a good book is a good friend ; — a library is a collection of friends." — Lyman Abbott. 144 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 49 The Newspaper abroad reporter weddings advertising printer editor community deaths marriage published methods devoted rent funerals weekly advertisements subscribers manager happenings license locate articles local business Every one who can do so should read a good newspaper every day. A good newspaper helps its readers to become familiar with the world's work. A good newspaper helps its readers by giving them the daily news of what people all over the world are doing. Reading an American newspaper is a great help to Americans who wish to keep informed about happenings at home and abroad. Reading an American newspaper should be a far greater help to the non-English-speaking strangers in our land. An American newspaper helps non-English- THE NEWSPAPER 145 speaking people living in America to learn the language of the country. It gives them the news of the country. It helps them to become acquainted with life and work in their new home. Our American newspapers are in charge of managers, editors, reporters, and printers. We have weekly and daily papers. Our morning, afternoon, and evening papers are printed every day and are called daily papers. Our weekly papers are published once a week. The newspaper is made up of a number of pages ; four, six, ten, and sometimes twelve or fourteen pages make up one paper. Some pages are devoted to foreign news. Upon these pages we find accounts of doings in foreign countries. Other pages are given up to news of our own country and city. The pages upon which the city news appear are called the local pages. On the local pages of a newspaper we find ac- counts of happenings in the social and business life of our own town or city. 146 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Accounts of fires, floods, accidents, deaths, funerals, marriages, and weddings are published on the local pages. There are some pages or parts of pages that are given up to advertising. Merchants advertise their goods, and real estate dealers advertise property on these pages. There are sometimes whole pages made up of want columns. "Help wanted" and "work wanted" advertise- ments appear in these want columns. Business men and firms who need help advertise for it. Men and women who need employment adver- tise for situations. When a person has lost something of value, an advertisement in the newspaper may help him to recover it. An advertisement in the "found" column may help one to locate the owner of an article that he has found. Newspapers are sold on the streets by news- boys. They are sold at news stands. THE BUILDERS 147 Some are delivered by carriers to the homes of city subscribers. Some are sold on railroad trains. Some papers are mailed to homes of out-of- town subscribers. By acquainting foreigners with the affairs of United States government, American business methods, and community life, the newspaper plays a very important part in helping to make good and useful citizens of the many strangers who seek homes and happiness in our country. " I ask not wealth, but power to take And use the things I have aright, Not years, but wisdom that shall make My life a profit and delight. " — Phcebe Carey. LESSON 50 The Builders All are architects of Fate, Working in these walls of Time ; Some with massive deeds and great, Some with ornaments of rhyme. PLAIN FACTS 10 148 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Nothing useless is, or low ; Each thing in its place is best ; And what seems but idle show Strengthens and supports the rest. For the structure that we raise, Time is with materials filled ; Our to-days — and yesterdays — Are the blocks with which we build. Truly shape and fashion these ; Leave no yawning gaps between ; Think not, because no man sees, Such things will remain unseen. In the elder days of Art, Builders wrought with greatest care Each minute and unseen part ; For the Gods see everywhere. Let us do our work as well, Both the unseen and the seen ; Make the house, where Gods may dwell, Beautiful, entire, and clean. Else our lives are incomplete, Standing in these walls of Time, A VISIT TO A DEPARTMENT STORE Broken stairways, where the feet Stumble as they seek to climb. Build to-day, then, strong and sure, With a firm and ample base ; And ascending and secure Shall to-morrow find its place. Thus alone can we attain To those turrets, where the eye Sees the world as one vast plain, And one boundless reach of sky. 149 — i. ONGKtiLLOW. LESSON 51 A Visit to a Department Store gown sample durable elevator conductor outskirts material prefer alterations shopping lining extensive afford fare instead alights linings serges transfer parcels Mrs. Jones lives in the outskirts of the city, some distance from the shopping district. Sometimes Mrs. Jones walks from her home to 150 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS do her trading, as the walk in the fresh air does her good. To-day Mrs. Jones has so much business to In a Department Store. attend to that she decides not to walk up town, but to take a car instead. When she boards the car, Mrs. Jones pays her fare and asks the conductor for a transfer. Mrs. Jones leaves the car at the transfer station A VISIT TO A DEPARTMENT STORE 151 and waits for one which will take her to the part of the city to which she wishes to go. The car carries her to one of the busiest sections of the city. When Mrs. Jones alights from the car, she is careful not to step in the way of a passing car or other vehicle. When she sees her way clear, she crosses the street and enters a dry-goods store. As she enters the store she notices that since her last visit extensive alterations have been made in the place. Mrs. Jones asks to be directed to the dress goods department. The floor walker informs her that the dress goods have been removed from the old stand on the first floor to a larger section on the next floor above. He tells her the elevator will carry her to the second floor. Mrs. Jones goes to the elevator and is carried to the second floor. She goes to the cloth department : — "I should like to look at some dress goods/' "What material would you like to see?" 152 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS "I have not yet made up my mind. What material have you?" "We have a fine line of serges, cashmere, broad- cloth, and various kinds of dress goods." "Let me see a piece of the broadcloth." "Any particular color, madam?" " You may show me a piece of brown broadcloth/' "Here is a beautiful piece of brown broadcloth. How do you like it?" "I should prefer a darker shade of brown. "I can afford but one winter gown, and I must have something that will be durable." "I think serge is far more durable than broad- cloth for one who can afford but one winter gown." " You may show me a piece of dark brown serge." "Here is a piece of serge. "I know you will find this to wear well." "I like that, and I think I shall have a dress pattern from that piece." "Are you going to buy your linings and trim- mings to-day?" "Yes, and you may please transfer my goods to the lining department." A VISIT TO A DEPARTMENT STORE 153 Mrs. Jones goes to the lining counter and shows the clerk a sample of her brown serge. She asks to be shown suitable linings for her gown. After buying the lining, Mrs. Jones goes to the section where dress trimmings, buttons, and sew- ing silk are on sale. Mrs. Jones selects her trimmings and buttons with care. She tells the clerk she has finished her trading. The clerk asks her if she wishes to have her par- cels sent to her home. Mrs. Jones thanks him and tells him that as her dress material, lining, etc. make a large bundle, she would like to have them delivered. She tells the clerk that when her purchases can be done up in small packages, she always prefers to carry them home. The clerk asks her why she prefers to carry her packages. Mrs. Jones tells him that carrying her own pack- ages does not inconvenience her at all, and in doing so she helps to lighten the work and shorten the hours of the delivery men. 154 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Mrs. Jones gives the clerk her name and address. She thanks him for his courtesy and bids him Good afternoon. LESSON 52 The United States resources ambition thrift vast industries willing earning living employ natural known very This country is known as the United States of America. Why is this country called the United States? America is known as the United States because it is a nation composed of many states united under one government. The United States is a great nation. The United States is a very powerful nation. The United States is a very prosperous nation. The United States is a nation of opportunities. America is a great nation because it is a nation of free and equal men and women. The United States is a great nation because its states are united for the good of the nation, for the THE UNITED STATES 155 good of each state in the nation, and for the good of each and every person living in them. America is a powerful nation because of its wise and just laws and because of the unity of its states and of its people. America is a prosperous nation because of its government, because of its people, and because of its vast resources and natural wealth. The care which the United States government gives to its people in looking after their welfare has helped to make America a prosperous country. The ambition and great thrift of the American people have helped to make the United States a prosperous country. Every person in the United States is given opportunity to enjoy his right to life, health, hap- piness, education, and prosperity. The government of the country gives to every law-abiding person the right to employ every honest means in his power to make a good living. The natural resources and vast industries of the country afford every willing person some means of earning an honest living. 156 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Through education each person is given the opportunity to become an intelligent citizen. "Lord of the Universe ! shield us and guide us, Trusting thee always, through shadow and sun ! Thou hast united us, who shall divide us ? Keep us, keep us, the Many in One." — 0. W. Holmes. LESSON 53 First Settlers in America settlers expeditions explore territory immigrants settlements colonies immigration colonists suffered savage animals Indians beasts crops increased America was not always known as the United States. To understand why and how America became the United States, we must learn something of the life of the first settlers in America. After the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, England, Spain, and France sent out many expeditions to explore the newly discovered country and to claim new territory for their kings and queens. FIRST SETTLERS IN AMERICA 157 Discovery of America by Columbus. 158 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The Spanish discovered and claimed a great deal of territory in the New World. The French claimed Canada and a part of the country now belonging to the United States. England claimed all those parts of America that were discovered by explorers sent out by the English government. The first settlers in America came from Spain, France, and England many years after its dis- covery by Columbus. Thus the first settlers in this country were im- migrants from some European country. While many of the first immigrants to America came from Spain and France, the largest immigra- tion came from England. Later, many of America's early settlers mi- grated from Ireland, Germany, Holland, and Scot- land. At one time the parts of America that were settled by the first immigrants were called settle- ments. Later these settlements were called colonies. The people of these colonies were called colonists. They were called colonists because while they FIRST SETTLERS IN AMERICA 159 had settled in a strange country they were still under the rule of their native country. These early immigrants encountered many dif- ficulties in their new homes. They had but little money, and many of them were very poor. Often they suffered from hunger, for they had but little food to eat. Many times they suffered from cold, for in those early days they had no warm houses. Frequently they were in danger from savage Indians or from fierce wild beasts. These early settlers, however, were very brave and, in time, they won in their fight against pov- erty, cold, Indians, and wild beasts. After a few years many of the colonists had become prosperous and were living in comfortable homes. They had plenty to eat, for they had been able to raise good crops on their lands. They were able to make cloth for their clothing. Trading was begun and carried on between the different colonies. Trading was also carried on between the colonies and Europe. As time went on the colonists increased greatly in numbers as well as in wealth and prosperity. 160 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 54 How America became the United States finally ownership tidings revolution longed battles terrible glorious introduced courageous heavily tribes continental submit refused unjustly restrictions declared commands character fierce injustice rang resolution For many years after this country was first settled each foreign nation ruled over its own colonies in America. Thirteen colonies were under English rule. England and France went to war over owner- ship of the central and western parts of our country. England claimed some of the lands upon which the French had made settlements. An English army was sent to fight the French in America. The English and American colonists joined the English army in the war against the French. The French were helped by many tribes of Indians, who fought against the English. The French were defeated after a long and HOW AMERICA BECAME THE UNITED STATES 161 terrible war. This war with France cost England a great deal of money. The king of England thought that the colonists should help pay the cost of the war. In the War of the American Revolution. The colonists did not think they should do so. The English, therefore, tried to compel them to pay a share of the great expense by taxing them heavily. The English government also treated the colo- nists unjustly in many other ways. Certain restrictions were placed upon the trade 162 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS carried on between America and all foreign coun- tries except England. The colonists were self-respecting and very courageous people, and they refused to pay the heavy taxes imposed by the English govern- ment. They felt that England had treated them un- justly. Finally they planned to free themselves and their colonies from the rule of England. They wanted to govern themselves instead of being governed by a foreign country. They therefore refused to obey the king's orders or to submit to the restrictions that had been placed upon their trade with foreign nations. Then the king sent soldiers to force them to obey the orders of his government. In the year 1774 a number of colonists of high and noble character met together in a Congress known as the Continental Congress. This Congress declared that the colonies would not submit to the demands of the king. In the following year war was begun between England and America. HOW AMERICA BECAME TTTE UNITED STATES 163 This war has always been known as the American Revolution. In June, 1776, a resolution was introduced into Congress "that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." On July 4, 1776, in the state house of Phila- delphia, the Declaration of Independence was signed, and the United Colonies became the United States of America. The state house has since been known as In- dependence Hall. Home of the Free Noble Republic ! Happiest of Lands ! Foremost of nations, Columbia stands ! Freedom's proud banner floats in the skies ! Where shouts of Liberty daily arise United we stand, divided we fall ; Union forever, freedom for all. Throughout this world our motto shall be, " Viva L' America, Home of the Free." PLAIN FACTS 11 164 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 55 Why the Constitution was Needed trouble real perfect presided effect stating purpose adoption We have learned that when the thirteen colonies became free from England, a new nation was formed. When this new nation was formed, a new govern- ment was needed to guide it. In November, 1777, Congress formulated a plan of government for the United States. After having lived under this government for some time, the people of the United States began to have political troubles. In the government for the new nation there was a legislative department, but there was no execu- tive department. Laws were made, but they could not be enforced. There was no chief executive officer or head of the government. The people found that under the new govern- ment there was no real unity of states or of people. WHY THE CONSTITUTION WAS NEEDED 165 They saw that their form of government was not the kind needed for a new nation. Then the people knew that they must have a stronger form of government if they would have a powerful, peaceful, and prosperous nation. They saw that if they would enjoy real freedom, perfect unity, peace, and prosperity, they must have a national government. They saw that a set of laws, stating clearly the rights and privileges of the people, of the states, and of the nation, was necessary. They therefore determined that they would have a national constitution with some one at the head of the government to enforce the na- tional laws. In 1787 a convention was held for the purpose of forming a national constitution. In 1789 the United States Constitution went into effect, and George Washington became the first president of the United States. Prosperity followed the adoption of the Consti- tution. The Constitution gave strength and unity to the nation. 166 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS It gave equal rights and privileges to every man and woman in the nation. It gave to the nation a chief executive officer whose duty it has always been to faithfully execute all the national laws of our country. Introduction to United States Constitution "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America/ ' LESSON 56 Our First President. surveyor possession gratitude admiration leadership retired faith mourned burdened inaugurated unanimously resulted George Washington was born in Virginia on Feb- ruary 22, 1732. As a boy George Washington was truthful, honest, noble, and brave. OUR FIRST PRESIDENT 167 n lE9i He was fond of study, and although there were no public schools he received a good education. At the age of sixteen years he became a surveyor. For several years he was engaged in the work of measuring land. When George Washing- ton was about twenty-one jjMjp years old, the war between England and France broke out in America. This war, as we have read, was brought about by England's claim to lands of which the French had taken possession. We have read of how the English government sent soldiers to America to help the colonists fight the French. During this long struggle between France and England George Washington fought bravely for England and received his first lessons in war. Many years later, when England unjustly taxed and burdened the colonists, George Washington led the colonists in war against England. ~^ 5^1? George Washington. 168 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS We have read of the great war for independence, known as the American Revolution. George Washington commanded the army of the United States in this war. When the Revolutionary war was ended, George Washington returned to his home in Virginia. As George Washington had been their leader in their great struggle for freedom and independ- ence, the American people wanted him to be their leader in their new government. Respected and loved by all Americans he was chosen first president of the United States. John Adams was elected vice president. George Washington took the oath of office, and was inaugurated as first president of the United States on April 30, 1789. President Washington was reelected in 1792. Filled with gratitude and admiration for his noble leadership in war and in peace, many of the American people wished to make George Washing- ton their president for the third time. But President Washington refused this honor. When his second term of office expired, he made a farewell address to his people. OUR FIRST PRESIDENT 169 Washington at Mt. Vernon. He retired from public life and returned to his home at Mt. Vernon, Virginia. As a citizen, as a soldier, and as chief of the nation, George Washington won the faith, love, and respect of all Americans. George Washington died at Mt. Vernon, Vir- ginia, December 14, 1799. From Washington's Farewell Address "The unity of government which constitutes you one people is now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence — the support of your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize." 170 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 57 Two Signers of the Declaration of Independence electrical famous committee contributed rendered oppression distinguished illustrious author inventor journalist draft cabinet candle postmaster immortal founders desire career philosopher Among the eminent men who drew up and signed the Declaration of Independence, there were two who, because of the many valuable services they rendered their country, became more famous than the others. These two illustrious men were Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. Thomas Jefferson, author and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Vir- ginia, April 13, 1743. He received a good education, studied law, and became a successful lawyer. Thomas Jefferson. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPEN DENCE 171 He was a member of Congress when the colonists found they could no longer submit to the oppression of England. When the Congress declared itself in favor of in- dependence, a committee of five of America's most prominent ^»sA&«^ — men was appointed to draft a declara- tion. Thomas Jefferson was a member of that committee. At the request of the other members of the committee Thomas Jefferson Wrote the declara- Room in which the Declaration of Independence was Signed. tion which brought about the independence of the colonies. From 1779 to 1781, the last two years of the Revolutionary war, Thomas Jefferson served as governor of Virginia. George Washington, when elected first presi- dent of the United States, appointed Thomas 172 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Jefferson a member of the first United States cabinet. [, Mr. Jefferson served in President Washington's cabinet as secretary of state. As first secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson gave valuable assistance to the new govern- ment. In 1801 this distinguished statesman was elected third president of the United States. He was twice elected and served two terms as president of the nation. In Monticello, Virginia, on July 4, 1826, just fifty years from the day on which his immortal Declaration gave liberty to the people of America, Thomas Jefferson died. Benjamin Franklin, one of the founders of the United States government, a signer of the Declara- tion of Independence, and a member of the con- vention to form the national constitution, was born in Boston, January 17, 1706. Benjamin Franklin was printer, inventor, jour- nalist, philosopher, diplomat, and statesman. As a boy he worked with his father at soap boiling and candle making. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 173 When he was still a boy, he went to work in his brother's printing office. Benjamin Franklin was very fond of study, and although he worked hard and diligently, he found time for reading and study. Out of his small earnings he managed to save something with which to buy good books. His great desire for knowledge led him to make many valuable discoveries. Benjamin Franklin worked at printing for some time, and finally, in 1729, he became the pub- lisher of a newspaper. In 1737, while still a young man, Benjamin Franklin was made postmaster general of the colonies. For some years he devoted himself almost entirely to the study of science, and made many electrical discoveries. Benjamin Franklin contributed valuable services to the cause of American freedom. Benjamin Franklin. 174 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS During his long career as a statesman and diplomat he exerted a very strong influence for good. Benjamin Franklin died in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. LESSON 58 A Framer of the Constitution framing "skill ablest failure ambitious studious defending artillery ability confidential commission brilliant created financial advice practice The great work of framing the Constitution of the United States required the skill of many of the ablest men in America. A framer of the Constitution, who gave valuable aid in organizing and strengthening the United States government, and who afterward devoted many years to the service of his country, was Alexander Hamilton. Alexander Hamilton was born in the West Indies, January 11, 1757. He was the son of a Scotch father and a French mother. A FRAMER OF THE CONSTITUTION 175 When he was twelve years old, because of his father's failure in business, Alexander Hamilton was obliged to leave school and go to work. He was ambitious, studious, and anxious to obtain a good education. Friends assisted him to return to school and continue his studies. When he was seventeen years old, he entered a col- lege in New York. When the first trouble arose between England and America, Alexander Hamilton wrote papers defending the rights of the Americans. When the Revolutionary war broke out, he was made captain of artillery in the American army. Because of his ability and sound judgment, Alexander Hamilton became a confidential friend of General George Washington. In 1777 he was appointed an assistant to General Washington. 1 \ • Alexander Hamilton. 176 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Later he received his commission as colonel in the army. At the close of the war he took up the study of law, and became one of the most brilliant lawyers in America. When the new government was created, and George Washington was made president, Alexander Hamilton was appointed secretary of the United States treasury. In 1795 he returned to the practice of law, but he did not give up his political life. He continued to interest himself in the welfare of his government, and to his good influence the United States government owes much of its strength. Alexander Hamilton was a brave soldier, a wise statesman, and an eminent lawyer. When he was called upon to help in drafting plans for a national government, he took a most prominent part in making the Constitution. With the adoption of the Constitution he realized his ambition to establish a government that would in time produce a strong nation. As a lawyer, he gave valuable advice to the THE AMERICAN FLAG 177 president and members of his cabinet, relating to United States government. As secretary of the United States treasury he greatly improved the financial condition of the country. America never knew a greater statesman than Alexander Hamilton, and when he died, July 12, 1804, the whole nation mourned. LESSON 59 The American Flag designed feelings design alternate resolved honorable originally growth message pure loyalty loyal The early Americans did not carry our stars and stripes as their flag. In the colonial days the Americans were under the rule of England and flew the English flag. At the time of the American Revolution flags were designed to show the feelings of the Americans. At various times during the war flags of several kinds were carried by the American soldiers. 178 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS First Reading of the Declaration, of Independence THE AMERICAN FLAG 179 Not until after the Declaration of Independence had made the colonies free and independent states was there any national flag. Each of the colonies had been made a state. Each state now belonged to the new nation. The new nation must have a national flag. There were committees appointed to design an American flag. Congress decided upon a design for a flag. On June 14, 1777, Congress passed a reso- lution telling how the American flag should be made. At length it was decided that the flag should have thirteen stripes. The stripes were to be " alternate red and white." The flag was to have a field of blue with thirteen white stars upon it. There was to be a stripe in the flag for each of the states. There was to be a star in the flag for each of the states. So the first United States flag was made with thirteen stars and thirteen stripes. Later it was resolved that the stripes should continue to be thirteen, but that a star should PLAIN FACTS 12 180 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS be added for every new state that came into the Union. Each star and each stripe in the United States flag tells an honorable story. The thirteen stripes tell us of the thirteen states which originally formed our Union. The stars tell us of the growth of our Union. Each stripe, each star, and each color in the American flag tells the story of what the flag stands for. The American flag stands for justice. It stands for liberty. It stands for unity. It stands for order. Each color in the flag bears a message to us. The red tells of the bravery of the men and women who helped to make the nation. The red tells us to be fearless in supporting the cause of justice and right. The white tells of the pure and noble lives of the founders of our nation. The white tells us to live so that we may be worthy citizens of the country which is our home. NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 181 The blue tells a story of the loyalty of the early Americans who helped to make the United States. The blue tells us to be loyal Americans, true to our God, to our country,. and to our flag. LESSON 60 National Government jurisdiction control descended harmony individual hamlet town supreme reigns In the United States there is one government which is superior to all others. This supreme government is called the national government. All laws for the government of the United States are made by the national government. Why is the supreme government of the United States called the national government ? Because it is by the rulings and laws of this national government that the whole nation is governed. By what authority is the national government 182 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS the supreme power over all other branches of gov- ernment ? The Constitution of the United States gives the national government power to preside over and control all other branches of government. The Capitol where the National Laws are Made. The national government is higher than any state or city government. All laws for the government of village, city, and state have descended from the power given to the national government by the national constitution. Thus over all city and state constitutions the national constitution is to be observed and revered. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 183 Over all village, state, and city laws the laws of the nation are to be regarded and obeyed. All village, town, city, and state laws must agree with the national laws. Over each individual in the Union, over each state, city, town, and hamlet in the Union, reigns one supreme government — the national govern- ment — "of the people, for the people, by the people/ ' LESSON 61 The National Government Congress administering represents population In the national government as well as in the state and city governments there are three main departments. The work of the national government is divided among these three departments — the legislative, the executive, and the judicial departments. We have learned that the legislative department is the law-making, the executive the law-enforcing, and the judicial the law-administering departments of government. 184 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The law-making department of the national government is Congress. The powers and duties of Congress are estab- lished by the Constitution of the United States. Congress meets in the National Capitol building at Washington, D. C. Congress is composed of two law-making bodies, the United States senate and the house of repre- sentatives. These two houses of Congress meet regularly once a year. The United States senate is called the upper house of Congress. The United States senate represents the states of the Union. Two senators from each state compose the United States senate. United States senators are chosen by the voters of each state. They are chosen for terms of six years. The senators are the representatives of all the people of a state. The presiding officer in the senate is the vice president of the United States. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 185 The members of the house of representatives are chosen by the voters of the country. Each state sends a certain number of represen- tatives to Congress. Some states send more representatives than others. The population of the state determines the number of representatives a state may send to Congress. Representatives are elected for terms of two years each. The speaker presides over the house of repre- sentatives. The house of representatives is called the lower house of Congress. LESSON 62 The National Government (Continued) The President besides electors carried ceremony oath pledges solemnly swear The chief executive officer of the national government is the president. 186 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Besides being the chief executive officer of the national government the president is the com- mander in chief of the entire military force of the United States. The president is chosen once in every four years. The president is sometimes chosen for a second term. The president is elected by electors. These electors are chosen by the voters in each state. The office of president is the highest in the United States government. Only a native citizen of the United States can be chosen to be president of the United States. The duties of the president are many. The chief duty of the president is to see that all the national laws are carried into effect. On the fourth day of March following the presidential election, the president elect is inau- gurated. At the inauguration ceremony the president elect takes the oath of office. When he takes the oath of office, he pledges him- self to faithfully execute the national laws. THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 187 He says: "I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, The White House. preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." During his term of office the president makes his home in Washington, D, C. The executive mansion where the president resides while in Washington is called the White House. There is a vice president chosen at the time the president is chosen. 188 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS One of the duties of the vice president is to preside over the United States senate. In case of the illness or death of the president the vice president becomes the chief executive officer of the nation. He executes the laws and performs all the duties of the office of president. LESSON 63 The National Government (Continued) United States Cabinet divided dealings navy agriculture commerce agricultural affairs patents pensions cabinet industry census In the national government the work of en- forcing and administering the law is divided into ten departments. Each of the ten departments has its official head. The heads of these ten departments together form the United States cabinet, and is known as the president's cabinet. The United States cabinet is composed of men THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 189 under whom the work of these ten departments is carried out. The president appoints this cabinet. The president advises with his cabinet upon all matters of importance to the government. The ten departments over which the members of the United States cabinet preside are : — Department of State, Treasury Department, War Department, Navy Department, Department of the Interior, Post-office Department, Department of Justice, Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, Department of Labor. The secretary of state, whose duty it is to carry on the official dealings between the United States government and other governments, is the chief officer of the state department. The secretary of the treasury is the official head of the treasury department, and has charge of the money affairs of national government. 190 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The secretary of war, together with the presi- dent of the United States, presides over the war department, and controls the United States army affairs. With the president, the secretary of the navy is at the head of the navy department. The sale of public lands, the management of Indian affairs, granting of patents and paying of pensions are looked after by the secretary of the interior. The postmaster general establishes post offices, has charge of the United States mail service, and all matters connected with the United States post- office department. It is the duty of the attorney-general to preside over the department of justice and to attend to all suits in United States courts in which the nation is interested. The attorney-general gives his opinion upon all legal questions brought before him by the president or officers of United States government. The secretary of agriculture looks after the agricultural interests of the country. All matters relating to the interests of commerce, THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 191 labor, and industry are looked after by the secretaries of commerce and labor. LESSON 64 The National Government (Continued) Judicial Department judiciary appeals circuit appealed The Constitution provides for a national judicial department of government. The judicial department of the national govern- ment consists of three grades of courts. These three grades are as follows : the supreme court, the circuit court of appeals, and the district courts. The United States Supreme Court is the most powerful court in the nation. Supreme means highest in power, The United States Supreme Court was estab- lished by the Constitution of the United States. The other national courts were established by Congress. The supreme court of the United States consists of nine judges. 192 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The nine judges of the supreme court are called justices. Of these nine justices there is one who is called chief justice of the supreme court. The Supreme Court. These justices are appointed for life. The next below the supreme court are the nine circuit courts of appeals. There are many district courts. Sometimes justices of the supreme court pre- side in the circuit court of appeals. Each of the numerous district courts has its own judges. No cases are tried in the United States Supreme Court ; but appeals from other courts are decided there. UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE 193 Only cases of much importance can be appealed to the supreme court. Cases are carried to the circuit court of appeals from the district courts. Very important cases may be appealed from the circuit court of appeals to the supreme court. LESS ON 65 United States Postal Service postal service mail distributed postage employee detain addressed safeguarded registry registered insures assistant fee receipt transferring security applicant application payable The Constitution gives the United States gov- ernment power to establish post offices and postal service for every city, town, and village in America. The postmaster general, a member of the United States cabinet, is at the head of the United States mail service. Through the national postal service mail is collected, carried, and distributed through all parts of America. 194 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The United States mail service was established by law and is safeguarded by law. Any person who interferes in any way with a post-office employee engaged in handling or carry- ing mail may be severely punished by law. In a Post Office. Mail is intended for the person or persons to whom it is addressed, and no one should open a letter belonging to another. It is against the law to detain or interfere with mail addressed to another person. In the post offices of cities there are several departments. UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE 195 In charge of each post office and of the several departments is the postmaster, and sometimes the great amount of work requires the services of an assistant postmaster. In the city post offices there is a mailing depart- ment, a delivery department, a registry depart- ment, a money-order department, and a section where postage stamps are sold. Valuable letters should be registered, as a registry stamp insures greater security for valuable mail. The fee for registration is ten cents, in addition to the regular postage. The clerk at the registry department gives a receipt for the letter registered. For the convenience of the public, and to insure greater safety in transferring money through the mails, the United States post-office authorities have established a uniform money- order system. When filling out an application for a money order, the applicant must write his name and the name and address of the party to whom the order is to be paid. PLAIN FACTS 13 196 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The amount and date of the application must also be written. Money orders are payable only to the person or persons in whose name they are drawn. The post-office authorities endeavor to insure the safe delivery of all mail. Sometimes persons to whom mail is addressed cannot be found. Sometimes mistakes are made in addressing mail matter. When persons to whom mail is addressed can- not be found, or when the name of the sender is not known, the mail is forwarded to the dead-letter office at Washington, D. C. If the sender's name and address is written on an envelope, the letter will be returned to him. In addressing mail the writer should be sure — ■ To write very plainly the name and address of the person to whom he is sending the letter. To place sufficient postage in the upper right- hand corner of the envelope. To write his own name and address in the upper left-hand corner of the envelope. ADVICE TO IMMIGRANTS 197 LESSON 66 Advice to Immigrants bestows debt strive credit accordance customs repay benefit The United States government bestows many benefits upon the people of the United States. It bestows numerous benefits upon the many foreigners who come to live and make a home in this country. The government of the United States expects the American people and the many strangers who come from foreign countries to do something in return for the benefits they receive from it. What does the government expect in return for the great care and protection given to its citizens and to the strangers who seek a* home here? The United States government expects its citizens and all people living here to respect and obey the laws of the country, and to live as good and useful citizens. How can foreigners help repay the United States government for the many privileges and 198 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS opportunities offered and the great care given them by the government ? Upon coming to America the first thing a for- eigner should do is to learn to speak, read, and write the language of the country. By learning the language of the country the foreigner fits himself to study and become ac- quainted with the laws of the country. By respecting and obeying the laws of the country he helps repay the debt he owes to the government. Is there no other reason why the foreigner should endeavor to learn the language and laws of the country ? All self-respecting foreigners will strive to learn the language and laws of the country as soon as possible in order that they may become good American citizens, able to fully enjoy the many privileges given by the government. Is an acquaintance with the language and laws sufficient to make the foreigner a successful citizen ? If the foreigner wishes to be successful in busi- ness and happy in his home and social life, he HOW THE GOVERNMENT PROTECTS CITIZENS 199 must acquaint himself with the business and social customs as well as with the language and laws of his new home. If the foreigner wishes to be a credit to himself and to the community in which he has made his home, he must live in accordance with these laws and customs. LESSON 67 HOW THE Government protects its Citizens unrestrained accorded willfully deprive riotous contrary decency reputation compelling threats bodily injury competent safety endanger We have learned that each American citizen has a right to be free and unrestrained, so that he may fully enjoy the freedom, rights, and privileges accorded him by the United States government. We must learn how the government aims to protect its citizens in the enjoyment of their rights. The government endeavors to protect its citi- zens in their rights to peace, health, life, and safety : — 200 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS 1. By making laws to restrain or punish those who willfully deprive them of these rights. 2. By forbidding all riotous acts and conduct contrary to order and decency. 3. By forbidding all acts and conduct that might in any way interfere with the health or lives of its people. 4. By punishing all who willfully injure another's reputation or property. 5. By restraining and compelling to keep the peace all who make threats of bodily injury to another. 6. By making and enforcing laws prohibiting the construction of unsafe buildings. 7. By making and enforcing laws and ordi- nances providing for proper fire protection. 8. By providing sufficient and competent police protection. 9. By making and enforcing laws compelling children to attend school. 10. By compelling children to attend school until they have reached a certain age. 11. By making laws compelling all owners and occupants of business and dwelling places to keep WHOM DOES THE GOVERNMENT PROTECT ? 201 them in safe and sanitary condition so as not to endanger the health or lives of others. 12. By ordering certain of its citizens to take up arms in war, if by so doing the lives and property of others may be saved. LESSON 68 Whom does the Government Protect? permanent claims remain naturalized naturalization owe whether entitled To be secure in their just claims and to enjoy the privileges and opportunities given by the United States government, American citizens must be under the protection of the government. To whom does the government owe its protection ? The government owes its protection to each and all of its subjects. Who are the government's subjects? A person is subject to the government and laws and under the protection of the country in which he makes his permanent home. 202 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Who are subjects of the United States government ? Persons born in the United States and persons who have been naturalized as citizens are American citizens and are subjects of the United States government. How long does the United States protect its subjects ? A citizen of the United States, whether born in this country or made a citizen by naturalization, is under the protection of the United States govern- ment so long as he remains a subject of the United States. Is a citizen of the United States under the pro- tection of the United States if he be traveling abroad ? An American citizen, whether born in this country or made a citizen by law, is under the protection of the United States government where- ever he may travel. Are people living in the United States who were not born here, and who have not been naturalized, subject to the laws of the United States? Persons living in this country who were not born WHAT CITIZENS ARE ENTITLED TO 203 here, and have not become citizens by law, are sub- ject to the laws of the country so long as they remain in the country. Are people living here, yet who are not American citizens, entitled to the protection of the United States government ? Persons living in this country who are not American citizens are entitled to the protection of the United States government only so long as they remain in this country. LESSON 69 What Citizens are entitled To trespass forfeited provided equal others execute Every man, woman, and child born in the United States is an American citizen. Every foreigner who has been naturalized in the United States is an American citizen. All American citizens have equal rights to the freedom and liberty, opportunities and privileges guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States. 204 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The law gives to United States citizens equal liberty to be free to enjoy their rights. What are the equal rights to which all American citizens are entitled ? Each citizen is at equal liberty with every other citizen to think, speak, and act freely, provided he does not trespass upon the rights of others. Every man, woman, and child in the United States is entitled to protection of life, health, peace, and property. In America every one has a right to protection from the dangerous acts of others. Each citizen has a right to freely use and enjoy what he has acquired by honest labor. Each citizen has a right to live in peace. Each citizen has a right to be protected from those who would disturb his peace. Every male citizen who has reached the age of twenty-one years has a right to vote upon ques- tions of government. By voting, each citizen has a right to share in the government of the country. By voting, each citizen has a right to help elect persons to make and execute our laws. DUTIES OF AMERICAN CITIZENS 205 Each citizen has a right to share in establishing and maintaining the government. While traveling abroad each American citizen has a just claim to, and is under the protection of, the United States government and flag. May the rights bestowed upon American citi- zens by the government ever be forfeited ? The rights granted by the United States govern- ment may be forfeited by wrongdoing. "To do right is the essential thing." — Spalding. LESSON 70 Duties of American Citizens obligations impose enjoins responsibilities intelligently incite unlawful companions sober industrious encourage example We have learned that the laws of this country give to every citizen equal rights and equal op- portunities to enjoy the freedom and liberty bestowed by the United States government. Does the government which grants so many 206 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS rights and so many advantages to its people impose any obligations or duties upon them ? The government that accords equal rights and opportunities to all enjoins equal duties and equal responsibilities upon all. Why does the government impose equal re- sponsibilities and equal duties upon all its citizens ? The duties and obligations enjoined by the government are established by law and custom for the protection and general welfare of the people. These duties and obligations are established to secure order and to promote peace, safety, pros- perity, and happiness among the people. Are citizens obliged to perform all the duties imposed by the government ? Each individual citizen is obliged to perform these duties, if the freedom and advantages given by the government for all are to be enjoyed by all. What are the duties of an American citizen ? It is the duty of every American citizen : — 1. To study the history and laws of the United States. 2. To learn how and why these laws were made. 3. To study the laws of state and city. DUTIES OF AMERICAN CITIZENS 207 4. To respect and obey all the laws. 5. To be respectful and obedient to all officers of the law. 6. To prepare himself to vote. 7. To vote intelligently upon all questions for the good of the country. 8. To take up arms, if necessary, in defense of the country. 9. To help to secure order and protect fellow- citizens from harm. How can citizens help secure order and protect fellow-citizens from harm? No law-abiding citizen will interfere with the rights and freedom of others. No law-abiding citizen will incite others to com- mit unlawful or disorderly acts. All good citizens will not only endeavor to re- strain friends and companions from breaking the law, but they will encourage them to assist the government to enforce the law. By living honest, sober, industrious lives we may be good examples and give encouragement to our fellow-citizens to live the lives of good Americans. 208 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 71 The Rights and Duties of Aliens Until he has been made a citizen by law, a foreign-born resident of a country is known as an alien. Does an alien possess the rights and privileges of citizenship ? An alien is not entitled to the rights or privileges of American citizenship until he has become an American citizen. Are aliens under the protection of the United States government ? The United States government protects the alien only so long as he continues to live in United States territory. Does the American government expect aliens to obey the laws of the country ? The government expects aliens living in the United States to respect and obey the laws of the country, just as American citizens are expected to respect and obey them. Can aliens vote, help to make the laws, or help in any way in the government of the United States ? THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF ALIENS 209 Until he has become a citizen an alien cannot vote or take any part in making laws in the United States. How can an alien do his duty toward the govern- ment for the protection it gives him during his residence here ? The alien can perform his duty toward the United States government : — 1. By leading an honest, peaceable life. 2. By attending to his own business. 3. By respecting and obeying all laws and all officers of the law. 4. By fitting himself to become a citizen. 5. By becoming a citizen as soon as the law will allow him to do so. LESSON 72 Naturalization immigrate process permitted presidency requirements continuous qualified eligible continuously The United States government allows the natives of other countries to immigrate to the United States and be naturalized as American citizens. 210 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS What is naturalization ? Naturalization is a process of law by which foreigners are admitted to American citizen- ship. Through naturalization foreigners are permitted to share the protection, rights, privileges, and op- portunities accorded to native citizens. Does naturalization do more than give to immigrants the rights and advantages of native citizens ? The law that grants to foreigners the protection, rights, and advantages of American citizenship enjoins upon them all the duties and responsibili- ties of American citizenship. Are all the rights to which American citizens are entitled given, by naturalization, to foreign- born citizens ? The law of naturalization gives to foreign-born citizens the same rights given to native-born citizens with but one exception. What is the exception ? A foreign-born citizen cannot be nominated for the presidency of the United States. What are the requirements for citizenship? NATURALIZATION 211 At least five years continuous residence in the United States is necessary before an immigrant can become a citizen of the United States. If one has lived in this country continuously for five years, is he eligible for citizenship ? There are other requirements besides five years continuous residence in this country which must be met before one is qualified for admission to American citizenship. LESSON 73 The Declaration of Intention Before papers can be issued admitting a for- eigner to citizenship in the United States he must have made his declaration of intention. He must have lived at least one year in the state where he is applying for citizenship. When a native of a foreign country becomes an American citizen, does his naturalization affect other members of his family ? When a man becomes a eitizen, his wife and minor children become citizens with him. An immigrant who intends to make the United States his permanent home, and who wishes to PLAIN FACTS — 14 212 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS become a citizen of the United States, must de- clare his intention of becoming a citizen. The first step toward naturalization is the declaration of intention. The declaration of intention is called "taking out the first papers/' Immigrants who show by their conduct that they would make good citizens and live as good Americans may upon declaration of intention take the first steps toward becoming citizens. When may a declaration of intention be made ? An immigrant, who is eighteen years old or over, may take out his first papers any time after coming to the country. Is it well for the foreigner to declare his intention of becoming a citizen shortly after his arrival in this country ? Before making a declaration of intention it would be well for the immigrant to wait some time, at least until he can understand and speak English. Can a man take out his first papers and make application for full naturalization at the same time? THE DECLARATION OF INTENTION 213 The declaration of intention must be made at least two years before full naturalization papers can be issued. When an immigrant declares his intention of becoming an American citizen, he takes an oath before a court that he will no longer be a subject of any foreign government. He renounces his allegiance to his own country and flag. When should the first papers be taken out ? If one wishes to perform the duties of an Ameri- can citizen, and enjoy the rights of American citizenship, he should declare his intention of becoming a citizen within three years after his arrival in the United States. If he delays in declaring his intention, is it ever too late to declare it? It is never too late to declare an intention of be- coming a citizen. 214 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 74 Preparation for Naturalization All aliens who earnestly wish to become citizens will prepare themselves for naturalization by learning : — 1. How to speak, read, and write English. 2. Something of the Constitution of the United States. 3. Why the Constitution was established. 4. Why America is called the United States. 5. How America became the United States. 6. How many states there were originally in the Union. 7. How many states there are now in the Union. 8. The form of government in the United States. 9. How the United States is governed. 10. The meaning of organized government. 11. The need for organized government. 12. Who is the chief executive officer of the United States government. 13. The name of the president of the United States. PREPARATION FOR NATURALIZATION 215 14. The duties and work of the president. 15. Where the president lives while at the head of the government. 16. How the chief executive officer of the United States government is elected. 17. Where our national laws are made. 18. How and by whom these laws are made. 19. How senators and congressmen are elected. 20. How many parts Congress has. 21. What the parts of Congress are called. 22. Who is at the head of state government. 23. The name of the chief executive officer of your state. 24. Why we need state laws. 25. Where our state laws are made. 26. How and by whom our state laws are made. 27. How our state law makers are chosen. 28. How many branches there are in state government. 29. The need of city government. 30. How city laws are made. 31. How city law makers are chosen. 32. The chief executive officers of city government. 216 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 75 Can all Aliens become American Citizens? considers admission reason moral favorably disposed prove fitness The government of the United States considers the application for naturalization of all aliens who can show that they are fit to become Ameri- can citizens. Before papers can be issued admitting aliens to citizenship, the government must be satisfied that the applicant is fit for citizenship. All aliens who wish to be naturalized must prove that they are worthy subjects for naturalization. An alien who seeks admission to United States citizenship must prove — 1. That he has a good reason for being in this country. 2. That he is a man of good moral character. 3. That he lived as a good citizen in his native country. 4. That he has not been guilty of crime. CAN ALL ALIENS BECOME AMERICAN CITIZENS? 217 5. That he has lived five years continuously in this country. 6. That he understands and can speak English. 7. That he can read and write in English. 8. That he understands the Constitution and laws of the United States. 9. That he is favorably disposed toward the Constitution and laws of the United States. 10. That he is willing to respect and obey the laws of the United States. 11. That he is properly informed about United States government. 12. That he understands the government and laws of his state and city. 13. That he knows and understands what are the duties of every American citizen. LESSON 76 Aliens who are denied Citizenship Not all aliens can become citizens. The law that admits to citizenship all deserving and worthy applicants denies naturalization to persons who would be undesirable as citizens. 218 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The government denies citizenship to aliens who are in the United States because they were lawbreakers in their native land. Persons who have been guilty of crime cannot be admitted to American citizenship. The law denies citizenship to anarchists. A polygamist cannot become an American citizen. A person of doubtful moral character cannot be admitted to citizenship. Aliens who cannot speak, read, and write Eng- lish cannot become American citizens. Persons who have neglected to become properly informed about the government of the United States cannot be naturalized as citizens. Persons who are ignorant of state and city laws are denied citizenship. Aliens who are unaware of the duties of an American citizen cannot become American citizens. HOW TO APPLY FOR FIRST PAPERS 219 LESSON 77 How TO APPLY FOR First Papers clerk complexion blank information truthfully height visible distinction An alien who has reached the age of eighteen years, and who wishes to become an American citizen, may go before any state or United States court and declare his intention of becoming a citizen. The clerk of the court will give the applicant a blank upon which is printed a set of questions. These blanks are uniform in all states and are prepared by Congress for the use of aliens who wish to take the first steps toward becoming American citizens. The blanks are issued through the United States Department of Labor naturalization service, Washington, D. C. These blanks are called " Facts for Declaration of Intention/ ' and they ask for information concerning the applicant. On the next page you may see a copy of one of these blanks. 220 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS FACTS FOR DECLARATION OF INTENTION department oi Commerce anti Hafcor NATURALIZATION SERVICE ©Hasfchtfltott NOTE. — A copy of this form should he furnished hy the clerk of the court to each applicant for a declaration of intention, so that he can at his leisure fill in the answers to the questions. After being filled out the form is to be returned to the clerk, to be used by him in properly filling oat the declaration. TO THE APPLICANT. — The fee of one dollar must be paid to the clerk of the court before he commences to fill out the declaration of intention. Name: Age: years. (Do not abbreviate any part of name by initial or otherwise.) (Give age at last birthday.) Occupation : Color : Complexion : Height : feet inches . Weight : pounds. Color of hair : Color of eyes : Other visible distinctive marks : (If no visible distinctive marks so state.) Where torn : , (City or town.) (Country.) Date of birth: , , (Month.) (Day.) (Year.) Present residence: , , (Number and street.) (City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) Emigrated from: , (Port of embarkation.) (Country.) Name of vessel : (If the applicant arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name of transportation company should be given.) Last place of foreign residence: , (City or town.) (Country.) lam now a subject of and intend to renounce allegiance to* ( Se <> note -) QSame.) (Title.) Date of arrival in United States : , , (Month.) (Day.) (Year.) Port of arrival: , (City or town.) (State or Territory.) * Note. — If applicant is a citizen of a foreign Republic he should fill in the following line in lieu of the above, writing the name of the Republic only. I am now a citizen of and intend to renounce allegiance to the Republic of HOW TO APPLY FOR FIRST PAPERS 221 The correct information must be given and the blank returned to the clerk of the court. When the blank has been properly filled out and returned to the clerk, he uses it in filling out the declaration of intention. There is no fee charged for the blank form called "Facts for Declaration of Intention." There must be paid to the clerk of the court a fee of one dollar before he begins to fill out the Declaration of Intention. The information asked for in the blank form must be truthfully given by the applicant. The alien is first asked to give his name in full. He must then give his age at his last birthday. The name of his present occupation is asked for. He must state whether he is white or colored. He is asked to give the color of his complexion. His height in feet and inches must be given. He is asked how many pounds he weighs. The color of his hair and his eyes is asked for. If the applicant has any visible distinctive marks, he is asked to describe them. He must tell in what country, also in what city or town, he was born. 222 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS The day, month, and year of his birth must be accurately given. The state, city, or town, street, and number of his present residence must be given. He must tell from what country he emigrated, and the name of the port from which he sailed. The name of the vessel which carried him to America must be given. He must state the name of the country, also the city or town, of his last place of foreign resi- dence. The name and title of the king or ruler of whom the applicant is a subject must be given. The applicant is then asked to declare his in- tention of renouncing his allegiance to this king or ruler. The date, month, and year of his arrival in the United States is asked for. He is asked to name the port of his arrival in this country. In giving the name of the port of arrival he must also give the name of the city and state of his arrival. The applicant cannot apply for full naturaliza- tion until after two years from the date upon which he takes out his first papers. PROOF OF AN ALIEN'S ARRIVAL IN AMERICA 223 The first papers are void after seven years from the date upon which the declaration of intention is made. LESSON 78 Proof of an Alien's Arrival in America The law requires proof of the arrival in this country of all aliens who came here after a certain date, and who wish to be naturalized as citizens. All aliens who arrived in America since June 29, 1906, must have a certificate of arrival if they wish to become American citizens. Where and how may a certificate of arrival be obtained ? A certificate of arrival may be obtained through the Department of Labor, naturalization service, Washington, D. C. There are blank forms called "Request for Certificate of Arrival. " (See next page.) One of these forms properly filled out and sent to the division of naturalization, Department of Commerce and Labor, Washington, D. C, together with another required form, will procure a certif- icate of arrival. 224 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS REQUEST FOR CERTIFICATE OF ARRIVAL FOR USE OF ALIENS ARRIVING AFTER JUNE 29, 1906 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR NATURALIZATION SERVICE Notice to the Clerk of the Court : This form is to be used only where an alien arrived in this country after June 29, 1906. When an alien desires to petition for naturalization, this form should be given to him before he is permitted to file his petition, and the execution of the petition for naturalization should not be commenced until the certificate of arrival is received by the clerk of the court. The alien should be directed to complete the letter below and carefully fill in all the blanks in this form, as the information is necessary to obtain the certificate of arrival, and will aid the clerk of the court in filing the petition for naturalization. The alien should then mail this form to the Commissioner of Naturalization, Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. That official will at once take steps to obtain and forward to the clerk of the court the certificate of arrival required by section 4 of the act of June 29, 1906, to be attached to and made a part of the petition at the time of its filing. The statement of facts will also be for- warded to the clerk of the court. Notice will also be given to the alien that the certificate has been sent to the clerk of the court named by him. Commissioner of Naturalization, U. S. Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. Sir : I came to this country after June 29, 1906. Please obtain a certificate showing my arrival in the United States and forward it to the Clerk of the (Give on those two lines title of court, and city or town, and county and State where court is located in which the petition will be tiled.) for filing as the law requires, with the petition for naturalization which I intend to file in that court. In the accompanying statement I have given the date I landed and the place of my arrival and shown the facts which will go in my petition for naturalization when it is filed. Respectfully, (Sign name in full.) (Give address here.) 4®= NOTICE TO THE APPLICANT FOR NATURALIZATION: Please send your declaration of intention to the Bureau of Naturalization, with this applica- tion. It will be filed with the clerk of the court for you at the time the cer- tificate of your arrival is sent to him. PROOF OF AN ALIEN'S ARRIVAL IN AMERICA 225 What is the other required form? It is the form called "Facts for Petition for Naturalization/ ' You will see a copy of it on pages 226, 227. One of these forms must also be properly and truthfully filled out and sent with the request for certificate of arrival. In making out the forms for "Request for Certificate of Arrival/ ' the petitioners must use great care. In making out "Facts for Petition for Natural- ization/ ' very great care is necessary. The petitioner cannot obtain his certificate of arrival if he makes mistakes in filling out his re- quest for it. If he makes mistakes or misstatements in giving his facts for petition for naturalization, he cannot obtain his certificate of arrival. When the petitioner receives his certificate of arrival, it should be filed in court together with his petition for naturalization. When these papers have been filed in court a certain length of time, the petitioner may apply to the court for full naturalization. 226 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR NATURALIZATION SERVICE FACTS FOR PETITION FOR NATURALIZATION (Give here name used in Declaration of Intention, and do not abbreviate any part of name, by initial or otherwise.) 1. My place of residence is , (Number and name of street.) (City or town.) (Country.) (State, Territory, or District.) 2. My present occupation is 3. I was born on the day of , 18__, at (City or town.) (Country.) , and my last foreign residence was (City or town.) (Country.) 4. I emigrated to the United States from (Port of embarkation.) , on or about the day of , 19. (Country.) and arrived at the port of , , on the (Port of arrival.) (State.) day of , 19__, on the vessel , of the Line, by first cabin , second cabin , steerage (If the alien arrived otherwise than by vessel, the character of conveyance or name of trans portation company should be given.) at which time my height was feet inches; complexion, color of hair, ; color of eyes, ; occupation, destined to , , and accompanied by (City or town.) (State.) destined to (Person or persons to whom destined.) (If the alien came under some other name than his own name, the name used on the steamship must be given here, or the record of arrival cannot be found.) (If the alien arrived as a stowaway or deserting seaman, or in any other manner than as a passenger, please so state.) 5. I declared my intention to become a citizen of the United States on the day of , 19__, at , in the Court of (Location of court.) FULL NATURALIZATION 227 _ T . , ,, husband's was 6. lam married. My .» , name. . (Petitioner, if a widower, should give the name of his wife when living, and state place of her birth; if not married, he should enter " not " in first sentence. In both cases surplus words should be struck through.) He . , is now deceased. _, was born in , and . , one (City or town.) (Country.) now resides at (City or town.) (Country.) I have child __, whose name , date and place of birth, and place of residence are as follows : , born day of , born day of , born day of , born day of , born day of , born day of , born day of 7. I now owe allegiance to ._, at ; resides at. ._ , at ; resides at. ._,at ; resides at. _,at ; resides at. _,at ; resides at. .-, at ; resides at. ._,at ; resides at. (Name of sovereign and country.) 8. I am able to speak the English language. 9. I have resided continuously in the United States since the day of State , 19__, and in the Territory of since the __ day of , 19 __ District 10. I have heretofore made petition for United States citizenship. (If petitioner lias heretofore inade application for citizenship, the facts required should he fully stated in the following hlanks.) I previously petitioned for citizenship tb the Court, at (City or town.) (State, Territory, or District.) on the day of , 1__, which was denied for the following The cause of such denial has since been cured or removed. (Sign name in full.) PLAIN FACTS 15 228 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS OILY ALIENS WHO EITERED THE UNITED STATES THROUGH CANADA OR MEXICO SHOULD ANSWER THE QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE, AND THEI SHOULD BE ANSWERED IN ADDITION TO THE OTHER QUESTIONS ON THE REMAINING PAGES. Kefer to your passport, ship's card, and baggage labels, if you have any, to help you answer these questions. Mail your passport or ship's card to the Bureau of Naturalization with this form and it will be returned after it has been examined. 1. My full name as given at time of sailing from Europe was 2. My age as given at time of sailing from Europe was 3. I sailed on the vessel (Give name. If you cannot remember name of vessel, give the line.) 4. The following are the names of the members of my family who came with me and other passengers on the vessel on which I sailed 5. I arrived at seaport of , in Mexico' on _, , (Month.) (Day.) (Year.) 6. My destination in ^^eo was - (If alien informed immigration authorities at port of embarkation and at port of arrival in Canada or Mexico that he had no intention of remaining in that country, please so state.) 7. I was going to join (Here give name of person and address.) I was examined for admission into the United States at (If not examined, write " not " in blank space.) (If you were examined on a train, state tnis fact also.) My full name as given when examined for admission into the United States was 10. I entered the United States on , , (Month.) (Day.) (Year.) at (Give name of place at border of the United States.) FULL NATURALIZATION 229 LESSON 79 Full Naturalization previous witness personally eligible resided character If eligible for citizenship, the alien may peti- tion the court for full naturalization two years after he has made his declaration of intention. To be eligible for full naturalization, the peti- tioner must have reached his twenty-first birthday. He must be a man of good character. He must have resided in the United States continuously for five years. He must have been a resident of the state for one year previous to the time he petitions for naturalization. He must have filed with the court his certificate of arrival (if he came to this country after the date given in a previous lesson). He must have filed with the court his Facts for Petition for Naturalization. He must have witnesses to prove to the court that he is eligible for citizenship. 230 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTUTE CITIZENS These witnesses must be men of good character. They must be American citizens. They must be able to prove to the court that they are American citizens. The witnesses must have known the petitioner personally for at least five years previous to the time he makes application for naturalization. The petitioner must be prepared to answer any questions put to him by the court. The witnesses may be asked questions, and they must be able to answer them. If, in the opinion of the court, the petitioner would be a good citizen, he is asked to take the oath of allegiance. The petitioner again declares his intention of becoming a United States citizen. He renounces his allegiance to his own country and to any foreign nation or ruler. He pledges his allegiance to his new country. He pledges himself to be a United States citizen. The court then grants him a certificate of natu- ralization. The certificate of naturalization shows that the alien has been made a citizen of the United States. VOTES AND VOTERS 231 A Voting Booth. LESSON 80 Votes and Voters What is a vote ? To vote is to choose. To vote is to help elect. Who are voters ? One who votes is called a voter. We have learned what a native-born American citizen is. We have read what an alien is. 232 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS We have learned what kind of an alien may become an American citizen. And we have learned what kind of an alien can- not become an American citizen. In our lessons on preparation for citizenship we read of the many qualifications for naturalization. We have also read of the various steps to be taken by the alien on his way to citizenship. When admitted to citizenship, we know that he is entitled to vote at elections. Let us see why the naturalized citizen is entitled to vote at elections. Because the court has made him a citizen of the United States. The court has given him the rights and privileges accorded native-born American citizens. We know that in America the people have the right to govern their country. Who gives the people of America the right to govern their country ? The Constitution of the United States says that our country must be governed by officers chosen by the people. How are these officers of government chosen? VOTES AND VOTERS 233 They are chosen by the will of the people. The law gives the people the right to express their will by voting. We see that the will of the people is shown by the way they vote at elections. If we are to have good government, we must have honest, intelligent officers of government. If we are to have good officers to govern our country, we must have intelligent voters to elect good men. Every man who has a right to vote should vote. Every voter should know why he votes. He should know what he votes for. A man should value his vote very highly. He should not sell his vote. It is against the law to buy or sell a vote. A man should not be influenced to vote con- trary to his wishes. He should know the right and vote for the right. As voters are responsible for our government every voter should use his right to vote by voting intelligently to elect good men to do the great work of governing our country. 234 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS LESSON 81 How Voters HELPED TO SAVE THE Union political extent curse cabin indivisible ability- slave opposed proclamation agitated fences restored overthrow human rails disposed majority being split master On February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Kentucky, a boy was born. This boy was the son of very poor parents. The baby was named Abraham Lincoln. When Abraham was a young boy, about seven years old, his father moved from Kentucky to the state of Indiana. As a boy, Abraham loved to help his father with his work, but, above all, he loved to study. He was very eager to learn, and he studied hard. There was no school near his home, and he there- fore had to walk several miles to a schoolhouse. He attended school for a while, but he was too poor to go to school long. HOW VOTERS HELPED TO SAVE THE UNION 235 How was he to get clothes and books and other needful articles ? He must work to earn all these things. He earned a little money by working on neigh- bors^ farms. . He bought books with the first money he earned. At one time he worked as a boatman on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Busy as he was earning his living, he never neg- lected to study. He studied at night and during every spare moment of the daytime. When Abraham was twenty-one years old, his father moved to the state of Illinois. Abraham helped his father build a log cabin for their new home. He split logs into rails to make fences around his father's fields. He split many rails for the farmers in the neighborhood. Abraham Lincoln. 236 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Then for a time he worked at storekeeping. But Abraham Lincoln was not satisfied with what he had been doing. He was too fond of his books to be content to settle down at railsplitting or storekeeping. He wanted to study law, but was too poor to give the time to it. He next became the postmaster of his town. At odd times he studied surveying and became a good surveyor. He earned some money at surveying, and then he took time to study law. He became a good lawyer, and gave valuable aid to those who needed his advice. He gave his services free to all who were too poor to pay for them. When Abraham Lincoln was twenty-five years old, the voters of his district elected him to the legislature of his state. He was reelected and gave valuable service to his state for several terms. While a member of the state legislature, Abra- ham Lincoln helped to make laws for the govern- ment of the people in his state. HOW VOTERS HELPED TO SAVE THE UNION 237 In 1846 he was elected a member of Congress. He was again the choice of the voters in his district. As congressman, he helped to make the laws for the government of the nation. While Abraham Lincoln was serving his country as congressman, the whole nation was excited over the question of slavery. Some of the Southern states were slave states. A slave is the property of a master, and can be disposed of as the master chooses. The people of the South owned negro slaves. Many of the Southern people believed that slavery was right. The people of the North had no slaves. Some of the Northern people did not think slav- ery was a good thing for the nation. The slave owners wanted to keep their slaves. Many of the people in the North wanted to do away with slavery. Abraham Lincoln did not believe in slavery. He thought it was a curse to the nation. He believed that every human being should be free. 238 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS While thousands of people believed as he did, Abraham Lincoln talked against slavery and brought many others to think as he did. While the people of the United States were agitated over the question of slavery, the time to elect a president drew near. In 1860 the party opposed to the extension of slavery nominated Abraham Lincoln for president. The slave owners did not want him elected president. They knew that he would do all in his power to prevent slavery from being carried into the new states that might be formed. But it was left to the voters of the Union to decide. Did the majority of the voters want slavery? Let us see what was the will of the people. Again the will of the majority of the people became known by the way they voted. They voted to elect Abraham Lincoln president of the United States. The majority of the voters agreed that slavery must not be introduced into states where it did not then exist. From the time of Abraham Lincoln's election as HOW VOTERS HELPED TO SAVE THE UNION 239 president some of the Southern states prepared to leave the Union. These states left the union and decided to form a separate nation in which slavery should be every- where permitted by law. The people of the North and many of the South- ern people did not want these slave-holding states to leave the Union. When Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated presi- dent, he said : — "No state can lawfully get out of the Union. "To the extent of my ability I shall take care that the laws of the Union be faithfully executed in all the states." Then followed a terrible war which lasted four years. This was known as the Civil War. Many slaves were freed by President Lincoln during the war. In 1863 the president sent out a Proclamation, giving freedom to the slaves in all the states that were then at war with the United States. In 1864 Abraham Lincoln was again the choice of the voters for president. 240 PLAIN FACTS FOR FUTURE CITIZENS Soon after this the war was brought to an end. Peace was restored, and the Union was preserved. Abraham Lincoln had led the people in saving the Union. The nation was not divided. It is and ever shall be "one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 029 809 807 6