b'Class. ~_ i \n\nBook ~Ti- C \n\nMis \n\n\n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nChronology may be defined, "a scientific method of ascertaining \nor computing time, from the commencement of some given event to the \ncompletion or fulfilment of another, with the doctrine of dates, eras, \nepochs, &c. coincident therewith." Like history it opens, through a \n~reat avenue, an expanded view of all human affairs, and connects and \nIllumines the most dark and distant revolutions of the world. Yet it is \nto be lamented, that many and insuperable difficulties arise in ascer- \ntaining the dates and periods of antiquity, and concerning which much \ncontroversy and difference of opinion have arisen. " All nations," says \nSir Isaac Newton, "before they began to keep exact records of time, \nseem to have been led away by the false pride of heightening their \n\ni. antiquity, and of ascribing their origin to some divinity or renowned \nprince, often known only in fable, and handed down by legendary \n\n\'tradition." On this account Sir Isaac found himself constrained to \ndeviate widely from the beaten paths of former writers, in fixing the \ndates of facts preceding the war between the Greeks and Persians : \nyet, so affixing them," says he, " as to make Chronology suit with \nSifthe course of nature, with astronomy, with sacred history, and with \nitself." ,\xe2\x80\x9e \n\nSir Isaac Newton has shown, that the Chronology of ancient king- \ndoms is involved in the greatest uncertainty ; and that the Europeans \nhad no Chronology before the existence of the Persian empire, or 536 \nyears before Christ, when Cyrus conquered Darius ; that the antiquities \nof the Greeks are full of fables till this period, and that after this time \n\xe2\x80\xa2several Greek historians introduced the computation by generations. \n\nThe Chronology of the Latins was still more uncertain ; their old \nrecords having been burnt by the Gauls 120 years after the expulsion of \ntheir kings, and 388 before the birth of Christ. The Chronologers of \nGaul, Spain, Germany, Scythia, Sweden, Britain, and Ireland, are of a \nstill later date ; for Scythia beyond the Danube had no letters till \nJ Ulphilas, their bishop, formed them, about the year 370. Germany had \nnone till it received them from the western empire of the Latins, about \n\n\n\n\nviii \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nthe year 400. The Huns had none in the days of Procopius, about the \nyear 526 ; and Sweden and Norway received them still later. \n\nSir Isaac Newton, after a general account of the obscurity and \ndefects of the ancient Chronology, observes, that though many of the \nancients computed by successions and generations, yet the Egpytians, \nGreeks, and Latins, reckoned the reigns of kings equal to generations \nof men, and three of them to a hundred, and sometimes to 120 years, \nand this was the foundation of their technical chronology." He then \nproceeds, from the ordinary course of nature, and a detail of historical \nfacts, to show the difference between reigns and generations ; and that, \nthough a generation from father to son may at an average be reckoned \nabout 33 years, or three of them equal to 100 years, yet when they are \ntaken by the eldest sons, three of them cannot be estimated at more \nthan about 75 or 80 years ; and the reigns of kings are still shorter ; \nso that 18 or 20 years may be allowed as a just medium. Sir Isaac \nthen fixes on four remarkable periods, viz. the return of the Heraclidae \ninto the Peloponnesus, \xe2\x80\x94 the taking of Troy, \xe2\x80\x94 the Argonautic expedi- \ntion, \xe2\x80\x94 and the return of Sesostris into Egypt, after his wars in Thrace ; \nand he settles the epoch of each by the true value of a generation. To \ninstance only his estimate of that of the Argonautic expedition : having \nfixed the return of the Heraclidae to about the 159th year after the \ndeath of Solomon, and the destruction of Troy to about the 76th year \nafter that period, he observes, that Hercules the Argonaut was the \nfather of Hyllus, the father of Clerdius, the father of Andromachus, \nthe father of Aristodemus, who conducted the Heraclidae into Pelopon- \nnesus ; so that, reckoning by the chiefs of their family, their return was \nfour generations later than the Argonautic expedition, which therefore \nhappened about 43 years after the death of Solomon. This is farther \nconfirmed by another argument : iEsculapius and Hercules were \nArgonauts; Hippocrates was the 18th inclusively from the former by \nthe father\'s side, and the 19th from the latter by the mother\'s side ; \nnow allowing 28 or 30 years to each of them, the 17 intervals by the \nfather, and the 18 intervals by the mother, will on a medium give 507 \nyears ; and these, reckoning back from the commencement of the \nPeloponnesian war, or the 431st year before Christ, when Hippocrates \nbegan to flourish, will place the Argonautic expedition in the 43rd year \nafter the death of Solomon, or 937 years before Christ. \n\nThe other kind of reasoning by which Sir Isaac Newton endeavours \nto establish this epoch is purely astronomical. \n\n"What is proposed in these introductory pages, is to point out, in a \nmore copious manner than was compatible with our plan in the body of \nthe work, the chief methods by which the several portions of time have \nbeen computed, and in which they have been employed in ascertaining \nthe connection, and determining the dates, of past transactions. \n\nThe divisions of time, which most probably first attracted the notice \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nix \n\n\n\nof mankind, as most obvious to their senses, were those marked by the \nrevolutions of the heavenly bodies \xe2\x80\x94 days, lunar months, and years ; \nand if these had corresponded so exactly to each other, that every luna- \ntion had consisted uniformly of the same number of days, and each year \nof a itgular number of days, and each year of a regular number of com- \nplete lunations, the business of Chronology would have been attended \nwith comparatively little difficulty. In consequence, however, of varia- \ntions in the revolutions of the earth, which it is not requisite here to \nexplain, it has become necessary to adjust these periods to each other \nby certain artificial divisions. \n\nThe most obvious division of time, in all ages and countries, as has \nbeen observed, is to be referred to the apparent or real revolutions of \nthe sun and moon. Thus, the apparent revolution of the sun, or the \nreal rotation of the earth on her axis, causing the sun to appear to rise \nand set, constitutes the vicissitudes of day and night, which must be \nevident to the most barbarous and ignorant nations. The moon, by her \nrevolution about the earth, and her changes, as naturally and obviously \nforms months ; while the great annual course of the sun through the \nseveral constellations of the zodiac, points out the larger division of \nthe year. \n\nOF THE COMMON DIVISION OF TIME. \n\nTime itself is only a succession of phenomena in the universe ; or a \nmode of duration marked by certain periods. " Our idea of time in \ngeneral," says Mr. Locke, 4< is formed by considering any part of \ninfinite duration, as set out by periodical measures : the idea of any \nparticular time, or length of duration, we acquire first by observing \ncertain appearances at regular and seemingly equi-distant periods. \nThus, by being able to repeat these lengths or measures of time as often \nas we will, we can imagine duration, where nothing really endures or \nexists ; and hence we imagine to-morrow, or next year," &c. Some \nphilosophers define time to be the duration of a thing whose existence \nis neither without beginning nor end ; and, by this, time is distin- \nguished from eternity. The most familiar portions, or measures of \ntime, are its sub-divisions into hours, days, weeks, months, and years ; \nbut as these have varied considerably in different ages and countries, it \nbecomes the business of Chronology to investigate and explain them. \n\nAn Hour is the aliquot part of a natural day, usually the twenty- \nfourth, but sometimes the twelfth part. With us, it is the twenty- \nfourth part of the earth\'s diurnal rotation, or the time from noon to \nnoon, and therefore it answers to fifteen degrees of the whole circle of \nlongitude, or of 360 degrees. The hour is divided by sixtieths, viz. \nfirst into sixty minutes, then each minute into sixty seconds, &c. The \n\nc2 \n\n\n\nX \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\ndivision of time into hours is very ancient ; as is shown by Kircher, \nCEdip. yEgypt. torn. 2, part 2. The most ancient hour is that of the \ntwelfth part of the day. Herodotus observes, that the Greeks learned \nfrom the Egyptians, among other things, the method of dividing the \nday into twelve parts ; and the astronomers of Cathaya still retain this \nmethod. The division of the\' day into twenty-four hours was not known \nto the Romans before the Punic war ; till that time they only regulated \ntheir days by the rising and setting of the sun. They divided the \ntwelve hours of their day into four ; viz. prime, which commenced at \nsix o\'clock \xe2\x80\x94 third at nine \xe2\x80\x94 sixth at twelve \xe2\x80\x94 and none at three. They \nalso divided the night into four watches, each containing three hours. \n\nSometimes hours are divided into equal and unequal. \xe2\x80\x94 Equal hours \nare the twenty-fourth parts of a day and night precisely ; that is, the \ntime in which the fifteen degrees of the equator pass the meridian. \nThese are also called equinoctial hours, because measured on the \nequinoctial ; and astronomical, because used by astronomers. Astrono- \nmical hours are equal hoxirs, reckoned from noon to noon, in a continued \nseries of twenty-four. European hours, used in civil computation, are \nequal hours, reckoned from midnight ; twelve from thence till noon, \nand twelve more from noon till midnight. Jewish, or planetary, or \nancient hours, are twelfth parts of the artificial day and night. They \nare called ancient or Jewish hours, because used by the ancients, and \nstill among the Jews. They are called planetary hours, because the \nastrologers pretend that a new planet comes to predominate every \nhour, and that the day takes its denomination from that which predo- \nminates the first hour of it ; as Monday from the moon, &c. Italian \nhours are equal hours, reckoned from sun-set, in a continued series of \ntwenty-four. Unequal or temporary hours are twelfth parts of the \nartificial day and night. The obliquity of the sphere renders these \nmore or less unequal at different times, so that they only agree with the \nequal hours at the times of the equinoxes. \n\nThe next measure of time, above or superior to the hour, is that of \nthe Day. In common speech, a day means that period of time which \nis. included between the first appearance of light in the morning and \nthe return of darkness in the evening, or during which the sun is visible \nabove the horizon. But the word is used, in a more comprehensive \nsense, to denote the time of a complete revolution of the earth round \nits axis. The former has been denominated a natural, the latter a civil, \nand sometimes a solar day. The beginning of the day has been variously \nreckoned by different nations. The Chaldaeans, Syrians, Persians, and \nIndians, reckoned the day to commence at sun-rise. The Jews also \nused this method for their civil, but began the sacred day at sun-set ; \nthis latter mode was used likewise by the Athenians, the Arabs, the \nancient Gauls, and some other European nations. The Egyptians \nappear to have had several methods of reckoning their day ; probably \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nthe mode varied in different parts of the country, and in the same place \nat different periods. The ancient inhabitants of Italy computed the \nday from midnight, and in this they have been followed by the English, \nFrench, Dutch, Germans, Spaniards, and Portuguese ; modern astrono- \nmers, after the Arabians, count the day from. noon. \n\nThe day was sub -divided by the Jews and Romans into four parts, \nwhich they denominated watches or vigils : the first commenced at six \nin the morning, the second at nine, the third at twelve, and the fourth \nat three in the afternoon. The beginning of the first watch was, by the \nJews, called the third hour, and so on in succession to the fourth watch, \nwhich was reckoned the twelfth hour. The night was divided in a \nsimilar manner. Other modes of dividing the day have been in use \namong different nations ; but that which is now most general in civilised \ncountries, is into twenty-four equal parts or hours. \n\nThe Week is a division of time, of which it may be proper to take \nsome notice before we proceed to the month. Various divisions, which \nmight be included under this denomination, have obtained in different \ncountries. The earlier Greeks divided their month into three portions \nof ten days each : the Northern Chinese had a week of fifteen days, and \nthe Mexicans one of thirteen. But the Chaldseans, and most other \nOi\'iental nations, have, from time immemorial, used the Jewish week of \nseven days, which has been adopted by the Mohammedans, and intro- \nduced, with Christianity, to most of the civilised nations of the world. \nIn the Old Testament the term week is occasionally applied to a period \nof seven years, as well as of seven days ; and to this it is necessary to \nattend, in order to understand the passages wherein the word is used in \nthat sense. \n\nThe Month. There can be little doubt but that this division of time \nwas at first suggested by the phases, or the periodical changes in the \nappearances of the moon, and, consequently, that in ancient computa- \ntions the months were invariably lunar. The difficulty, however, of \nadjusting this month to the annual revolution of the earth led, with the \nimprovement of astronomy, to the invention of other divisions under \nthis name. Months are now divided into astronomical and civil. The \nastronomical months with which Chronology is concerned, are measured \nby the revolutions of the moon, and are either periodical or synodical. \nThe periodical lunar month is composed of the time which elapses \nbetween the departure of the moon from any part of her orbit, and her \nreturn to the same point, which is 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes. \nThe synodical lunar month is reckoned from one conjunction of the sun \nwith the moon to another. This period is not always the same, being \nsubject to the variation occasioned by the motion of the sun eastward \non the ecliptic ; a mean lunation consists of 29 days, 12 hours, and 44 \nminutes. This was the lunar month mostly in use in ancient times. \nThe civil month is that artificial space of time, by means of which the \n\n\n\nXll \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nsolar year is divided into twelve parts ; these months, which were first \nordained by Julius Caesar, consist of thirty, or thirty-one days each, \nwith the exception of February, which commonly contains twenty-eight, \nand in every fourth year twenty-nine days. \n\nYears. The year may be termed the largest natural division of time. \nAs the diurnal revolution of the earth would naturally lead to the divi- \nsion into days, and the phases of the moon, with a little attention, to \nthat into months, so the annual motion of the earth round the sun, \nwhich would be marked by the periodical return of certain appearances, \nseasons, &c, would in due course lead to the adoption of this larger \ndivision. At what time this took place is uncertain, but probably not \nbefore considerable advances had been made in astronomical science. \nIt was long, however, after its first adoption, before it attained to any \nthing like an accurate form. The most ancient measure of the year \nof which we know, consisted of twelve lunar months, which, for the \nfacility of computation, being all considered as equal in length, and to \ncontain thirty days each, amounted to 360 days. It is conjectured that \nthis gave rise to the division of the ecliptic, which still obtains, into 360 \nequal parts or degrees. \n\nThis luni-solar year probably had its rise in Chaldsea, or Egypt ; we \nlearn, at least, from the testimony of Herodotus, that it was used in \nthe latter country. Hence, with the diffusion of science, it was carried \ninto other regions, and very generally adopted. It was early in use \namong the Indians, the Chinese, the Medes, and Persians, and the \nancient Greeks. Its measure being, however, inaccurate, containing \nfive days and a quarter more than the lunar, and as much less than the \ntrue solar year, and this defect becoming every year more perceptible \nfrom the retrocession of the seasons, &c. it was soon considered neces- \nsary to subject it to some revision. The Thebans are supposed to have \nbeen the first who undertook its correction, by making an annual \naddition of five days to the luni-solar year. Thales introduced this \nimprovement into the ancient Grecian year, and it was adopted, with \nsome trifling variations in particular instances, into the Indian, the \nChinese, and the Jewish year. \n\nThe Roman year, as regulated by Romulus, and afterwards reformed by \nhis successor Numa, was reckoned by lunar months, and adjusted to the \nseasons by a number of intercalary days. It consisted of ten lunar months \nof which December was the last, and to these two whole intercalary \nmonths were added, but not inserted in the calendar. This year began \nat first in March ; but the Decemviri, who undertook its reformation, \nchanged the order of the months into that in which they now stand, \nintroduced the two intercalary months, January and February, into the \ncalendar, and made January the first month of the year. \n\nOwing to the ignorance or the carelessness of the Pontifices Maximi, \nto whose care the regulation of the intercalary days was committed, the \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nxiii \n\n\n\nyear was reduced to such disorder in the time of Julius Caesar, that the \nwinter months had fallen back to the autumn. To restore them to their \nproper season, Csesar formed a year of 445 days, which has been styled \nthe year of confusion. With the assistance of Sosigenes, a mathematician \nof Alexandria, he afterwards, in the year B. C. 45, instituted a solar \nyear of 365 days, 6 hours, which is now known under the name of the \nJulian year. To adjust this year to the annual revolution of the earth, \nwhich is six hours and some minutes more than 365 days, the length of \nthe ordinary year, a day was appointed to be intercalated every fourth \nyear in the month of February ; this day, from its position in the Roman \ncalendar, was called bissextile, a name which has also been given to the \nyear in which the intercalation takes place. \n\nThe Julian year, although it approaches very near the truth, is not, \nhowever, perfectly correct. The true time of the annual revolution of \nthe sun in the ecliptic is 365 days, 5 hours, and nearly 49 minutes, \nwhich falls short by a few minutes of the time assumed in the Julian \nyear. How trifling soever this difference might at first appear, it \namounted in a hundred and thirty-one years to a whole day. In conse- \nquence of this, the vernal equinox, which Sosigenes, in the first year of \nthe Julian correction, observed to fall in the 25th of March, had gone \nback in A. D. 325, at the time of the council of Nice, to the 21st, and \nin A. D. 1582 to the 11th of March. To remedy this growing defect, \nPope Gregory XIII. caused the calendar to undergo another correction. \nIn A. D. 1580, he ordered ten days to be cut out of the month of Octo- \nber, so that the fourth was reckoned the fifteenth day ; and, to prevent \nsuch retrocession in future, in addition to the Julian regulation with \nrespect to the bissextile year, he ordained that the years 1600, 2000, \n2400, and every fourth century in succession, should have an intercala- \ntion of a day, but that in the other centuries 1700, 1800, 1900,2100, &c. \nthe day should be omitted, and those years remain common years. This \nregulation comes so near the truth, that the only correction it will \nrequire will be the suppression of a day and a half in five thousand \nyears. \n\nThe Gregorian year, or as it is vulgarly called, the new style, was \nimmediately adopted in Spain, Portugal, and part of Italy. It was \nintroduced into France in October of the same year, the tenth of which \nmonth was, by an ordinance of Henry III., reckoned the twentieth day. \nIn Germany it was adopted by the Catholic States in 1583, but the \nProtestant States adhered to the old calendar until the year 1700. \nDenmark also adopted it about this period, and Sweden in 1753. It \nwas not used in England before 1752, when, by act of parliament, the \nstyle was changed, and the third of September was reckoned the four- \nteenth, the difference having by this time increased to eleven days. \nRussia is the only country in Europe in which the old mode of reckon- \ning is still in use. \n\n\n\nxiv \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nThe want of some specific standard, which could be regarded as \ncommon to all nations, has occasioned great diversity in different \ncountries in fixing the beginning of the year. The Chaldseans and \nEgyptians reckoned their years from the autumnal equinox. The Jews \nalso reckoned their civil year from this period, but began their ecclesi- \nastical year in the spring. Gemschid, the king of Persia, ordered the \nyear in that country to commence at the vernal equinox. In Sweden \nthe year formerly commenced at the winter solstice. The Greeks used \ndifferent methods, some of the states beginning the year at the vernal, \nothers at the autumnal equinox, and some at the summer solstice. The \nRoman year at one time began in March, but was afterwards made to \ncommence in January. The new year\'s day of the church of Rome is \nfixed on the Sunday nearest the full moon of the vernal equinox. In \nEngland the year began in March until A D. 1752, when the act of \nparliament which altered the style, ordained it to commence on the first \nof January. \n\nHaving thus given a short account of the lunar and solar years, which \nhave been mostly in use, and an acquaintance with which is of most \nconsequence in chronology, it will be proper to notice some combina- \ntions of years which are mentioned in ancient history, and therefore \nuseful to be known. \n\nLustra. The Romans sometimes reckoned by lustra ; a Lustrum was \na period of five years, which derived its name from a census instituted by \nServius Tullius, at which a purification {Lustration) of the Roman people \nwas made every fifth year. \n\nThe Olympiads were, however, the most remarkable of these combina- \ntions. They consisted of four Grecian years, and derived their names \nfrom the public games celebrated every fourth year at Olympia, in Pelo- \nponnesus. These games were instituted in honour of Jupiter, but at \nwhat time, or by whom, is not known. After they had been neglected \nand discontinued for some time, they were restored by Iphitus, king of \nElis, in the year B. C. 776 ; and it is from this date that the olympiads \nare reckoned in chronology. \n\nCycles are fixed intervals of time composed of the successive revolu- \ntions of a certain number of years. The lustra and the olympiads may \nperhaps be included under this name, but the term is more commonly \nappropriated to larger intervals, connected with the periodical return of \ncertain circumstances and appearances. The great use made of cycles \nin chronology requires that they be particularly noticed. \n\nFrom the defective nature of the Greek calendar, the Olympic year, \nas it has been called, was subject to considerable variation ; and, from \nthe retrocession of the months, which it occasioned, producing a gradual \nchange of the seasons when the games were to be celebrated, led to much \ninconvenience. Cleostrates, a mathematician of Tenedos, endeavoured \nto give it a more perfect form by inventing a cycle of eight years ; this, \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nXT \n\n\n\nhowever, being computed by lunar years, still left the calendar subject \nto great inaccuracies. To rectify these, Meton, a mathematician of great \ncelebrity, invented \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nThe Lunar Cycle, a period of nineteen solar years, at the end of \nwhich interval the sun and moon return to very nearly the same part of \nthe heavens. This improvement was at the time received with universal \napprobation, but, not being perfectly accurate, was afterwards corrected \nby Eudoxus, and subsequently by Calippus, whose improvements modern \nastronomers have adopted. \n\nThe use of this cycle was discontinued when the games, for the regu- \nlation of which it was composed, ceased to be celebrated. The Council \nof Nice, however, wishing to establish some method for adjusting the \nnew and full moons to the course of the sun, with the view of determin- \ning the time of Easter, adopted it as the best adapted to answer the \npurpose ; and from its great utility they caused the numbers of it to be \nwritten on the calendar in golden letters, which has obtained for it the \nname of the golden numbers. The golden number for any year is found \nas follows : \xe2\x80\x94 The first year of the Christian era corresponds to the second \nof this cycle ; if then to a given year of this era one be added, and the \nsum be divided by 19, the quotient will denote the number of cycles \nwhich have revolved since the commencement of the Christian era, and \nthe remainder will be the golden number for the given year. E. g. If \nthe golden number of the year 1808 be required, one being added, the \nsum will be 1809 ; this being divided by 19, will give 95 for the quotient, \nand 4 for the remainder, or golden number sought. \n\nThe Solar Cycle is another of those periods, the inventor of which is \nat present, however, unknown. It consists of 28 years, at the expira- \ntion of which the sun returns to the sign and degree of the ecliptic which \nhe had occupied at the conclusion of the preceding period, and the days \nof the week correspond to the same days of the month as at that time. \nIt is used to determine the Sunday or dominical letter, which we shall \nbriefly explain. \n\nIn our present calendars the days of the week are distinguished by the \nfirst seven letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, D, E, F, G ; and the rule \nfor applying these letters is invariably to put A for the first day of the \nyear, whatever it be ; B for the second, and so in succession to the \nseventh. Should the first of January be Sunday, the dominical or Sunday \nletter for that year will be A, the Monday letter B, &c. ; and as the number \nof letters is the same as that of the days of the week, A will fall on every \nSunday, B on every Monday, &c, throughout the year. Had the year \nconsisted of 364 days, making an exact number of weeks, it is obvious \nthat A would always have stood for the dominical letter ; the year con- \ntaining, however, one day more, it follows that the dominical letter of \nthe succeeding year will be G. For Sunday being the first day of the \npreceding year will be also the last, and the first Sunday in the next will \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nfall on the seventh day, and will be marked by the seventh letter, or G. \nThis retrocession of the letters will, from the same cause, continue every \nyear, so as to make F the dominical letter of the third, &c. If every \nyear were common, the process would continue regularly, and a cycle of \nseven years would suffice to restore the same letters to the same days as \nbefore. But the intercalation of a day every bissextile, or fourth year, \nhas occasioned a variation in this respect. The bissextile year contain- \ning 366, instead of 365 days, will throw the dominical letter of the fol- \nlowing year back two letters ; so that, as in the year 1808, if the domini- \ncal letter at the beginning of the year be C, the dominical letter of the \nnext year will be not B but A. This alteration is not effected by drop- \nping a letter altogether, but by changing the dominical letter at the end \nof February, where the intercalation of a day takes place. Thus, in the \nyear 1808, C is the dominical letter in January and February, but B is \nsubstituted for it in March, and continues to be the dominical letter \nthrough the remainder of the year. In consequence of this change \nevery fourth year, twenty-eight years must elapse before a complete revo- \nlution can take place in the dominical letter, and it is on this circum- \nstance that the period of the solar cycle is founded. A table constructed \nto show the dominical letters for any given years of one of these cycles, \nwill answer for the corresponding years in every successive cycle. The \nfirst year of the Christian era corresponds to the ninth of this cycle : if, \ntherefore, to any given year of the Christian era nine be added, and the \nsum be divided by 28, the quotient will denote the number of the revo- \nlutions of the cycle since the ninth year B.C., and the remainder will be \nthe year of the cycle. If there be no remainder, the year of the cycle \nwill be the last, or twenty-eight. E. g. Nine being added to 1808 makes \n1817 ; this sum being divided by 28, gives a quotient of 64 for the revo- \nlutions of the cycle, and a remainder of 25 for the year of the cycle. \nThere is another cycle in use, called \n\nThe Cycle of Indie tion. It consists of fifteen years, and is derived \nfrom the Romans. Learned men are not agreed as to the origin of it, \nbut the most probable opinion is, that the return of this period was \nappointed for the payment of some public taxes or tributes. The first \nyear of this cycle is made to correspond to the year 3 B.C. If therefore \nto any given year of the Christian era three be added, and the sum be \ndivided by fifteen, the remainder will be the year of this cycle. There \nis, however, another mode of calculating it. This cycle was established \nby Constantine. A.D, 312 ; if therefore from the given year of the \nChristian era 312 be subtracted, and the remainder be divided by 15, \nthe year of this cycle will be obtained. In either of these ways, if there \nbe no remainder, the indiction will be 15. \n\nThe Julian Period, some acquaintance with which is indispensable in \nthe study of chronology, will be easily understood from the preceding \naccount of the cycles. It is formed by the combination of the three, by \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nxvii \n\n\n\nmultiplying the numbers 28, 19, and 15, of the cycles of the sun, moon, \nand indiction, into each other. The total of years thus produced is \n7980, of which the Julian period consists ; at the expiration of which, \nand not sooner, the first years of each of those cycles will again come \ntogether. This period was invented by Joseph Scaliger, as one by which \nall eras, epochs, and" computations of time might readily be adjusted. \nThe first year of the Christian era corresponds to the 4714th of the \nJulian period, and it extends as far back as 706 years beyond the com- \nmon date of the creation 4004. The year of the Julian period corre- \nsponding with any given year before or since the commencement of the \nChristian era, may be easily found by the following rule. If the year \nrequired be of the latter kind, add to it 4713, the number of years of \nthe Julian period elapsed before the Christian era, and the sum will be \nthe year required. If it be of the former, subtract the year B.C. from \n4714, and the difference will give it. \n\nThis period has been esteemed by many to be of the highest import- \nance in chronology, as affording a common standard for the adjustment \nof different epochs. Modern chronologers are not, however, so warm \nin their admiration of it as their predecessors have been. A common \nstandard is unquestionably of the highest consequence in the comparison \nof dates and eras, and in the general arrangement and division of time,, \nand from its great utility and the necessity of its frequent application, \nit is of importance that it should be as simple as possible in its nature \nand construction. The Julian period is liable to objection on the latter \nscore, as being rather complicated in its formation ; and its necessity is \nnow altogether superseded by the very general adoption of the Christian \nera as the standard of time. Any events or eras, prior or subsequent \nto its commencement, may easily be computed by it, and the date of \nthem be impressed on the memory with very little exertion or difficulty. \n\nIt remains that we give some account of \n\nEpochs and Eras, terms which constantly recur in history, and the \nelucidation of which belongs to the province of chronology. An epoch \nis a certain point, generally determined by some remarkable event, from \nwhich time is reckoned ; and the years computed from that period are \ndenominated an era. The birth of Christ is considered as an epoch \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe years reckoned from that event are called the Christian era. \n\nIn sacred chronology, the first and most remarkable epoch is that of \nthe creation of the world. As learned men could not agree as to the \nprecise time when this took place, the folly of reckoning from it as a \nstandard soon became apparent, and the practice was in consequence \nabandoned. Archbishop Usher, whose scripture chronology is adopted \nin our English Bibles, fixes this event in the year 4004 B.C. ; Playfair \nplaces it in 4007. \n\nThe universal deluge forms another epoch ; this is placed by Usher \nin the year B.C. 2349. A third sacred epoch is the call of Abraham, \n\n\n\nxviii \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nwhich happened, according to the samelearned authority, B.C. 1921. The \nnext epoch is the departure of the Israelites from Egypt, which Usher \nplaces B.C. 1491. \n\nIn profane history we shall first notice the epoch of the Argonautic \nexpedition, an event much celebrated in ancient history, and of some \nimportance in chronological discussion from being adopted by Sir Isaac \nNewton as the foundation of his system of chronology. The date of \nthis transaction has been placed in the year 1225 B.C., but in this \nchronologers are not agreed. The destruction of Troy forms another \nremarkable epoch. Considerable uncertainty prevails as to the exact \ntime when this event, as well as the preceding, took place. Playfair \nfixes it in the year B.C. 1184. \n\nThe era of the Olympiads we have noticed above, and it will be unne- \ncessary to give any further account of it here. The epoch of the build- \ning of Rome is the next that claims our attention. From the total want \nof early records, and other necessary documents for deciding the ques- \ntion, the date of this event is involved in the obscurity common to \nmany other remote occurrences. The Roman writers themselves, and \nall who have followed them on the subject, differ widely respecting it. \nPolybius fixes it in the year B.C. 751 ; Cato and others one year earlier. \nTerentius Varro places it in 753 B.C. Fabius Pictor, who is followed \nby Diodorus Siculus, assigns it to 747 B.C. Sir Isaac Newton adopts \nthe year 627 B.C., and Playfair after Varro, whose computation was \nused by the Roman emperors in their public instruments, places it in \nthe year B.C. 753. Great use is made of this epoch in the histories of \nancient Rome, and the historical student will do well to ascertain, if \npossible, what opinion the author he may be perusing adopts, and to \nwhat year of the Christian era the first year of Rome, according to his \nauthor, corresponds. The dates of the events will by this method be \naccurately ascertained as he proceeds. The Romans sometimes reckoned \nthe year from the establishment of the consular dignity, and afterwards \nfrom the years of the emperors. \n\nThe era of Nabonassar is another of those standards by which the \ndates of events in some histories are regulated. Nabonassar was the \nfounder of the Babylonish monarchy. This era is reckoned from the \ncommencement of his reign, which is placed in the year B.C. 747, of \nthe Julian period 3967, and extends as far down as the death of Alexan- \nder. The Nabonassarean year consists of 12 months of 30 days each, \nand five intercalary days, making in all 365 days. \n\nThe era of the Seleucidse, or, as it is sometimes called, the year of \nthe contracts, is reckoned from the establishruent of Seleucus, one of \nAlexander\'s generals, after that conqueror\'s death, in the empire of \nBabylon, and is reckoned from the year B.C. 312. It is generally sup- \nposed to have begun in the spring. It was used in a large district of \nAsia, and adopted by the Jews. \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nXIX \n\n\n\nThe Spanish era, founded on a division of the Roman provinces \namong the Triumviri, was long in use in Spain and Africa, and was \nadopted in the dates of the principal councils and synods held in those \ncountries. It is reckoned from the 1st of January B.C. 38. This was \nafterwards superseded by \n\nThe Christian era. Learned men have differed in opinion with respect \nto the exact time of the birth of Christ, some placing it four, others \nseven years earlier than the first year of the Christian era. The uncer- \ntainty which exists upon this point arises from the era not having been \nused until so many centuries had elapsed, that it was impossible to fix \nthe date with accuracy. This is, however, of very little consequence in \nthe application of this era to chronological purposes, for all are agreed \nas to the numerical date of every year : the year 1810, for instance, being \nuniversally received as the year 1810 of the Christian era, although pro- \nbably not the exact measure of the time which has elapsed from the \nbirth of Christ. This era was invented about the year 527 by Diony- \nsius, a Roman abbot, who reckoned the first year of it to correspond \nwith the 4714th of the Julian period. It may be useful to give the \nreader a view of the years of the other principal eras which correspond \nto the first of this : according to Playfair (who, it is to be observed, \ndiffers in many respects from other chronologers, but is nevertheless a \nmost respectable authority), these are the 4008th year of the world, \nthe first year of the 195th Olympiad, and the 754th year of Rome, the \n749th of the Nabonassarean era, the 313th of the Seleucidge, the 46th \nJulian year, and the 39th of the Spanish era. \n\nThe era of Dioclesian was used pretty generally by the Christians \nprevious to the invention of the Christian era. It is dated from the \nyear A.D. 284, and probably took its rise from the persecution under \nthat emperor, although its date is computed from the first year of his \nreign. \n\nThe Hegira, which may be called the Mohammedan era, is founded \nupon the flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina, to escape the \npersecution of his enemies, and is computed by his followers from A.D. \n622. The beginning of their year is however made to correspond with \nthe 16th day of July. In comparing any year of this era, therefore, \nwith the corresponding year of the Christian era, it will be necessary to \nbear \'this in mind before it can be done with accuracy. The same may \nalso be observed with regard to some of the other eras, the beginnings \nof the years of which do not exactly correspond with that of the Julian \nyear. \n\nThe Persian era, or the era of Yezdejerd, is the last we shall notice. \nYezdejerd was the last of the Persian monarchs who was subdued by the \nSaracens. According to the opinion of the most accurate modern chro- \nnologers, this era commenced in June, A.D. 632, corresponding with \nthe beginning of the eleventh year of the Hegira, and with the first year \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nXX \n\n\n\nof the reign of Yezdejerd. The years of this era, like the Nabonassarean, \nconsists of twelve months of thirty days, with an addition of five inter- \ncalary days at the end, making in all 365 days. \n\n\n\nPROBLEMS IN CHRONOLOGY. \n1 . To find whether any given year be leap-year. \n\nRule. \xe2\x80\x94 Divide the given year by 4; if remains, it is leap-year; but if \n1, 2, 3, remains, it is so many years after. \n\nEvery fourth year is leap-year, so called from leaping or advancing a day \nmore that year than any other ; that year has then 366 days in it, and \nFebruary 29. \n\n2- To find the dominical letter before the year 1800. \n\nRule To the given year add its fourth part, omitting fractions ; divide that \n\nsum by 7 ; the remainder taken from 7 leaves the index of the letter in the \ncommon year\'s reckoning. \n\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 \nA B C D E F G \n\nBut in leap-years this letter and its preceding one (in the retrograde order \nwhich these letters take) are the dominical letters. \n\nThe dominical letter is that letter of the alphabet which points out in the \ncalendar the Sundays throughout the year ; thence also called the Sunday- \nletter. Of these letters there are consequently seven before -mentioned, \nbeginning with the first letter of the alphabet ; and as in leap-year there is \nan intercalary day, there are then two ; one serving January and February, \nand its following letter the remaining part of the year. \n\n3. To know on what day in the week any proposed day of the month will \nfall. \n\nRule First find the dominical letter, then the day of the week the first \n\nof the proposed month falls on, which is known by the two following lines : \n\nAt Dover Dwell George Brown, Esquire, \nGood Christopher Finch And David Frier : \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nxxi \n\n\n\nwhere the first letter of each -word answers to the latter belonging to the first \nday of the months in order, from January to December. If I would know on \nwhat day of the week the 24th of June will be, supposing the year 1806, 1 find \nthe dominical letter is E, and by the lines just read, E is the first of June, \nwhich is of course Sunday ; the 22nd also is Sunday, therefore the 24th will \nbe a Tuesday. \n\n4. To find the year of the solar, lunar, or golden number, and indiction \ncycles. \n\nRule. \xe2\x80\x94 To the given year add 9 for the solar, 1 for the lunar, 3 for the \nindiction ; divide the sums in order by 28, 19, and 15, the remainder in each \nshows the years of its respective cycle. \n\nThe solar cycle, or the cycle of the sun, is a period of 28 years ; in which \ntime all the varieties of the dominical letters will have happened, and the 29th \nyear the cycle begins again, when the same order of the letters will return as \nwas 28 years before. \n\nAt the birth of Christ, nine years had passed in this cycle. \n\nThe lunar cycle, or cycle of the moon, or golden number, is a period of 19 \nyears ; containing all the variations of the days on which the new and full \nmoons happen, after which time they fall on the same days they did 19 years \nbefore, and she begins again with the sun. \n\nBut when a centesimal, or hundredth year, falls in the cycle, the new and \nfull moon, according to the new style, will fall a day later than otherwise. \nThe birth of Christ happened in the second year of this cycle. \n\nThe Roman indiction is a cycle of 15 years, which first began the third year \nbefore Christ. \n\n5. To find the epact till the year 1900. \n\nRule. \xe2\x80\x94 Multiply the golden number for. the given year by 11 ; divide that \nproduct by 30, and from the remainder take 11, leaves the epact. If the \nremainder is less than 11, add 19 to it, and the sum will be the epact. \n\n6. To find the moon\'s age. \n\nRule. \xe2\x80\x94 To the epact add the number and day of the month ; their sum, if \nunder 30, is the moon\'s age. But if that sum is above 30, the excess in \nmonths of 31 days, or the excess above 29 in a month of 30 days, shows the \nage or days since the last conjunction. \n\nThe moon\'s age taken from 30 leaves the day of the next new moon. \n\nWben the solar and lunar cycles begin together, the moon\'s age on the first \n\n\n\nxxii \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nof each month, or the monthly epacts, are called the numbers of the month \nand are as follows, viz. \n\n\n\nFor \nThese \n\n\nJan. \n\n\n\nFeb. \n2 \n\n\nMar. \n1 \n\n\nApril \n\n2 \n\n\nMay \n3 \n\n\nJune \n4 \n\n\nFor \nThese \n\n\nJuly \n5 \n\n\nAug. \n6 \n\n\nSept. \n7 \n\n\nOct. \n8 \n\n\nNov. \n9 \n\n\nDec. \n10 \n\n\n\n7. To find when Easter-day will happen. \n\nRule. \xe2\x80\x94 Find on what day of March the new moon falls nearest to the 21st \nin common years, or nearest the 20th in leap-years ; then the Sunday next \nafter the full, or 15th day of that new moon, will be Easter-day. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nIf the 15th day falls on a Sunday, the next Sunday is Easter-day. \n\n\n\nA \n\n\n\nDICTIONARY OF CHRONOLOGY. \n\n\n\nAAL \n\nAaLST, Everard, k 1602, d. 1658. \n\nAalst, William, b. 1632, d. 1679. \n\nAaron, the first high priest of the Jews, \nb. 1570, d. 1453, B. C.; see Old \nTestament, events of. \n\nAaron-hen- Aser, a celebrated rabbi, \nflourished in 475. \n\nAarsens, Peter, b. 1519, d. 1575. \n\nAartgen, of Leyden, b. 1498, d. 1564. \n\nAbate, Andrea, a Neapolitan painter of \ninanimate subjects, d. 1732. \n\nAbbadie, (Rev. James) of Nay, in \nFrance, afterwards of England, b. \n1652, d. 1727. \n\nAbbati, Nicolo, an historical painter, j \nb. at Modena 1512, d. 1572. \n\nAbbeville, in France, nearly destroyed \nby an explosion of gunpowder, Nov. \n1773; 100 houses were ruined; \n150 souls perished; the damage \nwas estimated at 472,917 livres. \n\nAbbeys, pillaged of jewels and plate \nby William the Conqueror, 1069 ; j \ncompelled by the same monarch to I \nalter their tenures, 1070 ; one \nhundred suppressed by order of! \ncouncil, 1414 ; dissolved by Henry \nVIII.., 1540; number of suppressed \nin England and Wales, 1643 \nmonasteries, 90 colleges, 2374 \nchurches and free chapels, and 110 \nhospitals. In Germany, 1785 \nmonasteries; and in France, 1790. \n\nAbbiati, Filippo, an historical painter, \nb. at Milan 1640, d. 1715. \n\nAbbo, monk of St. Germans, an his- \ntorian, flourished A. D. 889. \n\nAbbot, Abp. of Canterbury, killed his \n\n\n\nABE \n\npark-keeper 20th Jan., 1621 ; d- \n3rd Aug., 1633, aged 71. \n\nAbbot, Charles, Lord Tenterden, chief \njustice of King\'s Bench, b. 7th Oct., \n1762, d. 4th Nov., 1832. \n\nAbbots of Reading, Glastonbury, \nSt. John\'s and Colchester, hanged \nand quartered for denying the king\'s \nsupremacy and refusing to surrender \ntheir abbeys, 1539. \n\nAbbotsbury, Abbey, Dorsetshire, \nfounded in the reign of Canute, \n1026 ; town of, injured by fire, and \n22 houses destroyed, 1784. \n\nAbdalla, the son of Abdalmothleb, \nand father of the prophet Mahomet, \nlived, 575. \n\nAbdalla, the son of Osmar, flourished \nin 625. \n\nAbdallah, caliph of Bagdad, son of \nHaroun-al-Raschid, patron of learn- \ning, d. 833. \n\nAbel ; se^ Old Testj^oaent, events of. \n\nA belai d, Peter, the lover of Eloisa, \nand celebrated French metaphy- \nsician, d. 21st April, 1142, aged 63. \n\nAbell, John, an English musician, best \nknown on the continent, who flou- \nrished in the 17th century. \n\nAberconway, castle of, Caernarvon- \nshire, built by Ed. I., 1204 ; suspen- \nsion-bridge of, constructed, 1824. \n\nAbercrombie, Sir Ralph, a British \ngeneral, born 1738, killed in Egypt \n28th March, 1801, buried at Malta. \n\nAberdeen, Scotland, university of, \nfounded in 1477 ; gothic bridge \nconstructed, 1283. \n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\nABE \n\n\n\nADE \n\n\n\nAbergavenny, East Indiaman, lost off \nWeymouth, 1st Feb., 1805. \n\nAbernethy, John, an eminent divine, \nborn in Dublin, 1680, died 1740. \n\nAbernethy, John, a celebrated surgeon \nof London, b. at Derrv, Ireland, \nd. at Enfield, 20th April, 1831. \n\nAberration of the fixed stars, dis- \ncovered by Dr. Bradley, of Sher- \nborn, Dorsetshire, 1727. \n\nAberystwyth (S. Wales), castle of, \nburned, 1124, re-edified bvEdw. I. \n1283. \n\nAbingdon, Berkshire, founded in 517; \n\nabbey of, built 941. \nAbingdon, Earl of, a peer, committed \n\nto the King\'s Bench Prison for pub- \nlishing a libel upon Mr. Sermon, an \n\nattorney, 9th Feb., 1795. \nAbj uration, oath of, first required, 1701. \nAbo, Finland, university of, founded \n\nby Queen Christina in 1640. \nAboukir, in Egypt, surrendered to the \n\nEnglish forces, 18th March, 1801. \nAboukir Bay, battle of, 1st Aug., \n\n1798; see Nile and Nelson. \nAbraham, b. 1995, B. C. ; called, \n\n1921 ; entertained three angels, \n\n1897; offered Isaac, 1871; d. \n\nB. C. 1821, A. M. 2183; see Old \n\nTestament, events of. \nAbshoven of Antwerp, a painter of \n\nrural and various subjects, d. about \n\n1660. \n\nAbstinence, remarkable instance of. \nAnne Moore, of Tutbury, Stafford- \nshire, lived 20 months without \nfood, 1807-8. \n\nAbstinents, a religious sect, abstaining \nfrom marriage and wine, and re- \nsembling Gnostics ; begun in 170, \nand flourished in the third century. \n\nAbu-bekr, the immediate successor of \nMahomet, d. 624, aged 63. \n\nAbulfeda, the geographer, b. 561, d. \n624. \n\nAcademy, Royal, of London, 1768. \n\nAcademy, Royal Hibernian, of Arts, \nincorporated 1821, Francis John- \nston, Esq., first president. \n\nAcapulco ship taken by Admiral \nAnson, 20th June, 1744. \n\nAch, or Van Ach, a painter of por- \ntraits and history, b. at Cologne, \n1556, d. 1621. \n\n\n\nAchaia, in Peloponnesus, republic of, \nfounded B.C. 1800. \n\nAchilles, the conqueror of Hector, \nd. B.C. 1184. \n\nAchmet III., Emperor of the Turks, \nencouraged printing, died 1736. \n\nAchmet ; see Turkish Empire. \n\nAcre, taken by Richard I. and the \nCrusaders, 12th July, 1191, after \na two years\' siege, and the loss of \n6 archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 earls, \n500 barons, and 300,000 soldiers. \nAttacked by Buonaparte 1st July, \n1798, and relieved by the English \nunder Sir S. Smith, 6 March, 1799. \n\nActs, of the Apostles, written by St. \nLuke, 63 or 64. \n\nAchtschelling, Lucas, a landscape \npainter of Brussels, flourished in \nthe 16th century. \n\nActaeon, son of Autonoe and Aristaeus, \ndestroyed by his own hounds, A. M. \n2662. \n\nAdam, first of the human race, d. \nB. C. 3074, aged 930 years, cre- \nated 4004 years B. C. \n\nAdam, L. S., a sculptor, b. 1700, d. \n1759. \n\nAdam, N. S., a sculptor, b. 1705, d. \n1778. \n\nAdam, G., a sculptor, b. 1710, d. 1759. \n\nAdam, Alexander, of Moray, Scot- \nland, a distinguished classical scho- \nlar, b. 6th June, 1741, d. 18th \nDec, 1809. \n\nAdamites, a sect that intended to \nrestore the primitive state of man. \nThev appeared first in 130, revived \n1124. \n\nAdams, John, American president, \nb. 19th October, 1735, d. 4th Julv, \n1826. \n\nAdams, Joseph, an eminent physician, \none of the founders of vaccination, \nb. 1756, d. 20th June, 1818. \n\nAdams, Robert, b. 1728, d. 1792. \n\nAdanson, Michael, b. 1727, d. 1806. \n\nAddison, Joseph, an English poet \nand essayist, b. 1672, d. 17th June, \n1719. \n\nAdelphi Buildings, Strand, London, \nerected in 1770. \n\nAdelphi Lottery Act, passed in 1773. \n\nAdelung, John Christopher, a Ger- \nman philologist, b. 1734, d. 1806. \n\n\n\nADH \n\n\n\nAPR \n\n\n\n3 \n\n\n\nAdherbal, son of Micipsa, flourished \nB.C. 130. \n\nAdieu, French., from Ad deum te \ncommendo, i. e. I commend you to \nGod. Farewell \xe2\x80\x94 Fare ye well, a \nsimilar expression to the Io Paean \nof the Egyptians, the Deo gratias \nof the Romans, being short expres- \nsions to excite a reliance on God \nin distress. \n\nAdmetus, King of Thessalv, flou- \nrished A. M. 2660. \n\nAdmiral, the first appointed in Eng- \nland, William de Leybourne, 1297. \n\nAdmiral, High, first appointment in \nEngland, 138 7: held by commission \nsince Nov. 1709, except a short \ninterval bv the D. of Clarence, now \nWilliam IV. \n\nAdmiralty, court of, erected 1357, \nincorporated 22nd June, 1768. \n\nAdo, the historian, Archbishop of \nVienna, flourished 867, d. 874-7. \n\nAdolfi, Giacomo, an Italian painter of \nscripture pieces, b. 1682, d. 1741. \n\nAdolphus of Nassau, Emperor of the \nWest, 1291 ; dep. and slain, 1298. \n\nAdolphus, Gustavus, of Sweden, born \n1594, fell in battle at Lutzen, \nNov. 1632. \n\nAdore, from Adorare, and this, from \nAd os, a mode of salutation, by \ncarrying the hand to the mouth. \n\nAdrian IV., born at Langley, Hert- \nfordshire, England, afterwards Pope \nof Rome, d. 11 59. \n\nAdrian, 15th Emperor of Rome, bom \nA. D. 76; visited Britain, and \nerected his famous wall 121, d. 138. \n\nAdrian\'s Mole, at Rome, constructed \nA. D. 120. \n\nAdriano, a Spanish monk, who painted \nscriptural subjects for his amuse- \nment, d. 1650. \n\nAdrianople, taken bv Amurath, the \nTurkish Sultan, 1360; the court \nremoved from, to Constantinople, \n1453; injured by fire, 1754 and \n1778; occupied bv the Russians, \n20th August, 1830. \n\nAdriansen, a Flemish artist, who \npainted fruit and flowers, b. 1625. \n\nAdultery, punished by cutting off \nnose and ears, 1031; made capital, \n1650. \n\n\n\nAdvent Sunday, first observed 433 : \n\nthe number determined, 1000. \n.<Eacus, king of GCnopia and the \n\nMyrmidons, flourished A.M. 2613. \n\nHesiod, Ovid. \niEdiles, Plebeian, first created at \n\nRome, A. U. 260. \niEdiles Curule, from amongst the \n\nPatricians, A. U. 387. \nJEgseon, a pirate, from whom JEgea \n\nis so called, flourished A. M. 2110. \nJElian, a Greek writer, born at Prae- \n\nneste, in Italy, flourished in 221. \nAelst, Evert Van, a Dutch painter of \n\nstill life, b. at Delft, 1602, d. 1658. \nAelst, William Wan, or Gulielmo, a \n\nDutch painter of still life, b. \n\n1620, d. 1679. \n.Emilius, Paulus, d. B. C. 168. \nAerts, Richard, a Dutch painter of \n\nscripture pieces, b. 1482, d. 1577. \nAertsen, Peter, or Pietro Longo, a \n\nDutch historical painter, b. 1519, \n\nd. 1566. \n\niEschines, an Athenian orator, b. \nB. C. 393, d. 323. \n\nJEschvlus, a Greek tragic poet, b. \nB.C. 523, d. 454. \n\nJEsop, the oldest Greek fabulist, \nflourished in the 6th century B.C. \n\niEsopus, the Roman actor, and co- \ntemporarv of Roscius, flourished \nA. U. 670. \n\nAfesa, Pietro, or Delia Basilicata, a \nNeapolitan painter of religious sub- \njects, flourished in the 1 6th century. \n\nAffirmation of quakers, admitted in \nlieu of an oath, partially, 1702; \nalteration made therein, 13th Dec. \n1721 ; received " in any case what- \nsoever," 1829; sufficient for mem- \nber of parliament, 14th Feb. 1833. \n\nAfrica conquered bv Belisarius, A. D. \n533. \n\nAfrican Association obtained a patent \nfrom Elizabeth, 1588. \n\nAfrican Association, or Institution, \naffording patronage to travellers, \nestablished 1788, revived 1806. \n\nAfrican Company, incorporated by \nCharles II., 1662; government \nowed them 11,686,800/., and \ntheir divided capital amounted to \n10,780,000/., both which continued \ntill 1776. \n\nb2 \n\n\n\n4 \n\n\n\nAFR \n\n\n\nAIL \n\n\n\nAfricanus, Julius, a christian chroni- \ncler of the third century, d. about \n232, A. M. \n\nAfricanus (Scipio), the conqueror of \nHannibal, d. about A.U. 566. \xe2\x80\x94 Liv. \n\nAgamemnon, generalissimo of the \nGreeks at the siege of Troy, slain \nB. C. 904-5. \n\nAgar, Jacques d\', a French portrait \npainter, b. 1640, d. at Copenhagen, \n1716. \n\nAgarel, Arthur, an English anti- \nquarian, friend of Sir R. Cotton, \nb. 1540, d, 1615. \n\nAgaric of the oak, first used as a \nstyptic, 1750. \n\nAgatha, St., monastery of, near Rich- \nmond, Yorkshire, built 1131. \n\nAgatharcides, Cnidius, the historian \nand biographer, flourished B. C. \n174 Strab., Voss. \n\nAgatharchus, pupil of iEschylus, in- \nventor of theatrical perspective, \ndied B. C. 480.\xe2\x80\x94 Mar. Ar. \n\nAgathius, a Byzantine historian, flou- \nrished 565. \n\nAgilnoth, Abp. of Canterbury, refused \nto crown Harold, d. 1038. \n\nAglaophon, the painter, flourished \nA. M. 3534.\xe2\x80\x94 Plin. \n\nAglionby, John, chaplain to James I., \none of the translators of the Testa- \nment, d. 1610. \n\nAgnacobites, fanatics that appeared \nfirst in 701. \n\nAgnes, St., martyred 308, aged 13. \n\nAgnus Dei, or " O Lamb of God," \n&c. in the Litany, first appointed \nto be read, 687 ; first consecration \nof, 1566. \n\nAgoracritus, the sculptor, d. B. C. \n\n150 years. \nAgra, fortress of (the Key of Hin- \n\ndostan), surrendered to the English \n\n17th Oct., 1803. \nAgrarian Law, first proposed at Rome \n\nby Sp. Cassius, B. C. 485. \nAgresti da Forli, Livio, an Italian \n\nhistoric painter, his works are in \n\nthe Vatican, d. 1580. \nAgricola, the Roman general, born \n\n37, died 93 ; built the rampart \n\nbetween England and Scotland, \n\nwith the chain of forts from the \n\nClyde to the Forth, A. D. 84. \n\n\n\nAgricola, Christopher Ludwig, a \nGerman portrait painter and an \nengraver, born at Ratisbon, 1667. \n\nAgriculture, introduced by Sicpanus, \nhusband of Ceres, B. C. 1830. \n\nAgricultural societies, first established \nin England, 1787. It is computed \nthat hunters, shooters, &c, injure \nthe farmer to the amount of Is. \nper acre annually, and that game, \nby feeding on his crops, consume \nto an equal amount ; that the fly, \nmaggot, slug, &c, will, once in five \nyears, cut off the turnips, once in \nten years the clover, and do 5s. an \nacre damage to corn crops ; making \non the average 2s. per acre. The \ninjury done by rats, moles, and \nmice, in a farm of 200 acres, is \nestimated at 6/. 6s.; by sparrows, \nand other small birds, 67. 6s. ; \npigeons, jays, magpies, ravens, kites, \ndogs, &c. 4/. 4*. : making in the \nwhole 581. a-year, or very nearly \n6s. per acre: or, on the total \ncultivated superficies of the king- \ndom, an annual depredation to the \n* immense amount of ten millions \nper annum. \n\nAgrippa, Cornelius, a reputed magi- \ncian, b. at Cologne, 1486, d. at \nGrenoble, 1535. \n\nAgrippa (Herod I.), King of Judea, \nb. B. C. 3, d. A. D. 44. \n\nAgrippa (Herod II.), before whom \nSt. Paul pleaded, d. A. D. 100. \n\nAguesseau, Henry Francis d 1 , chan- \ncellor of France, b. at Limoges, \n1668, d. 1751. \n\nAhab, King of Israel, ascended the \nthrone A.M. 3086; slain at Ra- \nmoth Gilead, A.M. 3117; see \nOld Testament events of. \n\nAhaz, King of Judah, ascended the \nthrone A. M. 3265, died 3278 \nA. M., or B.C. 726 ; see Old Tes- \ntament, events of. \n\nAikman, William, a Scotch painter \nof portraits, b. 24th Oct., 1682, \nd. 7th June, 1731. \n\nAikin, John, M. D-, author of the \nBiographical Dictionary, b. Jan. \n1747, d. 4th Dec, 1822. * \n\nAilesbury, Buckinghamshire, thirty \nhouses burnt at, 6th May, 1773. \n\n\n\nA I N \n\n\n\nA LC \n\n\n\n5 \n\n\n\nAinsworth, Henry, a nonconformist \nand learned biblical writer, flou- \nrished 1590; poisoned from envy \nby a Jew, 1629. \n\nAinsworth, Robert, an English school- \nmaster, and author of the Latin \nDictionary, b. 1660, d. 1743. \n\nAir-balloons ; see Balloon. \n\nAir-guns, invented by Ctesibius of \nAlexandria, B. C. 1 20 ; revived by \nGuter of Nuremberg, 1656; im- \nproved by Perkins, 1830. \n\nAir-pump, invented by Otto de Gue- \nricke, burgomaster of Magdeburg, \n1654; also attributed to Boyle. \n\nAire, in France, taken, with its maga- \nzines, by Gen. Sir Rowland Hill, \n2nd March, 1814. \n\n-Aiton, William, botanist, author of \nHortus Kewensis, b. 1731, d. 1793. \n\nAix-la-Chapelle, on Lower Rhine, \nfounded 795 ; treaties of peace \nconcluded at, 2nd May, 1668, 18th \nOct., 1748 ; congress at, Oct. Nov. \n1818; taken by the French, 1793, \nand 21st Sept., 1794. \n\nAjaccio, in Corsica, Napoleon born \nat, 15th Aug., 1769. \n\nAjax, the son of Telamon, one of the \nGrecian chieftains at the siege of \nTroy, nourished B. C. 920. \n\nAjax, the son of Oilens, chief of the \nLocrians, a leader in the Trojan \nwar ; shipwrecked on his return, \nby Minerya, for having violated \nCassandra at her shrine, flourished \nabout 920 B. C. \n\nAken, John Van, a Dutch painter \nand engraver, of the 17th century. \n\nAkenside, Mark, Dr., author of the \nPleasures of Imagination, b. at \nNewcastle, 1721, d. 23 June, 1770. \n\nAland, John, Lord Fortescue of Ire- \nland, a Baron of the Common \nPleas, and proficient in Saxon \nliterature, b. 1670, d. 1747. \n\nAlba Julia, in Transylvania; uni- \nversity of, founded 1629. \n\nAlban, eutter, wrecked on the Dutch \ncoast, only one of the crew saved, \n18th Dec, 1812. \n\nAlban, St., the first English martyr, \nb. at Verulam, suffered A.D. 286, \n296, 303 \xe2\x80\x94 Ussher, and others. \n\nAlban\'s Abbey, built 793. \n\n\n\nAlbano, Francesco, painter of history \n\nand landscape, b. at Bologna, 1578, \n\nd. 4th Oct., 1660. \nAlbano, Giovanni Battista, Italian \n\npainter of landscapes, d. in 1668. \nAlberelli, Giacomo, a Venetian histo- \nrical painter, d. about 1650. \nAlberici, Enrico, an historical painter, \n\nb. 1714, d. 1775. \nAlberoni, Julius, an intriguing and \n\nenterprising cardinal, b. at Pla- \n\ncentia 1664, d. 1752. \nAlbert Durer, a German painter of \n\nhistory, b. at Nuremberg 20th Mav, \n\n1471, d. 6th April, 1528. \nAlberti, Cherubino, a Florentine \n\npainter of historv, and an engraver, \n\nb. 1552, d. 1615. \nAlberti, Durante, an Italian painter \n\nof scripture subjects, b. 1538, d. \n\n1613. \n\nAlberti, Giovanni, a Florentine land- \nscape painter, b. 1558, d. 1601. \n\nAlbertinelli, Mariotto, an historical \nFlorentine painter, b.1475, d.1520. \n\nAlbertus, H. C., a portrait painter and \nengraver of Saxony, d. 1680. \n\nAlbertus Magnus, a learned mathe- \nmatician, and general scholar, b. \nat Suabia about 1200, flourished \n1237, d. 1280. \n\nAlbigenses, enemies of the Roman \nCatholic religion, first appeared in \n1160. \n\nAlbini, Alessandro, an Italian painter, \npupil of the Caracci, d. about 1610. \n\nAlbinus, Bernard Siegfried (Weiss, \nWhite), a celebrated anatomist, b. \nat Frankfort on the Oder, 1697, \nd. at Leyden, 1770. \n\nAlbinus, Christian Bernard, professor \nof anatomy at Utrecht, died 1752. \n\nAlboresi Giacomo, Bolognese painter, \nb. 1632, d. 1677- \n\nAlbion-Mills, Manchester, built 1786, \ndestroyed by fire, 1792, the damage \nestimated at 25,000/. \n\nAlbumazar, flourished 841. \n\nAlbuquerque, Alfonso de, the Portu- \nguese Mars, viceroy of India, b. \nat Lisbon, 1452, d. 1515. \n\nAlcantara, bridge of, across the Tagus, \nPortugal, built A.D. 98. \n\nAlcantara, order of knighthood, insti- \ntuted 1160. \n\n\n\n6 \n\n\n\nALC \n\n\n\nALF \n\n\n\nAlcseus, the lyric poet, flourished B. C. \n605. \n\nAlcaeits, the tragic poet, flourished \n\nB. C., 601. \nAlcibiades, the Athenian statesman \n\nand general, b. B. C. 450, slain \n\n404 B. C. \nAlcidarnus, the orator, flourished B. C. \n\n615. \n\nAlcuinus, Alcuyn, or Albinus Flac- \ncus, a learned English monk, the \nfriend of Charlemagne, scholar of \nBede, and founder of the University \nof Paris, b. at York, 732, d. at \nTours, 804. \n\nAldbourn, Wiltshire, injured by fire, \n200 houses burnt, 23rd Aug., 1777. \n\nAldegraef, Albert, or Henry, painter \nand engraver, pupil of Albert \nDurer, b. in Westphalia, 1502, \nd. 1562. \n\nAldermen, first appointed in London, \n1242. \n\nAldermen, first appointed in Dublin, \n1409. \n\nAldevsgate, London, built 1616 ; taken \ndown and sold for 91/. April, 1761. \n\nAldgate, London, built 1608; taken \ndown and sold for 177/. 10s. April, \n1760. \n\nAldrovandini, Tomaso, a painter of \n\nlandscape and architecture, b. at \n\nBologna, 1653, d. 1736. \nAle, invented B. C. 1404 ; ale booths \n\nset up in England, A. D. 728, \n\nlicensed, 1551. \nAlefounder, John, an English portrait \n\npainter, d. in East Indies 1790. \nAlen, or Oolen, John Van, a Dutch \n\nimitative painter, b. 1651, d. 1698. \nAleni, Tommaso, an Italian historic \n\npainter, b. 1500, d. 1560. \nAlesio, Matteo Perez de, a Roman \n\npainter of scripture subj ects,d.l600. \nAlessandria, in Italy, taken by the \n\nFrench 1798; surrendered to the \n\nAustrians and Russians, 24th Julv, \n\n1799. \n\nAlexander, William, an English artist, \n\naccompanied Lord Macartney to \n\nChina, b. 1768, d. 1816. \nAlexander, first Emperor of all the \n\nRussias, d. 1st Dec, 1825. \nAlexander, St., order of knighthood, \n\ninstituted in Russia 1700. \n\n\n\nAlexander the Great, King of Mace- \ndon, b. at Pella, B. C. 356; suc- \nceeded Philip, B. C. 336 \xe2\x80\xa2 passed \ninto Asia, B. C. 334 ; d. at Babv- \nlon, 21st March, B. C. 323, aged \n32, year of his reign 13. \n\nAlexander Balas, King of Syria, slain \nB.C. 145. \n\nAlexander Jannseus, King of the \nJews, ascended the throne B. C. \n106, d. B. C. 79. \n\nAlexander Severus, a Roman emperor, \nb. at Acre, 205, assassinated, 235. \n\nAlexander, the name of several popes. \n\nAlexander III., pope, his stirrups \nheld by the kings of England and \nFrance, d. 1181. \n\nAlexander YI., pope, a notorious \ncharacter, father of Caesar Borgia, \nand of Lucretia, b. at Valencia, \n1430 ; ascended the throne, 1492, \nd. 1503. \n\nAlexander, several kings of Scotland \nso named ; see Scotland. \n\nAlexander, the names of some of the. \nRussian emperors ; see Russia. \n\nAlexander, W., an American general, \nand man of learning, born at New \nYork, 1726, d. 1783. \n\nAlexandrian Library, containing \n400,000 MSS., destroyed by fire", \nB. C. 47. The second \n\nAlexandrian Library, containing \n700,000 vols., burned by Caliph \nOmar, 14th Jan., 640. The Sara- \ncens heated their baths for six \nmonths with the burning books. \n\nAlexandria, in Egypt, taken by Ca?sar, \nB.C. 46; by the French* 1798: \nby the English, 22nd Aug., 1801. \n\nAlfani Orazio, an Italian artist, b. \n1530, d. 1583. \n\nAlfaro y Ganion, Don Juan de, a \nSpanish portrait painter, b. at Cor- \ndova, 1640, d. of a broken heart, \n1680. \n\nAlfieri, Vittorio, Count, an Italian \ntragic poet, b. in Piedmont, 1749, \nd. 8 Oct., 1803, buried at Florence. \n\nAlfred, son of Ethelred II., his eyes \nput out by Earl Godwin, and 600 \nfollowers slain at Guildford, 1036. \n\nAlfred the Great, King of England, \nb. 849, ascended the throne, 872, \nd. 900. \n\n\n\nA L G \n\n\n\nALM \n\n\n\n7 \n\n\n\nAlgardi, Alessandro, a painter, scalp- \ntor, and architect, of Bologna, b. \n1598, d. 1654. \n\nAlgarotti, Francesco, an Italian noble- \nman, a painter, engraver, and critic, \nb. at Venice, 12tb Dec, 1712, d. at \nPisa, 3 March, 1764. \n\nAlgebra introduced into Europe, \n1300; in general use, 1590; nu- \nmerical notation invented, 950 ; \nbrought into Europe, 1494; literal, \nfirst used, 1590. \n\nAlgerine xebec, of 22 guns, lost in \nMount\'s Bay, Cornwall, Sept. \n1760. \n\nAlgiers, a Roman province, B. C. 44 ; \nfeized by Barbarossa, 1516 ; made \na treaty with England, 1662; \nbombarded by Admiral Blake, \n1665; by the French, 1761; by \nLord Exrnouth\'s fleet, 27th Aug., \n1816, upon which the Algerines \nabolished christian slavery; taken \nby the French, 5th July, 1830. \n\nAli Bey, an Eastern adventurer, born \nat the foot of Caucasus, seized the \ngovernment of Egypt, d. 1773. \n\nAli Pacha, a self-constituted governor \nof Albania, born at Tepelini, 1744, \nslain, with six of his companions, \n5th Feb., 1822. \n\nAliberti, Giovanni Carlo, an Italian \npainter of scriptural subjects, b. \n1680, d. 1740. \n\nAlibrandi, Girolamo, a Sicilian painter \nof scripture pieces, pupil of Leo- \nnardo da Vinci, b. 1470, d. 1524. \n\nAlien priories, seized by the crown \n1337. \n\nAliens forbidden to hold church \nlivings. Juries for their trials to \nbe half foreigners, 1430 ; not to \nexercise a trade or handicraft by \nretail, 1483. \n\nAlien Bill, 4th Jan., 1793; repealed, \nand a new one passed, 1816. \n\nAllan, David, a Scotch painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1744, d. \n1796. \n\nAllegiance, oath of, first administered \n1636, altered 1689. \n\nAllegrain, Etienne, a French land- \nscape painter, b. 1655, d. 1736. \n\nAllegrain, Gabriel, son of Etienne, a \nFrench artist, d. in 1748. \n\n\n\nAllegri (Correggio), Antonio, a cele- \nbrated but unfortunate historical \npainter, b. at Allegri in 1490, and \nd. from disappointment, 1534. \n\nAllegrini, Francesco, or DaGubbio, an \nItalian historical painter, b. 1587, \nd. 1663. \n\nAllegrini, Francesco, a Florentine \ndesigner and engraver, d. about the \nyear 1775. \n\nAllen, John, Abp. of Dublin, a learned \nwriter, murdered in the Lord \nOffaly\'s rebellion, 1534. \n\nAllen, Thomas, an English mathema- \ntician, born at Uttoxeter 21st Dec, \n1542, d. 1632. \n\nAllen, Ralph, of Bath, d. 1764. \n\nAlleyn, Edward, an English actor in \nthe reigns of Elizabeth and James \nI., and keeper of the Royal Bear \nGarden. He founded Dulwich \nCollege. Born in London 1566, \ndied 1626; buried at Dulwich. \n\nAllington Castle, Kent, built A. D. \n1282. \n\nAlloisi, Baldassare (Gallanino), an \neminent portrait painter (the Italian \nVandyk), b. at Bologna 1578, d. \n1638. \n\nAllodial, or Free Lands, is derived \nfrom Odhal, implying freeholds, in \nNorway, the first being merely a \ntransposition of the syllables of the \nlatter: hence Fee-odh, feodum, \nfeudal, denoting stipendiary pro- \nperty, a fee being a stipend. \n\nAllori, Alessandro (Bronzino), a \nFlorentine painter of history and \nportraits, b. 1535, d. 1607. \n\nAlum, first discovered at Rocha, in \nSyria, 1300\xe2\x80\x94 in Tuscany, 1460 ; \nbrought to perfection in England, \n1608; found in Ireland, 1757, \xe2\x80\x94 \nin Anglesea, N. Wales, 1790. \n\nAll Saints, festival of, instituted \n625. \n\nAll Souls, festival of, instituted 1604. \n\nAll Souls College, Oxford, founded \nby Henry Chichely, Abp. of Can- \nterbury, 1437. \n\nAlly-Cawn, made a nabob by Col. \nClive, 23rd June, 1765. \n\nAlmagro, Diego, a Spanish adventurer, \nstrangled by his rival Pizarro, in \n1538, aged 75. \n\n\n\n8 \n\n\n\nALM \n\n\n\nAME \n\n\n\nAlmanacs, first published by Martin \nIlkus, at Luda, in Poland, 1470 ; \ncompiled, nearly in their present \nform, by Muller, 1 473 ; the Com- \npany of Stationers, London, claimed \nan exclusive right to publish, until \n1 779, and they are now supposed \nto sell a million annually ; first \nprinted at Constantinople, 1806; \nDuty taken off, 1834. \n\nAlma ran ta, order of knighthood in \nSweden, instituted 1653. \n\nAlmeloveen, Jan, a Dutch painter of \nlandscapes and portraits, also an \nengraver, b. about 1614. \n\nAlmeyda, in Portugal, taken by the \nSpaniards, 25th Aug., 1762 ; by the \nFrench, 27th Aug., 1810; blown \nup by the French, 10th May, 1811. \n\nAlniora, East Indies, carried by assault \nof the Company\'s forces, 25th April, \n1815. \n\nAlnwick Castle, Northumberland, \nseat of the Percies, founded 1147. \n\nAlphabet, consisted of sixteen letters \nB. C. 3,00, when the Ionic alpha- \nbet of twenty-four was adopted. \n\nAlphonso III., King of Leon and \nAsturias (the Great), d. at Zamora \n912, aged 64. \n\nAlphonso X., King of Castile, the \nastronomer and philosopher, b. \n1203, d. 1234. \n\nAlresford, in Hampshire, destroyed \nby fire, 1160. \n\nAltars, in churches, first used, 135; \nconsecrated 271 ; the first in Bri- \ntain, 534. \n\nAltdorfer, Albrecht, a Bavarian pain- \nter and engraver, a pupil of Albert \nDurer, b. 1488, d. 1558. \n\nAltorf, in Franconia, University of, \nfounded 1581. \n\nAlunno, Nicolo, an Italian artist, \xe2\x80\x94 \npainted scripture pieces, b. 1450, \nd. 1510. \n\nAlva, Fred. Alvarez, Toledo, duke of, \ngeneral of the imperial armies, \nb. 1503, d. 21st Jan., 1582. \n\nAmadeus, the name of several Counts \nof Savoy, \n\nAmadeus the Great, defended Rhodes \nagainst the Turks, d. 1323. \n\nAmadeus the Happy, a virtuous and \npious prince, d. 1742. \n\n\n\nAmalteo, Pomponio, an Italian his- \ntoric painter, born 1504, d. 1576. \n\nAmato, Giovanni Antonio (II Vec- \ncbio),a Neapolitan painter of sacred \nsubjects, b. about 1475. \n\nAmbassador, the first sent by the Czar \nof Russia to England, 1556; the \nfirst sent to Turkey from England, \n1606 ; the Portuguese, arrested for \ndebt, 1653 ; the Russian, arrested \nby a lace merchant, when a law \npassed for their protection, 1709 ; \nprotection limited, 1773. The \nfirst that arrived in Europe from \nIndia was from Tippoo Saib to \nFrance, 1778 ; the first from the \nOttoman Emperor arrived in ion- \ndon, Dec. 1793. \n\nAmberger, Christopher, a German \npainter of history and portraits, and \ndisciple of Holbein, b. at Nurem- \nburg 1485, d. 1550. \n\nAmberley Castle, Sussex, built 1374. \n\nAmboyna, seized by the Dutch, 1624, \nby the English, 17th Feb., 1810. \n\nAmbrogi, Domenico (Menichino del \nBrizio), a Bolognese painter of \nchurch subjects, also an engraver \non wood, d. about 1660. \n\nAmbrosius, St., bishop of Milan, b. \n333_Cave,340_Dupin; d.397. \n\nAmbrosius, Aurelius or Aurelianus, \nsupposed author of the erections at \nStonehenge, crowned King of the \nBritons, 465, d. 508. \n\nAmelia, Princess, daughter of George \nIII., d. 2nd Nov., 1810. \n\nAmerica, first discovered by Colum- \nbus, 1492. The complete discovery \nof South America was made by \nVespucius Americanus, a Floren- \ntine, from whom it derives its \nname, 1499; known first to the \nFrench, 1504. Mexico was con- \nquered by Spain, 1518; Peru, 1520. \nBrazil was discovered by the Por- \ntuguese, 1500; planted by them \nin 1549, and remains under the \nRoyal Family of Portugal. Terra \nFirma was conquered by Spain in \n1514. North America was first dis- \ncovered by Sebastian Cabot, a Vene- \ntian, in the service of England, and \nhis son, John Cabot, an Englishman, \nin 1 497 . John Cabot settled New- \n\n\n\nA ME \n\n\n\nAMI \n\n\n\n9 \n\n\n\nfoundland, the first English colony j \nin America, 1498. Florida was j \nfirst discovered by John Cabot, in j \n1.500 ; it was ceded to Spain by the | \npeace of 1783. Louisiana was dis- | \ncovered by the French, 1663 ; they i \ntook possession of it 1718 : but \neastward of the Mississippi was \nceded to England, 1763. The first 1 \nBritish settlement made in North \nAmerica was in Virginia, 4th James ! \nI., 1607. New England was the \nsecond, in 1614, by the Plymouth \nCompany. In 16*20, a large body \nof dissenters, who fled from church \ngovernment in England, purchased \nthe Plymouth patent, and built New \nPlymouth. Salem was built in . \n1628: and Boston, the present \ncapital, 1630. Pennsylvania was \nsettled by William Penn, a cele- > \nbrated quaker, in whose family \nthe patent long subsisted, 1681 : \nMaryland, by lord Baltimore, 1633; \nCarolina, by English merchants, \n1 670. New York was first settled \nby the Dutch ; but the English \ndispossessed them and the Swedes, \n] 664 ; Georgia, by General Ogle- \nthorpe, 1732. Nova Scotia was \nsettled by the Scotch, under Sir \nWilliam Alexander, 1622; but - \nunderwent several changes from j \nthe English to the French, and then \nto the English again, till it was con- 1 \nfirmed to the latter by the peace of \n1748. Canada was attempted to \nbe settled by the French, in 1534 ; \nthey built Quebec in 1608 : but i \nthe whole country was conquered \nIf the English in 1762, and ceded \nby the peace of 1763 ; Duties Act, I \n1764 ; duty on Tea. 1767. Packet \nboats first established between Old j \nand New Spain, with the liberty of \ntrading, 1564. Free trade opened j \nbetween Old and New Spain, by j \nthe Straits of Magellan, 1774. \nPaper currency established in Ame- \nrica, 15th May, 1775. N. W. ex- ! \n\nplored by Capt. Cook, 1773, bv \n\nCapt. Colnett, 1789- Several vice- \nroys appointed in Spanish America, \n1776. Thirteen colonies united, \nand declared themselves indepen- \n\n\n\ndent of the English crown, 4th July, \n1776 ; allowed bv France, 6th Feb., \n1778: by Holland, 8th Oct., 1782 ; \nby the English parliament, 30th \nNov. 1783 ; Royalists relieved, \n1785. American congress first \nmet at Philadelphia, 5th Sept., \n1775. William, third son of \nKing George III., afterwards Wil- \nliam IT. of England, was the \nfirst prince of the blood royal that \never landed in North America, \n1781. Spanish America declared \nitself independent, 1810. Pro- \nvinces of, assembled in congress, de- \nclared the sovereignty of the people, \n5th July, 1811, ~ United States of \nAmerica declared war against Eng- \nland. 1 8th Julv, 1812. Made peace \nwith England,\' 24th Dec, 1814. \n\nAmerican Company, the Russian, es- \ntablished in 1785. \n\nAmerican Philosophical Societv, insti- \ntuted, 2nd Jan., 1672. \n\nAmerican Congress, first assembled at \nPhiladelphia, 5th Sept., 1775 ; re- \nmoved to Washington, 1801. \n\nAmerican Royalists relieved, 1785. \n\nAmericus Vespucius (Amerigo Ves- \npucci), one of the discoverers of \nthe continent of America, b.at Flo- \nrence. 9 March, 1451 : first reached \nAmerica, 1499 ; d. at Seville, 1512. \n\nAmesbury, Wiltshire, 32 houses de- \nstroyed by a fire, which did 1 0,000/. \ndamage, 3rd June, 1751. \n\nAmesbury Nunnery, built 976. \n\nAmes. Joseph, author of Typographical \nAntiquities, b. at Yarmouth, 1683, \nd. 1759. \n\nAmes, Fisher, an American orator and \n\nwriter, b. 1753, d. 1804. \nAmethysts, found in Kerry, Ireland, \n\n1755. \n\nAmherst, Jeffrev, Lord, a British \ngeneral, b. 1717. d. 1798. \n\nAmherst. Nicholas, an English poet, \nb. at Maiden, d. 1742. \n\nAmicable Society, incorporated 1706. \n\nAmiconi, Jacopo or Giacomo, a Ve- \nnetian landscape painter, b. 1675, \nd. at Madrid in 1758. \n\nAmiconi, Ottavio, an historic and \nlandscape painter, b. at Brescia in \n1605,d. 1661. \n\nb 3 \n\n\n\n10 \n\n\n\nAMI \n\n\n\nA N D \n\n\n\nAmiens, Peace of, concluded 27th \nMarch, 1802. \n\nAmilcar (or Hamilcar) Barcas, a Car- \nthaginian general, father of Hanni- \nbal, slain in battle B. C. 228. \n\nAmiot, a French Jesuit, missionary \nto China, b. 1718, d. 1794. \n\nAmman, Justus, a Swiss artist, painted \non wood and copper, b. in 1539, \nd. 1591. \n\nAmmianus Marcellinus, a Roman \n\nhistorian, who flourished in the \n\n4th century. \nAmmirato, Scipio, an Italian historian. \n\nb. 1531, d. 1601. \nAmon ; see Old Testament, events of. \nAmoretti, Abbate Carlo, an Italian \n\nmineralogist, b. 1741, d. 1816. \nAmorites, a people that inhabited, \n\nthe mountains around the Dead \n\nSea, conquered by Moses, A. M. \n\n2553. \n\nAmos, the prophet, flourished B. C. \n850. \n\nAmphilochus, bishop of Iconium, died \nA. D. 394. \n\nAmphion, King of Thebes, and a \ncelebrated musician, flourished \nA.M. 2617.\xe2\x80\x94 Eus. Hor. Bocc. \n\nAmphion frigate, bloAvn up at Ply- \nmouth, and all the crew destroyed, \n22nd Sept., 1796. \n\nAmphitheatre at Fidonia, fell in, \nwhen 50,000 persons were killed, \nA. D. 26. \n\nAmphitheatre, at Rome, built 69, \nsince stripped of its ornaments to \ndecorate palaces, and the chapels \nerected within it. \n\nAmphi trite, transport, with 125 fe- \nmale convicts, and a crew of 39 \nsouls, lost within half a mile of \nBoulogne, and onlv three lives \nsaved, 31st Aug., 1833. \n\nAmsterdam, the chief city of Holland, \nfirst walled in, 1490 ; besieged \nunsuccessfully by the Guelder- \nlanders, 1522 ; submitted, after a ten \nmonths siege, to the Hollanders, \n1578 ; surrendered to the Russians, \n1 787 ; received the French, 1795; \nthe seat of regal government under \nLouis Bonaparte, 1806; incorpo- \nrated with the French empire, \n1810; in 1818, the house of \n\n\n\nOrange was recalled ; Stadthouse \nbuilt, 1638; Exchange in 1634; \nOpera House at, burnt, 1 50 persons \nperished, 1772 ; Admiralty House \ndestroved by fire, 6th July, 1791 : \nBank founded, 1609. \nAmyot, James, a French writer, \nbishop of Auxerre, b. 1514, d. \n1593. \n\nAnabaptist, sect formed in 1525 : \n\narrived in England, 1549. \nAnabaptist chapel, the first erected \n\nin England, 1640. \nAnacharsis, the Scvthian philosopher, \n\nflourished 584 B. C. \nAnacletus I., pope, suffered martvr- \n\ndom, A. D. 91. \nAnacletus II., pope, Peter de Leon, \n\nd. 1138.. \n\nAnacreon, the Greek poet, flourished \n\nB. C. 532. \nAnanias and Sapphira struck dead, \n\nA. D. 33. \nAnarawd, Prince of Wales, ascended \n\nthe throne 877, d. 913. \nAnastatius I., Emperor of the East, \n\nsucceeded Zeno, 491, d. 518. \nAnastatius II., dethroned by Theo- \n\ndoric in 719. \nAnathema, first exercised bv the \n\nchurch, A. D. 387. \nAnatomy, restored at Brussels, 1550. \nAnatomy of plants, discovered 1680. \nAnaxagoras, an Ionian philosopher, \n\nb. B. C. 500, d. 428. \nAnaxandrides, the comic poet, flou- \nrished B. C. 378. \nAnaxarchus, a Thracian philosopher, \n\nflourished B. C. 340. \nAnaximander, the inventor of hydro- \n\ngraphv, b. at Miletus, B.C. 610, \n\nd. 547. \n\nAnaximenes, a mathematician of Mi- \nletus, who flourished B. C. 556. \n\nAnchors, invented 587. \n\nAnchorites, first appeared, 1255. \n\nAncona, taken by the French. July, \n1796 ; surrendered to the Impe- \nrialists, 13th Nov., 1799. \n\nAncus Martius, fourth king of Rome, \nsucceeded B. C. 640, d. B.C. 615. \n\nAnderson, Sir E., a judge and law \nwriter, d. 1605. \n\nAnderson, James, agricultural writer, \nb. 1739, d. 1808. \n\n\n\nAND \n\n\n\nANH \n\n\n\nAnderson, Adam, commercial writer, \n\nd. 1765, aged 73. \nAnderton, Henry, an English painter \n\nof history and portraits, d. 1 665. \nAndover, Lord, killed while delivering \n\nhis fowling-piece to his servant, \n\n8th Jan., 1801. \nAndover, Hampshire, England, made \n\na free borough, 12Q5. \nAndre, Major, a British officer, taken \n\nas a spy by the Americans, and \n\nhanged" 2nd\' Oct., 1780. \nAndre, Jean, a French historic painter, \n\npupil of Carlo Maratti, b. 1662, \n\nd. 1753. \n\nAndrea del Sarto, a Florentine pain- \nter of historv and portraits, b. \n1488, d. 1530. \n\nAndrea, Marochini, and Orcagna, two \nfamous Florentine artists, flou- \nrished in 1385. \n\nAndrea, Tafi, a Florentine artist, who \nstudied the Mosaic painting at St. \nMark\'s, Yenice, flourished 1296. \n\nAndrea, Maestro, a Neapolitan painter \nand architect, b. 1480, d. 1502. \n\nAndrea, St., Delia Valle, at Rome, \nbuilt 1641. \n\nAndreani, Andrea (Mantegna) an Ita- \nlian painter and engraver, 1516. \xe2\x80\x94 \nMand., Vos., Isaac. \n\nAndreanossy Islands, between Asia \nand America, discovered 1760. \n\nAndreossy, Count, a French officer \nand engineer of the canal of Langue- \ndoc, b. 1761. \n\nAndrew, St., order of knighthood in \nScotland, instituted 809 ; revived \nin Scotland, 1451, 1605; in Russia, \n1698. \n\nAndrew, St., brother of St. Peter, \nmartyred 30th Nov., A.D. 69, fes- \ntival instituted, 354. \n\nAndrews, St., university of, Scotland, \nfounded by Bishop Wardlaw, 1411. \n\nAndrews, Launcelot, bishop of Win- \nchester, b. 1555, d. 1626. \n\nAndrew, Rev. James, LL. D., astro- \nnomer and mathematician, b. 1773, \nd. 1833. \n\nAndriessens, Hendrick, a Flemish \npainter of still life, born at Antwerp \n1600, d. 1655. \n\nAndronicus I., P^mperor of the East, \nassassinated in 1185. \n\n\n\nAndronicus of Rhodes, a peripatetic \nphilosopher, and preserver of the \nworks of Aristotle, flourished B. C. \n63. \n\nAndrocydes,the painter, contemporary \n\nwith Zeuxis, flourished A.M. 3561 . \nAnello, Thomas, or Massaniello, the \n\nfisherman of Naples ; he obtained \n\nsupreme power, was assassinated \n\n1666, v b. 1623. \nAnesi, Paulo, a Florentine landscape \n\npainter, d. 1750. \nAneurin, an ancient British bard, he \n\ndied about 570 B. C. \nAngarano, Ottavio, a noble historic \n\npainter of Venice, who flourished \n\nin 1650. \n\nAngeli, Filippo d\', (Napoletano) a \nRoman historic painter, b. 1600, d. \n1640. \n\nAngelic knights of St. George, order \ninstituted in Greece, 456. \n\nAngelico da Fiesole (Giovanni), an \nItalian painter of religious subjects, \nb. 1387, d. 1455. He declined \nthe archbishopric of Florence. \n\nAngelis, Peter, a painter of landscape \nand conversation pieces, b. at Dun- \nkirk, 1685, d. 1734. \n\nAngelites, an heretical sect, that first \nappeared in 494. \n\nAngel o ; see Buonarotti, Caravaggio, \nand Campidoglio. \n\nAnglesea, North Wales, (Mon. Mona.) \nsubdued bv the Romans, 78 ; by \nthe Angles, or English, 1295. \n\nAnglo Saxons, first landed in Britain \n449. \n\nAngola, in Africa, settled by the \n\nPortuguese, 1482. \nAngosciola, Sophonisba, a lady of \n\nCremona, of noble birth ; she painted \n\nportraits and history until she lost \n\nher sight ; b. 1533, d. 1626. \nAgoulemen, Isle of, 16 persons killed \n\nby an explosion of gunpowder, \n\n16th April, 1816. \nAngria, Tullagrec, his forts, in the \n\nEast Indies taken by Admiral \n\nWatson, 13th Feb., 1756. \nAnguella of the Caribbees, first planted \n\nby the English, 1650. \nAnhalt, Island, 4000 Danes repulsed \n\nby 150 British, 27 th March, \n\n1811. \n\n\n\n12 \n\n\n\nANH \n\n\n\nANT \n\n\n\nAnhalt, George, prince of, b. 1507, d. \n1557. \n\nAnimal Magnetism, appeared in \nFrance, 1783 ; in England, 1789. \n\nAnjar, fortress of, East Indies, taken \nby E. I. Company, Feb. 1816. \n\nAnich, Peter, a Tyrolese peasant, as- \ntronomer and geographer, b. 1 723, \nd. 1766. \n\nAnjou, France, university at, founded \n\n1349, enlarged 1364. \nAnna Ivanowna, Empress of Russia, \n\nb. 1693, d. 1740. \nAnnat, F., a French Jesuit, and \n\nlearned author, b. 1590, d. 1670. \nAnnates, or first fruits, instituted \n\n1306. \n\nAnne, Queen of England, last of the \nStuart family, b. at Twickenham, \n1664, d. 20th July, 1714. \n\nAnne of Austria, Regent of France, \nqueen of Louis XIII., d. 1666. \n\nAnne of Cleves, one of the -wives of \nHenry VIII. , after being divorced, \nreturned to her country and died, \n1557. \n\nAnne of Beaujeu, Regent of France, \ndaughter of Louis XL, wife of Duke \nof Bourbon, d. 1522. \n\nAnnet, Peter, pilloried for his deistic \nwritings, d. 1778, aged 75. \n\nAnnibal, the Carthaginian general, \npoisons himself B. C. 182. \n\nAnno, Archbishop of Cologne, d. 1705. \n\nAnnuities for life, regulated 1 777.. \n\nAnnuities, or pensions, first granted, \n1512, when 20 J. was given to a lady \nof the court for services done, and \n61. 13s. 4c?. for the maintenance of \na gentlewoman, 1536 ; and 131. \n6s. 8c?., a competent sum to sup- \nport a gentleman in the study of \nthe law, 1554. \n\nAnnunciade of St. Michael, order of \nknighthood, instituted at Mantua, \n1618. \n\nAnnunciation of the blessed Virgin \n\nMary, observed, 350. \nAnnunciation, order of, instituted in \n\nSavoy, 1362. \nAnointing, first used at coronation, \n\nin England, 172, in Scotland, 1097. \nAnquetil du Perron, Abrabam Hya- \n\ncinthe, a famous Orientalist, b. \n\n1731, d. 1805. \n\n\n\nAnsaldo, Giovanni Andrea, of Genoa, \na landscape painter, b. 1584, d, \n1638. \n\nAnselm, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 1030, \nd. 1099. \n\nAnselmi, Michael Angelo, an Italian \npainter of scriptural pieces, b. 1491, \nd. 1554. \n\nAnsgar, the apostle of the north, \nintroduced Christianity into Swe- \nden and Denmark, b. 800, d. 865. \n\nAnson, a renowned British admiral, \nb. 1697, d. 1762. Presented the \naccount of his voyage to the Royal \nSociety, 30th June, 1748. \n\nAnson frigate, 44 guns, wrecked in \nMount\'s Bay, Cornwall, when \nCaptain Lydiard and many of the \ncrew perished, 7th Jan., 1808. \n\nAnstey, Christopher, an humorous \npoet, author of the New Bath \nGuide, b. 1724, d. 1805. \n\nAnstis, John, an English antiquary, \nb. 1669, d. 1744. \n\nAntar, an Arabian prince and poet, \nwhose verses were embroidered on \nsilk, flourished in 6th century. \n\nAnthems, introduced into the reformed \nchurch in the reign of Elizabeth, \nfirst used, 386. \n\nAn thee um, at Hove, Sussex, dome \nof, fell in 30th Aug., 1833. \n\nAnthony, St., the Great, b. in Egypt, \n251, d. 356, aged 105. \n\nAnthony, St., of Padua, b. 1 5th Aug., \n1195, d. June 13, 1231. \n\nAnthony, St.. in Hainault, order of \nknighthood, instituted in Germanv, \n1282 ; in Ethiopia, 357. \n\nAntigallican, prize of the Ducde Pen- \nthievre, detained, and the hatches \nsealed, at Cadiz, 1757. \n\nAntiphilus, a Grecian painter, flou- \nrished B. C. 301. \n\nAntiquaries, Society of, at London, \nincorporated 26th Oct., 1751. \n\nAntiquarian Society, at Edinburgh, \ninstituted 18th Dec, 1780. \n\nAntiquarian Society, at Newcastle, \n1812. \n\nAntiquus, John, a painter of history \nand on glass, b. at Groningen, \n1702, d. 1750. \n\nAntinomians, a sect that first appeared \nin 1538. \n\n\n\nAN T \n\n\n\nA PP \n\n\n\n13 \n\n\n\nAntigonus, King of Judea, beheaded \nby Marc Antony, B. C. 36. \n\nAntigonus, King of Asia, a captain of \nAlexander\'s, b. B.C. 385, d. B.C. \n301. \n\nAntigonus Gonatas, King of Asia, \n\nd."B. C 243. \nAntigonus II., King of Macedonia. \n\nd. B.C. 220. \nAntigua. West Indies, first settled bv \n\nthe English, 1632. \nAntioch, a citv of Syria, founded \n\nB.C. 300: \'burned^ and 10,000 \n\ninhabitants slain, B. C. 145. \nAntiochus. of Ascalon, d. B. C. 164. \nAntiochus, the name of several Syrian \n\nkings ; see Syria. \nAntipater. a Macedonian statesman, \n\nb. 398, d. 318 B.C. \nAntisthenes, a Grecian philosopher, \n\nh. B. C. 424. \nAntoinette, Marie, unfortunate queen \n\nof Louis XVI., born at Vienna, \n\n1725: beheaded, 1793 ; her bones \n\ndisinterred at La Madelaine, and \n\nlaid in St. Denis with the monarchs \n\nof France, 18th Jan., 1815. \nAntonello ; see Messina. \nAntonilez, Joseph, a Spanish painter \n\nof history, portrait, and landscape, \n\nborn 1636, died 1676. \nAntonines, a religious sect that first \n\nappeared in 329. \nAntonisze, Cornelius, a Dutch painter \n\nof landscape and architecture, and \n\na wood engraver, b. 1500. \nAntoninus Pius, a Roman emperor. \n\nb. A. D. 86, d. in 161. \nAntoninus, Marcus Aurelius (the \n\nphilosopher), a Roman emperor, \n\nb. 121, d. 180. \nAntoninus\'s Wall, the third rampart \n\nbuilt to check the North Britons, \n\nA. D. 1 40. \n\nAntonv, Marc, a noble Roman, d. \n\nB. C. 30, aged 56. \n\nAntwerp, first noticed, 517: walled, \n1201 and 1514 ; citadel erected bv \nDukeof Alva, 1568; sacked, 1585; \ntaken by the French, 1792, 1794; \nbourse erected, 1531 ; besieged \nby the English, 1814; again be- \nsieged by the French, taken, and \nrestored to the Belgians, 1832. \n\nAnvari, the Persian poet, died 1207. \n\n\n\nApelles, a painter of the island of \nCos, author of the Venus Anadyo- \nmene, and of Alexander, in the \nTemple of Diana at Ephesus. He \nwas the contemporary and favourite \nof Alexander the Great, who forbad \nall others to paint him, and gave \nhim one of his own mistresses, with \nwhom the artist had fallen in love : \nflourished B. C. 334. \n\nApollonio, Jacopo, a painter of scrip- \nture subjects, b. 1584, d. 1654. \n\nApollo frigate, and 40 West India- \nmen, lost off the Portuguese coast, \n2nd April, 1804. \n\nApollo, temple of, at Antioch, burned \ndown, B. C. 362 ; at Delphi, built \nB. C. 434. \n\nApollodorus, the Athenian painter, \nflourished B. C. 408. \n\nApollodorus, an eminent architect, \nwho flourished A. D. 104. \n\nApollodorus, a grammarian of Athens, \nflourished B.C. 140. \n\nApollonius, the mathematician, flou- \nrished B. C. 242. \n\nApollonius Rhodius, historian of the \nArgonautic expedition, flourished \nB.C. 246. \n\nApollonius Tyaneus, a Pythagorean \nphilosopher, who flourished in the \nbeginning of the first century. \n\nApothecaries, first mentioned in his- \ntory, 1345 ; company, London, \nincorporated 1617. \n\nApothecaries exempted from serving \ncivil offices, 1702 ; their practice \nbetter regulated, 1815. \n\nApothecaries 1 Company, Dublin, in- \ncorporated 1791. \n\nApparitors, first instituted 1234. \n\nAppeals to the Pope, from England, \nfirst made, 1138 ; forbidden, 1532. \n\nAppel, Jacob, a Dutch painter of \nhistorv, landscapes, and portraits, \nb. 1680, d. 1751. \n\nAppelman, Barent, a Dutch painter \noflandscapes and portraits, b. 1640, \nd. 1686. \n\nAppian, the historian, flourished in \nthe reigns of Trajan and Adrian. \n\nAppiani, Andrea, a Milanese painter \nof history and portraits. Napoleon \nsat to him, and appointed him his \npainter : b. 1754, d. 1818. \n\n\n\n14 \n\n\n\nAPP \n\n\n\nARE \n\n\n\nAppiani, Francesco, an Italian painter, \nb. at Ancona in 1702, d. at Per- \nugia, 1792. \n\nAppian Way, from Rome to Capua, \nconstructed B.C. 313, by Appius \nClaudius Crassus Csecus, wben he \nwas censor ; afterwards it extended \nto Brundusium. \n\nAppius Claudius Crassinus, a cruel, \narrogant patrician, one of the \nDecemvirs, d. B. C. 448. \n\nApples, two species of, brought from \nSyria and Africa into Italy, B.C. 9. \n\nApricot trees, first planted in Eng- \nland, 1540 ; Epirus is their native \ncountry. \n\nAquila,Pompeio del, an Italian painter \nof historic subjects, flourished in \n1580. \n\nAquinas, Thomas, St., a Neapolitan \ndivine, b. 1224, d. 1274. \n\nAquitaine, erected into a principality, \n1362; re-annexed to the French \ncrown, 1730. \n\nArable lands restrained, and pastures \nenforced, 1534. \n\nArabella Stuart, lost her reason by \nimprisonment in London Tower, \nd. 1015, aged 38. \n\nAraldi, Alexander, a painter of his- \ntorical pieces, b. at Parma, d. 1528. \n\nAram, Eugene, a learned man, b. \nin Yorkshire, 1704, executed for \na murder committed 14 years be- \nfore, 1759. \n\nArbasia, Csesare, an Italian painter of \nreligious subjects, d. 1620. \n\nArbitration, an act for settlement of \ndifferences by, 16th May, 1698. \n\nArbuthnot, Alexander, principal of \nAberdeen University, b. 1538, d. \n1583. \n\nArbuthnot, John, M.D., the friend \nof Swift, and a voluminous writer, \nd. 1735. \n\nArcesilaus, founder of the Middle \nAcademy, b. in JEolis, B.C. 316, \nd. of intemperance, B.C. 241. \n\nArchangel, in European Russia, pas- \nsage to, discovered, 1553 ; injured \nby fire, 1763; 200 dwellings \nburned down, 16th Oct., 1771 ; ca- \nthedral and other public edifices \nburned, 29th June, 1793 ; total of j \nhouses destroyed, 3000. \n\n\n\nArchdeacon, the first appointed in \n\nEngland, 1075. \nArchelaus, a Greek philosopher, flour- \nished, B.C., 440. \nArchelaus, King of Macedon, died \n\nabout 398 B.C. \nArchelaus, son of Herod the Great, \na cruel prince ; he flourished in \nthe reign of Augustus. \nArchery introduced into England, \n440. \n\nArches of stone, St. Paul\'s church, \nLondon, built on ; a mode of \nbuilding unknown in England un- \ntil 1187. \n\nArchindschan, Turkey, destroyed by \nan earthquake, when 12,000 per- \nsons were buried in the ruins, \n1784. \n\nArco, Alonzo del, a Spanish painter \nof history and portraits. He was \nboth deaf and dumb. B. 1625, d. \n1700. \n\nArchenholz, J. W. von, a voluminous \nGerman writer, b. 1743, d. 1812. \nArchilochus, of Paros, a writer of \nIambic verses, who flourished \nB.C. 700. \nArchimedes, one of the most eminent \nmathematicians and philosophers \namongst the ancients, inventor of \nthe sphere, b. 287 B.C., slain 212 \nB.C. \n\nArchytas, of Tarentum, a mathema- \ntician and mechanist, constructed \nan automaton, invented the vice \nand pulley, flourished 408 B.C., \nperished by shipwreck. \nArcos, in Spain, evacuated by the \n\nFrench, 28th Aug., 1812. \nArcot, in the East Indies, taken by \n\nthe English, 1759. \nArellius, the Roman painter, flour- \nished, B.C., 27.\xe2\x80\x94 Plin. \nArendt, Martin Fred., a scientific \nEuropean traveller, born at Altona, \n1769, d. at Venice, 1824. \nAreopagus, the most ancient of the \nAthenian courts of justice, erected \nB.C. 1272. \nAretin, Christophe Baron, b. at Ingol- \n\nstadt, 1772, d. at Munich, 1824. \nAretino. See Spinello. \n! Aretino, Peter, an Italian poet, b. \nI 1492, d. 1557. \n\n\n\nARE \n\n\n\nARM \n\n\n\n15 \n\n\n\nAretino, Guido, a Benedictine monk \nof Arezzo, who systematised music. \nHe flourished in 1029. \n\nAretino, Leonard, an Italian historian, \nh.l370,d. at Florence, 1443. \n\nAretusi, Csesare, a famous Italian \nportrait painter. He flourished in \nthe 17th century. \n\nArezzo, Spinello de, a Florentine ar- \ntist, h. 1352, d. 1400. \n\nArgand\'s lamps introduced generally \nin London, ] 785. \n\nArgo, the first long ship huilt hy the \nGreeks to carry the Argonauts, \nB.C., 1232,-939 Newton. \n\nArgonautic expedition, 1232, B.C., \n48 years hefore the taking of Troy. \nThe Golden Fleece means the trea- \nsure of the King of Colchis, pil- \nlaged hy the Argonauts, the Syriac \nword Gaza meaning fleece ; hut it \nis more generally admitted that \nArgo was the name of the first \nship that was built (except the \nark), and that it was therefore \nmade a sign in the heavens ; that \n"the fable of the Fleece originated \nin the fleeces sunk in the river \nXanthus, to collect the alluvial gold \nwashed into that river from the \nadjacent mines. \n\nArgonauts, of St. Nicholas, the, order \nof knighthood instituted at Naples, \n1382. \n\nArgos, kingdom of, began 1586 B.C. \n\nArgyle, Marquis of, beheaded 27th \nMay, 1661. \n\nArgyle, Earl of, executed at Edin- \nburgh, 1685. \n\nArians, a religious sect, founded in 290 . \n\nArion, the musician of Methymna, \nflourished, B.C., 664 or 625.\xe2\x80\x94 \nSeal., Eus. \n\nAriosto, the Italian poet, b. 1474, \nd. 1533. \n\nAristides, the Theban painter and \nscholar, and brother of Nicoma- \nchus, flourished B.C. 341.- Plin. \n\nAristarchus, the Samian astronomer, \nflourished B.C. 967.\xe2\x80\x94 Eus. \n\nAristarchus, a famous grammarian, \nborn at Samothrace, flourished \nB.C. 150. \n\nAristides the Just, an Athenian states- \nman, died B.C. 438.\xe2\x80\x94 Diod. Sic. \n\n\n\nAristides, iElius, a rhetorician of \n\nBithynia, born A.D. 129. \nAristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic \n\nsect, flourished 380 B.C. \nAristobulus,a Peripatetic philosopher, \n\nflourished 120 B.C. \nAristocles, Theban artist, flourished \n\nB.C. 321. \nAristogeiton, Athenian patriot, B.C. \n\n514. \n\nAriston, a Theban artist, flourished \nB.C. 320. \n\nAristodemus, a musician and philoso- \npher, flourished B.C. 614. \n\nAristomenes, the Messenian hero, \nflourished B.C. 689 Val. Max. \n\nAristonicus, strangled at Rome, B.C. \n126. \n\nAristophanes, a Grecian comic poet, \nB.C. 420.\xe2\x80\x94 Laer. \n\nAristotle, the most famous of all the \nGrecian philosophers, tutor to \nAlexander the Great, founder of \nthe Peripatetic sect, born at Stagira, \nB.C. 384, poisoned himself 322. \n\nArithmetic brought into Europe from \nArabia, 991 ; decimals invented, \n1042. \n\nArius, the founder of Arianism, \nflourished A.D. 315, d. 336. \n\nArkwright, Sir R., inventor of spin- \nning jennies, d. 3rd Aug., 1752. \n\nArlaud, James Anthony, a portrait \npainter, admired for his Leda, b. at \nGeneva, 1668, d. 1743. \n\nArmada, Spanish, defeated off Dun- \nkirk by the Dutch, 1630. \n\nArmada, Spanish, the Invincible, con- \nsisting of 150 ships of war, defeated \nby Howard and Drake, and dis- \npersed by storms, 1588. \n\nArmed neutrality of the Northern \nPowers against England, by the \nEmpress of Russia, commenced \n1780; revived, 1800; dissolved \nby a British fleet, 1801. \n\nArmand, Jacques Franqois, a French \nartist, b. 1730, d. 1769. \n\nArmenia conq. by the Turks, 1522.\' \n\nArmy, the first standing, in modern \ntimes, by Charles VII. of France, \n1445. \n\nArmorial bearings introduced by the \nEnglish nobles, 1100 ; taxed, 1798 \n\xe2\x80\x941808. \n\n\n\n1 6 \n\n\n\nARM \n\n\n\nART \n\n\n\nArmourers\' Company, London, in- \ncorporated, 1423. \n\nArms, coats of, came into vogue in \nthe reign of Richard I., and here- \nditary in families about 1192. \nThey took their rise from the \nknights painting their banners with \ndifferent figures, to distinguish them \nin their crusades ; though some \ntrace it higher, and say it originated \nin the common custom of the pri- \nmitive people painting their bodies \nwith different figures to distinguish \nthem from each other. The lions \nin the English arms were originally \nleopards, so says a record of 1252. \nFormerly none but the nobility \nhore arms, but Charles the Fifth \nhaving ennobled the Parisians, \n1371, he permitted them to bear \narms. This was followed in other \nplaces. \n\nArminianism, an heresy that sprung \n\nup in the year 1599. \nArminius, Hermann, the deliverer of \n\nGermany from the Roman yoke, \n\nh. 18 B.C., assassinated A.D. 21. \nArminius, James, a Dutch divine, \n\nfounder of the Arminian sect, h. \n\n1560, d. 1609. \nArms of England and France first \n\nquartered by Edward III., 1358 ; \n\nthe latter discontinued from 1 Jan., \n\n1801. \n\nArmstrong, John, M.D., a poet and \nmiscellaneous writer, h. in Rox- \nburghshire, 1709, d. 1779. \n\nArne, Thomas Augustine, Dr., an \nEnglish composer, b. in London in \n1704, d. 1778. \n\nArne, Michael, an English musician, \nd. 1785. \n\nArnheim, Guelderland, taken by Bil- \nlow, and the garrison butchered, \n30th Nov., 1813. \n\nArnobius of Sicca, Numidia, professor \nof rhetoric, flourished A.D. 303. \n\nArnold, Benedict, an American gene- \nral, who deserted to the English, \nd. in London, 1801. \n\nArnold, Richard, an English divine, \nd. 1765. \n\nArnold, Samuel, a doctor of music, \nand composer, b. 1739, d. 1802, \nburied in Westminster Abbey. \n\n\n\nArnold, Christophe, the peasant as- \ntronomer, b. near Leipsic, 1646, \nd. 1695. \n\nArnold, John, watchmaker, b. 1744, \nd. 1799. \n\nArnoult, Sophie, a Parisian actress \nand vocalist, b. 1740, d. 1802. \n\nArniston transport, wrecked off Cape \nLagullas, only six saved out of \n350, 30th May, 1815. \n\nArpino. See Caesari. \n\nArragon erected into a kingdom, 912. \n\nArray, first commission of, for raising \nthe militia, 1422. \n\nArredondo, Isidore, a Spanish artist, \nfirst painter to Charles II., b. \n1654, d. 1702. \n\nArrest, vexatious ones prevented by \nan act passed, 17th May, 1733 ; for \nless than 10/. forbidden, 1779; \nfor less than 20/., 1827. \n\nArrian, a Greek historian, who flou- \nrished in the 2nd century. \n\nArsaces, the name of several Parthian \nkings. The first laid the founda- \ntion of the empire, B.C. 250. \n\nArtabanes, the name of several Par- \nthian kings. \n\nArtabazes, a general of Xerxes. \n\nArtaxerxes, the name of several mon- \narchs of Persia. First, died B.C. \n425. See Persia. \n\nArtemidorus, a Greek waiter at \nEphesus, flourished A.D. 140. \n\nArtichokes first brought into Eng- \nland, 487. \n\nArtificers, bill to prevent the seduc- \ntion of, 1787. \n\nArtists\' room in the Strand, London, \nerected 1772. \n\nArteveldt, Jacob, of Ghent, assassin- \nated, 1345. \n\nArteveldt, a Dutch marine painter, \nwho flourished in the 17th cen- \ntury. \n\nArtois, Jacques d\', a landscape painter, \nand friend of Teniers, b. at Brus- \nsels, 1613, d. 1665. \n\nArtemisia, Queen of Caria, widow of \nMausolus, d. B.C. 351. \n\nArthur, King of Britain, born about \n501, d. of his wounds, 542. \n\nArticles of religion, six published by \nHenry VIII., 1536 ; forty-two \npublished without the consent of \n\n\n\nART \n\n\n\nASS \n\n\n\n17 \n\n\n\nparliament, 1552 ; reduced to thir- \nty-nine, Jan., 1563 ; authorised \nby parliament, 1571 ; 104 drawn \nup by Archbishop Usher for Ire- \nland, 1615 ; articles authorised in \n1563, received in Ireland 1634. \nArtillery Company, London, revived, \n1610. \n\nArtists, Society of, Great Britain, \nincorporated, 26th Jan., 1765. \n\nArtois, Count d\', brother to Louis \nXVI. of France, landed at Leith, \nScotland, 6th Jan., 1796 ; visited \nLondon, 27th March, 1799. \n\nArts and Sciences house, in the Adel- \nphi, London, erected 1772. \n\nArts and Sciences, society of, London, \ninstituted, 1753. \n\nArts and Sciences, society of, at New- \nYork, 1765. \n\nArts, royal society of, at London, in- \nstituted, 1768. \n\nAruba, isle of, West Indies, planted \nby Holland, 1634. \n\nArundel castle, Sussex, built by the \nSaxons about 800. \n\nArundel street, Panton Sq., destruc- \ntive fire in, with loss of life, 1833. \n\nArundel, Thomas, Archbishop of \nCanterbury, born 1353, died 1413. \n\nArundelian Marbles arrived in Eng- \nland, 1627. They consist of \nTables, containing the chronology \nof ancient history, from 1582 to \n355 before Christ, said to have \nbeen sculptured 264 before Christ ; \nfound in the Isle of Paros, about \n1610; purchased by Lord Arundel, \nand given to the university of \nOxford, 1627. The characters \nare Greek, of which there are two \ntranslations. \n\nAsa. See Old Testament, events of. \n\nAsaph, St., a native of North Wales, \nflourished 590 ; church built at, \n560 ; rebuilt, 1402. \n\nAsch, Peter Van, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1603. \n\nAscanius, the son of -ZEneas, founder \nof Alba Longa, d. B.C. 1139. \n\nAscension day firstcommemorated, 68. \n\nAscham, Roger, tutor of Queen Eli- \nzabeth, b. 1515, d. 1568. \n\nAsdrubal, a Carthaginian general, \nflourished B.C. 203. \n\n\n\nAsclepiodorus, the painter, flourished \nB.C. 337. \n\nAsclepiodorus, a British prince, op- \nposed to the Romans, crowned 235, \nslain 260. \n\nAsh, Dr. John, author of English \ndictionary and grammar, b. 1724, \nd. 1779. \n\nAshby-de-la-Zouch, Leicestershire, \n\ncastle of, built, 1399. \nAshdown, Essex, church of, erected, \n\n1 020. \n\nAshfield, Edmund, an English por- \ntrait painter, who flourished in the \nreign of Charles II. \n\nAshmole, an English antiquary, foun- \nder of the Ashmolean Museum, \nb. 1617, d. 1692. \n\nAskew, Anne, burnt for heresy, 1546. \n\nAskew, Dr. Ant., d. 27th Feb., 1784. \n\nAsparagus first produced in England, \n1608. \n\nAsper, John or Hans, a famous Swiss \nportrait painter, b. 1499, d. 1571. \n\nAspern, battle of, between Napoleon \nand Arch. Charles, 21st May, 1 809. \n\nAspertino, Guido, an Italian historic \npainter, b. 1460, d. 1500. \n\nAspertino, Amico, a Bolognese artist, \nb. 1474, d. 1572. \n\nAssassination plot against William \nIII. discovered by Pendergrass, \n14th Feb., 1696. \n\nAssay-master established at Sheffield \nand Birmingham, 1773. \n\nAssaying of gold and silver legally \nestablished, 1354. \n\nAsselyn, John (Crabatje), a Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1610, d. 1660. \n\nAssereto, Giovacchino, an Italian \npainter of religious subjects, b. \n1600, d. 1649. \n\nAsses, feast of, in France, held in \nhonour of Balaam\'s ass, when the \nclergy at Christmas walked in pro- \ncession, dressed so as to represent \nthe prophets. Suppressed, early \nbefore 1445. \n\nAssessed taxes advanced in 1797 ; \nreduced, 1798; new ones added, \n1801; reduced, 1823; and far- \nther, 1834. \n\nAssheton, William, suggested a pro- \nvision for clergymen\'s widows, b. \n1641, d. 1711. \n\n\n\n18 \n\n\n\nASS \n\n\n\nA IT B \n\n\n\nAssiento, contract for supplying Ame- \nrica -with slaves from Jamaica, be- \ngan 1689; vested in the South \nSea Company, 1713 ; resigned to \nSpain by the peace of 1748. \n\nAssignats, ordered by the National As- \nsembly of France, 17th Apr., 1790. \n\nAssisi, Andrea Luigi di (II Ingegno), \nan Italian artist, b. 1470, d. 1520. \n\nAssize of bread and ale established \nin England, 1266\xe2\x80\x941710.\' \n\nAssumption of the Virgin, festival of, \ninstituted 813. \n\nAssyria, kingdom of, began under \nNinus, B.C. 2059; ended with \nSardanapalus. From its ruins were \nformed the Assyrians of Babylon, \nof Nineveh, and the Medes. \n\nAsta, Andrea dell\', a Neapolitan \npainter of religious subjects, b. \n1683, d. 1721. \n\nAstle, Thomas, an English antiquarv, \nb. in Staffordshire, d. 1803. \n\nAstley, John, an English portrait \npainter, d. 14th Nov., 1787. \n\nAstley, Philip, founder of amphi- \ntheatres in London, Paris, and \nDublin, b. 1742, d. 1814. \n\nAstley\'s amphitheatre and 19 houses \ndestroyed by fire, 17th Aug., 1794 ; \nand again, 2nd Sep., 1803, when \nmany houses -were burned. \n\nAstorga, in Spain, taken by the \nFrench, 12th April, 1810; evacu- \nated 12th June, 1811 ; capitulated \nto the Spaniards, 18th Aug., 1812. \n\nAstracan, in Tartary, taken by the \nRussians, 1554. \n\nAstronomical observations first made \nat Babylon, 2234 ; tables made, \nB.C. 1253. \n\nAstronomy and geography brought \ninto Europe by the Moors of Bar- \nbary, 1201. \n\nAsylums for debtors abolished in \nLondon, 1696. \n\nAsylum, near Westminster Bridge, \nLondon, instituted, 1758. \n\nAtahualpa, or Atabalipa, the last of \nthe Incas, King of Quito, burnt by \nthe Spaniards,~1533. \n\nAthaliah, wife of Joram, king of Ju- \ndah, slain B. C. 877. \n\nAthanasian Creed, supposed to have \nbeen written 340. \n\n\n\nAthanasio, Pedro, a Spanish historical \npainter, b. 1638, d. 1688. \n\nAthanasius, St., bishop of Alexan- \ndria, b. 296, d. 2nd May, 373. \n\nAthenagoras, Athenian philosopher, \nflourished A. D. 177. \n\nAthenodorus, a Stoic philosopher, tu- \ntor to Tiberius, flourished A.D. 10. \n\nAthens, founded by Cecrops, B. C. \n1556. Jul. Per. 3158. Taken by- \nXerxes, 480, B. C. \n\nAtkins, James, bishop of Gallowav, \nb. 1613, d. 1687. \n\nAtkinson, Christopher, expelled Par- \nliament, and set in the pillory for \nperjury, 25th Oct., 1785. \n\nAtkinson, Joseph, an Irishman of \nmuch wit and a writer of poetrv, \nb. 1743, d. 1818. \n\nAtkyns, Sir Robert, chief baron of \nExchequer, b. 1621, d. 1709. \n\nAttalus, king of Pergamus, inventor \nof parchment, d. B. C. 198. \n\nAttaquia, in Syria, destroyed by an \nearthquake, with 3,000 inhabit-, \nants, 5th May, 1796. \n\nAtterbury, Francis, bishop of Ro- \nchester, b. 1662 ; sent to the \nTower, 2-i th Aug., 1722; banished, \nMay, 1723; died Feb., 1731 ; \nburied in Westminster Abbey. \n\nAtterbury, Dr. Lewis, an English \ndivine and sermon writer, b. 1656, \nd. 1731. \n\nAtticus, Titus Pomponius, the friend \nof Cicero, d. B. C. 54, aged 77. \n\nAtticus, patriarch of Constantinople, \nd. 427. \n\nAttila, king of the Huns (the scourge \nof God), d. A. D. 453. \n\nAttorneys, tax on, commenced in \n1785; the number limited in \nNorfolk and Suffolk, and reduced \nfrom eighty to fourteen, 1754. \n\nAttorneys, maximum number allowed \nin Great Britain in the reign of \nEdward III., 400. \n\nAttraction, the first idea of, adopted \nby Kepler, 1605. \n\nAttwood, George, a celebrated mathe- \nmatician and mechanist, b. 1746, \nd. 1807. \n\nAubern, in Wiltshire, 72 dwellings, \nvalue 20,000/., destroved bv fire, \n12th Sept., 1760. \n\n\n\nAUB \n\n\n\nAVI \n\n\n\n19 \n\n\n\nAubin, Gabriel Jacques de St., a \nFrench historical painter and an \nengraver, b. 1724, d. 1770. \n\nAubrey, John, F. R. S., an English \nantiquary, b. 1626, d. 1700. \n\nAubusson, Peter d\', grand master of the \nknights ofRhodes,b.H23, d. 1503. \n\nAuchmuty, Sir Samuel, an English \ngeneral, b. 1756, d. 1822, buried \n. at Dublin. \n\nAudebert, John Baptist, a French \nminiature painter and an engraver, \nb. 1759, d. 1802. \n\nAuction, the first in England, by \nElisha Yale, governor of Fort \nGeorge, East Indies, of the goods \nhe brought home, 1700; tax on, \ncommenced, 1779. \n\nAuction Mart, London, founded, \n1813. \n\nAudenaerd, or Oudenaerd, Robert \n\nVan, a Dutch painter and engraver, \n\nb. 1663, d. 1743. \nAudley, James, Lord, an English \n\nhero who served under Edward \n\nIII., b. 1314, d. 1386. \nAudley, Sir Thomas, Speaker of the \n\nHouse of Commons, b. 1488, d. \n\n1544. \n\nAudran, Claude, a French historical \npainter and professor at the aca- \ndemy of arts, b. 1641, d. 6841. \n\nAugereau, duke of Castiglione, one \nof Napoleon\'s marshals, b. 1757, \nd. 1816. \n\nAugmentation, of the king\'s revenue, \na new court erected, 4th Feb., \n1536-1704. \n\nAugsburg confession of faith, made \n1550. \n\nAugustin, St., father of the Latin \nChurch, b. in Numidia, A. D. \n354, d. 23rd Aug., 430. \n\nAugustines, appeared in England, \n1250. \n\nAugustin, or Austin, St., (the apostle \nof the English), first archbishop \nof Canterbury, landed on the Isle \nof Thanet, 596, d. 607. \n\nAugustin, St., Abbey of, Canterbury, \nbuilt 1605. \n\nAugustus Caesar, b. B. C. 65, d. \n19th Aug., A.D. 14. \xe2\x80\x94 See Roman \nEmperors. \n\nAugustus ; see Saxony. \n\n\n\nAurelian, Roman Emperor, assassi- \nnated, 275. \n\nAureng-zebe, the Great Mogul, b. \n1618, d. 1707. \n\nAuricular confession, first made, \n1215. \n\nAurora Borealis (Northern Lights), \n\nfirst observed, 6th March, 1715-16; \n\nelectricity of, ascertained, 1769. \nAurora frigate lost, and never heard \n\nof afterwards, 1771. \nAusonius, Decius Magnus, a Roman \n\npoet, b. 310, d. 394. \nAusterlitz, in Moravia, battle of, \n\n2nd Dec, 1805. \nAustralian Islands, first discovered by \n\nMagellan, 6th March, 1521. \nAustria, kings of; see Germany. \nAustria annexed to Germany, 1042 ; \n\nerected into a duchy, 1156; into \n\nan empire, 11th Aug., 1 804. \nAustria, toleration of religions granted, \n\nand torture abolished, 1776. \nAustrian Netherlands, entered by the \n\nFrench, 28th April, 1792. \nAutomaton, a flying dove, the first \n\nmade by Archytas, B. C. 408. \nAutorides, a painter, scholar of the \n\nTheban Ariston, B. C. 309. \nAved, Jacques Antoine Joseph, a \n\nportrait painter, b. at Douay, \n\n1702, d. 1766. \nAvellino, a city of Naples, destroyed \n\nby an earthquake, 29th Nov., 1732. \nAvellino, Giulio, a Sicilian artist, \n\nand pupil of Salvator Rosa, b. \n\n1645, d. 1700. \nAvellino, Onofrio, a Neapolitan art- \nist, b. 1674, d. 1741. \nAvenzoar, or Ebn-Zoar, an Arabian \n\nphysician, d. 1169, aged 135 years. \nAverara, Giovanni Battista, an Italian \n\nartist, b. 1508, d. 1548. \nAverbach, John Gottfried, a German \n\npainter of history and portrait, \n\nb. 1687, d. 1743. \nAverroes, an Arabian philosopher, \n\nd. at Morocco 1217 or 1225. \nAvicenna, an Arabian philosopher, \n\nb. 980, d. 1036. \nAvignon, university at, founded, \n\n1388; taken from the Pope by \n\nthe French, 1769 ; restored on the \n\nsuppression of the Jesuits, 1773; \n\nclaimed by the French National \n\n\n\n20 \n\n\n\nAVI \n\n\n\nB AC \n\n\n\nAssembly, 1791 ; confirmed to \nFrance by tbe Congress of Sove- \nreigns, 1815. \n\nAvis, Portuguese order of knighthood, \ninstituted 1147. \n\nAvison, Charles, an English musi- \ncian, d. in 1770. \n\nAvont, Peter Vanden, a Dutch land- \nscape painter and an engraver, b. \nin 1620. \n\nAyesha, the favourite Avife of the \nArabian Prophet, b. 610, d. 677. \n\nAylmouth Castle, Northumberland, \nbuilt 559. \n\nAyloffe, Sir Joseph, an English anti- \nquary, b. 1708, d. 1781. \n\nAyscue,an English admiral, flourished \nin the reign of Charles II. \n\n\n\nAyscough, an English dramatic au- \nthor, d. 1 779. \n\nAysgarth bridge, Yorkshire, built \n1539. \n\nAzof, in Russia, built by the Genoese, \n1261 ; seized by Tamerlane, 1392; \nfell to Turkey, 1471; fortifica- \ntions demolished, 1 739 ; ceded to \nRussia, 1774. \n\nAzores, islands in the Atlantic, dis- \ncovered by the Portuguese, 1449. \n\nAzorius, a Spanish Jesuit, d. 1603. \n\nAzzara, Don Joseph Nicholas, a Span- \nish diplomatist, b. 1731, d. 1804. \n\nAzzolini, Giovanni Bernardino, a \nNeapolitan painter of scriptural \nsubjects, who flourished at Genoa, \nin 1510. \n\n\n\nB. \n\n\n\nB \n\n\n\nAAN, John De, a Dutch portrait \npainter, b. 1633, d. 1702. \nBaan, Jacob de, a Dutch portrait \n\npainter, b. 1673, d. 1700. \nBabel tower began, B. C. 2247, \nand occupied 40 years in building. \nBabeuf, Francis Noel, an active ac- \ncomplice in the French Revolu- \ntion, put to death, 1797. \nBabington, Dr. Gervase, bishop of \n\nWorcester, b. 1550, d. 1610. \nBabington, Dr., an eminent English \nphysician and medical writer, d. \n29th April, 1833. \nBabour, Sultan, founder of the Mo- \ngul dynasty, d. 1530. \nBabylon, the city of, founded by Nim- \nrod, 2640; walled, 1243; taken \nby Cyrus, 536 ; by Darius, after \nnineteen months\' siege, 511, B. C. \nBabylonish monarchy founded, 2217 \nB. C. \n\nBaccarini, Jacopo, an Italian historic \n\npainter, b. 1630, d. 1682. \nBaccio, della Porta, or Fra. Bartolo- \n\nmeo, di San Marco, a celebrated \n\nItalian history painter, b. 1469, d. \n\nat the convent of St. Mark, 1517. \nBaccici, or Gauli, Giovanni Battista, \n\na Genoese historical nainter, b. \n\n1639, d. 1709. \nBachelors tax, 1695; again, 1735 \n\nand 1796. \n\n\n\nBacker, Adrian de, a Dutch painter of \nscripture subjects, b. 1643,d. 1686. \n\nBacker, or Bakker, Jacques, an his- \ntorical painter, b. at Antwerp, \n1530, d. 1560. \n\nBacker, or Bakker, Jacob de, a Dutch \nportrait painter, b. 1609, d. 1651. \n\nBacker, Nicolas de, a portrait painter \nand friend of Kneller, born at \nAntwerp, 1648, d.1689. \n\nBackereel, or Bacquerelli, (William) \na Dutch historical painter, fellow \npupil withVandyk under Rubens. \n\nBackhuysen, Ludolph, an eminent \npainter, b.atEmbden,1631,d. 1709. \n\nBarkway, Hertfordshire, a fire at, de- \nstroyed thirteen dwellings, with \nstacks, offices, &c, 18th Aug., 1748. \n\nBacon, Sir Nathaniel, half brother to \nLord Verulam, an eminent por- \ntrait painter, d. after 1615. \n\nBacon, Roger, a learned Franciscan \nfriar, b. in Somersetshire, 1214, \nd. 1292. \n\nBacon, Francis, Lord Verulain, lord \nhigh chancellor of England, b. \n1561 ; committed to the Tower, \n1622 ; d. 9th April, 1626. \n\nBacon, Robert, an English divine, \nb. 1168, d. 1248. \n\nBacon, Sir Nicholas, lord keeper of \nthe great seal, b. in Kent, 1510, \nd. 26th Feb., 1578-9. \n\n\n\nBAG \n\n\n\nB AL \n\n\n\n21 \n\n\n\nBacon, John, an English sculptor, \n\nb. 1740, d. 1799. \nBadalocehi, Sisto, an Italian painter of \n\nhistory and portraits,b.l584,d. 1650. \nBadaracco.Giu seppe, a Genoese painter \n\nof historical subjects, d. 1657. \nBadaracco, Giovanni Raffaelle, a \n\nGenoese painter of historical sub- \njects, b. 1648, d. 1726. \nBaden, Professor, of the university \n9 of Copenhagen, d. 6th Nov., 1804. \nBadens, Francis, a Dutch painter of \n\nhistory, portrait, and conversation \n\npieces\', b. 1571, d. 1603. \nBadens, John, a Dutch painter, b. \n\nat Antwerp, 1576, d. 1613. \nBadiale, Alessandro, an Italian his- \ntoric painter, and an engraver, b. \n\n1626, killed 1671. \nBadile, an Italian painter of history \n\nand portrait, b. 1480, d. 1560. \nBaerstrat, a Dutch painter of marine \n\nsubjects, d. 1687. \nBaffin\'s Bav discovered, 1622. \nBagdad built, 762. \nBagford, John, antiquary, d. 1716, \n\naged 65. \n\nBaglioni, Cesare, a Bolognese his- \ntorical painter, d. 1596. \n\nBaglioni, Giovanni, a Roman painter \nof church pieces ; he wrote the \nlives of the Roman artists ; b. \n1594, d. 1644. \n\nBagnacavallo, Bartolomeo, a Bologn- \nese historic painter, d. 1542. \n\nBahama Islands discovered, 1629 ; \ntaken possession of by the English, \nDec. 1718 ; immense damage done \nto the shipping at, by a hurricane, \nOct. 1796 ; and again by storm \nand inundation, 22nd July, 1801. \n\nBailli, David, a portrait painter of \nLeyden, b. 1584, d. 1638. \n\nBailly, Jacques, a French portrait \npainter, b. 1629, d. 1682. \n\nBaillv, T. S., b. 1736, guillotined \n1793. \n\nBaize, manufacture of,first introduced \ninto England, at Colchester, 1660. \n\nBajardo, Giov. Batt., a Genoese \npainter of history, b. 1620, d. 1657. \n\nBajazet, Sultan, conquered by-Tamer- \nlane, d. 1413. \n\nBaker, John, an English painter of \nfruit and flowers, d. 1771. \n\n\n\nBaker, Sir Richard, b. about 1568, \n\ndied about 1645. \nBaker, Thos., antiquarv, b. 1656, \n\nd. 1740. \n\nBaker, Henrv, natural philosopher, \n\nb. 1698, d.\' 1774. \nBaking of Bread, invented, B. C. \n\n1400 ; became a trade, B. C. 1 70. \nBakewell, Robt., grazier, b. 1726, \n\nd. 1795. \n\nBalassi, Mario, a Florentine artist, \n\nb. 1604, d. 1670. \nBalbec, built, 144 ; totally obliterated \n\nby an earthquake, 5th Dec, 1759. \nBalchen, Admiral, b. 1669 ; lost in \n\nthe Victory man-of-war, Oct. 1744. \nBaldi, Lazaro, an Italian historic \n\npainter, b. 1623, d. 1703. \nBaldini, Fra. Tiburzio, a Bolognese \n\npainter and an ecclesiastic, flou- \nrished in 1610. \nBaldonaretti, an eminent painter, \n\nb. 1366, d. 1448. \nBaldinucci, Filippo, a Florentine \n\npainter, sculptor, and biographer, \n\nb. 1624, d. 1696. \nBaldrighi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter \n\nof history and portrait, b. 1722, d. \n\n1802. \n\nBalducci, Giov., a Florentine artist, \n\nwho d. at Naples in 1600. \nBaldwin, the emperor, d. 1206. \nBale, bishop of Ossorv, the historian, \n\nb. 1495, d. 1563. \' \nBales, Peter, b. 1547, d. about 1610. \nBalechou, John Joseph, a French \n\nengraver, b. 1719, d. 1765. \nBalen, Hendrick Van, an eminent \n\nDutch portrait painter, b. 1560, \n\nd. 1632. \n\nBalen, John Van, a Dutch painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. 1611. \n\nBalestra, Antonio, a distinguished \nItalian historical painter, b. 1666, \nd. 1740. \n\nBaliol, king of Scotland, appeared to \na summons, and pleaded his cause \nin Westminster Hall, Oct., 1293. \n\nBaliol College, Oxford, founded \n1268. \n\nBaliol, John, founder of Baliol Col- \nlege, Oxford, d. 1269. \n\nBalkan, passed by the Russians \nunder Gen. Diebitsch, 19th June, \n1830. \n\n\n\n22 \n\n\n\nBalance of Revenue, 1834 : \nAn Account of the Balances of Public Money remaining in the Exchequer \non the 5th of January, 1833; the amount of Money raised by the \nadditions to the Funded or Unfunded Debt of the year ended 5th of \nJanuary, 1834 ; the Money applied towards the redemption of the Funded, \nor paying off Unfunded Debt ; the Total Amount of advances and repay- \nments on account of Local Works, &c, with the differences accruing \nthereon ; and the Balances in the Exchequer on the 5th of January, 1834. \n\n\n\nBalances in the Exchequer on the \n\n5th of January, 1833 \nMoney raised in the Year ended 5th \n\nof January, 1834, by the creation \n\nof Unfunded Debt : \xe2\x80\x94 \nExchequer Bills, per Act 2 and 3 \n\nWill. IV., c. 94 \nDitto, 3 W. IV. c. 2 . \nDitto, 3 and 4 W. IV., c. 25 \nDitto, 2 and 3 W. IV., c. 126 \nFor building Churches, per Act 5 \n\nGeo. IV., c. 103 . . \nFor Public Works, &c, 1 and 2 W. \n\nIV., c. 24 \n\nDitto in Ireland, ditto, c. 33 \n\nFor Relief to Sufferers in the West \n\nIndia Islands, per Act 2 and 3 W. \n\nIV., c. 125 . \n\n\n\ns. d. \n\n\n\n2,980,200 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n12,222,400 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n679,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n40,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n384,100 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n91,500 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n207,950 \n\n\n\nSurplus of Income over Expenditure \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 s. d. \n4,688,647 12 3^ \n\n\n\n28,605,150 \n1,513,083 11 6J \n\n\n\nIssued to the Commissioners for the \nReduction of the National Debt, \nto be applied to the Redemption \nof Funded Debt :\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nBy Issues per Act 10 Geo. IV., c. 27. \n\nBy Interest on Donations and Be- \nquests ..... \n\n\n\nDeduct the Sum applied not in the \nRedemption of Funded Debt, but \nin the Redemption of Consoli- \ndated Fund Deficiency Bills \n\nPaymaster of Exchequer Bills, for \nthe payment of Unfunded Debt \n\nThe Total Amount of Advances for \nthe employment of the Poor, and \nfor Local Works within the Year \n\nDitto, Repayments for ditto . \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 s. d. \n\n1,017,806 12 \n5,977 4 3 \n\n\n\n1,023,783 16 3 \n\n\n\n225,000 \n\n\n\n1,204,988 4 3 \n505,039 17 11 \n\n\n\nExcess of Advances over Repayments . \n\nBalances in the Exchequer on the 5th of Jan. 1834 \n\n\n\ns. d. \n\n\n\n798,783 16 3 \n28,364,750 \n\n\n\n699,948 6 4 \n\n\n\n34,806,881 3 9f \n\n\n\nBAL \n\n\n\nBAN \n\n\n\n23 \n\n\n\nBallard, George, d. 1755. \n\nBallast of the river Thames monopo- \nlised by Charles I., 1636. \n\nBalloons, invented by B. Gusnido, \na Jesuit, 1729 ; revived in France \nby Mons. Montgolfier, 1783, and \nlet off at Paris, 27th Aug. ; intro- \nduced into England, and Mr. Lu- \nnardi ascended from Moorfields, \n15th Sept., 1784 ; Mr. Blanchard \nand Dr. Jeffries went from Dover \nto Calais in about two hours, \n7th January, 1785. Mr. Garnerin \nmade many successful ascents in \n1803; Crosbie ascended from \nDublin in 1785 ; and Sadler made \nseveral successful ascents from the \nsame place, and from London. \n\nBalmerino, Lord, beheaded for trea- \nson, 18th Aug., 1746. \n\nBalow, in Russia, had 458 houses \ndestroyed by fire, in 1803. \n\nBalsham, Hugh, founder of Peter- \nhouse, Cambridge, d. 1286. \n\nBalten, Peter, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1540, d. 1611. \n\nBaltimore, North America, nearly \ndestroyed by fire, 4th Dec, 1796. \n\nBaltimore House, Southampton-row, \nbuilt 1759, \n\nBalzac, the French writer, b. 1594, d. \n1654. \n\nBambini, Giacomo, an Italian painter \nof historical pieces, b. 1560, d. \n1622. \n\nBamboccio ; see Laar. \n\nBamborough Castle, Northumber- \nland, built 1558. \n\nBamestier, John, a German historical \npainter, b. 1500, d. 1598. \n\nBanbury, in Oxfordshire, church and \ntower at, fell down, 16th Dec, \n1790. \n\nBancroft, Archbp., b. 1544, d. 1654. \n\nBancroft, a lord mayor\'s officer, died \nworth 80,000/., in 1729. \n\nBandinelli, Baccio, an eminent Flo- \nrentine painter and sculptor, b. \n1497, d. 1559. \n\nBand, order of knighthood, instituted \nin Spain, 1232. \n\nBands for lawyers, first used by Judge \nFinck, 1615 : for clergymen, about \n1652. \n\nBangor Cathedral, built 616. \n\n\n\nBangor, in Flintshire, N. Wales, \nmonks of, slain by the Danes, \n580. \n\nBank mill, Manchester, used as a \ncotton factory, destroyed by fire, \ndamage estimated at 30,000/., \n31st Oct., 1813. \n\nBanks, John, tragic poet, died 1706. \n\nBanks, Sir Joseph, b. 1743, d. 1820. \n\nBanks, Thomas, sculptor, b. 1735, \nd. 1805. \n\nBankers ; Mint used formerly by mer- \nchants to lodge their money in, till \nthe king made free with it in 1640 ; \nafter which, trusting to servants, \ntill too many ran to the army, they \nlodged it with goldsmiths, whose \nbusiness was to buy and sell plate \nand foreign coins ; and at first paid \n4c?. per cent, per diem, but lent it to \nothers at higher interest, and so \nbecame the first bankers, 1645. \nThe charter of the Bank of Eng- \nland was executed 27th July, 1694, \nand was granted for 12 years, the \ncorporation being then determinable \non a year\'s notice. The original \ncapital subscribed was 1,200,000/. \nwhich they lent to government at \n8 per cent, interest, with an allow- \nance of 4000/. per ann. for their \nexpenses of management. The \nterm of the charter was, in 1706, \nextended to five years beyond the \noriginal period, in consideration of \nthe company having undertaken to \ncirculate for government exchequer \nbills to the amount of 1,500,000/. \nand it has since been further ex- \ntended at different times, viz. \n\nIn 1709 to 1st of August 1732 \n\n1713 - - - 1742 \n\n1742 - - - 1764 \n\n1763 ... 1786 \n\n1781 - - 1812 \n\n1800 - - - 1833 \n\n1833 - - - 1854 \n\nThe total permanent debt due \nfrom government to the bank is \n14,686,800/. bearing 3 per cent, \ninterest; but the capital stockof the \ncompany is 11,642,400/., on which \nthey usually pay a dividend of 10 \nper cent, per ann. to the proprietors. \n\n\n\n24 \n\n\n\nBAN \n\n\n\nBAN \n\n\n\nAccording to the accounts presented \nto the House of Commons in the \nyear 1824, the average amount of \nbalances of public money in the \nhands of the Bank during the last \nyear was 5,526,645/. The profit \nof the Bank (at 3 per cent., the \nrate which the government pays \nthem for their capital of fifteen \nmillions,) is therefore upwards of \n165,792/. in its capacity of banker \nto the public departments. The \nsum payable to the Bank for the \nmanagement of the public debt last \nyear is 267,934/. 7s. Sd. From \nthe reports of the secret committee \nappointed in 1797 to investigate the \naffairs of the Bank, it appeared that \non the 25th of February in that \nyear, there was a balance of \n3,826,903/. and on the 11th of \nNovember a balance of 3,839,550/. \nin favour of the company; their \nprofits since must have been greater \nthan while they were obliged to \nmaintain a large stock of cash to \nanswer their notes, which has \nenabled them to make several oc- \ncasional dividends to their proprie- \ntors, and at Lady-day, 1807, to raise \ntheir usual dividend from 7 per \ncent, which it had been for the last \n19 years, to 10 per cent. House \nbuilt 1732, enlarged 1771, con- \nsiderably improved and insulated \nin 1796, and the exterior partly re- \nbuilt in 1824. \n\nBank Notes, 512 weigh one pound. \n\nBank Stock, 3 per cent. ann. created, \n1726; 3percent. consol.do. 1731 ; \n3 per cent, reduced do. 1746 ; 3 per \ncent. ann. payable at the South Sea \nHouse, 1751 ; 3^ percent, ann. do. \n1758; long ann. 1761 ; 4 per cent, \nconsol.do. 1762. Old Scotch bank \ncreated, 1695 ; Royal ditto, 1727. \nThe name is derived from Banco, \nbench; benches being erected in \nmarket-place for the exchange of \nmoney, &c. \n\nBanks first began in Italy, by Lombard \nJews, 808 ; of whom some settled \nin Lombard-street, where bankers \nstill reside. The bank of Venice \nestablished, 1 157 ; of Genoa, 1345; \n\n\n\nof Amsterdam, 1609; of Ham- \nburgh, 1710 ; of Rotterdam, 1635 ; \nof England, 1694; in the East \nIndies, 1787; America, 1791. \nBank of England was originally pro- \njected by a merchant of the name \nof Patterson, and established A. D. \n1694. The following year it was \nincorporated by King William and \nthe parliament, in consideration of \n\nI, 200,000/. lent to government, \nwhich was then its capital. This \ncapital has, however, gone on gra- \ndually increasing to the present \nperiod, when it amounts to \n\nI I, 686,000/. sterling. The mint in \nthe Tower of London was anciently \nthe deposit for merchants 1 cash, till \nCharles I., in the year 1640, laid \nhis hands upon the money, and \ndestroyed the credit of the mint. \nThis circumstance drove the traders \nto some other place of security for \ntheir gold, which their apprentices \ndid not fail to rob them of when at \nhome, and to run off with it to the \narmy. In 1645, therefore, they \nconsented to lodge it with the gold- \nsmiths in Lombard-street, who were \notherwise obliged to prepare strong \nchests for the deposit of their own \nvaluable wares; and this became \nthe origin of banking in England. \nIn 1727 the interest of money was \nreduced by parliament, and the \nBank of England, instead of 6 per \ncent., paid a dividend of 5. The \ncapital of the Bank had been pre- \nviously increased in 1697 for the \nfirst time, and this augmentation \nhas been allowed from one period \nto another as the wisdom of parlia- \nment thought fit ; the same au- \nthority also, at different intervals, \nprolonging their privileges and re- \nnewing their contract. The style \nof their firm is, " The Governors \nand Company of the Bank of Eng- \nland." Discontinued paving in \ncash, Feb. 25, 1797. Issued 20s. \nnotes, March 9, 1797- Issued 5s. \ntokens, 1798. Raised the value \nof these tokens to 5s. 6d., 1811. \nDiscontinuance of its payments in \ncash restricted by Parliament 1816, \n\n\n\nBAN \n\n\n\nBAR 25 \n\n\n\nnot to extend beyond 5th April, \n1818. Cash payments resumed, \n1821. 5 per cents reduced to 4, \nMarch, 1822. Charter extended, \nand Bank of England notes a legal \ntender, &c. 1833. \nBank of England\'s Accounts. Lia- \nbilities and assets of the Bank of \nEngland, on the average of the three \nmonths ending 4th March,1834 : \xe2\x80\x94 : \n\nLiabilities. \nCirculation . . \xc2\xa318,700,000 \nDeposits . . . 14,418,000 \nAssets. \n\nSecurities . . \xc2\xa325,547,000 \nBullion . . . 9,829,000 \nBank of Ireland incorporated 1 783 ; \n\ncharter renewed, 1791. \nBankrupts in England, first regulated \nbylaw, 1543. Enacted, that mem- \nbers of the House of Commons \nproving bankrupts, and not paying \ntheir debts in full, shall vacate \ntheir seats, 1812. \nBankrupts at different periods, from \n\n\n\nthe year 1700 to 1834 :\xe2\x80\x94 in \n\n\n\n1700.. \n\n\n38 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 1805.. \n\n\n.. 876 \n\n\n1701.. \n\n\n.. 38 \n\n\n1806.. \n\n\n.. 953 \n\n\n1702.. \n\n\n.. 38 \n\n\n1807.. \n\n\n..1036 \n\n\n1713 \n\n\n..200 \n\n\n1808.. \n\n\n..1058 \n\n\n1714.. \n\n\n..173 \n\n\n1809 \n\n\n1670 \n\n\n1726 \n\n\n,,416 \n\n\n1810 \n\n\n, , .2000 \n\n\n1727. , \n\n\n\n\n1811 \n\n\n.,.1616 \n\n\n1744... \n\n\n,197 \n\n\n1812 \n\n\n...1599 \n\n\n1745 \n\n\n,,200 \n\n\n1813 \n\n\n1066 \n\n\n1746 \n\n\n,.159 \n\n\n1814 \n\n\n..,1285 \n\n\n1762,., \n\n\n..205 \n\n\n1815 \n\n\n. , .2029 \n\n\n1763.,. \n\n\n233 \n\n\n1816 \n\n\n2030 \n\n\n1772 \n\n\n.525 \n\n\n1817 \n\n\n1879 \n\n\n1773,, \n\n\n..562 \n\n\n1818 \n\n\n1059 \n\n\n1774 \n\n\n360 \n\n\n1819 \n\n\n, ,1416 \n\n\n1778... \n\n\n,675 \n\n\n1820 \n\n\n1335 \n\n\n1779... \n\n\n...544 \n\n\n1821 \n\n\n...1287 \n\n\n1780.. \n\n\n...449 \n\n\n1822 \n\n\n,1164 \n\n\n1781 , \n\n\n...438 \n\n\n1823 \n\n\n,,. 964 \n\n\n1782 ,, \n\n\n...537 \n\n\n1824 . \n\n\n... 977 \n\n\n1783... \n\n\n...528 \n\n\n1825 \n\n\n... 846 \n\n\n1784 \n\n\n...517 \n\n\n1826 \n\n\n...2489 \n\n\n1791. , \n\n\n.,.604 \n\n\n1827 \n\n\n1528 \n\n\n1792 \n\n\n...628 \n\n\n1828 \n\n\n.,.1332 \n\n\n1793... \n\n\n1304 \n\n\n1829 \n\n\n...1409 \n\n\n1800 , \n\n\n...736 \n\n\n1830 \n\n\n...1467 \n\n\n1801. . \n\n\n...871 \n\n\n1831 \n\n\n...1269 \n\n\n1802 \n\n\n...861 \n\n\n1832 \n\n\n...1591 \n\n\n1803 \n\n\n...923 \n\n\n1833 \n\n\n...1136 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n1834 \n\n\n...1191 \n\n\n\nBankruptcy, New Court of, opened \n\n11th Jan., 1832. \nBannerets first created in England, \n\n1 360 ; renewed by Hen. VII. , 1 485. \nBanns, publication of, for marriage, \n\ninstituted 1210. \nBanquetting House, Whitehall, West- \nminster, built 1607. \nBantam, in Java, eight ambassadors \n\nfrom, arrive in England 1682. \nBaptist, John Gaspars, Dutch painter \n\nof tapestries, &c. d. 1691. \nBarabbino, Sim., a Genoese artist, \n\nb. 1581, d. 1640. \nBarabis, T. Phil., a Prussian. Hebrew \n\nlexicographer before 10 years of \n\nage; master of mathematics at 12, ^ \n\n&c; died 1740, aged 19 years \n\n8 months. \nBarbarossa, the famous corsair, d. \n\n1518, aged 43. \nBarbatelli, Bernardino, a Florentine \n\npainter, b. 1542, d. 1612. \nBarbadoes, discovered and planted, \n\n1614. \n\nBarbadoes had two dreadful fires, \nMay and Dec. 1796, and 16th \nOct., 1784; damaged by a storm, \n2nd Sept., 1786; and by an inunda- \ntion, in Nov. 1795. \n\nBarbers, brought from Sicily to Rome \nB. C. 299; incorporated with the \nsurgeons in London, 1540; dis- \nassociated again, 1744. \n\nBarbeyrac, John, historian and civi- \nlian, b. 1674, d. 1747. \n\nBarbiani, Giov. Bat., an Italian his- \ntorical painter, flourished 1640. \n\nBarbieri Domenico del, a Florentine \nartist, b. 1506, d. 1570. \n\nBarbieri, Fra., an Italian painter of \nhistory and landscape, d. 1698. \n\nBarbieri, Da Cento, Paolo Antonio, an \nItalian painter of fruit and flowers, \nanimals, &c, b. 1596, d. 1640. \n\nBarbuda, Isle, first planted by the \nEnglish, 1628. \n\nBarclay and Co.\'s Brewery, Bankside, \nSouthwark, destroyed by fire, 22nd \nMay, 1832. \n\nBarclay, Alexander, d. 1552. \n\nBarclay, John, d. 1621, aged 39. \n\nBarclay, Robert, the Quaker, b. 1648, \nd. 1690. \n\nBardin, John, a French historical \npainter, b. 1732, d. 6th Oct., 1809. \n\nc \n\n\n\n26 BAR \n\n\n\nB AS \n\n\n\nBarensten, Dieterick, a Dutch painter \nand pupil of Titian, b. 1534, d. 1582. \n\nBaretti, Joseph, b. 1716, d. 1789. \n\nBarham, of 74 guns, foundered on the \nCoast of Corsica, 29th July, 1811. \n\nBaring, transport,wrecked on the rocks \noff Beerhaven by a gale, and several \nlives lost, 10th Oct., 1814. \n\nBark, Jesuits discover virtue of, 1 500; \nbrought into Europe first, 1 650. \n\nBarker, Samuel, an English painter ; \nhe excelled in flowers; d. 1727. \n\nBarker, Robert, an English artist, in- \nventor of the Panorama, d. 1806. \n\nBarkwav greatly damaged by fire, \n18th Aug., 1748. \n\nBarling Abbey, Lincolns., built 1180. \n\nBarlow, Fra., English painter of fruit, \nflowers, fish, &c. b. 1626, d. 1702. \n\nBarlow, Joel, envoy extraordinary \nfrom the United States to the court \nof France, b. 1756, d. 1812. \n\nBarlowe, William, natural philoso- \npher, d. 1625. \n\nBarnard, Sir John, b. 1685, d. 1764. \n\nBarnard\'s, Sir John, statue erected in \nthe Roval Exchange, London, 23rd \nMay, 1747. \n\nBarnard\'s Inn Society, in Chancery- \nlane, commenced 1445. \n\nBarnes, Joshua, b. 1654, d. 1712. \n\nBarnuevo, a Spanish historic painter, \nb. 1611, d. 1671. \n\nBarnevelt, John, a Dutch statesman, \nb. 1547. \n\nBarnwell Castle, Northamptonshire, \nbuilt 1132. \n\nBarnwell, near Cambridge, destroyed \nby a fire, 30th Sept., 1751 ; again, \n16th Dec, 1757. \n\nBarometers invented, 1626; wheel \nbarometers contrived, 1668; pen- \ndant, 1695; marine ditto, 1700; \nphosphoric, 1675. \n\nBaron, the title first created by patent \nin England, 1388. \n\nBaron of Renfrew, wonderful timber \nship of 9,000 tons burden, bound \nfrom Quebec to London, lost be- \ntween Calais and Dunkirk, 23rd \nOct., 1825. . \n\nBaron, the French Roscius, b. 1652, \nd. 1729. \n\nBarons, first summoned to parliament \nin 1204; the writ was directed to \nthe Bishop of Salisbury. \n\n\n\nBaronets first created in England. \n1611. \n\nBaronets of Nova Scotia first created, \n1625. \n\nBaronius, d. 1607, aged 69 years. \nBarret, Geo., Irish landscape painter, \n\nb. 1732, d. 1784. \nBarrington Isle, one of the Gallopagos, \n\nexplored, June, 1 793. \nBarrington, Viscount, philosophical \n\nwriter, &c. d. 1734. \nBarrington, Daines, antiquary, b. \n\n1727, d. 1800. \nBarrington, Admiral, b.1729, d. 1800. \nBarristers first appointed by Edward \nI., 1291. \n\nBarroccio, Fed., an Italian history and \nportrait painter, b. 1528, d. 1612. \nBarrosa, a Spanish historical painter, \n\nb. 1538, d. 1590. \nBarrow, the Rev. Dr. Isaac, d. 1677, \naged 47. \n\nBarry, Girald, b. 1146, d. about 1 220. \nBarry, an eminent Irish artist; he \ndistinguished himself in both his- \ntory and landscape ; b. 1741, d. \n22nd Feb., 1806. \nBarthelemi, J. J., b. 1716, d. 1795. \nBartholet, Flem. Lugois, d. 1675. \nBartholomew, St. martyred, 24th \n\nAug., 71. \nBartholomew Monastery, Smithfield, \nbuilt 1162; hospital founded, \n1546; rebuilt from 1750 to 1770. \nBartholomew, St., festival, instituted \n1130. \n\nBartholomew Fair, London, Philips\'s \nbooth fell, two persons killed and \nmany wounded, 23rd Aug., 1749. \nToll abolished, 1755. \nBartoli. See Perugino. \nBartolo, Pietro Senito, an eminent \n\npainter, b. 1635, d. 1700. \nBartolomeo Breemberg, a Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1 660. \nBartolomeo, Fra. de St. Marco, an \neminent Florentine painter of scrip- \ntural subjects, b. 1469, d. 1517. \nBartolozzi, F., a Florentine artist and \nexcellent engraver, b. 1 728,d. 1 8 1 5. \nBarton-Stacy, in Hampshire, had 27 \nhouses, besides out-houses, de- \nstroyed by fire, 8th May, 1792, \nBarton, Eliz., Holy Maid of Kent, \n\nexecuted 1534. \nBasil, St. d. 379, aged 53. \n\n\n\nB AS \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n27 \n\n\n\nBasili, Pietro Ang., an Italian his- \ntorical painter, b. 1550, d. 1604. \n\nBasingwark Abbey, Flintsb. , bit. 1131. \n\nBaskerville, Mr. Jobn, of Birming- \nham^. 1706, d. 18th Jan., 1775. \n\nBasket-making, returning to the old \ntrade of, originated we apprehend \nfrom the ingenuity of the ancient \nBritons in making baskets, which \nthey exported in large quantities, \nand implies sliding back into old \nhabits, or returning to the primi- \ntive occupations of barbarous ages. \n\nBassano, Fran, da Ponte, an Italian \nhistoric painter, b. 1475, d. 1530. \n\nBassano (Giacomo da Ponte) or II Bas- \nsano, an Italian painter of history \nand landscape, b. 1510, d. 1592. \n\nBassano, Leandro, a Venetian painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1558, \nd. 1623. \n\nBassano, Fra. da Ponte, the younger, \nan Italian historic painter, born \n1 548, threw himself from a window \nand was killed 1591. \n\nBassano, Gio. Battista, an Italian \nartist, and excellent copyist, b. \n1553, d. 1613. \n\nBassepate, a French lady, celebrated \nfor her painting of plants and ani- \nmals, d. 1780. \n\nBassi, the elder, an Italian landscape \npainter, b. 1642, d. 1710. \n\nBassi, the younger, a Bolognese painter \nof historic subjects, b. 1664, d. 1693. \n\nBastard children, concealing death of, \nmurder, 1624. \n\nBastile, in Paris, foundation laid 23rd \nApril, 1369; not finished till 1383; \ndemolished 14th July, 1789, when \nthe governor was killed by the mob. \n\nBaston, Thomas, an English painter, \nchiefly of marine subjects, fi. 1720. \n\nBatavia, in the Isle of Java, first for- \ntified by the Dutch, 1618. \n\nBath, order of knighthood, instituted \nin England at the coronation of \nHenry IV. 1399 : renewed 1725. \n\nBath springs discovered, B. C. 871 ; \nthe baths of the Romans discovered \nunder the Abbey-house, 1755 ; \ndamaged by fire 1116, again 1137; \nand a fire on the South Parade \ndestroyed 50Q0L worth, 24th June, \n1756 ; hospital built, 1738 % \n\n\n\nBathieux, M., b. 1701, d 1792. \n\nBath stage-waggon burned on Salis- \nbury Plain, with a valuable load, \nby the\xc2\xbbwheels taking fire, 20 th May, \n1758. \n\nBathurst, Earl, the friend of Pope, \n\nb. 1684, d. 1775. \nBattista, Franco, a Venetian historic \n\npainter, and pupil of M. Angelo, \n\nd. 1561. \n\nBattersea Bridge, built 1773 ; church \nrebuilt, 1770. \n\nBattering-ram, invented B. C. 441. \n\nBattles, &c. : \xe2\x80\x94 \nAboukir, in Egypt, surrendered to \nthe English forces, 18th March, \n1801. Acapulco ship taken by \nadmiral Anson, 20th June, 1744. \nAcre taken by Richard I. and other \ncrusaders, 12th July, 1191, after \na siege of two years, with the loss \nof six archbishops, 12 bishops, 40 \nearls, 500 barons, and 300,000 \nsoldiers; attacked by the French \nunder Bonaparte, 1st July, 1798, \nand relieved by Sir Sydney Smith, \n6th March, 1799, when the French \nwere totally routed. Adrianople \ntaken by the Ottomans, 1360. \nAfrica conquered by Belisarius, \n533. Agra, the fortress of, termed \nthe Key of Hindostan, surrendered \nto the English, 17th Oct., 1803. \nAire, taken bygeneral Hill, March, \n1814. Aix-la-Chapelle was taken \nby the French troops in 1793 ; \nand again, 21st Sept., 1794. Ales- \nsandria, in Italy, seized by the \nFrench, 1798 ; surrendered to the \nAustrians and Russians, 24th July, \n1799. Alexandria, Egypt, taken \nby Caesar, 46 B. C. ; taken by the \n\n. French, 1798 ; by the English, \n22nd Aug., 1801. Alexandria, \nNorth America, capitulated to the \nBritish, 29th Aug., 1814. Al- \ngiers reduced by admiral Blake, \n1655; bombarded by the French, \n1761 ; bombarded by the fleet \nunder Lord Exmouth, 27th Aug., \n1816, which was followed by a \ntreaty, by which Christian slavery \nwas abolished by the Dey. Al- \nmeyda, in Portugal, taken by the \nSpaniards, 25th Aug., 1762 ; taken \nc 2 \n\n\n\n28 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nby the French, 27th Aug., 1810 ; \nblown up by the French, 10th \nMay, 1811. Almora, East Indies, \nheight and town of, carried by \nassault by the company\'s forces, \n25th April, 1815. Amazon, French \nfrigate, destroyed by the English \nsquadron off Cape Barfleur, 25th \nMarch, 1811. Amboyna seized \nby the Dutch, 1624; by the Eng- \nlish, 28th Nov., 1796; again by \nthe English, 17th Feb., 1810. \nAmsterdam was taken possession \nof by the French, 18th Jan., 1795. \nAncona was taken possession of \nby the French, July 1796, and \nsurrendered to the Imperialists, \n13th Nov., 1799. Anglesea sub- \ndued by the Romans, 78 ; by the \nEnglish, 1295. Anglo-Saxons first \nlanded in Britain, 449. Angria \nand his family seized, 1750; forts \ndestroyed, 1756. Anholt, island \nof, attacked by a Danish force of \n4000 men, who were repulsed by a \nBritish force of 150, after a close \nengagement of four hours, 27th \nMarch, 1811. Anjar, fortress of, \nin the province of Cutch, captured \nby the troops of the East India \nCompany, Feb. 1 8 1 6. Antigallican \nprivateer\'s prize detained at Cadiz, \n1757. Antwerp sacked and ruined, \n1585 ; taken by the French, 1792 \nand 1794. Arcos, evacuated by \nthe French, 28th Aug., 1812. \nArcot, East Indies, taken by the \nEnglish, 1759. Argonautic expe- \ndition, 1250 B. C. Armed neu- \ntrality of the Northern powers, \nagainst England, by the empress of \nRussia, commenced 1780; renewed \n1 800 ; dissolved by a British fleet, \n1 801. Armada, the Spanish, arrived \nin the Channel, 19th July, 1588, \nbut dispersed by a storm ; Armada \nof the Spaniards defeated off Dun- \nkirk by the Dutch, 1639. Armenia \nwas conquered by the Turks, 1522. \nArnheim, taken by General Bulow, \nand the garrison put to the sword, \n30th Nov., 1813. Arzilla, Morocco, \nseized by the Portuguese, 1470. \nAstorga, taken by the French, 12th \nApril, 1810 ; quitted by them, 12th \n\n\n\nJune, 1811 ; capitulated to the \nSpaniards, 18th Aug., 1812. As- \ntracan, in Tartary, taken by the \nRussians, 1554. Athens taken by \nXerxes, 480 B. C. Avignon taken \nfrom the Pope by the French, 1769 j \nrestored on the suppression of the \nJesuits, 1773 ; declared to belong \nto France by the National Assembly, \n1791 ; continued to France by the \ncongress of sovereigns, 1815. Aus- \ntria taken from Hungary and an- \nnexed to Germany, when it received \nits name, 1040. Austrian vessel \nstopped by the Dutch in passing the \nScheldt, Oct. 1784. Austrian Ne- \ntherlands entered by the French \ntroops, 28th April, 1792. Badajos, \nsurrendered to the French, 11th \nMarch, 1811; taken by storm by \nthe British and Portuguese, 6th \nApril, 1812. Bahama Islands taken \nby the Spaniards, 8th May, 1782 ; \nretaken by the English, 16th July, \n1783. Bajazet defeated by Tamer- \nlane, 1402. Bamberg was taken \nby the French, 4th Aug., 1796. \nBanda Isles seized by the Dutch, \n1621 ; taken by the English, Aug., \n1810. Bangalore, East Indies, \ntaken by Earl Cornwallis, 1791. \nBantam seized by the Dutch, 1682. \nBarbary conquered from the Greek \nempire, 640; first conquest there \nby Spain was Melilla, 1497. Bar- \nsur-Aube, taken by general Wrede, \n26th Feb., 1814; retaken by the \nFrench the same day ; and taken \nagain by the Prince of Wurtem- \nburg, March, 1814. Bareilly, in \nRohilcund, insurrection at, quelled \nafter a severe conflict, 21st April, \n1816. Batavia taken by the Eng- \n8th Aug., 1811. Boeotian war com- \nmenced, 379, ended 336 B. C. \nBartholomew, St., West Indies, \ntaken from the Danes by England, \n20th March, 1801. The Horatii \nand Curiatii, 669 B. C. Salamis, \nwhich delivered Greece from the \nMedes, 480 B. C. Eurymedon, \n470 B.C. Leuctra, 373 B.C. \nMantinea, 363 B. C. Chgeronea, \n338 B. C. Marathon, 490 B. C. \nThe river Granicus, when Alexan- \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n29 \n\n\n\nder defeated the Persians, 334 B.C. \nIssus, when Darius lost 100,000 \nmen, 333 B.C. Arbela, 331 B.C. \nCannae, where 40,000 Romans were \nkilled, 216 B. C. Pharsalia, when \nPompey was defeated, 47 B. C. \nPhillippi, which -terminated the \nRoman republic, 41 B.C. Actium, \n31 B. C. Shropshire, when Ca- \nractacus was taken prisoner, 51 A.C. \nStamford, Lincolnshire, the first \nbetween the Britons and Saxons, \n449. Aylesford, 455. Crayford, \nKent, when the Britons were de- \nfeated, 457. Kydwelly, between \nthe Britons and the Armoricans, \n458. Ipswich, between the Britons \nand Saxons, 466. Bath, 520. \nBanbury, Oxfordshire, 542. Bed- \nford, 571. Camelford, 542 and \n908. Hatfield, Yorkshire, between \nCadvvallon and Edwin, 633, Os- \nwestry, between Penda, the Mer- \ncian, and Oswald, of Northumber- \nland, 641. Malerfield, Shropshire, \n1st Aug., 642. Gelling,651. Leeds, \n665. Lindisfarne, 740. Benson, \nOxfordshire, 771. Hellston, Corn- \nwall, and in the Isle of Sheppey, be- \ntween Egbert and the Danes, 834. \nRomney, 842; in Somersetshire, \n843 ; in Devonshire, 915 ; at Lon- \ndon and Canterbury, 852, between \nEthelwolf and the Danes. Isle of \nThanet, where the English were \ndefeated and the Danes settled, 854. \nAssenden, where the Danes were \ndefeated by Alfred and Ethelred ; \nanother defeat at Merton, 871. \nWilton, Oxfordshire, where the \nEnglish were defeated by the Danes, \n872. Farnham, Hampshire, where \nthe Danes were defeated, 894. \nBury, Suffolk, between Edward the \nElder and his cousin Ethelward, \n905. Edward and the Danes, 9 10, \n913, and 914. Griffith of Wales \nand Leofricthe Dane, 916. Mal- \ndon, Essex, between Edward and \nthe Danes, 918. Chester, 922. \nStamford, Lincolnshire, between \nEdward, the Danes, and Scots, 923. \nBenfield, 924. Wildendane, be- \ntween Athelstan, the Irish, and \nScots, 938. Brunsbury, Northum- \nberland, 938. Saxons and Danes, \n\n\n\nwith different success, fought seve- \nral, from 938 to 1016. Ashden, \nEssex, between Canute and Ed- \nmund, 1016. Crossford, with the \nWelsh, 1038. Dunsinane, Scot- \nland, between Siward and Macbeth, \n1054. Stanford-bridge, or Battle- \nbridge, between Harold II. and \nHalfager, 25th Sept., 1066. Has- \ntings, where King Harold was slain, \n14th Oct., 1066. Alnwick, 1092. \nTinchebray, Normandy, 1106. \nRouen, Normandy, 1117. Bren- \nneville, Normandy, 1119. Val- \nweves, Portugal, 1129. Cardigan, \nWales, 1136. Northallerton, or \nthe Standard, 22nd Aug., 1138. \nLincoln, 1141. Alnwick, 1174. \nAscalon, 16th Sept., 1191. Gisors, \n1 128. Bovines, 25th July, 1214. \nLincoln, 19th May, 1217. Lewes, \n14th May, 1264. Evesham, 5th \nAug., 1265. Chesterfield, 1296. \nDunbar, 27th April, 1296. Fal- \nkirk, 22nd July, 1298. Courtras, \nFlanders, 1302. Biggar, 1303. \nBannockburn, 25th June, 1314, \nwhen the English were totally de- \nfeated. Boroughbridge, Yorkshire, \n1322. Halidon-hill, near Berwick, \nwhere 20,200 Scots were slain, and \nonly 15 English, 19th July, 1333; \n26th Aug., 1346. Sluys, Flanders, \n13th June, 1390. Auberoche, \nFrance, 1344. Cressy, 26th Aug., \n1346. Durham, where David, \nking of Scotland, was taken priso- \nner, 17th Oct., 1346. Nevil\'s \nCross, Durham, 1347. Poictiers, \nwhere the king of France and his \nson were taken prisoners, 19th \nSept., 1356. Auray, Brittany, \n1363. Brignas, Provence, 1363. \nNajara, 1369. Rochelle, 1371. \nNear Berwick, 1378. Otterburn, \nbetween Hotspur and the Earl \nof Douglas, 31st of July, 1388. \nHolmedon, between English and \nScots, Avhen 10,000 of the latter \nwere slain ,7th May, 1402. Shrews- \nbury, 22nd July, 1403. Mon- \nmouth, when the Welsh were \ndefeated, 11th March and 11th \nMay, 1405. Agincourt, 25th Oct., \n1415. Beauge, where the Duke \nof Clarence and 1 500 English were \n\n\n\n/ \n\n\n\n30 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nkilled, 3rd April, 1421 . Crevant, 1 \nJune, 1423. Verneuil, 16th Aug., \n1424. Herrings, 12th Feb., 1429. \nPatay, under Joan of Arc, 10th \nJune, 1429. Herberoy, France, \n1434. Basil, Swisserland, 1444. \nCastillon, Guienne, 1452. St. \nAlban\'s, 22nd May, 1455. Blore- \nheath, 22nd Sept., 1459. North- \nampton, 19th July, 1460. Wake- \nfield, 31st Dec, 1460. Towton, \n29th March, 1461 . St. Alban\'s, on \nShrove Tuesday, 1461. Morti- \nmer\'s Cross, 1461. Hexham, 15th \nMay, 1463. Banbury, 26th July, \n\n1469. Stamford, 13th March, \n\n1470. Barnet, 14th April, 1471. \nTe wkesbury, 4th May, 1 47 1 . Bos- \nworth, 22nd Aug., 1495. Stoke, \n6th June, 1487. St. Aubin, France, \n1488. Knocktow, Ireland, 1491. \nBlackheath, 22nd June, 1497. \nFlodden, 9th Sept., 1513, when \nJames IV. king of Scotland, was \nkilled. Marignan, Italy, 13th Oct., \n1515. Pavia, Italy, 1524. Bi- \ncoca, Italy, 1522 and 1525. Sol- \nway, 24th Nov., 1542. Cerisoles, \nPiedmont, 1544. Musselborough, \nScotland, 10th Sept., 1547. St. \nQuintin, 10th Aug., 1557. Grave- \nlines, Flanders, 1558. Dreux, \nFrance, 1562. Jarnac, Poitou, \n1569. Ardavat, Ireland, 1585. \nArques, Normandy, 21st Sept., \n1589. Blackwater, Ireland, 1597. \nNewport, Flanders, 1600. Lut- \nzen, 7th Sept., 1633, king of Swe- \nden killed. Avein, Leige, May, \n1635. Newcastle, Northumber- \nland, 1637. Calloo, Flanders, \n1638. Arras, June, 1640. Hop- \nton-heath, Staffordshire, I9th \nMarch, 1642. Worcester, 23rd \nSept., 1642. Edgehill, 23rd Oct., \n1642. Brentford, 1642. Kilrush, \nIreland, 1642. Liscarrol, Ireland, \n\n1642. Liskard, Cornwall, 19th \nJan., 1643. Hopton-heath, near \nStafford, 19th March. 1643. Bar- \nham-moor, 29th March, 1643. \nRoss, Ireland, March, 1 643. Ro- \ncroy, France, 1643. Shatton, 16th \nMay, 1643. Lansdown,15th July, \n\n1643. Round-away-down, 13 Julv, \n.1643. Newbury, 20th Sept., 1643. \n\n\n\nAlresford, 29th March, 1644. C\'ro- \npedy-bridge, Oxfordshire, 6th June. \n1644. Friedburgh, Suabia, 1644. \nMarston-moor, 2nd July, 1644. \nNewark,1644. Newbury,27th Oct. \n1644. Aldern, 15th May, 1645. \nNaseby, June, 1645. Afford, 2nd \nJuly,1645. Nordlingen, Suabia,3rd \nAug. 1 645. Benburbjreland , 1 646. \nKingston, Surrey, 1647. Knock o- \nness, Ireland, 1647. Rathmines, \nIreland, 1649. Dunbar, 3rd Sept , \n1650. Worcester, 3rd Sept., 1651. \nBothwell-bridge, 22nd June, 1651. \nArras, 1654. Brod, Sclavonia, \n1668. Sintzheim, Germany,1674. \nSeneffe, Flanders, 1674. Mul- \nhausen, Alsace, 31st Dec, 1674. \nFehrbellin, Brandenburgh, 18th \nJune, 1675. Altenheim , 28th July. \n1675. Bothwell-bridge, Scotland, \n1679. Argos, 1683, Allies and \nTurks. Barkan, Hungary, Allies \nand Turks. Vienna, 18th July,. \n1683, Allies and Turks. Sedge- \nmoor, Somersetsh., 6th Aug., 1685. \nCoron, European Turkey, 1685, \nAllies and Turks. Mohats, Hun- \ngary, 4th Aug., 1687, Allies and \nTurks. Hersan, Hungary, 1687, \nAllies and Turks . Torven, between \nthe Germans and Turks, 1688. \nWaleourt, Allies and French, 1689. \nKillicrankie, Scotland, 1689. New- \nton Butlers, Ireland, 1689. Boyne, \nIreland, 1st July, 1690. Salusses, \nPiedmont, 8th Aug., 1690. Fleu- \nrus, Flanders, 12th July, 1690. \nStaffarda, French and .f iedmontese, \n1690. Salankemen, Austrians and \nTurks. 1691. Leuse, Allies and \nFrench, 1691. Aughrim, 22nd \nJuly, 1691. Pfortsheim, Germans \nand" French, 1692. Steinkirk, \n\n1692, Allies and French. Lan- \nden, 19th July, 1693, Allies and \nFrench. Marsaglia, 8th Oct., \n\n1693, Piedmontese and French. \nNeckar, Germans and French, \n1 693. In Transylvania, Allies and \nTurks, 1695. Olasch, Germans \nand Turks, 1696. Zenta, Hun- \ngary, 1697, Germans and Turks. \nNarva, by Charles XII. of Sweden, \nDec, 1700. Chiari, 6th Aug., \n1701, French and Allies. Riga, \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n31 \n\n\n\nRussians and Poles, 1701. Carpi, \nModena, 1701, French and Allies. \nGlissa, Poland, 1702, Swedes and \nSaxons. Fridlingen, Suabia, 1702, \nFrench and Germans. Victoria, \nFrench and Allies, 1702. Luzara, \nItaly, 15th Aug., 1702. Pultusk, \nPoles and Swedes, 1703. Eckeren, \nBrabant, 30th June, 1703, French \nand Dutch. Donawert, 2nd July, \n\n1704, French and Germans. Pu- \nnits, Swedes and Saxons, 1704. \nBlenheim, 2nd Aug., 1704, Allies \nand French. Schellenburg, Aus- \ntrians and Bavarians, 1704. Mit- \ntau, Swedes and Russians, July, \n\n1705. Cassano, Italy, in 1705, \nFrench and Allies. Tirlemont, \nFrench and Allies, 1705. Fraun- \nstadt, Silesia, 1706, Swedes and \nSaxons. Calcinato, Italy, 1706, \nFrench and Allies. Ramillies, \nWhitsunday, 1706, French and \nAllies. Turin, 7th Sept, 1706, \nFrench and Germans. Offenburg, \nGermans and French, 1707. Ka- \nlish, Poland, April, 1707, Poles \nand Bavarians. Almanza, Spain, \n\n1707, Allies and Spain. Oude- \nnard, 30th June, 1708, French and \nAllies. Holowzin, Russia, 1708, \nRussians and Swedes. Czarnana- \npata, Muscovy, 22nd Sept., 1708. \nLezno, Poland, 1708, Russians and \nSwedes. Gemaurthorff, Poland, \n\n1708, ditto. Winnendale, 28th \nSept., 1708, French and Allies. \nCaya, 17th May, 1709, ditto. Pul- \ntawa, 8th June, 1709, Russians \nand Swedes. Malplaquet, 11th \n\xe2\x80\xa2Sept., 1709, French and Allies. \nRumershiem, Frencb and Germans, \n\n1709, Gudina, Allies and Spa- \nniards, 1709. Almanza, 16th \nJuly, 1710, Freneh and Allies. \nElsinburg, Swedes and Danes, 1 7 1 0. \nSaragossa, 20th Aug., 1710, Freneh \nand Germans. Villa Viciosa, 12th \nDec, 1710, ditto. Arleux, Allies \nand French, 1711. Gadesbush, \nSwedes and Danes, 1712. De- \nnain, Netherlands, 1712, Allies \nand French. Friburg, French \nandGermans, 1713. Preston, 12th \nNov., 1715, when the rebels were \ndefeated in Scotland* Dumblain, \n\n\n\n13th Nov., 1715, ditto. Peter- \nwardein, Austrians and Turks, 5th \nAug., 1716. Belgrade, 16th July, \n1717, Austrians and Turks. Glen- \nshiels, Scotland, 10th June, 1719. \nBetween the Turks and Persians, \nwhen KouliKhan lost 10,000, and \nkilled 20,000 men, before Babylon, \n28th Feb., 1733-4. Parma, 29th \nJune, 1734. Guastalla, Aug., \n1 734. In Persia, where the Turks \nwere defeated by Kouli Khan, \nand lost near 60,000, a general, and \nsix bashaws, 22nd May, 1734. \nBitonto, Austrians and Spaniards, \n1734. Parma, France and Spain \nagainst Austria, 1734. Secchia, \nFrench and Austrians, 1734. \nTurks and Persians, 1735 ; 50,000 \nof the latter killed. Bagnialuk, \nEuropean Turkey, 27th July, 1737, \nRussians and Turks. Bog, Russians \nand Turks, 1738. Kroska, Aus- \ntrians and Turks, 1739. Kernal, \nTurks and Persians, 1739. Choc- \nzim, Moldavia, 21st July, 1739. \nMolwitz, 10th April, 1741, Prus- \nsians and Austrians. Williamstadt, \nSweden, Swedes and Russians, 23rd \nJuly, 1741. Hilkersburg, 8th \nApril, 1742, Prussians and Aus- \ntrians. Czaslau, 7th May, 1742, \nTeyn, Austrians and French, 1742. \nBranau, Austrians and Bavarians, \n1743. Campo Santo, Spaniards \nand Allies, 1743. Dettingen, \n15th June, 1743, Allies and French. \nConi, Allies and French and Spa- \nniards, 1744. Landshut, Prussians \nand Austrians, 1745. Friedberg, \n4th June, 1745, Prussians and \nAustrians. Fontenoy, 30th April, \n1745. Preston-Pans, 21st Sept., \n\n1745. Erzerum, Turks and Prus- \nsians, 1745. Falkirk, Scotland, \n17th Jan., 1746. Roucoux, 12th \nApril, 1746, French and Allies. \nCulloden, Scotland, 16th April, \n\n1746. St. Lazaro, 31st May, 1746, \nFrench and Allies. Placentia, \n15th June, 1746, Spaniards and \nAllies. Exilles, Piedmont, 6th \nJuly, 1746, Allies and French. \nVal, Flanders, 20th June, 1747, \nditto. Laffelt, 20th July, 1747, \nditto. Arania, India, 1751. Ba- \n\n\n\n32 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nboor, India, 7th Aug., 1752. Fort \ndii Quesne, North America, 9th \nJuly, 1755. Lake of St. George, \n8th Sept., 1755. Paraguay, 1755. \nCalcutta, India, June, 1756 and \n1759. Lowoschutz, 30th Sept., \n\n1756, Prussians and Austrians. \nNorkitten, Russians and Prussians. \n\n1757. Plassv, East Indies, 5th \nFeb., 1757. \'Prague, 22nd May, \n1757, Prussians and Austrians. \nReichenberg, Bohemia, 1757, ditto. \nKolin, 12th June, 1757, ditto. \nHastenbeck, 25th July, 1757, \nFrench and Allies. Jagersdorf, \nPrussia, 3rd Aug., 1757, ditto. \nRosbacb, 5th Nov., 1757, French \nand Prussians. Breslau, 21st Nov., \n1757, Prussians and Austrians. \nLissa, 5th Dec, 1757, ditto. Hoya, \nin Westphalia, 24th Feb., 1758, \nFrench and Allies. Crevelt, 23rd \nJune, 1758, ditto. Sondersbausen, \n25th July, 1758, ditto. Meere, \n5th Aug.," 1758, ditto. Zorndorff, \n25th Aug., 1758, Prussians and \nRussians. Olmutz, 1758, ditto. \nHochkirchen, 10th Oct., 1758, \nditto. Landwerenhagen, 1758, \nFrench and Allies. Bergen, 14th \nApril, 1759, ditto. Minden, Aug., \n\n1759, ditto. Zulichau, Silesia, \n27th July, 1759, Prussians and \nRussians. Peterswalde, Prussians \nand Austrians, 1759. Pasberg, \nditto, 1759. Niagara. N. America, \n24th July, 1759. Warburg, 6th \nAug., 1759, French and Allies. \nMontmorenci, 10th Aug., 1759, \nFrench and English. Cunersdorf, \n12th Aug., 1759, Prussians, Rus- \nsians, and Austrians. Plains of \nAbraham, 15th Sept., 1759, French \nand English. Wandiwasb, East \nIndies, 10th Jan., 1760. Strehla, \nSilesia, 1760, Prussians and Aus- \ntrians. Near Quebec, 28th April, \n\n1760. Pfaffendorif, 12th Aug., \n\n1760, Prussians and Austrians. \nTora-au, 3rd Nov., 1760, ditto. \nFulda, 1760, ditto. Plains of Sil- \nlery, English and French, 1760. \nLangensaltza, Allies and French, \n\n1761. Slangerode, ditto, 1761. \nKirk-Denkern, ditto, 1761. Fil- \nlinghausen, in the Palatinate, 16th \n\n\n\nJuly, 1761, Prussians and Aus- \ntrians. Dippoldiswalda, ditto, 1762. \nGraebenstein, 4th June, 1762, \nFrench and Allies. Burkersdorf, \n22nd July, 1762, ditto. Fried- \nburg, Hesse, 29th Oct., 1762, \nPrussians and Austrians. Hom- \nburg, Allies and French, 1762. \nMinden, ditto, 1762. Johannis- \nberg, Allies and French, 1762. \nBuckr-Muhl, ditto, 1762. Bushy \nBun, America, 1763. Plains of \nGeriah, East Indies, 1763. Buxar. \nditto, 1764. Calpy, ditto, 1765. \nErrour, ditto, 1767. Mulwagsrle, \n1 768. Choczim, 30th April, 1769, \nRussians and Turks. Brailow, \nEuropean Turkey, 1770. Silistria, \nditto, 1773. Lexington, near Bos- \nton, 19th April, 1775. Bunkers- \nhill, 27th June, 1775. Long-Is- \nland, America, 27th Aug., 1776. \nWhite Plains, near New York, \n30th Nov., 1776. Brandywine- \nCreek, America, 13th Sept., 1777. \nOf the Lakes, 5th July, 1777. \nSkenesborough, North America, \n7th July, 1777. Bennington, ditto, \n16th Aug., 1777. Albany, ditto, \n1777. Saratoga, 7th Oct.^ 1777, \nGeneral Burgoyne surrendered to \nthe Americans. Germantown, 14th \nOct., 1777. St. Lucie, ditto,1778. \nMonmouth, ditto, 1778. Rhode \nIsland, ditto, 1778. Briar Creek, \nditto, 1779. Stony Ferry, ditto, \n\n1779. Camden, ditto, 16th Aug., \n\n1780. Perinbancum, East Indies, \n1780. Waxau and Cataaba, N. \nAmerica, 1780. Broad River, \nditto, 1781. Guildford, ditto, \n16th March, 1781. HobkirkVhill, \nditto, 1781. Eutaw Springs, \nditto, 1781. York Town, when \nEarl Cornwallis surrendered, 29th \nOct., 1781. Porto Novo. East \nIndies, 1781. Arnee, ditto, 1781. \nRussians and Turks, 1781. Rus- \nsians and Swedes, 1788. Aus- \ntrians and Turks, 1788. Bessara- \nbia and Ukraine, 1789. Finland. \nRussians and Swedes, 1789. Foc- \nzani, Austrians and Turks, 1789. \nMartinestie, or Rimnick, Austrians, \nRussians, and Turks, 1789. Uk- \nraine, Russians and Turks, 1790. \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n33 \n\n\n\nMaczin, ditto, 1791. Seringapatam, \nEast Indies, 1791 ; again in 1799, \nwhen Tippoo was reduced by Lord \nCornwallis. The Austrians de- \nfeated the French near Mons, 30th \nApril, 1791. At Longwy, when \nthe Austrians were defeated, 14th \nAug., 1792. Grand-pre, when the \nFrench were defeated, 10th Sept., \n\n1 792. Valmy, between the French \nand Austrians, 20th Sept., 1792. \nMenehould, Prussians and French, \n2nd Oct., 1792. Cond\xc2\xa3, Austrians \nand French, 2nd Oct., 1792. Ha- \nnau, ditto, 27th Oct., 1792. Bossu, \nditto, 4th Nov., 1792. Jemappe, \nwhen Dumourier, entered Brabant, \n6th Nov., 1792. Anderlecht, Aus- \ntrians and French, 13th Nov., 1792. \nTirlemont, ditto, 17th Nov., 1792. \nVaroux, ditto, 27th Nov., 1792.\' \nHockheim, ditto, 7th Jan., 1793. \nAldenhoven, ditto, 28th Feb., 1 79^0 \nAix-la-Chapelle, ditto, 15th Jan., \n\n1793. Tongres, ditto, 4th March, \n1793. Neerunden, near Thirle- \nmont, ditto, 18th March, 1793. \nTirlemont, ditto, 19 th March, \n1793. Louvaine, or the Iron \nMountain, ditto, 22nd March, 1793. \nCoblentz, ditto, 1st April, 1793. \nCassel, ditto, 7th April, 1793. \nTournay, Austrians and English \nagainst the French, 8th May, 1793. \nSt. Amand and Maulde, ditto, 10th \nMay, 1793. Valenciennes, Allies \nand French, 23rd May, 1793. \nManheim, ditto, 30th May, 1793. \nFurnes, Dutch and French, 21st \nJune, 1793. Furnes, Austrians \nand French, 26th June, 1793. \nVilliers, ditto, 18th July, 1793. \nCambray, or Csesar\'s Camp, ditto, \n9th Aug., 1793. Lincelles, ditto, \n18th Aug., 1793. Furnes, ditto, \n21st Aug., 1793. Rexmond, ditto, \n29th Aug., 1793. Dunkirk, Eng- \nlish and French, 7th Sept., 1793. \nQuesnoy, ditto, 11th Sept., 1793. \nLimbach, Austrians and French, \n12th Sept., 1793. Menin, ditto, \n15th Sept., 1793. Toulon, Eng- \nlish and French, 1st Oct., 1793. \nWeissenburg, Austrians and French, \n14th Oct., 1793. Maubeuge, Al- \n\n\n\nlies and French, 16th Oct., 1793. \nBirlemont, ditto, ditto. Orchies, \nditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Wanze- \nnau, ditto, 20th Oct., 1793. Lan- \ndau, ditto, 29th Nov., 1793. Tou- \nlon, when it surrendered to the \nFrench, 19th Nov., 1793. Lebach, \nditto, 27th Nov., 1793. Roussil- \nlon, Spaniards and French, 11th \nDec, 1793. Perpignan, ditto, 20th \nDec, 1793. Oppenheim, Allies \nand French, 8th Jan., 1794. \nWaterloo, ditto, 23rd Jan., 1794. \nWerwick, ditto, 1st March, 1794. \nBayonne, Spaniards and French, \n19th March, 1794. Perle, Allies \nand French, 22nd March, 1794. \nCateau, Allies and French, 28th \nMarch, 1794. Cracow, Russians \nand Poles, 4th April, 1794. Durk- \nheim, Allies and French, 5th April, \n1794. Piedmont, Sardinians and \nFrench, 6th April, 1794. Crom- \nbech, Allies and French, 14th \nApril, 1794. Arlon, ditto, 17th \nApril, 1794. Warsaw, Russians \nand Poles, 21st April, 1794. \nLandrecy, Allies and French, 24th \nApril, 1794. Cambray, English \nand French, ditto. Cateau, ditto, \n26th April, 1794. Courtray, Al- \nlies and French, 29th April, 1794. \nOstend, ditto, 5th May, 1794. \nMontesquan, Spaniards and French, \n1st May, 1794. Aost, Sardinians \nand French, 2nd May, 1794. Sa- \norgia, Sardinians and French, 8th \nMay, 1794. Tournay, English \nand French, 10th May, 1794. \nCourtray, Allies and French, 12th \nMay, 1794. Mons, ditto, 16th \nMay, 1794. Tournay, English \nand French, 18th May, 1794. \nBouillon, Allies and French, ditto. \nTournay, ditto, 22nd May, 1794. \nLautern, ditto, 23rd May, 1794. \nLithuania, Russians and Poles, 3rd \nJune, 1794. Piliezke, ditto, ditto. \nCharleroi, Allies and French, 17th \nJune, 1794. Cracow, Prussians \nand Poles, ditto. Aost, Sardinians \nand French, 26th June, 1794. \nPuycerda, Spaniards and French, \nditto. Blonie, Russians and Poles, \n7th July, 1794. Manheim, Allies \nc 3 \n\n\n\n34 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nand French, 12th July 1794. \nDorbilos, Prussians and Poles, 19th \nJuly, 1794. Fontarabia, Spaniards \nand French, 2nd Aug., 1794. \nZogre, Prussians and Poles, 22nd \nAug., 1794. Bellegarde, Spaniards \nand French, 26th Aug., 1794. \nValley of Leira, ditto, 8th Sept., \n1794. Maestricht, Allies and \nFrench, 18th Sept., 1794. Cler- \nmont, ditto, 20th Sept., 1794. \nPiedmont, ditto, 23rd Sept., 1794. \nPosnania, Prussians and Poles, \n24th Sept., 1794. Kophir Bazsee, \nRussians and Poles, 25th Sept., \n1794. Oneglia, Sardinians and \nFrench, 30th Sept., 1794. Em- \nmerick, Allies and French, 2nd \nOct., 1794. Warsaw, Poles totally \ndefeated by the Russians, &c. 12th \nOct., 1794. Druten, English and \nFrench, 20th Oct., 1794. Pampe- \nluna, Spaniards and French, 28th \nOct., 1794. Nimeguen, Allies and \nFrench, 4th Nov., 1794. - Sendo- \nmir, Poles and Prussians, &c. 16th \nNov., 1794. Navarre, Spaniards \nand French, 25th Nov., 1794. \nMentz, Allies and French, 1st Dec, \n1794. On the Waal, 11th Jan., \n\n1794. Nantes, between the Chou- \nans and Republicans, 18th Jan., \n\n1795. Catalonia, 5th March . 1795. \nNeve Munster, where the French \nwere repulsed, 3rd March, 1795 ; \nagain the 18th ditto. At Figueras \nthe Spaniards were defeated, 5th \nApril, 1795. Piedmont, the Pied- \nmontese were defeated, 12th April, \n1795. Pontas, Catalonia, where \nthe French were defeated, 14th \nJune, again 1st July. Pampeluna, \nwhen the French were defeated, \n2nd July, 1795. Piedmont, when \nthe French were defeated, 14th \nJune, 1795; again the 27th; and \nBilboa, when the Spaniards were \ndefeated, 17th July, 1795. Qui- \nberon, the Emigrants were defeated, \n2 1 st J uly . Urrtia, when the French \nwere defeated, 30th July. Vit- \ntoria, when the Spaniards were \ndefeated, 14th Aug. Piedmont, \nthe Austrians were defeated, 30th \nAug. La Pietra, the French were \n\n\n\ndefeated, 31st Aug. On the Lahn T \nwhen the French were defeated, \n19th Sept. Mannheim, the Aus- \ntrians were defeated, 23rd Sept. \nPiedmont, the French were de- \nfeated, 1st Oct. On the Mayne, \nwhen the French were totally de- \nfeated, 11th Oct. Mentz, the \nFrench were defeated, 29th Oct. \nWorms, ditto, 8th Nov. Moselle, \nditto, 22nd Nov. Deux Ponts, \nditto, 28th Nov. Alsentz, ditto, 8th \nDec, 1795. Piedmont, Sardinians \nwere totally defeated by the French, \n14th April, 1796. Lodi, French \nand Austrians, 11th May. Man- \ntua, ditto, defeated, 29th May. \nFrench defeated near Wetzlaer, \n4th June. Ditto, under Jourdan, \nby General Kray, near Kirpen, \n20th June. Austrians defeated \nby Jourdan, 6th July. The Arch- \nduke repulsed by the French, 8th \nJuly. Mantua\'s siege raised, when \nthe French left behind them 140 \ncannon, 100,000 shells, balls, &c. \n31st July. The Austrians were \ndefeated by General Jourdan, 11th \nAug. Moreau was defeated by the \nArchduke near Nuremburg, 18th \nAug. The French were defeated \nby the Austrians near Neuweid and \nAmberg, 24th Aug. Jourdan was \ndefeated near Munich, 11th Sept. \nAgain, on 19th Sept., atlsny, on the \nArgen, 1796. Between the Aus- \ntrians and Buonaparte, in Italy, \n19th and 27th Jan., 1797, when \nthe Austrians were defeated. Buo- \nnaparte defeated the Archduke, 1st \nApril, 1797. The Austrians w \nagain defeated on the Upper Rh \n7th May, when the French t~ \nFrankfort, Kehl, &c 1797. The \nSwiss troops were totally defeated by \nthe French, and their independency \nabolished, 19th Sept., 1798. Be- \ntween the Irish rebels and the king\' 3 \nforces, at Kilcullen, 22nd May, \n1798. Ditto, at Naas, 23rd May ; \nthe same day at Stratford-upon- \nSlaney; at Hackestown, 25th May; \nat Dunlavan, 25th May ; at Taragh, \n26th May ; at Carlow, 27th May; \nat Monastereven the same day ; at \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n35 \n\n\n\nKildare, 28th May: at Ballkanoe, \nand at Newtonbarry, 1st June ; \nat New Ross, 5th June; at An- \ntrim, the same day ; at Arklow, \n9th June ; at Ballynahinch, loth \nJune ; at Ovidstown, 19th June ; \nat Bailynarush, 20th June ; at all \nwhich places the insurgents were \ndefeated. In Connaught, where the \nFrench aided the Irish rebels, and \nwere all taken prisoners, 7th Sept., \n\n1798. Near Naples, between the \nFrench and Neapolitans, 18th Jan., \n\n1799. The Archduke Charles \ntotally defeated the French, and \ntook 2000 prisoners, &c. 14th and \n26th March, 1799, near Stockach. \nThe French were defeated near \nYerona, 5th, 25th, and 26th March, \nwith great loss ; and again 30th \nMarch and 5th April. The Aus- \ntrians defeated the French in Italy, \n9th and 30th April, near Cremona. \nThe Russians defeated the French \nnear Milan, 27th April, 11,000 \nkilled and taken prisoners. The \nFrench were defeated near Cassano, \n27th April. Buonaparte was re- \npulsed at Acre by the Turks and \nand Sir S. Smith, 16th April. \nThe French were defeated near the \nAdda, 26th and 31st March, and \n5th May. Suwarrow\'s army de- \nfeated the French under Moreau, \nnear Alexandria, 17th May. The \nFrench Mere defeated at Zurich, \nand lost 4000 men, 4th June. Su- \nwarrow defeated the French under \nMacdonald, 19th June, when the \nFrench lost 18,268 men, 7 cannon, \nand 8 standards. Tippoo Saib was \ndefeated near Periapatam, in the I \nEast Indies, by the English forces, I \n4th May, with considerable slaugh- \nter. The Austrians were defeated ! \nnear Coire by General Massena, ! \nwhen Captain d\'Ausanberg, and i \n700 men were taken prisoners, 7th \nMay. The Archduke defeated \nJourdan, 2nd April. General Kray \ndefeated General Scherer, com- \nmanding the French in Italy, 18th i \nApril. Suwarrow defeated the j \nFrench in forcing the passage of the \nAdda, 23rd May. Buonaparte was \n\n\n\ndefeated at Acre bv Sir Sidney \nSmith, 27th May. \' The French \nwere defeated at Naples by Cardinal \nRuffo, 5th June. Suwarrow de- \nfeated Macdonald near Parma, \nwith the loss of 10,000 men and \nfour generals, 12th July. Suwar- \nrow defeated General Moreau, 13th \nJuly. Joubert was totally defeated \nby Suwarrow, and was killed, 15th \nAug., at Novi, with 10,000 killed, \n4000 prisoners, and all the ar- \ntillery. The French were defeated \nnear Tranto, 10th June. The \nFrench were defeated near Man- \nheim, 13th Aug. The Imperialists \nwere defeated near Zurich, 24th \nSept. The French were defeated \nnear Mondovi, 6th Nov. Near \nPhilipsburgh, when the French lost \n4000 men, 3rd Dec, 1799. Near \nConi, Avhich place surrendered to \nthe Austrians. Near Genoa, when \nthe Austrians were defeated, and \nlost 3000 men, 12th Dec. Novi, \n8th Jan., 1800. Austrians and \nFrench. Savona, Italy, 8th April, \nditto. Yeragigo, 10th April, \nFrench defeated. Stockach, 1st \nMay, Austrians defeated. Moes- \nkirch, 3rd May, ditto. Biberach, \n9th May, Austrians lost 4000 men. \nMontebello, 9th June, by which \nthe French became possessed of \nItaly from Milan to Placentia. \nMarengo, 6000 Austrians killed, \n8000 prisoners, and 45 pieces of \ncannon taken, 14th June. Hoh- \nenlinden, Austrians defeated, 3rd \nNov. On the Mincio, 25th Dec, \nAustrians defeated. Alexandria, \nEgypt, French defeated by the \nEnglish, 21st March, 1801. East \nIndies, between Scindiah and the \nEnglish, former defeated, 1 1 th Aug. , \n1803. Ferruckabad, East Indies, \nEnglish victorious, 17thNov.,1804. \nBhurtpore, East Indies, Jeswunt \nRao Holkar, defeated by the Eng- \nlish, 2nd April, 1805." Guntz- \nburgh, French and Austrians, \nFrench victorious, 2nd Oct., 1805. \nUlm, French and Austrians, latter \ntaken prisoners, 19th Oct., 1805. \nMoelk, French and Austrians, lat- \n\n\n\n36 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nter beaten, 10th Nov., 1805. Aus- \nterlitz, French against Austrians \nand Russians, French victorious, \n2nd Dec, 1805. Maida, French \nand English, the former defeated, \n6th July, 1806. Castel Nuova, \nFrench and Russians, latter de- \nfeated, 29th Sept., 1806. Auer- \nstadt, French and Prussians, latter \nbeaten, 3rd Oct., 1806. Eylau, \nFrench and Russians, latter de- \nfeated, 7th Feb., 1807. Friedland, \nin which the Russians were defeated \nwith dreadful slaughter, 14th June, \n1807. Baylen, the French under \nDupont defeated bv the Spaniards, \n20th July, 1808. Vimiera, in \nwhich the whole of the French \nforce under General Junot was \ndefeated by Sir Arthur Wellesley, \n21st Aug., 1808. Tudela, Spa- \nniards beaten by the French, 23rd \nNov., 1808. Corunna, French \nand English, the former defeated, \n16th Jan., 1809. Braga, Portu- \nguese defeated bv the French, 19th \nMarch, 1809. Pfaffenhoffen, Aus- \ntrians defeated by the French, 19th \nApril, 1809. Abensberg, Aus- \ntrians defeated by the French, 20th \nApril, 1809. Landshut, Austrians \ndefeated by the French, 21st April, \n1809. Eckmuhl, Austrians de- \nfeated by the French, 22nd April, \n1809. Ebersberg, Austrians de- \nfeated by the French, 3rd May, \n1809. Oporto, French defeated \nby Sir A. Wellesley, 11th May, \n1809. Aspern and Essling, French \nand Austrians, dreadful slaughter \non both sides, 21st and 22nd May, \n1809 ; the French defeated. Raab, \nAustrians defeated by the French, \n14th June, 1809. Wagram, Aus- \ntrians defeated by the French, 5th \nJnly, 1 809. Talavera de la Reyna, \nFrench defeated by the English \nand Spaniards, 27th July, 1809. \nOcana, Spaniards defeated by the \nFrench, 19th Nov., 1809. *Bus- \naco, French repulsed with great \nslaughter by the allied army under \nLord Wellington, 27th Sept., 1810. \nPla, near Tarragona, Italian divi- \nsion of the French army repulsed \n\n\n\nby the Spanish general Sarsfleld, \n15th Jan., 1811. Lafesat, Turks \ndefeated by the Russians, 11th \nFeb., 1811. BaiTossa, the French \nunder General Victor defeated by \nGeneral Graham, 5th March, 1811. \nPalma, French surprised by Gene- \nral Ballasteros, and General Re- \nmon\'s detachment dispersed, 10th \nMarch, 1811. Albuera, French \nrepulsed with the loss of 9000 men \nby Marshal Beresford, 16th May, \n1811. Buenos Ayres and Monte \nVideo, between the troops of, in \nwhich those of the latter were de- \nfeated, 18th May, 1811. Rud- \nshuck, Turks defeated by the Rus- \nsians, 4th June, 1811 ; and again \n14th Oct. Ximena, a division of \nSo ult\'s armv defeated by General \nBallasteros, 18th Sept., 1811. Ciu- \ndad Rodrigo, between the French \nand the allied armies under Lord \nWellington, ending in the orderly \nretreat of the latter, 25th Sept., \n1811. Puche, near Saguntum, \nGeneral Blake defeated by the \nFrench under General Suchet, \n25th Oct., 1811. Cavares and \nMerida, the French, under Gene- \nral Girard, surprised and routed by \nGeneral Hill, 28th Oct., 1811. \nPlains of Bornos, Spaniards defeated \nby the French, 1st June, 1812. \nCastalla, army under General \nO\'Donnell, defeated by the French, \n21st July, 1812. Salamanca, \nFrench defeated with great slaugh- \nter by Lord Wellington, 22nd \nJuly, 1812. Mohilow, Russians \nunder Prince Bagration defeated \nby the French under General Da- \nvoust, 23rd July, 1812. Ostrovno, \nRussians defeated by the French, \n25thand28th July, 1812. Polotsk, \nFrench under Marshal Oudinot de- \nfeated by the Russians under Count \nWitgenstein, 30th and 31st July, \n1812 ; the same armies contended \nthe next day, when the Russians \nwere defeated. Drissa, Russians \ndefeatedby the French, Aug., 1812. \nSmolensko, Russians defeated by \nthe French, and abandoned the \ntown, 16th Aug., 1812. Banks \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n37 \n\n\n\nof the Duna, near Polotsk, several \nsevere actions between the Russians \nand French, in which success was \nnearly balanced, 16th and 17th \nAug., 1812. Heights of Yalentina, \nbetween the French and Russians, \nwhich terminated in the retreat \nof the latter, 19th Aug., 1812. \nMoskwa (or Borodino), between \nthe French and Russians, dreadful \ncarnage on both sides, each claiming \nthe victory, 7th Sept., 1812. \nQueen\'s Town, Canada, army of \nthe United States defeated bv the \nBritish, ] 3th Oct., 1812. Polotsk, \nFrench defeated by the Russians, \nand the place taken by storm, 20th \nOct., 1812. Malo-Yaroslovitz, \nRussians and French, victory \nclaimed by each,. 24th Oct., 1812. \nViasma, French under Ney and \nDavoust defeated by the Russians, \n3rd Nov., 1812. Dorogobudsch, \nFrench driven from, by the Rus- \nsians under Platoff, with great \nslaughter, 7th Nov., 1812. Wi- \ntepsk, French under General Vic- \ntor defeated by the Russians under \nWitgenstein, with the loss of 3000 \nmen, 14th Nov., 1812. Krasnoi, \nFrench army under Davoust com- \npletely destroyed or dispersed bv \nKutusoff, 1 6th Nov. , 1 8 1 2 . Ney\'s \ncorps, 12,000 of which laid down \ntheir arms, defeated by the Russian \ngeneral Miloradovitch, 17th Nov , \n1812. Borissow, Russians under \nCount Lambert defeated Dom- \nbrowski\'s Polish division, 21st \nNov., 1812. Berezina, terminated \nin the capture, by General AVit- \ngenstein, of a French division of \n8800 men, 28th Nov., ] 812. AVil- \nna, French column destroyed near \nthat town by Platoff, and a general \nand 1000 prisoners taken, 11th \nDec, 1812. Kowno, French de- \ndefeated by the Russians, with the \nloss of 6000 prisoners and 21 pieces \nof cannon, 14th Dec, 1812. Ka- \nlitch, Saxons, under the French \ngeneral Regnier, defeated by the \nRussian general Winzingerode, with \nthe loss of many officers and 2000 \nprivates, Feb., 1813. French \n\n\n\nTown, Canada, American general \n"Winchester defeated, and made \nprisoner, by Colonel Proctor, 22nd \nJan., 1813. Bejar, in Spain, \nFrench defeated by General Hill \nand the allied Spaniards, 20th \nFeb., 1813. Lunenburg, French \ndefeated by the united army of \nRussians and Prussians, with the \nloss of General Morand, 100 offi- \ncers, 2200 privates, and 9 pieces of \ncannon, 2nd April, 1813. Cas- \ntella, French under Suchet defeated \nby General Murray and the allied \nSpaniards, 13th Apr., 1813. Lutzen, \nbetween the allied army of Russians \nand Prussians, great slaughter on \nboth sides, and victory claimed by \neach, 2nd May, 1813. Mockern, \nBeauharnois defeated with great \nloss by the Russians and Prussians, \n5th April, 1813. Alberstadt, \nFrench division defeated by the \nRussian general Czernicheff, 7th \nMay,1813. Konigswerden, French \ndefeated by the allied army of Rus- \nsians and Prussians under Generals \nBarclay de Tolly and D\'Yorck, \n19th May, 1813. Konigswerden, \nsecond battle, which ended in the \nfalling back of the Allies, 20th \nMay, 1813. AYurtzschen, between \nthe allied army of Russians and \nPrussians and the French army \nunder Napoleon, dreadful carnage \non both sides, the Allies retreated, \n21st May, 1813. Miami, Ameri- \ncans defeated by Colonel Proctor, \nMay, 1813. Fort George, on the \nNiagara, British defeated by the \nAmericans, 27th May, 1813. Bur- \nlington Heights, Americans defeated \nby the British, 6th June, 1813. \nYittoria, French under Joseph \nBuonaparte defeated by Lord Wel- \nlington and the allied Spaniards, \n21st June, 181 3. Valley of Bas- \ntan, General Hill and the allied \nSpaniards attacked by Soult, and \nobliged to retreat, 24th July, 1813. \nPyrenees, Soult defeated, with im- \nmense slaughter, by Lord Welling- \nton and the combined Spaniards, \n28th July, 1813. San Marcial, \nSoult defeated by the Spaniards, \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n31st July, 1813; defeated again, \n4th Aug., and driven from the \nPyrenees. Bober, banks of, Prus- \nsians under Blucber defeated by the \nFrench under Napoleon, 21st Aug., \n1813. Goldsberg, Prussians under \nBlucher defeated by the French, \n22nd Aug., 1813. Jauer, French \nunder Macdonald defeated, with \nimmense loss, by Blucher, 26th \nand 27th Aug., 1813. Before \nDresden, allied army of Austrians, \nRussians, and Prussians, defeated \nby the French, 28th Aug., 1813. \nToplitz, French defeated by the \nallied Austrians, Russians, and \nPrussians, 30th Aug., 1813. Den- \nnewitz, French defeated by the \nCrown Prince of Sweden, with \ngreat loss, 8th Sept., 1813. Ordal , \nPass of, Colonel Adams and the \ncombined Spaniards and Portuguese \n\xe2\x80\xa2^deftafW\xe2\x80\x94bT- Soult, 12th Sept., \n1813. Domitz, French under Da- \nvoust defeated by Colonel Walmo- \nden, 16th Sept.,\' 1813. Elster, \nFrench under Bertrand defeated by \nBlucher, 3rd Oct., 1813. Mora- \nvian village, on the Thames, Ca- \nnada, the British defeated by the \nAmericans, 5th Oct., 1813. Mock- \nera, between the French and the \nallied army of Austrians, Russians, \nand Prussians, a desperate conflict, \nthe place having been taken and \nretaken five times, which ended in \nthe defeat of the French, 14th Oct., \n1813. Before Leipsic, a general \nengagement between the same \narmies, in which no ground was \ngained by either, 16th Oct., 1813. \nBefore Leipsic, another general \nengagement, of which the result \nwas a loss to the French of 40,000 \nmen in killed, wounded, and pri- \n\'soners, 65 pieces of artillery, and \nthe desertion of 17 German bat- \ntalions, 18th Oct., 1813. Hanau, \nFrench defeated by the combined \nAustrian and Bavarian army under \nGeneral Wrede, 29th Oct., 1813. \nHanau, another severe engagement \nbetween the same armies, in which \nWrede was wounded, and the allies \n-driven from the place, 30th Oct., \n\n\n\n1813. St. Jean de Luz, between \nthe allied armies under Lord Wel- \nlington, and the French under \nSoult, when the latter were driven \nfarther into France, 10th Nov., \n\n1813. Passage of the Nive, several \nengagements between the allied \narmy under Lord Wellington and \nthe French, during which two Ger- \nman regiments came over to the \nAllies, and the French were driven \nto their entrenchments, 10th and \n13th Dec, 1813. Christlers \nPoint, Upper Canada, Americans \ndefeated by the British under Co- \nlonel Pearson, 11th Nov., 1813. \nBlack-rock, American general Hull \ndefeated by the British general \nBiall, 30th Dec, 1813. Province \nof Valladolid, three battles, in \nwhich the forces of Morelos, and \nother insurgent chiefs, were de- \nfeated by the Royalists, with the \nloss of 1500 men and 30 pieces of \ncannon," Dec, 1813. Bozzolo, on \nthe Mincio, Austrians defeated by \nthe French under Beauharnois, 7th \nand 8th Jan., 1814. Marne, ad- \nvanced guard of Schwartzenburg \ndefeated by the French, 27th Jan., \n\n1814. Brienne, allied army of \nRussians and Prussians defeated, \nand the place taken by the French, \n29th Jan. ,1814. Rothiere, French \nunder Napoleon defeated by the \nallied Russians and Prussians, with \nthe loss of 3000 prisoners and 36 \npieces of cannon, 1st Feb., 1814. \nChamp-aubert, Russian division \nunder General Alsufief defeated by \nthe French under Napoleon, 10th \nFeb., 1814. Champ-aubert, di- \nvision of Blucher\'s army, under \nGenerals Sacken and D\'Yorck, \nattacked by the French under Na- \npoleon, in whose favour it termi- \nnated, 12th Feb., 1814. Jan- \nvilliers, Blucher\'s army attacked \nby the French, and driven back to \nChalons, 14th Feb., 1814. Gams, \nFrench defeated by the allied Spa- \nniards under General Morillo and \nGeneral Stewart, 15th Feb., 1814. \nNangis, advanced guard of Witgen- \nstein\'s corps, under Count Pahlen, \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n39 \n\n\n\ndefeated bv the French under Na- \npoleon, 17th Feb., 1814. Bridges \nof the Seine, at Montereau and \nBray, the prince of Wurtemberg \ndefeated by Napoleon, 18th Feb., \n1814. Orthes, French defeated \nby the allied British and Spaniards \nunder General Hill, 25th Feb., \n1814. Reggio, French defeated by \nthe king of Naples, 5th March, \n1814. Laon, French defeated by \nthe Prussian general Blucher, 9th \nMarch, 1814. Passage of the \nTaro, French defeated by the king \nof Naples, 12th March, 1814. \nRheims, allied Russians and Prus- \nsians defeated by the French, 13th \nMarch, 1814. Tarbes, Soult de- \nfeated by Lord Wellington, 20th \nMarch, 1814. Arcis-sur-Aube, \nFrench defeated by the Prince of \nWirtemburg, 21st March, 1814. \nFere Champenoise, the corps of \nGenerals Marmont, Mortier, and \nArrighi, surprised and defeated by \nGeneral Schwartzenberg, and a con- \nvoy taken, 25th March, 1814. \nHeights of Fontenoy, Romainville, \nand Belleville, French army out of \nParis under Joseph Buonaparte, \nMarmont, and Mortier, defeated \nby the allied Austrians, Russians, \nand Prussians, 30th March, 1814. \nToulouse, French defeated by Lord \nWellington, 10th April, 1814. \nArazua, valley of, between the in- \nsurgents of the Carracas and the \nRoyalists, in which the latter ob- \ntained a complete victory, 18th \nJune, 1814. Chipawa, British \nunder General Riall defeated by \nthe Americans under General \nBrown, 5th July, 1814. Chipawa, \nAmericans defeated by the British \n- under Generals Drummond and \nRiall ; but the latter general was \nwounded and taken prisoner, 25th \nJuly, 1814. Ferrara, Neapolitans \nunder Murat defeated by the Aus- \ntrians, 12th April, 1815. Tolen- \ntino, between the Austrians under \nGeneral Bianchi and the Neapoli- \ntans under Murat, ending, after \ntwo engagements, in the retreat of \nMurat, 2nd and 3rd May, 1815. \nLigny, Prussians under Prince Blu- \n\n\n\ncher, after a desperate conflict, \ndefeated by the French, with the \nloss of 15 pieces of cannon, 16th \nJune, 1815. Waterloo, in which \nthe whole French army, with \nBuonaparte at its head, was de- \nfeated by the English and Prussians, \nwith immense slaughter, 18th June, \n1815. \n\nBaltimore, General Ross killed, \nin an unsuccessful attack on, \nby the British, 12th Sept., 1814. \nBangor, North America, taken by \nthe British, 3rd May, 1814. Ba- \nvaria joined the coalition against \nFrance. Oct., 1813. Bellair, \nNorth \' America, attacked unsuc- \ncessfully by the British, and Sir \nPeter Parker killed, 30th Aug., \n1814. Belleisle taken from the \nFrench, 7th June, 1761. Ben- \nbow, Admiral, fought the French \noff Carthagena, 1702. " Bender, \ntreaty of, 21st July, 1711 ; city \nburnt, 1773. Benevento seized by \nthe king of Naples from the Pope, \nin 1768 ; but restored on supressing \nthe Jesuits, 1773. Bergen-op- \nZoom, taken by the French, 16th \nSept., 1747, and 1794. Bergen- \nop-Zoom, attempt by the British \nto carry the place by storm de- \nfeated, 8th March, 1814. Berlin \nlaid under contribution by the Aus- \ntrians, 1758 ; taken 1760, and \npillaged; taken by the French, \n1807. Berlin entered by the Rus- \nsian army under General Witgen- \nstein, 3rd March, 1813. Bern, \nSwitzerland, taken by the French, \n1798. Beveland, South, Island \nof, taken by the English, 3rd Aug., \n1809. Bidassoa, River, crossed by \nthe allied Spanish army, and Lord \nWellington entered France, 7th \nOct., 1813. Bilboa evacuated by \nthe French, 11th Aug., 1812. \nBergen forced by the allied Russian \nand Prussian army under Count \nLangeron, 3rd Jan., 1814. Blake \nreduced Tunis, Tripoli, and Algiers, \n1655 ; destroyed a Spanish fleet, \n1657; and again, 1658. Bologna, \nItaly, seized by the French, 18th \nJune, 1798 ; and the Austrians \ntook it, 12th June, 1799. Bo- \n\n\n\n40 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nlogna, evacuated by Murat, and \nentered by the Austrian army, 16th \nApril, 1815. Bombay yielded to \nthe English by Portugal, 1661. \nBois-le-duc was taken by theFrench, j \nOct., 1794. Boulogne bombarded j \nby Lord Nelson, 15th Aug., 1801. \nBourbon, Isle of, surrendered to \nthe British, 10th July, 1810. \nBourdeaux entered by Lord Wel- \nlington, 12th March, 1814. Sub- \nmitted to the government of Louis \nXVIIL, 22nd July, 1815. Brazil \nseized by Portugal from Holland, \n1654. Breda taken by the French, \n24th Feb., 1793 ; and again, 1794 \nand 1795. Breda taken possession \nof by General Benkendorfs Cos- \nsacks, Dec, 1813. Bremen re- \npulsed and defeated the French \ninvasion, 1761. Bremen capitu- \nlated to the Russian General Tet- i \ntenborne, 14th Oct., 1813. Bren- \nnus sacked Rome, 390 B. C. \nBreslau taken by the Austrians, \n1758 and 1761 ; entered by the \nFrench, 1st June, 1813. Brest \ninvaded by Julius Caesar, 54 ; pos- \nsessed by the Englisb, 1378; re- \ndelivered to the Duke of Bretagne, \n1391. Brill, &c. seized by the \nHollanders, which began that re- \npublic, 1570; seized by the French, \nJan., 1795. Bruce landed in Ire- \nland with an army, 25th May, \n1315 ; soon after crowned at Dun- \ndalk; slain, 1318. Bruges sacked \nby the Gantois, 1382; the basin, \ngates, and sluices of the canal de- \nstroyed by the English, 1 9th May, \n1798. Brussels taken by the \nFrench, 1792 and 1794. Buda \ntaken from the Turks by the Im- \nperialists, in whose possession it \nhad been 150 years, 1686. Buenos \nAyres taken by the English, 2nd \nJuly, 1806 ; retaken by the in- \nhabitants, 1807. Entered into a \ntreaty with Monte Video to ac- \nknowledge no sovereign but Fer- \ndinand VII. Oct. 21, 1811. Monte \nVideo surrendered to, by capitula- \ntion, 20th June, 1814. Declaration \nof Independence by the " Repre- \nsentatives of the United Provinces \nof South America in General Con- \n\n\n\ngress," published at, 19th July, \n1816. Buffalo, town, North \nAmerica, taken by the British, and \nburnt, 30th Dec, 1813. Buo- \nnaparte seized Egypt, 1st July, \n1798 ; and quitted it, 23rd Aug., \n1799. Burgos, siege of, abandoned \nby the allied army under Lord \nWellington, 20th Oct., 1812; castle \nand works of, blown up by the \nFrench, 13th June, 1813. "Bur- \nlington, American camp at, sur- \nprised by Colonel Vincent, 5th \nJune, 1813. Byzantium taken \nby the Romans, 73 ; destroyed by \nSeverus, 196; rebuilt by Constan- \ntine, 330; taken by the Turks, \n1453. \n\nCadiz, in Spain, taken by the \nEnglish, 1596 ; bombarded, 14th \nJuly, after it had been blocked \nup with the Spanish fleet bv Earl \nSt. Vincent, 1797 to 1798 ; siege \nof, by the French, raised, 25th \nAug., 1812. Cadiz, expedition \nfrom, for the reduction of the in- \nsurgents of South America, arrived \nat Porto Cabello, April, 1815. \nCaen, Normandv, plundered bv the \nEnglish, 1346." Caffa, in Crim \nTartary, planted and rebuilt by \nGenoa, 1261 ; taken by the Turks, \n1464. Cairo taken by the English \nand Turks from the French, 21st \nJune, 1801. Calais taken by the \nEnglish, 4th Aug., 1347 ; retaken \nby the French, 10th Jan., 1558. \nCalcutta taken by the Nabob, 1758. \nCalvi, in Corsica, surrendered to \nthe British forces, after a siege of \n59 days, 10th Aug., 1794; aban- \ndoned by the British, 1796. Cam- \nbray, town of, taken by the English \nunder General Sir Charles Colville, \n24th June, 1815 ; citadel of, sur- \nrendered the next day, and was \noccupied by Louis XVIII. and his \ncourt, from Ghent. Cambridge \ndestroyed by the Danes, 1010. \nCanada taken by the English, 1628 ; \nrestared to France, 1631 ; taken \nagain, 13th Sept., 1759. Candia \nseized by the Saracens, 808, who \nchanged its name from Crete ; re- \ntaken by the Greek empire, 961 ; \ntaken by the Venetians, 1204; re- \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n41 \n\n\n\ntaken by the Turks, 1 669. Candy, \nIsland of Ceylon, in an expedition \nagainst, a whole British detachment \nmassacred or imprisoned, 1803 ; \nwar renewed against, Oct., 1814; \nking of, defeated and made prisoner, \nby General Brownrigg, 18th Feb., \n1815 ; deposed, and the sovereignty \nvested in Great Britain, 2nd March, \n1815. Canterbury cathedral burnt \nby the Danes, 1011. Canute, first \nDanish king of England, invaded \nthis country, 1015; made a voyage \nto Denmark, attacked Norway, and \ntook possession of the crown, 1028. \nCape Breton taken by the English, \n1 745 ; again, 1758. Cape of Good \nHope was taken by the English, \nJune, 1795 ; again, 8th Jan., 1806. \nCapua surrendered to the Allies, \n26th July, 1799. Caraccas, city of, \ncapitulated to the Spanish Royalists, \n28th July, 1812; taken again by \nthe Royalists, 7th July, 1814. \nCaractacus defeated by Ostorius \nScapula, in 51. Caribbees war \nbegan, 1772; adjusted, 1773. \nCarthage destroyed, 146 B. C ; \nagain by the Saracens, 622 A. D. \nCarthagena taken by Sir Francis \nDrake, 1584; pillaged by the \nFrench of 1,200,000/. in 1697. \nCarthagena bombarded by Admiral \nVernon, 1740. Carthagena evacu- \nated by the insurgent garrison, 6th \nDec, 1815. Carthaginian war \nceased 160 B. C. Cassel taken \nby the French, 1760 ; besieged, \nwithout effect, 1761 ; surrendered, \n1762. Cassel capitulated to the \nRussian general Czernicheff, 30th \nSept., 1813. Castine, fort of, in \nthe Penobscot, taken by the British, \n1st Sept., 1814. Castro de Ur- \ndiales, a port in Biscay, stormed \nand taken by the French, 11th \nMay, 1813 ; evacuated, and taken \npossession of by the English, 25th \nMay, 1813. Cayenne colony, \ntaken by the British and Portu- \nguese, 15th Jan., 1809. Celorico \nevacuated by the French, and \nentered by the English, 28th March, \n1811. Ceuta, Barbary, seized by \nGenoa, 1231 ; by Portugal, 1415 ; \n\n\n\nby Spain, 1640. Ceva and Casale \nabandoned to the French, 15th \nJune, 1799. Ceylon Isle was \ntaken by the Portuguese, 1505 ; by \nthe Hollanders, 1603 ; attempted \nby Denmark, 1620 ; by the Por- \ntuguese, 1621 ; by the Dutch, \n1 658 ; a great part by the East \nIndia Company\'s troops, 1 782 ; \nrestored to the Dutch, 1783 ; taken \nagain by the English, 16th Sept., \n1793; ceded to England, 1801 ; \ncomplete sovereignty assumed by \nEngland, 1815; see Candy. \nChagree fort taken by Admiral \nVernon, 1740. Chalons capitulated \nto the allied Russians and Prus- \nsians, 6th Feb., 1814. Chalons- \nsur-Soane taken by an Austrian \nforce under the Prince of Hesse \nHomburg, Feb., 1814. Chamble \nfort, Canada, taken by the Pro- \nvincials, 20th Oct., 1775; retaken \nby the English troops, 18th Jan., \n1776. Charleroi surrendered to \nthe French, 26th June, 1794. \nCharlestown, South Carolina, sur- \nrendered to the British forces, 4th \nMay, 1780. Chatham, the Eng- \nlish fleet destroyed there by the \nDutch, 1667. Cherbourg forts \ndestroyed by the English, 8th Aug., \n1758. Chili, inhabitants of, had \nnearly dispossessed the Spaniards, \n1765 ; having revolted, returned to \nits allegiance, 19th April, 1814; \nrestored to freedom by the Buenos \nAyres\' army under General San \nMartin, Feb., 1817. China con- \nquered by the Eastern Tartars, \n1635. Chios, Isle of, conquered \nfrom Genoa by the Turks, 1566. \nChristopher, St., Isle of, retaken \nfrom the French, 1620; taken by \nthe French, 1782; \xe2\x96\xa0 estored to \nEngland, 1783. Cimbri, the war \nwith, 113 B. C. Ciudad Real \ntaken by the French, 27th March, \n1 809. Ciudad Rodrigo surrendered \nto the French, 10th May, 1810; \nstormed by the English, and taken, \n19th Jan., 1812. Civita Vecchia \ntaken by the French, Feb., 1799 ; \nand evacuated in September fol- \nlowing. Cleves taken, 1760; by \n\n\n\n42 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nthe French, 1794. Coblentz was \ntaken by the French, 15th Oct., \n1794. Coblentz occupied by the \n\xe2\x80\xa2allied army under Blucher, 1st \nJan., 1814. Coimbra taken by \nthe English, 7th Oct., 1810. Col- \nberg, Prussia, besieged but not \ntaken in 1807 ; besieged in vain, \nfrom 1758 to 1761 ; taken, 1762. \nColumbo, in Ceylon, surrendered \nto the English, 12th June, 1796. \nConi was taken by the Austrians, \n3rd Dec, 1799. Constance was \nseized by the Freneh, 2nd Aug., \n1796; and again, Oct., 1799. \nConstantinople taken by the Latins\' \nCroisade, 1204; recovered by the \nGreeks, 1261 ; taken by Mahomet \nII. which put an end to the Eastern \nempire, that had subsisted 1123 \nyears, / 1453. Copenhagen des- \ntroyed by the Lubeckers, 1319; \nagain by the Hanseatic fleet, 1361 \nand 1369 ; bombarded by the \nEnglish, under Lord Nelson, April, \n1801 ; the city, and the Danish \nfleet, surrendered to Admiral Gam- \nbier and Lord Cathcart, 7th Sept., \n1807. Cordova taken by the \nFrench, Nov. 1809. Corfu was \nseized by the French, in 1797 ; \nbut was taken by the Russians, 3rd \nMarch, 1799. Corsica seized by \nthe Genoese from the Moors, \n1115 ; was offered to the English, \n1759 ; surrendered to the French, \nin 1766 ; put under the patronage \nof the English, June, 1 794 ; \nquitted, 1796. Corunna surren- \ndered to the French, 19th Jan., \n1809 ; evacuated by the French, \n22nd June, 1809. Cracow, in \nPoland, surrendered to the Prus- \nsians, 15th June, 1794. Croisade, \nor the holy war, began, 1065 ; \nagain, 1101. Croix, St. a Swedish \nisland in the West Indies, taken by \nthe English, 31st March, 1801. \nCrowland burnt by the Danes, \n868. Crowpoint taken by the \nEnglish, 1759 ; by the Provin- \ncials, 14th May, 1775. Cuba, \nIsle of, taken by the Spaniards, \nin 1511 ; by the English, in \n1762. Cumberland, Earl, of, \n\n\n\nexpedition against Spain, 1589. \nCumberland, merchant ship, Cap- \ntain Barrett, with 26 men, defeated \nfour French privateers, taking 170 \nmen, who had boarded the Cum- \nberland, 13th Jan. 1811. Cu- \nmoona, in the East Indies, surren- \ndered to the British forces, 21st \nNov. 1807. Curac,oa seized by \nHolland, 1634 ; taken by the \nEnglish, 14th Sept. 1800; and \n1st Jan., 1807. Cyprus taken \nfrom the Venetians by the Turks, \n1570. Cyprus took Babylon after \na long siege, 544 B. C. \n\nDanes, their first descent upon \nEngland, at Portland, 787 ; their \nsecond, in Northumberland, 794, \nwhen they were repelled and perished \nby shipwreck ; landed on Sheppey \nIsland, 832; again in Cornwall, and \ndefeated by Egbert, 836 ; again at \nCharmouth, and defeated Ethel- \nwolf, 840 ; landed at the mouth of \nthe Thames, from 350 ships, and \ntook Canterbury and London, 851 ; \nsubdued by Ethel wolf, at Okeley, \nin Surrey, 853 ; invaded Northum- \nberland, and seized York, 867 ; \ndefeated King Ethelred and his \nbrother Alfred, at Basing and \nMerton, 871 ; surprised Wareham \nCastle, and took Exeter, 876 ; \ntook Chippenham, 877; 1205 of \nthem killed by Odun, earl of De- \nvonshire, 878 ; Alfred entered into \ntreaty with them, 882 ; their fleet \ntotally destroyed at Appledore by \nKing Alfred, 894 ; invaded Angle- \nsea, 900 ; submitted to Edward \nthe Elder, 921 ; invaded Dorset- \nshire, 982 ; landed again in Essex, \n99 1, and were bribed to depart the \nkingdom ; their fleet defeated, 992 ; \nnumber of them massacred by order \nof Ethelred II. Nov. 12, 1003; \nmade England tributary to them, \n1007; under Canute, conquered \nEngland, 1017 ; continued their \nravages, and defeated the English \nat Ipswich, 1010 ; took Canter- \nbury, and put nine out of ten of \nthe inhabitants to death, 1011 ; set- \ntled in Scotland, 1020 ; expelled \nEngland, 1041 ; landed again at \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n43 \n\n\n\nSandwich, 1047, and carried off \nmuch plunder to Flanders ; joined \nthe Northumbrians, burnt York, and \nslew 3000 Normans, 1069 ; invaded \nEngland again, but were bribed by \nWilliam to depart, 1074. Danes, \nunder Rollo, made their first descent \non France, 895 ; and made a settle- \nment in Neustria, now Normandy, \n905. Dantzic taken by the Rus- \nsians, 1734 ; by the Prussians, 1773; \nevacuated by the French, by capitu- \nlation, 2nd Jan., 1814. Danish \nrevolution, 37th Jan., 1772; \nand May, 1784. Dartmouth \nburnt by the French, 1337. \nDavid, king of Scotland, taken \nprisoner by the English, 1346 ; \nransomed for 100,000 marks, 1 357. \nDemerara, &c. was surrendered to \nthe English, 23rd April, 1796; \nagain, 23rd \'Sept. 1803. Detroit, \nfort of, capitulated to the British, \n16th Aug. 1812. Dieppe laid in \nashes by the English, 14th July, \n1694. Dominica taken by the \nEnglish, 1761 ; by the French, \n7th Sept. 1778 ; restored to the \nEnglish, 1783. Dort taken pos- \nsession of by the French, 10th \nJan., 1795. Drake, Sir Francis, \ndefeated the Spanish armada, \n1758. Dresden taken by the \nPrussians, 1758 ; the Imperialists, \n1759 ; the Prussians again, 1760 ; \nthe Austrians, 1809. Dresden, \nthe allied army of Austrians, Rus- \nsians, and Prussians, in a grand \nattack on, repulsed, 27th Aug., \n1813 ; surrendered to the allied \narmy, 12th Nov., 1813. Dublin \ntaken by Raymond le Gros, 1171. \nDunkirk taken by the English, \n24th June, 1658, from Spain, and \ndelivered to France. Dunaberg \ntaken by storm, by the French, \n30th July, 1812. Dupont, Gene- \nral, surrendered with his army to \nthe Spanish patriots, 19th July, \n1808. Dusseldorp surrendered to \nthe French, 6th Sept. 1795. Edin- \nburgh taken by the English, 1296. \nEgypt conquered by the Saracens, \n640; usurped by Assaredden, \n1160; conquered by the Turks, \n\n\n\n1516 ; invaded by the French, \n1798; reconquered from them by \nthe English, 1801. Ehrenbreit- \nstein surrendered to the French, \n12th Jan., 1799. Elba, Isle of, \nnear Leghorn, taken possession of \nby the English, 6th July, 1796; \nrelinquished, 1797. Conferred on \nBuonaparte, as his place of retreat \non his relinquishing the throne of \nFrance, 5th April, 1814. After \nhaving been quitted by Buonaparte, \ntaken possession of by the Grand \nDuke of Florence, 30th July, \n1815. Elburg taken possession \nof by the French, April, 1812; \nby the Russians, 12th Jan., 1813. \nElmo, St., surrendered to the \nroyal troops of Naples, 12th July, \n1799. Ely monastery burnt by \nthe Danes, 870. Embden sub- \ndued by Hamburg, 1438. Eng- \nland invaded by Julius Caesar \n51 B. C. [He says that the \ninhabitants on the sea coast, from \ntheir correspondence with Gaul, \nwere clothed ; those who lived in \nthe inland counties were entirely \nwild and naked. Though they had \nhorses, and chariots armed with \nsithes, their towns were only a par- \ncel of huts on an eminence, forti- \nfied with trees laid crosswise, like \nthe Indians in America, only that \nthey had plenty of corn and cattle. \nTheir money was iron and brass \nplates, and rings of determined \nweight.] Abandoned by the Ro- \nmans, 430 ; ravaged by the Picts \nand Scots, 440 ; invited over the \nSaxons to expel the Picts and \nScots, 446, who soon began to \nestablish themselves, by taking \npossession of different parts of the \nkingdom on the south side of the \nSevern ; invaded by the Scots, \nwho were defeated by Athelstan, \n921 ; invaded by the Welsh, 984; \ninvaded by Sweyn, king of Den- \nmark, 1003 ; invaded again by \nSweyn, 1013, and almost totally \nsubdued by him ; invaded by- \nCanute, 1015; invaded by God- \nwin, earl of Kent, 1052 ; invaded \nby the Normans, under William, \n\n\n\n44 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\ntheir duke, who subdued the king- \ndom, 1066 ; invaded hy the Irish, \nwho were defeated, 1069 ; the \nIrish landed again, and were de- \nfeated, 1070; invaded by Malcolm \nof Scotland, who burnt several \nchurches, &c. 1071 ; again in 1091 \nand 1093, when Malcolm and his \nson were killed at Alnwick ; in- \nvaded by Robert, duke of Nor- \nmandy, 1101; invaded by David \nof Scotland, 1136 ; by the Welsh, \nthe same year, with success ; in- \nvaded by the French, 1416; in- \nvaded by Henry, earl of Richmond, \n7th Aug. 1485 ; by the Spaniards, \n1588. Erie, Fort, taken by the \nAmerican general Brown, 3rd \nJuly, 1814. Attacked unsuccess- \nfully by the British, with the loss \nof 962 men, 15th Aug., 1814. \nSortie from, repulsed by the Bri- \ntish, but with great loss, 17th \nSept. 1814. Evacuated by the \nAmericans, Nov. 5, 1814. Eso- \npus, on North River, in North \nAmerica, totally destroyed, with \ngreat quantities of stores, 15th Oct. \n1777. Eustatia, island of, taken \nby the French from Holland, \n1689; by the English, 1690 and \n1781; retaken by the French the \nsame year ; restored to Holland, \n1783; again captured by the Eng- \nlish in 1801 and 1810. Exeter \ntaken by Sweyn, king of Denmark, \nand destroyed, 1003; city rebelled, \n1067, and reduced by King William \nthe Conqueror ; again by Henry \nVII. Expedition, grand secret, \nSept. 1757. \n\nFalkland Islands seized by \nthe Spaniards, 1771. Falmouth, \nin New England, destroyed by \nthe British forces, 18th Oct. \n1775. Ferrara was taken from \nthe French 1799. Feroe and \nIceland, islands of, taken under \nBritish protection, 12th Feb., \n1810. Ferrol surrendered to the \nFrench 26th Jan., 1809 ; evacuated \nby the French 21st June, 1809. \nFigueras, fortress of, surprised by \nthe Spaniards 10th April, 1811; \nretaken by the French 19th Aug., \n\n\n\n1811. Flanders dismembered from \nFrance 866; overrun by the French \n1792 and 1794, and declared part \nof that republic ; taken from them \nand made part of the kingdom of \nNetherlands 1814. Florence was \ntaken possession of by the French \nin July, 1796, and 20th March, \n1799, and evacuated 1 8th July fol- \nlowing; evacuated by the Austrians \nand entered by the Neapolitans 6th \nApril, 1815. Florida taken by the \nEnglish 1759 ; by the Spaniards \n1781. Flushing surrendered to \nthe English 15th Aug., 1809. \nFontainebleau reduced by the Aus- \ntrians and Cossacks 16th Feb., \n1814. Formosa seized by the \nDutch 1635; the Dutch inhabit- \nants expelled by the Chinese 1662. \nFort Balaguer taken by the French \n9th Jan., 1811. Fort George taken \nby the Americans 27th May, 1813. \nFort St. George, in the East Indies, \nseized by the French 1746; re- \nstored 1748. Fort Michilimachi- \nnack taken by the British, Cana- \ndians, and savages, 17th June, \n\n1812. Fort William taken by \nthe English 1757. France con- \nquered by the English 1 358 ; re- \ncovered by the French 1447. \nFrance, isle of. {See Mauritius,) \nFrankfort was seized by the French \nJuly, 1796. Frankendal was taken \nby the French 17th Oct., 1794; \nretaken 12th Nov., 1795. Fred- \nericksfort, fortress of, capitulated \nto the allied Russian and Prussian \nforces, 19th Dec, 1813. Freder- \nickshall and Frederickstadt 3 Nor- \nwegian fortresses, surrendered to \nthe Swedes 3d Aug., 1814. French \ntown taken by the American gene- \nral Winchester, 18th Jan., 1813; \nretaken by Colonel Proctor 22nd \nof $he same month. \n\nGavilgar, in the East Indies, \ntaken by the English 15th Dec, \n1803. Gaeta surrendered to the \nFrench, July 1806; submitted \nto the British 8th Aug., 1815. \nGeneva entered by the allied \narmy under General Bubna, by \ncapitulation, which permitted the \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n45 \n\n\n\nFrench Governor to retire with \nhis garrison 30th Dec., 1813. Ge- \nnoa taken by the Austrians 8th \nDec, 1746; seized by the French \nin 1798, who were repulsed 17th \nAug., 1799 ; taken by the English \nand Austrians in May, 1 800 ; sur- \nrendered to the French the July \nfollowing ; surrendered to the com- \nbined English and Sicilian army, \n18th April, 1814; transferred to \nthe King of Sardinia, 1816. Geor- \ngia surrendered to the British forces, \nand relinquished obedience to the \nCongress of America 29th Dec, \n1778 ; abandoned by the English \nforces 1783. Gerona capitulated to \nthe French 10th Dec, 1809 ; re- \ngained by the Spaniards Feb. 1814. \nGibraltar was taken from the Moors \nby the Castilians in 1463 ; taken \nby Sir George Rooke, 23rd July, \n1704 ; besieged by the Spaniards \nFeb. 1727, May 1731, 1780, to \n13th Sept., 1782, when their float- \ning batteries were burnt by red-hot \nballs from the garrison, commanded \nby General Elliot. Gluckstadt \ncapitulated to the allied Russians \nand Prussians, 6th Jan., 1814. \nGorcum capitulated to the allied \nRussians and Prussians, 4th Feb., \n1814. Goree, isle of, taken by the \nEnglish 1758 ; again, 1779 ; re- \nstored to the French 1783 ; taken \nby the French, 18th Jan., 1804; \nretaken by the English 9th March \nfollowing. Goths slew 300,000 \ninhabitants of Milan, 539. Goza, \nan island dependent on Malta, sur- \nrendered to the English Oct. 1798. \nGranada recovered from the Moors \n1491 ; surrendered to the French \n28th Jan. 1810. Grand Cairo \ntaken by the Turks from the Egyp- \ntian sultans, and their empire sub- \ndued, 1516; seized by the French \nin 1799. Grashopper sloop driven \ninto the Texel by the dreadful gale \nof 24th Dec, 1811, and the crew \nmade prisoners. Greek empire \nmastered by the Latins 1204 ; re- \nconquered 1261 ; invaded by the \nTurks 1350 ; its final overthrow \n1453. Greenland seized by Eng- \n\n\n\nland from the Dutch 1610. Gre- \nnada Isle taken by the French 6th \nJuly, 1779 ; restored to the Eng- \nlish 1783 ; insurrection in, 1795. \nGrenoble, insurrection in the neigh- \nbourhood of, suppressed 4th May, \n1816. Grisons revolt from Ger- \nmany to the Swiss, 1741. Gross \nGorschen taken by storm by the \nallied Russians and Prussians, 3rd \nMay, 1813. Guadaloupe taken by \nthe English 1759 and 1779; and \nagain, 1794; surrendered to the \nBritish 5th Feb. 1810. Gun-boats \ndestroyed before Gibraltar 13th \nSept. 1782. \n\nHamburgh sacked by the Pa- \ngans 1012, 1066; by the Danes \n1216; by the Norwegians, 1244; \nentered by the Russian advanced \nguard under General Tettenborn \n18th March, 1813; retaken by \nthe French 30th May, 1813; \nsurrendered by the French 16th \nMay, 1814. Hanover desolated \nby the French, 1758 ; taken by \nthe French, 14th June, 1803; \nthe celebrated boring machine in \nthe iron-foundery at, valued at \n2,000,000 crowns, carried away ba- \nttle French, Jan. 1804 ; entered by \nthe crown prince of Sweden in fa- \nvour of England, 6th Nov. 1813. \nHarfleur taken by the English 18th \nSept. 1415. Havannah taken 13th \nAug. 1762. Havre de Grace suc- \ncessfully bombarded, 1759. Haw- \nkins\'s, Sir John, expedition against \nSpanish America, 1595. Hebe, \nFrench ship of war, captured by \nthe British ship Loire, 10th Feb. \n1809. Helder Point in Holland \nsurrendered to the British forces \n27th Aug., 1799 ; relinquished \n19th Oct. following. Helena, St., \nthe isle of, taken by the Dutch, \n1672; by the English 1673. Hel- \nvoetsluys deserted by the French \n5th Dee. 1813. Hermione, Span- \nish ship, taken 21st March, 1762, \nwhich sold for 544,648/. clear of \nexpenses. Holland taken by the \nFrench 23rd Jan. 1795 ; was in- \nvaded by the English 27th Aug. \n[ 1799, and abandoned by a conven- \n\n\n\n45 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\ntion 19th Oct. 1799. Holstein, \npossession of, obtained by the allied \nRussians and Prussians, 16th Dec. \n1813. Hostalrich taken by the \nFrench, Jan. 1810. Hotspur, Brit- \nish ship, attacked a number of \nFrench vessels near Cherbourg, \nsunk one brig, drove two on shore, \nand battered a small village to the \nground, 8th Sept. 1811. Howard, \nSir Edward, attacked Prejeant, a \nFrench admiral, off Brest, and was \ndefeated loth April, 1513. Howe, \nLord Viscount, slain in battle 1758. \nHudson Bav forts destroyed by the \nFrench 1686 and 1782. \' Hungary \nconquered by Charlemagne 791. \nHuningen, French fortress of, sur- \nrendered to the Austrians, and its \nworks destroyed, 28th June, 1815. \n\xe2\x80\x94 fi&rriapoor, fortress of, evacuated \n""fiy^ he Nepaulese, after a desperate \nsally, 3rd March, 1816. \n\nJago, St., Spanish register ship, \ntaken May, 1793, valued at \n1,500,000/. Jamaica plundered \n1595 ; pillaged by the English \n1635 ; taken by the English \n7th May, 1655. Java, Biitish \nfrigate, captured by the Ame- \nrican ship Constitution, 29th \nDec. 1812, and afterwards burnt. \nJava, island of, capitulated to the \nBritish, 18th Sept. 1811; sultan \nof Djojocarta, in the island of Java, \ndethroned by the British, and the \nhereditary prince raised to the \nthrone in his stead, 22nd. Jan. \n1813. Jerusalem taken by David \nfrom the Jebusites 1048; by Ne- \nbuchadnezzar, after a siege of 18 \nmonths, 9th June, 587 B.C. ; de- \nstroyed by Titus 31st Aug. A.D. \n70 taken by Robert Duke of Nor- \nmandy 1100. Jersey attempted \nby the French 1st May, 1779, and \ntheir shipping destroyed in Cancale \nBay. Igualada taken by General \nLacey, 4th Oct. 1811. Joppawas \nretaken from Buonaparte by the \nAllies under Sir Sidney Smith, \n22nd June, 1799. Invasions of \nEngland and Great Britain : \xe2\x80\x94 By \nthe Romans under Julius Csesar 55 \nB.C. ; again, under Plautius, A.D. \n\n\n\n43 ; by the Saxons 447 ; bv the \nDanes in 787, 832, 851, 866," 979, \nand 1012. \n\nInvasions. \xe2\x80\x94 From the death of \nEdward the Confessor there have \nbeen the following invasions : \xe2\x80\x94 \n1066, 29th Sept., successful, Wil- \nliam of Normandy ; 1069, unsuc- \ncessful, by the Irish ; 1071, un- \nsuccessful, by the Scots ; 1093, \nunsuccessful, by the Scots, when \ntheir king Malcolm was killed ; \n1101, unsuccessful, Robert of Nor- \nmandy ; 1136, unsuccessful, by the \nScots; 1139, unsuccessful, Maud; \n1326, 23rd Sept., successful, Isa- \nbel, queen of Edward II. ; 1399, \nJuly, successful, Duke of Lancas- \nter ; 1416, unsuccessful, by the \nFrench ; 1462, unsuccessful, queen \nof Henry VI. ; 1470, successful, \nEarl of Warwick ; 1471, success- \nful, Edward IV. ; 1471, unsuccess- \nful, queen of Henry VI. ; 1484, \nunsuccessful, Earl of Richmond j \n1485, 6th Aug., successful, Earl \nof Richmond ; 1487, unsuccessful, \nLambert Simnel ; 1495, unsuccess- \nful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1497, un- \nsuccessful, Perkin Warbeck ; 1588, \nunsuccessful, Philip of Spain ; 1650, \nunsuccessful, Charles II. ; 1685, \n25th Mav, unsuccessful, Duke of \nMonmouth ; 1688, 19th Oct., suc- \ncessful, Prince of Orange; 1689, \n22nd March, unsuccessful, James \nII. ; 1708, 17th March, unsuccess- \nful, the Pretender; 1715, unsuc- \ncessful, the Pretender ; 1745, 14th \nJuly, unsuccessful, the Pretender ; \n1797, 22nd Feb., unsuccessful, by \nthe French, in Wales. Iphigenia, \nBritish frigate, taken by the French \nin the Isle of Passe, at the Mauri- \ntius, 1810 ; retaken Dec. 1810. \nIreland, subdued by King Edgar \n962; invaded by Fitz-Stephen, \nnear Wexford, May, 1170, who \nsettled there the first colony of \nBritish inhabitants ; surrendered to \nHenry II. 1172; totally subdued \n1210; invaded by the Spaniards \n1601 ; attempted to be invaded by \nthe French in 1760 by Thurot ; \nand. in Jan. 1796, at Ban try Bay, \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n47 \n\n\n\nby the French, where their forces \nwere dispersed by a storm ; put \nunder martial law 19th May, 1797 ; \nthe French landed at Killala Bay \n1500 men on 22nd Aug., 1798, \nand surrendered prisoners,7th Sept. \nfollowing. Ischia surrendered to \nthe British 30th June, 1809. \nItaly was ravaged by the French \n1796 and 1797. Jugurtha, war \nwith, 111 B.C. Julius Agricola \ntotally subdued the Britons, 78. \nJunon, le, French frigate, taken \nby a British ship 10th Feb., 1809. \n\nKalungafort, East Indies, attack- \ned unsuccessfully by the Company\'s \nforces, and Gen. Gillespie hilled, 31 \nOct., 1814 ; attacked again unsuc- \ncessfully 25th Nov. ; evacuated by \nthe Nepaulese garrison 30th Nov. \nKehl surrendered to the Austrians \nafter 49 days\' siege, Jan. 1797. Ko- \nningsberg taken possession of by the \nFrench, April 1812. Kowno taken \nby the Russians 14th Dec, 1812. \nKragaro taken from the Norwegians \nby the Swedes 23rd July, 1814. \n\nLandrecy surrendered to the \nFrench 15th July, 1794. Land- \nshut taken by the French 21st \nApril, 1809. Langres taken by \nthe allied Russian and Prussian \narmy under General Giulay 17th \nJan., 1814. Las Medas island \ntaken by the Spaniards 12 th \nSept., 1811. Lefevre, General, \ndefeated by the Arragonese, Aug. \n1808. Leghorn was taken posses- \nsion of 29th July, 1796; by the \nFrench under Buonaparte, 15th \nApril, 1799; abandoned by them \n19th July ; attacked by the British \nand Italian forces without success, \n14th Dec, 1814. Leipsic seized \nby the Prussians 1st Sept., 1756; \nby the Austrians 1809 ; taken from \nthe French by the allied Austrians, \nRussians, and Prussians, 19th Oct. \n1813. Leon, French ship of 74 \nguns, chased on shore by the Eng- \nlish off Frontignan, and burnt, 24th \nOct. 1810. Lerida, fortress of, \ntaken by the French 14th May, \n1810 ; capitulated to the Spaniards \n1 8th Feb., 1814. Liege, the city \nof, taken by the English 1702 ; by \n\n\n\nthe French in 1792 ; by the French \nin 1795 ; by the Austrians in 1 798. \nLima, royal army of, defeated by \nthe insurgent army, June 1815. \nLittle Belt sloop and American \nfrigate the President, rencontre be- \ntween, 14th Dec 1813. Llewel- \nlyn, the last prince of the Welsh, \ndefeated, and his head put on the \nTower of London, 1286. Loire, \nthe army of, under Generals Suchet \nand Davoust, submitted to the \ngovernment of Louis XVIII., 16th \nJuly, 1815. Lombardy conquered \nby Charlemagne 770. London- \nderry besieged 20th April, 1689. \nLoretto pillaged by the French \narmy, and the Madona sent to \nParis, 6th Feb., 1797. Louisbourg \ntaken by the English 17th June, \n1745 , given up to the Frftrch\' \n1749; retaken 22nd July, 1758. \nLubec entered by the Prussians, \nMarch, 1801 ; taken by the French \nJune, 1803 ; taken by storm by \nthe French 6th Nov. 1806; capi- \ntulated to the allied Austrians, \nRussians, and Prussians, 5th Dec, \n1813. Lucia, St., taken by the \nEnglish 17th Jan., 1779 and 1794; \nagain, 3 1 st May, 1 796 ; again, 22nd \nJune, 1803. Luxembourg was \ntaken and pillaged by the French \nin 1543 ; was retaken by the Span- \niards 1544 ; was taken by the \nFrench 4th June, 1684, but was \nrestored to Spain 1697 ; again taken \nby the French 1701 ; belonged to \nthe emperor 1715, and was sur- \nrendered to the French, after a \nsevere siege, 7th June, 1795. Ly- \nons capitulated to the Austrians \n23rd March, 1814, and 12th July, \n1815 ; revolutionary movements \nat, against the Bourbons, suppressed \nJan. 1816. \n\nMacedonian war commenced \n200 B.C. Madeira, island of, \ntaken by the English 25th \nJuly, 1801 ; again, 24th Dec. \n1 807. Madrid, King Joseph Buo- \nnaparte made his public entry into, \n20th July, 1808 ; evacuated by \nthe French 27th July, 1808; re- \ntaken by them 7th Dec. ; entered \nby the allied army under Lord \n\n\n\n48 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nWellington 12th Aug., 1812 ; re- \noccupied by the French 1st Nov., \n1812. Maestricht was taken from \nthe Spaniards by the Dutch 1632 ; \nfrom the Dutch by France 1673 ; \nrestored to them in 1679 ; was \ntaken again by the French 4th \nNov., 1794. Magicienne, British \nfrigate, ran aground at the Mauri- \ntius, and was burnt by the crew, \n23rd Aug., 1810. Malacca seized \nby the Dutch 1640 ; surrendered \nto the English 17th Aug., 1795. \nMalaga taken by the French 5th \nFeb. 1810 ; evacuated by them \n17th March, 1810. Male\'s, St., \nreduced to ashes by the English \n1695. Malta was taken by the \nFrench 11th June, 1798; by the \nEnglish in 1800. Manheim was \ntaken by the French in 1793, and \nretaken by the Austrians 22nd \nNov., 1795, with 10,338 prisoners, \n4 generals, and 400 guns, besides \nstores ; was taken by the French \n\n1796, but retaken by the Austrians \n18th Sept., 1799. Manilla taken \n27th July, 1762. Mantua sur- \nrendered to the French 1st Feb., \n\n1797, and was retaken 28th July, \n1799, by the Russians and Aus- \ntrians, after a short siege. Marc, \nSt., West Indies, taken by the Eng- \nlish 31st Oct., 1803. Marcou,St., \nisles on the coast of France, taken \nby Sir Sidney Smith in July, 1795, \nand ably defended by Lieutenant \nPrice against the French troops 7th \nMay, 1798. Margaret, queen to \nHenry VI. with her son, taken \nprisoners at the battle of Tewkes- \nbury 4th May, 1471. Marti nico \ntaken from the French Feb. 1762 ; \nagain, 23rd March, 1794, and 24th \nFeb., 1809 ; revolutionary move- \nments at, in favour of Buonaparte, \nsuppressed by aid of British troops \nfrom St. Lucie, June 1815. Mar- \ntins, St., a Danish island in the \nWest Indies, taken by the English \n24th March, 1801 . Messenian war, \nfirst, 743 ; second, 685 B.C. Mat- \nthews and Lestock, Admirals, suf- \nfered the French and Spanish squad- \nron to escape, Feb. 1746. Mauri- \ntius surrendered to the British 3rd \n\n\n\nDec, 1810. Medina taken by the \nFrench 28th March, 1809. Memel \ntaken by the Russians 27th Dec, \n1812. Mequinenza, fortress of, \ntaken by ahe French 8th June, \n1810; capitulated to the Spaniards \n18th Feb., 1814. Merida taken \nby the French 8th June, 1810. \nMexico seized by the Spaniards \n1521 ; army of the insurgents of, \ndefeated near Acalco 7th Nov., \n1810; defeated again after a severe \nconflict, at the bridge of Aldaron, \nnear Zapotelnejo, 17th Jan., 1811. \nMilan was seized by the French, \n18th May, 1796 ; the Castle, 29th \nJune ; and was taken from them \nby the Russians and Austrians, \n28th April, 1799. Minorca con- \nquered by General Stanhope, Aug. \n1708 ; surrendered to the French, \nJune, 1756 ; restored to the Eng- \nlish, 1763 ; was besieged by the \nSpaniards, and taken, 5th Feb., \n1782 ; surrendered to the English,- \n14th Nov., 1796. Monzon reco- \nvered by the Spaniards, 18th Feb., \n1814. Mobile, West Florida, \ntaken by the Americans, 1813 ; \nsurrendered by capitulation to the \nBritish, 11th Jan., 1815. Modena \nsurrendered to the Austrians, \nMay 1799, and was retaken by \nthe French, 3rd July, following. \nMoldavia and Wallachia invaded bv \nthe Russians, 23rd Nov., 1806. \nMoncey, General, defeated by the \nPatriots of Valencia, 1st July, \n1808. Monmouth, Duke of, in- \nvaded England, 11th June, 1685; \nproclaimed king at Taunton, 20th \nJune, following ; defeated near \nBridgewater, 5th July ; beheaded \non Tower-hill, 15th July, aged \n35. Monte Video taken bv storm \nby the British, 3rd Feb.," 1807 ; \ncapitulated to Buenos Ayres, 20th \nJune, 1814. Montserrat, Isle of, \ntaken by the French, 18th Feb., \n1782 ; restored to England, 1783. \nMontreal taken by the English, \n1760 ; by the Provincials, 12th \nNov., 1775 ; and retaken by the \nEnglish, 15th June, 1776. Moose- \nisland, in Passamaquoddy-bay, sur- \nrendered to the British, 11th July, \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n49 \n\n\n\n1814. Moro-castle, at the Havan- \nnah, taken by the English, 1762. \nMorocco conquered by the King of \nFez, 1611. Moscow entered by \nthe French, 14th Sept., 1812 ; set \non fire in 500 places at once by \norder of the Russian governor, and \nthree-fourths of the city destroyed \ntwo days after ; evacuated by the \nFrench, and re-entered by the \nRussians, 22nd Oct. 1812. Mos- \nkwa, Russians driven from it by \nthe French, 5th Sept. 1812. Mu- \nnich was taken by the French, \n25th Aug., 1796 ; again, 28th \nJune, 1800. Murcia entered by \nthe French, 23rd April, 1810. \nMurviedro capitulated to the \nFrench, 26th Oct., 1811. \n\nNamur was taken by the French, \n18th July, 1794. Naples was taken \npossession of by the French, 21st \nJune, 1799, and retaken by Cardi- \nnal Ruffo, 10th July following; \nagain entered by the French, 8 th \nApril, 1801 ; and 15 th Feb., \n1806. Naples, ships of war in the \nBay of, surrendered to the British, \nMay, 1815; city of, quitted by \nMurat, and entered by the Aus- \ntrian troops, 22nd April, 1815 ; \npublic entrance of King Ferdinand \ninto the city after an absence of \nnine years, ] 7th June, 1815. Na- \nvarino, battle, in which the Turk- \nish navy was destroyed by the \ncombined fleets of England, France, \nand Russia, 20th Oct., 1827. \nNaiad frigate attacked off Boulogne \nby seven French praams by order \nof Buonaparte, which were repulsed \nand driven under their batteries, \n21st Sept., 1811. Nepaul, East \nIndia Company\'s war with the \nstate of, terminated, 27th April, \n\n1815 ; treaty of peace signed be- \ntween the parties, 2nd Dec. 1815 ; \nwar renewed by an infraction of \nthe treaty by the Nepaulese, Jan., \n\n1816 ; after several contests unfa- \nvourable to the Nepaulese, the \nformer treaty ratified, 15th March, \n1816. Nereid, British frigate, \nstranded and fell into the hands of \nthe French at the Mauritius, 23rd \n\n\n\nAug., 1810. Nevis Isle taken by \nthe French, 14th Feb., 1782; \nrestored to the English, 1783. \nNew Valentia reduced by General \nMiranda, 12th Aug., 1811. New \nYork surrendered to the British \ntroops, 15th Sept. 1776. Niagara \ntaken by the English, ] 759. Ni- \nagara, fort, taken by the British, \n19th Dec, 1813. Niemen, French \nfrigate, taken by the Amethyst, \n6th April, 1809. Nineveh des- \ntroyed by the Medes, 612 B. C. \nNisrnes, several houses burnt, and \nmassacres perpetrated by the Ca- \ntholics at, July, 1815.; farther \nviolences committed at, and the \nplace quitted by the Protestants of \ndistinction and property, 4th May, \n1816. Norfolk, Virginia, des- \ntroyed by the British forces, 1st \nJan., 1776. Normandy conquered \nfrom the crown of France, 876 ; \ninvaded on all hands, 1117. Nor- \nmans, their invasion commenced in \n800 ; settled in France in 1002 ; \nin Friesland, 1011 ; reduced \nEngland, 1066; driven out of \nNaples in 1194. Norwich des- \ntroyed by Sweyn of Denmark, \n1004. Nova Scotia taken by the \nEnglish from the French, 1681 ; \nrestored, 1731; taken again, 1745 \nand 1 758, and confirmed to Eng- \nland, 1760; divided into two pro- \nvinces, 1784 ; had a bishop ap- \npointed by the King of England, \n11th Aug., 1787. Numantine \nwar commenced) 141 B. C. Nu- \nremberg was seized by the French, \n9th July, 1796 ; and by the Aus- \ntrians in August following. \n\nOcracoke, North Carolina, taken \nby the British, July, 1813. Ogden- \nburg, river St. Lawrence, taken by \nthe British, 21st Feb., 1813. Oli- \nvenza surrendered to the French, \n22nd June, 1810; to the allied \narmy under Lord Wellington, 1 5th \nApril, 1811. Oliva, fort, taken by \nstratagem by the French, with 900 \nSpanish prisoners, 29th June, 181 1. \nOmoa, Bay of Honduras, taken by \nthe British forces, 20th Oct., 1779 ; \nbut soon after retaken by the Spa- \n\nD \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nniards. Oporto, taken by the \nFrench, 29th March, 1809; e va- \ncated by them, 12th May follow- \ning. Oran, in Barbary, taken by \nthe Spaniards from the Moors, \n1507, ceded to tbe Algerines in \n1791. Orleans, the siege of, 4 th \nMay, 1428; again, 1563. Or- \nleans, New, British unsuccessful \nattack upon, lost in killed, wound- \ned, and prisoners, 2000 men ; Ge- \nnerals Pakenham and Gibbs were \nalso killed, and General Keane \nwounded, 8th Jan., 1815. Ormus \ntaken from Portugal by the assist- \nance of the East India Company, \n1622. Osnaburgh taken and pil- \nlaged by the French, 1761. Os- \ntend had its works and floodgates j \nof its canals destroyed by the \nEnglish, 19th May, 1798. Oswego \ntaken by the English, 1 756 ; \nagain, 5th May, 1814. \n\nPadua taken by the Archd. John, \nand retaken by the French, 1809. | \nPalamos, Spain, taken by the I \nFrench, 1694. Pampeluna capitu- \nlated to the Spanish Marshal \nEspana, 31st Oct., 1813. Paris \nentered by the allied Austrian, \nRussian, and Prussian army, 31st \nMarch, 1814. Parma and Pla- \ncenza seized by the French, 3rd \nJuly, 1799. Passages*, French \ngarrison of, surrendered to the \nSpanish troops, 30th June, 1813 ; \nand 6th July, 1815. Passe, isle \nof, Mauritius ; British frigates \ntaken [at, by the French, 1810. \nPeloponnesian war, which conti- \nnued 27 years, began 431 B. C. \nPernambuco, revolutionary insur- \nrection in the province of, in \nMarch 1817. Persan attacked \nunsuccessfully by the British and \nSepoys, 1st Jan., 1815. Persian \nempire conquered by Alexander, \n331 B. C. Peschiera, Italy, taken \nfrom the French, with 90 pieces of \ncannon, &c, 6th May, 1799. \nPeterborough city nearly destroyed \nby the Danes, 887. Petion de- \nfeated with great slaughter, and his \nflotilla destroyed bv Christophe, \nchief of Hayti* Feb.," ] 808. Phi- \n\n\n\nlipsburgh taken by the French, \n1734. Phoeaean, or sacred war, \n357 B. C. Piedmont surrendered \nto the French, 6th Dec. 1798; \nrecovered in 1799. Pillau sur- \nrendered to the Russians, 8th Feb., \n1813. Plantagenet, Geoffrey, Earl \nof Anjou, invaded Normandy, \n1137. Plattsburgh, Lake Cham- \nplain, expedition against, by Sir \nGeorge Prevost, abandoned after a \na naval defeat, 11th Sept., 1814. \nPlymouth burnt by the French, \n1377. Poleroon Isle, East Indies, \nseized by the Dutch, 1664. Po- \nmerania, Swedish, entered by the \nFrench, Jan., 1812. Pondicherry \ntaken by the Dutch from France, \n1694 ; by the English, 1761, Oct., \n1778, and Aug., 1793. Ponza, \nisland of, taken by a British de- \ntachment from Palermo, 29th \nFeb., 1813. Portobello taken by \nAdmiral Vernon, 22nd Nov., \n1739. Porto Cavello taken by \nsurprise by the Spanish royalists, \n6th July, 1812. Portsmouth, in \nVirginia, destroyed by the British \nforces, 1st July,1776. Portsmouth, \nIsland, North Carolina, taken by \nthe British, July, 1813. Potosi \nevacuated by the royalists, and \nentered by the Buenos Ayres army, \nunder General Rondeau, 5th April, \n1815. Punic war, the first, com- \nmenced, 263; the second, 218; \nthe third, 149 B. C. Pyrrhus \nwounded in a battle with the Ro- \nmans, in which he lost 20,000 \nmen, they 5000. \n\nQuebec besieged in vain by the \nEnglish, 171 1. Quebec taken from \nthe French, 13th Sept., 1759. Que- \nbec besieged in vain by the Pro- \nvincials, 6th Dec, 1775. Queen\'s \nTown, Canada, taken by the troops \nof the United States,\' 13th Oct., \n1812; retaken by the British the \nsame day. Quesnoy surrendered \nto Prince Frederick of the Nether- \nlands, 29th June, 1815. \n\nRaab capitulated to the French, \n24 June, 1 809. Ragosinza, eighteen \nvessels brought out of the creek \nof, and ten destroyed, by the Bri- \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa051 \n\n\n\ntish, 27th July, 1811. Ragusa, \nbesieged by the Russians and \nMontenegrins, July, 1806. Ratis- \nbon taken by the French, 23rd \nApril, 1809. Rhodes taken by \nthe Saracens, and the colossus, j \nwhich had been thrown down by \nan earthquake, which weighed t \n720,0001b., sold to a Jew in 652 ; j \ntaken by the Turks, 1521, when! \nthe knights quitted it, and settled \' \nat Malta. Rhode Island was taken \nfrom the Americans by the British \nforces. 6th Dec, 1776. Richard \nI., king of England, taken prisoner \nin Germanv. and ransomed for j \n100,000 marks, 1193. Rome i \nsacked by Brennus, 390 B. C. ; I \nseized by the French, 2nd Feb., \n1799 ; and surrendered to the \nNeapolitans, 18th July, 1799 ; j \nand the Austrians and Russians \nentered and repulsed the French \nfrom the castle of St. Angelo, 30th \nSept., 1799. Rosas, town, capitu- \nlated to the French, 5th Dec. 1808. \nRye burnt by the French, 1377. \n\nSabine virgins, rape of, by \nthe Romans, 750 B. C. Saint \nDomingo, French part, put itself \nunder the English protection. 18th \nAug., 1793 ; declared itself inde- i \npendent Jan., 1797. Saint Jago \ndi Compostella taken bv the \nFrench, 23rd May, 1809. \' Saint j \nMaura, island, taken by the Bri- i \ntish, 23rd July. 1810. Saint \nPhilippe, on the Catalonian coast, \nsurrendered to the British, 6th \nduly, 1813. Saint Sebastian taken \nby storm by General Graham, 31st \nJuly, 1813. Salamanca entered \nby Lord "Wellington, 16th June. \n1812. Samnite war ended 272 \nB. C.. having continued 71 years. \nSandwich burnt by the Danes, 957. \nSandwich, the earl of, admiral, \nblown up in an engagement with \nthe French, 21st May, 1672. \nSanta Cruz surrendered to the \nEnglish, 23rd Dec, 1807. Sara- \ngossa taken by the French. 21st \nFeb., 1809. \' Sardinia, isle of, \ntaken by the English, 1708. \nSardinia taken by the Genoese \n\n\n\nfrom the Moors, 1115. Sardis \ntaken by the Athenians, 504 \nB. C. Saxony conquered by \nCharlemagne, 774. Schombersr \nduke of, landed in Ireland, neai \nCarrickfergus, with an army, 13th \nAug. 1689; killed at the battle \nof the Boyne, 1690. Schweidnitz \ntaken by the Austrians, 1758, and \nretaken by the Prussians. Taken \nagain, 1761, and again retaken, \n1762. Scipio. Cn., took the two \ncamps of Asdrubal and Syphax. \nkilled 40,000 of their men. and \ntook 6000 prisoners, 214 B. C. \n\nSea-fights With the Danes. \n\nwhen Alfred defeated 120 ships \noff Dorsetshire, in 898. Be- \ntween the French and English, \n1217. Between the English and \nFlemings, 1371. With the \nFrench, near Sluys, and 400 sail \ntaken, with 30.000 men, 1340. \nEiehtv French ships taken by the \nEnglish, 1389. Off Barfleur, \nwhere the Duke of Bedford took \n500 French and 3 Genoese vessels, \n1416. Near Milford Haven, \nwhen 31 French ships were taken \nor destroyed, 1405. Off Sand- \nwich, when the French fleet was \ntaken by the earl of Warwick, \nNov., 1449. Between the Eng- \nlish and French, when the latter \nwere defeated, 1545. Again 1549. \nwhen 1000 French were killed. \nNear the Gulf of Lepanto between \nthe Christian powers and the \nTurks, which last lost 25,000 men \nkilled, and 4000 taken prisoners ; \nand out of 260 vessels, saved only \n25, 7th Oct., 1571. Between the \nEnglish fleet and the Spanish Ar- \nmada, 1588. Between the Spa- \nniards and Dutch, 1639. In the \nDowns with the Dutch, 19th \nJune, 1652. Again, 28th Sept.. \n28th Oct., 29th Nov., 1652. Near \nPortland, with the Dutch, who \nwere beaten, 18th Feb., 1652-3. \nOff Portsmouth, when Admiral \nBlake took 11 Dutch men of war \nand 30 merchant ships, 10th Feb., \n1652. Off the North Foreland, \nwhen the Dutch lost 20 men of war, \nd 2 \n\n\n\n52 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n2nd June. 1653. On the coast of \nHolland when they lost 30 men of \nwar, and Admiral Tromp was \nkilled, 29th July, 1653. At \nCadiz, when the galleons were \ndestroyed hy the English, Sept., \n1656. At the Canaries, when \nBlake destroyed the galleons \nApril, 1657. One hundred and \nthirty of the Bordeaux fleet des- \ntroyed by the duke of York, \n4th Dec., 1664. Off Harwich, \nwhen 18 capital Dutch ships were \ntaken, and 14 destroyed, 3rd June, \n\n1665. The earl of Sandwich took \n12 men of war and two East India \nships, 4th Sept., 1665. Again, \nwhen the English lost nine and \nthe Dutch 15 ships, 4th June, \n\n1666. The Dutch totally de- \nfeated, with the loss of 24 men of \nwar, four admirals, and 4000 officers \nand seamen, 25th and 26th July, \n1666. Five of the Dutch Smyrna \nfleet and four East India ships \ntaken by the English, 14th March, \n1671-2.\' At South wold-bay, when \nthe earl of Sandwich was blown \nup, and the Dutch defeated by the \nduke of York, 28th May, 1672. \nAgain, by Prince Rupert, 28th \nMay, 4th June, and 11th Aug., \nwhen the Dutch were defeated, \n1673. In the Bay Tripoli, \nwhen the English burnt four men \nof war of the state, 4th March, \n1674-5. Off Beachy-head, when \nthe English and Dutch were de- \nfeated by the French, 30th June, \n1690. Off La Hogue, when the \nFrench fleet was entirely defeated, \nand twenty-one large men of \nwar destroyed, 19th May, 1692. \nOff St. Vincent, when the English \nand Dutch were defeated by the \nFrench, 16th June, 1693. The \nVigo fleet taken by the English and \nDutch 12th Oct., 1702. Between \nthe French and English, when the \nformer entirely relinquished the \ndominion of the sea to the latter, \n24th Aug., 1704. At Gibraltar, \nwhen the French lost five men of \nwar, 5th Nov., 1704. Off the \nLizard, when the English were de- \n\n\n\nfeated, 9th Oct., 1707. Admiral \nLeake took 60 French ships laden \nwith provisions 22nd May, 1708. \nNear Carthagena, when Admiral \nWager destroyed a fleet, 28th May, \n1708. Spanish fleet destroyed by \nSir George Byiig, 31st July, 1718. \nOff Toulon, 9th Feb., 1774. In \nthe East Indies, when the French \nretired to Pondicherry, 1747. Off \nCape Finisterre, when the French \nfleet was taken by Admiral Anson, \n3rd May, 1747. Off Newfound- \nland, when Boscawen took two men \nof war, 10th June, 1755. Off \nUshant, when Admiral Hawke took \nsix men of Avar of the French, 14th \nOct., 1747. Off Belieisle, when \nhe took fourteen sail of victuallers, \n14th July, 1756. Off Cape Fran- \ncois, when seven ships were de- \nfeated by three English, 21st Oct., \n1757. French beaten off Cape \nLagos by Admiral Boscawen 18th \nAug., 1759. Off Quiberon Bay; \nwhen Hawke defeated the French, \n20th Nov., 1759. Keppel took \nthree French frigates and a fleet of \nmerchant ships 9th Oct., 1762. \nOn Lake Champlain, where the \nProvincials were totally destroyed \nby the British forces, 11th Oct., \n1776. O ff Ushant, a drawn battle \nbetween Keppel and Dorvilliers, \n17th July, 1778. Off Penobscot, \nNew England, when the American \nfleet was totally destroyed, 30th \nJuly, 1779. Near Cape [St. Vin- \ncent, between Admiral Rodney and \nAdmiral Don Langara, when the \nlatter was defeated and taken pri- \nsoner, 8th Jan., 1780. Near Cadiz, \nwhen Admiral Rodney defeated \nthe Spaniards, 16th Jan., 1780. \nDogger-bank, between Admiral \nParker and the Dutch, 5th Aug., \n1781. Off the Cape of Virginia, \nbetween Admiral Arbuthnot and \nthe French, 1781. Between Mar- \ntinique and Guadaloupe, when Ad- \nmiral Rodney defeated the French \ngoing to attack Jamaica, and took \nfive ships of the line and Admiral \nCount de Grasse, 12th April, 1782. \nThe same day Admiral Hughes \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n53 \n\n\n\ndefeated the fleet of France under I \nAdmiral Suffrein in the East In- I \ndies. Lord Howe totally defeated i \nthe French fleet, took six ships of j \nwar, and sunk several, 1st June, \n1794. Sir Edward Pellew took | \n15 sail, and burnt seven, out of a \nfleet of 35 sail of transports, 8th \nMarch, 1795. The French fleet \ndefeated, and two ships of war \ntaken, by Admiral Hotham, 14th \nMarch, 1795. Admiral Cornwal- \nlis took eight transports under con- \nvoy of three French men of war, \n7 th June, 1795. Eleven Dutch \nEast Indiamen w\xc2\xabre taken by the \nSceptre man of war and some armed \nIndiamen, 19th June, 1795. The \nFrench fleet defeated by Lord \nBridport, "25th June, 1795, and \nthree ships of war taken near \nL\'Orient. The Dutch fleet, under \nAdmiral Lucas, in Saldanha Bay, \nAfrica, consisting of five men of \nwar and several frigates, surren- \ndered to Sir George Keith Elphin- \nstone on 19th Aug., 1796. The \nSpanish fleet defeated by Sir J. \nJervis, and four line of battle ships \ntaken, 14th Feb.. 1797. The I \nDutch fleet was defeated by Ad- \nmiral Duncan on the coast of Hoi. \nland, where their two admirals and \n12 ships of war were taken or de- \nstroyed, 11th Oct., 1797. The \nFrench fleet, of 17 ships of war, \ntotally defeated, and nine of them \ntaken, by Sir Horatio Nelson, 1st \nAug., 1798, near the Nile, Egypt. \nThe French off the coast of Ireland, \nconsisting of nine ships, by Sir J. \nB. Warren, 12th Oct., 1798, when \nhe took five of them. The Dutch \nfleet in the Texel surrendered to \nAdmiral Mitchell, on his taking \nthe Helder, 29th Aug., 1799. \nSound between Denmark and Swe- \nden passed by the English fleet, \nwhen Copenhagen was bombarded, \n2nd April, 1801. The Danish \nfleet, of 28 sail, taken or destroyed \nby Lord Nelson off Copenhagen, \n2nd April, 1801. Between the \nFrench and English in the Bay of \nCibraltar ; Hannibal of 74 guns \nlost, 5th July, 1 801. French fleet \n\n\n\ndefeated near Cadiz, 16th July, \n1801 ; two Freuch 74 burnt, one \ntaken. French and Spanish fleets \ntotally defeated off Cape Trafalgar, \nLord Nelson killed in the action, \n21st Oct., 1805. French fleet \ntaken by Sir R. Strachan, 4th Nov. \n1805. French fleet defeated in \nthe West Indies by Sir T. Duck- \nworth, 6th Feb., 1806. French \nsquadron taken by Sir J. B. War- \nren, 13th March, 1806. French \nsquadron in the harbour of Cadiz \nsurrendered to the Spanish patriots, \n14th June, 1808. Russian fleet in \nthe Tagus surrendered to the Eng- \nlish, 3rd Sept., 1808. French ship- \nping and batteries destroyed in \nBasque Roads bv Lord Gambler, \nApril, 1809. Russian flotilla, east- \nward of Nargen Island, and another \nunder Percola Point, taken or de- \nstroyed by Sir James Saumarez, \nJuly, 1809. Three French ships, \nRobust of 84 guns, Leon of 74, and \nBoree of 74 guns, driven on shore \nbv a British squadron under Lord \nCollingwood, 25th Oct., 1809, and \nthe first two burnt by the French \nthe nest day. Eleven ships and \nvessels destroyed or taken in the \nBay of Rosas, by the boats of a \nBritish squadron under Captain \nHallowell, 1st Nov. 1309. French \nfrigates, La Loire and La Seine, \ndestroyed by the ships under Sir \nA. Cochrane, off Basseterre, Gua- \ndaloupe, 18th Dec, 1809. Gallant \naction of the British frigate Spartan \nwith a French force in the Bay of \nNaples, 3rd May, 1810. Severe \naction between the British ship \nTribune, Captain Reynolds, and 4 \nDanish brigs, Avhich escaped from \nthe Tribune being damaged in her \nsails, 12 May, 1810. Seventeen \nvessels captured or destroyed under \nthe batteries of the Isle of Rhe, \nby the boats of the Armide and \nCadmus, under Lieutenant Ro- \nberts, May, 1810. Four French \nvessels captured off Portichi by \nthe boats of the Cerberus and \nActive, 4th Feb., 1811. Twenty- \ntwo vessels from Otranto taken by \nthe Cerberus and Active, 22nd Feb, \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n1811. Amazon, French frigate, \ndestroyed off Cape Barfleur by part \nof the Cherbourg squadron, 25th \nMarch, 1811. Number of French \nships with stores to Corfu captured \nby the cruisers under Captain Ot- \nway, 27th April, 1811. Three \nFrench frigates burnt in Lazone \nBay by three British ships under \nCaptain Barrie, 1st May, 1811. \nRencontre between the British fri- \ngate Little Belt and the American \nfrigatePresident,16May,1811. Off \nMadagascar, between three British \nfrigates and a sloop, and three large \nFrench frigates with troops, when \ntwo of the French frigates surren- \ndered^-as did the settlement of \nTanlatave, to Captain Schomberg, \n21st May, 1811. Six French pri- \nvateers captured off Sibiona by the \nboats of the Sabine sloop, 26th \nMay, 1811. Twenty-six sail of \nFrench ships taken off Palinuro \nby the British ships Thames and \nCephalus, 20th July, 1811, and \nafterwards 10 other Neapolitan ves- \nsels by the Thames. Eighteen ves- \nsels brought out and ten destroyed \nin a creek of Ragosinza, Avithout \nthe loss of a British man, 27th \nJuly, 1811. Four Danish gun- \nboats taken by the British near \nHeligoland, 6th Aug., 1811. Five \nFrench vessels with stores captured \nin the Channel by the British ship \nHawke, 17th Aug., 1811; and \nseveral others by the same ship \ntwo days after. The French gun- \nbrig Teaser, and Le Pluvier, with \neight vessels, captured by the boats \nof the Diana and Semiramis, 25th \nAug., 1811. A French brig sunk, \ntwo driven ashore, and a small vil- \nlage battered to the ground near \nCherbourg, by the British ship \nHotspur, 8 th Sept. ,1811. British \nfrigate Naiad attacked by seven \narmed praams, in presence of Buo- \nnaparte, which were repulsed and \ndriven under the batteries, 21st \nSept., 1811. French frigate Pom- \nona captured by the British frigate \nActive, 29th Dec, 1811. Rivoli, \nFrench ship of 84 guns, taken by \nthe British ship Victorious of 74 \n\n\n\nguns, 21st Feb., 1812. French \nflotilla defeated before Dieppe by \nCaptains Harvey and Troll ope, of \nthe Rosario and Griffin sloops, 27th \nMarch, 1812. Two French fri- \ngates and a brig destroyed at the \nentrance of L\' Orient by the North- \numberland man of war, 22nd May, \n1812. Severe action between the \nBritish squadron Podargus, Calyp- \nso, and Flamer gun-brig, and a \nDanish squadron off Mardoe, when \ntwo Danish vessels were reduced to \na wreck, 6th July, 1812. British \nfrigate Guerriere captured and de- \nstroyed by the American frigate \nConstitution, 19th Aug., 1812. \nBritish brig Frolic captured by the \nAmerican sloop Wasp, 18th Oct., \n\n1812. British frigate Macedonian \ncaptured by the American ship \nUnited States, 25th Oct., 1812. \nBritish frigate Java captured by the \nAmerican ship Constitution, 29th \nDec, 1812. Between the British \nship Amelia and a French frigate off \nthe African coast, in which the \nAmelia had 46 killed and 95 \nwounded, 7th Feb., 1812. Pea- \ncock, British sloop of war, captured \nby the American ship Hornet, and \nso disabled that \'she sank with a \ngreat part of her crew, 25th Feb. \nJ 8 13. American frigate Chesa- \npeake captured by the British ship \nShannon, 1st June, 1813. Ameri- \ncan armed vessels Growler and \nEagle taken, after a smart action, \nby the British gun-boats, 3rd June, \n\n1813. American sloop of war Ar- \ngus taken by the British sloop Peli- \ncan, 14th Aug.,** 1813. French \nfrigate La Trave, of 44 guns, taken \nbv the British frioate Andromache, \nof 38 guns, 23rd Oct., 1813. \nFrench frigate Alcmene taken by \nthe British ship Venerable, 16th \nJan., 1814 ; and the French frigate \nIphigenia a few days after. Ceres, \nFrench frigate taken by the Brit- \nish ship Tagus, 6th Jan., 1814. \nFrench frigate Terpsichore captured \nby the British ship Majestic, 3rd \nFeb., 1814. French frigate Clo- \nriade surrendered to the British \nfrigates Dryad and Achates, after a \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n55 \n\n\n\nsevere engagement with the Euro- \ntas, 25th Feb., 1814. French fri- \ngate LTEtoile captured by the Brit- \nish sbip Hebrus,27th March, 1814. \nAmerican frigate Essex captured \nby the British ships Phoebe and \nCherub, 29th March, 1814. Brit- \nish squadron captured by an Ame- \nrican squadron, after a severe con- \nflict, in Lake Cham plain, 11th \nSept., 1814. Avon, British sloop \nof war, sunk by the American \nsloop Wasp, off Kinsale, 8th Sept., \n1814. American ship President \ncaptured by the British ship Endy- \nmion, 15th Jan., 1815. \n\nSenegal taken by the English, \n1st May, 1758 ; again, 1779; again, \n13 July, 1809. Sennacherib\'s army \ndestroyed, 710 B.C. Seringapa- \ntam, capital of the Mysore, taken \nby the English under General Har- \nris, 6th May, L799. Seville sur- \nrendered to the French, 1st Feb., \n1810; retaken by the allies 27th \nAug., 1812. Sheerness blown up \nby the Dutch fleet, 1667. Sierra \nLeone nearly destroyed by a French \nfrigate in 1795. Silesia taken by \nthe King of Prussia, 1740. Sluys \nwas taken by the Spaniards in \n1587, and in 1604 the Dutch re- \ntook it ; the French took it in \n1747, but it was restored at the \npeace. Smolensko entered by the \nFrench, after a sanguinary battle, \n18th Aug., 1812 ; evacuated by \nthem 18th Nov. Spain became \nsubject to the Saracens in 713, and \nwas recovered from them 1493; \ninvaded by the French, 1808. \nStonington, North America, taken \nby Sir Thomas Harding, 11th Aug., \n1814. Stralsund taken possession \nof by the French, 26th Jan., 1812. \nSuetonius Paulinus, in the reign of \nNero, invaded the island of Angle- \nsea, and burnt the Druids, 59 ; \ndefeated Boadicea at London, and \nslew 80,000 of the Britons the \nsame year. Surat taken by the \nEnglish, 1759. Surinam surren- \ndered by the English to Holland, \n1667 ; taken by the English, 20th \nAug., 1799; again, 5th May, 1804. \n\n\n\nSusa, Africa, bombarded and nearly \ndestroyed by the Venetians, Nov., \n1784. Syria was subdued by the \nTurks, 1515. \n\nTamatave, island of Madagascar, \ncapitulated to the English, 21 May, \n1811. Tangiers taken by the Span- \niards from the Moors, 1470; des- \ntroyed by the English, 1684. Tarra- \ngona surrendered to the French, 28 \nJune, 1811; abandoned by them, \n4th Sept., 1813. Tariffa, siege of, \nraised by the French, 1812. Te- \nrn eswaer taken by the Imperialists, \n1716. Ternate, in the East Indies, \ncaptured by the English, 21st June, \n1801. Theban war, 1225 B.C. \nThebes destroyed by Alexander, \nwhen he left only Pindar the poet\'s \nhouse standing, 335 B.C. Thet- \nford burnt by the Danes, 1010. \nThomas, St., a Danish island, taken \nby the English, 28th March, 1801 ; \nagain, 21st Dec, 1807. Thorn, \ngarrison of, capitulated to the Rus- \nsians, 18th April, 1813. Thurot, \nCaptain, made a descent on the \ncoast of Ireland, 20th Feb., 1760. \nTiconderago taken by the English, \n1759; by the Provincials, 13th \nMay, 1775. Tobago taken by the \nEnglish from the Dutch, 1672; \nretaken by them, 1674; taken by \nthe French, 2nd June, 1781 ; and \nretaken by the English, 1793 ; \nagain, 30th June, 1803. Tortona \nwas taken by the French, 5th \nJuly, 1799; abandoned the 20th \nof the same month, and surren- \ndered to the Imperialists, 1 1th Aug., \n1799. Tortosa, garrison of, sur- \nrendered to the French, 1st Jan., \n1811. Toulon taken from the \nFrench revolutionists by Admiral \nHood, 1793; abandoned to their \nforces Dec. the same year ; signed \nan act of submission to Louis \nXVIII., 23rd July, 1815. Tou- \nlouse entered by Lord Wellington \n12th April, 1*814. Trent was \ntaken by the French in ] 796, who \nwere repulsed by the Austrians the \nsame year. Treves taken by the \nFrench in 1794. Trieste was \nseized by the French, but retaken \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nby the Austrians, 14th April, 1797. \nTrincomalee, Ceylon, taken by the \nEnglish 11th Jan., 1782 and 1795. \nTrinidad taken by the English with \nfour ships of the line, 1797. Tri- \npoli reduced by Admiral Blake, \n1655. Troy, the siege of, began \n1184 B.C. Troyes, French driven \nout of, by the allied armies, 4th \nMarch, 1814. Tunis taken by the \nEmperor Charles V., and restored \nto its king who had been banished, \n1535; reduced by Ad. Blake, 1656. \nTuscan war commenced 312 B. C. \nTuscany was seized by the French \nin April, and abandoned in Aug., \n1799; again seized 1800; ceded to \nBuonaparte 1807; restored, 1814. \nTurin was taken possession of by \nthe French, 6th Dec, 1798, and \nsurrendered to the Austrians and \nRussians in June following, and the \ncitadel, 27th May, 1799. Tyrol was \ninvaded by the French, 1796-97. \n\nValencia capitulated to the \nFrench, 9th Jan., 1812. Valen- \nciennes was besieged from 23rd \nMay to 14th July, 1793, when the \nFrench garrison surrendered it to \nthe combined army under tbe com- \nmand of tbe Duke of York ; re- \ntaken by the French in 1794. \nValladolid entered by Joseph Buon- \naparte, 16th July, 1811 ; entered \nby the allied army under Lord \nWellington, 30th July, 1812. \nVenice was seized, and their repub- \nlic abolished, by the French, in \n1797 ; and soon after part of their \nterritories was seized by the Aus- \ntrians, and ceded to them by the \nFrench. Venlo surrendered to \nthe French, 24th Oct., 1794. Ve- \nrona was taken by the French, \nwhen a great part of it was destroyed \nby a fire, 28th April, 1797. Ver- \nrea taken by assault by the Russians, \n14th Oct., 1812. Vespasian con- \nquered the Isle of Wight, 43. Vi- \nasma entered by the French, 29th \nAug., 1812. Vicenza taken by the \nFrench, 1797. Vienna besieged \nby the Turks, 1529-32-43, and \n1683 ; taken by the French, 14 th \nNov., 1805, and 12th April. 1809. \n\n\n\nVigo galleons taken by the English \nfleet, 12th Oct., 1702. Villena, \ncastle of, with the Spanish garrison, \nsurrendered to the French, 13th \nApril, 1813. Vincent\'s, St., Isle \nof, taken by the French, 17th \nJune, 1779; restored, 1783; in- \nsurrection there, March, 1795-; \nsuppressed, 1796. Urbino, Italy, \nsurrendered to the Austrians, 10th \nJuly, 1 799. Utrecht, surrendered \nto the French, 18th Jan., 1795. \n\nWalcheren, Isl. of, taken by the \nEnglish, Aug., 1809; evacuated by \nthem December following. Wales \nhad its prince defeated and mur- \ndered, and the principality annexed \nto England, 1286 ; invaded bv the \nFrench, 22nd Feb., 1797. War, \namong many others, with Scotland, \n1068. Peace with Scotland, 1091. \nPeace with France, 1113. War \nwith France, 1116. Peace with \nFrance, 1118. Peace with Scot- \nland, 1139. War with France/ \n1161. Peace with France, 1186. \nWar again with France, with suc- \ncess, 1194. Peace with France, \n1195. War with France, 1201. \nWar, civil, renewed, 1215. War \nended, 1206. War with France, \n1224. War ended, 1243. War, \ncivil, 1262. War, civil, ended, \n1267. War with France, 1294. \nWar with Scotland, 1296. Peace \nwith France, 1299. Peace with \nScotland, 30th March, 1323. War \nagain with Scotland, 1327. War \nended, 1328. War again with \nScotland, 1333. War with France, \n1339. Peace with France, 8th \nMay, 1360. War with France, \n1368. War, civil, 1400. War \nwith Scotland, 1400. Peace with \nFrance, 31st May, 1420. War \nwith France, 1422. War, civil, \nbetween York and Lancaster, 1452. \nPeace with France, Oct., 1471. \nWar, civil, 1486. War with \nFrance, 6th Oct., 1492. Peace \nwith France, 3rd Nov. following. \nPeace with Scotland, 1502. War \nwith France, 4th Feb., 1512. \nWar with Scotland, 1513. Peace \nwith France, 7th Aug., 1514. \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nWar with France, 1522. War \nwith Scotland, 1522. Peace with \nFrance, 1527. Peace with Scot- \nland, 1542. War with Scotland \ndirectly after. Peace with France \nand Scotland, 7th June, 1546. \nWar with Scotland, 1547. War \nwith France, 1549. Peace with \nboth, 6th March, 1550. War, \n\xc2\xabivil, 1553. War with Scot- \nland, 7th June, 1557. War with \nFrance, 1557. Peace with France, \n2nd April, 1559. Peace with \nScotland, 1560. War with France, \n1562. Peace with France, 1564. \nWar with Scotland, 1570. War \nwith Spain, 1588. Peace with \nSpain, 18th Aug., 1604. War \nwith Spain, 1624. War with \nFrance, 1627. Peace with Spain \nand France, 14th April, 1629. \nWar, civil, 1 642. War with the \nDutch, 1651. Peace with the \nDutch, 5th April, 1654. War \nwith Spain, 1655. Peace with \nSpain, 10th Sept., 1660. War \nwith Frasse, 26th Jan., 1666. \nWar with Denmark, 19th Oct. \nfollowing. Peace with the French, \nDanes, and Dutch, 24th Aug., \n1667. Peace with Spain, 13th \nFeb., 1688. War with the Al- \ngerines, 6th Sept., 1669. Peace \nwith the Algerines, 19th Nov., \n1671. War with the Dutch, \nMarch, 1672. Peace with the \nDutch, 28th Feb , 1674. War \nwith France, 7 th May, 1679. \nPeace, general, 20th Sept., 1689. \nWar with France, 4th May, 1702. \nPeace of Utrecht, 13th July, 1713. \nWar with Spain, December, 1718. \nPeace with Spain, 1721. War \nwith Spain, 19th Oct., 1739. War \nwith France, 21st March, 1744. \nPeace with France, &c. 18th Oct., \n1748. War with France, 1756. \nWar with Spain, 4th Jan., 1762. \nPeace with France and Spain, 10th \nFeb., 1763. Peace between Rus- \nsia and the Turks, 1773. War, \ncivil, in America, commenced 14th \nJune, 1774. War with France, \n6th Feb., 1778. War with Spain, \n1 7th April ,1780. War with Hol- \n\n\n\nland, 21st Dec, 1780. Peace with \nFrance, Spain, Holland, and Ame- \nrica, 1783. War with France, \n1793, by the English, Prussians, \nAustrians, Sardinians, and Italian \nStates. Peace between Prussia \nand France, 1795. Peace between \nFrance and Spain, 1795. Peace \nbetween France and Naples, 1796. \nPeace with the French and Sar- \ndinians, 1796. War between Eng- \nland and Spain, 11th Nov., 1796. \nWar between France, Naples, and \nSardinia, Nov., 1798. Peace be- \ntween Austria and France, 9th \nFeb., 1801. War between Spain \nand Portugal, 28th Feb., 1801. \nPeace between Naples and France, \n, March, 1801. Peace between Por- \ntugal and Spain, 10th June, 1801. \nPeace between France and Portugal, \n29th Sept., 1801. Peace between \nFrance and the Porte, 17th Oct , \n1801. Peace between England, \nFrance, Spain, and Holland, 27th \nMarch, 1 802 . War between Eng- \nland and France, 29th April, 1803. \nWar between England and Spain, \n14th Dec, 1804. War between \nFrance, Russia, and Austria, Sept., \n1805. Peace between France and \nAustria, 27th Dec, 1805. War \nbetween Sweden and France, 3 1st \nOct., 1805. War between Eng- \nland and Prussia, April, 1806. \nWar between Prussia and France, \nOct., 1806. Peace between France \nand the Elector of Saxony, 11th \nDec, 1 806. Peace between Eng- \nland and Prussia, 28th Jan., 1807. \nPeace between France and Russia, \n19th July, 1807. War between \nEngland and Denmark, 4th Nov., \n\n1807. War between Russia and \nSweden, 10th Feb., 1808. War \nbetween Denmark and Sweden, \n29th Feb., 1803. War between \nPrussia and Sweden, 6th March, \n\n1808. War between Spain and \nFrance, 6th June, 1803. Peace \nbetween England and Spain, 6th \nJune, 1808. Peace between Swe- \nden and Russia, 17th Sept., 1809. \nPeace between France and Austria, \n15th Oct., 1809. Peace between \n\nD 3 \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nFrance and Sweden, 6th Jan., \n1810. Peace between England and \nPrussia, 1st Aug., 1812. Peace \nbetween England and Sweden, \n4th _ 17th Aug., 1182. War \nbetween England and America, \n18th June, 1812. War between \nSweden and Denmark, 13th Sept., \n1813. Peace between Sweden and \nDenmark, 14th Jan., 1814. Peace \nbetween France and the Allies, \n(England, Russia, and Prussia,) \n30th May, 1814. Peace between \nFrance and Spain, 20th July, 1814, \nPeace between England and Ame- \nrica, 24th Dec, 1814. Peace be- \ntween Saxony and Prussia, 18th \nMay, 1815. War against Napoleon \nbegan and ended, 1815. Wars of \nAustria : \xe2\x80\x94 1. The war of the Otto- \nman Porte from 1592 to 1606, ter- \nminated by the peace at Sithvarock, \nin Hungary, on the 21st October, \n1606. 2. The war, commonly \ncalled the thirty years\' war, which \nlasted from 1618* until 1648, ter- \nminated by the peace of Westphalia \non the 14th of October, 1648, at \nMunster, in Westphalia. 3. The \nwar respecting the Mantuan suc- \ncession, which lasted from 1629 to \n1631, terminated with France by a \ntreaty of peace at Ratisbon, on the \n13th of October, 1630; and with \nSpain by arrangements made on the \n6th of April, 1631, at Cherasco, \nin Piedmont. 4. The second war \nwith the Ottoman Porte, which \nlasted from 1661 until 1664, ter- \nminated for 20 years by the truce \nof Temeswar, in Hungary, on the \n17th of Sept., 1664. 5. War with \nFrance from 1672 to 1678, termi- \nnated by the peace of Nimeguen, in \nHolland, on the 5th of February, \n1679. 6. Third war with the \nOttoman Porte, from 1683 to \n1698, terminated by the peace of \nCarlowitz, in Sclavonia, on the \n26th of January, 1699. 7. Second \nwar with France, from 1688 to \n1697, terminated by the peace of \nRyswick, in Holland, on the 30th \nof October, 1697. 8. War with \nFrance and Spain, from 1701 to \n\n\n\n1713, terminated by the peace of \nRastadt, in the empire, on the 6th \nof March, 1714. 9. Fourth war \nwith the Ottoman Porte, from 1716 \nto 1718, terminated by the peace \nof Passarowitz, in Servia, on the \n21st of July, 1718. 10. Second \nwar with Spain, respecting the pos- \nsessions in Italy, from 1717 to \n1725, terminated by the peace of \nVienna, in Austria, on the 30th of \nof April, 1725. 11. War with \nFrance and Spain, from 1733 to \n1739, terminated with France by \nthe peace of Vienna, in Austria, on \nthe 3rd of October, 1738 ; and with \nSpain, by the peace at Versailles, \non the 20th of April, 1739. 12. \nFifth war with the Ottoman Porte, \nfrom 1737 to 1739, terminated by \nthe peace of Belgrade, in Servia, \non the 18th of September, 1739. \n13. War of Austrian succession at \nthe death of the Emperor Charles \nVI., from 1740 to 1748 : it lasted \nwith Prussia (for the first time) \nfrom 1740 until 1742, and was ter- \nminated by peace made at Breslau \nand Berlin, on the 11th of June \nand 28th July, 1742: it lasted \nwith Bavaria from 1741 to 1745, \nand was terminated by peace made \nat Fuessen, in Subia, on the 22nd \nof April, 1745: it lasted with \nFrance and Spain together, from \n1741 to 1748, and was terminated \nby peace made at Aix-la-Chapelle \non the 18th of October, 1748: \nlastly, it was again carried on with \nPrussia (for the second time), from \n1744 to 1745, and was terminated \nby peace concluded at Dresden on \nthe 25th of December, 1745. 14. \nThe seven years 1 war, or third war \nwith Prussia, from 1756 to 1763 \nterminated by the peace of Huberts- \nburg, in Saxony, on the 15th of \nFebruary, 1763. 15. Fourth war \nwith Prussia, respecting the Ba- \nvarian succession, from 1778 to \n1779, terminated by the peace of \nTeschen, in Upper Silesia, on the \n13th of May, 1779. 16. Different \nwars with the States-General of \nHolland, from 1784 to 1785, re- \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\nBAT \n\n\n\n5y \n\n\n\nspecting the opening of the Scheldt, \nterminated by the treaty of Fon- \ntainbleau, on the 8 th of November, \n1785. 17. Sixth war with the \nOttoman Porte, from 1788 until \nthe armistice of 1790, stipulated \nby the Congress at Reichenbach, \nin Silesia, and terminated by peace \nmade at Szistowa on the 4th of \nAugust, 1791. 18. War with \nFrance from 1792 to 1797, termi- \nnated by peace at Leoben, in Upper \nStyria, on the 17th of April, 1797. \n19. War with France, March, \n1799, terminated by the peace of \nLuneville, 9th Feb., 1801. 20. \nWar with France, 1805; terminated \nthe same year. 21. War with \nFrance, 1809; terminated the same \nyear. 22. War with France, 1813; \nterminated 30th May, 1814. \n\nThe following is a list of the wars \nbetween England and France, with \nthe terms of their duration, since \nthe one which commenced in 1116, \nand continued two years : \xe2\x80\x94 1116, \nlasted twenty-five years ; 1141, one \nyear; 1201, fifteen; 1224, nine- \nteen; 1294, five; 1339, twenty- \none ; 1368, fifty-two ; 1422, forty- \nnine; 1492, one month; 1512, \ntwo years; 1521, six; 1549, one ; \n1557, two ; 1562, two ; 1627, two ; \n1666, one; 1689, ten; 1702, \neleven ; 1744, four ; 1756, seven ; \n1778,five; 1793, which terminated \n27th March, 1802; 1803, which \nterminated, May, 1814-15; termi- \nnated the same year. Warsaw \nsurrendered to the Russians, 1795. \nWarwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, \ndefeated at the battle of Barnet, \n14th April, 1441, and slain. War- \nwick-abbey destroyed by the Danes, \n1016. Washington, North Ame- \nrica, taken by the British, and the \nprincipal buildings destroyed by \nfire, 24th Aug., 1814. Wight, \nIsle of, taken by the French, 15th \nJuly, 1377. Williamstadt evacu- \nated by the French, 10th Dec, \n1813. Wilna entered by the \nFrench, 28th June, 1821 ; French \ndriven from it by the Russians, 10th \nDec., 1812. Witepsk entered by \n\n\n\nthe French, 28th July, 1812; re- \ntaken by General Witgenstein, 1st \nNov., 1812. Worms was taken \nby the French, 15th Oct., 1794. \nWurtzburg surrendered to the \nFrench after five weeks -1 siege, 10th \nJan., 1801. York city burnt by \nthe Danes, 1069; again, 1179. \nYork, Upper Canada, capitulated \nto the Americans, 27th April, 1813. \nYpres surrendered to the French \nunder Moreau, 17th June, 1794; \nwith 6000 men and 100 cannon, \n&c. Zaragoza surrendered to the \nSpanish General Mina, 30th July, \n1813. Zante, and the rest of the \nSeven Islands, surrendered to the \nBritish, Oct., 1809. Zurich was \nabandoned by the French, 20th \nJune, 1799. \n\nBattle Abbey, Sussex, built 1067. \n\nBattle Bridge, Southwark, a fire at, \nwhen 80 houses, besides a brewery, \ndye-house, and four wharfs, were \ndestroyed, 2000 quarters of malt \nand 800 butts of beer lost, and \ndamage done to the amount of \n50,000/., 12th Aug., 1749. \n\nBattoni, Pompeo, a great Florentine \npainter of history, b. 5th Feb., \n1708, d. 4th Feb., 1787. \n\nBauer or Bouwer, John William, an \nhistoric painter, h. at Strasburg, \n1610, d. 1640. \n\nBauduins, a Flemish engraver and \npainter, b. 1640, d. 1700. \n\nBausa, a Spanish, historic painter, b. \n1596, d. 1656. \n\nBauhin, Jasper, the botanist, b. 1560, \nd. 1624. \n\nBautru, William, French writer, b. \n1588, d. 1665. \n\nBavaria, dukedom of, founded 1180; \nmade an electorate, 1028 ; erected \ninto a kingdom by Napoleon, and \nplaced under Maximilian Joseph, \n1805; upon his death, 1825, his \nson Louis succeeded to the throne. \n\nBaxter, Rev. Rich., b. 1615, d. 1691, \n\nBaxter, William, d. 1723, aged 72. \n\nBayard, le Chev. Fr. warrior, b. \n1476, d. 1524. \n\nBayer, the astronomer, flourished \nearly in the 17th century. \n\nBayle, Peter, d. 1706, aged 59. \n\n\n\n60 \n\n\n\nBAY \n\n\n\nBEC \n\n\n\nBayen y Subias, an eminent Spanish \npainter of history and portraits, d. \n1795. \n\nBayonets invented at Bayonne, 1670 ; \nfirst used in England, 24th Sept., \n1693. \n\nBayonne, in France, the chapel of the \nNew Castle at, blown np by gun- \npowder, when 100 persons were \nkilled, 10th July, 1793. \n\nBazzoni, an Italian painter of history, \nb. 1701, d. 1769. \n\nBeads, first used by papists in their \ndevotions, 1093. \n\nBeale, Mary, a distinguished English \nportrait painter, b. 1632, d. 1697. \n\nBear, order of knighthood, began in \nSwitzerland, 1243. \n\nBeards worn by the Greeks till 349 \nB. C. ; by the Romans till 299 \nB. C. ; fashionable in England after \nthe Conquest till the 13th century ; \ndiscontinued at the Restoration. \n\nBeaton, Cardinal,murdered28th May, \n1546. \n\nBeattie, Dr. Jas., author of the Min- \nstrel, b. 1735, d. 18th Aug., 1803. \n\nBeaubrun, Henrv, a French portrait \npainter, b. 1603, d. 1677. \n\nBeaubrun, Charles, a French portrait \npainter^ b. 1605, d. 1692. \n\nBeauchief Abbey, Derbyshire, built \n1183. \n\nBeaulieu Abbey, Hampsh., built 1204. \nBeaumarchais, Caron de, b. 1732, d. \n1799. \n\nBeaumaris Castle, Anglesey, built \n1295. \n\nBeaumont, Claudio, an Italian painter, \n\nb. 1694, d. 1760. \nBeaumont, Francis, the poet, b. 1555, \n\nd. 1615. \n\nBeaumont, Sir John, b. 1582, d. 1628. \nBeccafumi, Domenico, an Italian \n\npainter, sculptor, and engraver, b. \n\n1484, d. 1549. \nBeccari, Aug., first Italian pastoral \n\npoet, d. 1550. \nBeccaria, Marquis, b. 1735, d. 1795. \nBeccles, in Suffolk, injured by fire; \n\ndamage estimated at 20,000/., 80 \n\nhouses being destroyed, 29th Nov., \n\n1586. \n\nBecerra, a Spanish painter and sculptor, \nb. 1520, d. 1570. \n\n\n\nBecket, Thomas, born 1119, made \nchancellor to Henry II., 1157; \narchbishop of Canterbury, 1162 ; \n\n- impeached 1164 ; retired to France \nthat year ; reconciled to Henry, \nJune 2, 1170; murdered in the \ncathedral church at Canterbury, \nDec. 29, 1170; canonized by Alex- \nander III. Ash Wednesday, 1172; \nhis bones enshrined in gold set \nwith jewels, 1220 ; dismantled and \nstripped of its treasures by Henrv \nVIII. 1541. \n\nBeckford, Alderman, d. 1770. \n\nBeckford\'s, Alderman, monument set \nup in Guildhall, 1770. \n\nBede, Venerable, d. 735, aged 68. \n\nBedell, Bishop of Kilmore, b. 1570, d. \n1641. \n\nBedford, Duke of, made Regent of \nFrance, 1422, d. 1435. \n\nBedford, 60 houses at, destroyed by \nfire, 25th May, 1812. \n\nBedloe, Capt. William, infamous for \nperjury, d. 1680. \n\nBeduschi, Antonio, an Italian painter \nof history, b. 1576. \n\nBeek, David, a Dutch portrait painter, \nb. 1621, d. 1656, supposed to have \nbeen poisoned. \n\nBeeldemaker, a Dutch artist, b. 1636. \n\nBeeston Castle, Cheshire, built by \nRandal Blundeville, 1220. \n\nBeer first introduced into England, \n1492 ; in Scotland as early as 1482. \nBy the statute of James I. one full \nquart of the best beer or ale was to \nbe sold for one penny, and two quarts \nof small beer for one penny. The \nduties on beer for the years 1783, \n84, 85, & 86, produced 7,308,655/. \nOn malt for the same years yielded \n6,156,020/. In 1788 the duties \non beer were 1,666,152/. From \nJan. 5, 1816, to Jan. 5, 1817, the \nduties on beer were 9,881,772/. \nBeer bill passed the Commons, \n9th, the Lords, 12th July, 1830. \n\nBeer. No. of barrels brewed in Eng- \nland in 1829 :\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nOf strong . . 5,949,290 \nOf table . . 1,330,467 \nIn Scotland : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nOf strong . . 110,952 \nOf table . . 39,387 \n\n\n\nBEE \n\n\n\nBEL \n\n\n\n61 \n\n\n\nNumber of Licensed Victuallers in \nEngland and Wales, 48,639 ; por- \ntion of the above who brew their \nown beer, 22,324; number of \nbrewers in England and Wales, \nexclusive of London, 1591 ; ditto \nin London, 136 ; ditto in Scotland, \n263 ; barrels of strong beer brewed \nin England and Wales, in the year \nending April 5, 1823, 4,142,649; \nditto in Scotland, 123,222 ; portion \nof the above brewed in London, \n\nI, 829,940; barrels of strong beer \nexported, 71,828 ; portion of the \nabove exported from London, \n56,490 ; ditto from Liverpool, \n\nI I, 863 ; small beer brewed in Great \nBritain, 1,299,275. Every man, \nwoman, and child in London, seems \nfrom this statement, to drink on \nthe average two barrels of beer a- \nyear. The quantity of strong beer \nbrewed in England in a year, would \nfloat all the navy in commission. \nThe account only refers, of course, \nto beer brewed by common brewers. \n\nBeer, Arnold de, a Flemish historic \n\npainter, b. 1490, d. 1542. \nBeer, Joseph de, a Dutch painter of \n\nhistory, d. 1596. \nBees, St., Priory of, Cumberland, \n\nfounded 1120. \nBeggars relieved by act of parliament, \n\n1496. \n\nBega, a Dutch painter of landscapes \nand interns, b. 1620, d. 1664. \n\nBegeyn, a Dutch landscape painter, \nd. 1710. \n\nBeheading of noblemen first intro- \nduced into England, 1074. \n\nBehmen, Jacob, b. 1535, d. 1624. \n\nBeisch, Joachim Francis, a German \nlandscape painter, b. 1665, d. 1748. \n\nBelfast, long Bridge at, built 1782 ; \nBank built 1787. \n\nBelgium, separated totally from Hol- \nland, 4th Oct., 1830 ; elected Leo- \npold king, 4th June, 1831. \n\nBelisarius deprived of his dignities, \n561, d. 565. \n\nBella, Stefano della, a Florentine \npainter and engraver, b. 1610, d. \n1664. \n\nBell, Rev. Andrew, author of the \nMadras system of education, b. in \n1753, d. 1832. \n\n\n\nBell, William, an English historic \n\npainter, d. 1804. \nBell, John, an eminent surgeon, d. \n\n1820. \n\nBellarmin, Cardinal, born in Italy \n1542, d. 1621. \n\nBell ay, Cardinal du, d. 1560. \n\nBell, book, and candle, swearing by, \noriginated in the manner of the \npope\'s blessing the world yearly, \nfrom the balcony of St. Peter\'s, at \nRome. He holds a wax taper \nlighted ; a cardinal reads a curse on \nall heretics, and no sooner is the \nlast word uttered, than the bell \ntolls, and the pope changes the curse \ninto a blessing, throwing down his \ntaper among the people. \n\nBelle, Nic. Sim. Alexis, a French \nportrait painter, b. 1674, d. 1734. \n\nBelleau, French poet,b. 1528, d. 1577. \n\nBellevois, an accomplished painter of \nmarine subjects, d. 1684. \n\nBellingham, Northumberland, 25 \nhouses at, destroyed by fire, 25th \nAug., 1750. \n\nBellingham, John, shot Spencer Per- \nceval, prime minister of Great Bri- \ntain, in the lobby of the House of \nCommons, 11th May, 1811. \n\nBellini, Giacomo, a Venetian portrait \npainter, b. 1405, d. 1470. \n\nBellini, G entile, a Venetian painter of \nhistory, b. 1421, d. 1501. \n\nBellini, Giovanni, a Venetian historic \npainter, b. 1422, d. 1512. \n\nBellini, Filippo, an Italian historical \npainter, flourished 1596. \n\nBellini, Giacento, a Bolognese his- \ntorical painter, flourished 1640. \n\nBellotti, Bernardo, a Venetian painter \nof architecture and landscape,, b. \n1724, d. 1780. \n\nBellotti, Pietro, a Venetian portrait \npainter, b. 1625. d. 1700. \n\nBellows invented 554 B. C. \n\nBellmen first appointed in London, \n1556. They were to ring their \nbells at night, and cry \xe2\x80\x94 " Take \ncare of your fire and candle, be \ncharitable to the poor, and pray for \nthe dead." \n\nBells invented by Paulinius, bishop \n\n, of Nola, in Campania, about 400 ; \nfirst known in France, 550 ; first \nconsecrated, 963 ; first used by the \n\n\n\n62 \n\n\n\nBEL \n\n\n\nBEN \n\n\n\nGreek empire, 864; were intro- \nduced into monasteries in the 7th \nor 8th century; first haptized, \n1000. Pope Stephen I1T., placed \nthree hells in a tower on St. Peter s, \nin Rome. In the churches of Eu- \nrope they were introduced in 900. \nThey were first introduced in Swit- \nzerland, 1020. The first tuneable \nset in England were hung up in \nCroyland Abbey, in Lincolnshire, \n960 ; used to be baptizedin churches, \n1030. The " great torn," in Lin- \ncoln cathedral, broken 27th July, \n1831. \n\nBellucci, Giov. Battista, a Roman \n\npainter of history, b. 1506, slain in \n\nbattle, 1541. \nBellucci, Antonio, a Venetian painter \n\nof history and portraits, b. 1654, \n\nd. 1726. \n\nBelton, Rutlandshire, 27 dwelling- \nhouses, Avith their offices, destroyed \nby fire, 27th May, 1776. \n\nBelvoir Castle ; greater part of this \nnoble seat of the Duke of Rutland \ndestroyed by fire, 28th Oct., 1816. \n\nBembo cardinal, of Venice, d. 1547, \naged 77. \n\nBemmel, W. Van, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1630, d. 1703. \n\nBemmel, J. G. Van, a Dutch painter \nof battle pieces, b. 1669, d. 1723. \n\nBenaschi, an eminent Italian painter, \nb. 1634, d. 1688. \n\nBenavides, a Spanish painter of his- \ntory, b. 1637, d. 1703. \n\nBenbow, John, a brave English ad- \nmiral, b. 1650, d. 1702. \n\nBendlowes, Edw. English poet, h. \n1613, d. 1686. \n\nBenedettis, Domenico de, an Italian \nhistoric painter, b. 1610, d. 1678- \n\nBenedetto. See Castiglione. \n\nBenedict, St., founder of the Bene- \ndictines, d. 546, aged 66. \n\nBenefices began about 500. The fol- \nlowing account of those in England \nis given as the fact by Dr. Burn, \nviz. 1071 livings not exceeding 10/. \nper annum ; 1467 above 10/. and \nnot exceeding 20/.; 1126 above \n20/. and not exceeding 30/. ; 1049 \nabove 30/. and not exceeding 40/. ; \n884 above 40/. and not exceeding \n50/. ; total, 5597 livings under 50/. \n\n\n\nper annum. It must be 500 years \nbefore every living can be raised to \n65/. a-year, by Queen Anne\'s \nbounty ; and 399 years before any \nof them can exceed 50/. a-year. On \nthe whole there are above 11,000 \nchurch preferments in England, \nexclusive of bishoprics, deaneries, \ncanonries, prebendaries, priest- \nvicars, lay- vicars, secondaries, &c. \nbelonging to cathedrals, or choris- \nters, or even curates to well bene- \nficed clergymen. \n\nBenefiali, Marco, a Roman painter of \nscripture subjects, b. 1684, d. 1764. \n\nBenefit of Clergy, taken from mur- \nderers, 24th Oct., 1513. \n\nBenefit Societies 1 Act passed, 1795. \n\nBenezech, an English portrait and \nhistoric painter, d. 1794. \n\nBenfatto, Luigi, an Italian historic \npainter, b. 1581, d. 1641. \n\nBengeworth, near Evesham, 12 houses \nat, burnt 25th Aug., 1750. \n\nBengal, Indian) an, burnt, when 20 \npersons perished, 19th Jan. 1815. \n\nBenserade, the French poet, b. 1612, \nd. 1691. \n\nBenso, Giulio, a Genoese painter of \nhistory and architecture, b. 1601, \nd. 1668. \n\nBent, John Vander, a Dutch land- \nscape painter, b. 1650, d. 1690. \n\nBentham, Edward, English divine, \nand writer of the history of Elv \nCathedral, d. 1776. \n\nBentham, Jeremv, an eminent English \nlawyer, b. 1747, d. 1832. \n\nBentley, the Rev. Dr. Richard, b. \n1662, d. 1742. \n\nBenvenuto, Giov. Batt. L\'Ortolano, \nan Italian historic painter, b. 1490, \nd. 1525. \n\nBenwell, J. H., an English landscape \npainter, b. 1764, d. 1785. \n\nBenwell, Mary, an English portrait \npainter, fi. from 1762 to 1783. \n\nBenvowski, Count, b. 1741, slain \n1786. \n\nBencroft\'s almshouses, Mile End, \n\nMiddlesex, built, 1785. \nBerchem, or Berghem, a celebrated \n\nDutch painter of landscapes and \n\ncattle, b. 1624, d. 1689. \nBerchet, a French historical painter, \n\nb. 1659, d. 1720. \n\n\n\nBER \n\n\n\nBER \n\n\n\n63 \n\n\n\nBerenger, d. 1088, aged 90. \nBere-regis, Dorsetshire, 42 dwellings \n\nat, with out-houses, destroyed hy \n\nfire, 8th June, 1788. \nBerg, M. V., a Dutch portrait and \n\nhistory painter, b. 1615, d. 1647, \n\nor 1687. \n\nBergen, a Dutch painter of cattle, \nlandscapes, and portraits, h. 1645, \nd. 1689. \n\nBergen, N. V., a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1670, d. 1699. \n\nBergham Abbey, Sussex, built 1160. \n\nBerghen, in Norway, 1660 families \nat, burnt out of their houses, 1756. \n\nBergman, Sir T., chemist, b. 1735, \nd. 1784. \n\nBergmuller, a Dutch painter and \nengraver, b. 1687, d. 1762. \n\nBerkeley, bishop of Cloyne, b. 1684, \nd. 1753. \n\nBerlcheyden, Job, a Dutch painter, \nb. 1637, d. 1693. \n\nBerlcheyden, Gerard , a Dutch painter \nof architectural subjects, b. 1645, \ndrowned 1693. \n\nBerkeley Castle, Gloucestershire, \nbegan by Henry I., 1 108 ; finished \nby Henry II. \n\nBerkmans, H., a Dutch historical and \nportrait painter, b. 1629, d. 1679. \n\nBerlin coach, invented 1509. \n\nBermuda Isles, first discovered 1527 ; \nsettled, 1612. \n\nBermuda, hurricane at, by which one \nthird of the houses were destroyed, \nand all the vessels in the harbour, \nexcept two, driven ashore or sunk, \n26th July, 1813. \n\nBernard, of Brussels, a painter of field \nsports and wild animals, d. 1540. \n\nBernard, Samuel, a French painter \nand engraver, b. 1615, d. 1687. \n\nBernard, St., d. 1008. \n\nBernard, Dr. Edward, the astronomer, \nb. 1638, d. 1695. \n\nBernard, Peter Quesnel, a French \nwriter, d. 1773. \n\nBernard, Sir Thomas, an English \nphilanthropist, conductor of poor \nsocieties, b. d. 1st July, 1812. \n\nBernard Castle, Durham, built 1270. \n\nBerne, in Switzerland, made an impe- \nrial city, 1290; ancient govern- \nment of, overturned by the French ; \n\n\n\nre-established, Dec. 24, 1813 ; the \ndiet meets here in 1835 and 1836 ; \nat Lucerne in 1 837 and 1 838. \n\nBernini, John Lawrence, an Italian \nsculptor, painter, and architect, \nb. 1598, d. 1680. \n\nBerno, Italian poet, poisoned 1536. \n\nBernouli, James, the mathematician, \nb. 1654, d. 1705. \n\nBernouli, Daniel, b. 1700, d. 1782. \n\nBerosus, the Chaldean historian, flou- \nrished 268 B. C. \n\nBerretini, an Italian, and an excellent \npainter of history and landscape, \nb. 1596, d. 1669. \n\nBerretono, an Italian painter of his- \ntory, b. 1627, d. 1682. \n\nBerragnette, a Spanish painter, sculp- \ntor, and architect, d. 1545. \n\nBerri, Duke de, assassinated in Paris, \n13th Feb., 1820, by Louvel, a \nfanatic. \n\nBerry, Rear Admiral Sir E., b. 1769, \nd. 1831. \n\nBerry, Pomperoy, Castle, Devon, \nbuilt 1070. \n\nBerthier, Marshal, prince of Wagram, \nthrew himself from the window of \na house at Bamberg, and was killed, \n1st June, 1815. \n\nBertholdus, who discovered gunpow- \nder, d. 1340. \n\nBertin, N., an eminent French his- \ntoric painter, b. 1667, d. 1736. \n\nBertolotti, a Genoese historical pain- \nter, b. 1640, d. 1721. \n\nBerwick, Duke of, born 1670, killed \nat the siege Philipsburg, 12th June, \n1734. \n\nBethlehem Hospital, built 1553 ; re- \nbuilt, 1675 ; pulled down in por- \ntions, at several periods since the \ncommencement of the century. \n\nBethlehem Hospital, new, first stone \nlaid, 20th April, 1812. \n\nBettenson, Mr., of Queen Square, \nleft 30,000/. to charitable uses, \n10,000/. of it to Mr. Hetherington\'s \ncharity for the blind, 28th Oct., \n1788. \n\nBetterton, player, b. 1635, d. 1605. \n\nBettes, two brothers, miniature pain- \nters in England, flourished 1596. \n\nBetti, an Italian historic painter, b. \n1545, d. 1615. \n\n\n\n64 \n\n\n\nBET \n\n\n\nBIB \n\n\n\nBettini, Domenicino, a Florentine \npainter of fruits, flowers, and ani- \nmals, b. 1644, d. 1705. \n\nBeuckelaer, a Flemish painter of \ngame, fruit, &c, b. 1530, d. 1610. \n\nBeverley Church, Yorksh., built 711. \n\nBeverley, near Nottingham, 14 houses \nat, burnt, 1 9th March, 1816. \n\nBeverton Castle,Gloucestershire, built \n1076. \n\nBeurs,"W\\, a Dutch landscape painter, \n\nb. 1656, d. 1690. \nBeza, Theodore, b. at Vezelai, 1519, \n\nd. 1605. \n\nBezozzi, an Italian painter, b. 1648, \nd. 1706. \n\nBianchi, Bal., a Bolognese historical \npainter, b. 1614, d. 1679. \n\nBianchi, Fran., an Italian historic \npainter, Correggio\'s master, b.1447, \nd. 1510. \n\nBianchi, Pietro, a Roman historic \npainter, b. 1694, d. 1740. \n\nBianchi, Isidoro, a Milanese historical \npainter, b. 1626, d. 1670. \n\nBianchini, a Veronese philosopher, \nfounder of the academy of Altofili, \nb. 1662, d. 1729. \n\nBiancucci, an Italian historic painter, \nb. 1583, d. 1653. \n\nBibiena, F. G., a Bolognese historic \npainter, b. 1657, d. 1746. \n\nBible, chronology of; see events in \nthe Old Testament. \n\nBible history ceases, 430 years before \nChrist. \xe2\x80\x94 Scptuagint version made, \n284 ; first divided into chapters, \n1253. The first English edition \nwas in 1536 ; the first authorised \nedition in England was in 1539 ; \nthe second translation was ordered \nto be read in churches, 1549; the \npresent translation finished, Sept. \n1611; permitted by the Pope \nto be translated into all the lan- \nguages of the Catholic states, 28th \nFeb., 1759 ; the following is a dis- \nsection of the Old and New Testa- \nment : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nIn the Old Testament, books 39, \nchapters 929, verses 23,214, \nwords 592,493, lets. 2,728,100 ; \nin the New, books 27, chap- \nters 260, verses 7,959, words \n1 81,253, letters 838,380 ; total, \n\n\n\nbook9 66, chapters 1,189, verses \n31,173, words 773,746, letters \n3,566,480. \nThe Apocrypha has 183 chapters, \n6081 verses, and 125,185 words. \nThe middle chapter, and the \nleast in the Bible, is the 117th \npsalm ; the middle verse is the \n8th of 118th psalm ; the middle \nline is the 2nd book of the \nChronicles, 4th chapter, and \n16th verse ; the word and occurs \nin the Old Testament 35,535 \ntimes ; the same word in the \nNew Testament occurs 10,684 \ntimes ; the word Jehovah occurs \n6,855 times. \nOld Testament. The middle book \nis Proverbs ; the middle chapter \nis the 29th of Job ; the middle \nverse is the 2nd book of Chro- \nnicles, 20th chapter, and the \n18th verse; the least verse is \nthe 1st book of Chronicles, 1st \nchapter and 1st verse. \nNeio Testament. The middle \nis the Thessalonians, 2nd; the \nmiddle chapter is between the \n13th and 14th of the Romans; \nthe middle verse is the 17th of \nthe 17th chapter of the Acts; \nthe least verse is the 35th verse \nof the 11th chapter of the Gospel \nby St. John. \nThe 21st verse of the 7th chapter \nof Ezra has all the letters of the \nalphabet in it. \nThe 19th chapter of the 2nd book \nof Kings, and the 37th chapter \nof Isaiah, are alike. \nThe book of Esther has 10 chapters, \nbut neither the words Lord nor \nGod in it. \nBible, first translated into the Saxon \nlanguage, 939 ; into the English \nlanguage by Tyndale and Cover- \ndale, 1534 ; first translation by the \nking\'s authority, 1536. \nBible society, naval and military, \n\ninstituted 1780. \nBicci, a Florentine artist, b. 1400, \nd. 1460.. \n\nBickerton, Admiral, Sir R. H., a \ngallant British officer, trained \nunder Duncan, b. 1760, d. 1832. \n\n\n\nBID \n\n\n\nBIL \n\n\n\n65 \n\n\n\nBiddenden cakes, so called from a \nsmall town of that name, famous \nfor giving 1000 cakes to the parish- \nioners on Easter Sunday, impressed \nwith the figure of two females \njoined together, \n\nBiddies, John, the miser ; he congra- \ntulated himself that 6d. per day \nwas sufficient for his support ; he \nwas worth one million sterling, \nd. 4th Nov., 1833. \n\nBiddle, John, 1>. 1615-,d. 1662. \n\nBidloo,the anatomist, b.l649,d. 1730. \n\nBie, Adrian de, an eminent Dutch \npainter, b. 15.94, d. 1640. \n\nBiezelingen, a Dutch portrait painter, \nb. 1558, d. 1600. \n\nBigamy statute, first passed 1276. \n\nBigio, Fran., a Florentine painter \nof architectural subjects, b. 1445, \nd. 1525. \n\nBiggleswade, nearly destroyed by fire, \n\n16th June, 1785. \nBigland, John, a voluminous English \n\nwriter, b. 1570, d. 1832. \nBilboa built by Diego Lopez de Haro, \n\n1300. \n\nBill of Rights, passed first 1689. \n\nBills of Exchange, first mentioned, \n1160; used in England, 1307; \nthe only mode of sending money \nfrom England by law, 1381. \n\nBills of Exchange, regulated 1698, \n1735 ; made felony to counterfeit, \n1734 ; tamed 1783 ; reduced 1797^ \n1804, 1814 ; punishment of death \nexchanged for transportation. \n\nBilling, Great, Northamptonshire, \nsteeple at, destroyed by lightning, \n11th April, 1759. \n\nBilling, Little, Priory, Northampton- \nshire, built 1076. \n\nBillingsgate, London, made a free \nfishmarket, 1499 ; a great fire at, \n1718; again 13th Jan., 1755; again \n1 1th May, 1 809, when the loss was \nestimated at 70,000/. \n\nBills of mortality for London, began \n1533. \n\nThe general bill of all the chris- \ntenings and burials within the \nbills ofmortalityfromlSth Dec, \n1807, to 13th Dec, 1808. \n\nChristened, males 10,189; females \n9,717; total 19,906 Buried, \n\n\n\nmales 10,228; females 9,726; \n\ntotal, 19,954. \nFrom 12th Dec, 1 81 5, to lOthDec, \n\n1816, christened, males 12,132; \n\nfemales 11,449 ; total, 23,581. \n\nBuried, males, 10,105 ; females, \n\n10,211 ; total, 20,316. \nFrom 11th Dec 1821, to 10th Dec, \n\n1822, christened, males, 1 1,968 ; \n\nfemales, 11,405 ; total, 23.373. \n\nBuried, males, 9,483 ; females, \n\n9,382 ; total, 18,865. \nFrom 10th Dec, 1822, to 17th \n\nDec, 1823, christened in the 97 \n\nparishes within the walls, 1059. \n\nBuried, 1162. \nChristened in the 17 parishes with- \nout the walls, 5443. Buried. \n\n3990. \n\nChristened in the 23 out-parishes \nin Middlesex and Surrey,! 7,092. \nBuried, 10,727. \n\nChristened in the 10 parishes in \nthe city and liberties of West- \nminster, 4095. Buried, 4708. \n\nDiseases this year, 20,279. \n\nCasualties : \xe2\x80\x94 Bitten by a mad dog, \n1 ; broken limbs, 1 ; burnt, 39; \ndrowned, 118; excessive drink- \ning, 6 ; executed, 14 ; found \ndead, 12 ; fractured, 1 ; killed \nby falls, and several other acci- \ndents, 61 ; killed by fighting, 2 ; \nmurdered, 2 ; overlaid, 1 ; poi- \nsoned, 6 ; scalded, 9 ; smothered, \n3; starved, 1; suffocated, 7; sui- \ncide, 24 ; total of casualties, 303. \n\nChristened, males 13,945 ; females \n13,734 ; total, 27,679. Buried, \nmales 10,455; females 10,132; \ntotal, 20,587. Whereof have \ndied \xe2\x80\x94 Under two years of age, \n5905 \xe2\x80\x94 between two and five, \n1937 \xe2\x80\x94 five and ten, 757\xe2\x80\x94 ten \nand twenty, 757 \xe2\x80\x94 twenty and \nthirty, 1375 \xe2\x80\x94 thirty and forty, \n1764\xe2\x80\x94 forty and fifty, 1902 \xe2\x80\x94 \nfifty and sixty, 1932\xe2\x80\x94 sixty and \nseventy, 1874; seventy and \neighty, 1592 \xe2\x80\x94 eighty and ninety, \n680 \xe2\x80\x94 ninety and a hundred, \n105 \xe2\x80\x94 a hundred, 4 \xe2\x80\x94 a hundred \nand two, 1 \xe2\x80\x94 hundred and seven, \n1 \xe2\x80\x94 and a hundred and nine, 1. \n\nNumber of christenings and burials \n\n\n\n66 \n\n\n\nBIL \n\n\n\nBIN \n\n\n\nwithin the City of London, and \nhills of mortality for 1833. \n\nIn the 97 parishes within the walls, \nchristened, 835; buried, 1336. \nIn the 17 parishes without the \nAvails, christened, 4556 ; buried, \n4753. In the 24 out parishes \nin Middlesex, Surrey, including \nthe district churches, christened, \n17,740; buried, 16,172. In \nthe 10 parishes in the city and \nliberties of Westminster, chris- \ntened, 3959; buried, 4316. \nTotal number of males chris- \ntened, 13,553; females, 13,537; \nin all, 27,090. Total number \nburied, males, 13,319 ; females, \n13,258 ; in all, 26,577. \n\nStillborn, 934 ; under two years of \nage, 6261 ; two and under five \nyears, 2805 ; five and under \nten, 1145 ; ten and under \ntwenty, 970 ; twenty and under \nthirty, 1700; thirty and under \nforty, 2225 ; forty and under \nfifty, 2615; fifty and under \nsixty, 2412; sixty and under \nseventy, 2551 ; seventy and \nunder eighty, 2043 ; eighty and \nunder ninety, 802 ; ninety and \nunder a hundred, 107; one \nhundred, 3; one hundred and \none, 1 ; one hundred and two, \n1 ; one hundred and three, 1 ; \none hundred and four, 1. \n\nDecrease in the number of burials \nof this year, 2029. \nBilloni, Gio. Batt., an Italian painter \n\nof history and portraits, b. 1756, \n\nd. 1636. \n\nBilson, boy of, amused the public, \n1620. \n\nBilston, Staffordshire, waggon from, \nwith coals, drawn by distressed \ncolliers, was stopped on Maiden- \nhead thicket by the magistrates, \nand a compensation having been \nmade to the persons drawing it for \nthe coals, they proceeded with it \nquietly on their way home, 6th \nJuly, 1816. Another waggon was \nstopped at St. Alban\'s, and quietly \nreturned, having been similarly \ntreated. \n\nBindon Abbey, Dorsetsh., built 1172. \n\n\n\nBingham Priory, Norfolk, built 1206, \n\nBingham, Major Gen. Sir George, \nhad charge of Napoleon from Eng- \nland to St. Helena, b. 1 777, d. 1 833 . \n\nBingham\'s, Sir John, castle in Ire- \nland, burnt, damage estimated at \n50,000*., 11th Nov., 1755. \n\nBird, Mr., and his servant, murdered \nat Greenwich, T2th Feb., 1818. \n\nBird, free chapel in, begun by sub- \nscription, 1803. \n\nBirmingham, church of St. Peter\'s at, \ndestroyed by fire, 24th Jan., 1831. \n\nBirmingham theatre burnt down, \n16th, Aug. 1792. \n\nBirmingham, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nBirnie, Sir R., many years chief \nmagistrate of police in London, \nd. April, 1832, aged 72 years. \n\nBirth of children taxed, 1695, 1783. \n\nBirkhenhead Priory, Cheshire, built \n1189. \n\nBirch, Rev. Dr., d. 1766, aged 61. \n\nBiron, Duke of, executed in the- \nBastile, Paris, 1602. \n\nBiscaino, a Genoese historical painter \nand engraver, b. 1632, d. 1657. \n\nBischop, John de, a Dutch painter of \nhistory, portraits, &c. and an en- \ngraver, b. 1646, d. 1686. \n\nBischop, Cornelius, a Dutch painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1630, \nd. 1674. \n\nBiset, Ch. Emanuel, a Dutch painter \nof assemblies,concerts,&c. b. 1633. \n\nBisham Abbey, Berks., built 1338. \n\nBishops, their translation first insti- \ntuted, 239 ; were appointed by the \npeople, 400 ; first in England, \n694 ; first in Denmark, 939 ; made \nbarons, 1072 ; precedency settled, \n1075; banished England, 1208; \nconsented to be tributary to Rome, \n1245 ; deprived of the privilege of \nsitting as judges in capital offences, \n1388; the first that suffered death \nin England by the sentence of the \ncivil power, 1405; six new ones \ninstituted, 1530; elected by the \nking\'s conge d\'elire, 1535 ; held \ntheir sees during pleasure, 1547; \nform of consecration ordained, \n1549 ; seven deprived for being \nmarried, 1 554 ; several burnt for \n\n\n\nBIS \n\n\n\nB 1 S \n\n\n\n6? \n\n\n\nnot changing their religion, 1558 ; \nfifteen consecrated at Lamheth, \n1559 ; expelled Scotland, 1589 ; \ntwelve impeached, and committed \nfor protesting against any law passed \nin the house of lords during the \ntime the populace prevented their \nattending parliament, 1641 ; their \nwhole order abolished by parlia- \nment, 9th Oct., 1646; nine re- \nstored, and eight new ones conse- \ncrated, 25th Oct., 1660 ; regained \ntheir seats in the house of peers, \n30th Nov., 1661; seven committed \nto the tower, for not ordering the \nking\'s declaration for liberty of \nconscience to be read throughout \ntheir dioceses, 1688 ; six suspended \nfor not taking the oaths to King \nWilliam, 1689; deprived, 1690. \nBishoprics of England and Wales, \naccording to the antiquity of their \ninstitution. \xe2\x80\x94 London, an arch- \nbishopric and metropolitan of Eng- \nland, founded by Lucius, the first \nChristian king of Britain, 185. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLandaff, 185.\xe2\x80\x94 Bangor, 516.\xe2\x80\x94 St. \nDavid\'s, 519, (the archbishopric \nof Wales, from 500 till 1100, when \nthe bishop submitted to the arch- \nbishop of Canterbury as his metro- \npolitan). St. Asaph\'s, 547 St. \n\nAugustin, or Austin, made Can- \nterbury the metropolitan arch- \nbishopric, by order of Pope Gregory, \n596.\xe2\x80\x94 Wells, 604. \xe2\x80\x94 Rochester, \n604.\xe2\x80\x94 Winchester, 650.\xe2\x80\x94 Lich- \nfield and Coventry, 656. \xe2\x80\x94 Wor- \ncester, 679.\xe2\x80\x94 Hereford, 680 \n\nDurham, 690. \xe2\x80\x94 Sodor and Man \n(with jurisdiction of the Hebrides \nin Scotland), 838. \xe2\x80\x94 Exeter, 1050. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Sherborne (changed to Salis- \nbury), 1056. \xe2\x80\x94 York, archbishop- \nric, 1067. \xe2\x80\x94 Dorchester (changed \nto Lincoln), 1070. \xe2\x80\x94 Chichester, \n1071.\xe2\x80\x94 Thetford (changed to Nor- \nwich), 1088 Bath and Wells, \n\nib.\xe2\x80\x94 Ely, 1109.\xe2\x80\x94 Carlisle, 1133. \nThe following six were founded \nupon the suppression of the monas- \nteries by Henry VIII. Chester, \nPeterborough, Gloucester, Oxford, \nBristol, Westminster, 1538. West- \nminster was united to London, \n\n\n\n1550. Canada made a bishopric \nin 1793. \n\nEstimated revenues attached to the \nseveral bishoprics of Great Bri- \ntain and Ireland, per annum : \nthe real amount is far higher. \n\nEngland. \xe2\x80\x94 Canterbury, 8000/. ; \nYork, 7000/. ; London, 6200/. ; \nDurham, 8700/. ; Winchester, \n7400/. ; Ely, 4000/.; Worcester, \n3400/. ; Salisbury, 3500/. ; Nor- \nwich, 5000/. ; Lincoln, 3200/. ; \nHereford, 3000/. ; Chichester, \n2200/. ; Bath and Wells, 2400/. : \nSt. Asaph, 1500/.; Carlisle, \n1800/.; Llandaff, 1600/.; Pe- \nterborough, 1 700/. ; Gloucester, \n2200/; Rochester, 2400/.; Litch- \nfield and Coventry, 2900/.; \nBangor, 1200/.; Chester, 2700/.; \nOxford, 2800/.; Exeter, 2700/.; \nSt. David\'s, 400/.; Bristol, \n1500/. \n\nIreland. \xe2\x80\x94 Armagh, 8000/.; Dub- \nlin, 5000/.; Tuam, 4000/.; \nCashel, 4000/. ; Derry, 7000/. ; \nClonfert, 2400/. ; Clogher, \n4000/. ; Kilmore, 2600/. ; El- \nphin, 3700/. ; Killala, 2900/. ; \nLimerick, 3500/. ;\'Cork, 2700/. ; \nCloyne, 2500/. ; Down, 2300/.; \nDromore, 2000/. ; Leigh and \nFerns, 2200/. ; Kildare, 2600/. ; \nRaphoe, 2600/. ; Meath,3200/. ; \nKillaloe,2300/. ; Ossory,2000/. ; \nWaterford, 2600/. \n\nIrish sees reduced from 22 in \nnumber to 12, in 1833. \nBishop, the first that suffered death \n\nin England by sentence of the civil \n\npower, 1405. \nBishop of Nova Scotia, first appointed \n\n11th Aug., 1787. \nBishop, the first in America was Dr. \n\nSearburg, consecrated 14th Nov., \n\n1784. \n\nBishoprics in Germany, first founded \n\nby Charlemagne, 800. \nBishoprics removed from villages to \n\ngreat towns in England, 1076. \nBishop and Williams executed for \n\n"burking" the Italian boy, 5th \n\nDec. 1831. \nBishop\'s Auckland palace, rebuilt \n\n1665. \n\n\n\nV \n\n\n\n68 \n\n\n\nBIS \n\n\n\nBL A \n\n\n\nBishopsgate, Loudon, pulled down and \n\nsold, 1761. \nBisset, Dr. Robert, d. 13th Mav, \n\n1805, aged 46. \nBizelli, Giov., an Italian painter of \n\nhistory and portraits, b. 1556, d. \n\n1612. \n\nBlack, Dr. Joseph, b. 1728, d. Dec. \n1799. \n\nBlackburn, church at, destroyed by \naccidental fire, 6th Jan., 1831, \n\nBlackburn, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nBlackburne, Archdeacon, b. 1705, d. \n1787. \n\nBlacklock, T., the blind poet, b. 1721, \n\nd. 1791. \nBlackmore, Sir Richard, 1729. \nBlack Act, passed 1723. \nBlack eagle, order of knighthood in \n\nPrussia, instituted 1701. \nBlack rent, established in Ireland \n\n1412. \n\nBlack-book, was a book kept by the \nEnglish monasteries, in which a \ndetail of the scandalous enormities \npractised in religious houses were \nentered, for the inspection of visi- \ntors uuder Henry VIII. in order to \nblacken them, and hasten their \ndissolution. Hence the vulgar \nphrase, " I\'ll set you down in my \nblack-book." \n\nBlackfriars Bridge voted for in com- \nmon council, 1755 ; bill passed, \n17th May, 1756, and the first stone \nlaid, 3d Oct., 1760; passable, 1766; \nfinished, 1770; cost 150,840^. \nToll houses built, June, 1773; \nburnt by the rioters and re-erected, \n7th June, 1780;. toll taken off, \n24th June, 1785 ; Sunday toll took \nplace, 24th June, 1786 ; bridge \npaved, 1792. \n\nBlackwell-hall, first appointed repo- \nsitory for woollen cloths, 1515. \n\nBlackwood, Admiral Sir H, a gallant \nfriend of Nelson, b. 28th Dec, \n1770, d. 13th Dec, 1833. \n\nBlackstone, judge of the law commen- \ntaries, b. 1723, d. Feb. 1780. \n\nBlackwell, Dr., executed at Stock- \nholm, 10th July, 1747. \n\nBlain, Jean Batt., a French painter of \nflowers and fruit, b. 1654, d. 1715. \n\n\n\nBlair, Dr. John, d. 1702. \nBlair, Dr. Hugh, d. 27th Dec, 1800, \naged 83. \n\nBlake, Admiral, b. 1599, d. 1657. \nBlake, John Bradley, botanist, b. \n\n1745, d. 1773. \nBlaize, St., order of knighthood at \n\nAeon, began 1250. \nBlan chard, Jean, a French painter of \n\nhistorical subjects, b. 1595, d. 1665. \nBlanchard, Jacques, a French painter \n\nof portraits and history, b. 1600, \n\nd. 1638. \n\nBlanchet, Thomas, a French painter \nand sculptor, b. 1617, d. 1689. \n\nBlanco, Cape, on the coast of Africa, \ndiscovered 1441. \n\nBlandford, assizes at, the judges, she- \nriff, and others, died of the jail \ndistemper, 1730; burnt 4th June, \n1731, when 300 houses were de- \nstroyed, and again in 1775. \n\nBlandy, Miss, hanged at Oxford, \n6th April, 1752, for poisoning her \nfather. \n\nBlankets first made in England 1340. \nBlankhof, John Tuenisz, a Dutch \n\npainter of marine subjects, b. 1628, \n\nd. 1670. \n\nBlantyre, Lord, killed by an acci- \ndental shot during: the insurrection \nof the Belgians in Sept. 1830. \n\nBlantyre Priory, Scotland, built \n1296. \n\nBlekers, a Dutch historical painter, \nb. 1635. \n\nBless, a Dutch historical painter, b. \n1480, d. 1550. \n\nBliburgh Priory, Suffolk, 1110. \n\nBlind, school for the, instituted 1799. \n\nBlister plaisters invented 60 B. C. \n\nBlisworth, near Northampton, fifty \ndwellings, with their offices, de- \nstroyed by fire at, 28th May, 1798. \n\nBlock, Daniel, an eminent portrait \npainter, born in Pomerania, 1580, \nd. 1661. \n\nBlock, Ben, a painter of history and \nportraits, b. at Lubeck, 1631, d. \n\nBlock, Jacob Roger, a Dutch painter \nof architectural subjects, b. 1580, \ndrowned, 1632. \n\nBlock, Joanna Koerten, of Amster- \ndam, modelled in wax, and en- \ngraved on crystal, 1650, d. 1715. \n\n\n\nBLO \n\n\n\nBOA \n\n\n\n69 \n\n\n\nBlockland, A. de Montfort, a French \nhistorical painter, b. 1532, d. 1583. \n\nBloemart, Ab., a Dutch historical \npainter, b. 1564, d. 1647. \n\nBloemart, Cornelius, a Dutch painter \nand engraver, d. 1680. \n\nBloemen, John Francis Van, Griz- \nzonte, a Dutch landscape painter, \nb. 1656, d. 1740. \n\nBloemen, Norbert Van, a Dutch \npainter of conversations and por- \ntraits, b. 1672. \n\nBlois, Peter, the historian, d. 1200. \n\nBlond, Christopher Le, a German \nportrait painter, and engraver, b. \n1670, d. 1741. \n\nBlondeel, a Flemish painter of archi- \ntectural subjects, b. 1500, d. 1559. \n\nBlood of Christ, order began in Man- \ntua, 1608. \n\nBlood seized the duke of Ormond, \nwith an intent to hang him at Ty- \nburn, but was prevented, 6th Dec, \n4670 ; attempted to steal the \ncrown, 9th May, 1671 ; d. 24th \nAug., 1680. \n\nBlood, circulation of, through the \nlungs, first made public by Michael \nServetus, a French physician, in \n1553 ; Cisalpiuus published an \naccount of the general circulation, \nof which he had some confused \nideas, and improved it afterwards \nby experiments, 1569 ; but it was \nfully confirmed by Harvey, 1628. \nBloomfield, Robert, an English poet, \n\nd. 19th Aug., \nBloot, Peter, a Flemish painter of \n\nrustic meetings, d. 1667. \nBlount, Charles, b. 1654, d. 1693. \nBlount, Sir Thomas Pope, b. 1648, \nd. 1708. \n\nBlow, John, musician,b. 1648, d. 1 708. \nBlucher, Marshal Prince, b. 1742, \nd. 1819. \n\nBlue, Prussian, discovered at Berlin, \n1704. \n\nBoadicea, brig, stranded near Kin- \nsale, Ireland, when 200 of the \n92nd regiment perished, 31st Jan., \n1816. \n\nBoadicea, queen of the Britons, \nburnt London, and killed 70,000 \nof the inhabitants, poisoned her- \nself, CI. \n\n\n\nBoard-wages first commenced with \nthe king\'s servants, 1629. \n\nBoats, flat-bottomed, invented in the \nreign of William the Conqueror, \nwho used them in the isle of Ely. \n\nBocanegra, a Spanish painter of his- \ntory, b. 1633, d. 1688. \n\nBoccaccio, bora in Tuscany, 1313, \nd. 1375. \n\nBoccacci, II Boccalii, an Italian pain- \nter of history and portraits, b. 151 1, \nd. 1546. \n\nBoccaccino, an Italian painter of his- \ntory, b. 1460, d. 1518. \n\nBoccaccino, Fran., an Italian his- \ntorical painter, b. 1680,- d. 1750. \n\nBoccalini, Trajan, b. 1556, d. 1613. \n\nBocchi, Fans., an Italian painter of \nbattle pieces, b. 1659, d. 1742. \n\nBocciardo, Clementone, a Genoese \npainter of portraits and history, \nb. 1620, d. 1658. \n\nBocciardo, Domenico, a Genoese his- \ntorical painter, b. 1685, d. 1735. \n\nBochart, Samuel, of Rouen, b. 1599, \nd. 1667. \n\nBochlorst, Langen Jan, a German \nportrait painter, b. 1610, d. 1664. \n\nBockhorst, John Van, a Dutch pain- \nter of history and portraits, b. 1661, \nd. 1724, \n\nBodekher, J. F., a Dutch painter, \nb. 1660, d. 1727. \n\nBodewyns, a Dutch landscape pain- \nter, d. 1700. \n\nBodiam Castle, Suffolk, built, 1139. \n\nBodleian Library, Oxford, rebuilt \nand founded, 1598. \n\nBodley, Sir Thos., b. 1544, d. 1612. \n\nBoel, Peter, a Dutch painter of fruit \nand flowers, b. 1625, d. 1680. \n\nBoerhave, Dr., d. 23rd Sept., 1738, \naged 70. \n\nBoethius, b. 455, d. 526. \n\nBoetius, the historian, b. about 1470. \n\nBoetto, an Italian painter of allegori- \ncal pieces, b. 1683. \n\nBog in Ireland, quantity of, 3,000,000 \nacres. \n\nBog of Castleguard or Poulenard, in \nthe county of Louth, in Ireland, \n20th Dec, 1793, moved in a body \nfrom its original situation to the \ndistance of some miles, crossing \nthe high road towards Do on, cover- \n\n\n\n70 \n\n\n\nBOO \n\n\n\nB OL \n\n\n\ning every thing in its way, at least \n20 feet in many parts, and throwing \ndown several bridges, houses, &c. \n\nBogdane, a Hungarian, and a painter \nof fruits, flowers, &c. d. 1720. \n\nBohemia, kingdom of, founded, 550. \n\nBohemia, Queen of, visited England, \n17th May, 1661, died there Feb. \n1662. \n\nBoiardo, an Italian poet, b. 1434, d. \n1494. \n\nBoileau, the French poet, b. 1636, d. \n1717. \n\nBois-le-duc, in Languedoc, destroyed \n\nby violent rains, 1776. \nBoissieu, Jean Jacques, a French \n\npainter of landscape and portraits, \n\nb. 1725. \n\nBol, Ferdinand, a Dutch portrait and \nhistory painter, b. 1611, d. 1681. \n\nBol, Hans, a Dutch landscape pain- \nter, b. 1534, d. 1593. \n\nBol, Cornelius, a Dutch artist, who \npainted views of the fire of London \nin 1666, when he flourished. \n\nBolanger, an Italian painter of his- \ntory, b. 1606, d. 1660. \n\nBolingbroke, Lord, d. 1751, aged 73. \n\nBolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, \nbirth-place of Henry IV., remains \nof, fell down, May, 1815. \n\nBolivar, Simon, the Liberator and \nPresident of Colombia, d. 17th \nDec, 1831, aged 47, at San Pedro. \n\nBolivia, state of, first so called, 1825. \n\nBologna, an Italian painter, b. 1570, \nd. 1597. \n\nBolognese, Grimaldi, a celebrated \nItalian painter of landscape, his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1606, d. 1680. \n\nBolognese, Carlo, an Italian painter \nof architecture and perspective, \nb. 1665, d. 1718. \n\nBolognini, Giov. Batt., an Italian \nhistorical painter, b. 1611, d. 1688. \n\nBolswert, an engraver of Antwerp, \nwho flourished 1620. \n\nBolswert, Scheltius, an engraver of \nAntwerp, who flourished 1636. \n\nBolton, England, erected into a bo- \nrough, 1832. \n\nBolton, Messrs. Hardcastles 1 bleach- \nworks near, destroyed by fire, the \nloss calculated at 30,00*0/., 27th \nOct., 1825. \n\n\n\nBolton Abbey, Yorkshire, built \n1120; castle built 1297. \n\nBom, Peter, a Flemish landscape \npainter, b. 1530, d. 1572. \n\nBombay nearly destroyed by fire, and \nmany lives lost, 27th Feb., 1803. \n\nBombelli, Sebastiano, an Italian por- \ntrait painter, b. 1635, d. 1685. \n\nBombs first invented by a man at \nVenlo, 1588 ; first used in the \nservice of France, 1634. \n\nBon, the palace of the celebrated \nprince of Cologne there, burnt \ndown, 15th Jan., 1777, loss esti- \nmated at 200,000/. \n\nBonaparte ; see Buonaparte and Na- \npoleon. \n\nBonaparte, Lucien, arrived in Eng- \nland, 18th Dec, 1810 ; created a \nRoman prince by the Pope, Aug. \n1814; refused passports for him- \nself and family to North America, \nby the allied sovereigns, 18th \nMarch, 1817. \n\nBonaparte, Madame Letitia, mother of \nthe Emp.Napoleon,b.l752, d.1832. \nSee Napoleon and Buonaparte. \n\nBonasone, an Italian historical pain- \nter, b. 1498, d. 1570. \n\nBonati, an Italian historical painter, \nb. 1635, d. 1681. \n\nBoncuore, an Italian painter of his- \ntory, b. 1643, d. 1699. \n\nBond, an English landscape painter, \nd. 1804. \n\nBondage released by Queen Elizabeth \nin several of her manors, 1574. \n\nBone \xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xbb" Give him a bone to pick," \nprobably took its rise from a custom \nat marriage feasts among the poor \nin Sicily, when, after dinner, the \nbride\'s father gives the bridegroom \na bone, saying, " Pick this bone, \nfor you have undertaken to pick \none more difficult." \n\nBones, the art of softening them, \ndiscovered 1688. \n\nBonesi, a Bolognese painter, b. 1653, \nd. 1725. \n\nBoni, a Bolognese historical painter, \nb. 1688, d. 1766. \n\nBonifacio, a Venetian painter of his- \ntory, b. 1491, d. 1553. \n\nBonisdi, an Italian historical painter, \nb. 1633, d. 1700. \n\n\n\nBON \n\n\n\nBOO \n\n\n\n71 \n\n\n\nBonito, Giuseppe, a Neapolitan pain- \nter of history and portraits, b.1705, \nd. 1789. \n\nBonner, bishop of London, entered at \nOxford about 1512; made bishop \nof London 1539 ; deprived, May \n1550 ; died in the Marshalsea, \n5th Sept., 1569. \n\nBonnet, Charles, a naturalist, b. 1 720, \nd. 1793. \n\nBonone, Carlo, an Italian historical \npainter, b. 1569, d. 1632. \n\nBonstetten, Mon. de, a Swiss meta- \nphysician, geologist, and traveller, \nb. at Berne, 1745, d. 1832. \n\nBonvicino, II Moretto, an Italian \nportrait and history painter, b. 1 5 1 4, \nd. 1564. \n\nBonvs, a French portrait painter, b. \n\n1702, d. 1740. \nBonzi, II Gobbo, an Italian painter \n\nof fruits, festoons, &c. b. 1580, \n\nd. 1640. \n\nBooks, in the present form, were in- \nvented by Attalus, king of Perga- \nmus, 887. \n\nBooks, sold by catalogue, began 1676. \n\nBooks, the first supposed to be written \nin Job\'s time ; 30,000 burnt by \norder of Leo, 761; a very large \nestate given for one on Cosmogra- \nphy, by king Alfred ; were sold \nfrom \\0l. to 30/. a-piece about \n1400; the first printed one was \nthe vulgate edition of the Bible, \n1462 ; the second was Cicero de \nOfficiis, 1466 ; Cornelius Nepos, \npublished at Moscow, was the first \nclassical book printed in Russia, \n29th April, 1762. \n\nBooks, to the number of 200,000, \nburnt at Constantinople by the \norder of Leo I., 476. Above \n4,194,412 volumes were in the \nsuppressed monasteries of France, \nin 1790 ; 2,000,000 were on The- \nology, the manuscripts were26,000; \nin the city of Paris alone were \n808,120 volumes. \nBook-keeping first used after the \n\nItalian method in London, 1569. \nBoon, a Dutch painter of grotesque \n\nsubjects, d. 1698. \nBoonen, A., a Dutch portrait painter, \nb. 1669, d. 1729. \n\n\n\nBoonen, G., a Dutch portrait painter, \nd. 1729. \n\nBooth, Barton, the plaver, b. 1681, \n\nd. May, 1733. \nBoots were invented B. C. 907. \nBorcht, a Belgian painter and en- \ngraver, b. 1583, d. 1660. \nBordone, Paris, an Italian historic \n\npainter, b. 1513, d. 1588. \nBorgia, Caesar, slain at Viana, 1507. \nBorgianni, a Roman historical pain- \nter, b. 1580, d. 1630. \nBorgognone, Jacopo Cortese, a cele- \nbrated French painter of battle \npieces, b. 1621, d. 1676. \nBorlase, Rev. William, the antiquary, \nd. 1772. \n\nBorromeo, Francis, a Florentine \n\npainter, b. 1446, d. 1517. \nBorroni, an Italian historic painter, \n\nb. 1684, d. 1772. \nBorzone, a Genoese painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1590, killed \n1645. \n\nBos, Jerom, a whimsical, clever \npainter, b. in Brabant, 1470, d. 1530. \nBos, Louis Jansen, a painter of fruits \nand flowers, b. in Brabant, 1450, \nd. 1507. \n\nBos, Gaspar Vanden, a Dutch ma- \nrine painter, b. 1634, d. 1666. \nBoscawen, admiral, d. 1761, aged 50. \nBoscorich, R. J., b. 1711, d. 1787. \nBosch, Balthassar Vanden, a Dutch \npainter of rustic festivities, b. 1675, \nd. 1715. \n\nBosch, Jacob Vanden, a Dutch pain- \nter of fruits and flowers, b. 1636, \nd. 1676. \n\nBoschaert, Nich., a Dutch painter of \n\nfruits, flowers, b. 1696, d. 1746. \nBosschaert, or Bosschaert (Thomas \nWillebuts) a Dutch historical \npainter, b. 1613, d. 1656. \nBoschi, Fab., a Florentine historical \n\npainter, d. 1642. \nBoschi, Fran., a Florentine painter of \nhistorical subjects, b. 1619, d.1675. \nBoschini, a Venetian historical pain- \nter, b. 1613, d. \nBoscoli, Andrea, a Florentine pain- \nter, b. 1553, d. 1606. \nBosschaert ; see Boschaert. \nBosse, Abraham, a celebrated French \nengraver, d. 1660. \n\n\n\n72 \n\n\n\nBOS \n\n\n\nB T \n\n\n\nBossu, Renelle, d. 1680. \nBossuet, bishop of Meaux, b. 1627, \nd. 1704. \n\nBoston Port, bill for its removal, \n1775. \n\nBoston church, Lincolnshire, founded \n1309. \n\nBoston proscribed, the port closed by \nthe English as a punishment for a \nriot, 4th April, 1744. \n\nBoston, New England, built 1630. \n\nBoston, in New England, sustained a \nloss by fire of its court-house and \nrecords, 23rd Dec, 1747 ; again, of \nabove 100,000/., 20th March, 1760; \nagain in 1761, 1763, and 1775; \nagain, 20th April, 1787, 100 houses \nburnt: again, 23rd July,l794, when \nit received damage to the amount \nof 200,000/. ; again in Dec. 1797. \n\nBoston church, Lincolnshire, damaged \nby fire, 23rd Mav, 1803. \n\nBoswell, Jas., b. 1740, d. 19th May, \n1795. \n\nBotany Bay, settlement for, first sailed \nfrom England, 21st March, 1787. \n\nBotany, the study of, revived 1535. \n\nBotelli, an Italian historical painter, \nb. 1650, d. 1732. \n\nBoth, John, a celebrated Dutch land- \nscape painter, b. 1610, drowned, \n1650. \n\nBoth, Andrew, a celebrated Dutch \npainter, brother and coadjutor of \nJohn, d. 1656. \n\nBothel castle, Northumberland, built \n1330. \n\nBoticelli, a Florentine landscape \npainter, b. 1437, d. 1515. \n\nBotolph\'s priory, Colchester, built \n1109. \n\nBotschild, an historic painter, of Sax- \nony, b. 1640, d. 1707. \n\nBotta, a Genoese painter of history \nand portraits, b. 1572, d. 1648. \n\nBottala, a Genoese historic painter, \nb. 1613, d. 1644. \n\nBottani, an Italian landscape painter, \nb. 1717, d. 1784. \n\nBottle conjuror imposed on the \ncredulous at the Havmarket The- \natre, 16th Jan., 1748-9. \n\nBottle, containing two hogsheads, \nblown at Leith, Scotland, 7th Jan., \n1748-9. \n\n\n\nBottoni, an Italian historical painter, \nb. 1662, d. 1706. \n\nBouchardon, Edm., a French sculp- \ntor, b. 1698, d. 1762. \n\nBoucher, Francis, a French land\' \nscape painter, b. 1704, d. 1770. \n\nBoucquet, Victor, a Flemish histori- \ncal and portrait painter, b. 1619, \nd. 1660. \n\nBougainville, the navigator, escaped \n\nfrom the massacres at Paris of 1792, \n\nand d. 3rd Aug., 1811. \nBoujas, a Spanish painter of history, \n\nb. 1672, d. 1726. \nBoullongne, Louis the elder, a French \n\nhistorical painter, b. 1609, d. \n\n1674. \n\nBoullongne, Louis the younger, a \nFrench historical and allegorical \npainter, b. 1654, d. 1784. \n\nBoullongne, Bon, a French painter \nof history and portrait, b. 1649, \nd. 1717. \n\nBoullongne, Magdelaine de, a French \nladv who painted fruits, flowers, \nportraits, b. 1644, d. 1710. \n\nBoullongne, Ginevra, a French lady \nwho painted fruits and flowers, \nd. 1708. \n\nBoulter, archbishop of Armagh, Ire- \nland, gave 30,000/. to charitable \nuses, b. 1671, d. 1742. \n\nBonlton, Matthew, b. 1728, d. Sept. \n1809. \n\nBounties first legally granted in Eng- \nland for raising naval stores in \nAmerica, 1703 ; for exporting \ncorn, 1689. \n\nBourbon erected into a duchy, 1336. \n\nBourbon Isle planted bv the French, \n1672. \n\nBourbon, family compact, 1761 ; \nexpelled France, 1791; restored, \n1814; re-expelled and again re- \nstored, 1815 ; the Orleans branch \nelected to the monarchy, 9th Aug., \n1830. \n\nBourbon-les-bains,inBassig-ni,France, \nthe vault under the church there \ngave way during mass, when 600 \npersons were killed, 14th Sept., \n1778. \n\nBourdon, Seb., a celebrated French \npainter of history and landscape, \nb. 1616. d. 1671. \n\n\n\nBO U \n\n\n\nBRA \n\n\n\n73 \n\n\n\nBourgeois, Francis, an English land- \nscape painter, founder of the Dul- \nwich Gallery, b. 1756, d. 1811. \n\nBourienne, Mons. de, secretary and \nbiographer of Napoleon, died in a \nmaison de sante in Normandy, 1834. \n\nBourignon, Madame, the enthusiast, \nb. 1616, d. 1680. \n\nBourn, Thomas, an English topo- \ngraphical writer, b. 1771, d. 1832. \n\nBourralt, Edm. Fr., a French writer, \nb. 1632, d. 1701. \n\nBout, Francis, a Belgian landscape \nand figure painter, b. 1660. \n\nBow-bridge first built 1087. \n\nBow church, Cheapside, built 1673 ; \ntower finished, 1680. \n\nBowles, the widow, of West Hanney, \nBerks, d. 4th April, 1749, aged 124. \n\nBows and arrows introduced into \nEngland, 1066. \n\nBowver, William, the printer, b. \n1669, d. 18th Nov., 1777. \n\nBoxgrove priory, Sussex, built 1110. \n\nBovce, Dr., the organist, d. 9th Feb., \n1779, aged 69. \n\nBoydell, John, alderman of London, \npromoter of the graphic art in \nEngland, b. 1719, d. 1805. \n\nBoydell, Josiah, alderman of Lon- \ndon, a portrait and landscape pain- \nter, and engraver, b. 1750, d. 1817. \n\nBoyer, Abel, the lexicographer, b. \n1664, d. 1729. \n\nBoyle, Richard, earl of Cork, b. \n1556, d. 1643. \n\nBovle, Roger, inventor of the orrery, \nb. 1621, d. 1643. \n\nBovle, Robert, the philosopher, d. \n1691, aged 65. \n\nBovle, Charles, earl of Orrery, b. \n1676, d. 1731. \n\nBoyle, John, earl of Orrery, b. 1707, \nd. 1762. \n\nBoyle, Richard, earl of Burlington, \n\nb. 1695, d. 1753. \nBoyne, man-of-war, of 98 guns, was \n\ndestroyed by fire at Portsmouth, \n\nwhen great mischief was done by \n\ntbe explosion of the magazine on \n\n1st May, 1795. \nBoyse, John, a divine, and one of the \n\ntranslators of the Bible, b. 1560, \n\nd. 1643. \n\nBoyse, Samuel, b. 1708, d. 1749. \n\n\n\nBrabant erected into a dukedom, 620. \nBraccioli, an Italian historical painter, \n\nb. 1698, d. 1762. \nBrad dock, general, killed at Du \n\nQuesne, 9th July, 1755. \nBradeustoke Priory, Wilts., built, \n\n1076. \n\nBradford, in Wiltshire, damaged by \n\nfire, 30th April, 1740. \nBradford, England, erected into a \n\nborough, 1832. \nBradley, Dr. James, the astronomer, \n\nb. 1692, d. 1762. \nBradsole Abbey, Kent, built, 1191. \nBradstow Pier, in Kent, destroyed by \n\na storm, 2nd Jan., 1767 ; rebuilt, \n\n1772. \n\nBradshaw, John, one of the judges of \nCharles I., b. 1586, d. 1659. \n\nBradv, Rev. Dr. Nicholas, b. 1659, \nd. 1726. \n\nBrahe, Tycho, a famous astronomer, \nb. 1546, d. 1601. \n\nBrakenburg, a Dutch painter of rus- \ntic merriments, b. 1649. \n\nBramah, Joseph, engineer and me- \nchanist, b. 1749, d. 9th Dec, \n1814. \n\nBramante d\'Urbino, a painter, b. \n\n1444, d. 1514. \nBramantino, a Milanese painter, b. \n\n1400, d. 1450. \nBramber Castle and Church, Sussex, \n\nbuilt before the Conquest. \nBramer, a Flemish historical painter, \n\npupil of Rembrandt, b. 1596. \nBrancepeth Castle, Durham, built \n\n1140. \n\nBrand, John, a German landscape \n\npainter, b. 1723, d. 1793. \nBrandel, Peter, a German painter of \n\nhistory, b. 1660, d. 1739. \nBrandenberg, John, a Swiss painter \n\nof history and battles, b. 1660, d. \n\n1729. \n\nBrandenburgh House, residence of \n\nQueen Caroline, taken down, 1824. \nBrandenburgh created a marquisate, \n\n926; created a dukedom, 1526. \nBrandi, an Italian historic painter, \n\npupil of Lanfranc,b. 1623, d. 1691. \nBrantome, Peter de Bourdeilles, d. \n\n1614, aged 87. \nBrandmuller, a painter of history \n\nand portraits, b. 1661, d. 1691. \n\nE \n\n\n\n71 \n\n\n\nBRA \n\n\n\nBRE \n\n\n\nBrass exported in 1799 amounted \nto 77,033 cwt. 3 qr. 161b., at \n\xc2\xa37 14 8 per cwt., amounted to \n\xc2\xa3595,728 15s. 5d. \n\nBray, Dr. Thomas, deviser of propa- \ngating the Gospel in foreign parts \nb. 1656, d. 1730. \n\nBrav, William, an English antiquary, \nb" 1736, d. 1833. \n\nBray, Solomon de, a Dutch portrait \npainter, b. 1597, d. 1664. \n\nBray, Berks, famous in song for its \nvicai\\who, from the reign of Henry \nto Elizabeth, changed his religion \nthree times, and being called a \nturncoat, said he kept to his prin- \nciple, that of living and dying \nVicar of Bray. \n\nBrazen-noseCollege,Oxford, founded, \n1513. \n\nBrazil discovered, 1486 ; settled by \nthe Spaniards, 1515; settled by \nthe Dutch, 1624 ; taken from Hol- \nland by the Portuguese, 1654 ; \ngovernment fixed at Rio, 1763; \ndeclared independent of Portugal, \n14th Dec, 1815 ; obtained a popu- \nlar representation, 1822. \n\nBrazil diamond mines discovered, 1730 \n\nBread. In the year 1754 the quar- \ntern loaf Avas sold for fourpence ; \nin the year 1757, it rose to 10c?., \nand in March, 1800, to 17c?., when \nnew bread was forbid under the \npenalty of 5s. per loaf, if the baker \nsold it until 24 hours old. In \nJanuary, 1801, the quartern loaf \nsold for Is. lid.; in July, 1810, \nit sold for Is. 5d. \xe2\x80\xa2 in July, 1823, \nfor 10c?. ; and in 1833, 8\xc2\xb1d. \n\nBread first made with yeast in Eng- \nland, 1656. \n\nBread-fruit tree first introduced into \nthe West Indies by Capt. Bligh, \nJan., 1793. \n\nBreakwater, at Plymouth, com- \nmenced 10th Aug., 1812. \n\nBreast-plates for armour first invent- \ned, B.C. 397. \n\nBrecknock Castle built, 1089; pri- \nory built, 1100. \n\nBreda, Peter Van, a Flemish land- \nscape painter, b. 1630, d. 1681. \n\nBreda, John Van, a Flemish land- \nscape painter, b. 1683, d. 1750. \n\n\n\nBreeches first introduced into Eng- \nland, 1654. \n\nBreemberg, Bartolomeo, a Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1660. \n\nBremen fortified. 1010 ; damaged by \nan explosion of gunpowder, 1000 \nhouses destroyed and 40 persons \nkilled, 10th Sep., 1739. \n\nBrentana, a Venetian historic painter, \nb. 1656. d. 1726. \n\nBrentel, Fred., of Strasburg, a his- \ntorical and landscape painter, b. \n1570, d. 1622. \n\nBrere, a village in Dorsetshire, seve- \nral fires broke out at, and threat- \nened the total destruction of the \nplace, July, 1816. \n\nBrerewood, Edward, mathematician \nand antiquary, b. 1565, d. 1613. \n\nBrereton, Lieut. -Col., destroyed him- \nself while a court-martial was sit- \nting on his conduct, after the riots \nat Bristol, 11th Jan., 1832. \n\nBrescia, in Italy, seriously damaged \nby an explosion, 8th Aug., 1779. - \n\nBrescia, Giov. Maria da, an Italian \npainter and engraver, b. 1640, d. \n1510. \n\nBrescia, Leonardo, an Italian historic \npainter, flourished 1540. \n\nBresciano, an Italian painter of his- \ntory, d. 1599. \n\nBrest magazine, 400 yards long, was \ndestroyed by fire, to the value of \n7,000,000f. in stores, besides the \nbuilding, 19th Jan., 1744; Marine \nHospital burnt, with 50 galley- \nslaves, 1st Dec, 1766; magazine, \n&c, destroyed by fire, 10 th July, \n1784, to the value of l,000,000*f. \n\nBreval, John Durant, dramatic wri- \nter, d.-1739. \n\nBreviaries first adopted, 1080. \n\nBrewer\'s license taxed, 1781. \n\nBrewhouse of H. Meux, two large \nvats in, suddenly burst, deluging \nand destroying several neighbour- \ning houses, 1 7th Oct., 1 8 1 4. Seve- \nral lives were lost, and the total \nloss of beer was estimated at \nbetween 8000 and 9000 barrels. \n\nBreydel, Charles, a Flemish land- \nscape painter, b. 1677, d. 1744. \n\nBreydell, Francis, a Flemish portrait \npainter, b. 1679, d. 1750. \n\n\n\nBR I \n\n\n\nBR I \n\n\n\nBribery first practised in England, i \n1554. \n\nBriberv at elections forbidden bv law, \n1696, 1729, 1735. \n\nBrice, Andrew, of Exeter, d. 7th | \nNov., 1773, aged 75. \n\nBricbian order of knighthood began \nin Sweden, 1366. \n\nBricks first used in England by the \nRomans : tbe size ordered bv \nCbarles I., 1625. \n\nBricks and tiles taxed, 1804. \n\nBridge, F.R.S., Rev. Bewick, natural \nphilosopher, b. 1767, d. 1833. \n\nBride cake originated in the Roman \ncustom, called Confarreation, of \ndividing a cake of wheat and bar- \nley, as a firm alliance between i \nman and wife. \n\nBridewell, formerly a palace of Bang : \nHenry YIIL. London, built, 1522 ; j \nconverted to an hospital, 1558. \n\nBridge, the first of stone in England \nwas at Bow, near Stratford, 1087. | \n\nBridge of Puerta de St. Maria, near \nCadiz, fell down as soon as finished, \nwhile receiving the benediction, ; \nand killed several hundred persons I \nthat were over and under it, 22nd i \nFeb., 1779. \n\nBridge-town, Barbadoes, destroved bv j \na fire, 18th April, 1668 ; had 160 \ndwelling-houses destroved bv a \nfire, 8th Feb., 1756: again, i*20, \n14th Feb., 1758 ; again, 14th May, j \n1766; again, 27th Dec, 1767. \n\nBridgenorth Castle, Salop, built, 800. \n\nBridge water Castle and Bridge, So- \nmersetshire, built, 1204. \n\nBridgewater, Duke of, b. 1736, d. \n1803. \n\nBriggs, Henrv, mathematician, b. j \n\n1556, d. 1630. \nBriggs, Dr. William, b. 1650, d. 1714. \nBrighthelmstone block-house washed , \n\naway bv the sea, 19th Nov., j \n\n1786. \n\nBright, Mr., of Maiden, in Essex, \n\ndied 10th Nov., 1755, who weighed \n\n44 stone, aged 29. \nBrighton, England, erected into a I \n\nborough, 1832. \nBrighton, chain pier at, blown down, \n\n15th Oct,, 1833. \nBril, Matthew, a Flemish artist, who \n\n\n\npainted in the Vatican, b. 1550, d. \n1584. \n\nBril, Paul, a celebrated Flemish land- \nscape painter, b. 1554, d. 1626. \n\nBrinckman, Philip Jerome, a histori- \ncal and landscape painter, b. at \nSpires, 1709, d. 1751. \n\nBrindley, Mr., the Duke of Bridge- \nwaters engineer, b. 1716, d. 27th \nSept., 1772. \n\nBristol Cross built, 1373; taken down \nand removed to Stourhead, 1760 : \nexchange built, 1741 ; bridge bill \npassed, 22nd May, 1760. \n\nBristol, riot at, when the turnpikes \nwere demolished, and many houses \ndestroyed, 20th July, 1749; re- \nform riots at, 30th\' Oct., 1831, \nwhen several public buildings were \ndestroyed, the jails broken open, \nand Queen Square fired ; 30 per- \nsons killed ; five rioters subse- \nquently executed ; several others \ntransported. \n\nBritain first discovered to be an \nisland, 40. \n\nBritish Islands. They were inhabited \noriginally by a people called Bri- \ntons, of the same stock with the \nancient Gauls or Celtae ; the Ro- \nmans first invaded them under \nJulius Caesar, B.C, 54., but made \nno conquests. The Emperor Clau- \ndius, and his generals Plautius, \nVespasian, and Titus, subdued seve- \nral provinces, after 30 pitched bat- \ntles with the natives, A.D. 43 and \n44. The conquest was completed \nby Agricola in the reign of Domi- \ntian, 85. Wrested froui the Roman \nempire by Carausius, 289 ; recov- \nered by Constantius, 296. The \nRomans held their conquests till \n426 ; then the old inhabitants \ncalled in the Saxons to assist them \nagainst the Picts and Scots ; these \nSaxons made a second conquest, \nand divided South Britain into \nseven kingdoms, 455. This go- \nvernment was called the Saxon \nHeptarchy, and lasted till 827, \nwhen Egbert having subdued and \nunited them under one government, \nwas crowned King of England. \n\n\n\nSee England. \n\n\n\ne 2 \n\n\n\n76 \n\n\n\nBRI \n\n\n\nBRO \n\n\n\nBritish Queen, packet, from Ostend \nto Margate, wrecked on the Good- \nAvin Sands, and all on board pe- \nrished, 16th Dec, 1814. \n\nBritish herring fishery incorporated, \n1750. \n\nBritish institution founded, 4th June, \n1805; opened, 18th Jan., 1806. \n\nBritish andforeign Bible society, 1804. \n\nBritish and foreign school society in- \nstituted, 1815. \n\nBritish linen company erected, 1746. \n\nBritish mineralogical society com- \nmenced, 1799. \n\nBritish museum established, 1758. \n\nBritish society incorporated for ex- \ntending the fisheries, 1786. \n\nBritish lying-in hospital, Brownlow- \nstreet, London, instituted, 1749. \n\nBrittany founded as a kingdom, 383 ; \nmade a duchy, 874 ; annexed to \nthe crown of France, 1150. \n\nBritton, Thomas, the musical small- \ncoal man, d. 1714. \n\nBrize, a Dutch painter of still life, \nflourished 1590. \n\nBrizio, an Italian painter of architec- \nture and landscape, b. 1574, d. \n\nBroad seal of Englaud first used, \n1050. \n\nBroadswords forbidden to be worn in \nEdinburgh, 26th July, 1724. \n\nBrocklandt, a Dutch painter, b. 1553, \nd. 1583. \n\nBrocklesby, Dr.. R, b. 1722, d. 1797. \nBrodie Castle, Scotland, built, 1113. \nBrody, in Gallicia, 1500 houses burnt \n\nat," 5th May, 1801. \nBroeck, Crispin Vanden, a Flemish \n\npainter, engraver, and architect, \n\nb. 1530. \n\nBroeck, Elias Vanden, a Flemish \npainter of fruit and flowers, b. \n1657, died 1711. \n\nBrokers regulated in London by law, \n1697. \n\nBromfield, William, surgeon, b. \n1712, d. 1762. \n\nBrompton, an English landscape and \nportrait painter, and pupil of Wil- \nson, d. 1790. \n\nBronckhorst, Peter Van, an historical \npainter, b. at Delft, 1588, d. 1661. \n\nBronckhorst, John Van; of Utrecht, \nan historic painter, b. 1603. \n\n\n\nBronckhorst, John, of Leyden, s \npainter of animals, b.l 648, d.1723. \n\nBronzini, a Florentine historic painter, \nb. 1511, d. 1580. \n\nBrook, Roger, of Halifax, in York- \nshire, d. 8th Oct., 1568, aged 133. \n\nBrooke, Sir Robert, d. 1558. \n\nBrooke, Lord, Fulk Greville, stabbed \nby his servant, 30th Sep., 1628, \naged 70. \n\nBrooke, John Charles, Somerset he- \nrald, crushed to death at the Hay- \nmarket theatre, 3rd Feb., 1794, \naged 45. \n\nBrooke, Francis, d. 1789. \n\nBrooke, Henry, b. 1706, d. 1703. \n\nBrookes, Joshua, F.R.S., an eminent \nEnglish anatomist, b. 1761, d. \n1833. \n\nBrookey,John, ofBroadrush-common, \nin Devon, d. July, 1778, aged 135. \n\nBrooking, an English painter of ma- \nrine subjects, b. 1720, d. 1759. \n\nBroomholme Priory, Norfolk, built \n1113. \n\nBroomsgrove nearly destroyed by an \n\ninundation from a waterspout, \n\n13th April, 1792. \nBroom-flower, order of knighthood in \n\nFrance, began 1234. \nBrorci, an artist of Urbino, b. 1538, \n\nd. 1612. \n\nBrotherly love, order of knighthood, \nbegan. 1708. \n\nBrothels wei\'e allowed in London as \nnecessary evils, 1162; suppressed \n1545 ; tolerated in France, 1280; \nPope Sixtus IV. licensed one at \nRome, and the prostitutes paid him \na weekly tax, which amounted to \n20,000 ducats a year, 1471. \n\nBrothers, sworn , probably arose from \na custom in Morlachia, and other \nplaces, where friendship between \nthe same sex are like marriages \nratified at the altar. Others say, \nfrom persons covenanting formerly \nto share each others fortunes in \nany expedition to invade a country, \nas were Robert d\'Oily and Robert \ndTvery, in William I.\'s first expe- \ndition into England. Hence the \nterm of " brethren in iniquity,\'* \nbecause of their dividing plunder. \n\nBrotier, Gabriel, b. I722,d. 1789. \n\n\n\nBR \n\n\n\nBUC \n\n\n\n77 \n\n\n\nBrougham and Denman, Messrs., \nfirst heard at the bar of the House \nof Lords for Queen Caroline, 22nd \nJune, 1820. \n\nBrougham Castle, Westmoreland, \nbuilt, 1070. \n\nBroughton, Lancashire, suspension \nbridge at, fell while a party of the \n60th rifles were passing over ; six \nhad limbs broken, but no lives \nwere lost, 11th April, 1831. \n\nBrouwer, Adrian, a celebrated Flem- \nish painter of scenes from low life, \nb. 1608, d. 1640. \n\nBrown, Thomas, d. 1704. \n\nBrown, R. founder of the Brownists, \nd. aged 80, 1630. \n\nBrown, Robert, an English historical \npainter, d. 1770. \n\nBrown, John, a Scotch portrait and \nlandscape painter, b. 1752, d. 1787. \n\nBrown, Mather, an American painter, \nwho settled in England, d. 1st \nJune, 1831. \n\nBrown, W. L., a Scotch writer on \ndivinitv and metaphysics, b. 1753, \nd. 183*0. \n\nBrown, Count, celebrated general, \n\nslain 1757, aged 52. \nBrown, Dr. John, poet, b. 1715, d. \n\n1766. \n\nBrown, Dr. John, physician, b. 1735, \nd. 1788. \n\nBrown, Moses, a divine, b. 1703, d. \n1787. \n\nBrowne, Sir W., an eminent English \nphysician, a whimsieal character, \nb. 1692, d. 10th March, 1772. \n\nBrowne, Isaac Hawkins, the poet, b. \n1706, d. 1760. \n\nBrowne, Wm.,poet,b. 1590, d. 1645. \n\nBrowne, Sir Thomas, physician, anti- \nquary, &c, d. 1682. \n\nBrowne, Edward, natural historian, \nd. 1708. \n\nBru, a Spanish historical painter, b. \n1682, d. 1703. \n\nBruce, Robert, Scottish general and \nking, d. 1329. \n\nBruce, Major-general Sir Charles, a \nbrave and distinguished British \nofficer, b. 1777, d. 1832. \n\nBrueghel or Breughel, Peter, the \nelder, an eminent Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1510, d. 1570. \n\n\n\nBrueghel, Peter Petersz, the younger, \na Dutch painter of extravagant \nallegorical subjects, d. 1642. \n\nBrueghel, John, or Velvet Brueghel, \na Dutch painter of fruit, landscapes, \nand marine subjects, b. 1560, d. \n1625-42. \n\nBrueghel, Abraham, called the Nea- \npolitan, a Dutch painter of still \nlife, b. 1672, d. 1690. \n\nBruges founded, 700 ; fortified, 890. \n\nBruge, John of, or John Van Eyck, \na Dutch landscape painter, b. 1370, \nd. 1441. \n\nBrugnatelli, Lewis, b. 1761, d. 1818. \n\nBrun, Augustine, a German painter \nof history, b. 1570, d. 1622. \n\nBrun, Charles Le, a celebrated French \nhistoric painter, b. 1619, d. 1690. \n\nBruni, Domenico, an Italian painter \nof architecture and perspective, b. \n1591, d. 1666. \n\nBruno, founder of the Carthusians, \nd. 1101, aged 71. \n\nBrunswick built, 261. \n\nBrunswick, Duke of , d. 1806. \n\nBrunswick, Duchess of, sister to \nGeorge III., d. 23rd March, 1813. \n\nBruyere, French author, b. 1664, d. \n1696, aged 52. \n\nBruyn, Cornelius de, a Flemish por- \ntrait painter, fl. 17th century. \n\nBruyn, T. De, a painter of basso- \nrelievo imitations, d. in London, \n1804. \n\nBrussels damaged by fire, and the \nducal palace consumed, 31st Jan., \n1730. \n\nBrutus, Junius, d. 509 B.C. \nBrutus, Marcus, d. 24 B.C. \nBryant, Thomas, shot by the military \n\nthat escorted Sir F. Burdett to the \n\nTower of London, 9th April, 1810. \nBryant, Jacob, an eminent scholar, \n\nd. 14th Nov., 1804, aged 88. \nBucer, Martin, b. 1491, d. 1551. \nBuck, Sam., a British painter and \n\nengraver, b. 1686, d. 1779". \nBuck, Jonathan, a landscape painter, \n\nb. in Dublin, flourished 1780. \nBuckfastleigh Abbey, Devon, built, \n\n918. \n\nBuchan, Dr. William, author of \nDomestic Medicine, &c, d. 25th \nFeb., 1805, aged 76. \n\n\n\n78 \n\n\n\nBUC \n\n\n\nBUM \n\n\n\nBuchanan, Rev. Claudius, author of \nAsiatic Christian\'s Present, h. \n1766, d. 9th Feb., 1815. \n\nBuchanan, George, Latin poet, h. \n1506, d. 1582. \n\nBuckingham, tower at, fell down, \nand destroyed the church, 26th \nMarch, 1776; castle built, 918. \n\nBuckingham House built 1703; set- \ntled on the queen in lieu of Somer- \nset House, 19th May, 1775. \n\nBuckingham House taken down and \nrebuilt, 1826, at an expense of \n\xc2\xa3644,473 8s. 9d. \n\nBuckingham, Duke of, killed at \nPortsmouth byFelton, 23rd Aug., \n1628. \n\nBuckingham, George Villiers, Duke \nof, b. 1627, d. 1640. \n\nBuckingham, John Sheffield, Duke \nof, b. 1649, d. 1721. \n\nBuckland Priory built, 1278. \n\nBuckles were invented about 1680. \n\nBnde, William, French writer, b. \n1467, d. 1540. \n\nBudgell, Eustace, English writer, b. \n1685, drowned himself 1736. \n\nBuffalmacco, Buonamico, a Floren- \ntine painter of grotesque subjects, \nb. 1262, d. 1340. \n\nBuffon, Count de, b. 1707, d. 1788. \n\nBufoni, Pompeo, a Roman portrait \npainter, b. 1634, d. 1679. \n\nBugden Palace, Huntingdonshire, \nbuilt 1480. \n\nBugg-a-bo, or buggan-bo, originally \nno more than mothers frightening \ntheir children with the bull, bo, \nbull, bo, which the little ones, not \nrightly pronouncing, call bug-a-bo. \nIt is properly bogle-bo, bogle signi- \nfying a malevolent spirit; the \nShropshire term, buggan-bo, mean- \ning the same thing. If a horse \ntakes fright, they say, he spies a \nbuggan. \n\nBugiardini, a Florentine painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. 1481, d. \n1556. \n\nBuilding with stone first brought into \nEngland by Bennet, a monk, 670 ; \nwith brick first introduced by the \nRomans into their provinces ; first \nin England about 886 ; introduced \nhereby the Earl of Arundel, 1600, \n\n\n\nat which time the houses in Lon- \ndon were chiefly built of wood. \nThe increase of buildings in Lon- \n\n" don prohibited, and within three \nmiles of the city gates, by Queen \nElizabeth, and that only one family \nshould dwell in one house, 1580. \nThe buildings from High Holborn, \nnorth and south, and Great Queen \nstreet, built nearly on the spot \nwhere stood the Elms or the an- \ncient Tyburn in Edward III., were \nerected between 1607 and 1631. \nThe number of houses in London \nand its suburbs, in 1772, was \ncomputedat 122,930 ; but in 1791 \nthey amounted to above 200,000. \nIn St. George\'s Fields near 7000 \nhave been erected within the above \nperiod, and of late years the build- \nings round London have increased \nto a great extent. \n\nBuilders\' act passed, 1764 ; amended, \n1766. \n\nBuildings regulated bvlaw, 1764-70- \n72. \n\nBuild was Abbey, Shropshire, built \n1153. \n\nBulkeley hill, Cheshire, clothed with \ntrees, sank down into a pit of wa- \nter, so that the tops of the trees \nwere invisible, 8th July, 1657. \n\nBulkeley,the benevolent lord,d. 1 822. \n\nBull, Dr. John, musician, b. 1563, \nd. 1621. \n\nBull-baiting, first at Stamford, Lin- \ncolnshire, 1209 ; at Tutbury, Staf- \nfordshire, 1374. \n\nBull-fights in Spain first practised, \n1560. \n\nBull-running, at Tutbury, Stafford- \nshire, introduced first, 1374. \n\nBullets of stone used instead of iron, \n1514; of iron first mentioned in \nthe Fadua, 1550. \n\nBulmer, William, celebrated English \ntypographer, b. 1751, d. 1830. \n\nBullinger, a Swiss historical painter, \nb. 1713. \n\nBullion of gold and silver, first me- \nthod of assaying, 1354. \n\nBumper, a corruption of bon pere, \ngood father, i. e. the pope, whose \nhealth was always drank by the \nmonks after dinner in a full glass. \n\n\n\nBUN \n\n\n\nBUR \n\n\n\n79 \n\n\n\nBunbury,\'H. W., an English drafts- \nman and caricaturist, b. 1750, d. \n1811. \n\nBunel, Jacques, of Blois, a historic \n\npainter, b. 1558. \nBungay,Suffolk,built 1st March, 1689. \nBunk, James, a British painter of \n\nstill life, d. 1 780. \nBunker\'s Hill, America, battle of, \n\nfought, 1775. \nBunnick, John Van, of Utrecht, a \n\npainter of landscape and history, \n\nb. 1654, d. 1727. \nBunnick, Jacob Van, a Dutch painter \n\nof battle-pieces, d. 1725. \nBunyan, John, b. 1628, d. 1688. \nBuonacorsi. See Vaga. \nBuonamico, Cristofano, an old Flo- \nrentine painter of history, b. 1272, \n\nd. 1340. \n\nBuonaparte attempted to be destroyed \nby an explosion of combustibles, \n24th Dec, 1800 ; offered terms to \nLouis XVIII. if he would relinquish \nthe crown of France in his favour, \n26th Feb., 1803; crowned Emperor \nof the French, 2nd Dec, 1 804 ; di- \nvorced from the Empress Josephine, \n17th Dec, 1809 ; married to Maria \nLouisa of Austria, 1st April, 1810; \nson born, the fruit of this marriage, \nhaving the title of King of Rome, \n20th March, 1811; made overtures \nof peace to England, which were \nrejected, 17th April, 1812 ; quitted \nhis army in Russia on the 5th, and \narrived in Paris, 1 8th Dec, 1812 ; \nquitted Paris on the 15th, and \njoined his army at Mentz, 20th \nApril, 1813; quitted his army at \nDresden to return to Paris, 7th Oct., \n1813; quitted Paris to rejoin the \narmy, 25th Jan., 1814 ; renounced \nfor himself and heirs the thrones \nof France and Italy, and accepted \nthe Isle of Elba for his retreat, \n5th April, 1814; embarked at Fre- \njus for Elba, 28th April, 1814; \narrived at Elba, May 3rd following ; \nall artists forbidden by the Mayor \nof Lyons to engrave or paint his \nlikeness, 3rd Dec, 1814; quitted \nElba and landed at Cannes, 1st \nMarch, 1815 ; arrived at Fontaine- \nblcau, 20th March, 1815; joined \n\n\n\nby the army and arrived at Paris, \n22nd March, 1815; allied sove- \nreigns signed a new treaty for his \nextermination, 25th March, 1815; \nabolished the slave trade, 29th \nMarch, 1815; left Paris to join \nthe army at Laon, 12th June, \n1815; defeated at Waterloo, re- \nturned to Paris, 20th June, and \nabdicated on the 23rd in favour \nof his son ; arrived at Rochefort, \nwith the view of sailing to Ame- \nrica, 3rd July, 1815; failing in this \nproject, surrendered himself and \nsuite of 40 persons to Captain \nMaitland, of the Bellerophon, 15th \nJuly, 1815 ; transferred at Torbay \nfrom the Bellerophon to the North- \numberland, which sailed with him \nfor the island of St. Helena, decreed \nby the allied sovereigns to be his \nplace of residence for life, 8th Aug., \n1815 ; arrived at St. Helena, 16 th \nOct., 1815 ; (his relatives of every \ndescription excluded from France \nby the law of amnesty, 12th Jan. \n1816; re-admitted, 1830;) died \n5th May, 1821 ; his statue set up \nin Paris again, 1833. \nBuonarotti, Michel Angelo, the first \nof all artists, an architect, painter, \nand sculptor, b. at Florence 1474, \nd. 1563. \n\nBuontalenti, Bernardo (Girandole), a \nFlorentine painter and engineer, \nb. 1536, d. 1606. \n\nBurch, Edward,, an English gem en- \ngraver, d. 1814. \n\nBurckhardt, J. Lewis, the eastern \ntraveller, b. in Switzerland, 1784, \nd. 15th April, 1817. \n\nBinder, Rev. George, author of some \nvaluable works on divinity, b. 1752, \nd. 1832. \n\nBurgmair, Hans, a German painter \nand engraver, b. 1474. \n\nBurgh Castle, Staffordshire, built by \nthe Romans. \n\nBurgesses were first appointed in \nScotland, 1326. \n\nBurgh, James, ingenious Scotch au- \nthor, b. 1714, d. 1775. \n\nBurgo, Luc de, the first European \nwriter on algebra, d. 1494. \n\nBurgoyne, general, d. 1792. \n\n\n\n80 \n\n\n\nBUR \n\n\n\nBUS \n\n\n\nBurgundy, the dukedom of, estab- \nlished, 890 ; the kingdom founded, \n413 ; again in 814; united to the \nGerman empire, 1035 ; disunited \nby a revolt, and divided into four \nsovereignties, 1074. \n\nBurgundian Cross, order of knight- \nhood, began 1535. \n\nBurini, Barbara, a Bolognese lady, \nwho painted historic pieces, b. 1700, \nd. 1752. \n\nBurial places first permitted in cities \nin England, 742; forbidden within \ntowns in Poland, 1792. \n\nBurials taxed, 1695, 1783. \n\nBurial place, the first Christian one \nin Britain, 596. \n\nBurials first permitted in consecrated \nplaces, 750 ; in church-yards, 758. \n\nBurials and Christenings, an account \nof the number of, within the city \nof London and bills of mortality, \nfrom the 13th Dec, 1826, to 12th \nDec. 1827:\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n79 parishes within the walls, \nchristened 1,022, buried 1,065 ; 17 \nparishes without the walls, chris- \ntened 4,768, buried 3,646 ; 29, out \nparishes, christened 19,847, buried \n13,512; 10 parishes in the city \nand liberty of Westminster, christ- \nened 4,288, buried 2,069. Total \nchristened, 29,925 ; total buried, \n22,292. \n\nChristened \xe2\x80\x94 males 15,205, fe- \nmales 14,720; in all 29,925. \nBuried \xe2\x80\x94 males 11,296, females \n\n\n\n10,996 ; in all 22,292. \n\nDied under two years old 6580 \n\nBetween two and five .... 1875 \n\nFive and ten 850 \n\nTen and twenty 862 \n\nTwenty and thirty 1565 \n\nThirty and forty 1831 \n\nForty and Fifty 2134 \n\nFifty and sixty 2128 \n\nSixty and seventy 2044 \n\nSeventy and eighty 1680 \n\nEighty and ninety 666 \n\nNinety and hundred 74 \n\nOne hundred 1 \n\nOne hundred and one .... 1 \n\nOne hundred and two .... 1 \nBurke, Edmund, d. 8th July, 1797, \naged 68. \n\n\n\nBurkett,Rev. Wm,b. 1650, d. 1703. \n\nBurlington pier built 1697. \n\nBurlamaqui, T. T., b. 1694, d. 1750. \n\nBurleigh, Lord Exeter, made minis- \nter of state to Queen Elizabeth, \n1560, d. 1598. \n\nBurman, Peter, the commentator, \nb. 1668, d. 1741. \n\nBurnet, Bishop of Sarum, b. 1643, \nd. 1715. \n\nBurnet, Thomas, b. about 1635, d. \n1715. \n\nBurney, Charles, Mus. Doc.,b. 1726, \nd. 1814. \n\nBurney, Dr. Charles, an eminent \nclassical scholar, d. 28th Dec, \n1817. \n\nBurnham priory, Bucks, built 1266. \n\nBurning glasses and common mirrors, \nthe discovery attributed to Ishern- \nhausen, a Lusatian baron, 1680. \n\nBurns, Robert, b. 1759, d. 1796; \nmonument to his memory at Ayr \ncompleted 4th July, 1823. \n\nBurrough chapel, Somersetshire, was . \nstanding 900. \n\nBurrow, Sir James, law writer, b. \n1701, d. 1782. \n\nBurton, Robert, author of the Ana- \ntomy of Melancholy, b. 8th Dec, \n1576. \n\nBurton Abbey, Staffordshire, built \n1040. \n\nBurwell, in Cambridgeshire, had a \nbarn with 160 persons in it, to see \na puppet-show, set fire to by care- \nlessness, when all, except six, were \nburnt, 8th Sept., 1727. \n\nBury, in Lancashire, its play-house, \ncontaining upwards of 300 per- \nsons, fell down during the per- \nformance, and buried the audience \nunder its ruins; five were killed \non the spot, and many had their \nlimbs broken, 1st July, 1787. \n\nBury Castle, Suffolk, built 1020. , \n\nBusby, Rev. Dr. R., b. 1606, d. 1695. \n\nBusca, Antonio, a Milanese historical \npainter, b. 1625,d. 1686. \n\nBusch, John G., a German political \neconomist, b. 1728, d. 1800. \n\nBushes of evergreen, such as ivy, \ncypress, &c, w 7 ere anciently signs \nwhere wine was sold, hence the pro- \nverb, " Good wine needs no bush." \n\n\n\nBUT \n\n\n\nC A L \n\n\n\n31 \n\n\n\nButler, Charles, an eminent English \njurisconsult and able miscellaneous \nwriter, b. 1750, d. 1832. \n\nButler, Samuel, author of Hudibras, \nb. 1612, d. 1680. \n\nButler, Bishop, b. 1692, d. 1752. / \n\nButley Priory built 1 771 - \n\nButter annually sent to London from \xe2\x80\xa2 \nYorkshire, Cambridge, and Suf- \nfolk, amounts to 300,000 firkins. \n\nButtons covered with, and button- \nholes of cloth prohibited bv law, \n1721. \n\nBye laws of corporations restrained \n1534. \n\nBye, Mark de, a Dutch painter and \n\nengraver, b. 1612. \nByland Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1134. \nBylart, Jan, a Flemish historic paint- J \n*er, b. 1 603. \n\n\n\nyag, Admiral, misbehaved off Mi- \nnorca, 20th May, 1756 ; brought \nprisoner to Greenwich, 9th Aug., \n1756 ; tried at Portsmouth and \ncondemned 28th Jan., 1757 ; shot \nat Portsmouth on board the Mon- \narch ship of war, 14th March, 1757. \n\nByrne, William, an English engraver, \nb. 1743, d. 24th Sept., 1805. \n\nByrom, John, inventor of short-hand, \nb. 1691, d. 1763. \n\nByron, Lord, tried for murder and \nacquitted, 16th April, 1765. \n\nByron, Lord Noel, poet, b. 22nd Jan , \n1787, d. 18th April, 1824, aged 37. \n\nByss, John Rodolph, a Swiss alle- \ngorical painter, b. 1660, d. 1738. \n\nByzantium, now called Constantino- \nple, founded 715 B.C. \n\n\n\nCyABINET council first instituted \n25th April, 1670. \n\nCables, a method of making them \ninvented, by which 20 men are \nenabled to do the work of 200. \nThe machine is set in motion by \n16 horses, for the cable is of the \ndimensions for the lrgest ship, \n1792. \n\nCables, chain, invented, 17th century. \nCabot, Sebastian, d. 1557, aged 80. \nCabriolets, hack, first introduced into \n\nLondon, and 50 started, 1823 and \n\n1824. \n\nCade, Jack the rebel, killed by Alex- \nander Iden, 1451. \n\nCadmus, first king of Thebes, 1094 \nbefore Christ. \n\nCaerlaverve castle, Scotland, built \n1638. \n\nCaernarvon, second earl of, b. 3rd \nJune, 1772, d. 16th April, 1833. \n\nCassalpinus, And., the first systematic \nwriter on botany, b. 1519, d. 1603. \n\nCaesar, after fighting 50 pitched bat>- \nties, and slaying above 1,192,000 \nmen, was killed in the senate- \nhouse, 44 B. C. \n\nCaesarea, built after 12 years\' labour, \nby Augustus Caesar, B,C. 7 years. \n\n\n\nCsssar, Sir Julius, the antiquary, b. \n\n1557, d. 1636. \nCagliari, called Paolo Veronese, an \n\nItalian historic painter, b. 1 532, d. \n\n1588. \n\nCaille, Nic. Lov. de la, astronomer, \nd. 1762, aged 49. \n\nCairo, Grand, founded by the Sara- \ncens, 969 ; nearly destroyed by an \nearthquake, and 40,000 inhabit- \nants lost, 2nd June, 1754. \n\nCaissar, in Turkey, ruined by an \nearthquake; when 6,000 persons \nwere killed, April 1794. \n\nCaius, or Kaye, John, antiquary, b. \n1510, d. 1573. \n\nCalamy, Edward, b. 1600, d. 1666. \n\nCalamy, Edmund, b. 1671, d. 1732. \n\nCalatrava, order of knighthood in- \nstituted in Spain, 1158. \n\nCalcar, John, a Flemish historic pain- \nter, b. 1449, d. 1546. \n\nCalcutta seized and settled by the \nEnglish, 1689. \n\nCalcutta, 125 persons suffocated in \nthe black hole at, 20th June, 1756. \n\nCalder priory, Cumberland, built \n1134. \n\nCalderone, Spanish dramatist, flou- \nrished about 1640. \n\ne 3 \n\n\n\n82 \n\n\n\nC A L \n\n\n\nCAN \n\n\n\nCaledonia, East Indiaman, acciden- \ntally burnt, 29th May, 1804. \n\nCaledonia, in America, settled 1699. \n\nCaledonia, New, discovered by Cap- \ntain Cook, 1774. \n\nCalendar first regulated by Pope Gre- \ngory, 1579. \n\nCalepin, Arab., the lexicographer in \neight languages, d. 1510. \n\nCaliber instrument invented at Nu- \nremburg, 1540. \n\nCalicoes prohibited from being printed \nor worn, 1700-21. \n\nCalico first imported by the East In- \ndia Company, 1631. \n\nCalico printing, and the Dutch loom \nengine first used in England, 1676. \n\nCalicoes were first made in Lancashire \nin 1772. \n\nCalifornia discovered by Cortes, \n1543 ; taken possession of by Sir \nF. Drake, 1578. \n\nCaligula assassinated A.D. 41. \n\nCallimachus, the inventor of wild- \nfire, d. 670. \n\nCallimachus, the inventor of the \nCorinthian order of architecture, \nflourished 450 B. C. \n\nCalmar, in Sweden, 150 houses at, \ndestroyed and many lives lost by \nafire, Aug. 1800. \n\nCalmet, the learned Benedictine, \ndied in Fiance 1757, aged 86. \n\nCalonne, Charles Alexandre de, mi- \nnister to Louis XVI., d. 30th Oct., \n1802, aged 68. \n\nCalshot castle, Hampshire, built \n1540. \n\nCalvart, Denis, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1555, d. 1619. \n\nCalvert, Bernard, of Andover, went \nfrom South wark to Calais, July 1 7, \n1820, in one day, and returned the \nsame evening. \n\nCalvin d. at Geneva 27th May, 1564, \naged 55. \n\nCam bray, Fenelon, archbishop of, \n\nd. 17*16, aged 64. \nCambricks from France prohibited, \n\n1745 ; totally, 1758 ; re-admitted, \n\n1786. \n\nCambridge, chancellors of, since the \nRevolution: \xe2\x80\x94 Charles Seymour, \nduke of Somerset, installed 1688; \nThomas Holies Pelham, duke of \n\n\n\nNewcastle, 1748 ; Augustus Fitz. \nroy, duke of Grafton, 1768 ; Wil- \nliam Fred., duke of Gloucester, \n1811. \n\nCambridge, once a city called Granta, \nbuilt by Carausius ; university \nchartered, 538 ; founded, 900 \'; \nthe town burnt by the Danes, \n1010; university revived, 1110; \nits castle built, 1067 ; streets \npaved, 1410 ; again, 1544; chan- \ncellor\'s court established by Queen \nElizabeth ; refused a degree to a \npapist recommended by the king, \nFeb. 1687; a senate-house built, \n1722; installation of the duke of \nNewcastle, July 5, 1749 ; the duke \nof Grafton, 1768 ; the statue of \nthe duke of Somerset erected in the \nsenate-house, 14th July, 1 756 ; of \nthe late king, in 1765; paved and \nlighted, 1789. \n\nCambridge castle built 1068. \n\nCambridge, duchess of, delivered of a \nson, 26th March, 1 819. \n\nCamden, the historian, d. 2nd Nov., \n1623, aged 72. \n\nCamera Obscura invented 1515. \n\nCameron, Dr. Archibald, executed at \nTyburn 1753. \n\nCameron, Mary, died at Inverness, \nMay 1783, aged 130. \n\nCamoens, Portuguese poet, d. 1579, \naged 50. \n\nCampbell, Dr., an author, d. 20th \n\nDec, 1775, aged 67. \nCampbell, Geo., theologian, b. 1722, \n\nd. 1796. \n\nCamper, Peter, b. 1722, d. 1789. \nCampernile of St. Mano at Venice, \n\nbuilt 1134. \nCampi, Bernardino, an Italian historic \n\npainter, b. 1522, d. 1584. \nCampidoglio, Michel Angelo, Italian \n\npainter of fruit, flowers, &c, b. \n\n1610, d. 1670. \nCanal of Languedoc, which unites the \n\nMediterranean and Cantabrian \n\nSeas, begun by Louis XIV. in \n\n1664. It is 64 leagues in length, \n\nand has 104 sluices. \nCanal ofBriaire, or Burgundy, uniting \n\nthe Seine and Loire, finished by \n\nLouis XIII. It has 42 sluices. \n\nBegun in 1605. \n\n\n\nC A N \n\n\n\nCAN \n\n\n\n83 \n\n\n\nCanal of Orleans, between tbe Loire \nand Seine, began 1675 ; it has 20 \nsluices. \n\nCanal of Bourbon between tbe Oise \nand Paris, began 1790. \n\nCanal of tbe lake Ladoga in Russia, \nbetween tbe Baltic and Caspian \nSeas, began 1719. \n\nCanal in Cbina goes from Canton to \nPekin in a straight line upwards of \n806 miles, having 75 locks, and 41 \nlarge cities on its banks, with above \n10,000 vessels on it, finished in \n880 : 30,000 men were employed \n43 years in making it. In 1355 a \ncanal was dag in Persia 100 miles \nlong. Tbe Russian canal, begun \nby Peter tbe Great, in 1708. be- \ntween the Caspian Sea and the \nBaltic, was not entirely completed I \ntill 1780. The distance by water \\ \nfrom the frontiers of China to St. ! \nPetersburgh is 4472 miles ; that j \nfrom Astracan to Petersburgh 1434 | \nmiles : the communication was be- \ngun by Peter tbe Great, who also \nbegan some others. The canal of \nOrleans in France was begun in \n1678 ; the canal of Languedoc was \nbegan in 1666, and finished 1 681. i \nThe canal from Calais to Grave- \nlines was begun in 1681. and many \nmore are marked out in France but \nnot finished. In Spain the canal of \nArragon was begun in 1785. In \nSweden a canal was made from ! \nStockholm to Gottenburgh 1751. \nIn Ireland one from Dublin to the \nShannon, 1762. The canal from \nBrussels to Antwerp was begun \n1531. finished 1560. That which \njoins the Baltic and North Sea at \nKiel was opened to all nations 14th \nMay. 1785. Navigable rivers, and \ncanals to join rivers, first made in \nEngland by Henry I.. 1134, when \nthe Trent was joined to the Wi- \ntham. The Thames made naviga- \nable to Oxford, by act of parlia- \nment, 21 James I., 1624. The \nNew River canal, running 36 miles, \nwas begun in 1608, and finished \n1613. The Kennet, from Reading \nto Newbury, 2 George I., 1715. \nThe river Lea made navigable from \n\n\n\nHertford to Ware, and so to Lon- \ndon. 12 George II., 1739. The \nDuke of Bridgewater\'s navigation \nbegan 1758, and was opened 17th \nJune, 1761. Northamptonshire \nnavigation began 7th Aug., 1761. \nTrent and Mersey canal, extending- \n90 miles, was finished 1772, since \nwhich time have been the follow- \ning, viz. \n\nCanal from Belfast to Loughneaeh \nwas begun 1783. \n\nCanal from Droitwich to the \nSevern 1756. \n\nCanal in Caermarthenshire 1756. \n\nCanal from the Severn, near Til- \nton Bridge, 1766. \n\nCanal from Wilden Ferry, in Staf- \nfordshire, 1766. \n\nCanal from the Forth to the Clyde, \nin Scotland, 1768. \n\nCanal from Birmingham to Bils- \nton 1768. \n\nCanal from Oxford to Coven try \n1769, completed Jan., 1790. \n\nCanal from Leeds to Liverpool \n1770. \n\nCanal from the Dee to Nantwich \n1772. \n\nCanal from Skipton, 1773, to Ox- \nford 1775. \n\nCanal from Stroudwater to the \nSevern 1775, and from Stroud \nto the Thames begun 1783. \n\nCanal from Apedale 1775. \n\nCanal from Stourbridge 1776 \xe2\x80\x94 \nditto from Hider\'s Green 1776. \n\nCanal from Chesterfield to the \nTrent finished 1777. \n\nCanal from the Trent to the Mer- \nsey enlarged 1783. \n\nCanal from the Thames to the \nLeachlade 1783. \n\nCanal of Leeds and Liverpool con- \nsolidated 1783. \n\nCanal from the Lea to Limehouse \n1770. \n\nCanal from the Severn to Leach- \nlade completed in 1789. \n\nCanal from Glasgow to Bowling \nBay, in the Clyde, July, 1799. \n\nCanal over the Tame near Bir- \nmingham, and the Coventry \ncanalj with the Birmingham, \n&c, completed, by which the \n\n\n\n84 \n\n\n\nCAN \n\n\n\nCAN \n\n\n\ninland navigation between Lon- \ndon, Bristol, Liverpool, and \nHull, was opened, July, 1790. \n\nCanal from Hereford to Glouces- \nter begun Nov., 1791. \n\nCanal from Paddington to the \nGrand Junction Canal begun \n1798, opened in June, 1801. \n\nCanal, the Kennet and Avon, was \nopened 7 th July, 1799. \n\nCanal, Thames to Fenny Stratford, \nopened 28th May, 1800. \n\nCanal, Great Caledonian, to extend \nfrom the Murray Frith to the \nFrith of Mull, begun 1803, \ncompleted in 1824. \n\nCanal, Aberdare, Glamorganshire, \nSouth Wales, 1793. \n\nCanal, Aberdeenshire, extended by \nacts passed in 1796, 1801-3. \n, Canal, Aire and Calder, improved \n1828. \n\nCanal, Ashbv-de-la-Zouch, opened \n1805. \n\nCanal, Ashton-under Lyne, im- \nproved 1805. \n\nCanal from the river Thames to \nthe town of Croydon opened \nDec, 1809. \n\nCanal from Wilts and Berks to the \nriver Thames, 21st Sept., 1810. \n\nCanal, Grand Union, made navi- \ngable to Welford, 1st Oct., 1813. \n\nCanal, Wey and Arun Junction, \nact for, passed 1813. \n\nCanal, Wey and Arun junction, \nopened Sept., 1816. \n\nCanal, Worcester and Birming- \nham, opened 11th Dec, 1816. \n\nCanal, Leeds and Liverpool, 127 \nmiles in length, commenced \n1770, completed 1816. \n\nCanal, Birmingham and Liverpool, \nacts for, passed 1826-7. \n\nCanal, Brecknock and Abergaven- \nny acts for, passed 1793 and \n1804. \n\nCanal, Bridgevvater and Taunton, \nact for, passed 1811. \n\nCanal, Bury and Sougher, im- \nproved, by an act passed 1813. \n\nCanal, Bute ship, act for, passed \n1830. \n\nCanal, Caledonian, opened Oct., \n1822. \n\n\n\nCanal, Dun river, navigation, \nYorkshire, improved 1826. \n\nCanal, Edinburgh and Glasgow \nUnion, acts for, passed 1817 to \n1826. \n\nCanal, Ellesmere, improved by \n\nacts passed 1827. \nCanal, Exe river and, improved \n\n1829. \n\nCanal, Ardrossan, and railway, act \n\nfor, 1826. \nCanal, Glastonbury, act for, 1827. \nCanal, Gloucester and Berkeley, \n\nopened April, 1827. \nCanal, Grand, Ireland, extended to \n\nBallinasloe 1828. \nCanal, Grand Junction, England, \n\nact for completing, 1819. \nCanal, Grand Surrey, act for com- \npletion of, 1811. \nCanal, Grand Union, Leicester, act \n\nfor, passed 1810. \nCanal, Grand Western, Devon, act \n\nfor, passed 1812. \nCanal, Hertford Union, act for, \n\npassed 1824. \nCanal, Isle of Dogs, act for, passed \n\n1807; purchased by the West \n\nIndia DockComp. for 120,000/. \n\n1829. \n\nCanal, Kensington, act for, ob- \ntained 1824. \n\nCanal, Leeds Liverpool, extended \n1819. \n\nCanal, South, Lincoln, extended \n1828. \n\nCanal, Macclesfield, act for, passed \n1826. \n\nCanal, North Wilts, act for, passed \n1813. \n\nCanal, Norwich and Lowestoft, ex- \necuted under an act of 1827. \n\nCanal, Sankey, improved by an \nact passed 1830. \n\nCanal, Sheffield, act passed for, \n1815. \n\nCanal, Stratford-upon-Avon, act \n\nfor improvement of, 1821. \nCanal, Tavistock, act for, 1803. \nCanal, Wilts and Berks, improve- \nment act passed 1821. \nCanaletti, Antonio, a Venetian painter \nof city views, &c. b. 1697, d. 1768. \nCanary Isles discovered and granted \nto Spain, 1344 ; explored, 1393. \n\n\n\nCAN \n\n\n\nCAR \n\n\n\n85 \n\n\n\nCandaules, king of Lydia, flourished \nB.C. 735, assassinated 718. \n\nCandiac, John Jennes, who knew his \nletters at 1 3 months old, and at 7 \nyears of age was master of Latin, \nGreek, and Hebrew, d. 1725, \naged 7 years. \n\nCandle \xe2\x80\x94 " Not fit to hold a candle \nto him," arose from an early cus- \ntom of candles being held by do- \nmestics, and not placed on the \ntable. \n\nCandle-light first used in churches, \n274. \n\nCandles, tallow, so great a luxury, \nthat splinters of wood were used \nfor lights : no idea of wax candles, \n1000. \n\nCandles, tallow, came into general \nuse, 1290. \n\nCanea, Candia, suffered dreadfully \nfrom a storm, 1833. \n\nCanning, Geo., b. 11th April, 1770, \nd. 8th August, 1827. n \n\nCanning, George, a colossal bronze \nstatue of, by Westmacott, set up \nin Palace Yard, Westminster, \n2nd May, 1832. \n\nCanning, Elizabeth, tried and trans- \nported, 1722, d. 1754. \n\nCannon ball, found in the ruins of \nBerwick castle, weighed 961bs., \nand measured 30 inches in cir- \ncumference, April 1811. \n\nCannon : see Guns. \n\nCano, Alonzo, a Spanish painter, \nsculptor, and architect, b. 1600, d. \n1676. \n\nCanonical hours for pravers instituted \n391. \n\nCanonization first introduced by papal \nauthority, 993. \n\nCanon law first introduced into Eng- \nland, 1140. \n\nCanova, an eminent Venetian sculp- \ntor, b. 1757, at Possagno, d. 22nd \nOct., 1822. \n\nCanterbury Castle built 1075. \n\nCanterbury built 912 B.C. ; paved \n1477; cathedral built 1184; \nWestgate built 1387. \n\nCanterbury revenues seized by the \nking 1096. \n\nCanterbury Palace robbed 11th Oct., \n1778. \n\nCanton, China, the East India Com- \n\n\n\npany\'s factory at, destroyed by fire \n2nd Nov., 1822. \n\nCanton, John, natural philosopher, \nb. 1718, d. 1772. \n\nCape Blanco, on the coast of Africa, \ndiscovered 1441, \n\nCape Breton discovered by the Eng- \nlish 1584; yielded to France 1632; \ntaken by England 1745 ; restored \n1748 ; again taken and kept 1758. \n\nCape de Verd islands discovered 1447. \n\nCape of Good Hope discovered 1487 ; \nplanted by the Dutch 1651. \n\nCape Horn first sailed round 1616 ; \nstraits discovered 1643. \n\nCapell, Ed., critic, b. 1713, d. 1781. \n\nCapital punishments. See Punish- \nments, capital, &c. \n\nCapmanv, Antonio, Spanish writer, \nb. 1754, d. 1810. \n\nCapo d\'Istria, Count, assassinated at \nNapoli di Romania, 9th Oct., 1831. \n\nCapper or hatter, a statute passed \nthat none should sell a hat above \n20c?., or cap above 2s. Sd., 1489. \n\nCaps first worn 1449. \n\nCaps. \xe2\x80\x94 A law enacted that every per- \nson above seven years of age should \nwear on Sundays and holidays a \ncap of wool, knit made, thickened \nand dressed in England by some of \nthe trade of cappers, under the for- \nfeiture of three farthings for every \nday\'s neglect, excepting maids, la- \ndies, and gentlewomen, and every \nlord, knight, and gentlemen, of 20 \nmarks of land, and their heirs, and \nsuch as have borne office of worship \nin any city, town, or place, and the \nwardens of the London comp.,1 57 1 . \n\nCaracalla, Emperor, d. 21 7, aged 43. \n\nCaracci, Annibale, an illustrious Bo- \nlognese artist, b. 1560, d. 1609. \n\nCaracci, Lodovico, a Bolognese pain- \nter, b. 1555, d. 1619. \n\nCaracci, Agostino, a Bolognese his- \ntoric painter, b. 1558, d. 1602. \n\nCaractacus, King of the Britons, car- \nried prisoner to Rome A-D. 50. \n\nCaradoc of Llancarvan, the Welsh \nhistorian, d. 1 157. \n\nCaravaggio, Michel Angelo, Italian \nhistoric painter, b. 1569, d. 1609. \n\nCaravan, consisting of 2000 souls, \nreturning from Mecca, were all de- \nstroyed, except 20, by a kamsin or \n\n\n\n86 \n\n\n\nCAR \n\n\n\nCAR \n\n\n\npestilential wind, in the deserts of \nArabia, 12th Aug., 1812. \n\nCardan, Jer., b. 1501, d. 1576. \n\nCardigan Castle built 1160. \n\nCardinals were originally the parish \npriests at Rome ; title began to be \nused 308 ; college of, founded by \nPope Pascal I., 817 ; did not elect \nthe popes till 1160 ; wore the red \nhat (to remind them that they \nought to shed their blood, if re- \nquired, for religion), and were de- \nclared princes of the church, 1222; \nthe cardinals set fire to the con- \nclave and separated, and a vacancy \nin the papal chair for two years \n1314 ; Cardinal Caraffa was hanged \nby order of Pius IV. 1560, as was \nCardinal Poli under Leo X. ; title \nof eminence first given them by \nPope Urban VIII. about 1630. \n\nCards and dice doubly taxed 8th \nApril, 1755; additional tax 1789. \n\nCards invented in France, first used \nfor the amusement of Charles VI. \n1380 ; forbidden the use of in Cas- \ntile 1387 ; 428,000 packs stamped \nin England in 1775. \n\nCarducci, Bartolomeo, a Florentine \nartist, b. 1560, d. 1610. \n\nCarenton, in Germany, 100 dwelling \nhouses at, burnt, July, 1800. \n\nCarew, Thomas, d. 1639. \n\nCarew Castle, Pembroke, built 1 1 00. \n\nCarey, Harrv, musician, poet, &c, \nd. 1743. \n\nCaribee Islands discovered 1595. \n\nCarisbrook Castle built 692; rebuilt \n1610. \n\nCarlisle Castle built 680 ; city -walls \nbuilt 690 ; both repaired 1092 and \n1434. \n\nCarlile, Richard, convicted of pub- \nlishing Paine\' s Age of Reason, \n15th Oct.\', 1819. On 16th Nov., \nfollowing, sentenced to three years 1 \nimprisonment in Dorchester gaol, \nand fined 1500/. \n\nCarlscrone, in Sweden, had 1087 \nhouses, two churches, all the mer- \nchants\' houses except two, and all \ntheir magazines, destroyed by fire \n17th June, 1790. \n\nCarlos, Don, Prince of Spain, poisoned \nby order of his father through jea- \nlousy, 1568. \n\n\n\nCarlton House, fete given at, when \nmany were hurt by the pressure of \nthe vast assemblage, 20th June, \n1811. Fete at, given to the Duke \nof Wellington, 2500 persons pre- \nsent 21st July, 1814. \n\nCarneades, a philosopher, d. B. C. \n128, aged 90/ \n\nCarolina discovered 1497 ; planted \n1629. \n\nCaroline, queen"of George IV., pro- \nceedings against, in the House of \nLords, commenced 19th Aug., \n1820, and last debate on 10th \nNov., 1820. \n\nCaroline, Queen, consort of Geo. IV., \narrived inEngland, 6th June, 1820, \nand the following day demanded an \nopen trial; went to St. Paul\'s, \n29th Nov., 1820 ; protested against \nher exclusion from the coronation, \n18th July, 1821 ; taken ill at \nDrury Lane theatre, 30th July ; \ndied at Brandenburgh House, Ham- \nmersmith, after eight days\' illness, \n7th Aug. ; her remains removed \nthence on their route to Brunswick \nfor interment, 14th Aug., and in- \nterred 25th Aug., 1821. \n\nCarp first brought to England, 1525. \n\nCarpet, order of the, made in Eng- \nland, 1553. \n\nCarr, Sir John, author of several \npoems, b. 1762, d. 1832. \n\nCarriages introduced at Vienna, 1515 \n\xe2\x80\x94 into England, 1580. \n\nCarriages taxed, 1747-76-82-85,1808. \n\nCarrington, N. C, a British poet, b. \n1777, d. 1831. \n\nCarte, Th., historian, b. 1686,d. 1724. \n\nCarter, George, English artist, d.1785. \n\nCarter, Mrs. E., b. 1717, d. 1806. \n\nCartes, Rene des, philosopher, b. \n1596, d. 1650. \n\nCarthage, founded by the Tyrians, \n1259; enlarged by Qn. Dido", 869; \ndestroyed, 146, rebuilt, 123 B. C. \n\nCarving in marble invented, 722 B.C. \n\nCartmel monastery, Lancashire, built \n1188. \n\nCarving at table, by ladies, Verstegan \nsays, originated among our Saxon \nancestors ; and the title of lady \nsprang from this office, as laf-ord \nor loaf -giver (now lord), was so \ncalled from his maintaining a num- \n\n\n\nCAS \n\n\n\nCAY \n\n\n\n87 \n\n\n\nof dependants ; so leaf-dian or \nloqf-dian, i. e. loaf-server, is the \norigin of lady, she serving it to the \nguests. \n\nCasan, a city of Tartary, burnt 15th \nOct. 1752 ; in 1765 : and in 1815. \n\nCasas, B. las, b. 1474, d. 1566. \n\nCasaubon, Isaac, b. at Geneva, 1560, \nd. 1611. \n\nCasaubon, Meric, b. at Geneva, 1599, \nd. 1674. \n\nCashman, John, a Spa-fields rioter, \nhanged for stealing fire-arms from \nthe shop of Beckwith, 12th March, \n1817. \n\nCasimir III. of Poland, d. 1370. \nCaslon, Wm., letter-founder, d. 24th \n\nJan., 1766, aged 74. \nCassander, flourished B. C. 298. \nCassandra, flourished B. C. 1149. \nCassini, J. Dom., mathematician and \n\nastronomer, b. 1635, d. 1712. \nCassini, James, b. 1677, d. 1756. \nCassini, de Thung, b. 1714, d. 1784. \nCastagno, Andrea del, Italian artist, \n\nb. 1409, d. 1480. \nCastello, Giov. Bat., Italian bistoric \n\npainter, b. 1500, d. 1570 or 1580. \nCasti, Giambattista, b. 1721, d. 1803. \nCastiglione, Giov. Bened., a Genoese \n\npainter of history and landscape, b. \n\n1616, d. 1670. \nCastile and Aiagon, kingdom of, be- \ngan 1035. \nCastor, in Lincolnshire, church of, \n\nnearly destroyed by lightning, 6 th \n\nJune, 1795. \nCastle and sword, order of, established \n\nby prince regent of Portugal, 1807. \nCastle-ane Priory, Norfolk, built 1090. \nCastle-ane Monastery, Yorkshire, \n\nbuilt 1085. \nCastle Cornet, Guernsey, built 1100. \nCastle-rising Castle, Norfolk, built \n\n1204. \n\nCastle-Rushen Castle, Isle of Man, \nbuilt 960. \n\nCastles in England taken from the \nbarons, 1153 ; 1100 built in Eng- \nland between 1140 and 1154. \n\nCastle-Town Castle, Isle of Man, \nbuilt 960. \n\nCastracani, Castruccio, b. 1284, d. \n1328. \n\nCatskill Mountains, N. America, and \nthe woods intervening between Ul- \n\n\n\nster and Sullivan counties, took \n\nfire, May, 1816. \nCatalogues of English printed books \n\nwere first published in 1595; in \n\nIreland, 1632. \nCatechism, a short one, published by \n\nthe bishop of Winchester, 1552. \nCatharine-hall, Cambridge, founded \n\n1475. \n\nCatherine-hill Chapel, Surrey, built \n1230. \n\nCatharine de Medicis, d. 1589. \nCatharine, St., order of knighthood, \n\nbegan in Palestine, 1063. \nCatholic, a name given to the Roman \n\nchristians, A. D. 38. \nCatholic Majesty, title of, given to the \n\nKing of Spain, by the Pope, 739. \nCato-street, London, Conspirators ar- \nrested 23rd Feb., 1820. \nCato killed himself 5th Feb., B. C. \n\n46, aged 48. \nCats\' Isle, one of the Bahamas, the \n\nfirst discovery by Columbus, 1492. \nCattle prohibited from being imported \n\nfrom Ireland and Scotland into \n\nEngland, 1663. \nCatullus, b. at Verona, B. C. 40, d. \n\naged 46. \n\nCatworth, Huntingdonsh., materially \ninjured by fire, 3rd Aug., 1753. \n\nCauliflowers first planted in England \n1603. \n\nCautionary towns of the Dutch, \npawned to Queen Elizabeth, 1585, \nrestored 1616. \n\nCavalleri, Bon., inventor of indivisi- \nbles, b. 1598, d. 1657. \n\nCavallo, Tiberius, b. 1749, d. 1809. \n\nCave, Edward, the compiler of the \nfirst periodical magazine, b. 1691, \nd. 1754. \n\nCave, Dr. William, b.J637, d.1713. \n\nCavendish, Thos., British circum- \nnavigator, d. 1592. \n\nCavendish\'s first voyage to circum- \nnavigate the globe, 1586. \n\nCavendish, W., duke of Newcastle, \nauthor, b. 1592, d. 1676. \n\nCaverley, Sir Hugh, the first person \nwho used guns for the service of \nEngland, d. 1389. \n\nCaxton, William, the first printer in \nEngland, fl.1474 ; b.l 412, d.1491. \n\nCavlus, A. Claude, antiquary, b. 1692, \nd. 1765. \n\n\n\n88 \n\n\n\nCAY \n\n\n\nCH A \n\n\n\nCayenne Isle, first planted bv the \n\nFrench, 1635. \nCecil, William, lord Burleigh, b. \n\n1520, d. 1598. \nCecil, R., earl of Salisbury, b. about \n\n1550, d. 1612. \nCecrops, first king of Athens, B. C. \n\n1556. \n\nCelery first introduced at table in \nEngland by Count Tallard, during \nhis captivity after the battle of \nMalplaquet, 1709. \n\nCelestial sphere, first seen in Greece ; \nbrought from Egypt, B. C. 368. \n\nCelsus, a famous jurisconsult, fl. A.D. \n103. \n\nCensors appointed at Rome, B.C. 437. \nCent jours. See Hundred days. \nCentlivre, Susan, b. about 1677, d. \n\n4th Dec, 1723. \nCervantes, Mich. de,b. 1547, d. 1616. \nCesari, Giuseppe, an Italian painter, \n\nb. 1560, d. 1640. \nCeuta, in Barbary, 200 houses at, \n\nblown down, 15th Feb., 1751-2. \nCeylon, the Isle of, first discovered, \n\n1 506 ; nearly destroyed to revenge \n\nthe Dutch cruelties, 1761. \nChain Cables. See Cables. \nChain shot invented bv Adm. de Wit, \n\n1666. \n\nChairs, Sedan, first used in London. \nA fourteen years\' patent for selling \nthem granted to Duncombe, 1634. \n\nChairs, private Sedans, 241 in Dub- \nlin city, 25th March, 1787. \n\nChairs, Acts (Irish) for the regulation \nof, 1772-85-86-87. \n\nChambaud, Mons. Lewis, d. 22nd \nSept. 1776. \n\nChamber of Deputies, France, num- \nber of reduced 1816. \n\nCharnberry, in Sardinia, 18 persons \nand many buildings destroyed by \nan explosion of gunpowder, 1773. \n\nChambers, Ephraim, author of the \ndictionary, d. 1740. \n\nChambers, Sir William, architect, b. \n1729, d. 8th March, 1796. \n\nChamfort, S.R.S.,b. 1741, d. 1794. \n\nChampagne, Philip de, historic painter, \nb. at Brussels 1602, d. 1674. \n\nChampion of England first introduced \nat coronations, 1377. \n. Chancellors of England since the ac- \ncession of George III. : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\nLord Henley, afterwards earl of \nNorthington, Jan. 1761. \n\nCharles Pratt, lord Camden, July \n1766. \n\nCharles Yorke, lord Hardwicke, \nJan. 1770. \n\nIn commission, viz. Sir Sydney \nStafford Smythe, knt.\xe2\x80\x94 Hon. \nHenry Ashhurst, and Sir R. \nAston, knt. Jan. 1770. \n\nHenry Bathurst, earl Bathurst, \nJan. 1771. \n\nThurlow, lord Thurlow, of Ash- \nfield, 2nd June, 1778. \n\nIn commission, viz. Lord Lough- \nborough, Sir William Ashhurst, \nand SirWm.BeaumontHotham, \n3rd April, 1783. \n\nLord Thurlow again, 23rd Dec, \n1783. \n\nIn commission, viz. Sir James \nEyre, Sir William Henry Ash- \nhurst, Sir John Wilson, 15tb \nJune, 1792. \n\nLord Loughborough, 27th Jan., \n1793. \n\nLord Eldon, 15th April, 1801. \nLord Erskine, 7th Feb., 1806. \nLord Eldon again, 25th Mar., 1807. \nLord Lyndhurst, 30th Apr., 1827. \nLord Brougham and Vaux, 16th \n\nNov., 1832. \nLord Lyndhurst again, 28th Nov., \n1834. \n\nChancellors of Cambridge. See Cam- \nbridge. \n\nChancellors of Oxford. See Oxford. \n\nChancery, court of, established 605 ; \npresent one by William I. 1066. \nThe first person qualified for chan- \ncellor, by education, was Sir Th oraas \nMore, 1530, the office before being \nrather that of a secretary of state \nthan the president of a court of \njustice; first reference to a master \nin, owing to the ignorance of the \nchancellor, Sir Chris. Hatton,1588. \n\nChandler, Samuel, dissenting divine, \nb. 1693, d. 1766. \n\nChandler, Richard, b. 1738, d. 1811. \n\nChapel at Roscommon, Ireland, one \nof the pillars of the gallery gave \nway, when 14 persons were killed \nand many injured, 17th Apr., 1804. \n\nChapman, George, b. 1557, d. 1634. \n\nChapone, Mrs., b. 1757, d. 1801. \n\n\n\nCH A \n\n\n\nCHE \n\n\n\n89 \n\n\n\nChappie, William, of Exeter, b. 1718, \nd. 1781. \n\nChappe, Claude, an ingenious French- \nman, inventor of a telegraph, d. \n31st Jan., 1805. \n\nCharing Cross, London, erected 1678. \n\nCharing Cross Hospital, foundation- \nstone laid by the duke of Sussex, \n15th Sept., 1831. \n\nCharitable Corporation instituted, \n1708, abolished 1734. \n\nCharity Schools, the first were at \nNorton Falgate and St. Mary\'s \nWestminster. \n\nCharity Schools first founded in Eng- \nland, 25th March, 1688; 6000 \nchildren assembled at St. Paul\'s, \n2nd May, 1782; 160 schools \nwithin London, Westminster, and \nthe Bills of Mortality, established \nbetween 1688 and 1767, inclusive. \n\nCharlemagne, Emp., d. 813, aged 74. \n\nCharles I. set up his standard at Not- \ntingham, 26th Aug., 1642 ; it was \nblown down the same night by a \nviolent storm. \n\nCharles I., equestrian statue of, Char- \ning-cross, the sword, buckles, and \nstraps taken from, 14 April, 1810. \n\nCharles X., of France, made his pub- \nlic entree into Paris, June 1825. \n\nCharles XIL, of Sweden, killed at \nFrederickshall, in Norway, 30th \nNov., 1718, aged 36. \n\nCharleston, S. Carolina, infested with \nworms, June 1751 ; injured by an \nexplosion, 11th Aug., 1762; de- \nstroyed by a hurricane, Sept. 15, \n1753 ; had 250 dwellings, besides \nout-houses, burnt, to the amount of \n100,000/. sterling, Jan. 15, 1778; \ntaken by the British forces, May \n1779 ; 300 houses destroyed by \nfire, 13th June, 1796. \n\nCharlestown, New England, greatly \ndamaged by a storm, 1761 ; burnt \nby English troops, 17th June,1775. \n\nCharlotte\'s, Queen, Island discovered \nby Captain Wallis, 1767. \n\nCharlotte\'s, Queen, Islands, a cluster \ndiscovered by Capt. Carteret, 1 767. \n\nCharlotte, the Royal, of 100 guns, \ndestroyed by an accidental fire, near \nLeghorn; only 150 of her crew \nsaved, 16th March, 1800. \n\n\n\nCharron, Peter, b. 1541, d. 1663. \n\nCharter-house, built 1371; converted \ninto an hospital, 1611. \n\nCharters first granted to different \ncities in England, 1179. \n\nChateaubriand dismissed from the \nministry by Louis XVIII. for pub- \nlishing a pamphlet recommending \na diminution of the Chamber of \nDeputies, 21st Sept., 1816. \n\nChatham, Isle, one of the Gallapagos, \nexplored 1793. \n\nChatham, England, 28 houses at, de- \nstroyed by fire, 11th May, 1774. \n\nChatham, Earl of, statue erected in \nGuildhall, 1782. \n\nChatham Chest, first established 1582. \n\nChatterton, Thomas, English poet, b. \n1541, d. 1603. \n\nChaucer, Geoffrey, b. 1328, d. 1400. \n\nChazelles, John M., the French \nmathematician, b. 1657, d. 1710. \n\nCheapside-cross demolished, 2nd May, \n1643. \n\nChelm, in Poland, 268 dwelling- \nhouses and 107 warehouses of mer- \nchandise burnt, 4th May, 1788. \n\nChelmsford Church, in Essex, walls \nand roof fell down, 17th Jan., 1800. \n\nChelmsford Bridge, built 1100 ; pri- \nson built 1777. \n\nChelsea Water- works, company of, \nincorporated 1722. \n\nChelsea College, began 1609, finished \n1790 ; cost 150,000Z. ; physic gar- \nden began 1732; bridge began 1762. \n\nCheltenham injured by a hurricane, to \nthe amount of 4000?., June 1731. \n\nCheltenham, Gloucestershire, mineral \nspring first discovered, 1740 ; visited \nby George III. and the royal family, \n12th July, 1788; erected into a \nborough by the Reform Bill, 1832. \n\nChemistry and distillery introduced \ninto Europe by the Spanish Moors, \nwho learned both from the African \nMoors, and these again derived \ntheir knowledge from the Egyptians, \n1150. Hydraulic chemistry in- \nvented, 1746. \n\nChenevix, Dr. Richard, the good \nbishop of Waterford, d. 11th Aug., \n1779. \n\nChepstow, on the Severn, a boat near \nthe town upset, by which, out of a \n\n\n\nso \n\n\n\nCHE \n\n\n\nCHO \n\n\n\nparty of eight ladies and gentlemen, \nfive were drowned, 22nd Sept., \n1812. Howick farm, near this \ntown, set on fire, by which two \nbuildings, containing each an exten- \nsive threshing machine, were de- \nstroyed, and a man who slept in \none of the buildings perished, 14th \nOvt, 1815. \n\nCherokee Nation, seven chiefs of the, \narrived in England, 1730; three \nmore in 1762 ; three more in \n1766; three more in 1791. \n\nCherries brought from Pontus to \nHome by Lucullus, 70. Apricots \nfrom Epirus ; peaches from Persia ; \nthe finest plums from Damascus \nand Armenia ; pears and figs from \nGreece and Egypt ; citrons from \nMedia ; pomegranates from Car- \nthage, about 114 B. C. \n\nCherries brought from the Canary \nIslands to Affane, in Ireland, by \nSir Walter Raleigh. \n\nCherry-trees first planted in Britain, \n100 B.C. ; brought from Flanders, \nand planted in Kent, where an \norchard of 32 acres produced in one \nyear 1000/. worth, 1540. \n\nChertsey Abbey founded 664. \n\nCheselden, William, the anatomist, \nb. 1688, d. 1752. \n\nChess, game of, invented 608 B. C. \n\nChest of Chatham, for the relief of \nseamen, enforced by law, 1590. \n\nChester Castle built 1084 ; cathedral \nfounded at, 660 ; St. John\'s church \nbuilt 689; Water-tower,built 1322; \nnearly destroyed by an accidental \nfire, 1471 ; a great number of per- \nsons killed by an explosion of gun- \npowder at a puppet show, 5th Nov., \n1772. \n\nCheyne,G., physician, b. 1 67 1 , d. 1 743. \n\nChianni, famous oriental scholar, d. at \nWarsaw, 1832. \n\nChiaro-obscuro, the art of printing in, \nwith three plates, to imitate draw- \nings, first accomplished 1500. \n\nChichele, Henry, founder of All \nSaints\' college, Oxford, archbishop \n\n. of Canterbury, b. 1362, d. 1443. \n\nChichester, built by Cissa, 516 ; paved, \n1576; cathedral built, 1115. \n\n\n\nChildren forbidden by law to be sold \n\nin England, 1600. \nChildham Castle, Kent, bit. B.C. 182. \nChili discovered by the Spaniards, \n\n1518; invaded by them, 1540; \n\nrevolted from Spain, 1810; achieved \n\nits independency, 1818. \nChimes on bells invented at Alost, \n\n1487. \n\nChimneys first introduced in buildings \nin England, 1200 ; only one in the \nmiddle of the building until 1300. \n\nChina first visited by the Portuguese, \n1517; conquered by the Eastern \nTartars, 1635. \n\nChina empire, founded 2100 B.C.; \nbut its history does not extend above \nthe Greek Olympiads ; the first dy- \nnasty, when prince Yu reigned,2207 \nB.C. ; before this time the Chinese \nchronology is imperfect ; by some, \nFohi is supposed to be the founder \nof the empire, and its first sovereign, \n2247 B.C.; literature there re- \nvived, and the art of printing prac- \ntised, 206 B. C, ; the first history \nof China was published by Semat- \nsian, 97 B. C. ; first grant of the \nIsland of Macao, at the entrance of \nthe river Canton, to the Portuguese, \n1586 ; an attempt to establish \nChristianity there by the Jesuits, \n1692 ; the missionaries expelled, \n1724. It is 15 times larger than \nGreat Britain and Ireland ; and \nthough not half the size of Europe, \ncontains full as many inhabitants. \n\nChina ware manufactured in England, \nat Chelsea, 1752 ; at Bow, 1758 ; \nin several places in England, 1760 ; \nby Wedgwood, 1762; at Dresden, \nin Saxony, 1706. \n\nChina porcelain, first mentioned in \nhistory, 1591. \n\nChishall, Great, in Essex, 100 houses, \nvalued at 10,000/. damaged bv \nfire, 22nd Feb., 1798. \n\nChivalry began in Europe, 912. \n\nChocolate introduced into Europe \nfrom Mexico, 1520. \n\nCholera, the malignant, supposed to \nhave first appeared in Aug., 1817, \nat Jessore, the capital of a district \nin Bengal. \n\n\n\nCHO \n\n\n\nCHR \n\n\n\n91 \n\n\n\nCHOLERA TABLE. \n\n\n\nThe following Table exhibits the number of Cases of the Cholera, and of \nDeaths in various places which have been visited by it, as reported, and \nstated in different Journals, in 1831 and 1832. \n\n\n\nGreat Britain and Ireland. \n\n\nContinent of Europe. \n\n\n\n\nCases. (Deaths \n\n\n\n\nCases. \n\n\nDeaths \n\n\nDublin - \n\n\n9252 \n\n\n2775 \n\n\nSt. Petersburg - \n\n\n9247 \n\n\n4757 \n\n\nGlasgow, to Aug. 15 \nLiverpool, " 31 \n\n\n4164 \n\n\n1993 \n\n\nMoscow \n\n\n8576 \n\n\n4690 \n\n\nA d A R \n\n4040 \n\n\nloo 1 \n\n\nLimberg - \n\n\n4922 \n\n\n2589 \n\n\nLondon, to April 28 \n\n\n2532 \n\n\n1334 \n\n\n"Vienna - \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n\n1 OOO \n\n\nCork \n\n\n3305 \n\n\n843 \n\n\nWarsaw \n\n\n3912 \n\n\n1460 \n\n\nLimerick \n\n\n2497 \n\n\n843 \n\n\nBerlin \n\n\n\n\n1 A(\\~\\ \n14U1 \n\n\nDrogheda, to July 28 \n\n\n1202 \n\n\n488 \n\n\nPrague \n\n\n3234 \n\n\n1333 \n\n\nEdinburgh " 25 \n\n\n796 \n\n\n467 \n\n\nKonigsberg \n\n\n2188 \n\n\n1314 \n\n\nPaisley " 25 \n\n\n638 \n\n\n368 \n\n\nNisuei Novgorod \n\n\n1897 \n\n\n982 \n\n\nBelfast - \n\n\n2559 \n\n\n303 \n\n\nKazan \n\n\n1487 \n\n\n857 \n\n\nGreenock, to July 25 \n\n\nOot \n\n\n275 \n\n\nBreslau \n\n\n1276 \n\n\n671 \n\n\nHull " 26 \n\n\n726 \n\n\n250 \n\n\nBrunn \n\n\n1540 \n\n\n604 \n\n\nLeeds " 26 \n\n\n544 \n\n\n212 \n\n\nHamburg - \n\n\n874 \n\n\n455 \n\n\nYork " 25 \n\n\n384 \n\n\n152 \n\n\nMagdeburg \n\n\n576 \n\n\n346 \n\n\nPlymouth " 26 \n\n\n354 \n\n\n147 \n\n\nElbing \n\n\n434 \n\n\n283 \n\n\nLeith " 25 \n\n\n194 \n\n\n112 \n\n\nStettin \n\n\n366 \n\n\n250 \n\n\nWarrington " 26 \n\n\n248 \n\n\n109 \n\n\nHalle \n\n\n303 \n\n\n152 \n\n\nCarlisle " 25 \n\n\n214 \n\n\n109 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerica. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuebec, to Sept. 1 \n\n\n\n\n2218 \n\n\nBaltimore, Sept. 29 \nAlbany " 8 \n\n\n\n\n710 \n\n\nMontreal " 2 \n\n\n4385 \n\n\n1843 \n\n\n1146 \n\n\n418 \n\n\nNew York " 8 \n\n\n5842 \n\n\n3107 \n\n\nNorfolk " 11 \n\n\n\n\n400 \n\n\nDo. Oct. 12 \n\n\n\n\n3471 \n\n\nRochester " 3 \n\n\n389 \n\n\n107 \n\n\nPhiladelphia, Sept. 1 \n\n\n2240 \n\n\n740 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChristchurch College, Oxford, da- \nmaged by fire to the amount of \n12,000/., 3rd March, 1809. \n\nChrist College, Oxford, began 1515, \ncompleted 1523. \n\nChrist College, Cambridge, founded \n1505. \n\nChrist Priory, Hampshire, built 1060. \nChrist\'s Hospital, London, founded \n1552. \n\nChrist, order of knighthood, began in \n\nPortugal, 319; in Livonia, 1203. \nChrist Church, Birmingham, first \n\nstone of, laid, 22nd July, 1805. \nChristian, the term of distinction first \n\ngiven to the disciples of Christ at \n\nAntioch, 40. \n\n\n\nChristianity was propagated in Spain \nin 36 ; in Britain, 60, or, as others \nsay, in the 5th century ; in Fran- \ncbnia and Flanders, in the 7th cen- \ntury ; in Lombardy, Thuriiigia, and \nHesse, in the 8th century ; in Swe- \nden, Denmark, Poland, and Russia, \nin the 9th century ; in Hungary \nand Sclavonia, in the 10th century; \nin Vandalia and Prussia, in the 1 1th \ncentury ; in Pomerania and Nor- \nway, in the 1 2th century ; in Li- \nvonia, Lithuania, and part of Tar- \ntary, in the 13th century; in Scla- \nvonia, part of Turkey, and the \nCanary isles, in the 14th century; \nin Africa, at Guinea, Angola, and \n\n\n\n32 \n\n\n\nCHR \n\n\n\nCIR \n\n\n\nCongo, in the 15th century ; made \ngreat progress in Prussia, both the \nIndies, and in China, hy the Pro- \ntestant faith, in the 1 6th century ; \nreinstated in Greece, &c. &c. in the \n17th century. \n\nChristian Charity, order of knight- \nhood, began in France, 1590. \n\nChristian king, the title of, first given \nto Louis IX. of France, 1469 ; an- \nnulled hy National Assembly, 1791. \n\nChristian Knowledge, Society for pro- \nmoting, instituted 1798. \n\nChristiana, in Norway, had one quar- \nter of that place destroyed by fire ; \n9th April, 1787, to the value of \n100,000 rix dollars, or 13,000/. \n\nChristie, James, an English miscel- \nlaneous writer, b. 1773, d. 1831. \n\nChristenings taxed, 1783. \n\nChristina, Queen of Sweden, born \n1626, resigned the crown, 6th June, \n1 654, d. at Rome, 9th Apr., 1689. \n\nChristophe founded at St. Domingo \nan archbishopric and several bish- \noprics, 5th April, 1811. \n\nChristophe, crowned at Cape Frangois, \nKing of Hayti, 2nd June, 1811 ; \nshot himself in consequence of his \nsubjects revolting, 6th Oct., 1820. \n\nChristopher\'s, St., Isle of, discovered \n1595 ; settled by the English, ] 626. \n\nChristmas-day first observed as a fes- \ntival, 98. \n\nChrysostom, St., made bishop of Con- \nstantinople, 398; banished, 404; \nd. 407, aged 53. \n\nChubb, Thomas, an English philoso- \npher, b. 1679, d. 1747. \n\nChudleigh, Devonshire, nearly de- \nstroyed by fire, 22nd May, 1807. \n\nChudleigh, Lady, b. 1656, d. 1710. \n\nChumleigh, Devonshire, nearly de- \nstroyed by fire, 19th Aug., 1803. \n\nChurches began to be built in Eng- \nland, first at Babingley, in Norfolk, \n638 \xe2\x80\x94 Fifty new ones ordered by \nparliament to be built, 1711. \n\nChurches first built for Christians, \n214. \n\nChurch- music introduced into wor- \nship, 350 ; choral service first used \nin England at Canterbury, 677; \nchanged throughout England from \nthe use of St. Paul\'s to that of \n\n\n\nSarum, 1418; first performed in \nEnglish, 8th May, 1559. \n\nChurch-wardens and overseers insti- \ntuted, 1127. \n\nChurch-yards first consecrated, 317 ; \nadmitted into cities, 742. \n\nChurch-benefices forbidden to be held \nby foreigners, 1430. \n\nChurches, 50 new ones built, act \npassed, 171 1. \n\nChurton, Archdeacon, a miscellaneous \nEnglish author, b. 1754, d. 1831. \n\nChurchill, Rev. C., b. 1731, d. 1764. \n\nChurchyard, Th., poet, d. about 1604. \n\nCibber, Mrs., actress, d. 1766,aged57. \n\nCibber, Colley, b. 1671 ; made poet \nlaureat, Dec. 1730; d. 1757. \n\nCicero b. 107; made an oration \nagainst Verres, 70 ; his second ora- \ntion against the Agrarian law and \nbanished, 58 ; put to death 43 \nyears before Christ, aged 64. \n\nCider act passed, 1763; repealed, 176 6. \n\nCignani, Carlo, a Bolognese painter, \nb. 1628, d. 1719. \n\nCigny,Duchess de, gold to the amount \nof 500,000 francs found in her \napartment at her death, Sept. 1832. \n\nCimabue, Giov., a Florentine historic \npainter, b. 1240, d. 1300. \n\nCimarosa d. at Naples, 1801. \n\nCincinnatus, order of, began in Ame- \nrica, 1783. \n\nCincinnatus, Quintius, made dictator \nof Rome from the plough, b. B.C. \n456. \n\nCinna, d. B. C. 84. \n\nCinnamon trade first began by the \nDutch, 1506, but was known in \nthe time of Augustus Caesar, and \npreviously. \n\nCinque Ports, vested in barons for \nthe security of the coasts, 1708; \nfirst revival of their privileges, 1216; \nstripped of part again in 1 832. \n\nCipriani, Giov. Bat., Italian historic \npainter, b. 1727, d. 1785. \n\nCircuits, Justiciary, established 1176; \nin Scotland, 1712; English ex- \ntended into Wales, 1828. \n\nCirencester Abbey, founded 1 132. \n\nCircumnavigators of England were, \nDrake, undertaken in 1577 ; Ca- \nvendish, 1586; Cowley, 1683; \nDampier, 1686; Cooke, 1708: \n\n\n\nCIR \n\n\n\nCLI \n\n\n\nS3 \n\n\n\nClipperton and Sheloock, 1719 ; \nAnson, 1740; Bvron, 1764; \nWallis, 1766; Carteret, 1766; \nCook, 1768, 1772, 1776; con- \ntinued by King, 1780; and since \nby Portlocke, &c. in 1788. First \nthat entered the Pacific Ocean was \nMagellan, a Spaniard, 1 520. Other \nSpanish circumnavigators "were \nGroalva, 1537; Avalradi, 1337; \nMendana, 1567 : Quiros, 1625. \nThe Dutch circumnavigators were \nLe Maire, 1615; Tasman, 1642; \nRoggewin, 1721. M. Bougain- \nville, the Frenchman, 1776, De \nNoet, 1801, and several others since. \n\nCircumcisiou instituted, B.C. 1897. \n\nCircus at Rome, built B. C. 605 ; \ncontained 150,000 persons. There \nwere eight in Rome, one said to \ncontain 300,000 spectators. \n\nCisalpine republic, founded by the \nFrench, 30th June, 1797 ; ac- \nknowledged by the emperor to be \nindependent, 17th Oct., 1797. \n\nCisbury fort, Wiltshire, built by \nCissa, 547. \n\nCities first incorporated, 1201. \n\nCities and boroughs first represented \nin parliament, 1366. \n\nChoi law revived in Italy and Ger- \nmany, 1127. \n\nCivil law first revived and studied in \nEngland by Theobald, Archbishop \nof Canterbury. \n\nCivil list, debts paid, 1777. \n\nCivita Vecchia nearly destroyed by \nan explosion, Sept., 1779. \n\nClandestine marriages forbidden by \nact of parliament, 1753. \n\nClapham Church, built 1777. \n\nClare Hall, Cambridge, founded 1 326 . \n\nClarence, Duke of,brother of Ed. IV., \nmurd. in the Tower, 1478, aged 27. \n\nClarence, Duke of, b. 21st Aug., \n1765; married 11th July, 1818, \nto the princess of Saxe Meiningen ; \nsucceeded his brother George IV. \non the throne of England, 26th \nJune, 1 830. \n\nClarendon statutes, passed 1164. \n\nClarendon press printing office, Ox- \nford, founded 1781. \n\nClarendon, Hyde, Earl of, b. 1612; \nbanished, 12th Dec, 1667 ; d. 7th \nDec, 1674. \n\n\n\nClarke, Dr. Edward Daniel, a cele- \nbrated English traveller, "b. 1768, \nd. 9th March, 1822. \n\nClarke, Mr., murder of, by Housman \nand Eugene Aram, discovered after \na lapse of 13 years, Aug., 1759. \n\nClarke, Dr. Samuel, b. 1675, d. 17th \nMay, 1729. \n\nClarke, Adam, L.L. D., a learned \ncommentator on the Bible, b. at \nMoybeg, Ireland, in 1760, d. 1832. \n\nClarkson, Christopher, an English \nhistorian, b. 1758, d. 1833. \n\nClaude, John, a French writer, b. \n1619, d. 1687. \n\nClaude. See Lorraine. \n\nClaudian, b. at Alexandria about 395. \n\nClehanger House, Herefordshire, de- \nstroj-ed by fire, 3d Jan., 1794. \n\nClemens, Alexandrinus, fi. A.D. 206. \n\nClementi, Muzio, the celebrated Eng- \nlish pianist, b. 1752, d. 16th April, \n1832, and interred in the cloisters \nof Westminster Abbev. \n\nClement\'s Inn, society of, founded \n1471. \n\nCleoburv Castle, Shropshire, built \n1160. \n\nCleopatra, Queen of Egvpt, killed \n\nherself B.C. 30, aged 41. \nClerc, John le, d. 1739, aged 79. \nClergymen\'s sons, &c, society, estab- \nlished in Scotland, Oct., 1794. \nClergymen\'s widows and orphans, \n\ncorporation established in England, \n\nJuly, 1670. \nClergy of France renounced their \n\nprivileges, 20th May, 1809. \nClergy, their property seized by the \n\nNational Assembly. \nClergy, a canon made against their \n\ndrunkenness, 741. \nClergy excluded from seats in the \n\nIrish parliament, Henry VIII., \n\n1536 ; voluntarily resigned the \n\nprivilege of taxing themselves, 1 664. \nClerkenwell, monastery of, founded \n\n1098; burnt by a mob, 1381; \n\nnew church, first stone of, laid \n\n18th Dec, 1788. \nCleve Abbev, Somerset, founded in \n\n1198. \n\nCleveland, John, popular poet, b. \n\n1613, d. 1658. \nCliefden House burnt down 14th \n\nMay, 1795. \n\n\n\n94 \n\n\n\nCLI \n\n\n\nCO A \n\n\n\nClifford, George, Earl of Cumber- \nland, b. 1558,d. 1605. \n\nClifford\' s-Inn society, estab. 1 345. \n\nClifton Downs, suspension bridge at, \nfirst stone laid by Lady Elton, 20th \nJune, 1831. \n\nClitheroe Castle, Lancashire bit. 1171. \n\nClitherow, Mrs., in Crown-court, near \nMoorfields, with her family and \nlodgers, consisting of 11 persons, \nwere blown up while making fire- \nworks by candle-light, 3rd Nov., \n1791. \n\nClive, Mrs. Cath., actress, d. 1785. \n\nClive, Lord, b. 1725; defeated the \nnabob, 26th June, 1757; created \na peer, 1762 ; killed himself, Nov., \n1774, aged 49. \n\nClock-makers, three from Delft, first \nsettled in England, 1568. \n\nClocks and watches taxed, 1797, re- \npealed, 1798. \n\nClocks, called water-clocks, first used \nin Rome, 158 B. C. ; clocks and \ndials first set up in churches, 913; \nclocks made to strike by the Ara- \nbians, 801 ; by the Italians, 1300; \na striking clock in Westminster, \n1368 ; the first portable one made, \n1530; none in England that went \ntolerably, till that dated 1540, now \nat Hampton-court palace; clocks \nwith pendulums, &c, invented by \none Fromantil, a Dutchman, about \n1656 ; repeating clocks and watches \ninvented by one Barlow, 1676. \nTill about 1631, neither clocks nor \nwatches were general. \n\nClondalkin, Ireland, powder mills at \nblew up, and shattered the dwel- \nlings to a considerable distance \naround, onlv two lives lost, 15th \nApril, 1787\' \n\nClosterman, John, of Osnaburg, por- \ntrait painter, b. 1656, d. 1710. \n\nCloth, coarse woollen, introduced into \nEngland, 1191 ; first made at \nKendal, 1390 ; medleys first made, \n1614. \n\nClowes Wood, Ireland, took fire, \nwhen 30 acres of furze and heath \nwere consumed, 1st Jan. 1805. \n\nClum, Mrs., near Lichfield, d. 23rd \n\xe2\x96\xa0 Jan., 1772, aged 138, and lived \n103 years in one house. \n\nClun Castle, Shropshire, built 1140. \n\n\n\nClynnogvawr Abbey, Carmarthen- \nshire, built 1616. \n\nCoaches first used in England, 1580; \nan act passed to prevent men riding \nin coaches as effeminate, in 1601 ; \nprivate coaches began to be com- \nmon in London, 1 625 ; hackney \ncoaches began in 1634, when Cap- \ntain Baily set up four in number ; \nwere prohibited in 1635 ; fifty \nhackney coachmen only were al- \nlowed in 1637; limited to 200 in \n1652; to 300 in 1654: to 400 in \n1661 ; to 700 in 1694, when they \nwere ^rst licensed ; to 800 in \n17K, to 1000 in 1771; to 1200 \nin 1799. Hackney chariots, not \nto exceed 200, licensed, 1814. In \nthe year 1736, the number of \ncoaches made in this kingdom \namounted to 40,000, one half of \nwhich, and upwards, were exported. \nBy the duty on coaches it appeared, \nin 1778, 23,000 were kept in \nEngland, when their duty amounted \nto 1 17,000/. The duty on coaches \nin 1785, was 154,988/. in Eng- \nland, and in Scotland only 9000/. \n\nCoach-makers\' licence com. 1785. \n\nCoach-tax commenced 25th March, \n1747 ; increased, 1776-82-85-97, \nand 1808. \n\nCoach from Hinkley to Leicester, by \nfurious driving to beat a rival \ncoach, was dashed to pieces against \nthe Burbage turnpike gate, by \nwhich the coachman and four pas- \nsengers were killed, and four other \npassengers maimed, 14th July, \n1815. \n\nCoal-pit near Renfrew took fire, and \ncontinued to bum for nearly two \ndays, six men lost, 1804. \n\nCoal-pit near Wakefield, inundated \nby a sudden gush of water, by \nwhich nine men and a boy perished, \n30th June, 1809. \n\nCoal-pit at Felling, near Gateshead, \ntook fire, by which 93 persons pe- \nrished, 25th June, 1812. \n\nCoal-pit at Swiney Row, Durham, \ntook fire, by which one man and \nsix boys were severely hurt, 6 th \nOct., 1812. \n\nCoal-pit, Harrington-mill, near the \npreceding, took fire, by which four \n\n\n\nCO A \n\n\n\nCOB \n\n\n\n95 \n\n\n\nmen and nineteen boys were killed, \n10th Oct., 1812. \nCoal-pit, Collingwood Main, took fire, \nby which eight men were killed, \nand two severely burnt, 17th July, \n1813. \n\nCoal-pit at Bradley, fell in, by which \neight persons were buried in tbe \nruins, of whom seven were dug out \nalive, after remaining seven days \nwithout food, 10th Aug., 1813. \n\nCoal-pit at Felling, took fire a second \ntime, by which 9 men, 13 boys, \nand 12 horses were destroyed, Dec. \n1813. \n\nCoal-pit, Hepburn, took fire, by which \n11 persons were burnt to death, \n27th Aug., 1814. \n\nCoal-pit at Painshaw, Cumberland, \nthree men killed by the choak \ndamp, in descending to examine the \nstate of the air, 15th March, 1815. \n\nCoal-pit belonging to Messrs. Nes- \nham and Co. near Newbattle, Dur- \nham, took fire, by which 70 persons \nlost their lives, 2nd June, 1815. \nAt the same colliery 57 persons \nwere killed or wounded by the \nbursting of a steam engine, 31 si \nJuly following. \n\nCoal-pit, Heaton Main, near New- \ncastle, inundated by a sudden gush \nof water, by which 33 men, 42 \nboys, and 37 horses perished, 3rd \nMay, 1815. It was afterwards, \n19th Feb. 1816, ascertained that \nthey all perished by starvation, \nhaving been enclosed in a cavity \nwhich the water did not penetrate. \n\nCoal-pit at Chirk, in Denbighshire, \ndestroyed by an inundation occa- \nsioned by a stoppage in the river \nCeriog, in consequence of the fall \nof an embankment, 28th Dec, \n1816 ; the colleiies were so exten- \nsive that the loss was considered as \na public calamity. \n\nCoal-pit near Chester-le-street, Dur- \nham, took fire, by which nearly 40 \npersons lost their lives, July, 181 7. \n\nCoals discovered near Newcastle, \n1234 ; first dug at Newcastle by a \ncharter granted the town by Henry \nIII.; first used, 1280; dyers, \nbrewers, &c. in the reign of Edward \nthe First, began to use sea-coal for \n\n\n\nfire in 1350; but in consequence \nof an application from the nobility, \n&c. he published a proclamation \nagainst it as a public nuisance, \n1398. Imported from Newcastle \nto London in any quantity, 1350 ; \nin general use in London, 1400 ; \n600,000 chald. used in London \n1773; and 766,880 chald. in 1788 ; \nin 1792, there were 841,380 chal- \ndrons ; cinders, 6270 chaldrons ; \nand Scotch coals, 2,449 tons ; in \n\n1793, there were 800,5101; in \n\n1794, 788,7441; in 1795,887,759 \nchaldrons, besides cinders, &c. ; and \nin 1791, the quantity of 450,000 \nchaldrons, Newcastle measure, was \ncleared out, in 4956 vessels, for \nover-sea and coastways ; in 1791 \nthere were 334,5 13\xc2\xa7 chaldrons, \nbesides cindei\'s, &c. The duties \non coals carried coastways, besides \nthose in London, amounted in \n1788 to 182,745/. 15s. 0\xc2\xa3d. at \n5s. 6d. per chaldron. Those \nbrought to London pay 10s. 8c?. \nper chaldron. All the duties on \ncoals in England, amounted, in \n1783, to 445,811/., and in 1784, \nto 462,550/. And in Scotland, \nfor both these years, to 3000/. \nThe sum total of the duties in \n1788 was 306,728/. \n\nThe coals imported into the port of \nLondon, from the 1st March, \n1790, to the first March, 1800: \n\nCHALD. TONS. \n\n1790 to 1791 754,307 2345 \n\n1791 to 1792 814,622 2251 \n\n1792 to 1793 832,358 2403 \n\n1793 to 1794 815.318 1540 \n\n1794 to 1795 732,846 1748 \n\n1795 to 1796 928,743 578 \n\n1796 to 1797 829,684 931 \n\n1797 to 1798 897,037 814 \n\n1798 to 1799 769,047 393 \n\n1799 to 1800 865,804 493 \nCoals, duty laid on by Charles I., \n\n1627 ; by Charles II., in favour of \nthe Duke of Richmond, which was \nconverted into an annuity by Geo. \nIII. in June, 1800. \nCobbett, William, found guilty of \npublishing a libel against Lord \nHardwicke and Mr. Plunket, 26th \nMay, 1804. \n\n\n\n96 \n\n\n\nCOB \n\n\n\nC 01 \n\n\n\nCoburg Theatre, Surrey, opened 1816; \n\nits name altered to Victoria, 1 833-4. \nCochrane, Admiral, Sir Alex., b. \n\n1759, d. 1832. \nCochrane, Lord, joined the patriots \n\nof Peru and Chili. \n\nreturned from South America, Aug. \n\n1825. \n\nCockburn, Cath., d. 11th May, 1749. \nCockermouth Castle, Cumberland, \n\nbuilt 1069. \nCockersend Abbev, Lancashire, built \n\n1200. \n\nCock-fighting, instituted by the Ro- \nmans, after a victory over the Per- \nsians, B. C. 476. \n\nCocklepark Tower, Northumberland, \nbuilt before 1100. \n\nCock-lane ghost, imposition practised \nand detected, March, 1762. \n\nCodrington, Christopher, b. 1668, d. \n1716. \n\nCodrington, Sir Edward, won the \nbattleof Navarino,20th Oct , 1827. \n\nCodrus, the last Athenian king, vo- \nluntarily gave his life for the good \nof his country, after reigning 21 \nyears, B. C. 1069. \n\nCoeck, Peter, called Peter Van Aelst, \nFlemish painter, d. 1550. \n\nCoffee-house, the first in England was \nkept by Jacob, a Jew, at the sign \nof the Angel, in Oxford, in 1650 ; \nMr. Edwards, an English Turkey \nmerchant, brought home with him \na Greek servant, who kept the first \nhouse for making and selling coffee \nin London, 1652. The Rainbow \ncoffee-house, near Temple-bar, was, \n1657, represented as a nuisance to \nthe neighbourhood. \n\nCoffee first brought to England by \nMr. Nathaniel Canopius, a Cretan, \nwho made it his common beverage, \nat Baliol College, Oxford, in 1641 ; \ncoffee was first brought to Mar- \nseilles, 1644. \n\nCoffee trees were conveyed from \nMocha to Holland, in 1616; and \ncarried to the West Indies in the \nyear 1726 ; first cultivated at Su- \nrinam by the Dutch, 1718; its \nculture encouraged in the planta- \ntions, 1732. \nCoif, the Serjeant\'s, was originally an \niron scull-cap, worn by knights \n\n\n\nunder their helmets. Blackstone \nsays it was introduced before 1259, \nto hide the tonsure of such rene- \ngado clerks as chose to remain as \nadvocates in the secular courts, \nnotwithstanding their prohibition \nby canon. \nCohon, Mich., engineer, b. 1632, d. \n1704. \n\nCoin \xe2\x80\x94 silver, first coined by Phidon, \nking of Argos, 869 B.C.; silver \nmoney coined at Rome, 269 B.C. ; \nbefore then brass money only was \nused, a sign of no correspondence \nwith the East, where gold and sil- \nver were used long before; coin \nfirst used in Britain, 25 B. C. ; in \nScotland of gold and silver, 220 ; \ncoin was first made round in Eng- \nland in 1 101 ; silver halfpence and \nfarthings were coined in the reign \nof John, and pence the largest cur- \nrent coin ; gold first coined in Eng- \nland, 1087 ; groats first coined in \nBohemia, 1301 ; copper money \nused only in Scotland and Ireland, \n1399; gold next coined in Eng- \nland, -1345 ; groats and half groats \nthe largest silver coin in Eng- \nland, 1531 ; in 1347, a pound of \nsilver was coined into 22 shillings, \nand in 1352, a pound was coined \ninto 25 shillings; in 1414, they \nwere increased to 30 shillings ; and \nin 1500, a pound of silver was \ncoined into 40 shillings. In 1530 \nthey were extended to 62, which \nis the same now. The money in \nScotland, till now the same as in \nEngland, began to be debased, \n1354 ; gold first coined in Venice, \n1476 ; shillings first coined in Eng- \nland, 1068; crowns and half-crowns \nfirst coined, 1551 ; copper money \nintroduced into France by Henry \nIII. 1580; the first legal copper \ncoin introduced, which put an end \nto private leaden tokens, univer- \nsally practised, especially in Lon- \ndon, 1609 ; copper money intro- \nduced into England by James I., \n1620 ; milling coin introduced, \n1 662 ; halfpence and farthings first \ncoined by government, 16th Aug., \n1672; guineas were first coined, \n1673 ; silver coinage, 1696 ; broad \n\n\n\nCOI \n\n\n\nCOL \n\n\n\n97 \n\n\n\npieces of gold called in by govern- \nment, and coined into guineas, \n1732. Five shillings and three- \npenny pieces in gold were issued \nin 1716 and 1761. One million \nwas coined in 1710 from French \nlouis d\'ors. Halfpence issued for \nthe Isle of Man by England, 1786. \nDollars were issued by the bank at \n4s. 9d. each, 4th March, 1797. \nSeven shilling pieces were issued \nin Dec, 1797. \n\nThe whole money coined in Eng- \nland since the beginning of the \nreign of Queen Elizabeth, in- \ncluding the debased silver of the \nthree preceding reigns, up to the \nyear 1793, was as follows: \xe2\x80\x94 \nBv Queen Elizabeth - 5,832,932 \nKing James I. - 2,500,000 \nCharles I. - - 10,499,544 \nCromwell - - 1,000,000 \nCharles II. - 7,524,105 \nJames II. - - 3,737,637 \n\nBefore the Revolution 31,094,218 \n\nBy King W. III., in- \n\nclu ding re- coinage 10,511,963 \nQueen Anne - 2,691,626 \nKing George I. - 8,725,921 \nKing George II. - 11,966,576 \n\nBefore Geo. III.\'s reign 33,896,086 \n\nTotal during reign of \nGeo. III., till 25th \nMar. 1793, includ- \ning re-coinage - - 51,073,362 \n\nTotal coined from the \nyear 1558 to 1793, \nbeing 235 years - 116,063,666 \n\nOf this 1 1 6,063,666?. sterling, there \nwere 32,000,000?. in silver, long \nbefore the revolution. The whole \ngold coinage did not exceed six \nmillions, all payments till then \nbeing mostly made in silver ; \nand so much is the nature of our \ncoinage changed, that, during the \nreign of George III., the whole \nsilver coinage only amounted to \n63,101/. \n\n\n\nThe coinage of gold and silver in \n4 years amounted to 6,191,825/. \n\nCoined in 1793 2,747,430 6 \nin 1794 2,553,894 12 \nin 1795 497,711 5 6 \nin 1796 only 391,789 2 \nin 1797 2,000,297 \n\n\n\n8,192,122 \nDavenant estimated the coin in the \nkingdom, in 1711, to be about \n12,000,000/. Anderson esti- \nmates it, in the year 1762, at \n1 6,000,000/. ; and Mr. Chalmers \nsupposes it, in 1786, to amount \nto 20,000,000/., and at present \nat 37,000,000/. \nThe gold coin brought into the \nmint by proclamation, in 1773, \n1774, and 1776, amounted to \n15,563,593/. 10s. Sd. The \nexpense attending the loss in \ncollecting, melting, &c. to go- \nvernment, was 754,0 1 9/. 1 9s. 6d. \nThe mint of the United States of \nAmerica, established I793,issued \ngold and silver coin ; the cop- \nper had been delivered before. \nThe gold coins are eagles, half \neagles, and quarter eagles. The \nfirst is exactly five and forty \nshillings, English money, or ten \ndollars American coin. The \ndollars are coined in the same \ndivisions of half, and quarter, \nwhich makes the course of ex- \nchange simple, and suits the \nreckoning to every capacity ; ten \nquarter dollars make the quarter \neagle, ten half dollars the half \neagle, and ten dollars the eagle. \nThere is, beside, one more silver \ncoin, which is called a dime, and \nis the tenth part of a dollar. \nThe copper coin is called a cent, \nand is the tenth part of a dime. \n\nCoin in bullion first legally permitted \nto be exported, 1663. 1 \n\nCoining with a die first invented, \n1617 ; first used in England, 1620. \n\nCokayne, Sir Aston, b. 1608, d. 1684. \n\nCoke, Lord Chief Justice, b. 1549. \nd. 1684. \n\nCollege of the four nations at Paris, \nbuilt 1670. \n\n\n\n98 \n\n\n\nCOL \n\n\n\nC M \n\n\n\nColbert, J. B., French statesman, b. \n1619, d. 1683. \n\nColchester, built 125 B. C. ; castle \nburnt, 912 ; monastery of St. John \nbuilt, 1097 ; walled, 1382. \n\nCold Norton Priory, Oxfordshire, \nbuilt 1160. \n\nColdingbam Nunnery, Scotland, ra- \nvaged by the Danes, 869. \n\nColes, Elisha, the grammarian, b. \nabout 1640, d. 1680. \n\nColet, Dr. John, founder of St. Paul\'s \nschool, b. 1466, d. 1519. \n\nColigni, Admiral, b. 1516, assassi- \nnated 1572. \n\nCollin, Henry Joseph Yon, dramatic \nwriter, b. at Vienna, 1772, d. \n1811. \n\nCollin, Matthseus, tutor to the duke \nof Reichstadt, d. in 1824. \n\nCollars of S.S., in honour of St. Sul- \npicius, the fashion of wearing began, \n1407. \n\nCollege, Stephen, hanged at Oxford, \n\n18th Aug., 1681. \nCollier, Mr. Jos., d. 20th Feb., 1776. \nCollier, Rev. Jeremiah, b. 1650, d. \n\n1726. \n\nCollingwood, Admiral, Lord, b. 1 748, \nd. 1810. \n\nCollins, John, mathematician, b. 1624, \nd. 1683. \n\nCollins, Anthonv, b. 1676, d. 1729. \nCollins, Arthur, "b. 1682, d. 1760. \nCollins, William, poet,b. about 1720, \nd. 1756. \n\nCol!" n on, Peter, botanist, b. 1694, \nd. 1786. \n\nColman, George, b. 1733, d. 1794. \n\nColnett, James, the first explorer of \nthe Western coast of Japan, 1791. \n\nCologne, made an imperial city, 959 ; \nmade archiepiscopal, 742 ; electo- \nral, 1021. \n\nCologne sustained great damage, its \nbridge, with 100 persons, waggons, \n&c., carried away by a flood, 1st \nDec, 1747. \n\nColossus of Rhodes, 720,000 lbs. \nweight, thrown down by an earth- \nquake 224 years B.C., and sold to \na Jew, A.D. 684. \n\nColquhoun, Patrick, b. 1745, d. 1820. \n\nColson, John, of Cambridge, d. 1 761, \n\' aged 80. \n\n\n\nColston, Edward, institutor of several \ncharitable establishments, b. 1636 \nd. 1721. \n\nColton, Rev. Caleb, author of Lacon, \nd. 28th April, 1832. \n\nColumbo, the British troops at, mur- \ndered in cold blood by the Adigaar \nof Candy, 6th June, 1803. \n\nColumbus, Christopher, b. 1442 ; \ndiscovered America, 1492, d. 1506. \n\nColumbus, Barthol, map and chart \nmaker, d. 1514. \n\nCombe Abbey, Warwickshire, built \n1150. \n\nCombermere Abbev, Cheshire, built \n1134. \n\nCombinations amongst journeymen \nforbidden by law, 21st June, 1799. \n\nComedy, the first acted in Athens on \na scaffold, by Susarion and Dolon, \n562 B. C. ; those of Terence first \nacted, 154 B. C. ; the first in Eng- \nland, 1551. \n\nComenius, J. Amos, Moravian gram- \nmarian, b. 1592, d. 1671. \n\nComet steam boat was run foul of by \nthe Ayr, near Greenock, when she \nsunk, and 50 out of 60 passengers \nperished, Oct. 21, 1825. \n\nComets had the parabolic form of \ntheir orbits demonstrated, 1680. \n\nComets appeared to England in 1680- \n82, 1798, 1808-11. \n\nComines, the historian, of Flanders, \nb. 1446, d. 1509. \n\nCommandments given to Moses, 1491 \nB. C. \n\nCommandments, Creed, and Lord\'s \n\nPrayer, translated into the Saxon \n\nlanguage, 781. \nCommon Prayer published in English, \n\nwith the authority of parliament, \n\n1548. \n\nCommerce of England, 1791. \n\nExports - - 7,000,000 \nImports - - 5,000,000 \n\n\n\n2,000,000 \nRe-imported - 1,000,000 \n\nBalance in favour 3,000,000 \nSee the different articles of produce \nunder their proper titles. \nCommissioners of sewers first ap- \npointed 1425. \n\n\n\nCOMPANIES. \n\n\n\nCommissioners of public accounts ap- \npointed, 1780. \n\nCommend me to such a friend, i. e. \ntell liim I am his humble servant, \noriginated in the word commen- \ndatus, in Doomsday-book, meaning \none who lived under the patronage \nof a great man. \n\nCommon Council of London, first ap- \npointed 1208. \n\nCommon Pleas, court of, established \n] 215; erected in Westminster Hall \n1741. \n\nCommons, House of, Westminster, \ntotallv destroved bv an accidental \nfire, 16th Oct.\', 1834. \nCommutation tax commenced, 1784. \nCompanies : \xe2\x80\x94 African company es- \ntablished, 1618, 1762. In 1746, \ngovernment owed the eompanv \n11,686,800/. and its divided capital \namounted to 10,780,000/. both of \nwhich continued till 1776. \nAfrican institution society insti- \ntuted, 1806. \nAgricultural societies established in \n\nEngland, 1787. \nAmerican philosophical society in- \nstituted 2nd Jan., 1672. \nAmicable society incorp. 1706. \nAntiquarian society incorporated, \n\n2nd Nov., 1751 . \nAntiquarian society at Edinburgh, \n\ninstituted 18th Dec, 1780. \nAntiquarian society at Newcastle, \n1812. \n\nApothecaries\' company, London, \nincorporated 1617. \n\nArmourers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1423. \n\nArtillery company revived, 1610. \n\nArtists, societv of, London, incor- \nporated 26th Feb., 1765. \n\nArts and Sciences, society of, Lon- \ndon, instituted 1753. \n\nArts and Sciences, society estab- \nlished at New York, 1765. \n\nArts, roval, at London, instituted \n1768." \n\nAugmentation office, estab. 1704. \n\nBankers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1307. \n\nBank of Amsterdam, founded \n1609; of Venice, 1157; of \nRotterdam, 1635. \n\n\n\nBank of England established, 1693 \nBank notes at 13 and 14 per \ncent. dis. and 15 and 20 ; also \npaid three per cent, on their \nbank notes once in three months, \n1697. \xe2\x80\x94 The dividend on their \nstock raised from five to seven \n\nper cent. March 19, 1788 \n\nLent government, in 1693, the. \nsum of 1,300,000/. at eight per \ncent. \xe2\x80\x94 In 1696, their stock \namounted to 2,201,171/. 10s \nIn 1709, they augmented it to \n4,402,343/. when they advanced \ngovernment 400,000/. ; and in \nl714anotherloan of 1,500,000/. \nIn 1742, government was in- \ndebted to them 3,200,000/. See \nBanks. \n\nBank of Scotland established 1695. \nBank of Copenhagen, 1736. \nBank of Berlin, 1765. \nBank Casse d\'Escompte, in France, \n1776. \n\nBank at Petersburgh, 1786. \n\nBanks, savings, first established in \ndifferent places inEngland,1816. \n\nBarber-Surgeons\' company, Lon- \ndon, incorporated, 1 308. \n\nBarnard\' s-inn society, in Chancery- \nlane, commenced 1445. \n\nBible society, naval and military, \ninstituted 1780. \n\nBlacksmiths\' company, London, \nincorporated 1577. \n\nBlackwell-hall factors\' company, \nLondon, established 1516. \n\nBlind, school for the, instit. 1799. \n\nBook society, Dissenters, for tracts, \ninstituted 1750. \n\nBowyers\' company, London, incor- \nporated, 1620. \n\nBrewers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1438. \n\nBricklayers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1568. \nBritish herring fishery, incorporated \n1750. \n\nBritish institution founded, 4th \nJune, 1805; opened, 18th Jan., \n1806. \n\nBritish and foreign bible society, \n1804. \n\nBritish and foreign school society, \ninstituted 1815. \n\nF 2 \n\n\n\nLOFC. \n\n\n\n100 \n\n\n\nCOMPANY \n\n\n\nBritish linen company erected, \n1746. \n\nBritish mineralogical society com- \nmenced 1799. \n\nBritish museum, established 1758. \n\nBritish society incorporated for ex- \ntending the fisheries, 1786. \n\nBritish lying-in hospital for married \nwomen, instituted 1749. \n\nButchers 1 company, London, incor- \nporated 1604. \n\nCahinet council first constituted, \n25th April, 1670. \n\nCap-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1650. \n\nCard-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1629. \n\nCarpenters\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1344. \n\nCharitable corporation instituted, \n1708; abolished, 1731. \n\nChatham chest first established, \n1582. \n\nChelsea water-works company, in- \ncorporated 1722. \n\nChristian knowledge, society for \npromoting, instituted 1698. \n\nClement\'s-inn society, established \n1471. \n\nClergymen\'s widows\' and orphans\' \ncorporation established in Eng- \nland, July, 1670. \n\nClergymen\'s sous\', &c. society, \nestab. in Scotland, Oct. 1794. \n\nClifford\' s-inn society, began 1345. \n\nClock-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1632. \n\nCloth-workers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1482. \n\nCoach-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1677. \n\nCondition of the poor, society for \nbettering the, instituted 1796. \n\nComb-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1650. \n\nCommissioners\xe2\x80\x94of sewers first ap- \npointed, 1425. \n\nCompanies first establishedriirLon- \ndon, 1198. \n\nCooks\' company, London, incorpo- \nrated 1481. \n\nCoopers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1501. \n\nCordwainers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1410. \n\n\n\nCurriers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1605. \n\nCutlers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1417. \n\nDeaf and dumb asylum instituted, \n1792. \n\nDrapers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1469. \n\nDublin society incorporated, 1750. \n\nDyers\' company, London, incorpo- \nrated 1469. \n\nEast India company, at Embden, \nestablished 1750. \n\nEast India company, in England, \nestablished 1600; their stock \nthen consisting of 72,000/. when \nthey fitted out four ships ; and, \nmeeting with success, they con- \ntinued for many years ; India \nstock sold from 360 to 500 per \ncent. 1683; a new company \nestablished, 1698; the old one \nre-established, and the two \nunited, 1700; agreed to give \ngovernment 400,000/. per ann. \nfor four years, on condition that \nthey might continue unmolested, \n1769 ; in great confusion, and \napplied to parliament for assist- \nance, 1773 ; judges sent from \nEngland by government faith- \nfully to administer the laws \nthere, to the company\'s servants, \n2nd April, 1744; board of con- \ntroul instituted, 1784; charter \nrenewed, 1 813; their commercial \ncharacter relinquished in 1834. \n\nEast India company\'s alms\' -houses, \nfounded 1656. \n\nEast India company of Sweden \nerected, March, 1731. \n\nEast India company of France, \nestablished 1627 ; abolished by \nthe national assembly, and the \ntrade laid open, 26th Jan., 1791. \n\nEast India company of Holland, \nincorporated 1604. \n\nEast-land company incorp., 1579. \n\nElectrical dispensatory, London, \ninstituted 1793. \n\nEmanuel hospital, Westminster, \ninstituted 1534. \n\nEmbroiderers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1591. \n\nEnglish copper office,incorp. 1691. \n\n\n\nCOMPANIES \n\n\n\n101 \n\n\n\nExcise office, formed 1643. \n\nEye, royal infirmary for the, insti- \ntuted 1804. \n\nEye, London infirmary for, insti- \ntuted 1804. \n\nFan-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1709. \n\nFarriers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1673. \n\nFelt-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1604. \n\nFishermen\'s company, London, \nincorporated 1536. \n\nFishmongers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1536. \n\nFirst fruit\'s office established, 1543. \n\nFletchers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1526. \n\nFounders\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1614. \n\nFrame-work-knitters\' company, \nLondon, incorporated 1664. \n\nFruiterers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1604. \n\nFurriers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1509. \n\nFurnival\'s-inn society began 1563. \n\nGardeners\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1616. \n\nGeological society instituted 1813. \n\nGirdlers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1448. \n\nGlass- sellers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1664. \n\nGlaziers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1637. \n\nGlovers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1556. \n\nGold and silver wire-drawers\' cora- \npany,London, incorporated 1 623. \n\nGoldsmith\'s company, London, in- \ncorporated 1327. \n\nGray\'s-inn society began, 1357; \nhouse built, 1687. \n\nGreenock society for the encou- \nragement of arts and sciences, \nformed 1812. \n\nGrocers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1429. \n\nGunsmith\'s company, London, in- \ncorporated 1638. \n\nHaberdashers\' company, London, \ncorporated 1407. \n\nHackney-coach office established, \n24th June, 1694. \n\n\n\nHamburgh company, incorporated \n1296. \n\nHand-in-hand fire office, incorpo- \nrated 1696. \n\nHat-band makers\' company, Lon- \ndon, incorporated 1638. \n\nHawkers\' and Pedlars\' licence office, \n1697. \n\nHerald\'s college, instituted 1340. \n\nHerring fishery, established 2nd \nSept., 1750. \n\nHighland society for agriculture, \ninstituted Feb., 1785- \n\nHorner\'s company, London, incor- \nporated 1638. \n\nHudson\'s-bay company, incorpo- \nrated 1670. \n\nHumane society, instituted 1774. \n\nInn-holders\' company, London, \nincorporated 1515. \n\nInstitution, the national benevo- \nlent, at Gloucester, for the relief \nof distressed persons in middle \nlife, of whatsoever country or \npersuasion, 1812. \n\nInstitution, Devon and Exeter, \nfor the diffusion of science, lite- \nrature, and the arts, 1812. \n\nIrish working schools\' society, in- \ncorporated Oct., 1773. \n\nIronmongers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1464. \n\nJoiners\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1564. \n\nKing\'s college in Halifax, Nova \nScotia, founded and incorporated \nby charter 7th Oct., 1802. \n\nLead office, established 1692. \n\nLeather-sellers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1442. \n\nLincoln \'s-inn society, established \n1310. \n\nLiterary fund for the relief of dis- \ntressed authors, established! 790. \n\nLiverpool society of arts, insti- \ntuted 1810. \n\nLinnsean society, founded 1788; \nincorporated 1802. \n\nLondon assurance office, charter \ngranted 1716- \n\nLondon incorporated, and obtained \ntheir first charter for electing \nmagistrates, 1208. \n\nLondon institution commenced, \n1805. \n\n\n\n102 \n\n\n\nCOMPANIES \n\n\n\nLoriners\' company incorporated, \n1488. \n\nLvon\'s-inn society established, \n\'1420. \n\nMarine society established, 1756 ; \nto whom W. Hicks, Esq. left \n300/. per annum, 1763 ; incor- \nporated, 1772. \n\nMasons\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1677. \n\nMedical society at Dublin insti- \ntuted 1785. \n\nMercers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1393. \n\nMerchant-tailors\' company, Lon- \ndon, incorporated 1466. \n\nMilitary academy, Woolwich, es- \ntablished 1741. \n\nMine and battery company incor- \nporated 1568. \n\nMines, royal, established 1565* \n\nMint office in the Tower estab- \nlished, 1066. \n\nMusicians\' company, London , in- \ncorporated 1604. \n\nNaval asylum instituted by the \nDuke of Clarence, 1801. \n\nNavy office fo unded , 4th Dec. . 1 6 44 . \n\nNeedle-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1656. \n\nNew inn society founded, 1485. \n\nOstend company erected, Jan. \n1722, 1723; abolished, March, \n1731-2. \n\nPaper-stainers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1580. \n\nPainting, academy of, in London, \nincorporated 1768. \n\nParish clerks\' company, London, \nincorporated 1232. \n\nPatten-makers 1 company, London, \nincorporated 1670. \n\nPensioners, band of, estab. 1590. \n\nPewterers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1744. \n\nPhilanthropic society commenced, \n1788. \n\nPhysicians\' college incorporated. \nSept. 23, 1518. \n\nPhysic, school of, .established in \nDublin 1814. \n\nPin-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1636. \n\nPlasterers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1500. \n\n\n\nPlumbers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1611. \n\nPoulterers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1503. \n\nPreston Guild established, 1172. \n\nPromotion of Christian knowledge, \nsociety for the, established 1699. \n\nPropagation of the gospel in foreign \nparts, society for the, incorporated \n1701. \n\nPropagation of the gospel in New \nEngland, society from the, in- \ncorporated 7th Feb., 1662. \n\nRaine\'s charity began to portion out \nfour young women, 1758. \n\nReformation of manners,socie/^for, \nformed 1698. \\ \n\nRoyal exchange assurance office, \ncharter granted 1716. \n\nRoyal miners\' comp., incorp. 1564. \n\nRoyal society, London, instituted \n30th Dec, 1660 ; incorporated \n1663. \n\nRoyal institution of Great Britain \ncommenced 1800, \n\nRoyal society of arts, instituted in \nLondon, 1768. \n\nRoyal society of musicians, 1785. \n\nRussel institution, com. 1808. \n\nRussia company, incorporated 1555. \n\nSaddlers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1280. \n\nSalt-office, established 1694; duties \nformed 15th June, 1702. \n\nSalters\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1558. \n\nSamaritan society at the London \nhospital, commenced 1791. \n\nScots\' corporation began, 1665. \n\nScriveners\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1616. \n\nSeamen\'s widows\' corporation bit. \n13th Oct., 1732. \n\nSecretary of state\'s office began, \n1530. \n\nShipwrights\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1610. \n\nSick and wounded seamen\'s incor- \nporation began, 24th June, 1747. \n\nSilk-throwste\'rs\' company, London, \nincorporated 1629. \n\nSion-college, London- wall, founded \n1623 ; incorporated 1664. \n\nSkinners\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1327. \n\n\n\nCOM \n\n\n\nCON 103 \n\n\n\nSoap-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1638. \n\nSpectacle-makers\' company, Lon- \ndon, incorporated 1630. \n\nStamp office established, 1694. \n\nStaples\'-inn society estab. 1415. \n\nStarch-makers\' company, London, \nincorporated 1632. \n\nStationers\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1556. \n\nSurgeons\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1745. \n\nSurrey institution com. 1808; \ndissolved, 1823. \n\nTallow-chandlers\' company, Lon- \ndon, incorporated 1463. \n\nTemple, three societies of the \n(inner, middle, and outer), 1340; \nfounded 1560. \n\nThavie\'s-inn society, estab. 1519 ; \ndissolved ] 768. \n\nTin-plate -workers\' company, Lon- \ndon, incorporated 1670. \n\nTobacco-pipe-makers\' comp., Lon- \ndon, incorporated 1663. \n\nTrinity house founded by Sir Th. \nSpert, 1512; incorp., 1685. \n\nTurkey company, incorp., 1685. \n\nTurners\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1604. \n\nVictualling office instituted, 10th \nDec, 1663. \n\nVintners\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1437. \n\nUpholders\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1627. \n\nWardrobe, great, in Scotland-yard, \nestablished 1485. \n\nWatermens\' company, London, in- \ncorporated 1550. \n\nWax-chandlers" company, London, \nincorporated 1484. \n\nWeavers\' company, London, incor- \nporated 1164. \n\nWelsh copper-office, incorp. 1694. \n\nWheelwrights\' comp. incorp. 1670. \n\nYork-buildings water-works\' com- \npany, incorporated 1691. \nCompanies, twelve first established \n\nin London, 1194. \nCompass, seaman\'s, inventedin China, \n\n1120 B.C.; said to be used at \n\nVenice, 1260 ; improved at Naples, \n\n1302 ; its variation observed 1500 ; \n\nits dipping, 1576. \n\n\n\nCompound waters highly taxed, 29th \nM ayl729. \n\nCompters of London, built near New- \ngate, 1789 to 1791, cost 20,473Z. \n\nConcert, the first subscription one \nwas at Oxford, 1665 ; the first in \nLondon was in 1678. \n\nConciliatory act, for treating with the \nAmerican colonies, 7th Feb., 1778. \n\nConciliatory terms offered to Ame- \nrica, and rejected, 13th Ap., 1778. \n\nConception of the Virgin Mary, order \nbegan 1619. \n\nConception of the Virgin, festival of, \ninstituted 1387. \n\nConclave for the election of popes \nfirst ordered 1274. \n\nConcubines allowed the priests 1 132. \n\nConfession, auricular, in troducedl 2 54. \n\nConfirmation took place 190. \n\nConcord, order of knighthood, began \nin Brandenburgh 1660. \n\nCondamine, M. de, F.R S., d. 8th \nFeb., 1774, aged 74. \n\nConde, Prince of, b. 1621, d. 1686. \n\nCondorcet, Marq. de,b. 1743, d.1793. \n\nConfucius, the Chinese philosopher, \nb. B.C. 551. \n\nCongo kingdom discovered and set- \ntled by the Portuguese 1 482. \n\nCongress abolished the British author- \nity in the American colonies 5th \nMay, 1776. \n\nCongreve, William, b. 1670, d. 1729. \n\nConic Sections, the first idea of, arose \nB.C. 240. \n\nConinsburg Castle, Yorkshire, existed \nin 489. \n\nConjunction of the sun, moon, and \nplanets 1186 ; of Saturn and Ju- \npiter 1394. \n\nConon of Samos, Greek astronomer, \nflourished B.C. 400. \n\nConsecration of churches instituted \n153. \n\nConsecration of bishops, the form or- \ndained 1549. \n\nConvents and other religious orders \nsuppressed in the two Sicilies by \norderof King Joachim Murat 1 809 ; \nabolished in Spain 1811 ; restored \nin Spain May, 1814; restored in \nthe two Sicilies 1815. \n\nConservators of public liberties chosen \nin England 1215. \n\n\n\n104 CON \n\n\n\nCON \n\n\n\nConspiracies and insurrections, the \nmost remarkable, in ancient and \nmodern history \xe2\x80\x94 A conspiracy was \nformed against the infant republic \nof Rome, to restore the banished \nSextus Tarquin and the regal go- \nvernment ; the two sons of Junius \nBrutus, the first consul, being con- \ncerned in it, were publicly con- \ndemned and put to death by their \n\nfather 507 B.C Another, by the \n\nTarquin faction against the Roman | \nsenators ; Publius and Marcus dis- \ncover it ; the other conspirators are \nput to death, 496.\xe2\x80\x94 Of Catiline I \nand his associates, to murder the \nconsuls and senate, and to burn \nthe city of Rome, discovered by \nCicero, consul for the year, 63 \xe2\x80\x94 \nAn insurrection in Spain which \ncost the lives of 30,000 Spaniards, \nand double that number of Moors, \nA.D. 1560. \xe2\x80\x94 At Malta, to destroy \nthe whole order, for which 125 \nslaves suffered death, 26th June, \n1749.\xe2\x80\x94 At Lisbon, by several of \nthe nobility, who shot the king, \n1758.-^At Algiers, on account of \ntribute, 1761. \xe2\x80\x94 At Madrid, when \nthey obliged the king to banish the \nMarquis Squillace, 1769. \xe2\x80\x94 At the \n\nBrazils, 1772 At Palermo, 26th \n\nOct., 1773. \xe2\x80\x94 At Stockhlom, in \n1792, when Gustavus III. was \n\nassassinated by Ankerstroem At \n\nSt. Domingo and the other French \nWest India islands, where near \n16,000 negroes were slain, and 400 \nAvhites,and 550 plantations destroy- \ned, 1794. -In Dublin, 1803.\xe2\x80\x94 Of \nthe Prince of Asturias against his \nfather, 1807. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the inhabitants \nof Madrid against the French, in \nwhich many persons were killed, \n1808\xe2\x80\x94^At Algiers, 1808. \n\nConspiracies and insurrections in Eng- \nland A conspiracy of the Nor- \nman barons against William I., \n1074.\xe2\x80\x94 Against William II. 1088 \nand 1093. \xe2\x80\x94 Against Henry II. by \nhis queen and children, 1173 \xe2\x80\x94 \nInsurrection of Foulk de Brent \nagainst Henry III., 1224 \xe2\x80\x94 A con- \n\' spiracy against the same king for \ncancelling Magna Charta, 1227 \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\nOf the barons against Henry III., \n\n1258 Of the Duke of Exeter \n\nand others against the life of Henry \n\nIV. , discovered by dropping a paper \naccidentally, 1400. \xe2\x80\x94 Against Hen. \n\nV. by the Earl of Cambridge and \n\nothers, 1415 Of Richard, Duke \n\nof Gloucester, against his nephews \nEdward V. and his brother, whom \nhe caused to be murdered, 1483. \xe2\x80\x94 \nImposture ofLambertSimnel,1486. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Imposture of Perkin Warbeck, \n1492.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Earl of Suffolk and \nothers against Henry VII., 1 506. \xe2\x80\x94 \nInsurrection of the London appren- \ntices, 7 H. VIII., 1517.\xe2\x80\x94 gainst \nQueen Elizabeth by Dr. Story, \n1571 ; by Anthony Babington and \nothers, 1586; by Lopez, a Jew. \nand others, 1593 ; by Patrick York, \nan Irish fencing-master, employed \nby the Spaniards to kill the queen, \n1594; of Walpole, a Jesuit, who \nengaged one Squire to poison the \nqueen\'s saddle, 1598: all these con- \nspirators were executed. \xe2\x80\x94 Against \nJames I. by the Marchioness de \nVerneuil, his mistress, and others, \n1604. \xe2\x80\x94 Of Sindercomb and others \nto assassinate Oliver Cromwell, \ndiscovered by his associates ; Sin- \ndercomb was condemned, and poi- \nsoned himself before he was to \nhave been executed, 1656. \xe2\x80\x94 An \ninsurrection of the Puritans, 1657. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Of the fifth monarchy men \nagainst Charles II., 1660. \xe2\x80\x94 A con- \nspiracy of Blood and his associates, \nwho seized and wounded the Duke \nof Ormond, and would have hanged \nhim, if he had not escaped, 1670 ; \nthey stole the crown, 1671. \xe2\x80\x94 Of \nthe French, Spanish, and English \nJesuits, countenanced by the pope, \nto assassinate Charles II., discov- \nered by Dr. Young and Titus \nOates, 1668 ; another to assassinate \nhim at the Rye-house farm, near \nHoddesden, Hertfordshire, in his \nway from Newmarket, called the \nRye- house plot, 1683.\xe2\x80\x94 Of Lord \nPreston, the Bishop of Ely, and \nothers, to restore King James,1691. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Of Granvil, a French chevalier, \nand his associates, to assassinate \n\n\n\nCON \n\n\n\nCOO \n\n\n\n105 \n\n\n\nKing William in Flanders, 1692. \n\xe2\x80\x94 A conspiracy by the Earl of \nAylesbury and others to kill the \nking near Richmond, as be came \nfrom bunting, discovered by Pen- \ndergrass, called tbe Assassination \nPlot, 1696.\xe2\x80\x94 -Of Simon Frazer, \nLord Lovat, in favour of tbe Pre- \ntender, against Queen Anne, 1703. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Of tbe Marquis Guiscard, 1710. \n\xe2\x80\x94 To assassinate George I. by \nJames Sbepbard, an enthusiastic \nyouth, who had been educated to \nconsider the king as an usurper, \n1718. \xe2\x80\x94 Of counsellor Layer and \nothers to bring in tbe Pretender, \n1722. -Of Col. Despard and his \nassociates to assassinate George III. \nand to overturn the existing govern- \nment, 1803 \xe2\x80\x94 Of Thistlewood and \nothers, 1820. \xe2\x80\x94 See Riots, Insur- \nrections. \n\nConstant, M. Benjamin, French ora- \ntor and political writer, d. 1830. \n\nConstantine the Great d. 3 3 7 5 aged 66. \n\nConstantine, Emperor of Rome, d. \nat York 306. \n\nConstantinople changed its name from \nByzantium, 330 ; was made the \nseat of an emperor, 1268 ; cadies \nor justices introduced to decide the \ndisputes between the Greeks and \nTurks, 1390 ; taken by Mahomet \nIi. 29th May, 1453, who put an \nend to the eastern empire 1458 ; \nwalled 20 miles round, 413 ; had \nabove 12,000 houses and 7000 in- \nhabitants destroyed by a fire, 27th \nSept., 1729; again, which burnt \nfive davs, 31st May, 1745: again, \n12,000 houses, 29th Jan., 1749- \n50 ; again, near 10,000, in June, \n1750; again, 4000, and the plague \n7000 persons in 1751 ; nearly de- \nstroyed by an earthquake and 3000 \ninhabitants killed, 2nd Sept., 1754; \nhad 5000 houses burnt, 1 756 ; had \n15,000 houses and 1000 persons \nburnt, 5th July,1756; considerable \nhavoc made in 1761-5-7-9-71 ; \nhad 2000 houses burnt 4th Sept., \n1778 ; 600 houses were burnt 19th \nFeb., 1782; 10th June following \n7000 ; and 22nd Aug. following \nthere were 10,000 houses, 50 \nmosques, 100 corn mills, &c, de- \' \n\n\n\nstroyed. On 5th Aug., 1784, \n10,000 houses, &c, were destroyed \nanother destroyed 10,000 houses \n4th Aug., 1784: 32,000 houses \nwere destroyed by fire between \nMarch and July, 1791 ; 7000 were \ndestroyed 1782 ; and the same \nnumber were destroyed Aug. 1 795. \nThe suburb of Pera had 1300 \nhouses and several magnificent \nbuildings burnt down 13th March, \n1799. In 1812 and 1813,300.000 \nof its inhabitants destroyed by a \npestilence. In Aug., 1816, 1200 \nhouses and 2000 shops destroyed by \nfire; 12,000 houses, 30 mosques, \n400 boats, and 400 people, burnt \nin 1823. \n\nConstantinople, Armenian church \nopened at, 26th Jan., 1834. \n\nConsuls first chosen at Rome B.C. \n508. \n\nConsul, the first English one in Italy \n1485 ; in Portugal 1683. \n\nContractors with government disquali- \nfied from si 1 1 ing i n parliament 1 782. \n\nContributions from the public de- \nmanded by act of parliament, from \nall persons whose wages were 4/. \nper annum, 1695. \n\nContributions, voluntary, to support \nthe British government against the \nmachinations of France, amounted \nto 2,500,000/., 1798; transmitted \nto England from India 200,000/. \n\nContributions for the relief of the \nwidows and orphans of those who \nfell at the battle of the Nile, \n35,260/. 8s. 6d. \n\nConventicles punished by law 1661. \n\nConvicts first sent to Botany Bay 1 7 85 . \n\nConvocation of the clergy first sum- \nmoned to meet by writ Ed. I. 1695. \n\nCook, Thomas, bookbinder, hung and \ngibbeted at Leicester for the mur- \nder of Mr. Paas, 10th Aug., 1832. \n\nCooke, George, an eminent English \nengraver, b. 1780, d. 1834. \n\nCook, Capt. James, the navigator, \nb. 27th Oct., 1728, killed 14th \nFeb. 1779. \n\nCooke, George, celebrated English \nactor, b. 17th April, 1756, d. at \nNew York, 26th Sept., 1812. \n\nCooke, Sir Anthony, learned lawyer, \nb. about 1506, d. 1576. \n\nF 3 \n\n\n\n106 COO \n\n\n\nCOR \n\n\n\nCooper, Rev. Edward, divinity writer, \nd. 26th Feb., 1833. \n\nCooper, Thomas, Bishop of Win- \nchester, clironologist, b. about 1517, \nd, 1594. \n\nCooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of \nShaftesbury, b. 1621, d. 1683. \n\nCooper, Anthony Ashley, Earl of \nShaftesbury, b. 1671, d. 1713. \n\nCooper, John Gilbert, poet, b. 1723, \nd. 1769. \n\nCoote, Sir Eyre, b. 1726, d. 1783. \n\nCopenhagen founded 1169; made a \ncity 1319; made the capital of \nDenmark 1443 ; burnt ] 7*28, when \n77 streets were destroyed ; had its \nroyal palace destroyed by fire 26th \nFeb. ,1794, to the amount of twenty \nmillions of rix-dollars, equal to \n4,500,000/. sterling; above 100 \npersons lost their lives. Its arsenal, \nadmiralty, &c, with near 50 streets \nhaving 1363 houses, were destroyed \nby fire on 5th June, 1 795 ; it raged \n48 hours. Bombarded by the Eng- \nlish 18th July, 1807. \n\nCopernicus, of Thorn, in Prussia, b. \n10th Jan., 1472, d. 1543. \n\nCopes instituted 256. \n\nCopper first imported from Virginia, \nOct., 1730. \n\nCopper money first coined in Scotland \nby order of parliament 1466 ; in \nIreland 1399 ; in France 1580 ; in \nEngland the first legal, in 1689. \nTradesman\'s tokens, or halfpence, \nwere coined in 1672. Penny pieces \nfirst issued 26th July, 1797 ; half- \npence on the same principle issued \nJan., 1800. \n\nCopper mines first discovered in Swe- \nden 1396; in England 1561; re- \nvived in England 1 689 ; found in \nNew York 1722. The Parry\'s \ncopper mine in Anglesea has a bed \nof copper ore forty feet thick, and \nsupplies between 29 and 30,000 \ntons anually, 1790. The quantity \nexported in 1799 was 97,125 cwt. \n2 qrs. 7lbs., at 6/. 9s. per cwt. \namounted to 626,459/. 19s. 6d. \n\nCopper, account of the quantity and \nprices of the different articles of, \npurchased for the use of his Majes- \nty\'s navy, from the 29th of April, \n1799, to the 17th of March, 1800; \n\n\n\nand also of old copper delivered \nin payment for the same, with the \nprices as far as it can be made up : \nCopper sheets 615 tons 15 cwt. \n131b. ; copper bolts and rings 123 \ntons 9 cwt. 3 qrs. 251bs. ; copper \nnails 15 tons 17 cwt. 2 qrs. 231bs. ; \nMixed metal nails 158 tons 14 cwt. \n121bs. Value 128,325/. 14s. Id. \n\nOld copper returned to the con- \ntractors in part pavment for the \nnew, 37,5967. 2s. 1 Id. \n\nCopper coin forbidden to be counter- \nfeited 1771. \n\nCopyright secured by act of parlia- \nment 1710; further secured by \nact passed in 1814. \n\nCorah, Dathan,and Abiram swallowed \nup in the earth B.C. 1480. \n\nCoram, Capt. Thomas, projector of \nthe Foundling Hospital, d. 29th \nMarch, 1751, aged 84. \n\nCorbet, Bishop of Norwich, poet, b. \n1582, d. 1635. \n\nCorelli, musician, b. 1653, d. 1713. \n\nCorfe Castle, Dorset, built 970: \nborough of, disfranchised 1 832. \n\nCorfu, a magazine at, destroyed by \nfire, when 72,0001bs. of powder \nand 60 bomb shells blew up, killing \n180 men, 11th March, 1789. \n\nCorinna, Signora, the learned Italian \nlady, received the triumph of a \ncoronation at Rome 31st Jul v. \n1776, d. 1800. \n\nCorinth,kingdom of, estab. B.C. 1 355. \n\nCoriolanus banished from Rome B.C. \n491. \n\nCork, city of, in Ireland, inclosed 1 170. \n\nCorn, export of, allowed from Britain \n1437 ; value of quantity exported \nin 1765, 681,000/. ; imported in \n1800, 2,611.667 qrs., and of oat- \nmeal 1,039,079 cwt. \n\nCorn, bill to permit the exportation \nof, passed 1813 ; to permit the im- \nportation when British wheat shall \nbe at 80s. per quarter, 1815; to \npermit foreign corn warehoused to \nbe taken out for home consump- \ntion, 1826. \n\nCorn, prices of, and their variations \nduring the following years : \xe2\x80\x94 In \n1784 the prices varied from 48s. 2d. \nto 41s. 10c?.; difference 6s. 4d. \nIn 1785 the prices varied from \n\n\n\nC OR \n\n\n\nCOT 107 \n\n\n\n375. 5c?. to 34s. 6e?. ; difference j \n2s. lie?. In 1786 the prices varied I \nfrom 36s. 2d. to SSs. lOd. ; differ- \nence 2s. 4c?. In 1787 the prices I \nvaried from 44s. 10c?. to 36s. Id. ; \ndifference 8s. 9d. In 1788 the \nprices varied from 45s. Id. to \n42s. 9d. ; difference 2s. 4c?. In \n1789 the prices varied from 54s. \nlie?, to 47s. ; difference 7s. 11c?. \nIn 1828 the prices varied from \n75s. 3c?. to 56s. ; difference 19s. 3c?. \nIn 1829 the prices varied from \n75s. 3c?. to 56s. 3c?. ; difference \n19s. In 1830 the prices varied \nfrom 72s. lie?, to 56s. lc?. ; differ- \nence 16s. 10c?. In 1831 the prices \nvaried from 73s. 5c?. to 60s. 5e?. ; \ndifference 13s. In 1832 the prices \nvaried from 63s. 5e?. to 52s. 5c?. ; \ndifference lis. \n\nCornaro, Lewis, h. 1467, d. 1565. \n\nCorneille, Peter, dramatic poet, b. \n6th June, 1606, d. 1684, aged 78. \n\nCorneille, Thos., poet and historian, \nd. 1709, aged 84. \n\nCornelius Nepos d. about 25 B.C. \n\nCornish, an alderman of London, \nhanged and quartered 19th Oct., \n1685, for high treason. \n\nCornwall, the first Duke of, 1337. \n\nCornwallis, Marquis, K.G., b. 1738, \nd. in India 1805. \n\nCoronation of "William and Mary, \n11th April, 1689. \n\nCoronation of George IV. in West- \nminster Abbey, 19th July, 1821. \n\nCoronation of William IV. in West- \nminster Abbey, 8th Sept., 1830. \n\nCoronation chair and stone of destiny \nbrought from Scotland 1296. \n\nCoroners officers of the realm in 925. \n\nCorpus Christi day, 25th May, the \nprofane exhibition of the cat on, \nsuppressed 1757 ; festival of, ap- \npointed 1265. \n\nCorpus Christi Col., Oxford, founded \n1516. \n\nCorpus Christi College, Cambridge, \nfounded 1351. \n\nCorsica dependent on Genoa until \n1730; ceded to France 1770; of- \nfered to Germany for 150,000/. in \n1731 ; surrendered its sovereignty \nto Great Britain 1794;relin. 1796*. \n\n\n\n! Cortes, assembly of, in Spain, con- \nvoked 15th Jane, 1808 ; dissolved \n7th Juue, 1812. \n| Cortez, Ferdinand, conqueror of Mex- \nico, b. 1485, d. 1547, aged 62. \nCorunna, in Spain, arsenal at, des- \ntroyed by fire, 60 persons killed and \n50 wounded, 11th March, 1794. \nCosmo de Medicis d. 1464, aged 75. \nCostard, George, astronomical writer, \n\nb. about 1710, d. 1782. \nCoster, Lawrence, d. about 1440. \nCotes, Roger, the mathematician, b. \n\n1682, d. 1716. \nCotte, the French architect, d. 1735, \naged 79. \n\nCottin, Madame de,b. 1772, d. 1807. \nCotton, Sir Robert, an tiquarv, b. 1570, \nd. 1631. \n\nCotton manufacturer\'s utensils pro- \nhibited to be exported 1774. \nCotton duty instituted 1785. \nCotton-wool, used in English manu- \nfactures in 1787, was valued at \n7,500,000/. and weighed about \n22,600,0001bs. The quantitv manu- \nfactured in 1791was 32,148,\'9061bs. \nOne pound of cotton-wool, when \nspun, has been worth five pounds \nsterling ; and when wove into mus- \nlin and ornamented in the tambour, \nis worth 15/., yielding 5,900/. per \ncent, on the raw material. Again, \none pound of cotton has produced \n205 hanks, each hank, when ex- \ntended, measured 203,000 yards. \nIn this manufacture, in 1787, there \nwere in England and Scotland 143 \nwater mills, which cost 715,000/.; \nand 550 mule jennies, of 50 spin- \ndles each, Avorth 19,250/. ; 20,070 \nhand jennies, of 80 spindles each, \nworth 140,490/. ; buildings, card- \ning-machines, &c, worthl25,260/. \nMoney employed in the manufac- \nture 1,000,000/., which gives em- \nployment to above 60,000 for spin- \nning, and with its subsequent stage \nfor preparation, employs 360,000 \nmen, women, and children. \n\nThe increase of this manufacture \nis as follows : \xe2\x80\x94 \nYears lbs. Value \n1781.. 5,101,920 ..\xc2\xa32,000,000 \n1782.. 11,206,\xc2\xab10 .. 3,900,000 \n\n\n\n108 COT \n\n\n\ncou \n\n\n\n1783.. 9,546,179.. 3,200,000 \n1784. . 1 1 ,280,236 . . 3,950,000 \n1785. . 17,992,888 . . 6,000,000 \n1786. . 19,151,867 . . 6,500,000 \n1787 . . 22,600,000 . . 7,500,000 \nThe quantity imported was \xe2\x80\x94 \nBritish islands 6,600,0001bs. ; \nFrench and Spanish settlements \n6,000, OOOlbs. ; Dutch settlements \nl,700,0001bs. ; Portuguese settle- \nments 2,500,0001bs. ; East Indies \n100,0001bs. ; Smyrna and Turkey \ncotton 5,700,0001bs. : total quan- \ntity 22,600,0001bs. And was ap- \nplied as follows : \xe2\x80\x94 To the candle- \nwick branch l,500,0001bs. ; to \nthe hosiery branch l,500,0001bs. ; \nto the silk and linen mixtures \n2,000,0001bs. ; to the fustian \nbranch 6,000,0001bs. ; to calicoes, \nmuslins, &c, ll,600,0001bs. \n\nNo. of lbs. imported into Great \nBritain in 1800, 56,010,732 ; in \n1810, 132,488,935; in 1820, \n150,043,082 ; 1831,280,249,600. \n\nCotton manufactory at Durham totally \nconsumed by fire, 7th Jan., 1804. \n\nCotton\'s wharf, London, burnt, when \ndamage amounting to 49,000/. was \nsustained, 12th Aug., 1751. \n\nCottonian Library settled on the pub- \nlic 1701 ; damaged by fire 25th \nOct., 1731. \n\nCouchman, lieutenant of the Chester- \nfield, and Morgan, lieutenant of \nmarines, shot pursuant to sentence \non board the Chesterfield, at Ports- \nmouth, 14th July, 1749. \n\nCouncils That at Jerusalem, when \n\nthe first controversy w r as discussed, \n48 ; at Antioch, 269 ; at Aries, \n31 4, at which three English bishops \nwere present ; the first Nicene one, \nwhen 328 fathers attended, against \nArius, 325; the first at Constan- \ntinople, when Pope Damasus pre- \nsided, and 150 fathers attended, \n381 ; that at Sardis, when 376 fa- \nthers attended, 400 ; the first at \nEphesus, when Pope Celestine pre- \nsided, and 200 fathers attended, \n431 ; that at Chalcedon, when \nPope Leo presided, and 600 fathers \n-attended, 451 ; the second at Con- \nstantinople, when Pope Vigilius \n\n\n\npresided, and 165 fathers attended, \n552 ; one called the Milevetan \ncouncil, 568 ; at Constantinople in \n600 ; at Rome in 649 ; the third \nat Constantinople, when Pope Aga- \ntho presided, and 289 fathers at- \ntended, 680 ; the second at Nice, \nwhen Pope Adrian presided, and \n350 fathers attended, 787 ; the \nfourth at Constantinople, when \nPope Adrian presided, and 101 \nfathers attended, 869 ; that at Ver- \ncelli, when Pope Leo IX. presided, \n1053 ; the Lateran one, when Pope \nCalixtus II. presided, and 300 fa- \nthers attended, 1112; the second \nLateran one, when Pope Innocent \nII. presided, and 1000 fathers at- \ntended, 1139; the third Lateran \none, when Pope Alexander III. \npresided, and 300 fathers attended, \n1 1 75 ; the fourth Lateran one, \nwhen Pope Innocent III. presided, \nand 1185 fathers attended, 1215 \nand 1217; at Lyons, 1255 and \n1274; that at Vienne, when Pope \nClement V. presided, and 300 fa- \nthers attended, 1312; one at Con- \nstance, when Pope John XXII. \nand Martin V. presided, 1414; the \nsixth Lateran one, when Pope Ju- \nlius III. and Pius IV. presided \nagainst Luther, 1546. There have \nbeen several other provincial coun- \ncils, and others, as that of Avignon \nin France, aud at Bituiia in Tus- \ncany, 1431 ; at Tours in France, \n1448 ; at Florence in Italy, 1449; \nat Toledo in Spain, 1473 ; at Augs- \nburgh in Germany, 1548 ; at Co- \nlogne in Germany, 1548 ; at Treves \nin German}\', 1548; at Cologne in \nGermany, 1549 ; atMentz in Ger- \nmany, 1549; and at Numantia in \nSpain, 1550. \n\nCounsel first allowed to persons guilty \nof high treason, 21st April, 1696. \n\nCounties, first division of, in England, \n900. \n\nCounties first sent members to parlia- \nment 1258. \n\nCounty gaols have cost building as \nfollows : \xe2\x80\x94 Gloucester, 18,009/., \ncontains 170 cells; Monmouth, \n4,000/., contains 26 cells; Ipswich, \n\n\n\ncou \n\n\n\nCRE 109 \n\n\n\n1 3,000/. , contains 86 cells ; Sussex, \n5,500/., contains 30 cells ; Oxford \ncity, 4,500/., contains 30 cells; \nOxford county, 10,000/., contains \n80 cells; Manchester, 15,000/., \ncontains 1 40 cells ; Preston, 9,000/., \ncontains 70 cells; Stafford, 18,000/., \ncontains 140 cells ; Liverpool, \n25,000/., contains 300 cells ; Dor- \nchester, 12,000/., contains 100 \ncells; Devon, 20,000/., contains- \n160 cells. \n\nCounty courts first erected, 896. \n\nCouriers or posts invented by Charle- \nmagne, 808. \n\nCourland made a duchy, 1561 . \n\nCourts of conscience or requests in \nLondon began 1517 ; again in \n1603 ; in Bristol, Gloucester, and \nNewcastle, 30th Nov., 1689 ; ex- \ntended to the sum of 5/., Oct. 1800. \n\nCourts of justice instituted at Athens \nB.C. 1272. \n\nCovell Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, \n14 in number, lat. 4\xc2\xb0 30\' N., Ion. \n168\xc2\xb0 40\' E., discovered 1832. \n\nCovent Garden Square built 1633. \n\nCovent Garden Church built by Inigo \nJones; repaired 1789 ; burnt down \n17th Sept., 1795 ; rebuilt after the \nsame design 1798. \n\nCovent Garden Theatre built 1733; \nenlarged 1792 ; burnt down 20th \nSept., 1808 ; rebuilt 1809. \n\nCoventry act passed 1669 ; regulated \n1699. \n\nCoventry Abbey built 1043. \n\nCoventry, Sir John, maimed and de- \nfaced 25th Dec, 1670. \n\nCoverham Abbey, Yorksh., blt.1280. \n\nCow-pox, inoculation by, as a security \nagainst the small-pox, introduced \nby Dr. Jenner, 1800. \n\nCoward, a feudal expression, implying \ncow-herd, for which office a man \nvoid of courage was deemed only \nfit for. \n\nCowdley House, Kent, the seat of \nViscount Montagu, destroyed by \nfire, with all its valuable paiutings \nand furniture, 25th Sept., 1793. \n\nCowes Castle, in the Isle of Wight, \nbuilt 1540. \n\nCowley, Abraham, English poet, b. \n1618, d. 1667. \n\n\n\nCowley, Hannah, d. 11th March, \n1809, aged 66. \n\nCowling Castle, Kent, built 1481. \n\nCowper, William, English poet, b. \n1731, d. 1800. \n\nCows, there were, in 1795, 8500 kept \nnear London, which yielded about \n28,713,000 quarts of milk, which \nsold to the milk people for l^d. \nper quart, and yielded 209,365/. \n125. 6d. or 24/. 13s. 0|d per an- \nnum per cow, at about 9 quarts a \nday. The consumers paid 3d. per \nquart, which amounted to about \n358,912/. 10s., yielding a profit of \n149,547/. 17s. 6d. \n\nCows, value of, imported into Eng- \nland in 1829, 1721/.; 1830,2348/.; \n1831, 1726/. \n\nCox*s Museum Lottery, 1773. \n\nCox, Bishop, translator of the Bible, \nb. 1499, d. 1581. \n\nCrabbe, Rev. George, a celebrated \nBritish poet, the protege of Edmund \nBurke, b. 1574, d. 1832. \n\nCracow, in Poland, first founded, 7 00. \n\nCranbourn Priory, Dorsetsh., bit. 980. \n\nCranmer, Abp. of Canterbury, b. 1489, \nintroduced to Henry VIII. 1529, \nburnt at Oxford, 21st March, 1556. \n\nCratinus, the comic poet, fl. B.C. 464. \n\nCrayons, art of fixing discovered, 1748. \n\nCreak Priory, Norfolk, built 1206. \n\nCreation of the world began, according \nto Abp. Usher, on Sunday, 23rd \nOct., in the year before the vulgar \nera of the birth of Christ, as given \nin the Hebrew text, 4004 ; in the \nLXX. 5872 ; in the Samaritan, \n4700; of the Julian period, 710. \nAdam and Eve were created on \nFriday, 28th Oct. ; they are placed \nin Paradise, but are soon tempted \nand fall ; sentence is passed upon \nthem by God, who encourages them \nat the same time with the promise \nof the seed of the woman ; they are \nbanished Paradise. \n\nCreation, by patent, to tithes, first used \nin England by Edward III., 1344. \n\nCrebillon, P. J., dramatic writer, b. \n1674, d. 1762. \n\nCrebillon, C. P. I., b. 1707, d. 1777. \n\nCrediton, Devonshire, 460 houses at, \ndestroyed by fire, 14th Aug., 1743 ; \n\n\n\n110 CRE \n\n\n\nCRO \n\n\n\ngreater portion of the town burnt \ndown, 2nd May, 1769 ; and 39 \nhouses again burnt, 1st May, 1772. \n\nCreech, Rev. Thomas, b. 1659, de- \nstroyed himself, 1702. \n\nCreed, Lord\'s prayer, &c, permitted \nin the Saxon language, 746. \n\nCrementz, in Hungary, totally de- \nstroyed by a fire, 1777. \n\nCrescent, order of knighthood, began \nat Naples, 1448. \n\nCrichton, fthe admirable, b. 1561, \nmurdered 1582. \n\nCrickeath Castle,Carnarvonshire,built \n1206. \n\nCrimea, part of, settled by the Rus- \nsians, 1784. \n\nCriminals ordered for transportation \ninstead of execution, 1590 ; 72,000 \nexecuted in reign of Henry VIII. \n\nCrimp-houses, in London, destroyed \nby the mob, Sept. 1794-5. \n\nCripplegate, London, pulled down and \nsold for 91/., July, 1760. \n\nCrisp, Edmund, of Bury, in Suffolk, \ncut and mangled, 1729. \n\nCrockery first manufactured 1 309 B C. \n\nCroesus, the rich king of Lydia, flou- \nrished B. C. 562. \n\nCroft, William, musician, b. 1677, \nd. 1727, aged 70. \n\nCroisades to Palestine, began in 1096. \n\nCromwell, Oliver, the Protector, b. \n25 April, 1599, d. 3rd Sept., 1658. \n\nCromwell, Mrs. S., great-great grand- \ndaughter of the protector, Oliver \nCromwell, and last of the name, \ndied atCheshunt, 28th Feb., 1834, \naged 90 years. \n\nCromwell, Lord, born 1490 ; made \nvicar-general, Oct., 1535 ; beheaded \n28th July, 1540. \n\nCronstadt, near St.Petersbnrg, founded \nby Peter the Great, of Russia, 1 704, \nconsiderably injured by fire, 1741. \n\nCrook, Japhet, his ears cut off", in the \npillory, 1731. \n\nCross, St., hospital, Winchester, built \n1132. \n\nCross, the sign of, first used by chris- \ntians, A. D. 110. \n\nCross of our Saviour found on Mount \nCalvary, A. D. 326. \n\nCrosses first set upon steeples and \nspires, 568. \n\n\n\nCronsaz, John P., b. 1663, d. 1750. \n\nCroyland Abbey, Lincolnshire, built \n718; destroyed by the Danes, 867 ; \nrebuilt, 945 ; destroyed by fire \n1091 ; again built 1112, about 30 \nyears after which it was again burnt \ndown, and finally rebuilt 1170. \n\nCrown of England. Egbert was sole \nmonarch of England, 827. From \nEgbert the crown descended regu- \nlarly, with very little deviation. \nIn the three succeeding reigns it \nwas suspended by force, till the \nSaxon line was restored in Edward \nthe Confessor, who indeed was not \nthe next heir, because Edmund II. \nhad a son living, Edward, an outlaw \nin Hungary. On Edward the Con- \nfessor\'s decease, Harold II. usurped \nthe throne, though the right re- \nmained in Edgar Atheling, son of \nEdward the outlaw, and grandson \nof Edmund II. At this time, \nWilliam I., duke of Normandy, \nclaimed a right from a grant of \nEdward the Confessor, and by con- \nquest transferred the crown to a \nnew family. From him it descended \nto his second and third sons, Wil- \nliam II. and Henry I , his eldest \nson Robert being kept out of pos- \nsession by his brothers. Henry I. \nwas succeeded by Stephen, grand- \nson of William I. by his daughter \nAdelicia, his elder brother Theobald \nwaiving his claim, and Maud, the \ndaughter of Henry I. and grand- \ndaughter of Edward the outlaw, to \nwhom the succession belonged, \nbeing excluded by force ; however, \nher son, Henry II., as heir to Wil- \nliam I., succeeded Stephen ; though \nthe proper heirs in the Saxon line \nwere the sons of Malcolm, king of \nScotland, by Margaret, the daughter \nof Edward the outlaw. But Henry \n\nI. having married the daughter of \nEdgar Atheling, by whom he had \nMaud, and her son Henryll. coming \nto the crown, in some measure re- \nstored the Saxon line. From Henry \n\nII. the crown descended to his old- \nest son then living, Richard I. on \nwhose death it was seized by his \nbrother John, Henry II.\'s youngest \n\n\n\nCR \n\n\n\nCRO \n\n\n\n111 \n\n\n\nson, in exclusion of his nephew \nArthur. On the death of Arthur \nand his sister Eleanor, without \nissue, the crown properly descended \nto Henry III. son of John ; and \nfrom Henry HI. in an hereditary \nline of six generations, to Richard \nII., and this right of succession was \ndeclared in parliament hy the 25th \nof Edward III. Richard II. re- \nsigned the crown, and the right \nresulted to the issue of his grand- \nfather Edward III. , and should have \nfallen on the posterity of Lionel, \nduke of Clarence, the first son of \nEdward III. ; hut Henry, duke of \nLancaster, descended from the third \nson of Edward III., usurped it, \nunder the title of Henry IV"., pre- \ntending to he the next heir. Par- \nliament (7th Henry IV.) settled \nit on him and his heirs. Henry \nIV. was regularly succeeded by his \nson and grandson, Henry V. and \nVI. Under Henry VI. the house j \nof York, descended from Lionel, \nduke of Clarence, hy the mother\'s \nside, began to. claim their dormant \nright, and established it in Edward \n\nIV. by parliament. This king was \nsucceeded by his eldest son Edward \n\nV. , who was deposed and succeeded \nby his unnatural uncle, Richard III. \nhis father\'s brother, on a pretence \nof bastardy. During this reign \nHenry VII., earl of Richmond, a \ndescendant of the house of Lan- \ncaster, assumed the throne, and his \npossession was established by par- \nliament, 1485. He marrying \nElizabeth of York, Edward IV.\'s \ndaughter, the undoubted heiress of \nof William the Conqueror, the \nfamilies of York and Lancaster \nwere united in Henry VIII., her \neldest son, who transmitted the \ncrown in succession to his three \nchildren, confirmed by parliament, \n25th Henry VIII. c. 12. This \nstatute was repealed by 28 Henry \nVIII. c. 7, by which, after the \nking\'s divorce from Ann Boleyn, \nMary and Elizabeth were bastard- \nized. They were again legitimated, \nand the succession was restored by \n\n\n\n35 Henry VIII. c. 1. Parliament \nnow asserted its right of directing \nthe succession by 1 3 Elizabeth, c. 1 . \nOn the death of Elizabeth, suc- \nceeded James VI. of Scotland, our \nJames I. (the lineal descendant of \nMargaret, daughter of Henry VII. \nand his wife Elizabeth of York, the \nwife of James IV. of Scotland,) and \nin him were united, not only the \ndifferent competitors since the con- \nquest, but likewise the right of the \nSaxon monarchs, he being the direct \nlineal descenendant of Malcolm, \nwho married Margaret the daughter \nof Edmund II. From James I. \nthe crown descended to his second \nson Charles I., his eldest son Arthur \nbeing dead. After him the suc- \ncession was interrupted by the \nusurpation of Oliver Cromwell, and \nhis son Richard, but restored in \n1668, in Charles II., eldest son of \nCharles I. He dying without le- \ngitimate issue, it passed to his \nbrother James II., whom parlia- \nment excluded, and called in Wil- \nliam of Orange and his wife Mary, \nthe eldest daughter of James II. \n1 668, to the exclusion of her father \nand her brother. On the death of \nthis William III., Anne, second \ndaughter of James II. reigned ; and \nshe leaving no issue, the crown was \nsettled by parliament, 12 and 13 \nWilliam III. on the princess Sophia \nof Hanover, the youngest daughter \nof Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia, \nwho was the daughter of James I., \nand her heirs, being Protestants. \nShe dying before Queen Anne, her \nson George I. succeeded, in which \nfamily the crown has regularly de- \nscended to the present king. \n\nCrown, the first Roman that wore one \nwas Tarquin, 616 B. C. ; first used \nin England, 872 ; the first tiara or \ntriple one used by the pope, 1634 ; \nthe first single one used by them \nwas in 553 ; first double one, 1303. \n\nCrown lands in England, valued at \n120,626/. 14s. Id. per annum, \nordered by parliament to be sold, \nwhose leases are between 3 and 3 1 \nyears unexpired, 1786. \n\n\n\n112 CRO \n\n\n\nC US \n\n\n\nCrown lands resumed by law, 1 449. \nCrown royal, order of knighthood, \n\ninstituted in France, 802. \nCroxall, Rev. Dr. Samuel, d. 1751. \nCroxton, Abbey, Staffordsh., bit. 1180. \nCroyland, the monk of, murdered at \n\nPeterborough, 863. \nCrucifixes painted in churches and \n\nchambers, first introduced, 461. \nCruden, Alexander, author of the \n\nConcordance, d. 1770, aged 69. \nCrusade, the first, 1096. \nCtesias, the historian, d. 384 B. C. \nCuba discovered, 1492 ; settled in \n\n1511 ; damaged by an earthquake \n\nand violent rain, 21st June, 1791, \n\nwhen 30 OOpersons perished, 11,700 \n\ncattle of various kinds, amongst \n\nthem 3700 horses. \nCudworth, Rev. Ralph, b. 1617, d. \n\n1688. \n\nCujas, James, French writer, b. 1520, \nd. 1590. \n\nCullen, Dr. William, of Edinburgh, \nd. 5th Feb , 1790, aged 78. \n\nCullen, Dr. Henry, of Edinburgh, d. \n11th Oct., 1790. \n\nCullerne, Wiltshire, six miles from \nBath, burnt, and 32 families re- \nduced to destitution, 1st Apr., 1774. \n\nCulross forest took fire accidentally, \n25th July, 1803. \n\nCulverins first made in England, 1534. \n\nCumberland, Richard, bishop, critical \nauthor, b. 1632, d. 1718. \n\nCumberland, Richard, English dra- \nmatic writer, b. 19th Feb., 1732, \nd. 7th May, 1811. \n\nCumberland, Duke of, attempt to \nassassinate the, 31st May, 1810; \nmarried the Dowager Princess of \nSalm, Aug., 1814, at New Strelitz, \nand, 29th Aug., 1815, re-married \nat Carlton House ; motion for \nsettling 6000/. per annum additional \non both Duke and Duchess nega- \ntived in the House of Commons by \na majority of one, 3rd July, 1815. \n\nCumberland, Duchess of, delivered of \na son, 5th June, 1819. \n\nCunningham, John, the poet, b. 1 729, \nd. 1773. \n\nCup, Sacramental, restored to the \n\nlaity, 1547. \nCuracoa, settled by the Dutch, 1634. \n\n\n\nCurates, Stipendiary, law for the better \nsupport and maintenance of, 1813. \n\nCurfew bell, established by William \nthe Conqueror 1068, abolished in \n1103. \n\nCurran, John Philpot, Irish orator, b. \n1750, d. 1817. \n\nCurrants first planted in England, \n1533 ; brought from Zante, 1482. \n\nCurrie, James, a doctor at Liverpool, \nb. 1756, d. 1805. \n\nCurtis, Wm. botanist,b.l746, d.1799. \n\nCurtius, M., rode into a gulf at Rome, \nB. C. 362. \n\nCurtius, Quintus, flourished A.D. 64. \n\nCustom Stores, Dublin, damaged by \nfire, supposed to be wilful, 1833. \n\nCustom House, London, Lower \nThames-street, first built, 1559; \nburnt down and rebuilt, 1718 ; \nburnt down again, 12th Feb., 1814; \nrebuilt and opened for business, \n12th May, 1817. \n\nCustom House, long room of, fell in \n26th Jan., 1825. \n\nCustoms on exports and imports first \ncollected in England, about 979 ; \nfirst granted, 1274; amounted to but \n14,000/. in 1580; farmed for many \nyears for 20,000/. till 1590; to \n50,000/. in 1592; to 148,000/. in \n1614; to 168,000/. in 1622; to \n300,000/. in 1642 ; farmed for \n390,000/. in 1666; amounted to \n557,752/. in 1688 ; from 1700 to \n1714, net amount was20,241,468/. \nwhich, on amedium wasl,352,764/. \namounted to 1,555,600/. in 1720 ; \ntol,593,000/.inl721;tol,904,000Z. \nin 1744; to 2,000,000/. in 1748 ; to \n4,609,300/. in 1786 ; to 4,965,000/. \nin 1787 ; to 4,867,000/. in 1789 ; to \n6,890,000/. in 1790; to 4,044,923/. \n15*. 6d. in 1794; to 3,412,255/. \n6s. 8d. in 1795 ; to 17,894,405/. \n4 5 . Id. in 1828; to 16,516,271/. in \n1832; and to 21,247,280/.inl830. \nIts officers deprived of voting for \nmembers of parliament , 1782 ; seiz- \nures at the custom-house amounted \nto 26,000/. in 1742. The report \nof the committee on the wet dock- \nbill has furnished the public with \nthe most authentic evidence of the \nimmense increase of our commerce. \n\n\n\nCUT \n\n\n\nDAN \n\n\n\n113 \n\n\n\nIn 1790, the tonnage of foreign \nvessels cleared out from London \nwas precisely double what it was in \n1751. In 1795, this tonnage was \nmore than one-third greater than in \n1790. \n\nCutting for the stone first performed \non a criminal at Paris, with success, \nin 1474. \n\nCuvier, Baron, the French naturalist, \nb. 1767, d. 1832. \n\n\n\nCyder, called wine, made in England, \n1234. \n\nCvmmer Abbey,Merionethshire, built \n1200. \n\nCyphers, digits or figures in Arithme- \ntic, invented bv the Arabic Moors, \n813. \n\nCyprian, St., martyred, A. D. 258. \nCyril, of Alexandria, flourished 412. \nCyril, of Jerusalem, flourished 350. \nCyrus, the Great, d. B. C. 529. \n\n\n\nD. \n\n\n\nD ABLANCOURT, French wri- \nter, b. 1606, d. 1664. \n\nDach, John, of Cologne, a painter of \nhistory, b. 1566, d. about 1646. \n\nDacier, Andrew, French critic, b. \n1651, d. 1722. \n\nDacier, Madam, French commenta- \ntor, b. 1651, d. 6th Aug., 1720. \n\nDaire Castle, Cumberland, built B.C. \n925. \n\nDaddi, Bernardo, an Italian history \n\npainter, d. 1380. \nDaddi. Cosimo, a Florentine painter \n\nof history, d. of plague, 1630. \nDaele. John Van. a Dutch painter of \n\nland and sea views, b. 1530, died \n\n1601. \n\nDaedalus, British frigate, struck on a \nshoal and was lost, the crew saved, \n16th July, 1813. \n\nDaedalus, the ancient architect, flou- \nrished B. C. 987. \n\nDafBer, N., a Genoese engraver, d. \nafter 1752. \n\nDagiu, Fran., a Venetian historical \npainter, b. 1714, d. 1784. \n\nDahl, Michael, of Stockholm, a por- \ntrait painter, b. 1656, d. 1743. \n\nDaily, Lieut. Gen., served in the \nAmerican war, b. d. 1832. \n\nD\'Alembert, Mon., mathematician, b. \n1717, d. 27th Oct., 1783. \n\nDalens, Diik. (Theodore), a Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1659, d. 1688. \n\nDalkeith, Scotland, extensive range \nof buildings at, consumed bv fire, \n30th Sept/, 1812. \n\nDall. Nich. Thomas, a Danish land- \nscape and scene painter, d. in Lon- \ndon, 1777. \n\n\n\nDallamano, an Italian painter of ar- \nchitectural views, b. 1679, d. 1758. \n\nDalrymple, Alex., b. 1737, d. 1800. \n\nDalrvmple, David, Sir, b. 1726, d. \n1792. \n\nDalton, Richard, an English artist, \n\npatronised by the Prince of "Wales \n\n(afterwards G. IV.) and bv the Earl \n\nof Charlemont, b. 1720, \'d. 1791. \nDamas in Barbary, nearly obliterated \n\nby an earthquake, when 60,000 \n\nsouls perished, 3rd Dec, 1759. \nDamerham, Wilts., sustained 3000/. \n\nworth of damage by a fire, 14th \n\nJuly, 1755. \nDamery, Simon, a Flemish painter of \n\nhistory, b. 1597, d. 1640. \nDamien attempted to assassinate the \n\nking of France, 5th Jan., 1757. \nDamini, Pietro, of Castelfranco, an \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1592, d. of \n\nplague, 1630. \nDamm, Thomas, of Leighton, near \n\nMinchnal, Cheshire, d. 1608, aged \n\n154. \n\nDam pier, William, the navigator, b. \n\n1652, d. in the reign of Geo. I., \n\ndate unknown. \nDancing by cinque paces, introduced \n\ninto England from Italy, 1541 ; \n\nincorporated in France, 1659. \nDance, George, a British painter and \n\narchitect, b. 1741, d. 1825. \nDance. See Holland. \nDanchet, Anthonv, French poet, b. \n\n1671, d. 1748." \nDanckert, Henry, a Dutch painter \n\nand engraver, b. about 1630. \nDancourt, F. E., a French actor and \n\ncomic poet, b. 1661, d. 1726. \n\n\n\n114 DAN \n\n\n\nDAY \n\n\n\nDandini, Cesare, a celebrated Floren- \ntine painter, b. 1595, d. 1658. \n\nDandini, Vincenzio, a Florentine \npainter of history, b. 1607. \n\nDandini, Pietro, a Florentine historic \npainter, b. 1646, d. 1712. \n\nDanedi, Giov. Stef. (Montalto,) an \nItalian historic painter, b. 1608, d. \n1689. \n\nDanedi, Giuseppe, an Italian painter \nof scriptural subjects, b. 1618, d. \n1688. \n\nDanegelt, a land tax first established \nby^Ethelred II., 991 ; abolished \nby Stephen, 1135. \n\nDanet, Peter, French -writer, d. 1 709. \n\nDanhauer, a German painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1675, d. 1733. \n\nDaniel sent captive to Babylon, 606 ; \ninterprets Nebuchadnezzar\'s dream, \n603 ; cast into the lion\'s den, 538 ; \npredicted the Persian empire, 534 \nB. C. \n\nDaniel, Samuel, poet and historian, b. \n\n1562, d. 1619. \nDaniel, the French historian, b. 1649, \n\nd. 1723. \n\nDanks, Fran., a Dutch portrait and \nhistory painter, b. 1650, d. 1703. \n\nD\'Anville,J.B.B.,b. 1697, d. 1782. \n\nDannecher, (J. H. Yon, of Stuttgard, \nan eminent sculptor, b. 1758. \n\nDante, Vincenzio, an Italian poet \nand painter, d. 1756. \n\nDante, the great Florentine poet, au- \nthor of the Inferno, b. 1265, d. \n1321. \n\nDanti, Theodora, a female painter of \nPerugia, b. 1498, d. 1573. \n\nDanti, Antonio, a Roman portrait \nand history painter, b. 1634, d. \n1675. \n\nDantzic founded, 1169; first walled \nin, 1398 ; admitted to a suffrage \nin the election of kings of Poland, \n1632; put themselves under the \nprotection of Russia, 1703 ; com- \npelled to acknowledge Stanislaus \nking of Poland, 1707 ; the king of \nPrussia seized upon the territory \nround the city, 1789. \n\nDantzic, 300 persons at, killed and \nwounded, and 600 houses damaged \nby an explosion of gunpowder, 6th \nDec, 1815. \n\n\n\nD\'Arcon, I., inventor of the floating \n\nbatteries, b. 1733, d. 1800. \nDarien settled in 1700. \nD\'Arcy, Count, the philosopher, b. \n\n1725, d. 1779. \nDarius, the Mede, king of Assyria, \n\nflourished B.C. 538. \nDarius, the last king of Persia, slain \n\nB. C. 330. \nDarlington, worsted mills at, belong- \ning to Messrs. Pease, burned down, \n\ndamage estimated at 35,000/. 19th \n\nFeb. 1817. \nDarlington Temple, Devon, bit. 1123. \nDarnley, Lord, married to Mary, \n\nQueen of Scots, 1561, murdered \n\n10th Feb., 1567. \nDartford Priory, Kent, built 1372. \nDartford Cotton Mills, damaged by \n\nfire to the amount of 10,000/. 21st \n\nDec, 1795. \nDarwin, Dr. Erasmus, d. 18th Mav, \n\n1802, aged 70. \nDaubenton,I. J. M.,b. 1716,d.l810. \nD\'Aubigne, French writer, b. 1550, \n\nd. 1630. \n\nDauphiny annexed to the crown of \nFrance, 1349. \n\nDaun, Count, b. 1705, d. 1766. \n\nDauphin of France, murdered the \nDuke of Burgundy, and was disin- \nherited the crown, 1419. \n\nDaurat, French poet, b. 1507, d. 1588. \n\nDavenant, Sir William, dramatic poet, \nb. 1605, d. 1668. \n\nDavenant, Dr. John, bishop of Salis- \nbury, b. 1570, d. 20th April, 1641. \n\nDavenant, Ch., b. 1656, d. 1714. \n\nDavid, b. at Bethlehem, 1085; suc- \nceeded Saul in Israel, 1055 ; com- \nmitted adult erv with Bathsheba, \n1035; marriedher 1034 ; d. 1015 \nB.C. \n\nDavid, St.,b. in the 5th century, d. \n\nabout 544. \nDavid\'s, St., cathedral built, 1180; \n\npalace built, 1335. \nDavid, James Louis, restorer of the \n\nFrench school of painting, b. 1750, \n\nd. 1825. \n\nDavid, King. See Old Testament, \n\nevents of. \nDavies, Sir John, lawver and poet, \n\nb. 1570, d. 1626. \nDavies, Snevd, Dr., poet, d.\'1769. \n\n\n\nDAY \n\n\n\nDEL 115 \n\n\n\nDavila, historian, b. 1576, d. 1631. \n\nDavington Nunnery, Kent, bit. 1153. \n\nDavis, J., English navigator, d. 1605. \n\nDavis\'s Straits discovered 15B5. \n\nDavy, Robert, and English portrait \npainter, d. 1793. \n\nDaw, Sir Humphrey, b. 17th Dec, \n1779, d.2 9 th May, 1829. \n\nDawes, Philip, an English painter, \npupil of Hogarth, b. ,d.l780. \n\nDawes, Rich., critic, b. 1708, d. 1766. \n\nDavy, John, an eminent musical com- \nposer, d. in poverty, 22d Feb. 1824. \n\nDav, Thomas, b. about 1712, d. \n1785. . \n\nDay, Thomas, author of Sandford \nand Merton, b. 1748, d. 1789. \n\nDay, John, printer, who first intro- \nduced the Greek and Saxon cha- \nracters into Eugland, d. 1584. \n\nDayes, Edward, a promising British \npainter, who fell by his own hand, \n1804. \n\nDeaf and Dumb asylum, inst. 1792. \nDeal Castle, Kent, built 1539. \nDean, Hugh, a Bx-itish artist of great \n\nmerit, but greater eccentricity, d. \n\n1784. \n\nDearth, 1194, so great in England \nand France, that a quarter of wheat \nwas sold for 20s., almost as much \nas 61. now, followed by a pestilen- \ntial fever, 1193, 1194, 1195 ; ano- \nther, 1222 ; another with a mur- \nrain, when wheat sold for 40s. a \nquarter, as much as 81. now, 1315; \nwheat sold for 31. a bushel, 1316; \nanother great one, with a murrain\'; \n1385 ; two others, 1348 and 1353, \nagain, when bread was made in \nmany places of fern roots and ivy \nberries, 1438; 2,000,000/. was \npaid for corn imported in a dearth, \n1565; and 1,200,000/. in 1748. \n\nDeaths taxed, 1783. \n\nDeath, Captain, killed in an engage- \nment, 28th Dec, 1756. \n\nDebenhem, Suffolk, 38 houses at, \ndestroyed by fire, 1st Mar., 1743-4. \n\nDeborah the prophetess, and third \njudge of Israel, with Barak, general \nof the Israelites, defeats the Ca- \nnaanites under Sisera, at the waters \nof Megiddo ; Sisera is killed by \nJael the wife of Hcbcr, 1285; \n\n\n\nupon this battle was composed the \nbeautiful song of Victory, in Judges, \nchap. v. ; the land of Israel had \nrest in the 40th year after the rest \ngiven by Ehud. See Old Testa- \nment, events of. \n\nDebt. See national debt and interest. \n\nDecameron of Boccaccio, a copy of \nthis work, small folio, printed in \n1471, knocked down to the Mar- \nquis of Blandford, at the Duke of \nRoxburgh\'s sale, for 2,260/., 17th \nJune, 1812. \n\nDecemviri, first creation of, at Rome, \nB. C. 450. \n\nDecimal arithmetic invented 1602, \nby Simon Steven of Bruges. \n\nDe Champagne, Philip, b. at Brussels, \n1602, d. 1674. \n\nDecker, Thomas, cotemporary, and \nflourished with Ben Jonson. \n\nDeclaration of rights, bill passed, 1689- \n\nDe Courcy, had the privilege of stand- \ning covered before the kings of \nEngland, granted by King John, \n1203. \n\nDedications to books introduced in \nthe time of Mecsenas, A. D. 17 ; \npractised for the purpose of ob- \ntaining money, 1600. \n\nDedication of churches introduced in \nthe 4th century. \n\nDee, John, mathematician and astro- \nloger, b. 1527, d. 1608. \n\nDeeds in old English in Rymer\'s \nFoedera, 1385. \n\nDeering, Sir Cholmley, killed in a \nduel, 9th May, 1711. \n\nDefence, British 74 gun ship, stranded \non the coast of North Jutland, \nwhen all the crew, except five sea- \nmen and one marine perished, 24th \nDec, 1811. \n\nDefender of the Faith, the title of, \ngiven to the king of England, 1520. \n\nDefoe, Daniel, a political writer, b. \n1663, d. 1731. \n\nDegrees, academical, first introduced \nat Paris, previous to 1213. \n\nDe la Fosse, a French artist, he \npainted the interior of the British \nMuseum, b. 1640, d. 1716. \n\nDelany, Dr., miscellaneous writer, \nb. 1686, d. 1768. \n\nDe-La-Plata river discovered, 1512. \n\n\n\n116 DEL \n\n\n\nDEP \n\n\n\nDe-La-Notte, Ghirendo, an artist \n\nwho flourished 1570. \nDe-Launcey. a French engraver, h. \n\n1739, d. 1792. \nDelft, James William, a Dutch \n\npainter and engraver, b. 1580, d. \n\n1640- \n\nDelft, J. W., a Dutch painter and \nengraver, b. 1619, d. 1661. \n\nDelft city founded, 1072 ; nearly de- \nstroyed by a fire, 1536. \n\nDelft earthenware, invented at Ti- \nrenza, 1450. \n\nDelille, Abbe, French poet, d. 1813. \n\nDelisle, Jos. Nich., astronomer, b. \n1688, d. 1768. \n\nDelisle, William, geographer, b. 1675, \nd. 1726. \n\nDe Limer, Don John Taverra, native \nof Portugal, d. 1738, aged 198. \n\nDelmont, Diodato, a Flemish historic \npainter, b. 1581, d. 1630. \n\nDelolme, J. L., b. 1745, d. 1807. \n\nDelphos, temple of, burnt down, B.C. \n548. \n\nDelpo, Giacomo, a Neapolitan painter \nof architecture, b. 1709, d. 1754. \n\nDe Luc, J. A., b. 1726, d. 1817. \n\nDeluge of Deucalion, in Thessaly, \n1529 B. C. \n\nDeluge, general, threatened in the year \nof the world 1536 ; began 25th \nNov., 1656, i. e. 2348 B. C. ; it \ncontinued 377 days ; Noah left the \nark on Friday, 18th Dec, 2347 \nB. C. \n\nDelvito, a Neapolitan painter of his- \ntorical pictures, b. 1435, d. 1498. \n\nDemocritus, d. B. C. 361, aged 109. \n\nDemoirre, Ab., celebrated mathema- \ntician, b. 1667, d. 1754. \n\nDemosthenes, b. 381 ; recalled from \nbanishment, 322 ; poisoned himself, \n313 B.C. \n\nDempster, Thomas, historian and \ncommentator, d. 1625. \n\nDenbigh Abbey, built 1330 ; castle \nbuilt, 1280. \n\nDenham, Sir John, English poet, b. \n1615, d. 1668. \n\nDenham, Thomas, M. D., died 26th \nNov., 1815. \n\nDenmark united to Norway, 1412 ; \nseparated from it, 1521 ; crown \nmade hereditary, 1660 ; Pomerania \n\n\n\nand the Isle of Rugen annexed to. \nit in exchange for Norway, by \ntreaty, 14th Jan., 1814. \nDenmark, kings of, from Frederick I. \n\n\n\nFrederick I. began - 1523 \n\nChristian III. - - 1554 \n\nFrederick II. - - 1559 \n\nChristian IV. - - 1558 \n\nFrederick III. - - 1648 \n\nChristian V. - - 1670 \n\nFrederick IV. - - 1699 \n\nChristian VI. - - 1730 \n\nFrederick V. - - 1746 \n\nChristian VII. - - 1766 \n\nFrederick VI. - - 1808 \n\n\n\nDenner, Balthazzar, of Hamburgh, a \nportrait painter, b. 1685, d. 1747. \n\nDennis, John, celebrated critic, b. \n1657, d. 1733. \n\nDennis\'s Abbey, France, built 1140. \n\nDennis, St., order of, began in France \n1267. \n\nDenou, Baron, Dom. Vincent, a \nFrench painter, and one of the \nliterary companions of Buonaparte \nin Egypt, b. 1747, d. 1825. \n\nDenys, Jacques, a Belgian portrait \npainter, b. 1647. \n\nD\'Eon, Chevalier, b. 1728, d. 1810. \n\nDepredations, value of, said to be \ncommitted annually in the metro- \npolis. Among the small thefts are \nincluded pewter pots, stated at \n55,000/. :\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\nSmall thefts - - - 710,000 \nThefts on rivers and quays 500,000 \nIn dock-yards, &c. on the \n\nThames - - - 300,000 \nBurglaries, highway-rob- \nberies, &c. - - 220,000 \nCoining base money - 200,000 \nForging bills, swindling, &c. 70,000 \n\n\xc2\xa32,000,000 \n\n\n\nDeptford, king\'s naval stores, erected \nthere, 1513. \n\nDeptford, destructive fire, which de- \nstroyed the Victualling Office, and \ntwo lighters in the river, 16th \nJan., 1749 ; the store-house, 2nd \nSept., 1758; the red-house, 26th \nFeb., 1761 ; and the king\'s mill, \nDec, 1775. \n\n\n\nDER \n\n\n\nDIC 117 \n\n\n\nDerham, Dr. William, b. 1657, d. \n\nApril, 1735. \nDermody, the Irish Bloomfield, h. \n\nat Ennis, 1775, d. at Sydenham, \n\n15th July, 1802. \nDerrick, Samuel, an author and \n\nMaster of the Ceremonies at Bath, \n\nb. 1724, d. 1769. \nDervet, Claude, of Lorraine, a portrait \n\nand historical painter, b. 1600. \nDerwentwater, Earl of, and Lord \n\nKenmuir, beheaded on Tower-hill, \n\n24th Feb., 1716. \nDeryck, Peter Cornelius, a Dutch \n\nlandscape and portrait painter, b. \n\n1568, d. 1630. \nDeryke, William, of Antwerp, an \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1635, d. 1697. \nDesaguliers, J. T., b. 1683, d. 1744. \nDesault, J. P., celebrated surgeon, b. \n\n1744, d. 1795. \nDesani, Pietro, a Bolognese historic \n\npainter, b. 1595, d. 1647. \nDesbarres, Bonaventure, a French \n\nprivateer, b. 1700, d. 1729. \nDescada, Isle of, discovered by Colum- \nbus, 1494. \nDescamps, John Baptist, of Dunkirk, \n\na painter of history and landscape, \n\nb. 1714, d. 1791. \nDescent of Crown of England. See \n\nCrown of England. \nDeshayes, Jean Bap., of Rouen, an \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1729, d. 1765. \nDeshoulieres, Ant., French writer, b. \n\n1638, d. 1694. \nDesmaiseaux, Peter, b. 1666, d. 1745. \nDesmond, Thomas, Earl of, beheaded \n\nin Ireland, 1468. \nDespard, Col., and six associates, ex- \necuted in Southwark, for high \n\ntreason, 21st Feb., 1803. \nDesportes, Francis, a French painter \n\nof fruit, &c. b. 1661, d. 1773. \nDesportes, Philip, French writer, b. \n\n1546, d. 1600. \nDesprez, Louis John, a French pain- \nter and architect, d. 1804. \nDeucalion died 1500 B.C. \nDevereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, b. \n\n1567, beheaded 1601. \nDevereux, Robert, Earl of Essex, b. \n\n1592, d. 1646. \nDevis, Arthur, an English portrait \n\npainter, b. 1711, d. 1787. \n\n\n\nDevis, Arthur Willliam, an English \nlandscape painter, (one of the An \ntelope crew, wrecked on the Pelew \nIslands,) b. 1762, d. 1822. \n\nDevizes Castle, built 1136. \n\nDevonport, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nDevonshire House, Piccadilly, de- \nstroyed by fire, 1733. \n\nD\'Ewes, Sir Symonds, b. 1 602,d. 1 650. \n\nDewit. See Wit. \n\nDewitt, John, statesman, b. 1625, d. \n1672. \n\nDey of Algiers assassinated by a sol- \ndier, 11th Dec, 1754. \n\nDey of Tunis first appointed 1570. \n\nDeynum, John Bap. Van, of Antwerp, \nportrait painter, b. 1620, d. 1669. \n\nDeyster, Louis, of Bruges, a painter \nof portrait and history, b. 1656, d. \n1711. \n\nDiamonds, nine of, called the curse of \nScotland, from a Scotch member \nof parliament, part of whose family \narms is the nine of diamonds, voting \nfor the introduction of the malt tax \ninto Scotland. \n\nDiamonds first polished and cut at \nBruges, 1489. \n\nDiamond mines discovered at Brazil, \n1730 ; that at Coulour, in the East \nIndies, 1640; that at Gaolcondo, \n1584 ; one sent from Brazil for the \ncourt of Portugal weighed 1680 \ncarats, "or 12 ounces and a half, \nvalued at 224 millions sterling. \nGovernor Pitt\'s weighed 127 carats, \nand sold for 135,000/. to the king \nof France. That which belonged \nto Aureng-Zeb weighed 793 carats. \nThe mogul\'s weighed 279 carats, \n779,244/. The grand duke of \nTuscan y\'s weighed 139 carats. \n\nDiamantini, Giu. Cavaliere, an Italian \npainter and engraver, b. 1660. \n\nDiana, temple of, at Ephesus, burnt \nB. C. 356. \n\nDiaz, Michael, the navigator, d. 1512. \n\nDibdin, Charles, writer of humorous \nballads,b. 1748,d.25th July, 1814. \n\nDibdin, Charles, Jun. dramatic author \nand manager, d. 17th Jan., 1833. \n\nDice, invented B.C. 1500; 3000 pair \nstamped in England, 1775. \n\nDictum de Kenilworth, passed 1266. \n\n\n\n118 DIC \n\n\n\nDO D \n\n\n\nDictators created at Rome, B.C. 497. \n\nDido flourished B. C. 833. \n\nDidot, Francis Ambrose, the cele- \nbrated French printer, b. Jan., \n1730, d. 18th July, 1804. \n\nDiebitsch, Russian general who crossed \nthe Balkan, d. 19th June, 1831. \n\nDiepenbeck, Ab. Van., of Bois-le- \nDuc, an historic painter, b. 1607, \nd. 1675. \n\nDiepraam, Ab., a Dutch painter of \n\nbattle-pieces, b. 1655. \nDiest, Ad. Van, a Dutch landscape \n\npainter, b. 1655, d. 1704. \nDietrich, C. W. Ernest, of Weimar, \n\nlandscape painter, b. 1712, d. 1774. \nDietzch, J. C, of Niuemburg, an \n\nengraver and landscape painter, b. \n\n1710. \n\nDieu et mon Droit, " God and my \nRight," first used as a motto by \nRichard L after a victory over the \nFrench, 1194. \n\nDigby, Sir Edward, b. 1581 ; hanged \nwith the other conspirators in the \nPowder Plot, 30th Jan., 1606. \n\nDigby, Sir Kenelm.b. 1603, d. 1665. \n\nDigges, Sir Dudlev, statesman, b. \n1538, d. 1639. \n\nDillenius, John James, professor of \nbotany at Oxford, b. 1684, d. 1747. \n\nDinah. See Old Testament, events of. \n\nDiodorusSiculus,writer, lived B.C.45. \n\nDiogenes, the Cynic philosopher, d. \nB. C. 324, aged 89. \n\nDiogenes, Laertius, fl. A.D. 183. \n\nDion Cassius, flourished 229. \n\nDionysius Priory, Hants, built 1124. \n\nDionvsius Periegetes, flourished about \n\nA. D. 140. \n\nDionysius, tyrant of Svracuse, d. 368 \n\nB. C. \n\nDionysius, of Halicarnassus, flourished \nin the reign of Augustus B.C. 30. \n\nDionysius, the Areopagite, flourished \nin our Saviour\'s time. \n\nDiophantus, the first writer on Alge- \nbra, 365. \n\nDipping needle, invented by Robert \n\nNorman, a compass maker of Rad- \n\ncloffe, 1580. \nDiscepoli, Giov. Bat., of Lugano, an \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1590, d. 1660. \nDispensation first granted by the Pope \n\n1200. \n\n\n\nDissenters first separated from the \nChurch of England, 1571. \n\nDissolution of monasteries by act, \n1536, to the value of 361,000/. per \nannum, and 50,000 religious were \nmaintained by it, equal now to \n1,750,000/. There were 643 mo- \nnasteries, 90 colleges, 374 chapel- \nries, and 110 hospitals. \n\nDistaff spinning first introduced into \nEngland by Bonavera, an Italian, \n1505. \n\nDistilling first practised in Spain by \n\nthe Moors, 1150. \nDistillation of spirituous liquors began \n\nin the 1 2th century ; in Ireland, \n\n1590. \n\nDistillery in 1786 vielded in Eng- \nland, 421,193/. is. 3id. and in \n1794, it yielded 680,573/. 16s. 8d: \nIf the tax on malt, and the product \nof the Scotch distilleries are in- \ncluded, it will be 900,000/. 0s. 9d. \n\nDiving bell first tried at Cadiz in pre- \nsence of the Emperor Charles V. \n\nDivorce, the first at Rome, B.C. 229. \n\nDobson, William, an eminent English \nportrait painter, b. 1610, d. 1646. \n\nDocks, London, the first stone of \nlaid, 26th June, 1802; opened, \n30th Jan., 1805. \n\nDocks, West India, in the Isle of \nDogs, opened 21st Aug., 1802. \n\nDocks, East India, opened 4th Aug., \n1806. \n\nDocks, Sheerness, opened 5th Sept., \n1823. \n\nDocks, St. Katherine\'s, opened 1825. \nDoctor\'s Degrees began in England, \n1607. \n\nDodd, R., a civil engineer and writer \n\non canals, docks, &c. b. 1756, d. \n\n11th April, 1822. \nDodd, Rev. Dr., b. 29th May, 1789, \n\nexecuted for forgerv,27 June,1777. \nDoddridge, Dr., b. 26th June, 1702, \n\nd. 26th Oct., 1751. \nDodington, Lord Melcombe. b. 1691, \n\nd. 1762. \n\nDodsley, James, d. 19th Feb., 1997, \naged 74. \n\nDodsley, Rob., poet, b.1703, d. 1764. \nDodsworth, Roger, antiquary, d.1659, \naged 79. \n\nDodwell, Henry, b. 1641, d. 1711. \n\n\n\nDOE \n\n\n\nDOU 119 \n\n\n\nDoes, J. Vander, the old, a Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1623, d. 1673. \n\nDoes, S. Vander, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1653, d.1717. \n\nDoes, J. Vander, the young, a Dutch \npainter, b. 1563 d. 1693. \n\nDoggett, Thomas, the actor, d. 1724. \n\nDog, order of knighthood, began 1070. \n\nDog-stealers\' Act passed, 1770 ; tax \non dogs, 1796 aud 1808. \n\nDolci, Carlo, an eminent Florentine \npainter of history, b. 1616, d. 1686. \n\nDollartsee, between Groningen and \nEast Friesland, formed by an in- \nundation, 1277. \n\nDollond, Peter, an eminent English \noptician, b. 17 30, d. 2nd July, 1820. \n\nDolomieu, D. G., b. 1750, d. 1801. \n\nDolon, the first comic actor, flourished \n562 B. C. \n\nDolwyddellanCastle,Caernarvonshire, \nNorth Wales, built 500. \n\nDomenichino, Zampieri, a Bolognese \npainter of bistory and portraits, b. \n1581, supposed to have been poi- \nsoned, 1641. \n\nDomenique, Jean, a French painter \nand disciple of Claude, d. 1684. \n\nDomini, Girolamo, an Italian historic \npainter, b. 1681, d. 1739. \n\nDominic, Cavaliere, a Roman historic \npainter, b. 1595, d. 1640. \n\nDominici, Francesco, of Trevigi, a \nportrait and history painter, d. 1 600. \n\nDomingo,St.,Isle of, discovered 1492 ; \ncity founded, 1494; nearly de- \nstroyed, and the town of Port-au- \nPrince nearly burnt down by the \nrevolting negroes, Oct., Nov., and \nDec, 1791 ; given up by Rochain- \nbeau, the French governor, to the \nblack troops, 19th Nov., 1803. \n\nDominica discovered by Columbus, 3d \nNov., 1493 ; considerable damage \ndone on shore and among the ship- \nping at, by a gale of wind, 23rd July, \n1813 ; again, 15th Sept., 1816. \n\nDomitian assas. A.D. 96, aged 45. \n\nDomitian\'s Palace, at Rome, built \nA.D. 80. \n\nDomus Dei House, at Dover, built \n1240. \n\nDon, river, overflowed its banks, and \ncaused serious injury, 10th Aug., \n1750. \n\n\n\nDon, a title first adopted by the \n\nKing of Spain, 759. \nDonaldson, John, a Scotch painter of \n\nportraits in miniature, b. 1737, d. \n\n1801. \n\nDonati, Bertolo, a Venetian historical \n\npainter, b. 1540, d. 1601. \nDonato, an old Venetian painter, b. \n\n1427, d. 1478. \nDonato, or Donatello, a Florentine \n\nartist, b. 1383, d. 1466. \nDoncker, John, a Dutch portrait \n\npainter, b. 1610. \nDoncker, Peter, a Dutch painter of \n\nhistory and portrait, b. 1612, d. \n\n1668. \n\nDonducci(Il Masteletta), a Bolognese \n\nlandscape painter, b. 1576, d. 1655. \nDoni, an Italian historic painter, b. \n\n1472, d. 1560. \nDonne, D., b. 1573, d. 1631. \nDonnington Castle, Berks. ,built,1260. \nDonosa, Josepho, a Spanish painter of \n\narchitectural subjects, b. 1628, d. \n\n1686. \n\nDoomsday-book began 900, finished \n1086. \n\nDorchester Cathedral first built 686. \nDorchester, Dorsetshire, destroyed by \n\nan accidental fire, 7th Aug., 1613. \nDoria, And., Genoese admiral, d. \n\n1560, aged 84. \nDorigny, Michael, a French historical \n\npainter, b. 1617, d. 1665. \nDorigny, Louis, a French painter and \n\nengraver, b. J 654. d. 1742. \nDormitory, at Westminster School, \n\nrebuilt, 1719. \nDorset, the young Duke of, killed by \n\nthe falling of his horse, when \n\nhunting with Lord Powerscourt\'s \n\nhounds at Killiney, Ireland, 3rd \n\nFeb., 1815. \nDorsington, in Warwickshire, greatly \n\ninjured by fire, 3rd Aug., 1759. \nDort, Holland, sea broke in at, and \n\ndrowned 100,000 persons, 1421. \nDossi, an Italian painter of history \n\nand portrait, b. 1490, d. 1560. \nDoudyns, W., an eminent Dutch \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1630, d. 1697. \nDoufflest, Gerard, a Flemish painter \n\nof history, b. 1594, d. 1660. \nDoughet, an Italian painter, b. 1600, \n\nd. 1663. \n\n\n\n120 D U \n\n\n\nDRY \n\n\n\nDough nomore, John Hely Hutchin- \nson, (second) earl of, Baron Alex- \nandria, a distinguished British offi- \ncer, b. 1757, d. 1832. \n\nDoughty, W., an English portrait \npainter and engraver, flourished \n1780. \n\nDouglas, Gawin, b. 1474, d. 1522. \n\nDouglas, Dr. John, Bishop of Salis- \nbury, and English "writer, b. 1719, \nd. 1596. \n\nDouglass Castle, near Edinburgh, de- \nstroyed by a fire, 11th Dec, 1758. \n\nDove of Castile, order of knighthood, \ninstituted 1379. \n\nDover, Lord, an accomplished and \nlearned British statesman and \nwriter, d. 10 June, 1833, at the \nage of 36 years. \n\nDover Castle built by Julius Csesar ; \nthe tower built 47 ; the town for- \ntified 1525; St. Mary\'s Church \nbuilt 121 ; priory built 1130 ; pier, \nbuilt 1549. \n\nDover-cliff, part of, fell dow T n, near \nGuildford battery, by which Mrs. \nPoole and her five young children \nand her niece were killed, 14th \nDec, 1810. \n\nDover foot barracks burnt down, \nowing to the carelessness of a \nplumber, 30th July, 1800. \n\nDouven, J. Francis, a Dutch portrait \npainter, b. 1655, d. 1727. \n\nDouw, Gerhard, of Leyden, a cele- \nbrated painter, and pupil of Rem- \nbrandt, b. 1613, d. 1674. \n\nDoyen, Gab. Francis, a French histo- \nrical painter, b. 1726, d. 1806. \n\nDozello, a Neapolitan painter and \narchitect, b. 1405, d. 1470. \n\nDraco flourished about 600 B.C. \n\nDraghi, Giov. Bat., a Geneose painter \nof history, b. 1657, d. 1712. \n\nDragon, order of knighthood, in Hun- \ngary, began 1413. \n\nDragoons first raised in England, \n1681 , sent to Oxford to awe the \npeople, 7th Oct., 1715. \n\nDrakanburgh, Mr. Christian Jacob, \ndied in Denmark, aged 146, 1770. \n\nDrake, Sir Francis, b. 1545, set sail \nround the world 1577, died 28th \nJan., 1596. \n\nDraper, Sir W., died at Bath, 1787. \n\n\n\nDrayton, Michael, English poet, born \n\nabout 1563, d. 1631. \nDrelincourt. Ch., b. at Sedan, 1595, \n\nd. 1669. \n\nDresden founded 808 ; china invented \n\n1702 ; tremendous explosion of \n\ngunpowder at, by which many lives \n\nwere lost, 27th June, 1814. \nDress restrained by act of parliament, \n\n1455, 1574, 1580. \nDreyet, Peter, a French engraver, b. \n\n1697, d. 1739. \nDrew, Samuel, A. M., a distinguished \n\nmetaphysical writer, b. 1765, d. \n\n29th March, 1833. \nDrillenburg, of Utrecht, a landscape \n\npainter, b. 1625. \nDroit D\'Aubaine abolished in France, \n\n5th Aug., 1790. \nDrolling of Berghem, a painter of \n\nsubjects from common life, b. 1752, \n\nd. 1807. \n\nDrontheim, in Norway, 62 houses \nand 12 magazines at, destroyed by \nfire, value of damages 65,700/., \nDec, 1788. \n\nDruids destroyed by command of \nSuetonius Paulinus, A. D. 60. \n\nDrummond, William, the poet, b. \n\n/ 1565, d. 1649. \n\nDrunkenness in the clergy restrained \nby canon law, 741. \n\nDrunkenness in the laity restrained \nby law, 975. \n\nDrury-lane and St. Giles\'s first paved \naccording to act of parliament, 1 605. \n\nDrury-lane theatre built, 1662; de- \nstroyed by fire, 1672 ; rebuilt, \n1674 ; pulled down, 1791 ; rebuilt, \n1794 ; burnt, 1809; rebuilt and \nopened to the public, 10th Nov,. \n1812. The receipts of the first \nyear of the new theatre were, \n79,925/. 145. Od. ; of the second, \n68,389/. 3s. 0d.; of the third, \n61,585/. 85. 5d. ; of the fourth, \n49,586/. 175. Od. \n\nDrusius, John, b. at Oudenarde, 1550, \nd. 1616. \n\nDruyvesteyn, Arnold Jansse, of \n\nHaerlem, a painter of landscapes, \n\nb. 1564, d. 1636. \nDryden, John, an eminent British \n\npoet, b. 9th Aug., 1631, d. 1st \n\nMay, 1700. \n\n\n\nDUB \n\n\n\nDUN 121 \n\n\n\nDublin City walls built about 838 ; \nits first charter granted, 1173; its \ncastle built, 1220 ; university \nfounded by Queen Elizabeth, \n1591 ; students admitted to its \nuniversity, Jan., 1594; parliament \nhouse began, 1729, cost 40,000J. \n\nDublin House of Commons, &c, de- \nstroyed by fire, 27th Feb., 1792 ; \nsince the Union converted into a \nnational bank. The city greatly \ndamaged by an inundation of the \nLiffey, 2nd and 3rd of Dec, 1802. \n\nDublin Custom House, first stone of. \nlaid, 1 730. \n\nDubois, Edward, a Dutch landscape \nand portrait painter, b. 1622, d. \n1699. \n\nDubois, Simon, a Dutch painter of \nbattle pieces and portraits, d. 1708. \n\nDue, John L., a Dutch painter of \ncattle, assemblies, &c, b. 1636, d. \n1695. \n\nDucarel, Dr. Andrew Col tee, the \nantiquary, d. 29th May, 1785. \naged 72. \n\nDucart, Isaac, of Amsterdam, a \nflower painter, b. 1630, d. 1697. \n\nDuccio, a Florentine artist, restorer of \nMosaic work, d. 1360. \n\nDuchange, Gasp., an engraver, b. \n1660, d. 1754. \n\nDuchemin, Catherine, a French fe- \nmale painter of fruits and flowers, \nb. 1630, d. 1698. \n\nDuchesne, " father of French his- \ntory," b. 1534, d. 1640. \n\nDuckworth, an English admiral, b. \n1748, d. 1817. \n\nD\'Udmie, reviver of stucco-work, b. \n1494, d. 1564. \n\nDudlev, earl of Leicester, b. 1532, d. \n1588. \n\nDudley, Edmund, beheaded, Aug., \n1510, aged 48. \n\nDudley, duke of Northumberland \n(whose son married Lady Jane \nGrey), beheaded on Tower-hill, \n22nd Aug., 1553. \n\nDudley Castle, Staffordshire, built, \n700; priory, built, 1160. \n\nDuelling, the first public one, 1096 ; \nin civil matters, forbidden in \nFrance, 1305 ; with small swords \nintroduced into England, 1587. \n\n\n\nDufau, Fortune, of St. Domingo, \npupil of David, an historical pain- \nter, d. 1821. \n\nDufresne, C. L., a French painter of \nhistory and portrait, b. 1635, d. \n1711. \n\nDugdale, Sir Wm., b. 1605, d. 1686. \n\nDuiven, John, a Dutch portrait pain- \nter, b. 1600, d. 1640. \n\nDuke of Clarence, ship, lost in the \nGulf of St. Lawrence, 1803. \n\nDuke, first created in Scotland, \n1393. \n\nDuke, title first given in England to \n\nEdward, son of Edward III., 17th \n\nMarch, 1337. \nDuke, grand, the title first given to \n\nthe dukes of Tuscany, by Pius V., \n\n1570. \n\nDulin, Peter, a French painter of \nhistory, b. 1670, d. 1748. \n\nDullaert, Heyman, a Dutch painter \nof history and portrait, b. 1636, d. \n1684. \n\nDulwich College, built, 1619. \nDumouriez, the French general, seized \n\nthe commissioners from the na- \ntional convention, and quitted the \n\narmy, 1st April, 1793. \nDunbar, built, 1187. \nDuncan, king of Scotland, murdered \n\nby Macbeth, 1039. \nDuncan, admiral lord, b. 1st July, \n\n1734; d. 4th Aug., 1804. \nDun combe, William, translator of \n\nHorace, d. 1769, aged 79. \nDundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, \n\nb. 1740, d. 1811. \nDunkirk founded, 966 ; sold to \n\nFrance for 200,0007., A.D. 1662. \nDunmow Prioiy, Essex, built, 1110. \nDunning, J., lord Ashburton, b. \n\n1731, d. 1783. \nDunoon Castle, Scotland, built before \n\n1334. \n\nDuns Scotus, d. 1308, aged 37. \nDunstable Priory, founded 1132. \nDunstafmage Castle, Scotland, built, \n1307. \n\nDunstan, St., d. 988, aged 64. \n\nDunstan\'s, St., Church, \n\nDunstanburg Priory, Northumber- \nland, built, 1280. \n\nDunz, John, a Swiss painter of flow- \ners and fruits, b. 1645, d. 1736. \n\n\n\n122 DUO \n\n\n\nEAR \n\n\n\nDuomo, or Cathedral at Pisa, built, \n1061. \n\nDuomo, or Cathedral at Florence, \n\nbegan, 1296 ; finished, 1444. \nDu Pan, Mallet, b. 1749, d. 1800. \nDupenon, M. Anquetil, an historic \n\npainter, b. 1731, d. 1805. \nDupont, Gainsborough, an English \n\nlandscape and portrait painter, d. \n\n1797. \n\nDupre, M., his villa, near Beacons- | \nfield, the residence of Edmund \nBurke, destroyed by fire, 21st Apr., \n1813. \n\nDurel, John, an English divine, d. \n\n1683, aged 58. \nDurer, Albert, an eminent painter \n\nand engraver, b. at Nuremburg, \n\n1471, d. 1528. \nD\'Uifey, Thomas, English satirist \n\nand ballad writer, b. about 1630, \n\nd. Feb., 1724. \nDurham Castle, built, 1069. \nDurham, twenty-five dwelling houses \n\nat, burnt down, 1691. \nDurno, James, an English painter of \n\nhistory, b. 1750, d. 1795. \n\n\n\nDuty on brandy lowered 4s. Gd. per \ngallon, 10th May, 1787. \n\nDuties termed " incident duties," in \n1787, yielded 2,000,000?. \n\nDusart, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, \npupil of Ostade, b. 1665, d. 1704. \n\nDuval, Nich., a Dutch historic pain- \nter, b. 1644, d. 1732. \n\nDuval, Philip, a French historical \npainter, pupil of Le Brun, d. 1709. \n\nDuvenede, Marc Van, a Dutch \npainter of historv, pupil of Carlo \nMaratti, b. 1674,\' d. 1729. \n\nDuxburg, near Chorley, at, 26 persons \ndrowned by the breaking of the ice \nunder them, 13th Dec. 1812. \n\nDyck, Daniel Vanden, a Flemish his- \ntoric and portrait painter, d. 1670. \n\nDyer, John, a British painter and \npoet,b. in Caerrnarthenshire, 1700, \nd. 1758. \n\nDyeing, abuses in it, prevented, 1783. \n\nDyeing and dipping their own cloths, \nthe English were so little skilled \nin, 1608, that they were usually \nsent white to Holland, and returned \nto England for sale. \n\n\n\nE \n\nEaCHARD, Rev. Dr. John, b. \n\nabout 1636, d. 1697. \nEar of Corn, order, began in Britany \n\n1050. \n\nEarl first created in England about \n886, when Alfred the Great was \ninvested with the dignity and title \nby Ethelred I., grandson of Egbert. \n\nEarl Marshal, the first, appointed in \nEngland, 1383. \n\nEarthenw 7 are vessels first made by the \nRomans 715 B.C. ; the first made \nin modern Italy 1710 ; the present \nimproved kind began to be made in \n1763 by Wedgwood in England. \n\nEarthquake, one in Asia that over- \nturned twelve cities,17 B.C. ; Her- \nculaneum buried by one, 79 A.D. ; \nfour cities in Asia, two in Greece, \nand three in Galatia, overturned, \n107 ; Antioch destroyed, 115; one \nthat swallowed up Nicomedia and \nseveral cities, 120; one in Mace- \ndonia swallowed up 150 cities, 357 ; \n\n\n\nat Nicomedia, in Bithynia, 358 ; at \nJerusalem and Constantinople, 363 ; \nin Italy, 369; Nice destroyed, 370; \na general one, 377 ; one, from Sep- \ntember to November, swallowed \nup several cities in Europe, 394 ; \nfive in different parts of Europe, \n400 ; one swallowed up several \nvillages of the Cimbri, 417 ; one \nin Palestine, 419 ; one at Constan- \ntinople, 434 ; at Constantinople, \nAlexandria, and Antioch, 446 ; one \nthat destroyed Antioch, 14th Sept., \n458 ; one at Constantinople that \nlasted 40 days, 480 ; one at Anti- \noch, that destroyed that and other \ncities, 526 ; another at Antioch, \nthat swallowed up 4800 inhabitants, \n528 ; Pompeiopolis, in Mysia, \nswallowed up, 541 ; one almost \nuniversal, 544 ; one at Constanti- \nnople, 552 ; .one at Rome and \nConstantinople, 557 ; city of Beri- \ntus destroyed, the Isle of Coos \n\n\n\nEARTHQUAKES. \n\n\n\n123 \n\n\n\nshaken, and Tripoli and Bilbus \ndamaged, 560 ; at Daphne and \nAntioch, 581 ; six hundred cities \ndestroyed, 742 ; in Palestine and \nSyria, where thousands lost their \nlives, 746; at Mecca, where 1500 \nhouses and ninety towers were \nthrown down, 867 ; Constantinople \noverthrown, and Greece shaken, \n986; one at Batavia, 1021 ; at Wor- \ncester and Derby, 1043; one on \n8th April, 1076, in England ; and \nagain in 108] and 1088, through- \nout England, followed by a scarcity, \ncorn not ripe till Nov., 1090 ; one \nin Shropsh., 1110; one which over- \nwhelmed Liege and Rottenburgh, in \nSweden, 1112; one in December at \nAntiochia, which destroyed several \ncities and towns, and overturned \nthe castle of Trialeth, and the \ncities of Mariseum and Mamistria, \n1114 ; in Lombardy for forty daj s, \n1117; one in December, 1118; \none, 1120; in August, in many \nparts of the kingdom, 1133; one \nin August, 1134; one that swal- \nlowed up Catania and 15,000 souls, \n1137 ; at Lincoln, 1142 ; Antioch, \nTripoli, and Damascus destroyed, \n1150; at Oxenhall, near Darling- \nton, in Durham, 1178; in Hun- \ngary and England, 1179 : one that \noverthrew the church of Lincoln, \nand others, 1185 ; at Calabria, in \nSicily, a city, with its inhabitants, \nlost in the Adriatic Sea, 1186; \nVerona greatly damaged, 1187; \nin Somersetshire, 1199 ; at Brisa, \nin Lombardy, where 2000 lives \nwere lost, 1222; one in England, \n14th Feb., 1248; one in Somer- \nsetshire, 1249 ; one at St. Albans, \n1250; general one that threw down \nSt. Michael\'s on the hill, without \nGlastonbury, 1247 ; the greatest \never known in England, 14th Nov., \n1318 ; a dreadful one in Germanv, \n1346 ; several churches thrown \ndown, 21st May, 1382; a very \ndreadful one, accompanied with \nthunder and lightning, 28th Sept., \n1426 ; one at Naples, when 40,000 \npersons perished, 1456 ; in Italv, \n1510 ; in the Isle of Cuba, 1530 ; \n\n\n\nat Reigate, Croydon, and Dorking, \nin Surrey, May, 1551 ; in China, \n1556 ; in Herefordshire, which \noverthrew Kingston Chapel, &c, \n17th Feb., 1571; in Yorkshire, \nWorcestershire, Gloucestershire, \nHerefordshire, &c, 26th Feb., \n1574; in London and Westmin- \nster, when part of St. Paul\'s and \nthe Temple churches fell ; it was \nfelt at Sandwich and Dover in \nKent, 6th April, 1580; in Peru, \n1581-2; in Dorsetshire, where it \nremoved a considerable piece of \nground, 13th Jan., 1583; in Bo- \nhemia, Moravia, and Hungary, \n1590 ; in Japan, where several \ncities were swallowed up, 1596 ; \nin Kent, where the hills became \nvalleys full of water, 1596 ; at \nPeru, at Quito, and Arequipa, \n1600 ; at Banda, in the East In- \ndies, 1621 : at Manilla, 1637; in \nCalabria, in Italy, 27th March, \n1638 ; at Mechlin, in Germany, \n1640: in Norway, 24th May, \n1657 ; in France, June, 1660 ; at \nRagusa, in Illyrium, near 6000 \ninhabitants were lost, and several \ntowns in Dalmatia and Albania, \n6th April, 1667 ; in China, 1668 ; \nin Staffordshire and Derbyshire, \n1677-8 ; in Oxfordshire and Staf- \nfordshire, 1679 ; at Oxford, 1683 ; \nat Naples, when a third part of \nthat city and much shipping were \ndestroyed, 6th and 7th June, 1688 ; \nSmyrna destroyed, 10th July, \n1688 ; Lyme, in Dorsetshire, nearly \ndestroyed, 1 639 ; Fort Royal, in \nJamaica, destroyed, and 3000 peo- \nple lost, Sept., 1692; Messina, in \nSicily, overturned in a moment, \n\'18,000 persons perished, and in \nthe island 60,000, Jan., 1692; \na dreadful one in the isle of Tene- \nriffe, 24th Dec, 1704; one at \nChina, 19th June, 1718; Paler- \nmo, in Sicily, nearly swallowed up, \nSept., 1726 ; at Boston, in New \nEngland, 29th Oct., 1727 ; the \nwhole kingdom of Chili swallowed \nup, with St. Jago, 30th July, 1730 ; \nat Aynho, in Northamptonshire, \n10th Oct., 1731; one at Naples, \ng2 \n\n\n\n124 \n\n\n\nEARTHQUAKES. \n\n\n\n1731 ; another in the city of Ave- \nlino, which it destroyed, and Ori- \nauain great part, 29th Nov., 1732 ; \nin Calabria, where the territory of \nNova Casa sunk 29 feet without \ndestroying a building, 18th April, \n] 783 ; at Arundel and Shoreham, \n25th Oct., 1735 ; in Ireland, which \ndestroyed five churches and above \none hundred houses, Aug., 1734 ; \nin Hungary, which turned round a \nmountain," 23rd Oct., 1736; at \nSmyrna, April, 1739 ; at Palermo, \nwhich swallowed up a convent , but \nthe monks escaped, 4th Feb., \n1 739-40 ; at Leghorn, 5th and 6th \nJan., 1742 ; in Somersetshire, 15th \nJune, 1745 ; a terrible one at Lima, \nwhich destroyed that city, and \n5000 persons lost their lives ; there \nwere 74 churches, 14 monasteries, \nand 1 5 hospitals thrown down, and \nthe loss in effects reckoned im- \nmense, from 27th Oct. to 20th \nNov., 1746 ; it extended itself to \nCallao, which was destroyed, with \nabout 5000 of its inhabitants; in \nLondon, 8th Feb. and 8th March, \n1750; at Liverpool, Chester, and \nManchester, 2nd April, 1750; at \nFiume, in the Gulf of Venice, 5th \nFeb., 1751; the greatest part of \nthe city of Adrianople destroyed, \n22nd Aug., 1752; Grand Cairo \nhad tw-o-thirds of the houses and \n40,000 inhabitants swallowed up, \n2nd Sept., 1754 ; the city of Quito \nin Peru destroyed, 24th April, \n1755; the island of Mitylene, in \nthe Archipelago, when 2000 houses \nwere overthrown, May, 1755, which \ndid considerable damage at Oporto, \nin Portugal, and Seville, in Spain, \nbut more particularly at Lisbon, \nwhere in about eight minutes most \nof the houses and 30,000 inhabit- \nants were destroyed, and whole \nstreets swallowed up ; the cities of \nCoimbra and Braga suffered, and \nSt. Ubes was swallowed up; at \nFaro 3000 inhabitants were buried, \ngreat part of Malaga was destroyed; \none half of Fez, in Morocco, and \n12,000 Arabs were\' swallowed up, \nand above half of the island of \n\n\n\nMadeira destroyed ; it extended \n5000 miles ; at the Azores isles, \nwhere 10,000 were buried in the \nruins, and the island divided in \ntwo, 9th July, 1757 ; at Bour- \ndeaux, in France, 1 1th Aug., 1758 ; \nat Tripoli, in Syria, which extended \nnear 10,000 miles, when Damas \nlost 6000 inhabitants, and several \nother cities, with the remains of \nBalbec, were destroyed, between \nOct. and Dec, 1759; Truxillo, in \nPeru, was swallowed up in Nov., \n1759 ; in Syria, 30th Oct., 1760; \nin the Molucca islands, 1763 ; one \nat Constantinople, that buried 880 \npersons, 22nd May, 1766; at Mar- \ntinico, Aug., 1767, where 1600 \nlost their lives ; and at St. Pierre, \n1767 ; at Comora and Buda, 28th \nJune, 1768; one in the Brazils, \n1772 ; in the Archipelago, 700 \nhouses and 100 inhabitants were \nlost, in Dec, 1770; one at Fez, \nin Morocco, 6th May, 1763 ; in \nKerry in Ireland, June, 1773; \nGuatimala, in New Spain, entirely \nswallowed up, and many thousand \niuhabitants perished, 15th Dec, \n1773; at Radkofani, near Flor- \nence, in Italy, great damage was \ndone, 5th Oct., 1777; at Smyrna, \n25th June, 1778, which destroyed \ngreat part of that city ; at Tauris, \nin Persia, where 15,000 houses \nwere thrown down, and great part \nof the inhabitants perished, 3rd \nMarch, 1780 ; at Calabria, and in \nthe Isle of Sicily, 1783; again, \n1784, which totally destroyed Mes- \nsina, &c. ; at Archindschan, when \nit destroyed the town and 12,000 \ninhabitants, 18th July, 1784 ; Are- \nquipo destroyed, 1785; in the \nnorth of England, 11th Aug., 1786; \nat Iceland, and some parts of Ger- \nmany, Nov., 1784; at Barbadoes, \nOct., 1784; in Calabria, in Italy, \n10th April, 1785; in Scotland, \nand different parts of the north of \nEngland, 11th Aug., 1786; in \nMexico, and other parts of New \nSpain, 18th April, 1787; Borgo- \ndi-San-Sapoloro, in Tuscany, had \nits cathedral, bishop\'s palace, &c, \n\n\n\nEAR \n\n\n\nEAS \n\n\n\n125 \n\n\n\ndestroyed, 30th Sept., 1789, with \nthe adjacent town of Castello, &c, \nand Borgo had 150 houses des- \ntroyed, and 30 houses, &c, swal- \nlowed up by an opening of the \nearth ; in Westmoreland, at Arn- \nside, 6th March, 1790; and in \nScotland, in Oct., 1791 ; in Sicily \nand Calabria, Oct., 1791, particu- \nlarly at Mileto and Monte Leone ; \nat Lisbon on the 27th Nov., 1791, \nwhen many chimneys were thrown \ndown, and much damage done ; at \nZante, in the Adriatic Sea, where \nmany buildings were thrown doAvn, \nand above 60 persons perished, 2nd \nDec, 1791 ; in the counties of \nBedford, Leicester, Lincoln, Not- \ntingham, &c, 2nd March, 1792 ; \nat Domingo, where 32 houses were \noverthrown at the Cape, April, \n1793 ; at Shaftesbury and Salis- \nbury, on 29th Sept., 1793, but no \nvery material damage done ; in \nTurkey, where three towns, con- \ntaining 10,000 inhabitants were \nlost, 3rd July, 1794; near Naples, \nwhere the city of Torre del Greco \nwas nearly destroyed, 13th June, \n1794; in different parts of the \nnorth of England, 1 8th Nov., 1 795 ; \nat Sumatra, in the East Indies, \ngreat damage was done, and above \n300 persons perished, 20th Feb., \n1797 ; the whole of the country \nbetween Sta. Fe and Panama de- \nstroyed, including the cities of \nCuzco and Quito, with 40,000 in- \nhabitants, in Feb., 1797; there \nwere several violent shocks in the \nWest India islands in the same \nmonth ; at Sienna, in Italy, when \n50 persons lost their lives by the \nfall of buildings, 25th May, 1758. \nAt Constantinople, 26 Oct., 1800, \nwhich destroyed the royal palace \nand an immensity of buildings ; it \nextended into Romania and Walla- \nchia, to Bucharest and Adrianople ; \n12th June, 1802, an earthquake \nnearly destroyed Crema in Upper \nItaly ; Minguin was entirely swal- \nlowed up in a lake ; Brescia had \nthree churches and twelve houses \ndestroyed ; so violent a shock in \nHolland as to cause the chande- \n\n\n\nliers in Maaslin church to vibrate \n\n, two or three feet, in Jan., 1804 ; \nat Dunning, in Scotland, 18th Jan.^L \n1808 ; the church of La Tour, and \nmost of the houses in Lucerne, \npartly destroyed, \'April, 1808 ; \nin March, 1812, the city of Ca- \nraccas and upwards of thirty other \ntowns, scattered over a space of \n300 square miles, were destroyed, \n80,000 persons killed, and thou- \nsands more wounded ; three shocks \nwere felt at Swansea, in South \nWales, in Dec, 1832. \n\nEasley Abbey, Yorkshire, built 1152. \n\nEast Angles, kingdom of, began 571 ; \nended 792. \n\nEast Grinstead, tower at, fell down, \n12th Nov., 1785 ; borough of, dis- \nfranchised 1832. \n\nEast Indies were first discovered by \nthe Romans, but authors differ as \nto the time ; but with certainty we \nknow that Alexander the Great \nmade extensive conquests in this \ncountry 327 B.C. ; by the Portu- \nguese, 1497 ; conquered in 1500, \nand settled by them in 1506; the \nfirst settlement was Goa. The \nfirst commercial intercourse of the \nEnglish with the East Indies was a \nprivate adventure of three ships \nfitted out from England 33 Eliz., \n1591 ; only one of them reached \nIndia, and after a voyage of three \nyears, the commander, Capt. Lan- \ncaster, was brought home in another \nship, the sailors having seized on \nhis own ; but his information gave \nrise to a capital mercantile voyage, \nand the first East India Company\'s \ncharter, on 31st Dec, 1600, their \nstock consisting of 72,000/., they \nfitted out four ships, and meeting \nwith success, they have continued \never since. \n\nEast India Comp.\'s act passed 1718. \n\nEast India College at Haileybury, \nHertfordshire, completed 1809. \n\nEast India Company in England es- \ntablished 1600; India stock sold \nfrom 360 to 500 per cent., 1683 ; \na new company established, 1689 ; \nthe old one re-established and the \ntwo united, 1700 ; agreed to give \ngovernment 400,000/. per annum, \n\n\n\n126 E A S \n\n\n\nEDS \n\n\n\nfor four years, on condition that \nthey might continue unmolested, \n1769 ; in great confusion, and ap- \nplied to parliament for assistance, \n1773; judges sent from England \nhy government faithfully to admin- \nister the laws there to the company\'s \nservants, 2nd April, 1774 ; board \nof control instituted, 1784; char- \nter of, renewed, 1813 ; commercial \npart of the charter revoked, 1833 , \ntotal estimated revenues in India, \n1829-30, 22,054,416/; grand total \nof charges in same year 22,862,985/. \n\nEast India Company\'s alms\'-houses \nfounded, 1656. \n\nEast India Company at Embden es- \ntablished, 1750. \' \n\nEast India Company of Sweden \nerected, March, 1731. \n\nEast India Company of France estab- \nlished, 1627 ; abolished by the na- \ntional assembly, and the trade laid \nopen, 26th Jan., 1791. \n\nEast India Company of Holland incor- \nporated, 1604. \n\nEast India House, Leadenhall-street, \nLondon, bit. 1726; enlarged, 1799. \n\nEast-land company inrorporatedl579. \n\nEast Saxons, kingdom of, began 527, \nended 746. \n\nEastburn House, Essex, built 1572. \n\nEastbury Priory, Sussex, built 1270. \n\nEaster Island first discovered 1722. \n\nEaster established, 68 ; controversy \ndetermined, 667. \n\nEchard, Rev. Laur., the historian, b. \n1671, d. 1730. \n\nEckkardt, John Giles, a German por- \ntrait painter, d. 1719. \n\nEclipses, total, of the moon, observed \nby the Chaldeans at Babylon, 721 \nB.C.: at Syracuse, 413 B.C.; in \nAsia Minor, 219 B C. : at Rome, \n168 B.C., predicted by Q. Sul. \nGallus ; another, which terrified \nthe troops and prevented their re- \nvolt, A.D. 14. \n\nEclipses, most remarkable, of the sun, \nobserved at Sardis, predicted by \nThales, 585 B.C. ; at Athens, 424 \nB.C. ; at Rome, caused a total \ndarkness at noon-day, A.D. 291 ; \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 at Constantinople, 968 ; in France, \n29th June, 1033, dark at noon- \nday ; in England., 5 Stephen, 21st \n\n\n\nMarch, 1140, occasioned a total \ndarkness ; another on the 22nd \nJune, 2 Richard I.. 1191, entire \ndarkness, and the stars very visible \nat ten in the morning ; in the same \nyear, the true sun, and the appear- \nance ofanother,so that astronomers \nalone could distinguish the differ- \nence by their glasses ; another, \n1331 ; a total, of the sun in Eng- \nland, when the darkness was so \ngreat that the stars faintly appeared, \nand the birds went to roost in the \nmorning about ten, 22 April, 1715. \n\nEclipse, solar, a remarkable one, 14th \nJuly, 1748 ; the quantity eclipsed \nwas ten digits, and during the time \nof eclipse Venus made a beautifully \nbrilliant appearance. \n\nEdelinck, Gerard, a Dutch artist, b. \n1641, d. 1707. \n\nEddystone Light House near Ply- \nmouth first built, 1696 ; blown \ndown, 26 Nov.. 1703 ; rebuilt \n1706 ; burnt 1755 ; rebuilt 1759 ; \nburnt again 1770 ; rebuilt of stone \nafter Smeaton\'s famous design, 1 774. \n\nEdema, Gerard, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1652, d. 1700. \n\nEdgar Atheling d. 975, aged 70. \n\nEdgar s Tower, Worcester, built 975. \n\nEdge worth, R . Lovell, b. 1 744,d. 1817. \n\nEdinburgh built 950; fortified, and \ncastle erected, 1074 ; made the me- \ntropolis of Scotland by James III., \n1482 ; James II. was the first king \ncrowned there, 1437 ; new college, \nfoundation of, laid, 1789; new \nBridewell built 1791 ; bank of, \nfoundation laid, 3rd June, 1801. \n\nEdinburgh, fire at, 1544; great fire \nalso in the Lawn Market, 1771 ; \nanother 1795; one hundred houses \ndestroyed by fire, the Tron Church \ngreatly damaged, and the lead on \nthe roof, melting with the heat, \npoured down in a stream and in- \njured many, Nov., 1824. \n\nEdmondsburv, St., monastery, Suf- \nfolk, built 663 ; enlarged 1031 ; the \narches near the east gate built 1148. \n\nEdridge, Henrv, a British miniature \npainter, b. 1768, d. 1821. \n\nEdson, Calvin, the Living Skeleton, \nd. of" tabes mesenterica," or tape- \nworm, 14 feet long, 1833. \n\n\n\nED W \n\n\n\nE L B 127 \n\n\n\nEdwards, William, d. at Caeren, near \n\nCardiff, Glamorganshire, in 1663, \n\naged 168. \nEdwards, Thomas, English critic, b. \n\n1699, d. 1757. \nEdwards, Bryan, historian, b, 1743, \n\nd. 1800. \n\nEdwards, George, naturalist, h. 1693, \nd. 1713. \n\nEdwards, Jonathan, theologian, b. \n\n1703, d. 1758. \nEdwards, William, architect, b. 1718, \n\nd. 1789. \n\nEdwards, Edward, a British painter of \nhistory, b. 1738, d. 1806. \n\nEdwards, Sydenham, a British botani- \ncal draftsman, b. 1768, d. 1819. \n\nEeckhout, Gerbrant Vander, an emi- \nnent Dutch painter of portraits and \n\xe2\x96\xa0 history, and pupil of Rembrandt, b. \n1621,4. 1674. \n\nEeckhout, Anthony Vander, of Brus- \nsels, a painter of fruit and flowers, \nb. 1656, assassinated 1 695. \n\nEel of the silver kind, six feet in \nlength, 35 inches in circumference, \nand 341bs. in weight, taken in the \nMedwav, Aug., 1810. \n\nEgialeus, King of Sicyon, 2089 B.C. \n\nEginhart, the historian, d. 845. \n\nEgiuton, Francis, a British artist, the \nrestorer of painting on glass, b.\xc2\xab \n1737, d. 1805. \n\nEgmont, Justus Van, of Leyden, an \nhistoric painter, b. 1602, d. 1674. \n\nEgremont Castle, Cumberland, built \n1070. \n\nEgypt, the kingdom of, began 2188 \nB.C., and lasted 1633 years; re- \nduced to a province 31 after Christ, \nand subdued by the Turks 1525 ; \nthe French army entered it in \n1798, and conquered it, but were \nexpelled by the English in 1801 ; \nrevolted from Turkey and estab- \nlished an independent government, \n1832. \n\nEgyptian goose shot near Stamford, \nLincolnshire, Feb., 1806. \n\nEhret, Geo. Dion., of Baden-Durlach , \na celebrated botanical painter, b. \n1710, d. 1770. \n\nEhud, the Benjamite, being a second \njudge in an embassy, kills Eglon, and \nso relieves the Israelites from their \n\n\n\nsecond bondage, in the 80th year \n\nfrom their rest under Othni el, 1325. \n\nA little after this, Shamgar killed \n\n600 Philistines, with an ox goad. \nElbe River, inundation of, occasioning \n\n90,000/. worth of damage, 31st \n\nAug., 1631. \nElbing, in Prussia, founded, 1240. \nElbucht, John Van, a Dutch painter \n\nof history, landscape, and sea-pieces, \n\nb. 1500. \n\nEldon, near Thetford, Norfolk, fifty \nhouses at, burnt down, 4th June, \n1752. \n\nElections made void by bribery, \n1696, 1735, 1778, 1788. \n\nElectors of Germany first began 1298. \n\nElectrical Dispensatory, London, in- \nstituted, 1793. \n\nElectricity, first idea of, given by two \nglobes of brimstone, 1467; electric \nstroke discovered at Leyden, 1746 ; \nfirst known it would fire spirits, \n1 756 ; that of the Aurora Borealis \nand lightning, in 1769. \n\nElephant, order of knighthood, began \nin Denmark, 1478. \n\nEleusinian mysteries first introduced \nat Athens, by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. \n\nElevation of the Host introduced, \n1222. \n\nEli, the eleventh judge of Israel, \n\nbroke his neck at Shiloh, B. C. \n\n1116, aged 98. \nElias, Matthew, of Cassel, a painter \n\nof history, b. 1658, d. 1741. \nElijah, the prophet, 911; supported \n\nby the widow of Sai\'epta, 910 ; \n\ntaken up into heaven, B.C. 896. \nElisha, having prophesied for sixty \n\nyears, d. B.C. 830. \nElizabeth Castle, Jersey, built, \n\n1586. \n\nElizabeth, extra India ship, wrecked \n\noff Dunkirk, only 22 of the crew \n\nsaved, 30th Dec, 1810. \nEll, a yard in measure, fixed by the \n\nlength of Henry the First\'s arm, \n\n1101. \n\nElh>er, Ottomar, of Gottenburg, a \npainter of history and portrait, b. \nI 1633, d. 1688. \n\nElliger, Ottomar, the younger, of \nHamburgh, a scholar and painter, \nb. 1666, d. 1732. \n\n\n\n128 ELL \n\n\n\nENG \n\n\n\nElliot, Sir John, the English physi- \ncian, d. 1787. \n\nEllis, George, d. 1815, aged 70. \n\nEllis, an English engraver, d. 1793. \n\nEllis, Mr. W., d. at Liverpool, Aug., \n1780, aged 130& years. \n\nEllis, Ellen, of Beaumaris, Anglesea, \naged 72, Drought to bed 10th \nMay, 1776. She had been 46 years \nmarried, and her eldest child was \n45 years old. She had not borne \na child for 25 years previously. \n\nElliston, R. W., a celebrated English \nactor, b. 1774, d. 1831. \n\nElmer, Stephen, an English painter \nof dead game,\' &c, d. 1798. \n\nElmes, Miss, murdered at Chelsea, \n5th May, 1833. \n\nElsheimer, Adam, of Frankfort, a \nlandscape painter, b. 1574, d. 1620. \n\nElsineur, in Denmark, built, 2 B.C. \n\nElstol, William, a Saxon scholar, b. \n1673, d. 1714. \n\nElstree, Cambridgeshire, almost en- \ntirely destroyed by fire, 3rd April, \n.1774. \n\nEltham Palace, built, 1269. \n\nEly Monastery, built, 506 ; destroyed \nby the Danes, 870 ; rebuilt, 1109 ; \nBishop\'s House, Holborn, built, \n1290 ; pulled down, and converted \ninto sites for dwelling houses, 1780. \n\nElzevir, Daniel, a Dutch painter, \nd. 1680. \n\nElzevir, Louis, a Dutch painter, \nflourished, 1593. \n\nEmancipation of Roman Catholics in \nEngland, bill for the, passed the \nHouse of Com., 10th April, 1829. \n\nEmanuel College, Cambridge, founded \n1584 ; sustained damage by fire, \nestimated at 20,000/., Oct.,\'l811. \n\nEmanuel Hospital, Westminster, in- \nstituted 1534. \n\nEmerson, William, b. 1701, d. 1782. \n\nEmelraet, a Dutch landscape painter, \nb. 1612, d. 1668. \n\nEminence, the title of, first given to \ncardinals, 1644. \n\nEmigrations from England and Ire- \nland, numerous, 1815; number of \nAmerican and foreign vessels bring- \ning emigrants to New York, 1192, \n. in 1816; number of passengers, \n7122. \n\n\n\nEmma, mother of Edward the con" \nfessor, accused of incontinence, \n1 042 ; stripped of her possessions, \n1043 ; sent to Whorwell Nunnery, \n1051. \n\nEmpedocles, flourished B.C. 445. \n\nEmperors of Germany and Austria. \nSee Germany and Austria. \n\nEmpoli, Jacopo Da, an Italian his- \ntorical painter, b. 1554, d. 1640. \n\nEmpson, beheaded on Tower Hill. \n28th Aug., 1510. \n\nEneas, the Trojan prince, d. 1177. \nB.C. \n\nEnfield, Dr.,b. 1741, d. 1797. \n\nEnghien, the Duke de, of the family \nof Conde, shot bv order of Napo- \nleon, 21st March,* 1804. \n\nEngelraems, of Mechlin, an historic \npainter, b. 1527, d. 1583. \n\nEnghelbrechtsen, of Leyden, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1468, d. 1533. \n\nEngines, building and machinery, \nused in and about collieries, de- \nstroving of, made capital offence, \n1815. \n\nEngines for extinguishing fires, in- \nvented, 1663 ; improved, 1752. \n\nEngland originally inhabited by the \nBritons, a branch of the ancient \nGauls, or Celtse. \xe2\x80\x94 The western \npart, in the time of the Romans, \nwas inhabited by the Belgae, the \nnorthern by the Brigantes, South \nWales, by the Silures, and Norfolk \nand Suffolk, by the Iceni. \xe2\x80\x94 Invaded \nby Julius Caesar, 55 B.C., subdued \nby Claudius, 46 A.D., and complete- \nly so by Agricola, in 85. \xe2\x80\x94 The Ro- \nmans kept possession till 427. \xe2\x80\x94 \nRavagedby the Picts and Scots.448. \nConquered by the Saxons, 455, \nwho were invited over by the \nancient inhabitants, and they di- \nvided it into seven kingdoms, cal- \nled the heptarchy Erected into \n\na kingdom by the union of all \nthe kingdoms of the heptarchy, \nnear 400 years after the arrival of \nthe Saxons, 827. \xe2\x80\x94 Called England \nby order of Egbert, who was the \nfirst king of England, in a gene- \nral council held at Winchester, \nA.D. 829. \xe2\x80\x94 The name of England \nand of Englishman, had been used \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n129 \n\n\n\nas far back as 688, but bad never j \nbeen ratified by any assembly of \ntbe nation. \xe2\x80\x94 Conquered by the \n\nDanes, 867 Recovered by Alfred, \n\n878 \xe2\x80\x94 Divided into counties and \n\nhundreds, 886 A general survey \n\nmade, and tbe rolls deposited at \nWinchester, 896. \xe2\x80\x94 An inglorious \npeace made with the Danes, and \ntribute agreed to be paid annually, \nbesides 10,000^. in money, pro- \nvided they retired, and discontinued \ntheir invasions, 993. \xe2\x80\x94 In 1002 the \nDanes broke the agreement, com- \nmitted horrid cruelties and devas- \ntations, and the timid Ethelred II. \npaid them no less than 36,000*. for \npeace, which sum was levied by a \ntax on all the lands in England for \nDanegelt, by which ignominious \nname this first land tax was known \nand collected in England, till it \nwas suppressed by Edward the Con- \nfessor, in 1042 , when it was40,000/\xc2\xbb \nannually. \xe2\x80\x94 William I. revived it \nas a crown revenue. \xe2\x80\x94 In 1013, \nSwein totally conquered England, \nwas proclaimed king, and obliged \nEthelred to retire to the Isle of \nWight, who sent his "wife and sons \nto Normandy ; it remained in the \nhands of tbe Danish kings, till \n1042.\xe2\x80\x94 William, duke of Nor- \nmandy, claimed the crown, invaded \nEngland, defeated the reigning king \nHarold II., and the English were \nnext governed by the Norman line, \n1066. \xe2\x80\x94 A new survey made of \nEngland, and the register called \nDoomsday-book, being, however, \nonly an alteration and improve- \nment of Alfred\'s, 1080 ; the taxes \nwere levied according to this survey \ntill 13 Henry VIII. 1522, when a \nmore accurate survey was taken, \nand was called by the people the \nnew Doomsday-book. \xe2\x80\x94 Put under \nan interdict by the pope, for John\'s \nopposing his nomination to the see \nof Canterbury, 1208. \xe2\x80\x94 Interdict \ntaken off on John\'s submission, \n1214.\xe2\x80\x94 All in arms, 1215 ; Magna \nCharta was confirmed in this year. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Underwent a reformation in go- \nvernment, 1258. \xe2\x80\x94 Put under an \ninterdict on Henry VIII. \'s shaking \n\n\n\noff the pope\'s supremacy, 1535. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x96\xa0 \nThe crowns of England and Scot- \nland united in the person of James \nVI. of Scotland, who succeeded to \nthe throne of England, by the title \nof James I. 1603. \xe2\x80\x94 The two king- \ndoms united by the consent of both \nnations, and thenceforth named \nGreat Britain, 1707. \xe2\x80\x94 Ireland \nunited to England and Scotland, \nand the whole denominated the \nBritish empire, 1st Jan., 1801. \xe2\x80\x94 \nPrince of Wales sworn in regent of \nthe kingdom, during the indisposi- \ntion of George III., Feb. 5, 1811. \nEngland. See Chancellors of, \nEngland, descent of crown. See \n\nCrown of England, descent of. \nEngland, the first geographical map \nof it, 1520. The island of Great \nBritain is about 520 miles in \nlength, and the circuit of its coast \nmakes about 1800 miles. The \npart constituting England and \nWales is in length, from Newha- \nven in Sussex, to Berwick-upon- \nTweed, 355 miles, and in breadth, \nfrom the South Foreland in Kent \nto the Land\'s End in Cornwall, \n325 miles. The area of England \nand Wales, computed in acres, has \nbeen very differently stated by \ndifferent authors; for as it has \nnever been ascertained by an actual, \nsurvey, various modes of computa- \ntion have been adopted, which have \ndisagreed materially in the result. \nThe following are the principal \nestimates on this point : \xe2\x80\x94 By Sir \nWilliam Petty, 28,000,000 acres ; \nDr. Grew, 46,000,000 acres ; Dr. \nHalley, 39,938,500 acres; Tem- \npleman, 31 ,648,000 acres ; Arthur \nYoung, 46,916,000 acres; Rev. \nH. Beeke, 38,498,572 acres. In \nthe returns relative to the poor, \nlaid before the house of commons \nin 1804, it was stated that by the \nbest computation England and \nWales contained 58,335 square \nstatute miles, and 37,334,400 sta- \ntute acres. Scotland, with its is- \nlands, contains about 21,000,000 \nacres. The soil of South Britain \nis annually cropped in the following \nproportions Wheat, 3,080,000 \n\nG 3 \n\n\n\n130 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\nacres ; barley and rye, 850,000 \nacres; oats and beans, 2,800,000 \nacres ; clover, fye-grass, &c, \n1,120,000 acres; turnips, carrots, \ncabbages, &c, 1,126,000 acres; \nfallow, 2,100,000 acres ; bop \ngrounds, 35,000 acres ; nursery \ngrounds, 8,500 acres ; fruit and \nkitchen gardens, 45, 000 acres ; plea- \nsure grounds, 16,000 acres ; land \ndepastured by cattle, 17,000,000 \nacr. ; hedge-rows, copses, and woods, \n1,600,000 acres ; ways, water, &c, \n1,282,100 acres. Cultivated land, \n31,056,600 acres ; commons and \nwastes, 6,277,800 acres. Total, \n37,334,400 acres. The number \nof horses for which dutv is paid is \n1,780,000. Their annual con- \nsumption of food, reckoned by the \nproduce of acres, is \xe2\x80\x94 200,000 plea- \nsure horses, 5 acres each, 1,000,000 \nacres ; 30,000 cavalry, 5 acres each, \n150,000 acres; 1,200,000 hus- \nbandry, 4 acres each, 4,800,000 \nacres ; 350,000 colts, mares, &c, \n3 acres each, 1,050,000 acres. \nTotal, 7,000,000 acres. The total \npopulation of Great Britain, as it \nappeared by the returns made in \n1801, including the army,nnvy, and \nmerchant seam en, was 10,942,646 ; \nto which, if the islands of Guernsey, \nJersey, Alderney, and the Scilly \nislands, are added, it may be taken \nat 11,000,000. See Population. \nBut it is evident that the welfare \nof anation, and its political strength, \ndo not depend so much on its nu- \nmerical population, as on the man- \nner in which that population is em- \nployed ; the proportion of produc- \ntive to unproductive labourers of \nwhich it consists. No accurate \naccount of this kind has ever been \ntaken, but the following estimate \nof the different classes of persons \nwho compose the present popula- \ntisn of Great Britain, cannot be \nfar from the truth : \xe2\x80\x94 Nobility and \ngentry, 5,000 ; clergy of the \nchurches of England and Scotland, \n18,0C0 ; ditto, dissenters of every \ndescription, 14,000 ; army and \nmilitia, including half-pay, &c, \n240,000 ; navy and marines, \' \n\n\n\n130,000; seamen in the mer- \nchants\' semce, 155,000 ; lighter- \nmen, watermen, &c, 3,500 ; per- \nsons employed in collecting the \npublic revenue, 6,000 ; judges^ \ncounsel, attorneys, &c, 14,000 - r \nmerchants, brokers, factors, &c. r \n25,000; clerks to ditto, and to \ncommercial companies, 40,000 ; \nemployed in the different manu- \nfactures, 1,680,000 ; mechanics \nnot immediately belonging to ditto, \n50,000; shopkeepers, 160,000: \nschoolmasters and mistresses, \n20,000; artists, 5,000; players, \nmusicians, &c, 4,000 ; employed \nin agriculture, 2,000,000 ; male \nand female servants, 800,000 ; \ngamblers, swindlers, thieves, pros- \ntitutes, &c, 150,000 ; convicts and \nprisoners, 1 0,000 ; aged and infirm, \n293,000 ; wives and daughters of \nmost of the above, 2,427,500 ; \nchildren under ten years of age, \n2,750,000, Total, 11,000,000. \n\nThe total income of all classes \nof the community, both as arising \nfrom capital and labour, appears to \nbe nearly as follows : \xe2\x80\x94 From rent \nof lands, 29,000,000/. ; from rent \nof houses, 8,500,000/.; profits of \nfarming, or occupation of land, \n6,120,000/.; income of labourers \niu agriculture, 15,000,000/. ; pro- \nfits of mines, canals, collieries, &c, \n2,000,000/.; profits of merchant \nshipping, &c, 1,000,000Z. ; income \nof stockholders, 20,500,000/. ; \nfrom mortgages and other moneys \nlent, 3,000,000/.; profits of foreign \ntrade, 1 1,250,000/. ; profits of ma- \nnufactures, 14,100,000/.; pay of \narmy, navy, and merchant seamen, \n5,000,000/. ; income of the clergy \nof all descriptions, 2/200,000/.; \njudges, and all subordinate officers \nof the law, 1,800,000/.; profes- \nsors, schoolmasters, tutors, &c, \n600,000/. ; retail trades not imme- \ndiately connected with foreign trade \nor manufactures, 8,000,000/. ; vari- \nous other professions and emploj\'- \nments, 2,000,000/. ; male and fe- \nmale servants, 2,400,000/. TAtal, \n132,470,000/. If this statement, \nthe total of which is corroborated \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n131 \n\n\n\nby the produce of the late income \nor property tax, is not far from the \ntruth, it will not be difficult to \nform a similar estimate of the total \nnational capital, viz. \xe2\x80\x94 Value of the \nland, at 28 years\' purchase, \n812,000,000/. ; value of houses, at \n20 years 1 purchase, 170,000,000/. ; \nmanufactories, machinery, steam \nengines, &c.,20,000, 000/. ; house- \nhold furniture, 42,500,000/. ; ap- \nparel, provisions, fuel, wine, plate, \nwatches, and jewels, boolts, car- \nriages, &c, 40,000,000/. ; cattle of \nall kinds, 90,000,000/.; grain of \nall kinds, 10,600,000/. ; hay, \nstraw, &c, 6,600,000/.; imple- \nments of husbandry, 2,000,000/. ; \nmerchant shipping, 12,800,000/. ; \nthe navy, 6,000,000/.; coin and \nbullion, 24,000,000/.; goods in \nthe hands of merchants, &c, \n16,300,000/.; goods in the hands \nof manufacturers and retail traders, \n20,000,000/. Total national capi- \ntal, 1,272,800,000/. \n\nBy the calculations of the com- \nmittee, it is computed that the cul- \ntivation of the waste lands would \nyield to the nation an income of \nabove 20,000,000/. a year. \n\nThe following was delivered by \nthe committee of agriculture, being \na general view of the extent of the \nisland of Great Britain, and the \nproportion between the waste and \nuninclosed, and the cultivated part \nthereof: \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAcres Uncultivated. \nEngland and Wales 7,888,777 \nScotland - - 14,213,224 \n\n\n\n22,107,001 \n\n\n\nAcr.es Cultivated. \nEngland and Wales 39,027,156 \nScotland . . 12,151,471 \n\n\n\n51,178,627 \n\n\n\nTotal Extent. \nEngland and Wales 46,91 5,933 \nScotland - - 26,369,695 \n\n\n\n73,285,628 \n\n\n\nThe above estimate will give \nsome general idea of the magnitude \nof this great source of national \nwealth. \n\nOf the value of these wastes, \nwere they improved in the manner \nof which they are capable, it is \ndifficult to form any adequate idea. \nAt the same time it may be of \nservice to submit some data, as the \nbasis of future calculation. On \nthe supposition, therefore, that there \nare 22,000,000 of acres of waste \nand uninclosed lands in the king- \ndom, the whole may be divided, \naccording to the various qualities of \nthe soil and surface, in the follow- \ning manner : \xe2\x80\x94 Acres. \nIncapable of all im- \nprovement - - 1,000,000 \nFit to be planted - 3,000,000 \nFit for upland pasture 14,000,000 \nFit for tillage - - 3,000,000 \nCapable of being con- \nverted into meadow, \nor water-meadow - 1,000,000 \n\n\n\nTotal - 22,000,000 \n\nThe 1,000,000 of acres, as being- \nincapable of cultivation, must be \nestimated as of no annual value. \n\nThe 3,000,000, supposed to be \nfit for plantation, according to the \ningenious calculation of the late \nbishop of Llandaff, may be worth \n8s. per acre, or, in all, 1,200,000/. \nper annum. This, however, is the \nvalue of the annual produce, and \nnot rent. \n\nThe 14,000,000 of acres of up- \nland pasture, when improved, can- \nnot be calculated at less than 5s. \nper acre of rent, or 3,500,000/. per \nannum. \n\nThe 3,000,000 of acres supposed \nto be convertible into arable land \nwould certainly, when inclosed, be \nworth at an average 10s. per acre, \nor 1,500,000/. per annum. \n\nThe 1,000,000 of acres supposed \nto be converted into meadow, or \nwater-meadow, cannot be calcu- \nlated at less than 1/. 10s. per acre, \nor 1,500,000 in all. \n\n\n\n132 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\nThe account may then he thus \nstated : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\nRent of the upland pasture 3,500,000 \nRent of the arable land - 1,500,000 \nRent of the meadows - 1,500,000 \n\n6,500,000 \n\nThis must he multiplied by \n3, in order to give the \nannual produce - - 3 \n\n19,500,000 \nAdd the annual produce of \n3,000,000 of acres, sup- \nposed to be planted, \namounting to - - 1,200,000 \n\nTotal \xc2\xa320,700,000 \n\n\n\nEngland, Wales, and Scotland, popula- \ntion of, in 1801, 10,942,646 ; 1821, \n14,391,631 ; 1831, 17,000,000. \n\nEnglish parents forbidden by law \nfrom selling their children out of \nthe kingdom, 1000. \n\nEnglish Coll. at Rome founded 854. \n\nEnglish Kings. \xe2\x80\x94 Before the Romans \ncame into this island, the Britons, \nwho then possessed the country, \nwere divided into several nations, \neach of them governed by tbeir own \nkings ; and when Britain became \na member of the Roman empire, \nmany of their tribes had their pro- \nper kings, wbo were suffered to \ngovern by their own laws, provided \nthey were tributary. Such were \nCogidunus and Prastitagus, men- \ntioned by Tacitus. Lucius, who is \nsaid to be the first Christian king, \ndied in 181, and left the Roman \nempire heir to his kingdom ; and \nCoilus, the father of Helena, mo- \n\n\n\nther of Constantine the Great. \nAfter the Romans had quitted Bri- \ntain, upon the irruption of the \nGoths into Italy, during the reign \nof Honorius, that is, in 410, the \nreal government returned to the \nBritons, who chose for their king \nConstantine, brother of Aldroinus \nKing of Brittany, in France, a \nprince of the British blood, to \nwhom succeeded Constantine his \nson ; then Vortigern, who usurped \nthe crown : but being harassed by \nthe Scots and Picts, in 448, to \nmaintain his usurpation first called \nin the Saxons, at that time hover- \ning along the coast of Britain, in \n449. These having got sure foot- \ning in the island, never left the \nBritons quiet till they were pos- \nsessed of the whole ; and though \nthey were overthrown in many bat- \ntles by King Yortimer, the son and \ncolleague of Vortigern, and after- \nwards by King Arthur, yet the \nBritons were soon after his death \nso broken and weakened, that they \nwere forced at last to retreat, and \nexchange the plain and fertile part \nof Britain for the mountains of \nWales. Cadwallader, the last king \nof the Britons, began to reign 683, \nkilled in battle Lothair, King of \nKent, and Ethelwold, King of the \nWest Saxons ; turned monk, and \ndied at Rome. Thus the Britons \nleft the stage and the Saxons en- \ntered. By these the country was \ndivided into seven kingdoms, called \nthe Heptarchy, Kent, the first \nkingdom, was in Julius Caesar\'s \ntime, the sovereignty of four petty \nprinces, and never called a kingdom \ntill Hengist erected it into one. \n\n\n\nENGLAND, \n\n\n\n133 \n\n\n\nThe year of tlie Reign of the Sovereign.* of England, corresponding with the \nyear of Christ, from 1066 to 1830. \n\n\n\nT\\ T m. Conq. \n\nOct. 14. \' \n\n1 1066 \n22 1087 \n\n\nEdward I. \nNov. 16. \n1 1272 \n36 1307 \n\n\nRichard III. \nJune 22. \n1 1483 \n3 1485 \n\n\nJames II. \n\nFeb. 6. \n1 1685 \n4 1688 \n\n\nWm. Rufus. \nSept. 9. \n1 1087 \n14 1100 \n\n\nEdward II, \nJuly 7. \n1 1307 \n20 1326 \n\n\nHenry VII. \n\nAug. 22. \n\n1 1485 \n25 1509 \n\n\n"Win. & JVXsxy \nFeb. 13. \n1 1688 \n15 1702 \n\n\nHenry I. \nAugust 1. \n1 1100 \n36 1135 \n\n\nEdward III. \nJan. 25. \n1 1326 \n52 1377 \n\n\nHenry VIII. \n\nApril 21. \n\n1 1509 \n38 1547 \n\n\nAnne, \nMarch 8. \n1 1702 \n13 1714 \n\n\nStephen. \nDec. 2. \n1 1135 \n20 1154 \n\n\nRichard II. \nJune 21. \n1 1377 \n23 1399 \n\n\nEdward VI. \nJan. 29. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n1 1547 \n8 1553 \n\n\nGeorge I. \nAug. 1. \n1 1714 \n14 1727 \n\n\nHenry II. \nOct. 25. \n1 1154 \n36 1189 \n\n\nHenry IV. \n\nSept. 29. \n\n1 1399 \n14 1413 \n\n\nQueen Mary \nJulv 6. \n1 1553 \n6 1558 \n\n\nGeorge II. \nJune 1 1. \n1 1727 \n34 1760 \n\n\nRichard I. \nAug. 13. \n1 1189 \n11 1199 \n\n\nHenry V. \nMarch 20. \n1 1413 \n11 1422 \n\n\nElizabeth. \nNov. 17. \n1 1558 \n45 1603 \n\n\nGeorge III. \n\nOct! 25. \n\n1 1760 \n61 1820 \n\n\nJohn. \nApril 6. \n1 1199 \n18 1216 \n\n\nHenry VI. \nAug, 31, \n1 1422 \n39 1461 \n\n\nJames I. \nMarch 24. \n1 1603 \n25 1625 \n\n\nGeorge IV, \nJan? 29. \n1 1820 \n10 1830 \n\n\nHenry III. \nOct. 17. \n1 1216 \n57 1272 \n\n\nEdward IV, \nMarch 5. \n1 1461 \n\n24 1483 \n\n\nCharles I. \nMarch 27. \n1 ] 625 \n24 1648 \n\n\nWilliam IV. \nJune 26. \n1 1830 \n\n\n\n\nEdward V. \nApril 9. \n1 1483 \n\n\nCharles II. \nJan. 30. \n1 1648 \n38 1685 \n\n\n\n\n\nN. B \xe2\x80\x94 Every king\'s reign begins at the death of his predecessor. For \nexample, George IV. began 29th Jan., 1820. The first year of his reiarn is \ncomplete 28th Jan., 1821. \n\n\n\n134 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\nThe Heptarchy. \xe2\x80\x94 The kingdom \nof Kent contained only the county \nof Kent ; its kings were\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n1 Hengist began \n\n\ntoo \n\n\nZ JiiSlce \n\n\n4oo \n\n\na Ucta \n\n\nK 1 \n01 z \n\n\n4 Ymrick \n\n\n- 534 \n\n\no JiitnelDert \n\n\nOOo \n\n\na tj\xe2\x80\x9ei,\xe2\x80\x9eij \no Hiabald , \n\n\nRl 7 \n01 / \n\n\n7 Ercombert \n\n\n04U \n\n\no hig oert \n\n\nRRA \n004 \n\n\n9 Lothaire \n\n\n0/ o \n\n\n11/ XLCHlClv \n\n\n685 \n\n\n11 Withdred \n\n\n- 686 \n\n\n, n j Eadbert and \nZ (Edelbert \n\n\n: 725 \n\n\n1 3 Edelbert alone \n\n\n- 743 \n\n\n14 Alkric \n\n\n- 760 \n\n\n15 Edelbert Pren \n\n\n- 794 \n\n\n16 Cuthred \n\n\n- 798 \n\n\n17 Baldred \n\n\n- 805 \n\n\n\nThis kingdom began 455, ended \n823. Its first Christian king was \nEthelbert. \n\n\n\nThe kingdom of South Saxons \ncontained the counties of Sussex \n\n\n\nand Surrey : its kings were \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n1 Ella began \n\n\n- 491 \n\n\n2 Cissa \n\n\n- 514 \n\n\n3 Chevelin \n\n\n. 590 \n\n\n4 Ceolwic \n\n\n- 592 \n\n\n5 Ceoluph \n\n\n- 597 \n\n\n6 S Cinigsil ) \n\n\n- 611 \n\n\nI Quicelm ) \n\n\n7 Ethelwolf \n\n\n- 634 \n\n\n8 Canowalch \n\n\n- 643 \n\n\n9 Adelwach \n\n\n- 649 \n\n\n\nThis kingdom began 491, ended \n754. Its first Christian king was \nEthelwolf. \n\nThe kingdom of West Saxons \ncontained the counties of Cornwall, \nDevon, Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, \nHants, and Berks : its kings were \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n1 Cerdic began \n\n\n- 519 \n\n\n2 Kenric \n\n\n- 534 \n\n\n3 Ceaulin \n\n\n- 560 \n\n\n4 Ceolric \n\n\n- 592 \n\n\n5 Ceoluph \n\n\n- 598 \n\n\n6 Cinigisil \n\n\n- 611 \n\n\n7 Cuichelme \n\n\n- 614 \n\n\n8 Kenwald \n\n\n- 643 \n\n\n9\'Adelwald \n\n\n- 648 \n\n\n10 Lexburga \n\n\n- 672 \n\n\n11 Censua, Eskwin \n\n\n- 674 \n\n\n\n12 Kentwin \n\n\n- 676 \n\n\nio ^eauwaiu \n\n\nOoO \n\n\n1 A Tun \n\n14 ma \n\n\nOoo \n\n\n15 Ethlard \n\n\n- 727 \n\n\n16 Cuthred \n\n\n- 740 \n\n\nj 7 S Sigebert and ? \n^ Kenwolfe \\ \n\n\n- 754 \n\n\n18 Brithrick \n\n\n- 784 \n\n\n19 Egbert \n\n\n- 800 \n\n\n\nThis kingdom began 519, ended \n828. Its first Christian king was \nCinigisil. \n\nThe kingdom of East Saxons \ncontained the counties of Essex \n\n\n\nand Middlesex : its kings were \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n1 \n\n\nErchenwin began \n\n\n- 527 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nSledda - \n\n\n- 587 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nSebert \n( Sexred ^ \n\n\n- 604 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n< Seward > \n( Sigebert ) \n\n\n- 616 \n\n\n5 \n\n\nSigebert the Little \n\n\n- 623 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nSigebert the Good \n\n\n- 653 \n\n\n7 \n\n\nSwithelme \n\n\n- 655 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nSighere and Sebba \n\n\n- 665 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nSebba \n\n\n- 683 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 Sigherdand i \n\n\n- 694 \n\n\n) Seofred $ \n\n\n11 \n\n\nOffa \n\n\n- 705 \n\n\n12 \n\n\nSeolfred \n\n\n- 707 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nSwithred \n\n\n- 746 \n\n\n\n\nThis kingdom began 527, ended \n\n\n\n746. Its first Christian king was \nSebert. \n\nThe kingdom of Northumber- \nland contained Yorkshire, Dur- \nham, Lancaster, Westmoreland, \nCumberland, and Northumberland. \n\n\n\nIts \n\n\nkings were \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\nElla, or Ida, began - \n\n\n547 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nAdda - \n\n\n559 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nGlappa . - \n\n\n566 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nTheodwald \n\n\n572 \n\n\n5 \n\n\nFrethulfe \n\n\n573 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nTheodrick \n\n\n579 \n\n\n7 \n\n\nEthelrick \n\n\n586 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nEthelfrid \n\n\n593 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nEdwin \n\n\n624 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nOsric \n\n\n633 \n\n\n11 \n\n\nOswald \n\n\n634 \n\n\n12 \n\n\nOswy \n\n\n643 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nEthelward \n\n\n653 \n\n\n14 \n\n\nEgfrid - \n\n\n670 \n\n\n15 \n\n\nAlfred - - \n\n\n685 \n\n\n16 \n\n\nOsred I. \n\n\n705 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n135 \n\n\n\n17 Kenred - \n\n18 Oswick - \n\n19 Ceolulpke \n\n20 Egbert - \n\n21 Oswulpk \n\n22 Edilwald \n\n23 Ailred - \n\n24 Ethelred \n\n25 Alfwald I. \n\n26 Osredll. \n\n27 Ethelred restored \n\n28 Osbald - \n\n29 Ardulph \n\n30 Alfwald IT. - \n\n31 Andred \n\n\n\n716 \n718 \n730 \n737 \n758 \n759 \n765 \n774 \n779 \n789 \n790 \n796 \n797 \n807 \n810 \n\n\n\n11 \n\n\n\n- 749 \n\n\n\nThis kingdom began 547, ended \n810. Its first Christian king was \nEdwin. \n\nThe kingdom of East Angles \ncontained the comities of Suffolk, \nNorfolk, Cambridge, and the Isle \nof Ely : its kings were \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n1 Uffa began - - 571 \n\n2 Titullus - - 578 \n\n3 Redwald - - 599 \n\n4 Erpenwald - - 624 \n\n5 Sigebert - - 633 \ngSEgrick I _ 644 \n\nf Annas S \n\n7 Ethelric - - 654 \n\n8 Ethwald - - 655 \n\n9 Adwolfe - - 664 \n10 Alfwald - - 679 \n\nBeoma and \\ \nEthelbert J \n\n12 Beoma alone - 758 \n\n13 Ethelred - - 790 \n\n14 Ethelbert - - 792 \nThis kingdom began 571, ended \n\n792. Its first Christian king was \nRedwald. \n\nThe kingdom of Mercia con- \ntained the counties of Huntingdon, \nRutland, Lincoln, Northampton, \nLeicester, Derby, Nottingham, Ox- \nford, Chester, Salop, Gloucester, \nWorcester, Stafford, Warwick, \nBuckingham, Bedford, and Hert- \nford : its kings were \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n1 Crida began - - 584 \n\n2 Whibba - - 597 \n\n3 Cheorlus - - 616 \n\n4 Pcnda - - - 625 \n\n5 Peada - - - 653 \n\n6 Wolfhere - - 659 \n\n\n\n7 Ethelred \n\n8 Kenred \n\n9 Ceolred \n\n10 Ethelbald \n\n11 Offa \n\n12 Egfrid - \n\n13 Kenwolfe \n\n14 Kenelme \n\n15 Ceoluph \n\n16 Bernulfe \n\n17 Ludecan \n\n18 Whitlafe \n\n19 Bertwolfe \n\n20 Burdred \n\n\n\n- 675 \n\n- 704 \n\n- 709 \n\n- 716 \n\n- 757 \n\n- 794 \n\n- 795 \n\n- 819 \n\n- 819 \n\n- 821 \n\n- 823 \n\n- 825 \n\n- 826 \n\n- 828 \n\n\n\nThis kingdom began 584, ended \n828. Its first Christian king was \nPeada. \n\nThe Saxons, though they were \ndivided into seven kingdoms, were, \nfor the most part, subject only to \none monarch, who was styled king \nof the English nation ; the most \npowerful giving the law unto the \nothers, and succeeded as follows : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nHengist, first monarch of Bri- \ntain, landed in the Isle of Thanet, \n449 ; laid the foundation of the \nmonarchy in 455 ; defeated Vorti- \nmer at Crayford, Jan., 457 ; mas- \nsacred 300 British nobles on Salis- \nbury plain, 1st May, 474. He \nbore in his standard the white horse, \nblazoned in the same manner as \nnow borne by the dukes of Bruns- \nwick. He was born at Angria, in \nWestphalia, reigned 34 years, died \nin 488. \n\nElla, second monarch, landed \nat Shoreham, in Sussex, 477 ; as- \nsumed the title of king of the \nSouth Saxons, 491 ; died 499. \n\nCerdic, third monarch, arrived \nin Britain, and overcame Arthur \nnear Chard, Hampshire, 519; began \nthe kingdom of the West Saxons \nthe same year; died 534. \n\nKenric, second king of the \nWest Saxons, fourth monarch, \neldest son of Cerdic, succeeded in \n534, and died in 560. \n\nCeaulin, third king of the \nWest Saxons, and fifth monarch, \nsucceeded his father, 560 ; seized \non Sussex in 590 ; abdicated in \n591 ; and died in banishment, 593. \n\n\n\n136 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\nEthelbert I., fifth king of Kent, \nand sixth monarch, 593 ; St. Au- \ngustine first arrived in his do- \nminions, who, with his followers, \nwere entertained by the king at \nCanterbury, where they settled ; \nto whose doctrine Ethelbert became \na convert. He gave Augustine an \nidol temple without the walls of \nthe city, as a burial-place for him \nand his successors, which was con- \nverted into the first monastery. \nThe king was the first that caused \nthe laws of the land to be collected \nand translated into Saxon. He \ndied 24th Feb., 617, and was \nburied at Canterbury. \n\nRedwald, third king of the East \nAngles, seventh monarch, 616 ; he \ndied 624. \n\nEdwin the Great, king of Nor- \nthumberland, succeeded as eighth \nmonarch in 624. He was the first \nChristian, and the ninth king of \nNorthumberland. He lost his life \nin a battle at Hatfield, 4th Oct., \n633. \n\nOswald, tenth king of Northum- \nberland, and ninth monarch of Bri- \ntain, 634. He was slain at Maser- \nfield, in Shropshire, 1st Aug., 642. \n\nOswy, eleventh king of Northum- \nberland, tenth monarch of Britain, \n13thOct.,634. He defeated Penda, \nthe Mercian, and Ethelred, king of \nthe East Angles, 6th Nov., 655. \nHe died 15th Feb., 670. \n\nWolfhere, sixth king of the \nMercians, eleventh monarch, 671 ; \ndied 675, and was buried at Peter- \nborough. \n\nEthelred, seventh king of Mer- \ncia, and twelfth monarch, 675. \nHe desolated part of Kent, and in \n677 destroyed Rochester, and many \nreligious foundations ; to atone for \nwhich he became a monk, 705, and \ndied abbot ofBradney, 716. \n\nKenred, his nephew, eighth king \nof Mercia, and thirteenth monarch, \n705 ; reigned four years, and fol- \nlowing his uncle\'s example, became \na monk. \n\nCeolred, son to Ethelred, ninth \nking of the Mercians, and four- \n\n\n\nteenth monarch, 709 ; was killed in \nbattle with the West Saxons in \n716 ; and was buried at Litchfield. \n\nEthel bald I., tenth king of the \nMercians, fifteenth monarch, 716 ; \nbuilt Croyland abbey, in Lincoln- \nshire. He was slain by his own \nsubjects when he was leading his \ntroops against Cuthred, the West \nSaxon, at Secondine, three miles \nfrom Tamworth, in Warwickshire, \nand was buried at Repton, in Der- \nbyshire, 757. \n\nOffa, the eleventh king of the \nMercians, and the sixteenth mo- \nnarch, 757. He was born lame, \ndeaf, and blind, which continued \ntill he arrived at manhood. He \ntook up arms against Kent, slew \ntheir king at Otteford, and con- \nquered that kingdom. He caused \na great trench to be dug from Bris- \ntol to Basingwerk, in Flintshire, as \nthe boundary of the Britons, who \nharboured in Wales, 774. Offa \nfirst ordained the sounding of trum- \npets before the kings of England, \nto denote their appearance, and \nrequire respect. He admitted his \nson, Egfryd, a partner in his sove- \nreignty ; and, out of devotion, paid \na visit to Rome, where he made \nhis kingdom subject to a tribute, \nthen called Peter-pence, aDd pro- \ncured the canonization of St. Alban. \nAt his return he built St. Alban\'s \nmonastery, in Hertfordshire, 793. \nHe died at Offley, 29th June, 794, \nand was buried at Bedford, in a \nchapel since swallowed up by the \nriver Ouse. \n\nEgfryd, twelfth king of the \nMercians, and seventeenth monarch , \n13th July, 794; but died 17th \nDec. following, and was buried at \nSt. Alban\'s. \n\nKenwolfe, thirteenth king of the \nMercians, and eighteenth monarch, \n795. He conquered Kent, and \ngave that kingdom to Cudred, 798. \nHe built Winchcomb monastery, \nin Gloucestershire, where he led \nthe captive prince, Pren, to the \naltar, and released him without \nransom or entreaty. He died in \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n137 \n\n\n\n819, and was buried at Winch - \ncomb. \n\nEgbert, seventeenth king of the \nWest Saxons, and nineteenth, but \nfirst sole monarch of the English. \nHe conquered Kent, and laid the \nfoundation of the sole monarchy in \n823, which put an end to the \nSaxon Heptarchy, and was solemnly \ncrowned at Winchester, when, by \nhis edict, he ordered all the South \nof the island to be called England, \n827. He died 4th Feb., 838, and \nwas buried at Winchester. \n\nEthelwulf, eldest son of Eg- \nbert, succeeded to his father, not- \nwitb standing, at the time of Egbert\'s \ndeath, lie was bishop of Winchester. \nIn 853 he ordained tithes to be \ncollected, and exempted the clergy \nfrom regal tributes. He visited \nRome in 854, confirming the grant \nof Peter-pence, and agreed to pay \nRome 300 marks per annum. \nHis son Ethelbald obliged him to \ndivide the sovereignty with him, \n855. He died 13th Jan., 857, \nand was buried at Winchester. \n\nEthelbald II., eldest son of \nEthelwulf, succeeded in 857. He \ndied 20th Dec, 860, and was \nburied at Sherborne, but removed \nto Salisbury. \n\nEthelbert II., second son of \nEthelwulf, succeeded in 860, and \nwas harassed greatly by the Danes, \nwho were repulsed and vanquished. \nHe died in 866, was buried at \nSherborne, and was succeeded bv \n\nEthelred I., third son of Ethel- \nwolf, in 866, when the Danes again \nharassed his kingdom. In 870, \nthey destroyed the monasteries of \nof Bradney, Croyland, Peterbo- \nrough, Ely, and Huntingdon, when \nthe nuns of Coldingham defaced \nthemselves to avoid their pollution ; \nand in East Anglia they murdered \nEdmund, at Edmundsbury, in \nSuffolk. Ethelred overthrew the \nDanes, 871, at Assendon. He had \nnine set battles with the Danes in \none year, and was wounded at Wit- \ntingham, which occasioned his \ndeath, 27th April, 872, and was \n\n\n\nburied at Wimborne, in Dorset- \nshire. \n\nAlfred, the fourth son of Ethel- \nwolf, succeeded in 87*2, in the 22nd \nyear of his age ; was crowned at \nWinchester, and is distinguished \nby the title of Alfred the Great. \nHe was born at Wantage, in Berk- \nshire, 849, and obliged to take. the \nfield against the Danes within one \nmonth after his coronation at \nWilton, in Wiltshire. He fought \nseven battles with them in 876, \nIn 877 another succour of Danes \narrived, and Alfred was obliged to \ndisguise himself in the habit of a \nshepherd, in the Lsle of Athelney, \nin the county of Somerset, till, in \n\n878, collecting his scattered friends, \nhe attacked and defeated them in \n\n879, when he obliged the greatest \npart of their army to quit the land ; \nin 897 they went up the river Lea, \nand built a fortress at Ware, where \nKing Alfred turned off the course \nof the river, and left their ships \ndrv, which obliged the Danes to \nremove. He died 28th Oct., 900. \nHe formed a body of laws, after- \nwards made use of by Edward the \nConfessor, which was the ground- \nwork of the present. He divided \nhis kingdom into shires, hundreds, \nand tithings, and obliged his nobles \nto bring up their children to learn- \ning; and to induce them thereto, \nadmitted none to offices except \nthey were learned ; and to enable \nthem to procure that learning, he \nfounded the university of Oxford. \nHe was buried at Winchester. \n\nEdward the Elder, his son, suc- \nceeded him, and was crowned at \nKingston-upon-Thames, in 901. \nIn 911, Leolin, prince of Wales, \ndid homage to Edward for his prin- \ncipality. He died at Farringdon, \nin Berkshire, in 925, and was \nburied at Winchester. \n\nAthelstan, his eldest son, suc- \nceeded him, and was crowned with \nfar greater magnificence than usual, \nat Kingston-upon-Thames, in 925. \nIn 937 he defeated two Welsh \nprinces, but soon after, on their \n\n\n\n138 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\nmaking submission, he restored \nthem their estates. He escaped \nbeing assassinated in his tent, 938, \nwhich he revenged by attacking his \nenemy, when five petty sovereigns, \ntwelve dukes, and an army who \ncame to the assistance of Anlaf, \nking of Ireland, were slain ; which \nbattle was fought near Dunbar, in \nScotland. He made the princes of \nWales tributary, 939 ; and died \n17th Oct., 941, at Gloucester. \n\nEdmund I., the fifth son of Ed- \nward the Elder, succeeded at the \nage of 18, and was crowned king at \nKingston-upon- Thames, 940. On \n26th May, 947, he was stabbed by \nLeolf, a noted robber, whom he \nhad sentenced to banishment, and \ndied of the wound. He was buried \nat Glastonbury. \n\nEdred, his brother, aged 28, \nsucceeded in 948, and was crowned \nat Kingston-upon-Thames, the 17th \nof August. He died in 955, and \nwas buried at Winchester. \n\nEdwy, the eldest son of Edmund, \nsucceeded, and was crowned at \nKingston-upon-Thames, in 955. \nHe had great dissensions with the \nclergy, and banished Dunstan, their \nringleader, which occasions little \ncredit to be given to the character \nthe priests give him. He died of \ngrief in 959, after a turbulent reign \nof four years, and was buried at \nWinchester. \n\nEdgar, at the age of 16, suc- \nceeded his brother, and was crowned \nat Kingston-upon-Thames, in 959, \nand again at Bath, 973. He im- \nposed on the princes of Wales a \ntribute of wolves\' heads, that for \nthree years amounted to 300 each \nyear. He obliged eight tributary \nprinces to row him in a barge on \nthe river Dee, in 960. He died \n18th July, 975, and was buried at \nGlastonbury. \n\nEdward the Martyr, his eldest \nson, succeeded him, being but 12 \nyears of age ; was crowned by Dun- \nstan, at Kingston-upon-Thames, \nin 975. He was stabbed by the \ninstructions of his mother-in-law, \n\n\n\nas he was drinking at Corfe-castle, \nin the isle of Purbeck, in Dorset- \nshire, on 18th May, 979. He was \nburied at Warcham, without any \nceremony, but removed three years \nafter, in great pomp, to Shaftesbury. \n\nEtheliied II. succeeded his bro- \nther, and was crowned at Kingston- \nupon-Thames, 14th April, 979. \nIn 982, his palace, with a great \npart of London, was destroyed by a \ngreat fire. England was ravaged \nby the Danes, Avho, in 999, re- \nceived at one payment about \n30,000/., raised by a land-tax, \ncalled Danegelt. A general mas- \nsacre of the Danes, 13th Nov., \n1002. Swein revenged his coun- \ntrymen\'s deaths, 1003, and did not \nquit the kingdom till Ethelred had \npaid him 36,000/., which he the \nyear following demanded as an \nannual tribute. In the spring of \n1008, they subdued great part of \nthe kingdom. To stop their pro- \ngress it was agreed to pay the \nDanes 48,000/. to quit the king- \ndom, 1012. In the space of 20 \nyears they had 469,687/. sterling. \nSoon after Swein entered the \nHumber again, when Ethelred re- \ntired to the isle of Wight, and sent \nhis sons, with their mother Emma, \ninto Normandy, to her brother, \nand Swein took possession of the \nwhole kingdom, 1013. \n\nSwein was proclaimed king of \nEngland in 1013, and no person \ndisputed his title. His first act of \nsovereignty was an insupportable \ntax, which he did not live to see \ncollected. He was killed 3rd Feb., \n1014, at Thetford, in Norfolk. \n\nCanute, his son, was proclaimed \nMarch, 1014, and endeavoured to \ngain the affections of his English \nsubjects, but without success, re- \ntired to Denmark, and \n\nEthelred returned at the invi- \ntation of his subjects. Canute re- \nturned, 1015, soon after he had \nleft England, and landed at Sand- \nwich. Ethelred retired to the \nnorth, but by evading a battle with \nthe Danes, he lost the affections of \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n139 \n\n\n\nhis subjects, and retiring to Lon- \ndon lie expired, 24th April, 1016. \n\nEdmund Ironside, his son, was \ncrowned at Kingston-upon-Thames, \nApril, 1016; but by a disagree- \nment among the nobility, Canute \nwas crowned at Southampton. In \nJune following, Canute totally \nrouted Edmund, at Assendon, in \nEssex, who soon after met Canute \nin the isle of Alney, in the Severn, \nwhere a peace was concluded, and \nthe kingdom divided between them. \nEdmund did not survive above a \nmonth after, being murdered at \nOxford, 30th Nov., 1016, before \nhe bad reigned a year. He left \ntwo sons and two daughters ; from \none of which daughters James I. \nof England descended, and from \nhim William IV. \n\nCanute was established 1017; \nmade an alliance with Normandy, \nand married Emma, Ethelred\'s \nwidow, 1018; made a voyage to \nDenmark, attacked Norway, and \ntook possession of the crown, 1028 ; \ndied at Shaftesbury, 1036, and was \nburied at Winchester. \n\nHarold L, his son, began his \nreign, 1036; died, 18th May, \n1039 ; and was succeeded by his \nyounger brother, \n\nHardicanute, king of Denmark, \nwho died at Lambeth, 1041 ; was \nburied at Winchester, and suc- \nceeded by a son of Queen Emma, \nby her first husband, Ethelred II. \n\nEdward the Confessor was born \nat Islip, in Oxfordshire, began his \nreign in the 40th year of his age. \nHe was crowned at Winchester, \n1042; married Editha, daughter \nof Godwin, earl of Kent, 1043; \nremitted the tax of Danegelt, and \nwas the first king of England that \ntouched for the king\'s evil, 1058; \ndied 5th Jan., 1066, aged 65; \nwas buried in Westminster Abbey, \nwhich he rebuilt, where his bones \nwere enshrined in gold, set with \njewels, 1066. Emma, his mother, \ndied 1052. He was succeeded by \n\nHarold II., son of the earl of \nKent, who began in 1066; de- \n\n\n\nfeated his brother Tosti and the \nking of Norway, who had invaded \nhis dominions, at Stamford, 25th \nSept., 1066; but was killed by \nthe Normans at Hastings, 14th \nOct. following. \n\nWilliam I., duke of Normandy, \na descendant of Canute, born \n1027 ; paid a visit to Edward the \nConfessor, in England, 1051 ; be- \ntrothed his daughter to Harold II , \n1058; made a claim of the crown \nof England, 1066; invaded Eng- \nland, landed at Pevensey, in Sus- \nsex, the same year; defeated the \nEnglish troops at Hastings, 14th \nOct., 1066, when Harold was slain, \nand William assumed the title of \nConqueror. He was crowned at \nWestminster, 25th Dec, 1066; \ninvaded Scotland, 1072; subverted \nthe English constitution, 1074 ; \nrefused to swear fealty to the pope \nfor the crown of England; wounded \nby his son Robert, at Gerberot, in \nNormandy, 1077 ; invaded France, \n1086; soon after fell from his \nhorse, and contracted a rupture ; \nhe died at Hermentrude, near \nRouen, in Normandy, 1087; was \nburied at Caen, and succeeded in \nNormandy, by his eldest son, \nRobert, and in England by his \nsecond son, \n\nWilliam II. born 1057; crowned \nat Westminster, 27th Sept., 1087 ; \ninvaded Normandy with success, \n1090 ; killed by accident as he was \nhunting in the New Forest, by Sir \nWalter Tyrrel, Aug., 1100, \'aged \n43 ; was buried at Winchester, \nand succeeded by his brother, \n\nHenry I. born, 1068, crowned, \n5th Aug., 1100 ; married Matilda, \ndaughter of Malcolm, king of Scots, \n11th Nov., following; made peace \nwith his brother Robert, 1101 ; \ninvaded Normandy, 1105 ; attacked \nby Robert, whom he defeated and \ntook prisoner, 1107, and sent him \nto England ; betrothed his daugh- \nter Matilda to the emperor of Ger- \nmany, 1109 ; challenged by Louis \nof France; 1117; lost his queen, \n1st May, 1118; his eldest son and \n\n\n\n40 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\ntwo others of his children ship- \ndecked and lost with 180 of his \nnobility, in coming from Normandy, \n1120; married Adelicia, daughter \nof Godfrey, earl of Louvain, 29th \nJan., 1121 ; in quiet possession of \nNormandy, 1129 ; surfeited him- \nself with eating lampreys, at Lyons, \nnear Rouen, in Normandy, and \ndied 2nd Dec, 1135, aged 68 ; his \nbody was brought over to England, \nand buried at Reading. He was \nsucceeded by his nephew, Stephen, \nthird son of his sister Adela, bv \nthe earl of Blois. He left 100,000/. \nin cash, besides plate and jewels to \nan immense value. \n\nMatilda, or Maud, daughter of \nHenry I., born 1101; married to \nHenry IV., emperor of Germany, \n1109; had the English nobility \nswear fealty to her, 1126 ; buried \nher husband 1127 ; married Jeffrey \nPlantagenet, earl of An jo a, 1130 ; \nset aside from the English succession \nby Stephen, 1135 ; landed in Eng- \nland, and claimed a right to the \ncrown, 30th Sept., 1139 ; defeated \nStephen at Lincoln, and confined \nhim in Gloucester, 1141 ; besieged \nin Oxford, and fled from a window \nof Oxford Castle by a rope, in the \n"winter of 1142 ; retired to France, \n1147 ; her son Henry concluded a \npeace with Stephen, 1153. She \ndied at Rouen, in Normandy, 10th \nSept , 1167, and was buried in the \nabbey of Bee. \n\nStephen, born, 1105; crowned, \n26th Dec, 1135 ; taken prisoner at \nLincoln by the earl of Gloucester, \nMatilda\'s "half-brother, Feb., 1141, \nand put in irons at Bristol, but \nreleased in exchange for the earl of \nGloucester, taken at Winchester ; \nmade peace with Henry, Maude\'s \nson, 1153; died of the piles at \nDover, 25th Oct., 1154, aged 50 ; \n\xe2\x96\xa0was buried at Feversham, and suc- \nceeded by Henry, son of Matilda. \n\nAdela, Stephen\'s queen, "was \ncrowned on Easter-day, 1136 ; \ndied 3rd May, 1151, at Henning- \nham Castle, Essex, and buried in a \nmonastery at Feversham. \n\n\n\nHenry II., grandson of Henry \n\nI. , born, 1133; married Eleanor, \nheiress of Guienne and Poitou, on \n"Whitsunday, 1152, the divorced \nwife of Louis VII., king of France. \nHe invaded England, 7th Jan., \n1153, and had homage done him \nas successor to King Stephen, in a \ncouncil held at Oxford, 13th Jan.. \n1 1 54 ; returned into Normandy \nthe spring following. \xe2\x80\x94 He began \nhis reign 24th Oct., 1154; arrived \nin England 8th Dec, and was. \nwith his queen, Eleanor, crowned \nat London, the 19th of the same \nmonth; crowned in Lincoln, 1158 ; \nagain at Worcester, 1159 ; quelled \nthe rebellion in Maine, 1166 ; had \nhis son Henry crowned king of \nEngland, 1170; invaded Ireland, \n26th Oct., 1171, and reduced the \nisland to his subjection in 1172; \nimprisoned his queen on account \nof Rosamond, his concubine, 1173; \ndid penance at Becket\'s tomb, 8th \nJuly, 1174 ; took the king of \nScotland prisoner, and obliged him \nto give up the independency of his \ncrown, 1175; named his son John, \nlord of Ireland, 1176; had, the \nsame year, an amour with Alice, \nof France, the intended princess of \nhis son Richard, 1181; lost his \neldest son, Henry, 11th June, \n1183; his son Richard rebelled, \n1185 ; had his son Jeffrey trodden \nunder foot and killed, at a tourna- \nment in Paris, 19th Aug., 1187; \nmade a convention with Philip of \nFrance to go to the holy war, \n\n1188 ; died with grief at the altar, \ncursing his sons, 6th July, 1189, \naged 61 ; was buried at Fcntev- \nraud, in France, and succeeded by \nhis son Richard. \n\nEleanor, queen to King Henrv \n\nII. , died 1205. \n\nRichard I. was born at Oxford, \n1157; crowned at London, 3rd \nSept., 1189 ; released the king and \npeople of Scotland from the oaths \nof homage they had taken to his \nfather for 10,000 marks, 5th Dec, \nembarked at Dover, 11th Dec, \n\n1189 ; set out on the crusade, and \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n141 \n\n\n\njoined Philip of France, on the \nplains of Vezelay, 29th June, \n1 190 ; took Messina the latter end \nof the year : married Berengaria, \ndaughter of the king of Navarre, \n12th May, 1191 ; "defeated the \nCyprians, and took their king pri- \nsoner, 1191 ; taken prisoner near \nVienna, on his return home, by \nLeopold, duke of Austria, 20th \nDec, 1192 ; ransomed for 40,000*. . \nand set at liberty, at Mentz, 4th \nFeb., 1194: returned to England, \n29th March following; wounded \nwith an arrow at Chaluz, near \nLimoges, in Normandy, and died \n6ih April, 1199; was buried at \nFontevraud, and succeeded by his \nbrother, \n\nJohn, the youngest son of Henry \nII., born at Oxford, 24th Dec, \n1166; was crowned 27th May. \n1199: divorced his wife Avisa, \nand married Isabella, daughter of \n. the Count of Angoulesme, and \nthey were both crowned at West- \nminster, 8th Oct., 1200; went to \nParis, 1200 ; besieged the castle of \nMirable, and took his nephew. \nArthur, prisoner, 1st Aug.. 1202. \nwhom he caused to be murdered, 3rd \nApril, 1203 ; the same year he \nwas expelled the French provinces; \nimprisoned his queen, 1208: ban- \nished all the clergy in his domi- \nnions, 1208; was excommunicated, \n1209; landed in Ireland, 8th \nJune, 1210 : surrendered his crown \nto Pandulf, the pope\'s legate, 25th \nMay, 1213 ; absolved, 20th July \nfollowing ; obliged by his barons \nto confirm Magna Charta, 9th \nJune, 1215 ; lost his treasure and \nbaggage in passing the marshes of \nLynn, 1216 ; died at Newark, \n19th Oct., 1216; was buried at \nWorcester, where his corpse was \ndiscovered nearly entire in 1797, \n\nhaving been buried 580 years \n\nHe was succeeded by his son, \n\nHenry III., born 1st Oct., \n1207 ; crowned at Gloucester, 28th \nOct., 1216 ; received homage from \nAlexander of Scotland, at North- \nampton, 1218; crowned again at \n\n\n\nGloucester, 7th May, (he laid the \nfirst stone of the new abbey church \nat Westminster in 1221,) 1219 ; \nmarried Eleanor, of Provence, dow- \nager of the Earl Pembroke, 14th \nJan., 1236 ; sold his plate and \njewels to the citizens of London, \n1248, when he married his daugh- \nter Margaret to the king of Scots, \n1253 ; obliged by his nobles to \nresign the power of a sovereign, \nand sell Normandy and Anjou \nto the French, 1258-9 ; shut him- \nself up in the Tower of London, \nfor fear of his nobles, 1261 ; taken \nprisoner at Lewes, 14th May, \n1264; wounded at the battle of \nEvesham, 1265 ; died with age at \nSt. Edmondsbury, 16th Nov., \n1272 ; and was succeeded by his \nson Edward. \n\nEleanor, Henry IIL\'s queen, \ndied in a monastery at Ambers- \nbury, about 1292, where she had \nretired. \n\nEdward I. born 16th June, \n1239 ; married Eleanor, princess \nof Castile, 1253 ; succeeded to the \ncrown 16th Nov., 1272; wounded \nin the Holy Land with a poisoned \ndagger ; recovered, and landed \nin England, 25th July, 1274 ; \ncrowned at Westminster, 19th \nAug. following, with his queen ; \nwent to France, and did homage to \nthe French king, 1279; reduced \nthe Welsh princes, 1282. Elea- \nnor, his queen, died of a fever on \nher journey to Scotland, at Herdby, \nin Lincolnshire, 1291, and was \nconveyed to Westminster, when \nelegant stone crosses were erected \nat each place where the corpse \nrested ; married Margaret, sister \nto the king of France, 12th Sept., \n1299 ; conquered Scotland, 1296, \nand brought to England their coro- \nnation chair, &c, died of a flux at \nBurgh-upon-the-Sands, in Cumber- \nland, 7th July, 1307 ; was buried \nat Westminster, where, on 2nd \nMay, 1774, some antiquarians, by \nconsent of the chapter, examined \nhis tomb, when they found his \ncorpse unconsumed, though buried \n\n\n\n142 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n466 years. \xe2\x80\x94 He was succeeded by \nhis fourth son, \n\nEdward II. horn at Caernarvon, \nin Wales, 25th April, 1284 ; was \nthe first king of England\'s eldest \nson that had the title of Prince of \nWales, with which he was invested \n\nin 1284 He ascended the throne, \n\n7th July, 1307 ; married Isabella, \ndaughter of the French king, 1308 ; \nand was crowned with his queen at \nWestminster, 24th Feb., 1308; \nobliged by his barons to invest the \ngovernment of the kingdom in \ntwenty-one persons, 16th March, \n1309 ; went on a pilgrimage to \nBoulogne, 13th Dec, 1313; de- \nclared his queen and all her adhe- \nrents enemies to the kingdom, \n1325 ; conveyed his French domi- \nnions to his son Edward, 10th \nSept., 1325 ; dethroned, 13th \nJan., 1327, and succeeded by his \nson, Edward III. ; murdered at \nBerkeley Castle, 22nd Sept. follow- \ning, and was buried at Gloucester. \n\nEdward III. born at Windsor, \n13th Nov., 1313 ; succeeded to \nthe crown, 13th Jan., 1327; \ncrowned at Westminster, 1st Feb. \nfollowing ; he married Pkilippa, \ndaughter of the earl of Hainault, \n24th Jan., 1328; claimed the \nregency of France, 1328 ; confined \nhis mother Isabella, and caused \nher favourite, earl Mortimer, to \nbe hanged at Tyburn, 29th Nov., \n1330 ; the Scots defeated at Hali- \ndown, 1333 ; invaded France, and \npawned his crown and jewels for \n50,000 florins, 1340; quartered \nthe arms of England and France, \nand at the same time used the \nmotto, Dieu et mon droit, 1340 ; \nmade the first distinction between \nLords and Commons, 1342 ; \ndefeated the French at Cressy, \n30,000 slain, among whom was \nthe king of Bohemia, 1346; the \nqueen took the king of Scotland \nprisoner, and 20,000 Scots slain, \nthe same year ; Calais besieged and \ntaken, 4th Aug., 1347, and St. \nStephen\'s chapel, afterwards the \nHouse of Commons, built, 1348 ; \n\n\n\nthe order of the Garter instituted, \n1349; the French defeated at \nPoictiers, their king and prince \ntaken, and the king of Navarre \nimprisoned, 1356; the king of \nScotland ransomed for 100,000 \nmarks, 1358; the king of France \nransomed for 300,000/., 1359 ; four \nkings entertained at the Lord May- \nor\'s feast, viz. : England, France, \nScotland, and Cyprus, 1364; Phi- \nlippa, his queen, d. at Windsor, 16th \nAug., 1369 ; and Avas buried at \nWestminster; Edward died at \nRichmond, 21st June, 1377, and \nwas succeeded by his grandson, \nRichard IT., son to \n\nEdward the Black Prince, who \nwas born 15th June, 1330 ; created \nduke of Cornwall in full parlia- \nment, 7th March, 1337, the first \nin England that bore the title of \nduke ; created prince of Wales, \n1344; brought the king of France \nprisoner to England, from the bat- \ntle of Poictiers, 19th Sept., 1356; \nwent to Castile, 1367 ; died of \na consumption, 8th June, 1376; \nand was buried at Canterbury. \n\nJohn of Gaunt, duke of Lan- \ncaster, fourth son of Edward III., \nborn 1340, married Blanch, daugh- \nter of the duke of Lancaster, 1359 : \nby whom he became possessed of \nthat dukedom and title ; she died \n1396, and in 1372 he married the \ndaughter of the king of Castile and \nLeon, and took that title. \xe2\x80\x94 In \n1369, he married a third wife, \nCatherine Swinford, from whom \ndescended Henry VII. \xe2\x80\x94 He died \n1399, and was buried in St. Paul\'s \nCathedral, London. \n\nRichard II. born at Bourdeaux, \n6th Jan., 1367 ; had two royal \ngodfathers, the kings of Navarre \nand Majorca ; made guardian of \nthe kingdom, 30th Aug., 1372; \ncreated prince of Wales, 1376 ; \nsucceeded his grandfather, Edward \nIII., 16th June, 1377, when not \neleven years old, and crowned at \nWestminster, 16th July following ; \nthe rebellion of Wat Tyler and \nJack Straw, 1381 ; married Anne, \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n143 \n\n\n\nsister to the emperor of Germany, \nand king of Bohemia, Jan., 1382, \nwho died without issue at Shene, \nand was buried in Westminster \nAbbey, 3rd Aug., 1395 ; married \nIsabella, daughter to the king of \nFrance, 31st Oct., 1396. \xe2\x80\x94 He was \n.taken prisoner by Henry duke of \n\'Lancaster, his cousin, and sent to \nthe Tower, 1st Sept., 1399; re- \nsigned his crown 29th Sept. follow- \ning, and was succeeded by Henry \nIV. \xe2\x80\x94 Richard was murdered in \nPomfret Castle, 13th Feb., 1400, \nand buried at Langley, but removed \nto Westminster 14 years afterwards. \n\nThomas, duke of Gloucester, \nuncle to Richard II., was smo- \nthered, 28th Feb., 1367. \n\nThomas Beaufort, duke of Ex- \neter, half-brother to Richard II., \ndied without issue, 24th Dec, \n1424, and was buried at St. Ed- \nmo ndsbury, where his body was \ndiscovered uncorrupted in 1772, \nafter his burial 348 years. \n\nHenry IV., duke of Lancaster, \ngrandson of Edward III., born \n1367; married Mary, the daughter \nof the earl of Hereford, who died \n1394, before he obtained the \ncrown; fought with the duke of \nNorfolk, 1397, and banished; re- \nturned to England in arms against \nRichard II., who resigned him his \ncrown, and Henry was crowned, \n13th Oct., 1399, when he created \n47 knights of the Bath, including \nhis three sons ; conspired against, \nJan., 1400; marched against the \nWelsh, 1402 ; married a second \nqueen, Joan of Navarre, widow of \nthe duke of Bretagne, 1402 ; she \nwas crowned with great magni- \nficence, 27th Feb. following, and \ndied in 1417; in 1403 began the \nrebellion of the Percies, suppressed \nJuly following. \xe2\x80\x94 He died of an \napoplexy, in Westminster, 20th \nMarch, 1413; was buried at Can- \nterbury, and succeeded by his son, \n\nHenry V., who was born in \n1388, and, when prince of Wales, \nwas committed to prison for insult- \ning one of the judges, 1412 ; \n\n\n\ncrowned at Westminster, 9th \nApril, 1413 ; claimed the crown \nof France, 1414; gained the bat- \ntle of Agincourt, 25th Oct., 141.5 ; \npledged his regalia for 60,000/., to \npush his conquests, 1416 \xe2\x80\x94 The \nemperor Sigismund paid a visit to \nHenry, and was installed Knight \nof the Garter, 1416 ; invaded Nor- \nmandy with an army of 26,000 \nmen, 1417 ; declared regent, and \nmarried Catharine of France, 2nd \nJune, 1420 ; she was crowned at \nWestminster, 22nd Feb. following ; \noutlived Henry, and was married \nafterwards to Owen Tudor, grand- \nfather of Henry VII. \xe2\x80\x94 Henry died \nof a pleurisy at Rouen, 31st Aug., \n1422, aged 34, was buried at West- \nminster, and succeeded by \n\nHenry VI. born at Windsor, \n6th Dec, 1421 ; succeeded to the \nthrone, 31st Aug., 1422 ; pro- \nclaimed king of France the same \nyear ; crowned at Westminster, \n6th Nov., 1429 ; crowned at \nParis, 17th Dec, 1430; married \nto Margaret, daughter of the duke \nof Anjou, at Southwick, Hamp- \nshire, 22nd April, 1445, and was \ncrowned at Westminster, 30th \nMay following ; Jack Cade\'s in- \nsurrection, 1450 ; Henry taken \nprisoner at St. i^ban\'s, 1455; but \nregained his liberty, 1461 ; and \ndeposed 2nd March following, by \nhis fourth cousin, Edward IV. ; \nfled into Scotland, and taken pri- \nsoner in Lancashire, 1463 ; re- \nstored to his throne, 6th Nov., \n1470 ; taken prisoner again by \nEdward, 11th April, 1471 ; Queen \nMargaret and her son taken pri- \nsoners at Tewkesbury, by Edward, \nJune, 1471 ; the prince killed in \ncold blood, 21st May, and Henry \nmurdered in the Tower, 20th June \nfollowing, and buried at Chertsey, \naged 49, afterwards removed to \nWindsor. \n\nHumphrey, duke of Gloucester, \nfourth son of Henry IV., was \nstrangled by the order of his \nnephew, Henry VI., and buried at \nSt. Alban\'s, 1447. \n\n\n\n144 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\nEdward IV., bora at Rouen, \n29th April, 1443 ; descended from \nthe third son of Edward III. elected \nking, 3rd March, 1461 ; and before \nhis coronation was obliged to take \nthe field, and fight the battle of \nTowton, when 36,776 fell, and not \none prisoner taken but the earl of \nDevonshire, 29 th March ; was \ncrowned at "Westminster, 28th \nJune, 1461 ; sat publicly with the \njudges in Westminster-hall, 1462; \nmarried Lady Elizabeth Grey, \nwidow of Sir John Grey, of Groby, \n1 st March, 1 465, who was crowned \nthe 26th following. \xe2\x80\x94 Henry was \ntaken prisoner by the earl of War- \nwick, in Yorkshire, whence he was \nbrought to London, with his legs \ntied under his horse\'s belly, 1464; \nreleased and restored, 1470. Ed- \nward caused his brother, the duke \nof Clarence, who had joined the earl \nof Warwick, to be drowned in a butt \nof malmsey wine, 1 1 tli March, 1 478 ; \ndied of a surfeit at Westminster, 9th \nApril, 1483 ; and was buried at \nWindsor, where his corpse was dis- \ncovered undecayed, 1 1 March, 1789, \nand his dress nearly perfect, as were \nthe lineaments of his face. He \nwas succeeded by his infant son, \n\nEdward V., b. 4th Nov., 1470 ; \nproclaimed king at London, 9th Ap. , \n1483 ; deposed 20th June follow- \ning; and, with the duke of York, his \nbrother, smothered soon after by \ni, their uncle, who succeeded him. \n\nRichard III., duke of Glouces- \nter, brother to Edward IV., born \n1453 ; took prince Edward, son of \nHenry VI. prisoner at Tewkesbury, \nand helped to murder him in cold \nblood, (whose widow he afterwards \nmarried,) 1471 ; drowned the duke \nof Clarence, brother to Edward IV. \nin a butt of malmsey wine, 1478 ; \nmade protector of England, 27th \nMay, 1483; elected king, 20th \nJune, and crowned 6th July fol- \nlowing ; ditto at York, 18th Aug. ; \nlost his queen, 16th March, 1484; \nslain in battle, at Bosworth, 22nd \nAug., 1485, aged 32 ; was buried \nat Leicester, and succeeded by \n\n\n\nHenry VII., born 1455; who \nlanded at Milford Haven, 7th Aug., \n1485; defeated Richard III. in \nBosworth-field, and was elected \nking, 1485; crowned 30th Oct., \nthe same year ; married Elizabeth, \ndaughter of Edward IV., 18th \nJan., 1486, who was crowned 25th \nNov., 1487 following; defeated \nLambert Simnel, the impostor, \n16th June, 1487 ; received of the \nFrench king, as a compromise for \nhis claim on that crown, 186,250/. \nbesides 25,000 cro^vns yearly, \n1492 ; married his eldest son \nArthur to princess Catherine of \nSpain, 14th Nov., 1501 ; prince \nArthur died, 2nd April, 1502; \nqueen Elizabeth died in child-bed, \n1 1 th Feb. following, and was buried \nat Westminster. \xe2\x80\x94 Mary, his third \ndaughter, married Louis XII. of \nFrance, 9th Oct., 1514, by whom \nshe was left without issue, and she \nmarried, 2nd May, 1515, Charles \nBrandon, duke of Suffolk, by whom \nshe had issue, and died 1533, and \nwas buried at St. Edmondsbury, \nwhere her corpse was discovered, \n6th Sept., 1784, in a perfect state. \nShe was grandmother of the un- \nfortunate Lady Jane Grey. \xe2\x80\x94 Henry \nmarried his daughter Margaret to \nJames IV. of Scotland, 1501 ; \ndied of a consumption at Richmond, \n22nd April, 1509, aged 54 ; was \nburied at Westminster, and suc- \nceeded by his son, \n\nHenry VIII. , born 28th June, \n1491 ; married Catherine, Infanta \nof Spain,/ widow of his brother \nArthur, 3rd June, 1509 ; crowned \n24th June following ; had a per- \nsonal interview with Francis I. king \nof France, at Guisnes in Flanders, \nJune, 1520, and againat Boulogne, \n11th Oct., 1532 ; received the title \nof Defender of the Faith, 1521 ; \nin Nov., 1534, he was declared \nHead of the Church by parliament ; \ndivorced queen Catherine and mar- \nried Anne Bulleyn, 14th Nov., \n1532; Anne crowned, 1st June, \n1533 ; assumed the title of Head \nof the Church of England, in the \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n145 \n\n\n\npresence of his whole court, \nand received the first fruits and \ntenths ; he was excommunicated \nby Pope Paul, 30th Aug., 1535 ; \nCatherine, his first queen, died \nat Kimbolton, 8th Jan., 1536, \naged 50 ; he put Anne, his second \nqueen, to death, 19th May , ana \nmarried Jane Seymour, 20th May, \n1536, who died in childbed, 12th \nOct., 1 537 ; he dissolved the re- \nligious foundations in England, \n1539 ; married Anne of Cleves, \n6th Jan., 1540 ; divorced her, 10th \nJuly, 1 540 ; married Catherine \nHoward, his fifth wife, 8th Aug. \nfollowing, and beheaded her on \nTower-hill, with Lady Rochford, \n13th Feb., 1542; the title of king \nof Ireland was confirmed by act of \nparliament, 24th Jan., 1544, to \nthe king and his successors ; mar- \nried Catharine Parr, his sixth wife, \n12th July, 1543.\xe2\x80\x94 He died of a \nfever and an ulcerated leg, at \nWestminster, 28th Jan., 1547, in \nthe 56th year of his age ; was \nburied at "Windsor, and was suc- \nceeded by his only son, \n\nEdward VI., born 12th Oct., \n1537 ; crowned Sunday, 20th \nFeb., 1547 ; who died of consump- \ntion at Greenwich, 6th July, 1553 ; \nwas buried at Westminster, and \nwas succeeded, agreeably to his \nwill, by his cousin, \n\nJane Grey, born 1537 ; pro- \nclaimed queen, 9th July, 1553 ; \ndeposed soon after, and sent to the \nTower, where she, with lord Dud- \nley, her husband, and her father, \nwere beheaded, 12th April, 1554, \naged 17, by the order of \n\nMary, born 11th Feb., 1516 ; \nproclaimed 9th July, 1553 ; and \ncrowned, 1st Oct., following; mar- \nried Philip of Spain, 25th July, \n1554; died of dropsy, 17th Nov., \n1558 ; was buried at Westminster, \nand was succeeded by herhalf-sister, \n\nElizabeth, born 7th Sept., \n1533 ; sent prisoner to the Tower, \n1554; began to reign, 17th Nov., \n1 558 ; crowned at Westminster, \n15th Jan., 1559 ; Mary, queen of \n\n\n\nScots, fled to England, 17th May, \n1568, and was imprisoned at Tut- \nbury castle, 3rd Dec, 1569 ; Eliza- \nbeth relieved the protestants in \nFrance with 100,000 crowns, be- \nsides artillery, 1568 ; a marriage \nproposed between the queen and \nthe duke of Anjou, 1571 ; but \nfinally rejected, 1581 ; beheaded \nMary queen of Scots, at Fotherin- \ngay Castle, in Northamptonshire, \n8th Feb., 1587, aged 44; the \nSpanish armada destroyed, 1588 ; \nTyrone\'s rebellion in Ireland, 1598; \nEssex, the queen\'s favourite, be- \nheaded, 25th Feb., 1601 ; the \nqueen died at Richmond, 24th \nMarch, 1603 ; was buried at West- \nminster, and was succeeded by the \nson of Mary, queen of Scots, then \nJames VI. of Scotland. \n\nJames I., born at Edinburgh, \n19th June, 1566; was crowned \nking of Scotland, 29th July, 1567, \nat 13 months 8 days old ; married \nAnne, princess of Denmark, 20th \nAug., 1589 ; succeeded to the crown \nof England, 24th March, 1603 ; first \nstyled king of Great Britain, 1 604 ; \narrived at London, 7th May follow- \ning; lost his eldest son, Henry prince \nof Wales, 5th Nov., 1612, aged 18 \n(his funeral expenses amounted to \n16,016/.); married his daughter \nElizabeth to the prince Palatine of \nthe Rhine, 1612 ; from whom his \npresent majesty, William IV. is \ndescended ; went to Scotland, 14th \nMarch, 1617 ; returned 1 5th Sept., \n1618; lost his queen, March, \n1619; died of an ague, 27th \nMarch, 1625 ; was buried at West- \nminster, and was succeeded by \n\nCharles I., born 19th Nov., \n1600 ; visited Madrid to fetch a \nwife, 7th March, 1623; succeeded \nto the crown, 27th March, 1625 ; \nmarried Henrietta, daughter of the \nking of France, the same year ; \ncrowned 2nd Feb., 1626 ; crowned \nat Edinburgh, 1633 ; went to Scot- \nland, Aug. 1641 ; returned, 25th \nNov. following ; went to the House \nof Commons, and demanded the \nfive members, Jan., 1641-2 ; re- \n\nH \n\n\n\n146 \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\ntired to York, March, 1642 ; raised \nhis standard at Nottingham, 22nd \nAug. following ; travelled in the \ndisguise of a servant, and put him- \nself into the hands of the Scots, at \nNewark, 5th May, 1646 ; sold by \nthe Scots for 400,000/. 8th Aug. fol- \nlowing ; seized by cornet Joyce, at \nHolmby, 4th June, 1646 ; escaped \nfrom Hampton-court, and retreated \nto the Isle of Wight, 29th July, \n1648; closely confined in Hurst \ncastle, 1st December following; \nremoved to Windsor castle, 23rd \nDec, to St. James\'s, 15th Jan., \n1649 ; brought to trial the 20th \nJan., condemned the 27th, be- \nheaded at Whitehall the 30th, aged \n49, and buried in St. George\'s chapel, \nWindsor. His queen, Henrietta, \ndied in France, 10th Aug., 1669. \n\nOLivERCROMWELL,born at Hunt- \ningdon, 25th April, 1599, chosen \nmember of parliament for Hunting- \ndon, 1628; made a lieut.-general, \n1643 ; went over to Ireland with his \narmy, 13th Aug., 1649; returned \nMay, 1650: made protector for \nlife, 12th Dec, 1653; was near \nbeing killed by falling from a coach- \nbox, Oct., 1654; re-admitted the \nJews into England in 1656, after \ntheir expulsion of 365 years ; re- \nfused the title of king, 8th May, \n1657; died at Whitehall, 3rd \nSept., 1658 ; and was succeeded \nby his son, \n\nRichard Cromwell, proclaimed \nprotector, 4th Sept., 1658; re- \nsigned, April 22nd 1659; died at \nCheshunt in Hertfordshire, 12th \nJuly, 1712, aged 90. \n\nCharles II. born 29th May, \n1630; escaped from St. James\'s, \n23rd April, 1648 ; landed in Scot- \nland, 1650 ; crowned at Scone, 1st \nJan., 1651 ; defeated at the battle \nof Worcester, 1651 ; landed at \nDover, 25th May, 1660, and re- \nstored to his throne ; crowned 23rd \nApril, 1661 ; married Catherine, \ninfanta of Portugal, 21st May, \n1662 ; accepted the city freedom, \n. 18th Dec, 1674; died 6th Feb., \n1685, aged 54, of an apoplexy; \n\n\n\nwas buried at Westminster,, and \nwas succeeded by his brother \nJames. Catherine, his queen, \ndied, 30th Dec, 1705. \n\nJames II. born 15th Oct., \n1633 ; married Anne Hyde, Sept., \n1660, who died, 1671 ; married \nthe princess of Modena, 21st \nNov., 1678 ; succeeded to the \nthrone, 6th Feb., 1685; Mon- \nmouth, natural son of Charles II., \nlanded in England, 11th June, \n1685 ; proclaimed king at Taun- \nton, in Somersetshire, 20th June \nfollowing ; defeated near Bridge- \nwater, 6th July ; beheaded on \nTower-hill, 15th July following, \naged 35 ; James\'s queen had a son \nborn, 10th June, 1688; the king \nfled from his palace, 10th Dec, \n1688 ; was seized soon after at \nFeversham, and carried back to \nWhitehall; left England 23rd \nDec. following ; landed at Kinsale, \nin Ireland, 12th March, 1689; \nreturned to France, July, 1690 ; \ndied at St. Germain\'s, 6th Sept., \n1701. \n\nWilliam III., prince of Orange, \nborn 4th Nov., 1650 ; created \nStadtholder, 3rd July, 1672; \nmarried the princess Mary of \nEngland, 4th Nov., 1677 ; landed \nat Torbay, in England, with an \narmy, 4th Nov., 1688 ; declared \nking of England, 13th Feb., \n1689 ; crowned with his queen, \n11th April, 1689; landed at Car- \nrickfergus, 14th June, 1690; and \ndefeated James II. at the battle of \nthe Boyne, 1st July following ; a \nplot laid for assassinating him, \nFeb., 1690 ; fell from his horse \nand broke his collar-bone, 26th \nFeb., 1702 ; died, March 8, aged \n5 1 ; was buried 12th April follow- \ning, and left his sister-in-law, \nAnne, his successor to the crown. \n\nMary, William\'s queen, born \n,30th April, 1662 ; proclaimed \n(with her husband) queen regent \nof England, 13th Feb., 1689 ; \ndied of the small-pox, 28th Dec, \n1694, aged 32, and was buried at \nWestminster. \n\n\n\nENGLAND. \n\n\n\n147 \n\n\n\nAnne, born 6th Feb., 1665; \nmarried to Prince George of Den- \nmark, 28th July, 1683, by whom \nshe had 18 children, all of whom \ndied young ; she came to the \ncrown, 8th March, 1702 ; crowned \n23rd April following ; lost her son \nGeorge, duke of Gloucester, by a \nfever, 29th July, 1700, aged 11 ; \nlost her husband, who died of an \nasthma and dropsy, 28th Oct., \n1708, aged 35 ; the queen died of \nan apoplexy, 1st Aug, 1714, aged \n49 ; was buried at Westminster, \nand was succeeded by \n\nGeorge I., elector of Hanover, \nduke of Brunswick Lunenburg, \nborn 28th May, 1660; created \nduke of Cambridge, &c, 5th Oct., \n1706. Princess Sophia, his queen, \nmother of George II., died 8 th \nJune, 1714, aged 83. He was \nproclaimed 1st August, 1714; \nlanded at Greenwich, 18th Sept. \nfollowing ; crowned 20th Oct. same \nyear at "Westminster ; died on his \njourney to Hanover, at Osnaburgh, \nSunday, 1 1th June, 1727, of a para- \nlytic disorder, aged 67, and was \nsucceeded by his eldest son, \n\nGeorge II. bom 30th Oct., \n1683 ; created prince of Wales, \n4th Oct., 1714; married the prin- \ncess Wilhelmina Carolina Doro- \nthea, of Braudenburgh Anspach, \n1705; ascended the throne 11th \nJune, 1727; lost his queen of a \nmortification in her bowels, 20th \nNov., 1737, aged 54; suppressed \na rebellion, 1745 ; died suddenly \nat Kensington, 25th Oct., 1760, \naged 77, and was succeeded by his \ngrandson, George III. \n\nFrederick Lewis, prince of \nWales, son of George II., born \n20th Jan., 1707 ; arrived in Eng- \nland, Dec, 1728 ; married Au- \ngusta, princess of Saxe Gotha, \n27th April, 1736 ; forbidden the \ncourt the year following; died 20th \nMarch, 1751, aged 44 ; having had \nissue, Augusta, born 11th Aug,, \n1737, afterwards duchess of Bruns- \nwick; George Augustus, afterwards \nking of England ; Edward Augus- \n\n\n\ntus, born 25th March, 1759, died \nduke of York, 17th Sept., 1769; \nEliza Caroline, b. 10th Jan., 1740, \ndied Sept., 1759; William Henry, \nborn 23rd November, 1743, duke \nof Gloucester, died 25th Aug., \n1805 ; Henry Frederick, born 7th \nNovember, 1745, duke of Cumber- \nland, married Oct., 1771, Anne \nHorton, daughter of lord Irnham, \nand died without issue, 18th \nSept., 1790; Louisa- Anne, born \n29th May, 1748, died 21st May, \n1768 ; Frederick William, born \n24th May, 1750, died 10th May, \n1765 ; Caroline Matilda, born \n22nd July, 1759, died queen of \nDenmark, 1775. His princess \ndied of a consumption, 8th Feb., \n1772, aged 52. \n\nGeorge III., eldest son of Fre- \nderick, late prince of Wales, was \nborn 4th June, 1738 ; created \nprince of Wales, 1751 ; succeeded \nhis grandfather, 25th Oct., 1760; \nproclaimed the next day ; married \nCharlotte Sophia, princess of Meck- \nlenburgh Strelitz, 8th Sept., 1761, \nwho was born 19th May, 1744; \nand both were crowned, 22nd Sept., \n1761. His majesty was deranged \nin mind from October, 1788, to \nMarch, 1789; on 24th April, \n1789, he went in procession to St. \nPaul\'s Cathedral ; recovered from \na second attack, 16th March, \n1804; relapsed, 1810; continued \ninsane till he died, 29th Jan., \n1820. Their issue are, \n\n1. George prince of Wales (the \nlate king), born 12th Aug., 1762; \nmarried, 8th April, 1795, Caroline \nAmelia Augusta, the second daugh- \nter of the duke of Brunswick (by \nAugusta, the eldest sister of George \nIII.), born 17th May, 1768, by \nwhom be had issue, Charlotte \nCaroline Augusta, born 7th Jan., \n1796, who died 6th Nov., 1817. \n\n2. Frederick, duke of York, \nbishop of Osnaburg, b. 16th Aug., \n1763 ; married at Berlin 1st Oct., \nand again by the archbishop of \nCanterbury, 21st Nov., to Frede- \nrica Charlotta Ulrica Catharina, \n\nh 2 \n\n\n\n148 ENG \n\n\n\nERA \n\n\n\nprincess royal of Prussia, -who -was \nborn 7th May, 1767 ; d. 5th Jan., \n]827. \n\n3. William Henry, born 21st \nAug., ] 765 ; duke of Clarence, \npassed through all the ranks of the \nnavy, but received no command \n(afterwards William IV). \n\n4. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, \nb. 29th Sept., 1766 ; married, 17th \nMay, 1797, to Frederick William, \nduke (afterwards king) of Wur- \ntemburg, who died, 1816. \n\n5. Edward, duke of Kent, born \n2nd Nov., 1767 ; died 23rd Jan., \n1820. \n\n6. Augusta Sophia, born 8th \nNov., 1768. \n\n7. Elizabeth, b. 22nd May,l 770. \n\n8. Ernest Augusta, duke of \nCumberland, born 5th June, 1771 ; \nmarried to the dowager princess of \nSalms, 29th Aug., 1814. \n\n9. Augustus Frederick, duke of \nSussex, born 27th Jan., 1773. \n\n10. Adolphus Frederick, duke \nof Cambridge, 24th Feb., 1774. \n\n11. Mary, born 25th April, \n1776; married to William Frede- \nrick, duke of Gloucester, 22nd \nJuly, 1816. \n\n12. Sophia, b. 3rd Nov., 1777. \n\n13. Octavius, bom 23rd Feb., \n1779 \xe2\x96\xa0 died 3rd May, 1783. \n\n14. Alfred, born 22nd Sept., \n1780; died 20th Aug., 1782. \n\n15. Amelia, born 8th Aug., \n1783; died 2nd Nov., 1810. \n\nGeorge IV., eldest son of \nGeorge III., born 12th August, \n1762 ; married the princess Caro- \nline of Brunswick, 8 th April, \n1795; assumed the office of regent, \n1810; succeeded to the throne, \n29th Jan., 1820; died 26th June, \n1830. Queen Caroline died 27th \nAug., 1821. Princess Charlotte \nof Wales born, his only issue, 7th \nJan., 1796; married Prince Leo- \npold of Saxe Cobuig, afterwards \nking of Belgium, 2nd May, 1816 ; \ndied in child-bed, 6th Nov., 1817. \n\nWilliam IV. born 21st Aug., \n1765; married, 13th July, 1818, \nAdelaide, sister of the duke of \n\n\n\nSaxe Meiningen, born 1 3 th JuIy T \n1792 ; was appointed Lord High \nAdmiral in 1827 ; succeeded his \nbrother, George IV., 26th June, \n1830. \n\nEngraving on metal invented, and \nconsequently rolling-press printing. \n1423 ; on copper, as now used, \n1511 ; in mezzotinto, and improved \nby Prince Rupert, Palatine, 1648; \ncrayon engraving invented at Paris \nby Bonnet, 1769 ; engraving on \nsteel plates first practised, 1818, \nby Mr. Perkins. \n\nEngraving on wood invented in Flan- \nders, 1423 ; revived by Albert \nDurer, 1511 ; on glass invented at \nParis by Boudier, 1709. \n\nEngraving in England protected by a \nbill, 1775-7. \n\nEnnius, Quintus, b. 237 B.C., d. \naged 70. \n\nEnoch translated into heaven A.M. \n987, aged 365. \n\nEntailing estates introduced bv statute \n1279, 1807. \n\nEntertainment, places of, about Lon- \ndon, licensed 1752. \n\nEpaminondas, the Theban general, \nslain 363 B.C. \n\nEpictetus flourished A.D. 40. \n\nEpicurus, philosopher, b. 342, d. \n271 B.C. \n\nEpifanio, Raimondo, a Neapolitan his- \ntoric painter, b. 1440, d. 1482. \n\nEpimetheus, the inventor of earthen \nvessels, d. 171 B.C. \n\nEpiphanius, b. in Palestine about 332. \nd. 403. \n\nEpiphany, the feast of, instituted 813. \nEpiscopacy abolished in Scotland 1689. \nEpsom, mineral spring first discovered \nat, 1630. \n\nEquestrian statue, the first that was \nerected, of Louis XIV. of France, \nfounded at one cast, 1699. \n\nEra, that of Nabonassar, 747 B.C. : \nPhilippic, or death of Alexander, \n324 B.C. ; of contracts, or Seleuci- \ndae, 312 B.C. The Christians \nmade their era the birth of Christ, \nwhich was A.M. 3962, but did not \nuse this reckoning till the year 600, \nusing in the meantime the civil \naccount of the empire. The Ma- \n\n\n\nERA \n\n\n\nEUG 149 \n\n\n\nhome tans began their Hegira (for \nso they term their computation) \nfrom the flight of their prophet \nfrom Mecca, when he was driven \nthence by the Philarchse, A.D, b\'22. \nThe Greeks reckon by Olympiads, \nthe first of which is placed in the \nyear of the world 3187 ; but this \naccount perishing under the Con- \nstantinopolitan emperors, they reck- \noned by indictions, every indiction \ncontaining 15 years, and the first \nbeginning A.D. 313, which among \nchronologers are still used. The \nRomans reckoned first from the \nbuilding of their city, which was \nA.M. 3113, and afterwards from \nthe 16th year of the Emperor \nAugustus, A.M. 3936, which reck- \noning was used among the Spaniards \ntill the reign of Ferdinand the Ca- \n\n, tholic. The Jews had divers epochs, \nas, 1 . From the beginning of the \nworld, in the beginning of time ; \n2. From the universal deluge, ann. \n2656 ; 3. From the confusion of \ntongues, ann. 2786; 4. From Abra- \nham\'s journey out of Chaldea into \nCanaan, ann. 2021 ; 5. From the \ndeparture of the children of Israel \nout of Egypt, ann. 1451 ; 6. From \nthe year of the jubilee, ann. 2499 ; \n7. From the building of Solomon\'s \ntemple, ann. 2932 ; and 8. From \nthe captivity of Babylon, A.M. \n3357 ; but in historical computa- \ntion of time are used only the two \nmost ordinary epochs, the world\'s \ncreation, and Christ\'s appearance in \nthe flesh. The Christian era began \nto be used in Italy, &c, in 525 ; \nand in England in 816. \n\nErasmus b. at Rotterdam 1467, d. \n1536. \n\nErfurt, in Thuringia, founded 476. \n\nErinna, Greek poetess, contemporary \nwith Sappho. \n\nErmels, of Cologne, a painter of his- \ntory and landscape, b. 1641, d. \n1693. \n\nErmine, the order of knighthood, \nbegan in France, 1450; in Naples, \n1463. \n\nErnesti, Augustus William, b. 1707,d. \nat Leipsic July 29th, 1801. \n\n\n\nErrante, Giuseppe, a Sicilian painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1760, \nd. 1821. \n\nErrard, Charles, a French painter of \nhistory and architecture, b. 1606, \nd. 1689. \n\nErrors, vulgar. See Vulgar Errors. \nErskine, Thomas Lord, b. 1750, d. \n\n17th Jan., 1824. \nEscalante, a Spanish historical painter, \n\nb. 1630, d. 1670. \nEscot House, near Honiton, destroyed \n\nby fire, 27th Dec, 1808. \nEscurial, in Spain, built 1562. \nEsher Place, Surrey, built 1414. \nEspagnoletto. See Ribera. \nEspinosa, a Spanish historical painter, \n\nb. 1600, d. 1680. \nEsquire first applied to persons of for- \ntune, not knights\' attendants, 1245. \nEss, James Van, a Flemish painter of \n\nflovvers,fruit, birds, b. 1570, d.1621. \nEssex, Cromwell, Earl of, b. about \n\n1490, beheaded 28th July, 1540. \nEssex, Devereux, Earl of, beheaded \n\n25th Feb., 1601. \nEssex, Mr., architect, b. at Cambridge \n\n1723, d. 1784. \nEstcourt, Richard, dramatic writer, \n\nd. 1713, aged 48. \nEtching on copper invented with aqua \n\nfortis, 1512. \nEthelbert\'s Tower, in Canterbury, \n\nbuilt 1047. \nEtherege, Sir George, b. about 1636, \n\nd. 1683. \n\nEtna has had eruptions in 1 1 69, 1 329, \n1408-44-47, 1536-64, 1669-94, \nwhen the city of Catania, with the \nadjacent country, were destroyed, \nand 1 8,000 people perished ; again \nin 1699, 1787, and 1811 ; again in \n1832. \n\nEtna, 26th May, 1830, seven new \ncraters were opened, and eight vil- \nlages with the inhabitantsdestroyed. \n\nEton College builtl441; rebuiltl569. \n\nEuclid d. about 280 B.C., aged 74. \n\nEudosia d. 460, aged 60. \n\nEugene, Prince, b. 1663, commanded \nat Hochstet, 5th Aug., 1704 ; vic- \ntorious at Turin, 7th Sept., 1706; \nvictorious at Oudenarde, 1708 ; \nwounded before Lisle, 1708 ; de- \nfeated the grand vizier at Peter- \n\n\n\n150 \n\n\n\nE VJE N T S. \n\n\n\nwarden, 5th Aug., 1716; d. 10th \n\nApril, 1734, aged 73. \nEuler, M., the mathematician, b. at \n\nBasil, 14th April, 1707, d. 7th \n\nSept., 1783. \nEuripides d. 407 B.C., aged 77. \nEusdeD, Rev. S., d. 27th Sept., 1730. \nEusebius b. 267, d. 338. \nEustatia, Isle of, settled by the Dutch, \n\n1632. \n\nEutropius, historian, flourished 340. \n\nEutychius b. 876, d. about 933. \n\nEvagrias, ecclesiastical historian, flou- \nrished 380. \n\nEvan, Rev. T., founder of the Unita- \nrian congregations in South Wales, \nb. 1765, d. 10th May, 1833. \n\nEvans, Rev. John, a miscellaneous \nEnglish author, d. 1832. \n\nEvelyn, John, English writer and \nnaturalist, b. 1620, d. 1706. \n\nEvelyn, John,b. 1655, d. 1713. \n\nEvents, general : The city of Alex- \nandria, in Egypt, and the library \nof the Ptolemies, containing \n400,000 valuable boohs, in manu- \nscript, were burnt by Julius Ceesar, \n47 B.C. \xe2\x80\x94 The second library, con- \nsisting of 700,000 volumes, was \ntotally destroyed by the Saracens, \nwho heated the water for their \nbaths for six months, by burning \nbooks instead of wood, at the com- \nmand of the caliph Omar, A. D. \n636. The amphitheatre at Fidonia, \nnow Castel Giubelio, fell in, and \n50,000 people were killed, A. D. \n26. 170 Roman ladies suffered \ndeath for poisoning their husbands, \n331. A column of fire appeared \nin the air at Rome 30 days, 390. \nThe country of Palestine infested \nwith such swarms of locusts that \nthey darkened the air; after de- \nvouring the fruits of the earth they \ndied, and caused a stench which \noccasioned a pestilential fever, 406. \nA similar circumstance occurred in \nFrance, 873. A prodigious quan- \ntity of snakes formed themselves \ninto two bands, on a plain near \nTournay, in Flanders, and fought \nwith such fury that one band was \nalmost destroyed, and the peasants \nkilled the other by sticks and fire, \n\n\n\n1059. Prince William, eldest son \nof Henry I. , with his newly-married \nbride, daughter to the Earl of Anjou, \nRichard and Mary, two other of the \nking\'s children, and 180 of the nobi- \nlity, shipwrecked and lost in coming \nfrom Normandy, 1120. At Oxen- \nhall, near Darlington, the earth sud- \ndenly rose to an eminence like a \nmountain; remained so several \nhours, then sunk in as suddenly \nwith a horrible noise, leaving a \ndeep chasm, which continues to \nthis day, 1179. The river Gulen, \nin Norway, buried itself under \nground, 1334, but burst out soon \nafter, and destroyed 250 persons, \nwith several churches, houses, &c. \nThe monastery of St. John, near \nSmithfield, burnt by Wat Tyler\'s \nrabble, 1381. Alice Hackney, \nwho had been buried 175 years, \nwas accidentally dug up in the \nchurch of St. Mary Hill, London ; \nthe skin was whole, and the joints \nof the arms pliable, 1494. On \nSaturday, 17th February, 1571, \nMarcley Hill, near Hereford, \nmoved from its situation; conti- \nnued in motion till Monday fol- \nlowing, carried along with it the \ntrees, hedges, and cattle on its \nsurface ; overthrew a chapel in its \nway ; formed a large hill twelve \nfathoms high, and left a chasm \nforty feet deep, and thirty-two long, \nwhere it stood before. \xe2\x80\x94 A similar \nprodigy happened at Blackmoor, in \nDorsetshire, 1533. Sixty houses \nblown up, including a tavern full \nof company, opposite Barking \nChurch, Tower Street, by the \naccidental blowing up of some bar- \nrels of gunpowder at a ship-chan- \ndler\'s, 4th January, 1649 : a child \nin a cradle was found unhurt on \nthe leads of the church. 3000 \npeople killed at Gravelines, by an \nexplosion from a magazine, 1654. \nA hill at Bulkely, near Chester, \nwhich had trees on it of a consider- \nable height, sunk down, on 8th \nJuly, 1657, into a pit of water, so \ndeep that the tops of the trees were \nnot to be seen. An unaccountable \n\n\n\nEVE \n\ndarkness (no eclipse) at noon day \nin England, so that no person could \nsee to read, 12th January, 1679. \nOn 6th April, 1679, a village \ncalled Boisa, near Turin, suddenly \nsunk, together with ahove 200 of \nthe inhabitants, and was never after \nseen. A remarkable comet appeared \nin England for a week, 1680. Above \n100 men were killed in Dublin, \nby the blowing up of a magazine of \n218 barrels of gunpowder, 1693. \nThe family seat of Borge, near \nFredericks tadt, in Norway, sunk \ninto an abyss 100 fathoms deep, \nwhich instantly became a lake; \n14 persons and 200 head of cattle \nwere drowned, 1702. A body of \nlight appeared in the north-east, \nwhich formed several columns or \npillars of light, and threw the peo- \nple into great consternation : it \nlasted from the evening of 6th \nMarch, till three o\'clock the next \nmorning, 1715. A fire happened \nin a barn at Burwell, Cambridge- \nshire, at a puppet-show, when 120 \npersons lost their lives, 1727. The \nheart of a man was found at Wa- \nverly, in Surrey, preserved 700 \nyears in spirits, 1731. 100 yards \nof the north end of the island of \nPortland sunk into the sea, which \ndid 4000^. damage to the pier, 20th \nDec, 1735. The pier, with part \nof the land (nearly half a mile \nsquare), washed into the sea, Feb., \n1792. The roof of the church, at \nFearn, in Scotland, fell in during \nthe service, and killed 60 persons, \n10th Oct., 1742. The Victory man \nof war, of 100 guns, lost, with Adm. \nBalchen, 1100 men, and about 50 \ngentlemen volunteers, Oct., 1744. \nA scaffold, built for spectators to \nsee Lord Lovat beheaded, fell \ndown ; several persons were killed, \nand a great number maimed, 1747. \nThe Bath stage waggon burnt- on \nSalisbury Plain, with its valuable \nlading, by the wheels taking fire, \n20th May, 1758. The floor of \nthe sessions-hall, at Poole, in \nMonmouthshire, fell when the \ncourt was sitting, and occasioned \n\n\n\nNTS. 151 \n\nthe death of several persons, 11th \nAug., 1758. The Prince George \nman of war burnt off Lisbon, when \n435 of her crew perished, 1758. \nThe York Indiaman lost in going \ninto Limerick, in Ireland, 14th \nNov., 1758. An Algerine xebec, \nof 22 guns, was lost in Mount\'s \nBay, Cornwall, Sept., 1760. The \nroof of the opera-house at Rome \nfell in, 18th Jan., 1762. Lady \nMolesworth and her three children \nburnt by accident, 1764. A flash \nof lightning penetrated the theatre, \nat Venice, during the representa- \ntion; 600 people were in the \nhouse, several of whom were \nkilled ; it put out the candles, \nmelted a lady\'s gold watch case, \nthe jewels in the ears of others, \nand split several diamonds, Aug., \n1769. At the fire- works exhi- \nbited at Paris, in honour of the \nDauphin\'s marriage (afterwards \nLouis XVI.), the passages were so \nstopped up, that the people, seized \nwith a panic, trampled upon one \nanother till they lay in heaps ; a \nscaffold erected over the river also \nbroke down, and hundreds were \ndrowned; nearly 1000 persons lost \ntheir lives, 31st March, 1770. The \nAurora frigate lost, and never \nheard of after, 1771. At Chester, \nan explosion of gunpowder de- \nstroyed many of the spectators of \na puppet-show, and greatly damaged \nseveral houses, 5th Nov., 1772. \nThe river Pever, in Gloucester- \nshire, suddenly altered its course, \nand 10 acres of land, with every \nthing upon its surface, were re- \nmoved with the current, 1773. \nAt Chamberry, in Sardinia, 18 \npersons, and several houses, were \ndestroyed by an explosion of gun- \npowder, 1773. At Abbeville, in \nFrance, an explosion of gunpowder \ndestroyed 150 of the inhabitants, \nand 100 houses; the loss sustained \nwas estimated at 472,917 livres, \nNov. , 1 7 7 3 . 66 Jews were killed \nby a floor giving way at the cele- \nbration of a wedding at Mantua, \n3rd June, 1776. . The London \n\n\n\n152 \n\n\n\nEVENTS. \n\n\n\nEast Indiaman mn down by the \nRussel man of war, and 110 per- \nsons perished, 28th Dec, 1778. \n400 of the inhabitants of Saragossa, \nin Spain, perished by a fire that \nburnt down the play-house, Dec., \n1778. The vault under the church \nat Bourbon-les-bains, in Bassigni, \nFrance, gave way during the cele- \nbration of mass, which occasioned \nthe death of six hundred persons, \n\n1778. The Boyne man of war, of \n98 guns, was destroyed by fire, at \nPortsmouth, and great mischief \nwas done by the explosion of the \nmagazine, 30th April, 1795. The \nbridge of Puerta de St. Maria, \nnear Cadiz, fell down while re- \nceiving the benediction, and killed \nseveral hundred persons that were \nupon and under it, 22nd Feb., \n\n1779. The Royal George, of 100 \nguns, overset at Portsmouth ; Ad- \nmiral Kempenfelt and the crew \nlost ; there were nearly 100 women \nand 200 Jews on board ; news \narrived at the Admiralty 30 Aug., \n1782. The Swan sloop of war \nlost off Waterford, 130 persons \nperished, Aug., 1782. In St. \nJoseph\'s parish, Barbadoes, a large \nplantation, with all the buildings, \nwas destroyed, by the land remov- \ning from its original site to another, \nand covering every thing in its way, \n16th Oct., 1784. At Winster, in \nDerbyshire, nearly sixty people \nwere met at a puppet-show, when \nthe upper floor of the house was \nblown up with gunpowder, and no \nhurt done to the people below, \n25th Jan., 1785. An unaccount- \nable but total darkness at Quebec, \n&c, in North America, on Sunday, \n16th Sept., 1785. The tower of \nthe church of East Grinstead, in \nSussex, fell down, 14th Nov., \n1785. The floor of the sessions- \nhouse at New Malton, Yorkshire, \ngave way, when 300 persons fell \n12 feet, but no lives were lost, 9 th \nDec, 1785. At Montpelier, in \nFrance, a booth wherein a play \nwas performing, fell, and killed \n500 persons, 31st July, 1786. \n\n\n\nThe playhouse at Bury, in Lanca- \nshire, containing upwards of 300 \npersons, fell down during the per- \nformance, and buried the audience \nunder its ruins ; five were killed, \nand many had their limbs broken, \n5th July, 1787. The ground at \nBrixton, in Norfolk, for a very \nconsiderable extent, sunk nearly 30 \nfeet, June, 1788. At Corfu, a \nmagazine was destroyed by a fire, \nwhen 72,0001bs. of powder, and \n600 bomb-shells blew up, and \nkilled 180 men, 11th March, \n1789. The Guardian frigate mira- \nculously preserved from shipwreck \non an island of ice, Dec, 1789. \nIn Crown-court, near Moorfields, \nMrs. Clitherow, with her family \nand lodgers, consisting of 1 1 per- \nsons, were blown up while making \nfireworks by candle-light, 3rd Nov., \n1791. At a theatrical entertain- \nment at Clermont Ferrard, in \nFrance, the floor of the apartment \ngave way, when 36 persons were \nkilled, and fifty-seven were much \nwounded, Dec, 1791. At Lublin, \nin Poland, two synagogues and a \ngreat number of houses were to- \ntally destroyed, all the windows in \nthe town broken, and above 90 \nkilled or dangerously wounded, by \nan explosion, occasioned by the \naxle-trees of ten carriages taking \nfire, that were conveying gunpow- \nder to the army, 28th June, 1792. \nThe lake of Harantoreen, in the \nCounty cf Kerry, Ireland, a mile \nin circuit, sunk into the ground, \n25th March, 1792. A piece of \nland in Finland, 4000 square ells \nin extent, sunk 15 fathoms, but \nmost of the inhabitants saved them- \nselves, Feb., 1 793. On 4th April, \n1793, a spot of ground at Caplow \nwood, in the parish of Fawnhope, \nnear Hereford, removed for the \nextent of four acres, filling up the \nadjoining road 12 feet high ; and a \nyew tree was removed 40 yards \nwithout receiving any injury, \nthough several large apertures were \nmade near it. At Bayonne, in \nFrance, the chapel of the new \n\n\n\nEVE \n\ncastle was blown up by gunpowder, \nand 100 persons lost their lives, \n10th July, 1793. The barracks \nat Youghal, in Ireland, were blown \nup by accident, in Sept., 1793. \nThe bog of Castleguard or Poule- \nnard, in the county of Louth, in \nIreland, moved in a body from its \noriginal situation to the distance \nof some miles, crossing the high \nroad towards Doon, covering every- \nthing in its way, at least 20 feet in \nmany parts, and throwing down \nseveral bridges, houses, &c, 20th \nDec, 1793. At the Little Theatre, \nin the Haymarket, London, 15 \npersons were trod to death, by \nendeavouring to get admission to \nsee the performance, 3rd Feb., \n1794 ; several others were greatly \nbruised, of whom some died. The \ntheatre at Capo dTstria, in Italy, \nfell, and crushed the performers \nand the audience to death, 6th \nFeb., 1794. At Grenelle, near \nParis, by an explosion, occasioned \nby the blowing up of powder-mills, \nnearly 3000 persons lost their \nlives, and all the adjacent build- \nings were nearly destroyed, 3rd \nSept., 1794. The arsenal at Ban- \ndau blown up, 20th Dec, 1794. \nThe arsenal at Corunna, in Spain, \nwas destroyed by fire, 60 persons \nkilled, and 50 wounded, 11th \nMarch, 1794. Woggis, near Lu- \ncerne, was swallowed up by an \ninternal current, 4th Aug., 1795. \nThe floor of a Methodist Meeting- \nhouse, at Leeds, gave way, when \n16 women, a man, and a child, \nwere killed, and nearly 80 persons \ndreadfully wounded, 29th May, \n1766. The theatre at Mentz was \ndestroyed by fire during the per- \nformance, on the falling in of \nwhich many were crushed to death, \nand above 70 were burnt, Aug., \n1796. The Amphion frigate was \nblown up at Plymouth, 22nd \nSept., 1796, and ail the crew \nperished. The Royal Charlotte, \nof 100 guns, was burnt by acci- \ndent near Leghorn, 16th March, \n1800; only 150 persons were \n\n\n\nNTS. 153 \n\nsaved. On the last day of the \nyear 1790, there was so thick a \nfog at Amsterdam, that the people \ncould not see their way along the \nstreets, but ran against each other, \neven though they had lights in \ntheir hands : about 250 perished \nby falling into the canals. The \nUnion Packet of Dover was lost \noff Calais, 28th Jan., 1792. A \nsimilar accident had not happened \nfor 105 years before. A new vol- \ncano appeared in one of the Azore \nislands, 1st May, 1808. Powder \nmills at Dartford blew up, when \n3 persons perished, and the effects \nwere felt at 30 miles\' distance, \n1827. Rev. Rob. Taylor con- \nvicted of blasphemy, and sentenced \nto one year\'s imprisonment, 24th \nOct., 1827. The tide rose three \ntimes within two hours upon the \nKentish coast, 31st Oct., 1827. \nBank notes, amount 20,000/., stolen \nfrom the Warwick mail opposite to \nFurnivai\'s Inn, Holborn, 21st Nov. \n1827. First stone of New Lon- \ndon Bridge on the city side laid by \nR. L. Jones, chairman of the Bridge \nCommittee, 28th Dec, 1827. \nCliff at Ringstead, opposite to \nWeymouth, commenced burning, \n1827. E. G. Wakefield convicted \nof unlawfully carrying off Miss \nTurner, 23 March, 1827. Thames \nTunnel gave way, when six men \nwere drowned, 12th Jan., 1828. \nBrunswick Theatre fell down dur- \ning rehearsal, many lives lost, 28th \nFeb., 1828. Mr. O\'Connell, a \nRoman Catholic, returned to par- \nliament for the county Clare, 5th \nJuly, 1828. Queen of Portugal \nvisits London, 6ch Oct., 1828. St. \nKatherine\'s Dock opened, 25th \nOct., 1828. Burke, the Scotch \nmurderer, who killed his victims \nby suffocation, executed, 28 June, \n1829. Farringdon Market opened, \n20th Nov., 1829. Manchester \nrailway opened, 15th Sept., 1830. \nSuspension bridge at Broughton, \nManchester, fell in while the 60th \nrifle brigade were passing over, 1st \nApril, 1831. Frolic steamer lost \nh3 \n\n\n\n154 EVE \n\n\n\nEXC \n\n\n\noff the coast of South Wales, Ap., \n1 83 1 . Exeter Hall, Strand, 29th \nMarch, 1831. Col. Brereton, who \ncommanded the troops during the \nBristol riots, shot himself rather \nthan submit to trial bv court-mar- \ntial, 13th Jan., 1832*. Dr. Bell, \nauthor of Madras system of educa- \ntion, died 28th Jan., 1832, leaving \n100,000/. for the promotion of \neducation. The Experiment, bound \nto Canada, wrecked off Calais, \nwhen 25 emigrants perished, 15th \nApril, 1832. Royal assent given \nto the Reform Bill, 7th June, 1832. \nHis Majesty assaulted at Ascot \nHeath races by Collins, a sailor, \n19th June, 1832. Nineteen boats \nwere upset, Avhen the crews all \nperished, off the Shetland Isles, in \na violent storm, 17th July, 1832. \nPinney, Mayor of Bristol, tried for \nneglect of duty during the Bristol \nriots, 26th Oct., 1832. The cita- \ndel of Antwerp bombarded and \ntaken by the French, 24th Oct., \n1832. \n\nEverdingen, Aldret Van, of Alkmaar, \n\na landscape painter, b. 1621, d. 1675. \nEverdingen, John Van, of Alkmaar, \n\npainter of still life, d. 1656. \nEverdvck, a Dutch painter of history, \n\nb. 1*610, d. 1652. \nEvremond, St.,b. 1613, d. 9th Sept., \n\n1703. \n\nEwelme, Oxfordshire, fifteen houses \nat, burnt down, 23rd May, 1755. \n\nEwelme Palace, Oxfordshire, built \n1424. \n\nExaltation of the cross, instit. 629. \nExchange, bills of \xe2\x80\x94 \nNo. at Is. duty, issued 1832, 54,938 \nat 5s. - - - 1 71,650 \nat 15s. - - - 12,652 \nat 30s. - - - 1,413 \nExchequer, court of, instituted on \nthe model of the transmarine \nexchequer in Normandy, 1079 ; \nexchequer stopped payment from \n2nd Dec, 1672, to May following ; \nexchequer bills invented 1695 : first \ncirculated by the Bank, 1705; \nEnglish and Irish exchequer con- \nsolidated, 1816. \nExchequer Office, robbed 1303. \n\n\n\nExchequer Chamber, court of, erected \nby Edward III., 1359; improved \nby Elizabeth, 1584. \n\nExcise Office, the first established in \nEngland, 1643; its officers de* \nprived of their votes for members \nof parliament, 1782. \n\nExcise Office, in Broad- street, Lon- \ndon, built 1774. \n\nExcise on beer, ale, &c, first imposed \nby act of parliament, 1643; bill \npassed, 25th Nov., 16:J0. \n\nExcise scheme introduced into the \nhouse of commons, and opposed by \nevery trading town in the kingdom, \n1733. For one week, in 1773, it \namounted to 28.000/. In 1744, \nit was 3,754,072/. In the same \nyear the malt distillery of London \nwas 459,000/. The revenue was \n3,847,000/. in 1746: 5,540,114/. \n6s. lOdin 1786 ;and 19,867,914/. \n10s. lOfrf. in 1808. \n\nExcise Duties. The average quantity \nof hops on which duty was paid in \nthe years ending 5th of January, \n183i, 1832, and 1833, was \n27,991,5021bs. ; and the quantity \non which duty was paid in the \nvear ending the 5 th of January, \n1834, was 32,747,310 lbs., mak- \ning an increase of 4,755,808 lbs. \nThe average quantity of malt on \nwhich duty was paid during the \nsame three years was 36,535,056 \nbushels; and the quantity on \nwhich duty was paid in the year \nending the 5th of January, ] 834, \nwas 40,005,348 bushels, making \nan increase of 3,470,292 bushels. \nThe average quantity of tea on \nwhich duty was paid in the same \nthree years, was 30,529,581 lbs. ; \nand the quantity on which duty \nwas paid in the vear ending the 5th \nJanuary, 1834, was 31,829,0751bs. \nmaking an increase of 1 ,22 ?,2421bs. \nThe average quantity of spirits on \nwhich duty was paid during the \nsame three years was 21,978,809 \ngallons ; and the quantity on which \nduty was paid in the year ending \nthe 5th of January, 1834, was \n21,840,719 gallons; so that the \ndecrease has been 138,090 gallons. \n\n\n\nEXC \n\n\n\nEZR \n\n\n\n155 \n\n\n\n\'\'Excise of the United Kingdom in | \n1820, 29,675,988, in 1830, \n19,990,092/. \n\nExcommunication from Rome for- \nbidden to be used in England, \nunder severe penalties, 1391. \n\nExeter Change, New, in the Strand, \nLondon, opened with much cere- \nmony, 29th March, 1831. \n\nExeter castle built, 680; cathedral \nbegan, 1064; completed, 1485; \nnew bridge began, 1770 ; county \ncourt house built, 1776 ; theatre \nbuilt, 1783. \n\nExeter College, Oxford, built 1316. \n\nExeter conduit, constructed 1486. \n\nExeter, Marquis of. Lord Montague, \nand Sir Nicholas Carew, beheaded \n31st Dec, 1558. \n\nEximeno, a Spanish painter of fruits, \nflowers, &c. b. 1674, d. 1754. \n\nExpenses during the wars in William \nIIL\'s reign, 30,446,382/. ; during \nQueen Anne\'s reign, 43,360,008/. ; \nduring George the First\'s reign, \n6,048,267/.; War began 1739, \n46,418,689/. ; War began 1756, \n1 1 1 ,271,996/. ; the American war, \n139,171,876/.; Spanish and Rus- \nsian armaments,2,800,000/.; Debts \ncontracted from 1792 to the con- \nclusion of the war with France, \n374,789,425/. \n\nExplanation, Irish-a&t of, passed 1665. \n\nExportation of Corn permitted by \nlaw, 1663; bounty granted on, \n1689. \n\nExports The following official list \n\nshows the real value of the exports \nfor one year of British produce and \nmanufactures : \xe2\x80\x94 I. Class. Manu- \nfactures. \xe2\x80\x94 1. Cotton manufactures, \n23,587,300/. 2. Woollen manu- \nfactures, 5,500,921/. 3. Linen \nmanufactures, 2,303,442/. 4. Silk \nmanufactures,136,402/.\xe2\x80\x94 ILClass. \n\nProduce of Mechanic Industry \n\n1 . Hardware and cutlery exported, \n455,494/. 2. Brass and copper \ngoods, 672,495/. 3. Iron and \nsteel, wrought and unwrought, \n\n\n\n1 ,059,123/. 4. Plated ware, jew- \nellery, and watches, 200,000/. \n5. Tin ore, and pewter and tin \nwares, 283,391/. 6. Hats of all \nsorts, 204,000/. 7. Leather and \nSaddler?, 213,000/. 8. Salt, \n207,000/. \n\nExports, declared value of, from the \nUnited Kingdom to all parts of the \nw ld:\xe2\x80\x94 in 1830, 38,251,502/.; \nin 1831, 37,163,684/. Value of, \nto Europe, in 1830, 22,291,278/. ; \nto Africa. America, West Indies, \n16,612,525/. ; to the East Indies, \nChina, &c. 17,170,307/. \n\nEyck, Hub. Van, founder of the \nFlemish school of painting, b. \n1366, d. 1426. \n\nEyck, John Van, the supposed in- \nventor of oil painting, b. at Maasevk, \n1370, d. 1441. \n\nEyck, Gaspar Van, of Antwerp, a \npainter of marine views, b. 1625. \n\nEvckens, John, a Flemish painter, \n"b. 1625, d. 1669. \n\nEyckens, Francis, a Flemish painter, \nb. 1627, d. 1673. \n\nEyckens, the Old, a Dutch painter of \nlandscape and architccture,b.l599, \nd. 1649. \n\nEve, roval infirmary for the, insti- \n\ntuted*1804. \nEye, London infirmary for the, insti- \ntuted 1804. \nEynhouedts, Rombout, a Dutch por- \ntrait painter and engraver, b. 1605. \nEvnsham Abbey, Oxfordshire, built \n\'1005. \n\nEyre, justices in ; the office instituted \nby Henry II. 1184; the last in- \nstance of their holding a court in \nany of the forests, is believed to \nhave been during the reign of \nCharles II. \n\nEzerghan, on the confines of Armenia, \ndestroyed by an earthquake, when \n6300 inhabitants perished, 28th \nJuly, 1784. \n\nEzra, flourished B.C. 447. See Old \nTestament, Events of. \n\n\n\n156 FAB \n\n\n\nFAM \n\n\n\nI^ABER, a Dutcli portrait painter, \n\nd. in England, 1721. \nFabius, Maximus, the opponent of \n\nHannibal, died B.C. 203. \nFabriaco, an Italian painter r b. 1392, \n\nd. 1480. \n\nFabriano, Gentile da, of V T erona, a \n\npainter of history and portraits, b. \n\n1360, d. 1440. \nFabricius, Charles, of Delft, a portrait \n\npainter, b. 1624, killed by the \n\nblowing up of a magazine, 1654. \nFabricius, Cams, d. about 250 B.C. \nFabrizzi, Antonio Maria, an Italian \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1594, d. 1649. \nFabroni, Angiolo, Italian biographer, \n\nb. 1732, d. 22nd Sept., 1803. \nFachetti, Pietro, a portrait painter of \n\nMantua, b. 1535, d. 1613. \nFacini Pietro, a Bolognese historical \n\npainter, pupil of Caracci, b. 1560, \n\nd. 1602. \n\nFaenza earthenware, invented, 1289. \n\nFage, Raimond de la, of Languedoc, \ndrew with the pen in an admirable \nstyle, b. 1648, d. 1690. \n\nFahrenheit, G. D.,b. 1686, d. 1736. \n\nFairs and markets first instituted in \nEngland, by Alfred, 886. The \nfirst fairs originated in wakes, when \nthe number of people assembled \nbrought together a variety of traders \nannually on these days. From \nthese holidays they were called \nFerise or Fairs. \n\nFairbrother, Mr., died at Wigan, in \nLancashire, aged 138, May, 1770. \n\nFairclough, Daniel, b. 1582,\' d.1645. \n\nFairfax, Edward, poet, lived in the \nreign of James I,, d. about 1632. \n\nFairfax, Sir John, general of the par- \nliamentary army, b. 1611, d. 1671. \n\nFaistenberger, Anthony, of Inspruck, \nlandscape painter, b. 1678,d.l722. \n\nFaithorn, William, an English en- \ngraver, d.T691. \n\nFakenham, in Norfolk, much injured \nby a fire, 4th Aug., 1738. \n\nFalcieri, an Italian historic painter, \nb. 1628, d. 1703. \n\nFalco, Juan Conchillos, a Spanish \npainter of history, b. 1651, d. 1711. \n\n\n\nFalconer, W., poet, b. 1730,d. 1769. \n\nFalcone, of Naples, a painter of bat- \ntles, b. 1600, d. 1680. \n\nFalconetto, an Italian painter and \narchitect, b. 1461, d. 1534. \n\nFaldoni, an Italian painter and en- \ngraver, b. 1690. \n\nFalens, a Flemish painter in the \nmanner of Wouvermans, b. 1684, \nd. 1733. \n\nFalkland Isles, discovered 1592. \n\nFalkland, Lucius Lord, b. 1610; \nkilled at the battle of Newbury, \nSept., 1643. \n\nFallopius, Gabriel, the anatomist, b. \nat Modena, 1490, d. 1563. \n\nFalmouth, 22 houses and the theatre \nat, destroyed by fire, 21st Aug., \n1792. \n\nFamine, which lasted seven years, \n1708 B.C. ; at Rome, when many \npersons threw themselves into the \nTiber, 440 B.C. ; in Britain, so \nthat the inhabitants ate the bark of \ntrees, 272 A.C. ; one in Scotland, \nwhere thousands were starved, \n306 ; in England and Wales, where \n40,000 were starved, 319 ; all over \nBritain, 325 ; at Constantinople, \n446 ; in Italy, where parents ate \ntheir children, 450 ; in Scotland, \n576 ; all over England, Wales, \nand Scotland, 739 ; another in \nWales. 747 ; in Wales and Scot- \nland, 792 ; again in Scotland, 803; \nagain in Scotland, when thousands \nwere starved, 823 ; a severe one \nin Wales, 836 ; in Scotland, which \nlasted four years, 954 ; famines in \nEngland, 864, 974, 976, 1005; \nScotland, which lasted two years, \n1047; in England, 1050, 1087; \nin England and France, from 1193 \nto 1195; in England, 1261,1315, \n1318, 1335, 1348; in England \nand France, called the dear sum- \nmer, 1358 ; in England, 1389 and \n1438, so great that bread was \nmade of fern roots; in 1565 two \nmillions were expended on the \nimportation of corn ; one in 1748; \nanother in 1798 ; in the province \n\n\n\nFAN \n\n\n\nPER \n\n\n\n157 \n\n\n\nof Vellore, in 1 81 0, by which 6000 \npeople perislied ; in the diocese of \nDrontheim in Norway, in conse- \nquence of the intercepting of sup- \nplies bv Sweden, 5000 persons, \n1813. \n\nFancourt, Samuel, the first promoter \nof circulating- libraries, h. 1678, d. \n1768. \n\nFanone, a Neapolitan painter, b. 1318, \nd. 1387. \n\nFans, muffs, masks, and false hair, \nfirst devised in Italy, and brought \ninto England from France, 1572. \n\nFanshawe, Sir Richard, b. 1607, d. \n1666. \n\nFanzone, an historic painter, b. at \nFaenza, 1562, d. 1645. \n\nFarelli, a Neapolitan painter of his- \ntory, b. 1624, d. 1706. \n\nFarinato, Paolo degli Uberti, an Italian \nhistoric painter, b. 1522, d. 1606. \n\nFarinelli, B. C, an Italian singer, b. \n1705, d. 1782. \n\nFarino-ton, George, a British painter \nof history, b. 1754, d. 1788. \n\nFarley Castle, Somersetsh., bit. 1342. \n\nFarmer, Hugh, theologian, d. 1787, \naged 73. \n\nFanner, Richard, b. 1735, d. 1797. \nFarms, several in Suffolk destroyed \n\nbv fire, supposed wilfully kindled, \n\nMay, 1816. \nFarnaby, Thomas, b. 1647, d. 1757. \nFamham Castle, Surrey, bit. 1138. \nFarquhar, George, dramatic writer, b. \n\n1678, d. 1707. \nFarthings coined in silver bv Henry \n\nVin. 1522; in copper by Chas. II. \nFassolo, Bernardino, of Pavia, an his- \ntoric painter, fi. 1520. \nFasts established, 138. \nFator, a Spanish monk, poet, and \n\npainter, b. 1522, d. 1583- \nFattone, II. See Penni. \nFaucus, Georo-e, a French landscape \n\npainter, b. 1647, d. 1708. \nFaulkener, George, of Dublin, printer, \n\nd. 1753. \n\nFauntleroy, Henry, a London banker, \nhanged for forgery, 30 Nov., 1824. \n\nFaust, or John Faustus, claimant of \nthe invention of printing, d. 1466. \n\nFaux, Guv, executed in Parliament- \nyard, 31st Jan., 1606. \n\n\n\n1 Fava, H Conte Pietro, a Bolognese \n\nnobleman and historic painter, b. \n\n1669, d. 1744. \nFawkes, Francis, an English poet, b. \n\nabout 1721, d. 1777. \nFeddes, a Dutch painter of history \n\nand portraits, b. 1588, d. 1634. \nFehling, Hen. C, a German historic \n\npainter, b. 1653, d. 1725. \nFei, a Florentine painter of history \n\nand architecture, b. 1 538. \nFemale servants taxed, 1785; tax \n\ndiscontinued, 1792. \nFencing schools prohibited in London, \n\nas introductory to duels, 1286. \nFenelon, archbishop of Cambrav, b. \n\n1651, d. 1716. \nFenn, Sir John, d. 14th Feb., 1794, \n\naged 55. \n\nFenton, Elijah, b. 1683, d. 12th \nJuly, 1730. \n\nFenton, Sir Geoffry, d. 1608. \n\nFenwick, Sir John, beheaded on \nTower-hill, 28th Jan., 1697. \n\nFeodal or feudal laws, the tenure of \nland by suit and service to the lord \nor owner of it, introduced into \nEngland by the Saxons about 600. \nThe slavery of this tenure increased \nunder William I. 1070. This was \ndividing the kingdom into baronies, \ngiving them to certain persons, and \nrequiring those persons to furnish \nthe king with money, and a stated \nnumber of soldiers. It was dis- \ncountenanced in France by Louis \nXL, about 1470 ; restored and \nlimited by Henry VII., 1495; \nabolished bv statute, 12th Charles \nII., 1662. \n\nFerdinand VII., king of Spain, b. \n1784, d. 29th Sept., 1833. \n\nFerdinando, Man. de Paleotti, brother \nto the duchess of Shrewsbury, \nhanged for murder, at Tyburn, \n28th Feb., 1717-18. \n\nFeret, a French landscape painter, b. \n1674, d. 1737. \n\nFerg, or Fergue, Paul Francis, of \nVienna, an eminent landscape \npainter, b. 1639, d. of want, 1740. \n\nFerguson, Robert, poet, b. 1750, d. \n17-74. \n\nFerguson, William, a Scotch painter \nof still life, d. 1690. \n\n\n\n158 \n\n\n\nPER \n\n\n\nFIL \n\n\n\nFerguson, James, a British astrono- \nmer, mechanist and portrait painter, \nb. 1710, A. 1776. \n\nFerguson, Adam, professor of moral \nphilosophy in the University of \nEdinburgh, b. 1724, d. 22nd Feb., \n1816. \n\nFernandez, Luis, a Spanish painter of \nhistory, b. 1594, d. 1654. \n\nFernandez, Francesco, a Spanish his- \ntoric painter, b. 1604, killed in a \nquarrel, 1646. \n\nFernandez, Antonio de Arias, a \n\n. Spanish painter of history, b. 1604, \nd. 1684. \n\nFerrada, a Spanish historical painter, \nb. 1620, d. 1678. \n\nFerrajuoli, a Neapolitan historic \npainter, b. 1661. \n\nFerrar, bishop of St. David\'s, burnt at \nCaermarthen, 1555. \n\nFerrari, Gaudenzio, an Italian painter, \nb. 1484, d. 1550. \n\nFerrari, Giov. And., a Genoese land- \nscape painter, b. 1599, d. 1669. \n\nFerrari, Luca de, of Reggio, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1605, d. 1654. \n\nFerrari, Gregorio de, a Genoese his- \ntorical painter, b. 1644, d. 1726. \n\nFerrari, Abate Lorenzo, a Genoese \npainter of history, b. 1632, d. 1744. \n\nFerrari, Orazio, of Voltri, a historic \npainter, b. 1606, d. of plague, 1657. \n\nFerrari, Leonardo, painter of Bologna, \nb. 1620. \n\nFerrars, George, English poet and \nhistorian, b. 1512, d. 1579. \n\nFerrati. See Salvi. \n\nFerrers, Lawrence, Earl of, com- \nmitted to the Tower for murdering \nhis steward, 13th Feb., 1759-60 ; \ntried and condemned, 18th April, \nhanged at Tyburn, 5th May, 1760. \n\nFerretti, a Florentine historic painter, \nb. 1692. \n\nFerri, Ciro, an eminent painter, b. at \nRome, 1634, d. 1689. \n\nFerriars, Dr., critic and medical \nwriter, b. 1764, d. 181 5. \n\nFerry boat upset in attempting to \ncross the Menai Strait, between \nAnglesea and Caernarvon, when \n50 persons perished, 4th Dec, 1785. \n\nFestivals of Christinas, Easter, As- \ncension, and the Pentecost or Whit- \n\n\n\nsuntide, first ordered to be kept by \nall Christians, 68. Rogation days \nappointed, 469. Jubilees in the \nRomish church instituted by Pope \nBoniface VIII. 1300. At first \nthey were observed every hundred \nyears ; but future popes reduced \nthem to fifty, and then to every \nperiod of twenty-five years. \nFestival of the Jews, the principal, \nbeing the feast of the Tabernacles, \nis celebrated by them to this day : \nit was instituted by Moses in the \nwilderness, 1490 B. C, but was \ncelebrated with the greatest mag- \nnificence for fourteen days, upon \nthe dedication of the temple of \nSolomon, 1005 B.C. They carried \nboughs loaded with fruit in pro- \ncession. \n\nFeti, Domenico, of Rome, an historic \npainter, b. 1589, d. 1624. \n\nFeversham Abbey, Kent, built 1147. \n\nFevre, Roland le, of Anjou, a portrait \npainter, b. 1608, d. 1677. \n\nFevre, Claude le, of Fontainbleau, a \npainter of flowers, b. 1 633, d. 1675. \n\nFialetti, Odoardo, a Bolognese pain- \nter of history and portrait, b. 1573, \nd. 1638. \n\nFiammin.o o, a Flemish historical pain- \nter, b. 1523, d. 1601. \n\nFiaselli, Domenico, called also Sar- \nzana, a portrait painter, b. 1589, \nd. 1669. \n\nFicherelli, Felice, a Florentine painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1605, d. \n1660. \n\nFiddes, Rev. Dr. Richard, b. 1671, \nd. 1725. \n\nField, Richard, theological writer, b. \n\n1561, d. 1616. \nFielding, Henry, English novelist, b. \n\n1707, d. 1754, aged 47. . \nFielding, Sir John, d. 6th Sept., 1780. \nFielding, Sarah, b. 1714, d. 1768. \nFiery Ordeal enforced, 1042. \nFigino, Ambrogio, a Milanese portrait \n\npainter, d. 1590. \nFigures, arithmetical, introduced into \n\nEurope from Arabia, 991 ; into \n\nEngland 1253. \nFilicaja, Vincent, an Italian poet, b. \n\n1542, d. 1707. \nFilicus, John, a Dutch painter of por- \n\n\n\nFIRES. \n\n\n\n159 \n\n\n\ntraits, conversations, &c. b. 1660, I \nd. 1719. \n\nFilippi, Camillo, of Ferrara, a painter \nof history, cL 1574. \n\nFilippi, Sebastiano, a celebrated his- \ntorical painter, b. at Ferrara, 1532, \nd. 1602. \n\nFilrner. Sir Robert, d. in 1647. \n\nFilocamo, Antonio and Paolo, two \nartists of Messina, pupils of Carlo \nMaratti, d. of plague, 17-48. \n\nFinet, Sir John, English wit, b. 1571, \nd. 1641. \n\nFingal, the Caledonian, d. 283. \n\nFinnev, a British enamel painter, d. \n1807. \n\nFinoglia, a Neapolitan historical pain- | \nter, d. 1656. \n\nFinsbury District, London, erected \ninto a borough, 1832. \n\nFiore, a Neapolitan painter of history, \nb. 1352, d. 1444. \n\nFiori, Caesar, a Milanese portrait pain- i \nter, b. 1636, d. 1702. \n\nFiori, Mario di, a Neapolitan painter \nof flowers, b. 1603, d. 1673. \n\nFiorini, Giov. Bat., a Bolognese pain- \nter of historic subjects, fl. 1590. \n\nFires in London, one -which destroyed ! \ngreat part of that city, 982 ; aaain \nin 1077, 1087, 1092, 1132; and \nin 1136 London bridge, being of \ntimber, was burnt. On London- \nbridge, which destroyed nearly \n3000 persons, 10th July, 1212. \nOne at Leadenhall, 1484. YVest- \nminster palace was burnt, 1540. \nThe remarkable fire that burnt ! \ndown 13,000 houses, the city gates, ; \nGuildhall,&c. 86 churches, amongst \nwhich was St. Paul\'s cathedral, and \n400 streets ; the ruins of this city \nwere 436 acres, extending from \nthe TWer to the Temple church, i \nand from the north-east gate to \nHolborn bridge and Fleet-ditch ; it \nbroke out near the Monument, 2nd \nSept., 1666, and burnt four days \nand nights. Drury-lane playhouse \nand near 60 houses were burnt, \nJan. 1671-2. A fire at St. Catha- \nrine\'s, which destroyed about \n700 houses. In Southwark, 600 \nhouses, 1676. In the Temple, \n26th Jan., 1679. Gray\'s inn, 7th \nFeb., 1680. Whitehall palace \n\n\n\nburnt in part, April, 1690 ; totally \nconsumed. 5th Jan. 1693. Thames- \nstreet, 120 houses burnt and above \n50 persons perished, 13th Jan., \n1715. 150 houses were burnt \ndown in Nightingale-lane, Wap- \nping, 4th Dec, 1716. Custom- \nhouse burnt, 1718. Billin^soate, \n1718. Shad well had 50 houses \nburnt, 10th Sept., 1736. Battle- \nbridsre, 12th Ausj., 1749. Cornhill, \n25 Mar., 1748, 10 Nov., 1759, and \n7 Nov., 1765. Inner Temple, 4th \nJan., 1736-7. Cotton- wharf burnt, \nat 40,000/. damage, 12th Aug., \n1751. Lincoln\' s-inn-square, 27th \nJune, 1752. Billingsgate, 13th \nJan., 1754. The Hermitage brew- \nhouse, 20,000/. damage, 1st May, \n\n1755. Staple-inn, where four \npersons were burnt, 27th Nov., \n\n1756. London temporary bridge, \n11th April, 1759. In Duke-st., \nLincoln\'s-inn, which burnt the \nSardinian ambassador\'s chapel,30th \nNov., 1759. In King-street, Co- \nvent-garden, 50 houses burnt, \n70,000/. damage, 23rd Dec, 1759. \nFishmongers\' Hall, and several \nhouses in Thames-street, 10th Feb., \n1761. East Smithfield had 23 \nhouses burnt, 11th April, 1761. \n14 houses in Swallow-street, 24th \nApril, 1761 ; 30 houses burnt at \nShadwell, besides barges, 2nd May, \n1761. Vault under St. James\'s \nchurch, Piccadilly, burnt, 15th \nJan., 1763. At Rotherhithe, 1st \nJune, 1765. London-house, in \nAldersgate -street, 1768. Throg- \nmorton-street, 9th May, 1772. \nChandos-street, Covent-o-arden, \n10th May, 1772. Cornhill, 6th \nJune, 1773. In the Tower, 31st \nJan., 1774. In King-street, Co- \nvent-garden, 4th May, 1774. 20 \nhouses were burnt at the Dock, \n"Wapping, 28th Sept., 1775. At \nSidney House, in the Old Bailey, \n1st Aug., 1775. In Russel-street, \nCovent-gardeu, 29th Sept., 1775. \nAt the Savoy, 2nd March, 1776. \nIn Pope\'s-head Alley, Cornhill, \n1st Dec, 1746. Greenwich Hos- \npital, 2nd Jan., 1779. At Her- \nmitage-stairs, which destroyed 31 \n\n\n\n160 \n\n\n\nFIRES. \n\n\n\nhouses, besides other buildings, \n16th March, 1779. At Horsley- \ndown, 30th April, 1780, of near \n30 houses, besides warehouses and \nshipping. London-bridge water- \nworks, 31st Oct., 1779. In the \nStrand, near the New Church, \n1781. Gun dock, Wapping, where \n14 houses were burnt, 23rd Sept., \n\n1783. At Mr. Seddon\'s, in Al- \ndersgate-street and Bartholomew- \nclose, which destroyed 100.000/. \nworth of goods, 5th Nov, 1783. \nOpposite Exeter Change, in July, \n\n1784. In Abchurch-lane, 27th \nJuly, 1784. Spring-garden gate, \n2nd April, 1785. Compton-street, \n16houses, 12th June, 1785. Dock- \nhead, which destroyed several ware- \nhouses, the loss very considerable, \n2nd May, 1785. In Holborn, \n13th June, 1785. James-street, \nHavmarket, 1786. Vine-street, \nPiccadilly, 2nd Oct., 1 786. The \ncorner of Bow-street, Covent gar- \nden, 10th Jan., 1788. The Opera- \nhouse, in the Haymarket, 17th \nJune, 1789. In Hanway-yard, \nOxford-street, 12th March," 1790. \nAt the foot of Westminster-bridge, \n20 persons killed or maimed, 18th \nFeb., 1 79\\). In Aldersgate-street, \n16th May, 1790. Fleet-street, 4th \nOct , 1790. Rotherhithe, when \n20 houses were destroyed, 12th \nOct., 1790. Near the Hermitage, \nwith 30,000/. damage, 1st April, \n\n1790. The Albion-mills destroyed, \n2nd March. 1 791. From Cherry- \ngarden-stairs to West-lane, Rother- \nhithe, destroyed, and several ves- \nsels, with 60 houses, 14th Sept., \n\n1791. At a sugar-house, Well- \nclose-square, &c. where 30,000/!. \ndamage was done, 12th Dec. ,1791. \nThe Duke of Richmond\'s house, \n&c. in Privy-gardens, burnt 21st \nDec, 1791. The Pantheon, in \nOxford-street, burnt 14th Jan., \n\n1792. Near Finsbury-square, \nMoorfields, at a timber-yard, with \na loss of \'10,000/., 28th July, \n1792. At HawleyVwharf, Her- \nmitage-wharf, which did 10,000/. \ndamage, by destruction of sugar, \n2nd Dec, 1 793. In Duck-lane, \n\n\n\nnear Wardour-street, 13 houses \nwere burnt down, 13th Dec, 1793. \nAt Limehouse-hole, where many \nhouses were burnt, 18th June, \n\n1794. At Wapping, where up- \nwards of 630 houses were destroyed, \ntogether with an East India ware- \nhouse, in which 35,000 bags of \nsaltpetre were destroyed, 22nd and \n23rd July, 1794; the whole loss \nwas estimated at above 1,000,000/. \nsterling : there was 40,000/. worth \nof sugar in one sugar-house; the \nwhole is said to be the most dread- \nful accident of the kind since the \nfire of London in 1666. At Ast- \nley\'s theatre, near Westminster- \nbridge, which destroyed to the \nvalue of near 30,000/., together \nwith 19 other houses, 17th Aug., \n\n1 795. The elegant church of St. \nPaul\'s, Covent-garden, was burnt \ndown by the carelessness of work- \nmen employed in its repair, 17th \nSept., 1795. At Shadwell 20 \nhouses were burnt. 1 st Nov., 1796. \nIn the Minories, where 30 houses \ndestroyed, 23rd March, 1797. The \nwater-works at Shadwell, which \nconveyed water from the Tower to \nLimehouse, and raised 903 gallons \nin a minute, were burnt down in \none hour and a half, on 12th Dec, \n1797. The King\'s Bench prison \nhad 50 apartments destroyed by an \naccidental fire, 14th July, 1799. \nNear the Custom-house, three large \nwarehouses of West India goods, \nvalued at 30,000/-, destroyed, 11th \nFeb., 1800. At Wapping, where \n30 houses, besides warehouses, \nvalue 80,000/., were burnt, and \nmany lives lost, 6th Oct., 1800 ; \nit extended from Mew-stairs to \nExecution-dock. In Store-street, \nTottenham-court-road, 40,000/. was \ndestroyed by fire at a brewery, \n27th Sept., 1*802. At the printing- \noffice of Mr. S. Hamilton, in Fal- \ncon-court, Fleet-street, where pro- \nperty to the amount of 80,000/. was \nburnt, 2nd Feb., 1803. The great \ntower over the choir of Westmin- \nster Abbey destroyed, 9th July, \n1803. At an inn in Chelmsford, \nin which 120 Hanoverian troops \n\n\n\nFIRES. \n\n\n\n161 \n\n\n\nhad been lodged a few hours before, \n12 of whom were burnt, 22nd Oct., \n1804. Eight persons burnt in \nAdam-street, Edge ware-road, 27th \nJan., 1805. Co vent-garden theatre \ntotally destroyed by fire, 20th \nSept., 1808. Part of St. James\'s \nPalace burnt down, 21st Jan., \n\n1809. Drury-lane theatre, 24th \nFeb., 1809. Mr. Smeetons print- \ning-office, St. Martin\'s-lane, him- \nself and wife destroyed in the \nflames, 27th May, 1809. In Con- \nduit-street, atwhich Mr. Windham, \nin exerting himself to save Mr. \nNorth\'s library and manuscripts, \nreceived a blow in the thigh which \nproved the cause of his death, 8th \nJuly, 1809. At the wharf of \nMessrs. Pococke and Buckley, \nWhitefriars-dock, by which timber \nto the amount of 30,000^. and nine \nvaluable horses were destroyed, 1 st \nJan., 181 0. At Reeve\'s floor-cloth \nmanufactory,Little Tichfield-street, \nby which seven houses and Mr, \nHuntington\'s chapel were des- \ntroyed, 13th July, 1810. At the \nhouse of Mr. Paris, printer, in \nTooke\'s-court, by which three \nhouses were destroyed, and one \nwoman burnt to death, 20th July, \n\n1810. At Gillet\'s printing-office \nin Salisbury-square, 29th July, \n1810, after a former calamity of \nthe same kind in 1805. At the \nMexican coffee-house, Lisle-street, \nMr. Simeon, the proprietor, and \nhis wife, destroyed in the flames, \n8th Dec, 1810. Goullee\'s pork- \nshop, corner of Half-moon-street, \nBishopsgate-street, in which Mr. \nGoullee, his wife, three children, \nnurse, maid-servant, and shop-boy \nperished, 22nd April, 1811. In \nBury -street, St. Mary Axe, by \nwhich nearly half the street was \ndestroyed, 18th June, 1811. At \nMr. Holland\'s, tallow-chandler, \nSouth- Audley-street, by which that \nand several other houses were de- \nstroyed, 25th Aug., 1812. At Mr. \nMerleXpicture-frarne-maker.Lead- \nenhall-street, by which every house \nto Billiter-lane was consumed and \nthree others, 17th Oct., 1812. At \n\n\n\nthe Commercial Hall, Skinner- \nstreet, which was entirely consumed, \n4 th April, 1813. At a fishmonger\'s \nnear Vauxhall turnpike, by which \nthe Oak tavern and Vauxhall cha- \npel were destroyed, 12th Aug., \n1813. At the premises of Messrs. \nJones and Co., timber-merchants, \nKing-street, Southwark, by which \n15 otherhousesweredestroyed,Dec. \n\n1813. In Denmark-street, by \nwhich five houses were destroyed, \nand one woman lost her life, 18th \nJan., 1814. At the Custom-house, \nThames-street, by which the whole \nrange of buildings and many other \nhouses were destroyed, 12th Feb., \n\n1814. At the mustard-mills of \nMessrs. Lingard and Jones, South- \nwark, by which great devastation \nwas made, several adjoining ware- \nhouses being destroyed, and a great \nextent of stabling belonging to \nTheel and Steel, 28th Aug., 1814. \nIn High-street, Shadwell, by which \n20 dwellings were consumed, 10th \nOct., 1814. In Narrow-street, \nLimehouse, by which 16 dwelling- \nhouses and several warehouses were \nburnt down, 11th Nov., 1814. At \nMr. Bigg\'s, St. Paul\'s Church-yard, \nby which the house and two of his \nchildren were consumed, 19th Jan., \n\n1815. Works belonging to the \nGas Company in Dorset-street de- \nstroyed, 24th May, 1815. In Lead- \nenhall-street, opposite the India \nHouse, by which two houses were \nburnt down, 4th June, 1815. In \nthe range of buildings between the \nCrescent and America- square, by \nwhich nearly 20 houses were de- \nstroyed, 14th July, 1815. At the \nMint, by which the eastern and \nsouthern wings of the building were \nunroofed, and the interior, contain- \ning the machinery, destroyed, 2 1st \nOct., 1815. In W ardour-street, \nat the house of Mr. Seymour, three \nof whose daughters, the eldest only \neight years of age, perished in the \nflames, 31st Oct., 1815. At Grove \nPlace, Kentish Town, by which the \nhouse of Mr. Slack was destroyed, \nand himself fell a victim to the \nflames, 23rd Nov., 1815. In Red \n\n\n\n162 \n\n\n\nFIRES. \n\n\n\nLion-street, Holborn, by which the \nhouse of a goldbeater was destroyed, \nand a child perished in the flames, \n24th Nov., 1815. At an umbrella \nmaker\'s, High Holbom, between \nFeatherstone-buildings and Brown- \nlow-street, by winch six houses \nwere entirely burnt to the ground, \n28th Nov., 1815. In Crown-street, \nFinsbury-square, by which the \nhouse and warehouse of Mr. Mit- \nchel were destroyed, 31st Dec, \n\n1815. In Berkeley-square, at the \nhouse of Mr. Charles Boon, which, \nwith its furniture and library, were \ndestroyed, llth Feb., 1816. At \nthe Stock Exchange Coffee-house, \nwhich was entirely destroyed, as \nwere several adjoining counting- \nhouses, 23rd April, 1816. At the \nPlough Inn, Clapham, which was \nentirely destroyed, 29th May,1816. \nExtensive premises of Mr. Irvine, \nNo. 49 and 50, St. Mary-le-bone- \nstreet, entirely destroyed, with \nmany new T and unfinished carriages, \n1st June, 1816. At the house of \nMr. Dunkin, tallow-chandler, Al- \ndersgate-street, which was des- \ntroyed, with the upper part of the \nadjoining house of Cockerton and \nSon, oilmen, 26th June, 1816; \nthese houses had just been rebuilt \nin consequence of a similar confla- \ngration in the preceding year. At \nMr. Norris\'s carpet warehouse, \nwhich was under repair in conse- \nquence of having been burnt down \nten months before, 20th Sept., \n\n1816. At the shop of Mr. Fal- \nconer, carpenter, Turk\'s-head-yard, \nOxford-market, by wdiich that and \nfive others were greatly damaged, \n2nd Oct., 1816. At the ware- \nhouse of Mr. Henderson, by which \nseveral houses were burnt down, \nothers damaged, and property to \nthe amount of 40,000^. destroyed, \n23rd Oct., 1816. Near Wapping \nDocks, by which the warehouses of \nMessrs. Viner and Co. and several \nadjoining ones were burnt down, \n16th Dec, 1816. At Poplar, at \nthe house of Mrs. Cock, by which \nthat and nine other houses were \ndestroyed ; Mrs. Cock, at the age \n\n\n\nof 80 vears\', perished in the flames, \n50th Dec, 1816. The house of \nMr. Driskall, Mount-place, Honi- \nerton-road, burnt to the ground, \nthe damage estimated at 5000/., \n6th April, 1817. The house of \nMr. Bainbiidge, carver and gilder, \nHigh Holboi\'u, totally destroyed by \nfire, 7th April, 1 81 7. The exten- \nsive premises in Fleet-street, lately \nbelonging to Mr. Mist, destroyed \nby fire, 23rd May, 1817. House \nof Mr. Black, oilman, facing Ber- \nmondsey church, destroyed by fire, \nand Mr. Black, his wife, and eldest \nchild, found suffocated in the ad- \njoining house, 28th June, 1817. \nAt Mr. Wheater\'s, grocer, No. 460, \nStrand, by which ten houses were \ndestroyed, and three persons pe- \nrished in the flames, 1st March, \n1818. At Mr. Clarke\'s, oilman, \nSomers\' Town ; and at Mr. Higgs\', \nhat manufacturer, Webber-row, \nBlackfriars\'-road, in the latter of \nwhich two children Mere burned, \n14th April, 1818. At Messrs. \nSpencer\'s, Newton-street, High \nHolborn, which burned five houses, \nand \'damaged several others, July, \n1818. In Ratcliff Highway, which \nconsumed fifteen houses, Aug., \n\n1818. In Nelson -street, Y\\ T hite- \nchapel, at the sugar-house of Mess. \nCraven and Shu Its, which did dam- \nage to the amount of 15,000/., \nAug., 1819. At the house of Mr. \nWorms, Whitechapel, in which \nthree children were destroyed, Nov. \n\n1819. The sugar-refinery of Messrs. \nSevern, King, and Co., was burned \ndown ; the loss was estimated at \n80,000/., Nov., 1819. At the \nhouse of Mr. Kerr, boot-maker, \ncomer of Norfolk-street, Strand, \nw-hich destroyed two houses and \ndamaged several others, 17th Jan., \n\n1820. In Thames-street, in the \npremises of Messrs. Thomas and \nCo., porter merchants ; damage \nwas done to the amount of 20,000/. \nFeb., 1820. At Mr. Westlake\'s, \nship -builder, Roth erhi the, which \nconsumed seven houses, a brig, \nseveral warehouses, and property \nworth 50,000/., March, 1820. In \n\n\n\nFIRES. \n\n\n\n163 \n\n\n\nDrury-lanc, which destroj-ed a tim- \nber yard and ten houses, and threat- \nened the destruction of the neigh- \nbourhood, 9th Nov., 1820. At \nMessrs. Smith and Co., sugar-ba- \nkers, Mile End, to the loss of \n200,000/., 11th Jan., 1821. In \nGutter-lane, Cheapside, which de- \nstroyed three houses and damaged \nsix, 27th Feb., 1821. On the \npremises of Messrs. Southall and \nFossick, Gracechurch-street, which \ndestroyed four houses and a meet- \ning-house, and occasioned the death \nof four persons, 9th Sept., 1821. \nFour houses destroyed, and three \npersons burnt, in Prince\'s-street, \nSoho, 10th Sept., 1821. Three \nhouses destroyed in Waterloo-row, \nSurrey-road, 19th Oct., 1821. At \nMr. George Hoppe\'s, Old Gravel- \nlane, Wapping, by which several \nhouses were destroyed or injured, \n3rd Nov., 1821. A West India- \nman, of 300 tons burthen, de- \nstroyed in the river Thames, 16th \nDec, 1821. The extensive pre- \nmises of Mr. Bagster, bookseller, \nPaternoster-row, were consumed, \n2nd March, 1822. At Mr. Briggs\', \ntallow-chandler, Old Gravel-lane, \nwhich destroyed the house and \nseveral workshops, 4th June, 1822. \nTwo houses destroyed in St. John\'s \nstreet, Clerkenwell, 20th June, \n1822. The premises of Mr. White, \nboat-builder, at Rotherhithe, and \nanother house, 28th June, 1822. \nTwo houses in Adam-street, Adel- \nphi, consumed, 29th June, 1822. \nThe house of Mr. Ward ell, provi- \nsion merchant, Old Gravel-lane, \n30th June, 1822. The premises \nof Messrs. Astor and Co., musical \ninstrument makers, Tottenham- \nstreet, were destroyed, 20th July, \n1822. A fire broke out in the \nplate-glass manufactory of Messrs. \nReed and Co., Upper Smithfield, \nwhich reduced the premises to a \nheapof ruins; theloss wasl00,000/. \n1 1th Aug., 1822. The patent rope \nmanufactory and all the machinery \nof Mr. Dun, at Stepney, consumed, \n14th Aug., 1822. A fire destroyed \nthe house of Mr. Stokes, calico- \n\n\n\nprinter, Grosvenor Market, 24th \nAug., 1822. Two houses in Up- \nper East Smithfield burned down, \n26th Aug., 1822. Three houses \nburned in Old Round Court, 2nd \nSept., 1822. The extensive pre- \nmises of Messrs. Luntley and Mil- \nner, wholesale druggists, Bread- \nstreet Hill, nearly destroyed, 3rd \nSept., 1822. A dreadful fire broke \nout at the floor-cloth manufactory \nof Messrs. Rolls and Goulston, in \nthe Bermondsey-road, which con- \nsumed the premises, a timher yard, \nand destroyed or damaged nearly \ntwenty houses, 16th Sept., 1822. \nNext door to the Architectural Li- \nbrary of Mr. Taylor, in Holborn, \nwhich destroyed that house and \nseveral others, and several works \nof art of the greatest value, 23rd \nNov., 1822. Long\'s Hotel, Bond- \nstreet, nearly burnt down, 21st \nDec, 1822. A destructive fire in \nWatling-street, which destroyed \nseveral houses, 16th Jan., 1823. \nSeveral houses and one person \nburned in New-street, Covent Gar- \nden, 12th May, 1823. Fifteen \nhouses consumed in Red Lion- \nstreet, Bedford-square, and Fea- \ntherstone Buildings, 24th June, \n\n1823. A house consumed in the \nLondon-road, and several others \ndamaged, 14th Sept., 1823. In \nKing-street, Hammersmith, which \ndestroyed two houses and damaged \nseveral others ; a child was killed, \n3rd Feb., 1824. A fire broke out \nat the extensive Avharfs of Messrs. \nPickford and Co., on the banks of \nthe City Road Basin ; the damage \nwas estimated at 30,000/., and two \nlives were lost, 26th Feb., 1824. \nA fire broke out at the house of \nMr. Bond, linen draper, Fleet- \nstreet, and communicated to that \nof Mr. Hill, chemist, and six \nothers, which were completely de- \nstroyed ; this fire opened a view of \nSt. Bride\'s church, 14th Nov., \n\n1824. On the following day, the \nextensive warehouses of Messrs. \nWilkinson, upholsterers, Ludgate- \nhill, and several adjoining houses \nwere burnt down. The tavern at \n\n\n\n164 FIR \n\n\n\nFI S \n\n\n\nCumberland Gardens near Vaux- \nhall, 25th May, 1825. A fire \nbroke out at the house of Mr. Cru- \nzett, carver and gilder, Great Titch- \nfield-street, which spread to several \nhouses in Mortimer-street, Wells- \nstreet, and Great Portland-street, \ndestroying 20 or 30 houses, includ- \ning a timber-yard, St. Margaret\'s \nchapel, and Valley\'s picture gal- \nlery,in which were many fine works \nof art, the damage estimated at \n200,000/., 21st June, 1825. A \nfire in Cavendish -street, Oxford- \nstreet, in which three females were \nburnt to death, 29th July, 1825. \nA fire broke out at the corner of \nAnchor-court, Old -street, and de- \nstroyed five houses, 10th August, \n1825. A fire at the house of Mr. \nBell, oilman, Shoreditch, in which \nMr. Bell perished, 13th Sept., \n1825. A fire broke out at the \npatent shot manufactory of Messrs. \nWalker and Parker, near Waterloo \nBridge, which was completely gut- \nted, 5th Jan., 1826. Royalty \nTheatre burnt down, loss esti- \nmated at 18,000/., 5th Jan., 1826. \nAt Sheerness, 30th July, 1827. \nDuplin Castle, Perthshire, 11th \nSept., 1827. Talacre, Flintshire, 12 \nSept., 1827. Bramham-park Man- \nsion, 21st Julv, 1828. Glasgow \nTheatre, 12th Jan., 1829. York \nMinster nearly destroyed, the fire \ncommunicated by a lunatic named \nMartin, 2nd Feb., 1829. West- \nminster Abbey discovered to be on \nfire, 27th April, 1 829. Destructive \nfire at Manchester, 1 2th Oct., 1 829. \nRamsgate Theatre, 30th Nov., \n1 829. At Hinch brook, the seat of \nLord Sandwich, 22nd Jan , 1830. \nArgyle Rooms, Regent-street, 12th \nFeb., 1 830. English Opera House, \nStrand, London, 1 6th Feb., 1830. \nMessrs. Haighton\'s, Bartholomew- \nclose, 11th Aug., 1830, damage \nestimated at 200,000/. Residence of \nLord Walsingham, Harley-st. where \nhis Lordship perished, and Lady \nW. died of the injuries received, \n27th April, 1831. At a fire in \nMonmouth-street some lives were \nlost, and also at another in Buck- \n\n\n\nlersbury, 1833. Houses of Lords \nand Commons, Westminster, acci- \ndentally set on fire and destroyed, \n16th Oct., 1834. \n\nFires occasioned by servants punish- \nable, 1707. \n\nFire artillery in England, the first in \nEurope, 1347. \n\nFire engines invented, 1663; improved \nas now used, or nearly so, 1752. \n\nFire, method to prevent the spreading \nof, invented by Mr. David Hart- \nley, 1764. \n\nFire ships first used by the English \nunder Admiral Drake, 1588. \n\nFire watch first established in Lon- \ndon, 12th Nov., 1791. \n\nFire-works for the peace displayed in \nthe Green Park, 27th April, 1784. \n\nFire-works at Paris exhibited in ho- \nnour of the Dauphin\'s marriage, the \npassages being stopped up occasioned \nsuch a crowd, that the people, seized \nwith panic, trampled upon one an- \nother till they lay in heaps ; a scaf- \nfold erected over the river also broke \ndown, and hundreds were drowned ; \nnear 1000 persons lost their lives. \n\nFirmin, Thomas, the patriotic citizen \nof London, b. 1632, d. 1697. \n\nFirst Fruit Office established 1543. \n\nFirst Fruits act passed 1704. \n\nFirst Fruits and tenths instituted b} r \nClement V., 1306 ; first collected \nin England, 1316; granted by \nQueen Anne for the relief of poor \nclergy, 7th Feb., 1704. \n\nFirvvood, near Bolton, Lancashire, \nbleach-mills at, value 30,000/., \ndestroyed by fire 27th Oct., 1825. \n\nFish, the increase of, is said to be in \nthe following proportions : \xe2\x80\x94 A \nflounder of two ounces contains \n133,407 eggs or spawn ; one of 24 \nounces, 1,357,403. Herrings, \nweighing from four ounces to 5f, \nfrom 21,285 to 36,960. Lobsters, \nfrom 14 to 36 ounces, contain \n21,699. Mackarel, 20 ounces, \n454,061. Prawn about 3806. \nShrimps from 2849 to 6807. \nSmelts from 14,411 to 38,278. \nSole of 5 ounces, 38,772 ; one of \n141 oz. 100,362. To which may \nbe added the cod, which produces \n3,686,760, and a ling 19,248,625. \n\n\n\n165 \n\n\n\nFISH CONDEMNED. \n\n\n\nReturn of the Quantity and Description of Fish seized and condemned as \nunfit for Food, by the Officer or Officers appointed for that purpose, in the \nCity or Port of London, in each of three years. \n\n\n\nDescription of Fish. \n\n\nIn the vear \n1831. \nNumber \nseized. \n\n\nIn the vear \n1832. \nNumber \nseized. \n\n\nIn the year \n1833. \nNumber \nseized. \n\n\nSalmon - \nTurbot - \nCod - \n\nSoles - - - - \nHerrings - \n\nHaddocks ... - \n\nMackerel - \n\nPlaice, Maids, and Skate \n\nSalt Fish ... - \n\nTVhi tings - - - - \n\nBrill - \n\nLobsters - \n\nCrabs - \n\n\n3,310 \n590 \n1,815 \n7,500 \n2,030 \n635 \n32,050 \n61/245 \n215 \n870 \n650 \n27,340 \n756 \n\n\n8,150 \n207 \n699 \n24,600 \n3,000 \n6,700 \n92,410 \n19,950 \n292 \n400 \n180 \n6,025 \n980 \n\n\n664 \n\n676 \n1,963 \n38,300 \n1,448 \n6,783 \n4,027 \n124,160 \n1,861 \n1^500 \n\n413 \n8,653 \n\n300 \n\n\n\n\n138,206 \n\n\n163,584 \n\n\n190,748 \n\n\nPeri\'svinkles and Wilks - \nMuscles - \nOysters - \n\nSprats ------ \n\nShrimps - \n\n\nBushels. \n88 \n10 \n35 \n1,050 \n5 \n\n\nBushels. \n523 \n15 \n50 \n1,200 \n17 \n\n\nBushels. \n437 \n15 \nnone. \n\n80 \nnone. \n\n\n\n\n1,188 \n\n\n1,805 \n\n\n532 \n\n\nSalmon (pickled) - \n\n\n\n\nKits. \n126 \n\n\n\n\n\nTotal number of fish seized and condemned - - 492,538 \n\nBushels of sprats and small shell fish - 3,525 \nKits of pickled salmon ----- 126 \n\nJOHN GOLDHAM, \nYeoman of the "Waterside, and Clerk of \nBillingsgate-market. \n\n\n\n166 FIS \n\n\n\nFLO \n\n\n\nFisli brought to London by land car- \nriage, first practised 1761. \n\nFish oil used in London amounted \nannually to 300,000/. \n\nFish, Sim., English reformer, d. 1531. \n\nFisher, Bishop of Rochester, b. 1459, \nbeheaded 22nd June, 1535. \n\nFishing towns legally regulated 1542. \n\nFishing on our coasts, the Dutch \nforced to pay a tribute for, 1609 ; \nthe Dutch paid 30,000/. for liberty \nto fish, 1683; Welwood, in his \nanswer to Grotius, says, "that the \nScots obliged the Dutch, by treaty, \nto keep 80 miles from the shore in \nfishing, and to pay a tribute at the \nport of Aberdeen, where a tower \nwas erected for that and other pur- \nposes, and the Dutch paid the tri- \nbute even in the memory of our \nforefathers." \n\nFishmongers\' 1 Hall, old, in London, \nburnt 10th Feb., 1761 ; new one \nat London Bridge finished 1834. \n\nFitzgerald, with five of his uncles, \nwantonly put to death by Henry \nVIII., 3rd Feb., 1537. \n\nFitzgerald, George Robert, hanged at \nCastlebar, 12th June, 1786. \n\nFitzgerald, Lord Edward, mortally \nwounded in an attempt to take him \ninto custody in Dublin, May, 1798. \n\nFitzherbert, Sir Anthony, eminent \nEnglish judge, d. 1538. \n\nFitzjames, James, Duke of Berwick, \nslain before Philipsburgh, 1734. \n\nFitzpatrick, Richard, general in the \narmy, and writer of several hu- \nmorous political poems, d. 25th \nApril, 1813. \n\nFitzwilliarn, W. Wentworth, Lord, \nthe friend of Fox,b. 1748, d. 1833. \n\nFive-mile act passed 14th Oct. , 1665. \nThis act obliged non-conformist \nteachers, who refused to take the \nnon-resistance oath, not to come \nwithin five miles of any corporation \nwhere they had preached since the \nact of oblivion, unless they were \ntravelling, under the penalty of 50/. \n\nFlag, the honour of, given by the \nDutch to England, 1674. \n\nFlameel, Bertholet, of Liege, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1614, supposed \npoisoned, 1675. \n\n\n\n, Flamen, Albert, a Flemish landscape \n\npainter, flourished 1665. \nFlaminio, J. A., the poet, b. at \n\nImola 1464, d. 1536. \nFlamstead, J., astronomer, b. 1646, \n\nd. 1719. \n\nFlanders erected into an earldom, \n793 ; made part of France, 1795 ; \nannexed to Holland 1813. \n\nFlatman, Thomas, of London, a poet \nand painter, b. 1633, d. 1688. \n\nFlaxley Abbey, built in the reign of \nHenry L, 1110, totally destroyed \nbv a fire, damage estimated at \n7000/., 1st April, 1777. \n\nFlaxman, John, an eminent English \nsculptor, b. at York 1755, d. 1826. \n\nFlaxman, Anne, wife of the sculptor, \nand an accomplished classical scho- \nlar, d. 6th Feb., 1820. \n\nFlecknoe, Richard, English dramatist, \nd. 1678. \n\nFleet Market, old, opened 30th Sept., \n1737; obelisk erected, 1775; a \nnew market opened 7th June,1780 ; \nremoved 20th Nov., 1829. \n\nFleet prison burnt by the rioters 7th \nJune, 1780. \n\nFleetwood, William, English law \nwriter, d. 1594. \n\nFleetwood, William, Bishop of St. \nAsaph, antiquary, d. 1723. \n\nFletcher, James, author of the His- \ntory of Poland, d. 3rd Feb., 1832, \naged 21. \n\nFletcher, John, dramatic writer (see \nBeaumont), b. 1576, d. 1625. \n\nFletcher, Phineas, poet, d. 1650. \n\nFletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, b. \n1650, d. 1716. \n\nFleurieu, Ch. Pierre Claret de, b.2nd \nJuly, 1738, d. 13th Aug. 1810. \n\nFleury, Cardinal, d. 1743, aged 90. \n\nFleurv, Claude, French writer, b. \n1640, d. 1723. \n\nFlinders, Capt. M., d. 1814. \n\nFlink, Govert, of Cleves, a landscape \npainter, b. 1614, d. 1660. \n\nFlint Castle, N. Wales, built 1185. \n\nFlogging. \xe2\x80\x94 By a return to an order of \nthe House of Commons, it appears \nthat the number of corporal punish- \nments inflicted in the British army \nin 1830, was 655; in 1831, 646\'; \nin 1832, 485; and in 1833, 370. \n\n\n\nFLO \n\n\n\nFOR 16? \n\n\n\nFloor of an apartment at Clermont \nFerrand, France, gave way during \na theatrical entertainment, when \n36 persons were killed, and 57 had \ntheir limhs hroken,or were severely \nwounded, Dec, 1791. \n\nFlorence founded 1408 B.C. \n\nFlorence bridge built 1330. \n\nFlorian, Peter, b. 1755, d. 1794. \n\nFlorida discovered by Cabot 1500 ; \nsettled in 1763. \n\nFloris, Francis, of Antwerp, a painter \nand sculptor, b. 1520, d. 1570. \n\nFlour mills, Lighthouse Quay, near \nWatford, destroyed by fire, and \ntwo men lost their lives, 9th June, \n1814. \n\nFlowers, the art of preserving them \nin sand first discovered, 1633. \n\nFlushing, in Zealand, damaged by fire, \nand the Prince of Orange\'s house \nburnt, Jan., 1748-9. \n\nFogs, remarkable, in London, 1st \nJan., 1720, when several chairmen \nfell with their fares into the canal \nin St. James\'s Park, others into \nFleet-ditch, and much damage was \ndone on the Thames. A fog- \nequally dense occurred 10th Jan., \n1812, and a third 20th Dec, 1813. \n\nFolard, Chevalier, b. 1669, d. 1752. \n\nFoler, Antonio, a Venetian painter of \nhistory, b. 1526, d. 1616. \n\nFoley, Admiral Sir Thos., one of the \nheroes of St. Vincent, the Nile, \nCopenhagen, b\xe2\x80\x9e 1758, d. 3rd Jan., \n1833. \n\nFolkes, Martin, antiquary, d. 1754, \naged 64. \n\nFontaine, John de la, French poet, \n\nb. 1621, d. 1695. \nFontaine-notre-Dame, village of, \n\nnearly destroyed by fire, 25th \n\nApril, 1816. \nFontana, Prospero, a Bolognese his- \ntorical painter, b. 1512, d. 1597. \nFontana, Lavinia, a female painter of \n\nBologna, b. 1552, d. 1614. \nFontana, Alberto, a Venetian historic \n\npainter, d. 1558. \nFontebasso, a Venetian painter and \n\nengraver, b. 1709. \nFontenay, Jean Baptist Blain de, a \n\nNorman painter of fruits, flowers, \n\n&c.,b. 1654, d. 1715. \n\n\n\nFontenelle d. 9 Jan., 1767, aged 100. \n\nFont-hill, near Salisbury, burnt down, \nvalued at 30,000 J., 12 Feb., 1765. \n\nFonts instituted, 167. \n\nFood, animal, permitted for men\'s \nuse, 2357 B.C. \n\nFools, festival of, at Paris, held 1 st \nJan., and continued for 240 years, \nin which all sorts of absurdities and \nindecencies were committed, 1198. \n\nFoote, Samuel, the English Aristo- \nphanes, d. 21st Oct., 1777, aged 51. \n\nFoppa, Vincenzio, a Milanese historic \npainter, d. 1492. \n\nForabosco, a Venetian portrait painter, \nb. 1600, d. 1660. \n\nForbes, John, the Bishop of Aberdeen, \nd. 1648. \n\nForbisher Straits discovered, 1578. \n\nFord, John, dramatic writer, b. 1586, \nd. about 1639. \n\nFord Abbey, Devonshire, built 1133. \n\nFordvce, David, professor of philoso- \nphy, d. 1751, aged 40. \n\nFordyce, Dr. George, d. 25th May, \n1802, aged 66. \n\nForest, a French landscape painter, \nb. 1636, d. 1712. \n\nForest, New, Hampshire, first affo- \nrested, 1081. \n\nForeigners forbidden to follow trade \nby retail, 1487. \n\nForeigners indulged with one-half \nforeigners on juries, 1420. \n\nForfeited estates, resumption of, act \npassed, 1669. \n\nForfeited estates in Scotland, of the \nannual value of 29,694/. 6s. 8c/., \nand in England of 47,626Z. 18s. 5d., \nseized by government, 1716 ; those \nin Scotland restored by parliament \nAug., 1784. \n\nForgery first punished with death in \nEngland, 1634. \n\nForging letters of attorney, for trans- \nfer of stock, made felony, 1722; \npunishment of death for, abolished \n16th Aug., 1832. \n\nFornication made capital for the se- \ncond offence, 1650. \n\nForrest, John, burnt in Smithfield, \nfor denying the king\'s supremacy, \n22nd May, 1538, aged 42. \n\nForster, John Reinhold, navigator, d. \n9th Jan., 1799, aged 70. \n\n\n\n168 FOR \n\n\n\nFRA \n\n\n\nFort St. George, in India, first settled \nby the English East India Com- \npany, 1620. \n\nFortescue, Sir John, d. 1465. \n\nForthorn, James, aged 127, d. at \nGrenada, in the West Indies, 10th \nFeb., 1773. \n\nFortification, the present mode intro- \nduced about 1500 ; Albert Durer \nfirst wrote on the science, 1527; \nmany improvements made by Vau- \nban towards 1700. \n\nFosse, Charles de la, an eminent his- \ntorical painter, b. at Paris 1640, \nd. 1716. \n\nFoster, Dr. James, the anabaptist, b. \n\n1697, d. 1752. \nFoster, Samuel, the mathematician, \n\nd. 1652. \n\nFoster, Capt. Henry, one of the com- \npanions of Capt. Parry, drowned in \nthe river Chagres, in Darien, 6th \nFeb., 1831. \n\nFothergill, Dr., b. 1712, d. 26th \nDec, 1780. \n\nFotheringay Castle, Northampton- \nshire, built 1408. \n\nFouchier, of Bergen-op-Zoom, painter \nof rustic festivities, b. 1609, d.l 674. \n\nFoucquet, Marshal Belleisle, b. 1684, \nd. 1764. \n\nFoundling hospital first erected in \nParis, 1677. \n\nFoundling hospital in London was \nfounded in 1736 ; incorporated, \n1739 ; began to receive children, \n1756 ; let part of their estate in \n1797, which yields 2000/. a year \naddition to their income ; building \nbegan, 1742; opened 1756. \n\nFountain in the PiazzaNorlua, Rome, \nbuilt 1682. \n\nFountain de Trevi, Rome, built 1751. \n\nFountaine, Sir Andrew, English an- \ntiquary, d. 1759. \n\nFountains Abbev, Yorkshire, built \n1132. \n\nFouquieres, Jacques, Chevalier, a \nDutch landscape painter, b. 1580, \nd. 1659. \n\nFourcroy, Anthony Francis, chemist, \nb. 15th June, 1750, d. 16th Dec, \n1809. \n\nFournier, P. S., the Parisian letter- \n\' founder, b. 1712, d. 1756. \n\n\n\nFowler, John, an English printer, d. \n1575. \n\nFowler, Edward, Bishop of Glouces- \nter, theologian, b. 1632, d. 1714. \n\nFox, Charles, an English painter and \npoet, b. 1749, d. 1809. \n\nFox, Charles James, an eminent Bri- \ntish statesman, b. 1748, d. atChis- \nwick, 13th Sept., 1806; publicly \ninterred in Westminster Abbey, \n10th Oct., 1806. \n\nFox, George, founder of the Quakers, \nb. 1624, d. 1690. \n\nFox, John, martyrologist, b. 1517, \nd. 1587. \n\nFox Island, in the North Pacific \nOcean, discovered 1760. \n\nFrames, stocking or lace, destroying \nof, made a capital offence, 1812, \nthe law to continue in force till 1st \nMarch, 1814. \n\nFrampton,in Dorset, nearly destroyed \nby fire, 12th April, 1796. \n\nFrampton, house at, belonging to the - \nRev. Mr. Guide, burnt down, and \none of his children and a female \nservant destroyed in the flames, \n10th Oct., 1810. \n\nFrance, the country of the ancient \nGauls, a colony of the Belgae from \nGermany, were permitted to settle \nin it 200 B. C. It was conquered \nby the Romans 25 B.C. The \nGoths, Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, \nand afterwards the Burgundi, di- \nvided it amongst them from A.D. \n400 to 476, when the Franks, \nanother set of German emigrants, \nwho had settled between the Rhine \nand the Maine, completed the \nfoundation of the latter kingdom \nunder Clovis. Conquered, except \nParis, by Edward III. of England, \nbetween 1341 and 1359. An \nentire conquest by Henry V., who \nwas made regent during the life of \nCharles VI., acknowledged heir to \nthe crown of France, and homage \npaid to him accordingly, 1420. \nThe English crown lost all its \npossessions in France in the reign \nof Henry VI. between 1434 and \n1450. This is the only state in \nEurope that could boast a perpetual \nsuccession from the conquerors of \n\n\n\nFRANCE. \n\n\n\n169 \n\n\n\nthe western empire. Its first king \nwas Pharaniond, who began to \nreign in 418 ; Clovis was the first \nChristian king, 481. It was peo- \npled by the natives of Germany, \nwho crossed the Rhine to invade \nthe Gauls. The assemblies, called \nthe states general, first met in \n1302, and continued to 1614. \nScots guards were ever about the \nking, from the reign of St. Louis \nto that of Henry II. It continued \nthrough 41 reigns of kings from \nCharlemagne. King of, taken pri- \nsoner by the English, 1356, by \nEdward the Black Prince. The \nTaillon tax established, 1549. The \nFrench began to date from the \nbirth of Christ, 1618; before they \nreckoned from the creation. Queen \nmother of, visited England, 1638. \nLaw\'s banking scheme, something \nlike the South Sea bubble in Eng- \nland, took place, 1716 ; destroyed, \n1720. Francis I. taken prisoner \nby the imperialists, and carried into \nSpain, Aug., 1525; Francis II. \nkilled at a tilting-match, 1559. \nAcknowledged the independence of \nAmerica, 6th Feb., 1778. The \nnational revolution commenced, \n14th July, 1789 ; commemorated, \n14th July, 1790. The title of \ncitizen only allowed in France, \n1792. Declared itself a republic, \n\n1792. Abolished the vulgar era, \nand established a new division, \n\n1793. The king, queen, and royal \nfamily, attempted to escape out of \nthe kingdom, but were detained by \nforce, 21st June, 1791, and were \nbrought back prisoners to Paris. \nThe king sanctioned the National \nConstitution, on 15th Sept., 1791. \nAttended on the National Assem- \nbly, and renounced the sovereignty, \n10th Aug., 1792, when he was \ncompelled to claim their protection, \nand they sent him to the Temple, \nwhere he was confined as a prisoner, \ndistinct from the queen, &c. \nHe was brought to trial, 19th Jan., \nand condemned on 20th Jan., \n1793; put to death 21st Jan. \nHis queen was beheaded 16th Oct., \n\n\n\n1793 ; Louis XVII. their only son, \ndied in prison, 9th June, 1795 ; \nand the princess Maria Theresa \nCharlotte, their daughter, was de- \nlivered up in exchange for deputies, \n26th Dec, 1795. France was \nformed into an empire, 5th May, \n1804, and Buonaparte crowned em- \nperor the 2d December following. \nHolland and the Hanseatic towns \nannexed to it, 9th July, 1810. \nThe Italian territories on the left \nbank of the Cuza united to it, 5th \nAug., 1810. The throne abdi- \ncated by Buonaparte, 5th April, \n1814. Louis XVIII. raised to it, \n3rd May, 1814. Peace between \nFrance and the Allied Powers, \nproclaimed at Paris, 31st May, \n1814. Napoleon restored and re- \nexpelled, 1815. \nFrance, Kings of, from Hugh Capet \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\nHugh Capet . . . 987 \nRobert . . .996 \nHenrv L . .1031 \nPhilip I. . . . 1059 \nLouis VI. . .1106 \n\nLouis VII. the Young . 1137 \nPhilip II. the August 1180 \nLouis VIII. . . 1223 \nLouis IX. . . 1226 \n\nPhilip III. the Hardy . 1271 \nPhilip IV. the Fair . 1285 \nLouis X. . . . 1314 \nJohn . . . 1316 \n\nPhilip V. . . . 1316 \nCharles IV. the Fair . 1322 \nEdward of Eng. crowned \nPhilip VI. the Courtier 1328 \nJohn . . . 1350 \n\nCharles V. the Wise . 1364 \n\n\n\nChas.VI. the Well-beloved 1380 \nCharlesVII. the Victorious 1422 \nHenry Vl.of Eng. proclaim. \nLouis XI. . . . 1461 \nCharles VIII. . . 1483 \nLouis XII. . . . 1498 \nFrancis I. , .1515 \n\nFrancis II. . . . 1559 \nCharles IX. . .1560 \nHenry III. . . . 1574 \nHenrv IV. . . 1589 \n\nLouis XIII. . . . 1610 \nLouis XIV. . . 1643 \nLouis XV. . . . 1715 \n\n\n\n170 \n\n\n\nFR A \n\n\n\nFRE \n\n\n\nLouis XVI. king of France, 1774 ; \ndeposed 10th August, 1792; be- \nheaded 21st Jan., 1793, and the \ncountry declared a republic. \nLouis XVII. died 9th June, 1795, \nin prison. Napoleon Buonaparte \ncrowned emperor 2nd Dec, 1804. \nLouis XVIII., to whom the king- \ndom was restored, 1814. Napo- \nleon restored and expelled, 1815. \nCharles X., 1824 ; expelled 7th \nAug., 1830. \n\nLouis Philip, 9th Aug., 1830. \n\nFrancesca, Pietro Borghese, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1398, d. 1484. \n\nFranceschi, a Dutch landscape painter, \nb. 1540, d. 1596. \n\nFranceschini, Cavaliere Marc Anto- \nnio, a Bolognese painter of history, \nb. 1648, d. 1729. \n\nFranceschini, Giacomo, a Bolognese \npainter, b. 1672, d. 1745. \n\nFranceschini, called Volterrano, an \nhistoric painter, b. 1621, d. 1689. \n\nFranchi, Lorenzo, a Bolognese painter, \nb. 1582, d. 1630. \n\nFranchi, Antonio, of Lucca, a painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1634, \nd. 1709. \n\nFrancia, Francesco, a Bolognese \npainter of history, &c, b. 1450, \nd. 1518. \n\nFrancis, St., died 1227, aged 46. \n\nFrancis, Sir Philip, b. 1740, d. 1818. \n\nFranck, Jerome, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1540, d. 1611. \n\nFranck, the Old, a painter of history, \nb.at Antwerp 1544orl546,d.l616. \n\nFranck, Francis, the Young, an emi- \nnent painter, b. at Antwerp 1580, \nd. 1642. \n\nFranck, Sebastian, of Antwerp, a \npainter of landscape and history, b. \n1573. \n\nFranck, John Baptist, a painter of \ninteriors, b. at Antwerp 1600. \n\nFranck, Maximilian, d. 1651 ; Ga- \nbriel d. 1648, both painters at \nAntwerp. \n\nFrancklin, Thos.,b. 1721, d. 1784. \n\nFranco, Battista, a Venetian painter \nand engraver, b. 1498, d. 1561. \n\nFrancois, Lucas, the Old, of Mech- \nlin, a painter of history and por- \n. traits, b. 1574, d. 1643. \n\n\n\nFrancois, Peter, a painter of landscape \nand portraits, b. at Mechlin 1606, \nd. 1654. \n\nFrancois, John Charles, an engraver, \nb. 1717, d. 1769. \n\nFrancois, Simon, of Tours, a portrait \npainter, b. 1606, d. 1671. \n\nFrank, Mr., d. 10th Feb., 1792. \n\nFrankfort declared an independent \ngovernment by the allied sove- \nreigns of Russia, Prussia, and Aus- \ntria, 1813. \n\nFranking of letters by members of \nparliament claimed as a privilege, \n1660-61; begun 1734; abridged, \n1764 and 1775; annual amount \nof franked letters, 17,000/.; the \nprivilege further abridged, 1784 \nand 1795. \n\nFranklin, Dr. Benjamin, b. at Boston \n1706, d. at Philadelphia, 17th \nApril, 1790. \n\nFranquaert, Jacques, of Brussels, a \npainter and architect, b. 1596, d. \n1666. \n\nFratellini, L. M., a Florentine pain- \nter in miniature and with cravons, \nb. 1690, d. 1729. \n\nFratellini, Giovanna, a Florentine \nladv, and painter in miniature, b. \n1666, d. 1731. \n\nFrauds by bankrupts punished by act \npassed 1782. \n\nFrecond, Dr. John, b. 1675, d. 1729. \n\nFreebairn, Robert, an English land- \nscape painter, and pupil of Wilson, \nb. 1765, d. 1808. \n\nFreeholders permitted to alienate \ntheir lands, 1492, 1512. \n\nFreeholders not under 40/. per annum \nqualified to vote for members of \nparliament, 1429. \n\nFreemasons\' Hall, Queen-street, Lin- \ncoln\'s Inn Fields, London, built, \n1775 ; opened 23d May, 1776. \n\nFreemasons forbidden in England, \n1424; tolerated by act of parlia- \nment, 1699. \n\nFreminet, Le Chevalier Martin, a \nFrench painter of historv, b. 1567, \nd. 1619. \n\nFrench language and customs first \nintroduced into England, 1060. \n\nFrench protestants expelled their na- \ntive country, 1685. \n\n\n\nFRE \n\n\n\nFRO 171 \n\n\n\nFrench tongue expelled from the \nEnglish law courts, 1362. . \n\nFrench protestants\' hospital, London, \nincorporated, 1718. \n\nFreres, Dirk, a Dutch painter of his- \ntory, b. 1643, d. 1693. \n\nFresne, Charles du, French writer, \nb. 1610, d. 1688. \n\nFresnoy, Charles Alphonse du, a cele- \nbrated French poet and painter, b. \n1611, d. 1665. \n\nFresnoy, Robert, an English divine, \nd. 1754, aged 84. \n\nFreundweiler, a Swiss painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1755, d. 1795. \n\nFriars and nuns, 10,000, turned out \nof the monasteries in England, 1536. \n\nFribourg, in Switzerland, founded \n1179. \n\nFriesland, East, and Harlingen, an- \nnexed to the kingdom of Hanover, \n1815. \n\nFrithelstoke priory, Devon, built, \n\xe2\x96\xa0 1222. \n\nFrits, Peter, of Delft, a painter of \napparitions and extravagant sub- \njects, b. 1635, d. 1682. \n\nFrobenius, John, an eminent Ger- \nman painter, d. 1627. \n\nFrobisher, Sir Martin, Admiral, d. \n1594. \n\nFroissart, John, chronicler, b. about \n1333, d. 1402. \n\nFrolic steam vessel lost and eighty \npersons drowned on the Ness Sands, \nGlamorganshire, 11th April, 1831. \n\nFrost, an English landscape painter, \nb. 1744, d. 1821. \n\nFrost, in Britain, lasted five months, \n220 ; the Thames frozen nine \nweeks, 250 ; most of the rivers in \nBritain frozen six weeks, 291 ; a \nsevere frost in Scotland fourteen \n"weeks, 359; the Pontus sea was \nentirely frozen over for the space \nof twenty days, and the sea be- \ntween Constantinople and Scutari, \n401 ; so severe a frost all over Bri- \ntain, that the rivers were frozen up \nfor above two months, 508 ; one \nso great that the Danube was quite \nfrozen over, 558 ; the Thames fro- \nzen for six weeks, when booths \nwere built on it, 695 ; one that \ncontinued from 1st Oct. to 26 th \n\n\n\nFeb., 760 ; one in England, which \nlasted nine weeks, 827 ; carriages \nwere used on the Adriatic Sea, \n859 ; the Mediterranean Sea was \nfrozen over, and passable in carts, \n860 ; most of the rivers in Eng- \nland frozen for two months, 908 ; \nthe Thames frozen thirteen weeks, \n925; one that lasted 120 days, \nwhich began 22nd Dec, 987 ; the \nThames frozen five weeks, 998 ; a \nfrost on Midsummer-day so vehe- \nment, that the corn and fruits were \ndestroyed, 1035 ; the Thames \nfrozen fourteen weeks, 1063 ; a \nfrost in England from November \nto April, 1076 ; several bridges in \nEngland, being then of timber, \nbroken down by a frost, 1114; \na frost from 14th Jan. to 22nd \nMarcb, 1205 ; one of fifteen weeks \n1207; the Mediterranean was fro- \nzen over, and the merchants passed \nwith their merchandise in carts, \n1234 ; the Cattegat, or sea between \nNorway and Denmark, was frozen, \nand that from Oxslo, in Norway, \nthey travelled on the ice of Jut- \nland, 1294 ; the sea between Nor- \nway and the promontory of Scager- \nrat frozen over, and from Sweden \nto Gothland, 1296 ; the Baltic was \ncovered with ice fourteen weeks, \nbetween the Danish and Swedish \nislands, 1306 ; the Baltic was pass- \nable for foot passengers and horse- \nmen for six weeks, 1323 ; the sea \nwas frozen over, and passable from \nStralsund to Denmark, 1349 ; the \nBaltic was quite frozen over from \nPomeraniato Denmark, 1402; the \nwhole sea between Gothland and. \nGeland was frozen, and from Ros- \ntock to Gezoer, 1408 ; the ice bore \nriding on from Lubec to Prussia, \nand the Baltic was covered with ice \nfrom Mecklenburgh to Denmark, \n1423, 1426, and 1459 ; the sea \nbetween Constantinople and Isko- \ndar was passable on ice, 1420 ; one \nin England from 24th Nov. to 10th \nFeb., 1434, when the Thames was \nfrozen below bridge to Gravesend ; \nanother, thirteen weeks, 1683; a \ngreat frost for three months, with \ni2 \n\n\n\n172 FRO \n\n\n\nFY T \n\n\n\nheavy snows, from Dec. to March, \n1709 ; again in 1716, when a fair \nwas held on the Thames ; another \nbegan 24th Dec, 1739, and con- \ntinued eight weeks ; again, in 1 742; \nin Russia, very severe, 1747 ; and \nin England, 1754; in Germany, \n1760; in 17 63, which lasted ninety- \nfour days ; in 1779, which lasted \neighty-four days ; in 1784, which \nlasted eighty-nine days; in 1785, \nwhich lasted 115 days; in 1788, \nwhich lasted from Nov. to Jan .1789, \nwhen the Thames was crossed op- \nposite the Custom-house, the \nTower, Execution-dock, Putney, \nBrentford, &c. ; it was general \nthrough Europe, particularly in \nHolland at the same time ; the \nmost severe on 25th Dec, 1796, \nthat had been felt in the memory \nof man ; severe one in Jan., 1814, \nwhen booths were erected on vari- \nous parts of the Thames, and the \nantiquarian society of Newcastle \nrecorded that the rapid river Tyne \nwas frozen to the depth of twenty \ninches ; severe frost at Quebec, 7th \nAug., 1815. \n\nFrost and snow, with hail, in differ- \nent parts of England at Midsum- \nmer, 1791 ; and in Italy and Spain, \nDec. following. \n\nFrowde, Philip, d. 13th Dec, 1738. \n\nFruits of foreign countries first \nbrought into Italy, 70 B.C. \n\nFruits and flowers, sundry sorts before \nunknown, were brought into Eng- \nland in the reigns of Henry VII. \nand VIII., from about 1500 to \n1 578. Among others of less note, \nthe musk and damask roses, of \ngreat use in medicine, and tulips. \nSeveral sorts of plum-trees and cur- \nrant-plants ; also saffron, woad, and \nother drugs, for dyeing, attempted to \nbe cultivated, but without success. \n\n\n\nFrutet, a Flemish historical painter, \nfl. 1548. \n\nFruytiers, of Antwerp, a painter, in \n\ndistemper, of portraits and history, \n\nb. 1620, d. 1677. \nFrye, Thomas, an Irishman, painter \n\nof portraits, inventor of porcelain \n\nin England, b. 1710, d. 1762. \nFryth, John, burnt in Smithfield, 4th \n\nJuly, 1533. \nFuessli, Matthias, a Swiss painter, b. \n\n1598, d. 1665. \nFuessli or Fuseli, John Gaspard, a \n\nSwiss poet and painter, b. 1706, d. \n\n1781. \n\nFuessli, John Rodolph, a Swiss pain- \nter in miniature, b. 1709, d. 1786. \n\nFulco, Giov., a painter in oil and \nfresco, b. at Messina 161 5, d. 1680. \n\nFulham bridge built 1727. \n\nFuller, Rev. Dr. Thomas, b. 1608, \nd. 1661. \n\nFuller, Isaac, an English historical \n\npainter, d. 1672. \nFulling of cloth invented by the \n\nRomans. \n\nFumiani, Giov. Anton., a Venetian \n\npainter of history, b. 1643, d. 1710. \nFumicelli, Lod., of Trevigi, a pupil \n\nof Titian, flourished 1536. \nFungani, of Sienna, an historical \n\npainter, flourished 1512. \nFuretiere, Anthony, b. 1620, d. 1688. \nFurini, Fran., a Florentine painter of \n\nhistory and portraits, b. 1604, d. \n\n1646. \n\nFurness Abbey, now in ruins, Lanca- \nshire, built 1127. \n\nFurnival\'s Inn Society began 1563. \n\nFurst, Walter, Swiss patriot, flour- \nished 1309. \n\nFuseli. See Fuessli. \n\nFuseli, Henry, an historical painter, \nb. in Switzerland, 1738, d. in Eng- \nland, 1825. \n\nFyt, John, of Antwerp, painter of \nanimals, b. 1625, d. 1671. \n\n\n\nG A A \n\n\n\nG A M \n\n\n\n173 \n\n\n\nfjT^AL, Barent, of Haerlem, a \nlandscape painter, b. 1650, d. 1671. \n\nGabbiani, Antonio Domenico, a Flo- \nrentine painter of history and por- \ntraits, b. 1652, killed by a fall, \n1726. \n\nGabel, in Bohemia, a large town, to- \ntallv destroyed bv fire, 11th May, \n1788. \n\nGabriello, a Sicilian portrait painter, \n\nb. 1616, d. 1706. \nGabron, W., of Antwerp, a painter of \n\ngold and silver vases, porcelain, \n\nfruits, flowers, &c, b. 1625,d.l679. | \nGaddi, Gaddo, a Florentine painter \n\nand worker in Mosaic, b. 1239, d. \n\n1312. \n\nGaddi, Taddeo, a Florentine historic \npainter, a builder of the famous \nbridge, b. 1300, d. 1352. \n\nGaddi, Agnolo, a Florentine painter, \nb. 1324, d. 1387. \n\nGaelen, A. V., a Dutch painter of \nfield sports, b. 1670, d. 1728. \n\nGaetano, Scipio, Pulzone, a distin- \nguished Italian painter of history, \nbut excelled in portrait, b. 1550. \nd. 1588. \n\nGagliardi, an Italian historical painter, \n\nb. 1609, d. 1660. \nGainsborough, Thomas, a celebrated \n\nEnglish painter of landscape and \n\nportrait, b. 1727, d. 1788. \nGainsborough. See Dupont. \nGalantini, Hip., a Genoese painter of \n\nhistory, b. 1627, d. 1706. \nGalassi, Bolognese painter of history, \n\nb. 1380, fl. 1404. \nGalba, the Roman Emperor, d. 69, \n\naged 73. \n\nGale, Rev. Dr. John, b. 1680, d. \n1721. \n\nGale, Rev. Dr. T., b. 1636, d. 1702. \nGale, Roger, English antiquary, b. \n\n1672, d. 1744. \nGalen, b. at Pergamus about 131, \n\nd. 201. \n\nGaleotti, Seb., a Florentine painter, \n\nb. 1676, d. 1746. \nGalestruzzi, G. B., a Florentine \n\npainter and engraver, b. 1618, d. \n\n1678. \n\n\n\nGaletti, Filippo Maria, an Italian \nj painter of portrait and historv, b. \n1664, d. 1742. \nGalileo, astronomer,* born in Italy, \n\n1564, d. 1642. \nGallapagos Isles discovered 1700 ; \nexplored by Captain James Gol- \nnett, 1793. \nGallegos, a Spanish painter, pupil of \n\nAlbert Durer, b. 1500, d. 1550. \nGalleys, first used with three men to \neach oar, B.C. 786. They came \noriginally from Corinth. \nGalli, Fran., a Bolognese painter and \n\narchitect, b. 1659, d. 1739. \nGallinari, a Bologmese painter, pupil \n\nof Guido, d. 1669. \nGalloche, a French painter of history, \n\nb. 1670, d. 1761. \nGalyan, Juan, a Spanish historic \n\npainter, b. 1598, d. 1658. \nGalvani, Lewis, b. 1737, d. 1798. \nGalwav College, Ireland, founded by \n\nEdward VI, 1553. \nGama, Yasco de, d. 1525. \nGambara, Lattanzio, a painter of his- \ntory, b. at Brescia, 1541, d. by a \nfall, 1574. \nGambarini, Giuseppe, a Bolognese \npainter of history, b. 1680, d. 1764. \nGamberucci, Cosimo, an historic pain- \nter, b. at Florence, 1610. \nGambier, Admiral, Lord, a gallant \nBritish naval officer, b. 1757, d. \n19 th April, 1833. \nGamblingay, Cambridgeshire, 23 \nhouses at, destroyed by fire, 9th \nJuly, 1812. \nGambold, John, an eminent Moravian \n\nbishop, d. 1771. \nGame acts passed, 1469, 1670, 1753, \n\n1773, 1784, 1785, 1808, 1831. \nGame certificates first necessary, \n1785. \n\nGame laws altered, and sale of legal- \nised, 1831. \nGame laws. \xe2\x80\x94 The number of com- \nmitments under the game laws in \nEngland and "Wales, between Nov. \n1, 1832, and Noy. 1, 1833, was, \naccording to the parliamentary re- \nturn, 3,140. \n\n\n\n174 GAM \n\n\n\nGAR \n\n\n\nGaming houses licensed in London, \n1620. \n\nGaming prohibited by act passed,! 739. \n\nGamut in Music, invented by Guy \nL\'Aretin, 1025. \n\nGandini, -Giorgio, of Parma, a painter \nand pupil of Corregio, d. 1538. \n\nGandini, Antonio, of Brescia, a pain- \nter of history, d. 1613. \n\nGandolfi, Gaetano, an Italian painter \nof history, b. 1734, d. 1802. \n\nGandon, John, an eminent Irish \narchitect, b. 1742, d. 1824. \n\nGandy, James, a British portrait \npainter, b. 1619, d. 1689. \n\nGaol fees abolished bylaw, 1815. \n\nGaramond, Claude, a French letter \nfounder and engraver, d. 1561. \n\nGarbieri, Lorenzo, a Bolognese pain- \nter of history, b. 1580, d. 1654. \n\nGarbo, Raff, del, a Florentine painter, \nb. 1476, d. 1534. \n\nGarcilasso de la Vega, b.l 503, d. 1 536. \n\nGardening introduced into England \nfrom the Netherlands, from whence \nvegetables were imported till 1509 ; \nmusk melons and apricots culti- \nvated in England ; the pale goose- \nberry, with salads, garden roots, \ncabbages, &c, brought from Flan- \nders, and hops from Artois, 1520 ; \nthe damask rose brought here by \nDr. Linacre, physician to Henry \nVIII. ; pippins brought to England \nby Leonard Mascal, of Plumstead, \nin Sussex, 1525; currants, or Co- \nrinthian grapes, first planted in \nEngland, 1555; brought from the \nisle of Zante, belonging to Venice ; \nthe musk rose, and several sorts of \nplums, from Italy, by Lord Crom- \nwell ; apricots brought here by \nKing Henry Eighth\'s gardener ; \ntamarisk plant from Germany, by \narchbishop Grindal ; at and about \nNorwich, the Flemings first planted \nflowers unknown in England, as \ngilliflowers, carnations, the Pro- \nvence rose, &c, 1567 ; woad origi- \nnally from Toulouse, in France; \ntulip roots first brought into Eng- \nland from Vienna, 1578 ; also \nbeans, peas, and salads, now in \ncommon use, 1660. To which we \nwill subjoin the following list, with \n\n\n\nthe countries from whence they \noriginally came. \n\nRye and wheat from Tartary and \nSiberia ; where they are yet \nindigenous. \n\nBarley and oats unknown, but \ncertainly not indigenous in this \ncountry, because we are obliged \nto cultivate them. \n\n\n\nRice, from . . \n\n\nEthiopia. \n\n\nBuck-wheat . . \n\n\nAsia. \n\n\nBorage . . . \n\n\nSyria. \n\n\nCresses \n\n\nCrete. \n\n\nCauliflower . \n\n\nCyprus. \n\n\nAsparagus \n\n\nAsia. \n\n\nChervil . . \n\n\nItaly. \n\n\nFennel . . . \n\n\nCanary Islands. \n\n\nAnise and parsley \n\n\nEgypt. \n\n\nGarlick . . . \n\n\nThe East. \n\n\nShallots . . . \n\n\nSiberia. \n\n\nHorseradish . . \n\n\nChina. \n\n\nKidney-beans \n\n\nEast Indies. \n\n\nGourds . . . \n\n\nAstracan. \n\n\nLentils . . . \n\n\nFrance. \n\n\nPotatoes . . . \n\n\nBrazil. \n\n\nTobacco . . . \n\n\nAmerica. \nHolland. \n\n\nCabbage, lettuce ^ \n&c. . . S \n\n\nNor are we less \n\n\nindebted to other \n\n\n\nand distant countries for our \nfinest flowers. \n\n\n\nJessamine, from \n\n\n. East Indies. \n\n\nElder-tree . . \n\n\n. Persia. \n\n\nTulip . . . \n\n\n. Cappadocia. \n\n\nDaffodil . . \n\n\n. Italy. \n\n\nLily . . . \n\n\n. Syria. \n\n\nTube-rose \n\n\n. Java and Ceylon. \n\n\nCarnation and pink Italy, &c. \n\n\nRanunculus \n\n\n. Alps. \n\n\nApples \n\n\n. Syria. \n\n\nApricots . \n\n\n. Epirus. \n\n\nArtichokes \n\n\n. Holland. \n\n\nCelery . . . \n\n\n. Flanders. \n\n\nCherries . . \n\n\n. Pontus. \n\n\nCurrants . . \n\n\n. Zante. \n\n\nDamask & musk \n\n\n- Damascus. \n\n\nroses, plums \n\n\n\n\nHops . . \n\n\n. Artois in France. \n\n\nGooseberries . \n\n\n. Flanders. \n\n\nGilliflowers, \' \n\n\n\n\ncarnations, the 1 \n\n\nToulouse, in \n\n\nProvence rose, 1 \n\n\nFrance. \n\n\n&c. \n\n\n\n\nOranges & lemons. Spain. \n\n\nBeans and peas. \n\n\nSpam. \n\n\n\nGAR \n\n\n\nGAU 175 \n\n\n\nGarden, Peter, of Auchtemess, in \nScotland, d. Jan. 1775, aged 131. \n\nGardiner, Bishop of Winchester, d. \n22nd Oct. 1555. \n\nGardiner, Col. James, b. 1688, killed \nat Preston Pans, 1745. \n\nGardner, Daniel, an English portrait \npainter, d. 1805. \n\nGargiuoli, Dom., a Neapolitan land- \nscape painter, b. 1612, d. 1679. \n\nGarnet, Thomas, a Jesuit, h. 1555, \nhanged 1608. \n\nGarofalino, Gia., a Bolognese painter, \nb. 1666, d. 1724. \n\nGarofalo, Ben. (Tisio), an Italian his- \ntoric painter, b. 1481, d. 1559. \n\nGarrard, or Gerards, Mark, of Bruges, \na painter and engraver, b. 1561, \nd. 1635. \n\nGarrick, David, the English Roscius, \nb. at Hereford, 1716, d. 20th Jan. \n1 779, aged 62 years and ten months ; \nfirst appeared on the London stage \nin 1741. \n\nGarter, order began, 23d April, 1349 ; \nalteration in, 1557 and 1788. It \nis remarkable, that this is the only- \norder "which has been granted to \nforeign princes. Of this illustrious \norder there have been \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nEight emperors of Germany, \n\nOne emperor of Russia, \n\nFive kings of France, \n\nThree kings of Spain, \n\nOne king of Arragon, \n\nSeven kings of Portugal, \n\nOne king of Poland, \n\nTwo kings of Sweden, \n\nSix kings of Denmark, \n\nTwo kings of Naples, \n\nOne king of Sicily and Jerusalem, \n\nOne king of Bohemia, \n\nTwo kings of Scotland, \n\nFive princes of Orange, \nand 34 foreign electors, dukes, \nmargraves, and counts. Garter \nKing of Arms, first appointed in \nEngland, 1420. \nGarth, Sir Samuel, d. Jan. 1719. \nGarzi, Lod., an Italian historic painter, \n\nb. 1640, d. 1721. \nGarzoni, Giovanna, an Italian lady \nwho painted flowers and minia- \ntures, d. 1673. \nGas, use of, introduced into London \n\n\n\nfor lighting shops and streets, \n1814. Pall Mall was lighted with \ngas in 1807. \n\nGas company, works of, in Dorset \nStreet, destroyed by fire, 24th \nMay, 1815. \n\nGascoigne, George, inventor of tele- \nscope sights, d. 1645. \n\nGascoigne, Sir William, judge who \ncommitted Henry, Prince of Wales, \nfor insulting him on the bench, b. \n1350, d. 1413. \n\nGaspars, John Bap., of Antwerp, a \nportrait painter, d. 1691. \n\nGaspar Hauser, mysterious death of, \n14th Dec, 1833. * \n\nGassendi, Peter, astronomer, b. 1592, \nd. 1655. \n\nGast, Michael de, of Antwerp, a land- \nscape painter, b. 1510, d. 1564. \n\nGast, John, of Dublin, the historian, \nb. 1715, d. 1788. \n\nGataker, Thomas, English critic and \ndivine, b. 1574, d. 1654. \n\nGateside monastery,Durham, founded \n, 653. \n\nGatti, Ber., an Italian historic painter, \nd. 1575. \n\nGatti, Tommaso, of Pavia, a painter \nof history, b. 1642. \n\nGatti, Giralomo, a Bolognese historic \npainter, b. 1662, d. 1726. \n\nGatti, Oliviero, of Parma, a painter \nand engraver, b. 1598. \n\nGaubius, Dr., of Leyden, d. 26th \nNov., 1780, aged 76. \n\nGaucher, C. S., a painter, b. 1740, d. \n1803. \n\nGaud. See Goudt. \n\nGauden, Dr. Joseph, bishop, the sup- \nposed author of the Eikon Basilike, \nb. 1605, d. 1662. \n\nGauging of wine, &c, established by \nlaw, 27 Edward III., 1350. \n\nGaulli, Giov. Bat. (Baccici), a Geno- \nese portrait painter,b.l639,d.l709. \n\nGaunor, Fychan, d. 16th Sept., 1686. \nat Aber-Cowarch, near Dinas- \nMowddy, Merionethshire, North \nWales, aged 140. \n\nGauze, lawn, and thread manufac- \ntures, began at Paisley, in Scotland, \n1759 ; which in 1784 yielded \n575,185/. and employed 27,664 \nhands. In gauze alone, 350,900/. \n\n\n\n176 GAV \n\n\n\nGEO \n\n\n\nGavasio, Giov., of Bergamo, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1512. \n\nGaveston, Piers, favourite of Edward \nII., beheaded 19th June, 1312. \n\nGay, John, an English poet and \ndramatist, b. 1688, d. 11th Dec, \n1732. \n\nGaza, Theodore, b. 1398, d. 1478. \n\nGazettes, of Venetian origin, and so \ncalled from the price being gazetta, \na small piece of money. Tbe first \npublished in England was at Ox- \nford, 7th Nov., 1665. The Lon- \ndon Gazette was first published \n5th Feb., 1655-6. One was in- \ngeniously forged for a stock-jobbing \npurpose, Nov., 1787. The first \npublished at Paris was in 1723 ; at \nLeipsic in 1715. \n\nGazolli, Benozzo, a Florentine pain- \nter, b. 1400, d. 1478. \n\nGebelin, A. C. de, b. 1727, d. 1784. \n\nGebro, A. del, of Milan, an historic \npainter, b. 1492, d. 1551. \n\nGed, William, an inventor of stereo- \ntype, d. 1749. \n\nGeddes, James, a critical writer, d. \n1749, aged 38. \n\nGeddes, Dr. Alexander, b. 1737, d. \n26th Feb., 1802. \n\nGee, John, dramatic author, d. 1769. \n\nGeel, John Van, a Dutch painter, fl. \n1660. \n\nGelder, Arnold de, of Dort, a painter \nof history, and pupil of Rembrandt, \nb. 1645, d. 1727. \n\nGeldersman, of Mechlin, an historic \npainter, b. 1539. \n\nGeldorp of Brabant, a portrait pain- \nter, b. 1553, d. 1618. \n\nGelei. See Lorraine. \n\nGellert, Christian, b. 1715, d. 1769. \n\nGellibrand, Henry, mathematician, b. \n1597, d. 1636. \n\nGellig, of Utrecht, a painter of still \nlife, b. 1636. \n\nGellius, Aulus, b. A. D. 130. \n\nGemignano, Vin. di San, an Italian \npainter of history,b. 1490, d. 1530. \n\nGemignano, Giacinto, an Italian pain- \nter of history, b. 1611, d. 1681. \n\nGemignano, Luigi, an Italian painter, \nb. 1644, d. 1697. \n\nGeminiani, the musician, b. at Lucca, \n1680, d. 1762. \n\n\n\nGendarmes, order began, 360. \nGeneral Events. See Events, Gene- \nral. \n\nGenerosity, order of knighthood,, in \n\nBrandenburgh, began 1685. \nGeneva republic founded, 1512. \nGeneva shops suppressed, 1743 ; \n\n7000 abolished, 1750. \nGeneva destroyed by fire, 1321 ; again \n\nmuch damaged in 1333 ; and again \n\nin 1430. \n\nGenga, Girolamo, an Italian painter \n\nof architecture, b. 1476, d. 1558. \nGenghis, Khan, the Mongolian war- \nrior, d. 1227. \nGenlis, Countess de, a celebrated \n\nFrench politician and Savante, b. \n\n1747, d. 31st Dec, 1830. \nGennari, Bar., of Cento, an historic \n\npainter, b. 1589, d. 1658. \nGennari, Benedetto, of Cento, an \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1633, d. 1715. \nGennari,Cesare, a Bolognese historical \n\npainter, b. 1641, d. 1688. \nGennet, order of knighthood, began \n\nin France, 726 ; in Spain, 786. \nGenoa, Bank of, failed 1750. \nGenoels, A., of Antwerp, a painter \n\nand mathematician, b. 1640. \nGenoese republic, founded 1096 ; \n\nGenoa annexed to the French \n\nempire, 1 805 ; transferred to the \n\nking of Sardinia, 1814. \nGentile, L. P., of Brussels, a portrait \n\npainter, b. 1606, d. 1670. \nGentileschi, O.L.,of Pisa, an historic \n\npainter, b. 1563, d. 1647. \nGentileschi, Artemisia, a Roman lady, \n\npainterof portraits, b. 1590,d.l642. \nGentilis, Albericus, b. in Italy 1551, \n\nd. 1611. \n\nGentlemen, the first use of the dis- \ntinction, 1430. \n\nGentleman, Frank, dramatic author, \nd. 1786, aged 58. \n\nGeofFry, of Monmouth, British his- \ntorian, made bishop of St. Asaph \nin 1152. \n\nGeological Society, London, insti- \ntuted 1813. \n\nGeological Society, Dublin, instituted \n1832. \n\nGeorge, Prince, man of war, burnt off \nLisbon, when 435 of her crew \nperished, 13th Feb., 1758. \n\n\n\nGEO \n\n\n\nGER 177 \n\n\n\nGeorge, the Royal, of one hundred \nguns, overset at Portsmouth, by \n\xe2\x80\xa2 which misfortune Admiral Kem- \npenfelt, with the crew were lost ; \nthere were near 100 women, and \n200 Jews on board. An express \narrived at the Admiralty with the \nnews, 30th Aug., 1782. \n\nGeorge\'s, St., town, in Grenada, de- \nstroyed by a fire, 1st Nov. 1775. \n\nGeorge\'s, St., hospital, Hyde Park- \ncorner, instituted 19th Oct., 1733. \n\nGeorge\'s, St., Church, Bloomsbury, \nLondon, built 1730. \n\nGeorge, St., Fort, E. Indies, bt. 1620. \n\nGeorge, St. d\'Alfama, order of knight- \nhood, began 1201. \n\nGeorge, St., order began in Carinthia, \n1279 ; in Spain, 1318; in England, \n1349 ; in Austria, 1470 ; at Rome, \n1496; in Genoa, time unknown ; \nin Venice, 1200. \n\nGeorge III., of England, had the \nglass of his chair broken by a mad \nwoman, as he was going to the \nopera-house, 25th June, 1777 ; \nwas thrown from his horse in \nWindsor-park, 8th Oct., 1785 ; \nattempted to be assassinated by \nMargaret Nicholson, a mad woman, \n2nd Aug., 1786 ; had a stone \nthrown at his state coach when \ngoing to the House of Peers, by \nJohn Frith, a maniac, 21st Jan., \n1790 ; visited Cheltenham in \n\n1788, and became deranged in his \nmind from Oct. 1788 to March \n\n1789, when he visited St. Paul\'s \nin procession, to return public \nthanks to the Almighty for his \nrecovery. Assaulted by a mob in \nhis way to and from the House of \nLords, 29th Oct., 1795, when his \nstate-coach was nearly destroyed ; \nhad a stone thrown at his coach, \nthe glasses broken, and the queen \nreceived a blow in the face, 1st \nFeb., 1796 ; made a grand proces- \nsion to St. Paul\'s to return thanks \nfor the victories obtained by his \nfleets, 19th Dec, 1797 ; shot at \nin the play-house by a maniac of \nthe name of Hatfield, 15th May, \n1800. Died, at Windsor Castle, \n29th Jan., 1820, aged 81. \n\n\n\nGeorge IV., of England, b. 12th Aug., \n1762; married, 8th April, 1795; \nproclaimed king, 30th Jan., 1820: \nd. 26th June, 1830, at Windsor. \n\nGeorges, chief of the Chouans, exe- \ncuted at Paris for a conspiracy \nagainst Buonaparte, 26th June, \n1804. \n\nGeorget, John, a French painter on \n\nporcelain, d. 1823. \nGeorgia colony, erected by General \n\nOglethorpe, 1739 ; incorporated \n\n1752. \n\nGera, near Leipsic, in Germany, \ntotally destroyed by a fire, 18th \nSept., 1780. \n\nGerande, John, botanist, b. 1545. d. \n1607. \n\nGerardi (Dal Borgo St. Sepolcro), a \nFlorentine painter, b. 1500, d. 1 556. \n\nGerards. See Garrard. \n\nGerber, Sir Balthasar, a portrait \npainter of Antwerp, b. 1591, d. \n1667. \n\nGerbert, afterwards Pope Sylvester \nII., introduced the Arabic figures \ninto Europe, 1000. \n\nGericault, J. L. T. A., a French his- \ntorical painter, b. 1792, d. 1824. \n\nGermains, St., Priory, Cornwall, built \n937. \n\nGermanicus, Caesar, d. A. D. 29. \n\nGermany was divided anciently into \nseveral independent states, which \nmade no figure in history till 25 \nB.C., when they withstood the \nattempts of the Romans to subdue \nthem, who conquered some parts, \nbut by the repeated efforts of the \nGermans were entirely expelled \nabout A.D. 290. In 432, the \nHuns, driven from China, con- \nquered the greatest part of this \nextensive country, but it was not \ntotally subdued till Charlemagne \nbecame master of the whole, A.D. \n802. He was the first emperor, \nand added the second head to the \neagle for his arms, to denote that \nthe empires of Rome and Germany \nwere in him united. It was called \nAllemania, from Alleman, i. e. in \nGerman, " every man," denoting \nthat all nations were welcome there. \nDukes being at this time made \ni3 \n\n\n\n173 \n\n\n\nGERMANY. \n\n\n\ngovernors of those provinces, they \nclaimed a right to sovereignty ; \nhence came most of the sovereign \nprinces of Germany. Louis L, \nCharlemagne\'s son, was the first \nking that made this empire inde- \npendent, 814. It continued united \nto the crown of France till 841. \nCharles III. was the first that added \nthe year of our Lord to the year of \nhis reign, 879. Conrade I. was \nthe first elected emperor, 912; he \nis deemed the first emperor of \nGermany freely chosen, hut we \nhave no authentic account of the \nelectors of the empire till 1273, \nwhen Rodolph of Hapsburgh was \nchosen emperor by the seven elec- \ntors, after an interregnum of twen- \nty-two years. The electors, accord- \ning to some, reduced to seven in \n999. To bring in their sons suc- \ncessors, the emperors, in their life- \ntime, politically got them elected \nking of the Romans, which was a \npart of the sovereignty; the first \nemperor so elected, 1054. The \nelective power originated by the \nemperors getting their last will., \nwherein they nominated their suc- \ncessors, confirmed before their \ndeaths by the princes and great \nmen. The emperor Philip mur- \ndered, 1208. Seven electors first \nappointed to choose an emperor, \n1258. Louis V. made the empire \nindependent of the holy see, 8th \nAug., 1338. Golden bulls relat- \ning to the election of the emperors \nestablished by Charles IV. of Ger- \nmany, 1356. To get his son \nelected king of the Romans, Charles \nIV. gave each elector 100,000 du- \ncats, and was forced to mortgage \nseveral cities to raise the money, \n1376 ; the descendants of the mort- \ngagees continue still in the posses- \nsion of them. Charles V. born \n1500 ; visited England, 1522 ; re- \nsigned his crown to his brother, \n1556, and turned monk, 1558. A \nreformation took place in the em- \npire, 1648. The peace of Carlo- \nwitz, when the bounds of the Ger- \nman and Eastern empires were set- \n\n\n\ntled, 1689. Rodolph was the first \nemperor of the house of Austria. \nEmperors of Germany, from Charle- \nmagne : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nCharlemagne, began - 800 \nLouis I. - - - 814 \nLothario I. - - 840 \n\nLouis II. - - - 855 \nCharles the Bald - 875 \n\nLouis III. - . 875 \n\nCharles the Fat - - 879 \nArnold - - - 887 \nGuy and Lambert - 891 \nLouis the Infant - - 899 \nConrad I. - - - 911 \nHenry the Fowler - 918 \nOtho "the Great - - 936 \nOtho II. - - 973 \n\nOtho III. - - 983 \n\nHenry II. - - - 1002 \nConrad II. - - - 1024 \nHenry III. - - 1039 \n\nHenry IV. - - 1056 \n\nHenry V. - - - 1106 \nLothario II. - - 1125 \nConrad III. - - 1138 \n\nFrederick I. - - 1152 \nHenry VI. - - 1190 \n\nPhilip and Otho IV. - 1198 \nOtho V. 1208 \nFrederick II. - - 1212 \nHenry VII. - - 1245 \nWilliam - - - 1246 \nConrad IV. \xe2\x80\xa2 - 1250 \n\nRodolphus of Hapsburgh 1273 \nAdolphus of Nassau - 1292 \nAlbert I. of Austria - 1298 \nHenry VIII. - - 1309 \nLouis V. - - - 1314 \nJohn and Philip the Long 1317 \nCharles IV. - - 1346 \nWenceslaus - - 1378 \n\nFrederick and Robert Pa- \nlatine - - - 1400 \nJ oseph of Moravia, Sigis- \n\nniund of Luxemburgh 1411 \nAlbert of Austria - 1437 \n\nFrederick HI. - - 1440 \nMaximilian I. - - 1493 \nCharles V. - - - 1519 \nFerdinand I. - - 1558 \nMaximilian II. of Hun- \ngary - 1564 \nRodolphus II. - - 1576 \nMatthias - - - 1612 \n\n\n\nGER \n\n\n\nGID 179 \n\n\n\nFerdinand II. \n\n\nloiy \n\n\nTV* J] \' J TTT \n\nreramand. 111. \n\n\n1 ft 37 \n\n\nLeopold L \n\n\nxUOO \n\n\nJoseph I. - \n\n\n1705 \n\n\nLnaries \\ 1. \n\n\n1711 \n\n\nCharles ^ II. of Bavaria \n\n\n\n\nFrancis I. of Lorraine \n\n\n1745 \n\n\nJoseph II. \n\n\n1765 \n\n\nLeopold II. \n\n\n1790 \n\n\nFrancis \n\n\n1792 \n\n\nwho took the title of Eni- \n\n\n\n\n\nperor of Austria, 11th \nAug. - - - 1804 \n\nand resigned the title of \nEmperor of Germany 1806 \nGermvn, Simon, of Dort, a fruit and \n\nlandscape painter, b. 1650, d. 1719. \nGeron, St., order of knighthood in \n\nGermany, begun 1154. \nGerrard, of Haerlem, an historical \n\npainter, b. 1460, d. 1488. \nGerrards. G. P. Van, called Zyl, of \n\nAmsterdam, a portrait painter, b. \n\n1607, d. 1667. \nGervase. of Canterbury, the historian, \n\nwrote in 1202. \nGervis Abbey, Yorkshire, founded \n\n1145. \n\nGesner, Conrad, physician and na- \nturalist, d. 1565, aged 49. \n\nGesher. Solomon. German writer, b. \n1730, d. 1788. \n\nGessi. Fran., a Bolognese historical \npainter, pupil of Guido, b. 1588, \nd. 1649. \n\nGessner, Solomon, of Zurich, a poet, \npainter, engraver, and bookseller, \nb. 1730, dri788. \n\nGheest, Wybrand de, of Friesland, a \npainter, b. 1591, d. 1643. \n\nGherardi, or Doceno, an Italian his- \ntoric painter, b. 1500, d. 1552. \n\nGherardi, Filippo, of Lucca, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1643, d. 1704. \n\nGherardini, a Florentine painter of \nhistory, b. 1655. d. 1723. \n\nGhergong, the capital of Assam, al- \nmost engulphed by an earthquake, \nwhen several thousands perished, \n1803. \n\nGheyn, of Antwerp, a flower painter \n\nand engraver, d. 1630. \nGhezzi, Cavalier Pier Leone, of \n\nRome, an historic painter, b.1674, \n\nd. 1755. \n\n\n\nGhiberti, a Florentine historical pain- \nter, b. 1454, d. 1528. \n\nGhirlandaio, Rodolfo, a Florentine \npainter, b. 1485, d. 1560. \n\nGhirlandaio, Doni., a Florentine his- \ntoric painter, b. 1449, d. 1493. \n\nGhisi, Giov. Brit., of Mantuano, a \npainter and engraver, b. 1500. \n\nGhislandi, Dom., of Bergamo, an his- \ntorical painter, b. 1655, d. 1743; \n\nGhisolS, Giov., a Milanese architec- \ntural painter, b. 1623, d. 1683. \n\nGhiti, Pompeo, an Italian painter, b. \n1631, d. 1703. \n\nGhizzi. a Bolognese painter of archi- \ntecture and perspective, b. 1570, d. \n1618. \n\nGiacinto, a Neapolitan historic painter, \nd. 1684. \n\nGianipelli, a Florentine artist, b. 1578, \nd. 1640. \n\n! Giaquinto, a Neapolitan painter, d. \n1765. \n\nGibbon, Edward, historian, d. I6th \nJan.. 1794, aged 56. \nj Gibbs, James, a Scotch architect, b. \n\n1674, d. 1754. \nI Gibbs. Sir Ticarv, an eminent English \njudge, b. 1752, d. 1820. \n\nGibraltar nearly destroyed by a storm, \n3rd Feb., 1766 ; had the royal \nbattery destroyed by fire, though \nmore than 1400 feet above the \nlevel of the sea, Nov., 1800. \nPlague at, in 1804 and 1805. \nMalignant fever at, August and \nSeptember, 1814. \n\nGibson, R., the Dwarf, an English \nportrait painter, b. 1615. d. 1690. \n\nGibson, William, an English portrait \npainter, b. 1644, d. 1702. \n\nGideon, the fourth judge of Israel, \nroutes the Midianites, with only \n300 men. and slays their two kings, \nZebah and Zalmunna, 1245 B. C. \nHe is offered the kingdom of Is- \nrael, which he refuses. \xe2\x80\x94 The land \nhad rest in the 40th year after the \nrest given by Deborah, and 200 \nyears after that of Joshua. Upon \nGideon\'s death, Abimelech, his \nnatural son, murders his seventy \nbrothers upon one stone, and makes \nhimself king of Israel for three \nyears, 1236 B. C. \n\n\n\n180 GIF \n\n\n\nGL A \n\n\n\nGifford, Andrew, dissenting divine, d. I \n\n1784, aged 84. \nGifford, John, author of the life of \n\nPitt, horn 1758, died 6th March, \n\n1818. \n\nGifford, William, translator of Juve- \nnal, h. April, 1756, d. Dec. 1826. \n\nGilardi, a Milanese painter, d. 1679. \n\nGilarte, a Spanish historic painter, h. \n1647, d. 1700. \n\nGilbert, William, English chemist, \nd. 1603, aged 63. \n\nGilbert, Sir Humphry, h. 1539, ship- \nwrecked 1594. \n\nGilbert, Jeffery, b. 1674, d. 1726. \n\nGilding, with leaf gold on bole \nArmoniac, art of, invented by \nMargaritone, 1273 ; on wood in \n1680. \n\nGiles, St., church, London, rebuilt \n1731. \n\nGiles, Henry, an English painter on \n\nglass, flourished 1687. \nGilioli, a Bolognese historical painter, \n\nb. 1584, d. 1665. \nGill, Dr. John, a learned commen- \ntator, b. 1697, d. 1771. \nGillardini, a Milanese historical pain- \nter, d. 1675. \nGillingwood, Yorkshire, burnt down \n\n11th Dec, 1750. \nGillot, Claude, a French painter of \n\ngrotesque pieces, b. 1673, d.1722. \nGilpin, Rev. TV., an English writer \n\non the picturesque, b. 1724, d. 5th \n\nApril, 1804. \nGilpin, Sawrey, an English painter of \n\nanimals, b. 1733, d. 1807. \nGilpin, Bernard, an English divine, \n\nb. 1517, d. 1583. \nGin-shops in London. See Geneva \n\nshops. \nGin act passed, 1737. \nGinassi, Caterina, a noble lady at \n\nRome, who excelled in painting, \n\nb. 1590, d. 1660. \nGioia, Flavio, a Neapolitan, inventor \n\nof the European compass, b. 1300. \nGionima, Antonio, an Italian historic \n\npainter, b. 1697, d. 1732. \nGiordano, called Luca Fa Presto, a \n\nNeapolitan painter of history, b. \n\n1629, d. 1704. \nGiorgetti, an Italian painter, d. 1670. \nGiorgione, called Barbarelli del Cas- \n\n\n\ntel Franco, an eminent Venetian \npainter, b. 1478, d. 1511. \nGiotti, an eminent Italian painter, \nsculptor, and architect, b. 1276, d. \n1336. \n\nGiottini. See Stefano. \n\nGiovanr.ini, G. M., an Italian painter \nand engraver, b. at Bologna, 1651. \n\nGiovannini, Carlo, a Bolognese his- \ntoric painter, fl. 1710. \n\nGipsies, or Egyptians, quitted Egypt \nwhen attacked by the Tm-ks, \n1515, and wandered over various \nparts of Europe. An act passed \nagainst their itinerancy in England, \n1530; expelled France, 1560, \nand other European kingdoms \nshortly after; expelled England \nby act passed, 1563. \n\nGiraldu9 Cambrensis, British histo- \nrian, died 1220. \n\nGirardon, F., a French sculptor and \narchitect, b. 1628, d. 1715. \n\nGirodet-Troison, an eminent French \npainter, b. 1767, d. 1824. \n\nGirtin, Thomas, of London, a land- \nscape painter, b. 1773, d. 1802. \n\nGisboroughPriory,Yorkshire,founded \n1129. \n\nGiusti, Antonio, a Florentine painter \nof landscape and history, b. 1624, \nd. 1705. \n\nGladiators, combats of abolished, 325. \n\nGladiators, order of, began in Livo- \nnia, 1204. \n\nGlanville, Joseph, an English writer, \nb. 1636, d. 1680. \n\nGlasgow, dreadful fire at, by which \n200 families were reduced to desti- \ntution, 3rd June, 1749 ; theatre \nburned down, 12th Jan., 1830 ; \ndestructive fire at, loss estimated \nat 150,000/., 14th Jan., 1832. \n\nGlass, the art of making it known to \nthe Romans, at least before 79 ; \nknown to the Chinese, about 200 ; \nintroduced into England by Bene- \ndict, a monk, 674; glass windows \nbegan to be used in private houses \nin England, 1180 ; glass first made \nin England into bottles and vessels, \n1557 ; the first plate glass for \nlooking-glasses and coach windows, \nmade at Lambeth, 1673 ; in Lan- \ncashire, 1773. \n\n\n\nGf L A \n\n\n\nGOD 181 \n\n\n\nGlass tax established, 1745. \n\nGlasses, musical, are of German \norigin, but revived by Dr. Frank- \nlin. 1760 : brought to a high state \nof accuracy and harmony by the \nCartwriahts in England, 1799. \n\nGlastonburv Abbev, Somerset, built \n640, rebuilt 954. \n\nGlauber. John, of Utrecht, a landscape \npainter, b. 1646, d. 17\'26. \n\nGlauber, John Rodolphus, a German, \ntbe combiner of Glauber salts, b. \n1646, d. 1660. \n\nGlauber, John Gottlieb, of Utrecht, \na landscape painter, b. 1656, d. \n1703. \n\nGlauber, Diana, a portrait painter, \nb. at Utrecht. 1650, d. 1720. \n\nGleaton Castle, Lancash., built 1340. \n\nGlenbervie, Lord, author of law re- \nports and other works, b. 1743, d. \n1823. \n\nGlendower. Owen, d. 1415. \n\nGlenie, James, b. 1750, d. 1817. \n\nGlobe of the earth, first voyage round \nit, was by Capt. Fra. Drake, 1580 : \nthe first by Magellan, 1591 ; the \nthird bv Sir Thomas Cavendish, \n1588: by Lord Anson, 1740-4: \nby Captain Cook, 1768; and by \nPerouse, 1793-4. A late publi- \ncation makes the number of in- \nhabitants on this globe to be \n8 9 6 . , . O f :h e s e2 2 6.0 . \nare Christians: 10,000,000 are \nJews; 210,000.000 Mahometans: \n450,000,000 millions of Pagans. \nOf those professing the Christian \nreligion there are 50.000.000 of \nProtestants, 30,000,000 of the \nGreek and Armenian churches, \nand 90,000,000 of Catholics. \nIf we reckon with the ancients, \nthat a generation lasts 30 years, \nin that space 896,000,000 human \nbeings will be born and die ; con- \nsequently, 81,760 must be drop- \nping into eternity every day; \n3497 every hour, or about 36 \nevery minute. \n\nGlobe of fire passed over the Island \nof Funen, Denmark, in open day, \nSep. 1807. A similar phenome- \nnon observed at the same time at \nJutland. \n\n\n\nGloria Patri, the doxology of, first \n\nused, 382. \nGloucester built by Arviragus, 47. in \n\nhonour of Claudius Caesar, whose \n\ndaughter he married. Monastery \n\nof, founded 710. \nGloucester damaged by violent rains, \n\n2nd Sept. 1750. \nGloucester, Abbey of, burnt 1102: \n\nagain 1122. \nGloucester, duke of, uncle to Rich. \n\nII.. smothered between two feather \n\nbeds. 28th Sept. 1397. \nj Gloucester, Humphry, duke of, 4th \n\nson of Henry IV., murdered and \n\nburied at St. Alban\'s, 1447. \nGloucester, Richard, duke of, brother \n\nto Edward IV. : rnurdered Edward, \n\nprince of Wales, and Richard, \n\nDuke of York, his two nephews, \n\n1483. \n\nGlove tax repealed, 2nd Aug.. 1795. \n\nGlover, Richard, an English poet, b. \n1712, d. 1785. \n\nGluck, Christopher, b. 171 6, d. 1 787. \n\nGlynne, Mr. Serjeant, d. Sept., 1779. \n\nGmelin, J. F.. editor of Linnaeus, b. \n1748, d. 1805. \n\nGobbo. See Bonzi. \n\nGobbo, Andrea del, a Milanese his- \ntorical painter, b. 1470, d. 1527. \n\nGobbo, II. Antonio Caracci, the his- \ntorical painter, was so called, b. at \nVenice. 1583, d. at Rome 1618. \n\nGobelin, Giles, the French dyer, \nflourished 1632. \n\nGodalming bridge, in Surrev. begun \nJuly. 1782. \n\nGoddard, Jonathan, first promoter of \nthe Royal Society, b.161 7,d.l674. \n\nGodewyck. Margaretta, a lady of \nDort, celebrated for painting and \nneedlework, b. 1627, d. 1677. \n\nGodfathers and godmothers first ap- \npointed 130. \n\nGodfrey, of Boulogne, d. 1110. \n\nGodfrev, Sir Edmoubury, murdered \n17th Oct., 1678. \n\nGodstow Nunnery, Oxfordshire, con- \nsecrated 1138. \n\nGodwin, Earl of Kent, invaded Eng- \nland, 1052; choked in protesting \nhis innocence of the murder of the \nking\'s brother at table with the \nkins, 1053. \n\n\n\n182 GOD \n\n\n\nGOU \n\n\n\nGodwin, or Goodwin sands, inundated \n1100. \n\nGodwin, bishop of Hereford, the an- \ntiquary, b. 1561, d. 1633. \n\nGoebouw, of Antwerp, an eminent \nhistoric painter, b. 1625. \n\nGoedaert, John, a Dutch painter of \nfruits and flowers, b. 1618, d.1668. \n\nGoes, Hugo-Vander, of Bruges, a \nlandscape and history painter, d. \n1480. \n\nGoethe, J. W. Von, prince of German \nliterature, b. 28th Aug., 1749, d. \n22nd March, 1832. \n\nGold first coined at Venice, 1276. \n\nGold first coined in England, 1344; \nand raised from 40s. to 48s. per \nounce, in 1546. \n\nGold mines were discovered by the \nSpaniards in America, 1492; from \nwhich time to 1731 they imported \nfrom thence into Europe above \n6000 millions of pieces of eight, in \nregister gold and silvei\', exclusive \nof what were unregistered. \n\nGold discovered in Malacca, 27th \nOct.., 1731 ; in New Andalusia, \n1785; in Ireland, in the mountain \ncalled Croghaun, in Wicklow, in \nSept., 1795 ; in Ceylon, 1800. \n\nGolden bull of the empire com- \nmenced, 1356. \n\nGold coin, the king gave his assent to \na bill " for preventing the counter- \nfeiting or diminishing,\'" 1st July, \n1773; reduced to the standard, \nAug., 1776. \n\nGolden Fleece, order of knighthood, \nbegun in Flanders, 1492. \n\nGolden Shield and Thistle, order be- \ngan, 1370. \n\nGoldoni, Charles, b. 1707, d. 1793. \n\nGoldsmith, Oliver, b. in Ireland, \n1728, d. 14th April, 1774. \n\nGoltzius, Hubert, of Venloo, an an- \ntiquai*ian, painter, and engraver, b. \n1520, d. 1583. \n\nGoltzius, Henry, of Mulbrecht \neminent painter and engraver, b. \n1558, d. 1617. \n\nGomez, V. S., a Spanish painter of \nlandscape and history, b. 1645. \n\nGongora, Lewis de, b. 1562, d. 1627. \n\nGonnelli, John, the sculptor, died \nblind, 1673. \n\n\n\nGonvil and Caius Colleges, Cam- \nbridge, founded 1348. \n\nGonzalez, Bar., a Spanish painter of \nhistory and portrait, b. 1564, d. \n1627. \n\nGonzalez, Juan Gia., a Spanish por- \ntrait painter, b. 1630, d. 1696. \n\nGonzalez, de Vega, a Spanish histori- \ncal painter, b. 1622, d. 1697. \n\nGonzalez, Pedro Ruiz, a Spanish his- \ntoric painter, b. 1633, d. 1709. \n\nGoodier, Captain, hanged at Bristol \nfor the murder of his brother, Sir \nJohn Goodier, 20th Jan., 1740-1. \n\nGoodman\' s-fields Theatre, opened \n1729. \n\nGool, John Van, a Dutch landscape \n\npainter, b. 1685, d. 1757. \nGoose, at Posbrook Cottage, Titch- \n\nfield, d. at the age of 64 years, \n\n4th Jan., 1815. \nGordon, Alexander, antiquarian, d. \n\n1750. \n\nGordon, lord George, d. in Newgate, \n\n1st Nov., 1793. \nGordon, Thomas, d. 1750. \nGoree Isle, on the coast of Guinea, \n\nfirst planted by the Dutch, 1617 ; \n\nnearly destroyed by the explosion \n\nof the powder magazine, 15th Oct., \n\n1662. \n\nGortzius, a Flemish painter of his- \ntory and portraits, born 1553, died \n1611. \n\nGoslar mines, Lower Saxony, caught \nfire, which penetrated to the depth \nof 750 feet, April, 1800. \n\nGottenburgh had a fire which de- \nstroyed 120 houses, 4th Feb., \n1794; again, 22nd Dec, 1802, \nwhich destroyed the cathedral, \npalace, post-office, and several pub- \nlic buildings, together with a fourth \npart of the city, to the value of \nabout 2,000,000 dollars. Again, \n1813, which consumed a great part \nof the town. \n\nGotti, V., a Bolognese historic pain- \nter, d. 1636. \n\nGottsched, J. C, b. 1700, d. 1766. \n\nGouda, Corn. Van, a Dutch painter, \nb. 1510, d. 1550. \n\nGoudt, or Gaud, II Count Van, of \nUtrecht, a nobleman who excelled \nin painting and engraving, b. 1585. \n\n\n\nGO U \n\n\n\nGRE \n\n\n\n183 \n\n\n\nGouffier, Count Choiseul, b. 1752, j \nd. 1817. \n\nGough, Richard, laborious antiquary. \n\nb. 1735, d. 1809. \nGoujet, a French voluminous writer, \n\nb. 1697. \n\nGoujon, Jean, sculptor and architect, ! \nd. 1572. \n\nGoupy, Joseph, a French landscape \npainter, d. 1763. \n\nGoutier, John and Louis, painters on | \nglass, flourished in the 17th cen- \ntury. \n\nGovernment, annual expense in 1652, i \n\n62,000/.: in 1653, 1,300,000/. ; \n\nin 1658. 2,200,500/.; 1660,1 \n\n1,200,000/.; 1694, 6,000,000/.;! \n\nin 1776, 7,000,000/. ; 1808, \n\n75,670,641/. 85. 2d. \nGower, J., first English poet, d.1402. I \nGower, R. EL, author of a treatise on | \n\nseamanship, d. 1833. \nGoyen, John Van, of Leyden j an ; \n\neminent landscape painter, b. 1596, \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nd. 1656. \n\nGozzoli, Ben., a Florentine painter \nof history, b. 1400, d. 1478. \n\nGraaff, John, of Vienna, a painter of \' \nrustic festivities, b. 1680, d. 1734. \n\nGraat, Barent, of Amsterdam, a pain- j \nter of history] portraits, and land- j \nscape, b. 1628, d. 1709. \n\nGraaw, Henrv, a Dutch historic pain- i \nter, b. 1627, d. 1682. \n\nGrabe, John Ernest, Russian writer, \nb. 1666, d. 1711. \n\nGrace Dieu Nunnery, Leicester, I \nfounded, 1151. \n\nGrace, Mrs., an English portrait \npainter, d. 1786. \n\nGrace at meat. The table was con- i \nsidered by the ancient Greeks as \nthe altar of friendship, and held \nsacred ; and they would not par- j \ntake of any meat till they had \noffered part of it, as the first fruits, \nto their gods. The ancient Jews \noffered up prayers always before \nmeat, and from their example the \nprimitive Christians did the same. \n\nGraham, James, English poet,d.l81 1. \n\nGrain. No. of qrs. of all kinds im- \nported into Great Britain in 1831, \n5,972,338/. \nGrainger, Dr. J., b. 1723, d. 1767. \n\n\n\nGrammarians, the first regular ones, \n\nflourished B. C. 276. \nGrammatica, Antiveduto, an Italian \n\nhistoric painter, b. 1571, d. 1626. \nGrammont, Count de, d. 1707. \nGranacci, Fran., a Florentine historic \n\npainter, b. 1477> d. 1544. \nGranada Island, settled bv France, \n\n1652. \n\nGrand Cairo bt. by the Saracens, 969. \n\nGrandi, an Italian historic painter, b. \n1491, d. 1531. \n\nGrandier, burnt in France, for witch- \ncraft. 1634. \n\nGranger, Rev. Mr., died suddenly as \nhe was administering: the sacra- \nment, 14th April, 1776. \n\nGrapes brought to England, and \nplanted at Blackball in Suffolk, \n1552 ; cultivated in Flanders, \n1276. \n\nGrati, Giov. Bat., a Bolognese his- \ntorical painter, b. 1681, d. 1758. \n\nGratian flourished 1151. \n\nGrattan, Henry, celebrated Irish ora- \ntor and statesman, b. 1750, d. and \ninterred in Westminster Abbev, \n1820. \n\nGravelines founded 1160 ; 3000 peo- \nple killed at, by the explosion of \na magazine, 1654. \n\nGraves, R., dean of Ardagh, d. 1829. \n\nGraves, Rev. Richard, author of the \n"Spiritual Quixote," 1 d. 23rd Nov. \n1804, aged 90. \n\nGravesend erected to protect the river \nThames, 1513 ; fire at, broke out \nin the Horn stable, when five half- \nbarrels of gunpowder blew up and \noccasioned much injury, 4th Nov., \n1798; new pier at, injured by a \nmob, 22nd Jan., 1833 ; opened to \nthe public, 30th July, 1834. \n\nGravesande, W. J., b. 1*688, d.174\'2. \n\nGraziani, Ercole, a Bolognese histori- \ncal painter, b. 1688, d. 1765. \n\nGrazzini, Giov. Paolo, a painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. at Ferrara \n1570, d. 1632. \n\nGreatrakes, that healed bv stroking, \nb. in Ireland 1629, d. 1681. \n\nGreat seal of England first used 1050. \n\nGreat seal of England stolen from the \nlord chancellor and destroyed, 24th \nMarch, 1784. \n\n\n\n184 GRE \n\n\n\nG R I \n\n\n\nGreaves, John, English mathemati- \ncian, b. 1602, d. 1652. \n\nGrecian empire founded by Alexander \n331 B.C. \n\nGreco, an historic painter, b. in Greece \n1547, d. 1627. \n\nGreek first introduced into England \n1493. \n\nGreene, Dr. Maurice, English musi- \ncian, d. 1755. \n\nGreen, Matthew, poet, d. 1757. \n\nGreen, Saxon, invented, 1744. \n\nGreen dye for cotton invented by Dr. \nR. Williams, 1777. \n\nGreenfield monastery built, 1131. \n\nGreenhill, John, an English portrait \npainter, b. 1649, killed by a fall \n.1676. \n\nGreenland first discovered, 1585 ; \nsettled 1721-51. \n\nGreenock society for the encourage- \nment of arts and sciences founded \n1812. \n\nGreenwich, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nGreenwich Hospital, the chapel of, \nand one quadrangle of tbe whole \nbuilding, destroyed by fire 2nd Jan., \n1779 ; began to receive 6d. per \nmonth from every sailor in 1695, \nand Is. from June, 1797., \n\nGreenwich Hospital instituted 1694 ; \nfirst began to receive disabled sea- \nmen, 1737 ; had the Derwentwater \nestate given it, 1735; injured by a \nfire, Jan. 1779 ; chapel rebuilt and \nopened for service 20 Sept., 1789. \n\nGreenwood, of Boston, America, a \npainter and engraver, b. 1729, d. \n1792. \n\nGregory, Nazianzen, b. 324, d. 389. \n\nGregory, Nyssen, d. 396. \n\nGregory, Rev. John, b. 1607, d. 1646. \n\nGregorv, James, the mathematician, \n- d. 1675, aged 38. \n\nGregory, Dr. John, b. 1724, d. 1773. \n\nGregorian calendar first used in the \nCatholic states of Europe, 1582 : \nin most of the others, 1710 ; in \nEngland and in Sweden, 1752. \n\nGrenada, a dreadful fire there, 1775, \nwhen the town of St. George was \ntotally destroyed ; 1 6th May, 1 7 92, \nthe carenage was destroyed by fire \nto a very considerable amount. \n\n\n\nGrenelle, near Paris, an explosion at, \noccasioned by the blowing up of \npowder-mills, when near 3000 per- \nsons lost their lives, and all the \nadjacent buildings were nearly de- \nstroyed, 3rd Sept., 1794. \n\nGresham, Sir Thos., b. 1519, d. 1580. \n\nGresham College founded 1681 ; \npulled down, 1771, and the excise \noffice built on the site, 1774. \n\nGresse, J. A., of London, a painter \nand engraver, b. 1741, d. 1794. \n\nGretham Hospital, Durham, bt. 1220. \n\nGreuze, a French painter of moral and \naffecting subjects, b. 1726, d. 1805. \n\nGreville, Fulke, Lord Broke, b. 1554, \nkilled by his servant, 30th Sept., \n1628, aged 74. \n\nGrew, Dr. Jf., b. 1628, d. 1711. \n\nGrey, Zach., English divine and his- \ntorian, b. 1687, d. 1766. \n\nGrey, Lady Jane, her husband, Lord \nGuildford, and her father, beheaded \n12th April, 1554. \n\nGreyhound packet-boat, from Cork \nto Bristol, lost on the Culner Sands, \nwhen all on board perished, 29th \nDec, 1815. \n\nGriesbach b. 1745, d. 1812. \n\nGriffier, John, the Old, a Dutch land- \nscape painter, b. 1645, d. 1718. \n\nGriffier, R., the Young, of London, a \nlandscape painter, b. 1688,d.l720. \n\nGriffith, Mrs., author of " Letters to \nYoung Married Women," b. 1731, \nd. 5th Jan., 1793. \n\nGrignion, R., an engraver, d. 1787. \n\nGrignion, Char., an engraver, d. 1810. \n\nGrignon, Charles, of London, a painter \nof historical and pastoral subjects, \nb. 1754, d. 1804. \n\nGrimaldi, a celebrated Bolognese land- \nscape painter, b. 1606, d, 1680. \n\nGrimaldi, Francesco, a Neapolitan \npainter, b. 1550, d. 1609. \n\nGrimani, Hubert, of Delft, a portrait \n\npainter, b. 1599, d. 1629. \nGrimm., Sam. Hen., a Swiss architec- \ntural draftsman, d. 1794. \nGrimmer, a Dutch landscape painter, \n\nb. 1510, d. 1546. \nGrimoux, a French historic and por- \ntrait painter, b. 1688, d. 1740. \nGrimston, Sir Harbottle, law writer, \nb. about 1594, d. 1683. \n\n\n\nGRI \n\n\n\nG U I 185 \n\n\n\nGrisoni, a Florentine painter of history \nand portraits, b. 1701, d. 1769. \n\nGrist mills invented in Ireland, 1214. \n\nGrobber, a Dutch painter of history \nand portraits, b. 1579, d, 1636. \n\nGrocer\'s Alley, in the Poultry, Lon- \ndon, a fire broke out at, which de- \nstroyed several houses, reached the \nCompter, "whereupon 50 debtors \nwere set free, 40 of whom returned \nagain, and nine felons escaped, 27th \nAug., 1749. \n\nGrocyn, William, d. 1523, aged 88. \n\nGrog, the sea term for rum and water, \narose from Admiral Vernon, who \nfirst introduced it on board a ship. \nHe was called Old Grog, from wear- \ning a grogram coat in bad weather. \n\nGroningen built B.C. 433. \n\nGronovius, James, b. at Dementer \n1645, d. 1716. \n\nGropalio, P. M., a Genoese painter of \nhistory, b. 1610, d. 1672. \n\nGros, Peter le, a French sculptor, b. \n1666, d. 1719. \n\nGros, Jean le, a French portrait \npainter, b. 1671, d. 1745. \n\nGrose, Francis, an English antiquarv, \nb. 1731, d. in Ireland 1791. \n\nGrosseteste, Rob., b. 1175, d. 1253. \n\nGrosvenor Square, the centre house \nin, raffled for, tickets one guinea \neach, valued at 10,000^., 10th \nJune, 1739. \n\nGrotius, Hugo, b. at Delft, 1583, d. \n1645. \n\nGround, a spot of, at Caplow-wood, \nparish of Fawnhope, Hereford, four \nacres in extent, removed and filled \nup the adjoining road to 12 feet in \nheight. A yew tree also was re- \nmoved 40 yards without being \nchanged from its upright position, \n4th April, 1795. \n\nGrove, Joseph, historical and critical \nwriter, d. 1764. \n\nGruter, James, the philologer, b. \n1560, d. 1627. \n\nGuadaloupe discovered by Columbus, \n1493 ; planted by the Frenchl635. \n\nGuarana, a Venetian historic painter \nand engraver, b. 1716. \n\nGuardian frigate miraculously pre- \nserved from shipwreck on an island \nof ice, Dec, 1789; arrived at the \n\n\n\nCape of Good Hope, 24th Feb., \n1790. \n\nGuardi, Fran., a Venetian painter of \narchitecture, &c, b. 1712, d. 1793. \n\nGuards for the king\'s person first ap- \npointed, 30th Oct., 1435; had an \nincrease of pay, 1797. \n\nGuarini, b. 1370, d. 1460. \n\nGuaspre, Dughart, an artist, b. 1613, \nd. 1675. \n\nGuelphs, the order of knighthood, \ninstituted for the kingdom of Han- \nover, 1816. \n\nGuercino, of Cento, a celebrated his- \ntoric painter, b. 1590, d. 1666. \n\nGuericke, Otto de, invented the air- \npump, 1654, b. 1602, d. 1686. \n\nGuevara, Juan, a Spanish painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. 1631, d. \n1698. \n\nGuicciardini, an Italian historian, b. \n1482, d. 1540, aged 58. \n\nGuidi, Alessandro, b. 1650, d. 1712. \n\nGuido Reni, a memorable painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. at Bologna \n1574, d. 1642. \n\nGuidobono, of Savona, a painter of \nanimals, fruit, &c, b.1654, d.1709. \n\nGuidotti, an Italian painter and sculp- \ntor, b. 1569, d. 1629. \n\nGuildhall, London, built 1416; coun- \ncil chamber, 1425; the front and \nporch, 1431 ; burnt 1666 ; rebuilt \n1669; beautified 1762; front re- \nbuilt, 1789. \n\nGuildhall, London, entertainment \ngiven at, to the Duke of Welling- \nton, 9th July, 1814 ; a banquet at, \nto the allied sovereigns of Russia, \nPrussia, and many illustriousguests, \n18th June, 1814. \n\nGuillim, John, heraldic writer, d. \n1621, aged 56. \n\nGuilford tower fell down, 24th April \n1740 ; castle built before 1036. \n\nGuineas were first coined, 1673, from \ngold brought from the coast of \nGuinea; worth 30s. 1696; reduced \nby parliament from 22s. to 21s., \n1717 ; called in, 1776. \n\nGuinea, the first slave-trade on this \ncoast by the English was opened \nby John Hawkins, assisted by a \nsubscription of sundry English gen- \ntlemen. He sailed from England \n\n\n\n186 GUI \n\n\n\nHAC \n\n\n\nwith three ships, purchased negroes, \nsold them at Hispaniola, and re- \nturned home richly laden with \nhides, sugar, and ginger, 1563. \n\nGuiixo, a Spanish painter of history, \nb. 1630, d. 1700. \n\nGuise, Duke of, murdered, 1558. \n\nGuisoni, an Italian painter of history, \nd. 1590. \n\nGun, son of a, most probably from \nGong, an old word for the temple \nof Cloacina; of course it implies \nbastard, or born in a necessaiy. \n\nGunpowder invented by Schwartz, a \nGerman, 1330 ; first made in Eng- \nland,14l8; first used inSpain, 1344. \n\nGunpowder Plot discov., 5 Nov.1605. \n\nGunpowder-mills, one at Feversham \nblew up, by which five men and \ntwo horses were killed, 16th Jan., \n\n1810. One at Dartford blew up, \nby which two persons lost their \nlives, 24th Sept., 1810. One at \nWaltham Abbey, by which seven \nmen lost their lives, 27th Nov., \n\n1811. One at Hounslow, by which \ntwo men were severely hurt, 4th \nJuly, 1812. Two at Hounslow, by \nwhich three men were killed, 21st \nAug., 1813. One at Battle, by \nwhich three men were blown to \natoms, Sept., 1814. \n\nGuns, great, invented, 1 330 ; used \nby the Moors at the siege of Alge- \nsiras in Spain, 1344 ; used at the \nbattle of Cressyin 1346, when Ed- \nward had four pieces of cannon, \nwhich gained him the battle ; they \nwere used at the siege of Calais in \n\n\n\n1347 ; in Denmark, 1354 ; at sea, \nby Venice against Genoa, 1377 * \nfirst used in Spain, 1406 ; first \nmade in England of iron, 1547 ; \nof brass, 1635; invented to shoot \nwhales, 1731 ; first used in Eng- \nland at the siege of Berwick, 1405; \nbombs and mortars invented, 1634 ; \nfirst used by the Catholic mission- \naries in China, 1636. \n\nGunter, Rev. Edm., the mathemati- \ncian, b. 1581, d. 1626. \n\nGurney, William, the short-hand \nwriter, d. 1770. \n\nGustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, \nkilled in battle, 6th Nov., 1632. \n\nGustavus III., King of Sweden, shot \nat a masquerade by Count Anker- \nstroem, 29th March, 1792. \n\nGustavus Vasa d. 1560, aged 70. \n\nGutch, Rev. John, an English anti- \nquary, b. 1745, d. 1831. \n\nGuthrie, Mr. W., b. 1708, d. 1770. \n\nGuttenberg, John, one of the candid- \ndates for the invention of printing \nat Mentz in Germany, d. 1467. \n\nGuy, Tho., bookseller, d. 27th Dec, \n1724, aged 79, and left 200,000/. \nfor maintaining his hospital. \n\nGuy\'s Hospital, Southwark, bt. 1721. \n\nGuyard, Adelaide Labille, a French \npainter of portraits in miniature, \nb. 1749, d. 1803. \n\nGuyon, Marv, French quietist, b. \n1648, d. 1717. \n\nGuyton de Morveau, L. B., b. 1737, \nd. 1815. \n\nGuyzen, Peter, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1636. \n\n\n\nH. \n\n\n\nHaANSBERGEN, of Utrecht, a \nlandscape painter, b.1642, d. 1705. \n\nHabakkuk, the prophet, fl. B.C. 731. \n\nHabeas corpus act passed, 1641, and \n27th May, 1679; suspended in \n1715, for six months; 1716, for \nsix months; 1722, for twelve \nmonths; 1744, for six months; \n1779, for six months; 1794, 1795, \n1798, 1799, and 1800, for nine \nmonths; in 1801, for six weeks; \nagain in 1808, in consequence of \n\n\n\nthe rebellion ; suspended in conse- \nquence of the report of the green- \nbag committee, 3rd March, 1817, \nthe suspension to continue to 1st \nJuly ; was renewed a few days pre- \nvious to the expiration of that pe- \nriod. \' \n\nHabeas corpus, writs of, made issuable \nin vacation, and returnable imme- \ndiately, 1814. \n\nHackaert, John, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1636, d. 1699. \n\n\n\nH AC \n\n\n\nHAM \n\n\n\n187 \n\n\n\nHackert, James Philip, a Prussian \npainter of landscapes, b. 1734, d. \n1794. \n\nHackert, John, a German painter of \nanimals, flourished 1773. \n\nHacket, William, the fanatic, hanged \n28th July, 1592. \n\nHackney, Alice, the remains of, who \nhad been 175 years buried, were \naccidentally dug up in the church \nof St. Mary Hill, London, when \nthe skin was found whole, and the \narm -joints pliable, 1494. \n\nHackney coaches first used in Lon- \ndon, twenty in number, 1625. \nTheir increase prohibited by Charles \nI., 1635: established by act of \nparliament, 24th June, 1694; re- \ngulated 1784, 1786, 1800, 1802, \n1808, 1814. 1815. \n\nHackney Coach office, Surrey-street, \nStrand, London, burnt down, 1770; \nremoved to Somerset-place, 1782. \n\nH C;-le. Essex, built 1 3 6 . \n\nHadnam, Oxfordshire, 60 houses at, \nburnt down, 5th April, 1760. \n\nHaerlem, Dirk Tan, a Dutch painter \nof history, b. 1410, d. 1470. \n\nHagen, John Tan, a Dutch landscape \npainter, flourished 1662. \n\nHaggai, the prophet, fl. B. C. 520. \n\nHagmon Priory, Salop, built 1100. \n\nHaid, John Jacob, a German portrait \npainter, b. 1703. \n\nHail-storm, a dreadful one in the \nHaymarket, and two or three ad- \njoining streets, without the least \nappearance of hail in the rest of \nLondon ; a fire-ball fell in Oxen- \ndon-street, which tore up the pave- \nment, 9 th June, 1803. \n\nHaines, J., the comedian, flourished \n1700, d. 1701. \n\nHainzelmann, a German portrait \npainter and engraver, b. 1641 . \n\nHair powder in general use, 1590; \ntax laid on, 1795. \n\nHakewell, John, an English landscape \npainter, d. 1791. \n\nHakluyt, Richard, historian and geo- \ngrapher, b. 1553, d. 1616. \n\nHal. Nicholas Van, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1668, d. 1738. \n\nHalde, J. B. Du, historian, b. 1674, \nd. 1743. \n\n\n\nHale, Sir Matthew, b. 1609, d. 25th \nDec, 1676. \n\nHales, Judge, committed to the \nMarshalsea, 1553; he was after- \nwards removed to the Compter \nand the Fleet, where he attempted, \nsuicide. On being set at liberty \nsome time after, he drowned him- \nself. \n\nHales, Rev. Stephen, b. 1677, d. 4th \n\nJune, 1761. \nHales, Rev., chronologist, d. 1826. \n! Hales Abbey, Gloucestershire, built \n1246. \n\nHales-Owen Abbev, Shropshire, built \n1215. \n\n( Halifax, England, erected into a \n\nborough, 1832. \nI Hall, an English engraver, d. 1797. \nI Hall, Sidnev, an English engraver, d. \n\n1832. \n\nI Hall, John, English surgeon, b. 1529. \nHall, John, an English poet, b. 1627, \nd. 1656. \n\nHall, Joseph, an English prelate, \n\nbishop of Norwich, b. 1574, d.1656. \nHall, Rev. Robert, an eminent and \n\nlearned English divine, b. 1763, \n\nd. 21st Feb., 1831. \nHallelujah and Amen first introduced \n\nby Haggai, the prophet, B.C. 584. \nHalle, Claude Gui, a French historic \n\npainter, b. 1651, d. 1736. \nHaller, Dr., of Beme, b. 16th Oct., \n\n1708, d. 12th Dec, 1777. \nHallev, Dr. Edmund, astronomer, b. \n\n1656, d. 1742. \nHailing House, Kent, built 1183. \nHalloran, Rev. Hynes, an eminent \n\nIrish scholar, poet, and divine, \n\nchaplain in the Britannia at the \n\nbattle of Trafalgar, transported for \nj seven years, for forging a frank, \n\nvalue lOcL d. in N. S. Wales, 8th \n\nMarch, 1831. \nHalo, a remarkable one encircling the \n\nmoon, 16th Aug., 1807. \nHals, Franck, of Mechlin, a portrait \n\npainter, b. 1584, d. 1666. \nHals, Dirk, of Mechlin, a painter of \n\nanimals, and general subjects, b. \n\n1589, d. 1656. \nHaman, hanged by order of Ahasue- \n\nrus, B. C. 509. " \nHamburgh founded, 804; walled, \n\n\n\n188 \n\n\n\nHAM \n\n\n\nHAN \n\n\n\n811; disfranchised, and incorpo- \nrated with France, Jan., 1810 ; \nrestored to independence by the \nallied sovereigns, 1814. \n\nHam el, John Bapt. du, a French \nwriter, b. 1624, d. 1706. \n\nHamel, da Monceau, naturalist, b. \n1700, d. 1782. \n\nHamilton, duke of, and others, exe- \ncuted, 1649. \n\nHamilton, duke of, and lord Mohun, \nkilled in a duel in Hyde-park, loth \nNov., 1712. \n\nHamilton, count Anthonv, b. 1646, \nd. 1720. \n\nHamilton, William, of Bangour, b. \n\n1704, d. 1754. \nHamilton, William Gerard, b. 1729, \n\nd. 1796. \n\nHamilton, Sir William, K. B., am- \nbassador to the court of Naples, b. \n1730, d. 6th April, 1803. \n\nHamilton, Mrs. Elizabeth, writer of \nseveral works on moral and religious \ninstruction, b. 1758, d. 23rd Julv, \n1816. \n\nHamilton, Gavin, a Scottish historic \npainter, d. 1797. \n\nHamilton, William, of Chelsea, an \nhistoric painter, b. 1750, d. 1801. \n\nHammersmith Ghost, affair of, 1 804. \n\nHammersmith Suspension Bridge, \ncommenced in 1 825 ; completed in \n1828. The chains stretching from \nthe shore piers support a road-way \nof 688 feet 8 inches in length, ex- \nceeding that of Menai Bridge by \n135 feet. \n\nHammet, Sir Benj., fined 1000/. \nby the Court of Common Council, \nfor refusing to serve the office of \nLord Mayor of London, 13th Oct., \n1797. \n\nHammond, Rev. Dr. Henrv, b. 1605, \nd. 1660. \n\nHampden, John, called the Patriot, b. \n1594, wounded on the 18th. and \nd. 24th June, 1643. \n\nHampton, manufactory and dwelling- \nhouse of Mr.Browning at, destroyed \nby fire, when Mr. and Mrs. Brown- \ning perished in the flames, 9th \nJune, 1814. \n\nHampton Court Palace, built June \n18, 1525, by Wolsey, who gave it \n\n\n\nto King Henry YI1I. ; bridge be- \ngun, 1750. \nHampton, the translator of Polybius, \nd. 1778. \n\nHand-fisting, an ancient custom at \nLangholme, as a substitute for \nmarriage, by j oining of hands, which \nlasted for a year ; when, if the par- \nties were agreeable, it was renewed. \nThe children were kept by the in- \nconstant. \n\nHandel, grand commemoration of, at \nWestminster Abbey, 1784; there \nwere 600 performers, and the re- \nceipts amounted to 12,746/. \n\nHandel, George Frederick, d. 12th \nApril, 1759, aged 74. \n\nHandkerchiefs first manufactured at \nPaisley in Scotland, 1743, when \n15,886/. worth were made ; in 1784 \nthe manufacture yielded 164,385/. \n\nHannan, a Scotch landscape painter, \nd. 1775. \n\nHanneman, A, a Dutch painter of \nhistory, portraits, and allegory, b. \n1611,\'d. 1680. \n\nHannibal d. 183 B.C. \n\nHanno flourished 453 B.C. \n\nHanover, hitherto but a village, \nwalled, 1556 ; obtained the privi- \nleges of a city, 1578 ; made the \nninth electorate, 1692 ; annexed to \nWestphalia by Buonaparte, 18th \nMarch, 1810 ; regained to Eng- \nland, 6th Nov., 1813 ; principality \nof Hildesheim annexed to it, 1813; \nerected into a kingdom, 1814; as- \nsembly of the states of the new \nkingdom opened by the Duke of \nCambridge, loth \' Dec, 1814; \nEast Friesland and Harlingen added \nto it, 1815 ; Duke of Cambridge \nappointed lieutenant-governor of, \nNov., 1816. \n\nHanoverian troops first arrived in \nEngland, 1756. \n\nHanoverian succession established by \nlaw, 1701. \n\nHanway, Jonas, a charitable charac- \nter, the introducer of the umbrella \ninto England, b. 12th Aug., 1712, \nd. 5th Sept., 1786. \n\nHanworth-park House, the seat of \nthe Duke of St. Albans, burnt \ndown, 16th March, 1797. \n\n\n\nHAR \n\n\n\nHAT 189 \n\n\n\nHarconrt, earl of, drowned in a well \n\nin Oxfordshire, Sept., 1777. \nHardime, Peter, a Dutch painter of \n\nfruit and flowers, b. 1678, d. 1748. \nHardime, Simon, a Flemish painter \n\nof fruit and flowers, h. 1672, d. \n\n1737. \n\nHarding, John, chronologer, d. 1461. \n\nHardinge, Nich., English poet, b. \n1700, d. 1758. \n\nHardinge, George, b. 1744, d. 1816. \n\nHardouin, Father, b. 1647, d. 1729. \n\nHarlech Castle, Merionethshire, built \nby the ancient Britons ; rebuilt, \n876 ; re-edified by Edward I. \n\nHarley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, b. \n1661 ; stabbed at the council board, \n8th March, 1710, d. 1724. \n\nHarling, D., a Dutch portrait painter, \nb. 1636, d. 1706. \n\nHarlots or prostitutes obliged to wear \nstriped hoods of party colours, and \ntheir garments with the wrong side \noutwards, 27 Edward III., 1347. \n\nHarlow, G. H., an eminent English \npainter of history and portraits, b. \n1787, d. 1819. \n\nHarmonica, or musical glasses, im- \nproved by Dr. Franklin, 1760; \nintroduced into France, 1765. \n\nHarmony town, in Pennsylvania, \nfounded by a number of German \nfamilies, styling themselves the \nHarmony Society, who emigrated \nin Dec, 1804. \n\nHarmony, New, in Indiana, purchased \nby Robert Owen in 1825 for the \nestablishment of a " social system," \nbroken up in 1 826. \n\nHarpe, Fred., d. at Fish-hill, Cum- \nberland, in Feb., 1792, aged 120. \n\nHarpe, J. F. la, b. 1739, d. 1803. \n\nHarpooner transport, from Quebec, \nwith invalids and other troops, \nfoundered on the coast of New- \nfoundland, and more than half the \npersons on board perished, 10th \nNov., 1816. \n\nHarrington, Sir John, English poet, \nb. 1561, d. 1612. \n\nHariington, James, b. 1611, d. 1677. \n\nHarrington, Dr. Henry, b. 1729, d. \n1816. \n\nHarriot, Thomas, algebraist, b. 1560, \nd. 1621. \n\n\n\nHarris, Josiah, writer on coins, d. \n1764. \n\nHarris, James, the celebrated writer, \nb. 1709, d. 21st Dec, 1780. \n\nHarris, earl of Malmesbury, b. 1746, \nd. 1820. \n\nHarrison, Mr. John, inventor of the \ntime-keeper for discovering the \nlongitude, d. 24th March, 1776, \naged 84. \n\nHarrowgate, mineral spring at, dis- \ncovered, 1571. \n\nHart, Sir Anthony, Lord Chancellor \nof Ireland, b. 1767, d. 1831, \n\nHartcamp. See Smits. \n\nHarte, Rev. W., b. about 1697, d. \n1774. \n\nHartlebury Castle, Worcestershire, \nbuilt, 1268. \n\nHartley, David, English physician and \nphilosopher, d. 1757, aged 53. \n\nHartley, David, son of the preceding, \nfirst mover in the house of com- \nmons for the abolition of the slave \ntrade, d. 19th Dec, 1813. \n\nHartzoecker, of Utrecht, painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b.1696, d. 1740. \n\nHarvey, Dr. William, discoverer of \nthe circulation of the blood, b. \n1569, d. 1658. \n\nHarwood Nunnery, Bedfordshire, bt. \n1150. \n\nHaslewood, Joseph, a distinguished \nliterary character, b. 1769, d. 1833. \n\nHastings, Lord, put to death in the \nTower, 13th June, 1483. \n\nHastings, Warren, governor-general of \nIndia, tried by the peers of Great \nBritain for high crimes and misde- \nmeanors ; his trial lasted seven \nyears and three months, and ended \nin his acquittal, 25th April, 1795 ; \nb. 1733, d. 1818. \n\nHastings, battle of, 15th Oct. 1066 ; \ntown of, destroyed by fire, 1377 ; \ncastle built, 1070. \n\nHats invented at Paris, 1404; first \nmade in London, 1510. \n\nHat-tax levied, 1st Oct., 1784; \nstamps for ditto, 1796; repealed, \n1811. \n\nHatton, Sir Christopher, made Lord \nChancellor, in 1587, being the first \nthat was neither priest nor lawyer \nwho held the office, d. 1591. \n\n\n\n190 HAU \n\n\n\nHEE \n\n\n\nHaugmond Abbey, Shropshire, built, \n1110. \n\nHauser, Gaspar, Haarlem, murdered \n\n14th Dec, 1833. \nHavannah, hurricane at, -when seventy \n\nvessels were wrecked, 23rd Sept., \n\n1810. \n\nHavard College, New England, built, \n1650 ; burnt down and rebuilt. \n1764. \n\nHavard, "William, English actor and \n\ndramatic writer, d. 1778. \nHaverfordwest Castle bit, about 1700. \nHavre de Grace, in France, built and \n\nfortified, 1545. \nHawarden Castle, Flintshire, built, \n\n1260; demolished, 1643. \nHawes, Stephen, the poet, fl. 1506. \nHawke, Lord, admiral, b. 1713, d. \n\n1781. \n\nHawkers and pedlars licensed, 24th \n\nJune, 1697; restrained, 1785; \n\nnew act for, 1810. \nHawkesworth, Dr. John, d. 17th \n\nNov., 1773, aged 53. \nHavdrins, Sir John, English admiral, \n\nb. about 1520, d. 1595. \nHawkins, Sir Richard, the navigator, \n\nd. 1622. \n\nHaworth, A. H., a voluminous Eng- \nlish botanical and entomological \nwriter, d. 24th Aug., 1833. \n\nHaxey, in Asholme, Lincolnshire, 56 \nhouses at, valued at 10,000/., burnt \n4th March, 1743-4. \n\nHav, William, poet and miscellaneous \nwriter, b. 1700, d. 1755. \n\nHavdn, Joseph, b. 31st March, 1732, \nd. 31st May, 1809. \n\nHave, Sieur de la, d. 2nd Feb., 1774, \naged 120. \n\nHayes, Catherine, hanged for the \nmurder of her husband, 20th Apr., \n1726. \n\nHaves, Charles, English mathemati- \ncian, b. 1678, d. 1760. \n\nHayley, William, b. 1745, d. 1820. \n\nHayls,\' John, an English portrait \npainter, d. 1679. \n\nHayman, Franc, an English historic \npainter, b. 1708, d. 1776. \n\nHavward, Sir John, the historian, d. \nJune, 1627. \n\nHaywood, Mr. Justice, stabbed in \nWestminster Hall by a papist, 1640. \n\n\n\nHazlitt, William, an able British cri- \ntic and miscellaneous writer, d. \n18th Sept., 1830, \n\nHead, Guy, an English portrait \npainter, d. 1800. \n\nHead, Ricbard, cast away at sea, 1678. \n\nHealths, the custom of drinking them \nin fashion so early as 1134 B.C. \nSome sav thev arose from Rowena, \nthe daughter of Hengist, drinking \nprince Vortigern\'s health in a gold \ncup, at an entertainment, about \n460, in conformity to the Scripture \ncompliment, \xe2\x80\x94 " O king, live for \never ! " \n\nHeame, Thomas, an English land- \nscape painter, b. 1744, d. 1817. \n\nHearne, Thomas, learned writer, b. \n1678, d. 1735. \n\nHearth money, a tax on every hearth \nor chimney-place, levied on every \nhouse in England, 2nd Anne, 13 \nCharles II. 1662; abolished by \nWilliam and Mary, 1689. \n\nHeath, James, English chronological \nhistorian, b. 1629, d. 1664. \n\nHeath, engraver, d. 1834. \n\nHeathfield, Lord, hero of Gibraltar, \nd. 6th July, 1790, aged 72. \n\nHeberden, Dr. William, d. 17th \nMay, 1801, aged 91. \n\nHebrew points first introduced in \nreading, 475. \n\nHeck, John Van, a Dutch painter of \nfruit and flowers, b. 1625, d. 1669. \n\nHeck, Nicholas Van, a Dutch his- \ntorical painter, b. 1580, d. 1638. \n\nHeck, M. H. Vander, fl. 1620. \n\nHeckell, G. Van, a Dutch painter, \nflourished 1670. \n\nHector, son of Priam, bravest of the \nprinces of Troy, slain 1184 B. C. \n\nHedwig, John, b. 1730, d. 1799. \n\nHeede, Vigor, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1659, d. 1708. \n\nHeede, William, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1660, d. 1728. \n\nHeem, J. David de, a Dutch painter \nof fruits and flowers, b. 1600, d. \n1674. \n\nHeem, Cornelius, a Dutch painter of \nfruits, &c, b. 1623. \n\nHeere, Lucas de, of Ghent, a land- \nscape, history, and portrait painter, \nb. 1534, d. 1584. \n\n\n\nHEE \n\n\n\nHEN 191 \n\n\n\nHeeren, Arnold Hermaan Lewis, \nhistorian, b. 25th Oct., 1760. \n\nHefele, landscape painter, fl. in the \nreigns of William III. and queen \nAnne. \n\nHegira, or flight of Mahomet from \nMecca to Medina, 16th July, A.D. \n662. \n\nHeiddegger, J. J., the famous hu- \nmorist, d. 1742, aged 90. \n\nHeidelburg, great tun built in the \ncellar of the castle at, 1343. \n\nHeights of mountains. See Moun- \ntains, heights of. \n\nHeil, Daniel Van, a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1604, d. 1662. \n\nHeil, J. B. Van, a Dutch painter of \nsacred subjects, b. 1609. \n\nHeil, Leon. Van, of Brussels, painter, \narchitect, and engraver, b. 1603. \n\nHeinecken, Christian, tbe learned \nprodigy of Lubeck, who was master \nof several languages at four years \nold, when he died, 1725. \n\nHeinsius, Daniel, b. 1580, d. 1655. \n\nHeinsius, Nicholas, b. 1620, d. 1681. \n\nHeins, an English portrait painter, \nb. 1740, d. 1770/ \n\nHeiss, Chris. Elias, a German portrait \npainter and engraver, b. 1670. \n\nHeister, Laur. anatomist, b. 1683, \nd. 1758. \n\nHelen, rape of, by Paris, 1198 B. C. \nHelena, St., isle of, discovered 1502 ; \n\npossessed by England, 1600; \n\nsettled by the English, 1651. \nHeliodorus, fl. in the fourth century. \nHelioscope, a telescope which reflects \n\nthe image of the sun on a plane \n\nsurface, invented 1625. \nHell-fire clubs suppressed by order of \n\ncouncil, 29th April, 1729. \nHelmbreker, Theo., a Dutch painter \n\nof history and landscape, b. 1624, \n\nd. 1694. \n\nHelmus, John Frederic, a Dutch \n\npoet, b. at Amsterdam, 1767, d. \n\n26th Feb. 1813. \nHelmont, Mat. Von, a Dutch painter, \n\nb. 1653, d. 1719. \nHelmont, Segres James Van, a \n\nFlemish historic painter, b. 1683, \n\nd. 1726. \n\nHelmont J. Bap. Van, philosopher \nand chemist, b. 1577, d. 1644. \n\n\n\nHeist, Bar. Vander, a Dutch portrait \npainter, b. 1613, d. 1670. \n\nHelvetius, the learned author, b. \n1715, d. 1771. \n\nHelvicus, d. 1617, aged 36. \n\nHemmelinck, a Dutch painter of \nhistory, b. 1450. \n\nHemmessen, a Flemish historic \npainter, flourished 1550. \n\nHemp and flax directed to be sown \nfor making fishing nets, 1533. \n\nHemp and flax first planted in Eng- \nland, 1533. There are 180,0001bs. \nof rough hemp used in the cordage \nand sails of a first rate man of \nwar. In 1783, the nation paid \n1,535/. to encourage its cultiva- \ntion. In 1784, 2,165/. were \npaid, and in 1785, there was \n2,396/. paid. Hemp manufactured \nfrom common bean straw, disco- \nvered by tbe Rev. J. Hall, 1807. \n\nHemskerck, Martin, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1498, d. 1574. \n\nHemskerck, E., the Old, a Dutch \npainter of festivities, &c, b. 1610, \nd. 1680. \n\nHemskerck, Egbert, the Young, a \nDutch painter of witches, devils, \nspectres, and rustic festivities, b. \n1645, d. 1704. \n\nHenault, French historian, b. 1685, \nd. 1774. \n\nHenderson, hanged for murdering \n\nMrs. Dalrymple, 25th March, 1746. \nHenderson, John, eminent English \n\nactor, d. 1785, aged 38. \nHenley, John, b. 1692, commenced \n\norator, 10th July, 1726, d. 14th \n\nOct. 1756. \nHennis, Peter, M.D., killed in a duel \n\nby Sir John Jephcott, at Exeter, \n\n18th May, 1833. \nHenriet, Israel, a French landscape \n\npainter and engraver, b. 1607, d. \n\n1661. \n\nHenry II. held the stirrup of Pope \nAlexander to mount his horse, \n1161, and the same for Becket. \n\nHenry, Dr. Robert, historian, d. 24th \nNov., 1790, aged 72. \n\nHenry III. of France, murdered by a \nmonk, 1st Aug., 1589. \n\nHenry IV. of France, killed by Ra- \nvaillic, 14th May, 1610. \n\n\n\n192 \n\n\n\nHEN \n\n\n\nHEY \n\n\n\nHenry, Matt., English dissenting \n\nwriter, b. 1662, d. 1714. \nHenry Vllth\'s chapel, "Westminster \n\nAbbey, began to be built, 11th \n\nJan., 1502, finished 1504. \nHephestion, the Macedonian general, \n\nd. B.C. 325. \nHeptarchy, the Saxon, commenced \n\nin England, 455 ; ended, 824. \nHerald\'s College, instituted 1340 ; \n\nhouse built, 1670. \nHeraldry had its rise, 1100. \nHeraldic lines for colours in coats of \n\narms, invented 1639. \nHerbelot, Bath de, French writer, \n\nb. 1625, d. 1695. \nHerbert, Lord Edward, b. 1 581, d. \n\n1648. \n\nHerbert, Rev. George, the poet, b. \n1593, d. 1632. \n\nHerculaneum, the ancient city of, \ndiscovered, 1730, whicR had been \nburied in the lava of an eruption \nof Mount Vesuvius, 1st Nov., \nA. D. 72 ; suffered by an earth- \nquake, 5th Feb., 63 ; 150 vols, of \nMSS. found there in a chest, Dec, \n1754. \n\nHerder, a Dutch painter of history, \nb. 1550, d. 1609. \n\nHereford Cathedral, built 1107; \nnearly destroyed by the falling of \nthe tower, 10th Sept., 1786. \n\nHeretics, thirty, who came from Ger- \nmany to England, to propagate \ntheir opinions, were branded in \nthe forehead, publicly whipped, \nand left naked in the streets, in \nmid winter, when none daring to \nrelieve them, they died of cold \nand hunger, 1160; law against \nthem repealed, 1534. \n\nHeriot, John, an English writer of \nsome eminence, b. 1760, d. \n1833. \n\nHeritable jurisdictions in Scotland \n\nabolished in the year 1747; valued \n\nat 164,232/. 16*. \nHero, of 74 guns, lost off the Texel \n\nwith the whole of her crew, 24th \n\nDec, 1811. \nHerod reigned in Judea, 55 B.C. ; put \n\nhis wife Mariamne to death, and his \n\nmother-in-law Alexaudria,28 B.C. ; \n\nhis two sons put to death by order \n\n\n\nof the Jewish council, six years \n\nB. C. ; d. 25th Nov., A. D. 4. \nHerodotus, b. 484, d. 413 B. C. \nHerodian, historian, d. about 240. \nHerregouts, Henry, of Mechlin, an \n\nhistorical painter, b. 1666, d. 1724. \nHerregouts, John Bap., a Dutch \n\nhistorical painter, b. 1700. \nHerrera, Hernando de, el Divino, a \n\ncelebrated Spanish poet, flourished \n\nin the 16th century. \nHerrera, Francesco de, the Elder, a \n\nSpanish historical painter, b. 1576, \n\nd. 1656. \n\nHerrera, Fran., a Spanish painter of \nhistory and flowers, b. 1622, d. \n1685. \n\nHerrera, Don Seb. de, a Spanish \n\npainter of portrait and history, b. \n\n1610, d. 1671. \nHerring fishery, first practised by the \n\nHollanders, 1164. \nHerring pickling and curing first \n\npractised, 1397. \nHerring statute passed, 1357; fishery \n\npermanently established, 2nd Sept., \n\n1750. \n\nHerring, Thomas, Abp. of Canter- \nbury, b. 1691, d. 1757. \n\nHerschell, Sir W., astronomer, d. \n1822, aged 87. \n\nHertford College, Oxford, founded \n1740. \n\nHertzberg, Count, b. 1725, d. 1795. \nHervey, James, English divine and \n\npoet, b. 1714, d. 1758. \nHervey, J., Lord, b. 1696, d. 1743. \nHervey, Beauchamp Bagnal, put to \n\ndeath for treason, 1798. \nHesiod, flourished B. C. 944. \nHetherington, Rev. W., d. 2nd Dec. , \n\n1778, who left 20,000/. as a fund \n\nfor the relief of 50 blind persons, \n\neach with 10Z. annually. \nHeusch, W. de, a Dutch painter of \n\nlandscapes, hunting scenes, rustic \n\namusements, &c.,b. 1638, d. 1702. \nHeusch, Jacob de, a Dutch landscape \n\npainter, b. 1657, d. 1701. \nHeusch, Ab. de, a Dutch painter of \n\nplants, insects, &c, b. 1650, d. \n\n1712. \n\nHeuvick, Gaspard, a Flemish historic \n\npainter, b. 1550, d. 1611. \nHever Castle, Kent, built 1340. \n\n\n\nHEW \n\n\n\nHOE 193 \n\n\n\nHewson, William, eminent anatomist, \n\nb. 1739, d. 1774. \nHey, Dr. John, author of Theological \n\nLectures, d. 17th March, 1815. \nHeyden, John Vander, Dutch archi- \ntectural painter, b. 1637, d. 1712. \nHeylin, Peter, English writer, b. \n\n1600, d. 1662. \nHeyne, Christian Gottlob, died at \n\nGottingen, in the 83rd year of his \n\nage, July, 1812. \nHeywood, John, dramatic poet, d. \n\n1565. \n\nHeywoodj Thomas, flourished 1596. \n\nHicks\' Hall, Smithfield, London, bit. \n1612; pulled down, 1782. \n\nHicks\' Hall, Clerkenwell, founda- \ntion laid, 20th May, 1779; finished, \n1782. \n\nHicks, William, left 300/. per ann. \n\nto the marine society, d. 1763. \nHickes, Rev. Dr. George, b. 1642, \n\nd. 1715. \n\nHidalgo, J. G., a Spanish writer and \n\npainter, b. 1656. \nHiggins, Godfrey, author of Celtic \n\nDruids, b. 1771, d. 1833. \nHiggons, Bevil, dramatic poet and \n\nhistorian, b. 1670, d. 1735. \nHigh Constable of England, the title \n\ndiscontinued, except on particular \n\noccasions, 1521. \nHigham-Ferrars College, Northamp- \ntonshire, built 1422. . \nHighgate Archway, first stone of, \n\nlaid, 31st Oct., 1812; completed, \n\n1813 ; opened, 20th Aug., 1813. \nHighland society for agriculture, \n\ninstituted, Feb. 1785. \nHighland dress, forbidden by law in \n\nScotland, Aug. 1746 ; restored, \n\n1782. \n\nHighmore, Joseph, an English painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1692, \nd. 1780. \n\nHigh-treason, act respecting, passed, \n1690; amended, 1795. \n\nHighwaymen, an act respecting, \npassed, 1693. \n\nHighways, the first act passed in \nEngland to repair them, 1525. \n\nHildesheim founded 818. \n\nHill, Rev. Rowland, an eminent Eng- \nlish divine, b. 1745, d. 11th April, \n1833. \n\n\n\nHill, Aaron, b. 1685, d. 8th Feb., \n1750. \n\nHill, Sir John, the botanist, b. about \n1715, d. 22nd Nov., 1775. \n\nHilliard, Nicholas, an English portrait \npainter, b. 1547. \n\nHinchinbrook Priory, Huntingdon- \nshire, built, 1074. \n\nHindon, in Wilts, 150 houses at, de- \nstroyed by a fire, 2nd July, 1754. \n\nHindostan, East Indiaman, lost in a \nstorm, 1803. \n\nHipparchus flourished between 160 \nand 125 B.C. \n\nHippocrates d. 361 B.C., aged 98. \n\nHiram, of Tyre, d. B.C. 900. \n\nHire, Lau. de la, a French landscape \npainter, b. 1606, d. 1656. \n\nHire, Phil, de la, a Parisian painter, \nb. 1677, d. 1719. \n\nHitchin, Herts, twenty houses at, \ndestroyed by a fire, 11th Sept., \n1762. \n\nHoadley, Bishop of Winchester, b. \n\n1676, d. 1761. \nHoadley, Benjamin, eminent English \n\nauthor, b. 1706, d. 1757. \nHoare, W., an English painter of \n\nhistory and portraits, b. 1707, d. \n\n1792. \n\nHohbima, of Haerlem, an eminent \nlandscape painter, b. 1629, d. 1699. \n\nHobbes, Thomas, English writer, b. \n1588, d. 1679. \n\nHobson\'s choice, " This or none," \nis derived from one Hobson, who \nlet out horses at Cambridge, and \nobliged such as wanted one to take \nthat next the stable door, being the \none which had had most rest. \n\nHoccleve b. about 1370, d. 1454. \n\nHocus Pocus, derived from hoc est \ncorpus^ the form of consecrating \nthe sacramental bread in the Rom- \nish church. \n\nHodges, W., a London painter and \ncompanion of Captain Cook, b. \n1744, d. 1797. \n\nHodgson, John, English antiquary \nand scholar, d. 1760. \n\nHoeck, John Van, a Dutch history and \nportrait painter, b. 1600, d. 1650. \n\nHoeck, Rob. Van, a Dutch painter \nof battle pieces, &c, b. 1609, d. \n1668. \n\n\n\n194 HOE \n\n\n\nHOL \n\n\n\nHoefnagel, a Dutch painter of ani- \nmals, &c, and an engraver, b. \n1546, d. 1600. \n\nHoet, Ger., of Bommel, an admired \npainter, b. 1648, d. 1733. \n\nHoey, Jobn de, a Dutch historical \npainter, b. 1545, d. 1615. \n\nHoffer, Andrew^ a brave Tyrolese, \nshot for his resistance to the French \n20th Feb., 1810. \n\nHofman, Sam., a Swiss painter of \nportraits and historv, b. 1589, d. \n1648. \n\nHogarth, William, a celebrated Eng- \nlish painter and engraver, b. in \nLondon 1697, d. 1764. \n\nHolbein, Hans, of Basil, an eminent \npainter of history and portraits, b. \n1498, d. of plague, 1554. \n\nHolborn first paved, 1417. \n\nHolborn Bars first set up in the city \nof London, 1346. \n\nHolcroft, Thomas, b. 22nd Dec, \n1744, d. 23rd March, 1809, having \nwithout education arrived at consi- \nderable eminence as a dramatic \n\xe2\x96\xa0writer and novelist. \n\nHoldsworth, Edward, English poet \nand critic, b. 1688, d. 1747. \n\nHole, Rev. Richard, epic poet, d. \n28th May, 1803. \n\nHolland, originally part of the terri- \ntory of the Belgse, conquered by \nthe Romans, 47 B.C. A sove- \nreignty founded by Thierry, first \ncount of Holland, A.D. 868 ; con- \ntinued till 1417, when it passed by \nsurrender to the Duke of Bur- \ngundy, A.D. 1534. Being op- \npressed by the Bishop of Utrecht, \nthe people ceded the country to \nSpain. The Spanish tyranny being \ninsupportable, they revolted and \nformed the\' republic, now called \nthe United Provinces, by the union \nof Utrecht, 1579. The office of \nstadtholder, or captain-general of \nthe United Provinces, made here- \nditary in the Prince of Orange\'s \nfamily, not excepting females, 1747. \nAdmitted the independence of \nAmerica, 3rd Oct., 1782. A re- \nvolt formed, but prevented by the \nPrussians, 1787. Invaded by the \nFrench, in 1793, who took posses- \n\n\n\nsion of it, Jan., 1795, and expelled \nthe stadtholder. Erected into a \nkingdom by the command of Buo- \nnaparte, and the title of king given \nto his brother Louis, 5th June, \n1806. The throne abdicated by \nLouis, 1st July, 1810. United to \nFrance by a decree of Buonaparte, \n9th July, 1810. Restored to the \nhouse of Holland, and Belgium \nannexed to it, Nov., 1813. The \nlatter separated from it, 1830. \nHolland Priorv, Lancashire, founded, \n1309. \n\nHolland, C, English actor, d. 1769. \n\nHolland, Sir N., English painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1730, d. 1811. \n\nHollanders made money of pasteboard, \n1574. \n\nHollar, Wenceslaus, of Prague, an \nengraver, b. 1607, d. 1677. \n\nHollinshed, the historian, d. 1580. \n\nHoi] is, Mr. Thomas, of Corsecombe, \nDorset, b. 1720, d. 22 Dec, 1773. \n\nHolloway, near London, the Half \nMoon and Falcon public-house rent \nfrom top to bottom, the chimney \nstacks thrown down, and other \nserious damage inflicted by a stroke \nof lightning, 1st Aug., 1749. \n\nHolm Chapel, in Cheshire, entirely \ndestroyed by a fire, 10 July, 1753. \n\nHolm-Cultrum Abhey, Cumberland, \nbuilt by David, King of the Scots, \n1150. \n\nHolmes, Dr. Robert, Dean of Win- \nchester, editor of the Pentateuch, \nb. 1749, d. 12th Nov., 1805. \n\nHolstein, Cornelius, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1653, d. 1691. \n\nHolstein delivered to Russia by the \nDanes, 16th Nov., 1775. \n\nHolt, Lord Chief Justice, d. 6th \nMarch, 1710, aged 67. \' \n\nHolt mineral springs first discovered, \n1728. \n\nHoly Ghost, order of knighthood, \nbegun in France, 1468 ; restored, \n1st Jan., 1559; abolished, 1791; \nat Rome, 1798. \n\nHoly water used in churches, 120. \n\nHoly Cross Abbey, Tipperary, Ire- \nland, built, 1169. \n\nHoly war or Croisade, first under- \ntaken, 1096. \n\n\n\nHO L \n\n\n\nHOP \n\n\n\n195 \n\n\n\nHolyhead, Anglesey, church \nHoly League or alliance, a c \nbetween the Emperors \nand Austria and Kins of Pi \n\n\n\nIt, 1291. j of historv and portraits, b. 1604, \navention d. 1683. \' \n\nf Russia Honthorst. Ger.. a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1592, d. 1660. \n\n\n\nsnilated Ho \n\n\n\nbinding themselves to b \nby Christian principles in their \npolitical transactions : it was sign \nat Paris, 26th Sept., 1816. \nKins of the Netherlands acce \nthe alliance, 21st Jnne, 181 \n\n\n\ni, Robin, and Little John, noted \nhighwaymen, 1190. \nHood. Visct. Adm.. b, 1724, d. 1816, \nThe i Hood-s Isle, one of the Gallapagos in \ndto the Pacific Ocean, explored, June, \n1 1793. \n\n\n\nHoly Trinity, order of knighthood, be- \' Hcoft, Nicholas, a Dutch painter of \n\n\n\ngun, 1211. \nHolyday. Barten, English poet and \n\n\n\nportrait and historv. b. 1664, d. \n1748. \n\n\n\nphilosophic writer, b. 1593, <L 1661. Hooge, Peter de, a Dutch painter of \nHolyoake, Francis, lexicographer, b. i interiors, conversations, dec, b. \n\nabout 1567, d, 1653. ! 1643. d, 1708. \n\nHolyrood House. Edinburgh, built, j Hoogestraeten, Dirk, a Dutch painter \n1128 : repaired, 1753. of history and landscape, b. 1596, \n\nHome. John, a Scotchman, author of d. 1640. \n\nthe tragedy of Douglas, b. 1726, ! Hooerestraeten, Sam. Van, a Dutch \n\n\n\nH \n\n\n\nd. 4th Aug., 1608. \n\nHome, Sir Everard. an eminent Eng- \nlish sursreon, b. 6th May, 1756, d \n30th Sept., 1832. \n\nHome. Henry. Lord Kaimes, meta \npbvsical writer, b. 1696, d. 1782. 1 \n\nH 7 :-: I 1041, rounded H \n\nabout 997 B.C. \n\nHomilies drawn up by Archbishop Hook \nCranmer. \n\nHondekoeter. Giles, a Dutch laud- H^ \n\n\n\npainter of general subjects, b. 1627. \nd. 1678. \n\nHoogestraeten. John ^ an. a Dutch \nhistorical painter, b. 1648. d. 1688. \n\n\n\njoshenbursr. of Cologne, an historic \npainter, b. 1500, d. 1544. \njocstadt. of Brussels, an historic \npainter, b. 1625, d. 1675. \n\n?. Robert, inventor of the pen- \nurn watches, b. 1635. d. 1702. \n?. Nat., English historic author, \n\n\n\nscape painter, b. 1583. \nHondekoeter. Gysbrecht, a Dutch H \n\npainter of domestic animals, b \n\n1613, d. 1653. \nHondekoeter. Alelehior, a Dutch pain \n\nter of domestic animals, b. 1636 \n\nd. 1695. \n\nHondius. of Rotterdam, a painter of \n\n\n\ner. Rev. R., b. 1553. d. 160)0. \nHoole.O.. English divine, d. 1666. \nHoole, John. b. 1727. A. 1804, \nHoo-Loo, a Chinese operated upon \nfor an enormous abdominal tumour, \nat Guv\'s Hospital, but died imme- \ndiately after. 10th April, 1831. \n\n\n\nkr.d>c:.-.es. cnimcls. &c. b. 16S8. Hocner. Bisb \n\n\n\nd. 1695. \n\nHone, Nathaniel, of Dublin, a painter H( \nin oil in miniature and enamel, d. H< \n1784. \n\nHone tried for publishing three pa- \nrodies, acquitted. 18th Dec, 1817. \n\nHoniton, in Devonshire, nearly de- \nstroyed bv a fire, 19th Julv, 1747 : \n140\'houses burnt, 1765: 37 houses \ndestroyed, May. 1790; 47 houses; \nburnt in Aug., 1797, valued at \n10,0007. \n\nHoniton bridge carried away by a \n\nflood, 10th Nov., 1807. \nHonthorst, William, a Dutch painter \n\n\n\n1495, bin \nHem^ \nns, Bi \n\n\n\n>f Gloucester, b. \nFeb.. 1554. \n\xc2\xbb:h Feb.. 1811. \n\' Londonderry, b. \n\n\n\nHop \nHoj \n\nHot \n\n\n\nb. V \n\n\n\nEnglish portrait \n. 1810. \n\ny grown in each \nof 22 years, from 1785 to 1803, \n22,538,000 lbs. weight. \n>ps, the parliament first petitioned \nagainst it as a wicked weed, 1428 ; \nfirst used in malt liquors in Eng- \nland, 1525. The duty for those \nproduced in Kent and Susses in \n1792 yielded 170,000/. : in 1793 \nk2 \n\n\n\n196 H R \n\n\n\nHOU \n\n\n\nit was 162,112?. 19s. 5d. ; in 1794 \nit was 190,196/. 7s. Ad. ; in 1795 \nit was 82,323?. 19*1 id. ; in 1798 \nit yielded 46,322/. 15s. 2d. ; in \n1799 it yielded 77,279/. 5s. id. \nNumberof acresin England planted \nwith, in 1831, 47,129 ; produce in \nlbs. weight, 1831, 36,496,681. \n\nHorace b. 65, d. 8 years B.C. \n\nHoratio brig blew up at St. Helena, \nwhen all hands perished except \nthe captain, who was ashore, Sept., \n1825. \n\nHorberg, Peter, a Swedish painter, \nd. 1814. \n\nHorfelin, Antonio, a Spanish historic \npainter, b. 1587, d. 1660. \n\nHome, Bishop, b. 1730, d. 1792. \n\nHorne-end, the roof of a barn at, \nwhich bad been converted into a \nmeeting-house, fell in while a me- \nthodist was preaching, bj\\ which \nmany persons were hurt and four \nkilled, 12th July, 1810. \n\nHorrebouts, Ger., a Flemish painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1498, \nd. 1558. \n\nHorrebow, Peter, Danish mathema- \ntician and astronomer, d. 1764. \n\nHorrox, Jer., the astronomer, b. about \n1619, d. 1641. \n\nHorsa slain by Vortimer, 455. \n\nHorse-guards instituted, 1553 ; house \nbuilt, 1758. \n\nHorse-shoe found in the heart of an \nelm tree at Conisburgh, with a nail \nin it in good preservation, 1810. \n\nHorse-shoes introduced into general \nuse in England in the 9th century ; \nfirst made of iron, 481. \n\nHorses exported from England, from \n1750 to 1772, were 29,131. \n\nHorseley, Dr. Samuel, Bishop of St. \nAsaph, b. 1783, d. 1806. \n\nHorse-tax levied, 1784 ; increased, \n1796 and 1S05. \n\nHorst, Nic. Van, a Dutch painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. 1598, d. \n1646. \n\nHosier, English admiral, d. 1722. \n\nHoskins, John, an English painter of \nportraits, d. 1664. \n\nHospitals in England have a revenue \nof about 250,000/.; Greenwich \nalone has 70,000/. per annum. \n\n\n\nHospitallers, order of knighthood, \nbegan, 1097. \n\nHotham, Sir John, and his son be- \nheaded, 1st Jan. 1645. \n\nHotman, Facus, the civilian, b. 1524, \nd. 1590. \n\nHotspur, Henry Percy, killed 22nd \nJuly, 1403. \n\nHottentots, 600 of the, vaccinated by \nthe missionaries in Africa, 1808. \n\nHouasse, Rene Antoine, a French \nhistoric painter, b. 1645, d. 1730. \n\nHoubraken, Arnold, of Dort, an emi- \nnent painter and engraver, b. 1660, \nd. 1719. \n\nHoubraken, Jacob, a celebrated Dutch \nengraver, b. 1698, d. 1780. \n\nHough, Bishop, b. 1651, d. 1743. \n\nHoughton gallery of paintings sold to \nthe Empress of Russia, 1779. \n\nHoughton, Edward, of Dublin, one of \nthe founders and munificent bene- \nfactors of the Royal Hibernian \nAcademy, d. 1833. \n\nHounslow Heath powder-mill blew \nup, when two persons were killed, \n25th July, 1826. \n\nHour-glasses were invented in Alex- \nandria, 150, and introduced into \nRome, B.C. 158. \n\nHouseman, Cor., a Dutch landscape \npainter, b. 1648, d. 1727. \n\nHouseman, James, of Antwerp, a por- \ntrait painter, b. 1656, d. 1696. \n\nHouse of Commons, Dublin, first \nstone of laid in 1729; opened \n1792; burnt down, 27th Feb., \n1739 : rebuilt immediately, and \nconverted into a national bank, \n1804. \n\nHouse of Commons, Westminster, \nbuilt, 1348, burned down 16th \nOct., 1834. \n\nHouses, 1681 were erected in St. \nGeorge\'s fields between the years \n1781 and 1792. \n\nHouses, 60 blown up, including a \ntavern full of company, opposite \nBarking church, Tower-street, by \nthe accidental explosion of some \nbarrels of gunpowder, at a ship \nchandler\'s, 4th Jan., 1649; a child \nin a cradle was found unhurt on \nthe leads of the church. One fell \ndown in White Hart-yard, Drury- \n\n\n\nHOU \n\n\n\nHUR 197 \n\n\n\nlane, by which two persons were \nkilled, and several others dread- \nfully maimed, 14th Dec., 1809. \nTwo fell down in Ironmonger-lane, \nOld-street, burying eleven persons \nin the ruins, four of whom, a mo- \nther and three children, were taken \nout dead, 8th April, 1811. A floor \nof the house of Mr.Wynde, of Leo- \nminster, fell down, by which three \nyoung children were killed, and two \nfemale servants dreadfully hurt, \n15th March, 1814. Two old houses \nin Lombard-street, Southwark, fell \ndown, by which four persons were \nkilled, 4th May, 1814. \n\nHouse- tax commenced, 1778 ; in- \ncreased, 1808; abolished, 1834. \n\nHouston, an English engraver inmez- \nzotinto, d. 1775. \n\nHouston, Rev. George, murdered in \nhis potatoe field, county Kildare, \nIreland, Oct., 1832. \n\nHoveden, Roger de, the historian, \nwrote, 1192. \n\nHoward, SirR., b. 1626, d. 1698. \n\nHoward, Mr., the philanthropist, b. \n1726, d.20th Jan., 1790. \n\nHowe, Sir W., general in the Ame- \nrican war, d. 1814. \n\nHowe, Admiral Earl, b. I725,d. 1799. \n\nHowell, James, English writer, b. \n1594, d. 1666. \n\nHowitt, Sam., an English painter of \nanimals, and an engraver, d. 1822. \n\nHowl, the Irish, at funerals, origin- \nated from the Roman outcry at the \ndecease of their friends, they hop- \ning thus to awaken the soul, which \nthey supposed might lie inactive. \nThe prceficce of the ancients. \n\nHoyle, Mr. Ed., d. 1796, aged 97. \n\nHuber, Michael, professor at Leipsic, \nd. Oct., 1804. \n\nHubert, John Rod., a Swiss historic \npainter, b. 1668, d. 1748. \n\nHubert, St., in Juliers, order of \nknighthood, began in Germany, \n1473. \n\nHudson, T. English portrait painter, \nReynolds\' master, b. 1701, d. 1779. \n\nHudson, Henry, famous English na- \nvigator, d. 1611. \n\nHudson\'s Bay discovered by Captain \nHudson, 1607. \n\n\n\nHuet, Peter Daniel, French writer, \n\nb. 1630, d. 1721. \nHugford, a Florentine historic painter, \n\nd. 1778. \n\nHugh de Beauvois, with 40,000 fol- \nlowers, coming to the assistance of \nKing John, perished in a storm, \n1215. \n\nHughes, John, b. 1677, d. 1719. \n\nHugtenburgh, James Van, a Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1639. \n\nHugtenburgh, John Van, a Dutch \nhistoric painter and engraver, b. \n1646, d. 1733. \n\nHull founded, 1296.; incorporated by \nthe name of Kingston, 1299. \n\nHulst, P. Van, a Dutch painter of \nfruits, flowers, b. 1652, d. 1708. \n\nHumane society, instituted 1774. \n\nHume, D., philosopher and historian, \nb. 1-711, d. 25th Aug. 1776. \n\nHumphery, Rev. L., b. 1527, d.1590. \n\nHumphrey, dining with duke, is said \nof those who walked in St. Paul\'s \nchurch during dinner time. Hum- \nphery, Duke of Gloucester, a man \nof great hospitality, and supposed \nto have been buried in St. Paul\'s. \n\nHumphry, Ozias, an English painter \nin miniature, b. 1742, d. 1810. \n\nHundred days, when Napoleon a se- \ncond time ascended the throne of \nFrance, began 20th March, 1815, \nended 28th June, 1815. \n\nHungerford Market, Old, London, \nopened 1699 ; New, 2nd July, 1833. \n\nHunter, Dr. William, the anatomist, \nb. 1718, d. 25th Aug., 1776. \n\nHunter, John, the anatomist, d. 16th \nOct., 1793, aged 60. \n\nHunter, Dr. H, d. 27th Oct., 1802. \n\nHunter, Mrs. Ann, poet, d. 1821, \naged 79. \n\nHuntingdon Castle built, 921. \n\nHuntingdon, Rev. Wm., d. 1st July, \n1813. \n\nHuntingdon, Henry of, fl. 1200. \nHupazoli, a Sardinian, lived in three \n\ncenturies, b. 1578, d. 1702. \nHurd, Dr. R., Bishop of Worcester, \n\nb. 1780, d. 1808. \nHurdis, Rev. J., poet,b. 1763, d. 1 80 1. \nHurly-burly is said to owe its origin \n\nto Hurleigh and Burleigh, two \n\nneighbouring families that filled \n\n\n\n198 HUR \n\n\n\nIMO \n\n\n\nthe country around them with con- \ntest and violence. \n\nHurst Castle, Hampshire, ht., 1539. \n\nHurstmonceaux Castle, Sussex, huilt \nbefore 1066. \n\nHusbandry encouraged by act of par- \nliament, 1489. \n\nHuskisson, William, M.P. for Liver- \npool, crushed to death by one of \nthe train carriages at the opening \nof the Manchester and Liverpool \nrail-road, 15th Sept., 1830. \n\nHuss, John, the martyr, b. about \n1376, burnt 7th July, 1416. \n\nHussey, Giles, an eccentric English \npainter of portrait and history, b. \n1710, d. 1788. \n\nHustings, the court of, in the city of \nLondon, is the supreme court of \njudicature, as the court of common \ncouncil is of legislature, in that \ncity. The court of hustings was \ngranted to the city, to be hold en \nand kept weekly, by Edward the \nConfessor, 1052. \n\nHutcheson, Dr. F., b. 1694, d.1747. \n\nHutchins, John, English divine and \nantiquary, b. 1 698, d. 1773. \n\nHutchinson, John, philosophical wri- \nter, b. 1674, d. 1737. \n\nHutton, Dr. James, b. 1726, d. 1797. \n\n\n\nHutton, W., ofBirmingham,b. 1723, \nd. 1815. \n\nHutton, Dr. Charles, mathematician, \n\nd. 1823, aged 86. \nHuxham, Dr., d. 1768. \nHuygens, Dutch astronomer, b. 1629, \n\nd. 1695. \n\nHuysum, Justus Van, the Old, a \nDutch painter of landscapes and \nflowers, b. 1659, d. 1716. \n\nHuysum, Justus Van, the Young, a \nDutch painter of battle pieces, b. \n1684, d. 1706. \n\nHuysum, John Van, the celebrated \nDutch painter of flowers, b\xc2\xab 1682, \nd. 1749. \n\nHyde Abbev, near Winchester, foun- \nded, 1130. \n\nHyde, Dr. Thomas, the first librarian \nof the Bodleian Library, b. 1686, \nd. 18th Feb., 1702. \n\nHydraulic chemistry invented first in \n1746. \n\nHydraulic fire-engines invented , 1682. \nHydraulic press invented by Bramah. \nHydrostatics taught by Archimedes, \n\n200 B.C. \nHylton Castle, Durham, built, 930. \nHypatia d. about 415. \nHyrinus, Bishop of Rome, the first \n\npope, martyred, 158. \n\n\n\nIaMBIC verse, invented by An- \ntiolochus, who flourished B. C. 686. \n\nIbbetson, Julius Caesar, an English \npainter of history and landscape, \nd. 1817. \n\nIceland discovered by a Danish pirate, \n860. \n\nIce well, two men suffocated by the \nfoul air in one, 1804. \n\nIch Dien, the Bohemian motto, first \nadopted by the Prince of Wales \nafter the battle of Cressy, 1346. \n\nIdiots, act for benefit of. passed 1731 . \n\nIdolatry, first abolished in Kent, 641. \n\nIffland, Augustus William, German \nactor and dramatic writer, d. at \nBerlin, 22nd Sept., 1814. \n\nIgnatius, made a bishop by St. Peter \nand St. Paul, d. 107. \n\n\n\nIgnatius Loyola, founder of the \nJesuits, b. 1491, d. 1556; canon- \nised by Paul V. 1609. \n\nIlium built B.C. 1359. \n\nHive, Jacob, an English printer, d. \n1763. \n\nIllumination, general, in London, on \nthe restoration of King George III. \nto health, 10th March, 1789. \n\nImage worship introduced, 715; \nsuppressed in England, 1546; in \nHungary and Germany, 1785. \n\nImbert, Jos. Gab., a French historic \npainter, b. 1666, d. 1749. \n\nImbert, Bart., a French poet, b. \n1747, d. 1740. \n\nImbert, J. G.,b. 1666, d. 1749. \n\nImola, In. Fran, da, an Italian his- \ntoric painter, d. of plague, 1550. \n\n\n\nIMP \n\n\n\nINH \n\n\n\n199 \n\n\n\nImpalement in heraldrv introduced, \n1206. \n\nImparato, Fran., a Neapolitan historic \npainter, flourished 1570. \n\nImparato, Girolamo, a Neapolitan \nhistoric painter, flourished 1630. \n\nImpeachment, the first of a Chan- \ncellor, and the first by the Com- \nmons, 1386. \n\nImports of England. See Revenue. \n\nImports into the ports of Great \nBritain in the year 1831, in No. \nof qrs. \n\nWheat - - 2,868,881 \nOats - - - 2,278,295 \nBarley - - - 567,331 \nBeans - - - 38,428 \nPeas - - - 64,222 \nEve - - - 92,334 \nIndian corn - 45,265 \n\n\n\nTotal - - - 5,972,338 \n\nProportion from Ireland, 2,430,529. \n\nImports, value of, into the United \n\nKinsrdoni in 1820. \n\nFrom Europe - - \xc2\xa38,680,584 \n\nAfrica, America, & i ^ qiQ , 9n \n[ /, 319,430 \n\\\\ est Indies. S \n\nEast Indies, China, &c. 16,470,731 \n\nIn 1830. \n\nFrom Europe - - \xc2\xa316,092,617 \n\nAfrica, America, & \\ ]3 036 712 \n\nV est Indies. $ \n\nEast Indies, China, &c. 17,170,307 \n\nImpostors, two were crucified for \nassuming the character of Christ : \nand two women for pretending to \nbe the Virgin Mary and Mary \nMagdalen, 1221. \n\nImpressed seaman\'s bill, 1740. \n\nImpropriations ; before the destruc- \ntion of the monasteries, by Henry \nVIII. 1539, many livings were in \ntheir possession : the great tithes \nthey kept themselves, allowing the \nsmall tithes to the vicar, or sub- \nstitute that served the church. On \nthe suppression of the monasteries, \nHenry VIII. disposed of these \ngreat tithings among his favou- \nrites. \n\nfnachus, first king of Argos, 1 859 \nB.C. \n\nIncest and adultery, made capital for \nthe first offence, 14th May, 1650. \n\n\n\nInchhald, Mrs., novelist and drama- \ntist, b. 1786, d. 1821. \n\nInclosures in England restrained, \n1521. \n\nIncome tax laid on, 1799 ; repealed, \n1802; renewed, 1803: increased, \n1806; renewed for a year, 15th \nApril, 1815; repealed, 18 th Mar. \n1816. \n\nIndependents, such as hold the inde- \npendency of the church, or that \neach congregation may govern \nthemselves in religious matters. \xe2\x80\x94 \nPresbyterians and Anabaptists are \nnow agreed with them ; the Ana- \nbaptists always were Their first \nmeeting-house founded in England, \nwas that of Mr. Henry Jacobs,1616. \n\nIndia. Bernardino, a Veronese artist, \nb. 1535, d. 1590. \n\nIndia House, Leaden-hall Street, \nLondon, built 1726. \n\nIndiana, admitted into the union of \nthe states, North America, Dec, \n1816. \n\nIndicro, first produced in Carolina, \n1747. \n\nIndulgences, first disposed of for \nmoney, 1190. \n\nInfluence of the crown abridged by \nparliament, 1782. \n\nInsenhouz, Dr., natural philosopher, \nb. 1730, d. 1799. \n\nInghen, W. Van, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1651, d. 1709. \n\nIngoli, Matteo, of Ravenna, an his- \ntorical painter, b. 1587, d. of \nplague, 1631. \n\nIncrulphus, the historian, b. about \n1030, d. 1109. \n\nInhabitants of the principal cities of \nEurope, at the distance of a cen- \ntury, from the most approved au- \nthors, are \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nIn 1688. In 1788. \nLondon - 696,000 1,100,000 \nParis - 438,000 800,000 \nMadrid - 400,000 160,000 \nMarseilles 200,000 180,000 \nLyons - 250,000 150,000 \nNaples - 200,000 354,000 \nRome - 200,000 157,000 \nAmsterdam 187,000 185,000 \nVenice - 134,000 100,000 \nBourdeaux 100,000 200,000 \n\n\n\n200 \n\n\n\nINN \n\n\n\nINU \n\n\n\nDublin - 69,000 170,000 \nRouen - 66,000 100,000 \nBristol - 48,000 50,000 \nCork - 40,000 90,000 \nLiverpool - 20,000 60,000 \nInnocent XI., pope, d. 2nd Aug., \n1689. \n\nInoculation first tried on criminals in \n1721 ; vaccine introduced, 1799. \n\nInquisitions, court of, began 1204 ; \nabolisbed in Naples, 1782 ; in \nTuscany, 1785 ; in Spain, 1811 ; \nin Rome, 1809 ; restored in Spain, \n1814. \n\nInscriptions first collected for publi- \ncation, 1505. \n\nInsolvent act passed, the first, 1649 ; \nthe most important, 1743, 1761, \n1763, 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776, \n1778, 1781, 1784, 1797, 1801, \n1804, 1809, 1810, 1813, 1814. \n\nInsurance on bouses, duty first laid \non, 1782, being Is. 6d. on every \n100/. insured : 6d. additional in \n1797. \n\nInsurance on sbips and merchandize, \nSuetonius conjectures that Clau- \ndius was the first contriver of, 43. \n\nInsurance on shipping began in Eng- \nland, 1560. \n\nInsurance offices first set up in Lon- \ndon as follow : \xe2\x80\x94 \nHand-in-hand - - 1696 \nSun - 1710 \n\nUnion - - - 1714 \nWestminster - - 1717 \nLondon - - - 1716 \nRoyal Exchange - 1716 \n\nPhoenix - - - 1782 \nBritish - - - 1800 \nGlobe - - - 1803 \nImperial - - - 1803 \nAlbion - - - 1805 \nCounty - - - 1807 \nEagle - - - 1807 \nHope - - - 1807 \n\nSince 1807, there have been es- \ntablished several offices in London, \namong which may be named, the \nNorwich Union, the Guardian, and \nthe Rock. Insurance Companies, \nwith large capitals, have also been \nformed in various parts of England, \nand with much success. A Com- \npany, on a gigantic scale, has re- \n\n\n\ncently been projected by several of \nthe most eminent monied men of \nthe metropolis. Its capital is to \nbe no less than five millions, and \nits sphere of action is designed to \nextend over the whole of the Con- \ntinent. \n\nInsurance policies were first used in \nFlorence, 1523; first society was \nestablished at Hanover, 1530, that \nat Paris, 1740. \n\nInsurrections. See Conspiracies. \n\nInterest first mentioned as legal, 1 1 99, \nat 10 per cent. \n\nInterest of money was 2c?. per week \nfor 20^. in 1260 ; 45 per cent. \n1307 ; interest of money at 10 per \ncent., first law in England estab- \nlishing, 1546. The pious subjects \nof Edward VI. repealed this law as \nunlawful and most impious : but it \nwas restored in queen Elizabeth\'s \ntime. In those days the monarch& \ncould not borrow without the col- \nlateral security to the metropolis. \nReduced from 10 to 8 per cent., \n1624, when "interest*\' was first \nused for the word " usury.\' 5 \' Re- \nduced by the rump parliament to \n6 per cent, and confirmed at the \nRestoration ; to 5 per cent., 1714 ; \nfrom 4 to 3 per cent., 1750. In- \nterest of the national debt reduced, \n1749, 1823. \n\nInterest of money in Scotland reduced \nfrom 10 to 8 per cent, in 1633. \n\nInterest. See National Debt. \n\nInundations. \xe2\x80\x94 The Thames destroyed \na considerable number of the in- \nhabitants of its banks nine years- \nafter Christ ; the Severn over- \nflowed, and destroyed vast quanti- \nties of cattle, in 80 ; the Medway \noverflowed its banks, and drowned \nthe country, 87 ; the Humber \noverflowed, and laid the adjacent \ncountry, for 50 miles, under water, \n95 ; the Severn overflowed, and \ndrowned 5000 head of cattle, and \npeople in their beds, 115; the \nHumber overflowed, 125 ; the \nTrent overflowed above 20 miles- \non each side of its banks, and \ndrowned many people, 214; the \nTweed had a sudden inundation, \n\n\n\nINUNDATIONS. \n\n\n\n1201 \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2and destroyed a considerable num- \nber of tbe inhabitants on its banks, \n218 ; an inundation of the sea in \nLincolnshire, which laid under \nwater many thousand acres, which \nhave not been recovered to this \ntime, 245, The Ouse, in Bedford- \nshire, overflowed, and drowned \nnumbers of people and cattle, 250 ; \nan inundation of the Humber, \n269 ; another in the Isle of Thanet, \n317 ; another, which destroyed all \nthe inhabitants in Feme Island; \nseven miles S. TV. from Holy \nIsland, 323 ; an irruption of the \nsea in Lancashire, 330 ; an inun- \ndation of the Tweed, 336 ; the \nSevern overflowed, 350 ; above \n5000 people lost in Cheshire by \nan irruption, 353 ; an inundation \nof the Dee, 387 ; another of the \nDee, which drowned 40 families, \n415; an irruption of the sea in \nHampshire, 419 ; another irrup- \ntion in North and South Wales, \n441 ; an inundation of the Severn, \n487 ; an inundation of the Hum- \nber, 529 ; an inundation of the \nsea in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex, \n575 ; an inundation of the sea in \nCheshire and Lancashire, 649 ; an \ninundation on the Medway, 669 ; \nan inundation at Edinburgh, which \ndid great damage, 730 ; an inun- \ndation at Glasgow, which drowned \nabove 400 families, 738; an inun- \ndation of the Tweed, which did im- \nmense damage, 836; an inundation \nof the Medway, 861 ; one in the \nHumber, 864 ; an inundation of \nthe Dee, 885 ; an inundation at \nSouthampton, which destroyed \nmany people, 935 ; an inundation \nof the Thames, 973 ; an inunda- \ntion of the Severn, which drowned \nabundance of cattle, 1046 ; the sea \noverflowed 4000 acres of earl Cod- \nwin\'s land, in Kent, since called \nGodwin sands, 1 100 ; a great part \nof Flanders overflowed by the sea, \n1 108 ; an inundation of the Thames \nfor above six miles at Lambeth, \nSec. 1243 ; a considerable one in \nFriesland, 1 220 ; another, since \nnamed the Dollart sea, 1277; at \n\n\n\nTVinchelsea, above 300 houses \nwere overthrown by the sea, 1280 ; \n120 laymen, and several priests, \nbesides women, were drowned by \nan inundation at Newcastle-upon- \nTyne, 1339 ; at the Texel, which \nfirst raised the commerce of Am- \nsterdam, 1400 ; the sea broke in \nat Dort, and drowned 72 villages, \nand 100,000 people, and formed \nthe Zuyder Zee, 1421 ; another, \nin 1521, in Holland; at Harts- \nhead, in Yorkshire, 11th Sept., \n1673; at Dagenham, in Essex, \n17th Dec, 1707, and continued \ntill 1721 ; in Holland and Zealand, \nwhen 1300 inhabitants were \ndrowned, 1717, and Holstein, in \nthe same year; in Yorkshire, cal- \nled Rippon flood, 18th May, 1722 ; \nat Chili, which overflowed the city \nof Conception, 1730 ; in Feb., \n1735, at Dagenham, and upon the \ncoast of Essex, which carried away \nthe sea walls, and drowned several \nthousand sheep and black cattle ; \nin Holland, 1754 ; north of Eng- \nland, 1755 ; in Spain, and did \n3,000,000 livres damage at Bilboa, \nApril, 1762 ; in France, May fol- \nlowing, and did great damage ; at \nCoven try,70 persons were drowned, \nand much damage done, as well as \nCambridgeshire, Glouces ter shire, \n&c. Nov. 1770; in the north of \nEngland, when Newcastle-bridge, \n&c. was carried away, 1771 ; at \nVenice, at Naples, where it carried \naway a whole village, and drowned \n200 of the inhabitants, 10th Nov., \n1773; in Calcutta, in the East \nIndies, 1773; at Battersea and \nChelsea, 9th March, 1774; in \nKent, 1776; in Languedoc, 26th \nApril, 1776 ; north of England, \nwhen Hexham-bridge, Ridley-hall \nbridge, &c. were thrown down, \nMarch, 1782; in different parts of \nGermany, when some thousands \nhad their houses and property de- \nstroyed, 1785 ; in different parts \nof England in September and \nOctober, 1785; at Brighthelm- \nstone, when the blockhouse was \nwashed down, 9th Oct., 1786 ; in \n\nK 3 \n\n\n\n202 \n\n\n\nINUNDATIONS. \n\n\n\nSpain, Navarre, Sept., 1787, where \n2000 lost their lives, and all the \nhuildings of several villages were \ncarried away hy the currents from \nthe mountains ; a terrible inunda- \ntion hy the Liffey, in Ireland, \nwhich did very considerable damage \nin Dublin and its environs, 12th \nNov., 1787; at Kirkwald, in Scot- \nland, hy breaking the dam-dykes, \n4th Oct., 1788, which nearly de- \nstroyed the town ; in Scotland and \nthe north of England, July, 1789 ; \nof the river Don, near Doncaster, \nand the Derwent and Trent, 20th \nNov., 1791 ; of great extent at \nPlacentia, in Italy, Nov., 1791 ; \nat Bromsgrove, in Worcester- \nshire, 12th April, 1792 ; in Lan- \ncashire, August, 1792 ; almost \nthroughout England, by the melt- \ning of the snow, and the greatest \npart of the bridges were either \ndestroyed or damaged, Feb., 1795; \nin China,in 1800; at St. Domingo, \nwhich destroyed 1400 persons, \nOct., 1800 ; on the coast of Hol- \nland and Germany, Nov., 1801 ; \nin Dublin, and parts adjacent, 2nd \nand 3rd Dec, 1802 ; in various \nparts of England, 1808 ; at Boston, \nby the tide breaking down the sea- \nhanks, 10th Nov., 1810; by the \nbursting of the Driggle reservoir, \nnine miles west of Huddersfield, \nby which a cottage was swept \naway, aud four children, with their \nfather and mother, perished in the \nflood, 29th Nov., 1810 ; at Pest, \nnear Presburg, by the overflow of \nthe Danube, by which 24 villages, \nwith their inhabitants, were swept \naway, April, 1811 ; in the vicinity \nof Salop, by the bursting of a \ncloud during a storm, by which \nmany persons and much stock \nperished, 27th May, 1811 ; by the \noverflowing of the Elbe, the village \nof Wurgen, in the duchy of Lune- \nburg, was swept away, Oct. 1811 : \nhy the rising of the water in the \nThames, which overflowed the \nhouses in Palace-yard, and filled \nWestminster-hall, 21st Oct. 1812; \ndreadful inundations in Hungary, \n\n\n\nAustria, Silesia, and Poland, in \nthe summer of 1813 ; by the \noverflow of the Danube, a Turkish \ncorps of 2000 men, on a small \nisland, near Widdin, were surprised \nand met with instant death, and \nthe island itself sunk and dis- \nappeared, 14th Sept., 1813 ; by \nthe overflowing of the Drave, near \nOrsatch, six villages and the sub- \nurbs of a town were swept away, \nand a congregation of 240 persons \nburied beneath the ruins of a \nchurch, Aug. 1813; in Silesia, \nsix thousand inhabitants were de- \nstroyed, and the ruin of the French \narmy, under Macdonald, accele- \nrated by the floods ; and in Poland, \n4000 lives are supposed to have \nbeen lost ; by the overflow of the \nMississippi, the country on the \nwest side was inundated to the \ndistance of 65 miles, in June and \nJuly, 1813, hy which 22,000 \nhead of neat cattle were destroyed ; \nby the overflow of the Nerbudda \nriver, in the province of Bengal, \nwhich swept away 15 villages, with \nthe houses, inhabitants, and cattle, \n12th Feb., 1814 ; at Strabane, in \nIreland, by the melting of the \nsnow on the surrounding moun- \ntains, the most destructive flood \nthat had been witnessed for 20 \nyears, 12th Jan. 1816; the great- \nest floods ever remembered in \nNorthumberland and Durham, \nFeb. 1816; 53 villages in the \ngreat Werder, 49 in the districts \nof Siegenhoff, and seventeen El- \nbing villages, were under water in \nMarch, 1816; at Thiel, Arnheim, \nZutphen, and numerous other \nplaces on the continent, the harvest \nwas nearly destroyed by inunda- \ntions from continued rain, in June \nand July, 1816. Such heavy rains \nfell in London and its vicinity, \nthat many parts of the outskirts of \ntown were laid under water, and \ngreat damage was done, 8th May, \n1818. The river Drance in the \nValais, having its course obstructed \nby the fall of an avalanche, a large \nlake was formed. The barrier by \n\n\n\nION \n\n\n\nIRE \n\n\n\n203 \n\n\n\nwhich, the water was retained being \nat length undermined, it gave way, \nand the tremendous torrent rushed \ndown the Yal di Bagne with such \nrapidity as to sweep every thing \nbefore it, and reduce the whole of \nthe vale, for several miles, to a \nstate of utter ruin, 16th May, \n1818. Floods in the neighbour- \nhood of Boston and Spiisby, by \nwhich much mischief was done, \nMay, 1818. Heavy inundations \nin the Fen counties, which deluged \n5000acres of land between Boston \nand Market Deeping only, and \ndestroyed many of the wheat crops, \nJune, 1819. An inundation at \nChester, in consequence of a thun- \nder storm, Aug. 1820. An inun- \ndation, in consequence of a heavy \nfall of rain, at Holywell, in Flint- \nshire, which did immense damage. \nOn the water reaching the heated \nsteam furnaces of the copper-works, \nthe furnaces burst, with an explo- \nsion like a heavy clap of thunder, \nand some part of the works took \nfire. A loss of several thousand \npounds was sustained by the copper \nand cotton works alone, Oct. 1 821 . \nAn inundation in the Lincolnshire \nfens, Jan. 1822. Heavy floods in \nthe Thames, from Christmas Day, \n\n1821, to the 7th Jan. 1822, in \nwhich, at times, the water rose \nfour inches higher than in the \ngreat flood of 1774. The immense \nquantity of rain which fell in \nMonmouthshire, undermined three \nacres of wood on a slope near \nRinefield, and caused it to slide \ndown to the river, Feb. 1822. \nMoravia much injured by floods, \n\n1 822 . Cattle and agricultural pro- \nperty, to a considerable amount, \ndestroyed by an inundation of the \nDodder, near Dublin, 1834. \n\nInverkeithy, church at, totally de- \nstroyed by fire, 24th Oct., 1825. \n\nInvincible, of 74 guns, with nearly all \nher crew, lost 20th March, 1801., \n\nInvocation of the Virgin and Saints \nbegan to be practised, 593. \n\nIonian Islands ceded to Britain, as a \nfree and independent state, by the \n\n\n\nAllied Sovereigns in Congress, 5th \nNov. 1815. \n\nIpres tower, at Rye, built 1 1 60. \n\nIpswich College, built 1524. \n\nIrace, Severo, a Neapolitan historic \npainter, b. 1500. \n\nIreland; the original inhabitants of \nthis country are supposed to have \nbeen of the Celtic stock ; it was \ndivided formerly among a number \nof petty sovereigns. \xe2\x80\x94 Strougbow, \nearl of Pembroke, at the request \nof Dermot, king of Leinster, in- \nvaded Ireland, and landed near \nWaterford, 23d Aug., 1170. King \nHenry II. set sail from Milford \nHaven with a large army on board \n440 transports, for the conquest of \nIreland. He landed near AVater- \nford, 26th Oct., 1171, and com- \npleted the conquest of the whole \nisland, 1172. In 1314, the Scots \nfomented a rebellion, and Edward \nBruce, their sovereign, having \nexpelled the English, was pro- \nclaimed king of Ireland, 1315. \nThe Scots were driven out by the \nEnglish , 1318. Ail the Irish were \nordered home, 1423. The kings \nof England were called lords of \nIreland till 1542,\\rhen Henry the \nEighth took the title of king. \nErected into a kingdom by a bull \nfrom Pope Paul IV. 1555. In- \nvaded by the Spaniards, 1582; \nagain by ditto, at Baltimore, 1601. \nAdmitted to a free trade by the \nBritish parliament, 1779; and re- \nleased from subserviency to the \nEnglish privy council, 1782. Ha- \nrassed by the Peep-of-day-boys, \n1789. Invaded by the French, \n1797. Broke out in open rebel- \nlion in May, 1798, which was \nsuppressed in August following. \nAgain the French made an unsuc- \ncessful landing at Killala Bay, and \nwere all taken prisoners, 1798. \nUnion with England took place on \nthe 1st of Jan. 1801. \n\nIreland. See Lords Lieutenant of \n\nIreland. \nIreland, John, d. 1808. \nIreland, Samuel, d. 1818. \nIrenseus, d. 202, aged 82. \n\n\n\n204 IRE \n\n\n\nIVE \n\n\n\nIreton, Gen. H., b. 1610, d. 1651. \n\nIriarte, Ignazio de, a Spanish land- \nscape painter, b. 1620, d. 1685. \n\nIris, a lunar appeared near Wakefield \nin Yorkshire, from half-past nine \ntill half-past ten at night, 17th \nJan., 1606. \n\nIrish hospitals ; Smith\'s school incor- \nporated, 1669. Bluecoat hospital \nincorporated, 1670. Royal, near \nKilmainham, ditto, 1683. Dublin \nworkhouse established, 1728. Cha- \nritable infirmary opened, 1728. \nStephen\'s hospital incorp. 1730. \nSt.Patiick\'s founded,1745, incorp. \n1746; lying-in ho spi tal estab . , 1 7 4 5 , \nincorp. 1757; Mercers\' incorp. \n1750. St. Nicholas\' opened, 1753. \nLockinstit. 1755. Charitable loan, \nditto,1757. Venereal opened, 1758. \nDublin hospital, ditto, 1762. \n\nIron discovered by the burning of \nMount Ida, 1406 B.C. \n\nIron first cast in England, at Black- \nstead, Sussex, 1544. \n\nIron first discovered in America, in \nVirginia, 1715. \n\nIron bullets first used in England, \n1550. \n\nIron -wire, English \xe2\x80\x94 before 1568, all \nmade and drawn by main strength \nalone, in the forest of Dean, and \nelsewhere, until the Germans in- \ntroduced the drawing it by a mill. \nThe greatest part of iron- wire and \nready-made wool-cards hitherto \nimported. \n\nIron mill for slitting bars, the first \nin England was set up at Dart- \nmouth, 1590. New method of \nmaking bar-iron from pig-iron, by \nMr. Cort of Gosport, in 1785, and \nsuperior to Swedish iron. \n\nIrwin, Eyles, poet, b. 1748, d. 1817. \n\nIsaac, Abraham\'s son, d. 1717, B.C., \naged 180. \n\nIsaacs, Peter, a Dutch portrait painter, \nb. 1569, d. 1618. \n\nIsseus, Greek orator, b. about 418 \nB. C. \n\nIsaiah began to prophecy, B. C. 786 ; \nput to death, B. C. 696. \n\nIsle of Man, the sovereignty of, sur- \nrendered to Great Britain by the \n\n\n\nDuke of Athol for 70,000/. and \n3000/. annually reserved to his de- \nscendants from the revenues of the \nisland, 1805 ; all the duke\'s interest \nwas purchased bv parliament for \n416,000/., in 1825. \n\nIslington church, Middlesex, rebuilt \n28th Aug., 1751. \n\nIsocrates, Athenian orator, b. B. C. \n436, d. 338. \n\nIsraelites,the,1451 B.C.,under Joshua \npass the river Jordan, and enter \nCanaan, on Friday, 30th April. \nJericho is taken by Joshua, and \nafter that the city of Ai. He \nmakes a treaty with Gibeon, and \ndefeats the five kings of the Amo- \nrites, while the sun and moon \nstand still. The Israelites began \nto till the lands they had con- \nquered, so that the period of the \nsabbatical year commences from \nthis autumn. \n\nIsraelites, the, 141 3 B.C., having sunk \ninto idolatry after the death of \nJoshua, are now in servitude under \nChushan, king of Mesopotamia, \nand continue so for eight years. \n\nIsraelites, the, 1343 B.C., relapsing \ninto idolatry, are again in servitude \nunder Eglon, king of Moab, for 18 \nyears. \n\nIsraelites, the, 1305 B.C., returning \nto their former wickedness upon \nEhud\'s death, are delivered by \nGod into the hands of Jabin, king \nof Canaan. This third servitude \ncontinued 20 years. \n\nIsthmian Games, instituted by Sysi- \nphus, king of Corinth, 15 years \nafter the rape of Ganymede, B.C. \n1326. \n\nItalian method of book-keeping pub- \nlished in England, 1556. \n\nItaly, kingdom of began, 476; ended, \n964; began again, 1805, when \nNapoleon Buonaparte was crowned \nking, 26th May. \n\nIturbide, Emperor of Mexico, ex- \npelled, but returned, when he was \ntried, condemned, and shot, 19th \nOct. 1824. \n\nIves, John, English antiquary and \nwriter, b. 1750,\'d. 1776. \n\n\n\nJ AC \n\n\n\nJEW \n\n\n\n205 \n\n\n\nJ. \n\nJ ACKSON, John, an eminent . \nBritish portrait painter, h. 31st \nMay, 1778, d. 1st June, 1831. \n\nJackson, Rev. Dr. Thomas, b. 1579, \nd. 1640. \n\nJackson, W., musical composer, b. \n\n1730, d. 1803. \nJacob stole the blessing from Esau, \n\n1776, went into Egypt, 1723, and \n\ndied 1689 B. C, aged 147. See \n\nOld Testament, Events of. \nJacob, Edward, English antiquary and \n\nnaturalist, d. 1788. \nJacob, Giles, English law writer, b. \n\n1686, d. 1744. \nJacobs, Simon, a Dutch portrait \n\npainter, b. 1520, killed 1572. \nJacobs. See Leyden. \nJacobsz, Julian, a Dutch historic \n\npainter, b. 1610, d. of plague, \n\n1664. \n\nJacquemont, M. Victor, a celebrated \nFrench naturalist, d. 7th Dec, \n1833. \n\nJago, R., poet, b. 1745, d. 1781. \nJamaica, discovered by Columbus, \n\n1494 ; settled by the Spaniards, \n\n1509. \n\nJamaica, insurrection of blacks at, \nDec. 1831. \n\nJamaica, earthquakes at, 7th June, \n1692 ; hurricane, 20th Aug. 1722, \n1st Sept. 1734, and Oct. 1774; \nanother, which did 300,000/. da- \nmage, 10th Aug., 1751 ; in 1781, \n30th July, 1784, and 1790 ; had \na violent storm of hailstones which \nmeasured three inches and a half \nin circumference, 25th Ap. 1793. \nA most tremendous hurricane at, \nby which the whole island was \ndeluged, many vessels wrecked, \nmany houses washed away, and \nmany seaman and white people \ndrowned, with some hundreds of \nnegroes, 18th Oct. 1815. \n\nJames, St., put to death 41 ; made \npatron to Spain, 796. \n\nJames, St., the festival of, instituted \n1089. \n\nJames, St., the less, bishop of Jeru- \nsalem, martyred 62. \n\n\n\nJames, Dr. Robert, inventor of the \nfever-powder, b. 1703, d. 28th \nFeb. 1776. \nJames I. of Scotland, murdered by \n\nhis subjects, 1437. \nJames III. of Scotland, killed by his \n\nnobility, 1488. \nJames IV. of Scotland, killed 9th \n\nSept. 1513. \nJames, St., built 1530; converted \ninto a palace, and the park laid out, \n1536 ; one of the wings destroyed \nby fire, 1809 ; repaired, 1823. \nJames, St. Epistle, written 59. \nJames, St., order of knighthood began \nin Spain, 1030 ; in Portugal, 1310 ; \nin Holland, 1290. \nJames, "William, an English land- \nscape painter, flourished 1768. \nJames, George, an English portrait \npainter, d. in a French prison, 1794 \nJamesone, George, the Vandyke of \n\nScotland, b: 1586, d. 1644.\' \nJansenius, Cornel., b. 1585, d. 1698. \nJanssen, Sir Stephen Theodore, d. \n\n7th April, 1777. \nJanssen, Cornelius, a Dutch portrait \n\npainter, b. 1590, d. 1665. \nJanssens, Abraham, a Dutch historic \n\npainter, b. 1569, d. 1631. \nJanssens, Victor Honorius, of Brus- \nsels, an historic painter, b. 1664, \nd. 1739. \n\nJanssens, Peter, a Dutch painter on \n\nglass, b. 1612, d. 1672. \nJanuary 30th, ordered to be observed \n\nas a fast, 1660. \nJapan discovered, 1542; visited by \n\nthe English, 1612. \nJardyn, Kail du, a celebrated Dutch \nlandscape painter, b. 1640, d. 1678. \nJason, flourished B. C. 937. \nJaucourt, Louis de, French writer, \n\nb. 1704, d. 1780. \nJean, Gerard de St., an old Dutch \n\npainter, b. 1366, d. 1394. \nJean, Philippe, of Jersey, a portrait \n\npainter, b. 1755, d. 1802. \nJeaunin, P., a French statesman, b. \n1540, d. 1622. \n! Jebb, Bishop of Limerick, divinity \nI writer, d. 1834. \n\n\n\n206 J E A \n\n\n\nJEW \n\n\n\nJebb, Samuel, English physician, d. \n1772. \n\nJebb, John, English physician, b. \n\n1736, d. 1786. \nJebb, Sir Richard, physician, b. 1729, \n\nd. 1787. \n\nJeffries, James, an English historical \npainter and engraver, b. 1756, d. \n1784. \n\nJeffries, John, English physician, b. \n1736, d. 1786. \n\nJeffries, Sir Richard, physician, b. \n1729, d. 1787. \n\nJeffreys, Lord Chief Justice, sent to \nthe Tower 12th Dec. 1688, where \nhe died of bruises inflicted on him \nby the populace, 18th Ap. 1689. \n\nJeffreys, George, English dramatic \npoet, d. 1755. \n\nJefferies, Miss, and Swan, hanged for \nthe murder of her uncle at Chelms- \nford, 11th March, 1751-2. \n\nJeffery, Robert, put on the desolate \nisland of Samburo, 13th Dec, \n1807, by Capt. W. Lake, who was \ntried for cruelty by a court martial, \nand dismissed his majesty\'s service, \nFeb. 1810. \n\nJekyll, Sir Joseph, b. 1663, d. 1738. \n\nJenkins, Thomas, an English artist, \nd. 1798. \n\nJenkins, Henry, of Yorkshire, d. \n1670, aged 169. \n\nJenkins, Sir Leoline, English civilian, \nb. 1623, d. 1685. \n\nJenkinson, Charles, Earl of Liver- \npool, baron Hawkesbury, b. 1727, \nd. 1808. \n\nJenner, Dr. Edw., d. 1823, aged 76. \nJenyns, Soame, poet, &c, b. 1704, \nd. 1787. \n\nJephson, Robert, dramatic writer, b. \n1736, d. 1803. \n\nepthah, made his rash vow 1187 \nB.C.; d. 1182 B.C. See Old \nTestament, events of. \n\nJeremiah wrote his lamentations, \n610 ; B.C. began to prophecy, 629 \nB.C., foretold the Jewish captivity, \nB.C. 607, and d. B.C. 577. See \nOld Testament, Events of. \n\nJericho, the walls of, fell down, B.C. \n1454. \n\nJerningham, Edward, poet, b. 1727, \nd. 1806. \n\n\n\nJerome, St., b. 331, d. 422. \nJerome, of Prague, burnt 30th May, \n1416. \n\nJersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Alder- \nney, Avere appendages of the duchy \nof Normandy, and united to the \ncrown of England by the first \nprince of the Norman line. \n\nJerusalem built 1800 B.C. ; destroyed \nby Titus, 70 A. D. ; rebuilt by \nAdrian, 130 ; again destroyed, 136; \ntaken by the Saracens, 637 ; taken \nby the Crusaders, 14th July, 1099, \nwhen 70,000 infidels are said to \nhave been massacred ; taken from \nthe Christians by Saladin, 1190. \n\nJerusalem Temple, built 1004 B.C. \nSee Old Testament, Events of. \n\nJervas, Charles, of Ireland, a portrait \npainter, d. 1740. \n\nJesuits\' church at Rome, built 1573. \n\nJesuits\' bark, introduced into France, \n1650; in general use, 1680. \n\nJesus Christ, order of knighthood \nbegan in France, 1206 ; in Rome, \n1320. \n\nJesus, son of Sirach, lived B.C. 247. \n\nJesus Christ was born, Monday, 25th \nDec, A. M. 4004, year of Rome, \n752 ; his baptism by John, and \nhis first ministry, 30 ; celebrated \nthe last passover, and instituted \nthe sacrament in its room, on \nThursday, April 2 ; was crucified, \n3d April ; arose, 5th April ; and \nascended, Thursday, 14th May, \nfollowing, in the 33rd year of his \nage. \n\nJesus College, Cambridge, founded \n1496. \n\nJesus College, Oxford, founded 1571. \n\nJewels, first worn in England by the \nfamous Agnes Sorrel, 1434. \n\nJewels, the royal of England, pawned \nby Charles I. to Holland, and re- \ndeemed by the sale of iron ord- \nnance, 1629 ; those of France \nwere seized by the national con- \nvention, 1794. \n\nJewel, John, bishop, b. 1522,d. 1571. \n\nJews, the first arrival of the, in Eng- \nland, 1079. Thinking to invoke \nthe Divine clemency at the solem- \nnization of the Passover, they \nsacrificed a young lad of twelve \n\n\n\nJEW \n\n\n\nJOH \n\n\n\n207 \n\n\n\nrears old, the son of a rich trades- \nman at Paris, by first whipping his \nflesh from his bones, and then \ncrucifying him : the criminals were \nexecuted, and all the Jews ba- \nnished France, 1180. Seven were \ncondemned to pay the king 20,000 \nmarks, or suffer perpetual impri- \nsonment, for circumcising a Chris- \ntian child at Norwich, and at- \ntempting to crucify him, 1235 ; \n200 and upwards were apprehended \nfor crucifying a child at Lincoln, \n18 of whom were hanged, and the \nrest heavily fined, 1255 ; in Lon- \ndon, the population rose upon \nthem, for the usury of one man, \nand murdered 700. in 1262 ; every \nJew, who lent money on usurj . was \ncommanded to wear a plate upon \nhis breast, signifying that be was \nan usurer, or to quit the realm, \n1274 ; 280 were banged and quar- \ntered for clipping and coining, 127 9 : \nthe same year tbe Jews crucified a ! \n\n\n\nJoan of Arc, condemned for witch- \ncraft, and burnt at Orleans, 30tb \nMay, 1431, aged 24 years. \n\nJoan, Pope, d. A.D. 857. \n\nJoanna of Naples, strangled her bus- \nband, 5th Oct., 1345. \n\nJob, d. 1533 B.C., aged 189. \n\nJode, Peter de, of Antwerp, an en- \ngraver, b. 1 634. \n\nJode, Peter de, the younger, a Dutch \nengraver, b. 1606. \n\nJodelle, Stephen, French writer, b. \n1532, d. 1579. \n\nJodrell, R. P., an eminent writer \nand classical commentator, b.1764, \nd. 26th Jan. 1831. \n\nJoel prophecied, B.C. 800. \n\nJohannes ab Eyck, or John of Bruges. \nSee Eyck. \n\nJobn, king of France, taken prisoner \nby Edward the black prince, and \nbrought to England, but ransomed \nfor 500.000// 1357 : d. at tbe \nSavoy, in tbe Strand, London, on \na visit, 1364. \n\n\n\ncbild at Northampton, for which 50 | Jobn, of Gaunt. 4th son of Edward \n\n\n\nwere drawn at the tails of horses, \nand hanged; all the synagogues were \nordered to be destroyed, 1282: \nall tbe Jews in England were ap- \nprehended in one day, their goods \nand chattels confiscated to tbe \nking, and tbey, to the number of \n15,000, banished the realm, having \nonly sustenance money allowed, \n1286 ; tbey were restored by Oliver \nCromwell : an act passed, that no \nJew should enjoy a freehold, 1296 ; \ndriven out of France, 1394 ; driven \nout of Spain, to the number of \n150,000, 1492; they retired to \nAfrica, Portugal, and France. It \nwas against them that the inquisi- \ntion was there first established. \nThere was not a Jew in this island \nfrom 1610 to 1624; four exe- \ncuted for the murder of Mrs. \nHolikins and servant, 9th Dec. \n1771; naturalisation act passed, \n1753, repealed next year ; 66 were \nkilled by a floor giving way at the \ncelebration of a wedding at Man- \ntua, among whom were tbe bride \nand tbe bridegroom\'s mother, 3rd \nJune, 1776. \n\n\n\nIII., was born 1339 ; created duke \nof Lancaster, 1362: appointed re- \ngent to Richard II. 1377 ; sup- \nported WickclLffe against his op- \nposers, 1378; had his palace at \ntbe Savoy destroyed by Wat \nTyler\'s mob, 1381 ; ravaged Scot- \nland to tbe gates of Edinburgh, \n1384; assumed tbe title of king \nof Castile and Leon, having mar- \nried the daughter of Peter tbe \nCruel, 1385; d. Feb. 1399. \n\nJohn, St., the Baptist, d. 32. \n\nJohn, St., the Evangelist, d. 27th \nDec. 99, aged 91. \n\nJohn, St. and St. Thomas, of Aeon, \norder began, 1258. \n\nJohn, St., of Jerusalem, order began, \n1099; removed to Rhodes, 1300; \nto Malta, 1522 ; suppressed in \nEngland, 1540. \n\nJobn, St., the baptist, festival insti- \ntuted, 488. \n\nJohn, St , the apostle, wrote bis \nepistles, 92. \n\nJohn\'s, St., College, Cambridge, \nfounded 1508. \n\nJohn\'s, St., College, Oxford, founded \n1557. \n\n\n\n208 \n\n\n\nJOH \n\n\n\nJOS \n\n\n\nJohn, St., the Evangelist, "wrote his \nrevelations, 96 ; his gospel, 97 ; \nhis festival instituted, 313. \n\nJohn\'s, St., Church, Millbank, West- \nminster, consecrated 24th June, \n1728; burnt 26th Sept., 1742; \nrepaired, 1743. \n\nJohn, St., Monastery, near Smith- \nfield, London, built, 1098; burnt \ndown by Wat Tyler\'s mob, 1381. \n\nJohn and Jane, transport brig, run \ndown by the Franchise, when out \nof 254 persons, 223 were drowned, \n24th Feb. 1811. \n\nJohn Street, Spital-fields, several \nhouses in, destroyed, and 14 per- \nsons lost their lives, by an explo- \nsion of gunpowder, at the house of \na manufacturer of fire-works, 14th \nJuly, 1815. \n\nJohn\'s town, St., Antigua, destroyed \nby a storm, 17th and 31st Aug., \n1772; by afire, 1769. \n\nJohn of Gaunt\'s house, near Lincoln, \nbuilt 1397. \n\nJohnes, Thomas, translator of Frois- \nsart and Monstrelet, d. 24th Apr. \n1816. \n\nJohnson, Dr. Samuel, the lexicogra- \npher, b. 18th Sept., 1709, d. 13th \nDec. 1784, aged 75. \n\nJohnson, Rev. Samuel, b. 1649, sen- \ntenced to stand in the pillory three \ntimes, fined 300 marks, degraded \nand whipped from Newgate to \nTyburn, for writing against popery \nand arbitrary power, 1st Dec, \n1686, d. 1703. \n\nJohnson, Rev. John, b. 1662 ? d. \n1725. \n\nJohnson the informer, who accumu- \nlated a considerable fortune by \nlaying informations against coach \nand cab owners, victuallers, &c, \nd. at Pentonville, 1833, aged 67. \n\nJohnson, Charles, dramatic writer, d. \n1748. \n\nJohnson, Thomas, classical editor, d. \nabout 1740. \n\nJohnston, Arthur, Dr., poet and phy- \nsician, b. 1587, d. 1641. \n\nJohnston, Charles, novel writer, d. \nabout 1800. \n\nJohnston, Francis, an eminent Irish \narchitect, built at his own expense, \n\n\n\nand was the first president of \nthe Royal Hibernian Academy, d. \n1826. \n\nJohnstone, Cochrane, convicted of a \nconspiracy to raise the public funds, \nwas expelled the House of Com- \nmons, 5th July, 1814. \n\nJoinville, John de, French statesman \nand historian, d. about 1813, \naged 90. \n\nJoli, Antonio, an Italian painter of \n\nperspective and architecture, b. \n\n1700, d. 1777. \nJones, Inigo, the celebrated architect, \n\nb. 1572, d. 1651. \nJones, Sir W., oriental scholar, b. \n\n1746, d. in Bengal, 27th Ap. 1794. \nJones, Henry, dramatic writer, d. in \n\n1770. \n\nJones, Rev. William, of Nayland, a \nwriter on divinity and nat. history, \nd. 6th Jan. 1800. \n\nJones, John Gale, president of a \ndebating society, called, " The \nBritish Forum," committed to New- \ngate by the House of Commons \nfor a breach of its privileges, 21st \nFeb. 1810. \n\nJones, Capt. Geo. M., author of \nTravels in Russia, d. 1831, at \nMalta. \n\nJong, Ludolph de, a Dutch painter of \nportraits, b. 1616, d. 1697. \n\nJonson, Ben, dramatic poet, b. 1574, \nd. 1637. \n\nJordaens, Jacques, of Antwerp, a \ncelebrated historic painter, b. 1594, \nd. 1678. \n\nJordaens, John, a Dutch historic \n\npainter, b. 1616, d. 1669. \nJordan, Mrs., English actress, d. at \n\nSt. Cloud, 5th July, 1816. \nJordans, John, a Dutch painter of \n\nhistory and landscapes, b. 1539, \n\nd. 1599. \n\nJoris, Augustine, a Dutch historic \n\npainter, b. 1525, drowned, 1552. \nJortin, Dr. John, English divine and \n\nwriter, b. 1698, d. 1770. \nJoseph sold to the Egyptians, 1728 ; \n\ntempted by Potiphar\'s wife, 1718; \n\nmade governor of Egypt, 1715; d. \n\nin Egypt, 1635 B.C., aged 110. \nJosephine, Ex-Empress of France, d. \n\nat Paris, 30th May, 1814. \n\n\n\nJOS \n\n\n\nJ U X 209 \n\n\n\nJosephus, Flavius, Jewish historian, \nb. 37, d. 93 A. D. \n\nJoshua, book of, written B.C. 1415. \n1445. Joshua makes a division of \nthe land of Canaan among the \ntribes of Israel, and rests from his \nconquests upon the sabbatical year, \nwhich begins from the autumnal \nequinox. 1426. Joshua dies in \nhis retirement at Timnath-serah, \naged 110. See Old Testament, \nEvents of. \n\nJosiah. See Old Testament, Events of. \n\nJoue, Jacques, a French painter of \narchitecture, &c. b. 1687, d. 1761. \n\nJournals of the House of Peers, the \nfirst taken, 1550. \n\nJouvenet, Jean, of Rouen, an historic \npainter, b. 1644, d. 1717. \n\nJovius, Paulus, historian, b. 1483, d. \n1552. \n\nJuan, Don George, Spanish mathema- \ntician, d. 1773. \n\nJuanes, Juan Battista, the Spanish \nRaffaelle, b. 1523, d. 1579. \n\nJubilee, in celebration of Geo. III.\'s \nentrance into the 50th year of his \nreign, 25th Oct., 1809. \n\nJubilee among the Christians at the \nend of every century, instituted by \nPope Boniface VIII. 1300 ; this \nwas celebrated afterwards every 50 \nyears by order of Clement VI. \xe2\x80\x94 \nUrban VI. reduced it to every 33d \nyear, and Paul II. to every 25th \nyear, at which period it is now \nfixed. \n\nJudah. See Old Testament, Events of. \n\nJude, St., wrote his epistle, 71; in- \nstituted 1030. \n\nJudges appointed, and the kingdom \ndivided into six circuits, three to \neach, 1 17G ; seized and condemned , \nand the lord chief justice executed \nfor favouring despotism, 1388 ; one \ncommitted the Prince of Wales for \nassaulting him on the bench, 1412 ; \nBennet fined 20,000/. for bribery, \n1616; threatened with impeach- \nments, and put in bail, and Berke- \nley taken off the Bench, and com- \nmitted by the commons, 1641 : \nthree impeached, 24th Nov. 1G80 ; \ntheir salaries augmented, and \n\n\n\nthemselves appointed for life, in- \nstead of during pleasure, 1761 ; \nenlarged, 1772 ; of the puisne \njudges, in 1779 ; some sent to the \nEast Indies, 1774. \n\nJulian, the apostate, a Roman em- \nperor, d. 363, aged 31. \n\nJulian, St., of Alcantara, order of \nknighthood in Spain, began 1176. \n\nJulien, Pierre, a French sculptor, \nauthor of " The Dying Gladiator," \nb. 1731, d. 1804. \n\nJulius Cassar, b. 10th July, 100; \nlanded at Deal, 26th Aug. 55 ; \nassassinated, 15th March, B.C. 44. \n\nJunius, Francis, linguist, b. 1589, d. \n1677. \n\nJupiter\'s satellites discovered by \nJansen, 1590. \n\nJuries first instituted in England, \n979 ; in Middlesex, regulated \n1731 ; trial by, in civil causes, in \nScotland, passed into a law, March, \n1815. \n\nJuries were common to the northern \nnations ; Reginer, a Dane, ordered \n12 to be impannelled, 820 ; first \nestablished in England by Ethel- \nred, 979 ; the plaintiff and defend- \nant, in those times, used to feed \nthem, whence the common-law of \ndenying sustenance to a jury after \nhearing evidence. \n\nJurieu, Peter, French divine, b. 1637, \nd. 1677. \n\nJurin, Dr. James, physician and \nmathematician, b. 1684, d. 1750. \n\nJussieu, Ant., physician and botanist, \nb. 1686, d. 1758. \n\nJustices of the Peace first appointed, \n1079. \n\nJustices, Itinerant, appointed, 1176. \n\nJusticiary Court of Scotland, estab- \nlished 1672. \n\nJustin lived about A. D. 250. \n\nJustin, Martyr, beheaded A. D. 165. \n\nJ ustinian, his Code of Civil Laws pub- \nlished, A. D. 520, four years after \nhis famous Digest. \n\nJustinian began to reign A. D. 527, \nd. 565. \n\nJuvenal, b. A. D. 45, d. 127. \nJuxon, William, archbishop of Can- \nterbury, b. 1582, d. 1663. \n\n\n\n210 KAB \n\n\n\nKET \n\n\n\nKaempfer ,Englebert. physician \nand traveller, b. 1651, d. 1716. \n\nKager, Matthew, of Munich, an his- \ntorical painter, b. 1566, d. 1634. \n\nKalf, William, a Dutch painter of \nstill life,b. 1630, d. 1693. \n\nKalm, P., naturalist, b.1715, d.1779. \n\nKalraat, Abraham Van, a Dutch \npainter of fruits and flowers, b. \n1643, d. 1699. \n\nKalraat, Berent Van, a Dutch land- \nscape painter, b. 1650, d. 1721. \n\nKampen, Jacob Van, a Dutch painter \nand architect, b. 1658. \n\nKamtschatka discovered by the Rus- \nsians, 1739. \n\nKant, Immanuel, metaphysician, b. \n1724, d. 1814. \n\nKappelle, John Van, a Dutch painter, \npupil of Vandervelde, fl. 1710. \n\nKappen, Franc. Vander, a Dutch his- \ntorical painter, flourished 1660. \n\nKatheriue Hall, Cambridge, founded, \n1472. \n\nKatherine\'s, St., dock, London, \n\nopened, 25th Oct., 1828. \nKauffman, Maria Angelica, of Coire \n\nin Switzerland, she painted poetical \n\nsubjects, b. 1742, d. 1807. \nKay, or Key, William, of Breda, a \n\nportrait painter, b. 1520, d. 1568. \nKean, Edmund, a celebrated English \n\nactor, b. 4th Nov., 1787, d. 15th \n\nMay, 1833, buried at Richmond. \nKeate, George, poet,b. 1729, d. 1797. \nKeble, Joseph, English law author, \n\nb. 1532, d. 1710. \nKeeble, W., an English portrait \n\npainter, fl. 1754. \nKeill, John, the astronomer, b. 1671, \n\nd. 1721. \n\nKeill, James, physician, b. 1673, d. \n1718. \n\nKeisar, W. de, a Dutch historic pain- \nter, b. 1647, d. 1693. \n\nKeith, Field Marshal, b. 1696, killed \nat Hochkerchen, 1758. \n\nKeith, Adm. Lord, b. 1747, d. 1823. \n\nKelly, H.,a dramatic writer, and edi- \ntor of " The Babbler," b. 1739, d. \n3rd Feb., 1777. \n\nKelly, Miss, shot at while acting at \n\n\n\nK \n\nt Drury-lane, by George Barnett, \n17th Feb., 1816 ; he was tried and \nacquitted, as insane, 8th Ap., 1816. \nKelsall Green, general cemetery at, \n\xe2\x96\xa0 consecrated by the Bishop of Lon- \ndon, 24th Jan., 1833. \nKemble, J. P., tragedian, b. 1757, \nd. 1823. \n\nKempis, Thomas a, b. 1380, d. 1440. \nKen, Thos., bishop, b. 1637, d. 1710. \nKenilworth Castle, Warwickshire, bt. \n1120; priory built, 1106. \n\' Kennedy, Rev. John, mathematician, \nd. about 1770. \nKennet, Rev. Basil, b. 1674, d. 1714. \nKennet, White, bishop, b. 1660, d. \n1728. \n\nKennicott, Dr. Benj., b. 1718, d. 18th \n\nAug., 1783. \nKenrick, Dr. William, dramatic wri- \nter, &c, d. 9th June, 1777. \nKent, the maid of, executed at Ty- \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nburn, 20th April, 1534. \nKent, W., English painter of portraits, \nhistory,and architecture, inventor of \nmodern gardening, b.1685, d.1748. \nKent, kingdom of, began, 455 ; ended \n823. \n\nKent, East Indiaman, burned in the \nbay of Biscay, and 85 lives lost, \n13th March, 1825. \nKent, Duke of, brother of George \nIV., b. 1767, d. 23rd Jan., 1820. \nKentbury, Berks, nine houses at, \ndestroyed by fire, 10th Ap., 1742. \nKenyon, Lord, learned judge, b.1733, \nd. 1802. \n\nKepler, John, astronomer, b.at Wiel, \n\n1571, d. 1630. \nKerckhove, Joseph Vanden, a Dutch \nhistoric painter, b. 1669, d. 1724. \nKessel, John Van, of Antwerp, a \npainter of fruits and flowers, b. \n1626, d. 1708. \nKessel, Ferdinand Van, a Dutch his- \ntoric painter, b. 1660, d. 1696. \nKessel, N. Van, a Dutch painter of \nrustic festivities, b. 1684, d. 1741. \nKetel, Cornelius, Dutch painter of his- \ntory and portraits, b. 1548,d.l602. \nKettering, Northamptonshire, des- \ntroyed by a fire, 1767. \n\n\n\nKET \n\n\n\nKIP \n\n\n\n211 \n\n\n\nKettle, Tilly, an English portrait \n\npainter, b. 1740, d. 1798. \nKeulen, Janssen, or Janson Van, a \n\nLondoner, portrait painter, d. 1665. \nKew bridge built of wood, 1759 ; of \n\nstone began 1783 ; opened 23rd \n\nSept., 1789. \nKeysler, J. G, German antiquary, b. \n\n1689, d. 1743. \nKick, Cornelius, a Dutch painter of \n\nstill life, b. 1635, d. 1675. \nKidder, Bishop of Bath, and his lady, \n\nkilled in bed by the falling of a \n\nstack of chimneys, 1703. \nKierings, James, a Dutch landscape \n\npainter, b. 1590, d. 1646. \nKilkenny, statute of, passed, 1364. \nKilligrew, Anne, an English lady, a \n\npainter of history, portraits, and \n\nstill life, b. 1660, d. of small pox \n\n1685. \n\nKilligrew, Sir W., b. 1605, d, 1693. \nKilligrew, Thos., b. 161 l,d. 1682. \nKillwarden, Lord, murdered by the \n\nrebels in Dublin, 23rd July, 1803. \nKilmarnock, Lord, and Balmerino, \n\nbeheaded, 18th Aug., 1746. \nKimchi, David, learned Jewish rabbi, \n\nd. 1240. \n\nKing of England, the title of, first \nused, 829 ; of Ireland added, 1542 ; \nof Great Britain, 1603. \n\nKing of France, the title of, assumed \nby the King of England, and his \narms quartered with those of Eng- \nland, with the motto " Dieu et mon \ndroit," first used, 21st Feb., 1340 ; \nrelinquished, 1st Jan., 1801. \n\nKing of the French began 1791 ; abo- \nlished, 1792; restored 9th Aug., \n1830. \n\nKing, Edward, the subject of " Lyci- \n\ndas," drowned 1637. \nKing, Edward, antiquary, b. 1735, d. \n\n1807. \n\nKing, Gregory, heraldic writer, b. \n\n1648, d. 1712. \nKing, Henry, bishop, theologian, b. \n\n1591, d. 1669. \nKing, Peter, lord chancellor, b. 1669, \n\nd. 1733. \n\nKing, Peter, Lord, biographer of \nLocke, b. 31st Aug., 1775, d. 4th \nJune, 1833. \n\nKing, R., divine, b. 1749, d. 1810. \n\n\n\nKing, John Glen, English topogra- \npher, d. 1787, aged 55. \n\nKing, William, Archbishop of Dub- \nlin, b. 1650, d. 1729. \n\nKing, Dr. William, \' miscellaneous \nwriter, b. 1663, d. 1712. \n\nKing, Dr. William, Latin writer, b. \n1684, d. 1763. \n\nKing, Capt., the companion of Capt. \nCook, d. Nov., 1784. \n\nKing, Thomas, an English portrait \npainter, d. 1769. \n\nKing\'s evil, first touched for the cure \nof, Edward the Confessor, 1058 ; \ndiscontinued by George I. \n\nKing\'s Bench prison, in St. George\'s \nfields, Southwark, built, 1751; \nenlarged, 1776 ; burnt by rioters, \n7th June, 1780; rebuilt, 1781; \n100 apartments burnt, 13th July, \n1799. \n\nKing\'s College, Cambridge, founded, \n1541. \n\nKing\'s College, Aberdeen, founded, \n1500. \n\nKing\'s College, in Nova Scotia, foun- \nded, 1798; charter granted, 12th \nMay, 1802. \n\nKing\'s College, London,in the Strand, \nbuilt bv subscription, opened 1st \nOct., 1831. \n\nKing\'s speech, the first delivered by \nHenry I., 1107. \n\nKings. See the names of the differ- \nent nations, England, France, &c. \n\nKingdoms, origin of, by Nimrod at \nBabylon, 2233 B.C. \n\nKings, four, \xe2\x80\x94 Edward III. of Eng- \nland, John of France, Peter of Cy- \nprus, and David of the Scots, \xe2\x80\x94 \nentertained by the Lord Mayor of \nLondon, Sir H. Picard, at one table, \n1364. \n\nKingston, Duchess of, tried for biga- \nmy, convicted, and degraded, 22nd \nApril, 1776 ; allowed to be Coun- \ntess of Bristol, 18th May, 1779. \n\nKingston, Jamaica, suffered damage \nto the amount of 500,000/. by a \nfire, 3rd Feb., 1782. \n\nKingston-upon-Thames bridge, the \nfirst stone of, laid by Lord Liver- \npool, 7th Nov., 1825. \n\nKippis, -Dr. Andrew, d. 3rd Oct., \n1795, aged 71. \n\n\n\n212 \n\n\n\nKIR \n\n\n\nKOB \n\n\n\nKirby, John Joshua (father of Mrs. \n\nTrimmer), an English writer and \n\nlandscape painter, b. 1716, d. 1774. \nKirby and Wade, sea captains, shot at \n\nPlymouth, 1703. \nKirch, Godfrey, astronomer, b. 1640, \n\nd. 1710. \n\nKirch, Mary, astronomer, b. 1670, d. \n1720. \n\nKirch, Christian Frederic, astronomer, \n\nb. 1694, d. 1740. \nKircher, Athanasius,b. 1601, d. 1680. \nKirkham Priory, Yorkshire, bt. 1122. \nKirkstal Abbey, Yorkshire, bt. 1153. \nKirkstead Abbey, Lincolnshire, built \n\n1139. \n\nKir-wan, Richard, mineralogist, d. \nAug., 1812. \n\nKirwan, W. B., Irish divine, b. about \n1754, d. 1805. \n\nKissing the Pope\'s foot, practised 709. \n\nKissing the Pope\'s foot took its rise \nfrom the custom of kneeling to \nsovereigns, introduced by Diocle- \nsian. Thence also the custom of a \nvassal kneeling to his lord, in \nhomage. Kissing the hands of \ngreat men was a Grecian custom. \n\nKitchenman, John, an English pain- \nter of portraits in oil, and miniatures, \nd. 1782. \n\nKitt\'s, St., greatly damaged by fire, \n1768, 1776; greatly damaged by \na storm, and the town of Basse- \nterre by fire, the loss immense, \n5th Sept., 1776. \n\nKlaproth, M. H., chemist, d. at Ber- \nlin, 1817. \n\nKlass, Fred. Chris., of Dresden, a \nlandscape painter and engraver, b. \n1752. \n\nKleber, General, b. 1750, assassinated \n1800. \n\nKleist, C, poet, b. 1715, killed at \n\nthe Kimnersdorf, 1759. \nKlenghel, John Chris., of Saxony, a \n\npainter and engraver, b. 1731, d. \n\n1792. \n\nKlocker, David, of Hamburgh, a pain- \nter of field sports, b. 1629, d.1698. \n\nKlomp, Albert, a Dutch landscape \npainter, flourished 1680. \n\nKlopstock, Fred. Gotlieb, the Ger- \nman poet, b. 1724, d. 14th March, \n1803. \n\n\n\nKnapton, George, an English portrait \npainter, b. 1698, d. 1788. \n\nKnaresborough Castle, Yorkshire, \nbuilt 1100. \n\nKnave was anciently a regular ad- \ndition, as esquire is now, to a \ngentleman, &c. With us, a knavish \naction is a feudal term, implying \nfit only for the meanest servants. \n\nKnee ordered to be bent at the name \nof Jesus, 1275. \n\nKneller, Sir Godfrey, a celebrated \nportrait painter, b. at Lubeck about \n1648, d. in London, 1723. \n\nKnight, Mr., cashier of the South Sea \nCompany, absconded withl00,000/. \n1720; compounded with govern- \nment for 10,000^, and returned to \nEngland in 1743. \n\nKnight, R. P., Esq., d.1824, aged 76. \n\nKnights and citizens obliged to reside \nat the places they represented, \n1413. \n\nKnighthood first introduced in Eng- \nland, 897. In 1430 orders were \nissued for every person with 401. per \nann. to take the order of knighthood. \n\nKnighthood, by the king, forbidden \nby the parliament, 1640. \n\nKnighthood, all orders of, abolished \nin France by the National Assem- \nbly, 30th July, 1791. \n\nKnitting stockings invented in Spain, \n1550. \n\nKnives first made in England, 1563. \n\nKnives, eighteen clasped ones, such \nas are used by sailors, found in the \nstomach and intestines of William \nCummins, who died in Guv\'s Hos- \npital, 1809. \n\nKnolles, Richard, English historian, \nd. 1610. \n\nKnollis, Sir F., statesman, d. 1596. \nKnot, order of knighthood, began in \n\nNaples, 1351. \nKnox, John, the reformer, b. 1505, \n\nd. 1572. \n\nKnox, Dr. Vicesimus, miscellaneous \nwriter, b. 1752, d. 1821. \n\nKnupfer, Nicholas, of Leipsic, a pain- \nter of battle pieces,b.l603,d.l660. \n\nKnutzen, Matthias, the professed Ger- \nman atheist, living in 1674. \n\nKobell, Ferd., of Manheim, a land- \nscape painter, b. 1740. \n\n\n\nIOE \n\n\n\nLAB 213 \n\n\n\nKoeberger, YVenceslaus, an eminent \nDutch painter, engraver, and archi- \ntect, b. 1554, d. 1634. \n\nKoene, Isaac, a Dutch landscape \npainter, h. 1650, d. 1713. \n\nKoenia:, J. Gerard, botanist, b. 17*28, \nd. 1785. \n\nKoenia:, Samuel, mathematician, d. \n1727. \n\nKoenratt, a Dutch painter of flowers, \nfruits, &c. b. 1678, d. 1747. \n\nKoerten, or Block, Joanna, a Dutch \nlady, who excelled in drawing, \npainting, embroidery, and cutting \nin paper, b. 1650, d. 1715. \n\nKoets, Roelof, Dutch portrait painter, \nb. 1655, d. 1725. \n\nKolben, Peter, traveller, b. 1674, d. \n1726. \n\nKonig, Fred., inventor of steam-press \nprinting, d. 18th. Jan., 1833. \n\nKoninck, Solomon, Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1609. \n\nKoningh, Philip de, a Dutch painter \nof history and portraits, b. 1619, \nd. 1689.* \n\nKoningsberg, in Prussia, nearly de- \nstroyed by lightning in 1764, and \nby fire, 1769; again nearly de- \nstroyed by fire, 14th June, 1811. \n\nKoogen, Leon. Vander, a Dutch \npainter of conversations and drink- \nings, b. 1610, d. 1681. \n\nKosciusko, the illustrious Polish ge- \nneral, d. 1817. \n\nKotzebue, the dramatist, assassinated \nat Manheim, by Sandt, a Wurtz- \nburg student, 2nd April, 1819. \n\nKouli Khan, usurped the Persian \n\n\n\nthrone, 11th March, 1732; assas- \nsinated 8th June, 1747, by his \nnephew. \n\nKouwenburgh, Chris. Yan, a Dutch \n\npainter of history and landscape, b. \n\n1604, d. 1667. \nKrahe, Lambert, of Dusseldorp, a \n\npainter, b. 1730, d. 1790. \nKrans, George Melchior, of Frankfort, \n\na landscape painter and engraver, \n\nb. 1727. \n\nKrause, Fran., of Augsburg, an his- \ntoric painter, b. 1706, d. 1754. \n\nKryns, Everard, a Dutch painter of \nhistory and portraits, b. 1568, d. \n1627. \n\nKuick, John Van, a Dutch historic \npainter, b. 1530, burned alive, \n1572. \n\nKunckel, John, eminent chemist, b. \n\n1630, d. 1703. \nKunst, Cornelius, a Dutch historic \n\npainter, b. 1493, d. 1544. \nKupetzki, John, a Bohemian portrait \n\npainter, b. 1667, d. 1740. \nKuster, Ludolph, critic, b. 1670, d. \n\n1716. \n\nKutusoff, Russian general, d. 21st \n\nJune, 1813. \nKuyp (Old) Jacob Gerritze, of Dort, \n\na landscape painter, founder of the \n\nAcademy of St. Luke, b. 1578, d. \n\n1649. \n\nKuyp, or Cuyp, Albert, of Dort, an \nuniversal painter, b. 1606, d. 1667. \n\nKuyp, Ben., of Dort, an historical \npainter, b. 1608. \n\nKyrie Eleison first introduced into the \nLitany, 590. \n\n\n\nL \n\nJlfABAT, J. B., author, b.1663, d. \n1758. \n\nLaberius, Roman writer, d. B. C. 46. \n\nLabour, price of, A. D. 1352, 25 \nEdw. III. wages paid to hay-makers \nwas but Id. a-day; a mower of \nmeadows 5d. per day, or 5d. an \nacre ; reapers of corn, in the first \nweek of August, 2d., in the second \n3d. per day, and so till the end of \nAugust, without meat, drink, or \n\n\n\nother allowance, finding their own \ntools; for threshing a quarter of \nwheat or rye, 2$d. ; a quarter of \nbarley, beans, peas, and oats, l^d.; \na master carpenter, 3d. a-day, other \ncarpenters 2c?. per day ; a master \nmason 4d. per day, other masons \n3c?. per day, and their servants \n\\\xc2\xb1d. per day ; tilers 3d", and their \nknaves lid. ; thatchers 3c?. per \nday, their knaves l$d. ; plasterers, \n\n\n\n214 \n\n\n\nLAB \n\n\n\nL A L \n\n\n\nand other workers of mud walls, \nand their knaves, in the like man- \nner, without meat or drink, and \nthis from Easter to Michaelmas ; \nand from that time less, according \nto the direction of the justices. \xe2\x80\x94 \nBy the 34th of Edward III. 1361, \nchief masters of carpenters and \nmasons Ad. a-day, and the others \n3c?. or 2d. as they are Avorth. \xe2\x80\x94 \n13th Richard II. 1389, the wages \nof a bailiff of husbandry 13s. Ad. \na-year, and bis clothing once a-year \nat most ; the master hind 10s., the \ncarter 10s., shepherd 10s., ox- \nherd 6s. 8d., cow-herd 6s. 8d., \nswine-herd 6s., a woman labourer \n6s., a day ditto 6s., a driver of \nplough 7s. From this time up to \nthe time of 23 Henry VI., the \nprice of labour was fixed by the \n\njustices by proclamation 1445, \n\n23 Henry VI. the wages of a bailiff \nof husbandry was 23s. 4c?. per \nannum, and clothing of the price \nof 5s. with meat and drink ; chief \nhind, carter, or shepherd, 20s., \nclothing 4s. ; common servant of \nhusbandry 15s., clothing AOd. ; \nwoman servant 10s., clothing 4s. ; \ninfant under 14 years 6s., clothing \n3s. ; freemason or master carpen- \nter Ad. per day, without meat and \ndrink, o\xc2\xb1d. ; master tiler or slater, \nmason or mean carpenter, and \nother artificers concerned in build- \ning, 3c?. per day, without meat and \ndrink, 4|d. ; every other labourer \n2d. per day, without meat and \ndrink 3id. per day ; after Michael- \nmas to abate in proportion. In the \ntime of harvest, a mower Ad. a-day, \nwithout meat and drink 6d. ; reaper \nor carter 3c?. a-day, without meat \nand drink 5d. ; woman labourer \nand other labourers 2d. a-day, \nwithout meat and drink Aid. per \n\nday By the 11th Henry VII. \n\n1496, there was a like rate of \nwages, only with a little advance ; \nas, for instance, a freemason, mas- \nter carpenter, rough mason, brick- \nlayer, master tiler, plumber, glazier, \ncarver, joiner, was allowed from \nEaster to Michaelmas to take 6d. \n\n\n\na-day, without meat and drink, \nor with meat and drink 4d. ; from \nMichaelmas to Easter to abate Id. \nA master having under him six \nmen. was allowed \\d. a-day extra. \nBy the 6th of Henry VIII. 1515, \nthe wages of shipwrights were fixed \nas follows : a master ship carpenter, \ntaking the charge of the work, \nhaving men under him, 5c?. a day \nin the summer season, with meat \nand drink ; other ship carpenter, \ncalled an hewer, Ad. ; an able \nclincher 3c?. ; holder 2c?. ; master \ncalker 4c?. ; mean calker 3c?. ; day \nlabourer by the tide 4c?. \nLabour of husbandmen at different \nperiods from 1568 to the year \n1788, in England :_ \n\n1568 - 4c?. per diem. \n1620 - 4a \n1632 - 6 \n1647 - 10 \n1662 - 6 \n1688 - 8 \n1698 - 8 i \n1716 - 9 \n1740 - 10 \n1760 - 1 \n1788 - 1 4 \nLacalza, order of knighthood, began \n\nin Venice 1400. \nLace, Flanders, more valuable than \ngold. One ounce of fine Flanders \nthread has been sold in London \nfor Al. ; such an ounce made into \nlace may be here sold for 40/., \nwhich is ten times the price of \nstandard gold, weight for weight. \nLacock Nunner}^ Wilts, built, 1133. \nLactantius flourished, 323. \nLacteals, the, discovered by chance \nin opening a dog, by Asellius, 23rd \nJuly, 1662; in birds, fish, &c, \nby Mr. Hewson, a surgeon of \nLondon, 1770. \nLadrone Isles discovered, 1521. \nLadvocat, J. B., divine and historian, \n\nb. 1709, d. 1765. \nLafayette, Marquis de, d. 20th May, \n\n1834, aged 76. \nLagrange, J. L., mathematician, b. \n\n1786, d. 1813. \nLaing, Malcolm, historian, b. 1762, \nd. 1819. \n\n\n\nLAI \n\n\n\nLAN 215 \n\n\n\nLairesse, Gerard, Dutch painter and \nengraver, b. 1640, d. 1711. \n\nLalande, J. J. F., astronomer, b. \n1732, d. 1807. \n\nLally, Count, beheaded in 1766. \n\nLamarque, a brave French officer, dis- \ntinguished in the campaigns of \nNapoleon, b. 1772, d. 31st May, \n1 832 ; upwards of 4000 persons \nwere killed in Paris in the riots \nthat took place at his funeral. \n\nLamb, Dr., murdered in London, \n24th June, 1628. \n\nLambert, George, painter, d. 1765. \n\nLambert, Daniel, d. 21st Juue, 1829, \nweighing 52 stone 11 lbs., 14 lbs. \nto the stone. \n\nLambert, J. Henry, mathematician, \nb. 1728, d. 1777. \n\nLambeth Chapel founded, 1169; pa- \nlace built, 1184. \n\nLambeth, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nLamy, Bernard, French divine, b. \n1640, d. 29th Jan., 1715. \n\nLanark Castle, Scotland, founded, \n1314. \n\nLancaster, Joseph, promulgator of the \n\nsystem of mutual instruction, b. \n\n1771, d. 1834. \nLancaster "Castle built by Agricola, \n\nthe Roman general, 124. \nLancaster, duchy court of, established \n\n1376. \n\nLancaster created a county palatine \nby Edward III. in favour of John \nof Gaunt. \n\nLancrink, Pros. Hen., a German ar- \ntist, b. 1628, d, 1692. \n\nLander, Richard, the African traveller, \nd. of the wounds he received from \na party of Moors, 6th Feb., 1834. \n\nLand, a piece of, in Finland, 4000 \nsquare ells in extent, sunk 15 fa- \nthoms, but most of the inhabitants \nescaped, Feb., 1793. A tract of, \namounting to 120 English acres, \n\n\n\nand of the depth of 60 feet, slid \nwith a tremendous crash into the \nriver Nid, near Drontheim,in Nor- \nway, 7th March, 1816. \n\nLand-carriage of fish supported by \nparliament, 1764. \n\nLand-tax, the first in England, 990 ; \namounted annually to 82,000?. in \n1018 ; every hide of land taxed 3s. \nin 1109 ; again established in 1695, \nfrom which period to the year 1800 \nit yielded above 227,000,000/. \n\nLand-tax, \xe2\x80\x94 The proposed augmenta- \ntion and equalisation of this tax \nrendering it a subject of much in- \nterest to the public, it may not be \nunacceptable to many of our readers \nto be informed, that the cause of \nthe disproportion of its operation \nproceeds from its having been ori- \nginally a kind of voluntary contri- \nbution, levied for the service of \nthe state, in the reign of King Wil- \nliam. The sum agreed to be raised \nby it (viz. 2,000,000/.) was divided \ninto 513 parts, being the number \nof the members for England and \nWales ; and it was left to the op- \ntion of the several counties to pay \nas many of those parts as they \nthought proper, or could afford. \nThe consequence was that some of \nthem, celebrated for their loyalty, \ntook upon them the payment of \nimmense sums, while others, al- \nthough equally capable of bearing \nthe burden, contributed very spar- \ningly indeed. For instance, Mid- \ndlesex agreed to pay eighty parts, \nEssex and York twenty -four each, \nand Norfolk and Kent twenty-two \neach, whereas Westmoreland and \nCumberland would subscribe only \none each, Rutland two, and Dur- \nham three. In this manner it has \never since been voted from year to \nyear down to the present time. \n\n\n\n216 \n\n\n\nThe following tahle shows the quantity of land in the several counties, the \nnumber of members returned by each, and the parts paid by them, \ntogether with the amount of the produce. \n\n\n\nCounties. \n\n\nAcres. \n\n\nMem. \n\n\nParts. \n\n\nProduce. \n\n\nY"orksliire - ~ \n\n\n3,770,000 \n\n\n41 \n\n\n24 \n\n\n\xc2\xa392,631 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nTipvati en i rp \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n-L/C N UJUollJJ. c \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xbb \n\n\n1 oon 000 \n\n\n26 \n\n\no: \n\nAO \n\n\n81,052 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n\n\n\nT iin o c\\ 1 ti - \n\n\n1 440 000 \n\nJ- } i i V/\xc2\xab \\J \\J\\J \n\n\n12 \n\n\n1 Q \n\n1 if \n\n\n73.333 \n\n\nA \n\n\nQ \nO \n\n\nc\\vt nirninprl wn n \xe2\x80\x94 \nyji tit uiii uci lduu \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n1,870 000 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nA \nt \n\n\n15,438 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nn \nO \n\n\nHants - \n\n\n1,312^000 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n30,877 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nKent - \n\n\n1 \xc2\xb048 000 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n22 \n\n\n84,911 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n\n\n1 ^40 000 \n\n\ng \n\n\n9/t \n\n\n92,631 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nn \nU \n\n\nTjlTlPQ^nlTA \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \nAJullLiiMIil C \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n1,150,000 \n\n\n24 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n54,034 \n\n\n17 \n\n\no \n\n\n\n\n"Norfolk - \n\n\n1 1 48 000 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n\n\n84,911 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n/i \n-t \n\n\nSussex \xe2\x80\x94 -\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n1,140,000 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n61,754 \n\n\n\n\nQ \n\n\n\n\nOumlierlancL \xe2\x96\xa0* \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n1,040,000 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1 \n\n\no,ooy \n\n\n\n\n& \n\n\n\nSuffolk ------ \n\n\n995,000 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n20 \n\n\n77,192 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nCornwall - \n\n\n96o\',000 \n\n\n27 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n30,877 \n\n\ni \n\n\n4 \n\n\nSalop - \n\n\n890 000 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n7 \n\n\nm a \n/ /,U1U \n\n\nQ \nO \n\n\nc \no \n\n\nWilts \n\n\n876000 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n50,175 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nGloucester - - \n\n\n800,000 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n40,oi0 \n\n\n\n\nc \nu \n\n\nTlfVPCP-1\' \n\nJ_/ Ul oU t \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n772 000 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nQ \n\n\n34,736 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n\n\n\nCheshire - - - \n\n\n720,000 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n27,017 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nDerby - \n\n\nfiflO 000 \n\n\n\n\nu \n\n\n23,157 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n\n\nWar\\\\ ick \xe2\x80\x94 - \xe2\x80\x94 . \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n670 000 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n38,586 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n^lerefbrdsliire \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\nRRO 000 \n\n\n7 \n\n\no \n\n\n19,298 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n\n\nNottins^liamsliire \xe2\x80\x94 - \n\n\nfi39 000 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n27,017 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nDurham - - \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\nfii n ooo \n\n\n10 \n\n\n9 \nO \n\n\n11,578 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n\n\n\nSurrey \n\n\n\xc2\xa3>Q9 000 \n\n\n1] \n\n\n18 \n\n\n69,473 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n\n\n\nOam bridge - ~ - \n\n\no/ u,uuu \n\n\n7 \n\n\nu \n\n\n23,157 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n\n\nLeicester \n\n\n\n\nu \n\n\n9 \n\n\n34,736 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n\n\n\nJN ortnampton - - \n\n\nf;f;n nnn \n\n\nQ \n\n\n1 6 \n\n\n46,315 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n\n\n\n"W orcester ~ - - \n\n\n^n nnn \n\n\n12 \n\n\nQ \n\n\n34,736 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n\n\n\nO-srfnrrl \n\n\nnnn \n\n\nQ \n\n\n10 \n\n\n38.596 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1 1 " \n\n\n^97 nnn \n\n\n3 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n38,596 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n\\\\ estmoreianu - \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n^i n nnn \n\n\n9 \nO \n\n\n1 \n\n\n3,859 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nHerts - \n\n\n451,000 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n42,455 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nBucks - \n\n\n441,000 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n46,315 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n(i \n\n\nBedford \n\n\n247,000 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n27.017 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nMiddlesex - \n\n\n241,000 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n80 \n\n\n398,770 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nHuntingdon - - - \n\n\nOiA AAA \n\n\n4 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n15.438 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nStafford \n\n\n180,000 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n27,017 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nSomerset - - - \n\n\n175,000 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n73,333 \n\n\n\n\n\n8 \n\n\nMonmouth \n\n\n160,000 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n11,578 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n\n\n\nRutland \n\n\n110,000 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n7,719 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nSouth Wales - \nNorth Wales \n\n\n3,210,000 > \n2,160,000 5 \n\n\n29 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n42,455 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n(i \n\n\nTotal - \n\n\n\n\n500 \n\n\n513 \n\n\n2,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLAND. \n\n\n\nBefore the union with Scotland, \nEngland sent 514 representa- \ntives to parliament, and by the \nact of union, 45 Scotch were \nadded to them ; which, if they \nhad gone by the land-tax, ought \nnot to have been so many; but \nit seemed the intention of the \nthen legislature, that but 45 \nScotch should sit in the house, \nfor at that time time few or no \nScotchmen had estates in Eng- \nland, nor had any of them, till \nsome years afterwards, qualifi- \ncations to be chosen for any \nEnglish borough. The whole \nkingdom of Scotland pays but \n47,954/. Is. 2d. towards the \nland-tax. How unequally this \ntax falls will appear by the fol- \nlowing statements. \n\nThe land-tax being nominally is. \nin the pound, London, West- \nminster, and Middlesex, do not \npay 3s. \n\nNo county in England pays more \nthan 2*. except Surrey, Sussex, \nHertford, Bucks, Berks, Oxford, \nand Warwickshire. They pay \nsomewhat above 2s. \n\nKent, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Hamp- \nshire, and the inland counties, \npay 20c?. to 22d. \n\nThe great counties of York, Devon, \nand Somerset, pay is. 6d. \n\nCornwall pays less. Wales, Lan- \ncashire, and the northern coun- \nties, pay under Is. \n\nScotland pays about the forty-first \npart of the land-tax, though the \nvalue of their lands is about \none-sixth of that of England. \n\nSeveral parishes in London and \nWestminster, pay full or more \nthan 4s. in the pound, while \nothers scarce pay a third part, \nand some less than half that \nsum. \n\nMarybone parish, consisting of \n2500 acres, of which one-third \nis occupied by buildings, pays \nthe enormous sum of one penny \nfarthing; when they make it a \nhalfpenny there is an overplus. \n\nSerjeants-Inn, Chancery-lane, con- \n\n\n\n217 \n\ntaining about 15 apartments, \nformerly for the \'judges and \nSerjeants, worth about 50/. per \nannum, one with another ; the \nwhole is about 900/. per ann. \nA tax of 4s. in the pound would \nbe 180/ They pay no more \nthan 31/., which is about 9d. \nThe three Temples pay about \nlOd. \n\nPembrokeshire pays 6c?. Cardi- \nganshire, Ad. Part of Radnor- \nshire pays 2s. ; other parts 4d. \nin the pound. \n\nLAND-TAX OF ALL THE PARISHES \nWITHIN TWELVE MILES OF THE \nMETROPOLIS. \n\nMiddlesex. \n\n\n\n\n\ns. d. \n\n\nActon - \n\n\n- 2 3 \n\n\nBarnet-Friern \n\n\n- 3 6 \n\n\nBethnal-Green \n\n\n- 1 4 \n\n\nBrentford \n\n\n-2 4* \n\n\nBromley (by Bow) - \n\n\n- 1 9 \n\n\nChelsea \n\n\n- 1 6 \n\n\nChiswick \n\n\n- 1 6 \n\n\nEaling \n\n\n- 1 2 \n\n\nEdgeware \n\n\n- 2 3 \n\n\nEdmonton \n\n\n- 2 \n\n\nEnfield \n\n\n- 2 11 \n\n\nFinchley \n\n\n- 3 \n\n\nIslington \n\n\n- 1 6 \n\n\nKensington \n\n\n- 1 \n\n\nKingsbury - \n\n\n- 2 6 \n\n\nLimehouse \n\n\n- 3 4 \n\n\nMarybone - One Farthing. \n\n\nNewington (Stoke) \n\n\n- 1 10 \n\n\nNorthall \n\n\n- 2 6 \n\n\nNorwood \n\n\n- 2 4 \n\n\nPaddington \n\n\n- 10 \n\n\nFulham \n\n\n- 1 7 \n\n\nSt. George\'s in the East \n\n\n- 1 10 \n\n\nGreenford - \n\n\n- 2 6 \n\n\nHackney \n\n\n- 1 3 \n\n\nHadley \nHampstead \n\n\n- 2 4 \n\n- 10 \n\n\nHanwell \n\n\n- 2 6 \n\n\nHarrow on the Hill \n\n\n- 3 \n\n\nHayes \n\n\n- 2 7 \n\n\nHendon \n\n\n- 1 11 \n\n\nHeston \n\n\n- 2 8 \n\n\nHornsey \n\n\n- 2 4 \n\n\nIsleworth \n\n\n- 1 4 \n\n\nPancras \n\n\n- 3 \n\n\n\nL \n\n\n\n218 LAN \n\n\n\nLAN \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ns. \n\n\nd. \n\n\nShadwell \n\n\n\n\n3 \n\n\n\n\n\nStanmore Magna \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nStanmore Parva \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nStratford, Bow - \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nTeddington \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8| \n\n\nTottenham \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nWilsdon and West Twyford 2 \n\n\n\n\n\nHERTFORDSHIRE. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChipping-Barnet \n\n\n_ \n\n\n3 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nEast-Barnet \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nElstree \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nTotteridge \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nESSEX. \n\nBarking \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nCbigwell \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nChingford \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nEast Ham \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nIlford \n\n\n_ \n\n\n1 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nLeyton \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nRomford \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nWalthamstow \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nWanstead \n\n\n\n\n3 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nWest Ham - \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nWoodford \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n\n\n\nKENT. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBeckenham \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nBromley - - \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9 \n\n\nCharlton \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nChislehurst \n\n\n_ \n\n\n1 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nDeptford \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nEltham \n\n\n_ \n\n\n1 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nGreenwich \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nHayes \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nLee \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nLewi sham \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nPlumstead \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nEast Wickham \n\n\n_ \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nWest ditto \n\n\n_ \n\n\n\n\n\n9 \n\n\nWoolwich - \n\n\n_ \n\n\n1 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nSURREY. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAddington \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nBarnes \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nBattersea \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nBeddington \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nCamherwell \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nDulwich \n\n\n\n\n4 \n\n\n\n\n\nCarshalton * \n\n\n\n\n\n\n7 \n\n\nCheam - \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nClapham \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nCroydon \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n\nMerton \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n5 \n\n\nMitcham \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nMordon \n\n\n\n\n2 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n\ns. d. \n\nMortlake - - 2 6 \n\nNewington Butts - 1 2 \n\nPeckham - -20 \n\nPetersham - -4 \n\nPutney - - -13 \nKew - -, 9 \n\nKingston - - 2 7 \n\nLambeth, viz. \n\nBishop\'s Liberty - 1 4 \nPrince\'s Liberty - 1 1 \n\nVauxhall - - 2 2 \n\nMarsh and Wall Lib. - 1 6 \nLambeth Dean - 2 \n\nStockwell - - 1 6 \n\nMaiden - - 3 10 \n\nRoehampton - -2 3 \n\nRichmond - - 1 \n\nRotherhithe - - 3 \n\nStreatham - - 2 3 \n\nSutton - - 2 \n\nTooting - - 1 \n\nWandsworth - -2 \n\nWimbledon - -40 \n\nLancaster, James, navigator, d. 1633. \nLancelot, Claude, French writer, b. \n\n1619, d. 1695. \nLandau, arsenal at, blown up 20th \n\nDec. 1794. \nLancret, Nicholas, painter, b. 1690, \nd. 1743. \n\nLanden, John, mathematician, b. \n\n1719, d. 1790. \nLander, Richard, African traveller, \n\nkilled 1834. \nLanercost Priory, Cumberland, built \n\n1169. \n\nLanfranc, Abp. of Canterbury, b. \n\n1005, d. 1089. \nLanfranco, Giov., an Italian painter, \n\nb. 1581, d. 1647. \nLangbaiue, Gerard, English writer, \n\nd. 1692. \n\nLanghorne, Dr. John, the writer, b. \n\n1735, d. Sept. 1779. \nLanguard Fort, Essex, built 1618. \nLanglande, Robert, old English poet, \n\nd. 1369. \nLangton, Abp., d. 1228. \nLangueau, Remi, painter, d, 1694. \nLanguet, Hubert, statesman, b. 1513, \n\nd. 1581. \n\nLaniere, painter, d. 1646, aged 78. \nLansdown, George, Viscount, b. 1667, \nd. 1735. \n\n\n\nLAN \n\n\n\nLEA 219 \n\n\n\nLanterns invented by King Alfred, \n890. \n\nLanture, a Flemish painter, flou- \nrished 1580. \n\nLanzi, Luigi, antiquary, b. 1732, d. \n1810. \n\nLapi, Arnolfo, a Florentine architect, \nd. 1300, aged 60. \n\nLapis calaminaris, discovered in Eng- \nland, 1561.- \n\nLaplanders, several arrived in Lon- \ndon with game, -which were in fine \npreservation, after travelling 1000 \nmiles, 8th Feb. 1816. \n\nLaquer varnisb, first used instead of \ngilding, 1633. \n\nLarcber, P. H., French translator of \nHerodotus, b. 1726, d. 1812. \n\nLardner, Dr. N., divine, b. 1684, d. \n1768. \n\nLargilliere, Nicholas, painter, b. 1656, \nd. 1746. \n\nLaroon, Marcel., painter, b. at the \n\nHague, 1653, d. 1705. \nLa Scama, order of knighthood, began \n\nin Spain, 1420. \nLatimer, bishop of Worcester, burnt \n\nat Oxford,\' Oct. 1555. \nLatin and Greek churches united, \n\n1004. \n\nLatin language forbidden in courts of \n\nlaw in England, 1731. \nLatin tongue ceased to be spoken \n\ncommonly in Italy, 581. \nLatini, Brunetto, tutor of Dante, d. \n\n1294. \n\nLatour, Hubert de, the statuary, d. \n1650. \n\nLatton Priory, built before 1270. \nLaud, Abp., beheaded 10th Jan. \n\n1645, aged 71. \nLauder, W., the slanderer of Milton, \n\nd. 1771. \n\nLauderdale, duke of, d. 24th Aug., \n1682. \n\nLaudolm, Field Marshal, b. 1716, \nd. 1790. \n\nLauenberg, Duchy of, ceded to Den- \nmark by Russia, in exchange for \nPomerania and Rugen, 4th June, \n1815. \n\nLaunceston Castle, Cornwall, built \n\nby the Romans. \nLaurel, British frigate, lost in Qui- \n\n\n\nheron Bay, and the crew made \n\nprisoners, 31st Jan. 1812. \nLaura ti, Pietro, painter in fresco, b. \n\n1282, d. 1340. \nLaurestina frigate, lost in a hurricane \n\noff the Bahamas, but crew saved, \n\n1813. \n\nLauri, Filippo, an Italian painter, b. \n1623, d. 1694. \n\nLaval ette, condemned at Paris for \nhigh treason, escaped from prison, \ndisguised in his wife\'s clothes, 21st \nDec. 1815. Maj. Gen. Sir Rob. \nWilson, Mich. Bruce, Esq., and \nCapt. Hely Hutchinson, were sen- \ntenced to three months\' imprison- \nment for aiding his escape from \nFrance. \n\nLavater, the physiognomist, b. 1741, \n\nd. at Zurich, Jan. 1801. \nLavoisier, A. L., chemist, b. 1743, \n\nbeheaded, 1794. \nLaw, John, the bubble projector of \n\nFrance, b. 1671, d. 1729. \nLaw, Edmund, Bishop of Carlisle, \n\ntheological writer, b. 1703, d. \n\n1787. \n\nLaw, Edward, Lord Ellenborough, b. \n\n1749, d. 1818. \nLaw, Rev. William, divine, b. 1686, \n\nd. 1761. \n\nLaw of Moses, delivered 4th May, \nB.C. 1491. \n\nLawes, Henry, musician, d. 1662. \n\nLaws of the land, . first translated \ninto Saxon, 590 ; published, 610. \n\nLaws of EdAvard the Confessor, com- \nposed 1 065. \n\nLawns and thread gauze were, in \n1784, manufactured at Paisley, to \nthe value of 164,385/. 16s. G{d. \n\nLawrence, Dr. T., physician, b. 1711, \nd. 1773. \n\nLawrence, Sir Thomas, English \n\npainter of history and portraits, b. \n\n1769, d. 7th Jan. 1830. \nLayer, counsellor, hanged for treason, \n\n17th March, 1722. \nLazari, an Italian artist, b. 1444, d. \n\n1514. \n\nLazarus, St., order of knighthood, \n\nbegan 366. \nLeaden pipes for conveying water, \n\ninvented 1236. \n\ni 2 \n\n\n\n220 LEA \n\n\n\nLES \n\n\n\nLcaden-hall, London, built 1446. \nLeadhills, Scotland, shock of an \n\nearthquake felt at, 14th Feb. 1749. \nLeake, Sir John, English admiral, b. \n\n1656, d. 1720. \nLeake, Richard, eminent seaman, b. \n\n1629, d. 1686. \nLeake, Stephen Martin, heraldic \n\nwriter, b. 1702, d. 1773. \nLeblon, Michael, painter, of Frank- \nfort, d. 1650. \nLecchi, T. A., mathematician, b. \n\n1702, d. 1776. \nLe Dran, H. F., French surgeon, b. \n\n1685, d. 1770. \nLedyard, John, traveller, d. 1788. \nLee, Archbishop, of York, d. 1544, \n\naged 62. \n\nLee, Nathaniel, dramatist, d. 1692, \naged 33. \n\nLee, Rev. Mr., who invented the \nstocking frame, resided at Cam- \nbridge, 1589. \n\nLee-Boo, an Indian prince, who died \nof the small-pox, and was interred \nin Rotherhithe church-yard, d. \n27th Dec, 1784. \n\nLeeds, England, erected into a bo- \nrough, 1832. \n\nLeeds Castle, Kent, built 857, re- \nbuilt, 1071. \n\nLegacies taxed, 1780 ; tax increased, \n1796, 1805, 1808. \n\nLegion of honour, instituted by Buo- \nnaparte, 15th July, 1804 ; con- \nfirmed by Louis XVIII. in 1814. \n\nLegnano, S. M., artist, b. 1660, d. \n1715. \n\nLeibnitz b. at Leipsic 1646, d. 1716. \nLeiburn Castle, Kent, built 1 1 90. \nLeicester, Dudley, Earl of, b. 1532, \n\nd. 1588. \nLeicester Abbey built, 1143. \nLeigh, Edward, b. 1603, d. 1671. \nLeigh, John, English dramatic writer, \n\nd. 1726. \n\nLeighton, Alexander, divine, b. 1568, \nd. 1644. \n\nLeighton, Rob., Archbishop of Glas- \ngow, b. 1613, d. 1684. \n\nLeith bridge, near Edinburgh, had \nthe first stone laid, 23rd Sept., \n1788; west docks at, constructed, \n1801. \n\n\n\nLeland, John, the antiquary, d. 1552, \naged 45. \n\nLeland, Dr., d. Jan., 1766, aged 73. \n\nLeland, Dr. Thomas, divine and his- \ntorian, b. 1722, d. 1785. \n\nLeland, William, of Ireland, d. Jan., \n1732, aged 139. \n\nLely, Sir Peter, eminent portrait pain- \nter, b. 1617, d. 1680. \n\nLemens, Balthazar, a Dutch painter, \nd. in London 1704. \n\nLemery, Nicholas, chemist, b. 1645. \nd. 1715. \n\nLemput or Remee, Remigius, painter, \n\nd. in London 1680. \nL\'Enclos, Ninon de, d. 1706, aged 80. \nLenfant, James, historian, b. 1661, \n\nd. 1728. \n\nLennox, Mrs., author of the " Female \n\nQuixote," b. 1720, d. 1804. \nLenox, Earl of, Regent of Scotland, \n\nmurdered, 1571. \nLens, Bernard, painter, d. 1740. \nLent, the fast of, instituted, 142 ; in \n\nKent, 640. \nLeo I., Emperor, ordered 200,000 \n\nbooks to be burnt, 416. \nLeo IX., the first pope that kept up \n\na standing army, 1054. \nLeo X. , the restorer of literature, and \n\nwho conferred the title of Defender \n\nof the Faith on Henry VIII. of \n\nEngland, d. 1521. \nLeofric, first Bishop of Exeter, d. \n\n1073. \n\nLeopold of Saxe Cobourg elected King \nof Belgium, 4th June, 1831 ; \ncrowned at Brussels 21st July, \n1831; married at Compeigne to \nLouise, daughter of the King of the \nFrench, 9th Aug., 1832. \n\nLe-Roach island, near Falkland Is- \nlands, discovered, 1657. \n\nLe Sueur, Eustace, Parisian painter, \nb. 1617, d. 1655. \n\nLesley, Bishop of Ross, b. 1527, d. \n1596. \n\nLeslie, Sir John, an eminent British \n\nmathematician, b. 1767, d. 3rd \n\nNov., 1833. \nLeslie, C, theological writer, d. 13th \n\nApril, 1722. \nLessing, G. E., poet and dramatist, b. \n\n1727, d. 1781. \n\n\n\nLES \n\n\n\nL I F 221 \n\n\n\nLestock, Admiral, tried and acquitted, \n\nJune, 1746. \nL\'Estrange, Sir Roger, b. 1616, d. \n\n11th Dec., 1704. \nLete, G, the historian, b. 1630, d. \n\n1701. \n\nLetters invented by Memnon, the \nEgyptian, 1822 B.C. \n\nLetters of marque granted by the Ame- \nrican government against Great \nBritain, 22nd March, 1776. \n\nLettsom, John Coakley, M.D., b. \n1744, d. 1st Nov., 1815. \n\nLeuwenhoek, Ant., Nat. philosopher, \nb. 1632, d. 1723. \n\nLever, Sir Ashton, collector of the \nMuseum, d. 30th Jan., 1788. \n\nLevesque, P. C, historian, b. 1736, \nd. 1812. \n\nLevy, Lyon, a Jewish dealer in dia- \nmonds, threw himself from the top \nof the monument in London, 18th \nJan., 1810. \n\nLewes Priory and Castle, Sussex, \nbuilt, 1078. \n\nLewis, William Thomas, comedian, \nd. 2nd Jan., 1811. \n\nLewis, Rev. Mr., the historian and \nantiquary, d. 16th Jan., 1746, \naged 73. \n\nLewis, M. G., poet, dramatist, and \nnovelist, b. 1773, d. 1818. \n\nLeyden, Dr., poet and miscellaneous \nmiter, b. 1775, d. 1811. \n\nLeyden, the most magnificent part of, \nblown up by the accidental explo- \nsion of a vessel lying in the Rapen- \nburg canal laden with gunpowder, \nJan., 1807. \n\nLiberty of the press allowed in Den- \nmark, 1770. \n\nLibrary, the first private one the pro- \nperty of Aristotle, 534 B.C. The \nfirst public library of which we have \nany certain account in history was \nfounded at Athens by Hipparchus, \n526 B.C. The second of any note \nwas founded at Alexandria by \nPtolemy Philadelphus, 284; it \nwas burnt when Julius Caesar set \nfire to Alexandria, 47 B.C. The \nfirst library at Rome was estab- \nlished, 167. At Constantinople, \nfounded by Constantine the Great, \n\n\n\nabout A.D. 335; destroyed, 477. \nA second library, formed from the \nremains of the first, at Alexandria, \nby Ptolemy\'s successors, was to- \ntally destroyed by the Saracens, \n640. The Vatican at Rome by \nPope Nicholas V., 1446; rebuilt, \nand the library considerably im- \nproved by Sixtus V., 1588. The \nImperial, of Vienna, by Maximilian \nI., about 1500. The Royal, of Paris, \nby Francis I., about 1520. The \nEscurial at Madrid, by Philip II., \n1557. Of Florence, by Cosmo de \nMedicis, 1560. The Bodleian, at Ox- \nford, founded 40 Eliz., 1598. The \nCottonian, formerly kept at Cotton- \nhouse, Westminster, founded by \nSir Robert Cotton about 1600; ap- \npropriated to the public use and \nbenefit, 13 William III., 1701; \npartly destroyed by fire, 1731 ; re- \nmoved to the British Museum, \n1753. The Radcliffeian, at Oxford, \nfounded by the will of Dr. Rad- \ncliffe, who left 40,000?. to the \nUniversity for that purpose, 1714. \nAt Cambridge, 1720, to which \nGeorge I. gave 500 01. to purchase \nDr. Moore\'s collection. \n\nLicences for public-houses first grant- \ned, 1551 ; for brewers and excise- \nable articles enforced, 1784. \n\nLichfield Cathedral built, 656 ; re- \nbuilt, 1148. \n\nLicinio, Gio. (Pordenone), an Italian \nartist, b. 1484, d. 1540. \n\nLie, the great affront of giving the, \narose from the words " Thou liest," \nin the oath taken by the defendant \nin judicial combats before engaging, \nwhen charged with any crime by \nthe plaintiff ; and Francis I. of \nFrance, to make current his giving \nthe lie to the emperor, first stamped \nit with infamy by saying in a so- \nlemn assembly that " he was no \nhonest man that would bear the \nlie." \n\nLiege palace destroyed by a fire, Feb. \n1734. \n\nLife-boat, the Hoylake, upset in the \nMersey, when ten of twelve of the \ncrew perished, 29th Dec, 1810. \n\n\n\n222 LIF \n\n\n\nLIN \n\n\n\nLife-boats invented by Mr. Great- \nhead, who was rewarded by a pre- \nmium from parliament, May, 1 802 . \n\nLife-preserver, a new safety jacket, \ninvented by a mechanic at Bath, \n1823. \n\nLife-guards and horse- guards dis- \nbanded by government, 26 th May, \n1788. \n\nLight of the Zodiac discovered, 1659 \nLightfoot, Rev. Dr. John, b. 1602, \nd. 1675. \n\nLightfoot, John, botanist, b. 1735, d. \n1788. \n\nLights first used in churches in the \nday time, 409. \n\nLightning, a flash of, penetrated the \ntheatre at Venice during the repre- \nsentation ; 600 people were in the \nhouse, several of whom were killed. \nt It put out the candles, melted a \nlady\'s gold watch-case, the jewels \nin the ears of others which were \ncompositions, and split several dia- \nmonds, Aug. 1796. \n\nLightning and thunder so dreadful as \nto throw down several churches, \nFeb. 1222 ; it thundered 15 days \ntogether, with rain and floods that \ndestroyed the fruits of the earth, \n1233 ; destroyed many men, beasts, \nhouses, &c, 1360. \n\nLigne, Prince de, d. 13th Dec, 1814. \n\nLigorio, a Neapolitan painter, b. 1493, \nd. 1573. \n\nLilburne, John, b. 1618 ; whipped, \n19th Feb., 1 638 ; d. Aug. 1657. \n\nLilio, Aloys,, inventor of the Gre- \ngorian calendar, 1570. \n\nLilleshall Priory, Salop, bui.t, 1104. \n\nLillo, G., b. 1693, d. 3rd Sept.,1739. \n\nLilly, John, flourished 1595. \n\nLilly, William, the astrologer, b. \n1602, d. 1681. \n\nLily of Navarre, order of knighthood, \nbeganl 048 ; of Arragon began 1403. \n\nLilye, William, the grammarian, d. \n1523, aged 55. \n\nLima and Callao, in Peru, swallowed \nup by an earthquake, 29th Oct., \n1746. \n\nLimborch, P., divine, b. 1633, d.1712. \nLimitation of the crown, act passed \nfor, 1701. \n\n\n\nLimitation respecting estates, act \n\npassed, 1769. \nLincoln College, Oxford, founded, \n1427. \n\nLincoln Castle built by the Romans ; \ncathedral built, 1060 ; palace built, \n1149. \n\nLincoln\'s-inn, London, built, 1229 ; \nconverted from tbe Bishop of Chi- \nchester\'s palace to an inn of court, \n1310 ; theatre built, 1695 ; chapel \nfinished, 1626 ; new buildings \nerected, 1782. \nLincoln\'s-inn Square enclosed with \n\nrails, 1737. \nLincluden Abbey, Scotland, founded, \n1165. \n\nLindisfarne Abbey, Northumberland, \n\nfounded, 651 ; rebuilt, 1014. \nLindsav, Sir David, poet, b. 1490, d. \n1567. \n\nLindsay, Rev. Theophilus, b. 1723, \nd. 1808. \n\nLineacre, T., English physician and \nphilosopher, b. about 1460, d. 1524. \nLinen taxed, 1785. \nLinen first made in England, 1253. \nNow began the luxurious to wear \nlinen, but the generality woollen \nshirts. Table linen very scarce in \nEngland, 1386. \nLinens stamped for sale in Scotland, \nfrom 1772 to 1784: \n\nYARDS, VALUE. \n\n. \xc2\xa3 s. d. \n\n1773 10,748,1101 462,751 1H \n\n1774 11,422,115 492,055 13 81 \n\n1775 12,134,683f 561,527 10 21 \n\n1776 13,571,9481 638,873 9 6 \n\n1777 14,793.8381 710,633 18 7l \n\n1778 13,264,410| 592,023 5 41 \n\n1779 12,867,238 551,148 3 31 \n\n1780 13,410,934a 622.187 16 41 \n\n1781 15,177,800^ 738,482 13 111 \n\n1782 15,348,744\xc2\xb1 776.098 7 51 \n\n1783 17,074,7771 868,883 10 6 \n\n1784 19,138,593 932,617 1 U \nLinen weavers, a company of, from \n\nthe Netherlands, established in \nLondon, 1386. \nLinen-staining first known in Eng- \nland, 1579. \nLinglebach, John, painter, b. 1625, \nd. 1687. \n\n\n\nLIN \n\n\n\nLOB 223 \n\n\n\nLinguet, S. N. H., French writer, b. I \n1723, d. 1794. \n\nLinnaean society founded, 1788; in- \ncorporated, 1802. \n\nLinnaeus, Dr., the botanist, d. at Up- \nsal in Sweden 10th Jan., 1778, \naged 71. \n\nLinnaeus, Mr. C, b. 1.741, d. 1st \n\nNov., 1783. \nLintz, tbe capital of Upper Austria, \n\n70 houses at, together with the \n\npalace, burned, 13th Aug., 1800. \nLippi, Filippo, a Florentine artist, d. \n\n1488, aged 67. \nLippi, Filippo, Jun.,b. 1460,d. 1505. \nLippi, Laurentius, painter, b. 1606, \n\nd. 1664. \n\nLipsius, Justus, critic, b. 1547, d. \n\nmm. \n\nLisbon destroyed by an earthquake, \n1531; totally overturned, 1st Nov. \n1755; the custom-house burnt, \n31st May, 1766 ; the royal palace \nburnt down, Nov., 1794. \n\nLisle, Lady, beheaded at Winchester, \n2nd Sept., 1685. \n\nLisle, William de, eminent geogra- \npher, b. 1675, d. 1726. \n\nLisle, J. N, geographer and astrono- \nmer, b. 1688, d. 1768. \n\nLister, Dr. M., natural philosopher, \nb. about 1688, d. 1768. \n\nLitanies first used in churches, 443. \n\nLitany first used in England in Eng- \nlish, 1543. \n\nLiterary fund for the relief of dis- \ntressed authors established, 1790. \n\nLiterary and scientific institution \nfounded at Bath under the patron- \nage of the late Duke of York, \n1823. \n\nLiterary property. See Copyright. \n\nLithofrage, or breaking the calculus \nin the bladder, first performed in \nEngland by Mr. Costeloe, 1833. \n\nLithographic printing, art of, first \nbrought into England, 1801. \n\nLittle Theatre, in the Haymarket, \nLondon, 15 persons were trodden \nto death at the, by endeavouring \nto get admission to see tbe perform- \nance, and several others greatly \nbruised, some of whom died, 3rd \nFeb., 1794. \n\n\n\nLittlebury, Isaac, b. 1657, d. 1710. \nLittleton, Rev. Adam, b. 1627, d. \n1694. \n\nLittleton, Thomas, lawyer, d. 1481. \n\nLittleton, Edward, lord keeper, b. \n1587, d. 1645. \n\nLiturgy first read in Scotland, 1638. \n\nLiveries originated in our British an- \ncestors clothing their vassals in \nuniform to distinguish families, as \nthey painted arms and symbols on \ntheir clothes and armour for the \nsame purpose. \n\nLiverpool incorporated, 1299. \n\nLiverpool sustained 40,000/. damage \nby fire, 20th Feb., 1762 ; and by a \nstorm, 29th June, 1789 ; had its \nExchange, &c, burnt, 18th Jan., \n1795 ; suffered immense damage, \n19th Jan., 1802; and on 14th \nSept. following, the warehouses and \ngoods, valued at one million, were \ndestroyed at France\'s wharf. \n\nLiverpool, tbe keystone of the tower \nof St. Nicholas church in that town \ngave way, by which 50 persons \nwere killed, 12th Feb., 1810. \n\nLiverpool society of arts instituted \n1800. \n\nLiverseege, Henry, an English pain- \nter, b. 1803, d. 1832. \nLiving Skeleton, Calvin Edson, d. in \n\nNew York of the tape-worm, 1833. \nLivius Titus, b. 58 B.C. d. 17. \nLlanstephan Castle, Caermarthen- \n\nshire, built 1138. \nLlantony Abbey, Monmouthshire, \n\nbuilt 1110. \nLlewellin, last prince of the Welsh, \n\ndefeated, 1284. \nLlewellin, Martin, d. 1682, aged 65. \nLloyd, Nich., eminent divine and \n\nwriter, b. 1634, d. 1680. \nLloyd, David, biographer, b. 1625, \n\nd. 1691. \n\nLloyd, Robert, the poet, b. 1733, d. \n1764. \n\nLloyd, W., bishop, b. 1627, d. 1717. \nLlwyd, Edward, English antiquary, \nd. 1709. \n\nLoadstone, polar attraction of, known \n\nin France before 1180. \nLobb, Theophilus, English physician \n\nand author, b. 1678, d. 1763. \n\n\n\n224 L C \n\n\n\nLON \n\n\n\nLock Hospital, Knightsbridge, insti- \ntuted, 1746. \nLockhart, John Hugh, the Hugh Lit- \ntle-John of Sir Walter Scott, d. \nDec, 1831, aged 11 years. \nLocke, John, miscellaneous writer, b. \n\n1632, d. 1704. \nLochmaddy, vessel at anchor in the \nharbour of, was struck with light- \nning and immediately sank with \n\n. all the crew, 30th Aug., 1816. \n\nLocusts, swarm of, appeared in St. \nJames\'s Park and Pall Mall, 4th \nAug., 1748 ; in Germany, 1749 ; \nin Poland, 1750. \n\nLocusts, Palestine infested with \nswarms of, that darkened the air, \nand after devouring the fruits of \nthe earth died ; their stench caused \na pes\'tilence, 406. A similar event \nhappened in France, 873. A large \nswarm passed over Warsaw, 17th \nJune, 181 6. Swarms appeared at \nAschersleben, 24th June, 1816. \n\nLodge, Thomas, d. 1625. \n\nLogan, John, poet, b. 1748, d. 1788. \n\nLogarithms invented by Sir John \nNapier of Scotland, 1614. \n\nLog-line in navigation used, 1570. \n\nLogwood, first cut by the English at \nHonduras and Campeachy, 1662. \n\nLoir, Nic, painter, b. 1624, d. 1670. \n\nLollard propagated his opinions, 1315, \nburnt 1351. \n\nLollards proscribed by the English \nParliament, 1406. \n\nLomazo, artist, b. 1538. \n\nLombard, L., painter,b.l500,d.l560. \n\nLombardian Kings began 73, ended \n\n771. \n\nLombardy annexed to the Austrian \ndominions, 1814. \n\nLombard, Peter, d. 1164. \n\nLombe, Sir Thomas, introduced the \nsilk mill, d. 1739. \n\nLomonozofF, a Russian poet and his- \ntorian, b. 1711, d. 1765. \n\nLondon fortified bylhe Romans, 50 ; \nwalled, and a palace built, 294 ; \nmade a bishopric, 653 ; repaired \nby Alfred, 885 ; greatly damaged \nby a fire, 982, 1027, and 1130; \nnot paved, 1090 ; houses of timber \nthatched with straw, but to prevent \n\n\n\nfire, ordered to be built with stone \nand covered with slates, 1192, but \nthe order not observed ; a charter \nby King John to the Londoners to \nchoose a mayor out of their own \nbody annually (this office formerly \nwas for life), to elect and remove \ntheir sheriffs at pleasure, and their \ncommon councilmen annually, in \n1208; a common hunt first ap- \npointed, 1226 ; aldermen first ap- \npointed, 1242 ; the houses still \nthatched with straw, Cheapside lay \nout of the city, 1246 ; all built of \nwood, 1 300 ; their privileges taken \naway, but restored on submission, \n1366 ; the first lord mayor sworn \nat Westminster that went by water, \n1433 ; the lord mayor\'s show in- \nstituted, 1453 ; a sheriff fined 50/. \nfor kneeling too near the lord \nmayor when at prayers in St. Paul\'s \ncathedral, 1486; the Thames wa- \nter first conveyed into the city, \n1582; the city chiefly built of \nwood, and in every respect very \nirregular, 1600; the New River \nbrought to London, 1613; the \nlord mayor and sheriffs arrested at \nthe suit of two pretended sheriffs, \n24th April, 1652; the greatest \npart of the city destroyed by fire, \n1666; Pilkington and Shute, the \ncity sheriffs, sent prisoners to the \nTower for continuing a poll after \nthe lord mayor had adjourned it, \n1682 ; the charter of the city de- \nclared forfeited to the crown, 12th \nJune, 1 682; privileges taken away, \nbut restored, 1688; built a man- \nsion-house, 1737; furnished and \ninhabited the same, 1752 , repaired \nLondon -bridge, 1758, when go- \nvernment granted them 15,000/. \nand permitted them to pull down \nthe gates, 1760; began Blackfriars \nbridge, 31st Oct., 1670 ; the com- \nmon council ordered to wear blue \nmazarine gowns, 14th Sept., 1761 ; \nlost their cause against the dissen- \nters serving sheriffs, 5th July, 1 762 ; \nthe city remonstrated on the king\'s \npaying no attention to their peti- \ntion for a redress of grievances, and \n\n\n\nLON \n\n\n\nLON 225 \n\n\n\nwas censured, March, 1770 ; Brass \nCrosby, Esq., lord mayor, and Al- \nderman Oliver, sent to the Tower \nby the House of Commons, for \ncommitting their messenger, March, \n1771 ; trade greatly injured by \nbankruptcies, 1772; regulation of \nadmitting the livery at Guildhall \nby Mr. Stone\'s scheme, 1774; the \ncommon -co uncilmen discontinued \nthe wearing of their mazarine gowns \nin court, 1775; the city abandoned \nto the mercy of an ungoverned \nmob, 4th June, 1780 ; rebuilt the \ncompters near Newgate, 1789 ; \nfrom the year 1768 to the year \n1776 the corporation of London \nexpended the following sums for \npublic uses, which show the opu- \nlence of the city : in new paving, \nrepairing old pavements, lighting, \ncleansing, and. purchasing old \nhouses to widen streets, 200,000/. ; \n200,000/. for the new bridge at \nBlackfriars ; several large sums for \nnew roads, embanking the river, \nand other contingencies ; 200,000/. \nfor" repairing the Royal Exchange ; \nthe gaol of Newgate cost 100,000/. \nLondon is now supposed to contain \n160,000 houses, 7000 streets, to \ncover 3000 acres, and to be in cir- \ncumference 25 to 30 miles, and its \npopulation 1,400,000. \n\nLondon bridge built about 1016 ; \nburnt, 1136; built new with tim- \nber, 1165; rebuilt with stone, 1212; \nhouses took fire at both ends, the \npeople thinking to suppress it were \nhemmed in, and leaping over into \nboats and barges several sunk, and \n300 persons were drowned, 1212 ; \nits water- works invented and begun, \n1582 ; a great fire on it, 11th Feb. \n1632 ; another, 8th Sept., 1725 ; \nhouses taken down, 1756 ; tempo- \nrary bridge burnt, 11th Ap. 1758 ; \nwater- works burnt, 1774 ; toll \nceased, 27th Mar. 1782. \n\nLondon bridge (new), first stone laid \nby the lord mayor, accompanied by \nthe Duke of York, aldermen and \ncommon council of London, 5th \nJuly, 1825 ; First coffer dam for \nthe new bridge, commenced April, \n\n\n\n1824 ; opened in the presence of \nKing William IV., 1st Aug., 1831. \nLondon Companies. See Compa- \nnies. \n\nLondon University, a public school \nsupported by subscription, opened \n1st Oct., 1828. \n\nLondon East Indiaman run down by \nthe Russel man of war, when she \nsunk, and 1100 persons perished, \n28th Dec, 1778. \n\nLondon, Lord Mayors of, from Nov. \n\n1767 Rt. Hon. Thomas Harley. \n\n1768 Samuel Turner. \n\n1 7CQ / William Beckford. \nUOy IBarTrecothick.. \n\n1770 Brass Crosby. \n\n1771 William Nash. \n\n1772 James Townsend. \n\n1773 Frederick Bull. \n\n1774 John Wilkes. \n\n1775 John Sawbridge. \n\n1776 Sir Thomas Halifax. \n\n1777 Sir James Esdaile. \n\n1778 Samuel Plumbe. \n\n1779 Brackley Kennet. \n\n1780 Sir Watkin Lewis, Knt. \n\n1781 Sir William Plomer, Knt. \n\n1782 Nath. Newnham. \n\n1783 Robert Peckham. \n\n1784 Richard Clark. \n\n1785 Thomas Wright. \n\n1786 Thomas Sainsbury. \n\n1787 John Burnell. \n\n1788 William Gill. \n\n1789 William Pickett. \n\n1790 John Boy dell. \n\n1791 John Hopkins. \n\n1792 Sir James Sanderson, Knt. \n\n1793 Paul le Mesurier. \n\n1794 Thomas Skinner. \n\n1795 William Curtis. \n\n1796 Brook Watson. \n\n1797 John William Anderson. \n\n1798 Sir R. Carr Glynn, Knt. \n\n1 799 Harvey Christopher Coombe \n\n1800 Sir William Staines, Knt. \n\n1801 Sir John Earner, Knt. \n\n1802 Charles Price. \n\n1803 John Perring. \n\n1804 Peter Perchard. \n\n1 805 James Shaw. \n\n1806 Sir William Leighton. \n\n1807 John Ansley. \n\nl3 \n\n\n\n226 \n\n\n\nLO N \n\n\n\nLON \n\n\n\n1808 Charles Flower. \n\n1809 Thomas Smith. \n\n1810 Joshua Jonathan Smith. \n\n1811 Claudius S. Hunter. \n\n1812 George Scholey. \n\n1813 William Domville. \n\n1814 Samuel Birch. \n\n1815 Matthew Wood. \n\n1816 Matthew Wood. \n\n1817 Christopher Smith. \n\n1818 John Atkins. \n\n1819 George Bridges. \n\n1820 John J. Thorp. \n\n1821 Christopher Magnay. \n\n1822 William Heygate. \n\n1823 Robert Waithman. \n\n1824 John Garratt. \n\n1825 William Venables. \n\n1826 Anthony Brown. \n\n1827 Matthias Prime Lucas. \n\n1828 William Thompson. \n\n1829 John Crowder. \n\n1830 John Key. \n\n1831 Sir John Key, Bart. \n\n1832 Sir Peter Laurie, Knt. \n\n1833 Charles Farebrother. \n\n1834 Henry Winchester. \nLondon AVater- works ei\'ected on the \n\nbridge, 1582; burnt, 1774. \n\nLondon Dispensary, instituted 1770. \n\nLondon Hospital, Mile-end, instituted \n1740 ; foundation laid, 10th June, \n1752; incorporated, 1758; medical \ntheatre opened, 27th Oct., 1785. \n\nLondon Institution, first stone of the \nnew building for, laid in the am- \nphitheatre, Moorfields, 4th Nov., \n1815. \n\nLondon Lying-in Hospital, in Brown- \nlow-street, instituted 30th March, \n1750. \n\nLondon Stone, in Cannon-street, first \nplaced there by the Romans, 15 \nB. C. \n\nLondon-wall, built 306. \n\nLondon Workhouse, Bishopsgate-st., \n\ninstituted 1611. \nLondon abandoned to the mercy of \n\na mob, 4th June, 1780. \nLondon, streets of, new paved, and \n\nsigns removed, 1764. \nLondon, length of streets lighted with \n\ngas, 25 miles in 1823. \nLondonderry, Marquis of, b. 1763, \n\ndestroyed himself, 1822. \n\n\n\nLong, Dr. Roger, of Cambridge, d. \n1771, aged 91. \n\nLongbeard, William Fitz Osbert, a \nnotorious ruffian, hanged at Ty- \nburn, 1197. \n\nLongepierre, H. B. de, critic, b. 1659, \nd. 1721. \n\nLongevity, remarkable instances of, \nin the British empire, from 1807 \nto 1823:\xe2\x80\x94 \n\n1807. \n\nJohn Mirehouse, Ireland - 102 \nThomas Haggerty, Do. - 107 \nMichael M\'Namara, Limerick 110 \nJohn Ramsa}\'-, Collercoats, \n\nnear North Shields - 115 \n\nA poor woman of Belfast - 123 \n1808. \n\nMr. John Lance, Truro - 102 \nMr. Peed, Norwich - - 102 \nMrs. M. Graham, Newcastle 104 \nMr. M. Porter, Liverpool 104 \nMrs. Duke, Cork - - 105 \nMrs. Alice Leach, Tewkesbury 107 \nValentine Walsh, Glencullen, \n\nIreland - - - 109 \n\nMrs. Ann Pickup, Blackburn, \n\nLancashire - - - 111 \nMartha Hannah, Cullybacky, \n\nIreland - 126 \n\n1809. \n\nMrs. Perry, Harrow, Warwick- \nshire - - - - 102 \n\nThomas Clee, gardener, Mitch- \nam, Surrey - - - 104 \n\nMr. T. Watson, Windgate \nGrange, Northumberland - 106 \n\nMrs. M. Leatherbarrow, Hulm, \nLancashire - - - 106 \n\nMr. Wilson, Lydbury North, \nSalop - - - - 107 \n\nMary Airton, Horsforth, York- \nshire - - - - 105 \n\nMary Owthorp, Hessle, York- \nshire - - - - 106 \n1810. \n\nMary Walker, widow, New- \ncastle - 102 \nAnn Robins, Newnham - 108 \nEliz. Burnet, widow, Edgeworth, \n\nIreland - - - 116 \n\nHannah Wood, Derby - 105 \n\nMary Leitch, Ireland - 102 \n\nMrs. S. Perks, Upper Sapey, \nStaffordshire - - 105 \n\n\n\nLONGEVITY. \n\n\n\n227 \n\n\n\n1810. \n\nMrs. Joan Perkins, near Ten- \nbury - 105 \nW. Harkness,CorrHill, county \n\nofCavan - - - 102 \nMary Strattan, Copeland Island, \n\nDonaghewar - 105 \nMrs. Cath. Rutherford, Cork 102 \nSarah Malcolmson, Drumgor- \n\nlin, Rathfryland - - 121 \nJames Gibson, Dartford work- \nhouse - - - - 105 \nRobert Osborne, Tisbury, Wilts 103 \nLieut.-Col. William Steil, Bel- \nhaven - - - - 104 \nDor. Richards, Haverfordwest 109 \nMr. Andrew Bowmaker, New- \ncastle - 103 \nMr. John Campbell, Grimsby 103 \nMary Davis, Sevenhampton 103 \nJohn Rees, Llanelly - - 109 \nMary Wolf, Jarrow - - 103 \nElizabeth Prittie, spinster, Tat- \n\ntenhall, Staffordshire - 106 \nMrs. Eliz. Hunter, Yarmouth 102 \nAnne Taylor, Spetchley, near \n\nWorcester - - - 114 \nThomasin Robinson, Newcastle 111 \nG. Wilkinson, Ticknall, Der- \nbyshire - - - - 104 \nMrs. Taylor, Linton, Cam- \nbridgeshire - - - 102 \nMrs. Kent, Carvedras, near \n\nTruro, Cornwall - - 103 \nEdward Rafferty, Trim, Ireland 105 \n1811. \n\nJohn Robinson, Kirkby Mal- \n\nlory, Leicestershire - 106 \n\nMrs. Court, Beaudesert, near \n\nHenley - - - 103 \n\nMr. Blakey, at Blyth - - 104 \nMr. Maley, Cappagh vicar, near \n\nCastlebar - . .110 \nGeorge Crowshaw, Mead, Lan- \ncashire - - - - 105 \nJohn Cowie, Crimond - - 108 \nOliver Gears, Whitehaven - 104 \nMetbusalem Williams, Lland- \n\nfad \'en, Carmarthenshire - 104 \nMrs. A ne Jarrard, Lynn - 111 \nMary Di^omb, Exeter - 102 \nMr. John Bayley, Roy don - 109 \nMr. Jeffery, poor-house, Cox- \nheath - 106 \nJohn North, South Holme, \nYorkshire - - - 111 \n\n\n\n1811. \n\nCharles D. Medlicot, Kildare, \n\nIreland - - - 106 \n\nMrs. Margaret Melbum, Ken- \nton, Scotland - - 104 \nJohn Leary, Limerick - 112 \nMr. John Dunn, Fintry, Stir- \nlingshire - - - 103 \nLucius Bolton, Esq. Tamlaght, \n\nnearTralee - - - 103 \nMrs. Ridge, Rottingdean, Essex 102 \nDorothy Page, in same house 106 \nSarah Smith, Worcester - 103 \nJ. Anderson, Barlow, near \n\nRyson - - 108 \n\nJohn Alfred Parnell, Corfe \n\nCastle farm-house - 104 \n\nMary Martin, Hubberstone, \n\nMilford - - 109 \n\nMr. William Ellis, Bristol -103 \nJohn Callendar, Dumfries - 102 \nAbraham Topham, York - 102 \nMary Williams Kilkennin, \n\nCardiganshire - - 104 \n\nMr. Erasmus Wilking, Penlon, \n\nPembrokeshire - \' - 102 \nMrs. Anne Hancock, Mile-end \nin Furness - - 104 \n\n1812. \n\nAnne Morris, Bath - 104 \n\nHenry Chandler, Steeple, Clay- \ndon, Bucks - - 102 \nMr. E. Jeffs, Greet, Glouces- \ntershire - - 105 \nMrs. Wood, Witchurch, Salop 1 02 \nMrs. Martha Morris, Leeds - 104 \nMrs. Sheppard, Winchester - 102 \nMr. John Brown, Wymond- \n\nham, Norfolk - - - 104 \nWilliam Chatfield, Cowfield, \n\nSussex - - - 105 \n\nJames Hinchcliffe, Milshaw, \n\nYorkshire - - - 102 \nMorgan Corslett, Crosswen, \n\nGlamorganshire - - 109 \nJames Brown, Birse, Aberdeen 103 \nChristian Catanach, Aberdeen 104 \nMargaret Bowlanger,Clermont, \n\nIreland - - - - 102 \nMrs. Dorothea Borough, Lime. \n\nrick - 109 \nMrs. Powel, Hereford - 102 \n\nSam. Mog, a soldier under Gen. \nWolfe at Quebec - - 102 \n\n. Crosier, a poor woman at \n\nOxford - - - - 106 \n\n\n\n228 \n\n\n\nLONGEVITY. \n\n\n\n1812. \n\nEliz. Beech, Market Drayton- 104 \nWilliamHardy,Caldwell, York- \nshire - . - - 102 \nDavid Gaddis, Cargina, Scot- \nland - - - - 102 \nJanet Reid, Irvine - - 103 \nT. O\'Brien, county of Limerick 110 \nCornelius Madigan, county of \n\nClare - - - - 117 \nMrs. Belinda Crawford, county \n\nof Galway - - - 115 \nMrs. Mary Harris, Falmouth 113 \nEliz. Williams, Tavistock, Dev. 1 1 1 \nAnn Harris, Badock, Cornwall 113 \nEliz. Bourne, Worcester - 106 \nCatherine Samuel, Caermarth. 102 \nMrs. Mary Clarke, Bristol - 104 \nSarah Yeoman s, Nottingham 102 \nMr. Charles Clarke, Over Peo- \n\nver, Cheshire - - 103 \n\nPetronella King, Taunton - 102 \nA. Royals, Yarmouth - 103 \n\nIsabella Sharp, Gateshead - 114 \nMr. Henry Martin, Stithiaus 104 \nMarion Moray, Portmoak, Fife- \nshire - - - 102 \nMrs. Scott, Broadninch, Devon. 104 \n1813. \n\nThomas Warden, Epping - 111 \nAmos Prince, Milbrook, near \n\nPlymouth - - 103 \n\nMoses Pring, Millbrook - 107 \nMrs. Mary Waters, Bedminster 1 04 \nMr. White, Milborne Port - 106 \nMrs. Strong, Castle Sowerby, \n\nWestmoreland - - 103 \n\nMary Roberts, Bramwith, York- \nshire - - - 105 \nMrs. Rowntree, Whitby - 104 \nMrs. Cromwell, Ponder\'s end 104 \nM. Bertrand D. de Lille, a \n\nFrench emigrant - 107 \n\nMrs. Ursula Evans, Wellington, \n\nHerefordshire - - 108 \n\nSarah Robson, Great Whitting- \n\nham, Northumberland - 104 \nBetty Crook, Warminster - 105 \nWilliam Grantey, a Chelsea \n\nout-pensioner, Newcastle - 102 \nDaniel M\'Kinnon, Falkirk - 103 \nMrs. Ferris, Exeter - 102 \n\nArchibald Grieve, Stapleton, \n\nCumberland - - 102 \n\nSarah Hodgson, spinster, Beck- \n\nermoth, Cumberland - 102 \n\n\n\nI 1813. \n\nAlice Buckley, Taddington, \n\nDerbyshire - - 106 \n\nMr. John Ling, Woodbastwick, \n\nNorfolk - - -105 \n\nEliz. Wilcock, Carborton, Not- \ntinghamshire - - 102 \nJohn Stiff, Norton, Suffolk - 104 \nMrs. Yates, Chaddesley Corlet, \n\nWorcestershire - - 103 \n\nElizabeth Hartley, Clifton, near \n\nYork - - - 102 \n\nJane Jones, Mold, Flintshire 103 \nElizabeth Bell, Whitehaven - 106 \nEliz. Freer, Wigston poor- \nhouse, Leicestershire - 116 \nCharles Haveran, near Newry, \n\nIreland - - 115 \n\nMary Meighan, Donoughmore 129 \nWidow Herring, Norwich - 106 \nHugh Maclaine, Barnard Castle 104 \nMrs. Sandland, Wem - 105 \n\nSarah Elmslie, Aberdeen - 103 \nMrs. Richards, Llandovery - 102 \nMrs. Parker, washerwoman, \n\nIslington - - 102 \n\nEliz. Mayo, Ashelworth, Glou- \ncestershire - - 103 \nHugh M\'Intyre, Glasgow - 102 \nChristian Cliff, Killreedy, near \nLimerick - - 109 \n\n1814. \n\nThomas Wilkins, M.D., Gal- \nway, Ireland - - 102 \n\nJ. Jennings, Royal Navy - 109 \n\nMary Innes, Glasnakilly, Isle \nof Sky - - 127 \n\nJohn Garrow, Northumberland 110 \n\nRev. J. Bedwell, rector of \nOldstock, Wilts - 103 \n\nAnne Henderson, Banffshire 103 \n\nWilliam Ruthven, Avondale, \nScotland - - 116 \n\nJames Beaty, Moynalty, county \nofMeath - - 112 \n\nThomas Gaughan, county of \nMayo - - - 112 \n\nGillies M\'Kechnie, Gourocke, \nScotland - - 104 \n\nJonathan Weeldon, Tibshelft, \nDerbyshire - - 102 \n\n1815. \n\nJames Magee, Saintfield - 104 \n\nGeorge Charlton, Birtley - 108 \n\nMrs. Johnson - - 104 \n\n\n\nLONGEVITY. \n\n\n\n229 \n\n\n\n1815. \n\nSarah Codenham, Drayton, \n\nNorfolk - - 105 \n\n.William Wilson, Edinburgh - 105 \n\nAnn Appleby, Sunderland - 103 \n\nJanet Macfarlane, Paisley - 103 \nElizabeth Abbot, Maragall, \n\nIreland - - - 102 \nEnnis Margaret Newton, Liver- \npool - - - 106 \nEdward Connor, Taylorstown, \n\nIreland - - 122 \n\nJane Thompson, Dumfries - 102 \n\n1816. \n\nGeorge Walker, Glasgow - 105 \n\nStephen Irvine, Penrith - 101 \nRobert Littlegood, Norbury, \n\n* Cheshire - - 108 \n\nWilliam Wait, Mark\'s Hill - 105 \n\nMary Mounce, Exeter - 103 \nWilliam Broughton, Neston, \n\nCheshire - - 106 \n\nMrs. Ferryman, Old Windsor 103 \nPatrick Fitzgerald, Donough- \n\nmore, Ireland - - 107 \nMary Maiden, Wilton, near \n\nLimerick - - 116 \n\nMrs. Noon, Leicester - 105 \n\nMary Punch, Caherilly, Ireland 106 \n\nJames Riddle, Comber, Ireland 102 \n\nMrs. Martha Evans, Plymouth 104 \n\nJane Jersey, near Newcastle 104 \nNicholas Garvey, Tully, Ire- \n\n\n\nland - - - 107 \n\n1817. \n\nMrs. Christiana Howell, Edg- \n\nware Road - - 107 \n\nMrs. Walker, Lincoln - 106 \n\nJohn Rawson, Birmingham - 102 \nMrs. Jane Green, Thorne, \n\nOxfordshire - - 103 \n\nMrs. Mary Young, Rushey- \n\nford, Northumberland - 101 \nMrs. Catherine Presest, Man- \nchester - - 108 \nMrs. S. Baldwin, Hull - 104 \nAnn Moulter, Newcastle - 103 \nThomas Morrison, Sunderland 103 \nMary Stephenson, Wolviston 104 \nMrs. M. Lowery, Bromhill - 106 \nIsabella Burnsides, Darlington 104 \nWilliam Portus, Leghorn - 101 \nBetty Aldridge, Shepton Mallet 108 \nMr. J. Armstrong, Matfen - 101 \n\n\n\n1818. \n\nMrs. Park, Liverpool - 103 \n\nMary Porteous, Libberton, \n\nScotland - - 101 \n\nLachlan Macquarie, Isle of \n\nMull - - ^ 103 \n\nAnn Garrow, Elgin . 105 \n\nJohn Reid, Dalines, Scotland 104 \nJohn Woods, Dungannon - 122 \nJohn Williams, Walkampton 101 \nRichard Kew, Siston - 101 \n\nEdward M\'Given, Lisburn - 114 \nDavid Ferguson, Boughton - 124 \nJames Hay, Aberdeen - 103 \n\nLachlan Macbain, Edinburgh 102 \nAnn Small wood, Handsworth 116 \nWilliam Marshall, Sanquhar 102 \nThomas Bolwell, Portsea - 113 \nJobn Montgomery, Crookstone 105 \n1819. \n\nElizabeth Scott, Seafield - 104 \nMrs. M. White, Newry - 107 \nAdam Mcintosh, Blairston - 102 \nJohn Dorman, Strabane - 110 \nMargaret Renaud, Toulouse - 117 \nRichard Goff, Standon, Herts 113 \nJames Turner, Newton-upon- \n\nAyr - - 101 \n\nDuncan Macrae, Inverness - 106 \nJanet Galloch, Dunkeld - 101 \nMrs. Susannah M\'Kee, Newton \n\nArds - - 101 \n\nJohn Milner, Leeds - 102 \n\nDonald M\'lntyre, Inverfolla, \n\nN. Britain - - - 101 \n\n1820. \n\nTheodore Sullivan, Killarney, 115 \nMr. Henry Hamilton, Drum- \nboy, Ireland - - 104 \nJohn Demaine, Fewston 110 \nMrs. Starr Barrett, Charleston, \n\nN. America - - - 120 \n\nMr. Evan Price Lanfyllin, N. W. 105 \nJanet M\'Knaught, Dumfries 104 \nChristopher Cobb, Ringwood 102 \nElspet M\'Lean, Perth - 102 \n\nBenjamin Garnet, Darlington 105 \nMrs. C. M\'Carthy, Tracton, \n\nIreland - 103 \nJohn Rogers, Maismore, Glou- \ncestershire - 107 \nAlexander M\'Farquhar, Gar- \ngusto wn, N. Britain - 103 \nAnn Henley, London - 105 \n\nEliz. Duncan, Ochiltree, N. B. 101 \n\n\n\n230 L N \n\n\n\nLOR \n\n\n\n1821. \n\nJames M\'Neil, Irvine - 102 \n\nElizabeth Haster, Camberwell 105 \nAnn M\'Rae, Kintail, N. B. - 112 \nAnn Bryan, Waterford - 111 \nWilliam Munro, Rose Hall - 104 \nMrs. Irwin, Carlisle - - 1 00 \n\nJohn Tawse, Aberdeenshire - 106 \nMrs. Maclaren, Kenmore, N.B. 106 \nMrs. Buchner, Limerick - 112 \nRobert Lynch, a negro slave in \n\nJamaica - - - 150 \n\nJohn Maddock, Holloway Head 121 \nJames Alison, Leith - 102 \n\nMary Brittal, Twickenham - 105 \n1822. \n\nEdward Simon, Liverpool - 104 \nThomas Gilbert, Hertford - 102 \nEdward Barry, Watergrasshill, \n\nIreland - - - 113 \n\nMrs. Dugget, North Wornbo- \n\nrough - - - - 101 \nJohn Kirkham, Great Burst ead 103 \nMrs. Agnes Clarke, Shire- \n\nhampton - - - 102 \n\n1823. \n\nWilliam Browne, Exeter - 103 \nGeorge Brooke, Chelsea - 101 \nLewis Williams, Brecon - 101 \nMary Shannon, London - 101 \nEdward Byrne, Clare, Ireland 101 \nElizabeth Carr, Hexham - 104 \nAlicia Sargent - - 104 \n\nRobert Bowman, Irthington - 118 \nH. Morley, Hollington - 101 \n\nMrs. Orrusby, Ardee, Ireland 110 \nGeneral Buckley, Cobham Hall, \nSurrey - - 105 \n\n1826. \n\nMrs. Gunnis, Sleaford -107 \n\nAnne Holmes, Market Weigh- \nton 117 \n\nMrs. Jane Braithwaite, Much \nUrswich, near Ulverston - 107 \n\nMiss H. Fullerton, Montego \nBay - - 102 \n\nMrs. S. Richardson, Man- \nchester - - 101 \n\nMr. T. Fletcher, Philadelphia, \nnear Houghton-le-Spring - 111 \n\nAlexander Urquhart, Brora - 111 \n\nWilliam Smith, an inmate of \nthe Cavendish alms-houses, \nDerby - - 101 \n\nElizabeth Martin, Alston - 103 \n\n\n\n100 \n\n\n\n146 \n110 \n\n\n\n1827. \n\nMrs. Margaret Rule, Battle- \nBridge - \n1833. \n\nJoseph Ram, a black, at Ja- \nmaica - - - \nMrs. Hart, Gorey, Ireland \n\nLongevity, extraordinary. \xe2\x80\x94 Died, on \nthe 13th Nov., 1833, Mr. Wil- \nliam Mortimer, Straffan, in the \ncounty of Kildare, at the advanced \nage of 125 years. He fought at \nthe battle of BunkerVhill, in \nAmerica, where he was taken \nprisoner, and conveyed from thence \nto Spithead, where he remained in \nconfinement on board a prison \nship, until peace was concluded \nbetween Great Britain and Ame- \nrica; he retained all his faculties \nto the last. \n\nLonginus, the orator, put to death, 273. \n\nLongitude, a reward promised by par- \nliament for the best means of ascer- \ntaining, 1714; very accurately de- \ntermined by Harrison\'s time-piece, \n1764, for which he received the \npromised reward. Le Roi, in Paris, \ninvented a watch that kept better \ntime, 1776. \n\nLongomontanus, astronomer, b.1652. \n\nLonguerue,L. D. de, a French writer, \nb. 1652, d. 1733. \n\nLongus, Greek sophist, flourished in \nthe 5th century. \n\nLooking-glasses made only at Venice, \n1300. \n\nLopes, Sir M. M., fined 10,000/. and \nimprisoned in Exeter gaol for brib- \ning the electors of Grampound, b. \n1755, d. 1831. \n\nLorca, a city of Murcia in Spain, de- \nstroyed by the bursting of a reser- \nvoir that inundated more than 20 \nleagues, and carried away 1000 \npersons, besides cattle, &c, 30th \nApril, 1802. \n\nLord \xe2\x80\x94 the nickname of " my lord," \ngiven to deformed men, is from the \nGreek word lordus, crooked. Dur- \ning the feudal times the lower class, \nby way of humour, called a man \nthat was half an idiot or deformed, \n" my lord," by way of ridiculing \ntheir superiors. \n\n\n\nLOR \n\n\n\nLOT 231 \n\n\n\nLord Auckland\'s group of islands, in \n\nthe South Sea, discovered hy Capt. \n\nBristow, 1809. \nLord Chancellors of England. See \n\nChancellors. \nLord Danes, a title used in London, \n\n1000. \n\nLord High Constable, the office here- \nditary till 1521. \nLord High Steward, the first appointed \nfor a coronation was Thomas, se- \ncond son of Henry IV. ; the first \nfor the trial of a peer was Edward, \nearl of Devon, on the arraignment \nof John, earl of Huntingdon, in \nthe same reign. \nLord lieutenants of counties in Eng- \nland appointed 24th July, 1549 ; \nin Ireland, 1831. \nLords lieutenant of Ireland since the \naccession of George III. : \xe2\x80\x94 \nDunk, earl of Halifax, Oct. 1761. \nHugh, earl of Northumberland, 22nd \n\nSept., 1763. \nLord Viscount Weymouth, 5th June, \n1765. \n\nFrancis, earl of Hertford, 11th Oct. \n1765. \n\nAugustus, earl of Bristol, 6th Oct. \n1766. \n\nGeorge, viscount Townshend, 19th \n\nAug. 1767. \nSimon, earl Harcourt, Oct. 1772. \nJohn, earl of Buckinghamshire, 30th \n\nNov. 1776. \nFrederick, earl of Carlisle, 13th \n\nOct. 1780. \nWilliam Henry, duke of Portland, \n\n10th April, 1782. \nGeorge Nugent Grenville, earl Tem- \nple, 31st July, 1782. \nRobert, earl of Northington, 20th \n\nApril, 1783. \nCharles, duke of Rutland, 14th Feb. \n\n1784. \n\nGeorge, marquis of Buckingham, \n\n16th Dec. 1787. \nJohn, earl of Westmoreland, Dec. \n\n1789. \n\nEarl Fitzwilliam, 10th Dec. 1794. \nEarl Camden, 11th March, 1795. \nMarquis Cornwallis, 20 June, 1798. \nEarl of Hard wicke, 23rd Feb., 1801. \nDuke of Bedford, 12th Feb. 1806. \nDuke of Richmond, April, 1807. \n\n\n\nViscount Whitworth, June, 1813. \nEarl Talbot, Sept. 1817. \nMarquis Wellesley, Dec. 1821. \nHenry William, Marquis of An- \nglesey, 1826. \nHush, duke of Northumberland, \n1827. \n\nHenry William, marquis of Angle- \nsey, Dec. 1830. \nRichard, marquis of Wellesley, \n\nagain, 1833. \nThomas, earl of Haddington, 1835. \nLord mayors of London first appointed \n\nannually, 1208. \nLord mayor\'s shows instituted, 1453, \nthe feast added the first time, 1501. \nLord steward of the household, so \ncalled since 1540; before he was \nstvled grand master of the house- \nhold. \n\nLoretto, order of knighthood, began \n\nat Rome, 1587. \nLorenzetti, Amb., of Sienna, fl.1330. \n\nd. aged 83. He was the first that \n\npainted storms. \nL\'Orient French man of war, 120 \n\nguns, blown up in Aboukir, 1st \n\nAug., 1798. \nL\'Orient magazines, &c, destroyed by \n\nfire to a great extent, April, 1793. \nLorrain, Robert le, sculptor, b. 1666, \n\nd. 1743. \n\nLoth, Cav. Carlo, painter, of Munich. \n\nb. 1611, d. 1693. \nLoten, John, painter, of Holland, d. \n\n1681. \n\nLottery, Adelphi, act passed in 1773. \n\nLotteries, the first mentioned by his- \ntorians for sums of money, 1630 ; \nestablished, 1693. \n\nLottery, the first, in England, con- \nsisting of 40,000 ten-shilling lots, \nwas drawn at the west door of St. \nPaul\'s cathedral, 23rd Jan., 1569 ; \nthat for the British Museum was \nin 1753; for Cox\'s jewellery, \n1774; for the Leverian Museum, \n1784; for the poet\'s gallery of \npictures, 1798; for the Pigot dia- \nmond, 1801; for Alderman Boy- \ndell\'s collection of pictures and \nprints, 1805. \n\nLotteries for repairing the fortifica- \ntions on the coast of England in \n1569, and drawn at the west end \n\n\n\n232 LOU \n\n\n\nLUD \n\n\n\nof St. Paul\'s cathedral, was for \npieces of plate. The first in France \nwas in 1657. \nLouis, St., order of knighthood, be- \ngan 10th May, 1698; abolished, \n1791. \n\nLouis XI. in scorn wore a greasy hat \nand a coarse cloth. These items \nof his expenses appear in the cham- \nber of accounts : \xe2\x80\x94 Two sols for a \nnew pair of sleeves to an old doub- \nlet, and half a denier for a box of \ngrease for his boots, 1483. \n\nLouis XV. of France narrowly es- \ncaped being burnt, 1st July, 1747 ; \nstabbed by Damien, 5th Jan., \n1757; d. 10th May, 1774, aged \n64, reigned 59 years. \n\nLouis XVI. deposed 10th Aug., \n1792 ; beheaded 21st June, 1793, \nand his queen beheaded 16th Oct. \nfollowing. \n\nLouis XVIII. retired to Petersburgh, \nand allowed a pension by the em- \nperor of Russia, 3rd April, 1798 ; \nlanded at Yarmouth under title of \nCount de Lille, 6th Oct. 1807; \nrecalled to his throne, made a pub- \nlic entry into London, 21st April, \n1814; sailed from Dover 23rd \nApril, reached Compeigne 29th \nApril, Paris 3rd May, 1814; fled \nfrom Napoleon 21st March, 1815 ; \nresumed government, July, 1815. \nd. 16th Sept., 1824. \n\nLouth Park Abbey, Lincolnshire, \nbuilt 1139. \n\nLouvre at Paris built 1552 ; the \nfront completed, 1688; first exhi- \nbition of painting and sculpture \nopened there, 22nd Aug., 1740; \nstripped of the treasures of art of \nwhich Napoleon had despoiled other \nnations, 1815. \n\nLouisiana, west of the Mississippi, \ndiscovered by the French, 1633, \nsettled 1718. \n\nLoutherbourg, Philip James de, pain- \nter, b. 1740, d. 10th March, 1812. \n\nLovat, lord, beheaded on Tower-hill, \n1746. \n\nLove, Rev. Christ., beheaded 22nd \nAug., 1658, aged 33. \n\nLove, James, English actor and dra- \nmatic writer, d. 1774. \n\n\n\nLove, Mr. John, of Weymouth, d. \nOct., 1793, aged 41, and weighed \n364 lbs., or 26 stone of 14 lbs. \neach. \n\nLovelace, Richard, soldier and poet, \nb. 1618, d. 1658. \n\nLovibond, Edward, poet, d. 1 737. \n\nLowth, Dr. Robert, bishop of Lon- \ndon, learned writer, b. 1710, d. \n1787. \n\nLoyola, Ignatius, founder of the \nJesuits, b. 1491, d. 1556. \n\nLubec, in Prussia, founded 1140; two \nsynagogues and a great number of \nhouses at, were totally destroyed, \nall the windows in the town were \nbroken, and above 60 persons \nkilled or dangerously wounded, by \nthe axletrees of 10 carriages taking \nfire, that were conveying gun- \npowder to the army, occasioning \na dreadful explosion, 23rd June, \n1 792. \n\nLubin, city of, burnt to ashes, 1209 ; \n\nagain, 1276. \nLuc, William Antony de, b. 1727, d. \n\n1812. \n\nLucan, b. at Corduba, in Spain, 11th \nNov., 37 ; condemned and bled to \ndeath in a bath, 30th April, 65. \n\nLucas, Rev. Dr. Richard, b. 1648, d. \nblind 1715. \n\nLucas, Dr. of Dublin, d. 5th Nov., \n1771. \n\nLucas Van Leyden, painter, d. 1533, \n\naged 40. His print of a bagpiper \n\nsold in Holland for 16/. \nLucca, republic of, founded 1450. \nLucia, St., 900 persons destroyed at, \n\nby an earthquake, 12th Oct., 1788. \nLucian, Greek writer, b. in the reign \n\nof Trajan, d. 214. \nLucilius, Roman poet, d. about 108 \n\nB. C. \n\nLucius, the first Christian king of \nBritain, reigned 77 years, founded \nthe first church in London at St. \nPeter\'s, Cornhill, which was made \nthe see of an archbishop, till \nremoved to Canterbury, 179. \n\nLucretius born at Rome, 95, put an \nend to his life in a raging fit, 52 \n\nb. a, \n\nLudgate, London, sold and pulled \ndown, 1 760. \n\n\n\nLUD \n\n\n\nM A C 233 \n\n\n\nLudlow Castle, Salop, built 1097. \nLudlow. Edward, republican general \n\nand writer, b. 1620, d. 1693. \nLudwig, C. T., botanist, b. 1769, d. \n\n1773. \n\nLuggersball Castle, Wilts, built 1199. \n\nLuke, St., wrote bis gospel, 55; d. \nabout 70, aged 80 years ; festival \nof, instituted 1090. \n\nLuke\'s, St.. bospital, Moorfields, \nbegan 31st July, 1751: built in \ntbe City-road, 1785. \n\nLullaby, or L\'Elaby, from a sup- \nposed fairy called Elaby Gatbon, ! \nwbom nurses invited to watcb the \nsleeping babes, that they might \nnot be changed for others ; hence \nchangeling, or infant changed. \n\nLulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, built \n1610; Charles X. king of France, \ntook up his residence at, 24th \nAug., 1830; and left on the 16th \nOct. following. \n\nLuth, Benedetto, painter of Florence, \nb. 1566, d. 1624. \n\nLuther, Martin, b. 1483 ; began the \nReformation, 1518: died 1546. \n\nLuttrell, Col., shot by an assassin in \nhis chair, Dublin, 22nd Oct., 1717. \n\nLuxury restricted by an English law, \nwherein the prelates and nobility \nwere confined to two courses every \nmeal, and two kinds of food in \nevery course, except on great fes- \ntivals ; it also prohibited all who \ndid not enjoy a free estate of 100/. I \nper anu. from wearing furs, skins, \nor silk ; and the use of foreign \ncloth was confined to the royal \nfamily alone, to all others it was \nprohibited, 1337. An edict was \n\n\n\nissued by Charles YL of France, \nwhich says, " Let no one presume \nto treat with more than a souu and \ntwo dishes," 1340. \n\nLycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, b. \n926, established his code of laws in \nLacedemonia 884, and d. in Crete. \n872 B. C. \n\nLydgate, John, poet, b. about 1375, \nd. about 1461. \n\nLydia, kingdom of, began B.C. 797. \n\nLvdiat, English divine and philoso- \n\'pher. b. 1572. d. 1646. \n\nLve. Edward, lexico2Tapher, b. 1704. \nd. 1747. \n\nLying-in Hospital, Old-street, began \n\nto be built 1770. \nLyme Castle, Kent, built before 791. \nLyon, Capt., R.X., celebrated travel- \n\'ler and navigator, b. 1796, d.1833. \nLyons, France, founded B. C. 43 ; \n\nopposed the National Convention, \n\nby whom it was besieged, 1793; \n\nalarming insurrection at, 21st Nov., \n\n1831. \n\nLyons, Israel, Jim., the mathema- \ntician of Cambridge, d. 1st May, \n1775, aged 32. \n\nLyons Inn society, established 1420. \n\nLvsias, Greek actor, b. about 459 \nB. C. d. aged 81. \n\nLyshnachus,~d. B.C. 281, aged 80. \n\nLysons, Daniel, physician, d. 1800. \n\nLysons, Samuel, antiquary and to- \npographer, b. 1763, d. 1819. \n\nLytelton, Thomas, d. 1481, aged 79. \n\nLyttleton, bishop of Oxford, the \nantiquary, d. 1768. \n\nLyttleton, Lord, b. 1709: married \n1742; created a peer, 1757: d. \n22nd Aug., 1773. \n\n\n\nM. \n\n\n\nM \n\n\n\n.AAS, D., a Dutch painter, b. \n1656, d. 1715. \nMabillon, J., diplomatic writer and \n\nbiographer, b. 1632, d. 1707. \nMablev. Abbe de, political writer, b. \n\n1709, d. 1785. \nMabuse, John, painter, b. 1499, d. \n1562. \n\nMacartney, Earl, b. 1737, d. 1806, \nMac Ardell, Jas., engraver, d. 1765. \n\n\n\nMacaulav, Mrs. Graham, the his- \ntorian, b. 1733, d. 23rd June, 1791. \n\nMac Carthy, Sir C, killed in an \naction with the Ashantees, 21st \nJan. 1824. \n\nMacdonald, Lieut. -Col., grandson of \nFlora Macdonald, an eminent sci- \nentific writer, b. 1760, d. 1832. \n\nMaccdon. kingdom of, began B. C. \n814. \n\n\n\n234 MAC \n\n\n\nMAI \n\n\n\nMacfmdlay, William, Esq,, of Tip- \nperary, died June, 1772, aged \n143. \n\nMacguire, Lord, banged at Tyburn, \n20th Feb., 1645. \n\nMachiavel, b. 1469, d. 1530. \n\nMacbine invented for beating books, \nby which as many may be beaten \nin one day as would occupy two \nmen a week in the ordinary way, \n1823. \n\n. Machine for mowing grass, invented \nin Pennsylvania, by which one man \nand one horse can mow eight acres \nper day, 1823. \n\nMackenzie, Henry, author of " The \nMan of Feeling," b. 1748, d. at \nEdinburgh, 14th Jan., 1831. \n\nMackenzie, Sir George, b. 1636, d. \n1691. \n\nMacklin, Charles, the comedian, d. \n\n11th July, 1797, aged 97. \nMackintosh, Sir James, distinguished \n\nBritish senator and miscellaneous \n\nwriter, b. 1765, d. 1832. \n. Maclaine, Dr. Archibald, d. 24th \n\nNov., 1804, aged 82. \nMaclaurin, Colin, the mathematician, \n\nb. 1698, d. 1746. \nMacmahon, Lord, hanged for high \n\ntreason, 1st Nov., 1644. \nMacneill, Hector, Scotch poet, author \n\nof " Will and Jean," b. 1 746, d. \n\n1818. \n\nMacpherson, Jas., poet and historian, \n\nb. 1738, d. 1796. \nMacquer, J., chemist, b. 1718, d. \n\n1784. \n\nMacrobius, Ambrosius Aurel. Theod., \nd. about 415. \n\nMadagascar discovered by the Portu- \nguese, 1506. \n\nMadan, author of " Thelyphthora," \nb 1726, d. 1790. \n\nMadeira, Island of, discovered 1344 \nand 1418. \n\nMadox, Isaac, English controversial \nwriter, b. 1697, d. 1759. \n\nMadras, fire at, consumed lOOOhouses, \n14th Feb., 1803 ; hurricane at, by \nwhich the ships at anchor were \ndriven into the town, and seventy \nsail of small craft sunk, with their \ncrews, May, 1811. \n\nMadrid, was an obscure village until \n\n\n\n1515 ; had 80 houses destroyed by \nafire, 15th Jan., 1790. \nMagdalen College, Oxford, founded \n1479. \n\nMagdalen College,Cambridge. founded \n1519. \n\nMagdalen Hospital instituted, in Pres- \ncot street, GoodinanVfields, 1758; \nin St. George\'s-fields, built 1772. \n\nMagellan, Straits of, discovered 1520. \n\nMagellan, Ferdinand, navigator, d. \n1521. \n\nMagee, Rev. W., Archbishop of Dub- \nlin, author of a work on Atone- \nment, b. 1765, d. 1831. \n\nMagic Lanterns, first invented by \nRoger Bacon, 1252. \n\nMagliabechi, the librarian, d. 1714, \naged 81. \n\nMagna Charta, a body of laws, the \nbarrier of English liberty, granted \nby King John, 12th June, 1215. \n\nMas;nard, Mich., a painter, b. 1604, \nd. 1668. \n\nMagnanimous, a French man of war, \ntaken by the Nottingham and Port- \nland of Adm. Hawke\'s squadron, \n24th Feb., 1748. \n\nMagnet, artificial, invented in Eng- \nland, 1751. \n\nMagnifying Glasses, invented bv Roger \nBacon, 1260. \n\nMahomet began to promulge his \nopinions, 604 ; b. at Mecca, 5th \nMay, 570 ; his sect commenced, \n622; d. 18th June, 631. \n\nMaidstone injured by afire 3rd Oct,, \n1756. \n\nMail coaches first established to Bris- \ntol, 1784 ; to other parts of Eng- \nland, and an act to regulate and \nencourage them, and exempt them \nfrom tolls, 1785; introduced into \nIreland by Mr. Anderson in 1790. \n\nMaillett, B. de, author of Telliamed, \nb. 1659, d. 1738. \n\nMaimbourg, Louis, historian, b. 1610, \nd. 1686. \n\nMaiming and wounding made capital \n\ncrimes, 1670. \nMaintenon, Madame de, d. 1719, \n\naged 84. \n\nMairan, J. J. D\'Ortous de, natural \n\nphilosopher, b. 1678, d. 1771. \nMake, -J. le, Dutch navigator, d. 1617. \n\n\n\nMAI \n\n\n\nMAN 235 \n\n\n\nMaitland, Sir R.,poet, b. 1 496, d. 1 586. \nMaitland, Lord, poet and statesman, \n\nb. about 1537, d. 1595. \nMaitland, William, the historian, b. \n\nabout 1693, d. 1757. \nMaittaire, Michael, learned writer, b. \n\n1668, d. 1747. \nMaio, a Dutch painter, b. 1500, d. \n\n1559. \n\nMaison-dieu, Hospital, Dover, built \n1229. \n\nMajesty, the title of, first addressed \nto Henry VIII. of England. \n\nMalacca gold mines discovered, 1731. \n\nMalachi flourished 397 B.C. \n\nMalcomb, Sarah, executed in Fleet- \nstreet, 7th March, 1738. \n\nMalcolm, J. P., artist and author, d. \n1815. \n\nMalcolm, Sir John, a soldier and \ndiplomatist, b. in Scotland 1769, \nd. 31st May, 1833. \n\nMalebranche, N., b. at Paris 1638, \nd. 1715. \n\nMalesherbes, C. W., counsel for \nLouis XVI., b. 1721, guillotined \n1794. \n\nMalherbe, Francis, French writer, b. \n\n1555,d. 1628. \nMallet, David, poet and dramatic \n\nauthor, b. about 1700, d. 1765. \nMallet, P. H., historian, b. 1730, d. \n\n1807. \n\nMalmesbury, William of, d. 1 143. \nMalmesbury Abbey built 642 ; castle \n\nbuilt 11.34. \nMalmesbury, a museum formed at, \n\nby Sir R. C. Hoare, for antiquities, \n\n1823. \n\nMalone, Edmund, b. 4th Oct. 1741, \nd. 25th May, 1812. \n\nMalpighi, philosopher, b. in Italy, \n1628, d. 1694. \n\nMalplaquet, in France, victory of, \ngained by the duke of Marlborough \nand prince Eugene over the French, \n11th Sept., 1709. \n\nMalt liquor used in Egypt 450 B.C. \nExcise on it in England, 1697; \nthe duty is 14s. 6d. The duty on \nmalt spirits for 1783-4-5 and 1786 \namounted to 1,451,998/. Is. Id. \nThe duty on malt for 1784 and \n1785 was 514,668/. In 1788 \nthe duties on beer yielded about \n\n\n\n1,166,652/. In 1807 the duty on \nmalt amounted to 750,000/. \n\nMalt tax established, 1667; increased \n1760 ; new modelled, 1766. \n\nMalta, knights of, alias Knights Hos- \npitallers, alias Knights of St. John \nof Jerusalem, the foundation of \nthat order laid by opening a house \nfor the reception of pilgrims at \nJerusalem, 1048 ; became a regu- \nlar monastic order, 1099, and a \nmilitary order, 1118; took Rhodes, \nand were called Knights of Rhodes, \n1310 ; being expelled from thence \nby the Turks, the emperor Charles \nV. gave them the island of Malta, \n1523, and they were called knights \nof Malta ; expelled England, 1540 ; \ndid great exploits against the Infi- \ndels, 1595 ; conspiracy at Malta \nto destroy the whole order, for \nwhich 125 Turkish slaves suffered \ndeath, 26th June, 1749. \n\nMalta, observatory, instruments, and \nmanuscript observations at, de- \nstroyed by fire, 6th April, 1789. \n\nMalta given to the Knights of Rhodes \nby the Emperor Charles V. 1522; \nsurrendered to the French, 12th \nJune, 1798 ; the emperor of Russia \ndeclared himself grand master, \nJune ,1799; ceded to England, 18 1 4. \n\nMalte Brun, Conrad, geographer, b. \n1775, d. 1826. \n\nMalus, S., mathematician, b. 1775, \nd. 1812. \n\nMan, isle of, formerly subject to Nor- \nway ; then to John and Henry III. \nof England, and afterwards to Scot- \nland ; governed by its lords from \n1043; conquered by Henry IV. \nand by him given to the earl of \nNorthumberland, with the title of \nking, 1341, at whose attainder it \nwas granted to Sir John de Stanley, \n1406; in his family it continued \ntill 1594, when it was seized by \nthe queen ; granted to William, \nearl of Derby, 1608 ; fell by inhe- \nritance to the duke of Athol, 1735 ; \nChristianity first established there \nby St. Patrick and St. Andrew \nabout 440 ; episcopal see estab- \nlished, 447 ; conquered from the \nScots by Montacute, earl of Sarum, \n\n\n\n236 MAN \n\n\n\nMAP \n\n\n\n1314, to whom Edward III. gave \nthe title of earl of Man ; first Tyn- \nwald meeting about 1418; the \nproprietors first called lords of Man, \n1521 ; the bishopric annexed to \nthe province of York, 1541 ; isle \nof, annexed to the crown of Eng- \nland, having been purchased of the \nduke of Athol for 70,000/., 1 765 ; \nand in 1825, all the right3, privi- \nleges, and patronage in the island \nwere purchased for the sum of \n41 6,000/.untier an act ofparliament. \' \n\nManasseh chosen high priest, 253 B.C. \n\nManchester ealicomanufactory, valued \nat above 100,000/. destroyed by \nfire, 15th March, 1792. \n\nManchester, warehouses at, of Messrs. \nGreen and Co., burnt down, and \nproperty destroyed to the amount \nof 50,000/., 30th March, 1813. \n\nManchester navigation opened, ]7th \nJune, 1760. \n\nManchester, reform meeting at, when \nMr. Hunt presided, 16th Aug., \n1819; admitted to the elective \nfranchise by the reform bill, 1832. \n\nManchester rail-road opened, 15th \nSept., 1830, when the duke of \nWellington was present, and when \nMr. Huskisson, M.P. for Liver- \npool, was killed. \n\nManchester, dreadful fire at, 12th \nOct., 1829. \n\nMander, C. V., b. 1559, d. 1607. \n\nMandeville, Bernard, of Holland, d. \n1733, aged 65. \n\nMandeville, Sir John, the traveller, \nd. 1372. \n\nManes, founder of a sect, put to \n\ndeath, A.D. 278. \nManfredi, Eustacio, astronomer, b. \n\n1674, d. 1739. \nManilla, in the East Indies, had its \n\nvast magazines destroyed by fire, \n\nOct. 1799. \nManilla, British frigate, wrecked on \n\nthe Dutch coast with the loss of \n\nsix men, 30th Jan., 1812. \nManlius, M., thrown down from the \n\nTarpeian rock, 484 B.C. \nManning, Cromwell\'s spy, executed \n\nabroad, 1655. \nMannorbeer Castle, Pembrokeshire, \n\nbuilt 1088. \n\n\n\nMansard, F., b. 1598, d. 1666. \nMansfield, earl of, d. 15th March, \n\n1793, aged 89. \nMansion house, city of London, built \n\n1739, inhabited 1752, and cost \n\n42,638/. 18s. 8d. \nMantegna, Andr.,an Italian, b. 1431, \n\nd. 1505. \n\nManuden, Essex, fire at, which de- \nstroyed a malt-house and Manuden \nhall, the residence of Mr. Patmore, \n25th April, 1816. \n\nManufactures of England at the close \nof last century, computed at eighty- \ntwo millions ; of Great Britain and \nIreland, at eighty-nine millions. \n\nManufactures in England, quantity of \nproduced in 1810, and number of \nperson\'s employed in each branch : \nWoollen, 17,250,000/.; number \nemployed, 440,340. Leather, \n10,500,000/.; number employed, \n241,818. Cotton, 11,000,000/.; \nnumber employed, 347,271. Silk, \n2,700,000/.; number employed, \n65,000. Linen, 3,000,000/. ; \nnumber employed, 95,000. Hemp, \n1,600,000/. ; number employed, \n35,000. Paper, 900,000/. ; num- \nber employed, 30,000. Glass, \n1,500,000/. ; number employed, \n36,000. Earthenware and porce- \nlain, 2,000,000/.; number em- \nployed, 45,000. Iron, tin, and \nlead, 10,000,000/. ; number em- \nployed, 200,000. Copper and \nbrass, 3,600,000/. ; number em- \nployed, 60,000. Steel, plating, \nhardware, and toy trade,4,000,000/. \nnumber employed, 70,000. Other \nmanufactures, 5,300,000/. ; num- \nber employed, 80,000. \n\nManutius, Aldus, printer, b. about \n1447, d. 1515. \n\nManutius, Paul, printer, b. 1512, d. \n1572. \n\nManutius, Aldus, printer and author, \n\nb. 1547, d. 1592. \nMap of England, the first, 1520, by \n\nGeorge Lilly ; the first of Russia, \n\n1560. \n\nMaps and globes invented by Anazi- \nmander, 600 B.C.; that of the \nmoon\'s surface invented at Dant- \nzic, 1647. \n\n\n\nMAP \n\n\n\nMAR 237 \n\n\n\nMaps and sea-charts first brought to \nEngland by Bartholomew Colum- \nbus, to illustrate his brother\'s the- \nory respecting a western continent, \n1489. \n\nMaracci, Louis, oriental scholar, b. \n\n1612, d. 1700. \nMarana. author of " The Turkish \n\nSpy," b. 1642, d. 1693. \nMarat assassinated by Charlotte Cor- \n\nday, 13th July, 1793. \nMaratti, Carlo, an Italian painter, b. \n\n1625, d. 1713. \nMarble, quarries of green, resembling \n\nVerde Antico, and white, found in \n\nthe west of Ireland, 1823. \nMarcellus\'s theatre at Rome built \n\nA.D. 80. \nMarch\'s, Lord, wheel-carriage wager \n\ncame off at Newmarket, 29th Aug. \n\n1750. \n\nMarchetti, Alex., mathematician and \ntranslator of Lucretius, b. 1633, \nd. 1714. \n\nMarcross, Glamorganshire, cliff at, \nfell and spread 300,000 tons of \nlimestone on the beach, Aug. 1833. \n\nMargaret, countess of Richmond and \nDerbv, mother of king Henry VII. \nd.29th June, 1509. \n\nMargaret, countess of Salisbury, \ndaughter of the duke of Clarence, \nbrother of Edward IV., beheaded \n27th May, 1541, aged 70. \n\nMargaret of Londonderry wrecked at \nCullean Bay, and the master and \n23 passengers drowned, 10th Jan., \n1815. \n\nMargate hoy wrecked on the Reculver \nsands, and 23 fives lost, 7th Feb., \n1802. \n\nMargate steam packet burnt to the \n\nwater\'s edge off Whitstable, crew \n\nsaved, 2nd July, 1817. \nMargoritone of Arezzo, inventor of \n\nthe art of gilding with leaf gold on \n\nbole Armoniac, d. 1275. \nMaria, from Newcastle to Yarmouth, \n\nwas wrecked on Hippisburg-rock, \n\nand all on board perished, 31st \n\nAug. 1816. \nMaria del fiore, cathedral at Florence, \n\nbuilt 450. \nMaria Louisa, consort of Napoleon, \n\nobtained the states of Parma, Pla- \n\n\n\ncentia, and Guastalla, by the treaty \n\nof Fontainbleau, 5th April, 1814. \nMaria Theresa, a royal order of, for \n\nladies in Spain, instituted 1792. \nMarian, knights of. See Teutonic \n\nOrder. \n\nMariana, Juan, historian of Spain, d. \n1624, aged 87. \n\nMarienburgh, in Prussia, founded by \nthe Teutonic knights, 1231. \n\nMarigalante isle discovered, 1493. \n\nMarine hospital at Brest burnt with \n50 galley slaves, and a great num- \nber of sick, 1st Dec, 1776. \n\nMarine Society house, Bishopsgate- \nstreet, London, began 30th April, \n1773. \n\nMariner\'s compass. See Compass. \nMarini, J. B., Italian poet, b. 1569, \nd. 1625. \n\nMaria Nuzzi, a Neapolitan, d. 1673. \nMariotte, E., philosopher, b. at Dijon \nd. 1684. \n\nMarischal College, Aberdeen, founded \n1593. \n\nMarise, William, a nobleman\'s son, \ndrawn, hanged, and quartered for \npiracy, 1241. \n\nMarivaux, P. C, novelist and dra- \nmatist, b. 1688, d. 1763. \n\nMark, St., wrote his gospel, 44 ; d> \n68 ; his festival celebrated, 1090. \n\nMark\'s, St., palace, at Venice, built \n450. \n\nMark\'s, St., church, at Venice, built \n826. \n\nMark, St., order of, began at Venice \n\n830; revived, 1562. \nMarkland, Jeremiah, b. Aug. 1693, \n\nd. 7th July, 1776. \nMarlborough statutes passed, 1269. \nMarlborough, John, duke of, d. 16th \n\nJune, 1722, aged 72. \nMarlborough, Sarah, duchess of, d. \n\n18th Oct., 1744. \nMarloe, Christopher, b. about 1562, \n\nkilled by his rival, 1593. \nMarmion, Shakerlev, dramatic writer, \n\nb. about 1602, d. 1639. \nMarmontel, J. F., celebrated French \n\nwriter, b. 1723, d. 1792. \nMarot, Francis, d. 173 9, aged 52. \nMarot, Clement, French poet, b. \n\n1495, d. 1544. \nMarriages in Lent forbidden, 354 ; \n\n\n\n238 \n\n\n\nMAR \n\n\n\nMAS \n\n\n\nforbidden the priests, 1015; first \ncelebrated in churches, 1226. \n\nMarriages taxed, 1695, 1784. \n\nMarriages of the royal family res- \ntrained by act of parliament, 1772. \n\nMarriages in England, in 1760, were \n50,000; in 1800, were 73,000, \nexclusive of Jews and Quakers. \n\nMarriage act passed, June, 1 753 ; \ncommenced operation, 25th March, \n1754; amended, 1781; new act \npassed, 1822; repealed, 1823. \n\nMarsh Castle, Guernsey, built by the \nDanes. \n\nMarshals of France, instituted, 1436; \n\nabolished, 1791. \nMarshall, Thomas, English divine \n\nand writer, d. 1685. \nMar sham, Sir John, b. 1602, d. \n\n1685. \n\nMarsigli, Count L. F., b. 1658, d. \n1730. \n\nMarston, John, dramatic author, d. \nabout 1614. \n\nMarshalsea prison, Thomas Culver, \na confined debtor, died there of \n-want, 7th Jan., 1811. \n\nMarshalsea prison, in Southwark, \nfell in, but no lives lost, 16th \nMay, 1802. \n\nMarsh-farm, Herts, a fire broke out \nat Marsh-cottage, adjoining the \nfarm, by which an extensive range \nof buildings was burnt down, and \n60 head of cattle destroyed or \nruined, 12th Dec, 1816. \n\nMartial law proclaimed in Ireland, \n26th July, 1803. \n\nMartin, St., festival, instituted 812. \n\nMartinico nearly destroyed by a hur- \nricane, 12th Sept., 1756. \n\nMartin\'s, St., church, Canterbury, \nbuilt 182. \n\nMartin\'s in the Fields, Westminster, \nbuilt 1726. \n\nMartial, b. at Bilboa, 34, d. 109. \n\nMartin, St., d. about 402. \n\nMartin, Thomas, English antiquarv, \nb. 1697, d. 1771. \n\nMartin, Benjamin, English mathe- \nmatician, b. 1704, d. 1782. \n\nMartiniere, Bruzen de la, geographer, \nb. 1684, d. 1749. \n\nMartyn, John, the botanist, b. 1699, \nd. 1768. \n\n\n\nMartyr, Peter, b. 1500, d. at Zurich, \n\n1 2th Nov., 1562. \nMartyrs, the order of knighthood in \n\nPalestine began, 1319. \nMarvel, Andrew, the patriot, b. 1620, \n\nd. 1678. \n\nMary de Medicis, Queen-mother of \n\nFrance, visited England, 1638. \nMaryland, province of, planted by \n\nLord Baltimore, at an expense of \n\n40,000/., 1633. \nMary-le-bone, London, erected into \n\na borough, 1 832. \nMary-le-bone church, built 1817. \nMary, St., the Glorious, order of \n\nknighthood began in Italy, ] 233 ; \n\nat Rome, 1618. \nMary, St., de Merced, order of \n\nknighthood began in Spain, 1218. \nMary\'s, St., Abbey, York, built 1088. \nMary\'s, St., Priory, Thetford, built \n\nli04; old house built, 1075. \nMary, the mother of Christ, d. A.D. \n\n45, aged 60. \nMary, Queen of Scots, fled to Eng- \nland, 16th May, 1568 ; beheaded, \n\n8th Feb., 1589, aged 44. \nMaskelyne, Dr. Nevil, astronomer \n\nroyal, b. 6th Oct., 1732, d. 9th \n\nFeb. 1811. \nMason, Rev. William, poet, bora \n\n1725, d. 1797. \nMassena, Andrew, marshal of France, \n\nb. 8th May, 1758, d. 4th April, \n\n1817. \n\nMassillon, J. B., divine and writer, \n\nb. 1663, d. 1742. \nMassinger, Philip, dramatic writer, \n\nd. 1640, aged 55. \nMasquerades, the first in Scotland, \n\nFriday, 15th Jan., 1773. \nMassacio, b. 1402, d. 1443. \nMasso, surnamed Finiguerra, inventor \n\nof engraving on copper-plates, flou- \nrished 1450. \nMasolino, an Italian, flourished 1450. \nMassachusetts, 1000 acres of wood, \n\nback nart of, destroyed by fire, \n\n24th April, 1816. \nMass first celebrated in Latin, 394 ; \n\nintroduced into England, 680 ; \n\nelevation required prostration, 1 20 1 . \nMassacres \xe2\x80\x94 of all the Carthaginians \n\nin Sicily, 397 B.C.\xe2\x80\x942000 Tyrians \n\ncrucified, and 8000 put to the \n\n\n\nM A S S A \n\nsword, for not surrendering Tne \nto Alexander, 331 B.C\xe2\x80\x94 The \nJews of Antioch fall upon the \nother inhabitants, and massacre \n100.000, for refusing to surrender \ntheir arms to Demetrius Xicanor, \ntyrant of Syria, 154. \xe2\x80\x94 A dreadful \nslaughter of the Teutones and \nAmbrones, near Aix, by Melius, \nthe Roman general, 200,000 bein? \nleft dead on the spot, 102. \xe2\x80\x94 The \nRomans, throughout Asia, women \nand children not excepted, cruelly \nmassacred in one day, by order of \nMitbridates, king of Pontus, 89. \xe2\x80\x94 \nA great number of Roman senators \nmassacred by Cinna, Marius, and \nSertorius, and several of the patri- \ncians dispatch themselves to avoid \ntheir horrid butcheries, 8 6 . \xe2\x80\x94 Again, \nunder Sylla and Catiline, his mi- \nnister of vengeance, 82 and 79. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAt Prseneste, Octavianus Caesar \nordered 300 Roman senators, and \nother persons of distinction, to be \nsacrificed to the manes of Julius \nCaesar, 41. \xe2\x80\x94 At the destruction of ! \nJerusalem, 1,000,000 Jews were \nput to the sword, A.D. 70. \xe2\x80\x94 The \nJews, headed by one Andrea?, put \nto death 100,000 Greeks and Ro- \nmans, in and near Cyrene ; they \nate the entrails, and covered them- \nselves with the skins of the un- \nhappy victims, 115. \xe2\x80\x94 Cassius, a \nRoman general, under tbe emperor \nM. Aurelius, put to death 37,000 \nof the inhabitants of Seleucia, 197. \nAt Alexandria, of many thousand \ncitizens, by order of Antoninus, \n213. \xe2\x80\x94 The emperor Probus put to \ndeath 700,000 of the inhabitants \nupon his reduction of Gaul. 277. \nOf 80 Christian fathers, by order \nof the emperor Gratian, at Nico- \nmedia : they were put into a ship, \nwhich was set on fire and driven \nout to sea, 370. \xe2\x80\x94 Of Thessalonica, \nwhen upwards of 700 persons, in- \nvited into the circus, were put to \nthe sword by order of Theodosius, \n\n390 Belisarius put to death \n\nabove 30,000 citizens of Constan- \ntinople for a revolt, on account of \ntwo rapacious ministers set over \n\n\n\nC R E S. 239 \n\nthem by Justinian, 552 Of the \n\nLatins, by Andronicus, 1 184, at \nConstantinople. \xe2\x80\x94 The Sicilians \nmassacre the French throughout \nthe whole island, without distinc- \ntion of sex or age, on Easter-day, \nthe first bell for vespers being the \nsignal ; this horrid affair is known \nin history by the name of the \nSicilian Vespers, 1282. \xe2\x80\x94 A general \nmassacre of the Jews at Verdun, \nby the peasants, who, from a pre- \ntended prophecy, conceived the \nHoly Land was to be recovered \nfrom the infidels by them ; 500 \nof these Jews took shelter in a \ncastle, and defended themselves \nto the last extremity, when, for \nwant of weapons, they threw their \nchildren at the enemy, and then \nkilled each other, 1317".\xe2\x80\x94 At Paris, \n1418.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Swedish nobility, \nat a feast, bv order of Christian II. \n1520.\xe2\x80\x94 Of "70,000 Hugonots, or \nFrench Protestants, throughout \nthe kingdom of France, attended \nwith circumstances of the most \nhorrid treachery and cruelty; it \nbegan at Paris in the night of the \nfestival of St. Bartholomew, 25th \nAug.. 1572. by secret orders from \nCharles IX. king of France, at \nthe instigation of the queen-dowa- \nger, Catherine de Medicis, his \nmother ; it is styled in history, the \nMassacre of St. Bartholomew. \xe2\x80\x94 \nOf the Christians, in Croatia, by \nthe Turks, when 65,000 were \nslain, 1592. \xe2\x80\x94 Of a great number \nof Protestants at Thorn, who were \nput to death under a pretended \nlegal sentence of the chancellor of \nPoland, for being concerned in a \ntumult occasioned by a Popish \n\nprocession, 1724 At Batavia, \n\nwhere 12,000 Chinese were killed \nby the Dutch, Oct. 1740. \xe2\x80\x94 In \nEngland, 300 English nobles, by \nHengist, A.D. 475. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the monks \nof Bangor, 1200: by Ethelred, \nking of Northumberland, 580. \xe2\x80\x94 \nOf the Danes, in the southern \ncounties of England, in the night of \n13th Nov. 1002, at London, it was \nthe most bloody, the churches begin \n\n\n\n240 \n\n\n\nMAS \n\n\n\nM A Z \n\n\n\nno sanctuary; amongst the rest, \nGunilda, sister of Swein, king of \nDenmark, left in hostage for the \nperformance of a treaty but newly \nconcluded. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the Normans, at \n\nDurham, 1069 Of the Jews \n\n(some few pressing into West- \nminster-hall at Richard I.\'s coro- \nnation, were put to death by the \npeople, and a false alarm being \ngiven, that the king had ordered a \ngeneral massacre of them, the \npeople in many parts of England, \nfrom an aversion to them, slew all \ni they met ; in York, 500, who had \ntaken shelter in the castle, killed \nthemselves rather than fall into \nthe hands of the people) 1189. \nOf the English, by the Dutch, -at \nAmboyna, 1624 Of the Protes- \ntants in Ireland, when 40,000 \n\nwere killed, 1641 Of the Mac- \n\ndonalds, at Glencoe, in Scotland, \nfor not surrendering in time ac- \ncording to King William\'s procla- \nmation, though without the king\'s \nknowledge, 1692.\xe2\x80\x94 -Of 50,000 of \nthe inhabitants of Constantinople, \nby the Arabs, 1758. \xe2\x80\x94 Several \ndreadful massacres in France during \nthe Revolution, from 1789 to \n1794.\xe2\x80\x94 Of 600 negroes, by the \nFrench, at St. Mark\'s, 1802.\xe2\x80\x94 At \nAlgiers, 10th March, 1806.\xe2\x80\x94 In- \nsurrection and dreadful massacre at \nMadrid, 2nd May, 1808 Dread- \nful massacre of the Mamelukes in \nthe citadel of Cairo, 1st March, \n1811. \n\nMaster of the ceremonies first ap- \npointed, 1603. \n\nMatham, of Haarlem , b. 1 57 1 , d. 1 63 1 . \n\nMathurin, of Florence, d. 1526. \n\nMatsys, Quintin,of Antwerp, b. 1460, \nd. 1529. \n\nMaturino, a Florentine, b. 1492, d. \n1527. \n\nMatthias, St., festival of, instituted \n3090. \n\nMatthew, St., wrote his gospel, 44 ; \nd. A. D. 65 ; festival established \n812. \n\nMatthew, of Westminster, English \n\nhistorian, d. 1379. \nMatthews and Lestock, admirals, \n\n\n\nsuffered the French and Spanish \nsquadron to escape, Feb., 1746. \n\nMatthias was high priest 6 years be- \nfore Christ. \n\nMatthias, St., festival of, observed \nfirst 1090. \n\nMaty, Dr. Matthew, b. 1718, d. 2nd \nAug., 1776. \n\nMaty, Henry, critical writer, b. 1745, \nd. 1787. \n\nMaunday Thursday, ceremony com- \nmenced in 1362. \n\nMaupertius, P. L., mathematician, b. \n1698, d. 1759. \n\nMaurice of Nassau, prince of Orange, \nd. 1625. \n\nMaurice, Rev. T., poet and historian, \n\nd. 1825, aged 70. \nMauri tius,aliasO \'Flaherty, archbishop \n\nof Tuam, d. 1513. \nMauritius, order of knighthood, began \n\nin Savoy, 1430, restored 1572. \nMaury, Cardinal, b. 1746, d. 1817. \nMaximilian, Joseph, king of Bavaria, \n\nb. 27th May, 1756, d. 13th Oct., \n\n1825. \n\nMaximilian, Emperor, enlisted as a \n\nsubject and captain under Henry \n\nVIII., 1513. \nMayfield Place, Sussex, built 988. \nMay, Thomas, dramatic poet and \n\nhistorian, b. 1594, d. 1652. \nMayer, Tobias, the astronomer, b. \n\n1723, d. 1762. \nMayersbach, the celebrated water \n\ndoctor, d. 1798. \nMavnard, F., French poet, b. 1582, \n\nd. 1646. \n\nMaynard, Sir John, lawyer, b. about \n\n1602, d. 1690. \nMayne, Rev. Dr. Jasper, b. 1604, d. \n\n1672. \n\nMaynwaring, Arthur, b.1668, d.1712. \nMayow, John, chemist, b. 1645, d. \n1679. \n\nMaxtock Castle, Warwickshire, built \n1346 ; burned down, 1st Aug., \n1762 ; Priory built, 1337. \n\nMaxwell, Sir Murray, a distinguished \nBritish naval officer, d. Sept., 1831. \n\nMazarine, Cardinal, born 1602, died \n1661. \n\nMazzuoti, of Parma, b. 1503, d. 1540. \nHe invented etching with aqua \nfortis. \n\n\n\nME A \n\n\n\nMES 241 \n\n\n\nMead, Dr. Richard, b. 1673, d. 1754. \n\nMeal-tub plot, (as denominated from \nthe place where the papers concern- \ning it were found,) a forged con- \nspiracy against James II., 1679. \n\nMechain, M,, a French astronomer, \nb. 16th Aug., 1774, d. 4th Sept., \n1805. \n\nMechanics\' Institute formed in Lon- \ndon and Glasgow, on an extensive \nscale, and with great success, 1823. \n\nMechanics\' and apprentices\' library \nestablished at Lancaster, 1 823. \n\nMechanical arts in Britain in greater \nperfection than in Gaul, 298. \n\nMede. Joseph, an English divine, b. \n1586, d. 1638. \n\nMedical Society at Dublin, instituted \n1785. \n\nMedici, Cosmo de, called the " father \n\nof his country," b. 1389, d. 1464. \nMedici, Lorenzo de, called the " father \n\nof literature," b. 1448, d. 1492. \nMedicinal simples first brought from \n\nthe East into Europe, 1200. \nMedicine, duty commenced, 1783 ; \n\nincreased, 1804. \nMedina, Sir John, b. 1659, d. 1711. \nMedina, John, his grandson, d. at \n\nEdinburgh, 1796. \nMelbourne Administration suddenly \n\ndismissed, 14th Nov., 1834. \nMela, Pomponius, Spanish geographer, \n\nd. 45. \n\nMelancthon, Philip, b. 1497, d. 1560, \naged 63. \n\nMeleager, Greek poet, b. B.C. 96. \nMelmoth, William , miscellaneous \n\nwriter, b. 1710, d. 1799. \nMelvil, Sir James, Scotch historian, \n\nb. 1530, d. 1606. \nMelville, Vise, d. 27th May, 1811. \nMelville, Lord, impeached by the \n\nCommons, 29th April, acquitted \n\n12th June, 1806. \nMelville, Lord, transport, wrecked \n\nnear Kinsale Harbour, when eleven \n\npersons were drowned, 31st Jan., \n\n1816. \n\nMemmi, Simone, of Sienna, b. 1285, \nd. 1345. \n\nMengs, Antonio Raffaelle, b. 1728, \nd. 1779. \n\nMenage, Giles, French writer, b. at \nAngers, 1613, d. 1692. \n\n\n\nMenander, Greek poet, b. B.C. 342, \n\nd. B.C. 293. \nMendelsohn, Moses, b. 1729, d.1785. \nMendez, Moses, d. 1758. \nMeninski, F., oriental scholar, b. 1623, \n\nd. 1698. \n\nMenzini, B., Italian poet, b. 1646, d \n1704. \n\nMercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, \n\nb. 1512, d. 1594. \nMercator, Nicholas, of Holstein, \n\nastronomer, b. 1640, d. 1694. \nMercator\'s Chart, invented 1556. \nMercers\' Chapel, London, built 1187. \nMercian kingdom began, 584 ; ended, \n\n828. \n\nMerch an t Tail ors, fir st so name d, 1 5 1 . \nMerchant Tailors\' School founded, \n1568. \n\nMercury passed over the sun\'s disc, \nvisible to the naked eye, from 12 \nto 2 o\'clock, at London, 25th Nov., \n1769. \n\nMercury discovered to be anti- venereal \n\nby Corpus, an Italian surgeon, \n\n1512 ; first given to patients under \n\ninoculation, 1745. \nMercury, malleable, discovered by \n\nOrbelin, at Vienna, 1785. \nMerit, a military order of knighthood \n\nin Prussia, instituted 1730. \nMerlin\'s Cave, in Richmond-gardens, \n\nformed 1735. \nMerlin, the prophet, flourished 477. \nMermaid hoax exploded, 1823. \nMerrick, James, divine and poet, b. \n\n1720, d. 1769. \nMerriott Village, near Crewkerne, \n\nnearly destroyed by fire, 16th \n\nApril, 1811. \' \nMersenne, French writer, b. 1588, \n\nd. 1648. \n\nMerthyr-Tydvyl, S. Wales, alarming \ndisturbances at, which ended with \nthe loss of several lives, 3rd June, \n1831 ; erected into a borough, \n1832. \n\nMerton College, Oxford, founded, \n1247. \n\nMerton, Walter de, founder of Mer- \nton College, Oxford, d. 1277. \n\nMervin, Lord Audley, hanged, 13th \nMay, 1631. \n\nMessier, C, astronomer, b. 1730, \nd. 1817. \n\nM \n\n\n\n242 M E S \n\n\n\nMIL \n\n\n\nMessina affected with the plague, \n1743 ; destroyed by an earthquake, \nin 1783 and 1784. \n\nMetastasio, the Italian poet, b. 1698, \nd. 1782, aged 84. \n\nMethodism by the followers of Whit- \nfield began 1739. \n\nMethodists \xe2\x80\x94 It appears that in the \nyear 1767 the number of itinerant \npreachers was not more than 92, \nand of the people in the societies \n25,911 ; but that in 1795 the \nnumber of preachers was 357, and \nthat of the people of the societies \n83,368. By the reports produced \nat the Methodist conferences held \nat Bristol, it appears that the num- \nbers in the methodist societies \namount to 172,334, viz. \nIn Great Britain - - 83,368 \nIn Ireland - - - 16,540 \nIn the West Indies - 11,986 \n\nIn the United States of \n\nAmerica - 58,653 \n\nMethusaleh d. 1656 of the world, \naged 969. \n\nMetius, James, of Antwerp, inventor \nof telescopes, d. 1612. \n\nMeton, inventor of the Metonic Cy- \ncle, 433 B.C. \n\nMeulen, Vander, b. 1634, d. 1690. \n\nMeursius, John, critic, b. 1579, d. \n1639. \n\nMetelli, Agostino, of Bologna, b. \n\n1609, d. 1660. \n\nMetzu,Gab., b. 1615, d. about 1658. \n\nMexico discovered, 1518 ; settled by \nthe Spaniards, 1519 or 1521 ; re- \nvolted and established its indepen- \ndence, 1810. \n\nMeyer, Felix, b. 1653, d. 1713. \n\nMeyer, Jeremiah, b. 1735, d. 1789. \n\nMezerai, the French historian, b. \n\n1610, d. 1683. \n\nMettingham Castle and College, Suf- \nfolk, built 1732. \n\nMews, Charing Cross, Westminster, \nbuilt 1732. \n\nMicah, the prophet, fl. 754 B.C. \n\nMichael\'s, St., order of knighthood, \nbegan in France 1469; in Ger- \nmany, 1618 ; in Naples, time un- \nknown. \n\nMichael, St. a Vale, castle, Guernsey, \nbuilt 1114 ; church built 1117. \n\n\n\nMichael, St., mount, monastery of, \n\nCornwall, built 1030. \nMichael\'s, St., festival first observed, \n\n487. \n\nMichaelham priory built 1230. \nMichaelis, John David, theologian \n\nand orientalist, b. 1717, d. 1791. \nMickle, W. J., poet, b. 1734, d. \n\n1788. \n\nMicroscopes first used in Germany, \n1621 ; the double ones discovered \nby Torricelli, 1624; solar micro- \nscopes invented, 1740. \n\nMiddleham Castle, Yorkshire, built \n1190. \n\nMiddlesex hospital instituted, 1745 ; \n\nbuilt, 1755 ; enlarged, 1834; house \n\nof correction finished, 1794. \nMiddleton, Stoney, Oxfordshire, \n\nburned 29th April, 1755. \nMiddleton Abbey, Dorsetshire, built \n\n938. \n\nMiddleton, Sir Hugh, who brought \nthe new river water to London, \nd. 1631. \n\nMiddleton, Dr. Conyers, b. 1683, \nd. 1750. \n\nMiel, John, the Fleming, b. 1559, \nd. 1789. \n\nMieris, Francis, b. at Leyden \'1635, \nd. 1681. \n\nMignard, Peter, b. 1610, d. 1695. \n\nMignon, Abraham, a German, b. \n1639, d. 1679. \n\nMilan, the capital of this celebrated \ndukedom is reputed to have been \nbuilt by the Gauls, about 408 B.C. \nIt submitted to the Romans, 222 \nB.C. ; was formed into a republic, \nA.D. 121 ; and lastly was governed \nby dukes from 1359 to 1501. \nThe French expelled from it by \nCharles V. of Germany about \n1525, who gave it to his son \nPhilip II. Taken by the Imperial- \nists, 1736. Given to Austria, on \nNaples and Sicily being ceded to \nSpain, 1748. Seized by the French, \n1796. Retaken by the Austrians, \nMay, 1799. \n\nMildmay, Sir Walter, founder of \nEmanuel College, Cambridge, d. \n1589. \n\nMile, Francesco, a Dutchman, b. \n1644, d. 1680. \n\n\n\nMIL \n\n\n\nMOG 243 \n\n\n\nMilford, near Godalming, out-houses, \nbarns, &c, of Mr. Gooch, wilfully \nset on fire and destroyed, 29th \nJune, 1806. \n\nMile, the length of it first determined, \n1593, to consist of 5280 feet, or \n1760 yards ; so that a square mile \ncontains 27,178,400 square feet, \nor 640 square acres. \n\nMilitary uniforms first used in France \nby Louis XIV. \n\nMilitary academy, "Woolwich, estab- \nlished, 1741. \n\nMilitary asylum, foundation laid, 19 \nJune, 1801. \n\nMilitia, one established in Ireland by \nIcing Cormac O\'Con, about 254 ; \nin England, Alfred the Great en- \nrolled a militia, which continued \ntill the reign of James I. ; revived \nunder Charles II. ; supplementary \nmilitia embodied, 1797 ; the whole \nnumber was 104,000 in 1800. \n\nMilitia act passed, 1757, 1764, 1781 ; \nsupplemental, 1797 ; for Scotland, \n1797 ; clause introduced to allow \ncourts -martial to substitute impri- \nsonment for flogging, 181 L \n\nMilitia of Great Britain limited to \n106,000 in 1798. \n\nMilk consumed annually in London \nyielded 481,666/. \n\nMill, Rev. Dr. John, b. about 1645, \nd. 1707. \n\nMill, Henry, learned in hydraulics, \nd. 1770. \n\nMillar, John, professor and writer, \n\nb. 1735, d. 1801. \nMiller, Rev. J., b. 1703, d. 1744. \nMiller, Phil., d. 18th Dec, 1771, \n\naged 80. \n\nMilles, Jeremiah, English divine and \nantiquary, b. 1714, d. 1784. \n\nMilne, Colin, botanist, d. 1815. \n\nMilner, J., divine, b. 1744, d. 1797. \n\nMilner, Isaac, divine and mathemati- \ncian, d. 1820. \n\nMilton, John,b. 1608, d. blind 1674. \n\nMilton, Great, Oxfordshire, 16 houses \nburned at, 9th July, 1762. \n\nMinehead, Somersetshire, forty- seven \nhouses burned at, value 18,000/., \n4th July, 1791. \n\nMinerva\'s temple at Athens built \n450 B.C. \n\n\n\nMines, royal, established, 1565. \n\nMinistry in the minority on the land \ntax bill, i! l767, the first instance of \nthe kind in a money bill since the \nrevolution. \n\nMinos, the lawgiver, reigned at Crete, \nB.C. 1432. \n\nMinotaur, of 74 guns, wrecked on \nthe Haaks bank, when 480 of the \ncrew perished, 22nd Dec, 1810. \n\nMinster at York much injured by a \nfire intentionally caused by Martin, \na lunatic, 2nd Feb., 1829; re- \nopened after complete restoration, \n6th May, 1832. \n\nMint office in the tower established, \n1065. \n\nMint, new, erected, 1813, \n\nMirabeau, the French statesman, b. \n1749, d. 1790. \n\nMirrors invented in silver by Praxi- \nteles, B.C. 228. \n\nMississippi bubble in France burst \n27th June, 1720, when its amount \nwas 100,000,000/. sterling. \n\nMississippi trade began 28th Nov., \n1716. \n\nMist, the printer, imprisoned, June, \n1721. \n\nMitchell, Joseph, b. 1684, d. 1738. \n\nMitch elstown, at a barn near, in which \na number of young persons had \nmet to celebrate a wedding, a fire \ntook place, in which the bride and \nnearly 20 other persons perished, \n12th Feb., 1816. \n\nMitford, Jack, an eccentric English \nauthor, d. in St. Giles\'s workhouse \n\n. Dec. 1831. \n\nMitian, Jerome, b. at Brescia 1528, \nd. 1590. \n\nMittau in Courland, the duke\'s palace \nat, destroyed by fire, 21st Dec, \n1788. \n\nMitylene, isle in the Archipelago, \nwith 2000 houses, wasted and de- \nstroyed by an earthquake, 27th \nMay, 1755. \n\nModena made a duchy of, 1451. \n\nModena, Pellegrino da, fl. 1520. \n\nModern history, professorships of, \nfounded at Oxford and Cambridge \nby George I., 1724. \n\nMogul empire. \xe2\x80\x94 The first conqueror \nwas Jenghis Khan, a Tartarian \nm 2 \n\n\n\n244 M H \n\n\n\nMON \n\n\n\nprince, who died 1236. Timer \nBek became great Mogul by con- \nquest, 1399. The dynasty con- \ntinued in his family till the con- \nquest of Tamerlane in the 15th \ncentury, whose descendants have \nkept the throne ever since. Khouli \nKhan, the famous sophi of Persia, \nconsiderably diminished the power \nof the Moguls, carried away im- \nmense treasures from Delhi, and \nsince that event many of the na- \nbobs have made themselves inde- \npendent. \n\nMohawks, a set of ruffians who in- \nfested the streets of London at \nnight, maiming the men and ex- \nposing the women, 1711 ; 100/. \nwere offered for the apprehension \nof any of them. \n\nMoir, Capt., found guilty of murder- \ning a fisherman who persevered in \ntrespassing on his grounds at Little \nWarham, Essex, 30th July, 1830; \nexecuted 2nd Aug. following. \n\nMoisteras overwhelmed by a volcano \nin the isle of Fuego, 30th April, \n1757. \n\nMola, Pietro Francesco, b. 1609, d. \n1665. \n\nMole at Athens built 120. \nMolesworth, lady, and her three \n\nchildren, burned in her house, 1764. \nMolesworth, Rob., viscount, b. 1656, \n\nd. 1725. \n\nMoleville, marquis Bertrand de, b. \n1744, d. 1819. \n\nMoliere, John Baptist, French come- \ndian, b. 1620, d. 1673. \n\nMoll, Herim, English geographer, d. \n732. \n\nMolyneux, William, astronomer, b. \n\n1656, d. 1698. \nMonarchs, the first sole, in England, \n\n828. \n\nMonastery, the first founded where \nthe sister of St. Anthony retired, \n270 ; monks first associated, 328 ; \nthe first founded in France near \nPoictiers by St. Martin, 360 ; the \nfirst in Britain, 596 ; Constantine \nIV. sent for a great number of \nfriars and nuns to Ephesus, ordered \nthem to change their black habits \nfor white, and to destroy their \n\n\n\nimages ; on their refusal, he or- \ndered their eyes to be put out, \nbanished them, and sold several \nmonasteries, appropriating the pro- \nduce, 770. See Abbeys. \n\nMonasteries, dissolution of, by act of \nparliament, 1539, value 361,000/. \nper annum; at the present time \nto about 1,750,000/. \n\nMoney first mentioned as a medium \nof commerce in the 23rd chapter \nof Genesis, when Abraham pur- \nchased a field as a sepulchre for \nSarah, in the year of the world \n2139 ; first made at Argos, 894 \nB.C. ; has increased eighteen times \nin value from 1290 to 1789, and \ntwelve times its value from 1530 \nto 1789. Silver has increased \n30 times its value since the Nor- \nman conquest, viz. a pound in that \nage was three times the quantity \nthat is at present, and ten times its \nvalue in purchasing any commodity. \n\nMongault, Nicholas Hubert, French \n. writer, b. 1674, d. 1746. \n\nMonk, the first, was Paul of Thebais, \nabout 250. \n\nMonk, genera], b. 1608; arbiter of \nEngland\'s fate, 1 659 ; made duke \nof Albemarle, 13th July, 1660 ; \nd. 3rd Jan., 1669-70. \n\nMonmouth, Jeffery of, wrote in 1152. \n\nMonmouth, duke of, beheaded 1685, \naged 35. \n\nMonmouth was made an English \ncounty by Henry VIII., 1535. \n\nMonnier, P. C. le, astronomer, b. \n1715, d. 1799. \n\nMonnoyer, John Bap., b. 1635, d. \n1699. \n\nMonro, Dr. John, d. 27th Dec, 1791, \naged 77. \n\nMonro, Alex., anatomist, b. 1697, \nd. 1767. \n\nMonro, Dr. Alexander, anatomist and \nphysician, b. 1732, d. 1817. \n\nMonro, Dr. Donald, physician and \nmedical writer, d. 1802. \n\nMontacute priory, Somersetshire, bt. \n1070. \n\nMontague, Lady Mary Wortley, in- \ntroducer of inoculation for the \nsmall pox into England, b. about \n1690, d. 21st Aug., 1762. \n\n\n\nMON \n\n\n\nM R 245 \n\n\n\nMontague, E. W., son of lady Mary, \n\nb. 1713, d. 1776. \nMontague, Mrs. E.,b. 1720,d. 1800. \nMontalembert, marquis, general, and \n\nengineer, b. 1714, d. 1802. \nMontecuculi, general, b. 1608, d. \n\n1680. \n\nMontego Bay, Jamaica, 400,000/. of \ndamage done by fire, 14th June, \n1795. \n\nMonteja, order of knighthood, began j \nin Spain, 1223. \n\nMontem. \xe2\x80\x94 The triennial custom of \nthe Eton scholars parading to Salt- \nhill, and distributing salt, originated \nin the early days of monkish super- \nstition, when the friars used to sell \ntheir consecrated salt for medical \npurposes. \n\nMontesquieu, Charles, second baron, \n\nb. 1689, d. 1755. \nMontezuma, king of Mexico, d. 1520. \nMonths first received their names \n\nfrom Charlemagne, 790 ; altered \n\nby the French, 1792. \nMontgolfier, discoverer of aerostation, \n\nd. 1799. \n\nMontgomery Castle rebuilt, 1093, \n\nnow in ruins. \nMontorgueil castle, Jersey, built \n\n1000. \n\nMontpellier, in France, a booth at, \nwherein a play was being performed, \nfell in and killed 500 persons, 31st \nJuly, 1786. \n\nMontper, the Fleming, d. 1650. \n\nMontreal discovered, 1534 ; settled, \n1629 ; greatly damaged by a fire, \n1765-8; taken by the provincials, \n12th Nov., 1775 ; retaken, 1776 ; \nthe episcopalian church, the jesuit\'s \ncollege, and the prison burnt, 6th \nJune, 1803. \n\nMontrose packet and Primrose sloop \nof war by mistake had a smart ac- \ntion, broadside to broadside, within \npistol shot, for two hours, off Lis- \nbon, 30th March, 1814. \n\nMontrose, marquis of, executed at \nEdinburgh, 1650, aged 37. \n\nMontserrat, in the West Indies, dis- \ncovered by Columbus, 1493 ; \nplanted by the English, 1632. \n\nMontucla, J. S., mathematician, b. \n1725, d. 1799. \n\n\n\nMonument at Ayr to Robert Burns \n\ncompleted 4th July, 1823. \nMonument of London began 1671, \n\nfinished 1677; repaired, 1786. \n! Moon, order of knighthood, began in \n\nSicily, 1464. \nMoor, Karel de, b. 1656, d. 1738. \nMoore, Dr. J., miscellaneous writer, \n\nb. 1730, d. 1802. \nMoore, Sir John, b. 1761, killed at \n\nCorunna 16th Jan., 1809. \nMoore, Sir Jonas, mathematician, b. \n\n1617, d. 1679. \nMoore, Edward, author of "The \n\nGameste.iV\' a tragedy, b. 1712, d. \n\n28th Feb., 1757. \nMoore, Mr., landscape painter, d. at \n\nRome, Nov., 1798. \nMoorfields levelled and first planted, \n\n1614 ; quarters formed, gravelled, \n\nand planted, 1740 ; division wall \n\npulled down, 1754; road made \n\nacross it, 1786 ; converted into \n\nFinsbury Square, 1789. \nMoorgate, London, sold for 166Z. and \n\npulled down, 1761. \nMorant, Philip, English historian, b. \n\n1700, d. 1770. \nMordaunt, earl of Peterborough, gen., \n\nb. 1658, d. 1735. \nMore, Sir Thomas, b. 1480, beheaded \n\n6th July, 1535, aged 55. \nMore, Henrv, poet and divine, b. \n\n1614, d. 1687. \nMore, Sir Antonio, b. 1519, d. 1575. \nMore, Hannah, celebrated English \n\nmiscellaneous writer, b. 1744, d. \n\n7th Sept., 1833. \nMoreau, French general, wounded by \n\na cannon ball while talking to the \n\nemperor of Russia before Dresden, \n\n28th Aug., and d. 4th Sept. 1813. \nMoi*ell, Dr. Thomas, learned divine, \n\nd. 1784. \n\nMoreri, Lewis, historian, b. in France \n1643, d. 1680. \n\nMores, Edward Rowe, English anti- \nquary, b. 1730, d. 1778. \n\nMorgagni, J. B., anatomist, b. 1682, \nd. 1771. \n\nMorgan, lieutenant of marines, shot \npursuant to sentence on board the \nChesterfield man of war at Ports- \nmouth, 14th July, 1749. See \nCouchman. \n\n\n\n246 M R \n\n\n\nMOS \n\n\n\nMorgken Raffaelles, a celebrated en- \ngraver at Florence, b. 1755, d. \n1833. \n\nMorland, George, d. 29th Oct., 1804, \naged 39. \n\nMorland, Sir Samuel, statesman and \nmatkematician, b. 1625, d. 1696. \n\nMorley, Lord, tried at Westminster \nHall for murder, 1666. \n\nMornay, P. du Plessis, Frenck states- \nman, b. 1549, d. 1623. \n\nMorning Ckronicle, property of tke, \nsold for 40,000/., 1823. \n\nMorocco, empire of, anciently Mauri- \ntania, first known, 1008. Pos- \nsessed by tke Romans, 25 B.C., \nand reduced by tkem to a province, \n50. From tkis time it underwent \nvarious revolutions, till tke estab- \nliskment of tke Almovarides. Tke \nsecond emperor of tkis family built \ntbe capital, Morocco. About 1116, \nAbdallah, tke leader of a sect of \nMakometans, founded tke dynasty \nof Almakides, which ended m tke \nlast sovereign\'s total defeat in \nSpain, 1312. At tkis period Fez \nand Tremecen, tken provinces of \ntke empire, skook off tkeir depend- \nence. Morocco was afterwards \nseized by tke king of Fez, but tke \ndescendants of Makomet, about \n1550, subdued and united again \ntke three kingdoms, and formed \nwhat is at present the empire of \nMorocco. \n\nMorpeth castle, Northumberland, bt. \nabout 1230. \n\nMorpeth in Northumberland burned \nby the inhabitants from hatred to \nKing John, 1215. \n\nMortality, great one, 1094 ; again, \namong men, cattle, and fowls, \n1111; among men at Oxford, \n1471 ; among youth, 1589 ; at \nYork, when 11,000 persons died, \nAug. 1691. \n\nMortars for bombs first made in Eng- \nland, 1543. \n\nMortimer, John, b. 1739, d. 5th \nFeb., 1779. \n\nMortimer, Roger, earl of March, \nhanged 29th Nov., 1380. \n\nMortmain act passed, 1279, and ano- \nther 20th May, 1786. \n\n\n\nMorton, bishop of Durham, b. 1564, \nd. 1659. \n\nMorton, Dr. Charles, d. 10th Feb., \n1799. \n\nMorton-Hampstead, Devon, much \n\ninjured by fire, 24th June, 1757 ; \n\n15 houses destroyed at, and an \n\naged woman burned to death, 13th \n\nJan. 1816. \nMoschus and Bion, Greek poets, fl. \n\nabout 200 B.C. \nMoscow founded, 1 156; 2000 houses \n\nat, destroyed by a fire, July, 1736 ; \n\nagain, 1750-2, when 10,000 houses \n\nwere burned ; totally destroyed by \n\nthe inhabitants, 1812. \nMoselev, Dr.B., physician, b. in Essex, \n\nd. 1819. \n\nMoser, George Michael, b. 1705, d. \n1783. \n\nMoses born, and three months after \nexposed among the flags on the \nbanks of tke river, where ke is \nfound by Tkermutis, Pkaroak\'s \ndaugkter, wko adopts and educates \nkim in all tke learning of tke \nEgyptians, 1571 . Moses being 40 \nyears of age, visits tke Israelites, kis \nbretbren ; and observing their op- \npression, kills an Egyptian wkom \nke found smiting an Hebrew, and \ntken flies into Midian, wkere ke \ncontinues 40 years, and marries \nZipporak, tke daugkter of Jetkro, \n1531. God appears to Moses in a \nburning busk, and sends kim into \nEgypt, where he performs a num- \nber of miracles, and afflicts Pharaoh \nwith ten successive plagues, till the \nIsraelites were allowed to depart, \nto the number of 600,000, besides \nchildren, on Tuesday, the 5th May, \nwhich completed the 430 years of \nsojourning ; and on Monday, 1 1th \nMay, Moses opened miraculously \na passage for the Israelites through \nthe Red Sea into the desert of \nEtham, when Pharaoh with all his \nhost following them, were drowned. \nThey came out about the 22nd \nJune to the desert of Sinai, near \nMount Horeb, where they con- \ntinued near a year, during which \ntime Moses receives from God, and \ndelivers to the people, the Ten \n\n\n\nBIOS \n\n\n\nM U 247 \n\n\n\nCommandments, and the other j \nlaws, and sets up the tabernacle, \nand in it the ark of the covenant, \n1491. The five books of Moses \n"were written in the land of Moab, \nwhere he died. 1452. aged 110. \n\nMosheim. John Lawrence, German \nwriter, b. 1695. d. 1755. \n\nMoss. Rev. Dr. Robert, b. about \n1666, d. 1729. \n\nMothe le Vayer, Francis de la. French \nwriter, b.\'l588, d. 1672. \n\nMotte, A. H., de la, French poet, \nb. 1672, d. 1731. \n\nMouat. Mr., a surgeon at Dumfries, \nin Scotland, d. ^21st Feb. 1776, \naged 136. \n\nMoulin, Charles Du, French writer, \nb. 1500, d. 1566. \n\nMou:::, Mr. J:.:\'.:, of Lr.r.ghoim. \nDumfries, Scotland, d, in March, \n1776, aged 136. \n\nMountains, heights of. \xe2\x80\x94 Iff. Bourrit, \nwho explored the Alps, gives the | \nfollowing table of the various ele- \nvations of places and mountains \nabove the level of the sea : \n\nENGLISH YARDS. \n\nThe lake of Geneva, at the \n\nlower passage of the Rhone 398 \nThe lake of Neufchatel - 456 \nHighest point of the Needle \n\nofSaleve - - 1488 \n\nSummit of Carnigou - 3088 \n\nSummit of Dole, the highest \n\nmountain of Jura - 1800 \n\nSummit of Mole - - 2014 \n\nValley of Chamouni - 1121 \n\nRidge\' of Breven - - 2949 \n\nValley of Montanvert - 1865 \n\nAbbey of Sist - - 797 \n\nGranges des Communos - 1769 | \nHighest Grange of Fondes - 1458 \nSummit of Grenier - 2782 \n\nSummit of Grenairon - 2958 \n\nPlain de Lechaud - 2295 \n\nSummit of Buet - - 3315 \n\nMont Blanc - - 5081 \n\nMount -Etna - - 4000 \n\nSummit of the table at the \n\nCape of Good Hope - 1153 \nSummit of Snowdon in "Wales 1 224 I \nPeak Rucco in the island of \n\nMadeira - - 1689 1 \n\nPeak of Teneriflfe - - 4399 \n\n\n\nThe same, according to Dr. \nHeberden - - 5132 \n\nSummit of Cotopas, accord- \ning to Ulloa - - 6643 \n\nSummit of Chimborazo (Hum- \nboldt) - - 8147 \nSome philosophers have estimated \nthe Peak of Teneriffe to be 19.200 \nfeet in height ; Fenille reduces it \nto 12.248 ; and others assert, that \nthe Peak and iEtna are the most \nelevated objects on the earth. \nBut this supposition has been \ncombated by Sir George Shuck- \nborough, who measured iEtna from \nan observation by M. de Saussure. \nand found it to be 10,954 feet \nabove the level of the sea. The \nlatter gentleman had obtained the \nheight of Vesuvius, and Sir George \nmeasured Mont Blanc ; from which \nit appears, that the height of Ve- \nsuvius, added to that of iEtna, is \n14.854 feet, and that of Mont \nBlanc alone amounts to 15,662 \nfeet, whence he infers, that Mont \nBlanc far eclipses all other moun- \ntains in Europe, Asia, and Africa : \nthose of America, according to \nCondamine, are of vast height, \nand in one instance, Nevado de \nSorato, the elevation amounts to \n25,000 feet. From observations \nrecently made, there is, however, \nreason to believe that several of \nthe lofty peaks of the Himalaya \nmountains, on the frontier of Hin- \ndostan, far surpass the Andes, in \nAmerica. The white mountain of \nthe Himalayas, is 28,015 feet \nabove the sea. \nMountains, heights of, the principal \nin Europe. Highest of the Pyre- \nnees, Mount Perdu, 11168 feet. \nOf the Alps, and the highest point \nin Europe, Mount Blanc, 15.732 \nfeet. Mount iEtna, 10,871 feet. \nBalkan, 10,000 feet. Snowdon, \nWales,\' 3,557 feet. Helvellyn, \nCumberland, 3,313 feet. Ben \nNevis. Scotland, 4,380 feet. Car- \nran Tual. Ireland, 3,412 feet. \nKoltetind, Norway. 7,244 feet. \nMount, St. Michael, on the coast of \nFrance, bit. 966 ; completed 1070. \n\n\n\n248 MOU \n\n\n\nMUT \n\n\n\nMountfort, William, b. 1659; mur- \ndered 1692, aged 33. \n\nMountain, Mr., mathematician, died \n5th May, 1719. \n\nMourning, white, used in Spain for \nthe last time, 1495. \n\nMowhee, a New Zealander, and con- \nvert to Christianity, d. at London, \n12th Dec, 1816. \n\nMozart, John Chrysostom Wolfgang \nTheophilus, musical composer, b. \n27th Jan. 1756, d. 5th\' Dec. 1792. \n\nMudge, Thomas, watch-maker, b. \n1715, d. 1794. \n\nMudge, Major-General, d. 1820. \n\nMulberry trees first planted in Eng- \nland, 1609. \n\nMuller, Johu, mathematician, b. \n1436, d. 1476. \n\nMum, first invented at Brunswick, \n1489. \n\nMumford, Mr., murdered near Quen- \n\ndon, in Essex, by Pallet, one of \n\nhis labourers, 4th Dec, 1823. \n\nThe murderer was executed at \n\nChelmsford. \nMunden, J. Shepherd, celebrated \n\ncomic actor, b. 1759, d. 1832. \nMunich, palace of, destroyed by fire, \n\n5th Feb. 1749-50; again, with \n\n200 houses, 28th April, 1762. \nMunoz, J. B., Spanish historian, b. \n\n1745, d. 1799. \nMunoz, in Bavaria, founded 962 ; \n\nwalled, 1157. \nMunro, Lady, of Foulis, and her \n\nthree servants, drowned in bathing, \n\n3d Aug. 1803. \nMunroe, James, president of the \n\nUnited States of America, b. 1759, \n\nd. 4th July, 1831. \nMuntzer, Thomas, founder of the \n\nAnabaptists, put to death 1526. \nMurat, once king of Naples, shot \n\n13th Oct., 1815. \nMurillo, Bart., a Spaniard, b. 1613, \n\nd. 1685. \n\nMuratori,D. M., the Italian, b. 1662. \nMountfaucon, b. 1672, d. 1750. \nMuretus, Mark Anthony, critic, b. \n\n1526, d. 1585. \nMurphy, Arthur, d. 1 8th June, 1805, \n\naged 77. \n\nMurray, Earl of, regent of Scotland, \nkilled 23d Jan. 1570. \n\n\n\nMuseum (late Montague house), \npurchased by parliament, 1753 ; \ninhabited by the military, 1780. \n\nMuseum, the Leverian, built by Mr. \nParkinson, 1786 ; first occupied \nby the Surrey Institution, 1808. \n\nMuseum, London, Piccadilly, erected \n1811-12. \n\nMusgrave, Dr. William, physician \nand antiquary, b. 1657, d. 1721. \n\nMusgrave, Sir Richard, historical \nwriter, b. 1758, d. 1818. \n\nMusic on bells, or chimes, invented \nat Alast, 1487. \n\nMusical festival, Westminster Abbey, \nat which King William IV. and his \nQueen were present, 24th June, \n1834. \n\nMusical notes invented, 1070; such \nas are at present used, 1330. \n\nMuskets first used in France, at the \nsiege of Arras, 1414; in general \nuse, 1521 ; in the Netherlands, \n1567. \n\nMuslins from India, first worn in \nEngland, 167*0; 324,352 pieces \nwere sold by the East India Com- \npany in 1789. \n\nMuslins were first manufactured in \nEngland in 1781. \n\nMusschenbroeck, P. de, mathema- \ntician, b. 1692, d. 1761. \n\nMutian of Lombardy, d. 1589. \n\nMutiny act first passed, 1689. \n\nMutiny on board the fleet at Ports- \nmouth for advance of wages, &c. \n18th April, 1797; subsided by a \npromise from the Admiralty Board, \nwhich being delayed, occasioned a \nre-commencement on board the \nLondon man of war, when admiral \nColpoys and his captain were put \ninto confinement for ordering the \nmarines to fire, whereby three \nlives were lost. The mutiny sub- \nsided 10th May, 1797, when an \nact passed to raise their wages, and \nthe king pardoned the mutineers. \nA more considerable one at the \nNore, which blocked up the trade \nof the Thames : it subsided 10th \nJune, 1797, when the principal \nmutineers were put in irons, and \nseveral were executed. \n\n\n\n249 \n\n\n\nNahum, the prophet, flourished \n758 B.C. \n\nNalson, John, divine and historian, \nb. 1638, d. 1686. \n\nNaiad, transport, lost by striking on \nthe rocks off the coast of New- \nfoundland, 23d Oct. 1805. \n\nNanea, in Livonia, founded 1223. \n\nNani, J. B., Venetian historian, b. \n1616, d. 1678. \n\nNantes, a powder magazine at, blew \nup, 28th May, 1800, which de- \nstroyed many persons and houses. \nA four-pound cannon was thrown \nto a great distance. \n\nNanteuil, Robert, engraver, b. 1630, \nd. 1678. \n\nNantz, edict of, passed by Henry IV. \nby which Protestants enjoyed to- \nleration in France, 1598 ; revoked \nby Louis XIV. 1685; by this bad \npolicy 50,000 French protestants \nwere driven from France and set- \ntled in England. \n\nNapier, John, inventor of logarithms, \nb. 1550, d. 1617. \n\nNapier\'s bones, a method of compu- \ntation by means of marked pieces \nof wood, invented by Sir John \nNapier, 1617. \n\nNaples founded, 323 B. C. \n\nNaples, anciently Capua and Camp- \naiana, kingdom of, began, 1020. \xe2\x80\x94 \nGreat part of the country was \ninhabited, in ancient times, by the \nEtruscans, who built Nola and \nCapua. This territory has under- \ngone various revolutions, and was \ndistinguished from another division \nof Sicily, by the title of the king- \ndom of Puglia, of which Roger, \ncount of Sicily, was the first \n\nmonarch, 1127 Given by the \n\npope to the Count d\'Anjou, in ex- \nclusion of the right heir, Conradin, \nwho was taken prisoner and be- \nheaded, aged 16, 1266. \xe2\x80\x94 Charles, \nking of Naples, being invited by the \nHungarians to the crown of Hun- \ngary, was, when there, crowned; \nmurdered by order of the queen \nregent, in her presence, who for \n\n\n\nN. \n\n[ this, was soon after taken out of \nher carriage, and drowned in the. \n, river Boseth, 1386. \xe2\x80\x94 Alphonsus \nof Arragon, united Sicily to it, and \ni the king has been since called \nthe king of the Two Sicilies, 1442. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Taken from the French, and \nannexed to Spain, 1504 Con- \ntinued with the Spaniards till \n1706, when it was again taken by \nthe Emperor. \xe2\x80\x94 Conquered by the \nSpaniards again, 1734, aud settled \non Don Carlos, the king of Spain\'s \nl son, 1736; he resigned it to his \nthird son, Ferdinand, 1759. \xe2\x80\x94 The \n, French seized on Naples, and com- \npelled the king to retire to Sicily, \n24th Jan. 1799, but was restored \non 10th July following, when the \n[ king returned. \xe2\x80\x94 In 1806, the law- \n1 ful monarch was again driven from \ni Naples, and Joseph Buonaparte \nmade king of it by his brother. \xe2\x80\x94 \nThe crown transferred to Joachim \n, Murat, 1st Aug., 1808. \xe2\x80\x94 Restored \n\nto Ferdinand, 1814. \n\xe2\x80\xa2 Naples nearly destroyed by an earth- \ni quake, April, 1731 ; again, 26th \nJuly, 1805, when the town of \nIsernia was reduced to ruins. \nNapoleon I., Emperor of the French, \nb. 1769, d. 1821. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 Nares, Dr., musical composer, b. 1715, \nd. 1783. \n\nNash, Thomas, satirist and dramatist, \nb. 1564, d. 1601. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 Nash-mill, Herts, paper manufactory \ni of Messrs. Dickinson and Co. de- \nstroyed by fire, 26th Oct., 1813 ; \nthe damage estimated at 7,000/. to \n8,000/. \n\n: Nasmy th, Peter, a distinguished Eng- \ns lish artist, b. 1786, d. 1831. \n. National Debt, first contracted in \nHenry VII.\'s reign, 1430/. ; the \npresent national debt commenced, \nand was near 5,000,000/. in 1697 ; \ns at the death of King William, in \n1702, it was 14,000,000/; at the \n; death of Queen Anne, in 1713, it \nl was 50,000,000/.; reduced in 1717, \nto 46,603,100/. ; in 1727, the in- \nm 3 \n\n\n\n250 \n\n\n\nNATIONAL DEBT. \n\n\n\nterest of it was increased from 4 to \n5 per cent. Before the war in 1740, \nthe debt was 46,382,650/., bearing \nthe interest of 1,903,9611. It was \n64,593,797/. 16s. 9\\d. in 1747. \nIn 1749, after the war, it was \n78,166,906/., bearing interest of \n2,765,608/., having increased by \nnine years 1 war 31,784,256/.; at \nthe beginning of the war ] 755, it \nwas 75,077,264/. bearing interest \nof 2,654,016/.; was 74,780,886/. \n8s. 2^d. in 1757, when the interest \nwas reduced to 3 per cent. ; at the \nend of the war, in 1763, it was \n146,982,844/., bearing interest of \n4,840,822/, having increased, by \neight years 1 Avar, 71,505,580/. ; and \nwas 127,497,619/. in 1772, when \nits interest amounted to 4,526,392/. \nIn 1775 it was 135,943,051/., the \n\n\n\ninterest 4,440,812/., having, by \ntwelve vears\' peace, been reduced \n10,639,793/. In 1786, three years \nafter the American war, it was \n266,725,097/., whose interest was \n9,536,026/., having been increased \nby that war 130,782,046/. In \n1790 it amounted to 242 millions, \nbesides the unfunded debt of 30 \nmillions, including the navy and \nexchequer bills, &c. Julv, 1796, \nit was 367,308,268/. 6s. 9d. ; and \nin July, 1797, it was 402,665,570/. \n18s. 7 c/., the interest of which was \n16,272,597/. 5s. 7d., having in- \ncreased in one year no less than \n62,357,302/. 10s. 10c/. The war \nwith France, from 1790 to 1797, \ncost England 130 millions. The \nnational debt, April 5, 1798, was \n397,087,674/. 13s. 5M. \n\n\n\nStatement of the National Debt of Great Britain at Midsummer, 1807 \n\n\n\n\n\nCapital. \n\n\n\n\nInt. and Management. \n\n\nCons. 5 per cent. Ann. \n\n\n,\xc2\xa3,40,0 /4, / iZ 1 \n\n\no \no \n\n\n- \xc2\xa32,354,740 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n5 per cent. Ann. 1797 \nand ioUZ \n\n\nI 2,406,132 13 \n5 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n121,389 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nCons. 4 per cent. Ann. \n\n\n49,725,084 17 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n2,011,379 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n7 \n\n\nRed. 3 per cent. Ann. \n\n\n164,705,570 6 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n5,015,284 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nCons. 3 per cent. Ann. \n\n\n406,116,201 18 \n\n\n5| \n\n\n- 12,366,238 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n11 \n\n\nDef. 3 per cent. Ann. \n\n\n1,740,625 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n3 per cent. Ann. 1726 \n\n\n1,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n30,450 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBank of England \n\n\n11,686,800 \n3,662,784 8 \n\n\n\n\n\n356,502 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n5 \n\n\nSouth Sea Stock \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOld South Sea Ann. - \n\n\n11,907,470 2 \n\n\n\n\n- - 735,974 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n11 \n\n\nNew South Sea Ann. \n\n\n8,494,830 2 \n\n\n10] \n\n\n\n\n\n\nSouth Sea Ann. 1751 \n\n\n1,919,600 \n\n\n\n\n\n58,667 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nValue of Long Ann. - \n\n\n21,245,367 16 \n\n\n\n\n\n1,151,510 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nH \n\n\nDitto of Short Ann. - \n\n\n211,519 12 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n423,039 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nDitto of Life Ann. \n\n\n279,074 7 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n55,814 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nAnn. with survivorship, \n1765 \n\n\n} 18,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n540 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTontine Ann. 1789 - \n\n\n239,428 4 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n19,952 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n0i \n\n\nFunded Debt \n\n\n\xc2\xa3732,033,231 11 \n\n\n$i \n\n\n\xc2\xa324,701,484 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n6f \n\n\nNavy, victualling, and \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ntransport debt \n\n\n6,000,000 \n\n\n\xc2\xb01 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExchequer Bills \n\n\n12,000,000 \n\n\no \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDo. for Bank Charter \n\n\n3,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n> - 630,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOrdnance debt, Trea- \n\n\n\n\n0. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nsury bills, &c. \n\n\n3,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal funded and un- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfunded debt \n\n\n\xc2\xa3756,033,231 11 \n\n\nH \n\n\n\xc2\xa325,331,484 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n61 \n\n\nRedeemed by Com- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nmissioners \n\n\n117,581,858 \n\n\n\n\n\n3,316,252 14 \n\n\n9 \n\n\nTotal unredeemed debt \xc2\xa3638,451,373 1 1 \n\n\n5\xc2\xa3 \n\n\n\xc2\xa322,015,231 12 \n\n\n91 \n\n\n\nNATIONAL DEBT. \n\n\n\n251 \n\n\n\nNational Debt, progress of. In 1755 \nwe owed 72 millions. In 1776 \n122 millions. In 1786, 239 mil- \nlions. At Midsummer, 1796, 360 \nmillions. At Midsummer, 1807, \n638,451,373/. Us. 5\xc2\xb1d. And in \n\n1834, 804,860,188/ To pay the \n\nnational debt, as it stood in 1786, \nwould require nearly 47,000 lbs. \nweight in 10/. bank notes, having \n512 notes to one pound. This sum \nin cash, if put into carts, each con- \ntaining 1 000 lbs. weight, and having \ntwo horses to draw, allowing forty \nfeet to each cart, would load 5000 \ncarts, and cover 37 miles in length, \nwith a remainder of 116 carts in \nthe 38th mile. "Were it to be laid \ndown in carts in a line, it would \nextend above 4,300 miles in length. \nIn 1794 the national debt was 260 \nmillions sterling, and if a man were \nto count 100 shillings in a minute \nfor 12 hours a-day, it would take \nhim 1797 years, 283 days, 3 hours, \nand minutes. The whole of \nthis sum being 5,900 millions of \nshillings, and the coinage standard \nbeing 62 shillings in the Troy \npound, its whole weight will be \n83,709,968 lbs., which will require \n41,936 carts, each to have a ton \nweight, to convey it to any place ; \nor, supposing a man could carry \n\n\n\none hundred pounds from London \nto York, it would require 838,670 \nmen to perform it ; and if all these \nmen were to walk in a line at only \none yard distance from each other, \nthey would cover 456 miles and a \nhalf, and 70 yards. The breadth \nof a shilling being one inch, if all \nthese shillings were laid in a straight \nline, close to one another\'s edge, \nthe line they would cover would \nbe 83,070 miles, more than double \nthe circumference of the globe. \xe2\x80\x94 \nQuere. Is there in the whole uni- \nverse as much gold in circulation \nas would discharge this debt ? If \nthis is not sufficient, is there as \nmuch gold and silver in circulation \nas would be sufficient for the pur- \npose ? \n\nMoney advanced by the Bank of \nEngland for the public service, and \noutstanding on the 7th of Decem- \nber, 1798 :_ \nOn land-tax, 1797, \xc2\xa3551,000 \nDitto, 1798 - 1,880,000 \nMalt, 1797 - - 220,000 \nDitto, 1798 - 750,000 \nSupply of bills,l 798, 3,000,000 \nExchequer bills, with- \nout interest - - 376,739 9 \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa36,777,739 9 \n\n\n\n252 \n\n\n\nNATIONAL DEBT. \n\n\n\nAn Account of the Amount of the Interest of the Public Debt unre- \ndeemed and due to the National Creditor, both Funded and Unfunded, in \neach year ended 5th of January, 1798, 1799, and 1800; stating also the \nMarket Price of Gold for the corresponding dates. \n\n\n\nYears ended. \n\n\nCharge for Interest of the \n\n\nIssued for Interest \n\n\nUnredeemed Funded Debt. \n\n\nor Unfunded Debt. \n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3. \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\nr \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\n5th January, 1798, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14,327,634 \n\n\n\n\n297,722 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIreland \n\n\n505,721 \n\n\n\n\n45,128 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n14,831,355 \n\n\n\n\n342,850 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5th January, 1799, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n15,196,423 \n\n\n\n\n356,847 \n\n\n\n\n25th March, 1799, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIreland \n\n\n714,762 \n\n\n\n\n41,818 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n15,911,] 85 \n\n\n\n\n398,665 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5th January, 1800, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEngland \n\n\n15,241,462 \n\n\n\n\n1,021,626 \n\n\n\n\n25tb March, 1800, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIreland \n\n\n954,223 \n\n\n\n\n68,902 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n16,195,685 \n\n\n\n\n1,090,528 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAs in an Account presented to the House of Commons on the 1 5th of \nApril, 1824. \n\n\n\n\n\nPrice of Standard \n\n\nPrice of Foreign \n\n\n\n\nGold, in bars, \n\n\nGold, in coin, \n\n\n\n\nper ounce. \n\n\nper ounce. \n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 s. d. \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 s. d. \n\n\n5th of January, 1798 - \n\n\n3 17 101 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n1799 - - \n\n\n3 17 9 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n1800 - - \n\n\nNo price stated. \n\n\n\nAs in an Account of the Market Prices of Gold and Silver, from 1790 to \n1819, in Appendix to the Report on the Expediency of the Resumption of \nCash Payments in 1819. \n\n\n\nNational Debt of America was only \n16 millions in 1791. \n\nNational Confederation, at Paris, com- \nmemorated 14th July, 1790, in the \nField of Mars. \n\nNativity of the Virgin Mary, insti- \ntuted 695. \n\nNattier, John Mark, b. 1685, d. 1766. \n\nNaturalization, first law for, in Eng- \nland, 1487\xe2\x80\x941709. \n\nNaturalization of Jews, bill passed, \n1753; repealed Dec. following. \n\n\n\nNaumburg, founded 808. \n\nNautical inventions and considerable \n\nimprovements, 1302. \nNaval Asylum instituted by the \n\nDuke of Clarence (William IV.), \n\n1801. \n\nNaval salute to the English flag began \nin Alfred\'s reign, and has continued \never since. \n\nNavarete, J. F. X., b. 1532, d. 1572. \n\nNavigable Canals, the first in Eng- \nland, 1134. See Canals. \n\n\n\nN A V \n\n\n\nNEW \n\n\n\n253 \n\n\n\nNavigation act first passed, 1381 ; \nagain, 1541 ; again for the colo- \nnies, 1646 \xe2\x80\x94 1651, which secured \nthe trade of our colonies, 1660 \xe2\x80\x94 \n1778 , of the Thames shipping \ncommenced, 1786. \n\nNavy Office founded, 4th Dec, 1644. \n\nNavy, of France, first mentioned in \nhistory, 738, when they vanquished \nthe Frisons at sea. \n\nNavy of England, at the time of the \nSpanish Armada, was only 28 ves- \nsels, none larger than frigates. \nJames I. added ten ships of 1400 \ntons, of 64 guns, the largest then \never huilt. In the year 1808, the \nlist of the Royal Navy of England \nwas as follows : \n\nKing\'s ships in ordinary - 176 \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 in commission - 627 \n\nbuilding at dif- \nferent places - - 66 \n\nTotal - - 869 \nIn 1830 the number of commis- \nsioned ships was under 200, and \nthe number of men employed was \n30,000. \n\nNaworth Castle, Cumberland, built \n1330. \n\nNeath Abbey, Glamorganshire, built \n1150 ; castle built, 1090. \n\nNeedham, T. T., philosopher, b. 1713, \nd. 1781. % \n\nNeedham, Marchmont, political wri- \nter, b. 1620, d. 1678. \n\nNeedles were first made in England \nby a native of India, 1545, the art \nlost at his death ; recovered by \nChristopher Greening in 1560, \nwho was settled, with his three \nchildren, Elizabeth, John, and \nThomas, by Mr. Darner, ancestor \nof the present earl of Dorchester, \nat Long Crendon, in Bucks, where \nthe manufactory has been carried \non from that time to the present \nday. \n\nNeefs, P., b. 1570, d. 1651. \n\nNehemiah, the prophet, flourished \n450 B. C. \n\nNeer, Arnold Vander, b. 1 6 1 9 ,d. 1 6 83. \n\nNegro adventure, the first to Ame- \nrica, by the Spaniards, 1508 ; the \n\n. first from England, 1562. \n\n\n\nNegroes adjudged to be free in this \ncountry, 1772; declared free in \nScotland, 15th Jan. 1778. \n\nNelson, Robert, b. 1656, d. 1715. \n\nNelson, Horatio, Lord Viscount, duke \nof Bronte, b. 1758 ; fell in the \nmemorable and victorious engage- \nment off Cape Trafalgar, 21st Oct. \n1805 ; entombed in St. Paul\'s \nCathedral, London, with circum- \nstances of unusual splendour, and \nat the public expense, 9th Jan., \n1806. \n\nNemesianus, Latin poet, lived about \n\nA. D. 281. \nNennius, British historian, abbot ifl \n\nthe 7 th century. \nNepos, Cornelius, d. in the reign of \n\nAugustus. \nNero, murdered his mother 55 ; d. \n\n66, aged 32. \nNesbit, Dr., English physician, d. \n\n1761. \n\nNesbit, Alexander, heraldic writer, \n\nb. 1672, d. 1725. \nNestorius, founder of a sect, d. 439. \nNether Hall, Essex, built 1280. \nNetherlands, declared themselves a \n\nfree state, 1565 and 1789; became \n\na province to France in 1794; \n\nplaced under the sovereignty of \n\nthe house of Orange, 1814. \nNetley Abbey, Hants, built 1239 ; \n\ncastle built, 1540. \nNetscher, Gasp., a Bohemian, b. \n\n1639, d. 1684. \nNevis, planted by the English, 1628. \nNewburg, in the Upper Palatinate, \n\nwholly destroyed by fire, Aug., \n\n1800. \n\nNew Church, Strand, London, opened \n\n1st Feb. 1720. \nNew Cut, from the river Lea to \n\nLimehouse, opened 17th Sept., \n\n1770. \n\nNew Caledonia discovered 1774. \n\nNew England planted by the Puri- \ntans, 1620. \n\nNew Guinea discovered 1699. \n\nNew Holland discovered by the Dutch, \n1627; settled by the English, \n1787. \n\nNew Inn, society of, founded 1485. \nNew Jersey, in America, planted by \nthe Swedes, 1637. \n\n\n\n254 NEW \n\n\n\nNEW \n\n\n\nNew Spain, or Mexico, discovered \n1518. \n\nNew Zealand, discovered 1660; ex- \nplored in 1769. \n\nNew Plymouth, built and settled, \n1620. \n\nNew River (London) Cut, finished \nin three years\'\' time ; the engineer, \nHugh Middleton, knighted by \nKing James; runs 50 miles, and \ncrossed by 200 bridges, 1609; \nbrought to London, 1614. Com- \npany\'s office in Salisbury Court, \nbuilt 1770. \n\nNew Style introduced in chronology, \n1568; act passed, 1752. \n\nNew York settled by the Dutch, \n1608 ; university of, organised, 26th \nSept., 1832. \n\nNew York, the government house \nburnt, 29th Dec, 1773 ; great \npart of the city burnt by the pro- \nvincials, 20th Nov., 1776 ; an \naccidental fire destroyed 300 houses, \n7th Aug., 1778; set fire to by \nincendiaries, and had 70 houses \ndestroyed, 8th Dec, 1796; suf- \nfered a damage of 100,000 dollars \nby fire, 1800; dreadful fire in \nJune, 1811. \n\nNew Forest, in Hampshire, afforested \n1031. \n\nNew Testament translated into the \nChinese language by the East India \nCompany\'s translator at Canton, \nand printed 1814. \n\nNewark Castle, Nottinghamshire, \nbuilt 1140. \n\nNewark Priory, Surrey, built 1191. \n\nNewbrook House, county of Mayo, \nIreland, seat of Lord Clanmorris, \ndestroved bv fire, 2nd December, \n1833.\' \n\nNewbern, North Carolina, 160 houses \nat, destroyed by fire, 21st Sept., \n1791. \n\nNewcastle, Duke of, obtained a ver- \ndict for 21,000/. against the hun- \ndred of Boxholme, for the wanton \ndestruction of his castle of Not- \ntingham, in Oct. 1831, 9th Aug., \n1832. \n\nNewcastle-under-Line, castle at. built \n1340. \n\nNewcastle destroyed by an accidental \n\n\n\nfire, 1349 ; sustained damage to \nthe amount of 10,000/., 28th Aug., \n1750. \n\nNewcastle-upon-Tyne, built 1079 ; \ncastle of, built 1081 ; incorporated \nbv Kin? John, 1213 ; bridge re- \nbuilt 1779. \n\nNewcomb, Thomas, divine and poet, \nb. 1675, d. 1766. \n\nNewcome, William, bishop, b. 1729, \nd. 1800. \n\nNewfoundland fisheries, commenced \n\n1517 ; act passed, 1 699. \nNewfoundland, discovered bv Cabot \n\n1497 ; settled 1614. \nNewfoundland, considerable tract of \n\nwoods burned near St. John\'s, \n\n1786. \n\nNewgate, London, seven smugglers \nconfined in, knocked down the \nturnkeys and escaped, but five of \nthem were soon retaken, 31st \nMarch, 1748. \n\nNewgate built 1776. \n\nNewgate damaged by a fire in the \npress-yard, 1752 ; burned by the \nrioters, 1780; restored 1781. \n\nNewgate, London, riot amongst the \nconvicts, quelled by threatening to \nwithhold their allowance of food, \n26th Aug., 1816. \n\nNewgate, London, six felons under \nsentence of transportation, escaped \nfrom, by cutting through the roof \nof their cells, but were re-taken, \n27th Oct., 1816. \n\nNewhaff, Theodore, king of Corsica, \nd. in London 1757. \n\nNewman, Thomas, of Brislington, \nnear Bristol, d. 1542, aged 152. \n\nNewmarket, had 1000/. damage bv a \nflood, 10th June, 1755. \n\nNewport, in Shropshire, a dreadful \nfire at, when upwards of 20 houses \nwere consumed, 3rd Sept., 1749 : \nand again in 1791, when 17 dwell- \nings and 20 barns full of corn, \nwith many out offices, were de- \nstroyed. \n\nNewspapers, the first published in \nEngland, and a No. of which is in \nthe British Museum, is dated 23rd \nJuly, 1588 ; stamped 1713 ; stamp \nincreased, 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, \n1798, 1805, 1808; reduced 1833. \n\n\n\nNEW \n\n\n\nNIC 255 \n\n\n\nNewspapers were first published at \nConstantinople in 1797. The fol- \nlowing were circulated in France, \nat the expense of government, in \npaying different journalists, 1796. \nTo the editor, 150,000 livres ; to \nReal, for the Journal des Patriots \nde 1789, 500,000 y to Louvet, for \nLa Sentinelle, 500,000 ; for Bon \nHomme Richard, 500,000; for \nanother Journal, 500,000 ; and in \nthe country for the following : at \nRouseville, for l\'Orateur Plebeien, \n540,000 livres ; at Imeer la Pla- \ntiere, for the Courier de Paris, \n400,000 ; at Sibuee, for T Ami des \nLoix, 1,000,000 ; in all, 5,400,000 \nlivres per month, which makes \n65,428,000 livres per annum. \nThis, however, is evidently exag- \ngerated. \n\nA private newspaper, called the \nWeekly Courant, was printed in \nLondon in 1662. \n\nA newspaper was printed by Robert \nBarker, at Newcastle, in 1639. \n\nThe Gazette was first published at \nOxford, 22nd Aug., 1642. \n\nAfter the Revolution, the first \ndaily paper was called the Orange \nIntelligencer; and from thence \nto 1692, there were twenty-six \nnewspapers. \n\nIn 1696 there were nine weekly \npapers, but only one daily paper, \nbesides the votes of Parliament, \npublished in London. \n\nIn 1709 there were eighteen weekly \nand one daily paper, the Lon- \ndon Courant. \n\nIn 1724, there were three daily, \neight weekly, and ten evening \npapers three times a-week. \nIn 1792, in London, were pub- \nlished thirteen daily, twenty \nevening, and nine weekly pa- \npers; in the country seventy, \nand in Scotland fourteen country \nnewspapers. \n\nIn 1795, there were 38 published \nin London, 72 in the country, \n13 in Scotland, and 35 in Ire- \nland, in all 158 papers; 14 in \nLondon were daily, 10 three \n\n\n\ntimes a week, 2 twice a-week, \nand 12 weekly. \nIn 1809 there were sixty- three \npublished in London, 93 in the \ncountry, 24 in Scotland, and 57 \nin Ireland; making a total of \n217 newspapers in the United \nKingdom. \nTheir annual produce to govern- \nment in 1788, was 129,000/. \nIn 1753, the number \n\nprinted was - 7 5 41 1,757 \n\n1760 - - 9,404,790 \n\n1790 - - 14,035,639 \n\nAug. 1791 to 1792, \n\nthere were - 14,794,193 \n\nwhich yielded \xc2\xa3118,498 \nAug. 1792 to 1793 - 17,073,621 \nwhich yielded 142,280 3 7 \nThe number conveyed by post be- \nfore the improved plan by Mr. \nPalmer, was 2,000,000 per ann. \nafter the plan took place, in \n1794, they amounted to near \n12,000,000 per ann. \nNewspapers, number of, transmitted \nthrough the general post-office, \n1830, 12,962,000; ditto, to the \nBritish Colonies, 1830, 185,448. \nNewspapers, stamps for, issued in \nid. 2d. \n1821 24,862,186 \n1823 24,673,265 \n1825 26,950,693 47,450 \n1827 27,368,490 290,100 \n\n1829 28,690,611 333,037 \n\n1830 30,158,741 335,200 \nNey, Marshal, b. 1769, shot at Paris, \n\n7th Dec, 1815. \nNicene creed, compiled and appointed, \n325. \n\nNiceron, J. P., biographer, b. 1685, \nd. 1738. \n\nNicholson, William, Abp. of Cashell, \n\nantiquary, b. 1655, d. 1727. \nNicholson, William, author of many \n\nliterary and scientific works, b. \n\n1753, d. 21st May, 1815. \nNicol, del abate of Modenq, b. 1512, \n\nd. 1552. \n\nNicole, Peter, b. in France 1625, d. \n1695. \n\nNicolai, Christop., bookseller and \nauthor, b. 1733, d. 1814. \n\n\n\n256 \n\n\n\nNIC \n\n\n\nNOS \n\n\n\nNicot, T., introducer of tobacco into \nFrance, d. 1600. \n\nNiebuhr. Carster, celebrated traveller, \nb. 1733, d. 1815. \n\nNiebuhr, the celebrated Roman his- \ntorian, b. 1778, d. 2nd Jan., 1830. \n\nNieulant, a Dutchman, b. 1584, d. \n1635. \n\nNightly watch in London, bill for, \n\npassed 1812. \nNile, battle of the, fought 1st Aug. \n\n1798. \n\nNimmo, Alex., an eminent engineer, \nb. in Scotland 1783, d. at Dublin, \n1832. \n\nNine of diamonds, called the curse \nof Scotland, from the Duke of \nCumberland having written his \nsanguinary orders on the back of \nthat card, after the battle of Cul- \nloden, 1745. \n\nNivelle de la Chaussee, dramatist, b. \n1692, d. 1754. \n\nNivernois, duke de, b. 1716, d. 1798. \n\nNoah, directed to build the ark, 1536 \nA. M., 120 before the flood ; d. \n1998 B.C., aged 950. \n\nNobility of France renounced their \npecuniary privileges, 23rd May, \n1789. \n\nNoblemen , sprivilegesrestrained,1773. \n\nNoble Passion, order of knighthood, \nin Saxe Weisenfels, began 1704. \n\nNoble, William, an English artist, \nb. 1780, d. 1831. \n\nNocton, seat of Lord Rippon, Lin- \ncolnshire, destroyed by fire, 15th \nJuly, 1834. \n\nNollet, Abbe, learned philosopher, b. \n1700, d. 1770. \n\nNonius, Spanish physician and ma- \nthematician, inventor of the angles \nof 45 degrees in every meridian, \nb. 1497, d. 1577. \n\nNonjurors double taxed, 27th May, \n1723, and obliged to register their \nestates. \n\nNootka, on the N. W. of America, \ndiscovered 1778 ; settled by the \nEnglish, 1787. \n\nNorbury, Lord, the facetious Irish \njudge, b. 1746, d. 1831. \n\nNorden, F., the designer, d. 1742. \n\nNorham Castle, Durham, built 1100. \n\n\n\nNorfolk, Duke of, beheaded on Tower \n\nHill, 8th May, 1575. \nNorman, John, the first Lord Mayor \n\nof London that went by water to \n\nWestminster to be sworn, 1453. \nNormandy, erected into a dukedom, \n\n876. \n\nNorris, Rev. John, b. 1657, d. 1711. \nNorris, Sir John, English admiral, d. \n1749. \n\nNorth, Francis, Lord Guilford, b. \nabout 1640, d. 1685. \n\nNorth^R., attorney-general, d. 1733. \n\nNorth, Frederic, lord prime minister, \nb. 1732, d. 1792. \n\nNorth America, first discovered by \nSebastian Cabot, a Venetian, 1497, \nsettled in 1610. \n\nNorthampton town, burned down \n3rd Sept., 1675. \n\nNorthamptonshire navigation begun, \n7th Aug., 1761. \n\nNorthcote, James, an eminent Eng- \nlish artist, b. 1746, d. 1831. \n\nNorth-east passage to Russia dis- \ncovered, 1553. \n\nNorth-west passage attempted by Cap- \ntain Phillips, afterwards Lord Mul- \ngrave, 1773. \n\nNorthumberland Dudley, beheaded \nfor attempting to put Lady Jane \nGrey on the English throne, 1553. \n\nNorthumberland, Earl of, beheaded \nat York 1572. \n\nNorthumberland, kingdom of, began \n547 ; ended 828. \n\nNorton Priory, Cheshire, bit. 1210. \n\nNorton, Thos., one of the translators \nof the Psalms, d. about 1584. \n\nNorway attached to Sweden, and \nCharles XIII. of Sweden proclaimed \nking of, 4th Nov., 1814. \n\nNorwich, the lake at, opened, and the \nsalt water admitted, by which all \nthe fish were destroyed, 3rd June, \n1831. \n\nNorwich Cathedral begun 1096. \nNorwich, riot at, and several lives \n\nlost, 1 2th June, 1828. \nNorwood, Richard, measured a degree \n\nin England, 1632, which was the \n\nfirst accurate measure. \nNostradamus, Michael, physician and \n\nastrologer, b. 1503, d. 1566. \n\n\n\nNOT \n\n\n\nOGL 257 \n\n\n\nNotary Public, profession of, began \n\nin tbe first century. \nNotes and bills first stamped, 1782 ; \n\nadvanced 1796, 1808, 1815. \nNotre Dame, cburcb of, at Paris, \n\nbuilt 1270. \nNotre Dame, Paris, bell in tbe churcb \n\nof, baptized and named after the \n\nDuke and Duchess of Angouleme, \n\nthe Prince de Foix and Duchess \n\nde Damas being proxies, 15th \n\nNov., 1816. \nNottingham built 924. \nNottingham Castle, the seat of the \n\nDuke of Newcastle, built 1068; \n\ndestroyed by rioters, 1831. \nNottingham town entirely destroyed \n\nby fire, 1140. \nNova Castello, in Calabria, Italy, and \n\nseveral villages near it, destroyed \n\nby an earthquake, 30th Sept. , 1789. \n\n\n\nNova Scotia, settled 1622;^ about \n3750 families sailed from England \nfor this settlement, 27th April, \n1749 ; divided into two provinces, \n1784. \n\nNova Zembla discovered 1553. \nNowell, Alexander, b. about 1507, \nd. 1601. \n\nNoy, Yim., lawyer, b. 1577, d. 1634. \nNugent, Robert Craggs, Earl, poet, \nd. 1788. \n\nNugent, Thomas, L.L.D., miscella- \nneous writer, d. 27th May, 1772. \n\nNuneaton Nunnery, Warwickshire, \nbuilt 1170. \n\nNunnery, the first in England at \nFolkstone, 630. \n\nNutley Abbey, Bucks., built 1162. \n\nNutmeg trees first planted in Ja- \nmaica, 1782. \n\nNuzzi, b. 1603, d, 1673. \n\n\n\nO \n\nAK of Navarre, order of knight- \nhood, began in Spain, 722. \n\nOak sawdust first discovered useful \nin tanning, 1765. \n\nOakham castle, Rutlandshire, built \n1162. \n\nOakhampton castle, Devon, built \n1058. \n\nOates, Titus, the infamous, b. about \n\n1619, d. 1705. \nOath of abjuration first required, \n\n1701. \n\nObadiah prophesied 587 B.C. \n\nO\'Beirne, Dr., bishop of Meath, b. \nabout 1748, d. 1822. \n\nOccleve, Thomas, poet and successor \nto Chaucer, flourished 1420. \n\nOccam, William, d. 1347. \n\nOchotsk, in Siberia, a dreadful gale \nof wind at, from the south-east, \ncame on towards the end of Jan. \n1810, which lasted two days ; the \nAvaters of the Ochotsk rose 12 feet, \nflowed over the tops of the houses, \nand a transport was driven into the \nmiddle of the town. \n\nOckley, Simon, historian and orien- \ntalist, b. 1678, d. 1720. \n\nO\'Connell, Dan., a Roman Catholic, \n\n\n\nreturned to parliament\' for county \nClare, Ireland, 5th July, 1823. \n\nO\'Connor, Roderic, last Irish mon- \narch, d. 1198, very old. \n\nOdell, Thos. , dramatic writer, d. 1749. \n\nOdiam castle, Hants., built 1190. \n\nOdorici de Agabbio flourished 1275. \n\nOdozzi, John, engraver, b. 1663, d. \n1731. \n\nOffa\'s dyke made, 774. \n\nOffan, near Stratford-upon-Avon, sus- \ntained damage of 2000/. by fire, \n14th May, 1754. \n\nOfficers of the board of works, great \nwardrobe, treasurer of the cham- \nber, and jewel office, with the board \nof green cloth, and cofferer of the \nhousehold, abolished by parliament, \nJuly, 1781. \n\nOgden, Samuel, divine and writer, \nb. 1716, d. 1778. \n\nOgilby, John, the geographer, b.16\'00, \nd. 1676. \n\nOgilvie, Dr. John, poet, b. 1733, d. \n1814. \n\nOgle, J., English poet, the modern- \n\nizer of Chaucer, d. 1746. \nOgle, Sir Chaloner, brave English \n\nadmiral, d. 1750. \n\n\n\n258 OGL \n\n\n\nOLD \n\n\n\nOglethorpe, general, b. 1698, d. 1785. \nO\'Hara, Kane, Irish dramatic writer, \nd. 1784. \n\nOil consumed in London in 1795 \ncost 300,000/. \n\nO\'Keefe, John, celebrated dramatic \nauthor, b. at Dublin 1 747, d. 4th \nFeb. 1833. \n\nOld Bailey sessions house built 1773 : \nenlarged, 1808. \n\nOld Bailey sessions proved fatal to \nthe lord mayor, one alderman, two \njudges, the greatest part of the \njury, and numbers of spectators, \nwho caught the gaol distemper and \ndied, May, 1750 ; again fatal to \nseveral, 1772. \n\nOld Bailey, 28 persons killed at, dur- \ning the execution of Mr. Steel\'s \nmurderers, 23rd Feb., 1807. \n\nOld Testament, events of, arranged \nin the order of their dates : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n4003. The birth of Cain, the first who \nwas born of a woman. \xe2\x80\x94 Abel is \nborn soon after. \n\n3875. Abel is murdered by Cain, be- \ncause his sacrifice was more accept- \nable to God. \n\n3874. Seth born, whose offspring \nwere the children of God, by way \nof distinction from those of Cain, \nwho were named the children of \nmen. \n\n3017. Enoch, for his piety, is trans- \nlated to heaven. \n\n2469. The term of 120 years is \nallowed by God for the repentance \nof the world, before the Deluge : \nthis is communicated to Noah, who \nis sent to them as a preacher of \nrighteousness. \n\n2349. On the tenth day of the second \nmonth, which was on Sunday, 30th \nNov., God commanded Noah to \nenter into the ark with his family, \n&c, and on Sunday, 7th Dec, it \nbegan to rain, and rained 40 days ; \nand the Deluge continued 150 days. \n\n2348. The ark rested on Mount \nArarat, on Wednesday, 6th May ; \nthe tops of the mountains became \nvisible on Sunday, 19th July; and \non Friday, 18th Dec, Noah came \nout of the ark, with all that were \nwith him. \xe2\x80\x94 He built an altar, and \n\n\n\nsacrificed to God for his deliver- \nance. \n\n2247. The Tower of Babel is built \nabout this time, by Noah\'s pos- \nterity, in the Vail of Shinar, upon \nwhich God miraculously confounds \ntheir language, and thus disperses \nthem into different nations. \n\n1996. Abram, the patriarch, b. at \nUr, in Chaldsea ; d. 1821, aged 175. \n\n1927. Sarah, wife to Abram, born; \nd. 1859, aged 127. \n\n1925. Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, \nsubdues the five kings of Sodom, \nGomorrha, Adama, Seboim, and \nZoar. \n\n1921. The covenant of God made \nwith Abram, when he leaves \nHaran to go into Canaan, on the \n15th of Abib, or Wednesday, \n4th May, which begins the 430 \nyears of sojourning. \xe2\x80\x94 Abram and \nLot go into Egypt for famine, and \nreturn the next year, when they \nseparate, the one for Sodom, and \nthe other to Hebron. \n\n1912. The five kings rebelling against \nChedorlaomer are defeated by him. \n\xe2\x80\x94 He plunders Sodom, and car- \nries off Lot captive Abram pur- \nsues and defeats Chedorlaomer, and \n\nrescues Lot On his return he \n\nreceives the benediction of Mel- \nchizedek, king of Salem, the priest \nof the Most High God. \n\n1910. Ishmael is born to Abram by \nHagar ; d. 1773, aged 137. \n\n1897. The covenant is renewed with \nAbram, in memorial of which cir- \ncumcision is instituted, and his \nname changed to Abraham. The \ncities of Sodom, &c. are destroyed \nfor their wickedness by fire from \n\nHeaven Lot, with his wife and \n\ntwo daughters, leave Sodom before- \nhand, being warned ; his wife look- \ning back is turned into a pillar of \nsalt. \n\n1896. Isaac born to Abraham by \nSarah, 90 years old ; d. in 1716, \naged 180. \n\n1871. The faith of Abraham is proved \nin offering to sacrifice his son Isaac, \nwho was then 25 years old. \n\n1836. Esau and Jacob are born to \n\n\n\nOLD TESTAMENT. \n\n\n\n259 \n\n\n\nIsaac by Rebecca, after above 19 \nyears\' barrenness. \n1821. Abraham dies, being 1 75 years \nold. \n\n1759. Jacob, having received his \nfather\'s blessing, goes to Haran to \nhis uncle Laban, and marries his \ntwo daughters. \n\n1739. Jacob returns into Canaan, \nafter a 20 years\' servitude under \nLaban. \n\n1731. Dinah, Jacob\'s daughter, is \nravished by Shechem. He and \nall his people are treacherously \nput to death on the third day after \ncircumcision, by Simeon and Levi. \n\n1728. Joseph is sold into Egypt by \nhis brethren. \n\n1715. Joseph interprets Pharaoh\'s \n\ndreams, and is promoted The \n\nseven years of plenty begin. \n\n1708. The seven years of famine \nbegin ; and the year after, Joseph\'s \nten brethren come into Egypt for \ncorn. \n\n1706. Joseph discovers himself to \nhis brethren, and, at Pharaoh\'s \ndesire, sends for Jacob and his \nfamily into Egypt. \n\n1704. All the money in Egypt and \nCanaan is collected by Joseph into \nPharaoh\'s treasury ; and the year \nfollowing they sell him their herds \nand flocks. \n\n1702. The property of all the lands \nin Egypt is sold to Joseph, who \nlets them out with a perpetual tax \nof the fifth part of their produce. \n\n1689. Jacob on his death-bed, adopts \nManasseh and Ephraim, the two \nsons of Joseph ; and collecting all \nhis children, blesses them, foretels \nmany things, particularly the com- \ning of the Messiah ; he died aged \n147, having resided 17 years in \nEgypt. \n\n1635. Joseph foretels the egress of \nthe Israelites from Egypt, and dies, \naged 110, having been prefect of \nEgypt for eighty years. \xe2\x80\x94 His death \nconcludes the Book of Genesis, \nwhich contains a period of 2369 \nyears. \n\n1574. Aaron born ; and the year \nafter Pharaoh publishes an edict \n\n\n\nfor drowning all male children of \nthe Israelites. \n\n1252. The fourth servitude of the \nIsraelites, under the Midianites, \nwhich continues 7 years. \n\n1206. The Israelites being given to \nidolatry, are delivered by God into \nthe hands of the Philistines and \nAmmonites. This is their fifth \nservitude, and continues 1 8 years. \n\n1188. Jephtha, the seventh judge of \nIsrael, for six years. \xe2\x80\x94 He defeats \nthe Ammonites, and rashly makes \na vow, which deprives him of his \ndaughter He chastises the inso- \nlence of the Ephraimites, having \nkilled 42,000 of them in battle. \n\n1182. Ibzan, the eighth judge of \nIsrael, for seven years. \n\n1 1 75. Elon, the ninth judge of Israel,, \nfor ten years. \n\n1165. Abdon, the tenth judge of \nIsrael, for eight years. \n\n1157. Eli, the high priest, eleventh \njudge of Israel, for 40 years. \n\n1156. The sixth servitude of the \nIsraelites, under the Philistines, \nwhich continues 40 years. \n\n1096. The Philistines are defeated \nby Samuel, at Eben-ezer. \n\n1095. The Israelites ask a king, \nwhich is granted, though with God\'s \ndispleasure ; and Saul is anointed \nby Samuel to be their king. \n\n1093. Saul defeats the Philistines. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Before this they did not allow \nhim a smith in all his kingdom. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSaul is rejected of God for disobe- \ndience with regard to the Amalek- \nites; and David, when 22 years \nold, is anointed by Samuel to be \nking after Saul. \n\n1062. David, finding that Saul sought \nhis life, retired into the deserts of \nJudah. \n\n1056. David retires among the Phi- \nlistines, who give him Ziklag, \nwhere he is one year and four \nmonths. \n\n1055. Saul consults the witch of \nEndor, and is totally defeated by \nthe Philistines next day, upon \nMount Gilboa. \xe2\x80\x94 Three of his sons \nare slain, upon which he kills him- \nself. \n\n\n\n260 \n\n\n\nOLD TESTAMENT. \n\n\n\n1048. Jerusalem taken by David \nfrom the Jebusites, and made the \n, seat of his kingdom. \n\n1034. David is reproved by Nathan \nfor his adultery, &c, and repents. \n\n1023. Absalom rebels against David, \nand takes Jerusalem ; but is de- \nfeated and killed by Joab. \n\n1012. Solomon begins the building \nof the Temple, 480 years after the \ngoing out from Egypt. \n\n1004. The Temple is solemnly dedi- \ncated on Friday, 30th Oct., 1000. \n\n992. Solomon finishes the building \nof his palace, which, with that of \nthe Temple, employed him twenty \nyears. \n\n975. The division of the kingdom of \n.Judah and Israel. Jeroboam sets \nup two golden calves, one at Dan \nand the other at Bethel, to prevent \nhis subjects going to worship at \nJerusalem. \n\n971. Shishak, king of Egypt, takes \nJerusalem, and carries off the trea- \nsures of the Temple and of the \npalace. \n\n941. Zerah, the Ethiopian, with one \nmillion men, totally defeated by \nkingAsa, in the valley of Zephathah. \n\n940. Benhadad, king of Syria, attacks \nBaasha, king of Israel, and takes \nseveral of his cities. \n\n896. Elijah, the prophet, is taken up \ninto heaven. \n\n878. Athaliah, queen of Judah, is \nput to death by order of the high \npriest Jehoiada, surnamed Johanan. \n\n839. The army of. Hazael, king of \nSyria, desolates great part of the \nkingdom of Judah. \n\n807. Ahab is killed by the Syrians \nin the battle of Ramoth Gilead, \naccording to the prophecy of Mi- \ncaiah ; upon this the Moabites re- \nvolt, having been tributary from \nthe days of king David. \n\n787. Amos prophecies against Jero- \nboam, second king of Israel. \n\n785. Hosea, the prophet, lived; d. \nin 721. \n\n771. Azariah, king of Judah, presum- \ning to burn incense, is struck with \nleprosy, which continues till his \ndeath. \n\n\n\n757. Isaiah, the prophet, begins to \nprophesy, and continues it for above \n60 years. \n\n731. Habakkuk, the prophet, flour- \nished about this time. \n\n721. Samaria taken after three years\' \nsiege, and the kingdom of Israel \nfinished by Shalmaneser, king of \nAssyria. \n\n717. Tyre is besieged in vain for \nabout five years by Shalmaneser, \nking of Assyria. \n\n710. Sennacherib\'s army destroyed \nby an angel in one night, to the \namount of 185,000 men. \n\n677. Manasseh, king of Judah, is \ntaken prisoner,and carried in chains \nto Babylon. \n\n641. Amon, king of Judah, is treach- \nerously put to death by his domes- \ntic servants. \n\n627. Jeremiah, the prophet ; d. 577. \n\n626. Zephaniah, the prophet, flour- \ni shed. \n\n608. Josiah, king of Judah, is slain \nin battle at Megiddo in the spring, \nby Pharaoh Necho, king of Egypt. \n\n605. The beginning of the captivity. \n\n597. Jehoiachim, king of Judah, is \ncarried away captive by Nebuchad- \nnezzar to Babylon. \n\n587. The city of Jerusalem taken by \nNebuchadnezzar, after a siege of \neighteen months, 9th June. \n\n586. The temple of Jerusalem is \nburnt on the seventh day in the \nfifth month. \n\n558. Daniel, the prophet, lived. \n\n528. Haggai and Zachariah, the pro- \nphets, flourished about this time. \n\n458. Ezra is sent from Babylon to \nJerusalem with the captive Jews, \nand the vessels of gold and silver, \n&c, by Artaxerxes, in the seventh \nyear of his reign, being 70 weeks \nof years, or 490 years before the \ncrucifixion of our Saviour. \n\n456. Nehemiah, the prophet, lived. \n\n436. Malachi, the last of the pro- \nphets. \n\n430. The history of the Old Testa- \nment finishes about this time. \n\nOldcastle, Sir John, the protestant \nmartyr, hanged and burnt without \nTemple Bar, 1417- \n\n\n\nOLD \n\n\n\nORL 261 \n\n\n\nOldenburg, duchess of, on visiting \nEngland was escorted into London \nby a party of light horse, 31st \nMarch, 1814; left England with \nthe emperor of Russia and king of \nPrussia, 27th June, 1814; mar- \nried to the duke of Wurtemburg, \n23rd Jan. 1816. \n\nOldfield, Mrs. Anne, celebrated ac- \ntress, b. 1683, d. 1730. \n\nOldham, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nOldham, J., poet, b. 1653, d. 1683. \n\nOldmixon, John, historian, b. 1673, \nd. 1742. \n\nOldys, William, antiquary and writer, \nb. 1696, d. 1761. \n\nO\'Leary, Dr. Arthur, eminent Catho- \nlic priest, d. 4th Jan., 1802. \n\nOliver, Isaac, d. 1617, aged 61. \n\nOliver, P., his son, d. 1654, aged 80. \n\nOlives first planted in Italy, B.C. 562. \n\nOlveston priory, Lincolnshire, built \n1058. \n\nOlympiads \xe2\x80\x94 first in 776 ; 2nd in \n772 ; 3rd in 768 ; 4th in 764 ; \n5th in 760 ; 7th in 752 ; 10th in \n740 ; 13th in 723 ; 15th in 720 ; \n16th in 716; 17th in 712; 21st \nin 696 ; 23rd in 688 ; 24th in \n684; 25th in 680; 27th in 672; \n28th in 668 ; 29th in 664 , 39th \nin 624; 43rd in 608; 46th in \n590 ; 55th in 560 ; 56th in 556 ; \n60th in 540 ; 61st in 536 B.C. \n\nOmnibus coaches first introduced into \nLondon, July, 1828. \n\nOpera-house, Haymarket, opened, \n1704; burnt, 1789 ; and the foun- \ndation of a new one laid, 3rd April, \n1790 ; and used as a playhouse, \n22nd Sept. 1791. \n\nOpera-house, new, built on the site \nof the Lyceum in the Strand, 1816. \n\nOpera-house, English, Strand, burned \ndown, 16th Feb. 1830 ; new house \nopened, 14th July, 1834. \n\nOpera, the first in London, was in \nYork buildings in 1692; the first \nat Drury-lane was in 1705; by \nHandel, in 1735. \n\nOpera-house at Rome, the roof fell \nin, 18th Jan. 1762. \n\nOpie, John, British artist and author, \nb. 1761, d. 1807. \n\n\n\nOppian, Greek poet, flourished about \nthe year 200. \n\nOran, in Africa, with the greatest \npart of its inhabitants, destroyed \nby an earthquake, 8th Oct., 1790. \n\nOrange, William, 1st prince of, assas- \nsinated 30th June, 1584. \n\nOrange, prince of, embarked at Deal \nfor Holland, 25th Nov. 1813; \nmade his solemn entry into Ams- \nterdam, as sovereign prince of the \nunited Netherlands, 2nd Dec. 1813; \nhis sovereignty confirmed by the \nallied princes, Feb. 1815 ; inaugu- \nrated at Brussels, 2 1st Sept. 1815 ; \nhereditary prince of, married to the \ngrand duchess Anna Paulowna, sis- \nter of the emperor of Russia, June, \n1816. \n\nOransey abbey, Scotland, built 567. \n\nOratorio, the first in London, was per- \nformed at Lincoln\'s Inn playhouse, \nPortugal-street, 1732. < \n\nOrbits of the planets first determined \nby a Saxon clergyman, 1681. \n\nOrbits parabolic, of comets, explained, \n1680. \n\nOrdeal bv fire and water abolished, \n1261. " \n\nOrdo disciplinarum, order of knight- \nhood in Bohemia, began by the \nEmperor Sigismund. \n\nOxford Castle, Suffolk, built 1066. \n\nOrcagna, And., a Florentine painter, \nb. 1329, d. 1389. \n\nOrgans first brought into Europe \nfrom the Greek empire ; improved \nand applied to religious worship in \nchurches, 758. \n\nOriano, at Naples, nearly destroyed \nby an earthquake, 20th Nov., \n1782. \n\nOriel College, Oxford, founded 1337. \n\nOrigen, d.254, aged 69. \n\nOrkney Isles, sold by Denmark to \n\nScotland, 839; re-granted, 1468. \nOrleans, Duke of, assassinated at \n\nParis, 23rd Nov., 1407, by order \n\nof the Duke of Burgundy. \nOrleans, Duke of, regent of France, \n\nd. 1752. \n\nOrleans, the infamous duke of, or \n. Egalite, guillotined 5th Nov., 1793. \nOrleans, Peter J. d\\ historian, b. \n1644, \n\n\n\n262 R M \n\n\n\nOWE \n\n\n\nOrme, Robert, historian, b. 1728, d. \n1801. \n\nOrmond, Duke of, impeached 21st \nJune, 1715 ; retired to France \nAug. following ; 10,000/. reward \noffered by Ireland for taking him, \n19th Jan., 171 8-19 ; 5000/. offered \nby the English, March 1718-19; \ndied in France, and was brought \nto England, and was buried at \nWestminster, 22nd May, 1749. \n\nOrphan\'s charity fund originated in \nLondon about the year 1391. \n\nOrpheus, the poet, flourished 576 \nB.C. \n\nOrpington, extensive farm-yard of \nMr. Biggs, at, with numerous ricks \nof corn, destroyed by fire, 2nd \nOct., 1813. \n\nOrrery, the first constructed was by \nMr. Grattan : it is called after \nLord Orrery, and was invented in \n1670. \n\nOrsato, Sertorio, the antiquary, poet, \nand historian, b. 1617, d. 1678. \n\nOrsato, John Baptist, physician, b. \n1674, d. 1720. \n\nOrt, Adam Van, a painter, b. 1557, \nd. 1641. \n\nOrtelius, Abraham, the geographer, \n\nb. 1527, d. 1598. \nOrton, Job, an English dissenting \n\nminister, author of " Letters to a \n\nYoung Clergyman," b. 1717, d. \n\n19th July, 1783. \nOrville, James Philip d\', critic, b. \n\n1696, d. 1751. \nOsborn and his wife murdered at \n\nTring, Hertfordshire, for supposed \n\nwitchcraft, 22nd April, 1751. \nOsborne, Francis, historian, b. 1589, \n\nd. 1659. \n\nOsnaburgh, bishopric estab., 1780. \n\nOssat, Cardinal d\\ b. 1526, d. 1604. \n\nOssian flourished as a poet in 300. \n\nOstervald, John Frederick, the di- \nvine, b. 1663, d. 1747. \n\nOstade, Adrian Van, an admired \nDutch painter, b. 1610, d. 1685. \n\nOstend, in Flanders, endured a siege \nof three years, and the garrison \nand inhabitants, reduced by famine, \nsurrendered on capitulation to the \nSpaniards, 1604; attempted to be \naaken by the French, but the \n\n\n\nscheme miscarried, with great loss \nto them, owing to the minister \nhaving been deceived by his agents, \n1 658 ; India company chartered, \n1722 ; suppressed by the treaty at \nVienna, 1731 ; made a free port, \n15th June, 1784; surrendered to \nthe French in 1792 ; was taken by \nthe English in 1793 ; and in 1794, \nwith all the Netherlands, surren- \ndered to tbe French; restored 1814. \n\nOstrogoths, their kingdom began in \nItaly, 476 ; ended 554; \n\nOswego Fort, on Lake Ontario, North \nAmerica, built 1727 ; rebuilt 1759. \n\nOsyth\'s, St., Priory, Essex, bit. 1120. \n\nOtaheite, or George III. Island, dis- \ncovered 18th June, 1765. \n\nOtho, Venius, a painter, b. at Ley- \nden 1556, d. 1634. \n\nOtho, Emperor of Germany, visited \nEngland 1207. \n\nOtho, the first king of Greece, b. 1st \nJune, 1815. \n\nOthniel, the first of the judges, de- \nfeats Chushan, and gives rest to \nIsrael, in the 40th year after the \nrest given by Joshua, 1405. The \ntribe of Benjamin almost totally \ndestroyed by the other eleven \ntribes, for their cruel usage of the \nwife of a Levite. It happened \nwhile Phineas was highpriest, 1390. \n\nOttery Priory, Devon., built 1060. \n\nOttoman empire began 1293. \n\nOttoman, first emperor of the Turks, \n1329. \n\nOtway, Thomas, English poet, b. \n1652, d. 1685. \n\nOuse Bridge, at York, rebuilt 1566. \n\nOughtred, Rev. William, mathema- \ntician, b. 1373, d. 1485. \n\nOur Lady, and St. George of Mon- \ntesa, order of knighthood in Spain, \n1317. \n\nOverbury, Sir Thomas, b. 1581, poi- \nsoned in the Tower, 15th Sept., \n1613, aged 32. \n\nOvid, b. at Sulmo 43 B.C., d. 17 A.C. \n\nOwen, Rev. Dr. J., d.1603, aged 66. \n\nOwen, Rev. Henry, b. 1716, d. 1795. \n\nOwen, John, epigrammatist, d. 1622. \n\nOwen, Rev. J., divine, one of the \nfounders of the Bible Society, d. \n1822. \n\n\n\nOWE \n\n\n\nP A I 263 \n\n\n\nOwen Glendowr, born 1348, died \n1415. \n\nOwhyhee Island discovered, 1778. \n\nOxford University, founded by Al- \nfred, 886 ; its castle built, 1071 ; \narchdeaconry erected, 1092; Beau- \nmont-place finished about 1128; \nchancellor\'s court estab., 1244; \nbishopric taken from Lincoln, and \nfounded, 1541 ; first public lecture \nin Arabic read there, 1636 ; new \ntheatre built, 1669 ; a terrible fire \nat, 1644 ; again 1671 ; one wing of \nQueen\'s College burnt, 19th Dec, \n1778 ; library built, 1745 ; hospital \nbegun, 1st May, 1772 ; observatory I \nbuilt, 1772 ; visited by George III. \n&c, 12th Oct., 1785. \n\nOxford, Chancellors of, since the \nRevolution : \xe2\x80\x94 \nJames, Duke of Ormond, installed, , \n\n1688. \nEarl of Arran, 1715. \n\n\n\nJohn, Earl of Westmoreland, 1759. \nGeorge Henry, Earl of Litchfield, \n1762. \n\nFrederick, Lord North, late Earl of \n\nGuildford. 1772. \nWilliam Henry, Duke of Portland, \n\n1792. \n\nWilliam Windham Grenville, Lord \n\nGrenville, 1809. \nArthur, Duke of Wellington, 1834. \n\nOxford Assizes, memorable by the \ndeath of the sheriffs and 300 per- \nsons, who caught the infection from \nprisoners, 1577. \n\nOxford Castle built 1074. \n\nOxford-street Bazaar, burnt down \n27th May, 1829. \n\nOxenstiern, a celebrated Swedish \nstatesman, b. 1583, d. 1654. \n\nOzanam, James, an eminent mathe- \nmatician, b. 1640, d. 1717. \n\nOzell, John, translator and writer, d. \nOct., 1743. \n\n\n\nP. \n\n\n\nP A AS, Crispin, engraver, fi. 1610. \n\nPace, Michael Angelo, painter, b. \n1610, d. 1670. \n\nPace, Richard, Dean of St. Paul\'s, d. \n1532, aged 50. \n\nPacket from Milford Haven to Ire- \nland, established 1787. \n\nPacket from Holyhead to Kingstown, \nIreland, established 1834. \n\nPacuvius, Marcus, a Roman poet, \nflourished about 154 B.C. \n\nPadlocks were first invented at Nu- \nremburg, 1540. \n\n\n\nPadua built, B.C. 1269 ; surrounded \nwith a wall by the Venetians, \n1019. \n\nPaesiello, John, a musician, b. 9th \nMay, 1740, d. 5th June, 1816. \n\nPagan,Count, mathematician, b.1604, \nd. 1665. \n\nPagani, artist, b. 1558, d. 1605. \n\nPagi, Anthony, the critic, b. 1624, d. \n1699. \n\nPaine, Thomas, b. at Thetford, Nor- \nfolk, 1737, d. at New York, N. \nAmerica, 8th June, 1809. \n\n\n\n264 \n\n\n\nPAINTERS. \n\n\n\nPainters, a Table of the most eminent, of the old \nschool, with a scale of their respective merits : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\nCom- \nposi- \ntion. \n\n\nDe- \nsign. \n\n\nCo- \nlour- \ning. \n\n\nEx- \npres- \nsion. \n\n\nSCHOOL. \n\n\nNAME. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLorn. \n\n\nAibano, h. 1578, d. 1660 - \n\n\n14 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nAlbert Durer, b. 1471, d. 1528 - \n\n\n8 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nRom. ) \n& Flor. i \n\n\nAndrea del Sarto, b. 1471, d. 1520 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nBaroccio, b. 1528, d. 1612 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nJames Bassano, b. 1510, d. 1592 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n\n\n\nVen. \n\n\nJohn Bellini, b. 1422, d. 1512 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n\n\n\nFr. \n\n\nBourdon, b. 1616, d. 1671 - \n\n\n10 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nFr. \n\n\nLe Brun, b. 1619, d. 1690 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n16 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nClaude Lorraine., b. 1600, d. 1682 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n\n\nLom. \n\n\nCaracci, b. 1560, d. 1609 - \n\n\n15 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nLorn. \n\n\nCoreggio, b. 1494, d. 1534 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n12 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nDaniel de Volterra, b. 1509, d. 1566 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nDiepenbeck, b. 1607, d. 1675 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nLom. \n\n\nDomenichino, b. 1581, d. 1641 - \n\n\n15 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n17 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nGiulio Romano, b. 1492, d. 1546 - . - \n\n\n15 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n14 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nGiorgione, b. 1477, d. 1511 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nLom. \n\n\nGuercino, b. 1590, d. 1666 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nLom. \n\n\nGuido, b. 1574, d. 1642 \n\n\n\n\n\n13 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n12 . \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nHolbein, b. 1498, d. 1544 , - \n\n\n9 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nJames Jordaens, b. 1594, d. 1678 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nLuoa Giordano, b. 1629, d. 1704 - \n\n\n13 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nLom. \n\n\nLanfranco, b. 1581, d. 1647 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n5 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nLeonardo da Vinci, b. 1445, d. 1520 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n14 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nLucas ofLeyden,b. 1404, d. 1533 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nMichael Angelo Buonarotti,b.l474, d.1563 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nLom. \n\n\nMichael de Caravaggio, b. 1569, d. 1609 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n\n\nVen. \n\n\nMutiano, b. 1528, d. 1589 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nOtho Venius, b. 1556, d. 1634 - \n\n\n13 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nPalma the Elder, b. 1460, d. 1556 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n\n\nVen. \n\n\nPalma the Younger, b. 1544, d. 1628 - \n\n\n12 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nParmegiano, b. 1503, d. 1540 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nPaul Veronese, b. 1532, d. 1588 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n3 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nPierino del Vaga, b. 1500, d. 1547 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nPietro de Cortona, b. 1596, d. 1669 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nPietro Perugino, b. 1446*, d. 1 524 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nPolidore de Caravaggio, b. 1495, d. 1543 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n\n\n\n15 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nPordenone, b. 1484, d. 1540 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n5 \n\n\nFr. \n\n\nPoussin, Nich., b. 1594, d. 1665 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n15 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nPrimaticcio, b. 1490, d. 1570 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n10 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nRaffaelle,b. 1483, d. 1520 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n18 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nRembrandt, b. 1606, d. 1674 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n12 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nRubens, b. 1577, d. 1640 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n17 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nSalviati, Fra., b. 1510, d. 1563 - \n\n\n13 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n8 \n\n\nFr. \n\n\nLe Sueur, b. 1617, d. 1655 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n15 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nTeniers, b. 1582, d. 1649 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nPietro Testa, b. 1 6 1 1, d. 1 650 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n\n\n\n6 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nTintoretto, b. 1512, d. 1594 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n4 \n\n\nVen. \n\n\nTitian, b. 1477, d. 1576 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n6 \n\n\nFlem. \n\n\nVandyck,b. 1599, d. 1641 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nVanni, b. 1563, d. 1610 - - \n\n\n13 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n13 \n\n\nRom. \n\n\nZucchero, Taddeo, b. 1529, d. 1566 - \n\n\n13 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n\nP A I \n\n\n\nPAR \n\n\n\n265 \n\n\n\nPainting, the art of, first introduced \nat Rome from Etruria by Quintus, \nwho on that account was called Pic- \ntor, 291 B.C. The first excellent \npictures were brought from Corinth \nto Rome by Murninius, 146 B. C. \nIn oil, said to have been invented \nby John Van Eyck, who, with his \nbrother Hubert, were the founders \nof the Flemish school, 1415. In \nChiaro Oscuro, 1500, introduced \ninto Venice by Venetian\xc2\xa9, 1450: \ninto Italy, by Antonello, 1476. \n\nPaislev Monastery, Scotland, founded \n1160. \n\nPajou, Aug., sculptor, b. 1730, d. \n1809. \n\nPalafox, John de, historian, b. 1600, \nd. Bishop of Osma, Old Castile, \n1659. \n\nPalermo, in Sicily, destroyed by an \nearthquake, 21st Aug., 1726. \n\nPalev, Dr. William, archdeacon of \nCarlisle, b. 1743, d. 25th May, \n1805. \n\nPalissy, Bernard de, a French artist, \nwho discovered the method of \napplving enamel to stone-ware, b. \n\n\' about 1524, d. 1590. \n\nPalladio, famous architect, b. 1518. \nd. 1580. \n\nPallas, of 30 guns, and Nymph, of 36 \nguns, totally wrecked below Dun- \nbar, with the loss of some lives, \n19th Dec, 1810. \n\nPallas, Peter Simon, M.D., b. 1741, \nd. 8th Sept., 1811. \n\nPallavicino, Ferrante, Italian satirist, \nb. 1616, beheaded 1643. \n\nPalliser, Sir Hugh, d. 19th March, \n1796, aged 75. \n\nPalma, Jacob, painter, d. 1588. \n\nPalma, Jacob, the vounger. b. 1544, \nd. 1628. \n\nPalomino de Castro y Velasco, Span- \nish painter, b. 1653, d. 1726. \n\nPalsgrave, John, English dramatic \nwriter, d. 1554. \n\nPanama, city of, totally destroyed by \nfire, 1737. \n\nPanama, Central America, settled \n1516 ; revolted from Spain, 1810. \n\nPandora, sloop of war, struck on a \nshoal off the coast of Jutland, when \n29 of the crew were lost from the \n\n\n\nj severitv of the weather, 13th Feb. \n1811. " \n\nPantheon, Oxford-street, London, \nopened 28th Jan., 1772 ; con- \nverted into an opera-house, 1791 ; \nentirely destroyed bv fire, to the \nvalue of 60,000/. 14th Jan., 1792, \nand in 1834 converted into a ba- \nzaar. \n\nPangenus, Greek painter. 457 B. C. \n\nPantaleon, Sa. the Spanish ambassa- \ndor\'s brother, executed for murder, \n6th July, 1654. \n\nPantre, Peter, engraver, d. 1744. \n\nPaoli, Pascal, general, b. 1726, d. \n1807. \n\nPapal authority abolished by Act of \nParliament, 1531. \n\nPaper Currency, American, com- \nmenced 1775 ; succeeded by coin- \nage, 1792, in eagles, half-eagles, \nquarter-eagles. \n\nPaper made of cotton was in use in \n1000 ; that of linen rags in 1319 ; \nthe manufacture of introduced into \nEngland, at Dartford. in Kent, \n1588 : scarce any but brown paper \nmade in England till 1690; white \npaper first made in England, 1690 \nmade of the asbestos at Danbury, \nin Connecticut, in North America, \nby Mr. Beach, who discovered a \nfine kind there in 1792. \xe2\x80\x94 Stamped \npaper first used in Spain and Hol- \nland in 1555 ; velvet or floss, for \nhanging apartments with, first used \n1620. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nPapin, Denvs, physician and philoso- \npher, fl. 1680.\' \n\nPapinian, Roman lawver, b. 175, d. \n212. \n\nPapists excluded the throne, 1689 ; \nobliged to register their names and \nestates, 1717, 1762, 1780, 1781, \n1784: their estates valued at \n375,264/. 155. 3\xc2\xb1d. per annum, in \n1719 ; taxed 100^000/. 23rd Nov. \n1722; indulgences granted them \nby parliament. 1778. \n\nPapists admitted to seats in the \nBritish parliament. 10th April, \n1829. \n\nPappus, mathematician, flourished in \n\nthe 4th centurv. \nParacelsus, h. 1493, d. 1541. \n\nN \n\n\n\n266 PAR \n\n\n\nPAR \n\n\n\nParaguay, S. America, discov. 1525. \n\nParchment invented by Attalus, king \nof Pergamus, B. C. 198. \n\nPardons at Coronations, first granted \nin England, 1327. \n\nPare, Ambrose, French surgeon, b. \n1509, d. 1590. \n\nPareja, Juan de, painter, d. 1670. \n\nParent, Anthony, mathematician, b. \n1666, d. 1716. \n\nParis, Matthew, historian, d. 1259. \n\nParis founded, 357 ; made the capital \nof France, 510 ; the city of, con- \nsumed by fire, 588; first paved \nwith stones, 1186 ; barricadoes \nof, 1588, to oppose the entry of \nthe duke of Guise ; again, 27th \nAug., 1648, in opposition to the \nregency; first parliament there, \n1302 ; old parliament recalled, \n25th Nov., 1774; under the in- \nfluence of the populace, who de- \nstroyed the public prisons, July, \n1789 ; became again the seat of em- \npire under the emperor Napoleon \n5th May, 1804; the Conciergerie \nburnt, Jan., 1776; on occasion of \nfete given at, by prince Schwartz- \nenburgh, a fire broke out in the \nbuilding erected for the ball, by \nwhich many persons were burnt to \ndeath, July ], 1810. \n\nParish apprentices new law respect- \ning, requiring the assent of two \nmagistrates, commenced 1st Oct., \n1816. \n\nPark, the first in England, made by \nHenry I. at Woodstock, 1123. \n\nPark, St. James\'s, drained by Henry \nVIII., 1537 ; planted, 16*88; im- \nproved, 1774; deer removed, and \ndrains filled up, 1775; further \nadorned, 1825. \n\nParker, Matthew, Abp. of Canterbury, \nb. 1504, d. 1575. \n\nParkhurst, Bishop, b. 1511, d. 1574. \n\nParkhurst, Rev. John, author of the \nGreek and Hebrew Lexicons, b. \n1728, d. 21st Feb., 1797. \n\nParkinson, John, the botanist, b. \n1567, d. about 1641. \n\nParliament, correct statement of the \nincrease of the representatives in, \nfrom the reign of Henry VIII. to \nJames I. \n\n\n\nHenrv VIII. added - \n\n\n- 38 \n\n\nEdward VI. \n\n\n- 44 \n\n\nMary \n\n\n- 25 \n\n\nElizabeth \n\n\n- 62 \n\n\nJames I. \n\n\n27 \n\n\nTotal \n\n\n- 196 \n\n\n\nThe following remarks show the \ndisproportion that existed between \nthe representation of Middlesex \nand Surrey, with London and \nWestminster, before the passing of \nthe Reform Bill in 1832, and six \nboroughs, which elect an equal \nnumber of representatives : \xe2\x80\x94 1 \n\n\n\nPLACES \n\n\nELECTORS. \n\n\nMEM. \n\n\nLondon \n\n\n7,000 \n\n\nsend 4 \n\n\nWestminster \n\n\n- 10,000 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nMiddlesex \n\n\n- 3,500 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nSurrey \n\n\n- 4,500 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nSouthwark \n\n\n- 2,000 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n27,000 \n\n\n12 \n\n\nNewton \n\n\n- 1 \n\n\nsend 2 \n\n\nOld Sarum - \n\n\n- 1 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nMidhurst \n\n\n- 1 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nCastle Rising \n\n\n- 2 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nMarlborough \n\n\n- 2 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nDownton \n\n\n- 4 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n\n\n12 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n\nParliament began under the Saxon \ngovernment ; the first regular one \nwas in King John\'s reign, 1204 ; \nthe epoch of the House of Com- \nmons, 23rd Jan., 1265 ; members \nobliged to reside in the places they \nrepresented, 1413. Francis Rus- \nsell, son of the Earl of Bedford, \nwas the first peer\'s eldest son who \nsat in the House of Commons, \n1549; that remarkable for the \nepoch in which were first formed \nthe parties of court and country, \n16th June, 1620; a peer elected, \nand sat as a member of the House \nof Commons, 1649 ; the House of \nCommons committed a Secretary \nof State to the Tower, 18th Nov., \n1678; their Speaker refused by \nthe King, 1679 ; bill passed for \ntriennial parliaments, Nov., 1694 ; \nKing\'s assent, 22nd Dec, 1694; \n\n\n\nPAR \n\n\n\nPAU 267 \n\n\n\nthe first British one met, 24th \nOct., 1707 ; triennial act repealed, \n1st May, 1716 ; act passed for sep- \ntennial ones, 1716 ; their privilege \nof protection from arrest for debts, \nrelinquished, 1770 ; the Lord \nMayor and an Alderman of Lon- \ndon committed to the Tower by \nthe House of Commons, 1771 ; \nfirst imperial met, 1801 ; Sir Fran- \ncis Burdett committed ,to the \nTower by, 9th April, 1810. \n\nParliamentary grants to tbe King \nwere in kind, 30,000 sacks of wool \nbeing in the grai>t, 1340. \n\nParliament, the first of George IV., \nopened bv the King in person, \n27th April, 1820. \n\nParliament House, "Westminster, de- \nstroyed by fire, 16th Oct., 1834; \nnew house opened, 19th Feb.1835. \n\nParliament House, Dublin, built \n1731, at the expense of 40,000/. ; \ndestroyed by fire, 28th Feb., 1792. \n\nParmegiano, an Italian painter, b. \n1504, d. 1540. \n\nParnell, Thomas, English divine and \npoet, b. 1679, d. 1717. \n\nParochial assessment for the poor \nbegan, 1370, renewed 1572. \n\nParrocel, Josepb, artist, b. in France, \n1648, d. 1704. \n\nParrocel, Peter, artist, d. 1739. \n\nParrocel, Charles, b. 1688, d. 1753. \n\nParr, Thomas, d. 1632, aged 152 : \nhe lived in ten reigns. \n\nParr, Catherine, married to Henry \nVIII. 1543, afterwards the wife of \nSir Thomas Seymour, lord high \nadmiral, d. Sept. 1548. \n\nParr, Robert, d. atKinver, aged 124, \n21st Sept., 1757. \n\nParr, Dr. S., b. 1747, d. 1825. \n\nParry, Dr., executed for a plot against \nElizabeth, 1585. \n\nParry, J. H, a writer of Welch \nbiography, d. 12th Feb., 1825. \n\nParsons, Robert, the Jesuit, b. 1546, \nd. 1610. \n\nParthenian games, first instituted \n1262 B.C. \n\nParties, court and country first dis- \ntinguished, 1621. \n\nPartridge, John, the astrologer, b. \n1644, d. 1765. \n\n\n\nParuta Paul, Venetian historian, b. \n\n1540, d. 1598. \nPartv walls regulated, by parliament, \n\n1785. \n\nPascal Blaise, b. in Auvergne 1623, \nd. 1662. \n\nPassage -boat, lost on the Frith of \nDornoch, by which 40 out of 127 \npassengers were drowned, 1 3th Aug. \n1809. \n\nPassage-boat, on the Ardrossan canal, \nbetween Paisley and Johnstone, \nheeled on one side, and precipi- \ntated 100 persons into the water, \nof which 84 were drowned, 10th \nNov., 1810. \n\nPasseri, an Italian painter, b. 1654, \nd. 1714. \n\nPassignani, a Florentine painter, b. \n\n1559, d. 1639. \nPassion of Jesus Christ, order of \n\nknighthood in France, began 1382. \nPassover instituted, Monday, 4th \n\nMay, 1491 ; celebrated in the \n\nNew Temple, 18th April, B.C. \n\n515. \n\nPatents granted for titles, first used, \n1344 ; first granted for the exclusive \nprivilege of publishing books, 1591. \n\nPatent for copper and brass coin in \nEngland, 1636. \n\nPaterculus, Veil., flourished about 30. \n\nPaterson, Samuel, bibliographer, b. \n1728, d. 1802. \n\nPatenier, artist, flourished 1520. \n\nPatras, in the Morea, swallowed up \nin an earthquake, 18th April, 1785. \n\nPatrick, St., order of, in Ireland, \nbegan 25th Feb., 1783. \n\nPatrick, St., apostle of Ireland, h. \n373, d. 493, buried at Downpatrick. \n\nPatrick, Simon, bishop of Ely, emi- \nnent writer, b. 1626, d. 1707. \n\nPatronage of churches, began 402. \n\nPatru, Oliver, French writer, b. \n1604, d. 1681. \n\nPatten, Margaret, d. near Paisley in \nScotland in 1739, aged 138. \n\nPattison, Mr. and Mrs., of London, \ndrowned in Lake de Gaune, in \nthe Pyrenees, 20th Sept., 1832. \n\nPattison, W., poet, b. 1706, d. 1727. \n\nPaul de Vincent, St., b. 1576, d. \n1660. \n\nPaul Jones, the pirate, fl. 1778. \n\nn 2 \n\n\n\n26S \n\n\n\nP AU \n\n\n\nPEL \n\n\n\nPaul, St., converted 33 ; caught into \nthe third heaven, 44 ; visited \nAthens and Corinth, 50 ; d. 67. \n\nPaul, St., wrote his first epistle to \nthe Corinthians, and that to the \nGalatians, 51 ; first epistle to the \nThessalonians, 52 ; second epistle, \n53 ; second epistle to the Corinth- \nians, and that to the Philippians, \nEphesians, Colossians, and Phile- \nmon, 62 ; to the Hebrews, 63 ; \nfirst epistle to Timothy, and that \nto Titus, 65; second epistle to \nTimothy, 66; festival instituted, \n813. \n\nPaul, St., order of knighthood, began \nat Rome, 1540. \n\nPaul\'s, St., London, built on the \nfoundation of an old temple of \nDiana, 610; burnt, 964; rebuilt, \n1240, having been 150 years build- \ning ; the steeple fired by lightning, \n1443 ; rebuilt, having been in great \n\n\\ part burnt down, 1631 ; totally \ndestroyed by fire, 1666 ; first stone \nof the present building laid, 1675 ; \nfinished, 1710, and cost 1 ,000,000/. ; \nfirst service performed, 2nd Dec, \n1697. The ball and cross re- \nnewed, 1823. The iron balus- \ntrade round the church-yard ex- \ntends three furlongs and one-fifth. \n\nPaul\'s, St., school, built 1510 ; re- \nbuilt 1825. \n\nPausanias, Greek writer, flourished \nin the second century. \n\nPauw, Cornelius, writer, b. 1739, d. \n1799. \n\nPawnbrokers, first known in 1457. \n\nPawnbrokers\' Licence Act, 1783 \xe2\x80\x94 \n1796\xe2\x80\x941804. \n\nPay, to, a ship\'s side, from pix, pitch, \ndistorted into poix, and pronounced \npay; hence the expression, "here\'s \nthe devil to pay, and no pitch hot ;" \ni. e. here\'s plenty of help, and \n\n; nothing ready. We use the \nformer part of the expression, \nleaving out the remainder, as \nbeing well understood. \n\nPeace, grand ceremony of the procla- \nmation of, took place in London, \n20th June, 1814. Grand proces- \nsion to St. Paul\'s, on a thanks- \ngiving for the restoration of, 7th \n\n\n\nJ uly, 1814. Grand national jubi- \nlee in the three parks, in celebra- \ntion of, 1st Aug., 1814. \n\nPearce, Dr. Zachary, bishop of \nRochester,, d. 1774, aged 84. \n\nPearl-ashes, manufactory of, estab- \nlished in Ireland, 1783. \n\nPearls, artificial ones, first invented \nand manufactured, 1686. \n\nPearson, John, bishop, b. 1612, d. \n1686. \n\nPeck, Francis, English antiquary, b, \n1692, d. 1743. \n\nPeckham, John, Archbishop of Can- \nterbury, the first writer on per- \nspective, 1279. \n\nPedro, Don, ex-emperor of Brazil, d. \nin Portugal, 24th Sept., 1834, \naged 36 years. \n\nPeel Castle, in the Isle of Man, built \nbefore the year 1245. \n\nPeel Castle, Lancashire, built 1 140. \n\nPeele, George, dramatic poet, d. about \n1598. \n\nPeers of France, began 778; abolished \n1790. \n\nPeers, twelve, created at once by \nQueen Anne, 1711 ; sixty made \nin seven years preceding 1718. \n\nPeers, eldest sons of, first permitted \nto sit in the House of Commons, \n1550. \n\nPeiresc, Nicholas, antiquary, b. 1580, \nd. 1637. \n\nPelagius, opponent of St. Augustine, \nflourished early in the fifth cen- \ntury. \n\nPelham, Henry, English statesman, \nd. 1754, aged 60. \n\nPell, Rev. Dr. John, mathematician, \nb. 1610, d. 1685. \n\nPellew, Edward, Lord Exmouth, a \ngallant British admiral, and the \nhero of Algiers, b. 1757, d. 1833. \n\nPellew, Adm. Sir Israel, brother to \n\n. Lord Exmouth, a brave and judi- \ncious naval officer, b.1761, d.1832. \n\nPellegrino, Tibaldi, of Bologna, pain- \nter, d. 1592, aged 65. \n\nPellegrino, of Modena, painter, d. \n1530. \n\nPellisson-Fontanier, Paul, French \n\nwriter, b. 1624, d. 1693. \nPelloutier, Simon, historian, b. 1694, \n\nd. 1757. \n\n\n\nPEL \n\n\n\nPER 269 \n\n\n\nPelopidas, a Theban general, killed \nB. C. 364. \n\nPemberton, Dr. Henry, English phy- \nsician and philosopher, b. 1694, d. \n1771. \n\nPembroke College, Oxford, founded \n620. \n\nPembroke Hall, Cambridge, founded \n1343. \n\nPembrook, Thomas, painter, d. 1732. \nPenal Laws commenced operation, \n1381. \n\nPenance first enjoined as a punish- \nment, 157. \n\nPendragon Castle, Westmoreland, de- \nstroyed, 1341 ; repaired, 1660. \n\nPendulums for clocks first invented, \n1656. \n\nPenitentiary House, Milbank, for the \nimprisonment of convicts, act for \nthe erection of, passed 1812; con- \nvicts removed into, June, 1816. \n\nPennarvon Priory, Anglesey, built \n540. \n\nPenn, Sir William, brave English \nadmiral, b. 1621, d. 1670. \n\nPenn, William, settler of Pennsyl- \nvania, b. 1644, d. 1718. \n\nPennant, Thomas, celebrated natural- \nist and tourist, a native of North \nWales, b. 1726, d. 16th Dec, \n1798. \n\nPeoni, J. Fr., a Florentine painter, \nb. 1488, d. 1528. \n\nPennington, Isaac, eminent Quaker \nwriter, b. 1617, d. 1679. \n\nPennsylvania^enn\'s charter for plant- \ning, 1680. \n\nPenny, Mr., of Clement\' s-inn, mur- \ndered by his servant, 18th May, \n1741. \n\nPenny, Edward, artist, d. 17th Nov., \n, 1791. \n\nPenny-post set up in London and \nsuburbs, by one Murray, an up- \nholsterer, 1681, who afterwards \nassigned the same to oneDockwra; \nafterwards claimed by the govern- \nment, who allowed the latter a \npension of 200/. a- year, in 1711. \n\xe2\x80\x94 First set up in Dublin, 1774. \xe2\x80\x94 \nIt was improved considerably in \nand round London, July, 1794. \n\nPenny-pieces, and twopenny, of cop- \nper, first coined in England, 1797. \n\n\n\nPenrose, Thomas, poet, b. 1743, d. \n1779. \n\nPens for writing were first made from \nquills in 635. \n\nPens, George, of Nuremburg, en- \ngraver, flourished 1510. \n\nPension of 20/. granted a lady for \nnational services, 1514 ; another, \n61. 13s. Ad. per ann. 1536; ano- \nther, 13/. 6s. 8d. for the mainte- \nnance of a gentleman in studying \nthe laws of the kingdom, 1558. \n\nPensioners, the band, estab. 1590. \n\nPentateuch, or the five books of \nMoses, written B. C. 1452. \n\nPentecost established, 68. \n\nPenton, near Andover, fifteen houses \nburned, 9th March, 1754. \n\nPepper early known in Europe as \ngrowing in Hither India ; black \npepper vinos discovered in Jamaica \nin 1793. \n\nPepusch, J. Christopher, German \nmusician, b. 1667, d. 1752. \n\nPepys, Samuel, naval historian, d. \n1703. \n\nPerceval, Spencer, Prime Minister of \nEngland, assassinated in the lobby \nof the House of Commons, by \nJohn Bellingham, 11th May, 1812. \n\nPercival, Dr. Thomas, physician and \nwriter, b. 1740, d. 1804. \n\nPercy, Dr., Bishop of Dromore, in \nIreland, author of Reliques of an- \ncient Poetry, d. 1st Oct., 1811. \n\nPerefixe, Archbishop, historian, d. in \n1670. \n\nPericles, Athenian general, d. 429 \n\nB. C, aged 70. \nPerino del Vaga (or Buonaccorsi), b. \n\n1504, d. 1547. \nPerjury punished with the pillory, \n\n1563. \n\nPerouse, J. F. de la, navigator, b. \n1741, supposed to have been ship- \nwrecked, 1788. \n\nPerrault, Claude, architect, b. 1613, \nd. 1688. \n\nPerrault, Charles, French writer, b. \n1628, d. 1703. \n\nPerreau, Robert and Daniel, were ex- \necuted for forgery, 17th Jan. 1776. \n\nPerrier, Francis, painter, b. 1590, d. \n1655. \n\nPerrier, M. Casimir, prime minister \n\n\n\n270 PER \n\n\n\nPET \n\n\n\nof France, d. of cholera morbus \n16th May, 1832, aged 54. \nPerronet, J. R., painter, h. 1708, \nd. 1794. \n\nPerrot, Sir John, statesman, h. about \n\n1527, d. 1592. \nPerrot d\'Ablancourt, writer, b. 1606, \n\nd. 1664. \n\nPerrott, Mr., a bankrupt, sentenced \nto be hanged for embezzling his \neffects, 26th Oct. 1761. \n\nPerrou, Anquetil du, French orien- \ntalist, b. 1730, d. 30th Oct. 1805. \n\nPerrou, cardinal du,b. 1556, d. 1618. \n\nPerry, John, engineer, b. in Glouces- \ntershire, d. 1733. \n\nPersecutions by the Jews. \xe2\x80\x94 The first, \n33 ; the second, 44 ; the first gen- \neral persecution of the Christians \nwas under Nero, 64 ; under Dorni- \ntian, 93 ; under Trajan, 107 ; un- \nder Adrian, 118; under Marcus \nAurelius, 164 ; under Severus, \n202 ; under Maximus, 235 ; under \nDecius, 250 ; under Valerian, 257 ; \ntmder Aurelian, 272 ; under Dio- \nclesian, 302 ; by the Allans, under \nConstantius, 337 ; under Sapor, \n340 ; under Julian, the apostate, \n361. \n\nPersecutions of the Jews. \xe2\x80\x94 The 70 \nyears\' captivity of the Jews began \n606 B.C. The captivity of 100,000 \nby Ptolemy, 320. Antiochus, king \nof Syria, "killed 40,000 Jews at \nJerusalem, and sold 40,000 for \nslaves, 170. The Romans de- \nstroyed 520,000 ; an innumerable \nmultitude perished by sickness, \ndespair, and famine; no account \nis handed down of the number sold \nfor slaves, which however exceeded \nthe slain ; and an edict was pub- \nlished, forbidding them to approach \nJerusalem, 18th Adrian, A.D. 136. \nThe emperor Leo I. wanting to \nforce them to turn Christians, they \nset fire to their houses at Constan- \ntinople, and perished in the flames, \n722. They were massacred in \nGermany, on a suspicion of having \npoisoned the springs and wells, \nA.D. 1348. \n\nPersecutions by the papists of the \nprotestants.\xe2\x80\x94 In Franconia 50,000 \n\n\n\nof Luther\'s followers were killed \nby William de Furstemburg, 1525. \nIn England, when Cranmer, arch- \nbishop of Canterbury, and above \n300 protestants were burnt, and \ngreat numbers perished in prison, \n3rd May, 1556. Of the protest- \nants in France great numbers were \nhanged, their assemblies prohi- \nbited, their places of worship pulled \ndown, and sentence of the galleys \nproclaimed against all who har- \nboured them, 1723. \n\nPersian empire founded 536 B.C. \n\nPersian trade began, 1569 ; opened \nthrough Russia, 1741. \n\nPersian army apprehensive of being \ncut off by the Romans, threw them- \nselves into the Euphrates, where \n10,000 of them perished, 424. \n\nPersius, A. Flaccus, b. A.D. 34, d. \naged 30. \n\nPertinax d. 193, aged 66. \n\nPeru discovered by the Spaniards, \n1518. \n\nPerugino, Pietro, of Perugia, painter \n(master of Raphael), b. 1446, d. \n1524. \n\nPeruke, the first, used in France, \n1620 ; introduced into England, \n1660. \n\nPeruzzi, Balth., of Sienna, b. 1481, \nd. 1536. \n\nPesara, Simon da, an Italian painter, \nb. 1612, d. 1648. \n\nPetau, or Petavius, Dennis, French \nwriter, b. 1583, d. 1652. \n\nPeter, St., baptised Cornelius, and \nestablished a bishop at Antioch, \n37 ; established the see of Rome, \n41 ; wrote his first epistle, 60 ; \nhis second epistle, 65 ; festival in- \nstituted, 813 ; d. 76. \n\nPeter I. of Russia, b. 1672 ; visited \nEngland, 1697 ; disinherited his \neldest son, Feb. 1716; condemned \nhim to death, 21st June, 1717 ; \ntook the title of emperor, Oct. \n1721 ; d. 1725. \n\nPeter II. married his prime minister\'s \ndaughter, 30th Nov. 1729 ; d. of \nthe small-pox, 19th Jan. 1730. \n\nPeter III. deposed and murdered, \n16th July, 1762. \n\nPeterborough cathedral built 1200. \n\n\n\nPET \n\n\n\nPHY 271 \n\n\n\nPeter, St., order of knighthood, began \nin Rome, 1520. \n\nPeter\'s, St. at Rome, began 1514 ; \nfinished, 1629. \n\nPeter-pence granted, 689 ; first paid \nto Rome, 790 ; abolished, 1534. \n\nPetersburgh built bv the czar of Mus- \ncovy, Peter I., 1708 ; had 2000 \nhouses destroyed by a fire, 12th \nAug. 1736 ; received damage to \nthe amount of 1,000,000 of rubles, \nby an inundation and storm, 23rd \nSept. 1777, and to the amount of \n2,000,000 by a fire, 26th Aug. \n1780; again, 28th Nov., it had \n11,000 houses destroyed by a fire \noccasioned by lightning; on 7th \nJune, 1796, it had a large maga- \nzine of naval stores, and between \n90 and 100 vessels in the harbour \ndestroyed. \n\nPeterhouse college, Cambridge, \nfounded, 1257. \n\nPeterness, of Antwerp, painter, b. \n1580. \n\nPeters, Hugh, M.A., b. 1622, exe- \ncuted 1660. \n\nPetit de la Croix, French writer, b. \n1654, d. 1713. \n\nPetit, Peter, mathematician, b. 1598, \nd. 1667. \n\nPetitot, John, famous for enamel, b. \n\nat Geneva 1607, d. 1691. \nPetiver, James, botanist, d. 1718. \nPetrarch, Francis, b. at Arezzo 1304, \n\nd. 1374. \n\nPetronius, Arbiter, Roman satirist, \n\nput to death A.D. 66. \nPettus, Sir John, projector, d. about \n\n1690. \n\nPetty, Sir W., statesman, b. 1623, \nd. 1687. \n\nPetty, marquis of Lansdowne, b. \n\n1737, d. 1805. \nPevensey castle, Sussex, built by the \n\nRomans. \nPhaedrus b. 47 B.C.; d. 31. \nPhaer, Thomas, physician and poet,d. \n\n1560. \n\nPhalaris, tyrant of Crete, d. 563 B.C. \nPharamond, first French monarch, \nd. 428. \n\nPharos, Tower of, built B.C. 283. \nPheasants brought to Europe by the \nArgonauts, 1520 B.C. \n\n\n\nPhidias, the statuary, d. 432 B.C. \nPhiladelphia greatly damaged by \n\na fire which broke out at the \n\ntheatre, 28th Dec, 1799. \nPhilanthropic society, com. 1788. \nPhilemon, of Athens, comic poet, \n\nflourished 274 B. C. \nPhiletas, of Cos, grammarian, flou- \nrished 280 B.C. \nPhilidor, musician and chess-player, \n\nb. 1726, d. 1795. \nPhilip, king of Macedon, murdered \n\nby Pausanias, B.C. 336. \nPhilip of Castile driven by a storm \n\nto England, 1505. \nPhilippine islands discovered by the \n\nSpaniards, 1521. \nPhilips, John, an English poet, author \n\nof "The Splendid Shilling;\' d. \n\n15th Feb. 1708, aged 30. \nPhilips, Ambrose, dramatic poet, d. \n\n1749. \n\nPhilips, Catherine, the celebrated \n\nOrinda,b. 1631, d. 1664. \nPhillipoli in Romania had 4000 per- \nsons destroyed by an earthquake, \n\nFeb. 1749-50. \nPhillips, lieut.-col., companion of the \n\ncircumnavigator Capt. Cook, b. \n\n1756, d. at Lambeth, 11th Sept. \n\n1832. He witnessed the death of \n\nCapt. Cook. \nPhilistines. See Old Testament, \n\nEvents of. \nPhilostratus, the Greek sophist, lived \n\nabout 200. \nPhilpot, John, divine and martyr, \n\nburnt in Smithfield, 18th Dec. \n\n1555. \n\nPhocion, Athenian general, put to \ndeath B.C. 318. \n\nPhosphoric barometer, the phenomena \nof, first discovered, 1675. \n\nPhosphorus, artificial fire, first dis- \n\n,. covered, 1699 ; hermetic phos- \nphorus made in 1677. \n\nPhysic garden, the first cultivated in \nEngland by John Gerarde, surgeon, \nof London, 1567 ; that at Oxford, \nendowed by the earl of Danby, \n1652; that at Cambridge began, \n1763; at Chelsea, 1732. \n\nPhysic, the practice of, was confined \nto ecclesiastics from about 1206 to \nabout 1500. \n\n\n\n272 PHY \n\n\n\nPIN \n\n\n\nPhysic school estab. in Dublin, 1814. \nPhysicians, college of, at London, \n\nfounded Oct. 1518. \nPiazza fountain, Novana, at Rome, \n\nbuilt 1680. \nPiazzetta, J. B., b. 1683, d.1754. \nPicard, painter, d. 1768. \nPicard, John, the mathematician and \n\nastronomer, d. 1683. \nPicart, Bernard^ engraver, b. 1673, \n\nd. 1733. \n\nPicart, Stephen, engraver, d. 1721. \nPiccini, Nicholas, musical composer, \nd. 1800. \n\nPichegru, general, b. 1761, found \ndead in his prison, supposed to be \nprivately murdered by order of \nBuonaparte, 6th April, 1804. \n\nPickett, William, reviver of painted \nglass, d. 14th Oct. 1795, aged 65. \n\nPicton castle, Pembrokeshire, built \nbefore the conquest, and is now \nentire. \n\nPicts\' wall, between England and \nScotland, built by Agricola, 85; \nrepaired by Urbicus, 144 ; Adrian \nbuilt one from Newcastle to Car- \nlisle, 121 ; Severus from sea to \nsea, 203. \n\nPicus, prince of Mirandola, memor- \nable for his extraordinary genius \nand memory in language, b. 1463, \nd. 1494. \n\nPierce, Alice, concubine to Edward \n\nIII., 1375. \nPierce, Edward, painter, d. 1712. \nPierre, St., in Martinico, 700 houses \n\nburned at, Oct. 1752. \nPietra Santa, in Italy, greatly injured \n\nby a storm, 7th Dec. 1784. \nPietrodel Francisco, painter, d. 1443. \nPietro, Cosmo, artist, d. 1512. \nPigalle, John B., sculptor, b. 1714, \n\nd. 1785. \n\nPilate made governor of Judea, 27 ; \nkilled himself, 40. \n\nPiles, Roger de, divine and critic on \npainting, b. 1635, d. 1709. \n\nPilkington, Letitia, b. 1712, d. 20th \nAug. 1750. \n\nPillage in Italy by Buonaparte, and \nsent to Paris, consisted of 66 pieces \nof sculpture, and 47 capital paint- \nings. Among the former are the \nfollowing celebrated chefs d\'oeuvre : \n\n\n\nthe Apollo, the Antinous, the Ado- \nnis, the Dying Gladiators, the Lao- \ncoon, the Two Sphinxes, and the \nTomb of the Muses. Among the \nlatter are the principal paintings of \nRaffaelle, Perrugino, Guercino, An- \nnibal Caracci, Guido, Titian, and \nCorregio. In the catalogue of \nthe articles sent to the national \nlibrary, are a manuscript of the \nantiquities of Josephus on papyrus, \na manuscript Virgil of Petrarch, \nwith notes in his handwriting, and \n500 of the most curious manu- \nscripts which were in the library of \nthe Vatican. \nPillage of the Thames annually, on \neach branch of trade, used to be as \nunder ; to prevent which was the \nchief cause for making the new \ndocks at Wapping and in the isle \nof Dogs, viz. \n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\nEast Indies - - - 25,000 \nWest Indies - - 232,000 \n\nBritish American Colonies 10,000 \nAfrica and Cape of Good \n\nHope - - - 2,500 \nNorth and South Fisheries 2,000 \nUnited States of America 30,000 \nMediterranean and Turkey 7,000 \nSpain and Canaries - 10,000 \nFrance and Netherlands - 10,000 \nPortugal and Madeira - 8,000 \nHolland - - - 10,000 \nGermany - - - 25,000 \nPrussia - - - 10,000 \nPoland - . - 5,000 \nSweden , - - 3,000 \nDenmark - - - 5,000 \nRussia - - - 20,000 \n\nGuernsey, Jersey, Alder- \n\nney, Isle of Man - 2,000 \nIreland - - - 5,000 \nCoasting Trade - - 20,000 \nCoal Trade - - - 20,000 \n\n\n\nTotal \xc2\xa3461,000 \n\nPilau, German sculptor, d. 1590. \n\nPillory, punishment of, abolished, \nexcept in cases of perjury and sub- \nornation of perjury, 1816. \n\nPilpay, oriental fabulist, fl. 2000 B.C. \n\nPindar, the poet, d. 435 B.C, aged \n80. \n\n\n\nPIN \n\n\n\nP L A 273 \n\n\n\nPingre, A. G., astronomer, b. 1711, \nd. 1796. \n\nPinney, the mayor of Bristol, was \ntried for negligence and pusillani- \nmity during the memorable riots, \nand acquitted, 1st Nov. 1832. \n\nPins brought fr.om France, 1543, and \nwere first used in England by \nCatharine Howard, queen of Henry \nVIII. Before that invention both \nsexes used ribands, loop-holes, \nlaces with points and tags, clasps, \nhooks and eyes, and skewers of \nbrass, silver, and gold. \n\nPinturiccio, of Perugia, artist, b.1454, \nd. 1513. \n\nPiombo, Seb., a Venetian painter, b. \n\n1485, d. 1547. \nPiozzi, Mrs., b. 1739, d. 1821. \nPiper, Francis, artist, d. 1740. \nPipes of lead for the conveyance of \n\nwater invented, 1538. \nPiron, Alexis, poet and dramatist, b. \n\n1689, d. 1773. \nPippins first planted in Lincolnshire, \n\nEngland, 1585. \nPiranesi, T. B., painter and engraver, \n\nb. 1707, d. 1778. \nPisa, republic of, founded 1403. \nPisani, Andrew, sculptor, d. 1389. \nPisano, Giounto, a Grecian sent for \n\nto Florence by the senate, 1236. \nPistols first used by cavalry, 1544. \nPitcairne, Dr. Archibald, b. 1652, \n\nd. 1713. \n\nPitcairn\'s island in the Pacific, the \ninhabitants of, emigrated to Ota- \nheite from want of water, but \nbeing disgusted with the morals of \nthe Otaheitans, returned again, \n1832. \n\nPitch and tar made from pit coal, \ndiscovered at Bristol, 1779. \n\nPithou, Peter, French writer, b. 1539, \nd. 1596. \n\nPitiscus, Sam., critic, b.1637, d.1727. \nPitot, Henry, mathematician, b. 1695, \nd. 1771. \n\nPits, John, biographer, b. 1560, d. \n1616. \n\nPitt, right hon. William, prime mi- \nnister of England, b. 28th May, \n1759, d. 23rd Jan., and buried in \nWestminster Abbey at public ex- \npense, 22nd Feb., 1806. \n\n\n\nPitt, Thomas, governor of Fort St. \nGeorge, proprietor of the famous \ndiamond, and grandfather of the \nearl of Chatham, d. 1726. \nPitt, William, earl of Chatham, b. \n1708, d. 11th May, 1778, and \nburied at the public expense in \nWestminster Abbey, 9th June \nfollowing. \nPitt, Rev. Christopher, British poet, \n\nb. 1699, d. 1748. \nPitt\'s straits, in the East Indies, dis- \ncovered 30th April,4760. \nPittacus, Grecian sage, b. about 650 \n\nB.C.; d. 579 B.C. \nPitua, Nicholas, engraver, d. 1671. \nPius, order of knighthood, at Rome, \n\nbegan, 1560. \nPix or box to contain the host or- \ndered by the Lateran council,1215. \nPizarro, Admiral Fran., assassinated \n1541, aged 63. \n\nPlagues The whole world visited \n\nby one, B.C. 767 ; in Rome, when \n10,000 persons died in a day, 78 , \nin England, 762 ; in Chichester, \nwhen 34,000 perished, 772 ; in \nCanterbury, 788 ; in Scotland, \nwhich swept away 40,000 in- \nhabitants, 954; in England, 1025, \n1247, and 1347, when 50,000 \ndied in London, 1500 in Leicester, \n&c. ; in -Germany, which cut off \n90,000 people, 1348; . in Paris and \nLondon very dreadful, 1367; again, \n1379 ; in London, which killed \n30,000 persons, 1407 ; again, when \nmore were destroyed than in 15 \nyears\' war before, 1477 ; again, \nwhen 30,000 died in London, \n1499 ; again, 1548 ; again, 1594 ; \nwhich carried off in London a \nfourth part of its inhabitants, 1604; \nat Constantinople, when 200,000 \npersons died, 1611 ; at London, \nwhen 35,417 died, 1625 and 1631 ; \nat Lyons, in France, 60,000 died, \n1632; again at London, , which \ndestroyed 68,000 persons, 1665 ; \nat Messina, Feb. 1743; at Algiers, \n1755; in Persia, when 80,000 \npersons perished at Bassorah, \n1773; at Smyrna, that carried off \nabout 20,000 inhabitants, 1784; \nand at Tunis, 32,000,1784; in \nn 3 \n\n\n\n274 \n\n\n\nPL A \n\n\n\nPOL \n\n\n\nLevant, 1786; at Alexandria, \nSmyrna, &c, 1791; in Egypt, \n1792, where near 800,000 died ; \nthe yellow fever destroyed 2000 at \nPhiladelphia, 1793 ; on the coast \nof Africa, particularly at Barhary, \n3000 died daily ; at Fez, 247,000 \ndied in June, 1799; 1800 died at \nMorocco in one day, 1800 ; in \nSpain and at Gibraltar, where great \nnumbers died, 1804-5; at Malta, \nwhere it committed great ravages, \n1813; in lesser Asia, Syria, and \nthe adjacent islands, by which \nSmyrna is computed to have lost \n30,000 persons, 1814; in the \nkingdom of Naples, where it com- \nmitted considerable ravage\'s, 1816. \nPlagues, ten, of Egypt, inflicted B.C. \n1494. \n\nPlantin, Chris., celebrated printer of \nAntwerp, b. 1514, d. 1589. \n\nPlaster of Paris, the manner of tak- \ning likenesses in, first found out \nby And. Verocchio, 1470. \n\nPlate, silver, except spoons, prohi- \nbited in public-houses by act of \nparliament, 1696. \n\nPlate glass, manufactory of, estab- \nlished in Lancashire, 1773 ; first \nmade in France, 1688. \n\nPlate act passed, May, 1756 ; repealed \n1780. \n\nPlated ware exported in 1799 was \n\nvalued at 18,172/. 18*. \nPlatina, historian, d. 1481, aged 60. \nPlato b. 430, d. 347 B.C. \nPlatoff, general count, d. Ap., 1818. \nPlautus d. 184 B.C. \nPlayfair, John, geologist and mathe- \nmatician, b. 1749, d. 1819. \nPlayford, John, English musician and \n\ncomposer, b. 1613, d. 1693. \nPlays first performed in England, \n\n1378 ; those by the clerks, 1390 ; \n\nsuppressed by parliament, 1647 ; \n\nrestored, 1659. \nPlays required by parliament to be \n\nlicensed by the lord chamberlain, \n\n1737. \n\nPleading in courts of judicature intro- \nduced, 788 ; changed from French \ninto English, 1362. \n\nPleshey castle, Essex, built by the \nRomans. \n\n\n\nPleures, in Switzerland, destroyed by \nthe falling of part of a mountain, \nwhen 2000 people perished, 28th \nAug. 1618. A town in the same \ndistrict was buried in a similar \nmanner in the 13th century. \n\nPliny the Elder d. 79, aged 56. \n\nPliny the Younger b. 62, d. 116. \n\nPlot, Dr. Robert, antiquary and na- \nturalist, b- 1640, d. 1696. \n\nPluche, Anthony le, French writer, \nb. 1688, d. 1761. \n\nPlunket, Oliver, titular archbishop \nof Dublin, hanged at Tyburn with \nEdward Fitzharris, 1st July, 1681. \n\nPlutarch d. 119, aged 69. \n\nPlumptree, Rev. Robert, miscellane- \nous writer, b. 1770, d. 1832. \n\nPlymouth victualling office burned, \nwhen 3000/. damage was sustained, \n22nd July, 1779 ; another fire in \nSouthside-street destroyed 30,000/. \nworth of property, 1795. \n\nPoaching prohibited by act passed \n1753 ; reduced to a trespass, 1831. \n\nPocock, Rev. Dr. Edward, b. 1604, \nd. 1691. \n\nPococke, Dr. R., bishop of Meath, \nthe traveller, b. 1704, d. 1765. \n\nPoet laureate, the first appointed in \nEngland, 1487. \n\nPoggio, the reviver of Greek and \nLatin literature, b. 1380, d. 1459. \n\nPoilly, Francis, engraver, b. 1622, \nd. 1693. \n\nPoisoning made treason, 1582. \n\nPoissonnier, Peter Isaac, physician, \nfirst lecturer on chemistry at Paris, \nb. 1720, d. 1798. \n\nPoland, once the country of the Van- \ndals, who left it to invade the \nRoman empire ; it was made a \nduchy, 694 ; kingdom of, began \nby father of Otho III., emperor of \nGermany, under Boleslaus, 999 ; \nRed Russia added to it, 1059; \nPomerania, that had been separated \n180 years, again united with it, \n1465 ; embraced Christianity, 965 ; \norder of the white eagle instituted, \n1705; Augustus vacated his throne, \n1707 ; endeavoured to recover it, \n1709; pacification treaty, 1717; \nAugustus Stanislaus carried off by \nthe confederates and wounded, 3rd \n\n\n\nPOL \n\n\n\nPOX \n\n\n\n275 \n\n\n\nXov. 1771 : the kingdom seized \nand divided between Prussia, Rus- \nsia, and Germany, 1773. So late \nas the 13 th. century, the Poles re- \ntained the custom of killing old \nmen when past their labour, and \nsuch children as were horn imper- \nfect. A general revolution. 14th \nApril, and the crown made heredi- \ntary in the Saxon family, 3rd May, \n1791. The sovereignty dissolved, \nand the kingdom divided between \nRussia, Austria, and Prussia, 25th \nNov. 1795, and the king retired \non a pension of 200,000 ducats. \nInvaded by Buonaparte, 1806. As- \nsembled a general diet at Warsaw, \nto recover her political existence, \n28th June, 1812. United to Rus- \nsia, whose sovereign has the title \nof king of Poland, 1815. Every \nperson in the kingdom to be a sol- \ndier, fi-om the age of 20 to 30, 17th \nOct. 1816. Insurrection of, 29th \nXov. 1830 ; subdued and restored \nto Russia, 7th Sept. 1831 : War- \nsaw surrendered, 8th Sept. 1831. \nPoland, kings of, from Sigismund, son \nof the king of Sweden : \xe2\x80\x94 \nSigismund III. began - 1587 \n\nUladislaus VII. - - 1632 \n\nJohn II. - - - 1648 \n\nMichael, a Russian prince - 1669 \nJohn III. Sobieski - - 1671 \nFrederick EL elector of Sax- \nony 1698 \nStanislaus I. - - - 1704 \nFrederick EL again - - 1 7 1 \nFrederick III. - - 1733 \n\nStanislaus EL, count Poniatowski, \n1764, who resigned the regal dig- \nnity in 1795, when his kingdom \nwas divided between Russia, Aus- \ntria, and Prussia, and he died at \nPetersburgh. 11th Feb. 1798. \nPole, cardinal, d. 18th Nov. 1558, \naged 58. \n\nPolemberg, a Dutch painter, b. 1586, \nd. 1660. \n\nPolicies of insurance, taxed 1782; \n\nincreased 1808. \nPolicy of insurance in writing, first \n\nused at Florence, 1523. \nPolidore de Caravaggio, b. 1495, d. \n\n]543. \n\n\n\nPolignac, Prince, the faithful minister \nof Charles X. of France, tried and \n\nj condemned to perpetual imprison- \n\n! ment,21st Dec, 1830. \nPolitian. Angelus, eminent scholar, \nb. 1454, d. 1494. \n\n: Politician, the term first introduced \nin France, 1569. \n\nj Pollio, a Roman orator and poet, \nwho occasioned the first library to \nbe opened at Rome for public use, \n\n\' d. 4 B.C. \n\n\': Polliolo, Ant., a Florentine painter, \n\nb. 1436, d. 1498. \nPolycletus set up his statue of Juno \nat Argos, and flourished about 430 \nB.C. \n\n\' Polygnotus flourished 422 B.C. \nPoll-tax, first levied in England, \n1738; abolished bv William III. \n\n1 Polvbius, b. at Megalopolis 203 B.C. \nd. aged 82. \n\n[ Poltron, from pollex truncatus ; \nthe inhabitants of France in former \ndays cut off their thumbs to avoid \nserving in the army, hence the \nFrench used poltron, for coward. \nPolvgamv forbidden bv the Romans, \n393. \n\nj Pombal, Marquis de, statesman, b. \n\n1699, d. 1782. \n\\ Pomerania, ceded by Sweden to \n\nDenmark, 1814, by Denmark to \nj Prussia, 1815. \n\n, Pomfret, Rev. Mr., the poet, d. 1764, \naged 44. \n\nPompadour, Marchioness de, d. 1764. \nj Pompey, killed in Egypt 49 B.C., \naged 59. \n\nPomponius, Mela, the geographer, \nd. in 45. \n\nPoniatowski, Prince, drowned in the \n\nElster after the battle of Leipsic, \n\n19th Oct., 1813. \nPons, Louis, celebrated Florentine \n\nastronomer, d. 14th Oct., 1831. \nPonca, painter, b. 1510, d. 1592. \nPome, Paul, sculptor, fl. 1562. \nPonsonby, George, an eminent Irish \n\nlawyer, and upright statesman, b. \n\n5th March, 1755, d. 6th July, \n\n1817. \n\nPonsonby, Miss, the companion of \nLady Eleanor Butler, d. at Llan- \ngollen, X. Wales, in 1832, aged 76. \n\n\n\n276 PON \n\n\n\nPOP \n\n\n\nPontormo, James, b. 1493. \n\nPontefract, or Pomfret Castle, York- \nshire, built 1069. \n\nPool, Matthew, English divine and \nwriter, b. 1624, d. 1679. \n\nPoole, Monmouthshire, had the floor \nof the Sessions-hall fall, when the \ncourt was sitting, and occasioned \nthe death of several persons, 11th \nAug., 1758. \n\nPoole, in Hampshire, fire at, by which \nthe King\'s arms\' tavern, custom- \nhouse, and two large store-houses, \nwith their contents, were destroyed, \n20th April, 1813. \n\nPoor-rates in England began in 1 573. \nBesides the county rates for their \nsupport, they have 258,710/. per \nannum, in charitable donations. \n\nPoor-rates in 1580 amounted to \n\xc2\xa3 188,811 \n1680 - 665,562 \n1698 - 819,000 \n1760 - 1,556,804 \n\n1783 - 2,131,486 \n\n1784 - 2,185,889 \n\n1785 - 2,184,904 \nIn 1804, it was estimated that the \n\nwhole amount, including dona- \ntions, was near four millions. \nIn 1831, poor-rates in England \nand Wales amounted to \n\n8,339,087/. \nIn 1816, the distress of the poor \nwas so great, from the want of \nemployment, that subscriptions \nwere raised for their relief in \nalmost every town in the united \nkingdom. \nPoor, act for the relief of, 1597. \nPope Pius VIII., b. 1761, d. 1831. \nPope, Sir Thomas, founder of Trinity \nCollege, Oxford, b. 1508, d. 1559. \nPope, Alexander, the poet, d. 1744, \naged 56. \n\nPope, the legate of, caught in bed \nwith a common prostitute, 1125. \nHe had passed several rigorous \ncanons against married priests. \n\nPope gave a new constitution to his \nstates, Aug. 1821.. \n\nPope, the title of, formerly given to \nall bishops. The emperor, in 606, \nconfined it to the bishops of Rome, \nand then their power began ; Hy- \n\n\n\nginus was the first bishop of Rome \nthat took the title, 154. Leo I. \nelected 10th May, 440; d. 461. \nThe Pope\'s supremacy over the \nChristian church first established \nby Boniface III. 607. The cus- \ntom of kissing the pope\'s toe intro- \nduced, 708. Pope Stephen III. \nwas the first who was carried to \nthe Lateran on men\'s shoulders, \n752. The pope\'s temporal gran- \ndeur commenced, 755. Sergius \n\nII. was the first pope that changed \nhis name on his election, 844. \nJohn XJX. a layman, made pope \nby dint of money, 1024. The first \npope that kept an army was Leo \nIX. 1054. Their assumed autho- \nrity carried to such excesses as to \nexcommunicate and depose sove- \nreigns, and to claim the presenta- \ntions of all church benefices, by \nGregory VII. and his successors, \nfrom 1073, to 1500. Pope Gre- \ngory obliged Henry IV. emperor \nof Germany, to stand three days, \nin the depth of winter, bare-footed, \nat his castle-gate, to implore his \npardon, 1077. Pope Celestine \n\nIII. kicked the emperor Henry \n\nIV. \'s crown off his head, while \nkneeling, to show his prerogative \nof making and unmaking kings, \n1191. The pope\'s authority first \nintroduced into England, 1079; \nabrogated by parliament, 1534. \nThe pope demanded an annual \nsum for every cathedral and mo- \nnastery in Christendom, but re- \nfused, 1226. Collected the tenths \nof the whole kingdom of England, \n1226. Residence of the pope \nremoved to Avignon, where it con- \ntinued 70 years, 1308. Their \ndemand on England refused by \nparliament, 1363. Three at one \ntime all pretending to infallibility, \n1414. Leo X. made a cardinal \nat 14 years old ; elected pope, 1 1th \nMarch, 1513, aged 36; d. 1521. \nClement VII. began to reign, who \nbrought pluralities to their con- \nsummation, making his nephew, \nHippolito, cardinal de Medicis, \ncommendatory universal, granting \n\n\n\nPOP \n\n\n\nPOP 277 \n\n\n\nto him all the vacant benefices in \nthe world, for six months, and \nappointing him usufructuary from \nthe first day of his possession, \n1523. Rome sacked, and Clement \nimprisoned, 1527. Moved their j \nresidence to Avignon, 1531. The i \n"word Pope struck out of all Eng- \nlish books, 1541. Kissing the I \npope\'s toe, and some other ridicu- \nlous ceremonies abolished, and the ; \norder of Jesuits suppressed by the j \nlate Pope Clement XIV. 1773. j \nVisited Vienna to solicit the em- i \nperor in favour of the church, \nMarch, 1782. Destitute of all \npolitical influence in Europe, 1787. ! \n\n\n\nBurnt in effigy in Paris, 4th May, \n1791. Made submission to "the \nFrench republic, 1796. Expelled \nRome, 15th Feb. 1791. \n\nPope Pius VI. expelled Rome by tne \nFrench, and fled in exile, 4th Feb. \n1798, d. 1799. \n\nPopery, abolished by law in Eng- \nland, 1536. \n\nPopham, Sir Home, a British naval \ncommander, former of a code [of \nsignals, b.l762,d. 13th Sept. 1820. \n\nPopham, John, judge, b. 1531, d. \n1607. \n\nPopple, "William, English dramatic \nauthor, d. 1764. \n\n\n\nPOPULATION. \n\n\n\nEstimate of Europe, in order to being contrasted with the population of \nChina, which was estimated by the suite of Lord Macartney, at 150,000,000. \n\n\n\nRussia in Europe \n\nDenmark \n\nSweden \n\nPoland \n\nGermany \n\nHungary \n\nEngland \n\nHolland \n\nSwitzerland \n\nTurkev in Europe \n\nItaly \n\nFrance \n\nSpain \n\nPortugal \n\n\n\nPopulation in \n\n\nPopulation in \n\n\n1794. \n\n\n1826-7. \n\n\n25,000,000 \n\n\n44,220,600 \n\n\n3,800,000 \n\n\n2,012,998 \n\n\n2,500,000 \n\n\n2,864,831 \n\n\n9,000,000 \n\n\n4,088,000 \n\n\n22,000,000 \n\n\n14,648,641 \n\n\n8,000,000 \n\n\n9,471,263 \n\n\n11,000,000 \n\n\n13,089,338 \n\n\n3,000,000 \n\n\n2,444,550 \n\n\n2,000,000 \n\n\n1,985,000 \n\n\n9,000,000 \n\n\n9,545,300 \n\n\n13,000.000 \n\n\n13,090,000 \n\n\n28,000,000 \n\n\n32,897,152 \n\n\n8,000,000 \n\n\n13,933,959 \n\n\n2,000,000 \n\n\n3,144,000 \n\n\n1-14,300,000 \n\n\n167,343,632 \n\n\n\nTotal Russia. \n\n\n\nConfederation; \n\n\n\n278 POPUL \n\nPopulation of England \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nin 1377 was 2,092,978 souls. \n1483 4,689,000 \n1688 6,500,000 \n1786 8,000,000 \n1801 10,942,646 \nThe population in Great Britain, at \ntheeensusin 181 1 , was 1 1,800,000, \nexclusive of the army and navy, \nthen about 50,000. From the \nreturns of 1821, it appears the \nincrease is about fifteen per cent. \nThis will make the population of \nGreat Britain then amount to \n14,000,000 of souls. Ireland con- \ntained 6,500,000 people, making \nthe population of the British do- \nminions in Europe 20,500,000. \nThe population of our North Ame- \nrican possessions cannot be less \nthan 1,500,000; the population of \nthe West India colonies, 900,000; \nAfrica about 130,000 ; in the Medi- \nterranean, 150,000; colonies and \ndependencies in Asia, 2,040,000; \nand our other extensive territo- \nries in the East Indies, perhaps \n70,000,000 of souls. The whole \npopulation of the British empire \nwill,atthatrate,contain95,220,000 \nof souls. The Russian, the next \nhighest in the scale of civilised \nnations, contains 50,000,000 ; \nFrance, 30,000,000 ; and Austria \nan equal number. The Roman \nempire, in all its glory, contained \n120,000,000, one half of whom \nwere slaves. When we compare \nits situation with that of the Bri- \ntish empire, in power, wealth, \nresources, and industry, in the \narts, sciences, commerce, and agri- \nculture ; the preponderancy of the \nlatter in the scale of nations and \nempires, is great and most remark- \nable. The tonnage employed in \nthe merchant service is about \n2,640,000 tons for Great Britain ; \nthe exports 51,000,000 ; including \n11,000,000 foreign and colonial; \n\n\n\nA T I O N. \n\nthe import 36,000,000. The navy \nduring the last war consisted of \n1000 ships of war; the seamen at \npresent in the merchant service \nare about 174,000 ; the net revenue \nof the state 57,000,000Z. The \ncapital of the empire contains \n1,200,000 persons, the same num- \nber which Rome contained in the \ndays of her greatest strength. The \nvalue fixed on landed property in \nGreat Britain, as calculated by Mr. \nPitt,in 1797, was 1,600,000,000/., \nand it may now be fairly taken at \n2,000,000,000/. The cotton ma- \nnufactures of the country are im- \nmense, and reach in the exports to \n20,000,000/., or one half of the \nwhole. In short, taking every- \nthing into consideration, the Bri- \ntish empire, in power and strength, \nmay be stated as the greatest that \never existed on earth, as it far \nsurpasses them in knowledge, moral \ncharacter, and worth. On her \ndominions the sun never sets; \nbefore his evening rays leave the \nspires of Quebec, his morning \nbeams have shone three hours on \nPort Jackson, and while sinking \nfrom the waters of Lake Superior, \nhis eyes open upon the Mouth of \nt^e Ganges. \n\nIn England and Wales the propor- \ntion is 5f persons to a house, and \nin Scotland 5a. \n\nThe proportion of inhabitants to a \nhouse differs very considerably in \nsome of the counties of England ; \nthe chief cause of this difference \nis the large towns, and particularly \nthe sea-ports, which some of them \ncontain, as in such places the in- \nhabitants live more crowded toge- \nther than in moderate sized inland \ntowns. The difference in this \nrespect between large towns and \nthose of less extent will be shown \nwith tolerable accuracy by the fol- \nlowing statements : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\nPOP \n\n\n\nPOPv \n\n\n\n279 \n\n\n\nInhabitants. \n\n\nTowns. \n\n\nPersons \nto a \n\n\nP nmilstitfVn m \n\n-L UUlUallUU 111 \n\nJ. OO-. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nHouse. \n\n\n864,845 \n\n\nLondon .... \n\n\n\xc2\xab 5 \n\n\n1,474,669 \n\n\n84,020 \n\n\nManchester \n\n\n6| \n\n4 \n\n\n187,022 \n\n\n77,653 \n\n\nLiverpool \n\n\n6* \n\n4 \n\n\n165,175 \n\n\n63,645 \n\n\nBristol \n\n\n6 \n\n\n104,338 \n\n\n43,194 \n\n\nPlymouth \n\n\n9} \n\n\n31,080 \n\n\n32,200 \n\n\nBath . . . . \n\n\n7-k \n\n\n38,063 \n\n\n32,166 \n\n\nPortsmouth \n\n\n6" \n\n\n50.389 \n\n\n29,516 \n\n\nHull .... \n\n\n\n\n46,426 \n\n\n28,366 \n\n\nNewcastle . \n\n\n9 \n\n\n42,760 \n\n\n73,670 \n\n\nBirmingham . . . \n\n\n5 \n\n\n146,986 \n\n\n53,162 \n\n\nLeeds \n\n\n41 \n\n\n123,393 \n\n\n36,832 \n\n\nNorwich . \n\n\n4 f \n\n\n61,110 \n\n\n31,314 \n\n\nSheffield \n\n\n4 \n\n\n91,692 \n\n\n28,861 \n\n\nNottingham . \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n5| \n\n\n50,680 \n\n\n7,909 \n\n\nDevizes \n\n\n5 \n\n\n6,367 \n\n\n7,668 \n\n\nSalisbury \n\n\n4 \n4 \n4 \n\n5 \n\n\n11,672 \n\n\n7,655 \n\n\nBury . \n\n\n\'15,086 \n\n\n7,579 \n\n\nGloucester \n\n\n\'11,933 \n\n\n7,531 \n\n\nWellington \n\n\n8,390 \n\n\n7,398 \n7,020 \n\n\nLincoln \n\n\n11,892 \n\n\nNorthampton . \n\n\nH \n\n\n15,351 \n\n\n6,828 \n\n\nHereford \n\n\n5 \n\n\n10.180 \n\n\n6,730 \n\n\nNewark \n\n\n5 \n\n\n9,557 \n\n\n6,505 \n\n\nTiverton \n\n\nH \n\n\n9,766 \n\n\n6,794 \n\n\nTaunton \n\n\n5 \n\n\n12,148 \n\n\n\nTotal Population of England \n"Wales \nScotland \nIreland \n\n\n\nIn 1821. \n11,261,437 \n717,438 \n2,093,456 \n6,801,827 \n\n\n\nTotal of Great Britain, Ireland, &c. 20,874,158 \n\n\n\nIn 1831. \n13,089,338 \n805,236 \n2,365,807 \n7,767,401 \n\n24,027,782 \n\n\n\nGrand Total of Great Britain, &c. and her Colonies, 138,704,589, in \nthe year 1832. \n\n\n\nPorcelain of Saxony, brought to per- \nfection, 1706; at Chelsea, in Eng- \nland, 1752. \n\nPorchester Castle, Hampshire, built \nby the Romans. \n\nPorcupine, order of knighthood, began \nin France 1393. \n\nPordenone, artist, b. 1484, d. 1540. \n\nPorson, Richard, an eminent hellenist \nand critic, b. 1759, d. 19th Sept., \n1808. \n\nPorta, John, Baptista, mathematician, \nb. 1445, d. 1515. \n\n\n\nPorta, a Florentine painter, b. 1469, \nd. 1517. \n\nPorter, Anna Maria, an English \nnovelist, b. 1780, d. 1832. \n\nPorter, raised 2d. per gallon, 10th \nJan., 1762; again 1801. \n\nPorter, quantities of, brewed by the \ntwelve principal brewers between \nthe 5th L of July, 1807, and the \n5th of July, 1808. \n\nBarrels. \n\nMeux and Co. - 190,160 \n\nBarclay and Perkins - 184,196 \n\n\n\n280 \n\n\n\nPOR \n\n\n\nPOR \n\n\n\nBrown and Parry - 131,647 \nHanbury and Co. - 117,574 \nWhitbread and Co. - 111,485 \nCoombe and Co. - 670,561 \nGoodwyn and Co. - 70,232 \nF. Calvert and Co. - 68,924 \nElliot and Co. - 48,669 \n\nBiley and Co. - 38,030 \n\nP. Calvert and Co. - 38,002 \nTaylor and Co. - 32,800 \n\nPorter, quantities of, brewed by the \nfirst twelve houses from the 5th \nof July, 1811, to the 5th of July, \n1812. \n\nBarrels. \n\nBarclay and Co. - 270,259 \nMeux, Reid, and Co. - 188,078 \nHanbury and Co. - 160,164 \nWhitbread and Co. - 122,446 \nCalvert and Co. - 108,212 \nH. Meux and Co. - 102,493 \nCoombe and Co. - 100,824 \nGoodwyn and Co. - 81,022 \nElliot and Co. - 58,035 \n\nCocks and Campbell, \n\n(Golden Lane) - 51,274 \nTaylor - \' - 51,220 \nClowes and Co. - 34,010 \nPorter, quantities of, brewed by the \ntwelve principal brewers, from the \n5th of July, 1815, to the 5th of \nJuly, 1816. \n\nBarrels. \n\nBarclay and Perkins - 330,200 \nMeux, Reid, and Co. 1 89,020 \nTruman, Hanbury and \n\nCo. - - 185,041 \n\nWhitbread and Co. . 168,855 \nHenry Meux and Co. 1 1 4,277 \nCoombe, Delafield, and \n\nCo. - - 100,655 \n\nF. Calvert and Co. - 85,925 \nGoodwyn and Co. - 77,249 \nTaylor and Co. - 50,533 \n\nElliot and Co. - 46,567 \n\nCocks and Campbell - 36,101 \nHollingworth and Co. 31,273 \nPorter, quantities of, brewed by the \neleven principal brewers, from the \n5th of July, 1822, to the 5th of \nJuly, 1823. \n\nBarrels. \n\nBarclay and Perkins - 351,474 \nTruman, Hanbury, and \n\nCo. - - 219,127 \n\n\n\nWhitbread and Co. - 213,841 \nMeux, Reid, and Co. 190,078 \nCoombe, Delafield, and \n\nCo. - - 140,209 \n\nF. Calvert and Co. - 107,858 \nHenry Meux and Co. 103,499 \nGoodwyn and Co. - 72,076 \nElliot and Co. - 61,649 \n\nTaylor and Co. - 58,763 \n\nCross and Co. - 19,501 \n\nPorter cask, a, at Messrs. Meux and \nCo.\'s, Liquorpond Street, is 65* \nfeet in diameter, 25a feet high, and \nhas 56 hoops from one ton to three \ntons each; it contains 20,000 \nbarrels of porter; consists of 314 \nstaves of English oak, 2\xc2\xa7 inches \nthick ; has been four years build- \ning, and cost 10,000/. \nPort-Royal, in Jamaica, destroyed by \nan earthquake, 7th June, 1692 ; \nby a fire, in 1703 ; and by a hur- \nricane, 28th Aug., 1722; again \nby a storm, 20th Oct., 1744; had \n100,000Z. damage by a fire, 1750; \nby a terrible storm, 30th July, \n1784 ; by a fire, 13th July, 1815. \nPort-au-Prince, in St. Domingo, had \n150 houses burnt, 29th June,- \n1784 ; nearly the whole town was \nburnt by the rioters, 1st Dec. \n1791. \n\nPortsmouth, 20 men, women, and \nchildren, literally blown to atoms \nby the explosion of a barrel of \npowder at, 24th June, 1809. \nPortsmouth, in Virginia, destroyed \nby the British forces, 11th May, \n1779. \n\nPortsmouth dock-yard received \n400,000/. damage by a fire, 3rd \nJuly, 1760; again, 27th July, \n1770; which did 100,000?. da- \nmage ; and a third fire, 7th Dec, \n1776 when 60,000/. damage was \ndone. \n\nPortsmouth, at the launch of the \nPrincess Charlotte, the dock-bridge \nwas burst open, and 60 persons \ndrowned. \n\nPort-holes in ships of war, introduced \n1545. \n\nPorterage act passed, 21st June, 1799. \nPorte us, Beilby, bishop of London \nb. 1731, d. 1808. \n\n\n\nPOR \n\n\n\nP S .281 \n\n\n\n;Porteus, Capt., attending an execu- \ntion at Edinburgh, apprehending a \nrescue, ordered the soldiers to fire, \n14th April, 1736; accused of \nmurder and convicted, but respited \nby Queen Caroline, 22nd June, \n1736 ; put to death by the mob \nat Edinburgh, 7th Sept., 1736. \n\nPortglaine, order began in Livonia, \n1196. \n\nPorto Rico, discovered 1497. \nPortugal, kingdom of, began 1 139 ; \nunited to Spain in 1580, and con- \ntinued so till 1640, when they \nshook off the Spanish yoke. Go- \nvernment of, emigrated to the \nBrazils, 1807. Prince Regent of, \ndeclared war against France, 1st \nMay, 1808, in consequence of \nFrance having invaded it. French \nexpelled from it, 3rd April, 1811. \nBrazil and the two Algarves united \nto it as a kingdom, Dec. 1815. \nPortugal, kings and queens of, from \nJohn IV. \n\nJohn IV. began _ 1640. \n\nAlphonso \xe2\x80\x94 1646. \n\nPeter II. \xe2\x80\x94 1683. \n\nJohn V. \xe2\x80\x94 1706. \n\nJoseph \xe2\x80\x94 1750. \n\nMary, the late queen 1777. \n\nJohn VI. \xe2\x80\x94 1816. \n\nDon Pedro \xe2\x80\x94 1816. \n\nDonna Maria \xe2\x80\x94 1826. \nPortugal, usurpation of Miguel, in- \nvaded by Don Pedro in the name \nof Donna Maria, 1832. \nPortugal, King of, attempt to assas- \nsinate, 3rd Sept., 1758. \nPortugal, removal of the court of, \nfrom Lisbon to the Brazils, Nov. \n1807. \n\nPortugal, Queen of, visits London, \n6th Oct., 1828. \n\nPortuguese, ambassador\'s brother be- \nheaded for murder, 1654. \n\nPostel, William, French writer, b. \n1510, d. 1581. \n\nPostlethwayt, Malachi, an English \nwriter, b. about 1707. \n\nPosen, annexed to Prussia, 1815. \n\nPosing, in Hungary, destroyed by a \nfire, when 107 houses were burned \ndown, 7th Sept., 1784; again, in \nApril, 1803, when 283 houses \nwere burned. \n\n\n\nPostage of letters advanced, 1784- \n97, 1801-10-12. \n\nPost, penny, began in London, 1681 ; \nestablished by government, 1711; \nthe postage advanced two two- \npence, 1801. \n\nPost-horses and stages established, \n1483 ; post-horse duty yielded \n147,865/. in 1787 ; first levied in \n1779. \n\nPosts, regular, established between \nLondon and most towns of Eng- \nland, Scotland, Ireland, &c. 1635. \n\nPosts. The emperor Cyrus was the \nfirst who erected post-houses \nthroughout the kingdom of Persia. \nAugustus was the first who intro- \nduced this institution among the \nRomans,and employed post-chaises. \nLouis XI. first established post- \nhouses in France ; and they were \nnot settled in England till the 12th \nCharles II. \n\nPost-offices first established in Paris, \n1462; in England, 1581; esta- \nblished in Germany, 1641 ; in the \nTurkish dominions, 1740; regu- \nlated by parliament, and made \ngeneral in England, 1656 ; and in \nScotland, 1695. Increased as \nfollows : \xe2\x80\x94 \nIt yielded, \n\n1644 5,000 per annum. \n\n1654 10,000 \n\n1664 21,900 \n\n1674 43,000 \n\n1685 \' 65,000 \n\n1688 76,318 \n\n1697 90,505 \n\n1710 111,461 \n\n1714 145,227 f \n\n1723 20^805 >g rossamount - \n\n1744 235,492 ) \n\n1764 \xe2\x80\xa2 432,048 \n\nC 141,829 management. \n\n1788 <{ 276,466 net produce. \n\n[ 418,285 gross amount, \nf 132,733 management. \n\n1789 j 308,109 net produce. \n\xc2\xa3 440,842 gross amount, \nf 139,650 management. \n\n1790 < 340,424 net produce. \n(_ 480,074 gross amount. \nC 125,070 management. \n\n1791 j 336,818 net produce. \nC 481,880 gross amount. \n\n\n\n282 P O S \n\n\n\nPOW \n\n\n\nC 392,884 management. \n1807< 1,277,538 net produce. \n\n1,670,423 gross amount. \n\nC 585,033 management. \n1820 } 1,380,434 net produce. \n\nt_ 1,965,468 gross amount. \njg9g$ 1,393,011 net produce. \n\n\\ 1,530,205 gross amount. \n\n\n\nPost. The mail first conveyed by \nstage-coaches, began 2nd Aug., \n1785 ; began to be conveyed to \nWaterford by Milford Haven, \n1787. The increase of the reve- \nnue by the mail coaches was above \n30,000/. in 1789. \n\n\n\nPOST-OFFICE OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. \n\nAn Account of the gross and net Revenue, and Charges of Management in \neach of the last ten years. \n\n\n\nYears. \n\n\nGross Receipt. \n\n\nNet Produce. \n\n\nCharges of \nManagement. \n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\ns. \n\n\nd. \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\ns. \n\n\nd. \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 s. \n\n\nd. \n\n\n1824 \n\n\n2,055,636 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n1,438,780 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n501,472 4 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n1825 \n\n\n2,060,390 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n1,517,621 \n1,478,669 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n\n\n512,535 11 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n1826 \n\n\n2,184,514 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n\n\n\n584,776 14 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1827 \n\n\n2,162,179 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1,366,853 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n595,181 4 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1828 \n\n\n2,048,402 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n1,396,355 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n566,384 2 \n\n\n\n\n\n1829 \n\n\n2,024,418 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1,360,778 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n\n\n\n579.175 10 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1830 \n\n\n2,053,720 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1,368,307 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n\n\n\n594,349 3 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1831 \n\n\n2,064,334 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n1,395,039 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n574,578 9 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1832 \n\n\n2,034,603 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n1,321,585 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n557,313 12 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n3 833 \n\n\n2,062,839 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1,391,469 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n\n\n\n552,734 9 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n\nPost-office, New, in London, began \n\n1822 ; opened 1828. \nPotatoes first brought into England \n\nfrom America, by Hawkins, 1563 ; \n\nintroduced into Ireland by Sir \n\n"Walter Raleigh, 1586 ; not known \n\nin Flanders until 1650. \nPotsdam, the magnificent cathedral \n\nof St. Nicholas at, destroyed by \n\nfire, 4th Sept. 1795. \nPott, Percival, surgeon, b. 1713, d. \n\n1788. \n\nPotter, archbishop, d. 1747, aged 75. \nPotter, Robert, poet, b. 1721, d. \n1804. \n\nPotter, Paul, Dutch painter, b. 1625, \nd. 1654. \n\nPottery, valuable improvements and \ndiscoveries made in, by Mr. Wedge- \nwood, 1763. \n\nPoupart, Francis, physician and ana- \ntomist, d. at Paris 1708. \n\nPourbus, Peter, d. 1580, aged 40. \n\nPourbus, Francis, artist, d. 1622. \n\n\n\nPoussin, Gaspar, an Italian painter, \n\nb. 1613, d. 1675. \nPoussin, Nich., a French painter, b. \n\n1594, d. 1665. \nPowder mills at Dartford exploded, \n\n3 persons killed, 12th Oct. 1827. \nPowdering the hair arose from the \n\nballad singers at the fair of St. \n\nGermain whitening their heads to \n\nappear ridiculous, 1614. \nPowdered hair taxed first, 5th May, \n\n1795. \n\nPowdersham castle, Devonshire, built \n970. \n\nPowell, a lawyer, walked from Lon- \ndon to York and back again in six \ndays, 27th Nov. 1773, above 402 \nmiles ; again, 20th June, 1788, \nwhen he was 57 years of age. \n\nPowell, George, English actor and \ndramatic writer, d. 1714. \n\nPowell, Sir John, judge, d. 1713. \n\nPowis castle, Montgomeryshire, built \n1110. \n\n\n\nPOW \n\n\n\nPEE \n\n\n\n283 \n\n\n\nPownall, governor, author of a Trea- I \n\ntise on Antiquities, &c, b. 1722, \n\nd. 25th Feb. 1805, aged 84. \nPoyning\'s act repealed in Ireland, and \n\nindependence* restored there, 17th \n\nMay, 1782.\' \nPraarmatic sanction first took place, \n\n1439 ; again, 1740. \nPratt, S. T.. writer in prose and \n\nverse, b. 1749, d. 4th Oct. 1814. \nPratt. Charles, earl Camden, b. 1713, \n\nd. 1794. \nPraxiteles lived about 350 B.C. \nPraying towards the east first ordained \n\nby the pope, 532. \nPrecedence in England, table of: \xe2\x80\x94 \nThe king\'s children and grandchild- \nren. \n\nThe king\'s brethren. \n\nThe king\'s uncles. \n\nThe king\'s nephews. \n\nArchbishop of Canterbury. \n\nLord chancellor, or keeper, if a baron. \n\nArchbishop of York. \n\nLord treasurer, lord president of the \n\ncouncil, and lord privy seal, if \n\nbarons. \n\nLord great chamberlain, lord high \nconstable, lord marshal, lord hi^rh j \nadmiral, lord steward of the house- \nhold, and lord chamberlain of the \nhousehold, above all the peers. \n\nDukes. \n\nMarquesses. \n\nDukes\' eldest sons. \n\nEarls. \n\nMarquesses\' eldest sons. \nDukes\' younger sons. \nViscounts. \nEarls\' eldest sons. \nMarquesses 1 younger sons. \nSecretary of state, if a bishop. \nBishop of London. \nBishop of Durham. \nBishop of "Winchester. \nBishops. \n\nSecretary of state, if a baron. \nBarons. \n\nSpeaker of the house of commons. \nLords commissioners of the great \nseal. \n\nViscounts\' eldest sons. \nEarls\' younger sons. \nBarons\' eldest sons. \nKnights of the Garter. \n\n\n\nPrivy Councillors. \n\nChancellor of the Exchequer. \n\nChancellor of the duchy. \n\nChief justice of the king\'s bench. \n\nMaster of the rolls. \n\nChief justice of the common pleas. \n\nChief baron of the exchequer. \n\nJudges, and barons of the coif. \n\nKnights Banneret, royal. \n\nViscounts\' younger sons. \n\nBarons\' younger sons. \n\nBaronets. \n\nKnights banneret. \n\nKnights of the Bath. \n\nKnights bachelor. \n\nBaronets\' eldest sons. \n\nKnights\' eldest sons. \n\nBaronets\' younger sons. \n\nKnights\' younger sons. \n\nColonels. \n\nSerjeants at law. \n\nDoctors. \n\nEsquires. \n\nGentlemen. \n\nYeomen. \n\nTradesmen. \n\nArtificers. \n\nLabourers. \n\nMarried women and widows are en- \ntitled to the same rank among each \nother, as their husbands would \nrespectively have borne between \nthemselves, except such rank is \nmerely professional or official ; and \nunmarried women to the same \nrank as their eldest brothers would \nbear among men during the lives \nof their fathers. \n\nPrecious blood. See Blood of Christ. \n\nPredestination established, 740. \n\nPresbyterian meeting-house, the first \nin England at Wandsworth, Sur- \nrey, 20th Nov. 1572. \n\nPresnitz, Bohemia, destroyed bv fire \n14th Aug. 1811. \n\nPress, office of censorship established \nin France, 21st Oct. 1814. \n\nPressing seamen first adopted, 1355. \n\nPreston, in Somersetshire, 14 houses \nburned down, and many much in- \njured by the fire, Dec. 1792. \n\nPreston guild established, 1172. \n\nPretender, the old, b. 10th June, \n1688, d. 1776. \n\nPretender, the young, his son, b. \n\n\n\n284 PRE \n\n\n\nPRO \n\n\n\n31st Nov. 1720 ; obliged to with- \ndraw from the French court, 30th \nNov., 1748; d. 31st Jan., 1788, \nwithout male issue. His natural \ndaughter assumed the title of du- \nchess of Albany, and was born in \n1763 and died 1789. His brother, \nthe cardinal, was born 6th March, \n1725. \n\nPrevot d\'Exiles, French writer, b. \n1697, d. 1763. \n\nPrice, Mr., glass-stainer, d. 1765. \n\nPrice, Dr. Richard, divine and politi- \ncian^. 1723, d. 1791. \n\nPrichard, Mrs., celebrated actress, \nd. 1769. , \n\nPrideaux, Humphrey, historian and \ncritic, b. 1648, d. 1724. \n\nPriestley, Dr. Joseph, b. 1733, d. 6th \nFeb. 1804. \n\nPrimaticcio, Francesca, of Bologna, \nsculptor, b. 1490, d. 1570. \n\nPrince, John, English historian, b. \n1643, d. 1723. \n\nPrince of Wales\'s (Geo. IV.) debts \npaid by parliament, 24th May, \n1787; again, 1795. State of his \ndebts, as laid on the table of the \nhouse of commons, June, 1795 : \xe2\x80\x94 \nDebts on various securities, and \nhearing interest, 500,571/. 19s. Id. \nAmount of tradesmen\'s bills un- \npaid, 86,7457. Tradesmen\'s bills \nand arrears of establishment, from \n30th Oct. 1794, to 5th April, \n1795, 52,573/. 5s. 3d. Total, \n639,890/. 4s. 4d. \n\nPrince Regent, his carriage windows \nbroken in St. James\'s , Park, as he \nreturned from opening parliament, \n28th Jan. 1817. \n\nPringle, Sir John, physician, b. 1707, \nd. 1782. \n\nPrinting was early practised by the \nChinese in wooden blocks; this \nmode was invented at Strasburgh \nby Faust, 1440 ; and next year \nthey had gone so far as to make \nseparate types of wood. Metal \ntypes used by John Gottenburgh \nof Mentz, 1444, by whom the first \nbook was printed, 1550. Types \nfirst cast by P. Schceffer, 1452. \nThe art brought to England by \nWilliam Caxton, a mercer of Lon- \n\n\n\ndon, 1471. About that time Aldus \ncast the Greek alphabet, for a \nGreek book was printed (ap Aldi) \n1476. A Hebrew ditto, 1478. \nIntroduced into Scotland, 1509. \nStereotype first used at Paris, 1799. \nThere are printed in Britain and \nIreland alone, nearly 2000 books \nper annum ; in France, 1500 ; and \nin Germany, 4000. \nPrinting presses licensed, 12th July, \n1790. \n\nPrintsellers\' property secured, 1777. \nPrior, Matthew, d. 18th Sept., 1721, \naged 56. \n\nPriscianus, grammarian, flourished \nabout A.D. 525. \n\nPrison, new debtors\', whitecross-st., \nfirst stone of, laid, 5th July, 1813 ; \ncompleted, 1815. \n\nPrivileged places in London, the fol- \nlowing, suppressed : \xe2\x80\x94 Minories, \nSalisbury-court, Whitefriars, Ram- \nalley,Mitre-court,Fulwood\'s-rents, \nBaldwyn\'s-gardens, the Savoy, \nMontague-close, Deadman\'s-place, \nthe Clink, and the Mint, 1696. \nThis last was not wholly suppressed \ntill the reign of George I. \n\nPrivy councillors protected, 1711. ^ \n\nPrize-money is by government divided \ninto eight equal parts, and distri- \nbuted in the following proportions : \n\xe2\x80\x94 Captains to have three-eighths, \nunless under the direction of a flag \nofficer, who in that case is to have \none of the said three-eighths. Cap- \ntains of marines and land forces, \nand lieutenants, &c, one-eighth. \nLieutenants of marines, gunners, \nadmiral\'s secretaries, &c, one- \neighth. Midshipmen, captain\'s \nclerk, &c, one-eighth. Ordinary \nand able seamen, marines, &c> \ntwo- eighths. Given at St. James\'s, \n17th April, 1793. \n\nProcaccini, Julius Caesar, b. 1548, \nd. 1626. \n\nProcaccini, an Italian, b. 1546, d. \n1626. \n\nProcopius, historian, d. about 560. \nProctus, Platonic philosopher, b. 410, \nd. 485. \n\nPrometheus struck fire from flints, \nabout 1745 B. C. ; he being the \n\n\n\nPRO \n\n\n\nPRO 285 \n\n\n\nfirst person, is said to have stolen \nit from Heaven ; became author of \nall the arts among the Greeks, \n1687,B.C. \n\nPromissory Notes regulated, 1705 ; \ntaxed by a stamp, 1782 ; increased \n1804; again 1808 ; again 1815. \n\nPromotion of Christian Knowledge, \nSociety for the, established 1699. \n\nPropertia de Rossi, of Bologna, sculp- \ntor, d. 1538. \n\nPropertius, Roman poet, d. B.C. 19. \n\nPropyleum, at Athens, bit. B.C. 432. \n\nPropagation of the Gospel in New \nEngland, Society for the, incor- \nporated 7th Feb., 1662. \n\nProstration at the elevation of the \nmass ordained, 1201. \n\nProtagoras, Greek sophist, originally a \nporter, d. about 620 B. C. \n\nProtection by noblemen and Foreign \nambassadors restrained by Parlia- \nment, 1773. \n\nProtectorate. \xe2\x80\x94 That of the Earl of \nPembroke began October, 1216; \nended by his death the same year. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Duke of Bedford, began \n1422; ended by his death, Sept., \n1435.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Duke of Glouces- \nter, began April, 1483 ; ended by \nhis assuming the royal dignity, \nJune, 1483. \xe2\x80\x94 Of Somerset, began \n1547 ; ended by his resignation, \n1549. \xe2\x80\x94 Of Oliver Cromwell, began \nDec, 1643; ended by his death, \n1658.\xe2\x80\x94 Of Richard Cromwell, be- \ngan 1658 ; ended by his resigna- \ntion, April, 1659. \n\nProtestants were in the minority in \nthe diet of Spires, 17th April, \n1530, when the decree for sup- \nporting the doctrines of the church \nof Rome was protested against. \nHence the term Protestants given \nto the Reformers. They were \ntolerated in Germany, 1624; in \nBohemia, 1 707 ; in Hungary, 1 784 ; \nin France,! 792 ; in Portugal, 1 801 . \n\nProtestant Dissenters\' petition against \nLord Sidmouth\'sbill; 600 petitions \npresented, signed by 100,000 males \nin 48 hours, 21st May, 1811. \n\nProtogenes, of Rhodes, fl. 328 B.C. \n\nProvenzale, eminent in mosaic, b. \n1575, d. 1639. \n\n\n\nProvisions, London prices of, in the \nreign of Queen Elizabeth. The \nfollowing items are extracted from \nan old household account, far the \nyears 1594 and 1595 : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\xc2\xa3 s. d. \n\nPaid, 26th March, for 104 \nlbs, of butter, received \nout of Gloucestershire, \nwhereof 16 lbs. at 3\xc2\xa3c?. \nand the rest at 3d. per lb. 16 8 \nSalt for the said butter - 6 \nCarriage of the said butter \n\nfrom Bristol to London 4 6 \nPaid, 29th Mar., for a fore- \nquarter of lamb, with the \nhead - - - 2 2 \nA capon - - - - 1 2 \nNine stone of beef, at 18c?. \n\nthe stone - - - 1 3 6 \nA quart of Malmsey - Q 8 \nFour pounds of soap - 10 \nPaid, 3rd April, for a lamb 5 \nA dozen of pigeons - 2 4 \nTwenty-eight eggs - 8 \n\nPaid, 6th* April, for three \n\npecks of fine flour - 2 6 \nA side of veal - - 8 \nA calfs head - - - 10 \nA pint of claret wine - 3 \nPaid, 3 1 st July, for a peck \n\nof oysters - - 4 \n\nPaid, 19th Aug., for Haif- \na-peck of filberts - 6 \nPaid, 9th Feb., 1595, for \n\nhalf-a-hundred oranges 9 \nProvisions, price of, at different \nperiods, as follows : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nA fat ox, 12c?. ; sheep, 4c?. ; pro- \nvender for 20 horses, 4c?. ; bread \nfor 100 men, 12c?., 1177. \n\nWheat 12c?. the quarter ; beans \nand oats, 4c?., 1216. \n\nGoose, id. ; lamb at Christmas, \n6c?. ; all the rest of the year, 4c?. ; \ntwo pullets, \\\\d. 1299. \n\nFat ox, 11. 4s. ; sheep, Is. 2c?. ; \nhog, 3s. 4o?. ; two chickens, Id. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n4pigeons,lc?. ; 24 eggs,lc?. ; wheat, \nbeans, and pease, 20s. the quarter. \nWheat, 30s. the quarter, 1315. \nWine, 20s. the tun, 1316. \nBarley, Is. the quarter, 1317. \nWheat, Is. the quarter ; malt, \n16c?.; 1454. \n\n\n\n285 \n\n\n\nPRO \n\n\n\nPU M \n\n\n\nWheat, 3s. the bushel, 1486. \n\nWheat, 20d. the bushel, 1491. \n\nWheat, 4s. the bushel; claret, \n30s. the hhd,, 1493. \n\nWheat, 15s. the quarter, 1527. \n\nA barrel of beer, with the cask, \n6d., and four great loaves for lc?., \n1553. \n\nWheat, 14s. the quarter, 1558, \nand 61. in 1726. \n\nFlour, 10s. the bushel, 1596, \nand 18s. in 1796. \n\nLiving 7 times cheaper in 1066 ; \nsix times cheaper in 1381 ; ten \ntimes cheaper in 1403 ; four times \ncheaper in 1440 ; three times and \na half cheaper in 1498 ; near five \ntimes cheaper in 1500 ; than in \n1796. \n\nPrussia, anciently possessed by the \nVenedi, whose kings were de- \nscended from Athirius, first king \nof the Heruli, on the Baltic, 320 \nB. C The Venedi were con- \nquered by the Borussi, who in- \nhabited the Riphsean mountains. \nThence the country was called \nBorussia, or Prussia, which was \nsubdued by the Mercian knights \nsent by the Emperor Frederick II. \n1215 ; weary of the extortions of \ntheir governors, they revolted to \nJagello, king of Poland, 1219.\xe2\x80\x94 \nThe grand master of the Teutonic \norder conquered the Poles, and \nkept possession till 1700, when he \nwas made a king. \xe2\x80\x94 The king of, \nvisited England, 1744; seized part \nof Poland, 1773 and 1795.\xe2\x80\x94 Re- \nnounced all connexion with Eng- \nland, in compliance with the treaty \nof Tilsit, 1 5th Feb., 1808.\xe2\x80\x94 Queen \nof, d. 19th July, 1810.\xe2\x80\x94 Formed \na treaty of Alliance with France, \n\n5th March, 1812 Formed a \n\ntreaty of Alliance with Russia \nagainst France, 2nd Feb., 1813. \nPart of Saxony added to the do- \nminions of Prussia, 1815. \nPrussia, Kings of, from Frederick I. \ntheir first king : \xe2\x80\x94 \nFrederick I. began - 1701 \nFrederick William I. - 1713 \nFrederick II. - 1740 \n\n\n\nFrederick William II. - 1786 \nFrederick William III. the \n\npresent king - - 1798 \n\nPrussian blue first invented by a \nnative of Berlin, 1707. \n\nPrynne, William, b. 1600 ; tried by \nthe star-chamber, 1633 ; stood in \nthe pillory, May, 1634; again, \n1637; took his seat in the long \nparliament, 28th Nov., 1640; d. \n24th Oct., 1669. \n\nPsalmanazar, George, the pretended \nJapanese, d. 1763, aged about 84. \n\nPsalms of David, translated by Sterna- \nhold and Hopkins, 1552. \n\nPtolemy, Claudius, b. about A. D. \n70. \n\nPublic Debt. See National Debt. \n\nPublic-houses, a power of licensing \nthem first granted to Sir Giles \nMompesson and Sir Francis Mi- \nchel, for their own emolument, \n1620. Their number in Great \nBritain, in 1790, was 76,000. In \nthe city of London, and within the \nbills of mortality, there are at pre- \nsent 5024 licensed public-houses ; \nand it is calculated that the money \nexpended in beer and spirits in \nthose places, by the labouring peo- \nple only, amounts to upwards of \n3,000,000*. sterling a year. \n\nPublic funds originated at Florence, \n1344. \n\nPublic funds. In a return of the \naverage price of the public funds, \nby the commissioners for the reduc- \ntion of the national debt in each \nyear since 1786, it appears the \nthree per cents, were 50-1 in 1798 ; \nand in January, 1824, 80-5-10. \n\nPuffendorf, Samuel, d. 1694, aged \n63. \n\nPuget, Peter Paul, a Frenchman, b. \n\n1623, d. 1695. \nPulzone, Scipio, b. 1550, d. 1588. \nPulci, Luigi, poet, b. 1431, d. about \n\n1490. \n\nPulteney, William, b. 1682, struck \nout of the list of councillors, July, \n1731; d. Earl of Bath, 1764. \n\nPulteney, Richard, physician and \nbotanist, b. 1730, d. 1801. \n\nPumps, water, first invented 1425. \n\n\n\nPUN QUE 287 \n\n\n\nPUNISHMENTS, CAPITAL, IN LONDON AND MIDDLESEX. \n\n\n\n\n\n1st Period, \n\n\n1827-28-29. \n\n\n2nd Period, \n\n\n1830-31-32. \n\n\nCRIMES. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExecuted. \n\n\nCommitted. \n\n\nExecuted. \n\n\nCommitted. \n\n\nBurglary and house- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nbreaking - \n\n\n19 \n\n\n311 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n288 \n\n\nCoining \n\n\n4 \n\n\n18 \n\n\nnone \n\n\n12 \n\n\nForgery \n\n\n8 \n\n\n50 \n\n\nnone \n\n\n61 \n\n\nHorsestealing \n\n\n4 \n\n\n58 \n\n\nnone \n\n\n48 \n\n\nStealing in a dwell- \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ning-house \n\n\n5 \n\n\n213 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n192 \n\n\nSheep-stealing \n\n\n2 \n\n\n22 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n17 \n\n\nTotal \n\n\n42 \n\n\n672 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n618 \n\n\n\nPurcell, Henry, musician and com- \nposer, b. 1658, d. 1695. \n\nPurgatory, the doctrine of, invented \n250 ; introduced into the church, \n593. \n\nPurification of the Virgin, festival of, \n\nappointed 542. \nPurple, discovery of it, about 500 \n\nB. C. \n\nPurple, the, given to the Cardinals \n\nby Paul II. 1465. \nPutney-bridge, built 1726. \nPye, Henry James, poet laureate, b. \n\n1745, d. 11th Aug., 1813. \nPyle, Thomas, English divine, b. \n\n1674, d. 1756. \n\n\n\nPym, John, lawyer, b. 1584, d. 1643. \nPynaker, Adam, landscape painter, \n\nb. 1621, d. 1673. \nPynson, Richard, printer, d. about \n\n1529. \n\nPyramids, in Egypt, built B.C. 1430. \n\nPyrrho, founder of the sceptics, b. \nB. C. 340, d. 288. \n\nPyrrhus began to reign at Epirus, \n295 ; lost 20,000 in battle with \nthe Romans to their 5,000 ; killed \nby a woman\'s throwing a tile at \nhim, 272 B. C. \n\nPythagoras d. 506 B.C. aged 80. \n\nPythagoras\' s School, Cambridge, built \n1092. \n\n\n\nQuACK medicines taxed, 1785; \n\nincreased, 1803. \nQuadrants, astronomical, introduced \n\n290 B.C. \n\nQuaker\'s affirmation first accepted as \nan oath, 1702 ; first admitted to \na seat in parliament, 14th Feb. \n1833. \n\nQualifications for members of parlia- \nment, act passed, 1711. \n\nQualifications for justices of the peace \nact passed, 1732. \n\nQuarles, Francis, English poet and \nwriter, b. 1592, d. 1644. \n\nQuebec built, 1603 ; public and pri- \n\n\n\nvate stores at, and three wharfs, \n\ndestroyed by fire, 3rd Sept. 1815; \n\ndamage estimated at 260,000/. \nQuebec, palace of St. Louis at, built \n\nby the French, 1690; destroyed \n\nby fire, 23rd Jan. 1834, value \n\nabout 30,000/. \nQuebec taken by general Wolfe, 18th. \n\nSept. 1759. \nQuebec, cholera breaks out at, for the \n\nfirst time in N. America, 8th June, \n\n1832. \n\nQueen Adelaide of England\'s dower \nbill, securing to her majesty \n100,000/. per annum, besides the \n\n\n\n288 \n\n\n\nQUE \n\n\n\nRAI \n\n\n\ndemesne of Bushy Park, in the \nevent of the king\'s demise, received \nthe royal assent, 2nd Aug. 1831. \n\nQueen Caroline. See Caroline. \n\nQueen Charlotte, consort of George \nIII., d. at Kew, 17th Nov. 1818, \naged 75 ; annuity on the king\'s \ndeath settled at 100,000/., 1762. \n\nQueen of the Sandwich Islands died \nin London of small-pox, 14th Julv, \n1824. \n\nQueen, Indiaman, blown up at Bra- \nzil, 14th July, 1800. \n\nQueen transport parted her cables in \na gale at Falmouth, and was \nwrecked on Trefusis Point, by \nwhich 369 persons out of 473 \nperished, Jan. 1814. \n\nQueen\'s college, Oxford, founded, \n1340 ; greatly damaged by a fire, \nwhich totally destroyed one of the \nwings of the building, 18th Dec. \n1778. \n\nQueen\'s college, Cambridge, founded \n1448. \n\nQueen\'s ware, pottery invented by \n\nTTedgewood, 1760. \nQueens of England, France, and \n\nScotland, in England at the same \n\ntime, 1517. \n\n\n\nQuellinus, Erasmus, painter, of Ant- \nwerp, b. 1607, d. 1678. \n\nQuellinus, Arthur, sculptor, fi. 1640. \n\nQuesne, Abraham du, French admi- \nral, b. 1610, d. 1688. \n\nQuesnoy, James de, of Brussels, \nsculptor, b. 1570, d. 1645. \n\nQuevedo de Yillegas, Francis, Spanish \npoet, b. 1580, d. 1645. \n\nQuick, a celebrated comedian, b.1748, \nd. 1831. \n\nQuicksilver, nse of, in refining silver \n\nore, discovered 1540. \nQuills first made into pens, 635. \nQuin, James, the comedian, b. 1693, \n\nd. 1766, aged 73. \nQuinault, Phil., French writer, b. \n\n1636, d. 1688. \nQuincy, Dr. John, eminent English \n\nphysician, d. 1723. \nQuincy, le marq., French engineer \n\nand military author, d. 1720. \nQuintiiian, b. A. D. 42 ; d. 94. \nQuintin Mesius or Matsys, the smith \n\nof Antwerp, a painter, b. 1460, d. \n\n1529. \n\nQuirini, Cardinal, the learned tra- \nveller, b. 1680, d. 1755. \n\nQuito, in Peru, swallowed up, by an \nearthquake, 24th April, 1755. \n\n\n\nB. \n\n\n\nR \n\n\n\n,ABEL, Jonn. painter, flourished \nin the 16th century. \nRabelais, Francis, French writer, b. \n\n1483, d. 1553. \nRabutin, Count de Bussv, b. 1618. \nd. 1693. \n\nR&by Castle, Durham, built 1020. \nRacan, Marquis de, poet, b. 1589, \nd. 1670. \n\nRacine, John, dramatist, b. 1C39, d. \n1699. \n\nRacine, Louis, poet, d. 1763, aged 7 1 . \nRacine, Mrs., novelist, d. 1823, aged \n62. \n\nRadcliffian Library, Oxford, began \n\nbuilding, 12th May, 1737; opened \n\n13th April, 1749." \nRadcliffe, Dr. John, b. 1650, d. and \n\nleft 40,000/. to the Universitv of \n. Oxford, 1st Nov., 1714. His \n\nstatue erected, 21st Dec. 1723. \n\n\n\nRadcliffe. Anne, writer of romances, \n\nb. 1764, d. 1823. \nRadnor Forest destroved by fire, \n\nAug., 1800. \nRadziville, in Gallicia, nearly con- \nsumed by fire, 5th May, 1804. \nRaikes, R., planner of sundar-schools, \n\nb. 1735, d. 1811. \nRaibolina, Fran., painter, of Bou- \nlogne, b. 1450, d. 1518. \nRailroads : \xe2\x80\x94 \nAber Dulas, Glamorganshire, act \n\nfor, 7th George IV. \nAirdree, Scotland, act for, 1826. \nBerwick and Kilso, act for, 1811. \nBolton and Leigh, acts for 1825-28. \nBrandlings, Yorkshire, act for 1758. \nBristol and Gloucestershire, act for \n1828. \n\nCanterburv and Whitstable, acts for, \npassed 1825-27-28. \n\n\n\nR A I \n\n\n\nRAM 289 \n\n\n\nClarence, countv of Durham, acts \n\nfor, passed 1828-29. \nCromford and High Peak, Derhy, \n\nact for, 1825. \nCrovdon, Surrey, acts for, passed \n\n1803-6. \n\nDean Forest, acts for, passed 1809 \n\xe2\x80\x941826. \n\nDundee and Newtvle, Scotland, acts \n\nfor, passed 1826-30. \nEdinburgh and Dalkeith, acts for, \n\npassed 1826-29. \nTestiniary, Merionethshire, com- \nmenced, 24th Feb., 1833. \nGarnkirk and Glasgow, acts for, \n\npassed 1827-30. \nGloucestershire and Avon, acts for, \n\npassed 1828. \nGloucestershire and Cheltenham, \n\nacts for, passed 1809-15. \nKilmarnock, act for, passed 1808. \nKington, Herefordshire, act for, \n\npassed in 1818. \nKirkintilloch, Scotland, acts for, \n\npassed 1824. \nLeeds and Selby, act for, passed \n\n1830. \n\nLeicester and Swannington, act for, \n\npassed 1830. \nLiverpool and Manchester, 30 miles \n\nand three-quarters in length, acts \n\nfor passed, 1826-27-28-29. \nManchester and Oldham, act for, \n\npassed 1826. \nMansfield and Pinxton, act for, \n\npassed 1817. \nMonmouth, act for, passed 1810. \nNanthe, Caernarvonshire, acts for, \n\npassed 1825-27-28. \nNewcastle-on-Tyne, act for, 1829. \nPenrhynmaur, act for, passed 1812. \nPlvmouth and Dartmouth, 1819- \n\n20-21. \n\nRedruth and Chaswater, act for, 182 4. \nSaint Helen\'s, Lancashire, act for, \n\npassed 1830. \nStockton and Arlington, County \n\nDurham, acts for, passed 1821- \n\n23-24-28. \nStratford and Moreton, act for, \n\npassed 1821-25. \nSurrey, Iron, acts for, passed 1801- \n\n1805. \n\nWarrington and Newton, acts for \npassed 1 829-30. \n\n\n\nWigan, Lancashire, act for, passed \n1830. \n\nRaimondi, M. Anton., painter, b. \n1488, d. about 1540. \n\nRain, violent in Scotland, for five \nmonths, 553 ; a continual rain in \nScotland for five months, 918; a \nviolent one in London, 1222 ; \nagain, 1233 ; so violent, the har- \nvest did not begin till Michaelmas, \n1330; so heavy that the corn was \nspoiled, 1335 ; from the beginning \nof October to December, 1338 ; \nfrom Midsummer to Christmas, so \nthat there was not one day or night \ndry together, 1348 ; again violent, \n1365; in Wales, which destroyed \n10,000 sheep, 19th Sept., 1752; \nin Languedoc, which destroyed the \nvillage of Bar le Due, 26th April, \n1776; in the north of England, \n1789 ; in the Island of Cuba, on \nthe 21st June, 1791, when 3000 \npersons and 11,700 cattle of various \nkinds perished, by the torrents \noccasioned by the rain. In the \nsummer of 1816, the harvest was \nmuch injured by continued rains, \nin various places on the Continent, \nas well as in England. \n\nRain storms and winds, first painted \nby Lorenzetti; 1330. \n\nRaine, Matthew, D. D., master of \nthe Charterhouse-school, b. 1760, \nd. Oct., 1810. \n\nRaine\'s Charity, commenced 1758, \nto portion out four young women. \n\nRainbow, the theory of, given by De \nDominis, 1611 ; improvements in \n1689. \n\nRainolds, John, suggested the present \ntranslation of the Bible, in which \nhe assisted, b. 1549, d. 1607. \nRaleigh, Sir Walter, beheaded 29th \n\nOct., 1618, aged 65. \nRalph, James, English historian and \n\npoet, d. 1762. \nRam, Joseph, a black on the Morice \n\nHalls estate, Jamaica, d. at the age \n\nof 146 years, 1833. \nRameau, J. P., musical composer, b. \n\n1683, d. 1767. \nRamsden, Jesse, optician, b. 1735, \n\nd. 1800. \n\nRamsey, Chevalier, b. 1686, d. 1743. \n\no \n\n\n\n290 RAM \n\n\n\nREB \n\n\n\nRamsay, Allan, Scotch poet, b. 1685, \nd. 1758. \n\nRamsey, in Huntingdonshire, nearly \n\ndestroyed by a fire, 21st May, \n\n1731 ; abbey built, 969. \nRamsay, Allan, painter, d. 10th Aug., \n\n1784, aged 75. \nRamsgate Theatre, fire at, 30th Nov. \n\n1829. \n\nRamus, Peter, French writer, b. \n1515, d. 1572. \n\nRanas, in Enzie, Scotland, burned \ndown, 7th May, 1759. \n\nRanc, John,painter, b. 1674, d. 1735. \n\nRandolph, Thomas, English poet, b. \n1605, d. 1634. \n\nRandolph, Peyton, first President of \nCongress of the United States, N. \nAmerica, b. 1720, d. 1775. \n\nRanger, from Newcastle to London, \nwith coals, wrecked in a gale of \nwind, and all hands perished ex- \ncept the carpenter, 31st Aug.,1815. \n\nRangoon, in the Birman empire, had \n6000 houses destroyed by fire, \n1814. \n\nRansa Castle, Annan Isle, Scotland, \nbuilt before 1380. \n\nRan is a very old word in the laws of \nCanute, signifying robbery or ra- \npine; hence the expression "he \nsnatches all that he can rap and \nran." \n\nRaoux, Peter, painter, b. 1674, d. \n1735. \n\nRapin, Ren\xc2\xa3, d. 1687, aged 66. \n\nRapin, de Thoyras, English historian, \nd. 16th May, 1725, aged 64. \n\nRaphael, d\'Urbino, painter, b. at \nUrbino, 1483, d. 1520. \n\nRask, Erasmus, a Danish philologist \nand grammarian, d. 1833. \n\nRatisbon, built 1187 B.C. \n\nRats and Mice, so many constantly \ninfested Hatton, a German Baron, \nthat he built a tower close to the \nRhine for his defence, in which he \nwas ultimately killed by these ani- \nmals, 969. \n\nRavenet, Mr., the engraver, d. 1774, \naged 69. \n\nRavensworth Castle, Yorkshire, built \n1030. \n\nRavishing of women made a capital \noffence, 1279. \n\n\n\nRawlinson, Dr. Richard, antiquary, \nd. 1755. \n\nRay, Rev. John, the naturalist, b. \n1628, d. 1705. \n\nRaymond, Lord, judge, d. 1732. \n\nRaymond, John, painter, d. 25th \nAug., 1784. \n\nRaynal, Abbe, historian, d. March, \n1796, aged 84. \n\nRead, an alderman of London, sent as \na common soldier, for refusing the \nkingan arbitrary benevolence, 1544. \n\nReading Abbey, founded 1130. \n\nReaumur, M. de, the French philoso- \npher, b. 1683, d. 1756. \n\nReay, Miss, the mistress of Lord \nSandwich, shot by the Rev. Mr. \nHackman, as she was coming out \nof Covent Garden theatre, 7th \nApril, 1779. \n\nRebellions, remarkable, in British \nhistory : \xe2\x80\x94 Against William 1. in \nfavour of Edgar Atheling, by the \nScots and Danes, A. D. 1069. \nAgainst William II., in favour of \nhis brother Robert, 1088 ; ex- \ntinguished, 1090 Of the Welsh, \n\nwho defeated the Normans and \nEnglish, 1095. \xe2\x80\x94 In England, in \nfavour of the Empress Maude, \n1139 ; ended 1 153.\xe2\x80\x94 Prince Rich- \nard, against his father, Henry II., \n1189.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Barons, April, \n1215 ; compromised by the grant \nof Magna Charta, 15th June fol- \nlowing.\xe2\x80\x94 Of ditto, 1262 ; ended \n1267. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the lords spiritual and \ntemporal against Edward II., on \naccount qf his favourites the Gaves- \ntons, 1312 ; and again on account \nof the Spensers, 1321 Of Wal- \nter, the tiler, of Deptford, vulgarly \ncalled Wat Tyler, occasioned by \nthe brutal rudeness of a tax- \ngatherer to his daughter; having \nkilled the collector in his rage, he \nraised a party to oppose the tax \nitself, which was a grievous poll- \ntax, 1381.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Duke of Glou- \ncester and other lords, 1388. \xe2\x80\x94 \nOf Henry, Duke of Lancaster, who \ncaused Richard II. to be deposed, \n\n1399 In Ireland, when Roger, \n\nEarl of March, the viceroy and \npresumptive heir to the crown, was \n\n\n\nREB \n\n\n\nREG \n\n\n\n291 \n\n\n\nslain, 1398.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Welsh, under \nOwen Glendower, 1400. \xe2\x80\x94 Against \nHenry IV. by the earls of North- \numberland and Salisbury, Owen \nGlendower, and others, 1403. \xe2\x80\x94 \nUnder the Earl of Northumber- \nland, who was defeated atBramham \nMoor, and slain, 1458.\xe2\x80\x94 Of Jack \nCade, in favour of the Duke of \nYork, 1450. \xe2\x80\x94 In favour of the \nhouse of York, 1452, which ended \nin the imprisonment of Henry VI. \nand seating Edward IV. of York on \n\nthe throne, 1466 Of the English \n\nin Yorkshire, owing to some en- \ncroachment, respecting St. Leo- \nnard\'s hospital, in York, 1469 \xe2\x80\x94 \nUnder Warwick and Clarence, \n1470, which ended with the expul- \nsion of Edward IV. and the restora- \ntion of Henry VI. the same year. \xe2\x80\x94 \nUnder Edward IV., 1471, which \nended with the death of Henry VI. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Of the Earl of Richmond, against \nRichard III. 1 485, which ended with \ntbe death of Richard. \xe2\x80\x94 Under Lam- \nbert Simnel, who pretended to be \nRichard III. \'s nephew, 1486, which \nended the same year, in discovering \nthat Simnel was a baker\'s son : he \nwas pardoned. \xe2\x80\x94 Under Perkin \nWarbeck, 1492, which ended in the \nexecution of Warbeck, 1499. \xe2\x80\x94 \nUnder Lord Audley, 1497, owing to \ntaxes, which ended with the battle \nof Blackheath. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the English, on \naccount of destroying the monas- \nteries, 1536 ; ended the same year. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Of ditto, in the West, owing to en- \nclosures and oppressions of the \ngentry, June, 1549 ; suppressed tne \nsame year. \xe2\x80\x94 Of ditto, in Norfolk, \nheaded by Kett, the tanner, but soon \nsuppressed, Aug., 1549 \xe2\x80\x94 In favour \nof Lady Jane Grey, against Queen \nMary, 1553, which ended in the \n\ndeath of Lady Jane Of Sjr Thos. \n\nWyatt, against the Queen\'s mar- \nriage with Philip of Spain, &c, \n\n1554 Of the Roman Catholics, \n\nagainst Queen Elizabeth, 1559; \nsuppressed the same year. \xe2\x80\x94 In the \nNorth of England, 1569.\xe2\x80\x94 Of the \nIrish under the Earl of Tyrone, \n1599; suppressed, 1601. \xe2\x80\x94 Under \n\n\n\nthe Earl of Essex, against Eliza- \nbeth, 1600, which ended in his \ndeath, 1601. \xe2\x80\x94 Against Charles I. \n1639, which ended with his death, \n1649. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the Irish, under Roger \nMore, Sir Phelim O\'Neile, &c. \nagainst the English in Ireland, \n1641; ended, 1651. \xe2\x80\x94Of the \nScotch, 1666.\xe2\x80\x94 Under the Duke \nof Monmouth, 1685, which ended \nin his death. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the Scotch under \nthe old Pretender, 1715 ; quelled, \n1716. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the Scotch, under the \nyoung Pretender, 1745 ; quelled, \n1746. \xe2\x80\x94 Of the Americans, on \naccount of taxes, 1774. \xe2\x80\x94 In Ire- \nland, when they took up arms, \n24th May, 1798. \n\nReceipt tax, began 1782; amended \n1784-91-95, 1803-08-15. \n\nRecorde, Robert, first English writer \non algebra, d. 1558. \n\nRecords of the acts of the crown, \nbegan to be regularly kept, 1100 ; \nthe first in the English language is \ndated in 1415. \n\nRecords of Scotland, on their trans- \nmission by sea from England to \nScotland, lost, 1295. \n\nReculver Abbey, Kent, built 669. \n\nRed-eagle, in Prussia, revived 1792. \n\nRedemption, order of knighthood \nbegan, 1212. \n\nReece, Richard, author of the " Me- \ndical Guide," &c. d. 1831. \n\nReed, Isaac, commentator, b. 1742, \nd. 1807. \n\nRees, Dr. A., editor of an encyclo- \npedia, b. 1743, d. 1825. \n\nReeve, Clara, English writer, d. Jan. \n1808, aged 70. \n\nReflecting telescope, invented A.D. \n1657. \n\nReform Bill, brought forward in the \n\nCommons by Lord John Russell, \n\n1st March, 1831. \nReformation began in England by \n\nWickliffe, 1370; in Germany by \n\nJerome of Prague and Luther; \n\ncompleted by Henry VIII. 1534 ; \n\nestablished by Elizabeth, 1558. \nReformation of manners, society for, \n\nformed 1689. \nRegatta on the river Thames, 22nd \n\nJune, 1775. \n\no 2 \n\n\n\n292 \n\n\n\nREG \n\n\n\nEEL \n\n\n\nResent Street, commenced building \n1815. \n\nRegent s Canal, from Paddington \nto Limehouse, opened 1st Aug., \n1820. \n\nRegent\'s Canal, by the falling in of \na bank, in undermining, 12 men \nwere completely buried, of whoru \nfour were dug out quite dead, 30th \nJuly, 1813. \n\nRegillo, Antonio, painter, b. 1484, \nd. 1548. \n\nRegimental clothing for the army, in- \ntroduced into France bv Louis \nXIV. \n\nRegioniontanus, John Muller, astro- \nnomer, poisoued at Rome 1476. \n\nRegistering shipping in the Thames, \ncommenced 1786; in England ge- \nnerally, 1787. \n\nRegistering -wills in Yorkshire, first \npermitted, 1707; in Middlesex, \n1709. \n\nRegisters, parochial, of births, mar- \nriages, and burials, first appointed, \n1530-3. \n\nRegisters, of births, baptisms, mar- \nriages, and burials, law for the \nbetter regulation of, 28th July, \n1813. \n\nRegisters of places of religious -wor- \nship, act relating to, commenced \nSept. 1813. \n\nRegius, Urban, German reformer, d. \n1541, \n\nRegnant, Queen, the first in England, \n1553. \n\nReguaudin, Thomas, sculptor, d. 1706, \naged 79. \n\nRegnard, J. F., dramatist, b. 1647. \nd. 1709. \n\nRegnier, Mathurin, French -writer, b. \n1573, d. 1613. \n\nReichstadt, Duke of, son of Napo- \nleon, and of the Archduchess Maria \nLouisa, of Austria, b. at Paris \n20th March, 1811, d. at the palace \nof Schoenbrunn, near Vienna, 22nd \nJuly, 1832. \n\nRelief bill, admitting Roman Catho- \nlics to place and power in England, \npassed 10th April, 1829. \n\nReligious houses suppressed by Henry \nVIII. in England, 1540, amounted \nto 1041; by the national assembly \n\n\n\nin France, 1790, amounted to \n\n4500 ; by the Emperor of Ger- \nmany, in 1785, nearly 2000. \nReligions of European states : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAustria, an empire, Papists. \n\nBavaria, a kingdom, Papists. \n\nBohemia, a kingdom, Papists and \nLutherans. \n\nBrandenburgh, a marquisate, Lu- \ntherans, Calvinists, and Papists. \n\nBrunswick, a dukedom, Lutherans. \n\nCologne, an archbishopric, Papists. \n\nCourland, a dukedom, Papists and \nProtestants. \n\nDenmark, a kingdom, Lutherans. \n\nEngland, a kingdom, church of \nEngland, and all others. \n\nFrance, a kingdom, Papists ; but \nProtestants tolerated. \n\nGenoa, a republic, Papists ; but \nthe Jews tolerated. \n\nGermany, empire, Papists, Luthe- \nrans, and Calvinists. \n\nGreece, a kingdom, Christians,. \nMahometans, Jews, &c. \n\nHanover, a kingdom, Lutherans, \nCalvinists, &c. \n\nHesse Cassel, an electorate, Lu- \ntherans, Calvinists, and Papists. \n\nHungary, a kingdom, Papists and \nProtestants. \n\nIreland, a kingdom, all religions \ntolerated. \n\nItaly, various states, Papists. \n\nLucca, a republic, Papists. \n\nMalta, an island, Papists. \n\nMantua, a dukedom, Papists. \n\nMecklenburgh Schwerin, a duke- \ndom, Lutherans. - \n\nMecklenburgh Strelitz,a dukedom, \nLutherans. \n\nMilan, a dukedom, Papists. \n\nModena, a dukedom, Papists. \n\nNaples, a kingdom, Papists. \n\nNetherlands, a kingdom, Papists, \nCalvinists, &c. \n\nNorway, a kingdom, Lutherans. \n\nOsnaburgh, a bishopric,, Catholics \nand Protestants. \n\nPalatine, a principality, Papists \nand Lutherans. \n\nParma and Placentia, a dukedom, \nPapists. \n\nPiedmont, a principality. Papists. \nPortugal, a kingdom, Papists. \n\n\n\nRELIGIONS. \n\n\n\n293 \n\n\n\nPrussia, a kingdom, Lutherans, \nCalvinists, and Papists. \n\nRussia, an empire, Greeks, Calvin- \nists, and Lutherans. \n\nSardinia, a kingdom, Papists. \n\nSavoy, a dukedom, Papists. \n\nSaxony, a kingdom, Papists and \nLutherans. \n\nScotland, a kingdom, Presbyte- \nrians, Episcopacy tolerated. \n\nSiberia, in the Russian empire, \nGreeks and Armenians. \n\nSicily, an island, Papists. \n\nSpain, a kingdom, Papists. \n\nSweden, a kingdom, Lutherans, \npopery abolished, 1544. \n\nSwitzerland, cantons, a republic, \nsix are Protestants, seven are \nPapists. \n\nTartary, various states, partly in \nEurope, Armenians, Mahome- \ntans, and Greeks. \n\nTriers, an archbishopric, Papists. \n\nTurkey, an empire, partly in Eu- \nrope, Mahometans, Jews, and \nChristians. \n\nTuscany, a dukedom, Papists. \n\nVenice, a republic, Papists, Greeks, \nand Jews. \n\nUnited States of North America, a \nrepublic, Protestants, Episcopa- \nlians, &c. \nReligious orders, sects, &c. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAgnacobites, fanatics, began 701\'. \n\nAlbigenses, had their origin 1160. \n\nAnabaptists, began 1525; arrived \nin England 1549. \n\nAnchorites, began 1255. \n\nAnarelites, a set of heretics, A.D. \n494. \n\nAntinomian sect, began 1538. \n\nAntonines, began 329. \n\nArian sect, began 290. \n\nArmenian heretics, began 1 229. \n\nAugustines, began 389; first ap- \npeared in England 1250. \n\nBartholomites, sect of, founded at \nGenoa, 1307. \n\nBartholomites, suppressed by Pope \nInnocent X. 1650. \n\nBarnabites, foundation of, in France, \n1533. \n\nBasil\'s, St., began 354. \nBegging" friars, established in France \n1587. \n\nBeguines, began 1208. \n\n\n\nBenedictines, founded 548. \nBethlehemites, began 1248. \nBonhommes, began 1257. \nBohemian brethren, the sect of, \n\nbegan in Bohemia 1467. \nBrigan tines, began 1370. \nBrownists, sect began 1660. \nCalvinists, sect began 1546. \nCanons, regular, began 400. \nCapuchins, began 1525. \nCardinals, began 853 ; red hats \n\ngiven them 1242; the purple \n\n1464 ; the title of eminence, \n\n1644. \n\nCarmelites, began 1141. \nCannes, estab. in France, 1 254. \nCarthusians, began 1084. \nCatherine\'s, St., began 1373. \nCelestines, began 1272. \nChaplines, began 1248. \nCistercians, began 1094. \nClareval, began 1114. \nCrossed friars, began 1170. \nDominicans, began 1215. \nFlagellants, the sect of, arose 1259. \nFranciscans, began 1206 ; settled \n\nin England 1217. \nGray friars, began 1 1 2*21 \nHermits, began 1257 ; revived \n\n1425. \n\nHoly Trinity, began 1211. \n\nHumbled, began 1164. \n\nJacobites, began 1198. \n\nJesuans, began 1367. \n\nJesuits, society began 1536 ; ex- \npelled England, 1604; Venice, \n1606; Portugal, Sept. 1759; \nFrance, 5th May, 1602 ; Spain, \n1767; Naples, 1768; Rome \nand Prussia, 1773; order abo- \nlished, 17th Aug. 1773; in \nPrussia and other states, 1776; \nrevived in Russia, 1784; re- \nstored in Rome and other states, \n1814; all monks of the order \nof, banished from St. Peters- \nburgh, 2nd Jan. 1816. \n\nJesus, the sisters of, society began \n1626. \n\nLollards, began 1315. \n\nLutheran sect, began 1517. \n\nMahometan sect, began 622. \n\nManichees\' sect, began 343. \n\nMethodism, commenced 1730. \n\nMinimes, began 1450. \n\nMinors, began 1009. \n\n\n\n294 \n\n\n\nREM \n\n\n\nREV \n\n\n\nMonks, first associated 328. \n\nMoravians, or Unitas Fratrum, \nappeared in Bohemia, 1457; in \nEngland, 1737. \n\nMuggletonians, sprung from L. \nMuggleton, a journeyman tailor, \n1647. \n\nOphites, hegan 187. \n\nOrebites, hegan 1422. \n\nPelagian sect, hegan 382. \n\nPenitent women, began 1494. \n\nPoor women, hegan 1212. \n\nPredestinarian sect, hegan 371. \n\nProtestants, hegan 1529. \n\nPuritans, hegan 1545. \n\nPublican sect, came first to Eng- \nland, 1162. \n\nQuakers\' sect, began 1650. \n\nQuietists, began 1685. \n\nRepentants, began 1360. \n\nSacramentarians, began 878. \n\nSwedenborgians\' sect, hegan 1780. \n\nTheatins, founded ] 594 ; esta- \nblished at Paris, 1644. \n\nTrappists, order of monks solemnly \ninstalled at Port Ringeard, de- \npartment of Mayenne, 21st Jan. \n1815. \n\nTrinitarians, order of, instit. 1198. \n\nTritheites, arose 560. \n\nUbiquarian sect, hegan 1540. \n\nUnitarians, began 1553. \n\nUrsulines, established 1198. \n\nValley, began 1218. \n\nWhite coats, began 1396. \n\nWhite monks, began 1319. \n\nWhippers, hegan 1055. \nRembrandt, a celebrated Dutch his- \ntoric painter, h. 1606, d. 1674. \nReni, Guido, famous Italian painter, \n\nb. 1574, d. 1642. \nRennie, John, engineer of the Ply- \nmouth Breakwater and of the j \n\nWaterloo Bridge, London, h. 1757, \n\nd. 4th Oct. 1821, aged 64. \nRendlesham, Lord, house of, Suffolk, 1 \n\nburnt down, 2nd Feb. 1830. \nRent, the first made payable in money, j \n\ninstead of kind, 1136. \nRent, made recoverable by act of | \n\nparliament, passed 1731. \nRepton, Humphrev, landscape gar- j \n\ndener, b. 1752, d. 1818. \nRepresentatives in parliament, obliged \n\nto residence, 1413. \nReprisals at sea, first granted 1295. I \n\n\n\nRequests, court of, began 1494. \nRestormel Castle, Cornwall, built \n1100. \n\nRestout, John, painter, b. 1692, d. \n1768. \n\nRetz, Cardinal, b. 1613, d. 1679. \nRevenue and expenses. \xe2\x80\x94 Taxes, &c. \nof England, at the Revolution, did \nnot exceed 2,000,000/., but in \n\n1786, yielded 12,588,481/. In \n\n1787, 12,546,112/. In 1791, \nabove 16,000,000/. \n\nRevenue. That the church revenues \nafford only a moderate competency \nto the clergy (if pluralities were \nforbidden) will be found by the \npresent actual value of their re- \nceipts ; from which it will appear \nthat the revenue of the episcopal \nclergy amounts to 120,000/. per \nannum. \n\nDeans and chapters (about 1700 \n\npersons), to 140,000/. \nUniversities to 180,000/. per ann. \nInferior clergy to 1,350,000/. \nThis latter revenue is subdivided \namongst 11,755 churohes, of \nwhich, at the commencement of \nQueen Anne\'s bounty, there \nwere 5597 livings, the incomes \nof each of which did not exceed \n50/. per annum. \nA general view of the progress of \nthe public revenue since the con- \nquest, by Sir John Sinclair, bart. \nWilliam the Conqueror \xc2\xa3400,000 \nWilliam Rufus - 350,000 \nHenry I. - - 300,000 \n\nStephen . - 250,000 \n\nHenry IT. - - 200,000 \n\nRichard I. - - 150,000 \n\nJohn - - 100,090 \n\nHenry III. - 80,090 \n\nEdward I. - _ 150,090 \n\nEdward II. - 100,000 \n\nEdward III. - 154,000 \n\nRichard II. - 130,000 \n\nHenrv IV. - 100,000 \n\nHenry V. _ - 76,643 \n\nHenry VI. - 64,976 \n\nEdward IV. \n\nEdward V. - 100,000 \n\nRichard III. \n\nHenry VII. - 400,009 \n\nHenry VIII. - 800,000 \n\nEdward VI. - 400,000 \n\n\n\nREVENUE. \n\n\n\n295 \n\n\n\nMary - - 450,000 \n\nElizabeth - - 500,000 \n\nJames I. - - 600,000 \n\nCharles I. - 895,819 \n\nCommonwealth - 1,517,247 \n\nCharles II. - 1,800,000 \n\nJames II. - - 2,001,855 \n\nWilliam III. - 3,895,205 \n\nAnne (at the Union) 5,691,803 \nGeorge I. (including \n\nScotland) - 6,762,643 \nGeorge II. (including \n\nScotland) - 8,522,540 \nGeorge III. 1788, in- \ncluding Scotland - 15,572,971 \nA general view of the public reve- \nnues of the principal states in \nEurope. \n\n\n\nTurkey \n\n\n5,000,000 \n\n\nRussia \n\n\n5,800,000 \n\n\nPrussia \n\n\n3,600,000 \n\n\nSweden \n\n\n1,000,000 \n\n\nDenmark \n\n\n1,000,000 \n\n\nHolland, before the \n\n\n\n\nRe^lution \nAustria - \n\n\n4,000,000 \n\n\n12,400,000 \n\n\nHanover \n\n\n900,000 \n\n\nSaxony \n\n\n1,100,000 \n\n\nBavaria and Palatinate \n\n\n1,100,000 \n\n\nFrance, before the Re- \n\n\n\n\nvolution \n\n\n18,000,000 \n\n\nSpain \n\n\n5,000,000 \n\n\nPortugal \n\n\n1,800,000 \n\n\nSardinia \n\n\n1,100,000 \n\n\nSicily \n\n\n1,400,000 \n\n\nVenice \n\n\n1,000,000 \n\n\n\nREVENUE, OR PUBLIC INCOME AND EXPENDITURE OF \nGREAT BRITAIN FOR 1834. \n\nAn Account of the Net Public Income of the United Kingdom of Great \nBritain and Ireland, in the Year ending 5th Jan., 1834, after abating \nthe Expenditure thereout defrayed by the several Revenue Departments, \nand of the Actual Issues or Payments within the same Period ; exclusive \nof the sums applied to the Redemption of Funded, or paying off Unfunded \nDebt, and of the Advances and Repayments for Local Works, &c. \n\n\n\nINCOME OR REVENUE. \n\n\n\nORDINARY REVENUES AND RECEIPTS. \n\nCustoms (including the sum of 3,410,022/. 15s. 4|c?. \n\napplicable to the public service) \nExcise ... \nStamps \n\nTaxes ... ... ... ... \n\nPost-office \n\nOne shilling and sixpence and four shillings on pen- \nsions and salaries \nSmall branches of the king\'s hereditary revenues ... \nSurplus fees of regulated public offices \nPoundage fees, pells fees, &c, in Ireland \n\n\n\nOTHER RECEIPTS. \n\nImprests and other monies (including 21/. 18s. 2d.) \napplicable to the public service \n\nMonies received from the East India Company (appli- \ncable to the public service) \n\nMoney received from the bank of England on account \nof unclaimed dividends (applicable to the public \nservice) \n\nTotal (including the sum of 3,495,160/. 8s. 2^d. \napplicable to the public service) \n\n\n\n16,208,940 8 6^ \n16,543,711 14 4i \n6,928,308 16 11 \n4,892,058 9 7\xc2\xb1 \n1,513,800 \n\n28,998 12 4 \n\n25,567 18 \n\n26,183 8 2 \n\n3,029 16 Oi \n\n46,170,600 3 1H \n\n\n\n15,610 10" 0\xc2\xa3 \n60,000 \n\n25,115 14 8 \n\n\n\n46,271,326 \n\n\n\n296 \n\n\n\nREVENUE. \n\n\n\nEXPENDITURE. \n\n\n\nFUNDED DEBT. \n\nInterest and management of the \n\npermanent debt \nTerminable annuities \n\nTotal charge of the funded debt, \nexclusive of 5,977/. 4s. 3d., \nthe interest on donations and \nbequests \n\nUNFUNDED DEBT. \n\nInterest on exchequer bills \n\nCivil list \n\nPensions \n\nSalaries and allowances \n\nDiplomatic salaries and pensions \n\nCourts of justice \n\nMiscellaneous charges on the con \nsolidated fund \n\nMint establishment \n\nBounties granted for the encou- \nragement of hemp and flax in \nScotland, per act 27 Geo. Ill \nc. 13, s. 65 \n\n\n\nArmy- \nNavy \nOrdnance \n\nMiscellaneous \xe2\x80\x94 chargeable upon \nthe annual grants of parliament \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 s. \n\n\nd. \n\n\n24,270,049 16 \n\n\n\n\n3,472,688 14 \n\n\nn \n\n\n27,742,738 11 \n\n\n4i \n\n\n779,769 1 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n510,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n132,068 7 \n\n\n\n\n\n211,696 11 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n377,966 6 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n205,086 13 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n14,534 10 \n\n\n\n\n\n2,956 13 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n6,590,061 18 \n\n\nH \n\n\n4,360,235 6 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n1,314,806 \n\n\n\n\n\n2,007,158 18 \n\n\nIf \n\n\n\nSurplus of income over expenditure \n\n\n\n23,522,507 12 10\xc2\xb1 \n\n\n\n1,963,473 1 If \n\n\n\n30,485,980 14 0\xc2\xa3 \n\n\n\n14,272,262 3 \n\n\n\n44,758,242 17 1 \n1,513,083 11 6- \n\n\n\n46,271,326 \n\n\n\nRevenue of England. See Post \nOffice. \n\nRevenue officers deprived of their \nvotes for members of parliament, \n1782. \n\nRevolutions, remarkable, in ancient \nhistory.\xe2\x80\x94 The Assyrian empire de- \nstroyed, and that of the Medes and \nPersians founded by Cyrus the \nGreat, 546 B.C. The Macedonian \nempire founded on the destruction \nof the Persian, on the defeat of \nDarius Codomanus by Alexander \n\n\n\nthe Great, 331 B.C. The Roman \nempire established on the ruins of \nthe Macedonian or Greek mon- \narchy by Julius Caesar, 47 B.C. \nThe eastern empire founded by \nConstaritine the Great, on the final \noverthrow of the Romans, A.D. \n306. The empire of the western \nFranks began under Charlemagne, \nA.D. 802. This empire under- \nwent a new revolution, and became \nthe German empire under Rodolph \nof Hapsburgh, the head of the \n\n\n\nREV \n\n\n\nRIO \n\n\n\n297 \n\n\n\nhouse of Austria, A.D. 1273. The \neastern empire passed into the \nhands of the Turks, A.D. 1453. \n\nRevolution in England, 1688; Po- \nland, 1704, 1709, and 1795 ; Tur- \nkey, 1730; Persia, 1748 and 1753 ; \nRussia, 1682, 1740, and 1762; \nSweden, 1772; America, 1775; \nFrance, 1789 ; Venice, 17th May, \n1797 ; Rome, 26th Feb., 1798 ; \nin France, of three days, 27th, 28th, \nand 29th July, 1830; Belgium, \n25th August, 1839. \n\nReynolds, Sir Joshua, eminent Eng- \nlish painter, d. 23rd Feb. 1792, \naged 69. \n\nRhees, the last, of South Wales, \n\nkilled 1094. \nRhegio, Raffaelle, da, painter, b. \n\n1552, d. 1580. \nRheims cathedral built 840. \nRhetoric, regius professor, established \n\nat Edinburgh, 20th April, 1762; \n\nfirst professor, Dr. Blair. \nRhuddlan castle, North Wales, built \n\nbefore the conquest ; rebuilt 1063 ; \n\nrepaired 1231. \nRhunken,D., critic, b. 1723, d. 1798. \nRialto at Venice begun 1588; finished \n\n1591. \n\nRibera, Joseph, called also Spagno- \nletto, painter, b. 1589, d. 1656. \n\nRicardo. Dayid, political economist, \nd. 1823, aged 56. \n\nRicaut, Sir Paul, English writer and \ncritic, d. 1700. \n\nRiccati, Vincent, mathematician, b. \n1707, d. 1775. \n\nRicci, Sebastian, painter, b. at Bel- \nluno 1659, d. 1734. \n\nRicci, Lawrence, the last general of \nthe society of Jesuits, b. 2nd Aug. \n1703; made general of the order, \n21st May, 1758 ; imprisoned at \nRome, 22nd Sept. 1773 ; d. 24th \nNov. 1776, aged 72. \n\nRiccoboni, madame, novelist, d. 17 92. \n\nRice had its first cultivation in South \nCarolina by chance, 1702; culti- \nvated in Ireland, 1585; in Eng- \nland, 1690. \n\nRichard of Cirencester, historian, d. \n1401. \n\nRichardson, Samuel, moral writer, d. \nauthor, b. 1665, d. 1745. \n\n\n\nRichardson, Jonathan, painter and \n1761, aged 72. \n\nRichardson, Joseph, poet and drama- \ntist, d. 1803. \n\nRichardson, William, poet and writer, \nd. 1814. \n\nRichborough castle, Kent, built by \n\nthe Romans. \nRichelet, C. P., lexicographer, b. \n\n1631, d. 1698. \nRichelieu, cardinal, d. 1642, aged 57. \nRichmond, in Virginia, 100 houses \n\nat, value 100,000/., destroyed by \n\nfire, 17th Dec. 1786; thea\'tre of, \n\nburned down, 26th Dec. 1811. \nRichmond palace built 1498 ; bridge, \n\nSurrey, besran to be built, 23rd \n\nAug. 1774,^ finished 1777. \nRichmond castle, York, built 1070. \nRichter, John Paul Fred., a novelist, \n\nb. 1769, d. 1825. \nRidley, bishop of London, burnt at \n\nOxford, 15th Oct. 1555. \nRidley, Gloster, divine and poet, b. \n\n1702, d. 1774. \nRidley, James, author of Tales of \n\nthe Genii, d. 1765. \nRiego y Nunez, Raphael del, Spanish \n\npatriot, b. 1780, d. 1823. \nRiga, on the Baltic, founded by a \n\ncolony of Bremenans, 1128. \nRienzi, Nicholas, Roman reformer, \n\nput to death 1354. \nRigaud, Hvaeinthe, painter, b. 1663, \n\nd. 1743. \n\nRights, bill of, established, 1641 ; \nact of succession, 1689. \n\nRiley, John, artist, b. 1646, d. 1691. \n\nRingstead, cliff at, opposite to Wey- \nmouth, commenced burning in \n1827. \n\nRiots in British history.\xe2\x80\x94 Some riot- \nous citizens of London demolished \nthe convent belonging to West- \nminster Abbey ; the ringleader was \nhanged, and the rest had their \nhands and feet cut off, 6th Henry \nIII., 1221. The goldsmiths\' and \ntailors\' 1 companies fought in the \nstreets of London; several were \nkilled on each side ; the sheriffs \nquelled it, and 13 were hanged, \n1262. A riot at Norwich; the \nrioters burnt the cathedral and \nmonastery ; the king went thither \no 3 \n\n\n\n298 R I \n\nand saw the ringleaders executed, \n1271. A riot at London in June, \n1628, and Dr. Lamb killed by the \nmob. Another, under pretence of \npulling down bawdy-houses ; four \nof the ringleaders hanged, 1688 ; \nAnother at Guildhall, at the elec- \ntion of Sheriffs, 1692 ; several con- \nsiderable persons were concerned ; \nthey seized the lord mayor, but \nthe city lieutenancy raised the \nmilitia and released him ; the riot- \ners were fined. At Edinburgh and \nDumfries on account of the Union, \n1707. In London, on account of \nDr. Sacheverel\'s trial ; several dis- \nsenting meeting-houses broken \nopen, the pulpit of one pulled down, \nand with the pews burnt in Lin- \neoln\'s-inn-fields, 1709. Of the \nWhig and Tory mobs, called Or- \nmond and Newcastle mobs, 2nd \nGeo. I., 1715; great mischief was \ndone by both parties in London. \nThe Mug-house riot in Salisbury- \ncourt between the Whigs and \nTories; one person shot dead by \nthe master of the horse ; quelled \nby the guards, 1716. Rioters in \nHerefordshire demolished the turn- \npikes ; quelled after a smart en- \ngagement with the posse comitatus, \n1735. Of the Spitalfields weavers, \non account of employing workmen \n\xe2\x96\xa0who had come over from Ireland ; \nthe military and civil power joined \nto quell them, and some lives were \nlost, 9th Geo. II., 1736. Be- \ntween Irish; Welsh, and English \nhaymakers, 1736. At Edinburgh \nthe mob rose, set fire to the prison \ndoor, took out captain Porteus, \n( who had been pardoned for letting \nhis soldiers fire and kill one of the \nmob at a former riot,) hanged him \nupon a sign-post, and then dis- \npersed, 1736. Of the Cornish \ntin-miners, on account of the dear- \nness of corn, 1737. Of the nailors, \nin Worcestershire; they marched \nto Birmingham, and obliged all the \nironmongers to sign a paper allow- \ning them an advanced price on \nnails, 1 737. Of some sailors, who \nwere robbed and ill-used at a baw- \n\n\n\nTS. \n\ndy-house in the Strand ; being \nassisted by a large body, they pulled \ndown the house and destroyed the \nfurniture of several others, turning \nthe bad women naked into the \nstreets, 1749 ; again in Southamp- \nton-street, in the Strand, on a \nsimilar occasion, 1757. Of the Spi- \ntalfields weavers ; the duke of Bed- \nford narrowly escaped being killed, \n1765. Of the people in all parts \nof England, on account of the clear- \nness of provisions, 1766 and 1767. \nA mob in St. George\'s Fields, to \nsee Mr. Wilkes in the King\'s Bench \nprison ; the military aid indiscreetly \ncalled for by the justices of the \npeace, and several innocent persons, \nparticularly young Allen, fired upon \nand killed by the soldiers, 1768. \n200,000/. damage done to the pub- \nlic prisons and private buildings in \nLondon, June, 1780, for which \nmany were hanged. At Glasgow, \namongst the cotton manufacturers, \nwhen several were killed by the \nsoldiers, 4th Sept. 1787. At Bir- \nmingham, on account of comme- \nmorating the French revolution, \n14th July, 1791, when several \nhouses Avere destroyed. In various \nparts of Scotland, on account of the \nmilitia act, Aug. and Sept. 1797, \nwhen several were killed. At \nMaidstone, at the trial of Arthur \nO\'Connor and others, 22nd May, \n1798; the earl of Thanet, Mr. \nFerguson, and others, were active \nin endeavouring to rescue O\'Con- \nnor, for which they were tried and \nconvicted, 25th April, 1799. In \ndifferent parts of England , owing \nto the high price of bread, Sept. \n1800. Of weavers, near Manches- \nter, 24th May, 1808. At Liver- \npool, occasioned by a quarrel be- \ntween a party of dragoons and a \npress gang, 27th June, 1809. O. P. \nat Covent-garden theatre, Sept. \n1809, terminated 4th June, 1810. \nIn Piccadilly, in consequence of the \nhouse of commons committing Sir \nF. Burdett to the Tower, 6th and \n9th April, 1810. O. P. riot at \nthe Liverpool theatre, July, 1810. \n\n\n\nRIOTS. \n\n\n\n299 \n\n\n\nOf weavers, under the name of \nLuddites, Nov. 1811. At Shef- \nfield, during -which 800 muskets \nbelonging to the local militia were \ndestroyed, 14th April, 1812. In \nvarious parts of the north of Eng- \nland by the Luddites, during 1811 \nand 1812. Among the sailors at \nLvnn, quelled without bloodshed, \n9th Dec. 1814. At St. Ives, \nHuntingdonshire, on account of a \nproposed increased assessment of \nthe property tax, which was ap- \npeased by the commissioners re- \nlinquishing their purpose, 13th \nDec. 1814. In "Westminster, on \naccount of the corn bill, which \nlasted several days, 6th March, \n1815. At Bishop Wearmouth, \nnear Durham, by the keelmen, who \ndestroyed an expensive waggon \nroad, and set fire to an immense \npile of coals, 20th March, 1815. \nAt the depot at Dartmore among \nthe prisoners, in quelling which \nseven Americans were killed, and \n35 others wounded, 8th April, \n1815. By the seamen of New- \ncastle, Sunderland, and Shields, \nwhich, after continuing several \nweeks, terminated without blood- \nshed, 21st Oct. 1815. By the \nminers and men employed in the \niron works at "Wolverhampton, on \naccount of wages ; quelled by the \nmilitary without bloodshed, 14th \nNov. 1815. By the tanners in \nBermondsey, during which several \npersons were wounded by Mr. \nTimbrel, whose house they at- \ntacked, 17th April, 1816.\' At \nBridport, on account of the price \nof bread, which was quelled by the \nexertions of the principal inhabit- \nants, 6th May, 1816. On the \nsame account, and in the same \nmonth, at Brandon, near Bury in \nSuffolk, and the city of Norwich. \nAt Biddeford, to prevent the ex- \nportation of a cargo of potatoes, \n20th May, 1816. At Bury, to \ndestroy a spinning-jenny, in which \nthe rioters were defeated by the \nmagistrates and the principal inha- \nbitants, 22nd May. At Littleport \n\n\n\nand Ely, by a body of insurgent \nfenmen, on the same day, which \nwas quelled by the military after \nsome bloodshed, 24th May. At \nNewcastle-upon-Tyne, by the pit- \nmen and others, 28th May. At \nHalsted, Essex, to liberate four \npersons who had been taken up for \ndestroying machinery, 28th May, \n1816. At the village of Great \nBarnfield, Essex, to destroy thrash- \ning machines, in which they were \ndefeated hy the spirited exertions \nof Mr. Spicer and his neighbours, \nwhose house they attacked, 31st \nMay, 1816. At the Calton, one \nof the suburbs of Glasgow, on ac- \ncount of the soup-kitchens, which \nwas quelled after several had been \nwounded by the military, 2nd Aug. \n1816. At Preston, on account of \na diminution of wages, 17th Aug. \n1816. At the same place, by the \nunemployed and distressed work- \nmen, Sept. 1816. Among the \nconvicts in Newgate, which was \nquelled by threatening to withhold \ntheir allowance of food, 26th Aug. \n1816. At Nottingham, by the \nLuddites, who destroyed more than \nthirty frames, 12th Oct. 1816. At \nMerthyr Tydvil, in Glamorgan- \nshire, by the workmen in the iron \nworks, on account of a reduction \nof wages, 18th Oct. 1816. By \nthe colliers, at Calder iron works, \nnear Glasgow, on account of a sus- \npension of wages, in consequence \nof arrests for debt, which continued \nfor several days, 19th Oct. 1816. \nIn the town of Birmingham, 28th \nOct. 1816. In the town of Wal- \nsall, during which the windows of \nseveral bakers were broken, and \nthe house and mills of Mr. Jones \ncompletely gutted, 30th Oct. 1816. \nIn London, in consequence of a \npopular meeting in Spafields, for \nthe purpose of presenting a petition \nto the prince regent, from the dis- \ntressed manufacturers and mecha- \nnics. The shops of several gun- \nsmiths were attacked for arms, and \nin that of Mr.Beckwith, on Snow- \nhill, a Mr. Piatt was shot in the \n\n\n\n300 RIO \n\n\n\nRI V \n\n\n\nbody by one of tbe rioters, 2nd \nDec. 1816; several of tbe rioters \nwere apprehended, and one of tbe \nname of Watson was tried for bigb \ntreason and acquitted, 16th June, \n1817. At Dundee, on account of \ntbe sudden rise in tbe price of \nmeal ; upwards of 100 shops of \nvarious descriptions were plundered, \nand the house of Mr. Lindsay, an \nextensive com-dealer, was set on \nfire, 7th Dec. 1816. In the park, \non the prince regent going to the \nhouse, in which an air-gun was \nfired at his royal highness, 28 th \nJan. 1817. At Radstock and Poul- \nton, near Bath, by the colliers, who \nassembled to tbe amount of 3000, \nthreatening destruction to the pits \nand buildings, but dispersed with- \nout doing mischief at the appear- \nance of the military, 28 th Feb. \n1817. At Amlwch in Wales, to \nprevent a vessel laden with flour \nfrom leaving the wharf, March, \n1817. At Manchester, in conse- \nquence of a popular meeting, 3rd \nMarch ,1817. At Alfreton, in Der- \nbyshire, being a part of an intended \ngeneral insurrection ; it was how- \never easily quelled, 9th June,18l7, \nand J eremiah Brandreth and others \nconcerned in it were convicted in \nthe following Oct. At the West- \nminster election, in which Sir Mur- \nray Maxwell was severely hurt, \n18th, 19th, and 20th June, 1818. \nAt Manchester, in consequence of \nthe spinners demanding an increase \nof wages, 2nd Sept. 1818. In \nCovent Garden, on the chairing of \nMr. Lamb, who had been returned \nfor Westminster, 13th Feb. 1819. \nAt Liverpool, by the Irish, in an \nattempt to rescue one of their coun- \ntrymen, 1st July, 1819. At Man- \nchester, in which the military killed \nand wounded several hundreds of \nan unarmed multitude, 16th Aug. \n1819. At Paisley and Glasgow, \n14th Sept. 1819. Among the keel- \nmen at North Shields, 14th Oct. \n1819. At Dewsbury and its neigh- \nbourhood, by tbe members of the \nclothiers 1 union society, 21st Feb. \n\n\n\n1820. At Culrain, in Scotland, in \nconsequence of the expulsion of \nseveral tenants from an estate, 1st \nMarch, 1820. At Greenock, Pais- \nley, and the neighbourhood, April, \n1820. At Grange Moor, in York- \nshire, 8th April, 1820. At Edin- \nburgh, on the acquittal of the queen, \n19th Nov. 1820. At the funeral \nof the queen, in consequence of \nthe military opposing the body \nbeing carried through the city, \n14th Aug. 1821. At Knightsbridge, \nbetween the military and the popu- \nlace, on the funeral of Honey and \nFrancis, 26th Aug. 1821. In the \nisle of Man, on the high price of \ncorn, 5th Oct. 1821. In various \nparts of the south of Ireland, for \nseveral months in 1821 and 1822. \nIn Norfolk and Suffolk, to destroy \nthrashing machines, March and \nApril, 1822. At Chippenham, be- \ntween tbe inhabitants and those of \na neighbouring village, Sept. 1822. \nAmong the keelmen on the river \nTyne, Oct. and Nov. 1822. At \nthe Dublin tbeatre, in which an \nattempt was made to assassinate \nthe lord lieutenant, 14th Dec. \n1822. In tbe north of Ireland, \nbetween the Orangemen and the \nCatholies, 1822 and 1823. \n\nRiot act passed, 1715. \n\nRipperda, duke of, politician, d. \n1737. \n\nRippon monastery, Yorkshire, built \n1132. \n\nRitson, Joseph, antiquary, b. 1752, \nd. 1803. \n\nRivalz, Anthony, painter, b. 1667, \nd. 1735. \n\nRivarol, Anthony de, French writer, \nb. 1757, d. 1801. \n\nRivaulx Abbey, Yorkshire, bit. 1132. \n\nRivers, Lord, found drowned in the \nSerpentine River, Hyde Park, 23rd \nJan., 1831. \n\nRivers in England began to be made \nnavigable, 1135. The proportional \nlengths of course of some of the \nmost noted rivers in the world are \nshown nearly by the following \nnumbers, extracted from Mr. Rem \nnell\'s papers, 7 1st vol. Phil. Trans. \n\n\n\nEI v \n\n\n\nR L \n\n\n\n301 \n\n\n\nEuropean Rivers. \nThames - - - 1 i \n\nRhine - - 5 ^ j \n\nDanuhe - - 7 \n\nWolga - - - 9| \n\nAsiatic Rivers. \nIndus - - - 5i \n\nEuphrates - - 8\xc2\xa3 \n\nGanges - - -9s \n\nBurrampooter - - - 9? \n\nNou Kian, or Ava River - 9i \nJenisea - - - 10 \n\nOby - - - - 10| \n\nAmoor - - - 11 \n\nLena - - - 11a \n\nHoanho (of China) - - 13^ \n\nKian Keu (of ditto) - - 15\xc2\xa7 \n\nAfrican River. \nNile - - - 12 \n\nAmerican Rivers. \nMississippi - - - 8 \n\nAmazons - - - 15\xc2\xa7 \n\nRivinus, botanist, b. 1652, d. 1723. \n\nRizzio, David, an Italian musician, \nkilled 9th March, 1566. \n\nRoads between market-towns widened \nbv an act passed 1285 : enlarged, \n1555. \n\nRoads in the Highlands of Scotland, \n\nbegun bv General Wade in 1726 : \n\nfinished in 1737. \nRoads in England, first repaired by \n\nact of parliament, 1524. \nRobbing gardens made felon vbv law, \n\n1825/ \n\nRobert. Duke of Normandv, d. in \nprison, 1134. \n\nRobertson, of Hopetown-hall, near \nEdinburgh, d. 1793, aged 1U7. \n\nRobertson, Joseph, divine and gram- \nmarian, b. 1 726, d. 1802. \n\nRobertson, "William, historian, b. \n1721, d. 1793. \n\nRobespierre, Max., French revolu- \ntionist, b. 1759, guillotined, 1794. \n\nRobin Hood, d. 1247. \n\nRobins. Benjamin, English mathema- \ntician and engineer, d. 1751. \n\nRobinson, Sir Chris., Judge of the \nHigh Court of Admiralty, b. 1766, \nd. 21st April, 1833. \n\nRobinson, Marv, poet and novelist, b. \n1758, d. 1800. \n\nRobinson. R., divine, b. 1735, d.1790. \n\nRobison, John, mathematician, b. \n1739, d. 1805. \n\n\n\nRobson, George F., an eminent Eng- \nlish water-colour artist, d. 1833. \n\nRoche abbey, Yorkshire, built 1147. \n\nRochefoucault, Liancourt, F. Duke \nde la, b. 1631, d. 1680. \n\nRochejaquelin, H. de la, a French \nroyalist leader, b. 1773. i. 1794. \n\nRochester, William, Earl of, d. 1680. \naged 32. \n\nRochester burnt in 677 ; again 1130: \nand 3rd June, 1137. \n\nRochester-bridge, a party of 14 per- \nsons drowned by a boat upsetting \nin passing through, 13th Sept., \n1816. \n\nRochester bridge built 1392; cathe- \ndral, 610; repaired, 1080; castle \nbuilt 1070. \n\nRockingham castle, Northampton- \nshire, built 1070. \n\nRodnev, Admiral Lord, b. 1717, d. \n24th May, 1792. \n\nRoebuck, Sir Thomas, statesman, b. \nabout 1680, d. 1784. \n\nRoebuck. Dr. John, celebrated pro- \njector, b. 1718, d. 1794. \n\nRoestraeten, Peter, painter, flourished \n1670. \n\nRoemer, Olaus, astronomer, b. 1644, \nd. 1710. \n\nRoger de Hoveden, the historian, \nflourished about 1204. \n\nRogers, Capt. Woods, English navi- \ngator, d. 1732. \n\nRogers, Charles, an English artist, b. \n1711. d. 1784. \n\nRohenfield, Hanover, 153 houses at, \ndestroyed by fire, 26 March, 1811. \n\nRohan, Henrv, Duke of, b. 1572, d. \n1638. \n\nRohault, James, philosopher, b.1620, \nd. 1675. \n\nRoketzau, in Bohemia* totally de- \nstroyed by fire, to the value of one \nmillion and a half, 10th Sept., \n1784. \n\nRoland, Philip L. (Homer in the \nLouvre"), French sculptor, b. 1746, \nd. 1816. \n\nRollin, Charles, d. 1741, aged 80. \n\nRollo, first Duke of Normandy, con- \nquered that country from the crown \nof France, 876. \n\nRoll\'s Chapel, Chancery-lane, Lon- \ndon, built 1232 ; Master\'s house, \n18th Sept., 1717. \n\n\n\nME. \n\n\n\n302 RO \n\nRemana, Marquis de La, d. 23rd Jan. \n1811. \n\nRomaine, William, divine, b. 1714, \nd. 1795. \n\nRoman empire began 44 B.C. ; ended \n476 A.D. ; began in the East, 395 ; \nended, 1553; it was 2000 miles \nbroad, and 3000 in length. \n\nRome, its foundation laid by Romu- \nlus, its first king, 753 B.C., accord- \ning to most chronologers ; by Sir \nIsaac Newton\'s chronology, 627 \n\nB. C. \xe2\x80\x94 They seize the Sabine \nwomen at a public spectacle, and \ndetain them for wives, 750 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 \nThe Romans and the Albans, con- \ntesting for superiority, agree to \nchoose three champions on each \npart to decide it. The three Ho- \nratii, Roman knights, and the three \nCuriatii, Albans, being elected by \ntheir respective countries, engage \nin the celebrated combat, which, \nby the victory of the Horatii, sub- \nmits, and unites Alba to Rome, \n667 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 The circus built, said \nto have been capable of containing \n150,000 people, 605 B.C.\xe2\x80\x94 Sex- \ntus Tarquin, having ravished Lu- \ncretia, the Tarquins are expelled, \nthe kingly government abolished, \nand the republican established \nunder two annual consuls, 500 B. \n\nC. \xe2\x80\x94 The dictatorship first intro- \nduced, 493 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 Decemviri ap- \npointed to form a body of laws, \nwhich being done, they are written \non ten tables, transcribed on pillars \nof brass, and made the standard of \njudicial proceedings, 451 B.C. \xe2\x80\x94 \nThe tribunes, aediles, &c. divested \nof all power, 450 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 Creation \nof censors, 443 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 Patrician \ntribunes chosen instead of consuls, \n421 B. C. The consulship re- \nstored, 418 B.C Three questors \n\nfrom among the people elected, \n410 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 Roman soldiers first \npaid, 406 B.C.\xe2\x80\x94 Sacked by Bren- \nnus, 390 B. C\xe2\x80\x94 City burnt by the \nGauls, 388 B. C\xe2\x80\x94 The temple of \nMars built 380 B.C. \xe2\x80\x94 Praetor first \nappointed, 365 B.C. \xe2\x80\x94 The first \nPunic war declared ; before this \ntime, the Romans never carried \ntheir arms beyond Italy, nor en- \n\n\n\ncountered their enemies at sea, \n\n264 B.C About this time silver \n\nmoney was first made at Rome, \ninstead of brass, before in use ; it \ntook the name of Moneta from the \ntemple of Juno Moneta, where it \nwas coined, 269 B.C \xe2\x80\x94 The second \nPunic war began, 218 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 \nCapitol and temple of Janus, built \n\n207 B. C The third Punic war, \n\n149 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 After a siege of three \nyears, the Romans took Carthage, \nand utterly destroyed it, 146 B.C. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Marius made his grand tri- \numphal entry into Rome, preceded \nby an immense treasure in gold \nand silver, the spoils of Numidia ; \nthe famous Jugurtha, its king, and \nhis two sons in chains, graced \n\nthe triumph, 103 B.C The Am- \n\nbrones and Teutones defeated by \nMarius ; the wives of the former, \nbeing refused security from viola- \ntion, murdered themselves and \ntheir children, 102 B. C\xe2\x80\x94 The \ncapitol burnt, 83 B.C.; rebuilt \nby Domitian. \xe2\x80\x94 Pompey and Julius \nCaesar began to contend for supreme \npower over the commonwealth, \nwhich produced a bloody civil war, \n59 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 Caesar was assassinated \nin the senate-house, and the revo- \nlution intended to be prevented by \nthis catastrophe was only hastened, \n44 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 The Roman state di- \nvided into two factions by Octavius \nCaesar and Marc Antony; a civil \nwar ensued, 41 B. C. \xe2\x80\x94 The repub- \nlic changed to an empire, Octavius \nCaesar having the titles of Impera- \ntor and Augustus conferred on him \nby the senate and people, 27 B.C. \nAbout this time the annual revenue \nof the Roman empire amounted to \nforty millions of our pounds ster- \nling. \xe2\x80\x94 The city of Rome was com- \nputed to have been fifty of our miles \nin circumference, and its inhabit- \nants to exceed four millions \xe2\x80\x94 The \nfamous temple of the mother of \nthe gods consumed by fire, A. D. \n\n2 A new census, or numeration \n\nof the people, being taken by \nClaudius, the emperor and censor, \nthe inhabitants of Rome were \nfound to amount to six million \n\n\n\nROM \n\n\n\nEOS 303 \n\n\n\nnine hundred thousand, 48. \xe2\x80\x94 The \nnumber of inhabitants able to bear \narms were 132,419 men, in 459 : \nin 294, the number was 270.000 ; \n338.214, in 159 : and 320,000 in \n50 B.C.\xe2\x80\x94 The Goths, Vandals, \nand other barbarous nations of the \nNorth, began to invade the Roman \nempire, about A. D. 250. \xe2\x80\x94 It is \ndivided into four parts between \ntwo emperors, Dioclesian aud Con- \nstantius ; the basis of its dissolu- \ntion, 292 The seat of empire \n\nremoved from Rome to Constanti- \nnople, by Constantine, 330. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDivided again into the eastern and \nwes:ern empire?) 37?. \xe2\x80\x94 Rome \ntaken and plundered by the Goths. \n410.\xe2\x80\x94 By the Vandal\'s, 455.\xe2\x80\x94 By \nthe Heruli, 476. \xe2\x80\x94 Is recovered for \nJustinian by Belisarius, 537 \xe2\x80\x94 In \n\n547 the Goths retook it In 553 \n\nNarses, another of Justinian\'s gene- \nrals, reconquered it for the emperor. \n\xe2\x80\x94 In 726. it revolted from the Greek \nemperors, became a free state, and \nwas governed D y a senate Fi- \nnally, the senate and people ac- \nknowledged Charlemagne, king of \nFrance, as emperor of the West, \nwho surrendered the city and \nduchy to the Pope, reserving the \nsovereignty, A. D. 800. \xe2\x80\x94 The popes \nafterwards made themselves inde- \npendent, and continued in posses- \nsion of this renowned city and its \nterritories, called the ecclesiastical \nstates, till 1798. \xe2\x80\x94 St. Peters ca- \nthedral was built by Pope Julius \nII., who died 1512 : Bramante was \nthe architect. \xe2\x80\x94 The inhabitants of \nRome, on the 4th June, 1780, \namounted to 155,184, of whom \n36,485 were housekeepers. \xe2\x80\x94 In \nthis number were included 3847 \nmonks, 2327 secular priests, 1910 \nnuns, 1065 students, 1470 pau- \npers, seven negroes, and 52 persons \nnot Romans. \xe2\x80\x94 Reduced by the \nFrench to a republic, and the Pope \nsent from Rome. 15th Feb., 1798. \n\xe2\x80\x94 The Pope, being restored to the \ngovernment, goes to Paris to crown \nBuonaparte emperor of the French, \nand performs that ceremony, 2nd \n\n\n\nDec. 1804 Revolution in the \n\nform of its government, 1809. \xe2\x80\x94 \nUnited to the French empire, 3rd \nDec, 1809. \nRome, burned by Xero, 65: the \ncapital burned, B.C. 13 : Pompey"s \ntheatre burned. 250. \nRome\'s walls built, and the sewer- \nmade, 602 : the great circus made, \nwhich would contain 150,000 per- \nsons : and the temple of Janus \nbuilt, 207. \nRoman Emperor, the first that pro- \nperlv bore that title was Augustus, \nB. C. 27. \nRoman highways made in Britain, 415. \nRoman Catholics, in England, relieved \nby acts passed, 1776 and 1794; \nin Ireland. 1792; admitted to \n: power and place, by the relief bill \npassed 10th April. 1829 ; received \n; royal assent, 13th April., \ni Romanelli, an Italian artist, b. 1617, \n; d. 1662. \nRomano, Giulio, an Italian painter, \n\nd. 1546, aged 54. \n! Rombouts, Theod.. painter\' of Ant- \nwerp, b. 1597, d. 1637. \nRome De 1" Isle. J., the mineralogist. \n\nb. 1736, d. 1790. \n. Romford Barracks, destroyed by fire \n27th Mav, 1795: original cost of \nbuilding," 10,000/. \nRomilly, Sir Samuel, an eminent \nBritish lawyer, in a paroxysm oc- \ncasioned bv a brain fever, destroved \nhimself, 2nd Nov. 1818. \nRornney. 50 gun ship, lost on the \nHaaksands, off the Texel, 19th \nNov. 1804. \nRomnev, Geor;e, painter, b. 1734. \n\nd. 15th Nov. 1802. \n: Ronsard, P., poet,b. 1524, d. 1585. \n| Roof of the church at Fearn, in \nScotland, fell in during divine ser- \nvice, and killed 60 persons, 19th \nOct. 1742. \n; Rooke, Admiral Sir George, d. 1708. \naged 47. \n\nRooker. Michael ^Angelo, engraver. \nI b. 1743, d. 2nd March. 1801. \n\nRo-a. Salvator, celebrated Italian \n\xe2\x96\xa0, landscape painter, b. 1615, d. 1673. \ni Rosalba, Camera. Venetian painter, \nb. 1675, d. 1757. \n\n\n\n304 \n\n\n\nROS \n\n\n\nROY \n\n\n\nRosary, or beads, first used in Romish \nprayers, 1093. \n\nRosary, order of knighthood began in \nSpain, time uncertain. \n\nRosbach, in the upper circle of Sax- \nony, totally disappeared, supposed \nby an earthquake, Oct. 1792. \n\nRoscoe, William, of Liverpool, an \neminent literary character, b. 1751, \nd. 1831. \n\nRosamond, b. 1162; shut up at \n\nWoodstock, 1189. \nRoscius, flourished 60 B. C. \nRoscommon, Earl of, English poet, \n\nb. about 1638, d. 1684. \nRoscommon, Ireland, chapel at, one \n\nof the pillars of the gallery gave \n\nway, by which 14 persons were \n\nkilled and a great number injured, \n\n14th April, 1804. \nRose, George, statesman, b. 1744, d. \n\n1818. \n\nRosenmuller, John George, critic, b. \n1736, d. 1815. \n\nRostock, founded 1169. \n\nRoses first planted in England, 1522. \n\nRoses, first consecrated as presents by \nthe pope, and placed over confes- \nsionals, as the symbol of secrecy, \n1526 ; hence the phrase, " under \nthe rose." \n\nRosel, J. Aug., painter, b. 1705, d. \n1759. \n\nRosselli, Cosimo, a Florentine artist, \n\nb. 1416, d. 1484. \nRoseneath Castle, Scotland, a seat of \n\nthe Duke of Argyle, burned 31st \n\nMay, 1802. \nRoss, Alexander, Scotch episcopal \n\ndivine, voluminous writer, b. 1590, \n\nd. 1654. \n\nRoss, Captain, sailed 30th May, 1829, \nreturned to England, after passing \nthree years in the Arctic regions, \n1833. \n\nRosso, an Italian painter, b. 1496, d. \n1541. \n\nRothenhamer, a Dutch painter, b. \n1564, d. 1606. \n\nRothsay Castle, Isle of Bute, Scot- \nland, built before 1263. \n\nRothsay Castle, steam vessel, from \nLiverpool to Beaumaris, wrecked \nnear the latter place, when 180 \nsouls perished, 17th Aug. 1831. \n\n\n\nRotterdam, the bank at, established \n1635. \n\nRoubiliac, famous sculptor, d. 11th \nJan. 1762. \n\nRound Table, order of knighthood, \nbegan 516; revived 1344. \n\nRound towers in Ireland, above 100 \nof them still visible, built either \nby the Freemasons or Primitive \nChristians, some time in the 16th \ncentury. \n\nRousseau, John James, French poet, \nd. 2nd July, 1778, aged 72. \n\nRousseau, John Baptist, poet, b. \n1669, d. 1741. \n\nRousseau, James, painter, b. 1630, \nd. 1694. \n\nRousillon, &c, annexed to the king- \ndom of France, 1659. \n\nRovigo, Duke of, a minister of Na- \npoleon\'s government, d. 1st June, \n1833. \n\nRowe, Nicholas, made poet-laureate \n11th Aug. 1715, d. 6th Dec. 1718, \naged 44. \n\nRowe, Eliz., d. 20th Feb. 1737, \naged 63. \n\nRowley, William, contemporary with \nShakspeare. \n\nRowly, eminent English mathema- \ntician, d. 1728. \n\nR owning, John, mathematician, b. \n1699, d. 1771. \n\nRoxburgh, William, botanist, b. 1759, \nd. 1815. \n\nRoy, Julian le, French mathema- \ntician, d. 1759. \n\nRoy, Rammohun, an Indian rajah, \nconverted to Christianity. He \nvisited England, and d. at Staple- \nton, near Bristol, 27th Sept. 1833. \n\nRoy, Julian David, French writer, d. \n1803. \n\nRoyal Circus in St. George\'s Fields, \ndestroyed by fire, 12th Aug. 1805. \n\nRoyal Navy of England, the first so \ncalled, 1512. \n\nRoyal Records of England, first com- \nmenced 1101. \n\nRoyal Exchange, London, built 1566; \ntitled royal by Queen Elizabeth, \n29th Jan., 1571 ; burnt 1666; \nrebuilt 1670; repaired and beau- \ntified, 28th Sept., 1769 ; the tower \nre-built, 1821; repaired, 1824. \n\n\n\nROY \n\n\n\nRUS 305 \n\n\n\nRoyal observatory, in Greenwich \npark, built 1675. \n\nRoyal society academy, Strand, Lon- \ndon, first stone laid, 4th June, \n1776. \n\nRoyal Institution, founded 1799. \n\nRoyal family, marriages witb, re- \nstrained 1772. \n\nRoyal Exchange Assurance office, \nincorporated 1716. \n\nRoyal miner\'s company, incorporated \n1564. \n\nRoyal society of musicians, 1785. \nRoyalty Theatre, in Well Street, \n\nRosemary Lane, opened 20th Ap., \n\n1787. \n\nRoyalty Theatre, Well-street, burned \n\ndown, 11th April, 1826. \nRoyston, in Cambridgeshire, greatly \n\ndamaged by fire, and 36 houses \n\nburned, 31st May, 1802. \nRozier, Francis, agricultural writer, \n\nb. 1734, d. 1793. \nRubens, Sir Peter Paul, distinguished \n\nhistory and portrait painter, b. \n\n1577, d. 1640. \nRudbeck, Olaus, Swedish writer, b. \n\n1630, d. 1702. \nRuddiman, Thomas, grammarian, b. \n\n1674. \n\nRuding, Rogers, antiquary, 1751, d. \n1820. \n\nRuffhead, Owen, English lawyer, and \nmiscellaneous writer, d. 1769. \n\nRugen, ceded by Sweden to Den- \nmark, 1814 ; by Denmark to \nRussia, 1815. \n\nRuling Machines invented by a Dutch- \nman at London, 1782; greatly \nimproved by Woodmason, Payne, \nBrown, &c. ; introduced into Scot- \nland, 1803 In 1806, three em- \nployed at Edinburgh, which gave \nbread to 30 persons weekly, and \nfacilitates labour to an incredible \nextent. \n\nRum, imported into England in 1789, \nwas 3,300,000 gallons, besides \nwhat was smuggled. Its duty \nwas 246,943/. 10s., and the im- \nporters\' profits 151,250/. In 1796 \nthere were imported 4,196,198 \ngallons. \n\nRumbold, Sir Geo., English minister \nto the Hanseatic towns, seized at \n\n\n\nHamburgh by the French and \ncarried to Paris, 24th Oct., 1804. \nRumford, Benjamin, Count, philo- \nsopher, b. 1753, d. 19th Aug., \n1814. \n\nRumsey Abbey, Hants, built 972. \nRunciman, Alexander, painter, b. \n\n1736, d. 1785. \nRundle, T., bishop, b. 1686, d. 1743. \nRunnington, Charles, lawyer, b. 1751 , \n\nd. 1821. \n\nRupert, St., order of knighthood, \n\nbegan in Germany 1702. \nRupert, Prince, d. 29th Nov., 1682, \n\naged 61. \n\nRuppin, in Brandenburgh, destroyed \nby fire, when 600 houses were \nburned, Sept. 1787. \n\nRush, Benjamin, physician, b. 1745, \nd. 1813. \n\nRushworth, John, b. 1601, d. 1690. \nRussel, Lord William, b. about 1641, \n\nbeheaded 21st July, 1683. \nRussel, Admiral, d. 1727, aged 75. \nRussel, Alexander, Dr., d. 1770. \nRussel, P., Dr., b. 1726, d. 1805. \nRussel, William, historian, b. 1746, \n\nd. 1794. \n\nRussel institution, commenced 1808. \n\nRussia, or Muscovy, anciently Sar- \nmatia, and inhabited by the Scy- \nthians ; not renowned till the \nnatives attempted to take Constan- \ntinople, 864 ; Rurick was grand \nduke of Novogorod, in this country, \nA.D. 862 ; the earliest authentic- \naccount of it. In 981, Woladimer \nwas the first Christian king. The \nPoles conquered it about 1058; \nbut it is uncertain how long they \nkept it. Andrey I. began his reign, \n1158, and laid the foundation of \nMoscow. About 1200, the Mon- \ngol Tartars conquered it, and \nheld it subject to them till 1540, \nwhen John Basilowitz restored it \nto independency. About the mid- \ndle of the 16th century, the Rus- \nsians discovsred and conquered \nSiberia. Navigation from England \nfirst discovered by Robert Chan- \ncellor, 1554. The Tartars sur- \nprised Moscow, and killed 30,000 \ninhabitants, 1571. First began \ntheir new year, from 1st Jan., \n\n\n\n306 RUS \n\n\n\nS AD \n\n\n\n1700. Became an empire, 1727, \nPeter I. assuming the title of em- \nperor of all the Russias, which was \nadmitted by the powers of Europe \nin their future negociations with \nthe court of Petersburgh ; he visited \nEngland, and worked in the dock- \nyard at Deptford, 16197. A revo- \nlution, without bloodshed, in favour \nof Elizabeth, 1740; another, in \nfavour of the late empress, 1762. \nThe emperor, John, an infant, de- \nposed 1741 ; put to death 1763. \nThe punishment of the knout \nabolished, 1752. The empress \nseized part of Poland, in 1773 and \n1795. Death of Paul I. and acces- \nsion of the emperor Alexander, \nMarch, 1801. Finland, and part \nof Gallicia, added to the empire, \n1809. Invaded by the French, \nJuly, 1812. Poland annexed to \nthe empire, 1815. \nRussia, emperors and empresses of, \nfrom Peter T. \n\n\n\nPeter the Great began \n\n\n1682 \n\n\nCatherine I. \n\n\n1725 \n\n\nPeter IL \n\n\n1727 \n\n\nAnne . \n\n\n1730 \n\n\nJohn V. two months \n\n\n\n\nold . \n\n\n1740 \n\n\nElizabeth \n\n\n1741 \n\n\nPeter III. \n\n\n1762 \n\n\nCatherine II. \n\n\n1763 \n\n\nPaul \n\n\n1796 \n\n\n\nAlexander . . 1801 \nNicholas, the present \n\nEmperor . 1825 \n\nRussia company, incorporated 1555- \nRussians commenced the new year, \n\nfrom 1st Jan. 1700. \nRussicci, John Fran., a Florentine \n\nartist, b. 1446, d. 1523. \nRust, Abp. of Dromore, d. 1670. \nRutherfortb, Dr. Thomas, d. 1771, \naged 66. \n\nRuysch, Frederic, anatomist, b. 1638, \nd. 1731. \n\nRuysdaei, Jacob, landscape painter, \n\nb. 1636, d. 1681. \nRuysdaei, Solomon, landscape painter, \n\nb. 1616, d. 1670. \nRuyter, Dutch admiral, d. 1676, \n\naged 69. \n\nRyan, Lacy, eminent actor and dra- \nmatic writer, d. 1760. \n\nRyer, Peter du, French writer, b. \n1605, d. 1658. \n\nRymer, Thomas, English antiquarian \nand historian, d. 1713. \n\nRysbrach, John Michael, the sculptor, \nd. 1770, aged 76. \n\nRycaut, in Oxfordshire, the Earl of \nAbingdon\'s seat, totally destroyed \nby a fire, when Lord Norreys, the \nearl\'s eldest son, perished, 12th \nNov. 1745. \n\nRye-House plot, prevented by a fire \nthat happened at Newmarket, 22nd \nMarch; discovered 14 June, 1683. \n\n\n\nSaalfeldt, near Saltzburg, \ndestroyed by fire, with the whole \nproduce of the harvest, 29th July, \n1811. \n\nSaba planted by the Dutch, 1640. \nSabbatical Year, the first, B.C. 1451. \nSabbatini, Andrea, painter, b. about \n\n1480, d. 1545. \nSabbatini, Lorenzo, painter, d. 1577. \nSacchi, Andrea, an Italian artist, b. \n\n1601, d. 1668. \nSacheverell, Rev. Dr., silenced 23rd \n\nMarch, 1710, d. 1724. \nSackville, Thomas, Earl of Dorset, \n\n\n\nstatesman and poet, b. 1527, d. \n1608. \n\nSackville, Charles, b. 1637, d. 1706. \nSackville, Lord Viscount, b. 1716, d. \n1785. \n\nSadi, Persian poet, b. 1175, is said \nto have lived to the age of 120. \n\nSadler, Sir Ralph, eminent English \nstatesman, b. 1507. \n\nSaddle-horse duty, levied 1784, in- \ncreased, 1808. \n\nSadler\'s Wells Theatre, 18 persons \ntrodden to death there, 19th Oct., \n1807. \n\n\n\nSAD \n\n\n\nS A M 307 \n\n\n\nSaddles in use in 340. \n\nSadeler, J., engraver, of Brussels, b. \n\n1550, d. 1600. \nSadeler, Raphael, of Brussels, b.1555. \nSadeler, Giles, of Antwerp, painter, \n\nb. 1570, d. 1629. \nSaffron first brought to England by a \n\npilgrim, 1389 ; cultivated, 1582. \nSage, Alain Rene le, French writer, \n\nb. 1668, d. 1747. \nSail-cloth first manufactured in Ens- \nland, 1590. \nSaintfoix, G. F. de. French writer, b. \n\n1703, d. 1776. \nSaint -John, Henrv, Vise, Boling- \n\nbroke, b. 1678,\' d. 1751. \nSaint Lambert. C. F. de. French poet, \n\nb. 1717, d. 1805. \nSaint Palave, antiquarv, b. 1697, d. \n\n1781. \n\nSaint Pierre. Charles, politician, b. \n1658, d. 1743. \n\nSaint Pierre, Jas. Beri^ardin, French \nwriter, b. 1737, d. 1814. \n\nSaint Real, Caesar, writer, b. at Cham- \nber!, d. 1692. \n\nSaint Vincent, Earl, admiral, b. 1735. \nd. 1823. \n\nSalaries of the English judges, in- \ncreased 1772 and 1779. \n\nSaldanha frigate, lost in Lough \nSwillv, Ireland, and all the crew \nperished, 4th Dec, 1811. \n\nSale, Georcre, translator of the Koran, \nd. 1736. \n\nSalem, New England, settled 1628. \nSalimbeni, Italian painter, b. 1557, \nd. 1613. \n\nSalique Law, by which females are \nexcluded from inheriting, con- \nfirmed in the reign of Pharamond \nof France, 424: first quoted, 1327. \n\nSalisburv Cathedral, began building, \n28th April, 1220; finished, 1258 ; \ncost 40,000 marks. \n\nSalisburv, Sallv, d. in Newgate, 25 tli \nFeb., 1724.\' \n\nSallo, Denis de, French writer, b. \n1626, d. 1669. \n\nSallust, b. 86 B.C., d. 35 B.C. \n\nSalmasius, Claude, classical scholar, \nb. about 1593, d. 1653. \n\nSalmon, Nathaniel, English divine \nand historian, d. 1742. \n\nSalmon, T., historian, d. about 1750. \n\n\n\nSalmon, William, English miscel- \nlaneous writer, d. about 1700. \n\nSalop, New County Infirmary of^ \nopened 24th Sept., 1830- \n\nSalt Office, established 1694. \nj Salt Mines discovered in Stafford- \nshire. 1670: rock-salt was dis- \ncovered about 950 ; in Poland, \n1289. \n\nSalt Duties instituted, 15th June, \n1702; revived, 1732; reduced, \n1823 ; in 1785 thev amounted to \n361,670/.: in 1790\'to 416,000Z. \n\nSalt-herrings, cured after the Dutch \nfashion, first brought to Market \n1416. \n\nSalt and incident Duties in 1786, \namounted to 1.400,000/. ; in 1787 \nthev amounted to 1,800,000/. ; in \n1788 to 1,812,969/. \n\nSaltpetre first made in England. 1625. \n; Saltwood Castle, Kent, built by the \n\nRomans, date uncertain. \n; Saltzburg Forest burned to the extent \n\nof 10,000 acres, Aug., 1800. \nI Saluting the ladies by their relations, \nwas introduced by the early Ro- \nmans, not out of respect, but to \nfind by their breath whether they \nhad been drinking wine, this being \ndeath for women to do, in order to \nprevent adultery. \n\nSal viati, Francesco, a Florentine artist, \nb. 1510, d. 1563. \n\nSalviati, Giuseppe, Venetian painter, \nb. 1535, d. 1585. \n\nSalviui. A. M., critic, b. 1654, d. \n1729. \n\nSamaritan Society, at the London \nHospital, commenced 1791. \n\nSampson kills 1000 Philistines with \nthe jaw-bone of an ass, 1136 B.C. \n\nSampson is betrayed to the Philis- \ntines, being deprived of his strength. \nUpon his return he pulled down \nthe Temple of Dagonon their heads, \nand with himself there perished \nmore than he had ever killed be- \nfore. The Israelites being en- \ncouraged by the disaster, attack \nthe Philistines, but are defeated \nwith the loss of 4000 men. They \nsend then for the ark from Shiloh, \nand renew the battle, but are again \ndefeated, Avith the loss of 30,000 \n\n\n\n308 \n\n\n\nSAM \n\n\n\nS A R \n\n\n\nmen and of the ark. Eli hearing \nthis, fell down, broke his neck, and \ndied, 1117 B.C. \n\nSamuel, the twelfth and last judge of \nIsrael, for 21 years. The Philis- \ntines place the ark in the Temple \nof Dagon, are smitten with emerods, \nand send it back after seven months\' \npossession, 1116 B.C. \n\nSampson, St., Church, at Guernsey, \nbuilt 111. \n\nSanadon, N. S., translator of Horace, \nb. 1676, d. 1733. \n\nSanchez, P. A., Spanish divine, b. \n1740, d. 1806. \n\nSanchez, Roderigo, statesman and \nhistorian, b. 1404, d. 1470. \n\nSancho, Ignatius, the African, b. \n1729, d. 1780. \n\nSancroft, Abp. of Canterbury, b. \n1616; committed to the Tower, \ntried, and acquitted, 1688; de- \nprived, 1689, d. 24th Nov. 1693, \naged 77. \n\nSancta Casa, or the holy house of \nLoretto, pretended to have been \nbrought by angels from Palestine \ninto Illyria in 1291 ; pillaged by \nthe French, 12th Feb. 1797, when \nthe statue of the Madonna was \nconveyed to Paris.\' \n\nSanctorius, physician, b. 1561, d. \n1636. \n\nSanctuaries instituted, 617; abo- \nlished in England, 1534. \n\nSandal Castle, Yorkshire, built 1317. \n\nSandby, Thomas, an English artist, \nb. 1721, d. 24th June, 1798. \n\nSandbv, Paul, an English artist, b. \n1732, d. 1809. \n\nSandeman, Robert, founder of a sect, \nb. 1723, d. 1771. \n\nSanderson, Bishop Robert, divine, b. \n1587, d. 1662. \n\nSanderson, Rob., antiquary, b. 1660, \nd. 1741. \n\nSandford Castle, Dorset, built 1540. \nSandgate Castle, Kent, built 1540. \nSandown Castle, Isle of Wight, built \n1539. \n\nSandys, Sir Edwin, b. about 1561, d. \n1629. \n\nSandys, George, traveller, b. 1577, \nd. 1643. \n\nSandys, E., bishop, b. 1519, d. 1588. \n\n\n\nSan Joseph, a Spanish ship, wrecked \nnear Gibraltar, when 40 persons \nperished, two only were saved, \n29th Jan., 1813. \n\nSandrart, Joachim, painter, b. 1606, \nd. 1688. \n\nSandwich Islands, in the Pacific \nOcean, discovered 1778. \n\nSandwich Islands, King of, d. in Lon- \ndon of the small-pox, 8th July, \n1824. \n\nSandwich Islands, Queen of, d. in \n\nLondon of the small-pox, 14th \n\nJuly, 1824. \nSandwich Harbour destroyed by an \n\nearthquake, 1580. \nSandwich built 957. \nSandwich Bridge, built 1756. \nSandwich, Lord, seat of, (Hinch- \n\nbrook.) burned 22nd Jan., 1830. \nSannazarius, Giacomo, poet, b. 1458, \n\nd. 1530. \n\nSanquir, Lord, hanged for killing a \nfencing-master, 1612. \n\nSanson, Nich., eminent French geo- \ngrapher, b. 1600, d. 1667. \n\nSanterre, John Baptist, painter, b. \n1651, d. 1717. \n\nSantrv, Lord, condemned for murder \nin Ireland, 27th April, 1739. \n\nSappho born about 600 B.C. \n\nSaragossa, in Spain, 400 of its in- \nhabitants perished in a devastating \nfire, and the theatre burned down, \nDec, 1778. \n\nSarasin, John, French writer, b. \nabout 1604, d. 1654. \n\nSarazin, James, sculptor, d. 1660. \n\nSardinia conquered by the Spaniards, \n1303, in whose possession it was \ntill 1708, when it was taken by an \nEnglish fleet, and given to the \nDuke of Savoy, with the title of \nking. \xe2\x80\x94 The first king was Victor, \nwho abdicated the throne in favour \nof his son, 1730, and died in a \nprison, 1732 ; Piedmont annexed \nto Italy, and Buonaparte crowned \nking of the whole, 26th May, 1805. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Restored to its rightful sove- \nreign, Victor Emanuel, with Genoa \nadded to it, 14th Dec. 1814. \n\nSardinia, Felix Joseph, king of, b. \n1765, d. 1811. \n\nSardinia, King of, relinquished Turin \n\n\n\nSAR \n\n\n\nSC A \n\n\n\n309 \n\n\n\n. and Piedmont to the French, Gth \nDec. 1798, and retired to Sardinia. \n\nSardinian Ambassador\'s Chapel, near \nLincoln\'s-inn-fields, burnt acci- \ndentally, 30th Nov. 1759 ; again \nby the rioters, June, 1780. \n\nSarpi, Father Paul, b. 1552, d. 1622. \n\nSarti, Signor, musical composer, b. \n1720, d. 28th July, 1802. \n\nSarto, Andrea del, painter, b. 1471, \nd. 1520. \n\nSatellite, sloop of 16 guns, upset, \nwhen all her crew perished, 20th \nDec. 1810. \n\nSaturn\'s temple at Rome built B.C. \n407. \n\nSaturn\'s satellites first discovered, \n\n1608; his ring discovered, 1634. \nSaturnalia, festivals instituted at \n\nRome, Dec. 407 B.C. \nSaunders, Sir Ed., judge, d. 1682. \nSaunders, J. Cunningham, surgeon, \n\nb. 1773, d. 1810. \nSaunders, Wm., physician, b. 1743, \n\nd. 1817. \n\nSaunderson, Dr. N., mathematician, \n\nd. ] 739, aged 57. \nSaurin, James, French divine, b. \n\n1677, d. 1730. \nSaussure, H. B. de, naturalist, b. \n\n1740, d. 1799. \nSauvages, F. B.tie, botanist, b. 1706, \n\nd. 1767. " \nSavage, Richard, b. 1698, condemned \n\nfor murder 1727, pardoned 1728, \n\nd. 1743. \n\nSavannah settled 1732; damaged by \nfire, 4th July, ] 758 ; again, 26th \nNov. 1797, when 229 dwellings, \nbesides out-offices, were destroyed. \n\nSavary, duke of Rovigo, minister of \nFrance under Napoleon, d. 1st \nJune, 1833. \n\nSavarv, Nicholas, traveller, d. 1788. \n\nSavfle, Sir Henry, b. 1549, d. 1622. \n\nSavile, George, marquis of Halifax, \nstatesman, b. 1630, d. 1695. \n\nSaviour\'s, St., church, South wark, \nbuilt 1098. \n\nSaviour\'s, St., order of knighthood, \nbegan in Spain 1118. \n\nSavon v, a Dutch painter, b. 1643, \nd. 1706. \n\nSavoy, part of Gallia Narbonensis, \nwhich submitted to the Romans, \n\n\n\n118 B.C. The Alemans seized it \nin 395; the Franks, 196. It \nshared the revolutions of Switzer- \nland till 1040, when Conrad, em- \nperor of Germany, gave it to Hu- \nbert, with the title of earl. Ama- \ndeus VIII. earl of Savoy, solicited \nSigismund, emperor of Germany, \nto erect his dominions into a duchy, \nwhich he did at Cambray, 19th \nFeb. 1417. The last duke having \ntaken Sicily in 1713, by the as- \nsistance of the English, was made \nking of that country, but by the \npeace of Utrecht changed for Sar- \ndinia, 1718. The dukedom of \nSavoy is now possessed by the \nking of Sardinia ; but great part of \nthe country ceded to France in \n1796; seized by the French Dec. \n1798, who were repulsed, 1799, \nbut subjugated it again the year \nfollowing. Restored to Sardinia, \n1816. \n\nSavoy palace, Strand, London, built \n1245 ; converted into an hospital, \n1549 ; burnt down, 2nd March, \n1776. \n\nSawtree, Sir William, the first that \nwas burnt alive on account of reli- \ngious opinions in England, 19th \nFeb. 1401. \n\nSaxe, count, d. 1750, aged 54. \n\nSaxo, Grammaticus, historian, d. 1208, \n\nSaxon green in dyeing invented 1744. \n\nSaxons first arrived in Britain from \nBremen, with three ships, under \nHengist and Horsa, 449. \n\nSaxony, upper, ceded to Prussia, \n1815. \n\nScsevola, Mutius, burnt his right hand \nbefore Porsenna for killing the \nsecretary when he intended to \nhave slain Porsenna himself, 508 \nB.C. \n\nScaffold, a, built for spectators to see \nLord Lovatt beheaded, fell down, \nand several persons were killed \nand a great number maimed, 1746. \n\nScales, lord, murdered by a ferryman, \n19th Aug. 1460. \n\nScaliger, Julius Csesar, d. 1558, aged \n75. \n\nScaliger, Jos., French writer, b. 1640, \nd. 1609. \n\n\n\n310 SCA \n\n\n\nSCO \n\n\n\nScanderbeg d. 1467, aged 68. \nScapula, John, lexicographer, lived \n\nlate irj the 16th century. \nScarborough, Yorkshire, cliff sunk \n\nand the spa removed, 18th Dec. \n\n1737 ; castle built, 1140; rebuilt, \n\n1170. \n\nScarborough , New England, damaged \nby fire, 11th Sept. 1762. \n\nScarborough, Sir Charles, English \nanatomist, b. about 1616, d. 1696. \n\nScarcity root, a species of parsnip in- \ntroduced and propagated in Eng- \nland, first by Dr. Lettsom, 1787. \n\nScarlet dye invented 1000 ; first used \nat Bow near Stratford, 1643. \n\nScarpa, Antonio, professor of anatomy \nat Pavia, d. 31st Oct, 1833. \n\nScaurlev Abbey, Yorkshire, built \n1147. \n\nScenes first introduced at theatres \n1533. \n\nSchalken, Godfrey, painter, b. 1643, \nd. 1706. \n\nSchaverley, Christophe, painter, b. at \nInglestadt 1550, d. 1594. \n\nScheele, Charles William, chemist, \nb. 1742, d. 1786. \n\nScheffer, J., writer, b. 1621, d. 1679. \n\nScheen, in Norway, was totally de- \nstroyed by fire, 6th Dec. 1777. \n\nScheuchzer, John James, writer, b. \n1672, d. 1733. \n\nSchiavonetti, Louis, painter, b. 1765, \nd. 1810. \n\nSchiavoni, Andrea, artist, b. 1522, \nd. 1582. \n\nSchidoni, Bartholomew, an Italian \npainter, b. 1560, d. 1616. \n\nSchiller, Fred., German poet, b.1759, \nd. 9th May, 1805. \n\nSchism act passed 1714. \n\nSchnebbelie, Jacob, painter, b. 1760, \nd. 1792. \n\nSchomberg, Dr. Isaac, English physi- \ncian, d. 1780. \n\nSchomberg, Alexander, writer, b. \n1756, d. 1792. \n\nSchomberg, duke of, b. 1608, landed \nin Ireland 13th Aug. 1689, killed \nat the battle of the Boyne 1690. \n\nSchorel, a Dutch painter, b. 1495, \nd. 1562. \n\nSchrevelius, Cornelius, lexicographer, \nd. 1667. \n\n\n\nSchultz, eminent orientalist, assassi- \nnated at Curdistan, 1829. \n\nSchut, Cornelius, a Florentine painter, \nb. 1600, d. 1660. \n\nSchut, his nephew, painter, d. 1676. \n\nSchultens, Albert, orientalised. 1750. \n\nSchultens, Henrv Albert, orientalist, \nb. 1749, d. 1793. \n\nScburman, Anna Maria, learned ladv, \nb. 1607, d. 1678. \n\nSchwartz, Bertholet, invented gun- \npowder, fi. 13th century. \n\nSchwartz, painter, b. 1550, d. 1594. \n\nScipio, P. Cornelius, d. B.C. 189. \n\nScilla, in Upper Calabria, 4 men, 5 \nwomen, and 24 young girls, killed \nby an explosion of gunpowder, \nignited by lightning at, 15th Jan., \n1815. \n\nScone Abbey, near Perth, founded \n1114; burnt by the populace at the \nperiod of the reformation, afterwards \nrebuilt ; Charles II. was the last \nking crowned in the kirk, all the \nScottish monarchs baving been \ncrowned in this abbey ; made the \nresidence of the Count D\'Artois of \nFrance, 1798. \n\nScopas, sculptor, flourished B.C. 430. \n\nScorza, Sinibaldo, a Genoese painter, \nb. 1589, d. 1631. \n\nScotch gold ard silver prohibited \npassing currently in England, 1393. \n\nScotland, anciently Caledonia, history \nof, began 328 B.C., when Fergus \nI. was sent over by the people of \nIreland ; received the Christian \nfaith A. D. 203; united under \none monarchy by Kenneth II. the \n69th king, and called Scotland, \n838 ; divided into baronies, 1032 ; \ninvaded by the king of Norwav, \nnear Loch Lomond, 1263; on \nthe death of Alexander III. -was \ndisputed by 12 candidates, who \nsubmitted their claims to the arbi- \ntration of Edward I. of England, \n1283, which gave him an opportu- \nnity to conquer it ; it was not \nentirely recovered by the Scots till \n1314; its regalia and crown taken \nand brought to England, with the \ncoronation chair, now in West- \nminster Abbey, 1296; records of \nScotland, by being sent by sea \n\n\n\nSCOTCH KINGS. \n\n\n\n311 \n\n\n\nfrom England for Scotland, were \nlost, 1298 ; first general assembly \nof the church held, 20th Dec. \n1560; earl of Murray regent, \n1567; earl of Lenox regent, 12th \nJuly, 1570; earl of Mar regent, \n6th\' Sept. 1571 j earl of Morton \nregent, 24th Nov. 1572; James \nVI. of Scotland succeeded to the \ncrown of England, 1603 ; this \nproduced an union of the two \ncrowns; and in 1707, the two \nkingdoms were united, and took \nthe style and title of Great Bri- \ntain. \n\nScotch kings. This nation has as \ngreat pretensions to antiquity as \nany in Eastern Europe, having, \naccording to their own historians, \n\xe2\x80\xa2possessed that kingdom for above \n2000 years, without ever having \nbeen conquered, although they \nhave been subdued at certain pe- \nriods by the Romans and English, \nand in a great measure over-run \nby the Danes. They boast of a \nline of 115 kings, who can all of \nthem deduce their pedigree from \nFergus II., who was sent by the \npeople of Ireland, and came into \nScotland about the time that Alex- \nander the Great took Babylon, \nviz. 330 B. C. As to the origin \nof the Scots, there are various \nopinions ; and the historians, who \ncontend for their great antiquity, \nsay they came from Spain. Those \nare opposed by others, who in ge- \nneral suppose them to be a remain- \nder of the Britons who fled from \nthe Roman servitude. However, \nwe shall begin with Metellus, the \n17th king of Scotland, (in the \nsecond year of whose reign Jesus \nChrist was born), who died in 29, \nand was succeeded by Caractacus. \n\nNAMES. BEGAN TO REIGN. \n\n\n\nCaractacus . .32 \n\nCorbred I. . . , 54 \n\nDardanus . . 70 \n\nCorbred II. . . . 72 \n\nLuctatus . . .104 \n\nMogaldus . . . 107 \n\nConarus . . .142 \n\nArgadus . .146 \n\n\n\nXLilllOUlUb X. \xc2\xbb \xc2\xab \n\n\n161 \n\n\nOct II del . \xc2\xab \n\n\n193 \n\n\nTinnnlrl T \n\n\n1 97 \n\nLi) i \n\n\n"EYhnrHne TT \n\nXL L11UU.1 U; XX* \xc2\xbb. \n\n\n216 \n\n\n.Achiro \xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n230 \n\n\npysi thai nf\xc2\xbbna \n\n\xc2\xb1> cLlJ.ld.lUUU. 3 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n242 \n\n\nX\' IllU.UOUO\' \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n252 \n\n\nDonald II. \n\n\n262 \n\n\nDnnnlrl TTT \n\nA-J\\J LLcllKl XXX. \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\nCr&tliilintlius \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n. 277 \n\n\nFinclionnarchus \n\n\n320 \n\n\nR o m & cl \\ u s \n\n\n. 368 \n\n\nAngiisianus \xe2\x80\xa2 * \n\n\n. 371 \n\n\nFethelin3,clius \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n373 \n\n\nEugenius I \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n376 \n\n\nFergus I. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n403 \n\n\nEugenius II. \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n. 419 \n\n\nDongcird \n\n\n451 \n\n\nConstcLntinG I\xc2\xab * \n\n\n457 \n\n\nVXJIlUdlC X. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n479 \n\n\n(rr\xc2\xbbT"i "n T \n\nVJlXlcLlX X, \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n501 \n\n\nEugenius III, \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n. 545 \n\n\nCongtile II. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n558 \n\n\nCjxinl&ne, or Cuincitillus \n\n\n568 \n\n\n\n\n569 \n\n\n\\c oTiTiA\'tTi T \n\nXV C 11 11 C til X. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n604 \n\n\nEugenius IV# \n\n\n. 606 \n\n\nFerc\\hard I\xc2\xbb \n\n\n. 622 \n\n\nDnnalrl TV \n\nxy UlldlU. XT* \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n632 \n\n\nFerdiaxd I \n\n\n,646 \n\n\nINIcildwin \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n664 \n\n\nEugenius V. . \n\n\n684 \n\n\nEugenius VI\xc2\xbb \xc2\xab \n\n\n687 \n\n\n-A^mberclielet \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n697 \n\n\nEugenius VII. \n\n\n698 \n\n\nIMordcic \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n71 ^ \n\n\nXlilolXlllXD \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n730 \n\n\nEugenius VIII. \n\n\n761 \n\n\nFergus II\xc2\xab \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n. 763 \n\n\nSolv&tius \n\n\n766 \n\n\n-ActlcllUS \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n787 \n\n\nCong&le III, \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n819 \n\n\nTlnn nrQ 1 \n\n-L/U11M Gil , m \n\n\n824 \n\n\nAlpin \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n. 831 \n\n\nXvcUUclIl XX. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n834 \n\n\nTlrmolrl V \n\nxyonaiu v \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n854 \n\n\nConstcintine II. \n\n\n858 \n\n\nnanus * \n\n\n874 \n\n\nGregory \n\n\n876 \n\n\nDonald VI \n\n\n892 \n\n\nConstantine III. \n\n\n. 903 \n\n\nMalcolm I. \n\n\n. 938 \n\n\nIndulphus \n\n\n. 958 \n\n\nDuphus \n\n\n. 968 \n\n\nCullenus \n\n\n. 972 \n\n\n\n\n312 SCO \n\n\'Kenneth III. . .973 \n\nConstantine IV. . 994 \n\nGrimus . . 996 \n\nMalcolm II. . . 1004 \n\nDuncan . , . 1034 \n\nMacbeth . .1040 \n\nMalcolm III. . . 1057 \n\nDonald VII. . . 1093 \n\nDuncan II. . . 1095 \n\nDonald VII. again . 1095 \n\nInterregnum . .1096 \n\nEdgar . . 1097 \n\nAlexander I. . .1107 \n\nDavid I. . . .1124 \n\nMalcolm IV. .. . 1153 \n\nWilliam . . .1165 \n\nAlexander II. . . 1214 \n\nAlexander III. . . 1240 \n\nInterregnum . .1245 \n\nJohn Baliol . .1292 \n\nRobert I. , . 1306 \n\nDavid II. . .1329 \n\nEdward Baliol . . 1332 \n\nDavid II. again . \' . 1341 \n\nRobert II. \xc2\xbb . 1371 \n\nJohn Robert . .1390 \n\nJames I. . - . 1405 \n\nJames II. . . 1437 \n\nJames III. . .1460 \n\nJames IV. . . 1488 \n\nJames V. . .1513 \n\nMary Stuart . . 1542 \n\nJames VI. . . 1567 \n\n\n\n\' James VI. on the death of Eliza- \nbeth, queen of England, ascended \nthat throne in 1603, and his de- \nscendants were the kings of Eng- \nland also till 1707, when the two \nkingdoms were united under the \ntitle of Great Britain. \n\nScots -Corporation, began 1655. \n\nScott, Sir Walter, author of Waver- \nley, b. 1771, d. 21st Sept., 1832, \nat Abbotsford, County Roxburgh. \n\nScott, G. Lewis, mathematician, d. \n1780. \n\nScott, Mrs., wife of Lewis, novelist, \nd. 1795. \n\nScott, .John, poet, b. 1730, d. 1783. \nScott, Michael,fl. in the 13th century. \nScott, Reginald, eminent English \n\nwriter, d. 1599. \nScotus, John, d. 1308. \nScotus, Marianus, historian, flourished \n\n1086. \n\n\n\nScrimzeor, Henry, learned Scotchman, \nd. 1571. \n\nScrimshaw, Mrs., d. in Rosemary- \nlane workhouse, Tower-hill, aged \n127, 6th Dec. 1711. \n\nScriptures ordered to be read in mo- \nnasteries in Britain, 746. \n\nScuderi, George, French writer, b. \n1603, d. 1667. \n\nScuderi, Magdalen de, French writer, \nb. 1607, d. 1701. \n\nScutari, near Constantinople, contain- \ning 3000 bouses, totally destroyed \nby fire, 12th Aug., 1797. \n\nScutage, the first tax levied in Eng- \nland to pay an army, 1 1 59. \n\nSea-horse, transport, stranded by a \ngale in Tramoie Bay, Ireland, \nwhen 365 persons, chiefly soldiers \nof the 59 th regiment, were drowned, \n30th Jan., 1816. \n\nSeals not much in use with the \nSaxons ; but they signed parch- \nments with the cross, impressions \nof lead being affixed. There was \na seal of King Edward\'s at West- \nminster, about 1188 Coats of \n\narms were not introduced into seals \n\ntill 1218 Great seal of England \n\nfirst used to crown grants, &c. \n1050; stolen, 1784. \n\nSeas, the sovereignty of England over \nthe British seas maintained by \nSelden, and measures taken by the \nBritish government in consequence, \n8th Charles I. 1633. \n\nSealing charters and deeds first intro- \nduced into England, 1065. \n\nSealing-wax brought into general use, \n1556. \n\nSeamen\'s wages advanced by parlia- \nment, 9th May, 1797, in conse- \nquence of the mutiny at Spithead. \n\nSeamen\'s Widows\' Corporation, \nerected 13th Oct., 1732. \n\nSeason, Dr. Henry, d. 1775. \n\nSeaton, Rev. Thomas, who instituted \nthe prize poems at Cambridge, b. \n1684, d. 1750. \n\nSeeker, Dr. Thomas, Archbishop of \nCanterbury, b. 1693, d. 1768. \n\nSecretaries of State first appointed in \nEngland, Lord Cromwell so made \nby Cardinal Wolsey, 1529-30. \n\nSects of religions in the world are said \n\n\n\nSEC \n\n\n\nSHA , 313 \n\n\n\nto amount to 373, all\' differing in \nsome point of doctrine. \n\nSecurity of the king\'s person, act for, \npassed 1703; amended 1795. \n\nSedan Chairs introduced into Eng- \nland hy the Duke of Buckingham, \n1734. \n\nSedition Bill passed, 14th Dec. 1795. \n\nSeditious Meetings\' and Public As- \nsemblies\' Bill, for the more effec- \ntually preventing of, passed, 28th \nMarch, 1817. \n\nSeditious Societies and Reading \nRooms suppressed by an act, 21st \nJune, 1797. \n\nSedley, Sir Charles, b. about 1639, d. \nabout 1701. \n\nSeed, Jeremiah, divine, d. in 1747. \n\nSegar, Sir William, English heraldic \nwriter, d. 1663. \n\nSegers, Ger., Dutch painter, b. 1589, \nd. 1651. \n\nSegers, Daniel, painter, b. 1590, d. \n1660. \n\nSegrais, J. R. de, French poet, b. \n1624, d. 1701. \n\nSeizures at the Custom-house, Lon- \ndon, amounted to26,000/.in 1742. \n\nSejanus put to death, 31. \n\nSelby and Leeds Railway, opened \n22nd Sept., 1834. \n\nSelden, John, b. 1584, d. 30th Nov. \n1654. \n\nSemiramis, Queen of Assvria, d. \n\n1665 B.C. \nSemper eadem, first used as the \n\nmotto for the arms of England, \n\n13th Dec. 1702. \nSenate-house, Dublin, destroyed by \n\nfire, 28th Feb. 1792. \nSeneca, b. at Corduba in 2 B. C, d. \n\nA.D. 64. \nSeptuagint said to have been found in \n\na cask, 217. \nSepulchre, order of knighthood, began \n\nin Palestine 1 092. \nSeraphim, order of knighthood, began \n\nin Sweden 1334. \nSerres, Dom., painter, d. 6th Nov. \n\n1793. \n\nSertorius, Quintus, Roman warrior, \n\nflourished B. C. 73. \nServants\', men, tax, 1775; enlarged, \n\n1781-85-96-97, and 1808. \nServants\' wages taxed, 1695. \n\n\n\nServants\', female, tax, 1785; abo- \nlished, 1792. \nServetus burnt at Geneva, b. 1509, \n\nd. 27th Oct., 1553. \nSessions, Court of, first appointed by \n\nJames I., 1425; abolished, 1503; \n\nre-established by James V., 1531 ; \n\nre-instated at Edinburgh, 1756. \nSettle, Elkanah, b. 1648, d. 1724. \nSettlement of the crown, act for, 1689. \nSeverus, d. 211, aged 56. \nSeverus\' Wall, built in the North of \n\nEngland, 208. \nSevigne\\ Marchioness de, b. 1626, d. \n\n1696. \n\nSeville Custom-house destroyed by \nfire, with 40,000/. worth of pro- \nperty, 7th May, 1792. \n\nSeward, Anna, poet, b. 1747,d. at the \nPalace, Lichfield, 25th Mar. 1809. \n\nSeward, William, biographer, b. 1 747, \nd. 1799. \n\nSewell, Dr. George, poet and phy- \nI sician, d. 1726. \nSextant, invented by Tycho Brahe, \nj at Uraniburg, his observatory in \nI the Isle of Huen. \n| Seymour, Lord, married the widow of \nj Henry VIII., March, 1548 ; who \ndied in child-bed Sept. following ; \nhe was beheaded on Tower-hill, \n20th March, 1549. \nShadwell, Thomas, b. 1640, d. 20th \n\nNov. 1692. \nShadwell Water-works destroyed by \nfire. They raised 903 gallons per \nminute, and were totally destroyed \nin one hour and a half, Dec. 1797. \nShaftesbury, Earl of, b. 1621, d.1683. \nShaftesbury, built 879. \nShakspeare, b. 1564, d. 23rd April, \n1616. \n\nSkakspeare, monument to, erected \n\nin Westminster Abbey, 1741. \nShane\'s Castle, Antrim, Ireland, the \n\nseat of Lord O\'Neil, burnt down, \n\n15th May, 1816. \nShap Monastery, Westmoreland, \n\nfounded 1189. \nSharp, Archbishop of St. Andrew\'s, \n\nb. 1618, shot in his coach, 3rd \n\nMay, 1679. \nSharp, Abraham, mathematician, b. \n\n1651, d. 1742. \nSharp, Samuel, surgeon, d. 1778.. \n\n\n\n314 SHA \n\n\n\nSHE \n\n\n\nSharp, Granville, the philanthropist, \nand founder of the anti-slavery \nsocietv in England, b. 1734, d. 6tii \nJuly, 1813. \n\nSharp," Arch bishop of York, b. 1644, \nd. 1714. \n\nSharpe, Gregory, divine, b. 1713, d. \n1771. \n\nShaving of priests, first introduced, \n169. \n\nShaw, Dr. Thomas, English traveller, \nd. 1751. \n\nShaw, George, M. D., keeper of \nnatural history in the British Mu- \nseum, b. 1751, d. 22nd July, \n1813. \n\nShaw, Cuthbert, English poetical \nsatirist, b. about 1738, d. 1771. \n\nShaw, Rev. Stebbing, topographer, b. \n1762, d. 1802. \n\nShebbeare, Dr., pilloried at Charing- \ncross, 5th Dec, 1758, d. Aug., \n1788, aged 79. \n\nSheen, W., tried for decapitating his \nchild, 14th July, 1827 ; acquitted \nfrom informality in the indictment. \n\nSheep from England first permitted \nto be sent to Spain, which has \nsince injured our manufacture, \n1467. The number in England \nis from 20 to 25 millions. The \nvalue of their wool, 3,200,000/. \nExpense of manufacturing it, \n\n9,000,000/ Exported annually \n\nupwards of 3,000,000/.\xe2\x80\x94 Number \nof persons employed in manufac- \nturing it above 1,000,000.\xe2\x80\x94 From \nthe wool-grower to the consumer, \na piece of cloth passes through one \nhundred different hands. \n\nSheep forbidden to be exported from \nEngland, 1424. \n\nSheerness, stables of the Fountain \ninn took fire, when ten houses \nwere destroyed, 9th Oct. 1826. \n\nSheerness, fire at, 30th July, 1827. \n\nSheerness, 54 houses burnt at, 16th \nJan. 1830. \n\nSheffield, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nSheffield Cotton Manufactory, valued \nat 45,000/., destroyed by fire, 16th \n\n. Feb. 1792. \n\nSheffield, Earl of, writer on, com- \nmerce, b. about 1735, d. 1821. \n\n\n\nSheffield, John, Duke of Bucking- \nham, statesman and poet, b. 1649, \nd. 1720. \n\nSheldon, Archbishop, d. 9th Nov. \n1677. \n\nShelley, Mr., miniature painter, d. \n\nMarch, 1809. \nShelley, Percy B., poet, b. 1792, \n\ndrowned 1822. \nShenstone, William, English poet \n\nand miscellaneous writer, b. 1714, \n\nd. 1763. \n\nShepherd, Rev. Revett, a celebrated \nEnglish naturalist, b. 1778, d. \n1830. \n\nSherard, William, founder of the \nbotanic professorship at Oxford, b. \n1659, d. 1728. \n\nSherbrook, the Lady, with 300 emi- \ngrants, wrecked off Newfoundland, \nonly seven lives saved, Sept. 1831. \n\nSherburne, Sir Edward, English poet \nand translator, b. 1618, d. 1702. \n\nSherborne Castle, Dorset, built 1107. \n\nSheridan, Rev. Dr. Thomas, b. in \nthe county of Cavan, 1684, d. in \nDublin, 1738. \n\nSheridan, Thos., actor and writer, b. \nin Quilca, Ireland, 1721, d. 1788. \n\nSheridan, Frances, novelist and dra- \nmatic writer, b. 1724, d. 1767. \n\nSheridan, Richard Brinsley, an elo- \nquent British senator, b. in Dublin. \n30th Oct. 1751; d. 7th July, \nhonoured by a public funeral, 18th \nJuly, 1816. \n\nSheridan, Thos., only son of Richard \nBrinslev Sheridan, d. 12th Aug., \n1817. " \n\nSheriffs and Justices of the Peace in \n\nEngland, 1079. \nSheriffs, in London, first appointed, \n\n1189. \n\nSheriffs of London, fifty appointed in \none day, thirty-five of whom paid \ntheir fines, 2nd July, 1734. \n\nSherlock, Dr. Thos., bishop of Lon- \ndon, b. 1678, d. 1761. \n\nSherlock, William, divine, b. 1641, \nd. 1707. \n\nSherwin, J. K., engraver, d. Sept. \n1790. \n\nShetland Islands, 19 fishing boat? \nfoundered in a storm off, and 111 \npersons drowned, Oct. 1832. \n\n\n\nSHI \n\n\n\nSHO 315 \n\n\n\nShillings first coined in England, \n1505. \n\nShip, order of knighthood, began \n1252. \n\nShip and Double Crescent, order of \nknighthood, began in France 1269. \n\nShip-money exacted, 1634; abolished \n1641. \n\nShip wash, Devonshire, much injured \nby a fire, 22nd April, 1742. \n\nShips, the first seen in Greece, arrived \nat Rhodes from Egypt, 1485 B.C. \nThe first double-decked one built \nin England was of 1000 tons bur- \nthen, by order of Henry VII. 1509; \nit was called the Great Harry, \nand cost 14,000/. ; before this, 24 \ngun ships were the largest in our \nnavy, and these had no port-holes, \nthe guns being on the upper decks \nonly Port-holes and other im- \nprovements were invented by Des- \ncharges, a French builder at Brest, \nin the reign of Louis XII. 1500. \n\nShip-building, the art of, attributed \nto the Egyptians, as the first in- \nventors ; the first ship (probably \na galley) being brought from Egypt \n\nto Greece by Darius, 1485 B.C \n\nThe first ship of 800 tons was built \nin England, 1597. \xe2\x80\x94 A first-rate \nman of war requires about 60,000 \ncubic feet of timber, and uses \n180,0001b. of rough hemp in the \ncordage and sails for it. The ground \non which the timber for a 74 gun \nship would require to grow, would \nbe 14 acres ; it requires 3000 loads \nof timber, each load containing 50 \ncubical feet; 1500 well-grown \ntrees, of two loads each, will cover \n14 acres, at 20 feet asunder ; 3000 \nloads of rough oak, at 2s. per foot, \nor 51. per load, will cost 15,000/. \n\nShipping first registered in the river \nThames, 1787. \xe2\x80\x94 The number re- \ngistered in the British dominions, \nin 1791, was 15,647, being 636 \nmore than in 1790. On 30th \nSept. 1791, England and Scotland \npossessed 1,365,000 tons of mer- \ncantile shipping; which, estimated \nat 8/. 8s. per ton, including rigging \nand stores, may be valued at \n11,466,000/.; and that 80,000 \n\n\n\nseamen were employed in navi- \ngating these ships. The keeping \nup of this stock of shipping, rec- \nkoning the wear and tear at 12/. \nper cent., causes the annual sum \nof 1,375,020/. to be expended \namong ship-builders, sail-makers, \nand numerous artificers employed \nabout ships ; after which, a clear \nprofit of 687,960/. remains in the \npockets of the owners of those \nships every year ; reckoning such \nprofit at 61. per cent, of the sum \nemployed, the whole profit on mer- \ncantile shipping being reckoned at \n\n18/. per cent 13,500 vessels, \n\nfreighted with property to the value \nof between 60 and 70,000,000/. \nsterling, sailed from and arrived at \nthe Port of London in the course \nof 1797. \n\n\n\nShipping \n\n\nin England, \n\n\nof the navy, \n\n\ncontained in \n\n\n\n\nYEARS. \n\n\nTONS. \n\n\nMARINERS. \n\n\n1588 \n\n\n- 31,585 \n\n\n- 15,272 \n\n\n1660 \n\n\n- 62,594 \n\n\n\n\n1675 \n\n\n- 69,681 \n\n\n- 30,951 \n\n\n1688 \n\n\n- 101,032 \n\n\n\n\n1695 \n\n\n- 112,400 \n\n\n- 45,000 \n\n\n1704 \n\n\n- 140,754 \n\n\n- 41,000 \n\n\n1715 \n\n\n- 167,596 \n\n\n\n\n1721 \n\n\n- 158,233 \n\n\n\n\n1727 \n\n\n- 170,862 \n\n\n\n\n1741 \n\n\n- 198,385 \n\n\n\n\n1749 \n\n\n- 228,215 \n\n\n- 17,000 \n\n\n1754 \n\n\n- 266,246 \n\n\n- 10,000 \n\n\n1760 \n\n\n- 321,104 \n\n- 276,046 \n\n\n- 70,000 \n\n\n1774 \n\n\n\n\n1781 \n\n\n- 422,700 \n\n\n- 104,978 \n\n\nShirley, \n\n\nJames, dramatist, b. 1594, \n\n\n\nd. 1666. \n\n\n\nShirley, Anthony, traveller, b. 1565, \nd. about 1630. \n\nShoes. The people had an extrava- \ngant way of adorning their feet ; \nthey wore the beaks or points of \ntheir shoes so long, that they en- \ncumbered themselves in their \nwalking, and were forced to tie \nthem up to their knees ; the fine \ngentlemen fastened theirs with \nchains of silver, or silver gilt, and \nothers with laces. This ridiculous \ncustom was in vogue from the year \n1382, but was prohibited, on the \np 2 \n\n\n\n316 SHO \n\n\n\nSIL \n\n\n\nforfeiture of 20s. and the pain of \ncursing by the clergy, 1467. Shoes \nof the present fashion \xe2\x80\xa2worn in \nEngland, 1633 ; but the buckle \nwas not introduced till 1670. \n\nShoeing of horses first introduced \ninto England, 481. \n\nShoplifting act passed 1629. \n\nShop-tax, passed 1785; repealed \n1789. \n\nShop- window tax, repealed 1833. \nShore, Jane, mistress of Edward IV., \n\ndid penance 1483 ; her husband \n\nexecuted for coining 1496. \nShoreham Suspension-bridge, opened \n\n2nd May, 1833. \nShort, Dr. Thomas, physician, d. \n\n1772. \n\nShort, James, eminent optician, b. \n\n1710, d. 1768. \nShot manufactory of Walker and \n\nParker, London, burnt, 5th Jan., \n\n1826. \n\nShovel, Sir Cloudesley, lost on the \nrocks of Scilly, 22nd Oct. 1705, \naged 56. \n\nShower, Sir Bartholomew, lawyer, d. \n1701. \n\nShrewsbury, the church of St. Chad \nat, destroyed by the falling of its \ntower, 11th July, 1788; dread- \nful fire at, consumed 50 houses, \nexclusive of offices, &c, 1st April, \n1774 , abbey built, 1033 ; castle \nbuilt, 1084. \n\nShuckford, Samuel, divine, d. 1754. \n\nShuter, Edward, the comedian, d. \n17th Nov. 1776. \n\nSibthorp, John, botanist, b. 1753, d. \n1796. \n\nSecard, the Abbe, b. 1742, d. 1822. \n\nSick and wounded, Seamen\'s incor- \nporation began, 24th June, 1747. \n\nSicily first peopled from Italy, 1262 \nB.C. ; separated from the kingdom \nof Naples, of which latter Joseph \nBuonaparte, a man of neither valour \nnor abilities, usurped the throne, by \nhis brother Napoleon\'s assistance, \n1805 The government trans- \nferred by Ferdinand to the heredi- \ntary prince, or vicar-general, 16th \n\nJan., 1812 New constitution \n\nadopted by it, resembling the Eng- \nlish, July, in the same year. \xe2\x80\x94 The \n\n\n\ngovernment restored to Ferdinand, \n1814. \n\nSiddons, Mrs., the greatest tragic \nactress ever seen in England, b. \n1755, d. 7th June, 1831. \n\nSide-saddles first used by the English \nin 1399. \n\nSidney, Sir Philip, b. 1554, killed in \nbattle, 22nd Sept. 1586. \n\nSidney, Algernon, b. about 1620, be- \nheaded 7th Dec. 1683. \n\nSienna nearly destroyed by an earth- \nquake, May, 1798. \n\nSierra Leone, coast discovered, 1460. \n\nSigebert, the historian, d. 1113. \n\nSigismund, the Emperor, visited Eng- \nland, 1419, d. 1438. \n\nSignals at sea, first devised bv James \nII., 1665. \n\nSignorelli, Luca, painter of Crotona, \nb. 1439, d. 1521. \n\nSilius Italicus, Latin poet, b. A. D. \n15, d. aged 75. \n\nSilk, wrought, brought from Persia \nto Greece, 325 B.C.-\xe2\x80\x94 From India, \n\nA. D. 274 Known at Rome in \n\nTiberius\'s time, when a law passed \nin the senate, prohibiting the use \nof plate of massy gold, and also \nforbidding men to debase them- \nselves by wearing silk, fit only for \nwomen. Heliogabalus first wore \na garment of silk, 220. \xe2\x80\x94 Silk- \nworms were brought to Europe \n300 years later. \xe2\x80\x94 Silk at first of \nthe same value with gold, weight \nfor weight, and thought to grow \nlike cotton on trees, 220. The \nemperor Aurelian, who died in \n275, denied his empress a robe of \nsilk, because too dear. \xe2\x80\x94 Silk in- \ntroduced into Europe by some \nmonks, 551 ; some monks who \nhad been in India, in 555, brought \nfrom thence silk-worms\' eggs to \nConstantinople, where raw silk was \nin time produced in abundance, \nand worked up into manufactures \nat Athens, Thebes, Corinth, &Cs \nCharlemagne sent to Offa, king of \nMercia, in 780, a present of a belt, \na Hunnish sword, and two silken \nvests In 1130, Greek manufac- \nturers of silk, were brought by \nRoger,king of Sicily, to Europe, and \n\n\n\nSIL \n\n\n\nSKE 317 \n\n\n\nsettled at Palermo, where they \ntaught the Sicilians not only to \nbreed up the silk-worms, but to \nspin and to weave silk ; which art \nwas carried afterwards to Italy and \nSpain, and also to the south of \nFrance, a little before Francis I., \nwho brought it to Touraine. \xe2\x80\x94 Ve- \nnice inveigled silk-weavers from \nGreece and Palermo in Sicily, \n1207. \xe2\x80\x94 Silk mantles worn by some \nnoblemen\'s ladies at a ball at \nKenilworth Castle, in Warwick- \nshire, 1486. \xe2\x80\x94 Silk manufactured \nin England, 1604.\xe2\x80\x94 First silk \nmanufacture in France, 1521 ; \nraw silk not produced there for a \nlong time afterwards. \xe2\x80\x94 First worn \nby the English clergy, .1534. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSilk worms and mulberry-trees \npropagated by Henry IV. through \nall France, 1559. \xe2\x80\x94 Broad silk \nmanufacture from raw silk intro- \nduced into England, 1620. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLombe\'s famous silk -thro wing ma- \nchine, erected at Derby, 1719 ; it \ncontains 26,586 wheels ; oneAvater \nwheel moves the whole, and \nin a day and a night it works \n318,504,960 yards of organzine \nsilk. \xe2\x80\x94 Silk first imported from \nPersia through Russia, 1742. \n\nSilver first coined at Rome, 269 B.C. \n\nSilver pennv, the largest coin in Eng- \nland, 1302. \n\nSilver raised from 3s. 9c?. to As. per \nounce, 1544. \n\nSilver mines first discovered in Ger- \nmany, 950 ; in Britany in France, \nNov. 1730; in Devonshire, 1294; \nat Potosi, 1545 ; at Cusco, 1712. \n\nSilver plate, or vessels, first made \nuse of in England by Wilfrid, a \nNorthumberland bishop, a lofty \nand ambitious man, 709 ; silver \nknives and forks, spoons, and cups, \na very great luxury, 1300. \n\nSilvester, Lewis, painter, d. 1760, \naged 85. \n\nSilvester II., Pope, d. 1003. \n\nSilvestre, Israel, engraver, b. 1621, \nd. 1691. \n\nSimmons, Dr. Sam. Foart, physician \nto St. Luke\'s Hospital, b. 17th \nMarch, 1750, d. June, 1813. \n\n\n\nSimnel, Lambert, set up against Henry \nVII. ; crowned king in Ireland, \n1487 ; pardoned, and made scullion \nin the king\'s kitchen, and afterwards \none of the king\'s falconers, in which \npost he died. \n\nSimon, Richard, French divine and \nwriter, b. 1638, d. 1712. \n\nSimon, Magus, the first heretic, came \nto Rome, 41. \n\nSimon, St. and St. Jude\'s festival, \ninstituted, 1090. \n\nSimonides, the poet, b. 558 B. C, d. \naged 92. \n\nSimoneau, Chas., engraver, d. 1728. \nSimpson\'s Hospital, Dublin, for blind \n\nand gouty men founded and built, \n\n1780. \n\nSimpson, Thomas, English mathema- \ntician, b. 1710, d. 1761. \n\nSimson, Dr. Robert, mathematician, \nb. 1687, d. 1768. \n\nSinging in churches, established 67. \n\nSincerity, order of knighthood in \nSaxony, began 1690. \n\nSinking Fund, bill passed, 1787. \n\nSion Abbey, Middlesex, built 1624. \n\nSion College, London-wall, founded \n1623 ; incorporated, 1664. \n\nSirlet, Flavius, engraver of precious \nstones, d. 1737. \n\nSir William Curtis, packet, struck \non the ground about 50 yards from \nthe pier-head at Ostend, and Mrs. \nCarleton, mother of Lord Dor- \nchester, her daughter, and a female \nservant were drowned, 29th Oct. \n1815. \n\nSiri, Vittorio, annalist, b. 1613, d. \n1683. \n\nSirmond, James, the French writer, \n\nb. 1559, d. 1651. \nSisyphus, first king of Corinth, 1504 \n\nB. C. \n\nSix Clerks office, Chancery-lane, Lon- \ndon, built 1770. \n\nSixtus V., Pope, b. 1521, made pope, \n1585, d. 1590 ; he was originally \na swineherd. \n\nSkeleton, a human, dug up in the Isle \nof Wight, supposed to have been \nburied 600 years before, 1807. \n\nSkelton, Rev. John, ppet, d. 1529. \n\nSkelton, Philip, divine, b. 1707, d. \n1787. \n\n\n\n318 \n\n\n\nSKI \n\n\n\nSME \n\n\n\nSkinner, Stephen, English physician \nand antiquary, b. about 1622, d. \n1667. \n\nSkinner, Alderman, b. 14th Jan. \n\n1737, d. 1806. \nSkipton Castle, Yorkshire, bit. about \n\n1070. \n\nSlave-trade from Congo and Angola, \nbegan by the Portuguese in 1 482. \n\nSlave-trade began with England 1 563 ; \nin South America, 1550 ; abolished \nby the Quakers, 1784. Their \nimportation is said, by Abbe Ray- \nnal, to have been 9,000,000 of \nslaves, of which it is said to be \n60,000 annually. Abbe Raynal \nsays there are, in America and the \nWest Indies, full 1,400,000. \n\nSlave \xe2\x80\x94 a statute made, enacting, that \na runagate servant, or any who \nlives idly for three days, be brought \nbefore two justices of the peace, \nand marked V. with a hot iron on \nthe breast, and adjudged the slave \nof him who brought him for two \nyears; he was to take the said \nslave, and give . him bread, water, \nor small drink, and refuse meat, \nand cause him to work, by beating, \nchaining, or otherwise : and if, \nwithin that space, he absented him- \nself 14 days, was to be marked on \nthe forehead or cheek, by a hot \niron, with an S. and be his master\'s \nslave for ever ; second desertion j \nfelony ; lawful to put a ring of \niron round his neck, arm, or leg ; \na beggar\'s child might be put ap- \nprentice, and, on running away, \na slave to his master, 1547; ob- \ntained their freedom by arrival in \nEngland, 1772; slavery abolished \nin Popish Austria, 26th June, \n1782 ; slave-trade debated in par- \nliament, 1787; regulated, 1788; \ndebate for its abolition lasted two \ndays, April, 1791; again, 1792; \nslavery was abolished in Pennsyl- \nvania and Massachusetts, 1793; \nin France, 1795; slave trade abo- \nlished by the British parliament, \n1 807 ; the freedom of all British \nslaves purchased, under a special \nact, and 20,000,000/. voted for \nthe purpose, by parliament, 1833. \n\n\n\nIn 1768 Great Britain \n\npurchased 53,100 \nAmerica . 6,300 \nFrance . 23,500 \nHolland . 11,300 \nPortugal . 8,700 \nDenmark . 1,200 \nTotal 104,100, at about 15/. \neach, whichamounts to 1,582,000/. \nsterling, but bought by barter. In \n1793, they sold on an average for \n30/. or 35/. each. In 1788, the \nslaves in the West India islands, \nbelonging to Great Britain, were \nIn Jamaica . . 174,000 \nBarbadoes . . 80.000 \nAntigua . . 36,000 \nGrenada and the Gre- \nnadines . . 40,000 \nSt. Christopher\'s . 27,000 \nDominica . . 15,000 \nSt. Vincent\'s . 15,000 \nAnguilla, Tortola, &c. 14,000 \nNevis . . 10,000 \n\nMontserrat . 9,000 \n\n\n\nTotal 420,000 \nSlaves first imported into America, \n1508. \n\nSlaves of Virtue, order of knighthood \nin Germany, began 1662. \n\nSleidan, J., historian, b. 1506,d. 1556, \n\nSlingsby, Sir Henry, governor of \nHull, and Dr. Hewit, beheaded on \nTower Hill, 8th June, 1658. \n\nSlingelandt, John Peter, painter, b. \n1640, d. 1691. \n\nSlippers, first introduced about 1570. \n\nSloane, Sir Hans, historian, naturalist, \nphysician to George II., and con- \ntributor to the British Museum, b. \n1660, d. 11th Jan., 1752. \n\nSlodtz, Rene, sculptor, b. 1705, d. \n1764. \n\nSmalbroke, R., English prelate, b. \n\n1672, d. 1749. \nSmalridge, Dr. George, bishop of \n\nBristol, writer, b. 1663, d. 1719. \nSmall-pox hospital, Coldbath Fields, \n\ninstituted 26th Sept. 1746. \nSmart, C, poet, b. 1722, d. 1770. \nSmeaton, John, engineer, b. 1 724, \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nd. 1792. \n\nSmellie, Dr. William, eminent ana- \ntomist, d. 1763. \n\n\n\nSME \n\n\n\nSOB 319 \n\n\n\nSmellie, W., naturalist, b. 1740, d. \n1795. \n\nSmirke, R, architect, d. at Bramp- \nton, Cumberland, July, 1815. \n\nSmith, John Gordon, a medical -wri- \nter of eminence, b. 1792, d. in \nthe Fleet prison, 15th Sept. 1833. \n\nSmithfield, London, first paved 1615. \n\nSmith, Dr. Adam, political economist, \nb. 1723, d. 1790. \' \n\nSmith, Charlotte, poet and novelist, \nb. 1749, d. 1806. \n\nSmith, Edmund, dramatist, b. 1668, \nd. 1710. \n\nSmith, Elizabeth, learned lady, b. \n\n1776, d. 1806. \nSmith, Sir John, statesman, d. about \n\n1600. \n\nSmith, John, celebrated adventurer, \nd. 1631. \n\nSmith, Miles, bishop, and translator \nof the bible, d. 1624. \n\nSmith, Robert, divine and mathema- \ntician, b. 1689, d. 1768. \n\nSmith, Sir Thomas, statesman, b. \n1514, d. 1577. \n\nSmith, Thos., divine, b. 1638, d.1710. \n\nSmith, William, divine and translator, \nb. 1711, d. 1787. \n\nSmith, John, mezzotinto scraper, d. \nabout 1715. \n\nSmith, Thomas, painter, d. 1769. \n\nSmith, J. R., crayon portrait pain- \nter, d. 1812. \n\nSmith, G., painter, b. 1714, d. 1766. \n\nSmollett, Dr. Tobias, the historian, d. \n21st Oct. 1771. \n\nSmugglers act passed, 1736 ; miti- \ngated, 1781 ; enforced, 1784. \n\nSmyrna, nearly destroyed by an earth- \nquake, April, 1730 ; and by afire, \n20th June, 1742 ; had the plague, \n1743, 1752; the Armenian quar- \nter burnt, 14th May, 1753; had \nthe plague, 1758, 1760; dreadful \nfires, in 1763 and 1772; and \nearthquakes and fire, in 1778 ; in \nMarch, 1796, which destroyed \n4000 shops, two large mosques, \ntwo public baths, and all the \nmagazines and provisions, to the \nvalue of ten millions of crowns ; a \nriot, there by the Sclavonians, oc- \ncasioned the Janissaries to destroy \nthe theatre and property of the \n\n\n\nChristians, to the amount of \n100,000/., when between 12 and \n1300 persons lost their lives, May, \n1 797 ; dreadful fire in, 10th June, \n1811. \n\nSnape, Rev. Dr., b. 1672, d. 1742. \n\nSneezing. The custom of saying \n" God bless you," to the sneezer, \noriginated, according to Strada, \namong the ancients, who, through \nan opinion of the danger attending \nit, after sneezing, made a short \nprayer to the Gods, as " Jupiter \nhelp me." Polydore Virgil says it \ntook its rise in the plague of 594, \nin which the infected fell down \ndead sneezing, though seemingly \nin good health. This custom is \npractised among the Jews, and \namong the Abyssinians. When \nthe king of Monomotapa sneezes, \nthose that are near him loudly wish \nhim happiness, this is catched by \nthose farther off, and it is echoed \nthrough the whole city. \n\nSnell, Hannah, the female soldier, \nhad a pension settled on her, June, \n1730. \n\nSnelling, Thomas, writer on corns, \nd. 1773. \n\nSneyd, Nathaniel, an Irish gentleman \nof rank and fortune, shot in the \nstreets at noon, by Mason, a luna- \ntic, 31st July, 1833. \n\nSnow for 11 days, 1762; remarkably \ndeep in 1731 and 1736; 7000 \nSwedes perished in a storm of \nsnow upon the mountains of Rudel \nand Tydel, in their march to attack \nDrontheim, in 1719 ; great fall of \nsnow in every part of England, in \nJan. 1814; considerable fall of \nsnow in the counties of Cambridge \nand Huntingdon, by which much \ndamage was done to the gardens, \n2nd Sept. 1816. \n\nSnow-hill, act of parliament passed \nfor the improvement of, 26 th \nJune, 1795. \n\nSnvders, Francis, painter, b. at Ant- \nwerp, 1579, d. 1657. \n\nSoap, first manufactured at London \nand Bristol, 1524. \n\nSobieski, John, king of Poland, d. \n1696. \n\n\n\n320 S O C \n\n\n\nSOU \n\n\n\nSocieties or companies first established \nin London, 1198. \n\nSociety for the relief of persons con- \nfined for small \'debts, commenced \n1772. \n\nSociety for the relief of the widows \nand orphans of medical men, insti- \ntuted 1788. \n\nSociety for bettering the condition of \n\n\' the poor, instituted 1796. \n\nSociety for abolishing the common \nmethod of sweeping chimneys, \ncommenced 1802. \n\nSociety, national, for promoting the \neducation of the poor in the prin- \nciples of the established church, \n1811. \n\nSociety of ladies at Liverpool, for \n\nconverting female Jews to the pro- \n\ntestant religion, 1812. \nSociety for the suppression of begging, \n\ninstituted at Edinburgh, 1813. \nSociety of the houseless in London, \n\nfounded 14th Jan., 1820. \nSocietv Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, \n\n1765. \n\nSocinus, Lselius, b. 1525, d. 1604. \nSocrates, put to death 396 B. C. \naged 70. \n\nSodom, burnt in the 65th year of \nLot\'s age, B.C. 1897. \n\nSoissons, one-third of the town of, \ndestroyed, and many lives lost, by \nan explosion of gunpowder, 13th \nOct 1815. \n\nSolander, Dr., naturalist, b. 1736, d. \n13th May, 1782. , \n\nSolar System, discovered by Pytha- \ngoras, B C. 500 ; revived by Co- \npernicus, 1532; established fully \nby Sir Isaac Newton, 1695. \n\nSole, A. M. del, painter, b. 1597, d. \n1677. \n\nSole, J., painter, b. 1654, d. 1719. \nSolimene, an Italian painter, b. 1657, \n\nd. 1747. \n\nSolis, Antonio de, Spanish histo- \nrian, b. 1610, d. 1686. \n\nSolomon wrote his Ecclesiastes, B.C. \n981. \n\nSolomon Isles, off the American \n\ncoast, discovered 1527. \nSolon, the lawgiver, b. 549 B.C., d. \n\naged 80. \n\nSolway Moss, bordering on Scotland, \n\n\n\nten miles from Carlisle, began to \nswell, owing to heavy rains, and \nupwards of 400 acres of it rose to \nsuch a height above the level of \nthe ground, that at last it rolled \nforward like a torrent, and con- \ntinued its course above a mile, \nsweeping along with it houses, \ntrees, and every thing in its way ; \nit then divided into islands of \ndifferent extent, from one to ten \n. feet deep. It covered near 600 \nacres at Netherby, to which it re- \nmoved, and destroyed about thirty \nsmall villages. It continued in \nmotion from Saturday the 4th, to \n31st Dec. 1771. \n\nSomers, John, Lord, statesman, b. \n1650, d. 1716. \n\nSomers Isles, discovered 1527. \n\nSomerset-house, Strand, London, bit. \n1549; pulled down, 1776, and \nbegan to be rebuilt in its present \nstate ; the navy office, pipe office, \nvictualling office, and other public" \noffices, removed into it in 1788 ; \nterracefell down, 27th Dec, 1788 ; \nhad 306,134/. 9 l / 2 d. granted by \nparliament to defray the expense \nof its erection to the year 1789, \nand 1500/. addition in 1798, and \n2550/. in 1801. \n\nSomerton Castle, near Newark, Lin- \ncolnshire, built 1305. \n\nSomerville, William, English poet, \nb. 1692, d. 1743. \n\nSomner, William, the antiquarv, b. \n1598, d. 1669. \n\nSophia, St., mosque of, at Constanti- \nnople, built 566. \n\nSophocles, d. 406 B.C., aged 90. \n\nSorbiere, -Samuel, phvsician, b. 1615. \nd. 1670. \n\nSorbonne, Robert de, founder of the \nCollege, b. 1201, d. 1274; college \nfounded, 1253. \n\nSound, a toll established at, by Den- \nmark, on all ships passing into the \nBaltic sea, 1348. \n\nSoufflot, J. G., architect, b. 1713, d. \n1780. \n\nSouth Saxon kingdom, began 491, \n\nended 754. \nSouth, Rev. Dr. Robert, b. 1633, d. \n\n1716. \n\n\n\nsou \n\n\n\nS O V 321 \n\n\n\nSouthcott, Joanna, pretended pro- \nphetess, who had many followers, \nb. 1753, d. 27th Dec. 1814. \n\nSouthern, Thomas, dramatist,!). 1659, \nd. 26th May, 1746. \n\nSouthgate, Richard, divine, b. 1729, \nd. 1795. \n\nSouthwell, Robert, poet, 1560 ; exe- \ncuted 1595. \n\nSouthwell Palace, Newark, Notting- \nhamshire, built 1518. \n\nSoutham, Warwickshire, 40 houses \nat. burned, 25th March, 1741-2. \n\nSouthampton, new pier at, opened \n8th July, 1833. \n\nSouth America, discovered by Ame- \nricus Vespucius, 1497. \n\nSouth America, explored by Captain \nCook, 1778; by Captain James \nColnett, 1789. \n\nSouth Sea act, passed 1716. \n\nSouth Sea bubble in England, burst \n\n\n\n1720, and ruined several hundred \nfamilies. \n\nSouth Sea house, Broad Street, fire \nat, 11th April, 1826. \n\nSouth Sea company began, 6th May, \n1710; its bubble, 1720; its di- \nrector\'s estates, to the value of \n2,000,000/. seized 1721 ; com- \npounded with Mr. Knight, their \ncashier, for 10,000/., who had ab- \nsconded with 100,000/. in 1720 ;\xc2\xab \nand he returned to England, 1743. \n\nSouth wark, annexed to London 1550; \nbridge, first stone of, laid 23d May, \n1815; opened 24th March, 1819. \n\nSouth wark fair, regulated 1743 ; abo- \nlished, 1762; bridge, at the works \nfor, 13 workmen drowned by the \nupsetting of a boat, 5th Oct. 1816. \n\nSovereigns. See the names of the \ndifferent nations. For English \nkings, see England, &c. &c. \n\n\n\nSOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND SINCE THE CONQUEST, \n\n\n\nWith the average annual expenditure, and total expenditure during each \nreign. [From Dr. John Robinson\'s " Abridgment of Hume and \nSmollett."] \n\n\n\nNORMAN FAMILY. \n\n\nSovereigns. \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\nReiffned. \n\n\nCost each \n\n\nTotal Cost of \n\n\nBegan to Keign. \n\n\ny. \n\n\nM. D. \n\n\nYear. \n\n\neach Reign. \n\n\nWilliam I. \n\n\n1066, Oct. \n\n\n1420 \n\n\n10 28 \n\n\n\xc2\xa3400,000 \n\n\n\xc2\xa38,400,000 \n\n\nWilliam II. \n\n\n1087, Sept. \n\n\n9;i2 \n\n\n10 24 \n\n\n360,000 \n\n\n4,550,000 \n\n\nHenry 1. \n\n\n1100, Aug. \n\n\n2 35 \n\n\n3 29 \n\n\n300,000 \n\n\n10,500,000 \n\n\nStephen of Blois \n\n\n1135, Dec. \n\n\n1 18 \n\n\n10 24 \n\n\n250,000 \n\n\n4,750,000 \n\n\n\n\nFAMILY \n\n\nOF \n\n\nPLANTAGENET. \n\n\n\n\nHenry II. \n\n\n1154, Oct. \n\n\n25 \n\n\n34 \n\n\n8 11 \n\n\n200,000 \n\n\n7,000,000 \n\n\nRichard I. \n\n\n1189, July \n\n\n6 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n159,000 \n\n\n1,500,000 \n\n\nJohn, \n\n\n1199, April \n\n\n6 \n\n\n17 \n\n\n6 13 \n\n\n100,000 \n\n\n1,700,000 \n\n\nHenry III. \n\n\n1216, Oct. \n\n\n19 \n\n\n56 \n\n\n28 \n\n\n80,000 \n\n\n4,180,000 \n\n\nEdward I. \n\n\n1272, Nov. \n\n\n16 \n\n\n34 \n\n\n7 21 \n\n\n150,000 \n\n\n5,250,000 \n\n\nEdward II. \n\n\n1307, July \n\n\n7 \n\n\n19 \n\n\n6 18 \n\n\n100,000 \n\n\n2,000,000 \n\n\nEdward III. \n\n\n1327, Jan. \n\n\n25 \n\n\n50 \n\n\n4 27 \n\n\n151,139 \n\n\n7,700,450 \n\n\nRichard II. \n\n\n1377, June \n\n\n21 \n\n\n22 \n\n\n3 8 \n\n\n130,000 \n\n\n2,850,000 \n\n\n\n\nBRANCH OF LANCASTER. \n\n\n\n\nHenry I V. \n\n\n1399, Sept. \n\n\n29 13 \n\n\n5 20 \n\n\n100,000 \n\n\n1,400,000 \n\n\nHenry V. \n\n\n1413, March \n\n\n20 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n5 11 \n\n\n76,643 \n\n\n689,787 \n\n\nHenry VI. \n\n\n1422, Aug. \n\n\n31|38 \n\n\n6 4 \n\n\n61,976 \n\n\n2,531,064 \n\n\n\np 3 \n\n\n\n322 \n\n\n\nSO V \n\n\n\nSPA \n\n\n\nBRANCH OF YORK. \n\n\nSovereigns. \n\n\n_ r\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\xa2 Reigned. \nBegan to Reign. y fa D \n\n\nCost each \nyear. \n\n\nTotal Cost of \neach Reign. \n\n\nEdward IV. \nEdward V. \nRichard III. \n\n\n1461, March 4*22 1 5 \n1483, April 9 2 13 \n1483, June 23: 2 2 \n\n\n100,000 \n100,000 \n\n\n2,200,000 \n200,000 \n\n\niHenrv VII. \niHenr\'v VIII. \n; Edward VI. \n\nMary \n\nElizabeth \n\n\nHOUSE OF TUDOR \n\n1485, Aug. 22123 8 \n1509, April 22 37 9 6 \n1547, Jan. 28 6 5 8 \n1553, Julv 6 5 4 11 \n1558, Nov. 17 44 4 7 \n\n\n400,000 \n800,000 \n400,000 \n450.000 \n500.000 \n\n\n10,600.000 \n30,100,000 \n2,400,000 \n2,250.000 \n22,500,000 \n\n\n\nFAMILY OF STUART. \n\n\n\nJames I. \nCharles I. \nCharles II. \nJames II. \nWilliam & Mary, \n(Anne, \n\nj \n\nGeorge I. \nGeorge II. \nGeorge III. \nGeorge IV. \n; William IV. \n\n\n\n1603, March 24|22 \n1625, March 27 23 \n1649, Jan. 30 36 \n! 1685, Feb. 6 4 \n1689, Feb. 13 13 \n,1702, March 812 \n\n\n\n3 \n10 3 \n7 \n7 \n23 \n4 24 \n\n\n\n600,000! \n\n395,819; \n1,800,090 \n2,001,855 \n3,342,778; \n9,597,924; \n\n\n\n13,230,000 \n23,199,655 \n64,800,000 \n8,007,420 \n72,127,502 \n122,373,531 \n\n\n\nHOUSE OF HANOVER. \n\n1714, Atig. 112 10 lOj 6,388,572 \n\n1727, June 11,33 4 141 8,249,247 \n\n1760, Oct. 2559 3 4 39,786,000 \n\n1820, Jan. 29 10 4 26 \n\n1830, June 26 \n\n\n\n79,832,160 \n276,349,773 \n2,357,441,262 \n\n\n\nSowing corn, and other agricultural | \narts, taught by Ceres, B.C. 1409. \n\nSozomen, ecclesiastical historian, fl. \nin the 5th century. \n\nSpa Fields, from 20 to 30,000 per- j \nsons assembled in, to vote an 1 \naddress to the Prince Regent, from \nthedistressed manufacturers, trades- \nmen, &c. 15th Nov. 1816. Second \nmeeting, 2nd Dec. following, which \nterminated in a very alarming riot, j \nthe shops of several gunsmiths j \nhaving been plundered of arms by \nthe mob. \n\nSpaces, many determined by the fol- I \nlowing calculation of Jedediah \nBuxton, of Elmton, near Chester- \nfield, in Derbyshire, who proved, j \nin 1751, that there are contained \nin one solid inch, \n\n200 Barley corns. \n\n300 Wheat corns. \n\n512 Rye corns. \n\n\n\n1 80 Oats. \n40 Peas. \n25 Beans. \n80 Vetches. \n100 Lintels. \n2304 Hairs, one inch long. \nSpain, New, discovered 1518. \nSpain, New, established 1 520. \nSpain was first civilised by the Phoe- \nnicians, who possessed great part \nof it ; these called in the Cartha- \nginians ; it was afterwards invaded \nby the Rhodians ; the Carthagi- \nnians however made new conquests, \n209 ; and after the destruction of \nancient Tyre, became the most \npowerful in this country. Con- \nquered by the Romans, 206 B. C. \nGrenada and Andalusia were the \nBsetica of the Romans, and the \nrest of Spain the province of Tar- \nragona. The several provinces \nnow subject to the crown were \n\n\n\nSPA \n\n\n\nSPE \n\n\n\n323 \n\n\n\nonce independent kingdoms, but \nbecame one kingdom in 414. The \nGoths and Vandals overturned the \nRoman power, 569, and continued \nin possession of it till it was con- \nquered by the Moors, in 71 1. The \nMoors kept possession till 1093. \nThe small kingdoms were swallowed \nup in Castile and. Arragon, 1492. \nPrimacy of Toledo, founded 680. \nSt. James, the tutelar saint of \nSpain, since the finding of the \napostle\'s body in the ninth century. \nHoly brotherhood, instituted 1260. \nKingdom of, founded by the union \nof the two crowns of Castile and \nArragon, the queen of Castile \nhaving married the king of Arra- \ngon, 1479, who assumed the title \nof Catholic Majesty. By the con- \nquests of Navarre and Grenada, \nFerdinand put a complete end to \nthe dominion of the Moors in this \ncountry, 1511. Escurial began \nbuilding, 1569 ; Fuero Juzgo code \nof laws enacted by Cindasvindus, \n612 ; that called Les usages, \nformed by the count of Barcelona, \n1060; Fuero de Castillo, by Al- \nphonso IX. 1211 ; Fuero real, by \nAlphonsoX. 1254: Siete partidas, \nby Alphonso XL 1347; Recopi- \nlacion, by Philip II. 1567 ; Nueva \nditto, by Philip IV. 1665, No- \nvissima "ditto, by Philip V. 1723 ; \nwho resigned his crown to his son, \nDec. 1724; but on his son\'s death \nhe re-assumed it. The kingdom \ntreacherously seized by Buonaparte, \nand given to his brother Joseph, \n1-808. Charles IV. abdicated in \nfavour of his son, Ferdinand VII., \n19th March, 1808. Joseph Buo- \nnaparte made king of, July, 1808. \nThe theatre of war, from that \nperiod to the expulsion of the \nFrench in 1814, when Ferdinand, \nwho had been held captive in \nFrance, was restored. \nSpain, kings of, from Ferdinand the \nGreat : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nFerdinand the Great, under \nwhom Castile and Leon \nwere united, from 1 027 to 1 035 \n\nSancho the Strong . .1065 \n\n\n\nAlphonso the Valiant \n\n\n1072 \n\n\nAlphonso VII. \n\n\n1109 \n\n\nAlphonso VIII. \n\n\n1122 \n\n\nSancho III. \n\n\n1157 \n\n\nFerdinand II. \n\n\n1157 \n\n\nAlphonso IX. \n\n\n1158 \n\n\nHenry I. . . . \n\n\n1214 \n\n\nFerdinand III. \n\n\n1216 \n\n\nAlphonso X. . . \n\n\n1252 \n\n\nSancho IV. \n\n\n1284 \n\n\nFerdinand IV. \n\n\n1295 \n\n\nAlphonso XI. \n\n\n1312 \n\n\nPeter the Cruel \n\n\n1350 \n\n\nHenry II. ... \n\n\n1368 \n\n\nJohn I. the Bastard \n\n\n1379 \n\n\nHenry III. \n\n\n1390 \n\n\nJohn II. . \n\n\n1406 \n\n\nHenry IV. \n\n\n1454 \n\n\nFerdinand and Isabella, the \n\n\n\n\nfirst styled Catholic \n\n\n1474 \n\n\nPhilip I. . \n\n\n1504 \n\n\nCharles I. \n\n\n1516 \n\n\nPhilip II. \n\n\n1555 \n\n\nPhilip III. \n\n\n1598 \n\n\nPhilip IV. . \n\n\n1621 \n\n\nCharles II. \n\n\n1665 \n\n\nPhilip V. resigned \n\n\n1700 \n\n\nLewis \n\n\n1724 \n\n\nPhilip re-assumed, died \n\n\n1 725 \n\n\nFerdinand VI. \n\n\n1745 \n\n\nCharles III. \n\n\n1759 \n\n\nCharles IV. \n\n\n1788 \n\n\nwho resigned the crown to \n\n\n\n\nhis son Ferdinand VII. \n\n\n1808 \n\n\nDuring the minority of Maria \n\n\n\n\nIsabella, daughter of Fer- \n\n\n\n\ndinand VII. , regent Maria \n\n\n\n\nChristina \n\n\n1834 \n\n\n\nSpanish Town, in the island of Tri- \nnidad, destroved by fire, 24th \nMarch, 1808.\' \n\nSpallanzani, Lazarus, naturalist, b. \n1729, d. 1798. \n\nSpanheim, Ezek., b. at Geneva, 1629, \nd. 1710. \n\nSpanheim, Fred., b. at Geneva 1632, \nd. 1701. \n\nSpeaker of the House of Commons, \n\nfirst chosen, 1340. \nSpeaking trumpets, first invented by \n\nKircher, a Jesuit, 1752. \nSpectacles, invented by Spina, a monk \n\nof Pisa, 1299. \nSpeed, John, the historian, d. 1629, \n\naged 76. \n\n\n\n324 \n\n\n\nSPE \n\n\n\nST. \n\n\n\nSpelman, Sir Henry, the antiquary, \n\nd. 1641, aged 80. \nSpence, Joseph, divine and critic, h. \n\n1698, d. 1768. \nSpence, Thomas, political enthusiast, \n\nwho devised and published a plan, \n\nby which human kind could be \n\nprovided with sustenance without \n\npauperism, d. Oct. 1814. \nSpence, Miss, an English authoress, \n\nb. 1768, d. 1832. \nSpencer, John, dean of Ely, d. 1695, \n\naged 65. \n\nSpencers, father, son, and grandson ; \nthe father was hanged at Bristol, \naged 90, in Oct. 1327; the son \nwas hanged at Hereford 2 4th Nov. \nfollowing ; the grandson was be- \nheaded at Bristol in 1400. \n\nSpenser, Edmund, the poet, b. about \n1553, d. 1598. \n\nSphere, invented by Archimedes of \nSyracuse, who died B. C. 208. \n\nSpinello, Aretino, a Florentine artist, \nb. 1328, d. 1420. \n\nSpinello, Paris, son of Aretino, d. of \nfright at the age of 56. \n\nSpinning-wheel, invented at Bruns- \nwick, 1530. Another invented by \nMr. Swindell, at Stockport, in \nYorkshire, which finishes on each \nspindle three lays of 30 hanks to \nthe pound in an hour, 1785. \n\nSpigelius, Adrian, anatomist, b. 1578, \nd. 1625. \n\nSpinckes, Rev. Nathaniel, b. 1654, \nd. 1727. \n\nSpinola, Ambrose, general, b. 1569, \nd. 1630. \n\nSpinoza, Benedict, b. at the Hague \n1633, d. 1677. \n\nSpirituous liquors, drinking of, re- \ntrained by act, 1751. \n\nSpital Fields, the weavers of, reduced \nto extreme suffering from want of \nemployment, 1816. \n\nSpon, James, antiquary, b. 1647, d. \n1686. \n\nSpondanus, John, critic, b. 1557, d. \n1595. \n\nSpondanus, Henry, brother of John, \ndivine, b. 1568, d. 1643. \n\nSpooner, Mr., at Tamworth, War- \nwickshire, who weighed 40 stone \n91bs., and measured 4 feet 3 inches \n\n\n\nacross the shoulders, d. 30th April. \n\n1775, aged 57. \nSponsors, first appointed 130. \nSports allowed on Sunday after divine \n\nservice, 1617. \nSpot, a macula on the sun, more than \n\nthree times the earth\'s diameter, \n\npassed the sun\'s centre, 21st Ap., \n\n1766. \n\nSpotswood, Abp. of St. Andrews, b. \n1565, d. 1639. \n\nSprangher, Bartholomeo, painter, b. \n1546, d. 1623. \n\nSpring, a subterraneous, suddenly \nburst forth in the environs of Como, \noccasioning the immediate fall of \ntwo houses, and some hours after- \nwards, that of a forge situated near \nit, 1806. \n\nSprat, Dr. Thomas, bishop of Ro- \nchester, historian, b. 1635, d. 1713. \n\nSpurzheim, John Gaspar, the cele- \nbrated phrenologist, b. 1776, d. \n1832. \n\nSpurs, in common use before 1400. \n\n, Squarcione, Fran., an Italian painter, \nb. 1394, d. 1474. \n\ni Squire, Samuel, bishop, miscellaneous \n\nj writer, b. 1714, d. 1766. \n\n| St. Bride\'s avenue, first stone of, laid \n3rd Nov. 1825. \n\n\\ St. Burian, poor-house at, near Pen- \nzance, destroyed by fire, and two \nmen and four women perished in \nthe flames, March, 1817. \nSt. Carlos, Naples, theatre royal, de- \nstroyed by fire, 14th Feb. 1816. \nSt. John\'s, Newfoundland, 130 houses \nat, consumed by fire, 12th Feb. \n1816. \n\nSt. Eustatia Isle, settled by the Dutch \n1632. \n\nSt. Helena, first taken possession of \nby the English, 1600 ; settled, \n1651. \n\nSt. George, British ship of 98 guns, \nstranded on the western coast of \nNorth Jutland, and admiral Rey- \nnolds, and the whole of the crew, \nexcept 11, lost, 24th Dec. 1811. \n\nSt. Jago de Cuba, city of, founded by \nVelasquez in 1514. \n\nSt. James\'s Park, three boys dread- \nfully wounded and one killed, by \nthe firing of the guns on the king\'s \n\n\n\nST A \n\n\n\nST A \n\n\n\n325 \n\n\n\nbirth-day, 4th June, 1815. See \n\nPark, St. James\'s. \nSt. Catherine, order of, in Russia, \n\ninstituted by the Czar Peter I., in \n\n1714, for ladies. \nSt. Lawrence river, discovered and \n\nexplored by the French, 1508. \nSt. Salvador, the first land discovered \n\nin the West Indies or America, by \n\nColumbus, 11th Oct. 1492. \nSt. Stephen\'s Chapel, the English \n\nHouse of Commons, built 1115. \nSt. Thomas\'s, West Indies, destruc- \ntion of half the settlement by fire, \n\n31st Dec. 1832. \nSt. Vincent, eruption of a volcano in \n\nthe island of, 30th April, 1812. \nStackhouse, Thomas, English divine \n\nand historian, d. 1752. \nStaben, Henry, painter, distinguished \n\nfor his representation of the Gallery \n\nof a Virtuoso, b. at Antwerp, 1578, \n\nd. 1658. \n\nStadthouse, at Amsterdam, bit. 1649, \ncompletely finished, 1655. \n\nStadtholdership of the Low Countries, \nsuppressed 1795. \n\nStael Holstein, Baroness, an eminent \nliterary character, b. 1766, d. 15th \nJuly, 1817. \n\nStaffordshire Canal, commenced 14th \nJuly, 1766. \n\nStafford, Sir Humphrey, killed at the \nbattle of Seven Oaks by the rebels \nunder Cade, 24th June, 1450. \n\nStafford, Henry, duke of Bucking- \nham, harangues the citizens of \nLondon in favour of Richard III., \nwho is proclaimed king, 24th June, \n1483. \n\nStafford castle built 1070. \nStage coach duties, 1785; increased, \n1808. \n\nStage coach new act came into ope- \nration, 7th Jan. 1832. \n\nStages, Diligences, and Posts, in \nFrance, established 1464. \n\nStahl, George Ernest, chemist b. \n1660, d. 1734. \n\nStalbert, Adrianus, painter, b. 1580, \nd. 1660. \n\nStamford, Lincolnshire, shock of an \nearthquake felt there and in the \nneighbouring places, 27th Feb. \n1792 ; castle built 922. \n\n\n\nStamp act in America passed, 1764 ; \nrepealed 18th March, 1766. \n\nStamp duties, produce of, imposed \non the law proceedings in the \nseveral courts of justice in Great \nBritain, during seven years : \xe2\x80\x94 \nvears ending 5 th Jan. 1818, \n167,760*.; 1819, 152,556/.; 1820, \n159,709/.; 1821, 155,552/. 1822, \n154,632/. ; 1823, 149,207/. ; 1824, \n145,206/. \n\nStamp duties, produce of, imposed on \nthe several branches of conveyances \nin Great Britain during the same \nperiod : \xe2\x80\x94 vears ending 5th Jan. \n1818, 140,983/. ; 1 819, 165,776/. ; \n1820, 147,396/. ; 1821, 1 40,1 18/. ; \n1822, 130,335/. ; 1823, 127,539/. ; \n1824, 132,696/. \n\nStamp duties instituted, 28th June, \n1694; increased, 1756 ; again, \n1776, 1780, 1789, 1797, 1801, \n1802, 1808, and 1815. \n\nStamp Duties begun in Ireland, 25th \nMarch, 1774; increased, 1801. \n\nStamp Duties first instituted in Eng- \nland, 1694. \xe2\x80\x94 The total produce of \nstamp duties of Great Britain, the \nyear ending in January, 1806, was \n4,194,285/. 12s. 10|</. This sum \nwas subject to some deductions, \nbut when these were made, the \nproduce was little less than four \nmillions sterling. The expense of \ncollection amounts to 3\\ per cent. \nThe following are some of the mis- \ncellaneous stamp duties, payable \nafter 10th Oct. 1808. \n\nANNUAL LICENSES. \n\nLicense to appraiser (not a licensed \nauctioneer), 6s. \n\nTo any banker, &c. who shall issue \nany promissory note, payable on \ndemand, and be re-issuable, 20/. \n\nFor selling medicines, &c. liable to \nduty under the said act, 44 Geo. \nIII. cap. 8 (usually called quack \nmedicines), in London or West- \nminster, or within the twopenny \npost, and in Edinburgh, 21. \xe2\x80\x94 In \nany other city, borough, or town \ncorporate, or in Manchester, \nBirmingham, Sheffield, 10s. \xe2\x80\x94 \nIn any other place, 5s. \n\nFor exercising the trade of a pawn- \n\n\n\n326 \n\n\n\nSTAMP DUTIES. \n\n\n\nbroker, in London or Westmin- \nster, or twopenny post district, \n10/. In any other place, 5/. \n\nBy postmasters, or persons letting \nto hire horses for travelling post, \nby the mile, or from stage to \nstage, or for a day, or for any \nless period than 28 days, for \ndrawing carriages used in tra- \nvelling post, 5s. \n\nBy persons keeping public stage \ncoaches or carriages, for each \ncarriage so kept. If carrying 4 \ninside passengers, 5s. More \nthan 4, and not more than 6, \n6s. More than 6, and not more \nthan 8, 7s. More than 8, and \nnot more than ]0, 8s. More \nthan 10, 9s. Children in lap \nare excepted from the several \nnumbers. \n\nPROCEEDINGS IN THE COURTS \n\nDuties on law proceedings, in the \ncourts, to be paid in respect of \nevery skin, sheet, &c. except \nwhere they are imposed accord- \ning to the number of words, or \notherwise expressly charged. \n\nMISCELLANEOUS. \n\nAs fellow of the College of Phy- \nsicians, in England or Scotland, \n20/. By licence from the Col- \nlege of Physicians to practise \nwithin seven miles of the metro- \npolis, 10/. \n\nMatriculation in any University in \nGreat Britain, 10s. To the \ndegree of Bachelor of Arts, in \nordinary course, 3/. By special \ngrace, royal mandate, or nobility, \nor otherwise out of ordinary \ncourse, 51. Any other degree \nin the ordinary course of the \nUniversity, 61. ; out of the or- \ndinary course, 10/. \n\nTo the degree of M. D. in either \nof the Universities in Scotland, \n10/. \n\nAdvertisements in the London \nGazette, or any public news- \npaper, Is. 6d. \n\nAgreement, or Mem. of Agree- \nment, made in England under \nhand only, or in Scotland with- \nout any clause of registration, \n\n\n\nand not otherwise charged or \nexpressly exempted in the sche- \ndule, the matter thereof being \nof the value of 20/. or upwards, \nand containing not more than \n1080 words, including any sche- \ndule, &c. 16s. Containing more \nthan 1080 words, 1/. 10s. And \nfurther for every 1080 words \nbeyond the first 1080, 1/. \n\nAppraisement of estate, real or per- \nsonal, in any case whatsoever, \nexcept appraisement by order of \nan Admiralty Court, amount \nnot exceeding 50/., 2s. 6d. \nExceeding 50/. to 100/., 5s. \nExceeding 100/. to 200/., 10s. \nExceeding 200/. to 500/., 15s. \nExceeding 50(1/. 1/. \n\nCertificate to be taken out yearly, \nby attorneys, solicitors, or proc- \ntors, in England ; and by writers \nto the signet, solicitors, agents, \nattorneys, or procurators, in any \nof the courts of Scotland; no- \ntaries public in England and \nScotland ; and also by every \nsworn clerk, clerk in court, and \nother officer, who shall act in \nany of the above capacities for \nany other emolument than the \nregular emolument of the office ; \nwhen residing within the limits \nof the twopenny post in England, \nor within the city or shire of \nEdinburgh, and if he shall have \nbeen admitted 3 years or up- \nwards, 10/. ; or if not so long \nadmitted, 51. When residing \nelsewhere, and admitted for 3 \nyears or upwards, 61\'. ; or if not \nso long admitted, .31. \n\nGrant of the dignity of a duke, \n200/.; marquis, 200/. ; earl, \n200/. ; viscount, 150/. ; baron, \n100/. ; and baronet, 50/. Of a \nconge" d\'elire, 20/. Of the royal \nassent to the election of arch- \nbishop or bishop, 20/. \n\nNewspapers. For every half-sheet \ndouble demy, or sheet of single \ndemy, 3\xc2\xb1d. \n\nPassport, 5s. \n\nPlate of Gold, wrought in Great \nBritain, per ounce, and in pro- \n\n\n\nST A \n\n\n\nSTE \n\n\n\n327 \n\n\n\nportion, 16s. Gold watch-cases \nexcepted. \n\nPlate of Silver, wrought in Great \nBritain, per ounce, and so in \nproportion, Is. Zd. Except \nwatch-cases, chains, and several \nsmall articles. \n\nPlaying Cards, per pack, Is. \n\nPolicy of Assurance, on any life \nor lives, or on any event depend- \ning on life or lives, sum insured \nnot amounting to 500/., 1 5s. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAmounting to 500/. or upwards, \n11. 10s. \n\nSpecification of a patent, 51. ; and \nfarther for 1080 words, above \nthe first 1080, 1/. \n\nStage Coaches and Carriages, carry- \ning passengers for hire, for every \nmile such carriage shall travel, if \ncarrying not more than 4 inside \npassengers, 2d. If 4 and not \nexceeding 6, 2\xc2\xb1d. If 6 and not \nexceeding 8, did. If 8 and not \nexceeding 10, 4<i. More than \n10, od. \n\nTransfer of Bank, or South-Sea \nstock, 7s. 9d. Of East India \nstock, 1/. 10s. Of stock of any \nother corporation, not otherwise \ncharged under the head of mort- \ngage or conveyance, 1/. 10s. \nStamped paper for covering the walls \nof rooms, first introduced in Spain \n\nand Holland, 1555 Flock or \n\nvelvet paper first used, 1620. \nStamp office established, 1694. \nStamps on newspapers begun, 1713 ; \nincreased 1725, 1765, 1781, 1789, \n1797, 1808, and 1815. \nStamps on notes and bills, 1782, \n1791, 1797, 1801, 1808, and \n1815. \n\nStandard fixed by law for gold and \n\nsilver, 1300. \nStanding at the reading of the gospel \n\nfirst introduced 406. \nStanding army first established in \n\nFrance by Charles VII., 1445. \nStanhope, Dr. George, b. 1660, d. \n\n1728. \n\nStanhope, Charles Stanhope, earl, \npolitician and inventor, b. 1753, \nd. 16th Dec. 1816. \n\nStanhope, Philip, earl of Chesterfield, \nb. 1694, d. 1773. \n\n\n\nStanislaus, the abdicated king of Po- \nland, burnt by accident 6th Feb. \n1768, aged 89. \n\nStanislaus Poniatowski, the last king \nof Poland, who was deprived of \nhis kingdom 1795, d. 11th April, \n1798. \n\nStanley, Thomas, the philosophic his- \ntorian, b. 1625, d. 1678. \n\nStanley, George, of Hamington, near \nSalisbury, d. 1719, aged 151. \n\nStanlev, Mr. John, musician, b. 1713, \nd. l\'786. \n\nStapledon, Walter, bishop of Exeter, \nmurdered in London in an insur- \nrection, 1326. \n\nStapleton, Sir Robert, poet and trans- \nlator, d. 1669. \n\nStaples\' Inn society, established 1 699. \n\nStar, order of knighthood in France, \ndisused 1455. \n\nStar chamber court instituted 1487 ; \nabolished 1641. \n\nStarching linen first introduced into \nEngland, 1552. \n\nStatius b. about 41, d. A.D. 96. \n\nStatute miles first ascertained in Eng- \nland, 1593. \n\nStatutes first printed 1483. \n\nStatutes of Clarendon, made 1164; \nin the French language, 1266 ; of \n\n\' Marlborough, 1269; Quo War- \nranto, passed Oct. 1280 ; Win- \nchester, passed Oct. 1284 ; forbid- \nding the levying of taxes without \nconsent of parliament, 1297 ; of \nMortmain, enacted 1297 ; of Pre- \nmunire, which excluded foreigners \nfrom ecclesiastical livings, 2 3rd \nApril, 1344. \n\nStaunton, Sir George, d. 1801. \n\nSteam engine applied by Savary to \nraise ballast and gravel out of \nrivers ; to raise large quantities of \nwater, and patents were granted for \nthe same 1718. \n\nSteam first successfully established on \nthe Thames by Mr. Dodd, 1815. \n\nSteam engine burst at Providence mill, \nin Shipney, near Bradford, York- \nshire, by which five young persons \nwere killed, 4th Feb . 1 8 1 1 . The \nvalves of the boiler of one in the \nextensive sugar bakingwarehouse of \nMr.Cronstadtof Well-street, Well- \nclose-square, burst, which destroyed \n\n\n\n323 \n\n\n\nSTE \n\n\n\nST \n\n\n\n1689. \n15.50, \n\n\n\nof \n\n\n\nthe concern, and buried in the ruins \nthe bodies of more than "20 persons, \n15th Nov. 1815. \nSteam packet, the Regent, bound for \nMargate, took fire and burned to \nthe -water\'s edge, off Whitstable, \n\xe2\x80\xa22nd July, 1817. \nSteam vessel, Frolic, lost on the Ness \nsands, Glamorganshire, 11th Ap. \n1831 ; 80 souls perished. \nStebbing, Henry, divine, d. 1763. \nStedman, captain John, historian, b. \n\n1745, d. 1797. \nSteel may be made three hundred \ntimes dearer than standard gold, \nweight for weight ; six steel wire \nsprings for M atch pendulums,weight \none grain, to the artists 75. 6d. \neach, equal to 21. 5s. ; one grain \nof gold only 2d. \nSteele, Sir Richard, d. 1st Sept. 1729, \n\naged 58. \nSteen, Jan, painter, b. 1636, d. \nSteenwvck, Henrv, painter, b \n\nd. 1603. \nSteenwyck the Younger, son \n\nHenry, b. about 1589. \nSteevens, George, commentator, b. \n\n1736, d. 1800. \nStefano, a Florentine painter, b. 1301, \nd. 1350. \n\nSteinburg, a German, murdered Ellen \nLefevre, with whom he cohabited, \nand their four children, at Penton- \nville, 8th Sept. 1834. \n\nStella, a French painter, b. 1596, \nd. 1647. \n\nStephen the martyr d. 26th Sept. 33. \nStephen, St., order of knighthood, \n\nbegan at Florence 1561. \nStephens, Henrv, printer, b. 1470. \n\nd. 1520. \n\nStephens, Robert, printer, b. 1503, \nd. 1559. \n\nStephens, Henry, printer and lexico- \ngrapher, b. 1528, d. 1598. \n\nStephen\'s, Capt. John, lexicographer, \nd. 1726. \n\nStepney, George, dramatist and states- \nman, b. 1663, d. 1707. \n\nSterne, Rev. L., b. 1713, d. 1768. \n\nSternhold, Thomas, the poet, d. 1549. \n\nStevens, George Alexander, dramatic \npoet, d. 1784, d. 1707. \n\nStevinus, Simon, mathematician, d. \n1633. \n\n\n\nI Stews, public ones suppressed, which \nbefore were licensed, 1 546. \n\nStewart-Denham, Sir James, political \neconomist, b. 1713, d. 1780. \n\nStewart, Dugald, Scotch philosopher, \nb. 1753, d. 1828. \n\nStilling-fleet, Edward, bishop of "Wor- \ncester, b, 1635, d. 1699. \n\nStillinsfleet, Benjamin, uaturalist, b. \n1702, d. 1771. \n\nStilpo, the philosopher, d. about 294 \nB.C. \n\nStirrups, first brought into use in the \n\n6 th century. \nStoborough, near Wareham, fifteen \n\nhouses at, entirelv consumed bv \n\nfire, July, 1806. \nStockdale, Percival, miscellaneous \n\nwriter, b. 1736, d. 1811. \nStockholm, 1000 houses at, burned \n\ndown, 1751; again, 250 burned, \n\n31st Aug. 1759 ; nearly destroyed \n\nby fire, Julv, 1795, and 15th Nov. \n\n1802. \n\nStock Exchange, in Capel Court,\' \nfoundation of, laid 18th May, 1800. \n\nStock companies, act respecting, 1693. \n\nStock-jobbing, forbidden by parlia- \nment, 28th March, 1734. \n\nStockholm, built 1253. \n\nStockport, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nStockings, silk, first worn by Henrv \nII. of France, 1547. Howell says \nthat in 1560 queen Elizabeth was \npresented with a pair of black knit \nsilk stockings by her silk woman, \nMrs. Montague, and she never \nwore cloth ones any more. He \nadds that Henry VIII.,. that magni- \nficent and experienced prince, wore \nordinarily cloth hose, except there \ncame from Spain, by great chance, \na pair of silk stockings ; for Spain \nvery early abounded with silk. His \nson, Edward VI., was presented \nwith a pair of Spanish silk stockings \nby his merchant, Sir Thomas Gre- \nsham, and the present was then \nmuch taken notice of ; conse- \nquently the invention of knit silk \nstockings came from Spain. Others \nrelate that William Rider, a Lon- \ndon apprentice, seeing at the house \nof an Italian merchant a pair of \nknit worsted stockings from Man- \n\n\n\nST O \n\n\n\nS T \n\n\n\n329 \n\n\n\ntu&j from thence ingeniously made \na pair like them, -which he pre- \nsented to the earl of Pembroke, \nand were the first of the kind made \nin England, 1564. The weaving \nof them vras invented by the rev. \nMr. Lee, of Cambridge, 1589. \n\nStoke-upon-Trent, England, erected \ninto a borough, 1832. \n\nStone, Edmund, mathematician, d. \nabout 1767. \n\nStone, John, statuary, d. 1633. \n\nStone, Nicholas, statuary, d. 1647, \naged 61. \n\nStone buildings first introduced into \nEnglaud. 674. \n\nStone bullets in use in England so \nlate as 1514. \n\nStone church, the first built in Lon- \ndon, 1087. \n\nStone, artificial, for statues, &c. dis- \ncovered by a Neapolitan, 1776; \nintroduced by Mrs. Coade, near \nLondon. \n\nStone cured by a medicine, for which \ngovernment paid Mrs. Stephens a \npremium, June, 1739. \n\nStone Henge, near Salisbury, some of \nthe upright stones at, and one \ntrilithon, or top stone, fell during \na thaw, 3rd Jan. 1797. \n\nStops in literature, introduced 1520 ; \ncolon, 1580; semicolon, 1599. \n\nStore cask for a brewery was made \nby Mr. Layton, in South wark, \nwhich would contain 8000 casks \nof 1 6 gallons each ; its diameter \n55 feet 6 inches, and in depth 20 \nfeet, all of English oak. Finished \nJan. 1792.1 \n\nStork, Abraham, painter, d. 1708. \n\nStorms, one in Canterbury, threw \ndown 200 houses, and killed several \nfamilies, 234 ; in London, which \nkilled several people, 277 ; at Win- \nchester, 301 ; hailstones much \nbigger than hens\' eggs, 344; 420 \nhouses in Carlisle blown down, \nand many people killed, 349 ; great \npart of Colchester destroyed, and \nseveral people killed, 416 ; in \nYork, which blew down several \nhouses, and killed many people, \n458 : hailstones fell in most parts \nof Biitain above three inches dia- \nmeter, killed many men and much \n\n\n\ncattle, 459 ; in London, which \nthrew down many of the houses, \nand killed 250 inhabitants, 549 ; \non the coast of Kent, Sussex, and \nHampshire, 566: at Lincoln, which \nthrew down above 100 houses, \n701 : in Wells, 772 ; at Coventry, \n781 ; destroyed above 40 houses \nin Cambridge, 919; at Manches- \nter, 92 1 ; in London, which threw \ndown 1500 houses, 944; South- \nampton nearly destroyed in a storm \nby lightning, 951 ; at Colchester, \n996 ; near 400 houses in London \nblown down, 1055 ; storm at Edin- \nburgh, 1064 ; in several parts of \nEngland, especially at Winchels- \ncomb, in Gloucestershire, when the \nsteeple of the church was thrown \ndown, 5th Oct. 1091 : at London \n500 houses were thrown down, and \nBow church unroofed, and at Old \nSarum the steeple, with many \nhouses, was thrown down, 17th \nOct. 1091 : in England, 1116. A \nviolent storm almost desolated a \ngreat part of Denmark and Nor- \nway, 1194. Many lives were lost, \nand houses overthrown, and the \ncorn in the fields destroyed by hail \nas large as hens\' eggs, 1205. One \nwhich threw down several churches \n1222. It thundered for 15 days \ntogether, with terrible tempests of \nthunder and rain, 1233. The \nchimney of the chamber where the \nqueen of king Henry III. and her \nchildren lay was blown down, and \ntheir whole apartments at Windsor \nshaken; many oaks in the park \nwere rent asunder and torn up by \nthe roots, accompanied with such \nthunder and lightning as had not \nbeen known in the memory of \nman, 1251. As king Edward I. \nand his queen were talking toge- \nther in their bedchamber, a flash \nof lightning struck in at the win- \ndow, passed by them, killed two of \ntheir servants who waited upon \nthem, but did their majesties no \nhurt, 1285. When Edward HI. \nwas on his march, -within two \nleagues of Chartres, there happened \na storm of piercing wind that \nswelled to a tempest of rain, light- \n\n\n\n330 S T \n\nning, and hailstones, so prodigious \nas instantly to kill 6000 of his \nhorses and 1000 of his best troops, \n1359. When Richard IL\'s first \nwife came from Bohemia, she had \nno sooner set foot on shore, but \nsuch a storm immediately arose as \nhad not been seen for many years, \nwhen several ships were dashed to \npieces in the harbour, and the ship \nin which the queen came over was \nshattered and broken ; and which \nwas the more observable, because \nhis second wife brought a storm \nwith her to the English coast, in \nwhich the king\'s baggage was lost, \nand many ships of his fleet cast \naway, 1389. In different parts of \nEngland many houses were thrown, \ndown, cattle destroyed, and trees \nrooted up, 1382. The leads of \nthe Greyfriars 1 church, and the \nwhole side of a street, called the \nOld Exchange, London, beaten \ndown, 25th Nov. 1413. St. Paul\'s \nsteeple fired by lightning, and the \nsteeple of Waltham-cross consumed \n1444. At St. Neot\'s, Hunting- \ndonshire, was a storm of hail in \n1479, when the stones measured \n18 inches round. In Italy a storm \nof hail destroyed all the fish, birds, \nand beasts of the country, 1510. \nA violent one in Denmark, which \nrooted up whole forests, and blew \ndown the steeple of the great church \nat Copenhagen, 1st Jan. 1515. A \nstorm of hail in Northamptonshire, \n"when the stones measured fifteen \ninches in circumference, July,1558. \nA storm at Leicester, 1563. Near \nChelmsford, in Essex, which de- \nstroyed 500 acres of corn, 1566. \nHailstones fell at Dorchester seven \ninches in circumference, 23rd Aug. \n1651. The day that Oliver Crom- \nwell died, one was so violent and \nterrible that it extended all over \nEurope, 3rd Sept. 1658. A great \none in London, 18th Feb. 1662. \n200 sail of colliers and some coast- \ners were lost, with all their crews, \nin the bay of Cromer in Norfolk, \n1696. A storm of hail in Cheshire \nand Lancashire, &c, which killed \nfowls and small animals, and \n\n\n\nRMS. \n\nknocked down horses and men, \nsome of the stones weighing half a \npound, 29th April, 1697. The \nsame year,\' 4th May, in Hertford- \nshire, hailstones fell 14 inches in \ncircumference, destroyed trees and \ncorn in a dreadful manner. The \nmost terrible one that had ever \nbeen known in England, attended \nwith flashes of lightning, 27th Nov, \n1 703, which unroofed many houses \nand churches, blew down several \nchimneys and the spires of many \nsteeples, tore whole groves of trees \nup by the roots, and the leads of \nsome churches were rolled up like \nscrolls of parchment, and several \nvessels, boats, and barges were sunk \nin the Thames ; but the royal navy \nsuffered the greatest damage, being \njust returned from the Mediterra- \nnean ; one second-rate, four third- \nrates, four fourth-rates, and many \nothers of less force, were cast away \nupon the coast of England, and \nabove 1500 men lost, besides those \nthat were cast away in the mer- \nchants\' service ; in London only \nthe damage was estimated at a mil- \nlion. Port Royal, in Jamaica, de- \nstroyed 28th Aug. 1722; again, \n20th Oct. 1744. Carolina was \ngreatly damaged by storms, Aug. \n1722. Cheltenham, in Glouces- \ntershire, received 2000/. damage, \nJune, 1731. At St. Kitt\'s, where \n20 ships were lost, 30th June, \n1733. At Jamaica, 1734. At \nthe mouth of the Ganges in India, \nwhen 20,000 vessels of different \nkinds were cast away, eight English \nEast India ships and 300,000 peo- \nple were lost, and the water rose \n40 feet higher than usual, 11th \nOct. 1737. At Antigua, Aug. \n1740. A violent one on the coast \nof England, 1st Nov. 1740. At \nCanterbury, 8th Sept. 1741. In \nYorkshire, where the hailstones \nwere five inches round, May, 1745. \nOne at Nantz, where 66 vessels \nand 800 sailors were lost, 7th \nMarch, 1751. At Jamaica, which \ndid 300,000/. damage, 10th Aug. \n1751. At Cadiz 100 ships lost, \n8th Dec. 1751. At Martinico, \n\n\n\nSTORMS. \n\n\n\n331 \n\n\n\n12th Sept. 1756, which did great \ndamage. At Barbadoes, 23rd Aug. \n] 758. At Charleston, South Caro- \nlina, where the ships lost were \nworth 20,000/., 4th May, 1761. \nAt Girgenti, in Italy, where the \nhailstones weighed 20 ounces, 18th \nApril, 1772. At Leeds, in York- \nshire, where the hailstones were as \nlarge as nutmegs, 20th June, 1772. \nAt St. Jago, where it did great \ndamage, and the hailstones were \nas large as oranges, 16th July, \n\n1772. A terrible one at St. Kitts, \nwhich did immense damage in that \nand the adjoining islands, 30th \nAug. 1772. In France and Eng- \nland, March, 1773. A most terri- \nble one near Boston, in North \nAmerica, in August, and at Cuba, \nJuly, 1773. In Oxford, 15th Nov. \n\n1773. At Alencon, in France, \nwhere the hailstones measured 18 \ninches round, 3rd Aug. 1774. At \nLondon, 30th Sept. and 5th, 6th, \nand 7th Dec. 1774, which did great \ndamage to the shipping. In the \nnorth of England, four Dublin \npackets foundered, 19th Oct. 1775. \nAgain, on the south coasts, Nov. \n\n1775. At Antwerp, &c, in Hol- \nland, where the hailstones were as \nlarge as hens\' eggs, and -neighed \nthree-quarters of a pound, and \nkilled several horses, &c, and de- \nstroyed the fruits of the earth, 11th \nJune, 1776. In the West Indies, \nthe severest ever known, 6th Sept, \n\n1776. At Florence and its neigh- \nbourhood, which didimmense dam- \nage, 16th Oct. 1777. In all the \nAVest India islands, particularly at \nSavannah La Mer, in Jamaica, and \nat Barbadoes, Oct. 1780. At Roe- \nhampton, Richmond, and other \nplaces near London, 15th Oct. 1780. \nAll over England, Jan. 1779. A \nviolent hail-storm at Madrid, which \ndid 6000/. damage to the glass \nwindows ; some stones weighed a \npound, 26th July, 1782. At Surat, \nin the East Indies, which destroyed \n7000 of the inhabitants, 22nd Ap. \n1782. At Dieupole, in Moravia, \nwhich totally destroved the place, \n30th May, 1782. \' In France, \n\n\n\nwhere the hailstones weighed eight \nounces, 17th June, 1782. Great \ndamage done in America, particu- \nlarly in New England, 1784. At \nIrun, in the Pyrenees, on the bor- \nders of France and Spain, hailstones \nfell as large as hens\' eggs, which \nweighed 23 ounces each, 18th July, \n1784. A dreadful storm on the \nnorth coast of England, 5th Dec. \n1784. The same in Italy, Dec. \n\n1784. A hail-storm at Paris, the \nstones as large as cherries, 1st July, \n\n1785. 131 villages and farms laid \nwaste in France, 5th Aug. 1785. \nIn the "West Indies, 6th July. \n1785. In the Channel, Jan. 1786, \nwhen the Halsewell Indiaman, &c, \nwas lost. At Ferrara, in Italy, \nwhere the hailstones were as large \nas hens\' eggs, 17th July, 1786. \nThe same month a storm at High- \nbickington, in Devonshire, removed \n13 elm trees upwards of 200 yards \nfrom their original spot, and they \nremained standing upright in a \nflourishing state ; a rock at the \nsame place was divided upwards of \neight feet asunder, and all the \npoultry and com for several miles \nwere destroyed by the thunder and \nlightning. At Barbadoes, 11th \nAug. 1786; and at North Shields, \nwhere the hailstones were as big as \npigeons\' eggs, 16th Aug. 1786. \nIn Normandy, where the hailstones \nwere as big as hens\' eggs, 4th Aug. \n1787. In different parts of Eng- \nland, the same month, 1787. In \nthe West Indies, where great dam- \nage was done, particularly in the \nFrench islands, July, 1787. Con- \nsiderable damage to the Tower- \nditch at London, where the ground \non little Tower-hill was trenched \nnear 12 feetdeep, 20th June, 1788. \nAtSt.Germain-en-Laye, in France, \nhail fell as large as a quart bottle, \nand all the trees from Vallance to \nLisle were torn up by the roots, \n13th July, 1788. At Liverpool, \n29th June, 1789. Almost all over \nthe kingdom, which did very consi- \nderable damage, 23rd Dec. 1790. \nA violent hail-storm in Italy, June, \n1791, and in several parts of Eng- \n\n\n\n32 \n\n\n\nSTORMS. \n\n\n\nland the same month. In Sept. \n1791, a violent hail-storm fell in \nCalabria, near Naples, when some \nof the hailstones weighed an Eng- \nlish pound, which destroyed all \nhopes of a vintage. The church of \nSpeldhurst,in Kent, was destroyed \nby lightning, and the bells were \nmelted, and other damage done at \nRaynham, 25th Oct. 1791. Also \nin Sussex, where the hailstones \nwere four inches in circumference. \nAt Waterford, 4th April, 1792. \nIn different parts of Kent, 13th \nApril, 1792, In the north of \nEngland, 16th July, 1792. At \nWhitehaven, which did great dam- \nage, when the tide rose six feet \nabove its usual height, March, \n1793. At Thornton, in Leices- \ntershire, when the hailstones mea- \nsured from 4 to 6| inches in cir- \ncumference, and did great damage \n3rd Aug. 1793. At Savannah La \nMer, in J amaiea, hailstones as large \nas pigeons\' eggs fell, 2nd June, \n1793. Almost universal through \nGreat Britain, by which much dam- \nage was done, 16th Jan. 1794. A \nmost violent storm of rain in Nor- \nfolk inundated many towns, parti- \ncularly Norwich, Nov. 1794. A \nmost violent storm on the eastern \ncoast of England, when much dam- \nage was done to the shipping, Gth \nOct. 1794. A most violent storm \nin Cumberland, 2nd Dec. 1794. \nA storm of hail in Essex and Herts, \nwhich did great damage, 12th June, \n\n1795. In different parts of Eng- \nland, particularly in the Channel \nand in London, 4th Nov. 1795. \nAt Petersburgh, upwards of 90 ves- \nsels, and a large magazine of naval \nstores were destroyed, 7th June, \n\n1796. The stones in a hail-storm \nover London an inch and a half \nin circumference, 6th May, 1797, \nwhich did great damage to the gar- \nden-grounds in the environs. Hail- \nstones fell at Lewes, in Sussex, \nwhich measured three inches in \ncircuit, and some weighed three \nounces each, 5th June, 1797. \nLewes, in Sussex, received damage \nin glass bv a hail-storm to the \n\n\n\namount of 1000 J. ; the stones were \nfrom four to seven inches round. \nAt Bletchingdon there were 575 \npanes of glass broken belonging to \nthe barracks, and other damage \ndone in different places. At Hali- \nfax, in Nova Scotia, 100,000^. \ndamage was done by a storm, 25th \nSept. 1798. At Heyford, in Ox- \nfordshire, irregular pieces of ice, the \nsize of a hen\'s egg, fell, 19th Aug. \n1800 ; the same storrn did great \ndamage in Bedfordshire, where hail \nstones fell of 11 inches in circum- \nference, and killed the hares and \npartridges in the fields. Nov. 8, \nthe same year, great damage was \ndone in London, and throughout \nalmost all England. Again, in \nDevonshire, and in the Baltic, \nNov. 1801. In the north of Eng- \nland, Aug. 18, 1802. A violent \nhurricane of wind did great damage \nin Devon and Cornwall, 19th Jan. \n\n1804. Another blew down a gar- \nden wall at Shenfield place, KenJ:, \nof 300 feet in length, on 22nd \nJan. 1804. A dreadful storm at \nKingston-upon-Thames, Gth July, \n\n1805. A terri6c thunder storm in \nSomersetshire, when the hailstones \nmeasured from six to seven inches \nin circumference, 15th July, 1808. \nA thunder storm near Grimsby, \nby which a cottage and several \nother buildings were destroyed, and \na vessel burnt to the water s edge, \n10th Aug. 1809. A violent tem- \npest at Cadiz, which caused great \ndestruction among the shipping, \n6th and 8th March, 1810. A \nviolent storm in London, the effects \nof which were felt in most parts of \nEngland, 1st July, 1810; a thun- \nder storm passed over London, \ndoing damage in several places, 5th \nAug. 1810. Another, on the 14th \nand 15th of the same month, which \ndid still greater damage. A very \ntempestuous one at Windsor, on \nthe 15th. Another, on the 15th, \nat Wellingborough. Another, on \nthe 31st, at Stamford and its neigh- \nbourhood. A tremendous one at \nBoston, by which, and the rising \nof the tide, the town and country \n\n\n\nSTO \n\nround were deluged, 10th Nov. \n1810. A tremendous one at \nExeter, and other places in the \nwest of England, on the same day. \nAt a farm belonging to Captain \nNowel, of Ifdey, near Oxford, by \nwhich two barns, some out-houses, \nand 13 valuable ricks of hay and \ncom were destroyed, 12th Oct. \n1810. At Worcester, by which \nthe Severn Avas raised 20 feet in \n24 hours, 28th May, 1811. At \nBrighton, a storm of wind and \nrain, accompanied by lightning, by \nwhich much damage was done, and \none house torn to pieces, 9th Nov. \n1813. Tremendous storm at Har- \nrowgate, 22nd July. At Bielby, \nnear Pocklington, several persons \nmaking hay were knocked down, \nand a young woman killed, 26th \nJuly, 1818. At Eaton Socon, \nBedfordshire, a heavy storm of \nthunder, lightning, and hail, during \nwhich a fire-ball fell, and a barn, \nmalting-office, and stable, were \nburnt down, Oct. 1813. A tre- \nmendous gale and storm prevailed \nthroughout Great Britain and Ire- \nland, by which much damage was \ndone in various places, 16th and \n17th Dec. 1814. Violent thunder \nstorm in London, 15th June, 1814. \nSo dreadful a one fell upon the \ntown of Worschetz, in the county \nof Temeswar, that of 2600 build- \nings, none escaped without injury, \n2nd July, 1816. A most tremen- \ndous gale, by which many vessels \nwere lost, and much damage was \ndone to the shipping in general \non the English coasts, 31st Aug. \n1816. Tremendous storms of wind \nand hail desolated various parts \nof Cumberland and Westmore- \nland, some of the pieces of ice \nwere an inch in diameter, Aug. \n1816; tremendous gale of wind, \nwhich did considerable mischief, \nwas experienced at Birmingham, \nLiverpool, Manchester, and other \nnorthern towns, 27th Feb. 1817. \nA tremendous hurricane, which \ncontinued for several hours, and \nlevelled several houses in London \n\n\n\nR M S. 333 \n\nwith the ground, and did consider- \nable damage to the shipping. A \npiece of lead, weighing more than \ntwo hundred weight, was blown to \nsome distance from the roof of \nSurgeon\'s Hall, Lincoln\'s-inn- \nfields. It extended over a great \npart of England, and raged every \nwhere with equal fury, destroying \nproperty to a vast amount, and \ncausing the loss of many lives. \nNumbers of vessels were stranded \non the coast, along the whole line \nof the channel. At Loughborough \nthe shock of an earthquake was \nfelt, 4th March, 1818. A water \nspout \'burst at Stenbury, in the \nIsle of Wight, and did much mis- \nchief to a farm there, March, 1818. \nA terrible thunder-storm in the \nEnglish and Scotch border coun- \nties, 8th May, 1818. Severe \nstorms of thunder, hail, and rain, \nat Norwich, and in the neighbour- \nhood. Many windows were broken \nby the hail-stones, and the corn \nwas much injured, Aug. 1818. A \ndreadful hurricane, which ravaged \nthe Leeward Islands, from the 20th \nto the 22nd Sept. 1819. At the \nIsland of St. Thomas alone, 104 \nvessels were lost. Barbadoes es- \ncaped this calamity, but was shortly \nafterwards visited by another of \nequal severity, which lasted two \ndays, and did incalculable mischief, \n13th Oct. 1819. A severe thun- \nder-storm in various parts of Mon- \nmouthshire, which poured down a \ndeluge of rain, that laid many parts \nof the country under water. Seve- \nral cattle were killed by lightning, \nJuly, 1820. A whirlwind at Neen \nSavage, Shropshire, which tore up \ntrees by the roots, Aug. 1820. A \nterrible thunder-storm at Truro, in \nthe same month. A thunder-storm \nat Bristol, and in the neighbour- \nhood; it took place at midnight. \nThe tower of Radcliffe church was \nstruck, and much injured, 2nd \nApril, 1821. A tempest at Wit- \ntlesee, in the course of which a \npoor man was struck dead by \nlightning; his clothes were rent to \n\n\n\n334 S T O \n\n\n\nSTR \n\n\n\npieces, and scattered in all direc- \ntions, June, 1821. A singular \nwhirlwind at Thrandiston, Suffolk, \nwhich had a red appearance, and \nwas confined to a very narrow \nspace. It beat down four persons, \nand carried part of a stall of \ncrockery to the distance of a mile, \n2nd Aug. 1821. A storm at New- \nhaven, America, in which the trees \nwere covered with salt, and the \nfoliage destroyed, 23rd Sept. 1821. \nA dreadful storm along the coast \nfrom Durham to Cornwall, in which \ngreat numbers of vessels were lost, \nNov. 1821. The lighthouse at \nDungeness much injured by light- \nning, 23rd Dec. 1 821 . A storm \nnear Bedale, Yorkshire, in which \nBliss Russel, a relation of the \nCountess of Darlington, was killed \nby the fall of a stack of chimneys \nat Newton House, Jan. 1822. A \nviolent storm in London and the \nvicinity, during which the hail and \nlarge pieces of ice, some of them \nthree inches in circumference, did \ndamage to an immense amount. \nA single nurserv-ground sustained \na loss of 300/.,\' 25th May, 1822. \nAnother storm, 10th July. North \nLuffenham Church, Lincolnshire, \nstruck by lightning and the steeple \ndamaged, 10th June, 1822. A \nwaggon-load of hay carried into the \nair by a whirlwind, near Notting- \nham," 17th July, 1822. Edmon- \nthorpe Church, Leicestershire, \nstruck by lightning during a severe \nstorm. The parish clerk was also \nstruck while walking, but escaped \nwith no other injury than the \nsingeing of his eye-brows, and his \nface being somewhat scorched, 4th \nAug. 1822. A terrible thunder- \nstorm at Agno, which did great \ndamage, Sept. 1822. A terrible \nstorm at Pernisch and Trebitsch, \nin Moravia, during which hail- \nstones as large as hens\' eggs did \ngreat mischief. An inundation fol- \nlowed, 1st Sept. 1822. Violent \ngales off the western coast, in which \nthe Plymouth break-water proved \nto be of the utmost service in pro- \n\n\n\ntecting the shipping, 12th Nov. \n1822. A storm of wind and rain \nat Brighton, which blew down one \nhouse, unroofed several, and injwed \nthe chain pier, 6th Dec. 1822. \nThe cathedral at Rouen much da- \nmaged by lightning and storms, \n1822 and 1823. A heavy storm \nof thunder and lightning at Cod- \ndenham, in Suffolk, in the course \nof which a meteoric stone fell into \nthe street, July, 1823. Gales at \nLynn, during which the spring-tide \nonly rose seven instead of seven- \nteen feet, but in the evening "rose \nto seventeen and a half, Jan. 1824. \n\nStothard, Thos.,- British artist, d. \n27th April, 1834, aged 78. \n\nStour-ball, Ramsey, the barns, stables, \n&c. of, wilfully set fire to, 23rd \nOct. 1816. \n\nStow, John, the historian, d. 5th \nApril, 1605, aged 80. \n\nStrabo, flourished about 30 B. C. \n\nStrada, F., historian, b. 1572, d. 1 649. \n\nStradanus, John, a painter, b. 1536, \nd. 1604. \n\nStrafford, Lord, beheaded 12th Mav, \n1641. \n\nStraight, John, English divine and \n\npoet, d. 1740. \nStralsund, in Pomerania, founded \n\n1209. \n\nStrand, London, serious riots in, and \nthree houses stripped and demo- \nlished by the mob, 1st July, 1749. \n\nStrand first built in, 1353. \n\nStrand Bridge, first stone of, laid 11th \nOct. 1811 ; finished and opened to \nthe public by a grand procession, \nthe name having been changed to \nWaterloo Bridge, in honour of the \nDuke of Wellington, 18th June, \n1817. \n\nStrange, Sir Robert, the engraver, b. \n\n1721, d. 5th July, 1792. \nStrangford, Lord, suspended from \n\nvoting in the Irish House of Lords, \n\nfor soliciting a bribe in the cause of \n\nRochfort and Ely, 1784. \nStrasburgh Cathedral, built 1035: \n\nits tower, 1049. \nStrataflorida Abbey, Cardiganshire, \n\nbuilt 1164; rebuilt 1238. \nStratford, Stoney, sixty houses at, \n\n\n\nSTR \n\n\n\nSUG \n\n\n\n335 \n\n\n\nburned 19th April, 1736 ; again, \n-when 150 houses were burned, \n6th May, ] 742. \n\nStratford-on-Avon, monastery at, bit. \n1070; burned 1st Aug. 1614; \njubilee in honour of Shakespeare, \n6th Sept. 1769. \n\nStroud, England, erected into a bo- \nrough, 1832. \n\nStraw used for the king\'s bed 1234. \n\nStreater, Robert, painter, d. 1680, \naged 56. \n\nStreet, crossing the West end of \nLondon from Carlton Terrace to \nRegent\'s Park, and called Regent \nStreet, commenced building 1815. \n\nStruensee and Brandt,counts,beheaded \nat Copenbagen for intriguing with \nthe Queen of Denmark, July, \n1772. \n\nStrutt, Joseph, engraver and anti- \nquary, b. 1749. d. 1802. \n\nStrype, John, b. 1643, d. Dec. 1737. \n\nStuart, Cardinal, son of the chevalier \nSt. George, ordained to the priest- \nhood by the Pope, 1st Sept. 1748. \n\nStuarts, fatality attending the. \xe2\x80\x94 King \nJames of Scotland, first eighteen \nyears imprisoned in England, and, \nwith his queen, assassinated. James \n\nII. , his son, 29 years of age, killed \nin fighting against England. James \n\nIII. was first imprisoned, and sub- \nsequently killed in battle, by his \nrebellious subjects. James IV. \nperished in the battle which he \nlost. Mary Stuart, his grand- \ndaughter, Queen of Scotland, after \n18 years\' imprisonment, was be- \nheaded. James VI. supposed \nmurdered. Charles I. beheaded. \nJames, his son, driven from his \nthree kingdoms. His son attempted \nto mount the throne, and his \nfriends executed for the attempt. \n\nStuart, Dr. Gilbert, the historian, b. \n\n1742, d. 13th Aug. 1786. \nStuart, Jas.,painter, b. 1713, d.1788. \nStuart, Captain, insane, tried for the \n\nmurder of 7 of his crew, under \n\nextraordinary circumstances, 11th \n\nAug. 1828. \nStubbs, G., artist, b. 1724, d. 1806. \nStucco work, revived by D\'Udine, \n\nabout 1500. \n\n\n\nStukeley, Dr., the antiquary, b.1687, \nd. 1765. \n\nSturt, John, engraver, b. 1658, d. \n1730. \n\nStyle altered by law 1752. \n\nStyle altered by Augustus Caesar\'s \nordering leap-year to be but once \nin four years, and the month Sex- \ntilis to be called Augustus, 8 B.C. \nAgain at Rome by taking 12 days \noff the calendar, 1 582. The Gre- \ngorian style received at Paris by \ntaking off 10 days, 15th Dec. 1512. \nAt London, by taking 11 days oft \nthe calendar, 2nd Sept. 1752. \n\nSuard, J. B , writer and translator, \nb. 1733, d. 1817. \n\nSubscription loan to government for \neighteen millions to carry on the \nwar against France, filled in fifteen \nhours and twenty minutes, 5th \nDec. 1796. \n\nSubsidies raised upon the subjects of \nEngland for the last time by James \nL 1624. \n\nSuccession act passed to exclude Ca- \ntholics from the throne, 1689 ; \nsettled on the present family 1700. \n\nSuckling, Sir John, dramatic writer, \nb. 1609, d. 1641. \n\nSudbury, archbishop of Canterbury, \nbeheaded by the rebels on Tower- \nhill, 14th June, 1381. \n\nSudely castle, Gloucestershire, built \n1442. \n\nSuetonius, the historian, flourished \n\n110, d. 118. \nSuetonius, Paulinus, Roman warrior, \n\nflourished 37. \nSueur, Eustache le, painter, b. 1617, \n\nd. 1655. \n\nSuffolk isles discovered, 1764; first \nproduced sugar, 1770. \n\nSuffolk in Virginia destroyed by the \nBritish forces, May, 1779. \n\nSugar first mentioned by Paul Egin- \netta, a physician, 625 ; originally \nfrom China and the east ; produced \nin Sicily, 1148; produced in Ma- \ndeira, 1419 ; in the Canary islands, \n1503; carried to the West Indies \nby the Portuguese and Spaniards, \n1510 ; cultivated at Barbadoes, \n1641. Sugar refining first disco- \nvered by a Venetian, 1503; prac- \n\n\n\n336 \n\n\n\nSUG \n\n\n\nSW E \n\n\n\ntised first in England, 1569 : was \nfirst taxed in England, 1685. Im- \nported into England in 1789 above \n1,936,440 hundred weight, for \n"which dutv to the amount of \n1,189,814/! 12s. 2d. was paid. The \nprofits to the importers amounted \nto 315,763/. in 1790. There was \nimported in 1798, 2,361,715 hun- \ndred weight. \n\nSugar and tobacco first taxed by \nname, 1685. \n\nSugar-houses, Mr. Hodgson\'s, Chnich- \nrane, Whitechapel, destroyed bv \nfire, 7th Sept. 1 804. \n\nSuidas, the learned lexicographer, \nlived between 975 and 1025. \n\nSully, duke de, d. 1641, aged 82. \n\nSulpicius, the historian, d. 420. \n\nSulzer, J: G., writer, b.1720, d.1779. \n\nSumptuary law passed 1482. \n\nSunday act passed 1781. \n\nSunday schools first established in \nYorkshire, 1784; became general \nin England and Scotland, 1789. \n\nSun-dials invented 558 B.C. The \nfirst erected at Rome was that by \nPapirius Cursor, when time was \ndivided into hours, 308 B.C. ; first \nset up against churches, 613. \n\nSunderland, England, erected into a \nborough, 1832. \n\nSupremacy of the pope abolished by \nlaw, 1535. \n\nSupremacy of the pope above the \nemperor introduced 607. \n\nSupremacy The first prince that \n\nshook off the yoke of Rome, and \nsettled the supremacy in himself \nwas Henry Till., 1533. \n\nSupplies granted during the reign of \nKing William - \xc2\xa372,047,369 \nQueen Anne - 122,373,531 \nGeorge I. - - 79,832,160 \nGeorge II. - - 276,349,773 \nGeorge III. to Mi- \nchaelmas, 1800 - 450,041,321 \n\n\n\n\xc2\xa31,000,644,154 \nSurat factory, in the East Indies, \n\nfounded, 1603. \nSurgeons and doctors were exempted \n\nfrom bearing arms or serving on \n\njuries, 1513, at which period there \n\nwere only 13 in London. \n\n\n\nSurinam planted by the English 1640. \n\nSurnames first used, 1102; became \ncommon, 1200. \n\nSurplices first used in churches, 316. \n\nSurrey canal dock opened at Rother- \nbithe, 1807. \n\nSurrey institution commenced 1808; \ndissolved 1823. \n\nSurvey of England made at first bv \norder of Alfred, 900 : by William \nthe Conqueror, 1080; by Charles \nII., 1668. \n\nSuspension bridge at Broughton, Lan- \ncashire, fell, 11th April, 1831. \n\nSussex kingdom founded by Ella, a \nSaxon, 419; ended, 754. \n\nSutton, Thomas, founder of the Char- \nter-house, b. 1532, d. 1611. \n\nSuworrow, or Suvoroff, marshal, b. \n1730, d. 1800. \n\nSuworrow islands discovered by lieut. \nLasuren, of the Russian company\'s \nship Suworrow, 27th Sept. 1814. \n\nSwale, one man, six women, and a \nchild, drowned by the upsetting of \na boat, near Feversham, 23d June, \n1816. \n\nSwammerdan>, John, naturalist, b. \n\n1637,d. 1680. \nSwan, sloop of war, lost off Waterford. \n\n130 persons drowned, Aug. 1782. \nSwan, order of knighthood in Cypiiis. \n\nbegan 1495 ; in Sweden, 1528. \nSwanevelt, Herman, painter, b. 1620. \n\nd. 1680. \n\nSwansea castle, Glamorganshire, built \n1113. \n\nSwansea erected into a borough 1832. \n\nSwearing on the Gospels, first intro- \nduced 528 : the vice of first intro- \nduced, 1072. \n\nSweden, kings and queens of, from \nSigismund I. king of Poland : \xe2\x80\x94 \nSigismund I. began - 1532 \n\nCharles IX. - - 1606 \n\nGustavus II. Adolphus - 1611 \nChristina, aged 6 - 1632 \n\nCharles X. - - - 1654 \nCharles XL four vears old 1660 \nCharles XII. aged 15 - 1699 \nUlrique, sister to Charles, \n\naged 15 - - 1718 \n\nFrederick - 1720 \nAdolphus of Holstein - 1751 \nGustavus III. - - 1771 \n\n\n\nS WE \n\nGustavusIV. - - 1792 \nCharles XIII. - - 1809 \nCrown Prince, John Jules, prince \nof Ponte Corvo (marshal Berna- \ndotte), h. 26th Jan. 1764; \nelected crown prince of Sweden, \n1810 ; ascended the throne, \nunder the title of Charles XIV. \n5th Feh. 1818. \nSweden, anciently Scandinavia, king- \ndom of, began 481 ; united to the \ncrown of Denmark and Norway, \n1397 ; GustavusVasa expelled the \nDanes, 1525, until which time the \ncrown was elective ; Christianity \nintroduced there, 829 ; no nobility \nthere before 1500 ; nobility mas- \nsacred, 8th Nov. 1510 ; Lutheran- \nism established there by Gustavus \nVasa about 1525 ; popery abolished, \nand the crown declared hereditary, \n1544; Christina, queen of, born \n1626; began her reign, 1632; \nfounded the order of Amarante, \n1645 ; resigned the crown, 1654 ; \ndied at Rome, 1689 ; Charles XII. \nbegan his reign, 1700 ; king of, \nmade prisoner by the Turks at \nBender, after three years 1 protec- \ntion there, 1713; conspiracy for \naltering the government, when \ncounts Brahe and Home were be- \nheaded, 1756; revolution in the \ngovernment, and the king made \nabsolute, 13th Aug. 1772, and \nagain 1789 ; the king assassinated, \n16th March, 1792. The king, \nGustavus AdolphusV., dethroned,, \nand the government assumed by \nhis uncle, the duke of Sudermania, \n13th March, 1809. New consti- \ntution adopted by the diet, 7th \nJune, 1809. Peace with Russia, \n17th Aug. 1809; with Denmark, \n10th Dec. 1809; with France, 6th \nJan. 1810. On account of the ad- \nvanced age of Charles XIII. duke \nof Sudermania, Charles Augustus, \nprince of Augustenburg, was \nchosen to succeed him, 24th Jan. \n1810. Charles Augustus dying \nsuddenly, 29th May, John Berna- \ndotte, prince of Ponte Corvo, was \nchosen crown prince 21st Aug. fol- \nlowing. War declared against Eng- \n\n\n\nS W I 337 \nt\xc2\xbb \n\nland, 17th Nov. 1810. Swedish \nPomerania seized by Napoleon, \nJan. 1812. Sweden made peace \nand a defensive alliance with Eng- \nland, 18th July, 1812 ; joined the \ngrand alliance, 13th March, 1813. \nNorway ceded to it by treaty, 14th \nJan. 1814. \n\nSwedenborg, Emanuel, b. at Stock- \nholm 29th Jan. 1689, d. in Lon, \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 don, 29th March, 1772. \n\nSwieten, Baron Van., d. June, 1772. \n\nSwift, Dean of St. Patrick\'s, d. Oct. \n1745, aged 78. \n\nSwift, of Montrose, Captain Crawl, \nrun down off Flamborough Head, \nby a collier, and the captain, mates, \nnine seamen, and eight passengers \nlost, 5th March, 1816. \n\nSwinburne, Henry, the traveller, d. \n1803. \n\nSwiney, Mac Owen, dramatic author, \nd. 1754. \n\nSwinton, John, historian and anti- \nquary, b. 1703, d. 1777. \n\nSwitzerland, inhabited formerly by \nthe Helvetii, who were subdued \nby Caesar, 57 years B.C. ; it re- \nmained subject to the Romans, till \nagain conquered by the Alemans \nfrom Germany, 395; these were \ndriven out by Clovis I. of France, \n496 ; became part of the kingdom \nof Burgundy, 888 ; given by the \nlast king of Burgundy to the em- \nperor of Germany, 1032, to which \nit belonged till the Swiss cantons \nwere formed, 1307 ; their form of \ngovernment made perpetual by \nthemselves, 1315 ; and ratified br- \nother powers, 1649 ; Swiss soldiers \nfirst in the pay of France, 1480 ; \norder of the bear, founded 1213 ; \nsix of the Cantons are Protestant, \nthe rest Roman Catholic ; their \nindependence abolished by the \nFrench, 9th Sept. 1798 ; their \ngovernment finally placed under \nthe care of France, Oct. 1 802 ; \nrecalled its troops from the service \nof England, and voted 6000 addi- \ntional men for the service of France, \n24th Aug. 1811; its neutrality \nviolated by the allied Austrians, \nRussians, and Prussians, 21st Dec. \n\nQ \n\n\n\n338 \n\n\n\nS WO \n\n\n\nTAT \n\n\n\n1813 ; joins the confederacy against \nBuonaparte, 20th May, 1815. \nSword of state borne at an English \ncoronation by a king of Scotland, \n1194. \n\nSwords, broad, forbidden to be worn \nin Edinburgh, 24th July, 1724. \n\nSybrecht, John, painter, b. 1625, d. \n1703. \n\nSydenham, Dr. Thomas, d. 29th \n\nDec. 1689, aged 65. \nSydenham, Floyer, translator, b. 1 7 1 0, \n\nd. 1787. \n\nSydney, Sir H., seat of, at Thorpe \nWood, destroyed by fire, 15th \nJuly, 1809. \n\n\n\nSydney Sussex college, Cambridge, \nfounded, 1598. \n\nSylla, Lucius Cornelius, Roman war- \nrior and tvrant, b. B.C. 137, d. \nB.C. 78. \n\nSylvester, Joshua, poet and translator, \n\nb. 1563, d. 1618. \nSynesius, philosopher and bishop, fl. \n\nearly in the 5th century. \nSynge, archbishop of Tuam,\' b. 1659, \n\nd. 14th July, 1741. \nSyracuse, in the island of Sicily, \n\nfounded B.C. 719. \nSysigambis, mother of- Darius, on \n\nhearing the death of Alexander, \n\nstarved herself 324 B.C. \n\n\n\nT. \n\n\n\n_fl_ ABLE of precedence in England. \n\nSee Precedence. \nTacca, P. J., d. at Florence 1640. \nTacitus b. about 56, d. 135. \nTadda, Francis, painter and sculptor, \n\nflourished 1350. \nTaffi, Andrea, a Florentine painter, \n\nb. 1213, d. 1294. \nTain, Ross-shire, the gaol at, took fire, \n\ntwo debtors perished, and the wife \n\nof one of them, 25th April, 1833. \nTalacre, Flintshire, seat of Sir E. \n\nMostyn, burned down, 12th Sept. \n\n1827*. \n\nTalbot, John, lord, warrior, b. 1373, \nd. 1453. \n\nTalbot, Catherine, writer, b. 1720, \nd. 1770. \n\nTaliacotius, anatomist, b. 1546, d. \n1599. \n\nTallard, marshal, taken prisoner by \nthe English 1704, d. 1728. \n\nTalma, Francis Joseph, the Garrick \nof the French stage, b. 1763, d. \n1826. \n\nTalmud made first B.C. 117. \nTamarisk plant first brought from \n\nGermany, 1560. \nTamerlane, Timur Bee, or Timour, \n\na Tartar prince and the conqueror \n\nof Asia, b. 1335, d. 1405. \nTamworth castle, Warwickshire, built \n\n914. \n\nTanner, Thomas, bishop of St. Asaph, \nantiquary, b. 1674, d. 1735. \n\n\n\nTanning leather, a new and expedi- \ntious method invented, 1795. \n\nTannis, near Buntingford, 21 ricks of \ncorn and hay, the dwelling-house, \nstables,out-houses, three fine horses, \nand 17 hogs, destroyed by fire, 3rd \nOct. 1815. \n\nTansillo, Luigi, poet, b. 1520, d. \n1570. \n\nTapestry invented by Sir Francis \nCrane, 1619; for the encourage- \nment of which king James I. gave \n2000/. to build a house at Mort- \nlake, in Surrey, 1619. \n\nTar, mineral, discovered at Colebrook \nDale, Shropshire, 1790, and in \nScotland, 10th Oct. 1792. \n\nTar-water first recommended by \nbishop Berkeley, 1744. \n\nTarleton, gen. Sir B., distinguished \nin the American war, b. 1755, d. \n1833. \n\nTassie, James, gem and wax modeller, \nd. 1799. \n\nTasso, Bernardo, poet, b. 1493, d. \n1575. \n\nTasso, Torquato, poet, b. 1544, d. \n1595. \n\nTassoni, Alexander, Italian poet, b. \n\n1565, d. 1635. \nTate island, East Indies, discovered \n\n29th June, 1795. \nTate, Francis, lawyer and antiquary, \n\nb. 1560, d. 1616. \nTate, Nahum, poet laureate, d. 1715. \n\n\n\nT ATI \n\n\n\nTEA \n\n\n\n339 \n\n\n\nTaunton, North, thirty houses burned \nand forty families left without shel- \nter, 29th June, 1 832. \n\nTaverner, William, dramatic writer, \nd. 1731. \n\nTavernier, John Bapt., famous French \ntraveller, b. 1605, d. 1689. \n\nTaverns restrained by an act of Ed- \nward VI., 1552, to forty in Lon- \ndon, eight in York, four in Nor- \nwich, three in Westminster, six in \nBristol, three in Lincoln, four in \nHull, three in Shrewsbury, four in \nExeter, three in Salisbury, four in \nGloucester, four in Chester, three \nin Hereford, three in Worcester, \nthree in Southampton, four in Can- \nterbury, three in Ipswich, three in \nWinchester, three in Oxford, four \nin Cambridge, three in Colchester, \nfour in Newcastle-upon Tyne. \n\nTavistock monastery, Devon, built \n961. \n\nTax, land, since the revolution. \xe2\x80\x94 \n1688, 3s.; 1690 to 1692, 3s.; \n1693 to 1697, 4s. ; 1698-9, 3s. ; \n\n1700, 2s.; additional duty, 6d.; \n\n1701, 3s. ; 1702 to 1712, 4s. ; \n1713 to 1715, 2s.; 1716, 4s.; \n1717 to 1721,3s.; 1722 to 1726, \n2s. ; 1727, 4s. ; 1728-9, 3s. ; \n1730-1, 2s.; 1732-3, Is.; 1734 \nto 1739, 2s. ; 1740 to 1749, 4s. ; \n1750 to 1752, 3s.; 1753 to 1755, \n2s.; 1756 to 1766, 4s.; 1767 to \n1770, 3s.; 1771, 4s. ; 1772 to \n1775, 3s. ; 1776 to the present \ntime, 4s. Act for the redemption \nof, 1798. The land tax redeemed \nto 1st Feb. 1808, amounts to the \nsum of 22,976,829/. 10s. 4d.,the \ninterest of which, amounting to \n689,304?. 17s. 4fe?., is transferred \nover to the consolidated fund, and \nconstitutes part of the produce of \nthe land tax in the ways and means \nof the current year. \n\nTaxes were raised arbitrarily 1100. \n\nTaxes, the net produce of all perma- \nnent, existing before the year 1793, \nand also of the taxes imposed in \neach subsequent year. \xe2\x80\x94 Totals of \ncustoms, excise, stamps, and inci- \ndents, prior to the year 1793, in- \ncluding the proportionate part of \n\n\n\nthe produce of duties on sugar, the \nadditional duty on malt, and the \nduty on tobacco, now annually \nvoted, 15,586,504/. 7s. lOd. Total \nof duties for the year 1793, \n314,086/. 6s. 6\xc2\xb1d. Ditto, 1794, \nand the proportionate part of the \nproduce of the duties on sugar now \nannually voted,936,201/. 13s. I0\xc2\xb1d. \nTotal of duties for the year 1795, \n1,611,424/. lis. Hid. Ditto, \n\n1796, 1,334,444/. 8s. 4\xc2\xb1d. Ditto, \n\n1797, and the proportionate part \nof the duties on sugar now annu- \nally voted, 3,016,062/. 12s. 9\\d. \nTotal of duties for the year 1798, \n732,576/. 7s. ]0\xc2\xb1d. Ditto, 1799, \n260,491/. 5s. 9d. General total, \n23,791,794/. 15s. O^d. \n\nPermanent taxes to \n\n\xc2\xa3 s. d. \n\nApril 1802 - 25,199,088 \n\n1803 - 27,531,358 14 9x \n\n1804 - 30,676,000 \n\n1808 - 38,339,152 13 2\xc2\xb1 \n1812 - 40,986,860 16 10\xc2\xb1 \n1816 - 45,197,368 5 2| \nto Jan. 1820 - 60,318,272 16 \n1823 - 50,122,994 \n1834 - 46,170,600 3 11\xc2\xb1 \nTaylor, Brook, mathematician, b. \n\n1685, d. 1731. \nTaylor, Jeremv, bishop of Down, \n\nb. 1613, d. 1667. \nTaylor, John, the Water Poet, d. \n\n1654, aged 74. \nTaylor, John, divine and civilian, b. \n\n1704, d. 1766. \nTaylor, John, an English dramatic \nwriter of some repute, b. 1756, \nd. 1832. \n\nTaylor, Robert (miscalled reverend), \nconvicted of blasphemy in the court \nof King\'s Bench, and sentenced to \none year\'s imprisonment, 24th Oct. \n1827. \n\nTea first brought into Europe by the \nDutch East India company early \nin 1591 ; tea, coffee, and chocolate, \nfirst mentioned in the statutebooks \n1660 ; a quantity of tea brought \nfrom Holland by lord Arlington \nand lord Ossory, 1699 ; was sold \nat 3/. per pound, 1707 ; the Ame- \nricans refused to receive it with a \nQ 2 \n\n\n\n340 \n\n\n\nTEA \n\n\n\nTEW \n\n\n\nduty, 1773. In 1787, about \n18,852,675 lb. were imported by \nthe East India company, besides \nwhat was brought by clandestine \ntrade and smugglers. \n\nTea destroyed at Boston by the inha- \nbitants, 1773, in detestation of \nEnglish taxes, for which they were \npunished by the parliament of Eng- \nland, April, 1774. \n\nTea-dealers obliged to have sign- \nboards painted, 1779. \n\nTea-duties ceased, and a double tax \nimposed on windows, Oct. 1784. \n\nTedbury church, in Gloucestershire, \nfell down, 17th Nov. 1770. \n\nTedbury church, Gloucestershire, re- \nbuilt at the expense of 3,658/. 16s. ; \nthe pavement and pews cost 1000/. \n17s. additional ; opened Oct. 1781 . \n\nTelegraphs invented, 1687 ; put into \npractice by the French in 1794; \nby the English, 28th . Jan. 1796. \n\nTelescopes invented by Z. Jansen, a \nspectacle-maker at Middleburgh, \n1590 ; the first reflecting one made \non the principles of Sir Isaac New- \nton, 1692. \n\nTell, William, shot Gesler, the Aus- \ntrian governor, 1307, d. 1354. \n\nTempesta, Antonio, an Italian pain- \nter, b. 1555, d. 1630. \n\nTempesta, Peter, painter, d. 1701. \n\nTemplars, knights, the first military \norder established, 1118; all of them \narrested in France in one day, \nbeing charged with enormous crimes \nand great riches, when 59 of them \nwere burnt alive in Paris, 13th \nOct. 1307 ; destroyed by Philip \nof France, 1342. \n\nTemple, London, founded by the \nknights templars, 1 1 85 ; middle \ntemple hall built 1572 ; the pre- \nsent church built 1240. \nTemple, three societies of the (inner, \nmiddle, and outer), 1340 ; founded \n1560. \n\nTemple-bar built 1079 ; act for pull- \ning down the houses without and \nimproving the street, June, 1795. \n\nTemple, Sir William, statesman and \nwriter, d. Jan. 1700, aged 69. \n\nTempleman, Dr. Peter, physician and \nphilosopher, b. 1711, d. 1769. | \n\n\n\nTenbv castle, Pembrokeshire, built \n1079. \n\nTeneriffe, fire at Puerta Oratava in \nthe island of, destroyed a convent \nfor women, and seven were victims \nto the flames, 11th Dec. 1815. \nThe next night, by a fall of rain, \n14 persons were drowned in their \nhouses at the same town. \n\nTeniers, David, sen., of Antwerp, b. \n1582, d. 1649. \n\nTeniers, David, jun., a Dutch painter, \nb. 1610, d. 1694. \n\nTenison, Dr. Thomas, archbishop of \nCanterbury, b. 1636, d. 1715. \n\nTennant, Smithson, chemical profes- \nsor, died by a fall from his horse \nat Boulogne, 22nd Feb. 1815. \n\nTenures held by knights 1 service abo- \nlished by law, 1643. \n\nTenths of church livings first collected \nin England, 1226. \n\nTerburg, sir Gerard, painter, b. 1608, \nd. 1681. \n\nTerceiras islands discovered by the \n\nSpaniards, 1583. \nTerence b. 186 B.C., d. 159 B.C. \nTerms of law begun 1079. \nTerpander,- the musician, lived about \n\n706 B.C. \n\nTerra Firma settled by the Spaniards \n1524; revolted from their govern- \nment 1810. \n\nTerrasson, Andrew, divine, d. 1723. \n\nTerrasson, John, writer and trans- \nlator, b. 1670, d. 1750. \n\nTerwesten, Augustine, painter, b. \n1649, d. 1711. \n\nTerwesten, Elias, an artist, d. 1724. \n\nTertullian, a father of the church, b. \n160, d. 225. \n\nTeschen, in Silesia, reduced to ashes \nby fire, 6th March, 1789. \n\nTest act passed 1673 ; repealed, 1830. \n\nTesta, Pietro, artist, b. 161 1 , d. 1 650. \n\nTesti Morti, order of knighthood in \nWurtemburg, began 1652. \n\nTesti, Fulvio,poet, d. 1646. \n\nTeutonic, or Marian, order, began \n1192 ; abolished 1322; revived in \nPrussia 1522. \n\nTewksbury, in Gloucestershire, sus- \ntained 1000/. worth of damage by \na storm, 18th Aug. 1743 ; abbey \nbuilt 1102. \n\n\n\nTH A \n\n\n\nT H 341 \n\n\n\nThaives\' inn society established 1519 ; \n\ndissolved 1768. \nTkales, philosopher, b.639,d.543 B.C. \nThames embankment began 1771. \nThames tunnel gave way 12th June, \n\n1828. \n\nTheatre ; that of Bacchus at Athens, \nthe first ever erected, built by Phi- \nlos, 420 B.C. ; the ruins still ex- \nist. The first royal licence for one \nhere was in 1574, to James Bur- \nbage and four others, servants to \nthe earl of Leicester, to act plays \nat the Globe, Bankside, or in any \npart of England ; but long before \ntheir time miracles were repre- \nsented in the open fields, where \nthe devil appeared in person on \nthe stage, shearing the bristles of \nhogs ; hence the old proverb, \n" Great cry and little avooI." Plays \nwere opposed by the Puritans,1633, \nand suspended till 1660, when \nCharles II. licensed two companies, \nKilligrew\'s and Davenant\'s ; the \nfirst at the Bull, Vere-street, Clare- \nmarket, which in a year or two was \nremoved to Drury-lane ; the other \nin Dorset-gardens. Till this time \nboys performed women\'s parts. \nSir William Davenant introduced \noperas, and both companies united, \n1684, and continued together till \n1694, when from the reduced sala- \nries given to the performers, the \nprincipal of them, under Betterton, \nobtained a licence, and withdrew to \nPortugal street,Lincoln\'s-inn fields, \nin 1695. \n\nTheatre, the Brunswick, fell and killed \nMr. Maurice, one of the proprietors, \nand nine other persons, 28th Feb. \n1828. \n\nTheatre at Capo dTstria, in Italy, fell \nand crushed the performers and \naudience to death, 6th Feb. 1794. \n\nTheatre at Nantz was destroyed by \naccidental fire, 27th Aug. 1796. \n\nTheatre at Mentz was destroyed by \nfire during the performance, on the \nfalling in of which many were \ncrushed to death and 70 burned, \nAug. 1796. \n\nTheatres not to be licensed by the \nking but by the parliament, 1737. \n\n\n\nTheatrical exhibitions introduced into \nEngland in 1566 by Geoffrey, prior \nof St. Swithin\'s, Winchester. \n\nThebes built by Cadmus, 493 B.C. \n\nTheft made capital by act, 964. \n\nThemistocles, the Athenian general, \nd. about 465 B.C. \n\nTheobald\'s House, Herts, pulled \ndown 1765. \n\nTheobald, Lewis, English dramatic \nwriter, d. 1744. \n\nTheocritus, flourished 285 B.C. \n\nTheodore, king of Corsica, abdicated \nhis kingdom, 1737 ; died in an \nobscure lodging in Soho, London, \n1756. \n\nTheodosius, Flavius, Roman emperor \nand warrior, b. 346, d. 395. \n\nTheophrastus, philosopher, b. 371 \nB. C, d. aged 85. \' \n\nThermometer invented by Drebei, a \nDutchman, 1 620 ; improved by \nReaumur, 1730, and by Farenheit, \n1749. \n\nThese us\' s Temple, at Athens, built \n428 B. C. \n\nThespis, the poet, b. 576 ; flourished \nabout 539 B. C. \n\nThetford Monastery, founded 1103. \n\nThevenot, Melchisedec, the French \ntraveller, b. 1621, d. 1692. \n\nThevenot, John, traveller, d. 1667. \n\nThew, Rob., engraver, d. July, 1802. \n\nThief-takers condemned and pilloried \nin Smithfield, March, 1755. \n\nThistle, order of, began 812 ; insti- \ntuted, 1540; revived, 1703. \n\nThistle of Bourbon, order of knight- \nhood, began 1370. \n\nThistlewood, Watson, Preston, and \nHooper, tried for high treason and \nacquitted, 9th June, 1817. \n\nThomas, A. L., French writer, b. \n1732, d. 1785. \n\nThomas, William, antiquary, b. 1670, \nd. 1738. \n\nThomas\'s, St., Island of, 900 stores \nor warehouses at, burned, valued at \n600,000/., 22nd Nov., 1805. \n\nThomas\'s, St., Hospital, Southwark, \nfounded, 1553. \n\nThomas, St., festival of, instituted \n1130. \n\nThomas, St., or St. John of Aeon, \nbegan 1258. \n\n\n\n342 T H \n\n\n\nTIN \n\n\n\nThomasin, an engraver, b. 1688, <1. \n1741. \n\nThompson, Edward, poet, b. 1738, \nd. 1786. \n\nThompson, W., poet, d. about 1766. \nThompson, Mrs., near Dublin, d. \n\nOct. 1796, aged 135. \nThomson, James, poet, d. 27th Aug., \n\n1748, aged 48. \nThomson, Dr. Wm., miscellaneous \n\nwriter, b. 1746, d. 1817. \nThoresby, Ralph, b. 1658, d. 16th \n\nOct. 1725. \nThoresby, Duke of Kingston\'s seat, \n\nNorthamptonshire, burned, with \n\nall the paintings and furniture, \n\n4th April, 1745. \nThorverton, near Exeter, seventeen \n\ncottages at, destroyed by fire, 22nd \n\nJune, 1816. \nThorn, in Prussia, founded 1232. \nThornhill, Sir Jas., painter, b. 1676, \n\nd. 1734. \n\nThornhill, Mr., of Stilton, rode 213 \nmiles in twelve hours, seventeen \nminutes, 29th April, 1745. \n\nThornton, Bonnell, b. 1724, d. 1768. \n\nThorp, murdered by the mob, 1640. \n\nThorpe, John, antiquarv, d. 2nd Aug. \n1792, aged 78. \n\nThou, J. A. de, statesman and his- \ntorian, b. 1553, d. 1617. \n\nThoracic Duct discovered in a horse \nby Eustachius, 1563 ; in the human \nbody, by 01. Rudbeck, a Swedish \nanatomist ; Thomas Bartholine, of \nCopenhagen ; and Dr. Joliffe, of \nEngland, 1653. \n\nThornbury Castle, Gloucestershire, \nbuilt 1510. \n\nThornton College, Lincolnshire, built \n1174. \n\nThread first made at Paisley, in Scot- \nland, 1722. \n\nThreatening letters made punishable, \nby act passed 1730. \n\nThucydides, Greek historian, b. 469 \nd. 400 B. C. \n\nThuilleries, in Paris, built 1600. \n\nThurloe, John, statesman, b. 1616, \nd. 1668. \n\nThurlow. Lord, d. 12th Sept. 1806, \naged 74. \n\nThynne, Thomas, shot in Pall Mall, \n12th Feb. 1682. \n\n\n\nTiarini, Alessandro, painter, b. 1577, \nd. 1668. \n\nTibaldi, Pellegrino, painter, b. 1527, \nd. 1600. \n\nTiberius, Claudius Drusus Nero, a \nRoman emperor, b. 34 B. C, d. \nA. D. 37. \n\nTice, Mr., d. at Hagle)-, Worcester- \nshire, 26th Feb. 1774, aged 125. \n\nTichfield Abbey, Hampshire, built \n1232. \n\nTycho Brahe, of Denmark, b. 1546, \nd. 1601. \n\nTickell, Thomas, English poet, b. \n\n1686, d. 1740. \nTickell, Richard, wit and poet, killed \n\nhimself, 1793. \nTides, the first theory of, by Kepler, \n\n1596. \n\nTide rose three times in two hours on \nthe Kentish coast, 31st Oct. 1827. \n\nTilbury Fort, built 1545. \n\nTiles first used in England, 1246. \n\nTiles and bricks taxed, 1784. \n\nTillemans, P., painter, b. about 1684, \nd. 1734. \n\nTillemont, Lewis, ecclesiastical writer, \nb. 1637, d. 1698. \n\nTillotson, Abp. of Canterbury, b. \n1630, d. 1694. \n\nTilly, Count, warrior, killed 1632. \n\nTilty Abbey, Essex, built 1152. \n\nTilts and Tournaments, instituted in \nGermany, 919. \n\nTime first computed from the Christian \nera, 516; in history, 748; in Spain, \n1358; in Arragon and Castile, \n1383 ; in Portugal, 1415. \n\nTime-measure barometer introduced \nby Scipio Nasica, 159 ; King Al- \nfred\'s time-keeper was six large \nwax tapers, each twelve inches \nlong ; as they burnt unequally, \nowing to the wind, he invented a \nlantern made of wood, and thin \nscraped plates of ox-horns, glass \nbeing a great rarity, 887. The \nancients had three sorts of time- \nmeasures, hour glasses, sun dials, \nand a vessel full of water with a \nhole in its bottom. \n\nTimoleon, of Syracuse, d. 337 B. C. \n\nTin found in Germany, 1241 ; in no \nplace before that, except in Devon- \nshire and Cornwall ; in Barbary, \n\n\n\nTIN \n\n\n\nTOM 343 \n\n\n\n1640 ; in India, 1740 ; New Spain, \n1782. \n\nTindal, Dr. M., b. 1657, d. 1733. \nTindal, Rev. Nicholas, b. 1687, d. \n\n26th June, 1774. \nTinelli, Tiberio, artist, b. 1586, d. \n\n1638. \n\nTintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, built \n1131. \n\nTintoretto, an Italian artist, b. 1512, \nd. 1594. \n\nTintoretto, Marietta, painter, b. 1650, \nd. 1590. \n\nTippoo Saib, sultan of Mysore, b. \n1749, d. 1799. \n\nTiraboschi, Jerome, Italian writer, b. \n1731, d. 1794. \n\nTisi, or Tisio, Benvenuto, painter, b. \n1481, d. 1559. \n\nTithes given bv Moses to the tribe of \nLevi, 1490 B. C. \n\nTithes first collected in England, 780, \nfirst granted for the maintenance of \nthe clergy, 894 ; established legally \nby the Lateran Council, 1200 ; act \nfor the better regulation of in Ire- \nland, 1834. \n\nTitian, a Venetian painter, b. 1477, \nd. 1576. \n\nTitles first creation of, bv patent, \n1344. \n\nTitles-royal. \xe2\x80\x94 The following is the \nsuccession in which the royal titles \nswelled in England : \xe2\x80\x94 Henry IV. \nhad the title of " Grace " conferred \non him ; Henry VI. that of " Ex- \ncellent Grace Edward IV. that \nof " High and Mighty Prince ;" \nHenry VII. "Highness;" Henry \nVIII. " Majesty" (^and was the first \nand last that was styled " Dread \nSovereign\'\'\') ; and James I. that \nof " Sacred," or " Most Excellent \nMajesty." That of " Majesty," \nwas first given to Louis XI. of \nFrance ; before it was the title only \nof emperors; the kings of Arragon, \nCastile, and Portugal, had the \ntitle only of " Highness ;" those of \nEngland, " Your Grace ;" those of \nFrance, " Your Despotism." \n\nTitles of families abolished in France, \n1790. \n\nTitus, Sabinus Vespasianus Flavins, \nRoman emperor, b. 40, d. 81. \n\n\n\nTiverton Castle, Devonshire, built \n1110. \n\nTiverton, 200 houses burnt down, 5th \nJune, 1731 ; 26 on 27th May, \n1762 ; and between 60 and 70, \nApril, 1785 ; and above 200 houses \nwere destroyed bv fire, 30th June, \n1794.\' \n\nToad, a live one, found in a block of \nstone at Newark, 15th April, 1806. \n\nTobacco first discovered in St. Do- \nmingo in 1496 ; afterwards by the \nSpaniards, in Yucatan, 1520; in- \ntroduced into France by Nicot, \n1560 ; first brought into England, \n1533 ; prohibited to be planted \nhere in 1624 ; a tax laid on it in \nEngland, 1685 ; allowed to be \ncultivated in Ireland, 1779 ; pro- \nhibited, 1832 ; and the crops paid \nfor and destroyed by government, \n1833. \n\nTobacco, a proclamation against, used \nformerly for physic, and a tax laid \non it, without the consent of par- \nliament, of 6s. Sd. per pound, \nbesides 2d. formerly ; first taxed \nby name, in 1685; subjected to \nexcise laws, 1789. \n\nTobago Island, planted bv the Dutch, \n1642. \n\nTobin, John, dramatist, b. 1770, d. \n1304. \n\nTofts, Mary, the rabbit woman, im- \nposed upon the public, 1726. \n\nTokay, the vineyards of, in Hungary, \ndestroyed by a hail-storm, 1808. \n\nToland, John, b. 1669, d. ] 722. \n\nToleration Act, passed 1689. \n\nToll first demanded by the Danes of \nvessels passing the Sound, 1341 : \nfirst paid by vessels passing Stade \non the Elbe, 1190. \n\nToll-gates, or turnpikes, first in Eng- \nland, 1663. \n\nTolls gathered in London, first for \nrepairing the highways of Holborn, \nGrav\'s-inn-lane, and St. Martin\' s- \nlane, 1346. \n\nTombs of the kings of France, in the \nabbey of St. Dennis, ordered to be \ndestroyed, by authority, 14th Oct. \n1793. \n\nTomline, George, prelate and writer, \nb. 1750, d. 1787. \n\n\n\n344 TOM \n\n\n\nTRE \n\n\n\nTompion, Thomas, eminent English \n\nwatchmaker, d. 1669. \nTonnage and poundage, granted to the \n\nking3 of England for life, 1465. \nTontines first established at Paris, \n\n1653. \n\nTooke, And., English divine and \n\nwriter, h. 1673, d. 1731. \nTooke, John Home, b. 1736, d. 19th \n\nMarch, 1812. \nTooke, William, historian, b. 1744, \n\nd. 1820. \n\nTorre del Greco, near Naples, was \nnearly destroyed by the lava of \nMount Vesuvius, 30th June, 1 794. \n\nToplady, Aug. M., an eminent divine, \nb. 1740, d. 1778. \n\nTorquatus, M., caused his own son to \nbe put to death, for having fought \ncontrary to his orders, 340 B.C. \n\nTorrentius, John, painter, d. 1640. \n\nTorricelli, E., mathematician, b.1608, \nd. 1647. \n\nTorrigiano, Peter, sculptor, b. 1472, \nd. 1522. \n\nTorrijos, General, shot in the market- \nplace at Malaga, 10th Dec, 1831. \n\nTorture abolished in Sweden, by order \nof the king, 1786 ; in Poland, \n1776; in France, by edict, 25th \nAug. 1780. \n\nTouching for the king\'s evil, intro- \nduced by Edward the Confessor, \n, 1046. \n\nTournaments began in 870 ; insti- \ntuted by Henry, Emperor of Ger- \nmany, 919. \n\nTourniquet, the, invented by one \nMorell, at the siege of Besanqon, \n1674 ; Petit, of France, invented \nthe screw tourniquet, 1718. \n\nToulmin, Joshua, divine, b. 1742, d. \n1815. \n\nToup, Jonathan, critic, b. 1713, d. \n1785. \n\nTourlone, Cardinal, high inquisitor of \nHome, dragged out of his carriage \nby a mob, and hanged on a gibbet \nfifty feet high, 1786. \n\nTournefort, Joseph, botanist, b. 1 656, \nd. 1708. \n\nTower Hamlets, London, erected into \n\na borough, 1832. \nTower of London, built 1078 ; walled \n\nin 1099. \n\n\n\nTower of the Winds, at Athens, \n\nbuilt 550 B. C. \nTower, leaning, at Pisa, built 1174. \nTowers, high, first erected to churches \n\nin 1000. \n\nTowers, Irish pillar, of which there \nare upwards of one hundred, erected \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 perhaps in the 5 th century, uses \nunknown. \n\nTowers, Joseph, miscellaneous writer, \nb. 1737, d. 1799. \n\nTownley, Charles, connoisseur, b. \n1737, d. 1805. \n\nTownley, John, translator of Hudi- \nbras into French, b. 1697, d. 1782. \n\nTownley, James, divine and drama- \ntist, b. 1715, d. 1778. \n\nTownsend, Joseph, divine and writer, \nd. 1816. \n\nTradescant, John, botanist, d. 1652. \nTragedy, the first acted at Athens, \n\non a waggon, by Thespis, 535 B.C. \nTrajan, Marcus, Roman emperor and \n\nwarrior, b. 52, d. 117. \nTrajan\'s Pillar erected in Rome 114. - \nTrajan\'s Piazza built at Rome 100. \nTranquebar settled bv the Danes, \n\n1617. \n\nTransfiguration, festival of, first ob- \nserved 700. \n\nTransportation of felons first intro- \nduced 1590. \n\nTransubstantiation opposed by the \nEnglish church about 1000 ; re- \nceived it between 1000 and 1066. \n\nTrapp, Rev. Dr. Jos., b. 1679, d. \nNov. 1747. \n\nTravis, George, divine, d. 1797. \n\nTreason requiring two witnesses, 1552. \n\nTransylvania was given to Austria, \n1699. \n\nTreaties, commercial, with any foreign \n\nnation, began 1272. \nTreasury Office, Westminster, built \n\n1732. \n\nTrematon Castle, Cornwall, built \nbefore the Conquest, and still per- \nfect, 1835. \n\nTrembley, Abi\'aham, naturalist, b. \n1710, d. 1784. \n\nTrenchard, John, b. 1669, d. 1723. \n\nTrenck, Fred., Baron de, celebrated \nfor his adventures, b. 1726, d.1794. \n\nTresham, Henry, painter, d. 17th \nJune, 1814. \n\n\n\nTRE \n\n\n\nT U R \n\n\n\n345 \n\n\n\nTressan, Count de, French writer, b. \n\n1705, d. 1782. \nTreves, Archbishop of, first admitted \n\nan elector, 1021. \nTribunes of the people, created at \n\nRome, 495 B. C. \nTribunes, Military, at Rome, created, \n\nwith Consular power, 443 B. C. \nTribute of wolves heads paid in Eng- \n\nland, 971 ; paid by the English \n\nto the Danes in one year, 48,000/. \n\nin 997. \n\nTriennial Parliaments, established \n\n1694: repealed 1716. \nTrimmer, Mrs. Sarah, a writer of \n\nreligious juvenile works, b. 1741, \n\nd. loth Dec. 1810. \nTrichinopoli, in the East Indies, \n\nblown up by the powder magazine \n\ntaking fire ; 300 inhabitants killed ; \n\n310,000 ball cartridges destroyed ; \n\nand the whole foundation shaken, \n\n1772. \n\nTrinidad, the Isle of, discovered 1498. \nTrinitarians, order of, in Spain, began \n1594. \n\nTrinitv Sundav, appointed bv Pope \nJohn, 1334* \n\nTrinity, the word first applied to the \n. persons of the godhead, 150 ; fes- \ntival instituted about 828. \n\nTrinity act passed, to exempt from \npenalties persons denying the doc- \ntrine of, 1813. \n\nTrinity House, London, founded by \nSir Thomas Spirt, 1515; incor- \nporated, 1685 ; built on Tower- \nhill, 1795. \n\nTrinitv College, Cambridge, founded \n1546. \n\nTrinitv College, Dublin, founded \n1590. \n\nTrinity College, Oxford, founded \n1555. \n\nTrinity Hall, Cambridge, founded \n1350. \n\nTripoli nearly destroyed by an earth- \nquake, 13th Dec. \'1759! \n\nTrissino, J. G., poet, b.1478, d.1550. \n\nTromp, Van, the Dutch admiral, b. \n1597 ; killed, 29th July, 1653. \n\nTronchin, Theodore, physician, b. \n1709, d. 1781. \n\nTrotter, Thomas, enslaver, d. 14th \nFeb. 1803. \n\n\n\ni Trov begun 1546 ; the kingdom ended \n\n1184*"B. C. \nI Troy, Francis de, painter, d. 1730. \nI Troy, John de, painter, d. 1752. \nTrumbull, Sir William, statesman, b. \n\n1638, d. 1716. \nTrumbull. Jonathan, American states- \nman, d. 1809. \nTrumbull, John, American poet, b. \n\n1750, d. 1831. \nTrumpets first sounded before the \n\nkings of England, by order of Offa, \n\nking of Mercia, 790. \nTrusler, Dr. John, compiler, b. 1735, \n\nd. 1820. \n\nTrusty, the ship, lost on a rock be- \ntween Bristol and Cork, 17th Jan. \n1802. \n\n! Truxillo, order of knighthood, began \n\nin Spain, 1227. \nI Truxillo, in Peru, ruined by an earth- \nquake, Dec. 1759. \n! Tryphiodoros, poet, supposed to have \n\nlived about the 4 th century. \nI Tucker, Abraham, metaphysician, b. \n\n1705, d. 1774. \nTucker, Joseph, divine and politician, \n\nb. 1712, d. 1799. \nTuckev, J. Hingston, nautical writer, \n\nb. 1776, d. 1816. \nTulips, first imported into England, \n1578. \n\nTull, Jethro, eminent in husbandry, \nd. 1740. \n\nTunbridge Castle, built 1090; priory \n\nbuilt 1094. \nTunnel under the Thames from \n\nRotherhithe to Wapping, begun \n\n1824 ; gave way, 12th June, 1828. \nTuustall, Cuthbert, bishop, divine \n\nand statesman, b. about 1474, d. \n\n1559. \n\nTupholme Priory, near Lincoln, built \n1160. \n\nTurbervile, George, poet, b. about \n\n1530, d. about 1600. \nTurcune, Marshal, b. 1611, killed \n\n1675. \n\nTurgot, A. R., statesman, b. 1727, d. \n1781. \n\nTurkey, in Asia, founded A. D. 1299 \nin Europe, after the destruction of \nthe Eastern empire, A.D. 1453. \n\nTurkeys brought into England, 1 528 ; \ninto France, 1570. \n\nQ 3 \n\n\n\n346 \n\n\n\nTUR \n\n\n\nUNI \n\n\n\nTurkish ships, navigated by Greek \nsailors, the first arrived at London, \n5th April, 1797. \n\nTurnebus, Adrian, critic, b. 1512. \n\nTurner, Dr. William, the first Eng- \nlish botanist, d. about 1568. \n\nTurnpikes first legally erected in \nEngland, 1663. \n\nTurpilius, painter, flourished B.C. 69. \n\nTuscany erected into a dukedom, \n1530 ; seized by the French, on \n24th March, 1799; recovered its \nindependence, 17th July, 1799 ; \nbut was reduced again under obe- \ndience to France the following \nyear. United to France, 24th \nMay, 1808. \n\nTusser, Thomas, agricultural writer, \nb. about 1515, d. about 1580. \n\nTweddell, John, classical scholar, b. \n1769, d. 1799. \n\nTwelfth-day, custom of drawing king \nand queen on, was borrowed from \nthe Greeks and Romans, who, on \nthe tabernacle, or Christmas festi- \nvals, drew lots for kings, by putting \na piece of money in the middle of \na cake, which, whoever found, was \nsaluted as king. \n\nTwickenham, the French ambassa- \ndor\'s house and furniture burned, \n14th June, 1734. \n\n\n\nTwins, British frigate, ran aground at \nthe Cape of Good Hope, and was \nburned by the crew, 23rd Aug., \n1810. \n\nTvers, John, of Vauxhall, b. 1726, \n\'d. 1787. \n\nTyler, Wat, the rebel, killed 1381. \n\nTyndale, William, reformer, b. 1500, \nput to death, 1536. \n\nTynemouth Castle and Priory, Nor- \nthumberland, built 700. \n\nTypes of wood, for printing, first used, \n1470. \n\nTyrol, several forests in the, took \nfire, by which 64 villages and \nhamlets, and 10,000 head of cattle \nwere destroyed, 26th July, 1811. \n\nTvrrell, James, historian, b. 1642, d. \n\'1718. \n\nTyrtseus, Greek poet, lived in the 7th \n\ncentury B. C. \nTyrwhitt, Thomas, English writer, b. \n\n1730, d. 1786. \nTvson, Dr. Edward, eminent phv- \n\nsician, b. 1649, d. 1708. \nTvssens, Peter, a painter, b. 1 625, d. \n\n"1692. \n\nTytler, W., author of " An Enquiry \ninto the Evidence against Mary, \nQueen of Scots," b. 1711, d. 1792. \n\nTvtler, Alexander Fraser, b. 1747, \nd. 1813. \n\n\n\nU. \n\n\n\nXJCCELLO, Paolo, a Floren- \ntine painter, d. 1432. \n\nUdina, Giovanni da, b. 1494, d. \n1564 ; celebrated for having been \nthe reviver of stucco work. \n\nUkraine settled by Russia 1775. \n\nUlloa, Don Antonio, mathematician, \nb. 1716, d. 1795. \n\nUlugh-beigh, Tartar prince, astrono- \nmer, b. 1393, killed 1449. \n\nUlverscroft Priory, Leicestershire, \nbuilt 1167. \n\nUmrnerapoora, kingdom of Ava, the \ntown and port of, destroyed by fire, \n10th March, 1811. \n\nUnction, extreme, practised in the \nfirst century ; in common use 450. \n\n\n\nUniformity, act of, passed 1559; \ntook effect 1662. \n\nUnion, act for Scotland, passed 6th \nMarch, 1707 ; for Ireland, passed \n2nd July, 1800; took place, 1st \nJan. 1801. \n\nUnion packet, of Dover, lost off Ca- \nlais 28th Jan. 1792; a similar \nmisfortune had not happened on \nthe station for 105 years. \n\nUnited ladies for the honour of the \ncross, order of knighthood in Ger- \nmany, began 1666. \n\nUnited provinces established 1579 ; \nacknowledged independent 1609 : \nsubdued by France 1795; Louis \nBuonaparte made king of, 4th June, \n\n\n\nUNI \n\n\n\nUNI \n\n\n\n347\' \n\n\n\n1806, by order of Napoleon; re- \nstored and erected into a kingdom \n1814. \n\nUnited States of North America de- \nclared their independence of Great \n\nBritain, 4th July, 1776. \nUniversities founded : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAberdeen, 1477. \n\nAbo, Finland, 1640. \n\nAlba Julia, Transylvania, 16 29. \n\nAltorf, Franeonia, 1581. \n\nAndrew\'s, St., Scotland, 1411. \n\nAnjou, 1349 ; enlarged 1364. \n\nAvignon, France, 1388. \n\nBasle, Switzerland, 1458. \n\nBesan^on, Burgundy, 1540. \n\nBologna, Italy, 423. \n\nBruges, Austrian Flanders, 1665. \n\nCah or, in Quercy, France, 1320. \n\nCaen, Normandy, 1431. \n\nCambridge began 626, according \nto some others 900 ; revived \n1110. \n\nCambridge, New England, pro- \njected 1630. \n\nCologne,Germany, refounded 1 389. \n\nCompostella, Spain, 1517. \n\nCoimbra, Portugal, 1391 ; en- \nlarged 1503. \n\nConstantinople, 425. \n\nCopenhagen, 1497 ; enlarged 1539, \n1569. \n\nCordova, Spain, 968. \n\nCracow, Poland, 700 ; enlarged \n1402. \n\nDijon, France, 1722. \n\nDillingen, Suabia, 1565. \n\nDole, Burgundy, 1426. \n\nDouay, French Flanders, 1562. \n\nDresden, Saxony, 1694. \n\nDublin, 159 J. \n\nEdinburgh, founded by James VI. \n1580. \n\nErfurt, Thuringia, enlarged 1390. \nErlangen, Franconia, 1743. \nEvora, Portugal, 1559. \nFerrara, Italy, 1316. \nFlorence, Italy, enlarged 1438. \nFraneker, Friesland, 1585. \nFrankfort, on the Oder, 1506. \nFriberg, Germany, 1460. \nFulda, Germany, 1734. \nGeneva, 1365. \n\nGiessen, 1605 ; united to Marpurg \n1626. \n\n\n\nGlasgow, Scotland, 1450. \n\nGoettingen, Hanover, 1734. \n\nGranada, Spain, 1537. \n\nGripswald, 1547. \n\nGroningen, Friesland, 1614. \n\nHalle, Saxony, 1694. \n\nHeidelburgh, Germany, 1346. \n\nHelmstadt, or Jula, Brunswick- \nWolfenbuttle, 1570. \n\nJena, or Sala, Thuringia, 1548. \n\nIngolstadt, Bavaria, 1573. \n\nInspruck, Tyrol, 1672. \n\nKiel, Hobtein, 1665. \n\nKoningsberg, Prussia, 1544. \n\nLey den, Holland, 1575. \n\nLeipsic, Saxony, 1409. \n\nLondon, 13th April, 1827. \n\nLouvain, Flanders, 926 ; enlareed \n1427. \n\nLyons, France, 830. \n\nMarpurg, Hesse, 1527. \n\nMechlin, Flanders, 1440. \n\nMentz, 1482. \n\nMontpelier, 1196. \n\nMoscow, ] 754. \n\nMunster, 1491. \n\nNaples, 1216. \n\nOrleans, France, 1312. \n\nOxford, 886. \n\nPaderborn, 1592. \n\nPadua, Italy, 1179. \n\nPalencia, 1209; removed to Sala- \nmanca, 1249. \n\nParis, 792. \n\nPavia, 791; enlarged 1361. \nPerusia, Italy, 1290. \nPetersburgh, Russia, 1747. \nPisa, Italy, 1339 ; enlarged 1487 \n\nand 1542. \nPoictiers,. France, 1430. \nPrague, Bohemia, 1360. \nRinteln, Schaumberg, 1621. \nRheims, 1145; enlarged 1560. \nRostock, Mecklenburg, 1419. \' \nSalamanca, Spain, 1249. \nSaltzburgh, Germany, 1623. \nSaragossa, Arragon, 1474. \nSienna, Etruria, 1387. \nSeville, Spain, 1517. \nSorbonue, France, 1253. \nStrasburg, Germany, 1538. \nToledo, Spain, 1518. \nToulouse, France, 1228. \nTreves, Germany, 1473. \nTubingen, Wurtemburg, 1477. \n\n\n\n348 \n\n\n\nUNI \n\n\n\nVAN \n\n\n\nTurin, 1412. \n\nValence, Dauphiny, 1475. \n\nVenice, 1592. \n\nVienna, 1365. \n\nUpsal, Sweden, 1477. \n\nUtrecht, Holland, 1636. \n\nWittenberg, Saxony, 1502. \n\nWurzburg, Franconia, 1402. \n\nAVurtemburg, Saxony, 1502- \nUniversity coll., Oxford, founded 886. \nUpnor castle built 1561. \nUpton, James, English, grammarian, \n\nb. 1670, d. 1749. \nUpton, John, critic, b. 1707, d. 1760. \nUrfe, Honore d\', romance writer, b. \n\n1567, d. 1625. \n\n\n\nUrine \xe2\x80\x94 the inhabitants of London \nand Westminster commanded by \nproclamation to preserve all their \nurine throughout the year for mak- \ning saltpetre, 1468. \n\nUsher, James, miscellaneous writer, \nb. 1720, d. 1772. \n\nUssher, James, archbishop of Armagh, \nlearned writer, b. 1580, d. 1656. \n\nUsury forbidden by parliament 1341. \nIn 1260, 2s. per week for loan of \n20s., which was at the rate of \n43/. 6s. Sd. per annum for 100/., \nwhich was restrained by an act, \n1275, against the Jews. \n\n\n\nV. \n\n\n\nV \n\n\n\nAG A, Pierino del, a Florentine \npainter, b. 1500, d. 1547. \nVahl, Martin, Danish naturalist and \nbotanist, b. 10th Oct. 1749, d. \n1804. \n\nVaillant, J. R, medalist, b. 1632, \nd. 1706. \n\nVaillant, Sebastian, botanist, b. 1669, \nd. 1722. \n\nValcknaer, Louis Gaspar, Dutch phi- \nlologist and critic, b. 1715, d.1785. \n\nVal de Grace, in Paris, built 1666. \n\nValentino, or Valentine Peter, painter, \nb. 1600, d. 1632. \n\nValerius Maximus lived in the reign \nof Tiberius. \n\nValenciennes taken by the French \nfrom the Spaniards, 17th March, \n1677. \n\nValla, George, physician and com- \nmentator, d. about 1500. \n\nValla, Laurence, translator and com- \nmentator, b. 1407, d. 1457. \n\nValle Crucis abbey, Denbighshire, \nbuilt 1200. \n\nValmont de Bomare, J. C, naturalist, \nb. 1731, d. 1807. \n\nValois, Henrv de, French writer, b. \n1603, d. 1696. \n\nVan Balen, a Dutch painter, b. 1560, \nd. 1632. \n\nVanbrugh, Sir John, eminent archi- \nd. 26th March, 1726. \n\n\n\nVancouver, George, English naviga- \ntor, b. 1750, d. 1798. \n\nVander-Monde, the mathematician, b. \n1735, d. 1796. \n\nVandals began their kingdom in Spain \n412 ; ended 534. \n\nVander Meeren, painter, b. 1627, d. \n1690. \n\nVander Meeren,the Younger, painter, \nd. 1688. \n\nVander Meulen, painter, b. 1634, d. \n1690. \n\nVander Neer, E^lon, Dutch painter. \n\nb. 1643, d. 1703. \nVander Werf, Adrian, Dutch painter, \n\nb. 1659, d. 1727. \nVander Werf, Peter, painter, b. 1665, \n\nd. 1718. \n\nVander velde, Adrian, celebrated pain- \nter, b. 1639, d. 1672. \n\nVandevelde, William, the Old, pain- \nter, b. 1610, d. 1693. \n\nVandevelde, William, painter, b. \n1633, d. 1707. \n\nVan Huvsum, John, painter, b. 1682, \nd. 1749. \n\nVan Diest, Adrian, painter, b. 1655. \nd. 1 704. \n\nVandyck, Sir Anthony, portrait pain- \nter, b. at Antwerp 1599, d. 1641. \n\nVane, Sir Henry (the Younger), \na statesman, b. 1612, beheaded \n1662. \n\n\n\nVAN \n\n\n\nVEN \n\n\n\n349 \n\n\n\nVan Eyck, Hubert, painter, b. 1366, \nd. 1426. \n\nVan Eyck, John, inventor of painting \n\nin oil, b. 1370, d. 1441. \nVan Gosyen, a Dutch painter, b. 1596, \n\nd. 1656. \n\nVanini burnt at Thoulouse 19th Feb. \n\n1619, aged 33. \nVanloo, John Baptist, painter, b. \n\n1684, d. 1746. \nVanloo, C, painter, b. 1705, d. 1765. \nVannftmder, Charles, painter, b. 1548, \n\nd. 1605. \n\nVanni, Francesco, painter, b. at Sienna \n\n1563, d. 1610. \nVan Obstal, Gerard, sculptor, b. 1595, \n\nd. 1668. \n\nVan Orlay, Bernard, painter, b. 1490, \nd. 1560. \n\nVanOrlay,R.painter,b.l652,d.l732. \nVan Ort, Adam, painter, b. 1557, d. \n1641. \n\nVan Ostade, Isaac, painter, b. 1613. \nd. 1671. \n\nVan Ouft, James, the Old, painter, \n\nb. 1600, d. 1672. \nVan Ouft, the Younger, painter, b. \n\n1637, d. 1713. \nVan Swieton, the physician, b. 1700, \n\nd. 1772. \n\nVanuden, Lucas, a Dutch painter, b. \n\n1595, d. 1660. \nVargas, Luis de, painter, b. 1528, d. \n\n1590. \n\nVarillas, Ant., historian, b. 1624, d. \n1696. \n\nVarna, battle of, between the Rus- \nsians and Turks, 1828. \n\nVarro, Terentius, b. 116, d. 27- B.C. \n\nVasco de Gama, a Portuguese, dis- \ncoverer of the East Indies, 1524. \n\nVassalage of serfs abolished by law in \nHolsteinand Sleswick,in Denmark, \n1797. \n\nVasari, Giorgio, an Italian painter, \n\nb. 1512, d. 1576. \nVater, John Severinus, an eminent \n\nphilologist, b. 1771, d. 1826. \nVatican library founded 1448. \nVattel, Emer de, jurist, b. 1714, d. \n\n1767. \n\nVauban, Seb., marshal, engineer, d. \n1707, aged 74. \n\nVaugelas, Claude, French gramma- \nrian, b. 1585, d. 1650. \n\n\n\nVauvilliers, J. F., Greek scholar, b" \n\nabout 1736, d. 1800. \nVaux, lord, poet, b. 1510, d. in the \n\nreign of Mary. \nVauxhall gardens opened 1733 ; \n\nmuch damaged by fire 29 th June, \n\n1800. \n\nVauxhall bridge, first stone of, laid \n9th May, 1811 ; opened 25th July, \n1817. \n\nVecchia, Palma, an Italian painter, \n\nb. 1508, d. 1556. \nVecchia, Pietroda, a painter, b. 1605, \n\nd. 1678. \n\nVecelli, Francesco, painter, b. 1483. \nVega, Lopez de la, Spanish poet and \n\ndramatist, b. 1562, d. 1635. \nVelasquez de Silva, Diego, portrait \n\npainter, b. 1594, d. 1660. \nVelli, Paul Francis, historian, b. \n\n1711, d. 1759. \nVendome, Duke de, warrior, b. 1654, \n\nd. 1712. \n\nVenereal Disease was brought into \nEurope in the first voyage of Co- \nlumbus, and broke out in >the \nFrench army in Naples, 1494 ; \nwhence the French term mal de \nNaples ; in the Netherlands and \nEngland it obtained the appellation \nof mal de France ; in the latter \ncountry it is said to have been \nknown so early as the 12th cen- \ntury ; about the same period, too, \nat Florence, one of the Medici \nfamily died of it. \n\nVenetiano, Dom., artist, of Venice, \nwhere he introduced the use of \noil colours, b. 1420, assassinated, \n1476. \n\nVenetian States annexed to the Aus- \ntrian dominions, 1814. \n\nVenezuelans, the, declare in congress \nthe sovereignty of the people, July, \n1814. \n\nVeneziano, Agost, d. at Rome, 1 540. \n\nVenice.\' \xe2\x80\x94 The first inhabitants of this \ncountry were the Veneti ; con- \nquered by the Gauls, and made a \nkingdom, about 356 ; conquered \nfor the Romans by Marcellus, 221 \nB. C. \xe2\x80\x94 The islands on which the \ncity stands began to be inhabited \nby Italians about 421 ; the first \nhouse was erected on the morass, \n\n\n\n350 V EN \n\n\n\nVEZ \n\n\n\nby Entinopus, who fled from the \nGoths ; the people of Padua took \nrefuge there also, and were assisted \nby Entinopus in building the eighty \nhouses, which formed the first city, \n413; first governed by a Doge, \n697 ; but its republic was not in- \ndependent till 803 ; reduced to \nashes, 1101 ; nearly destroyed by \nthe league of Cambray, 1509 ; the \narsenal was destroyed by fire, \n1 565 ; the conspiracy on which \nOtway\'s play is founded, 1618 ; \nits university founded, 1592; de- \nclared a free port, 1 1th May, 1736 ; \ngreatly damaged by fire, 1789 ; its \nsenate dissolved, and its govern- \nment changed by the French \ntroops, in 1797 ; the Doge omitted \nthe ceremony of wedding the Adri- \natic sea, a ceremony that had \nexisted from 1173. \xe2\x80\x94 The French \nceded the city, with the adjacent \ncountry, to the emperor of Ger- \nmany, 17th Oct. 1797.\xe2\x80\x94 Bank of, \nfounded 1157. \n\nVenius, Otho, painter, b. 1 556, d. 1 634. \n\nVenn, Henry, divine, b. 1725,d.l797. \n\nVentilators first invented by the Rev. \nDr. Hales, 1740. \n\nVenus, transit of, over the sun, 2nd \nJune, 1660. \n\nVerbruggen, Henry, painter, b. 1588, \nd. 1640. \n\nVere, Sir F. warrior, b. 1554,d.l608. \nVere, Sir Horace, warrior, b. 1565, d. \n1635. \n\nVerelst, Simon, painter, b. 1664, d. \n1710. \n\nVergil, Polydore, d. 1555, aged 80. \nVergennes, Count de, statesman, b. \n\n1719, d. 1787. \nVerhaecht, Tobias, painter, b. 1566, \n\nd. 1631. \n\nVerkolie, Jan, painter, b. 1650, d. \n1693. \n\nVerkolie, Nicholas, painter, d. 1746, \naged 73. \n\nVermeyen, John Cor., Dutch painter, \nwhose beard touched the ground \nas he stood erect, b. 1500, d. 1559. \n\nVernet, Joseph, a celebrated marine \npainter, b. 1712, d. 1789. \n\nVernon, Edward, admiral, b. 1684, \nd. 1757. \n\n\n\nVernon, the largest British frigate \never built, registered 2082 tons, \nlaunched at Woolwich, 1st May, \n1832. \n\nVerocchio, And., a Florentine, who \nfirst found out the method of \ntaking likeness in Plaster of Paris, \nb. 1432, d. 1488. \n\nVeronese, Ales., painter, b. at Verona, \n1600, d. 1670. \n\nVeronese, Paolo, celebrated Italian \npainter, b. 1532, d. 1588. \n\nVerrio, Antonio, painter, b. 1634, d. \n1707. \n\nVersailles Palace, in France, began \n1687, finished 1708. \n\nVerschuring, Henry, painter, b. 1627, \ndrowned, 1690. \n\nVerstegan, Richard, the English an- \ntiquary, d. about 1635. \n\nVertot, Rene Aubert, Abbe de, \nFrench historical writer, b. 1655, \nd. 1735. \n\nVertue, George, an eminent engraver, - \nb. 1684, d. 26th July, 1756. \n\nVesalius, Andrew, anatomist, b. 151 4, \nshipwrecked, 1564. \n\nVespasian, Titus Flavius, emperor \nand warrior, d. A. D. 79. \n\nVessels, mercantile, engaged in Brit- \nish trade, in 1792, amounted to \n23,600. \n\nVesputius, Americus, a Florentine, \ndiscoverer of the West Indies, b. \n1451, d. 1516. \n\nVesta, planet, discovered by Dr. \nOlbers, 29th March, 1807. \n\nVestal Virgin, who violated her vow, \nburied alive at Rome, 337 B. C, \nagreeably to the laws of Numa \nPompilius. \n\nVesuvius, eruptions of, 79, when two \ncities were buried in burning lava, \nwith 250,000 people ; 203, 272, \n472, when all Campania was de- \nstroyed ; 512, 685, 993, 1036, \n1043, 1048, 1136, 1506, 1538; \nat Puzzoli, 1631, 1632, when \n4000 persons and a large track of \nland were destroved ; 1660, 1682, \n1694, 1701, 1704, 1712, 1717, \n1730, 1737, 1751, 1754, 1760, \n1766, 1767, 1770, 1771, 1779, \n1785, 1786, 1787, 1794, 1810, \n1814, 1816. \n\n\n\nVIC \n\n\n\nVIT 351 \n\n\n\nVezelli, an Italian painter, b. 1479, \nd. 1554. \n\nVice-Chancellor, in England, office \n\nof, created, 1813. \nVicq-d\'Azir, Felix, physician, b. \n\n1748, d. 1794. \nVictualler. Enacted that none shall \nsell less than one full ale quart of \nthe best beer or ale for Id., and \ntwo quarts of the smaller sort for \nId., 1603. \nVictualling Office, instituted 10th \n\nDec. 1663. \nVictory man of war, lost in a storm, \n\nOct. 1744. \nVida, M. H., modern Latin poet, b. \nabout 1480, d. 1566. \n\nVienna was very obscure till 1151 ; \nit was walled and enlarged by \nHenry I. of Austria, 1142, with \nthe ransom of King Richard I. of \nEngland ; made an imperial city \nby Frederick II. 1136 ; made sub- \nject to the house of Austria, 1140 ; \nbesieged and taken by the king of \nHungary, 1485 ; besieged by the \nTurks under Solyman the Magnifi- \ncent, with an army of 300,000 \nmen, 1529 ; again in 1532, 1543, \nand 1663, when the Grand Vizier, \nwith 100,000 men, cannonaded \nthe city from 24th July to the \nbeginning of September, without \neffect ; taken possession of by the \nFrench troops, 1805 and 1809. \n\nVienna much damaged, many lives \nlost, by an explosion of gunpowder, \n26th June, 1779. \n\nVieta, eminent French mathematician, \nb. 1540, d. 1603. \n\nVillain, (of or belonging to the vill \nor lordship) was a servant during \nlife, and devisable, a3 chattels, in \nthe feudal times. In 1572, Queen \nElizabeth ordered her bondmen to \nbe set free, at very easy rates. \n\nVillars, Louis Hector, Marshal, French \ngeneral, b. 1653, d. 1734. \n\nVilliers, George, Duke of Bucking- \nham, b. 1592, murdered 1628. \n\nVilliers, second Duke of Bucking- \nham, dramatic writer, b. 1627, d. \n1688. \n\nVilloison, J. B. de, critic, b. 1750, \nd. 1805. \n\n\n\nVince, Rev. S., English astronomer, \nd. 1821. \n\nVincent, Dr., Dean of Westminster, \nb. 1739, d. 21st Dec. 1815. \n\nVinci, Leon. Da, celebrated Italian \npainter, b. 1452, d. at Paris in the \narms of the king of France, 1 520. \n\nViner, Charles, law writer, d. 1756. \n\nVine-dressers, a colony of from Pho- \ncea, in Ionia, settled at Marseilles, \nwho instructed the South Gauls in \ntillage, vine-dressing, and com- \nmerce, about 600 B. C. Some \nthink the vines are aborigines of \nLanguedoc and Provence, and that \nthey grew spontaneously on the \nMediterranean shores of Italy, \nFrance, and Spain. \n\nVines, planted in Germany and North \nGaul, 276. \n\nVines and sugar-canes, planted in \nMadeira, 1420. \n\nViola, Gio. Bat., painter, b. 1572, \nd. 1622. \n\nViolins, invented about 1477, and \nintroduced into England by Charles \nII. \n\nVirgil, Pub. Maro, b. at Andes, \nnear Mantua, in B. C. 70 ; d. at \nBrundusium, in Italy, 18 B.C. \n\nVirginia, discovered by Cabot, 1496 ; \ntaken possession of by Sir Walter \nRaleigh, 1584; the settlement of \nthe first permanent Colony there, \n1606. \n\nVirginius, slew his daughter, that she \nmight not fall a sacrifice to the \nlust of Appius Claudius, 446 B.C. \n\nVirgin of Mount Carmel, order of, \n\nbegan in France 1607. \n.Virgin Mary, order of knighthood, \nbegan 1233. \n\nVirgin Mary, the most glorious, order \nof knighthood, began at Rome 1618. \n\nVirgins, first consecrated 159. \n\nVisconti, E. Q., antiquary, b. 1753, \nd. 1818. \n\nViscount, the first in England, 12th \n\nFeb. 1440. \nVisitation of the Virgin, festival of \n\nthe, instituted 1389. \nVitalis, Ordericus, historian, b. 1075, \n\nd. al out 1 1 43. \nVitringa, Campegius, commentator, b. \n\n1659, d. 1722. \n\n\n\n352 \n\n\n\nVIT \n\n\n\nVUL \n\n\n\nVitruvius, the architect, flourished \n\n135 B. C. \nVivani, Ottavio, painter, h. 1599, d. \n\n1674. \n\nVivares, Francis, the engraver, 1). \n\n1709, d. 16th Nov. 1780. \nVivien, Joseph, painter, b. 1657, d. \n\n1735. \n\nVoet, Charles, painter, d. 1745, \naged 75. \n\nVoiture, Vincent, "writer, b. 1598, \nd. 1648. \n\nVolcanic Island formed in the Me- \nditerranean, off the coast of Sicily, \nSept. 1831. \n\nVolcano, in the isle of Ferro, broke \nout, 13th Sept. 1777, which threw \nout an immense quantity of red \nwater, that discoloured the sea for \nseveral leagues. \n\nVolney, Count de, writer, b. 1757, \nd. 1820. \n\nVoltaire, b. 1694, d. 1778. \n\nVolterra, Danieel da, painter, b. \n1509, d. 1566. \n\nVos, Martin de, painter, b. 1520, d. \n1604. \n\nVos, Simon de, painter, b. 1603, d. \n\nabout 1670. \nVosterman, John, painter, b. 1643, \n\nd. 1699. \n\nVosterman,Lucas, engraver, flourished \n1626. \n\nVossius, Gerard John, historian, b. \n\n1577, d. 1649. \nVossius, Isaac, Greek scholar, b. \n\n1618, d. 1688. \nVotes of the House of Commons, \n\nfirst printed, 1681. \nVouet, Simon, a French painter, b. \n\n1582, d. 1641. \nVoyage round the world, the first \n\nmade in 1525. \nVroon, Henrv Cornelius, a Dutch \n\npainter, b. 1566, d. 1619. \nVulgate edition of the bible, dis- \ncovered in 218. \nVulgar Errors : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n1 . That surgeons and butchers may \nbe challenged as jurors, on ac- \ncount of the barbarity of their \nprofessions. \n\n2. That the old statutes have pro- \nhibited the planting of vineyards, \nand the use of saw-mills. \n\n\n\n3. That it is forbidden to marry \nin Lent. \n\n4. That it is penal to open a coal- \nmine, or to kill a crow within \nfive miles of London, or to \nshoot with a wind gun, or carry \na dark lanthorn. \n\n5. That the king signs the death \nwarrant (as it is called) for the \nexecution of a criminal. \n\n6. That there is a statute to oblige \nthe owners of asses to crop their \nears, lest the length of them \nshould frighten the horses upon \nthe road. \n\n7. That a woman\'s marrying a \nman under the gallows, will \nsave him from execution. \n\n8. That such as are born at sea, \nbelong to Stepney parish, Lon- \ndon. \n\n9. That any one may be put into \nthe Crown-office for the most \ntrifling injury. \n\n10. That a man\'s taking his wife \nfrom the hands of the priest, \nclothed only in her shift, when \nthe marriage ceremony is per- \nforming, exempts him from being \nliable to her engagements. \n\n1 1. That there was no land-tax \nbefore William III. \n\n12. That a negro, being baptized, \nbecomes immediately free. \n\n13. That the dead body of a person \nmurdered will bleed in the pre- \nsence, or on the touch of the \nmurderer. \n\n14. fhat first cousins may marry, \nbut second cousins cannot. The \ncivil law prevents first cousins, \nbut the canon law prohibits \nboth. \n\n15. That men have one rib less \nthan women. \n\n16. That the body of a debtor may \nbe taken in execution after his \ndeath. \n\n17. That the scorpion stings itself \nwhen surrounded by fire, or that \nits sting is even venomous. \xe2\x80\x94 \nKeysler\'s Travels, Maupertuis, \nHughes\'s Barbadoes, Hamilton\'s \nLetter in the Philosophical \nTransactions. \n\n\n\ny ul \n\n\n\nWAG \n\n\n\n353 \n\n\n\n18. That the Tarantula is poi- \nsonous, and that music has a \nparticular effect on persons bitten \nby it, more than those stung by \n\na wasp De la Lande\'s Travels, \n\nNaples : Abbe Ricard\'s ditto, \nExperiments of the Prince of \nSan Severino. \n\n19. That the lizard is friendly to \nman in particular, much less \nthat it awakens him on the \napproach of a serpent. \xe2\x80\x94 Hughes\' \nBarbadoes, Brooke\'s Natural \nHistory. \n\n20. That the remora has power to \nretard the sailing of a ship by \nsticking itself to its bottom. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDe la Lande, alii, passim. \n\n21. That the stroke of the cramp- \nfish is occasioned by a muscle. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Bancroft\'s Guiana, concern- \ning the torporific eel. \n\n22. That the salamander does live \nin fire, or is capable of bearing \nmore heat than other animals. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Sir T. Brown suspected it, \nKeysler has clearly proved it. \n\n23. That the bite of the spider is \nvenomous. \xe2\x80\x94 Reaumur. That \nit is found in Ireland plen- \ntifully ; that it has an antipathy \nto the toad Barrington\'s Let- \nter, Philosophical Transactions, \n&c. Swammerdam. \n\n24. It is an error to suppose that a \nfly only has a microscopic eye. \nDragon-flies, &c, bees, wasps, \nflesh-flies, &c, will turn off \nand avoid an object in the way \non the swiftest wing, which \nshows a very swift and com- \nmanding sight. It is probable, \n\n\n\nthat the sight of all animals is, \nin quickness and extent, propor- \ntioned to their speed. \n\n25. The porcupine does not shoot \nout his quills for annoying his \nenemy; he only sheds them \nannually, as feathered animals \ndo. He has a muscular skin, \nand can shake the loose ones off \nat the time of moulting. \xe2\x80\x94 \nHughes, alii et passim. \n\n26. The jack-all, commonly called \nthe lion\'s provider, has no con- \nnection at all with the lion. \nHe is a sort of fox, and is \nhunted in the East as the fox is \nwith us \xe2\x80\x94 Shaw, Sandys. \n\n27. The fable of the fox and grapes \nis taught us from our childhood, \nwithout our ever reflecting that \nthe foxes we are acquainted with \ndo not eat grapes. This fable \ncame from the east ; the fox of \nPalestine is a great destroyer of \ngrapes V. Hasselquist, Shaw. \n\n28. The eye of birds is not more mo- \nbile than that of other animals, \nthough their sight is more quick. \nOn the contrary, their eye is \nquite immoveable, as is that of \nmost animals and insects of the \nquickest sight. \xe2\x80\x94 British Zoology, \n&c. \n\n29. The tiger, instead of being the \nswiftest of beasts, is a remark- \nably sluggish and slow animal. \nOwen\'s Dictionary in verbo. \xe2\x80\x94 \nExperiment at Windsor-lodge. \n\n30. Sir Thomas Brown, who wrote \nagainst Vulgar Errors, main- \ntains that apes and elephants \nmay be taught to speak. \n\n\n\nw. \n\n\n\nWade, Marshal, d. 1748, aged \n75. \n\nWadham College, Oxford, founded \n1613. \n\nWadrington, in Oxfordshire, greatly \ndamaged by fire, 6th May, 1742. \nWager, Admiral, d. 1748, aged 77. \n\n\n\nWager of Battle, old law of, repealed \n1819. \n\nWaggon duty, commenced 1783. \nWagstaffe, Rev. Thomas, b. 1645, d. \n1712. \n\nWagstaffe, William, writer, b. 1685, \nd. 1725. \n\n\n\n354 W A I \n\n\n\nW AL \n\n\n\nWaits, at Christmas, are derived \nfrom those choirs of angels that \nattended the birth of Christ; in \nimitation of these, shepherds in \nancient times used to usher in \nChristmas with music and carols ; \nthe pastorali, or rural music, per- \nformed by the Calabrian shepherds, \non bag-pipes, are of this nature. \n\nWaithman, William, alderman and \nrepresentative of the City of Lon- \ndon, a column erected to his me- \nmory at the foot of Ludgate-hill, \n1833. \n\nWakes, or vigils, were instituted as \nfestivals, on the \'days of dedication \nof the churches, or on those saints\' \ndays to whom the buildings were \ndevoted, and commenced on the \nevenings preceding those days. \nThey are of early origin (see John \nx. 22, 23). The first institution \nwas religious, but now is degene- \nrated into a day of festivity. \n\nWake, Isaac, English statesman, b. \n1575, d. 1632. \n\nWake, Archbishop, b. 1657, d. 1737. \n\nWakefield, Mrs. Priscilla, an inge- \nnious and benevolent woman, b. \n1751, d. Sept. 1832. \n\nWakefield, E. G., convicted of \nillegally carrying off Miss Turner, \n28th March, 1827. \n\nWakefield, Gilbert, divine and critic, \nb. 1756, d. 1801. \n\nWakeley, William, of Shiffnal, d. \n1714, aged 124. \n\nWalcheren, expedition to, 1809. \n\nWales, title of Prince of, began 1284. \n\nWales, Prince of, committed to prison \nfor assaulting a judge on the bench, \n1412. \n\nWales first inhabited by Briton s, on \ntheir being expelled England by \nthe Saxons, 685 ; divided into \nNorth Wales, South Wales, and \nPowis Land, about 870 ; Griffith, \nthe lastking,d.U37; the sovereign, \nfrom that time, was a prince only. \nIn this state Wales remained un- \nconquered, till Henry II. subdued \nSouth Wales in 1157; and in \n1282, Edward I. entirely reduced \nthe whole country, putting an end \nto its independency by the death of \n\n\n\nLlewellyn, the last prince. The \nWelsh, however, were not entirely \nreconciled to A this revolution, till \nthe queen happened to be brought \nto bed of a son at Caernarvon, in \n1284; Edward very politically \nstyled him Prince of Wales; \nwhich title the heir to the crown \nof Great Britain has borne almost \never since. \xe2\x80\x94 Wales was united and \nincorporated with England by act \nof parliament, 28 Henry VIII. \n1536 ; invaded by the French \nwithout effect, 1796. \xe2\x80\x94 Welsh ju- \ndicature abolished, and English \njudges sent the circuit, 1827. \n\nWale, Samuel, professor of perspec- \ntive, d. 9th Feb. 1785. \n\nWales, William, mathematician, b. \nabout 1734, d. 1798. \n\nWalker, Robert, painter, d. about \n1690. \n\nWalker, Rev. George, defended Lon- \ndonderry, 1689; slain at the battle \nof the Boyne, 1690. \n\nWalker, Adam, philosophical lec- \nturer, d. 1821, aged 90. \n\nWalker, Clement, historian, d. in the \nTower, 1651. \n\nWalker, Sir Edward, historian and \nherald, d. 1677. \n\nWalker, George, mathematician, b. \nabout 1735, d. 1807. \n\nWalker, John, philologist, b. 1 732, \nd. 1807- \n\nWalker, William, grammarian, d. \n1684. \n\nWall, William, divine, b. 1646, d. \n1728. \n\nWallace, Sir William, eminent Scotch \ngeneral, b. 1276, executed 1305. \n\nWaller, Edmund, English poet, d. \n1687, aged 81. \n\nWaller, Sir Wm., general, b. 1597, \nd. 1668. \n\nWallenstein, A. V. F., a German \ngeneral, b. 1583, d. 1634. \n\nWallis, John, mathematician and \ndivine, b. 1616, d. 1703. \n\nWalmer Castle, Kent, built 1539. \n\nWalmesley, Charles, mathematician, \nb. 1721, d. 1797. \n\nWalpole, Sir Robert, Earl of Orford, \nb. 1676 ; committed to the Tower, \n1712 ; took his seat in the House \n\n\n\nWAL \n\n\n\nWAR \n\n\n\n355 \n\n\n\nof Peers, 11th Feb. 1741-2; d. \n1745. \n\nWalpole, Hor., miscellaneous writer, \n\nb. 1718, d. 1797. \nWalsh, an English poet, b. 1663, d. \n\n1708. \n\nWalsingham, Lord, house of, Harley- \nstreet, London, burnt 27th April, \n1831, when his lordsbip perished, \nand his lady died of the injuries \nsbe sustained. \n\nWalsingbam, Thomas, the historian, \nlived in 1440. \n\nWalsingham, Sir Francis, statesman, \nb. 1536, d. 1590. \n\nWalsingham Priory, Norfolk, built \n1070. \n\nWalstein, Duke of Friedland, war- \nrior and statesman, b. 1584, as- \nsassinated, 1634. \n\nWaltham Abbev, 1062; cross built, \n1292. \n\nWalton bridge, erected 747 ; rebuilt \n1786. \n\nWalton, Brian, Bishop of Chester, \neditor of the Polyglot Bible, b. \n1600, d. 1661. \n\nWalton, Sir G., admiral, d. in 1740. \n\nWalton, Izaak, biographer and pis- \ncatory writer, b. 1593, d. 1683. \n\nWalworth, Sir Wlilliam, lord mayor \nof London, stabbed Wat Tyler in \nthe back, 1381. \n\nWanley, Humphrey, antiquary, b. \n1672, d. 1726. \n\nWapping, wet docks at, began 26th \nJune, 1802; completed 30th Jan. \n1805. \n\nWarasdin, the capital of Croatia, 600 \nhouses at, reduced to ashes, 25th \nApril, 1776. \n\nWarbeck, Perkin, executed 16th \nNov. 1499. \n\nWarburton, Bishop of Gloucester, b. \n1698, d. 7th June, 1779. \n\nWard, John, of Hackney, expelled \nthe House of Commons for forgery, \n16th May, 1726. \n\nWard, Dr. Seth, b. 1618, d. 1689. \n\nWard, Artemas, distinguished Ame- \nrican officer, b. 1748, d. 1800. \n\nWarden Monastery, Bedfordshire, \nbuilt 1136. \n\nWardrobe, Great, in Scotland-yard, \nestablished 1485. \n\n\n\nWare, Sir James, eminent Irish an- \ntiquarian, b. 1594, d. 1666. \n\nWareham, in Dorsetshire, burnt, \n1731; again, 1742; 130 houses \nin destroyed, 26th July, 1762. \n\nWarfare of Christ, order of knight- \nhood, began in White Russia, \n1325, in Poland, 1705. \n\nWarham, William, Archbishop of \nCanterbury, d. 1532. \n\nWarin, J. engraver, b. 1604, d.1672. \n\nWaring, Edward, mathematician, b. \n1734, d. 1798. \n\nWark Castle, Cumberland, destroyed \nby fire 1399. \n\nWarner, Ferdinando, divine and his- \ntorian, b. 1703, d. 1768. \n\nWarner, John, Bishop of Rochester, \nb. 1585, d. 1666. \n\nWarner, Richard, botanist and trans- \nlator, b. 1711, d. 1775. \n\nWarner, William, poet, b. about \n1558, d. 1609. \n\nWarrington, in Lancashire, had its \ncotton mills, near the bridge, de- \nstroyed by fire, 1st Dec. 1791. ; \nerected into a Borough, 1832. \n\nWarren, Sir Peter, English admiral, \nd, 1752. \n\nWarren, Sir J. B., admiral, d. 1822. \n\nWarren, Charles, engraver, d. 1823. \n\nWars with Spain, between 1589 and \n1593, cost Q.Elizabeth 1,300,000/. \nbesides the double subsidy of \n280,000/. granted by parliament. \nIn the Irish rebellion she spent \n3,400,000/. in ten years. The \nexpenses of the war of 1756 cost \nEngland 90,000,000/. \n\nWars. Loans of the seven years\' war, \nthe American war, and the last two \nwars. \n\n\n\nLoans of the seven years 1 war. \n\n\n\n\n\nSums borrowed. \n\n\nInterest. \n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\ns. \n\n\nd, \n\n\n1756 \n\n\n- 2,000,000 - \n\n\n3 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n\n\n\n1757 \n\n\n- 3,000,000 - \n\n\n3 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n1758 \n\n\n- 5,000,000 - \n\n\n3 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n1759 \n\n\n- 6,600,000 - \n\n\n3 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1760 \n\n\n- 8,000,000 - \n\n\n3 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n1761 \n\n\n- 12,000,000 - \n\n\n4 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n1762 \n\n\n- 12,000,000 - \n\n\n4 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1763 \n\n\n- 3,500,000 - \n\n\n4 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n2 \n\n\nTotal \n\n\n52,100,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n35S WAR \n\n\n\nWAT \n\n\n\nLoans of the American War. \n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\n\xc2\xa3 \n\n\ns. \n\n\nd. \n\n\n1776 - \n\n\n2,000,000 \n\n\n- 3 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1777 - \n\n\n5^000,000 \n\n\n. 4 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1778 - \n\n\n6,000,000 \n\n\n- 4 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n7 \n\n\n1779 - \n\n\n7,000,000 \n\n\n- 5 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n1780 - \n\n\n12,000,000 \n\n\n- 5 \n\n\n16 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1781 - \n\n\n12,000,000 \n\n\n- 5 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n1782 - \n\n\n13,000,000 \n\n\n- 5 \n\n\n18 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n1783 - \n\n\n12,000,000 \n\n\n- 4 \n\n\n13 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1784 - \n\n\n6,000,000 \n\n\n- 5 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n11 \n\n\nTotal \n\n\n72,500,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLoans of the last two Wars. \n\n\n\n1793 \n\n\n- 4,500,000 \n\n\n. 4 \n\n\n3 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n1794 \n\n\n- 11,000,000 \n\n\n- 4 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1795 \n\n\n- 18,000,000 \n\n\n. 4 \n\n\n15 \n\n\n8 \n\n\n1796 \n\n\n- 18^000^000 \n\n\n- 4 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1796 \n\n\n- 7,500,000 \n\n\n- 4 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1797 \n\n\n- 18,\'oOO,000 \n\n\n- 5 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n1 \n\n\n1797 \n\n\n- 14,500,000 \n\n\n- 6 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n10 \n\n\n1798 \n\n\n- 17,000\'000 \n\n\n6 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n9 \n\n\n1799 \n\n\n- 3,000,000 . \n\n\n5 \n\n\n12 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n1799 \n\n\n- 15,500,000 \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n5 \n\n\n\n\n\n1800 \n\n\n- 20,500,000 \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n4 \n\n\n14 \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1801 \n\n\n- 25,500,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1802 \n\n\n- 23,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1803 \n\n\n- 10,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1804 \n\n\n- 10,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1805 \n\n\n- 20,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1806 \n\n\n- 18,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1807 \n\n\n- 12,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1808 \n\n\n- 8,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1809 \n\n\n- 11,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1810 \n\n\n- 8,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1811 \n\n\n- 4,981,300 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1811 \n\n\n- 12,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1812 \n\n\n- 6,789,625 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1812 \n\n\n- 15,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1813 \n\n\n- 21,000,000 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1813 \n\n\n- 22,000,900 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1814 \n\n\n18,500 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal 374,789,425 besides the \n\nproperty tax. \n\nWarsaw, Poland, taken by SuvorofF, \n\nthe Russian general, 8th Nov. \n\n1794 ; 34,000 Poles slain during \n\nthe siege ; constituted a Duchy, \n\nand annexed to Saxony, Aug. 1 807. \nWarton, Dr. Joseph, poet and prose \n\nwriter, b. 1722, d. 1803. \nWarton, Thomas, poet and critic, b. \n\n1728, d. 1790. \n\n\n\nWarwick, Earl of, the king-maker, \ndefeated and slain at the Battle of \nBarnet, 14th April, 1471. \n\nWarwick Mail, robbed of 20,000Z. \nin bank notes, while it stood before \nFurnivars inn, Holborn,21st Nov. \n1827. \n\nWarwick, injured extensively by a \n\nfire, 8th Sept. 1694. \nWarwick Castle, built 912 ; rebuilt \n\n1072. \n\nWashington, G., general, b. 1732, d. \n14th Dec, 1799. \n\nWashington, City of, in the United \nStates of America, founded 1791. \n\nWaste-lands in Great Britain, by ex- \namination in 1794, were found to \nbe 22,351,000. acres; which, if \ncultivated and enclosed, reckoning \nan annual increase of 9s. per acre, \nthe annual rent would amount to \n10,957,950/.; and, on a suppo- \nsition that the yearly produce would \nbe 1/. 7s. per acre, or three rents, \nit would be worth 30,073,850/. \nper annum to the community. \n\nWatches invented at Nuremberg, in \nGermany, 1477 ; first used in as- \ntronomical observations, 1500. \xe2\x80\x94 \nThe emperor Charles V. was the \nfirst who had any thing that might \nbe called a watch, though some \ncall it a small table clock, 1530. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Watches first brought to Eng- \nlane from Germany, 1597 ; spring \npocket ones invented bv Hooke, \n1658. \n\nWatches and clocks taxed, 1797 ; \n\nrepealed, 1798. \nWatch, none by night in London, \n\n1189. \n\nWatch by night, for the City of Lon- \ndon, first appointed, 1268. \n\nWater-spout burst on the Clidagh \nMountains, County Kerry, Ireland, \nby which a large district was torn \nup, and nine persons lost, 4th \nAug. 1831. \n\nWater sold in the West Indies for \none shilling a pailful, 1731 ; sold \nin the streets of Exeter, 1785. \n\nWater mixed with wine in the sacra- \nment, first introduced, 122. \n\nWater first conveyed to London by \nleaden pipes, 2 1st Henry III. 1237. \n\n\n\nWAT \n\nIt took near 50 years to complete \nit ; the whole heing finished, and \nCheapside conduit erected, only \nin 1285. \xe2\x80\x94 An engine erected at \nBroken- wharf, to convey water by \nleaden pipes, 1594. \xe2\x80\x94 The New \nRiver brought to London from \nAmwell, in Hertfordshire, at an \nimmense expense, by Sir Hugh \nMiddleton, in 1614. \xe2\x80\x94 The city \nsupplied with its water, by con- \nveyances of wooden pipes in the \nstreets, and small leaden ones to \nthe houses ; the New River com- \npany incorporated, 1620. \xe2\x80\x94 So late \nas Queen Ann\'s time there were \nwater-carriers at Aldgate-pump, as \nnow at Edinburgh. \n\nWater-mills for grinding corn, were \ninvented by Belisarius, while be- \nsieged in Rome by the Goths, 555. \nThe ancients parched their corn, \nand pounded it in mortars. After- \nwards mills were invented, which \nwere turned by men and beasts \nwith great labour ; and yet Pliny \nmentions Avheels turned by water. \n\nWaterford, built 1162. \n\nWaterford, in Ireland, experienced \na violent storm, when the tower of \nits exchange was carried away, 4th \nApril, 1792. \n\n"Waterford Cathedral, the whole in- \nterior of, with an organ of the \nvalue of 1200 guineas, destroyed \nby fire, 25th Oct. 1815. \n\nWaterford, City of, steam-packet, \nlost off Peniche, in Portugal, 22nd \nSept. 1833. \n\nWaterland, Daniel, English divine \nand writer, b. 1683, d. 1740. \n\nWaterloo, Battle of, 18th June, 1815. \n\nWaterloo, man of war, 120 guns, \nlaunched at Chatham, 18th June, \n1833. \n\nWaterloo Bridge. See Strand Bridge. \n\nWater-spout, a terrific one, burst \nupon Mount St. John, in Cum- \nberland, 23rd Aug. 1749. \n\nWater-spout, a very destructive one, \noccurred near Aix, in the depart- \nment of Mount Blanc, 8th July, \n1809. \n\nWebster, Dr. William, English \ndivine, b. 1689, d. 1758. \n\n\n\nW E I 357 \n\nWatson, James, tried for assaulting a \npatrol with a sword on the night \nsucceeding the Spa-fields riots, and \nacquitted, 21st Jan. 1817; tried \nfor high treason in connexion with \nthose riots, and acquitted, 16th \nJune, 1817. \n\nWatson, John, English divine and \nhistorian, d. 1783. \n\nWatson, Richard, Bishop of Llandaff, \nb. 1737, d. 4th July, 1816. \n\nWatson, Colonel Henry, mathema- \ntician and engineer, b. about 1735, \nd. 1786. \n\nWatson, Robert, historian, b. 1730, \nd. 1780. \n\nWatson, Sir William, physician, b. \n\n1715, d. 1787. \nWatt, James, celebrated engineer, b. \n\n1736, d. 1819. \nWatts, Dr. Isaac, b. 1674, d. 1748. \nWatteau, Anthonv, a French artist, \n\nb. 1684, d. 1721. \nWaverley Abbey, in Surrey, built \n\n1128. \n\nWaynflete, William, prelate \'\'and \nstatesman, d. i486. \n\nWeavers, two from Brabant, settled \nat York ; which, says King Ed- \nward, " may prove of great benefit \nto us and our subjects,\'" 1331. \n\nWeavers, dyers, cloth-drapers, linen- \nmakers, silk-throwsters, &c. Flem- \nish, settled at Canterbury,Norwich, \nSandwich, Colchester, Maidstone, \nSouthampton, &c. on account of \nthe Duke of Alva\'s persecution, \n1567. They taught the English \nthe making of baize, serges, Nor- \nwich crapes, &c. The baize-makers \nchiefly settled at Colchester. \n\nWebber, John, painter, b. 1751, d. \n1793. \n\nWeber, Carl Von, musician, b. 1786, \nd. 1826. \n\nWebster, Dr. William, English Di- \nvine, b. 1689, d. 1758. \n\nWedderburn, Alex., Earl of Rosslyn, \nb. 1733, d. 1805. \n\nWedgwood, Josiah, the celebrated \npotter, b. 1730, d. 3rd Jan. 1795. \n\nWeekly bills of mortality round Lon- \ndon, began 1603. \n\nWeeninx, J. B., painter, b. 1621, d. \n1660. \n\n\n\n358 W E I \n\n\n\nWES \n\n\n\nWatford flour-mills destroyed by fire, \nand two lives lost, 9th June, 1814. \ncommodities ordered to be weighed \n. by the city-officer, called the weigh- \nmaster, who was to do justice be- \ntween buyer and seller, statute 3rd \nEdward II. 1309. \n\nWeights and measures invented, 869 \nB. C. ; fixed to a standard in Eng- \nland, 1257; regulated, 1492. \n\nWell-street, Royalty Theatre in, \nopened 20th May, 1787. \n\nWells, Dr. Edward, biblical writer, \nd. 1727. \n\nWells, W. C, physician and philoso- \npher, b. 1753, d. 1817. \n\nWellingborough, in Northampton- \nshire, burnt, 14th Aug. 1731 ; \nagain, 28th July, 1738, 300 houses \ndestroyed. \n\nWellington, Duke of, b. 1769; \nfought a duel with Lord Win- \nchelsea, 21st March, 1829. \n\nWellington, Duchess of, Indian ship, \ndestroyed by fire in Sauger-roads, \nand the pilot, two officers, two pas- \nsengers, and many of the crew \nperished in the flames, 27th Jan. \n1816. \n\nWelsh copper office incorporated \n1694. \n\nWelsh hospital, Gray\'s-inn-lane, \nLondon, erected 1772. \n\nWelshmen forbid purchasing lands \nin England 1401. \n\nWemyss, earl of, packet from Leith \nto London wrecked and 10 passen- \ngers lost, off the Brameston coast \nof Norfolk, 1st Sept. 1833. \n\nWen, Shropshire, greatly damaged \nby fire 1676. \n\nWentworth, Thomas, earl of Straf- \nford, b. 1593, beheaded 1641. \n\nWerbuigh, St., church of, Dublin, \nburned 7th Nov. 1754. \n\nWerner, F. L. Z., German poet, b. \n1768, d. 1823. \n\nWerner, Abraham G., mineralogist, \nb. 1750, d. 1817. \n\nWesley, Rev. John, d. 2nd March, \n1791, aged 88. \n\nWest, James, the antiquary, d. 2nd \nJuly, 1772. \n\nWest, Benjamin, artist, b. 1738, d. \n1820. \n\n\n\nWest, Gilbert, translator of Pindar, \nd. 26th March, 1755. \n\nWest Indies discovered by Columbus \n1492; damaged by a hurricane, \n6th Sept. 1776. \n\nWest India docks completely opened \n12th July, 1806. \n\nWest Saxon kingdom founded 519 ; \nended 800. \n\nWetstein, John James, biblical critic, \nb. 1693, d. 1754. \n\nWesterfield islands in the Pacific \nOcean discovered by Capt. War- \nden, 1830. The inhabitants are \npeaceable, and enjoy a regular do- \nmestic government. \n\nWestham abbey, Essex, founded \n1154. \n\nWestminster, Matthew of, d. about \n1380. \n\nWestminster abbey built by Ethel- \nbert of Kent on the site of a tem- \nple of Apollo 914; rebuilt 1065; \nagain rebuilt 1269 ; made colle- \ngiate 1560; towers built 1732; \nnorth porch repaired 1750 , injured \nby fire 17th July, 1803 ; complete \nrestoration commenced 1810 ; dis- \ncovered to be on fire 27th April, \n1829; musical festival at, 24th \nJune, 1834. \n\nWestminster bridge began 13th Sept. \n1738 ; first stone laid 29th Jan. \n1738-9; centre arch finished 3rd \nMarch, 1741-2; last arch, Aug. \n1746; pier sunk and repaired 1st \nSept. 1747; opened for passengers \n17th Nov. 1750; cost 426,650/. ; \nrepaired 1832-3. \n\nWestminster hall built bv William \nRufus, 1098; rebuilt, "1399, by \nRichard II. ; roof repaired 1748; \nthe scaffolding erected for the trial \nof the rebels sold by the duke of \nAncaster for 400/. 13th Sept. \n1748 ; slated 1750 ; beautified and \nrepaired 1782 : went through a \ngeneral repair in 1802 at the ex- \npense of 13,000/, \n\nWestminster infirmary instit. 1720. \n\nWestminster lying-in-hospital insti- \ntuted 1765. \n\nWestminsterpalace built 1098; burnt \n1298; again 1512; again 1540; \nthe south-east wing burnt 1809. \n\n\n\nWES \n\n\n\nWHI 359 \n\n\n\nWestminster convent destroyed in a \n\nriot, 1221. \nWestminster school founded 1070 ; \n\nagain by queen Elizabeth, 1 560. \nWet docks at Wapping, called the \n\nLondon docks, first stone of, laid \n\n26th June, 1802; opened 30th \n\nJan. 1805. \nWet docks at Leith, Edinburgh, \n\nopened 1806. \nWetherall priory, Cumb., built 1086. \nWeyhill nearly destroyed by fire 15th \n\nOct. 1784. \nWeymouth castle built 1539 ; visited \n\nby the king and royal family 1789. \nWhale fishery, the first, by the Dutch \n\n1596 ; by the English at Spitzber- \n\ngen 1598. \nWhale fishery encouraged by t act of \n\nparliament 1749. \nWhalebone found by the English at \n\nCape Breton 1321 ; first brought \n\nhome with oil 1617. \nWhales, 98 driven on the beach at \n\nLewos, in Scotland, 25th April, \n\n1832. \n\nWhales killed at Newfoundland and \nIceland for their oil only, 1578 ; \nthe use of their bones and fins not \nyet known, consequently no stays \nworn by the ladies. \n\nWhales \xe2\x80\x94 one was driven ashore in \nthe Humber 1570 ; one on the \ncoast of Norfolk, 1751; one near \nBerwick 1752; 13 were driven \nashore in a storm on the coast of \nEngland, Feb. 1762; one killed \nabove London bridge in Sept. 1781 ; \none nineteen feet long was killed \nat Execution dock, Aug. 1796 ; \none killed at Hull, Nov. 1797 ; \nanother in the Thames, Sept. 1799; \nand another at Leith the same \nmonth ; one exhibited to the popu- \nlace near London bridge, March, \n1809. The blubber was valued \nat 150/. \n\nWhalley abbey, Lancashire, built \n1178. \n\nWharton, duke of, b. about 1699; \n\ndeclared a traitor 3rd April, 1729; \n\nd. 31st May, 1731. \nWharton, Henry, English divine and \n\nhistorian, b. 1664, d. 1694. \nWheat produced annually in England \n\n\n\nand Wales amounts to 22,000,000 \nbushels; 20,000 sacks are con- \nsumed weekly in London. It was \n1405. per quarter in 1801, when \nbread was 7s. Sd. a peck loaf. A \nsingle grain- of Tartarian oat was \nplanted at Beverley in Yorkshire, \nin 1795; 18 stalks sprung from \nthe root, and 8,280 grains were \nproduced. \nWheat sold for 20s. per quarter, \nequal to 61. now, 1193, 1194, and \n1195; beans for 12c?. a quarter, \nand oats for id., 1216. Wheat \nsold in some places for 12c?. a quar- \nter, and not many years . after for \n20s. a bushel, as much as 41. now, \n1286; for .40s. a quarter, as much \nas 8/. now, 1315 ; for 31. a bushel \n1316 ; for 40s. a quarter, as much \nas 20s. a bushel now, 1335; in \nLondon for 4s. a quarter, 1493. \nIn the reign of \n\n\xc2\xa3 s.d. \n\nPhilip and Mary it sold for 6 8 \nElizabeth - - - 9 \nJames I. - - - 1 1 6 \nCharles I. - - - 14 \nCharles II. - - - 1 \nJames II. - - - 1 4 \nWilliam and Mary - 1 1 1 \nAnne - - - I 13 8 \n\nGeorge I. - - - 2 Q \nGeorge II. - - - 2 15 \nGeorge III. (1810) - 5 10 \nGeorge III. (June, 1817) 7 8 \n\nWheat, number of quarters imported \ninto England in 1831, 2,868,882. \n\nWheatley, Francis, painter, b. 1747, \nd. 28th June, 1801. \n\nWhig and Tory, the epoch of, 1680. \nThe first was a name of reproach \ngiven by the court party to their \nantagonists for resembling the \nprinciples of the Whigs, or fanati- \ncal conventiclers in Scotland ; and \nthe other was given by the country \nparty to that of the court, compar- \ning them to the Tories, or Popish \nrobbers in Ireland. They formerly \nwere called Whigs from Whiyga- \nmors, a name given to the Scots in \nthe south-west, who for want of \ncorn in that quarter used annually \nto repair to Leith, to buy stores \n\n\n\n360 \n\n\n\nW IT I \n\n\n\nWIG \n\n\n\nthat came from the North, and all \nthat drove were called Whigga- \nmors or Whiggs, from the term \nWhiggam, which they used in \ndriving their horses. Now in the \nyear 1638, the presbyterian minis- \nters incited an insurrection against \nthe court, and marched with the \npeople to Edinburgh; this was \ncalled " the Whiggamor\'s inroad," \nand after this all that opposed ad- \nministration in Scotland were called \nWhiggs, and from hence the term \nwas adopted in England. \n\nWhig and Tory originated in 1649 ; \nat their greatest height, 1704. \n\nWhirlwind, a violent, at Falmouth, \nwhich stripped the roof off every \nhouse in its way, tore up several \ntrees, and threw a vessel lying in \nthe harbour on her beam ends, so \nthat her keel appeared in sight, 1st \nJan. 1803. A violent one near Cir- \nencester 6th July, 1809. A dread- \nful one at Fernal Heath, Worces- \ntershire, its width from half a mile \nto a mile, by which much damage \nwas done, and in one farm 200 \ntrees torn up by the roots, 22nd \nSept. 1810. At Bonsell, in the \nPeak of Derbyshire, accompanied \nwith a tremendons hail-storm, 12th \nMay, 1811. At Plasyollen, Shrop- \nshire, by which many trees were \ntorn up and carried to a great dis- \ntance, 25th May, 1811. \n\nWhiston, William, the astronomer, \nb. 1667, d. 1752. \n\nWhitaker, John, antiquary, b. 1735, \nd. 1808. \n\nWhitbread, Samuel, b. 1758, d. by \nhis own hand, when in a state of \nmental derangement, 6 July, 1815. \n\nWhitby, Rev. D., b. 1638, d. 1726. \n\nWhitby, first stone of a lighthouse on \nthe pier at, was laid 27th April, \n1831. \n\nWhitby monastery, in Yorkshire, \n\nfounded 1075. \nWhite, Robert, engraver, b. 1645, \n\nd. 1704. \n\nWhite, Gilbert, naturalist, b. 1720, \nd. 1793. \n\nWhite, Henry Kirke, poet, b. 1785, \nd. 1806. \n\n\n\nWhite, Joseph, divine and biblical \n\ncritic, b. 1746, d. 1814. \nWhite, Sir Thomas, founder of St. \n\nJohn\'s college, Cambridge, b.l 492, \n\nd. 1566. \n\nWhite, Thomas, founder of Sion col- \nlege, d. 1623. \n\nWhitecross-street prison for debtors \nbegun 5th July, 1813. \n\nWhitehead, Paul, b. 1710, d. 30th \nDec. 1774. \n\nWhitehead, William, poet laureate, \nb. 1715, d. 17th April, 1785. \n\nWhitefield, Rev. George, preached in \nthe fields, 1735 ; excluded the \nchurch, 10th May, 1739 ; d. 1770, \naged 56. \n\nWhite-hall, Westminster, built by \nCardinal Wolsey, 1545 ; injured \nby fire, 1690 ; consumed 4th Jan., \n1697-8 ; gateway pulled down and \ncarried to Windsor, 1748. \n\nWhitehall preachers, first appointed \nby the Universities, 5th April, \n1724. \n\nWhitehurst, John, mechanic, b.1713, \nd. 1788. \n\nWhitelocke, Bulstrode, statesman, \n\nb. 1605, d. 1676. \nWhite roses, several knocked down \n\nfor wearing, 10th June, 1716. \nWhitgift, Abp. of Canterbury, b. \n\n1530, d. 1603. \nWhitsuntide festival, instituted 813. \nWhittington, Sir Richard, thrice lord \n\nmayorofLondon,1397,1406,1419. \nWhitty, Rev. Irvine, murdered at \n\nGolden, Tipperary, Ireland, 25 th \n\nJan. 1832. \nWhorwell Nunnery, Hants, bit. 979. \nWhytt, Dr. Robert, English physi- \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\ncian and writer, b. 1714, d. 1766. \nWickliffe, b. 1324; opposed the \n\npope\'s supremacy, 1377; d. 1384; \n\nand 40 years after his bones burnt \n\nfor being an heretic. \nWicquefort, Abraham de, statesman, \n\nb. 1598. \n\nWieland, Christ. Martin, b. 1733, \nd. at Weimar, 21st Jan. 1813. \n\nWidowers taxed in England 1695. \n\nWigmore Castle, Herefordshire, bit. \n1074. \n\nWigs, full bottomed, first worn by \nEnglish judges, in 1674, \n\n\n\nWIL \n\n\n\nWIN 361 \n\n\n\nWilberforce, W., the opponent of \nslavery, b. 1750, d. 29th July, \n1833. \n\nWildens, John, artist, b. 1584, d. \n1644. \n\nWilkes, John, the patriot, d. 26th \n\nDec. 1 797. aged 70. \nWilkie, William, poet, b. 1721, d. \n\n1772. \n\nWilkins, John, bishop, divine and \nphilosopher, b. 1614, d. 1672. \n\nWilkins, David, English librarian, \nat Lambeth, b. 1614, d. 1672. \n\nWillan, Robert, physician, b. 1757, \nd. 1812. \n\nWilliam Henry, Duke of Clarence, \nthird son of George III., visited \nNorth America, 1781 ; and Ire- \nland, 1788. See William IV. \n\nWilliam of Malmesbury, English \nhistorian, flourished 1140. \n\nWilliams, David, author of various \npublications, and founder of the \nLiterary Fund, b. 1738, d. June, \n1816. \n\nWilliam, Prince, eldest son of Henry \nI. with his newly married bride-, \ndaughter to the Earl of Anjou, \nRichard and Mary, two other of \nthe King\'s children, and 180 of the \nnobility, shipwrecked and lost, in \ncoming from Normandy, in 1120. \n\nWilliams, John, Abp. of York, pre- \nlate and statesman, b. 1582, d. \n1650. \n\nWilliamsburgh, South Carolina, da- \nmaged by a storm, 17th July, \n1758. \n\nWilliams, Sir Charles Hanbury, Eng- \nlish statesman and poet, b. 1709, \nd. 1759. \n\nWilliamson, Sir Joseph, statesman, \n\nb. about 1630, d. 1701. \nWillis, Dr. Thomas, eminent English \n\nphysician, &c, b. 1621, d. 1675. \nWillis, Dr. Browne, b. 1682, d. Feb. \n\n1760. \n\nWillingham Boy, lived 1744. \nWilmington, in North Carolina, \n\nnearly destroyed by fire, 30th Oct. \n\n1798. \n\nWills, privilege of making, granted \nby Henry I. 1100. \n\nWills to demise lands were first per- \nmitted under restrictions, by Hen. \n\n\n\nj VIII.; all real property generally \nat the Restoration. \nWills of sovereigns, the first on \nrecord is that of Richard II. 1399. \nWilloughby, Francis, English natural \n\nhistorian, b. 1635, d. 1672. \nWilmot, John, Earl of Rochester, b. \n\n1647, d. 1680. \nWilson, Alex., American naturalist, \nb. 1813. \n\nWilson, bishop of Sodor and Man, \nauthor of " Parochialia," &c. b. \n1663, d. 7th March, 1755. \nWilson, Arthur, the historian, b. \n\n1596, d. 1652. \nWilson, Samuel, of London, be- \nqueathed 20,000/. to be lent out in \nsmall sums to industrious trades- \nmen, 1771. \nWilson, Richard, landscape painter, \n\nb. 1714, d. May, 1782. \nWilton, near Great Bedwin, Wilt- \nshire, sustained damage amounting \nto 1500/. by a fire, 5th Dec. 1759. \nWilton, Joseph, statuary, d. 8th \n\nNov. 1803. \nWimbish Church, in Essex, damaged \n\nby lightning, 1 756. \nWimbledon-house, Surrey, the noble \nseat of Earl Spencer, totally de- \nstroyed by fire, 28th March, 1785. \nWinchcomb Monastery, Gloucester- \nshire, founded 800. \nWinchelsea, Monastery of, bit. 131*0 .- \n\ncastle built, 1543. \nWinchelsea, Ann, Kingsmill, Coun- \ntess of, English poetess, d. 1 720. \nWinchester, city of, burned 1102: \ncollege founded, 1387 ; cathedral \nbuilt, 1366; palace began, 1683; \nnorth gate built, 1290. \nWind saw-mill invented, 1633, and \nerected near the Strand, London, \nby a Dutchman. \nWind-guns invented at Nuremberg, \n1560. \n\nWind-mills invented, 1299. \nWindows" of glass first used in Eng- \nland for houses, 1180. \nWinds and months, present names \ngiven to them by Charlemagne, 788. \nWindham, William, statesman, b. \n\n14th May, 1750, d.4th June,1810. \nWindham, Joseph, antiquary, b. 1739, \nd. 1810. \n\nR \n\n\n\n362 \n\n\n\nWIN \n\n\n\nWOL \n\n\n\nAVindow-tax, first enacted, 1696 ; \nincreased, 5th\' Feb. 1746-7 ; again \n1763 \xe2\x80\x94 1778 ; again commuted \nfor a tax on tea, 1st Oct. 1784 ; \nincreased, 1797 ; again, 1802 and \n1808; reduced 1823. \nWindsor, several miles of the heath \nin, burned, and the trees damaged, \n17th April, 1785; castle built, \n1365; chapel built, 1473 ; college \nfounded, 1543; terrace made, \n1587; chapel thoroughly repaired \nand opened, 17th Oct. 1790. \n\nWinds, Tower of, at Athens, built \nB.C. 540. \n\nWines sold by apothecaries as a cor- \ndial, 1300 sold at 205. the tun, \nand the second sort at ] 3s. 4</., \n1389. In ]790, there were \n140,000 pipes of wine made in \nPortugal ; 45,000 were imported \ninto England, 20,000 into Ire- \nlaud, 38,000 into Holland, Den- \nmark, &c, and the remaining \n37,000 were consumed at home. \n\nWines first made in England, 1140; \nin Flanders, in 1276. \n\nWine-licenses, established 1661. \n\nWing of St. Michael, order of knight- \nhood, began in Portugal 1172. \n\nWingate, Edmund, d. 16th Dec. \n1656, aged 62. \n\nWingfield Castle, Suffolk, built be- \nfore the Conquest. \n\nWinifred\'s Well chapel built 1490. \n\nWinkelman Abbe, b. 1718; mur- \ndered at Trieste, 1768. \n\nWinsor, Fred. Albert, founder of the \ngas and coke company in London, \nb. 1763, d. Ilth May, 1830. \n\nWinslow, James, anatomist, b. 1669, \nd. 1760. \n\nWinster, in Derbyshire, near 60 \npeople were met at a puppet-show, \nwhen the upper floor of the house \nwas blown up with gunpowder, and \nno hurt done to the people below, \n27th Jan. 1785. \n\nWinwood, Sir Ralph, statesman, b. \n1565, d. 1617. \n\nWire, invented at Nuremberg, 1351 ; \nmills for, invented in Germanv, \n1563. \n\nWire- mill, the first erected at Skeen, \nby a Dutchman, 1663. \n\n\n\nWirtemberg, erected into a county \nin 1078 ; into a duchy, at the \ndiet of Worms, 1495 ; into a \nkingdom, 1806. \n\nWishart, George, martyr, d. 1546. \n\nWissing, William, painter, b. 1656, \nd. 1687. \n\nWistar, Gaspar, celebrated American \nanatomist, b. 1761, d. 1818. \n\nWit, John de, murdered at the Hague, \n10th Aug. 1672. \n\nWitchcraft was pretty much believed \nin the 16th century ; in the reign \nof Henry VII. a woman was exe- \ncuted for this supposed crime by \nthe sheriff of Devon ; 600 were \nexecuted for it in France, 1609 ; \nGrandiere, a priest of London, \nburnt for bewitching a Avhole con- \nvent of nuns, 1634 ; 20 old women \nwere executed in Bretagne, 1654; \nfive persons were burnt for witches \nat Paisley, in Scotland, 1697 ; \nand nine were burnt in Poland, \n1775. \n\nWitchcraft act, passed 1 601 ; re- \npealed, 25th March, 1736. \n\nWitham Priory, Essex, built 913. \n\nWither, George, poet, b. 1588, d. \n1667. \n\nWithering:, William, phvsician and \nbotanist, b. 1741, d. 1799. \n\nWitherspoon, John, an eminent Ame- \nrican divine, b. 1722, d. 1794. \n\nWitnesses, two required to attaint \nfor high-treason, 1 552. \n\nWitton Castle, in Durham, destroyed \nby fire, 22nd Dec. 1796. \n\nWoad, first cultivated in England, \n1582; the fixing of its colour dis- \ncovered, 1753. \n\nWoburn, Bedfordshire, burned 1724. \n\nWoburn Abbey founded 1145. \n\nWodhull, Michael, poet and trans- \nlator, b. 1740, d. 1816. \n\nWofEnston,Margaret,eminentactress, \nd. 1761. \n\nWoggis, near Lucerne, was swallowed \nup by an internal current, and \ntotally lost, 4th Aug. 1795. \n\nWolcot, Oliver, American patriot, b. \n1727, d. 1797. \n\nWolcot, John, poet, b. 1738, d. 1819. \n\nWoldimar, St., order of knighthood, \nestablished in Russia 1682. \n\n\n\nWO L \n\n\n\nWOO 363 \n\n\n\nWolfe, Gen., b. 1726, killed at the \n\ntaking of Quebec, 13tli Sept. 1759. \nWolfe, Charles, author of the Ode \n\non Sir J. Moore, b. in Dublin \n\n1791, d. 1823. \nWolf, Chris. Fred., mathematician, \n\nb. 1679, d. 1754. \nWolf, the German philologist, b. \n\n1759, d. 1824. \nWolff, John C, philosopher, b. 1679, \n\nd. 1754. \n\nWolverhampton, new church at, \n\nburned, 1st Nov. 1758. \nWolverhampton Cathedral, founded \n\n1529. \n\nWolverhampton, England, erected \n\ninto a borough 1832. \nWolves\' heads, tribute from the \n\nWelsh princes, 975. \nWollaston, Rev. William, b. 1659, \n\nd. 1724. \n\nWolsev, b. 1471 , minister to Henry \nVIII. 1513 ; archbishop of York, \n1514; cardinal, 1515; chancellor \n24th Dec. following ; legate, 1516; \nresigned the seals, 18th Oct. 1529 ; \nstripped of all his possessions, and \nd. 28th Nov. 1530, aged 59. \n\nWolsev College, Ipswich, founded \n1529. \n\nWolsely, Sir William, drowned in \nhis coach, 14th July, 1728. \n\nWood-cutting, invented 1460. \n\nWood\'s patent for coining halfpence \nand farthings to be sent to Ireland \nin 1723. \n\nWoods, an act for the preservation \n\nof, 1544 ; first taxed by parliament, \n\n31 Henry VI. 1452. \nWoodstock park laid out, the first in \n\nEngland, 1 123. \nWood, Rev. Basil, a miscellaneous \n\nwriter of repute,b. 1761, d. 1831. \nWood, Anthony, b. 1632, d. 1695. \nWood, Robert, statesman and scholar, \n\nb. 1716, d. 1771. \nWoodfall, William, printer, d. 1st \n\nAug. 1803. \nWoodfall, Henry, English comedian, \n\nd. 1777. \n\nWoolston, Thomas, b. 1669, d. 1732. \nWoollett, William, the engraver, b. \n\n1735, d. 23rd May, 1785. \nWool and woollen manufactures of \n\nIreland and America prohibited to \n\n\n\nbe carried anywhere but to Eng- \nland, 1700 ; enacted that none \nshould be braided but in woollen \nunder the penalty of 51., 1666-78. \nWool \xe2\x80\x94 exportation forbidden by an \n\nact passed 1788. \nWool. \xe2\x80\x94 One pound of wool has been \nspun to the length as follows : \nA lee of woollen yarn measures in \n\nlength 80 yards. \nA hank of ditto, by the custom of \n\nNorwich, consists of seven lees. \nTwenty-four hanks in the pound \n\nis esteemed good spinning in the \n\nschools, 13,440 yards. \nSeventy hanks in the pound is \n\nesteemed superfine spinning at \n\nNorwich, 39,200 yards, or 21 \n\nmiles. \n\nOne hundred and fifty hanks in the \npound was spun in 1754 by \nMary Powyle, of East Dereton, \nin Norfolk; and this was thought \nso extraordinary, that an account \nof it is registered at the Royal \nSociety, 85,000 yards, or 48 \nmiles. / \nThree hundred hanks in the pound \nhas already been spun by Miss \nIves ; and though this young- \nlady has carried the art of spin- \nning combed wool to so great a \ndegree of perfection, she dpes \nnot despair of improving it still \nfarther, 168,000 yards, or 95 \nmiles. Cotton to 203,000 yards. \n\xe2\x80\x94 See Sheep. \nWoollen cloth, manufacturers of, in \nall civilised countries, and in very \nremote ages, and probably of linen \nalso. Diodorus Siculus, who wrote \nin Augustus Caesar\'s time, A.D. \n21, relates that in the isle of Malta \nseveral mercantile wares were made, \nparticularly very fine cloth. Strabo, \nspeaking of Turdetania, in Lusi- \ntania, says, in 34, that cloths were \nformerly the exports of that coun- \ntry, but that they have now another \nwoollen manufacture of most ex- \ncellent beauty, such as that of the \nCorai, a people of Asia, from \nwhence the rams were brought at \na talent each, or 100/. \nWoollen cloth manufactures com- \n\n\n\n364 WOO \n\n\n\nWYT \n\n\n\nmenced at Sedan, in France,1646 ; \nthe first made in England 1331 ; \nmedley cloths first made 1614; \ngreatly improved by the Walloons \n1688; first dyed and dressed in \nEngland in 1667. Its export from \nGreat Britain in 1787 was \n3,687,795/. 12s. 2d. value. In \n1779, 272,755 pieces of broad \ncloth, containing 8,806,688 yards, \nand 180,168 pieces of narrow cloth, \ncontaining 6,377,277 yards, were \nmanufactured in the west riding \nof Yorkshire, being an increase on \nthe year 1798, a produce of 48,596 \npieces, or 1,672,574 yards of broad \ncloth, and 315,602 or 1,196,964 \nyards of narrow cloth. \n\nWoollen goods first exported from \nIreland to a foreign market 1 5th \nJan. 1780. \n\nWoolwich, the first royal dock, 1512. \n\nWoolwich church rebuilt 1732. \n\nWoolwich academy finished 1741. \n\nAVoolwich arsenal, stores, &c, burnt \nto the value of 200,000/., 20th \nMay, 1 802 ; white hemp store- \nhouse burnt down 8th July, 1813 ; \nfour men killed by an explosion of \ngunpowder in one of the sheds for \nmaking fireworks, 18th June, 1814. \n\nWorcester, city of, built 255. \n\nWorcester city and castle burnt 1113; \na stack of chimneys fell on the \ncourt-house and killed several per- \nsons 15th March, 1757: greatly \ndamaged by an explosion of gun- \npowder 11th Aug. 1762; received \n12,000/. damage by a fire, Nov. \n1791. \n\nWorcester college, Oxford, founded \n1713; incorporated 1744; cathe- \ndral built 1095. \n\nWorde, Winkin de, printer, d. 1534. \n\nWorkers, cloth, 70 families of, from \nthe Netherlands, settled in Eng- \nland by Edward III.\'s invitation, \nfor promoting the woollen manu- \nfacture 1330. \n\nWorksop manor-house destroyed by \nfire, damage valued at 100,000/., \n20th Oct. 1761 ; abbey built 1103. \n\nWorlidge, Thomas, an engraver, b. \n1700, d. 1766. \n\nWormwood and other plants used for \n\n\n\nj preserving malt liquors before the \n\nuse of hops, 1492. \n; Worsdale, James, painter, d. 1767. \n| Worshipping images introduced into \nEngland 763 ; forbidden in Hun- \ngary 1785. \nWotton, Rev. Dr. William, d.1726, \naged 60. \n\nWotton, Sir Henrv, b. 1568, d. \n1639. \n\nWouters, Francis, painter, d. 1659. \nWouvcrmans, Philip, an eminent \nDutch painter, b. 1620, d. 1668. \nWraxhall, Sir Nathaniel, an English \nmiscellaneous writer, b. 1752, d. \n1832. \n\nWrav, Daniel, English antiquary, b. \n\n1703, d. 1783. \nWren, Sir Christopher, architect, b, \n\n1632, d. 1723. \nWrickington, coal pit at, explosion \ntook place, when 47 persons were \nkilled and others wounded, 9th \nMay, 1833. \nWright, Joseph, painter, of Derby, \n\nb. 1734, d. 29th Aug. 1797. \nWright, Thomas, eminent physician, \nd. in Spain 1812, aged 52 years. \nHe was present in the American \nwar, at the bombardment of Flush- \ning, and in the campaigns of the \nDuke of Wellington. \nWriting and the use of figures first \nintroduced into England by the \nRomans. \n\nWyat, Sir Thomas, the poet, d.1541, \naged 37. \n\nWyatt, James, architect, b. about \n\n1743, d. 1813. \nWycherley, William, b. 1640, d. 1st \n\nJan. 1715. \nWycke, Thomas, painter, b. 1616, \n\nd. 1686. \nWycke, John, painter, d. 1702. \nWykeham, William of, an eminent \nEnglish prelate, bishop of Win- \nchester, b. 1324, d. 1404. \nWymondham monastery founded \n1105. \n\nWyndham, H. Penruddock, writer \n\nand antiquary, b. 1736, d. 1819. \nWyndham, Sir William, statesman, \n\nb. 1687, d. 1740. . \nWythe, George, American lawyer, \nstatesman, and patriot, d. 1806. \n\n\n\nX A V Y R I 365 \n\nX \n\nXaVIER, St. Francis, b. 1506, d. Xenoplion d. at Corinth 359 B.C. \n\n1552. aged 90. \n\nXenocrates, philosopher, b. 400 B.C., Ximenes, cardinal de, b. ] 437, d. \n\nd.314. 1517. \n\n\n\nY \n\nYALDEN, Thomas, English di- \nvine and poet, b. 1671, d. 1736. \n\nYarm, overflowed by the River Tees, \nand sustained much damage, 21st \nOct. 1761. \n\nYarrow Monastery, Durham, built \n674. \n\nYates, Mrs. Mary, of Shiffnal, d. \n\nAug. 1776, aged 128. \nY\xc2\xabar, the solar, found to consist of \n\n365 days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes, \n\nA. D. 265; introduced by Caesar, \n\n45 B.C. \n\nYellow dye, for cotton, invented by \nDr. R. Williams, 1773. \n\nYellow Fever, raged in the West \nIndies with uncommon mortality, \nin 1794; at Santa Cruz, Tene- \nriffe, 1200 died of it, Feb. 181 1. \n\nYeoman of the guards, first insti- \ntuted 30th Oct. 1485. \n\nYeovil, Somersetshire, fire at, which \ndestroyed 17 houses, 21st Sept. \n1815. \n\nYork-buildings Water-works com- \npany, incorporated 1691. \n\nYork, Duke of, b. 1784 ; charges \npreferred against him in the \nHouse of Commons, by Mr. \nWardle, member for Oakhampton, \n28th Jan., 1809; resigned the \ncommandership in chief of the \nforces, 18th March, 1809 ; had \n40,000/. annuity settled on him, \n1792, d. 1827. \n\nYork, Indiaman, lost in going into \nLimerick, Ireland, 14 th Nov. \n1758. \n\nYork, Admiral Sir Joseph Sydney, \ndrowned by the upsetting of his \nboat, near Portsmouth, 5th May, \n1831. \n\nYork City, built B. C. 122 ; cathe- \ndral built, 628 ; rebuilt, 1075 ; \nwith the cathedral and 39 churches \n\n\n\ndestroyed by a fire, 3rd June, \n1186; St. Mary\'s abbey, built \n1088; Ouse bridge, built, 1566; \nCastle built by William the Con- \nqueror; rebuilt, 1701 ; mansion- \nhouse, built, 1728 ; cathedral set \nfire to by Martin, a lunatic, 2nd \nFeb. 1829; re-opened, being re- \nedified after the great injuries it \nsustained, 6th May, 1832. \n\nYorke, Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, b. \n1690, d. 1764. \n\nYorke, Philip, second Earl of Hard- \nwicke, author of Athenian Letters, \nb. 1720, d. 1790. \n\nYoughall, in Ireland, had its bar- \nracks blown up by accident, in \nSept. 1793, when the face of Mr. \nArmstrong, the quartermaster, was \nso burnt that the whole of his skin \nwas scorched ; but it was singular \nthat he was much marked with the \nsmall-pox before the accident hap- \npened, and on getting a new skin, \nit became perfectly smooth, with- \nout any remains of the small-pox \nmarks. \n\nYpres, in Flanders, founded, 960. \nYoung, Dr. Edward, d. 1765, aged \n84. \n\nYoung, Arthur, agricultural writer, \nb. 1741, d. 1820. \n\nYoung, Patrick, classical scholar, b. \n1584, d. 1652. \n\nYoung, Sir William, miscellaneous \nwriter, b, 1750, d. 1815. \n\nYoung, Matthew, bishop of Clonfert, \nmathematician, d. 1800. \n\nYoung, Thomas, physician and phi- \nlosopher, b. 1744, d. 1829. \n\nYpsilanti, Alexander, Grecian prince, \nd. 1821. \n\nYriarte, Don Thomas, Spanish writer, \nb. 1750, d. 1790. \n\n\n\n366 ZAB \n\n\n\nZaBLI A, Nicholas, artist, b. 1674, \nd. 1750. \n\nZaccaria, Francis A., Italian -writer, \nb. 1714, d. 1795. \n\nZach, baron de, a celebrated as- \ntronomer of Hungary, b. 1754, d. \n1833. \n\nZampien, Dom., painter, b. 1531, d. \n1641. \n\nZecca at Venice built 1570. \n\nZedwitz, in Germany, tbe catholic \nchapel, the mansions of three counts \nof Zedwitz, the post-office, and \n4000 private dwellings, destroyed \nbv fire at, 12th Dec. 1814. \n\nZen\'o of Elea, fl. B.C. 463. \n\nZeno, founder of the Stoics, b. B.C. \n362, d. 264. \n\nZeno, Apostolo, Italian poet, b. 1669, \nd. 1750. \n\nZenobia, queen of Palmyra, d. about \n\n300 B.C. \nZenodatus, librarian at Alexandria \n\n287 B.C. \nZenodorus, sculptor, fl. A.D. 64. \nZephaniah, the prophet, flourished \n\n641 B.C. \nZeuxis, celebrated painter of ancient \n\nGreece, b. B.C. 490, d. 400. \nZimmerman, J. G., physician and \n\nwriter, b. 1728, d. 1795. \n\n\n\nZimmerman, E. A. W., miscellane- \nous writer, b. 1743, d. 1815. \n\nZincke, German painter in enamel \nb. 1684, d. 1767. \n\nZinzendoif, Count Nicholas Lewis, \nfounder of the Hernhutters, or \nMoravians, b. 1700, d. 1760. \n\nZisca, John, Bohemian reformer, d. \n1424. \n\nZodiac, signs of the, invented by \n\nAnaximander B.C. 547. \nZollikofer, G. J., divine, b. 1730, d. \n\n1788. \n\nZonaras, flourished 1118. \nZoroaster, flourished in the time of \n\nDarius Hystaspes, about 508 B.C. \nZouch, Thomas, divine, b. 1737, d. \n\n1816. \n\nZoust, Gerard, painter, d. 1681. \n\nZuccarelli, a celebrated Italian pain- \nter, b. 1710, d. Dec. 1788. \n\nZucchero, Taddeo, an Italian painter, \nb. 1529, d. 1566. \n\nZucchero, Fed., an Italian painter, \nb. 1543, d. 1616. \n\nZuinglius, b. 1487, killed in the \nSwiss war, 1531. \n\nZumbo, Gaston, sculptor, b. 1656, \nd. 1701. \n\nZuppo, Marc, an Italian painter, b. \n1451, d. 1517. \n\n\n\nTHE END. \n\n\n\nLONDON : \n\n! RADEL\'RY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, V HHEFRIAHS. \n\n\n\nLIBRARY OF CONGRFCc^^^ \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0IliililBliL \n\n015 809 588 9 \n\n\n\n'