r. S. l)FJ\\krMENT ()I< ArxRICULTUl^H, K( l;i:\[ ol WIMAI. INDTS'I'lIA' r,iiii:iix \,., :;:,. 1), V. SALMON. D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. 8F ELEVKN M1S(:ELL.\NK()US PAPERS J. ^:N [\[ AL PAll A.S I TES. WASHINGTON: ;OVERNMRNT PRINTING OFFICE. 1 :mi L'. O (. Book 7' J) U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, II BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY— P.ui.lktin No. 35. D. E. SALMON, D. V. M., Chief of Bureau. ^- ' It ff^ ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON a:^imal pakasites. C^s,ries W' Sf/les WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1902. S£onofn(* ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. C/m/; D. E. Salmon, D. V. M. Assistant Chief: A. D. Melvin, D. V. S. Chief Clerk: S. R. Burch. Dairy Division: Henry E. Alvord, C. E., chief; R. A. Pearson, M. S., assistant chief. Inspection Division: A. M. Farrington, B. S., B. V. S., chief; E. J. Jones, LL.M., assistant chief. Miscellaneous Division: Richard W. Hickman, Ph. G., V. M. D., chief. Editorial Clerk: George Fayette Thompson. Expert in Animal Husbandly: George M. Rommel, B. S. A. Artist: "W. S. D. Haines. Librarian: Beatrice C. Oberly. LABORATORIES. Biochemic Division: E. A. de Schweinitz, Ph. D., M. D., chief; Marion Dorset, M. D., assistant chief. Expert in Dairy Chemistry: George E. Patrick, M. S. Pathological Division: Ch. Wardell Stiles, A. M., M. S., Ph. D., chief. Zoological Division: JohnR. Mohler, V. M. D., zoologist; Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S., acting assistant zoologist. EXPERIMENT STATION. Superintendent: E.G. Schroeder, M. D. V.; expert assistant, W. E. Cotton. 2 % LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. U. S. Department of Aoriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington^ D. C.^ Decemher 2, lt)01. Sir: 1 have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for publication as Bulletin No. 35 of this Bureau, the manuscripts of eleven miscellaneous articles on animal parasites. Three of the parasites men- tioned are Asiatic and are likely to be found affecting some of the troops who have served in China or the Philippines. These three parasites are not familiar to American physicians in general, since they are not usually described in American text-books. One of the other parasites is the common vinegar eel, which is now reported as a parasite of man, and two parasites are discussed which are more or less problematic, but have been mentioned in many zoological and medical writings. While the work of this Bureau is primarily in the field of veterinary medicine, it is impossible entirely to avoid references to diseases which affect man. This is particularly the case with the animal parasites. Not only is it impossible to draw a sharp line between the parasites of man and those of the domesticated and wild animals, since the organisms in question are in many cases transmissible from one to the other, but as this is the only service in the Government which supports a labora- tory devoted to a study of medical and veterinary zoology, we are constantly being called upon by the physicians of the country, the State boards of health, and the various departments of the Government for information or cooperation in this field of science. Kespectfully, Hon. James Wilson, Secretary. D. E. Salmon, Chief of Bureau. CONTENTS. Page. Treatment for roundworms in sheep, goats, and cattle. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 7 The disinfection of kennels, pens, and yards by fire. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D [ 15 Eimeria Stiedx (Lindemann, 1865), correct name for the hepatic coccidia of rabbits. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 18 Eimeridla, new genus of coccidia. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 18 Notes on parasites— 58 to 62. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Albert Has- sall, M. R. C. V. S 19 58: LevinncnieUa, new name for the trematode genus Lerinsenia Stossich. 1899 (not Mesnil, 1897) 19 59: Hmnatokechus similigenus, new name for the trematode H. similis Looss, 1899 20 60: Bothriocepllalinaj, Ptychobothriinse, and Mesogonina^ from a nomen- clatural standpoint 20 61 : The type species of Anchistrocephalus 21 62 : Tricuspidaria or Trhcnopliorus^? 22 Two trematodes {Mnnosfoinulum lentis and Aijamodixtonruni opIiliKi/uiuliiuni) parasitic in the human eye. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. I) 24 A case of Vinegar eel {Anguillula aceti) infection in the human bladder. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & W. Ashby Frankland, M. D 35 An Egyptian and Japanese strongyle {Strongylus subtilis) which may possibly occur in returning American troops. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D 41 An adult cestode [Diplngonoporus grandis) of man which may possibly occur in returning American troops. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Louise Tayler, M. S 43 A larval cestode {Sparganum Mansoni) of man which may possibly occur in returning American troops. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Louise Tayler, M. S 47 Spurious parasitism due to partially digested bananas. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., & Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S 56 Index to technical names 59 5 ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Page. Plate I. Spraying with burning oil 16 II. Spraying with burning oil 16 III. Dorsal and ventral views of Agamodistomum ophthalmobium 28 IV. Vinegar eel ( Anguillula aceti) 36 V. Full-grown male and female Strongylus subtilis 40 FIGURES. Fig. 1. Tank, pump, and hose for spraying with oil 16 2-5. (See Plate III) 28 6-13. (See Plate IV) 36 14-21. (See Plate V) 40 22. Dorsal view of a portion of the strobila of the double-pored large tape- worm ( Diplogo7ioporus grandis) of man 44 23. Ventral view of same 44 24. Transverse section of same 44 25. Ventral view of a portion of the strobila, showing two rows of geni- tal pores, with partially extruded cirri 45 26. Ventral view of lateral half of a few segments of same 45 27. Partially diagrammatic representation of a left set of main genital ducts, as seen from the ventral side 46 28. An egg taken from the uterus 46 29. Sparganum Mansoni 48 30. Another specimen of same 48 31. Head end of same 48 32-35. Four different specimens of Sparganum Mansoni 50 36. Longitudinal section of anterior end of fig. 34 '. 53 37. A portion of banana found in the stool 56 38. Dark banana cells showing arrangement resembling tapeworm strobilse 57 6 ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. TREATMENT FOR ROUNDWORMS IN SHEEP, (iOATS, AND CATTLE." By Cn. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., PatJwlogist of Bureau of Animal Industry. Sheep, goats, and cattle suffer from the effects of roundworms. This is especially true during wet years. These parasites are found particularly in the lungs, the fourth stomach, and the bowels, and, when present in large numbers, the}" may result in the death of 5 to 50 per cent of a flock. For some of these parasites, treatment is possible; but for others, treatment has not been found altogether satisfactory. TREATMENT. Roundworms which live free in the fourth stomach or in the bowels may be expelled b}- using various drugs in drenches. A long list of medicines might be mentioned, but man}" of the drugs most highly recommended frequently fail to effect a cure. Failures are due to several causes: The drug itself may be of little or no value; it may not be administered in the proper dose; it may not be administered in the proper way. One of the most commonly used drenches is turpentine, but more satisfactory results are obtained from the use of coal-tar creosote, or coal-tar creosote and thymol, or gasoline, or bluestone. COAL-TAR CREOSOTE. I have had excellent success in treating sheep, goats, and cattle for the twisted wireworm {Strongylus contoHus) with a 1 per cent solu- tion of coal-tar creosote. The medicine is easily prepared and quite inexpensive. It may be purchased of a druggist in small quantities of 1 ounce or in pound bottles. One ounce is sufficient for about 20 adult sheep, and the cost of the treatment is less than one -half a cent per head; if creosote is purchased by the pound the cost is reduced to less than one-quarter of a cent per head. If creosote is * Published also as Circular No. 35 of this Bureau, 1901, pp. 1-S. 8 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. called for at a drug store, beechwood creosote will usually be dis- pensed. This is more expensive than the coal-tar creosote, and not so satisfactory in expelling- worms. A 1 per cent solution of coal-tar creosote is made as follows: Ounces. Coal-tar creosote 1 Water "99 Twisted wire worms {Strongyhts contortm) taken directly from the stomach of sheep or cattle die in one-half to one and a half minutes when immersed in this solution. If, in dosing, this liquid enters the lungs, the animal may succumb in a few minutes. If the dosing is performed carefully, as much as 6f ounces may be given to a full-grown sheep without fatal results. In some cases, however, the animal shows ill effects, from which it usually recovers within half an hour. Six ounces were given to a number of sheep without the slightest ill effects. The following table gives the doses of the 1 per cent mixture which were used in about 400 cases without ill effects: Lambs 4 to 12 months old 2 to 4 ounces (about 60 to 120 c. c. )• Yearling sheep and above 3 to 5 ounces (about 90 to 150 c. c.) . Calves 3 to 8 months old 5 to 10 ounces (about 150 to 300 c. c.) . Yearling steers 1 pint (about 480 c. c. ) . Two-year-olds and above 1 quart (about 960 c. c. ). Sheep, goats, and calves which received this treatment showed a marked improvement a few days after receiving a single dose. In experiments with creosote at Washington, D. C, sheep were drenched with a 1 per cent solution and killed immediately afterwards. Upon opening the fourth stomach, it was found that the wireworms present were dead. In some cases where this was tried later, the wire- worms were found to be still alive; but it is believed that the explana- tion of this fact has now been discovered. (See below, page 13.) Creo- sote does not appear to have much effect upon the worms below the stomach. If an overdose is given by mistake, and if the sheep appears severely affected by it, the animal should be placed in the shade. Even in some cases of very severe overdoses, where the animal is practically given up for dead, it may entirely recover within an hour or so. COAL-TAR CREOSOTE AND THYMOL. If, in addition to the stomach worms, the animals were suffering from severe infection of bowel worms, such as the hook worms, better results were obtained in the treatment when powdered th3anol was added to the creosote. In cases of this kind the creosote' solution is prepared, as directed above, and 30 to 80 or even 100 grains of thymol added to each dose after it has been measured. " 99 ounces = 6 jnnts and 3 ounces. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 9 Thj'inol is expensive, the price varying in different parts of the countrv. It may be purchased bj'^ the ounce, but it is considerably cheaper if purchased by the pound. Avoid using thymol which has become vellowish or reddish and which has run together in the bottle so as to form a solid mass. Powder the crystals and have the drug- gist measure 30 grains. Give 30 grains to a lamb. al)out .50 grains to a yearling, and 70 to 80 or 100 grains to older sheep, according to size. In experiments I have had excellent results with a single dose of the creosote and thymol mixture. If necessary, however, the dose could be repeated after a week. BLUESTONE. In the recent experiments with bluestone by Hutcheon, in South Africa, against wire worm disease in sheep, it has been claimed that the same treatment expels tapeworms. Caution. — Repeated accidents have happened from using too strong a solution or too large doses, or in giving it in such a way that the medicine gained access to the lungs. Dr. Hutcheon^s method of pro- cedure, which is here given in detail, is safe in the hands of the average farmer if the directions are followed. The person who gives stronger doses than indicated, or who is careless about the measurements, must take the entire responsibility of the miscarriage of the treatment. It is a good plan to make up a smaller quantity of the solution and try it upon a few sheep before attempting to dose the entire flock. {a) To 2>i'<'p(ire the miacture. — Hutcheon has changed his formula slighth' from time to time. On February 21, 1895, he gave the fol- lowing proportions: Dissolve 1 pound avoirdupois (1 pound=16 ounces) of good com- mercial powdered bluestone (sulphate of copper) in 2 imperial quarts ( = 2| quarts. United States) of boiling water; when the bluestone is thoroughly dissolved, add 6^ imperial gallons (=26 imperial quarts = 7| United States gallons = 31| United States quarts) of cold water, making in all 7 imperial gallons (or 8f United States gallons) of water. In 1897 he changed the strength of the solution to 1 pound of blue- stone to ''-10 whisk}' bottlefuls of water." This is practically 1 pound to 7i imperial gallons ( = 9 United States gallons = about S-t liters, metric) of water. Use onl}' bluestone which is of a uniform blue color; avoid that which is in conglomerate lumps with white patches and covered with a white crust. The equivalents of 1 pound avoirdupois and of 7 imperial gallons in other weights and measures are as follows: One pound avoirdupois = 1 pound 2 ounces 280 grains of apothecaries' (also is equal to -153.59 grams of metric weight). Seven imperial gallons = 8 gallons 3 pints 3 fluid ounces 3 fluid drams 56 minims (or practicallv 8 gallons ?>\ pints. 10 BUKEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. or 8| gallons) of apothecaries' (also is equal to 31.804409 liters, metric system). The farmer is cautioned against guessing at the weights and measures, for this is sure to result either in too strong a solution, which will kill his animals, or too weak a solution, which will fail to be effective. Scales and measures should be tested before they are used. If reliable scales are not at hand, buy the bluestone already weighed and have the exact weight in avoirdupois, apothecaries', or metric system marked on the package. If a smaller quantit}" than the above is desired, this can be made up in the proportion of 1 ounce avoirdupois of bluestone to 4| United States pints of water. (b) Preparation of the animals. — Let the sheep or cattle fast twenty to twenty-four hours before dosing. If the fast is thirty hours (longer fasts are dangerous), an extra half gallon or gallon of water should be added to the solution, as animals are more liable to suffer after a long fast. (c) Size of the dose. — Hutcheon has several times changed the size of the doses he advises, in some papers basing it on the imperial fluid ounce and in others on the tablespoon. The doses for sheep (in impe- rial ounces and in tablespoons) given below are his most recent (Jan- uary 10, 1895) recommendations, and, though based upon a solution with 5 per cent less water than the lirst solution given above, they may be used for the weaker mixture. I have given the metric doses to a number of sheep and goats, and the animals showed no ill effects. On the contrary, they gained in weight. Size of dose for animals at several ages. Approximate equivalents. Age of animals. Table- spoons. «• Imperial. United States apothe- caries. Metric. 1 2 3 4 4J 41 to 5 5 to 51 About i fluid oz About li fluid oz About 2i fluid oz About 3 fluid oz About 35 fluid oz About 3i to 31 fluid oz. About 3J to4i fluid oz. About f fluid oz About Ij fluid oz About 2 fluid oz About 2| fluid oz About 3 fluid oz About 3 to 3j fluid oz. About 3Ho 3f fluid oz. About 20 c. c. Lamb fi months old About 40 e. c. Shueii 11.' niiinths old Shoep IS miintlis old Sheep 21 months old About 60 c. c. About 80 C. C. About 90 c. c. 90 to 100 c. c. lOOtollOc.c. ""The tablespoon I refer to is the modern, full-sized tablespoon (6 fluid drams), tablespoon contains exactly half an ounce."— Hutcheon. The medicinal Be careful not to give a two-toothed, young sheep as much as a full- grown, four-toothed sheep. Mistakes may occur in judging the age unless the teeth are examined. The doses should be measured off' in bottles and the point of each dose plainly marked with a file. (d) Dosing. — In dosing, use long-necked bottles— as castor oil liottles, Worcestershire sauce bottles, or anchovy sauce bottles — or, better still, a drenching tube. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. ii Let one person place the sheep on its haunches and take its fore legs in his left hand while he steadies the head with the right. Another person inserts the neck of the bottle into the mouth. The head of the sheep should not be raised too high, as in that case the solution may enter the lungs and kill the sheep. A safe rule is to raise the nose to the height of the animal's eyes. (e) Overdose. — If, after dosing, an}^ of the sheep seem to be suffering from an overdose — indicated by lying apart from the flock, not feed- ing, manifesting a painful, excited look and a spasmodic movement in running, walking with a stitt' gait, purging, the discharge being a dirtj^ brownish color — take them away from the flock to a shady place and dose with laudanum and milk as follows: For a lamb 4 to (> months old, 1 teaspoonful of laudaiunn in a tumbler of milk; for a sheep 1 year old, 2 teaspoonfuls of laudanum in a tumbler of milk. Repeat half the dose in two to three hours, if necessary. (y*) x\fteT-treatment. — The animals should not be allowed water for several hours after receiving their dose. I have used bluestone on several occasions, and, although it proved more or less successful, it was not so satisfactory as creosote or as gasoline. GASOLINE. Gasoline has recently gained considerable reputation as a vermifuge. I have used it in a number of cases and have found the claims made for it to be more or less justifled. Three objections, however, arise to its use, and I can not, therefore, consider it an ideal treatment. These objections are: (1) Not less than three doses, and usually four to six, arc required to expel the worms. Its use involves a great expenditure of labor, and it is therefore impracticable on the large ranches. (2) While several doses are not necessarily injurious to the stock, still, if the doses are large, repeated drenches cause a more or less severe congestion of the bowels. Not only that, but repeated hand- ling of range sheep, with the necessarj^ preliminary treatment of withholding food, is injurious to the animals. (3) If used on animals suffering from pleurisy, it is likely to be fatal. I have had several fatal cases of this kind. Nearly all vermifuges are, however, more or less poisonous in one way or another, and gasoline, if properly used, is not particularly dangerous. The necessity of repeating the dose from four to nine times, in order to effect a complete cure, will, however, militate against its general adoption. If gasoline is used, anmionia also should always be kept on hand. If an animal is wuddenl}- overcome by the effects of gasoline, a small amount (a teaspoonful or so) of aromatic spirits of ammonia may be given in watpr as a drench, to be repeated if necessary, and will usuall}" result in the recovery of the patient. 12 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. The usual doses of gasoline for stomach worms are: Ounce. Lambs I Sheep 2 Calves 2 Yearling steers 1 I have used these doses repeatedly without any serious effects. Each dose is mixed separately in linseed oil, sweet milk, flaxseed tea, or an egg, and given as a drench. If given directly in water, it is more severe on the patient. An ounce and a half of gasoline has resulted in the immediate death of a full-grown ewe, but in some cases I have given to full-grown sheep as high as 2 to 3 ounces without serious results. I have also given as much as 3 ounces to a yearling steer, and 7 ounces (within an hour) to a horse, without causing serious symptoms. 1 have also given 3 ounces to a full-grown chicken; the animal became very stupid for a time, but eventuall}^ recovered. On the other hand, in one case a yearling steer, in apparently quite health}' condition, succumbed within two minutes after a dose of 1^ ounces. These large doses were given experimentally to determine the danger point, and they should never be used by farmers in treating stock. In one instance a steer was suddenly overcome because the man who was administering the dose for me accidentally held the head too high and the medicine entered the lungs. The animal fell immediately and appeared to be almost dead. I happened to have a hypodermic syringe with me and some tablets of sulphate of strychnine. A hypo- dermic injection of this substance was immediatelj^ given, and within five minutes the animal was feeding as if nothing had happened. This incident led me to overdose several animals with gasoline and then to tr\' to revive them with hypodermic injections of strychnine. In all cases the treatment was successful. It is thus seen that injury from gaso- line may be counteracted by either aromatic spirits of aumionia or by strychnine. METHODS OP DRENCITING ANIMALS. The popular method of drenching is with a bottle. The use of a drenching tube is, however, far more satisfactory. A drenching tube may be made by taking an ordinary tin funnel, which may be pur- chased for 5 or 10 cents, and inserting the narrow end into one end of a rubber tube or hose, say 3 feet long and three-eighths or one-half inch in diameter; into the other end of the rubber tube is inserted a piece of three-eighths-inch brass or iron tubing about 1 to 6 inches long. The metal tube is placed between the animaFs back teeth, and the sheep or calf is allowed to bite upon it. The water or drench is poured into the funnel, which may be held by an assistant or fastened to a post at a convenient height. The man who holds the metal tube ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS (>N ANIMAL PARASITES. 13 between the unimal's teeth can control the aniniars head with the left hand, and l\y holding the tube in the right hand, near the point of union of the rubl)er and metal tubes, he can easily control the flow of the fluid by pinching the rubber hose. Care must be taken not to hold the patient's nostrils closed, otherwise the dose will enter the lungs. It is usually advisable to let animals fast twelve to sixteen hours before dosing. POSITTON OK THE ANIMAL DURING DRENCHING. Difl'erent persons prefer to hold the animals in difl'erent positions during drenching. Thus (1) the animal may be left standing on all foui" feet; or (2) it may ])e placed on its haunches, one man holding its back up against his own bod}^; or (8) it may be placed direct!}' on its back on a sloping piece of ground, its head being in a direct line with its back, and higher than its rump; or (4) it may be placed upon its side, the head ])eing brought around so that the horns are squarely on the ground; the operator may then place one foot on one of the horns (especially in the case of semiwild cattle) and thus aid in holding the animal still. So far as administering the doses is concerned, the position on the back (3) is by far the easiest in the case of sheep, and the side position with head down (4) is the easiest in dosing cattle; furthermore, in these positions there is much less danger of an accident by getting the dose in the lungs. If animals are dosed standing or on their haunches, the nose should never be allowed to go above the ej^es; otherwise the drench may pass down the windpipe into the lungs. By dosing sheep with water colored red and blue with dyeing material, and killing the animals immediately after the liquid was swallowed, the following results were obtained: If the dose was given with the sheep standing (1), almost the entire quantity went directly into the fourth stomach; if the sheep was placed on its haunches, the fluid passed in part into the fourth stomach and in part into the first (the paunch); if the sheep was placed directly on its back (3), or if a steer was placed on its side (4) with head down, almost the entire dose passed into the first stomach (the paunch). If the animal, even when standing (1), struggled to a considerable degree, a portion of the fluid passed into the paunch. It will be immediately apparent that these facts are of practical importance in dosing. If, for instance, gasoline, turpentine, or creo- sote is used, better results may be expected if the sheep is dosed standing (1). PREVENTIVE MEASURES. First. Every ranch should have a hospital pasture situated on high, dr}^ ground, well drained, and without any pools or ponds; this should be supplied with raised troughs for watering and feeding, and the 14 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. water supply should come from a well. This pasture should not drain into any pasture in which healthy stock are feeding*. Second. As soon as ainy sick animal is noticed in the large pasture it should be immediately separated from the healthy stock and taken to the hospital pasture. To allow sick animals to run at large with healthy stock means to permit deliberately the spread of infection in the pastures and thus endanger the uninfected animals. Third. Proper watering places should be supplied in the large pas- tures by digging wells and erecting windmills to pump the water into tanks. These tanks should be raised above the ground, so that they can not become contaminated by the animals' droppings being washed into them by rains and floods. Fourth. Select high, sloping ground for pasture when this is possi- ble. Low pastures should be properly drained. Fifth. When practicable, burn the pastures regularly, thoroughly, and systematically. The heat from the burning grass will kill many of the eggs and young worms on the grass, ground, and in the droppings. Sixth. As parasites are more fatal to young animals than to old, a liberal supply of oats or some similar food will aid in giving to young animals strength which will enable them to witiistand the infection. A daily allowance of, say, half a pound of oats per lamb ought to reduce the mortality. At first they may not be inclined to eat it, but they will soon become accustomed to it. This simple precaution is reported as very efl'ectual in New Zealand. Seventh. Keep plenty of salt accessible to the animals. Some men add slaked lime to the salt; others add one part of sulphate of iron to 100 parts of salt. As a matter of experience, salt kills many young worms. For the minute worms encysted in the fourth stomach, and also for those forming nodules in the bowels, no treatment is known. For worms in the lungs numerous methods of treatment have been suggested, and success has been claimed for certain remedies. None that I have tried, however, has proved satisfactory.'' No practical medicinal treatment is known for the flatworms of the liver, and the treatment for tapeworms in the bowels of ruminants is frequently unsuccessful. "See Stiles, 1902, Verminoua diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats in Texas ^Seven- teenth Annual Eeport of Bureau of Animal Industry (1900), 1902, pp. 356-379. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 15 THE DISINFECTION OF KENNELS, PENS, AND YARDS BY FIRE. By Cn. Wakdell Stiles, Pii. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. In a recent outbreak of uncinariasis among the blue foxes ( Yidpes lagopus) of the National Zoological Park, at Washington, D. C. , and of infection by the twisted wireworm [Stronyylus contortuf<) among the ruminants of the same institution, the problem of disinfecting the yards presented itself. In the diseases in question 1 had to deal with nematode eggs and embryos, which experience has shown to be difficult to kill by the ordinary methods of disinfection. Experiments and experience in Texas have shown fire (by burning the pastures) to be a cheap and practical means of disinfecting a pasture infested with these two genera ( Unc'maria and Sstromjyluh)^ and the question arose as to how fire could be safely used for the same purpose in pens, kennels, and yards. It is evident that an}^ method which involved the pouring around of an inflammable oil was excluded as being too dangerous and too expensive. The use of a gasoline burner, such as is used in repairing asphalt pavements, suggested itself, and was immediately tried. Unfor- tunately, the instrument is clumsy and difficult to handle, but the heat it developed on the ground showed that the general principles involved were applicable. The surface of the ground was thoroughly scorched, and all particles of wood, straw, pine needles, etc., were burned. From the temperature to which the surface of the ground was heated (tested by the hand), it is clear that any superficially situated nematode eggs or larvge would be immediately killed. As stated elsewhere, I have found in Texas that the burning of the grass on the prairie generates sufficient heat practically to disinfect the pastures of parasitic nema- todes — a conclusion based, not upon observing the dead nematodes, but upon the fact that an outbreak of nematode infection in cattle may be checked by this method. The conclusion appears justified, there- fore, that outbreaks of nematode disease in kennels, zoological gar- dens, etc., can be checked by similar measures. Owing to the price charged for the asphalt burners, and to their un- wieldiness, I began the construction of a new and cheaper apparatus, one more simple in form and more convenient to handle; but before this in- strument was completed Dr. L. O. Howard, entomologist of this Depart- ment, called my attention to an apparatus already in existence which will apparently answer the purpose. The instrument in question is the so-called "cyclone burner," and is described by Forbush " as follows: "Professor Fernald had recommended in 1889 that the egga of the moth be scraped from the trees and burned. This was the most effectual method of egg-kiUing pur- sued by the first commission. During the spring of 1891 it was used by the second "Forbush & Fernald, 1896, The Gypsy Moth, Porthetria disjmr (Linn.). A report of the work of destroying the insect in tlie Commonwealth of Massachusetts, etc., Boston, pp. xii+495+c. 66 plates, 5 maps, and figs, in text. 16 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTEY. commission and later by the employees of the State board of agriculture. The egga were scraped off or cut away from the objects upon which they rested, placed in tin cans, and burned in stoves or brush fires. A fierce heat is required to insure their destruction. When exposed to such heat they finally burst with a snapping like a bunch of miniature firecrackers or the cracking of corn in a popper. Whenever the eggs were very numerous in undergrowth or waste land, fire was run through the dead leaves and debris as an experiment; but this method seemed to have little effect, as the heat was not sutficiently intense. The hairy covering of the egg clusters seems to possess remarkable nonconductive properties, rendering the eggs almost impervious for a time to sudden intense heat. Even with the hottest fire that can be applied to the egg clusters, some minutes are required to destroy them utterly. A running brush fire merely scorched the outside of the cluster, killing perhaps a few of the eggs in the external layer, but leaving the majority uninjured. Experiments were next made with crude petroleum, by spraying it over the ground and vegetation by means of watering pots and then igniting it. The fire thus made was fierce enough to destroy the small undergrowth and the upper layer of leaves, together with most of the eggs, l)ut such egg clusters as remained under roots or rocks were not injured. Considerable oil was wasted by soaking into the ground, and the remainder did not give the degree of heat which is obtained by atomizing. Experiments were then made with a view of perfecting a burning machine which would incinerate all undergrowth in a given tract. The first experiments were not entirely successful, as the machines were either too cumbersome or could not be used on rough or uneven ground. It was found necessary to provide an apparatus which would distribute the oil in a spray, as when thus thrown in fine particles in the air and Fig. 1.— Tank, pump, and hose for spraying ■ -j. ■, ■, c i ^ i u i. a with oil Ignited, it formed an extremely hot gas flame and was consumed to the best advantage. For economy's sake, such an apparatus must be light enough to be carried and operated by two men, as wagons could not be driven over much of the ground upon which this work was done. Experiments were made with the cyclone nozzle. An oil spray from this nozzle, when ignited, was found to give a very hot and effective flame. Crude oil was first used as a burning fluid, but as it is very objectionable on account of its rank odor, parafiin-gafe oil was substituted later. This oil has less odor and burns to better advantage, but is somewhat more expensive. A 15-gallon tank, which could be readily carried about by two men, was provided. On such a tank a Johnson pump, with a fine strainer placed over the suction pipe, was mounted and a short hose, of the kind made for the delivery of oil, was attached. Ordinary rubber hose is worthless for such a purpose, as it is soon destroyed by the corrosive action of the oil, and in the meantime the disintegrated particles frequently clog the nozzle.* A pole, consisting of an iron pipe 12 feet long, braced by being surrounded by wood for three-fourths of its length, was coupled to the hose. (See fig. 1.) No solder could be used in the fittings of the pipe or nozzle, as the fierce heat of the flame would fuse it. Tlie wooden cylinder into which the pipe was thrust was IJ inches in diameter. The wood, being a nonconductor of heat, was of great convenience in *The best oil hose that can be obtained will soon become corroded, clogging the nozzle. If an automatic clearing nozzle could be devised which would withstand the heat, much time might be saved which is now necessarily used in clearing the nozzle. Bulletin No. 35. B A. 1. Plate 1. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS TAPEKS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 17 handling the pole. The end of tlie pipe waa litted witli a cycl(jiie nozzle. The aperture of thiy nozzle is very Hniall, hence the value of the strahier ))efore mentioned, which prevents the entrance of foreign subHtanccH with the oil and a conwequent clogging of the nozzle. Tlie two men handling thin ai)paratus filled the tank with oil and then carried it to the spot where the burning was to l)e done. One man then operated the i>ump while the other handled tlie pole and nozzle. As soon as the pumji was started a fine spray of oil was thrown into the air and ignited by a match. By means of the jiole the resulting fierce flame was carried among the undergrowth and over the ground, destroying every living thing in its path. When this work was carefully done no eggs escaped, except such as were hidden in ledges or holes in the ground. An attempt was made also with this apparatus to destroy eggs which had been deposited in stone walls. (See PI. I.) Though this was par- tially sui'cessful, in so far as the fire reached and destroyed most of the eggs, those which were deposited mider the lower stones of the wall were unharmed, even though in many cases the stones were cracked and broken l)y the heat. As it sometimes became necessary to use this apparatus in Ijurning out walls near grow- ing crops, a sheet-iron screen was set up lietween the flame and the growing vege- tables, to protect them from the heat, being moved along the wall as the work progressed. Burning was thus done without any resultant injury to the gardens. This machine, which has been named the 'cyclone burner,' would be most useful in checking invasions of crawling pests, like the army worm." (See PI. II.) — For- bush tt- Fernald, 1896, pp. 119-121. It is well known that there is a high mortality among the animals in zoological gardens, and the expression that "wild animals do not do well in confinement" is common in zoological writings. From the postmortem examinations I have made on animals which have died in the National Zoological Park in this city, I am convinced that parasitic diseases play no insignificant role in this death rate. This is perfectly natural. In nature an animal roams over a considerable surface of ground, and the infection he spreads is therefore scattered. In a zoological garden this infection, with eggs and embrj'os of parasitic worms passed in his droppings, is necessarily confined to a small area, hence dirt pens are areas of concentrated infection. Naturally, there- fore, the mortality of animals dtie to parasilSc worms, particularly to nematodes not retjuiring an intermediate host, will be high. In order to reduce this mortality I suggest that, where practicable, at intervals of ten to thirty days, especially during warm, moist weather, the ground of all pens be burned by fire. It is understood, of course, that burning with a flame of this kind will disinfect only the surface of the ground, unless the fiame is held in one place for some seconds or minutes. Complaint has been made that there is a high mortality from uncini- ariasis among high-bred pups. The use of this flame in kennels ought to reduce this mortality practically to nothing, and I see no reason why the same general method of disinfection, modified to suit the par- ticular conditions at hand, should not be used on the seal rookeries and fox farms of the Alaskan islands. 14459— No. 35—02 2 18 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. EIMERIA STIED.E (LINDEMANN, 1865), CORRECT NAME FOR THE HEPATIC COCCIDIA OF RABBITS. By Cn. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. It seems to have been quite generally overlooked that Lindemann named the hepatic coccidium of rabbits fourteen years earlier than Leuc'kart and thirteen years earlier than Rivolta. This results in an unfortunate change in the specific name. There must also be a change in the generic name, owing to a recent decision of the International Zoological Congress. At present the synonymy of the genus and the species stands as follows: Genus Eimeria. 1875: £mima Schneider; type, E. falciformis (Eimer); intestine of mice. 1878: Psorospermium Rivolta (not Miiller, 1841, p. 487). 1878: Cytospermium Rivolta (at least in part). 1879: Coccidium Leuckart; type, C. oviforme; liver of rabbits. 1894: Pfeifferia Labbe (not Gray, 1853). Contains Coccidium jicrforans. 1896: ?Goussia Labbe; type, Coccidium variahile Thelohan. 1899: Pfeifferella 'Labbe= Pfeifferia Labbe renamed. Possibly other generic names belong here. Species Eimeria Stiedte (Lindemann, 1865) Stiles, 1902. 1865: Monocystis Sticdse Lindemann, based upon Stieda's figs. 4-5, pi. 3, Arch. f. path. Anat., 1865; liver of rabbit. 1878: Psorospermium cuniculi Rivolta. 1878: '^ Psorospermium uniculi" Rivolta (misprint). 1878: 1 Cytospermium hominis Rivolta, based upon Elmer's two cases in man. 1879: Coccidium oviforme Leuckart; liver of ral)bit. 1879: ? Coccidium j)erforans LiEVCKakt; intestine of rabljit. 1879: Gregarina ovalis Baransky; liver, intestine, mesentery glands, and kidneys of rabbit. 1893: Cocddimn cuniculi (Rivolta, 1878) Railliet. 1893: 1 Coccidium hominis (Rivolta, 1878) Railliet. 1896: Pfeifferia princeps Labbe (eimerian stage of Coccidium perforans and C. oviforme). 1899: ? Pfeifferella jwinceps (Labbe, 1896) Labbe (eimerian stage of Coccidium X>erforans). 1899: Pfeifferella prince2is var. Labbe (eimerian stage of Coccidium ouiforme). 1902: Eimeria Stiedse (Lindemann, 1865) Stiles, 1902, p. 18. EIMERIELLA, NEW GENUS OF COCCIDIA. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. A swarming stage of a parasite of a mouse was described by Eimer in 1870 as Gregarina falciformis. Schneider (1875) took this species as basis for a new genus — Eimeria. In 1879 Leuckart proposed the genus Coccidium for a parasite in rabbits which he thought was gener- ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PAKASITES. 19 ically distinct from Eirneria. Comparatively recent investigations have now demonstrated that Eimer'm represents a nonsexual stage of animals which are congeneric with the animals of which Coccidium represents the sexual stage. Accordingly, the genus Gocciditmi now disappears, and all of its members should be transferred to Eimeria — E. Stiedae^ E. Ugemina, E. gasterostel, E. truncata, E. tenella^ E. Delagei, E. jjropria^ etc. Several nonsexual forms, for which the sexual stages are uncertain, have been described as belonging to the genus Eimei^ia^ and it develops that one species, E. nova^ runs through a sexual stage which presents characteristics similar to the nonsexual stage. This fact has led to the recognition of Eimeria for E, nova^ while Coccidium has been retained for the other species. Such a procedure, however, can not be adopted, as Eimeria (1875) is based upon a form {E. falci- farmk)^ which passes through the coccidium stage. Hence Eimeriella is here proposed as a new genus, with Eimeriella nova (Schneider, 1881) as type species. NOTES ON PARASITES— 58-62. By Ch. Wakdell Stiles, Ph. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, AND Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S., Acting Assistant Zoologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. 58: Levinseniella, new name for the trematode genus Levinsenia Stossich, 1899 (not Mesnil, 1897). In 1899 Stossich proposed the generic name Zevinscmia for a trema- tode genus of the family Fasciolidae. The genus has been used by several authors, all of whom have overlooked the fact that the name Levinsenia is preoccupied by Mesnil (Bull, scient. de la France et de la Belgique, Paris, v. 30, p. 93). We have called Professor Stossich's attention to the fact that his name is a homonym and suggested that he propose a new one. In reply he has requested us to make the change. Accordingly Levin- sen lella is here proposed as substitute. The synonymj' and bibliography to date for the genus are as follows: Levinseniella Stiles & Hassall, 1901. 1899: Levinsenia" Stossich, 1899, pp. 7, 9 [not Mesnil, 1897, p. 93].— Luhe, 1899, p. 538.— Idem, 1900, p. 508.— Looss, 1899, pp. 617, 620.— Bkaun, 1900, p. 6.— Odhner, 1900, p. 13. "Bibliographic references cited in this article by date may be found in full in any journal which gives the helminthological literature, for instance, the Zoologischer Anzeiger. They will also appear in full in the Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology, now l)eing prepared for press, in the Zoological Laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 20 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 1901: Levinseniella Stiles & Hassall, in Ward, 1901, May, pp. 176, 181, 182, 183, 184. — Stiles & Hassall, 1902, pp. 19-20; Levinsenia Stossich, renamed. Original species of Levlnsenia: Distoina opacum Ward; D. hrachy- sommn Creplin; D. pygmaeuni; D. wacrophallos. Type svY.ciF.s.—Levmseniellal)7X(cJiysoma^ designated ])y Liihe, 1899, p. 538; also independently by Looss, 1899, p. 622. The former genus Levins&nia must probably be divided.* 59: H^MATOLCECHUS SIMILIGENUS, NEW NAME FOR THE TrEMATODE H. siMiLis Looss, 1899. A curious and unfortunate case of nomenclature is presented on page 602 of Looss's (1899) recent paper on Egyptian trematodes. Looss has proposed a new genus, Haeniatoloechus^ for several species of distomes. One of these is a new species, IT. similis, which he separates from Didoma wwlegatum. The name siviilis would in itself have been an unfortunate selection, because of liabilit}^ of con- fusion with another species in the same family, Distoma si//i/7e, yet it would have been valid under ordinary circumstances. Unfortunately, however, Looss has named his new species both D. simile and H. similis in the same paper, thus bringing into the world a stillborn homonym {D. simile Looss, 1899, not Sonsino, 1890). As a substi- tute for Looss's name we here propose Ilaematoloechus similigewis. The synonymy and bibliography of the species are as follows: H^MATOLCECHUS SIMILIGENUS. 1899: Distomum simile Looss, 1899, p. 602, not Sonsino, 1890. 1899: Hxmatokeckus similis (Looss, 1899) Looss, 1899, pp. 601, 602.— Stiles, 1901, p. 178. 1902: Hucmatokechus similigenus Stiles & Hassall, 1902, p. 20, new name for H. similis. Type host and type locality not determined. 60: Bothriocephalin^, Ptychobothriin^, and Mesogonin.^ from a nomenolatural standpoint. Liihe (1899) has recently placed helminthologists under obligations to himself through his work on the family Bothriocephalidiv and other parasites. Unfortunately, however, we lind it necessary to differ with him in several nomenclatural questions. Some of these are discussed in a recent paper by Stiles, and we here direct attention to three other cases. Liihe (1899) and Braun (1900) have adopted the family names " Both- riocephaliden " and " Bothriocephalidfe." By so doing they, of course, accept Bothriocephalus as type genus of the famil3\ Liihe, however, "Ward (1901, pp. 175-185) has proposed Microphallus with Disl. opacum as type; and Jilgerskiold (1901, Dec, p. 982) has recently used Sjjelolrema with Dist. JW mseum as type. KI.FA'KN MISOELLANKOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 21 pi-oposes the iiiiine Ptychobothriiiiii; for the subfamily to which the type genus Botkrioceplmlin^ belongs, and Braun follows him in this error. The name of the typical su})family should, of course, corre- spond to the name of tlie family and of the type genus. Bothrioceph- alina>, which was a name in good standing at the time Liiiie proposed Pty(^hobothriina>, should therefore ])e retained. Ariola (Lt»()()) has erred in naming this subfamilj^ Mesogonin*; this name would ])e based upon a genus Memgonw^, which does not exist in this su])family. Memgoniinus Monticclli is a trematode genus, the correct name of which is ClinostomuDi. Ariola's nomenclature can not, of course, be accepted, as it is contrary to the code. Our Bureau of Animal Industry catalogue contains the following references to the names in question: Subfamily Bothriocephalin/K. 1891: BothrioccpJidlimv MofiTiCELhi & Crety, 1891, p. 390. — Monticelli, 1892, p. 107.— Gamble, 1896, p. 91.— Stiles, 1896, pp. 28, 25.— Idem, 1898, p. 85.— Per- kier, 1897, p. 1847.— Stiles & Hassall, 1899, pp. 100, 167.— Braun, 1900, p. 1659.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 378, 382. 1899: Ptychohothriiniv LiJnE, 1899, pp. 41-46.— Idem, 1900, p. 210.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1675, 1683, 1691-1693.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 378, 398, 401. 1899: Pti/choholJiri'hui LiJiiE, 1899, p. 46 (misprint for rtychohothriinx). 1900: Mesogoninx Ariola, 1900, pp. 380, 382, 388 (type genus, Bothrincephalus) . The synon^'ms in the above table are not all coequal in the sense of containing the same species in all bibliographic references. The con- ception of the limits of a subfamily (the genera most closely related to the type genus of the subfamily) very naturally varies with differ- ent authors. As the subfamily name is tied to a given generic name, it nuist, however, follow that name, no matter how the group is divided or restricted. 61: The Type Species of Anchistrocephalus. In 1854 Diesing proposed Polyonchohothrmm as subgenus of OncJio- hothrkmi. It contained ord}" one species, TetrahothriuTn jpolyjderi^ which he forthwith renamed Onchohothrluvi {Poly oncJiohotJir lam) .sejdlcoUe. vVccordingl}', j)olypte7'l is unquestionably the tj^pe of P()lyoncholjothrii(ra. In 1890 Monticelli proposed the genus Aiwliktrocephaltis to con- tain BotliriocephaluH niicrocephalus and Tetrahothriura jjolyjytet'i^ although he knew that Polyonchobothrium was based M^on j)olypteri. Liihe, in 18i)9, designated B. microcephahis as type of Anchistro- cephalus (which he changed to Ancistrocepludus)^ evidently on the ground that this species is better known \h2i\\ polypteri. He rejected Pol yonchohothr turn. Braun follows Liihe, l)ut explains that \i polypteri and micr'ocephalus pro\e to be generically related, AnchistTocephalus will fall as synonym of Polyonchohothviuin. 22 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. With reference to the type species, we find it necessary to take issue with our colleagues. This case is fully covered by the B. A. Code and by precedent, and neither Liihe nor Braun has shown wherein the B. A. Code is unjust. Further, Braun has followed the ruling of the B. A. Code in other instances in the same paper. His reason for making an exception in this case is not clear, and to our minds no exception can be allowed. Monticelli's Anchistrocephalus (proposed without the designation of a type) contains the type species of an earlier genus. His proposal of this name was therefore a deliberate substitution of a newer for an older name, and the older name was known to him and cited by him. Anchistroceplialus therefore takes the same type as PolyoncliobotTwmin {u^\x\^^ ^ IKilyjpteri))^ and Ltihe's designation of iiiicrocephalus as type must be rejected on the ground that Monticelli included a type in his renamed genus. Liihe mentions the fact that little is known concerning P. 2>olypteri. This is unfortunate, but does not alter the case. The following references to the generic names in question are taken from our Bureau of Animal Industr}^ catalogue: 1854: Onchobothrium {Polyonchobothrium) Diesing, 1854, p. 33. 1863: Polyonchobothnum (Diesing) Diesing, 1863, pp. 215, 262-263. 1890: Anchistrocephalus Monticelli, 1890, pp. 202, 208.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1657, 1674. 1899: "Andstrocephalus Monticelli," of LiJnE, 1899, p. 37.— Bkaun, 1900, pp. 1657, 1683, 1694-1695. 62: Tricuspidaria or Tri^nophorus? In 1793 Rudolphi proposed the cestode genus TricusjpidaTia with Tt. nodulosa as type. In suggesting the name he says: "Omnibus hisce commotus proprio genera TriaenopTiorus vel Tricuspidaria eum enumerari mallcm, num recte, penes Helminthologos sit judicum." Of the two names used, he distinctly selects Tricuspidaria in con- nection with his diagnosis, and with this name alone does he combine the specific name nodulosa. In his next two articles (1801-1803, 1808-1810) he retains Triciispidaria., with full knowledge of the fact that this name was also used (1794) for a genus of plants. Lamarck also retains Tricuspidaria in 1816. Despite the fact that, as the first reviser, Rudolphi had thus established beyond doubt the right of Tricuspidaria over Triaenopjhoriis^ he himself changed in 1819 to TriaenopJwrus. Since Rudolphi's time some authors have used one name, some the other. Liihe in his revision selected Triaenophorus, and Braun (1900) has followed Liihe, explaining that his reason for doing so is the page- precedence of Triaenophorus in 1793. In this ruling our German col- leagues have followed the Co^e of the German Zoological Society, which differs from the principle ("first reviser") usually adopted. The}^ have taken sides with some of the best-informed nomenclaturists in the world, hence they are in good conipan}". ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 23 This principle of "page precedence" is an excellent one when all other things are equal, but when admitted as of more importance than other factors we nmst respectfully dift'er with our colleagues and take our position with those nomenclaturists who admit the principle of the "first reviser." It is not clear to us why Liihe and Braun have selected the rule of ' ' page precedence " to cover this particular case, yet have not carried out this rule consistently in reference to all the genera treated in the same papers. Thus, if "page precedence" is appealed to in order to establish Triaenophortus over Tricuspidaria^ consistency calls for the acceptance, as type of every genus, the first species mentioned in connec- tion with that genus. Neither Liihe nor Braun consistently carries out this plan; hence "page precedence" must be construed as being a con- venience with them rather than a principle. The "first reviser," how- ever, is a principle, not a convenience, which we follow; hence we must reject Triaeiwphorus and accept Trieaspidaria. According to our Bureau of Animal Industry catalogue, the names in question occur as follows: Subfamily Tkicuspidariin^., new name. 1889: Trlivnophoriche Lonnbeeg, 1889a, pp. 40-42. 1899: Trlxnophorinis Luhe, 1899a, pp. 35-41, 55.— Idem, 1899b, p. 703.— Idem, 1900a, p. 99.— Idem, 1900b, p. 210.— Ariola, 1900, p. 378. 1902: Tricuspidariinte Stiles & Hassall, 1902, p. 23. Genus Tricuspidaria Rudolphi, 1793. 1793: Trirenophorus vel Tricuspidaria Rudolphi, 1793, p. 44. 1793: Tricuspidaria Rudolphi, 1793, pp. 43^4; type and only species, Tsenianodu- losa= Tricuspidaria nodulosa. — Idem, 1802, pp. 99-102. — Idem, 1809, pp. 7, 25-26, 32, 42, pi. 9, fig. 3.— Idem, 1810, pp. 32-37.— Lamarck, 1816, p. 169.— Olpers, 1816, pp. 38-39.— CuviER (1817, p. 45).'^- Tschudi, 1837, p. 24.— CoBBOLD, 1859, pp. 115-116.— Idem, 1859, pp. 202-203.— Knoch, 1862, pp. 8, 28, 37.— Leuckart (Hoyle, trans.), 1886, p. 388.— Monticelli, 1892, p. 108.— Gamble, 1896, p. 91. 1793 : Trisenophorus Rudolphi, 1793, p. 44. — [See also Rudolphi, 1809, p. 25, as syn. of Tricuspidaria'].— iDms., 1819, pp. 135, 467-468, 598.— Bremser, 1824, p. 138.— L'Herminier, 1826, p. 11.— deBlainville (1828, p. 596).— Creplin, 1829, pp. 79-80.— Idem (1839, p. 295).— Mehlis, 1831, pp. 190-191.— Burmeis- ter, 1837, p. 526.— Siebold, 1837, p. 201.— Fischer de Waldheim, 1840, p. 160. — Du.iARDiN, 1845, pp. 625-626. — Wallenstedt, 1847, p. 6. — Diesing, 1850, pp. 480, 604-605.— Idem, 1863, pp. 214, 246-249.— B a ird, 1853, pp. 93-94.— Goldberg, 1855, p. 127.— Molin, 1858a, p. 134.— Idem, 1858b, p. 292.— Idem (1861, p. 236).— Carus, 1863, p. 482.— Leuckart, 1863, pp. 162, 415,421.— Idem, 1879, p. 74.— Leuckart, Hoyle, 1886, pp. 56, 275, 302, 309, 328, 375, 377, 675, 680, 682, 715.— Willemoes-Suhm, 1869, pp. 94- 96. — Kahane, 1880, p. 251.— Braun, 1883, pp. 81, 102, 104.— Idem, 1895, pp. 168, 174.— Zschokke, 1884, p. 160.— Lonnberg, 1889a, pp. 40-42.— Zer- " Where dates are inclosed in parentlieses, the reference has been taken from the catalogue but haa not been revi-rificd. 24 BUEEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. NECKE, 1895, pp. 7, 17, 18, 19, 29, 35, 40, 50, 61, 62, 63, figs. 43, 44, 45, 68, 71._Gamble, 1896, p. 91.— Bettendorf (1897, p. 327).— Luhe, 1897, pp. 743, 744. —Idem, 1899a, pp. 33, 34, 35, 37-38, 55.— Idem, 1899b, p. 703.— Idem, 1900, pp. 54, 56, 58, 96, 98, 99, 107-108.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 378, 379.— Saint- Remy, 1900, p. 293.— WoLFFHiJGEL, 1900, p. 133.— VaullecxEard, 1901, p. 109. 1881: Tri uc) I ophorus oiMEGNiN, 1881, pp. 419-426- (misprint for Triwnophorns) . Species Tricuspidaria nodulosa (Pallas) Rudolphi. 1793: Trimspidarianodulosa (Pallas) Rudolphi, 1793, p. 44.— Idem, 1802, pp. 99-102.— Idem, 1810, pp. X, 32-37, 238, pi. 9 [1809], figs. 6-11.— [See also Rudolphi, 1819, p. 135, as syn. of Trutnoplwrm noduloms]. — Lamarck, 1816, p. 169. — Olfers, 1816, pp. 30, 38-39.— VAN Beneden, 1850, pp. 164-168, pi. 22, figs. 1-5. — KtJCHENMEisTER, 1855, p. 30. — Cobbold, 1859a, pp. 115-116, 1 fig.— Idem, 1859b, pp. 202-203, 1 fig.— Idem, 1879, p. 470.— Knoch, 1862, p. 19.— Megnin, 1881a, pp. 419-426, pi. 25.— Idem, 1881b, pp. 924-925.— Ariol/ , 1900, p. 460. 1819: Trhenophorm nodit^osi(.s (Pallas) Rudolphi, 1819, pp. 135, 467-468, 598.— Bremser, 1824a, p. 9, pi. 12, figs. 4-16.— Idem, 1824b, p. 138.— De Blainville( 1828, p. 596).— Burmeister, 1837, p. 526.— Creplin (1839, p. 295).— Fischer de Waldheiin, 1840, p. 160.— Dujardin, 1845, pp. 625-626.— Diesing, 1850, pp. 604-605.— Idem, 1863, pp. 247, 249.— Baird, 1853, pp. 93-94.— Siebold, 1854, pp. 36, 41, 42, 43, 70-71.— Thomson, 1855, p. I9O.-7M0LIN, 1858a, p. 134.— Idem, 1858b, p. 292.— Idem (1861, p. 236).— Polonio (1860, p. 227).— Knoch|(1862, p. 32).— Carus, 1863, p. 482.— Leuckart, 1863, p. 415.— Wille- "moes-Suhm, 1869, pp. 95-96, pi. 10, figs. 2-4.— Kahane, 1880, pp. (192, 197).— Megnin, 1881, pp. 924-926.— Braun, 1883, p. 82.— Zschokke, 1884, pp. 158, 163._gcHMiDT, 1888, pp. 179-186.— Lonnberg, 1889a, pp. 40-41, fig. 20.— Stossich, 1890a, p. 52.— Idem, 1890b, p. 135.— Idem, 1900, p. 6.— Francavig- LiA, 1892, p. 32.— Kowalewski, 1894a, p. 4.— Idem, 1894b, p. 223.— Fuhrmann, 1895, p. 220.— Zernecke, 1895, p. 6.— Gamble, 1896, pp. 84, 85.— Luhe, 1897, pp. 742, 746.— Idem, 1899a, pp. 31, 32, 33,34, .38, 41.— Idem, 189CMi, pp. 703, 709, 710, 712-714, 717.— Idem, 1900, pp. 47, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 76, 79, 85, 86, 87, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98, 108, pi. 4, fig. 2; pi. 7, figs. 23, 24, 28.— MtJHLiNG, 1898, p. 35.— Saint-Remy, 1900, p. 296. 1881: Trixnopliorits nodulomsoi M±G-^i-^, 1881, pp. 419-426, pi. 25. TWO TREMATODES (MONOSTOMULUM LENTIS AND AGAMODISTOMUM OPHTHALMOBIUM) PARASITIC IN THE HUMAN EYE. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. [Plate III, figures 2-5.] Two trematodes {Mcmmtomulum lentis and Agamodistomum ophthal- mohium) have been reported for the human ej^e. These worms are referred to in many medical, veterinary, and zoological works, and one might be led to assume that they were of some importance. As a matter of fact, while they are of some historic interest, it must be admitted that they are more or less problematic to the zoologist; to the medical profession they must be viewed as medical curiosities rather than organisms of any practical importance. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 25 During' cortain recent studies 1 have })ecn o})liged to consult a num- ber of books in which these hehninths are mentioned, and, noticing the various views concerning them, it has appeared to me advisable to bring together in English our entire knowledge concerning the para- sites in question. The l)ibliographic references here cited are taken from the card catalogue of the Zoological Laboratorj' of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and may be considered the most complete bi})liog- raphy and synonvmy of these two worms as yet published. So far as I am aware, the statements here made are practically a complete presentation of the various views thus far expressed regarding the two problematic parasites. Collective Group Monostomulum " Brandes, 1892. This is an artificial collective genus proposed b}' Brandes to receive agamic monostomes, the exact specific identity of which can not be recognized. The Eye Monostome (Monostomulum lentts"" Gescheidt, 1833) Brandes, 1892, OF Man. Specific diagnosis. — Monostomulum: One-tenth of a line (0.3 mm.) long. Habitat. — In crystalline lens of eye of man [Homo sapiens), in Odessa. Although quite a number of references to this parasite are found in medical and zoological literature, practically nothing is known con- cerning it. All discussions of the worm are based directly or indirectly "Bibliography. 1892: Monostomulum Brandes, 1892, p. 510. ••Synonymy and Bibliography. 71758: Fasciolahepatica'LimjMvs (see below, p. 28). 18.32: "Monostomen" Nordmann, 1832, p. ix. 1833: Monostoma lentis Gescheidt, 1833, pp. 421, 445.— Eiss, 1838, p. 38.— Rayer, 1843, pp. 114, 116, 149.— GiJNTHER, 1858, p. 205.— Weinland, 1858, p. 86.— Idem, 1859, p. 280.— Cobbold, 1876, p. 211.— Vogt, 1878, p. 13.— KtJcnENMEisTER & ZtJRN, 1882, p. 285.— Braun, 1883, p. 59.— Davaine, 1887, p. Ixxiii.— Blan- chard, 1888, pp. 542-543.— Ijima, 1889, p. 122.— Mosler & Feiper, 1894, p. 185.— Dung lison, 1893, pp. 821, 1174.— Idem, 1895, pp. 821, 1174.— Wood & Fitz, 1897, p. .335. 1850: Monoslomum lentU (Gescheidt, 1833) Diesing, 1850, p. 329.— Idem, 1858, p. 24.— KiJCHENMEiSTER, 1855, pp. 180-182.— Idem, 1857, pp. 244-246.— Swart, 1862, p. 34.— Leuckart, 1863, pp. 526, 633-634.— Idem, 1889, p. 175.— Idem, 1894, pp. 446-448.— Wagner, 1876, p. 122.— Vogt, 1878, p. 10.— de Bonis, 1882, p. 180.— Davaine, 1887, pp. 820, 822.— Braun, 1893, p. 870.— Idem, 1895, p. 155.— R. Blanchard, 1895, pp. 729, 733.— Gamble, 1896, p. 63.— Huber, 1896, p. 501.— Moniez, 1896, pp. 86, 152, 153.— Kholodkovski, 1898, p. 34.— Stiles, 1898, p. 48. 1860: Festucaria lentis (Gescheidt, 1833) Moquin-Tandon, 1860, p. 349.— Idem, 1861, p. 375. 1864: "Distoma ophthalmobium Diesing, 1850," of Cobbold, 1864, pp. 191-192, in part. 1892: Monostomulumlenlis{Gescheidt,\S:Mi)BRANi)ES,lS92, p. 510. —Stiles, 1901, p. 1539. ?1892: Agamodistomum opJilhdlmohiitin (see pp. 29-34). ?1896: Dicrocoeli,um lunccatum Stiles it IIassall (see below, pp. 28-29). 26 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. upon the single observation by von Nordmann (1832, p. ix), which reads as follows: During the continued investigations on the small animals found in the eyes, I have had opportunity to get on the track of several new and not uninteresting facts. In regard to the human eye, two new cases have now occurred which bear out an earlier exjjressed conjecture regarding the probability of the more frequent occurrence of entozoa. During the month of May Professor Jiingken extracted the lenses of two elderly blind women, at which operations I was present. In the first case ( Cataracia lenlic- ularis viridis) I found in one of the opaque lenses a living Filaria, 5 J lines long, in the act of ecdysis, while in the other lens no foreign body was to be discovered. The second case was more interesting to me and represented the first example of the presence of microscopic trematodes in the human eye, in that there were found eight specimens of monostomes in the lens substance. The animalculse, which lay in the upper layers of the lens substance, were one-tenth of a line long and moved, although slowly, after they were placed in warm water. The examination was made immediately after the operation. It is worthy of remark that in both cases the lenses were not entirely opaque, the cataracts were in process of formation, and the lens substance was still soft. There were present at the operation Doctors Jiingken, Becker, Staff Surgeons Braun, Goldschmidt, R. Froriep, Berg, Isensee, the Grecian doctor Fiirst Maurocordato, and some other younger medical men. Partially whitish opacities, which usually have a lancet form, extend from the periphery to the middle of the yellowish or greenish transparent lens, and not infre- quently have a resemblance to foreign animal l^odies, which can easily deceive the person who is less experienced.'' ''"Wiihrend der fortgesetzten Untersuchungen iiber die Augenthierchen habe ich Gelegenheit gehabt, mehreren neuen und nicht ganz uninteressanten Thatsachen auf die Spur zu kommen. In Betreff des Menschenauges, so haben sich jetzl zwei neue Fillle ereignet, die einer friiher geJiusserten Vermuthung iiber die Wahrschein- lichkeit des ofteren Vorkommens von Binnenthieren rechtfertigen. " Im Verlauf des Monats Mai wurde von dem Hrn. Prof. Jiingken hieselbst an zwei iilteren erblindeten Frauen die Extraction der Linsen vorgenommen, wobei ich zugegen war. Im ersten F&We .{Cataracia lenticularis viridis) fand ich in einer der verdunkelten Linsen eine lebende, in der Hjiutung begriffene, 5J Lin. lange Filaria, wilhrend in der andern Linse kein fremdartiger thierischer Korper entdeckt werden konnte. " Der zweite Fall war mir interessanter und bot das erste Beispiel vom Vorkommen mikroskopischer Saugwiirmer im Menschenauge dar, indem in der Linsensubstanz acht Stiick MonoHloynen sich befanden. Die Thierchen lagen in den oberen Schichten der Linsensubstanz, waren xV Linie lang, und bewegten sich, obschon langsam, nachdem sie in warmes Wasser gelegt worden waren. Die Untersuchung geschah unmittelbar nach der Operation. Bemerkenswerth ist, dass in beiden Fiillen die Linsen noch nicht voUig verdunkelt, die Cataracta im Entstehen begriffen, und die Linsensubstanz noch weich waren. "Bei den Operationen waren zugegen die Herren DD. Jiingken, Becker, der Staabs- arzt Braun, Goldschmidt, R. Froriep, Berg, Isensee, der griechische Arzt Fiirst Maurocordato, und noch einige jiingere Mediciner. " Stellenweise weissliche Verdunkelungen, die gewohnlich eine lanzettformige Gestalt haben, von der Peripherie zum Mittelpuncte der gelblich oder griinlich durchscheinenden Linse sich strecken, haben nicht selten eine Ahnlichkeit mit fremd- artigen thierischen Korpern, welche den weniger Geiibten leicht tiiuschen konnen." — von Nordmann, 1832, p. ix. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 27 It may be noticed, first, that this description is scarcely detailed enough to enable the certain recognition of the parasite. If another case occurred in which monostomes were found in the lens, one would be justified in considerintr them identical with von Nordraann's form, chiefly on the j^round that it would scarcely be possil)le to prove that they were different. Under these circumstances it need not be thought strange that authors have resorted to more or less speculation in order to interpret this case. It may also be noticed that while later authors have universally attributed the name 3£ono.stmiiin\ as Kiichenmeister (1855, pp. 180-182) has already pointed out, and not ^''Dhtoina oculi humanly'''' a member of the genus Monostoma. Against considering Monostoma lentis an Agamodistoiiii(iii,t\\(:i^o\nt\\\\\,yhQ advanced, as already recog- nized by Leuckart (1863), that Nordmann had the opportunity^ of exam- ining the fresh material, and since he was an exceedingly careful ol)server, it would not appear unreasonable to assume that he would have discovered the ventral acetabulum had one been present. Too much weight, however, should not be attached to this argument, since it has not infrequently occurred that ventral acetabula have escaped the attention of even careful observers. Kiichenmeister (1855, pp. 180-182) endeavored to settle the questions involved by a reexamina- tion of the original specimens, but this, unfortunately, was not possi- ble, since the}^ could not ])e found. He suggests the possibilit}^ that the organism in reality represents a young Cysticercus celhilosae^ and refers to the possibility of mistaking young specimens of Cysticet^cus 'pisiformis., of the rabbit, for trematodes. Monostoma leporis has, as a matter of fact, been shown by Railliet (1890) to be Cysticet^cus pisi- form.is. Later (1882, p. 285) Kiichenmeister gave up this idea and he looked upon the parasite as resulting from a proliferating redia, the capsule of which might have escaped the attention of Jiingken. Leuckart (1863, pp. 526, 633-634) is inclined to doubt Kiichenmeister's view of the cysticercal nature of Monostoma lentis. He says:" My observations on the; development of this parasite [Cysticercus cellulosx] are only slightly favorable to this hypothesis. Not only that the young bladder worms origi- ""Meine Beobachtungen iibor die Kntwirklnng dieses Schmarotzers sind dieser liypothese nur wenig giinstig. Niclit 1>1me7-)datnre. — In order to aid in clearing up the helminthological nomenclature, Stossich has proposed to transfei" the agamic distomes to the collective group AgamodistoTnum^ while Brandes has proposed the names Mo^wstomuhim and Awphistrmndvin for agamic monostomes and amphistomes. It is quite clear that the form now under discussion should be transferred either to Monostomnluin or to A(/am(>disto)ivum, and from the meager evidence at hand MomMonndum is to lie preferred. The oldest certain specific name of this parasite is /e?itis, which is available, at date of writing, for all the generic names (Mojiostoma, 3f(m,osto)nvlum, Dhtorna^ Agaiiiodlstomuni) which come into considera- tion, hence the valid name at present is j\[()nostomuhim /ent/.s. Should it afterwards be proved that this parasite is identical with Dicrocoelimn kugelrunde Form haben, also wohl schwerlich'mit einem Trematoden verwechselt werden konnen, auch der Umstand ist hier zubedenken, dass die Nordmann' schen Wiirmer nur 0,3 mm. (xV^^) massen, also viel zu klein waren, um (alsCysticercen) bereits einen Kopfzapfen zu triigen. Wie ich mich nachtrilglich iiberzeugt habe, bildet sich die Anlage des Kopfzapfens bei dem Cyst. ceUulos.'e, ganz wie bei Cyst. t;vnlx mediocanellntx, wenn der Blasenkorper etwa 0,8 mm. misst, also l)ei Thieren, die mehr als doppelt so gross sind, wie die von v. Nordmann gesehenen Wiirmer." — Leuckart, 1S63, 2>- 634. Explanation op Plate III. Fig. 2. Ventral view of Agamodistoinuin ophthalmobkun. (After von Amnion, 1838, pi. 12, fig. 24.) Fig. 3. "Dorsal" (lateral ?) view of same. (After von Ammon, 1838, pi. 12, fig. 25. ) Figs. 4, 5. Two other views of same in different stages of contraction. (After von Ammon, 1841, pi. 14, figs. 19, 20.) Note that in fig. 2, published in 1838, a ventral acetabulum is distinct; in figy. 4 and 5, published in 1841, no ventral acetabulum is evident. Bulletin no. 35, B. A. I. Plate hi. Haines, del. A Hoen&Co.Litho Dorsal and ventral views of agamodistomum ophthalmobium. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 2^) lanceatum, or any other form (such a continj^cncy seems extremely remote), the (lucstiou of nomenclature must be decided upon accord- ing to the names involved. Collective Group Agamodistomum " Stossich, 1892. This is an artificial collective genus, in which are placed all specimens of distomes which have not yet reached a stage of development permit- ting the recognition of their true generic position. The Eye Distome (Agamodistomum ophthalmobium'' (Diesing, 1850) Stossich, 1892), OF Man. [Plate in, figures 2 to 5.] Diagnosis. — Agamodistomum : Body ovate-lanceolate, variable, one-fourth to one- half line long, one-sixth of a line broad. Mouth terminal to subterminal, orbicular. Acetabulum one-third larger than oral sucker, subcentral, with circular aperture. Habitat. — Between crystalline lens and its eapsule, in eye of man {Homo sapiens), in Dresden. This parasite has been found but once, and all the numerous refer- ences to it in zoological and medical literature are based upon the "Synonymy and Bibliography. 1892: Agamodistomum Stossich, 1892, p. 4.— Idem, 1895, pp. 228-229.— Stiles & Has- sall, 1898, pp. 82, 96.— Stiles, 1898, pp. 22, 28, 29.— Idem, 1901, p. 1539. 1892: Dhtomulum Brandes, 1892, p. 510. 1898: Agamodistoma Stossich, 1898, pp. 58-59. ''Synonymy and Bibliography. 1833: "Distomen" Ammon, 1833, pp. 74-75. 1833: Didoma ocidi humani Gescheidt, 1833, pp. 434-435.— Eiss, 1838, pp. 22-23,— Ammon, 1838, p. 37, pi. 12, figs. 24-25.— Idem, 1841, p. 72, pi. 14, figs. 19-20.— Rayer, 1843, pp. 114, 116-117, 149.— KtJCHENMEisTER & ZtJRN, 1881, pp. 328, 329, pi. 7, fig. 13.— Bonis, 1882, p. 180.— R. Blanchard, 1888, pp. 630- 631.— Braun, 1895, pp. 144-145.— Moniez, 1896, pp. 152-153. 1850: Disto7num ophthalmobium Diesing, 1850, p. 334 l^=Distoma oculi humani re- named].— Idem, 1858, p. 333.— KtJCHENMEisTER, 1855, pp. 222-223, pi. 4, figs. 13-15.— Idem, 1858, pp. 287-288, pi. 4, figs. 13-15.— Leuckart, 1863, pp. 610- 613, fig. 205.— Idem, 1889, p. 440, fig. 191.— Idem, 1894, pp. 441-445.— Wagner, 1876, p. 121.— Davaine, 1877, pp. Ixxix, 820, 822.— Linstow, 1878, p. 3.— VoGT, 1878, pp. 10, 13.— Braun, 1893, p. 870.— Blanchard, 1895, p. 733.— ScHNEiDEMtJHL, 1896, p. 302.— Stiles, 1898, p. 48. 1855: Distoma ophthalmobium (Diesing, 1850) KIjchenmeister, 1855, p. 181. — Idem, 1858, p. 246.— GtJNTHER, 1858, pp. 205, 209.— Cobbold, 1860, p. 6.— Idem, 1864, pp. 191-192, fig. 41 [in part].— Idem, 1866, p. 7.— Idem, 1876, p. 211.— Idem, 1879, p. 36, fig. 5.— Moquin-Tandon, 1861, p. 373.— Kuchenmeister & ZtJRN, 1881, pp. 328-329, pi. 8, fig. 12.— Braun, 1883, pp. 64-65.— Mosler & Peiper, 1894, p. 177.— Kholodkovski, 1898, pp. 26, 32, 34, pi. 11, fig. 28. 1859: Dicroccelium oculi humani (Diesing, 1850) Weinland, 1858, p. 86. — Idem, 1859, p. 281. 1860: '^Distoma octdare Nordmann" of Moquin-Tandon, 1860, p. 347. 1860: Fasciola ocularis Moquin-Tandon, 1860, p. 347 ( Distoma ophthalmobium renamed). 1861: Fasciola ocidis Moquin-Tandon, 1861, p. 375 (for F. ocularis). 1882: Distoma ocidar de Bonis, 1882, p. 180. 1892: Agamodistomum ophthalmobium (Diesing, 1850) Stossich, 1892, p. 33. ?1896: Dicrocoelium lanveatum Stiles & Hassall, 1896, p. 158. 1896: "Distom. ^kuli humani Ammon" of Schneidemuhl, 1896, p. 302. 30 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. observations made by von Ammon and Gescheidt. Amnion's original account of the patient reads as follows: " CONGENITAL HARD AND SOFT CATARACT WITH PARTIAL OPACITY OF THE CAPSULE. In July, 1832, Professor Hasse, director of the Dresden Lying-in Institute, had the kindness to bring to my knowledge the fact that a child with cataracts on both eyes had been born in the institution which is under his direction. The examination of the child which was permitted me, through the kindness of Professor Hasse, shortly after delivery, showed a gray-blue colored iris on Vjoth eyes; the eye had the pecul- iarity that about a line from the inner border of the pupilla there was an irregular circle formed of numerous small white points. This peculiar ring reminded one very much of the first formation of the bony ring (composed of numerous white regular osseous points) on the eye of birds. On the left eye the cataract was peculiar in so far that in its middle the usual three-pronged cleft belonging to the cataract was here present. Around this somewhat dark cleft the lens was very cloudy. On the right there was a soft cataract, not to be mistaken, through the anterior very slightly opaque wall of the lens capsule. Artificial dilation of the pupils, repeatedly prac- ticed, revealed nothing except the above-described condition, in spite of the more extensive view of the opaque lens. A rolling motion [nystagmus] of the eyeball was not present, but the motion was entirely natural; the eyeballs did not lie at all deep in the orbits. Now and theii the child opened its eyelids very wide, just as if it "CATARACTA CONGENITA DURA ET MOLLIS CUM PARTIALI CAPSULE SUFFUSIONE. "Im Juli 1832 hatte Herr Professor Haase, Direktor des Dresdner Gebilrinstituts, die Giite, mich davon in Kenntniss zu setzen, dass in der seiner Leitung untergelje- nen Anstalt ein Kind mit Staaren auf beiden Augen geboren worden sey. Die dun;h die Gefulligkeit des Herrn Professor Haase mir ])ald nach der Geburt gestattete wiederholte Untersuchung des Kindes zeigte eine grau-blau gefiirbte Iris auf beiden Augen, welche die Eigenthiimlichkeit batten, dass ohngefiihr eine Linie von dem innern Pupillarrand entfernt ein regelmiissiger, aus lauter kleinen weissen Punkten gebildeter Kreis sich befand. Dieser eigenthiimliche Ring erinnerte sehr an die erste Bildung des Knochenringes (aus lauter kleinen weissen regelmiissigen Kno- chenpunkteu bestehend) am Augen der Vogel. Auf dem linken Auge war die Cata- racta in so fern eigenthiimlich, als sich in ihrer Mitte hier die der Cataracta dura angehorige eigenthiimliche dreizackige Spaltung vorfand. Um diese etwas dunkle Spaltung war die Linse sehr getriibt. Auf dem rechten Auge war eine weiche Cataracta, durch die sehr wenig getriibt vordere Linsenkapselwand nicht zu verken- nen. Kiinstliche Erweiterung der Pupillen zu wiederholten Malen gemacht, liess, ausser den angefi'ihrten Bemerkungen, trotz des grossern Ueljerblicks iiber die ver- dunkelten Linsen nichts wahrnehmen. Eine rollende Bewegung der Augapfel war nicht vorhanden, sondern es ging dieselbe ganz naturgemiiss von Statten; die Bulbi lagen durchaus nicht tief in den Orbitis. Dann und wann offnete das Kind die Augenlider sehr weit, gleichsam als wolle es von der [p. 75] vorhandenen, aber durch die verdunkelten Linsen verdeckten Sehkraft Gebrauch machen. "Das Kind war von der Mutter, die dasselbe ausserehelich geboren hatte, sehr vernachljissigt worden, so dass es sehr bald in eine Atrophia meseraica verfiel, die es im November 1832, todtete. Eine genaue anatomische Untersuchmig der aus den Orbitis genommenen Auge zeigte Folgendes: ' ' Rechtes Auge. Die Form des Bulbus war normal, eben so Farbe und Consistenz der Sclerotica und Cornea. Der Glaskorper zeigte nichts Krankhaftes; dieNetzhaut war ziemlich dick, ohne Foramen centrale, wohl aber mit starker Ceutralfalte veres- hen, die nach oben eine eigenthiimliche Querfalte hatte, so dass sich hier die Gestalt eines Kreuzes bildete. Etwas gelblich war die Netzhautfalte gefiirbt, jedoch konnte der gelbe Fleck bestimmt nicht unterschieden werden. In Spiritus vini gelegt, ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 81 wanttHl to make use of the power of sight which was present ])ut eonceaU-d l)y the opaque lenses. The child, which was illegitimate, was very much neglected by its mother, so that it soon fell into an atrophia meseraica, which killed it in November, 1832. A detailed anatomical examination of the excised eyes showed the following: liigJtt eye. — The form of the bulbus was normal, as were also the color and consist- ency f)f the sclerotica and the cornea. The crystalline lens showed no disease; the retina was (|uite thick, without foramen centrale, but provided, however, with a thick central fold, which had a peculiar transverse fold near the top, so that the figure of a cross was here formed. The retinal fold was colored somewhat yellowish; still the yellow spot could not be clearly distinguished. Placed in spirits of wine the retina appeared still thicker; the macula badia on the choroidea was present, but not colored very dark, and the pigment in the background of the choroidea around the entrance of the optic nerve was colored very dark. The lens and lens capsule, when exa'mined under a hand lens, showed here and there on the anterior surface of the capsulf? some clouded places; thi'ough the cajisule were seen large opaque portions of the lens, especially in the middle point; on the lateral portions the substance of the lens was normal in hardness and transparency; here the capsule was light and clear. Dr. Gescheidt, who examined the lens substance under the microscope for the entozoa [see above, p. 25, Mono-^toiiiu/um Iciiiis'], discovered l)y Dr. von Nordmann in Odessa in opaque human lenses, found four distomes, of the presence of which I also con- vinced myself on autopsy. Dr. Gescheidt did not risk a determination of the species, because of the newness of the examination. The lens of the left eye was also opaque, while the lens capsule of the same did not at first show any opacities; later, however, after it had lain twenty-four hours in water, it became somewhat softer, and it clouded; the middle of the lens substance, which exhibited the normal cleavage and which was transparent and normal on the borders, had a peculiar triangular nucleus, which moved here and there in the lens substance, was opaque and almost horn-like, and approached the calcareous-like concretions as to color and density. On the whole, the lens of the left eye was smaller than that of the right eye. The other parts of the bulbus had the same formation [Beschaffenheit] as those of the right eye. erschien die Netzhaut noch dicker; die Macula badia auf der Choroidea war vor- handen, jedoch nicht sehr dunkel gefiirbt, und iiberhaupt war das Pigment im Hintergrunde der Choroidea um den Eintritt des Sehnerven herum nichts weniger als sehr dunkel gefiirbt. Die Linse sammt Linsenkapsel unter der Lupe untersucht, zeigte an der vordern Fliiche (^er letztern hier und dort einige triibe Stellen; durch die Linsenkapsel hindurch sah man grosse Theile der Linse, vorziiglich im Mittel- punkt, undurchsichtig; an den Seitentheilen war die Linsensubstanz in Betreff der Hilrte und Durchsichtigkeit normal; hier war auch die Kapsel hell und klar. Herr Dr. Gescheidt, welcher die Linsensubstanz, Betreff der von Dr. v. Nordmann in Odessa, in verdunkelten menschlichen Linsen entdeckten Entozoen unter dem Mikroskope untersuchte, fand vier [p. 76] Distomen, von deren Gegenwart ich mich durch Autopsie ebenfalls iiberzeugte. Die Species zu bestimmen, wagte Herr Dr. Gescheidt bei der Nerheit der Untersuchung nicht. Die Linse des linken Auges war ebenfalls verdunkelt, wiihrend die Linsenkapsel desselben anfangs keine dunkeln Stellen zeigte, spiiter jedoch, nachdem sie vier und zwanzig Stunden im Wasser gelegen hatte, sich etwas auflockerte und verdunkelte; (Me Mitte der Linsensubstanz, welche jene eigenthiimliche Spaltung zeigte und an den Randern ziemlich durch- sichtig imd normal war, hatte einen eigenthiimlichei' dreieckigen Kern, der sich in der Linsensubstanz bin und her schob, undurchsichtig und fast hornartig war, und sich der kalkartigen Concretion in Betreff der Farbe und Dichtigkeit niiherte. Im Ganzen war die Linse des linken Auges offenbar kleiner als die des recten Auges. Die iibrigen Theile des Bulbus hatten dieselbe Beschaffenheit wie die des recten Auges." — AmniiOn, 1833, pp. 74-76. 14459— No. 35—02 3 32 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Gescheidt* (1833, pp. 43i-i35) described the parasites in Question as follows: Distoma oculi Jmmani. — After I had examined several human eyes in vain lor entozoa (among which four presented not inconsiderable organic changes), I at last succeeded in finding distomes in the lens capsule of a child. The child was 5 months old, born with lenticular cataract with partial opacity of the capsule, and died of atrophia meseraica. The observations on the living child and the results of the dissection of the eye, made thirty-six hours after death, which Professor von Ammon conducted in my presence, are found in the article on congenital cataract communicated by him in the first number of this volume [see above, pp. 30-31], and I have therefore to add here only the facts bearing upon the distomes. There were four of these in number, between the lens and the lens capsule, on the anterior wall of which the location of the animalculee revealed itself to the naked eye through some clouded places. The animalculse, one-fourth to one-half line long, were surrounded by an opaque, veil-like, white mass, and were seen in differ- ent positions. One specimen, which was free, without the veil-like surrounding mass, lay between the lens and the lens capsule, appeared in extended position, the suckers turned toward the under surface of the capsule wall, and it exhibited no move- ments. Two others which had retracted the caudal portion, exhibited therefore a form not unlike a phial, and gave slight evidences of life in that they retracted and extended the caudal portion. Once one of them assumed more the form of a cross with rounded arms, in that it retracted the middle portion of the body, while it stretched somewhat the head and tail ends, so that one could consider the head end as the upper arm, and the tail end as the lower arm, and the contracted middle por- tion as the lateral arms. The fourth specimen lay stretched, ]>ut lateral, and was motionless. In its stretched position the animalcula showed a lanceolate shape, the breadth being to the length as 1 to 3. The coloring was white. The anterior sucker, one-third smaller than the ventral sucker, appeared semicircular, provided with scarcely appreciably raised margins and with radiate fibers. The pharyngeal bulb was short and narrow, and merged quickly into the intestinal canal, which was of nearly the same breadth; the intestine branched, fork-like, somewhat anterior of the ven- tral sucker, extended down at each side of the latter toward the tail end, and here, covered by the ovaries, could not be followed farther. Of the organization of the ovaries there was also nothing definite to be recognized; only in one specimen I believed I could note the somewhat transverse position of the cotyledons. Professor von Ammon and my friend the practicing physician, Miinch, were present at the examination. "■" Distoma oculi humani. — Nachdem ich schon mehre Menschenaugen, unterdenen 4 mit nicht unbedeutenden organischen Veriinderungen sich befanden, in Bezug auf Entozoen vergebens untersucht hatte, gelang es mir endlich bei einem Kinde in der Linsenkapsel Distomeii aufzufinden. Das Kind war fixnf Monat alt, mit Cataracta lenticularis cum partiali capsular suffusione geboren und starb an Atrophia mese- raica. Die Beobachtungen am lebenden Kinde und die Resultate der 36 Stunden nach dem Tode an den Augen angestellten Section, die Prof. v. Ammon in meinem Beiseyn veranstaltete, findet man in dem von diesem im ersten Hefte dieses Bandes mitgetheilten Aufsatze iiber die angeborne Cataract (S. 74-76), und ich habe daher hier nur das die Distomen specielle Betreffende hinzu zu fiigen. "Es befanden sich dieselben, 4 Stiick an der Zahl, zwischen der Linse und Linsen- kapsel, an deren vorderer Wand der Aufenthaltsort der Thierchen sich schon mit dem blosen Auge durch einige triibe Stellen zu erkennen gab. Die Thierchen, \ bis 2 Linie lang, waren mit einer undurchsichtigen, schleierartigen, weissen Masse umgeben und zeigten sich in verschiedenen Stellungen. Das eine Exemplar, welches mehr frei, ohne schleierartige Umgebung, zwischen der Linse und Linsenkapsel lag, ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 33 Some years later, Amnion (1838, p. 87; 1841, p. 72) gave four illus- trations of this parasite, which are here reproduced. His explanation of the figures simply states: Fig. 24. Figure of a DlMnrna ocuU humani, anterior view, and in fig. 25, a posterior view. Figs. 19, 20. Figures of DiMuma oculi humani. from the lens capsule of a congenital cataract. (Compare Gescheidt, Die Entozoen des Auges. Zeitschrift fiir Ophthal- mologie, v. 3 (4).) From the above description it is clear that an exact specific or even generic determination of the parasite is impossi))le. That it was a dis- tonie rather than a monostome is perfectly evident from tig. 2. That it may be a young stage of one of the liver flukes which had accidentally wandered to the eye must be admitted, but whether it belongs to F'ai^ciola hcpatlca^ Dicrocidhtm. laneeatuiii^ or Ophtliordils fdlneus-^ all three of which occur in Germany, is a (luestion which can not be definitely solved. Braun (1895, p. 144) inclines to the view that it is a Dict'OGa'lium lancentiuii . How the infection took place in this young child is a mystery. If the parasites were present in the fetus, the case woidd appear almost, though not absolutely, isolated in helminthology; furthermore, in such an event it is difficult to understand how they lived so long. This view, which is not excluded, presupposes that the mother became infected with liver flukes, which wandered to the fetus instead of to their natural habitat. That they entered the eye directly from water used in washing seems practically excluded. Another possible sup- position is that the child swallowed the cercarian stage of four distomes, erschien in gestreckter Lage die Saugmiindungen nach der untern Fliiche der Kapsel- wand zugekehrt und iiusserte keine Bewegung. Zwei andere hatten den Schwanztheil eingezogen [p. 435], zeigten daher eine den Piiiolen nicht uniihnliche Gestalt, und gaben, indem sie den Schwanztheil lang^am ein- und auszogen, noch sch wache Lebens- iiusserungen zu erkennen. Einmal nahin das Eine dersell^en mehr die Form eines mit abgerundeten Schenkeln versehenen Kreuzes an, indem es den mittlern Korper- theil zusammenzog, wahrend es das Kopf- und Schwanzende etwas streckte, so dass man den Kopftheil als den obern Schenkel des Kreuzes, das Schwanzende als den untern, und den zusammengezogenen mittlern Theil als die seitlichen Schenkel betrachten konnte. Das 4te Exemplar lag gestreckt, aber seitlich, und war bewe- gungslos. In der gestreckten Lage zeigte das Thierchen eine lanzettf(>rmige Gestalt und verhielt sichmit seiner Breite zur Lilnge wie 1-3. Die Fiirbung war weiss. Der vordere Saugnapf, um I kleiner als der mittlere, erschien halbkreisrund mit kaum merklichen wulstigen Riindern und strahlenformigen Fassern versehen. Der Schlundkopf war kurz und enge und ging schnell in den fast gleichweiten Darm- kanal iiber, der sich etwas iiber den mittlern Saugnapf gabelformig spaltete, zu beiden Seiten desselben nach dem Schwanzende herunter lief, und hier, von den Ovarien bedeckt, nicht weiter verfolgt werden konnte. Von der Organisation der Ovarien war ebenfalls nichts Bestimmtes wahrzunehmen; nur bei einem Individuum glaubte ich die etwas unregelmiissige transverselle Lagerung der Cotyledonen be- merken zu konnen. Bei dieser Untersuchung war der Herr Prof. v. Amnion und mein Freund, der pract. Arzt, Miinch, zugegen." — Gescheidt, 1833, pp. 434-435. 34 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. or possibh' in a redia. as suggested b}^ Kiichenmeister & Ziirn (1881), either in water or in contaminated food. Diesing (1850, p. 334) renamed this parasite binomiall}^ as Distomum oplithalmobium^ giving it the following diagnosis: Body ovate-lanceolate, depressed, variable. Neck short, subcylindrical. Mouth terminal, orbicular. Acetabulum one-third larger than mouth, subcentral, with circular aperture. Length, one-fourth to one-half line; breadth, one-sixth line." Kiichenmeister (1865, pp. 222-223) endeavored to tind the original preparations in the pathological collection of the Academy of Dresden, but was unable to do so. Cobbold's (1864) view that this parasite is iden- tical with Monostomulum lentis has been referred to above (see p. 25). Leuckart (1863, pp. 610-613) is not inclined to assume that the para- sites entered through the cornea or sclera, and suggests the possibilit}^ of their representing young specimens of Dicrocoelitmi lanceatum or Fasciola hejxitica — possibly specimens which wandered from the mother before the child was born, and thus caused the congenital cataract. Kiichenmeister & Ziirn (1881, pp. 328-329), in reverting to the subject, think that the slim}' mass described as surrounding the para- sites indicates the foi-mation of a capsule. They further suggest that the parasites arose from infection by a redia. Womenclature. — Systematically, helminthologists would now place this worm in the collective group Agamodistormini. The name ocuU huniani is not available as a specific name, since the cojiibination D!)<- toma ocidi hunHini is not binomial. The correct technical name for this problematic worm is, therefore, Agamodistomum ophthahnobium . SUMMARY. Although the zoological data concerning these two Avorms are far from complete, they are sufficiently detailed to demand their accept- ance as actual cases of parasitism. There is no reason to assume that these parasites are normal inhabitants of the eye. On the contrary, everything points to the view that they represent instances of abnor- mal positions for parasites which normally inhabit some other part of the body, similar to the cases reported of the presence of bladder worms ( Cysticercus ceUulosae) in the eye. Zoologi(?ally , it seems highly probable that at least the second case {Agatnodidomiim) represents one of the liver flukes found in man and various domesticated animals, and the cases here reviewed indicate that we may expect to find other similar cases in both man and the domesticated animals. Regarding their pathogenic nature, a doubt can scarcely arise, and a comparison with similar cases of parasitism by trematodes in the eyes ^" Corp^is ovato lanceolatum depressum, variabile. Colhnn breve subcylindricura. Os terminale orbiculare. Acetabulum ore J majus subcentrale apertura circular!. Longit., W^^'; latit., k''\" ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 35 of certain tish, a.s reported by von Nordniiimi, fully supports the view that such parasites may occasionally cause diseased conditions in the eye. BihUogmpky.—ThQ general works referred to in this article may be recoonized from the authors' names and dates; in case of doubt, consult the Index-Catalogue of the Surgeon GeneraFs Library, or the card catalogue of the Zoological Lal)oratory, Bureau of Animal Industry, which is now being prepared for press as "Index-Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology.'' The titles of the articles in which the original observations were published are: AiMMON, F. A. 1^33.— Die ungebome Cataracta in pathologisch-anatomischer, in pathogenet- ischer und operativer Ilinsicht rio Muller; Aacarh (toeze; Wtahditiff Dujarpin). Generic diagnosis. — AnguUhdldx: " Body long, narrow and tapering at extremi- ties. Caudal sucker absent. Integument thin, presenting neither transverse nor longi- tudinal markings; set;e, none (?); papilla^, none (?) [present — C. W. S.]. Pharyngeal cavity very minute. Esophagus cylindrical, with rounded swelling posteriorly con- taining a simple horny valvular apparatus. Intestine sparingly covered with large colorless granules, presenting no appearance of tessellation; distinct cells not recog- nizable. Vulva posterior to the middle of body. Uterus unsymmetrical. Oviparous or viviparous. Spicules long, narrow, curved. Accessory piece single, posterior, somewhat fan-shaped. Ventral gland wanting. Floating gland cells abundant. Lateral canals not recognizable. Movements active." As specific description of the worm now under consideration, Bas- tian gives the following characters: Anguillula aceti. Specific diagnosis. — AnguUhda: "Female (size very variable); length, one-thir- teenth inch; breadth, one five-hundred-and-fifty-lifth inch. External characters: Body white; much obscured by colorless granules within integument; long and nar- row, tapering very much posteriorly, and terminating in a long pointed extremity. Head rounded; unarmed. Integument thin, showing no stria^. Pharyngeal cavity very minute; cup-shaped. Esophagus one-ninth of total length, having a rounded swelling at termination containing valvular apparatus. Intestine covered with coarse, colorless granules; no sort of tessellation. Anus one-eightieth iuv-h from pos- terior extremity. Vulva somewhat posterior to middle of body. Uterus unsymmet- rical. Small floating gland cells numerous in cavity of body. "Male: Length, one twenty-first inch; breadth, one eight-hundred-and-fiftieth inch. Esophagus one-seventh of total length. Anus one one-hundred-and-thirty- third inch from posterior extremity. Spicules narrow, having a double curve one seven-hundred-and-fourteenth inch long. Accessory piece about one-third as long as spicules; rather thick externally, but expanding inwards into a thinner fan-shaped portion." Explanation of Plate TV. Fig. 6. Lateral view of male specimen of the vinegar eel [Anguillula aceti) from the human bladder. Greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 7. Caudal portion of same species: i, intestine; /, testicle; sp, spicule; a. p., accessory piece. Greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 8. Ventral view of cloacal opening of same, showing partially extruded spicules. Greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 9. Outline lateral view of partially extruded spicules. Greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 10. Gravid female vinegar eel from the human bladder. Embryos and eggs are present only in the anterior horn of the uterus. Greatly enlarged. _ Original. Fig. 11. Young embryos of same. Greatly enlarged. Original. Figs. 12, 13. Somewhat older embryos. Greatly enlarged. Original. The esopha- gus is evident in both specimens, and fig. 13 shows in addition a trace of the rectum. BULLETIN NO. 35, B. A. I. Plate IV. Haines, del. A HoenaCo..Lithocauslic VINEGAR EEL lANGUILLULA ACETI ) ELEVEN MISOELLANEOTTfi PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 87 We have quoted the al)<)v<\ as representing^ the work of a standard author who has studied not only this, but also allied forms. Many of the published references to tliis worm are exceedingly indetinite, the characters quoted being too general and the figures too inexact to l)e satisfactory. Still, while the possibility that the forms reported from vinegar represent more than one species is by no means excluded, no facts at present accessible seem to compel the recognition of any species except Angt/illida aceti."' The worms observed in our case agree essentially with the charac- ters noted by Bastian, and we have obtained also worms from vinegar here in Washington which we are unable to distinguish morphologic- all}^ with certainty from the nematodes taken from the bladder of the patient. The structure of the parasites may easily be seen from figures 6 to 18 accompanying this paper. The males are constantly somewhat smaller than the females. No transverse striation could be discovered on the cuticle. Both sexes agree in having an elongated body of nearly uniform diameter tapering but slightly toward the mouth, while the tail is gradually attenuated from the anus caudad. its end being drawn out into a sharp point. The intestinal trac^t presents the characteristics of the family, being- divided into an esophagus, a stomach intestine, and a rectum. The esophagus presents three distinct divisions — (1) an anterior elongated portion Avhich is quite thick, (2) 'followed by a shorter middle portion of smaller diameter, and (3) a so-called esophageal bulb provided with a tridentate armature which is characteristic of the rhabditiform worms. The stomach intestine is a simple tubular structure extending from the posterior portion of the esophageal bulb to the anterior end of the rectum. It possesses a distinct lumen, and during life its tissue is so crowded with minute globules as to interfere materially with a careful study of details. The rectum is short and narrow, extending from the posterior end of the stomach intestine to the anus, which is situated in the posterior portion of the body. In the female the rectum is simple. In the male it receives the products of the testicle, thus forming a genital cloaca, while near the anus it also receives the spicules. Males. — The males are usually about 1.85 to 1.1-5 mm. long hy 24 to 28 /fin diameter. Taking a specimen which measured l.Ol: mm. from mouth to anus as basis, the following measurements may ))e noted: Distance from anterior extremity to the teeth of the esophageal bulb, 132 yu; anterior portion of esophagus, 104 /^ long by 12 >u in *We use this name in its ordinarily accepted sense, without having consulted the entire literature to see whether the name is valid under the International Code. 38 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. diameter; middle portion of the esophagus, 12 to 15 ^ long by scarcely 8// in diameter; esophageal bull), 16 to lS/< long by IS// in diameter; dorsoyentral diameter about middle of the worm, 2-1: yw; at cloaca, 20/<; length of filiform portion of the tail, about 80 yw. The spicules are two in numljer, 38 /< long, similar in structure and form, with decided dorsal conyexity and yentral concayity; the base is rather prominent, and measures about 10 /^ dorsoyentrally. An accessory chitinous piece is present, somewhat caudad of the spicules. Three distinct caudal papilla^ are clearly yisible. One of these is postanal and two are preanal. No copulatory bursa is present. A single testicle is present, extending anteriorly beyond the middle of the body. Some slight yariation was noticed in different specimens. Thus, in a specimen 1.30 nmi. long, the esophagus measured 192 //; the spicules were 30/^ long, with a l)ase of 8yu; the anus was 160 yu from the tip of the tail. In another specimen, 1.-14 mm. long, the esophagus meas- ured 196 yu long; spicules, 36 yw long, with a base of 8yu; anus, 16-1 yw from tip of tail. Some yariation was also noticed in the position and numlier of the caudal papillaj; while most specimens exhibited only three as described aboye, seyeral males were found with four, and in one or two instances with fiye. It does not seem im^jossible to us that the normal number is greater than three, but that one or more are oyerlooked eyen upon a very careful examination. Females. — Females were found measuring from 1 to 2.4 mm. in length. In a female measuring 1.74 mm. in length, the diameter of the body was 40 /<, the buccal cayity 8 yw long, the esophagus 200 yw long, the anus 244 f-i from the tip of the tail. In a specimen 1.6 nnii. long the esophagus was 200 yw long, yulya 712 yw from the mouth, anus 240 // from tip of tail. In a specimen 1 mm. long, in which no embryos were deyeloped, the esophagus measured 180 yw long, the anterior portion measuring 112 yu, the middle portion 48 y", the esophageal bulb 20 yw in length. The dorsoyentral diameter of the body in the middle was 20 yM, at the anus 18 yw. The rectum was yery distinct, 32 yw long; the anus 160 /< from the tip of the tail. The largest specimen found was 2.4 mm. long l>y 72 yw in diameter. It contained embryos meas- uring 222 yu long by 12 yw in diameter. The yagina was a narrow tube 21 yw long, running at right angles to the exterior, and about 1.5 yw broad. Fig. 10 shows a grayid female. It will be noticed that the vulva is slightly caudad of the equator of the body, and that the vagina branches into a bicorned uterus. The anterior horn of the uterus extends forward nearly to the esophagus, then curves and runs cau- dad a short distance. The posterior horn of the uterus extends caudad nearly to the anus, then curves and runs cephalad toward the vulva. As a rule, comparatively' few eggs are found at any one ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 89 time in a g-iven spocinuMi. 'rhoy may be in different stages of develop- ment, the eml)ry() forming in the uterus. In some cases embryos are found in both uteri; in other cases they are eonlined to one horn of the uterus. Biology of the /»«7v^w/!,".s.— In five samples of urine taken the para- sites were found in great numbers. The urine was always ymy acid, and in some samples which slowh' became alkalim^ the worms died about the same time with the change in redaction of the urine. One of the samples of urine had a decided odor like that of vinegar, and in this specimen the parasites lived for two months, at the end of which time signs of life were very feeble, though the urine was still acid. Six of the worms were then remoyed from the urine and placed in two test tubes containing vinegar free from parasites. Their moye- ments quickened in a fe\^ hours, and, from seeming almost dead, they became in a day or two as yigorous as ever. In one month they increased greatly b}' breeding, and within two months after their transfer from urine to vinegar there were enough of them in one of the tubes to make the tluid appear turbid. Parasites in three diluted specimens of urine, one of which was allowed to remain acid, and two rendered neutral and slightly alka- line, respectively, with caustic soda, liyed but a short time; those in the fluid of acid reaction living 10 days and in the others only half so long. Apparently there was some substance in the urine and the vinegar which sustained life in these creatures. It is stated b}' several authors that certain albuminous matter in poorly prepared vinegar constitutes their food; and this would lead to the supposition that albumen was present in the urine. Medical a^peetiium. Embryo not ciliated, elongate 4 4. Esophagus distinct, with posterior l>ulb armed with chitinous teeth (rhabditi- form embryos) 5 Esophagus not very distinct, no posterior bull); same embryos also found in the blood, 270 to 300 jn long '^ Filaria sanguinis ]iominis." 5. Embryo 140 // long; adults 3 to 12 mm. long in rectum Oxyuris vermicularis. Adults in urine, but not in rectum 9 Larva' and adults. 6. Elongate and fiat; tapeworm larva Sparganum Mansoni. Body round 7 7. Body large, may attain 40 to 100 cm. in length; usually red in c(^lor Dioctophyme renale. Body less than 12 mm. long, whitish 8 8. Body 3 to 12 mm. long; male with single spicule; same parasite found in rectum . Oxyuris vermicidaris. Body less than 3 mm. long; male with two spicules and accessory piece 9 9. Male without caudal bursa Anguillula aceti. Male with caudal bursa Rhahditis pellio. Explanation of Plate V. Fig. 14." Full-grown male of Sirougi/lus snbtUia: h., bursa with asyinmetrically arranged rays; c. g., cervical glands; c, cloacal opening; e. p., excretory pore; i., intes- tine; n. s., nervous system; e., esophagus; r. gl., esophageal gland; r. to., retractor mnscle of the spicules; s}>., spicules; i\ s., vesicula seminalis. (After Looss, 1895, fig.l.) Fig. 15. Full-grown female of Stroiigijliia subtiUs: a., anus; c. g., cervical glands; e. p., excretory pore; i., intestine; ii. s., nervous system; e., esophagus; e. gl., esopha- geal gland; ov. a., anterior ovary; oc. ]>., posterior ovary; ?■. s., recei^taculum seminis; u. a., anterior uterus; a. p., posterior uterus; va., vagina; vu., vulva. (After Lc"apilUv very small. Bursa (male) entire, or exciseil ventrally. in some cases bi-, tri-, or multi-lobed: spic- ules 2, often with accessory piece. Vulva usually in caudal half of body; uterus with two horns. Stroxgylus scbtilis * Looss, lS9o. Specific diagnosis. — Strongylus: Very small. 4 to 7 mm. long; cuticle with exceed- ingly tine transverse striation; oral papilhe exceedingly small and inconspicuous; longitudinal lines well developed: lateral lines more prominent than the median. Buccal cavity short, funnel-shaped; esophagus (0.75 mm. by 7 to 30 u) nearly one- sixth as long as body, differentiateil histologically into anterior and posterior por- tions, and containing well-developeil dorsal esophiigeal gland which discharges at its anterior extremity ; intestine short, 13 ii in diameter. Nervous system about 0.16 mm. from anterior extremity. Excretory pore about 0.19 mm. from anterior extremity; cervical glands well developed, one extending posterior of the other and for nearly the length of the esophagus jx^sterior of this org-an. Malt'. — Four to 5 mm. long, increasing in diameter from 9 // at anterior end to 70 u near the bursa. Testicle single, l>eginning near the posterior eml of cervical glimd; •Synonymy and Bibuography. (1889): Strongi/lus [sp.] Ogata, 1889, No. 578. [After Ijima.] 1895; Strongyhift mbtilis Looss, 1895, pp. 161-169, pi. 1, figs. 1-8. — Idem, 18,-)6, pp. 864-865. — Iji.ma, 1896, pp. 155-159. — R. Blanchard, 1895, p. 810. — Delafield & Pkiudex, 1897, p. 137.— Stossich, 1899, p. 79.— Stiles, 1902, pp. 41-42, fiffs. 14-21. 42 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. vesicula seminalis present; spicules 0.15 mm. long; accessory piece trowel-shaped, single, about one-third as long as spicule; bursa bilobed, about as long as spicules, somewhat broader than long, with narrow ventral connection; rays asymmetrical, dorsomedian stem with short bilobed posterior rays; then 1 dorsolateral ray on right, 2 on left; 3 lateral rays each side; finally, 1 (ventral) right and 2 left short ventral rays. Female. — 5.6 to 7 mm. long, increasing in diameter from 10 j^i at head to 90 // in posterior third of body. Anus 97 /< from tip of sharply pointed tail. Vulva about aj beginning of posterior fifth of body, a 40 /< longitudinal opening bounded hy two chitinous labia; unpaired vagina short, dividing into two proximal horns, each 0.3 mm. long; next follows on each horn a complicated valvular apjjaratus divided into £ proximal 0.2 mm. long muscular portion and a 0.1 mm. long distal portion with thinner muscular layer; uteri 0.33 to 0.4 mm. long, each containing 3 to 6 unseg- mented (in camels 7 to 8 unsegmented or partially segmented) eggs; the distal por- tion serving as a receptaculum seminis; anterior genital canal extends to near posterioi end of cervical glands, then turns and runs a short distance caudad; posterior genita' canal runs to near anus, turns and extends to near the equator of the body. Eggs. — Oval, 63 by 41 ^ (in camels 70 by 36 //), shell thin, contents very granular, unsegmented in uterus (in camel they may l)e partially segmented). Derelopment. — Not demonstrated; i)robably direct, without intermediate host; sourct of infection, probably drinking water or contaminated food. Habitat. — Stomach and upper portion of small intestine of man {Homo sapiens) ir Egypt and Japan; intestine of camels {Camehis dromedarius) . Clinical diagnosis. — Microscopic examination of feces to find eggj will be uncertain, unless the infection is very heavy. The medical importance of this species is not yet determined; the parasite i> perhaps comparatively harmless. All cases thus far reported were diagnosed post-mortem. Treatment. — Probably thjnnol. Looss found this worm several times in both Alexandria and Cairo. Egypt, while making microscopic examinations of the intestinal con- tent of human cadavers. All of the infected bodies were of inhabitant;! of the fiat lands. The infections were all light, and it was noticed that the male parasites were less frequent than the females. Loost concluded that owing to the small size of the worm, its unarmed mouth, and the fewness of the individuals, a pathologic role could hardly be attributed to it. Later (1896) Looss reported the same parasite for the camel. An article by Ijima would seem to leave the question open as tc whether the worm is of any medical importance. Ogata had found about two hundred small nematodes in the stomach of a woman whc died during the ''Miura plague" of 1889. These he described briefly in the Xokoyo-medicinische Wochenschrift; they were identical witb Looss's Strongylus suhtilis. There is no attempt to consider the worms as the cause of the Miura epidemic, but Ijima righth^ remark;; that the presence of a large number of such parasites can not be lightl}'^ dismissed as harmless. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 48 AN ADILT CESTODE (DlPLCUiONOPORlS (4RANI)IS) OF MAN WHICH MAY POSSIBLY OCCUR IN RETURNING} AMERICAN TROOPS. By Ch. Wahdell Stiles, Ph. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, AND Louise Tayler, M. S., Assistaiit, Bureau of Animal Lului^try. [Figures 22-28.] Upon sevenil occasions one of us has called attention to the fact that our troops, upon returning- to this country from their Asiatic service, may bring hack with them certain animal parasites which are not familiar to American practitioners. The object of the present paper is to call attention to an adult Asiatic tapeworm, which is very different from the American forms. Described in a few words, it belongs to the family Bothriocephalida?, subfamil}^ Dibo- thriocephalintv, and is similar to Dihotliriocephalus latus^ the broad Russian tapeworm (usuall}' known as Botlvrlocephahis latim)^ differing, however, from that form in that every segment has a double instead of a single set of genital organs. The generic and specific diagnoses and synonymy of this parasite are as follows: Genus Diplogonoporus " (Lonnberg, 1892). Generic diagnosis. — -Dibothriocephaliupe: Scolex short, with two strong, grooved suckers. Neck absent. Proglottids short and broad. In each segment two sets of genital organs, otherwise like Dibothrioceplialus. In each segment may be recognized the following: Median field, two uterine fields, and two lateral fields. Genital pores (cirrus, vaginal, uterine) ventral in longitudinal row in uterine field; vitellogene glands and testicles in lateral and median lields. A'ltellogene follicles between inner and outer longitudinal muscles. Uterus forms rosette. Parasites in man and whales. Type species. — Diplogonoporus balxnoptera; Liinnberg, 1892. "Synonymy and Bibliography. 1892: Bothriocephalus [Diplogonoporus) Lonnberg, 1892,'' pp. 8, 4 [type, Diplo- gonoporus halprnoptcrw Lonnberg, 1892, pp. 4-16, pi. 1, figs. 1-6, 8-9]. 1894: Krabbea Blanch ard, 1894, pp. 699-702 [type, Krabbea grandis Blanchard, 1894, pp. 699-702].— Idem, 1895, p. 708.— Idem, 1898, pp. 350, 351.— Stiles, 1895, p. 53.— Idem, 1896a, p. 24.— Idem, 1896b, p.205.— Jacobi, 1897,p.288.— K^OLODKOvsKI, 1898, pp. 19, 22. [See also Ariola, 1900, pp. 377, 378, 383.— LtJHE, 1899, pp. 49, 50.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1669, 1690.— Ward, 1901, p. 793.] 1897: Diplogonoporus (Lonnberg) Jacobi, 1897, p. 288. — LirnE, 1899, pp.49, 50, 54. — Idem, 1900, pp. 210, 212.— Braun, 1900, pp. 1683, 1690.— Ariola, 1900, pp. 377, 378, 380, 381, 383.— Kurimoto, 1900, p. 14.— Ward, 1901, pp. 783, 793. *• These short bibliographic references are to articles, the full bibliographic titles of which may be found by consulting the Index-Catalogue of the Surgeon-General's Library or the card catalogue of the Zoological Laboratory of the Bureau of Animal Industry, now being prepared for press. 14459— No. 35—02 4 44 BFlfiEAr OF A^flMAL I2fDrSTRY. The I>ocblk4«C£d A'• "Ains 10 merer* in ksgtfa, 10 to ^ Ham, in bacaddi; mEmber ol acgiu entg lades^pr'N*^. . Ve^k r.T>^e;?rr"^i. Gesital pores open in tvo kmshoclizuQ sKfiiuu gtx:>i: ^ loc^ eacii fide. I^SS btv-twotftt, ruber oftaqoe. @ m kns. 4S to o(i u taxxad. HojT. — In ii»e intestine ot man, Japan: larva imknovn. in all j«v"»hability in fi^ Tlds parasite w^au? originaJly described hy Ijima and Kurimoto (IS^) as an undetermined species ot B- ' ?/•/*,• Blanchard (IS^l created the genus ^V - • for it, propoanof the specilk- name j7r»7i». ^- The statemeuts made by other authors are all based upon these two papers. The essential JsocdogicaLl £act^ presented in these articles. °^ ~ so far as they are necessary to the physician, are summarized in the diagiftoses given abore. As the publications in question are accessible to only a few of the physicians in this ccmntry. it may be well to quote the more important original data bearing upon the medical ?ide of the subject. The clinical histories reported for the two known cas)e^ are as follows: HUtoy- '^Tuxiap MmaaXo. male. Kvn ISSo, at Taiia-mnra (a \illa^ oo til -^^^ near tibe tovn of Shimabara >. in the prcivince HIksl. In boyhood h^^ ixrrer miBBcalar. Bemamed in his native viQase until 1$79. when he w€Si ic» 2>asasBkL Heae aatadred by citoienu but reeovej^l- Up to IJ^iC? readied in several j«la<-e= in ihe neishbothood d ^Xa^ssaki and other seaadt li;alinf sp. ImtA A: KrBnft.T.:.- isW. j.p. o71-385, ^ IS. figs. 1-12. 1«*4: Xra^bea yrtM^ Bla^cchaei.. I^&L pp. «»t«-7fe. — Idem. 1S«. p. 72s.— Idem. 1P©8l p. SO. — >Tn.T?^ lS^«6a. p. 25. — Ii>em. ISStfib. p. 221.— Smsi A: Has^aix, 1S9^ pjL S5. 137. — Hrsi^ 1*««6L pf. -5:61-562. — Moxnz. 1*5*6, pp. 255. 274- 276l — SDiox, 1S&7, pf^ 209. 222. — Ii>em. 1900, j-p. 217. 229. — KhoijODKotskj, 1896, ft 22, pL 10, figs. 1-4. — KxTKOtoTO. 1899, p. ^*6. [See aiao KrEiMoio, 1900, ic 14.— LcHE, 1899, p. 5a] 1899: Itifioponoporuf praiatfo i Blanehard. 1894 ) LfH£. 1899, p. 50. — ^Ii^ai. 1900, {.. 21L — Aeola. 1900, p^ 385— >*ii6. — Kcbtmoto, 1900, pp. 1-ld, pis. 1-2. — Waei>. 190L, pfu 783. 793, figs. 1244-1245. FXEVK3^ XBCZLL-MrZOCS P^WBS Olf A5TW%r> PAEA-^ITES. 45 the r ^ iwii i ee Waea. - u . vit^ p^ -f •r'rTrf; h^^ <«»«trR!» n- ha»« ae«er travMerf. Cailine: moKS, wbenfr b« h. fioit in ^^y^emher he^n CO ao&r Oi.>^^' .^. . beyoni pttfliaringthe iaoer. s pieee o€ t:!^>»^ Band to luKc- aolMBfined Co mfciit-ju :r-ri>r"' i- '^ aenled at TaJrarfinma <;nai _- 7iae itBDr.i. Mia Ai:.: -rrne raro rows -if -fe^nai vass. wtiti 3*r": ^lfe£nin bocfilv eoiifidnmi~>ii. Badly iu>ar!^ii«L v^asrj. SympiHHiiS'rf cvauHBOB. fiKe. Lafylato&fl Dttco in.-^" - ' ^ ~ otiu±rw!i*'Ocnipie*L P tifap- veak ami frwio^nr. nmrih gr^- _ewriat act^eieaced. Cniies v-L. Tsiiu ac <]Bier nmes. IiU'Wiig- Fssv 26. — V^ozKi view •}£ lacoal halfoc a xw a-gry, ^ft***" I^jiBK A ITiH himWp. mt. fie. T. the ggHf ■ —= r ~ '^"om mrtriilr ha;^ "^ ~ - ~ ' ^ in the r* DBwrhBa <: " TnabiDT.u. Fpom aixive symfr ci^ "r.-r ;• [ — rnemaria #^«i*>»uifi»] was so^eeieiL Mi»rr - however. im>-~ reveafed a immlier Z>t"ateimait £>'. ■ _ = — 7~7r-— -t^p V«^enB/ ^pedrre of wbac pun.- -i2|^ misfac iieioae crie^L .LI.: -he resale W:- i^Hse oi. a r-jri^-'v r ax -Jiiestpc- -Iimetef^ ex:r-L„T _.. -riinmk. Oi-o.- _ _.^. ^rraoeti. aa*i. -tj.-.- -im. 5«metinie 'ennie =e of tre- . wae ■-r.jrb. 46 BUBEAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. portion as thin as 1.5 millimeters was found, hut no head could he discovered. From the following day all the complaints the man had suffered from for so many years entirely disappeared." — Ijima & Kurimoto, 1894, Pl^. 372-373. Case II. — History: C. A.; 24 years; resident of Nagasaki. He went frequently to the vicinity of Minaniitakaki, where the first case had lived, in order to buy eggs. In 1890 changed his occupation to hauler and day laborer until 1896. He had never been anywhere outside of his native district except in Minaniitakaki; naturally healthy, with no history of previous illness; since July, 1895, occasional pain in abdo- cu'.o. -^ifc'' ^Tct^ Fig. 27.— Partially diagrammatic representation of a left .set of main genital ducts, as seen from the ventral side ; cir, cirrus ; dr. o, cirrus opening ; dtg. yolk duct ; or, ovary ; ovd, oviduct ; sb, recept- aculum seminis; ut, uterus; ut. o., uterine pore; vag, vagina; vag. o, vaginal opening; vd, vas deferens. X 150. After Ijima & Kurimoto, 1894, fig. 10. men, transitory diarrhea followed by constipation; morning of January 26, 1896, taken with intense cramps and diarrhea; found something suspicious in his stool, which he took to his jihysician for examination. Symptoms: Body medium, nourishment medium. Body showed no changes, only a gurgling sound from time to time in abdomen. Pieces of tapeworm were found in the stool, whereupon exlr. filic. mas. was given. Two tapeworms without heads were discharged. One of them measured 145 cm. in length and from 3.5 to 7 mm. in width (the narrow end caudad). The second measured 140 cm. in length, 0.5 mm. in width at anterior end, 8 mm. in width at broadest posterior part. — Abstracted from Kurimoto, 1500, p. 5. Clinically, it may 1)0, noticed that while the symptoms are varied and not especially characteristic, they correspond in a general way to those noted in infections with Dihothrioeephalus latus, namely, irregular appetite, with occasional pains extending from region of stomach to the back; intestinal disturbance indicated by diarrhea, colic, and constipation; anemia, as is more or less common in infection with worms of this family (absent from second case probably becQ,use of the small size of the parasite); poorly nourished con- dition, weakness, inclination to faint. Diagnosis should be very easy. If segments are found in the stools, they can be easil}^ deter- mined by pressing them gently between two pieces of glass, holding them up to the light, and looking for the characters mentioned in the Fig. 28.— An egg taken from the uterus. X 440. After Ijima Si, Kurimoto, 1894, fig. 9. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 47 diagnoses given !il)ovo. If no segments arc found, a inicroscopic (>xanii- jiation of the focos will foveal nuniorous eggs, since this parasite belongs to a group of worms provided with a special uterine pore, through which the ova are constantly discharged. These eggs are entirely dif- ferent from those of the genus Taenia, l)eing provided with an opercu- lum at one end. They may, however, be mistaken for eggs of certain other parasites. The forms which come into special consideration are Dihothrioeephalux latas (the broad Russian tapeworm), Fasciola hejoatk-a (the conmion liver duke), and Paragonimus Wexterjnanii (the lung fluke). It will be somewhat difficult to distinguish the eggs (63/^ by -iS to .50//) of the Asiatic ta]:)eworm {DlpJo'f^ent: Single parasite reported, 9 cases; 12 parasites reported, 1 case. The cases in question may be tabulated as follows: Case No. Ill V VI VII VIII IX X Age and sex. 34 years, male. 28 years, male. 9 years, male. IV 25 years, male. 42 years, male. 17 years, male. 15 years, female. 24 years, male. 11 years, female. Country. Amoy .. Japan .. ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do. ....do. ....do. ....do. Seat of parasite. Subp. conn, tiss., near iliac fossa and post- renal; 1 free in pleural cavity. Wandered and dis- charged from ure- thra. From urethra do do Region of eye do Thigh Region of eye . . Inguinal region Num- ber of para- sites. Dimensions of parasite. 300 to 350 X 3 X 0.4 mm. 30 to 81 mm. 185 mm. long. . . 300 X 10 X 1. 75 mm. 600x6xl.5mm. 245 X 1 to 3 mm. 364 X 12 mm or 105 ,\6.5mm. Authoritv. 1 25 X 1.5 to 4 mm. 1 120 X 3 to 6 mm. 88x3.6 to 6.5 mm 25 X 2 mm 450 mm Manson, 1882, pp. 616-617; Cobbold, 1883, pp. 78-83. Leuckart, 1886a, pp. 941- 951, tigs. 402-103, 405; Leuckart, 1886b, pp. 745- 751, flgs. 402-404. Murata, 1887, No. 181, pp. 4-10; No. 182, pp. 6-10; Ijima & Murata, 1888, pp. 150-151, fig. 1. Murata, 1887, No. 185, pp. 4-7; Ijima & Muratji, 1888, pp. 151-152, fig. 2. Toyoda, 1888, No. 2; Ijima & Murata, 1888, pp. 153- ■ 154, fig. 3. Murata, 1887, No. 181, pp. 4-10; No. 182, pp. 6-10; Ijima & Murata, 1888, p. IM. Murata, 1887, No. 185, pp. 4-7; Ijima & Murata, 1888, pp. 154-155, flgs. 4, 6,8. Ijima & Murata, 1888, pp. 1.^15-157, fig. 5. Ijima e made either upon open- ing a swelling and finding the worm, or upon postmortem, or upon seeing a portion of the worm at the opening of the urethra. Since we are dealing with an immature stage, ordinar}^ methods of diagnosis b}'^ microscopic examination for ova will be useless. Treatment. — From the position of the parasite it is clear that the administration of anthelmintics is not indicated. Surgical treatment is used in superficial swellings, while in urethral cases the w^orms should be extracted while the patient is in a warm bath, the parasite being slowly drawn out or wound out around a stick under water. HISTORICAL REVIEW, WITH REPORT OF CASES. The first record of this parasite was published \>y Manson (1882, pp. 610-617). It was a "Case of Lymph Scrotum, associated with Filarife and other Parasites." Some of the ''other parasites" were those sent to Cobbold, who identified them as a new species and called them Ligula 2f((nsoni. Dr. Manson, who was in Amo}^ at the time, found these helminths in a Chinaman. The latter had died of dysentery and ulcer- ated stricture of the esophagus, after operation for lympho-elephantoid scrotum. Manson described the worms as follows: Case I. "A number of parasites, twelve in all. were found lying in the subperitoneal fascia, about the iliac fossje, and behind the kidneys. A similar parasite was found lying free in the right pleural cavity. Some of these parasites were coiled up in loose knots, and others lay extended. On being drawn from under the peritoneum they exhibited languid movements like those of the tapeworm. * * * The parasites referred to as having been found in the subperitoneal areolar tissue were long, tape-like animals, 12 to 14 inches long, one-eighth of an inch ])road, and about one sixty-fourth of an inch in thickness. They were dead white, and moved distinctly when taken out of the body. The extremities were rather thicker than the rest of the body and were rounded off. A hurried glance with the microscope showed one extremity to be lipped. I ])laced them in a mixture of serum and urine, intending to examine them more carefully in the e\ening of the post-mortem, but was disturbed. Next morning I poured spirits of wine over them. To-day I find them so friable that I can not make out the structures. There are no joints or articulations. The entire animal seems stuffed witli clear, globular, egg-like bodies, in many of which double and treble outline, with appearance of nucleus, can be traced. These bodies are apparently held together l)y a loose fibrous matrix, which, on pressure, splits up longitudinally or ruptures transversely. The integument is very thin. One extremity appears to be provided with a narrow longitudinal slit, the other is distinctly lipped." — Manson, 1S8-2, pp. 616-617. An editorial footnote to this article states that Cobbold had proposed the name Ligula Mansard for the parasites in cpiestion. Cobbold (1883) gave a more detailed description of the worm the following year, publishing a specific diagnosis and discussing the pos- sible modes of infection. The next contribution to our knowledge of this parasite was by Leuckart (1881, 1886). The original paper of 1881 is not accessible to us, but in 1886 Leuckart gave an account of a case which was observed ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 53 by Dr. Scheube in Kyoto. Lciickiirt renamed the wonn Bothnot>p]ia- his J!(/iiloiff<'< and gave an important zoolofri<"il discussion of it. He disagrees with Cobbold in reference to its possible relation to Ligula. He is of the opinion that the entire body of the larval parasite will not change to an adult in a tinal host, but that the head and adjacent por- tion will give rise to the strobila. while the rest of the worm will Ije destroyed. The medical history of the ca.se he cites is as follows: Ca.se II. ''The patient wa.s a .Japanese, 28 years of age, who had V)een five years in pri.-!on, but \va.« formerly for .s^me years a groom in the inland ecame painful. At the same time a diffu.'^e harden- ing of the skin set in on the upper part of the left thigh, below the inguinal region, and pains extended thence to the left hj-pochomlrium. Afterwards the hardening and the pain decrea.sed, and wholly dis- appeared after some months, so that the patient, in spite of the persisting slight enlargement of the left testis, felt absolutely healthy. In the course of a year, without apparent occasion, dysuria set in, associated with pains in the urethra and bladder. The urine itself exhibiteoo nxl. After he had drawn out about 18.5 cm. in this fashion the worm broke. The pain of urinating was temporarily relieverl, but after a short perio<^l retumetl. The urine could only l^e expelled in droj>s by strong pressure, and with ^-iolent pains, which extended to the upper thigh. The urine was slightly cloudy, but on micro- scopic examination revealed nothing unusual except blut only drop by drop. Two days passeatient felt a slight pain. It seems that the worm was originally situated in the region of the fornix of the upper eyelid, but had changed its position so as to come beneath the conjunctiva bulbi." — Ijima A Murata, 1888, p. 161. Case X. Reported to Ijima & Murata by Takesaki. A worm was found by Dr. Disse in a subject in the dissecting room of their university. It was embedded in the subcutaneous connective tissue of the left inguinal region. "According to our informant, INlr. Takesaki, of the Pathological Institute, who was the eyewitness of the discovery, the worm was about one foot and a half long and tapeworm-like, Init unsegmented. It was new to I)i.s.se, and Takesaki, who saw the specimens of Ijima and Murata, tHbught it to be the same worm." — Ijima & Murata, 1888, p. 157. 56 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. So far as we have learned, no new cases in man appear to have ])oen reported since 1888, although the parasite has been mentioned in a number of medical and zoological works. According- to several authors, Sonsino has reported the same worm from the jackal ( Canl>< aureus). Sonsino's paper is not accessible to us. All other references found are based upon the observations of Manson, Cobbold, Leuckart, and Ijima & Murata, reviewed above. The Japanese papers Ave are unable to read, but the more important facts contained in them appear in the English paper by Ijima & Murata. SPURIOUS PARASITISM DUE TO PARTIALLY DKJESTEI) BANANAS. By Ch. Wardell Stiles, Ph. D., Pathologist of Bureau of Animal Industry, Albert Hassall, M. R. C. V. S., Acting Assistant Zoologist of Bureau of Animal Industry. [Figures 37-38.] This laboratory- receives numerous specimens of parasites which phj^sicians in various parts of the country forward for determination. Not infrequently structures of various kinds are submitted to us as parasites which, in reality, are not of parasitic nature, but represent partially digested plant fibers of various kinds, and hair, clots, etc. Quite recently two physi- cians have sent specimens which are identical with speci- mens received upon several former occasions. In former determinations of these partic- . ular objects we have contented ourselves by replying that the structures in question, which bear a superficial resemblance to minute tapeworms, were cells from some plant. In the last two cases received the objects were examined more closely, and they were determined to be tissues from a banana — a determmation which has been confirmed by Dr. Erwin Smith and Mr. Albert F. Woods, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The objects in question, when submitted, represented dark-brown to black fibers, which looked as if they were segmented like a tapeworm, Fig. 37.— a portion of banana found in the stool. Enlargecl. Original. ELEVEN MISCELLANEOUS rAPERS ON ANIMAL PAR A SITES. 57 and they wore found attiichcd to a pulpy yellowish mass. Each " segment " represented a plant cell which contained a dark mass. Our correspondent, in transmitting the last specimen, writes: " I have mailed ycni this day a package containing two specimens, of wliich I (h'Hire to learn the origin and history. While they may l>e very common and yon may recognize them innnediately, they are .so foreign to the medi- cal profession that my efforts witli the microscope have not aided me in accounting for them. They are in a 40 i)er cent solution of formalin. "These organisms were both passed in the stool of a child not yet tw^o years old. They were thoroughly mixed with the feces, and I am satisfied from my knowledge of the case that they were passed from the bowel. Tlie child is one of two in a poor family, and this little one has been very low for tiie past three months, but lias l)een for S(.)me two weeks improving con- siderably. The worm '■'■ was passe