b'tin \n\n\n\n\\l \n\n\n\nm \n\nHI \n\nt \n\nf \n\n\n\nji \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nt!i \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHISTORY \n\n\n\nOF THE \n\n\n\nSTATE OF NEW YORK. \n\n\n\nPOR THE USE OF \n\n\n\nCOMMON SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES, NORMAL AND \n\nHIGH SCHOOLS, \n\nAND OTHER SEMINARIES OF INSTRUCTION. \n\n\n\n.-^^ a"\' \n\n\n\nS?S:\' RANDALL \n\nSCP.ai.T....XT OP PCBUO S^C^HOOLS OP TH\xc2\xab CXT. OP KKW .OOK. \n\n\n\n\nNEW YORK: \nJ. B. FORD AND COMPANY. \n\n1870. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n3 APR I \'i \n\nCopy-- \' \n\n\n\nJ. II. \xe2\x96\xbaOKI* Axn c<\xc2\xbbM\xc2\xbb\'Asy. \n^ ib\xe2\x80\x9e r -rw . . .r^ r the Ih.trt-t r\'oun f- th. s<.uih.n. Wrtrtrl oT H^ Tort \n\n\n\nUmitmsitv P\xc2\xabb*\xc2\xbb: W\xc2\xabtcM. Bioblow. * Co, \nCamb\xc2\xabiocb. \n\n\n\nPREFACE. \n\n\n\nSo far as I am aware, the compilation uow presented to the \npubhc is the first attempt at providing for our elementary and \nhigher institutions of learning a separate History of the State \nof New York. Many of the most important events in that \nhistory are, it is true, contained in the current school histories \nof the United States ; necessarily, however, greatly abridged and \ncondensed. It has seemed to me, and to others interested in the \nwork of popular education, that some attempt should be made \nto supply this deficiency by presenting within a convenient \ncompass the prominent outlines of those interesting details \nwhich have rendered our own \'\' Empire State " so conspicuous \nin the history of the great American Republic. \n\nIn the execution of the work it has, of course, been found \nnecessary to draw very largely upon the materials furnished by \nthe earlier and later annalists of the State and nation; and I \ntake especial pleasure in acknowledging the obligations I have \nbeen under to my esteemed friend, Mary L. Booth, whose \n" History of the City of New York," as condensed from the \nmost reliable sources, embodies the principal events of that of \nthe State up to the period of the Revolutionary War. I have \nalso been greatly indebted to Judge Hammond\'s " Political His- \ntory " of the State for a clear and lucid detail of the successive \nadministrations of the government from its origin to the ter- \nmination of that of Governor Wright. From that period to \nthe close of the present year I have carefully consulted the \n\n\n\nIT PliEFACE. \n\nvarious Public Documents of the State, unci the contornj\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab-\xc2\xbbrn,ry \nannals of the public press. To my ro^j\'octcj friend, Hknut \nB. Dawson, the well-known author of the " Battles of the \nAmerican Republic," I am under sjK\'cial obi us for the ac- \n\ncurate details of the militar}\' aud navid contesta which have shed \nso brilliant a lustre ujx)n our histon- iia a Sta \n\nThe Appendix will Ih) found to contain the Constitution of \nthe State as amended by the Convention of 1867 - 68 ; a statis- \ntical account of the population according to tho census of 1.^ ...>, \nand tho several subec^iucnt enumerations down to 1865 ; listii \nof tho respective Governors from 1G24 to the preaent time, \nand Lieutenant-flovcniors and Speakers of tho Assembly from \ntho period of tho adoption of tho first State Constitution ; and \nlists of lUilroads and Canals in the State, thoir extent, and the \ncost of their construction and maintenimce. \n\nIn the confident ho|)o that the work may l>e found worthy of \nadoption in our common s aai . , and other i \n\nnaries of learning throughout the State, I rc\xc2\xab|)ortfully commend \nit to the favorable reganl of the great body of teachers, school \nofTiccrs, and other friends of education, within its borders \n\na a RANDALL \nNbw York, Janouy, 1870. \n\n\n\nTABLE OF CONTENTS. \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\nPaqs \n\n\n\nPhysical Features op the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Public Works. \xe2\x80\x94 Geol- \nogy. \xe2\x80\x94 Climate, etc. 7-9 \n\nFIRST PERIOD. \nINDIAN OCCUPANCY. \n\nThe Algonquins or Delawares. \xe2\x80\x94 Mohegans. \xe2\x80\x94 Manhattans. \xe2\x80\x94 The Five \nNations. \xe2\x80\x94 Character and Objects of the Confederacy. \xe2\x80\x94 Chiefs, \nSachems, and Orators. \xe2\x80\x94 The Tortoise, Bear, and Wolf Tribes.\xe2\x80\x94 \nFounders of the Confederacy. \xe2\x80\x94 Traditions. \xe2\x80\x94 Strawberry of the \nGreat Spirit. \xe2\x80\x94 Conquests of the Iroquois. \xe2\x80\x94 Accession of the Tus- \ncaroras. \xe2\x80\x94 Fidelity to the English. \xe2\x80\x94 Comparative Numbers . .10-13 \n\nSECOND PERIOD. \nDISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. \xe2\x80\x94 THE DUTCH GOVERNMENTS. \n\nCHAPTER I. \n\nJohn de Verrazzano. \xe2\x80\x94 Samuel Champlain. \xe2\x80\x94 Henry Hudson. \xe2\x80\x94 His \nEmployment by the Dutch East India Company. \xe2\x80\x94 Entrance into \nNew York Bay. \xe2\x80\x94 Intercourse with the Indians. \xe2\x80\x94 Discovery of the \nRiver. \xe2\x80\x94 Voyage up the Hudson to Albany. \xe2\x80\x94 Return to Europe. \xe2\x80\x94 \nHis Death. \xe2\x80\x94 Fur-Trade Expeditions from Holland. \xe2\x80\x94 Adrien Block. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Foundation of New York City. \xe2\x80\x94 Explorations and Discoveries. \xe2\x80\x94 \nNew Charter. \xe2\x80\x94 Association of Merchants. \xe2\x80\x94 United New Nether- \nlands Company. \xe2\x80\x94 Indian Council at Tawasentha. \xe2\x80\x94 Treaty of Al- \nliance. \xe2\x80\x94 Progress of the Fur-Trade. \xe2\x80\x94 English Claims. \xe2\x80\x94 Charter \nto Ferdinando Gorges and his Associates. \xe2\x80\x94 West India Company. \xe2\x80\x94 \nColonization of New Netherlands. \xe2\x80\x94 Cornelissen Jacobsen May. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSettlements on Manhattan and Long Island and Fort Orange. \xe2\x80\x94 Wil- \nliam Verhulst 14-19 \n\nCHAPTER II. \xe2\x80\x94Administration of Peter Minuit. \n\nPurchase and Settlement of Manhattan Island.\xe2\x80\x94 Friendly Relations with \nEnglish Colonists. \xe2\x80\x94 Church Organization. \xe2\x80\x94 Murder of a Westches- \nter Indian. \xe2\x80\x94 Grants of Territory to Fatroons and other Settlers. \xe2\x80\x94 \nIntroduction of Slavery. \xe2\x80\x94 The Rensselaerwyck Fatroons. \xe2\x80\x94 Progress \nof Manhattan Colony. \xe2\x80\x94 Controversy with Fatroons. \xe2\x80\x94 English \nClaims. \xe2\x80\x94 Recall of Minuit. \xe2\x80\x94 Swedish Settlement on the Delaware. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Death of Minuit 19-22 \n\n\n\n^i coyTKyrs. \n\nCHAPTER III. \xe2\x80\x94 ADM1SI8TBATIOX or Woi\'TKB Vam Twillbr. \n\nHis Character. \xe2\x80\x94 C<>r.tn>vor\xc2\xaby with Dominic Bo^r>lu\xc2\xbb. \xe2\x80\x94 Adam Roiv- \nlatiJ^u, the Fint l>a>! !:<>buildiiif of the Koft. \xe2\x80\x94 KrDctioo oC \n\nn f\'),nr.-h. \xe2\x80\x94 Jf\\. \'i r. ;ki;. \\ - ii to Manhattan. \xe2\x80\x94 Deflance of the \nI ,r*\xc2\xbb Ai. \xe2\x80\x94 rrocc\xc2\xab<linff\xc2\xbb of Van TwiUer. \xe2\x80\x94 1\' \xc2\xab^t\xc2\xbb \n\nwith the Knglifth < ^ on th\' \' J K*- \n\noonqucjit of K\'lrt N . . \xe2\x80\x94 Kap.. > ii;i * "nicr. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nCoolrovcr\xc2\xbby wr i ^ - 1 . rklari i TwiHcr. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'tir- \n\nchaM of Pavonia 31-24 \n\nCHAPTEU IV. \xe2\x80\x94 AomiiiSTBATiox or Wiuibi^ KiBrr. \n\nDUBr;\'-- - " \xe2\x80\xa2\'- <5-. II \xc2\xbb. .\xe2\x80\xa2 1\xe2\x80\x94 V *^K\xe2\x80\x9ert<jr of r- \xe2\x80\xa2\'".-\xc2\xab*. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n> \xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\x94 Af >n th\xc2\xab \n\nKaritan, >N and Mohawk Indian*. \xe2\x80\x94 In<i i i MuAacro at \n\nfavonia. \xe2\x80\x94 \' \' \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nlla*"^\'"\'"" .... ... i.-......^. ..^..; of \n\nP\xc2\xabo. ..... 36-11 \n\nCnAl*TER V. \xe2\x80\x94 -vLMi.-^isiuAiios UK Petkb SruvrBAAMT. \n\nR\xc2\xabprM\xc2\xabnUtivo Omncil. \xe2\x80\x94 ^ ^ * it. \xe2\x80\x94 A\'^iutmetit of \n\nft.i-M.t\'trtc* between t-. v.rf.fttouta. ^ llan- \n\n! . and Uruoklyn G- lOt. \xe2\x80\x94 R\xc2\xabcon> \n\nqnmt of Sw(>di*h I the b A uf Indinn Iloa- \n\nr" t\'atent to u. \xe2\x96\xa0 \' \'to \n\nL.\xe2\x80\x9e .\xe2\x80\x9e.p.\xe2\x80\x9ea.\xe2\x80\x94 Death . M-a\xc2\xab \n\n\n\nTHIRD PERIOD. \n\nENGLISH OOVEKNMKNT. \n\nCII.M\'TF.R I. \xe2\x80\x94 Adwixihtratioxs or Govrnfon* Niroi iji \n\nIxiVKt^CB, AMD A.HOBOa. \n\n.New City Charter. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbitrary Ileaanre\xc2\xab \xc2\xabf LoTdac\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 R- \n\nby the Dutch. \xe2\x80\x94 RMtoratJoQ to the . \xe2\x80\x94 rmrwdlng* again\xc2\xabt \n\nLorttlac\xc2\xab and Manning. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbitrary Co<*duct of Androt. \xe2\x80\x94 Hi* recall 87-40 \n\nCIIAI*TER II. \xe2\x80\x94 ADMixt(iTBATio5 or Thomas Doxoaw. \n\nBepreMntatire AA\xc2\xaberobly. \xe2\x80\x94 Charter of Libcrtiea. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbitrary Moaa- \nurcs of JamcA II. \xe2\x80\x94 Alliance and Conqae\xc2\xabt\xc2\xab of the IroqooU. \xe2\x80\x94 Coun- \ncil at A T \'i. \xe2\x80\x94 De la Bams. \xe2\x80\x94 Dwoo- \n\n\xe2\x96\xbclllc. \xe2\x80\x94 i . .nch \xe2\x80\x94 T?, ,-1 ..f Goremor \n\nDonfran. \xe2\x80\x94 At II. \xe2\x80\x94 <>nr\xc2\xab .-\xe2\x99\xa6*. \xe2\x80\x94 Ja- \n\noob Lcislcr 4 1 - 46 \n\nCHAPTER III. \xe2\x80\x94 AniiixKTRATiO!*!! or Jacoh It; i . n a\xc2\xbbcd \nGovernors SLX)uaiiTP.R akd Flbtchhr. \n\nCommittee of Sjifety. \xe2\x80\x94 The B\xc2\xabtf\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbry. \xe2\x80\x94 Rnminff of Sch. :,. . Uvly. \xe2\x80\x94 \nNaral 1 ,0. \xe2\x80\x94 ArriTal of In- \n\nfoMsby u:i>i (juvcntor 5iou\xc2\xa3Qtcr. \xe2\x80\x94 i^\'ufai ui Lirfiltr to \n\n\n\nCONTENTS. vii \n\nthe Government. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrest and Execution of Leisler and Milbome. \xe2\x80\x94 \nTreaties with the Iroquois. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Fletcher. \xe2\x80\x94 Bradford\'s Print- \ning-Press. \xe2\x80\x94 Church Controversy. \xe2\x80\x94 Trinity Church. \xe2\x80\x94 Invasion of \nFrontenac. \xe2\x80\x94 Piratical Depredations 45-49 \n\nCHAPTER IV. \xe2\x80\x94 Administrations of the Earl of Bella- \nMONT, Lords Cornbury and Lovelace, and Lieutenant- \nGovernor Ingoldsby. \n\nCaptain William Kidd. \xe2\x80\x94 Honors to Leisler and Milbome. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial \nand Conviction of Bayard. \xe2\x80\x94 Lord Cornbury. \xe2\x80\x94 Establishment of a \nGrammar-School. \xe2\x80\x94 Lord Lovelace. \xe2\x80\x94 Queen Anne\'s War. \xe2\x80\x94 Expe- \nditions against Canada 49-52 \n\nCHAPTER V. \xe2\x80\x94 Administrations of Robert Hunter, \nWilliam Burnet, and John Montgojierie. \n\nGerman Immigrants. \xe2\x80\x94 Lewis Morris. \xe2\x80\x94 Failure of the Canadian Ex- \npeditions. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Hunter and the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Court of Chan- \ncery. \xe2\x80\x94 Chief-Justice Morris. \xe2\x80\x94 Peter Schuyler. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Burnet. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 His Counsellors. \xe2\x80\x94 French Missionaries and Traders. \xe2\x80\x94 Conven- \ntion at Albany. \xe2\x80\x94 Opposition of the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 New York Gazette. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Governor Montgomerie . . \xc2\xbb .52-55 \n\nCHAPTER VL \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor Cosby. \n\nContest with Rip Van Dam. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbitrary Measures of Cosby. \xe2\x80\x94 Ti-ial \nand Acquittal of John Peter Zenger on an Indictment for Libel. \xe2\x80\x94 \nPopular Triumph. \xe2\x80\x94 Andrew Hamilton. \xe2\x80\x94 Sons of Liberty . .55-59 \n\nCHAPTER VII. \xe2\x80\x94 Administrations of George Clarke, Admiral \nClinton, Sir Danvers Osborne, and Sir Charles Hardy. \n\nDissolution of the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Disfranchisement of Jews. \xe2\x80\x94 Slavery \nin New York. \xe2\x80\x94 The Negro Plot. \xe2\x80\x94 Reign of Tei-ror. \xe2\x80\x94 Number of \nVictims. \xe2\x80\x94 Dissensions with the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Popular Discontent. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSuicide of Governor Osborne. \xe2\x80\x94 Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey. \xe2\x80\x94 \nChanged Position of Parties. \xe2\x80\x94 Sir Charles Hardy . . . .59-63 \n\n\n\nFOURTH PERIOD. \n\nFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. \n\nCHAPTER I. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Lieutenant-Governor De \n\nLancey. \n\nFrench Incursions. \xe2\x80\x94 Washington\'s ]\\Iission to St. Pierre. \xe2\x80\x94 Fort du \nQuesne. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of Fort Necessity. \xe2\x80\x94 Treaties Avith the Iroquois. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Convention at Albany. \xe2\x80\x94 Franklin\'s Plan of Confederation. \xe2\x80\x94 \nEvents of 1755. \xe2\x80\x94 General Johnson\'s Campaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Fort Edward. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLake George. \xe2\x80\x94 Repulse of Dieskau. \xe2\x80\x94 Fort William Henry. \xe2\x80\x94 Shir- \nley\'s Expedition against Niagara. \xe2\x80\x94 Campaign of 1756. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack \nupon Oswego. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Colonel Mercer. \xe2\x80\x94 Quartering of Troops in \nNew York . . . . . * . \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 .64-69 \n\n\n\nviii COXTKyf:^. \n\nCHAPTER II. \n\nC\xc2\xabrr- r\xe2\x84\xa2 of 1767. \xe2\x80\x94 Sle>ge of Fort WillUun Henry. \xe2\x80\x94 Treacherr of \n\xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of the Fort luid MoMacre of the GarriMxi by the \nIndians. \xe2\x80\x94 Campaign of 1758. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack upon Fort Tioooderoga. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDoath of Lorl Howe. \xe2\x80\x94 Hctreat of the English. \xe2\x80\x94 \\ \' \xe2\x80\xa2\' ntcnac \xe2\x80\x94 \nCapture of Foru Du (^ue\xc2\xabne, Ticooderoga, Crow; t, and Ni- \nagara. \xe2\x80\x94 Siege and Captur\xc2\xab of Quebec. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Wolfe and Mont- \ncalm. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Montreal. -- Xa\\-ml Warfare- \xe2\x80\x94 Treaty of Peace. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Death of Lieuten:t nior I>\xc2\xab Laoccy. \xe2\x80\x94 AdminirtraUoo of \n\nCadwallader Colden ^rt Moocktoo. \xe2\x80\x94 ludepaodaoce of the \n\nJudiciary 70-76 \n\n\n\nFIFTH PERIOD. \nTHE RKVOLUTlr>XARY WAB. \n\nCHAPTEK I. \n\nMatloQ Ix t w a a n thn (?o!on!rv and KngfauML \xe2\x80\x94 Reatriotlflm apoo Com- \nmerce and Na- \xe2\x80\xa2*\xe2\x80\xa2 of the Olooiea. \xe2\x80\x94 DemaiMU of th\xc2\xab \nCrown. \xe2\x80\x94 Pa\xc2\xabMige of the .stamp AcL \xe2\x80\x94 lu rec< " Colonlea. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Proceedlngn at New Y -^ ^ -\xe2\x80\xa2 \'* \' \xe2\x80\xa2 w *..,^...- \xc2\xbb-^Ia- \nration of Bighu. \xe2\x80\x94 Arri% . Mx-eetling* \xe2\x80\xa2 -\xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2 \nof Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack on the Fort. \xe2\x80\x94 Noo-Intercour\xc2\xbbe AKreomenL \xe2\x80\x94 \nArticles of Confederation propoaed. \xe2\x80\x94 Arriral of Sir H a\xc2\xab \nGovernor. \xe2\x80\x94 Procowlinjr* of tlie Aweni*\'\'- ^\'...^^1 -, . ...inp \n\nAcL \xe2\x80\x94 Patriotic Celebration*. \xe2\x80\x94 Erecti< rrty Pole . 76 - SS \n\nCHAPTEK IT \n\nCon\' \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\'v\xc2\xbbn the G.\xc2\xbbvpni<ir at. \' \\tt^ \n\nP\xc2\xab \'-\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 Tax on Tea. \xe2\x80\x94 I \n\nof the \xe2\x80\xa2 -. \xe2\x80\x94 The .*\xc2\xbbon\xc2\xab of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceeding! of the \n\nbiy. \xe2\x80\x94 ICf. Agreement. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of G \n\nMoore.\xe2\x80\x94 I ..rtu \xe2\x80\x94 Public M-"\'-\' "\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 \' \n\nColonial h t. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrv*t of John I,nmb an \n\nIfcDougall . . bZ-^ \n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nAttack.4 upon the Liberty Pole. \xe2\x80\x94 Riotous Pfrw-*>^ -?:,.<\xc2\xbb. r.r #i,<, Soldiera. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Excitement of the Citizens \xe2\x80\x94 Public \' * of Lib. \nerty. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Golden Hill. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Colden* l\xc2\xbbr*palr\' . . \xe2\x80\x94 \nHnmp^lcn Hnll. \xe2\x80\x94 -^ \xe2\x96\xa0\' A defence of ttv \' " \'" \'\xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\x94 Vjola- \ntion of N\'on-Iinix : \\^reeracnt. \xe2\x80\x94 Pr _ .jio Son* of \nLiberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Ix)nl Dunmore. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceodit. .\xc2\xbbt McDoagall . M- 91 \n\nCHAPTER IV. \xe2\x80\x94 AiiMixiSTRATioNH or Govi : \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 k^ Iin.v axd \n\nCoLDE.t. \n\nShipmenta of Tea \xe2\x80\x94 Spirited Proc\xc2\xab\xc2\xabdln(C\xc2\xab of the Son* of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 \nNew York " Tea Party." \xe2\x80\x94 Vigilance Committee. \xe2\x80\x94 Public Meeting \n\n\n\nCONTENTS. \n\n\n\nit \n\n\n\nof Citizens. \xe2\x80\x94 Non-Importation League. \xe2\x80\x94 Second Colonial Congress. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 First and Second Provincial \nCongress. \xe2\x80\x94 First Continental Congress. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrival of the Asia \xe2\x80\x94 \nDisturbances in the City. \xe2\x80\x94 Sons of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Provisional Gov- \nernment. \xe2\x80\x94 Patriotic Demonstrations. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Ammunition at \nTurtle Bay \xe2\x80\x94 General Wooster encamps at Harlem. \xe2\x80\x94 Embarkation \n\nof Royal Troops. \xe2\x80\x94 .Recapture of Arms by the Citizens . . .91-97 \n\nCHAPTER v. \xe2\x80\x94 Events of 1775. \n\nCapture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. \xe2\x80\x94 Organization of New York \nRegiments. \xe2\x80\x94 Removal of the Guns on the Battery. \xe2\x80\x94 Cannonade of \nthe City by the Asia. \xe2\x80\x94 Demand for Satisfaction. \xe2\x80\x94 Abdication of \nGovernor Tryon. \xe2\x80\x94 Demolition of Rivington\'s Press. \xe2\x80\x94 Invasion of \nCanada. \xe2\x80\x94 Siege and Capture of St. John\'s. \xe2\x80\x94 Disastrous Expedition \nof Allen. \xe2\x80\x94 Siege of Quebec. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Montgomery and Defeat of \nMorgan and Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat of American Troops . . 97 - 103 \n\nCHAPTER VL \xe2\x80\x94 Events of 1776. \n\nInvestment of New York by Howe and Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Preparations for De- \nfence. \xe2\x80\x94 Declaration of Independence. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of Provincial \nCongress at White Plains. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Long Island. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat of \nWashington to New York and Harlem Heights. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrest and Exe- \ncution of Nathan Hale as a Spy. \xe2\x80\x94 Landing of Howe at Kip\'s Bay. \xe2\x80\x94 \nEvacuation of the City. \xe2\x80\x94 Skirmish at Harlem. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat to White \nPlains. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of White Plains. \xe2\x80\x94 Captures of Forts Washington \nand Lee. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat through New Jersey. \xe2\x80\x94 Naval Combat on Lake \nChamplain 103-110 \n\nCHAPTER VII. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor George Clin- \nton. \xe2\x80\x94 Events op 1777. \xe2\x80\x94 First State Constitution. \n\nOccupation of the City of New York by the British. \xe2\x80\x94 The Neutral \nGround. \xe2\x80\x94 CoAV-Boys and Skinners. \xe2\x80\x94 The Provincial Congress. \xe2\x80\x94 \nCommittee of Safety. \xe2\x80\x94 Destruction of Mllitaiy Stores at Peekskill. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Attack on Sag Harbor. \xe2\x80\x94 Constitutional Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of \nGovernor and Staff Officers. \xe2\x80\x94 Congressional Delegates. \xe2\x80\x94 Barbarous \nTreatment of Prisoners. \xe2\x80\x94 The Sugar-House. \xe2\x80\x94 Provost Jail and \nJersey Prison-Ships. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack on Ticonderoga, \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat of Schuy- \nler and St. Clair. \xe2\x80\x94 Murder of Jane McCrea. \xe2\x80\x94 Kosciusko. \xe2\x80\x94 At- \ntack upon Fort Schuyler. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Oriskany. \xe2\x80\x94 Indian Ambus- \ncade 110-113 \n\nCHAPTER VIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Events of 1777. \xe2\x80\x94 Burgoyne\'s Campaign. \n\nFirst and Second Battles of Stillwater. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle at Bemis\'s Heights. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Dissension between Gates and Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat of Burgoyne to \nSaratoga. \xe2\x80\x94 His Surrender. \xe2\x80\x94 Its Effects. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Forts Clinton, \nMontgomery, and Constitution by the British. \xe2\x80\x94 Burning of Kings- \nton 116-121 \n\nCHAPTER IX. \xe2\x80\x94 Events of 1778 and 1779. \nIndian and Tory Atrocities. \xe2\x80\x94 Destruction of Cobleskill. \xe2\x80\x94 Massacre at \n\n\n\npt COyTEXTS. \n\nChem* Valley. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture aod Recapture of Stonj Point and Ver- \nplauck\'s Tuinu \xe2\x80\x94 Sun\'rue of hriti\xc2\xbbh at i\'aulu* Hook. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack upon \nMiniMiik by ! --ditioo againat th\xc2\xab \n\nIndmii*, \xe2\x80\x94 l)c- ... m-lS8 \n\nCII.xrTEU X\xe2\x80\x94 KvEJtTS or 1780, 1761. \xe2\x80\x94 TKeA\xc2\xbbo!( or UkiN^DicT \n\nAk.nold. \n\nHU Or -\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \' W \xe2\x80\xa2 p -\xe2\x80\xa2 r \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \' \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb \xc2\xbb- \'-^ \\ \n\nmi ,. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 luton\'iew between Arnold and Andr^. \xe2\x80\x94 Ki-trcAt and Capture uf \n\nAndrd at Tarr}*town. \xe2\x80\x94 \' vv\xc2\xbbn. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nK!i \xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0\'\' ^\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\'\' -*\'\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 ...... \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \\ \n\nSh .r\xc2\xab of .\\ \n\nCaraer. \xe2\x80\x94 Kxecutiun of Migor Andn^. \xe2\x80\x94 Ueneral ^ hy for hU \n\n1 Y\'A \' War. \xe2\x80\x94 General Kej<r>! \n\n/ _i-, \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Ariiiv. \xe2\x80\x94 KV"-. \xe2\x80\xa2!\'\'\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nof Wu i\'cr*.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nto Mount Vcr 126-136 \n\n\n\nSIXTH PERIOD. \nTIIK STATK GOVKRNMKXT. \nCIIArrEU I.\xe2\x80\x94 ADMtxiaTRATioir or Goverxob Georos Cliktov. \n\nPoaltJon of \\ \' *\xe2\x80\xa2 of the War. \xe2\x80\x94 Article* \' <\' \' > -\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\'\xe2\x80\x94 Pr; - Modification. \xe2\x80\x94 S!.ntr .lea \n\nof New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Prr>cee\xc2\xablin\xc2\xabr\xc2\xab of the !-\xe2\x96\xa0 .r\xc2\xa9. \xe2\x80\x94 ( \xe2\x80\x94 Xa- \n\ntlonal C* 1 at I\'i \xe2\x80\x94 \nTh - \' -.St\xc2\xab>. \ntil i.\xc2\xbbn. \xe2\x80\x94 I \n\ntlon of Parties. \xe2\x80\x94 - The 1 1\xc2\xbbU"-- VIewt and Ar;. of the \n\nR\xc2\xabapcctivc Pnrtie*. - \'i^^*- \n\ntion of the Con^titutfii. \xe2\x80\x94 ^..i-.. ,. ^. .....\xc2\xab....:._. .. ;ire- \n\n\xc2\xbbcntatiTe\xc2\xab in ConicreM .137-144 \n\nCHAPTER H. \xe2\x80\x94 Ai>Mi.Hi\xc2\xabTEATi<>> <\'\xc2\xbb GoTBftvos Gbokob Cuxtox. \n\nFirst M \' \' f^ ^mui at N>w York. \xe2\x80\x94 Organ! \xe2\x80\xa2 nf the National \n\nG Arrival of tho President and \\ p\xc2\xabi\xc2\xablcnL \xe2\x80\x94 I:.- \n\nnmphnl PmgreM of Wn i. \xe2\x80\x94 The Inanioiration. \xe2\x80\x94 Ko- i \n\nof Governor Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 \' n ff\xc2\xbbr the \\ \n\nPt:\'\'- \'" \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb- \xe2\x96\xa0-. I, I \xe2\x96\xa0 \' S*-*,-v < \n\nol" , . .1. \xe2\x80\x94 M-\' \xe2\x96\xa0. ^ \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 : \xe2\x80\xa2 I \n\nIntion of the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Internal Iinpro\\-ement\xc2\xab Public Land* \n\nWestern fiu>\\ N\' ition Companle*. ^ \' \ndentinl Klcctont. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2..um ..i.-m-m, ... ij.^vcmor Clinton-\xe2\x80\x94 t .;..- .\xc2\xbb \nGenet 144-150 \n\n\n\nCHAPTER III. \xe2\x80\x94 Ar)MiMSTR\\Tio>\xc2\xab or Govr.nxoBS (ii\'i;.!: \n\nCli.nton a.su Joiix Jat. \n\n\n\nMeetinp of the I.op>lature. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'^ >f\' \nCommon^School System. \xe2\x80\x94 United > \n\n\n\nCONTENTS. xi \n\nelected Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Bill for the Abolition of Slavery. \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential \nElectors. \xe2\x80\x94 Congressional Elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Comptroller. \xe2\x80\x94 Location of the \nCapital at Albany. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Adams and Jefferson as President \nand Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 State Elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Governor Jay \nand Lieutenant-Governor Stephen Van Rensselaer. \xe2\x80\x94 State of Par- \nties. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislative Proceedings. \xe2\x80\x94 Apprehension of War with France. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Internal Improvements. \xe2\x80\x94 Origin of the Canal System. \xe2\x80\x94 General \nWashington\'s Exploration and Views. \xe2\x80\x94 Christopher Colles. \xe2\x80\x94 Legis- \nlative Encouragement. \xe2\x80\x94 Philip Schuyler and Elkanah Watson. \xe2\x80\x94 \nManhattan Bank Charter. \xe2\x80\x94 Alien and Sedition Laws. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of \nWashington. \xe2\x80\x94 Funeral Honors. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1800. \xe2\x80\x94 State Elec- \ntions. \xe2\x80\x94 Triumph of the Democratic Party. \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential Electors. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 United States Senators. \xe2\x80\x94 Nominations of National and State Can- \ndidates 150-158 \n\nCHAPTER IV. \xe2\x80\x94 Administratiox of Governor George Clinton. \n\nOrganization of the Common-School System. \xe2\x80\x94 Contest between Jeffer- \nson and Burr for the Presidency. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Governor George \nClinton and Lieutenant-Governor Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. \xe2\x80\x94 State \nConstitutional Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of Chancellor Lansing. \xe2\x80\x94 \nMeetins: of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Attorney-General. \xe2\x80\x94 United States \nSenators. \xe2\x80\x94 De Witt Clinton and Aaron Burr. \xe2\x80\x94 Duel between Clin- \nton and Swartwout. \xe2\x80\x94 Parties in the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointments \nand Removals. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Gov- \nernor Lewis and Lieutenant-Governor Broome. \xe2\x80\x94 Duel between Ham- \nilton and Burr. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Hamilton. \xe2\x80\x94 His Chai\'acter and Ser- , \nvices. \xe2\x80\x94 Funeral Obsequies. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Clinton elected Vice-Presi- \ndent 158-163 \n\nCHAPTER V. \xe2\x80\x94 Administrations of Governors Morgan Lewis \n\nAND Daniel D. Tompkins. \n\nMeeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Special Message of the Governor relative to \nCommon-School Education. \xe2\x80\x94 Common-School Fund. \xe2\x80\x94 Free-School \nSociety in New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Stephen Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Coalition of Federalists \nand Republicans. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial and Ac- \nquittal of Burr for Treason. \xe2\x80\x94 First Steamboat on the Hudson. \xe2\x80\x94 \nHistory of the Enterprise. \xe2\x80\x94 Livingston and Fulton. \xe2\x80\x94 British Orders \nin Council. \xe2\x80\x94 Berlin and Milan Decrees. \xe2\x80\x94 The Embargo. \xe2\x80\x94 State \nof Parties. \xe2\x80\x94 Proposed Erie Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Survey of the Route. \xe2\x80\x94 Ap- \npointment of Commissioners. \xe2\x80\x94 Departiire of Burr for Europe. \xe2\x80\x94 \nElection of President Madison and Vice-President Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Pro- \nceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Spring Elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of \nGovernor Tompkins and Lieutenant-Governor Broome. \xe2\x80\x94 Prepara- \ntions for War with England 163 - 168 \n\n\n\nD \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Sec- \nond War with Great Britain. \n\nCondition of National Affairs. \xe2\x80\x94 Nomination of De Witt Clinton for the \nPresidency. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of \nCommissioners for the Establishment of Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Bill \nfor the Construction of the Erie Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Application to Congress \n\n\n\nxa COyTENTS. \n\nand State L^p^^latitres. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Licutenant-Gownor Rrornne and \nElection of NichoUu Fish. \xe2\x80\x94 \' (\' the Commoo-bcbool \nSjttem. \xe2\x80\x94 Bank of America. of the L^^blatnra. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDeath of Vice-Presideul George * \xe2\x80\x94 Betum of Colonel \nBurr. \xe2\x80\x94 Deatii of Tbeodocia Burr AUion. \xe2\x80\x94 Sub\xc2\xbbequcnl Career and \nDeath of Burr. \xe2\x80\x94 West f l rial and Acquit- \ntal of I>avul Thomas aii. erj\'. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'rogreM \n\nof the War. \xe2\x80\x94 Campaign of 1811. \xe2\x80\x94 h r of Dein.il by Hull. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nNaval Victories. \xe2\x80\x94 Fleets on I^Uies Lrie and Untario. \xe2\x80\x94 AtUck \non SacV. Harbor \' >gd\xc2\xabnsbarg. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Queenstown \n\nHeights. , ure of . i Troops at Sl Regis. \xe2\x80\x94Presidential \n\nElecton In favor of Mr. Clinton chosen. \xe2\x80\x94 Ke<election of President \nMadison 169-178 \n\nCIIArTKk Vll\xe2\x80\x94 AnnixiaTRATioii or Govr.RjroR ToMrKiits. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nSaCOND WaK with (>KRAT UKITAl.f. \n\nKlocti >:i \xe2\x80\xa2 : \' -\'.atr* .\'><?n\xc2\xab\' ^ -iuten*! \' imroon .Vliools. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 I)f4\xc2\xbb:i. . . .iH\'-U\'T l.i\\...^-: i;c-c|p<;. .. . (>\xc2\xab>v\xc2\xab?niur Tomp- \n\nliia\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 rn.prr** of the War. \xe2\x80\x94 Campaign of lbl3. \xe2\x80\x94 Nuval Victo- \nrip* and I^rfpAtA \xe2\x80\x94 Death of < Ijiwreoce. \xe2\x80\x94 Reacue of Amer- \n\nican t\'ri*4>! Canatla. \xe2\x80\x94 uuiiiura of Ogdooaborg. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture \n\nof York ail \'f 7.\xc2\xbb.ul.n> %f.Miti\xc2\xbb.imi\xc2\xbbrv Plka. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Fort \n\n(irorpv \xe2\x80\x94 A \'\xc2\xbbor. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack njion \n\nH!:v k I: \' j\'lure oi the Argus by the Pelican. \xe2\x80\x94 T! r. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1 orpruc. \xe2\x80\x94 P\xc2\xabn7*s Victory oo Lake Erie. \xe2\x80\x94 iutiiic of \nt\'\'- vi...^ \xe2\x80\x94 \'^\xe2\x96\xa0\'-\xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 \'\' \\T:^v;*i\xc2\xbbn Territory. \xe2\x80\x94 Abortive Ex- \n\n\' t \xc2\xab agai; at Chatranr\xc2\xab<r \xe2\x80\x94 Rattle of \n\n< r\'\xc2\xbb Farm. \xe2\x80\x94 Kract. Fort George. - C Newark \n\naii.l iju\'^^n^town. \xe2\x80\x94 Ritalin!...\';. I> \xe2\x80\xa2{\xe2\x80\xa2ton, \n\nY->Mng\xc2\xbbtown, and other Places.\xe2\x80\x94 *^- \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\x94 .. Itlark \n\ni; k .179-196 \n\nCIIAPTEU VIII \xe2\x80\x94 Annixi^TiiATio* or C .\xc2\xbb Tompkikh. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nSecond War with Grkat D\xc2\xbb..^..^. \n\nLegislative Pmree.\'-\xe2\x80\x94 *\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \' ^ -\'- \xc2\xbb =i- \n\ntlorw to Colli\xc2\xbbgi\' - .\'. \nti \xe2\x80\xa2.*. \xe2\x80\x94 Pn^l^rrvu of the War. \xe2\x80\x94 Cn of 1814. \xe2\x80\x94 Movrmenta \n. \xe2\x96\xa0 - Attji. \xe2\x80\xa2 * \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2s \nr . . \'\xe2\x80\xa2"\' le \nBritish :\'S \nHi\xc2\xbbrlH.r. \xe2\x80\x94 Action at San<iy t\'n>\xc2\xab\xc2\xabk. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Fort Erie. \xe2\x80\x94 Hat- \nties of Chippewa and I.uudy\'s I jum 196-191 \n\nCn.Vl*Tr.U IX. \xe2\x80\x94 Admi^hitkatio^ or noreR^ron ToMPKiwa. \xe2\x80\x94 8\xc2\xabo- \no!\xc2\xabD War with Grrat Britain. \xe2\x80\x94 CAMrAiox or 1814. \n\nStefB of Fort Erie. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the 1 and Burning of \n\nV \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 "- -ntion\xc2\xab for I\' \'V v \' _ \n\ni < iovem\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr T\' , > k. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Attack upon Platt*burjr. \xe2\x80\x94 McDonouKh\'s Vlctorr oo Ijike Cham- \nplain.- - \' .t \n\nern* . . " at . \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 19S-1M \n\n\n\nCONTENTS. xiii \n\nCHAPTER X. \xe2\x80\x94 Administrations of Governors Tompkins and \nDe Witt Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Close of the War. \n\nTreaty of Peace with Great Britain. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of New Orleans. - United \nStates Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Attorney-General. \xe2\x80\x94 Erie and Champlain Canals. \n_ Great Meetings in New York and Albany. - Energetic Efforts of \nDe Witt Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal Commissioners. \xe2\x80\x94 Survey of Route. \xe2\x80\x94 \nElection of President Monroe and Vice-President Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Abo- \nlition of Slavery. \xe2\x80\x94 Resignation of Governor Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of \nGovernor De Witt Clinton and Lieutenant-Governor Tayler. \xe2\x80\x94 Act \nfor the Construction of the Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Commencement of the Work.\xe2\x80\x94 \nNew Organization of Parties. \xe2\x80\x94 Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 The Lancasterian \nSystem of Instruction. \xe2\x80\x94 Domestic Manufactures. \xe2\x80\x94 Spring Elections. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Clintonian Triumph. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Clin- \nton\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Accounts of Vice-President Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Contro- \nversy with the Comptroller. \xe2\x80\x94 First Boat on the Erie Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 United \nStates Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Exciting Political Campaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Gov- \nernor Clinton and Lieutenant-Governor Tayler. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal Policy . 199 - 206 \n\nCHAPTER XI. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor De Witt Clinton. \n\nLegislature of 1821. \xe2\x80\x94 Special Message of the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Act for Con- \nstitutional Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal Commis- \nsioner. \xe2\x80\x94 Removal of Gideon Hawley as Superintendent of Common \nSchools. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of his Successor. \xe2\x80\x94 Abolition of the Office, \nand its Annexation to the State Department. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting, Organiza- \ntion, and Proceedings of the State Constitutional Convention.\xe2\x80\x94 \nOutlines of the New Constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 Its Adoption by the People . 207-210 \n\n\n\nSEVENTH PERIOD. \n\nFROM THE CONSTITUTION OF 1821 TO THE CONSTITUTION OF 1846. \n\nCHAPTER L \xe2\x80\x94 Administrations of Governors Joseph C.Yates \n\nAND De Witt Clinton. \n\nAbolition of Lotteries. -Literature Lottery. - Election of Govenior \nYates and Lieutenant-Governor Erastus Root - Democrat c Ma- \njority in the Legislature. - Appointment of Chancellor, Judges of \nSupreme Court, and Circuit Judges. - Elechon of State ^^^\'\'\'\xe2\x96\xa0- \nFall Elections. -The "People\'s Party." - Legislative Proceedings. \n- The Electoral Law. - Removal of Governor Clinton as Canal \nCommissioner. -Public Indignation. - Extra Session of the Legisla- \nture. - Election of Governor Clinton and Lieutenant-Governor \nTallmadge.- Triumph of the "People\'s Party." - Candidates for \nthe Presidency. - State of Parties. - Visit of General Lafayette \nand his Public Reception in New York. - Election of President \nJohn Quincy Adams and Vice-President Calhoun. \xe2\x80\x94 State Koaa \nthroucrh Southern Tier of Counties. \xe2\x80\x94 Minister to England. \xe2\x80\x94 1 our \nof Governor Clinton through Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky. \xe2\x80\x94 \nCompletion of the Erie and Champlain Canal.- Grand Celebration. \n-Imposing Ceremonies at New York. -Illuminations, Processions,^ ^^^^ \nand Fireworks \n\n\n\nxir CnVTFXTS. \n\nClIAPTEn II. \xe2\x80\x94Third ADMi!(i8TRATio!t or GuTCRsrom D\xc2\xab Witt \n\nClistos. \n\nOominon S\' !. - v \xe2\x80\x94 I l;r:i:i..ti \xc2\xab.f Tr.t<-h\xc2\xabTv \xe2\x80\x94 Sr^tr RudU. \xe2\x80\x94 1 1 \n\nSl*l\xc2\xab"\xc2\xab >\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 < ";..<i. \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2.! >r. "^ \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0\' ^\'..i\'.-, ttiid > \xe2\x96\xa0-\xe2\x80\xa2-\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n.s. :. \xe2\x80\xa2 . >.^\'-nu \xe2\x80\x94 Abduciiua oT U tUtatn M \'jk\'-^\'- \xe2\x80\x94 J^\'* \xc2\xab\'l\xc2\xabcUoo o^ \n\n(!\xe2\x80\xa2::. r < . \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0i. \xe2\x80\x94 LioUtolUUIt-Goveniur i\' i\'nv\xc2\xab>p.lintpi of \n\nUio \' \xe2\x80\xa2 - \xe2\x80\xa2 - Tb\xc2\xab Canals and hute U Ccxian^u <. Mial \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 I 4. \xe2\x80\x94 K\xc2\xabvUioa of th\xc2\xab Law*. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Tboauu \nAddu ; \' \xe2\x80\x94 At. :neiiL \xe2\x80\x94 Public Me\xc2\xab(ingt.<i\xc2\xbb \nArnMU, 1 \xe2\x80\x94 1 uulio InHlignatioo apunat Ma> \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2on* \xe2\x80\x94 l*> 318 -K3 \n\nCIIAI*TKU III \xe2\x80\x94 At>Mi\xc2\xabi\xc2\xbbTRATio;rt or LiBirr\xc2\xabjiAJ\xc2\xabT-GoTrRj\xc2\xabo\xc2\xbb \nPiTciiKR, GiivRRjiuR Van Hirrx, axu Likl\'ti:!iakt-Govi;u?(uu \n\nTmRooi-. \n\nI .rmor . \'. \xe2\x80\x94 Public Pr \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 .:<r of U)\xc2\xab Morgan \n\nof thr t >\xe2\x80\xa2 i^\'o and ( \'anal BilU. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nI: " - Kir<\'tiuo of Gt*N van Burao and \n\nL>< Mtp. \xe2\x80\x94 FlivtioQ o( . .<*nt JackMMi and \n\nVlc\xc2\xbb>r: uti. \xe2\x80\x94 I \xe2\x80\xa2 of Um Aiiti-Maaonic Excilo> \n\nmenL \xe2\x80\x94 L\' :\' 1828. \xe2\x80\x94 i.- %\xe2\x80\xa2 r:. r"* M<-*Mip>. \xe2\x80\x94 Internal Inv \n\nproToroenU. \xe2\x80\x94 \' Tnw n:. i i>n\xc2\xab!wal of Bank Charters.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nStale OAc\xc2\xabrK. . , \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 r*,-rf,,r% hv Ct\'nfn^ T\'trkH. \n\n^Ooremor Van Burvn ar \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nHi* R\'-*i?i)ation a\xc2\xab \nThroop, \xe2\x80\x94 Paaaage ui uir \xe2\x96\xa0 n.\xc2\xbbL \xe2\x80\x94 Wicaai., \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 D*ath of E\xc2\xab.GoT\xc2\xabn\xc2\xbbor .\' . . . _. .:7 \n\nCn.VPTKU IV. \xe2\x80\x94 ADiii5fiiTR4TioM OF GorBR?ion I><\xc2\xbb4 K. TiiRoor. \n\nLrp*!Atar\xc2\xab of IWO. \xe2\x80\x94 Gorenwr\'a M\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb*\xc2\xbba\xc2\xabt\xc2\xbb. \xe2\x80\x94 Rr|ioft of Canal Commb- \n\xe2\x80\xa2ionrr* on the Chenanffo Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 l>f(r - KlecUon of \n\nn \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\' Ti, \xc2\xbb._... ...I T :....._ \xe2\x80\xa2 r. \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x94 ..... \'\'tx^ \n\n\'>f \\\' T \xc2\xbb* Inltod ^ . and Samuel Nelaaa \n\n%a \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2-..\xc2\xbb. \xc2\xbb\xc2\xab4 &af\'v \n\nof isai. _ 1 of (. V and : \xe2\x80\xa2eroor \n\nI -v.. \xe2\x80\x94 Tcnninatinn of Poiiucal AnU-Maaoory. \xe2\x80\x94 Its Reealla.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\ni: . \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0:. f M.- ... SS8-333 \n\nCHAPTEU V. \xe2\x80\x94 AnMi!(iHTRATio!v or GoTERxoR William L Marct. \n\nIntomal ImprnTomenta. \xe2\x80\x94 Common .VhooU. \xe2\x80\x94 ri(><>tion of Sila* Wnrht, \nJr., and Nathaniel P. Tallmndp\xc2\xbb an TnitM State* Senator* ^te \n\nOOkwm. \xe2\x80\x94 Paaaa^e of the C , Canal Rill. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-el\xc2\xab>ct\xc2\xab.rt) of \n\nn<^voi-nnr Marry and Lieiitr: . vfrnnr Trarr. \xe2\x80\x94 Prt>pnM>d Ko- \n\nnt of the Erie Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 I.oAn of StJile Credit to BankiL \xe2\x80\x94 \nCommercial Bemlsioo. \xe2\x80\x94 Incraaae of Bank Charters \xe2\x80\x94 Geiteral \n\n\n\nCONTENTS: XV \n\nSpirit of Speculation. \xe2\x80\x94 Academical Departments for Preparation \nof Teachers. \xe2\x80\x94 Common-School Libraries. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Surveyor- \nGeneral De Witt. \xe2\x80\x94 Construction of the Croton Aqueduct and High \nBridge. \xe2\x80\x94 Great Fire in New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Black River and Genesee \nValley Canals. \xe2\x80\x94 New York and Erie Railroad Loan. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings \nagainst Senators Kemble and Bishop. \xe2\x80\x94 Third Election of Governor \nMarcy and Lieutenant-Governor Tracy. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of President Van \nBuren and Vice-President R. M. Johnson. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Deposit \nFund. \xe2\x80\x94 Its Livestment. \xe2\x80\x94 General Suspension of State Banks. \xe2\x80\x94 \nProceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Ex-Governor Yates and \nAbraham Van Vechten. \xe2\x80\x94 Canadian Insurrection. \xe2\x80\x94 Occupation of \nNavy Island. \xe2\x80\x94 Burning of the Caroline. \xe2\x80\x94 Proclamation of Neutral- \nity.\xe2\x80\x94 General Scott despatched to the Frontier. \xe2\x80\x94Diplomatic Nego- \ntiations between the English and American Governments. \xe2\x80\x94 Legis- \nlature of 1838. \xe2\x80\x94Mr. Ruggles\'s Report on Internal Improvements.\xe2\x80\x94 \nPassage of General Banking Law. \xe2\x80\x94 November Elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Tri- \numph of the Whigs. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Seward and Lieutenant- \nGovernor Bradish 233-241 \n\nCHAPTER VI. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration op Governor William H. \n\nSeward. \n\nLegislature of 1839. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Repeal of Act prohibiting \nSmall Bills. \xe2\x80\x94 State Officers. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Stephen Van Rensselaer. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Visit and Reception of President Van Buren. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of \n1840. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal Enlargement. \xe2\x80\x94 Common \nSchools. \xe2\x80\x94 Instruction of Children of Foreigners. \xe2\x80\x94 Controversy with \nVirginia. \xe2\x80\x94 Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Political Cam- \npaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of President Harrison and Vice-President Tyler. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Death of the President. \xe2\x80\x94 Succession of Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 Re- \nelection of Governor Seward and Lieutenant-Governor Bradish. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLegislature of 1841. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Revenues of the Canals. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 State Indebtedness. \xe2\x80\x94 Education of the Children of Foreigners. \xe2\x80\x94 \nTeachers\' Departments in Academies. \xe2\x80\x94 State Normal School. \xe2\x80\x94 Vir- \nginia Correspondence. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of Secretary Spencer on the Public- \nSchool System of the City of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Revision of the Common- \nSchool Lav/. \xe2\x80\x94 County Superintendents 242 - 248 \n\nCHAPTER VII. \xe2\x80\x94 Ad-mixistratiox op Governor "William H. \n\nSeward. \n\nArrest of Alexander McLeod for the Burning of the Caroline. \xe2\x80\x94 Demand \nof the British Government for his Release. \xe2\x80\x94 Reply of Secretaiy \nWebster. \xe2\x80\x94 Decision of the Supreme Court. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial and Acquittal \nof McLeod. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1842. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 The Vir- \nginia Controversy. \xe2\x80\x94 Appropriation of School Money in New York. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Revenue of the Ca- \nnals. \xe2\x80\x94 State Debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Internal Improvements. \xe2\x80\x94 Financial Condition \nof the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Suspension of Public Works. \xe2\x80\x94 State Tax. \xe2\x80\x94 The Vir- \nginia Controversy. \xe2\x80\x94 Joint Resolution of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Refusal of \nthe Governor to transmit the Resolution. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Bouck \n\nand Lieutenant-Governor Dickinson. \xe2\x80\x94 Democratic Triumph . 248-253 \n1 \n\n\n\nivi C\'OA\'/A-VJW. \n\nCIIArTKIi VIII. \xe2\x80\x94 ADMINlSTRATIOJf OF GoTBWOB WiLLlAll C \n\nlioLCK.. \n\nLegislature of IMS. \xe2\x80\x94 Goreroor** Me^wige \xe2\x80\x94 T?\'"..- ..:... :i of SIImm \n\\Vr \' \' " !\xe2\x80\xa2,;\xe2\x80\xa2..! S(at\xc2\xabs S\xc2\xabnatur. \xe2\x80\x94 (j\xc2\xabuiugicMi ^ " \xe2\x80\xa2 *^\'*le. \n\xe2\x80\x94 1 a of S^relary Young. \xe2\x80\x94 \' ^-cn \nLipuieitant - Governor Dickintuu and ihe S\xc2\xabcrpuin\'. \xe2\x80\x94 Mr. Hul- \nbn : Comtnun ScliuoU. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Smith Thoinpcoa \nail of \'\'\'\'i\'-f-Jutiicw Vi-U..ii to the Bench of tha \nI\'l \' urL \xe2\x80\x94 I jre of 1M4. \xe2\x80\x94 Gorernor\'i \nM\xc2\xabMMig\xc2\xab>. \xe2\x80\x94 Public l>ebu \xe2\x80\x94 Catwl K \xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb. \xe2\x80\x94 Gotninon SchuoU \n\nDi- ;-nt ami Native-A: I\'arliea. \xe2\x80\x94 Eiec- \n\n\' I\'oik and Vic\xc2\xab>l*rMidei>t I>Kiiaa. \xe2\x80\x94 Appc \n- - "^Uoci of Goreruor Slku Wn^^^^ \n\n\n\nCHAI\xc2\xbbTER UL \xe2\x80\x94 ADMimiTKArio!* or Gotbrhok Siua Weiout. \n\nUgi\xc2\xablatnr\xc2\xbb of li4A. \xe2\x80\x94 GownKf\'* Mo\xc2\xabaa\xc2\xab\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 ProMcaUoQ of the PaUle \nWork*. \xe2\x80\x94 Conimoa School*. \xe2\x80\x94 School FumU. \xe2\x80\x94 AnU-Tt-"\' Oiirra^**. \n\xe2\x80\x94 State OAcer*. ~ Klaecfcm of J"hn A. iMx aii<i i> \nln\xc2\xaboo I\'nlted State* Senator*.\xe2\x80\x94 "ti (4 Con al Ammd- \n\niMota.\xe2\x80\x94 Steto ConatitQtkmal r \' :; iiciaiiao to tb\xc2\xab \n\nOftoala. \xe2\x80\x94 GoTemor\'* Veto. \xe2\x80\x94 C \' \' \'>amflM. \xe2\x80\x94 Iid> \n\npriaciiuiMDt U Dr. BoofhtAn \xe2\x80\x94 M .- leriff StaaL \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nInturrection in Delaware \xe2\x80\x94 Mtirtial Law pmclaimed. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2od Cooviotion of Aoti-iteui ittotan. \xe2\x80\x94 Sappraaaioo of iba Inaoirw- \nIkm. \xe2\x80\x94 Nor<\xc2\xabmrM>p Eleeftona. \xe2\x80\x94 Stat* CowlitatloBal Coovantloo ap- \nprored. \xe2\x80\x94 U. \xe2\x80\x94 Mafnalie TaUfraph. \xe2\x80\x94 Profeaaor Motm and \n\nHenry OReOij UB-ttt \n\n\n\nCH.vrTEU X. \xe2\x80\x94 ADMixiftTBATiox or Gotekhob Siuia Wbicht. \n\nLigialatart of 1844. \xe2\x80\x94 Gtnrmor\'i Maaaafr*. \xe2\x80\x94 Anti-Rent Firl\'.moDt. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Sute Debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal K\'^vrnuM. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of Superit \xe2\x80\xa2 of \nCocnrooo Schoob. \xe2\x80\x94 ! -ian, \xe2\x80\x94 Di*treM for Kent ab<4. \nl\xc2\xbbhed. \xe2\x80\x94 r\xe2\x80\x94 -:-:tkm-. . n. \xe2\x80\x94 Orfaniiation of the F.seco. \ntire, Legi> and Jt. DepartmenU of the State. \xe2\x80\x94 QualU \nfication of Voter*. \xe2\x80\x94 Prori\xc2\xabion for Paynvmt of Canal I>ebta, and \nPr \xe2\x80\x94 Loan* of State Credit prohibitad. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 1 . ^.. \xe2\x96\xa0-.\'\xe2\x80\xa2\' Debt*. \xe2\x80\x94 BanV \xe2\x80\xa2 \' \\\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbortafiaiM \nand Kopi\xc2\xbbtnr of Xot\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 <\xe2\x96\xa0 .n\xc2\xab to be fonr- .-r General \nLaw*, \xe2\x80\x94 (Vnnmon-Schwl, Literature, and United Sutea Dapodt \nFonda. \xe2\x80\x94 Failure of EflWrt* to e- \' Fre\xc2\xab Schoob thnNagboot tba \n\n8tata. \xe2\x80\x94 Incorporation of Citie* u Af^n^ \xe2\x80\x94 AdopdoQ of tba Con- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2titution. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Goremor Young an<l Lteotemmt-OoT w r n or \nGardiiMr. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Genera] Rout 168-169 \n\n\n\nCONTENTS. xvii \n\n\n\nEIGHTH PERIOD. \n\nFROM 1846 TO 1870. \nCHAPTER I. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration op Governor John Young. \n\nThe Mexican War. \xe2\x80\x94 Successful Campaigns of Generals Taylor and \nScott. \xe2\x80\x94 Brilliant Sei-vices of Generals Wool, Worth, and Kearney. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Conquest of Mexico. \xe2\x80\x94 Negotiations for Peace. \xe2\x80\x94 The Wilmot \nProviso. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Pardon of the Anti- \nRent Convicts. \xe2\x80\x94 Grounds of Executive Clemency. \xe2\x80\x94 New York \nFree Academy. \xe2\x80\x94 Indian and Colored Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Resumption of the \nPublic Works. \xe2\x80\x94 Termination of the Mexican War. \xe2\x80\x94 Cession of \nCalifornia. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Silas Wright. \xe2\x80\x94 His Character. \xe2\x80\x94 Public \nHonors to his Memory. \xe2\x80\x94 State Officers. \xe2\x80\x94 Abolition of the Office of \nCounty Superintendent of Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Its Effects. \xe2\x80\x94 Legis- \nlature of 1848. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Manorial Titles. \xe2\x80\x94 Common \nSchools. \xe2\x80\x94 Appropriations for Resumption of the Public Works. \xe2\x80\x94 \nCorporate Associations. \xe2\x80\x94 Free Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 State Normal School. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDeath of Principal Page. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of President Taylor and Vice- \nPresident Fillmore. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Fish and Lieutenant- \nGovernor Patterson 270-275 \n\nCHAPTER II. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor Hamilton Fish. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nFree-School Controversy. \n\nLegislature of 1849. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Act for Establishment of \nFree Schools throughout the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Teachers\' Departments in \nAcademies. \xe2\x80\x94 Ex-Governor Seward appointed United States Sena- \ntor. \xe2\x80\x94 State Electioife. \xe2\x80\x94 Approval of Free-School Bill. \xe2\x80\x94 Obstacles \nto its Execution. \xe2\x80\x94 Causes of its Unpopularity. \xe2\x80\x94 Demand for Re- \npeal. \xe2\x80\x94 Efforts of its Friends. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1850. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s \nMessage. \xe2\x80\x94 State Asylum for Idiots. \xe2\x80\x94 Railroad Restrictions. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSlavery in the Territories. \xe2\x80\x94 Bill for Repeal of Free-School Law. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Death of President Taylor. \xe2\x80\x94 Accession of Vice-President Fill- \nmore. \xe2\x80\x94 Admission of California. \xe2\x80\x94 Mr. Clay\'s Compromise Bill. \xe2\x80\x94 \nFree-School Canvass, \xe2\x80\x94 Majority against Repeal. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Gov- \nernor Hunt and Lieutenant-Governor Church 276 - 280 \n\nCHAPTER III. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor Washington \n\nHunt. \n\nLegislature of 1851. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Free Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Erie Canal \nEnlargement. \xe2\x80\x94 Proposed Amendment to Constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 Agricultu- \nral College. \xe2\x80\x94 Propositions for Modifications of the Free-School Law. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Passage of the Act. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Ex-Governor Fish as United \nStates Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Commission for Revision of School Laws. \xe2\x80\x94 State \nOfficers. ^\xe2\x80\x94 Visit of Kossuth. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1852. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s \nMessage. \xe2\x80\x94 State Debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal Revenues. \xe2\x80\x94 Taxable Property. \xe2\x80\x94 \nFree-School Controversy. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Seymour and \nLieutenant-Governor Church. \xe2\x80\x94 President Pierce and Vice-Presi- \ndent King . 280-283 \n\n\n\nxviii COMlcyTS. \n\nCHAPTEU IV. \xe2\x80\x94 FiBBT Admixiiitratiom or GormsxoK Ho&atio \n\nLagialatun- : i ^\'.".. \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2 . veraor \xe2\x96\xa0 MetMige. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal RnlarKeroent. \xe2\x80\x94 Stala \nAgricul\'urul lint .Nrientiflo CoUega. \xe2\x80\x94 Manorial TitJek. \xe2\x80\x94 Kailroad \nCotnpajiifw. \xe2\x80\x94 Fiaancial KmbamuftmenU. \xe2\x80\x94 Special Scwtioo of tbo \nLagUlalure. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'mpuMd Aiupiiduieut r Nlio \n\nSchool* of lh\xc2\xab Cliy of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xab ,. -lera. \n\n^Stata Offirar*. \xe2\x80\x94 L\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbgi\xc2\xbbl\xc2\xabturp of ihii. -spr. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nBariaw of the tlUton* aud CVxi.i -. f the htata. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'n\' \n\ntil\' Work*.\xe2\x80\x94 Kcurpuittaituii \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2\' M HUa.\xe2\x80\x94 < \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 \'Public Inunicti*- \xe2\x80\xa2 ii*Utatiaoa. .\\...- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 \\ Y Superiutemtent \' tO ImtHMtioti. \xe2\x80\x94 F \nUniou hcbfjolt. \xe2\x80\x94 Teacban\' DepartmenU. \xe2\x80\x94 Taaehan\' T \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nI. \xe2\x80\x94 Claotim of Goraroar CUrk and Licuicaaot* \nu- l*8-li7 \n\nCHAPTKU v. \xe2\x80\x94 An\xc2\xabi?\xc2\xabiiiT\xc2\xabATiosiB or Gotkbxou Mtkojc 1L \n\nClakk aku Joiim a. Ki](o. \n\nLagblatara of \' \xe2\x80\x94Free SciioaU. \xe2\x80\x94 Counir Sujicnrltlon. \xe2\x80\x94 1 \\ <\xe2\x80\xa2 \nLaw*. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'lxn \xe2\x80\xa2iii.o- UeaCfietkn of IIm Sale of Li<iu<ir. \xe2\x80\x94 ( otif \nwith VirKiiiia. \xe2\x80\x94 I tie l^aai n i nn Oaea. \xe2\x80\x94 De\xc2\xabtru>-tioii of I\'m) \nMob*. \xe2\x80\x94 buto ^Uoctiooa. \xe2\x80\x94 Triumpb of the N\xc2\xabtivr- American I\'artjr. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Lty of 1866.\xe2\x80\x94 Ballraada. \xe2\x80\x94 Knra Sohuol* \xc2\xbbtil AcmlnniM. \n->8Ui<\' *\xc2\xbb* for Stt: \xe2\x80\x94 " f^ Sebool*. \xe2\x80\x94 lli*trirt C<nnmi\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbkiii\xc2\xabTi \xe2\x80\x94 \nBlaetinn of Oorcn*- . ^ and Ueataoant\'J\'vrr^.\'f s-l-!*^. \xe2\x80\x94 \nPvMidaot Bucbauan and Vico-PrMidrnt Dr< -\'\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb- \nUxn of 1867. \xe2\x80\x94 Gorent >laMaca. \xe2\x80\x94 Caitali^ \xe2\x80\x94 V \n\nof tba Exciee Ijtw. \xe2\x80\x94 < ~ _ ct-rf\xc2\xabrjr In the 1 * \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Elaetioo of Prr\xc2\xabt<Ki i <\xc2\xab ^nator. \xe2\x80\x94 i \nLaw. \xe2\x80\x94 Tax for CompltUoQ of rnblk Work*. \xe2\x80\x94 Death and < \nt\xc2\xbbr lor Marcy. \xe2\x80\x94 Sute Offirer*. \xe2\x80\x94 I^agtotatnra \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 r...cii..\xe2\x80\x9e ,-. wirrerDor Morgan and Ueulenauf-f?"**"*\'* \n\nbell :-2vo \n\n\n\n( IIATTKlk VI\xe2\x80\x94 Ai\xc2\xbbMt^i*T s r.| <\xe2\x80\xa2 \' -V n Ki.*..-* D. \n\nMoaoAS\xe2\x80\x94 Tua nt-un K \xe2\x96\xa0 . s. \n\nLiflaint :.\'. IWO. \xc2\xbb ---^e Lav*. \xe2\x80\x94 Colored 8 > - NntJonal Af- \n\nIWlr\xc2\xbb. \xe2\x80\x94 John Hr. raaJoo of VirginU. - \xe2\x80\x94 K\xc2\xabv \n\njection of Cnl.\'n\'.l-> Amendment. \xe2\x80\x94 Legisiatun- of 1W\xc2\xbb0.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nCupitAl ]\' of Married Woman.\xe2\x80\x94 VUH of tbe \n\nPrinrp of .. *\xe2\x96\xa0 *\xc2\xbb.niham Lincoln and Hannibal \n\nHamlin a* 1 dent. \xe2\x80\x94 Ra-elect ion of Gor- \n\narnor M<\xc2\xabriran and Ueutenant-tim-eraor Can - Tbe K\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xab \n\nai " \xe2\x96\xa0"\xe2\x96\xa0 -^\'ruugle, \xe2\x80\x94 Fn*rdom In tbe !\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nC ^.-on the Xofth and South.\xe2\x80\x94 i \n\nn of til iiem State*. \xe2\x80\x94 Formation of \n\nTt\xc2\xabional GoTirnroent. \xe2\x80\x94 \' \neUlatorjr Maaaaga of the uovrn><> \nAtUtada of tba LagUlatnra. \xe2\x80\x94 Rati- \n\nMeaCing of MerchanU and Other*. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'r <iia (i\xc2\xbbr \n\na Paaoa CoiigraM at Wa*hiDgtoo. \xe2\x80\x94 A . \n\n\n\nr.T \n\n\n\nV \n\n\n-n \n\n\nrro- \n\n\n\nCONTENTS. xix \n\nfrom New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Failure of the Eflfort. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Ira Harris \nas United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Bombardment and Fall of Fort Sum- \nter. \xe2\x80\x94 Proclamation of President Lincoln. \xe2\x80\x94 Response of New York. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of Major-Generals Dix and Wadsworth. \xe2\x80\x94 March \nof the Seventh Regiment. \xe2\x80\x94 General Enthusiasm. \xe2\x80\x94 Great Public \nMeeting in New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Party Distinctions merged. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of \nBull Run. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the Union Army. \xe2\x80\x94 Additional Troops \nforwarded to Washington. \xe2\x80\x94 One Hundred Regiments sent to the \nField 291-298 \n\nCHAPTER VII. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor Edwin D. \nMorgan. \xe2\x80\x94 Second Administration of Governor Horatio \nSeymour. \xe2\x80\x94 The Southern Rebellion. \n\nLegislature of 1862. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Prosecution of the "War. \xe2\x80\x94 \nContinued Support of the Govei\'nment. \xe2\x80\x94 Completion of the Erie \nCanal Enlargement. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Seymour and Lieuten- \nant-Governor Jones. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1863. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Seymour\'s \nMessage. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Morgan as United States Senator. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Condition of Public Affairs. \xe2\x80\x94 National Reverses. \xe2\x80\x94 Factious Op- \nposition to the War. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Seymour\'s Fourth-of-July Oration \nat New York. \xe2\x80\x94 The Draft Riots. \xe2\x80\x94 Interposition of the Governor. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Property and Lives destroyed. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Troops ordered \nto New York. \xe2\x80\x94 The Riots suppressed and the Drafts resumed and \nenforced. \xe2\x80\x94 Enlistments and Volunteers. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1864. \xe2\x80\x94 \nGovernor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 National Affairs. \xe2\x80\x94 Revenue of the Canals. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 State Tax. \xe2\x80\x94 Pajonent of Foreign Creditors in Gold. \xe2\x80\x94 Contin- \nued Enlistments of Troops. \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential Election. \xe2\x80\x94 General Butler \nin Command of the City of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of President \nLincoln and Election of Andrew Johnson Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 Election \nof Governor Fenton and Lieutenant-Governor Alvord. \xe2\x80\x94 Conspiracy \nto burn the City of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Execution of Robert Kennedy. \xe2\x80\x94 \nGrant\'s Campaign of 1864. \xe2\x80\x94 Brilliant Succession of Victories. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDefeat of the Confederate Army at Petersburg. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Rich- \nmond. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of General Lee\'s Army at Appomattox Court \nHouse. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of Johnston. \xe2\x80\x94 Termination of the War. \xe2\x80\x94 As- \nsassination of President Lincoln. \xe2\x80\x94 Funeral Honors. \xe2\x80\x94 Succession of \nVice-President Johnson 298 - 305 \n\nCHAPTER VIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Governor Reuben E. \n\nFenton. \n\nLegislature of 1866. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 Visit of President Johnson \nand Cabinet, General Grant, and Admiral Farragut to the State. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Governor Fenton and Election of Lieutenant-Gov- \nei-nor Stewart L. Woodford. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1867. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s \nMessage. \xe2\x80\x94 Enlarged Locks on the Erie and Oswego Canals. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAdoption of Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment prohibiting \nSlavery. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Roscoe Conklin as United States Senator. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Establishment of Free Schools throughout the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Ad- \nditional Normal Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 State Constitutional Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 Re- \norganization of the Judiciary. \xe2\x80\x94 Renewal of Anti-Rent Disturb- \nances. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1868. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s Message. \xe2\x80\x94 State Debt. \n\n\n\nCOSTEXTS. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Constitutional (\' \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 . \xe2\x80\x94 lu Proc\xc2\xabedKi(r\xc2\xbb- \xe2\x80\x94 Orfantntioo of \n\nthe \'\' \' \' \xe2\x96\xa0 1 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\x94 V"!\xc2\xabction of Governor Hoflhwn \n\nftn , lion of Pri\xc2\xbbid\xc2\xabol Uljr\xc2\xab(M\xc2\xab 8. \n\nGrmnt aixl Vic\xc2\xab-r : Schuyler Colfax . 80\xc2\xab - 81\xc2\xab \n\nCHAPTKU IX \xe2\x80\x94 AuMisisTBATiojr or Gotk\xc2\xbbiiou .t.>,i\xc2\xab\xc2\xab T \n\nlIoirMA.M. \n\nX\xc2\xabtgUl\xc2\xabtiir\xc2\xbb of lM9.^Govcnx>r\'\xc2\xbb M<\'*\xc2\xaba^>r. \xe2\x80\x94 KinaaeM of tli- ^ . <\xe2\x80\xa2.\xe2\x80\x94 \nComnoQ Schooto. \xe2\x80\x94 KI\xc2\xabciioo of Kx-(n>YpnK>r Kenton m TnitoJ \nSutM 8oMlor. \xe2\x80\x94 Adopcka of tho KiAoMlh CoostltatkMial A \n\nnMnt Mcaring Cciand fi^n\'r..... _ *siibiniMkNi of iIm mw c \n\ntntion to the People. - with the KxeopCkm of Um \n\nJudiciary Article. \xe2\x80\x94 DemoeffBUo 1 at the Fall F.lectioaa.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nLaglakmr* of IBTO. \xe2\x80\x94 Oorwoor\'t McMafo. \xe2\x80\x94 iUvoeaUoD br Um \nLMtalatora of tta Com^nt to th\xc2\xab Flftivrnth Pnnitltntlrinal Arneod- \n\n>t SlO-314 \n\nCONCLI N\'. \xe2\x80\x94 G AL RECAPITrLATION. \n\nSunrvr of th^ llittnrr t>r t: \xe2\x80\x94 Ita Protnlnent Stalrcmen. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 GoTcmorv \xe2\x80\x94 \' \xe2\x80\x94 Lawren. \xe2\x80\x94 : \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x94 \nSmmkon nod Bvun \nPiwfclMito, Vlo*.Pn^ \n\nUnlteU Stale*, mad \\ rt. ~ lu I: \n\nAnnr and Xarr. \xe2\x80\x94 ^ \n\nloveoturt. \xe2\x80\x94 Repre** \xe2\x80\x94 w.- \n\nmcn- \xe2\x80\x94 Hi\xc2\xabtnrian\xc2\xab.\xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xbbt* \xe2\x80\x94 i \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2iciana. \xe2\x80\x94 Uailrnadt, Canal*, a: nal Imj \xe2\x80\xa2.\xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\x94 Valua- \n\ntion of Html and Panooal lUute. \xe2\x80\x94 kaport \xe2\x96\xa0^\xe2\x96\xa0 \' lio \n\nSobook. \xe2\x80\x94 CoUefM, Acadamiaa, and other ^ ...tng. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Nonml Sehoola. \xe2\x80\x94 Charitabto and B\' .ana. \xe2\x80\x94 \nChurrbM, CaUMdraK and PUcaa of Public Wonhip. \xe2\x80\x94 lb* C.\'v \nof New York \xc2\xabI6 - 1\xc2\xab \n\n\n\nAPPENDIX. \n\nCoHmrmo* or twb Statu or X\xc2\xabw Yoaa \n\nCocsmsa ajto Porti^Tioji or tiib Statb . SM \nTable or I>t-Trn, } Ant* Statw \' \xe2\x80\xa2 lui "r rtia Statb . StS \n\nTahijc or \' \xe2\x96\xa0\'-\xe2\x80\xa2 -rjiA> I \'."^ \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0 \'^ \xe2\x96\xa0 - - - 1 Ait M4 \n\nTamlk or N . Kiia or rn - iT \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nLirr or RAiLMoADt m tiib State, with Ttirin F.XTwrr aho Coax 9M \nLuT or Caxals or Ttis State, witii Tiiaia Kxtkxt amo Coax \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. \n\n\n\n1. The State of New York, one of the Thirteen original \nStates of the American Union, is bounded on the north by Can- \nada, from which it is separated by Lake Ontario and the St. \nLawrence River ; east by Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connec- \nticut, from the former of which it is separated by Lake Cham- \nplain ; south by New Jersey and Pennsylvania ; and west by \nNew Jersey, a part of Pennsylvania and Lake Erie, \xe2\x80\x94 that \nlake and the Niagara River separating it from Canada on the \nwestern side. \n\n2. From the northern to the southern extremity of the State, \nits length is 311 miles between the fortieth and forty-fifth \ndegrees of north latitude, and from east to west, between the \nseventy-first and seventy-ninth degrees of longitude, it extends \n412 miles, \xe2\x80\x94 comprising an area of 50,519 square miles, or \n32,332,160 acres, of which somewhat more than one half is \nunder cultivation for agricultural purposes. \n\n3. Its present population is about four millions, of whom \none fourth are of foreign birth, chiefly from Ireland, Germany, \nand England. It is divided into sixty counties and about nine \nhundred and fifty towns and cities. Its principal cities, in the \norder of their population respectively, are New York, Brooklyn, \nBuffalo, Albany, Rochester, Troy, Syracuse, Utica, Oswego, \nPoughkeepsie, Auburn, Schenectady, Hudson, and Binghamton. \nThe capital is at Albany, on the west bank of the Hudson. \n\n4. The chief rivers of the State are the Hudson, Mohawk, \nDelaware, Genesee, Oswego, and Susquehannah, with the St. \n\n\n\nBoundaries. \xe2\x80\x94 Extent. \xe2\x80\x94 Population. \xe2\x80\x94 Chief cities. \xe2\x80\x94 Rivers. \n\n\n\n8 ISTRODUCTlOy. \n\nLawrence on the north and the Niagara on the wett It poa* \n\xe2\x96\xa0eMOB a aea-coast from the Atlantic on its soutbeaaterly border \nalon^ Stiiten and Long Island of 24 G milcH, a lako-ooast of \n352 milcH, and 281 luilcs of navijj^ablo riveru. \n\n5. Itj* principal lakes, exchisivo of Lakes Erio\xc2\xbb Ontario, and \nChamplain, are LakcH (teor^o on the ciuit ; Cayuga, Seneca, \nCanandai^ua, Crooke<i, and C\'lmutau*|iiu on the went ; and Skane- \natelcH, Oneida, and Otaego in the centre and Houth. The great \ncatunict of Nijigara, and the (MMiesee FalU at lUxhcHter, the \nI*orta;^M\', Ta-nton, Ta;;hkanic, Kaatonikill, and Cohoes FjUIk, fonn \nprominent portion* of the Hcenerv. \n\n6. The Alleghany Mountains enter the south and aoutheaat- \neni jMirts of the State in two drntuict i from New Jersey and \nI\'> \'vania, fonnin;; the Ilighliuidn, the Sli r^ .;._ :nk, Cattiikill, \nand li(.l<} r^ \xe2\x80\xa2 r;; MouuLainH, and in the n \'^If i!i uid northcust- \neni |\xc2\xabirli4 of the State Uie Adir n: \xe2\x80\xa2. .1 ::i untaiua con- \nstitute a branch of the great AfjiWucluan HVBtcnL \n\n7. There are acvenil im|iortunt minenU and medicinal springs \nin the interior of the State, the chief of which arc those at \nBallston, Sarat4>ga, Hichfield, Clifton, and Sharon, the extensive \n\xe2\x96\xa0aline deposits at Symcuse and Salina, from which from seven \nto ten millions of bushels of salt are annually manufactured, \nand various |>etroIeum and gas s in the western |x>rtiou of \nthe State. \n\n8. Among the most important public works arc Uie enl!ir;:r(| \nErie and Champlain Caniils, with their nuniemus Irxks .-md \naquoilucts, ci^imectiug Ijike Kne with the waters of the liudt><\xc2\xbbn \nand I^ke Ch:i * !i, with eleven tributary canals in different \nsections of the M\xc2\xabite ; the Croton Aque<luct for the supply of \nwater to the city of New York, extending over n dintaoce of \nforty miles from the CVjton Hiver in W\' \' nter County, and \nspanning the Harlem by the nuignifioent iii;;n Bridgt*, built of \nstone; 1,450 feet in length, 114 feet alxivo tide-water, and with \nfourteen piers var}ing from fifty to eighty feet in heigiit ; and \nthe Niagara and Lcwiston Suspension Bridges. \n\n9. The geologiciU features of the State preaont a aeries of \n\n\n\nLnkc5, \xe2\x80\x94 Falls. \xe2\x80\x94 Mountains. \xe2\x80\x94 Mineral, modieinal, and salt springv ^> \nPublic works. \n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION. 9 \n\nrocks older than the coal formation, and terminating in the \nlowest member of that deposit, near the Pennsylvania line. \nThey consist of the unstratified crystalline or primary, the \nstratified non-fossiliferons, and the older secondary fossiliferous \nrocks. Red sandstone occurs in the southern portions bordering \non New Jersey ; the great metamorphic belt passes along the \neastern line ; gi\'anite, with abundance of iron ore and limestone, \nis found in the northern and northeastern sections of the State, \nand marble in large quantities in the southeastern. \n\n10. The climate and soil of the State are eminently favor- \nable to the cultivation of the various grasses, wheat, oats, Indian \ncorn, rye, garden vegetables, flowers, and fruit of every descrip- \ntion indigenous to the northern temperate regions. The vast \nforests in the northern section afford nearly every variety of \ntimber ; and the numerous lakes and rivers fiu-nish an ample \nsupply of fish. \n\n\n\nGeological features. \xe2\x80\x94 Climate, soil, and productions. \n\n\n\n\nri-nioT). \n\n\n\nryDiAX occrPAXcr. \xe2\x80\x94 Ti/K iroqvois, or fivk \n\nXATfrfVS. \n\n\n\n1. LoNo beforo the white man made hi\xc2\xab appoanmce, the ter- \nritory now constituting the State of New York was occupied by \nrovinjj trilxw of Indians, enfrafrcd in continual and bloody warn \nwith each other and with neighboring? tribes, and obtaining a \nsubfiistenco mainly by hunting, fishing, and predator}\' incur- \nsions. \n\n2. One portion of thorn, known as the Lkxxi Lknape, or \nAiXJONQUiNs, occupitxi the southeastern portion of the State, \nchiefly oo the banks of the Delaware River ; another, and far \n\n\n\nThe AIf;onquiiu or Dclawam. \n\n\n\nINDIAN OCCUPANCY. \\\\ \n\nthe most numerous, known as the Iroquois, occupied the entire \nregion between the Hudson River and Lakes Erie and Ontario. \nA portion of the Mohegan tribes, including the Pequods, were \nfound upon Long Island ; and the Manhattans upon the island \nof that name, now constituting the city of New York, and the \nlower portions of Westchester County bordering on the Hudson. \n\n3. The Iroquois were originally separate tribes or nations, con- \nsisting of the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Sen- \necas. In consequence of the perpetual inroads made upon them \nby the Algonquins or Delawares, the Adiroudacks, Hurons, Eries, \nand Ottawas of Canada, these tribes, probably as early as the \nmiddle of the sixteenth century, formed themselves into a league \nor confederacy, since known as the Five Nations ; expelled the \nAdirondacks from their hunting-grounds in Canada, defeated the \nHurons and the Ottawas, extirpated the Eries, humbled the \nDelawares, and carried the terror of their arms as far west as \nthe Mississippi River and southerly to the Gulf of Mexico. \n\n4. The Iroquois Confederacy was the most celebrated and \npowerful of all the Indian leagues on the continent ; and in its \nleading features strongly resembled the Confederation of States \nlong afterwards established. Each tribe was independent of all \nthe others, except so far as related to the general purposes \nand object of the league. The head-quarters of this formidable \nbody were established on the banks of the Onondaga Lake, near \nthe site of the present city of Syracuse ; and here annually, or \nas often as the common interest required, its councils were held. \n\n5. Hither, summoned by trusty and faithful messengers, came \nthe sachems and leading warriors of the various tribes from the \nbanks of the Hudson and Mohawk and the shores of the Onta- \nrio, Erie, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga Lakes, to con- \nsult in solemn conclave upon the general welfare, to smoke the \npipe of peace, or to dig up the tomahawk and hatchet, and plan \nthe savage war-path against the common enemy. \n\n6. Here, from time to time were heard the eloquent and spirit- \nstirring appeals of the Atotarho, or presiding officer, of the sage \n\n\n\nMohegans. \xe2\x80\x94 Manhattans. \xe2\x80\x94 The Five Nations, \xe2\x80\x94 their origin, confed- \neracy, conquests. \xe2\x80\x94 Character and objects of the confederacy. \xe2\x80\x94 Its chiefs, \nsachems, and orators. \n\n\n\n12 FI/:sT PERIOD. \n\nHiawatha, the fierce and storniy Thatan\'okxaga of the Mo- \nhawks, the noble and solitary Lwan of the \xc2\xab ui, the elo- \n\nquent Kkd Jacket of the SenetiiA, the chivalrouB Skkxaxdoaii \nof the Oncida^ and the bmve c;aranoula of the < ri^nia, \n\nwith others whoso daring exploita and trie<i wisdom and sa^iicity \nentitknl them to the conlidence and r\xc2\xabpini of the confwlenicy. \n\n7. Here, too, came the accrcditod repreHcntativcs of the " Tor- \ntoise" the - IJeur- and the " Wolf tribes of the resi>ective na- \ntions, to mmgle their counaeU with those of their brethren : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n" n r MiiMiMippi the Illinois >hrnnk \n\n\\\\ ,. I . .. . \n\nHB wan tivn on the bank ; \n\nOi. ..... p ... , . . j^ \n\nWhcnibrh.m|of - e\xc2\xa3ale- \n\n^"^\'\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab" 1 in hi. trrrrn .m. r, \' \n\nWinn i\\w loui ui iIkt IUae \xc2\xbbuniprd hu carpel of flowen." \n\nStrkct\'* FroiUemae. \n\n^ ^\'\' \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 I ^\' y A. 1 its immo<liate orijrin to the noce\xc2\xabity \nof combinui- Its f..nvH for the protection or o of the sop- \n\narato triU>s cm, ^ it, npii\xe2\x80\x9e\xe2\x80\x9et u.^ j^cTpettml iuis:u.lt\xc2\xab and in- \n\nroads of its enemies. Three <.f the wi\xc2\xbbefit and most venerated \nchiefs, \xe2\x80\x94 Atotariio. nftor whom the presiding sachems were \nnnmc<l, Tckiaxawfttaii. and IIaii toiiwoit-hah, were rvptnlc<! ns \n\n***\' I f^ntl fo^ln(k^^ and revered as possessed of pn \n\nnatinal vy \n\n9. The tr IS of the Iroquois concerning these jrrcat \nchiefs are ex. . interesting and n.mantic. Toganawctuh \nis descril>e.l as a young miui of remarkable lieauty and unknnw n \norigin. After the formation of the c\xc2\xabmfedcracy he pr 1 \nits final dissolution by the"Whifo Throata.** \xe2\x80\x94 a people of \nwhose . \xe2\x80\xa2 -^co they hud nov.r hranl. but for whose C4\xc2\xbbrtain ad- \nvent tl. frbed until their foam were rcali7x^l by the fi. \nment of ti\xc2\xbbo proph< \n\n10. Togjinawetah, luiving uttere<l his solemn and n .us \nwarning of doom from the \xe2\x80\xa2\' Palo Facea," siidtlenlv di 1 \nand wa^ Rt>en no more. Hah yoh-wout-hah soon ^erwunlh \nccnde<l to heaven in the presence of the assembled multitu<I,. \n"amidst burets of the sweetest melodv, in a snow-white cm \n\n\n\nThe T -":.-\xc2\xab P - \xc2\xabnd Wo!f Trih\xc2\xab.-Tbe ftmaden of tbs cooM. \nsrscj. \xe2\x80\x94 i l],c Iruquois. \n\n\n\nTHE IROQUOIS, OR FIVE NATIONS. 13 \n\nsuddenly shot down from the sky, rising higher and higher until \nhe melted away in the upper distance." Atotarho alone re- \nmained to place himself at the head of the confederacy on the \nbanks of the Onondaga Lake, to govern and instruct his people, \nand transmit his name and authority to a long line of successors. \n\n11. It was the belief of this primitive and simple people \nthat when, after death, they reached the "happy hunting- \ngrounds" the Great Spirit would provide for them the most \ndelicious fruits known to their native forests, \xe2\x80\x94 chiefly the \nstrawberry, which, as fast as consumed, would be eternally and \nunfailingly renewed. When one of their number is dying, with \nthat calm and placid stoicism characteristic of the race, those \naround him are accustomed to say, " He is scenting the straw- \nberry of the Great Spirit ! " \n\n12. Having in 1655 accomplished the subjugation of the Hu- \nrons and Algonquins in Canada and the vicinity of Lake Huron, \nthese indomitable and fiery warriors attacked and conquered, \ntwo years later, the Miamis and Ottawas of Michigan. In the \nbeginning of the ensuing century they prosecuted their con- \nquests as far south as the waters of the Cape Fear River in \nNorth Carolina, and at a subsequent period nearly exterminated \nthe Cherokees and Catawbas in South Carolina, Georgia, Ala- \nbama, and Tennessee. \n\n13. In 1714 they were joined by the Tuscaroras of North \nCarolina, and from thenceforth assumed the title of the Six \nNations. They uniformly adhered to the British interests, or \n*\' Corlear " as they termed that nation, against " Yonondio," or \nthe French ) and on the revolt of the Americans in the Revolu- \ntionary struggle inflicted the most dire calamities on their for- \nmer friends at Wyoming in Pennsylvania, and at Cherry Valley \nand the Mohawk settlements in New York. \n\n14. At the period of the first settlement of New York, the \naggregate number of this confederacy amounted to about forty \nthousand. Not more than seven thousand remain in existence, \nand of these a small remnant only is now to be found in the \nState. \n\n\n\nThe strawberry of the Great Spirit. \xe2\x80\x94 Conquests of the Iroquois. \xe2\x80\x94 Ac- \ncession of the Tuscaroras. - Fidelity to the English. \xe2\x80\x94 Comparative num- \nbers. \n\n\n\n\nii,u-^\', i. 1 iuciuue oi \n\n\n\nSECOM) ri:iM(M>. \n\nDISCOVER! KS ASD SHTTLH.\\f HSTS.\xe2\x80\x94 THE DUTCH \n\nGO VKRSMKXTS. \n\n\n\n1594. \n\n\n\nCflAPTKK I. \n\nDmcorruT or mi Hri>\xc2\xabo?i Rivrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Ftii\xc2\xabT SErrutiiEjrT or the \npMoriKCK or Nkw Nbthkmla^da. \n\n1. TnK first Kiimpcftn\xc2\xab who liuidod on tho soil of New York \nwere prolwMy the crew of a French tomI un^h^r the c*\xc2\xabm- \nnianrl of Jons dk Vf.rraziaxo, a Florentine, in the senice \nof Fmncis I. of Fmnce. From the joumaU of the voya^ pre- \nserved by him, it appears that alw>ut the middle of March, 1 \nhe arrived on the Ameriean coa\xc2\xabt in North t\'arnlina, from whenc< . \nafter pn>ce\xc2\xab1inj; south an far as \xc2\xab i, he sailed northwanl t4> \n\nthe latitude of 41\', where he entered a harltor, which, fnmi his \n\nJohn de VcrrmzMno. \n\n\n\nDISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 15 \n\ndescription, was probably that of New York. He seems to have \nremained there about fifteen days, visited by the Indians, and \ntrafficking with them. \n\n2. After an interval of nearly a century, Samuel Cham- \nplain, a French navigator, on the 4th of July, 1609, while \ndescending the St. Lawrence River and exploring its tributaries, \ndiscovered the lake which bears his name. A few days subse- \nquently, uniting his forces with the Hurons, Algonquins, and \nother Indian tribes in the vicinity, he enabled them by the use \nof fire-arms, hitherto unknown to the natives, to obtain a deci- \nsive victory over their hereditary enemies, the Iroquois. \n\n3. Early in 1609, Henry Hudson, an English navigator, after \nthe failure of two expeditions in the employ of a company of \nLondon merchants for the discovery of a nearer passage to \nAsia, offered his services to the Dutch East India Company in \nHolland ; and on the 4th of April set sail for China in the yacht \nHalf Moon, with his son, and a crew composed of English and \nDutch sailors. After several ineff\'ectual attempts to accom- \nplish his object, he entered Delaware Bay in August, and on \nthe 3d of September found a safe anchorage at Sandy Hook. \n\n4. On the succeeding day he proceeded up the- present New \nYork Bay along the Jersey coast, sending from time to time his \nboats on shore, and receiving the visits of the natives, who \ncame on board in great numbers, clad in loose furs, singing \ntheir wild songs, and in the most friendly manner offering to \ntraffic with the strangers in exchange for pipes, tobacco, maize, \nbeans, and oysters. For several days this mutual interchange of \nfriendly civilities was continued ; and on the 12th of September \nHudson entered through the Narrows the river which bears his \nname, and sailed up its broad channel as far as the present site \nof Manhattanville. \n\n5. On the 13th and 14th, passing the present site of Yonkers, \nhe proceeded up as far as the Highlands, anchoring in the neigh- \nborhood of West Point ; and on the evening of the 1 7th landed \njust above the present site of Hudson, where on the ensuing day \nhe had a pleasant interview with the natives. On the 1 9th he \n\nSamuel Champlain. \xe2\x80\x94 Henry Hudson. \xe2\x80\x94 His employment by the Dutch \nEast India Company. \xe2\x80\x94 Entrance into New York Bay. \xe2\x80\x94 Intercourse Avith \nthe Indians. \xe2\x80\x94 Discovery of the river. \n\n\n\nle SECOyn PERIOD. \n\nraaohed the present site of Kinderhook, from whence, afW \nhaving sent a small boat up tho river to a point a little above \nAlbany, ho commenced on the 23d his rctimi voyage. \n\n6. burinj^ his trip up the river ho was frequently visited by the \nIndians who came in coUHiderahlo nuiulieni on their boata, and \nmanifested the rnont friendly disposition. On his return, how- \never, leveral attempta were made a little l\xc2\xbbclow tho Hi^\'hlanda, \nby tho mitivea, to attack his crew, and in tho efl\'ort to repulse \nthem some ten or twelve were killed. On tho 4th of OctoU\'r ho \naet sail for Kun)pc, and in the ensuing year engaged in another \nvoyage fi\xc2\xbbr the discover)\' of the northwest posaage to Asia, in which, \nnear tho straita in HritiMh .\\morica which now liear his name, he \nwas abandoned by hia mi\xc2\xbb\' crew and |>criMhe<l misorubly. \n\n7. Stimuh\\tc<l by the favoralilo accounts given by \n***^\' Hudson on his return to llolluid. another vessel waa \nequipiMMl. during the succec<ling year, for the fur trade with \nthe Indian.i on tho lianks of the newly discovcnnl river; and \nthis ailventure having pn\xc2\xbbve<l successful, Hk-N\'ohick C\'huihtia.v- \n\nHEN and AimiKN Hi.4>CK in 1012 fitte*l out two u ual \n\n^\'"^\' shijw for the same puqione, which wore speotiily fol- \nlowed bv thrvo othem under the command of C*aptains DeWitt, \nVolckert^ton. and May. The i\xc2\xbbUnd \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf Manhattan was matlo the \nchief de|K.t \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf the trade, and (\'! iihou reooive<i the apjxiint- \n\nmcnt of agiMit for tho traffic in furs during the paMsage of tho \nTeesela to ami from Holland. He imme*\' sot about tho \n\noooatruction of a small fort with a few rutlc buddingH, on tho \n\xe2\x96\xa0outheni extremity of the island, thus laying tho hntt founda- \ntions of the future city. \n\n8. Adrien Block, having hist one of his vcaaels by an \n** accidental fire, set almut the construction of another, \n\nwhich ho complete<l in the spring of 1614, and immodiatly \ncommenced an active expl\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbration of the neighboring country. \nPasaing by the upper w:itorH of the F^st Kiver into Long Inland \nSound, and the outlet of the Hou.satonic River, he asconde<l the \nConnecticut to the head of mivi^iition, \xe2\x80\x94 thence retuniing to \n\n\n\nVormn* np the Ilml^on to Albany. \xe2\x80\x94 Rrtum to Europe, \xe2\x80\x94 Hi* dmih. \n\nK\\ im from HollamI in the furtrBde. \xe2\x80\x94 Adrien Bl\xc2\xab\xc2\xab*k. \xe2\x80\x94 Koan- \n\ndation of New York City. \n\n\n\nDUTCH GOVERNMENT. 17 \n\nthe Sound, he reached Montauk Point and the present Block \nIsland ; then, turning his course eastward, he explored the \nNarragansett Bay, Bhode Island, Nahant Bay, and the inter- \nvening islands, and, leaving his vessel at Cape Cod in charge of \nCornelis Hendrickson, embarked for Holland in one of the ships \non its way from Manhattan. \n\n9. On the 11th of October a charter was granted by the \nStates-General, conferring upon the merchants engaged in these \nexpeditions the exclusive right of trading in the new territories \nsituated between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of north \nlatitude, for four voyages to be completed within three years ; and \ngiving to this entire region the name of New Netherlands. In \nthe mean time Cornelissen Jacobsen May had explored the south- \nern coast of Long Island, visited Delaware Bay, and given his \nname to its northern cape, while Hendrick Christiansen had \nascended the Mauritius, as the Hudson River was then termed, \nto a point a little below Albany, where he established a fort and \nwarehouse on Castle Island, calling it Fort Nassau. Shortly \nafterwards, however, Christiansen was murdered by a young In- \ndian in his employ, and Jacob Eelkins was appointed to succeed \nhim as agent. An association of merchants was formed under \nthe title of the United New Netherlands Company, and the trade \nin furs with the Indians was vigorously prosecuted. \n\n10. In the spring of 1617, a solemn council of the \nchiefs and warriors of the several Iroquois tribes, and the \nrepresentatives of the New Netherlands, was held at a place \ncalled Tawasentha, near the present site of Albany, and a for- \nmal treaty of alliance and peace entered into between them. \nProtected by the provisions of this treaty the trade with the In- \ndians became so flourishing and profitable that on the expiration \nof the charter of the Company in 1618 its renewal was refused \nby the States-General. Permission was, however, given by special \nlicense for a temporary continuance of their operations. \n\n11. In 1620 Captain Thomas Dermer, an Englishman \nin the service of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, appeared at \n\nExploration and discoveries. \xe2\x80\x94 New charter. \xe2\x80\x94 Association of merchants. \n\xe2\x80\x94 United New Netherlands Company. \xe2\x80\x94 Council with the Indian tribes at \nTaAvasentha. \xe2\x80\x94 Treaty of alliance. \xe2\x80\x94 Progress of the fur-trade. \xe2\x80\x94 Refusal \nto renew the charter. \xe2\x80\x94 English clainis to the territory. \n\n2 \n\n\n\n18 SECO\\D PERIOD. \n\nM.-itihattan on his yoyage to New EngUnd^ and laid claim \nto the entire territon\' occupied by the Dutch tmderB, upon the \ng^und of prior diucovery and <Kcu|Mincy. On the representa- \ntion of his employerM, JiinicM I., the Kn^lish monarch, trrnntcd \nGorges and his lusnociiites a charter of exclusive ju< n \n\nover all the territories in America U\'twivn the fortieth und \nforty-ci;^\'hth {lanillels of latitude, and the Kn^hhli amlianatlur ut \nthe Haf^ie wiut directed to rcuiuiuttFate agtiiuHt the intrusion of \nthe Dutch occu{jantM. \n\n12. This rcmonstranoe wa% bowoTer, unbooded ; and \n\n1621 \n\nin June, lOJl, the States General granted a new charter \nto the Du\' \\Vi\xc2\xabMt India t\'omiJany,** conferrinj; ujmmi them \n\nexclusive jur n for a pchod of twenty-<\xc2\xbbno years over \n\nthe Province ol" New Netherhuida, with full and ample jx>wcrs \nto trade with the natives from Newfotuidland to the Straits \nof Magellan, to ap|K>int governors suhject to the appn>\\*nl \nof the States, to colonize the territory, erect forta, and admin- \nister justice throughout the entire territory. The executive \nmanagecaCDt of the asar^ i was intrusted tu a board of \n\nsineleen directors, one of whom was to bo i by the \n\nGovernment and the rem teen by the i\'otujAny, dis- \n\ntributed tlirough five se|jifcratc Chatubers in diflfereut cities of \nHolhind. \n\n13. The Amsterdam ChamlxT, to which had l>oon spc- \ncially aaaigned the charge of tlic Province of New N eth- \ner! :jt out a vessel under the C\' :id of Cornelissen \n\' " V as dircM\'tor, with thirty fa- . consisting \ncluetly ot Uall\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbona or French Pn\xc2\xbbte\xc2\xabtants, with llic view of lay- \ning a pen: \xe2\x80\xa2 foundation for the p\' d c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbI ^" \nof these 1 \'<<\'ttlod at Manhattan, otiters itMtk up Uicir \nabode on the Jcreey shore, the Connecticut Kiver, and as far up \nthe Mauritius or HudM^n Ui%\'er as the present site of Allmny, \nwhere they built Fort Orange, four miles above Fort Nassau. \nGeorge Jansen de V \' o, with a few Wnlloon fnmiHes, occu- \npied a portion of Loiig island in the vicinity of Walloon\'s Hay. \n\nCharter to Si\' F- \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x80\xa2"\'\xe2\x80\xa2pflo Gonrc* snd his ajModates. \xe2\x80\x94 The W\xc2\xabt India \nCompsiiT. \xe2\x80\x94 C< of New Netherlands. \xe2\x80\x94 Comelisaen Jac\xc2\xab>h\xc2\xaben \n\nMar the first director. \xe2\x80\x94 ScttkoMQU at MAnh\xc2\xabtuui. \xe2\x80\x94 Fort Unuige and \nLonj; Island. \n\n\n\ni \n\n\n\nDISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 19 \n\nReinforced by other accessions to their number, the Manhattan \nsettlement in 1625 amounted to some two hundred persons, and \nthe work of colonization was fairly commenced. May was suc- \nceeded in the directorship in 1625 by William Verhulst, who \nremained, however, only for about one year. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER II. \n\nAdministration of Peter Minuit. \xe2\x80\x94 Purchase and Settlement \n\nOF Manhattan Island. \n\n1. In May, 1626, Peter Minuit arrived at New Neth- \nerlands as Director-General, and immediately effected \n\nthe purchase of the island of Manhattan, of the Indians, for \ngoods and trinkets to the value of sixty guilders, or about \ntiveiity-four dollars. An interchange of friendly relations was \nestablished with the English settlement at Plymouth, and ar- \nrangements for a mutual trade were entered into. In 1628 \na church was organized with fifty communicants, under the \nauspices of Jonas Michaelius, a clergyman from Holland. The \ncolony grew apace, and the traffic in furs with the surrounding \nIndian tribes was, for a time, quietly, industriously, and profit- \nably pursued by the incipient colony. \n\n2. The germs of future trouble soon, however, began to make \ntheir appearance. The murder of a Westchester Indian, who \nhad visited the settlement for the purpose of trade, by three of \nMinuit\'s farm servants, had aroused a spirit of revenge which \nawaited only a favorable opportunity for its gratification. Not- \nwithstanding the fact that the authorities at Manhattan were \nentirely ignorant of the commission of this rash outrage, and \ndisclaimed all participation in it, the native tribes sullenly \nbrooded over the unprovoked injury, and patiently bided their \ntime for a bloody retribution. \n\n3. In the mean time, the slow growth of the colony 1629. \n\nPeter Minuit. \xe2\x80\x94 Purchase of Manhattan Island. \xe2\x80\x94 Establishment of \nfriendly relations with the En.o-lish colonists at Plymouth. \xe2\x80\x94 Organization \nof a church. \xe2\x80\x94 Murder of a Westchester Indian. \n\n\n\nSECOyO PEIiluD. \n\ninthicwl tlio Gcnonil, on the reoommcmlation t\xc2\xabf the \n\nA\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabmhly of >ineieen. to adopt an ortiinance gnuitiuj? to any \nmenilicr of the < ny wh\xc2\xab> HhouKl within four yeani estAb- \n\nlUh II colonv i\xc2\xbbf tiftv i>\' \xe2\x80\xa2 - \xe2\x80\xa2 ^ \' inivo of chiUircn inuItT fif\\c\xc2\xabn \nyeara of ago, the priviltvt\' of with the title of PutnH.)n, \n\na tract of huul, outride of the ishuui of Miuiliattnn, Bixtwn uulci* \nin lenj^h on one Hide, or eight nules on each nido of any uavipi- \nblo river, and extending an fur inhuul a* the pr r Hhoidd \n\nchooiie. \n\n4. The Bole cowl t that of r \' itum, iiui -1 \nupon the . ii *crw H to U\xc2\xbbo indiiuiti for liiu \nUnds wlected, the i ui u < \'<\'r and BchiHihniutter, \nAod the |\xc2\xabynient of \xc2\xab duty ol live |)er cvul on all trade carried \non by them, . vo of that in fur\xc2\xbb, which the. Company ro- \n\xe2\x96\xa0enred to th. \xe2\x80\xa2 i \xe2\x96\xa0 ^ -. ri- <\' iii|<uiy on tlioir part agreed to \nitrenjjthen the fort\xc2\xab at M. m, to pn>tect the ooloniMta \nagainst all attarkM from the li; \'\xc2\xbbr Kn;rliHh, and to \xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2 \nthorn with a ^ nt nuniber oi \xc2\xbbnt\xc2\xab for an iiuicn- \nnite peritKl of luue. \xe2\x80\xa2 Th:^ the Iii-Jii luiruduction of \xc2\xbb1 \ninto the pn\xc2\xbbvinco. \n\n5. The Company uIho moouragctl th\xc2\xab riiii^\'r.it;..n of Individual \nSettleni hy tifferin^ them the ^uit of ajt nxuch land aji they \ncould cultivate, with an \xc2\xab ^ \' for ten years; \npiTcludinjj them, however, un uiii iu\xc2\xbb iiic tAiiunj under the IV \ntnM>n\xc2\xbb, from ajiy voice in the piveramcnt of the colony, and \nfrT\xc2\xbbm the ? \'\'icturo of any linen, w- " ** n, or otlur \ncloth. The i\'.iiroonn were a iipecicfl of Icmuu \xc2\xbb<inl\xc2\xab, with full \npowers over their tenants, the * t of all l\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbcal oflicera, \nand unrestrirtiMi privilo\xc2\xab^\'es <\xc2\xbbf hmiiiUi:, i \'. and Hshing. \n\n6. Cndcr thew \' trncta ot laul on each side of \nthe Hudson, inclmlin^\' ii. * counties of Allwny and Hcn< \naelacr. were He<Mire<l l\xc2\xbbv Kuian \\ an Kensselacr, a director of tlio \nCompany, umler the title of Uensselaerwyck ; ami another di- \nrector, Michael Pauw, aj ^ -i.itctl Statcn l\xc2\xbblan<l and a large \ntract in New Jersey, uiciuuiufC the present Jersey City and \nHobokcn, to which he gave the name of Pavonia. A larp\xc2\xbb |\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr- \n\n\n\nGranU of trrriionr to Patmon\xc2\xab snd other settkrm. \xe2\x80\x94 Introdoction of \xe2\x80\xa2!\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \nrery. \xe2\x80\x94 The RcnsacUonrvck Pairtwiu. \n\n\n\nDUTCH GOVERNMENT. 21 \n\ntion of the manorial estate conferred upon Van Rensselaer still \nremains in the possession of his descendants, and the descend- \nants and successors of the original tenants, held by them under \nnominal rent charges. \n\n7. The settlement at Manhattan in the mean while continued \nin a prosperous condition ; its internal and foreign commerce was \nsteadily increasing ; a large vessel of eight hundred tons was \nbuilt and despatched to Holland ; settlements on the Brook- \nlyn shore and in the interior of Long Island were springing up ; \nand immigrants of every shade of religious faith, attracted by the \nliberal inducements offered by the Dutch Government and by \nthe free toleration of their theological opinions, were flocking \nto the gettlements. \n\n8. A controversy having arisen between the Company \nand the Patroons, originating in the mterference of the \nlatter in the fur-trade, from all participation in which they were \nexcluded by the terms of their charter, Minuit, who was sus- \npected of favoring their ]3retensions, was in 1632 recalled. The \nship in which he had embarked for Holland having been detained \non her return voyage by the English authorities at Plymouth \nas an illegal trafficker in English goods, a correspondence ensued \nbetween the representatives of the two governments in reference \nto their respective claims to the title of the New Netherlands. \n\n9. On the one hand, the Dutch relied upon the discoveries of \nHudson ; the subsequent immediate occupation of the territory \nby themselves, ratified and confirmed by charter ; the establish- \nment of forts and garrisons for its protection ; the purchase by \nthem of the land from the natives, and the failure of the Eng- \nlish to occupy any portion of the territory claimed. The latter \nrelied upon the prior discovery of Cabot, and the patent to the \nPlymouth Company granted by James I., covering the territory \nin question, \xe2\x80\x94 ignoring and denying the validity of any title \nprocured from the Indians, who had themselves a mere posses- \nsory claim, \xe2\x80\x94 and offering to permit the continued occupation \nof the province by its present colonists, with a full guaranty \nof all their rights of property and person, on condition of the \ntransfer of their allegiance to the English Crown. \n\n\n\nProgress of the colony at Manhattan. \xe2\x80\x94 Controversy between the Com- \npany anfl Patroons. \xe2\x80\x94 Recall of Minuit. \xe2\x80\x94 English claims. \n\n\n\n22 SECOyO PERIOD. \n\n\n\n10. A definitive settlement of the conUufWIj WftS, however, \ndeferred to a future period, nnd the TesMl releuied. Mmuit \nBulniequently ri\'tunKnl to Auierica during the adminiKtrutiou of \nGovernor Kiefl, aiul, under the uuHpici\'S of Queen Chrintina of \nSweden, luiil the foundation of a Swedish colony on the D< \\ ^ \nware Uiver bj the erection of a fort, which ho named after hm \nroyal {latroiMMy where, in 1G41, he died and wae buried. \n\n\n\n1633. \n\n\n\nCI! \\ PTKR ITT. \n\nADMiXltTaATtOM Ot Woi\'TCK VaX TwiLLkB. \n\n1. I.v April, 1C33, the nem- Director-CJenenU, WorxER Van \nTwii.LKii, arrived at Manhattan with a Mmall military* force \n\n\xc2\xbb \n\nand a S{jQuiiili vemcl captured on the voyage from IIol- \nIaxuL Among the I \xe2\x80\xa2\'"\xe2\x80\xa2-\xe2\x80\xa2M^cni were Kveuaki\'I\'m U^xiAHDi\'d, a cler- \ngyman, and Adam i. v.vim*k.\\, the |.i..i>.\xc2\xabT achoohniutter of the \n\ncolony. Van Twiller had pri\'viouhly .. .: 1 the province with a \n\xe2\x96\xbciew to the selection of landtf under the {jutroon ^nTints, and liad \nmarried a niece of Killian Van Kcnsiielaer. Wjth the exception \nof the influence, and knowled^ of the country, thus \xc2\xab.<.t .ii\xc2\xbb. .! \nhe seems to have been thoroughly incompetent t" \xc2\xbb?*<\xe2\x80\xa2 \nof the duties im{K>\xc2\xabed up<>n him. \n\n2. The fort at New Amstcrxlum, which had been oommenced \nseveral years before, was completed, a (niard-houae and bar* \nracks for the sttliliers orecte<l, and a church and parKmage \nbuilt, under his direction. An angry controversy aoon spninfif \nup U\'twei\'n lio^mrdus aiul the (iovernor, in which the citiiens \ngemnilly took |\xc2\xabirt, growing out of his atlministration of the \naffjiirs of the prt)vince. Bitter recriminations passed lietween \nthe jiarties, \xe2\x80\x94 the anathcmiui of the Church were hurled ufion \nthe devoted head of the Director, who, in turn, denounced his \nreverend antagonist, \xe2\x80\x94 and tlic strife was prolonged to the clo\xc2\xabie \nof his brief administration. \n\n\n\nSwedish settlement on the Delaware by Minuit. \xe2\x80\x94 Erection of Fort Chri\xc2\xbb- \ntins. \xe2\x80\x94 Dtalb of Minuit. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Van \'l " \' ararter. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nConin>T\xc2\xab-iT with Bopinlus. \xe2\x80\x94 Adam Kuelai.^^... - ..i.\xe2\x80\x9e.\xe2\x80\x9e\xc2\xbbing of ibc \nfiift. \xe2\x80\x94 Krvctiun of a churUi. \n\n\n\nDISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 23 \n\n3. In the mean time Jacob Eelkins, a former agent of the \nCompany at Fort Orange, who had been dismissed from their \nemploy, arrived at Manhattan as supercargo of an EngUsh ves- \nsel engaged in the fur-trade. The Governor refused to per- \nmit the vessel to proceed without the production of a suitable \nlicense from the Company. Eelkins declined exhibiting his \ncommission, and claimed the right to trade with the natives as \nan Englishman to whom the territory legitimately belonged, \nand after displaying the English flag, and firing a salute in \nhonor of the English king, proceeded up the river in defiance \nof the guns of the fort. \n\n4. Van T wilier immediately summoned a meeting of the \ncitizens at the square before the fort, now the Bowling Green, \nand after collecting their sentiments, and indulging in much \nbravado and festive display of loyalty to the government of the \nPrince of Orange, despatched an armed force to Fort Orange, \nwhither Eelkins had already repaired, erected a tent, and was \nengaged in trading with the natives. The soldiers proceeded, on \ntheir arrival, to demolish his tent, take possession of his wares, \nand reconduct his vessel to Fort Amsterdam, whence it was sent \nto sea, with a warning henceforth to cease from intermeddling \nwith the Dutch trade. \n\n5. The Governor, soon after entering npon the duties of his \nadministration, had despatched Jacob Van Corlaer and other \nagents to purchase of the Pequod Indians a tract of land on \nthe Connecticut River, near the present site of Hartford. Upon \nthis tract they built and fortified a redoubt, which they named \nFort Good Hope. Against this invasion of their territory the \nPlymouth and Massachusetts colonies, through Governor Win- \nthrop, sent an earnest remonstrance to Van Twiller, to which \nhe returned a courteous reply, proposing a reference of their \nrespective claims to their several governments. \n\n6. The Plymouth colonists, however, having secured from the \nIndians a small tract in the vicinity of the fort, sent Lieutenant \nWilliam Holmes with a sufficient force to take possession and \ncommence an English settlement on the present site of Windsor. \n\n\n\nJacob Eelkins\'s visit to Manhattan. \xe2\x80\x94 Defiance of the authority of the \nGovernor. \xe2\x80\x94 Van Twiller\'s proceedings. \xe2\x80\x94 Difficulties between the Dutch \nand English colonists on the Connecticut. \n\n\n\n24 yO PKIiJOD. \n\n\\an Corhur ni- V . r i illy cndeavoivti to oppoM their prcvrcsn, \nAnd Van Twtiicr bc-nt a force of Hoventy ^ \' \' \xc2\xab^ to dinl*-\' \xe2\x80\xa2 \ntbeoL The Dutch comniaiidfr, however, intm. \' by tli. ir \n\nbold bearing\', withdrew without any attempt ai iiieir cipul \nsi - \n\n4. \\ an Twiller met with belter ku< - \xc2\xab-^ in * \\\\^ .i.-...\' :i l\xc2\xab:iii<l \nof Eiiglwh intniderK fn.>tu the Vtryium \xe2\x80\xa2"! \'tiy. \\y\\u>, ). \' \' \n\n(!\xe2\x80\xa2 liohneH, luul taken poywion ot Fort > i nc \n\nGovcruor pn\xc2\xbbin[\xc2\xbbtly dcsp*\' \' i an anucd force to ."^-lua H\\\' \nwhich \xe2\x80\xa2\' * \' :vd the occujxuujt and brought them bock as \\ \nonerH tu i uit Anuitcnhun, whence they were retumod to Toiut \n\nC \'* "T just in toaaon it> * -opt a fiarty of their ctmnt^ 1 \n\nluu: \xe2\x80\xa2 : ri them, i ma cnerjjetic display of Bpiril h \n\nto tiic I\'fuwucv tlio undisputed control of the ^>outh u \ncolony. \n\n8. AAer purcluuDn^ on hit own account, m c^u \nj,,.....: ... .. :.i. 1 . . ^, Y^^ Corlacr and othem, a tract of \n\nfi(\\ccn \xe2\x80\xa2\' t;iiHl, now ooti--\' \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 the flouriiilr" - \n\ntownot i i \' \' \'^\'\xe2\x80\xa2rwanl-. a. mum the mlandii i \n\nknown an i>\' -. imk a uml iCiindnirH. than rendei \n\n\\v T the \\\xc2\xbb..ini. :\xe2\x80\xa2-\' \' \xe2\x80\xa2 \' ill the pn\xc2\xbbvince, he invoi\xc2\xab\xc2\xab->i \n\nhtiif\' <!. with cliar. i.-m ^ \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x94 \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\'nity.in a \n\nquarrel witli Viui l*ai \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 i .n- .\xc2\xbb.i\' "^ of h\\n \n\nCouncil. The latter h.\xc2\xbb-i \xc2\xab\xe2\x96\xa0 " d of bin r i in re \n\nturn had been deprived of ii. v, rrmov*.. ;.. (\xc2\xbbftice. \n\nand wnt a pr\'- r to Holland \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2.. .. . I- -\xc2\xbb-"" "f ,-...#. \n\n9. Van Dill. r. m m:ide -\xe2\x96\xa0 -\xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 ;, j.;\xc2\xbb - ..;..i..... t\xc2\xbbf the in \nefficiency and c\xc2\xab\'n ..j.iion of Ui. i.-.. iii\xc2\xabir, that the Statenden \nend ur^e*! the AntHtenltun i\'luunlicr to rei-jill him and re"-\' "\xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nhis councillor, with which request the ( \'liamlier. after m.>: \n\nlay, reluctantly complie<l. Prior, horn ever, to bin recall, the \nWent India (\'\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbiii|>any had efTccted the purcliase of Pnvonia fn-m \nits {Mitroon, which c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnferred ujnm them pojwession t\xc2\xbbf and jui. \ndiction over the Jerney sliore ami Staten Island. The {latroon- \nship of Kemwelaerwyck was therefore the only pi-"\'* Hv nf tbia \ndcacriptiou remaining in the !>\xc2\xbb..v;i>.>o. \n\n\n\nInvasion of Fort Nsssso and iu nrconqaast. ^> Hupiiritr unci irrjihh of \nVan Twillrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Contn>vor\xc2\xbbr with Van I)inckU;;m. \xe2\x80\x94 Recall of Van Twil \n\\tv. \xe2\x80\x94 l*urvha4e of Pavonia. \n\n\n\nDUTCH GOVERNMENT, 25 \n\nCHAPTER IV. \nAdministration of Wilhelm Kieft. \n\n1. On the 28th of March, 1638, Wilhelm Kieft ar- \n\n1 CQQ \n\nrived at Manhattan as the successor of Van T wilier in \nthe government of the colony. He was a man of considerable \nenergy of character, \xe2\x80\x94 irritable, capricious, and injudicious, and \nwholly deficient in that firmness, prudence, and cool discrimina- \ntion so necessary to his difficult position. His previous career \nas a merchant at Amsterdam, and subsequently in the employ \nof the Government, had been stained w^ith dishonor and criminal \nrapacity, and his administration of the new duties devolved upon \nhim was a stormy and disastrous one ; marked by the assump- \ntion of dictatorial powers, and distinguished chiefly for rashness, \nimprovidence, and sanguinary contests with the surrounding \nIndian tribes. \n\n2. Immediately on his accession he surrounded himself with \na Council entirely devoted to his own interests, and obedient in \nall things to his will. With characteristic activity he set about \nthe reform of a variety of abuses w^hich had crept into the pub- \nlic service under the lax administration of his predecessor. He \nprepared a code of laws and regulations strictly prohibiting all \nillegal traffic under heavy penalties, establishing rigid sanitary \nobservances, and repressing all forms of vice and immorality. \n\n3. Pie soon became involved in difficulties with the Swedish \ncolonies on the Delaware and the English settlements on the \nConnecticut. His remonstrances, however, against the intrusion \nof the Swedish settlers on territory claimed by the Dutch, were \ndisregarded both by the colonists and the States-General, who \nwere unwilling to offend so powerful a neighbor ; and he was re- \nluctantly compelled to turn his attention in another direction. \n\n4. A new charter of privileges was conferred upon the \ncolonies by the Company : restricting the patroon rights \n\nof occupancy to four miles of frontage on navigable rivers and \neight miles inland ; granting two hundred acres of land to every \n\nWilhelm Kieft. \xe2\x80\x94 His character and antecedents. \xe2\x80\x94 Reform of abuses. \xe2\x80\x94 \nCode of laws and regulations. \xe2\x80\x94 Difficulties with the Swedish colonists \xe2\x80\x94 \nNew charter of privileges. \n\n\n\n26 SECOXD PERIOD. \n\nsix settlcni who should transport tlicmHclvcs to the colony ftt their \nown cxjicnsc ; jriving tlie right of chouaing their own magis- \ntrutcit to uU villiiges and cities thereafter to bo e\xc2\xabtAl>Iihhe<i ; re- \nlinquishing the monojxily of the Inditui tnidc in exclmnge for a \nmoderate duty ; and nmking a ld>end |\xc2\xbbrovision for individual \nuetlleni. The Kefonued Dutch religi\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn was reco^niwxl aa the \nestahlislieil faith of the jirxivince, with full toleration, however, \nto all other sects ; and no discrimination, except an oath of \nfi^ltv to the Dutch (joverument, was |)ennitti-d to exist Itetwccu \nforeigners aiul other citixciuk \n\n5. Attracletl bv tliesc inductui. i t . tii i of the \n\npn*viuctj rapidly incrcastxl, liolh frtnii Holland and the New \nflnghuid and Virginia colonies. The cultivation of tobocco \nwas iiitriKluoed ; new fniit trees and other : i\xc2\xbbir I\'lants and \n\nganlen vnn t.iMcs were domesticated ; and the i; d affaira \n\nof the I 1 were pro\xc2\xabi|ien>us Iteyomlanv t\xc2\xbbr\xc2\xab\xc2\xabvi\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbus ex|>erience. \n\nLarge tracts t\xc2\xbbf land on I^\xc2\xbbng Inland in t: y of the pres- \n\nent Newtown, purchascil for the (\\\xc2\xbbmpiiny by the (lovemor, \nwere brought mlo cultivation ; a settlement was commenoe<l at \nGraveseiid by Anthony Janson |{a|n*lye, the lm\xc2\xbbther of the \nfounder of the WalltMui ( olony ; and other purchases were made \nof valuable farms in the vicinitv t\xc2\xbbf the citv. \n\nr\xc2\xbb. In the spring of 1G40 Kieft, also in lM\xc2\xbbhfdf of the \nCNmifKinv. rtin\'hase<l of the Indians all the rei. .4 ter- \n\nritory ctun| thr rrfjvnt limits of Kingit and ^\xc2\xbbuitiui \n\nCounties, ainl IV Vt r established another colony at \n\nTapimi. Tb< d in the ensuing year by a colony \n\non the Ha- ick Kiver, by Vander Voorst, and on all that \n\npart of Staten Inland not already in po^wowsion of I>c Vries, by \nCornelius MelyiL A few scattered its had l>een eflecto<l \n\non the eastern |iart of I>tng Islaiul, at Southampton. South- \nold ami Clrecnfjort, under Knglish granta, and a few yean later \nthe towns of t^ast Hampton and Setauket, were ! I under \n\nthe same authority, without any attempts at disturl .1. \xe2\x80\xa2 > u \nthe part of the Dutch liovcmraent, \n\n7. An exjHjtlition was during this year fitted out at New \nHatcd by George Lomlwrton, a merchant, with fifty families, \n\nInternal pro\xc2\xabpentj of the colonr. \xe2\x80\x94 Pf O gitsi of wttkownls on Long \n\nIsland. \n\n\n\nDISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 27 \n\nfor a settlement on the shores of the Delaware. Touchino- at \nManhattan, the emigrants were forbidden by Kieft to prose- \ncute further their enterprise. They, how^ever, disregarded his \nthreats, and proceeded on their voyage. Kieft, indignant at \nthis defiance of his authority, organized a force for their sum- \nmary expulsion ; but, being prevented by Indian disturbances at \nhome, deferred the enterprise until the following year, when \nW\' ith the aid of the Swedes he succeeded in breaking up the set- \ntlement and sending back the English with their goods to New \nHaven. Lamberton, who persisted in trading at the South \nRiver, w^as arrested and compelled to pay full duties on his \ncargo. Demands for satisfaction on the part of the English col- \nonies, and continued annoyances ensuing from the refusal on \nthe part of Kieft, induced the latter finally to proclaim an ordi- \nnance of non-intercourse with the Connecticut colony. \n\n8. Negotiations were now opened for the purchase of the ter- \nritory in the neighborhood of the Dutch post on the Connecticut \nRiver; but all terms being refused, both parties appealed to their \nrespective governments for redress. The pendency of the civil \nwar in England, however, prevented a settlement of the difficul- \nties ; and the English colonists continued for some time longer \nto harass and disturb their Dutch neighbors. \n\n9. In July, 1640, Kieft sent au armed force against \nthe Raritan Indians, belonging to the Delaware tribe in \nNew Jersey, for an alleged robbery on Staten Island, by a portion \nof the tribe. Although these Indians w^ere entirely innocent of \nthe ofienco, ten of their warriors were ruthlessly slaughtered and \ntheir crops and other property destroyed. This severe chastise- \nment soon provoked a bloody retaliation. The plantation of De \nVries, on Staten Island, was attacked, his dwelling burned, and \nfour of his planters killed. Other outrages speedily followed, and \nthe foundations were thus laid for a vindictive contest, which \nfor a time threatened the extermination of the infant colony. \n\n10. Satisfaction having been refused by the chiefs of the \n\n1 ^4.1 \n\noffending tribes, a general declaration of war against the \nsavages was resolved upon. Previously, however, to engaging \nin active hostilities, Kieft deemed it prudent to convoke a \n\nLamberton\'s expedition to the Delaware. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedinp:s of Kieft. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack \nupon the Raritan Indians. \xe2\x80\x94 Burning of De Vries\' plantation. \xe2\x80\x94 Indian War. \n\n\n\n* 1640. \n\n\n\n28 \'\' SECOyO PEUIOD. \n\ngeneral council of tho princi|)al citizono, who, on the \'Jstli nf \n\nAuj^ust, 1G41, noruinatcii a bolect committee of twelve of tl \n\nnumber t*) act as their repre\xc2\xabcntutivcji. This eommittee, whiK \n\nmaking every pre|>anitiou for the im])eiuliiig coutlicl, exertr*!. \n\nin conjunction witli tho olhcenj uml li^i-nts of the Comprmv. tlu \n\nutniost c-HortA for the {Mraceful Mcttlement of the contr \n\n1 1. Kieft, however, HtKvx\'eiletl, in tho commenc< ;,.\xc2\xbb .i \xc2\xab f \n\n\' the ensuing ycjir, in \xc2\xab .iu;^ a reluctant ctnisent from \n\ntho representative Couufi! for tho iuime<iiate adoption of vi\xc2\xabj;i>r \n\nUU8 iii\xc2\xbb*asnreH for the - -^ment t\xc2\xbbf the InduuiH. lie at once \n\nde\xc2\xabp 1 a iMirty of eighty men up tho river, with onion* t\xc2\xab.> \n\noxtenniiuito hy hre anil Bwonl the n\xc2\xab-i\'jhlK\xc2\xbbrin;i WojJtchoHtor \n\ntril*e, a nien\xc2\xbbUri\xc2\xbbf which, in n a munler commit \n\ntwenty yeani U-r\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xbb by Minuit\'H farm hervantn, hiul hluin in <<\xe2\x96\xa0! 1 \n\nUimmI an un< \\\\^ citizen, and wiut pr d and ji. \n\nby tho trilte. Tho Indiann, however, on loiU-mn^ their danp^r. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2ued for |K\'ace, promimn;: t\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb d\xc2\xab\'liver up tho munlen\'r. \n\n12. IVuilin;; tl\xc2\xab\xc2\xab\'H\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb iKv two other munlerB were C\' :.i \n\nmitte<l by tho I: . and >i\\ wajt pmmptly demandi I \n\nby tho (Jovenior. In the mexm time a ban<l of Moliawkn nuule :i \n\ndeHcent u{Mn tho river IndtiUiH, and, after killing and aiptur \n\n\'\\\\\\\\^ nmny of their numl\xc2\xbber, C4>m|>elled them to flee for HUi*e<jr t" \n\ntho l)utch at Manhattan. More than a thoiiwind of the luipl(^-< \n\nfujjitives encan)|M.-d on the Jemoy alioro at I\'avonin. while tin- \n\nn^nitluo cnj*i\xc2\xabe<I the river, and ap}x\xc2\xbbih^l \xe2\x99\xa6*> tho c n ft\xc2\xbbr pro \n\ntection a;;ainMt their enraj\xc2\xbbe\xc2\xbbl and n . A fiivor- \n\nablo oj\xc2\xbb|Kirtunity waa thu* \xc2\xab; i f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr th\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb n\'wtonitijm of fi \n\nT\' iH between the . ;iud the i. ; but it was fnis- \n\ntrate<l by an act of wanton and din^n^iceful tn\'ncher)\' and cruelty \n\nuniMUulleled in the annals of civiliz4><I humanity. \n\n13. The faction in New Amtttenlajn in favor of a war \n1643 \n\nof extenuination against the Indians, Hup;Mirte<l by tho \n\ninfluence of tho Governor, sncoeeded in ol* ^ fn\xc2\xbbm that \n\nofticer full authority to avail themselves of the helpU^Hs condi \n\ntion of the fu^\'itives thus thn)wn ujkhi their h\xc2\xab ty, by a jfen- \n\ncral and indiscriminate massacre. In defiance of the most ur- \n\nFormiuion of a rcpivM\'ntfttivp cominincc. \xe2\x80\x94 Y \xc2\xbbn \xe2\x80\xa2piin\'.t Wmt- \n\nchotir In<Iinn\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 \' \' <>f the >\' \' V* upoa the nrcr tribe*. \xe2\x80\x94 MsiMcra \nof the Indian* n\xc2\xab V . und CV i iiuok. \n\n\n\nDUTCH GOVERNMENT. 29 \n\ngent remonstrances of the leading citizens, at midnight on the \n25th of February, 1643, this inhuman and revolting outrage \nwas perpetrated under the immediate sanction of the Gov- \nernor, and eighty of the Indians at Pavonia \xe2\x80\x94 men, women, \nand children, surprised in the midst of their unsuspecting \nslumbers \xe2\x80\x94 were despatched by the muskets of their enemies or \ndriven into the river to perish. A similar massacre was at the \nsame time perpetrated at Corker\'s Hook, upon the confiding \nand imconscious savages there. \n\n14. These atrocious deeds reflect indelible infamy upon the \nmemory of Kieft, who was solely responsible for their commis- \nsion. Well had it been if the swift retribution for their enor- \nmity could have fallen only upon him and his inhuman ad- \nvisers and instruments ! All the neighboring tribes immediately \nconcentrated their forces for avenging this outrage upon their \nbrethren, and openly proclaimed an unrelenting war against \nthe devoted colonists. They took possession of the swamps and \nmorasses of the island, lay in wait to shoot down the settlers at \ntheir work, to drive off their cattle, burn their dwellings, cap- \ntiu\'e their wives and children, and devastate their possessions. \nUniversal terror prevailed. The white settlements on every \nhand were attacked, and the colonists were reduced to despair. \n\n15. Overtures of peace, preferred by Kieft, who too late \nbegan to repent his rashness, were scornfully rejected. Bitter \nrecriminations passed between his cowardly advisers and him- \nself ; and the persecuted colonists heaped the most contume- \nlious reproaches upon his head for his agency in bringing about \nthe deplorable condition in which they found themselves. They \neven threatened his deposition and arrest as a prisoner, and \ntalked of sending him in chains to Holland. De Yries alone, \nwho had thrown the whole weight of his influence in opposition to \nthe infatuated policy of the Governor, retained the confidence as \nwell of the colonists as their maddened opponents, the savages. \n\n16. Early in the spring, however, a white flag approached \nthe fort, and through De Vries and Olfertson, who alone dared \nto confront the Indians who bore it, an interview took place \nwith the sachems of the surrounding tribes, followed by a \ntreaty providing for a temporary truce. In August the war \n\nIndian hostilities, \xe2\x80\x94 Indignation against the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 De Vries. \n\n\n\n30 SECOXD PERIOD. \n\nwas ftgnin renewed, a new representative Council 8umraone<l l\xc2\xbby \nthe Governor, an alliunce cntorcil into with tlie Li)Ug Ulaiul \ntribes, and enei^\'tic prc|\xc2\xbbanuit\xc2\xbbna mado for < ve military \n\noperation.s, undor the charge of Captain John I uUciliilL \n\n17. The Indian^i on thoir |iiirt renewed their savap? at l^icks \nupon all the nei{j;hl*\xc2\xbbrin^ uitllenK\'ntJi. TI\xc2\xbbo ontlyintj farms \nwere nithlessly mu-kiHl ; the phintation of tlie ccU\'hnitotl Anno \nflntchinM4in on the VjubX Uiver nrar WAX C*atc hunie<l, and lier- \nself, and her wh\'\xc2\xbbh\xc2\xbb family, with one exception, nmnliTed ; \nand throu;:hout \\Vi\'Mtche\xc2\xabter and the adjoining; KcttlcmcntH, on \nLong IhIiuuI anii the Jersey alutrc, indiscriminate phuiderM and \nmassacres wenj of daily wviirrenoc. TIkj \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbIo phico of safety \nft\xc2\xbbr tlie hnnttxl otUnnntM waa the fort at New AniMterdam, whcro \nsonjo two ur throe hiindrvd defcnwIerK, with thoir mives and \nchildren, were ci\xc2\xbbUocte\xc2\xabl to resint the conhtant atttu-Ks of fifteen \nhundnil armetl and miuldnu\'*! Siivn^^vjt iK; Vries, findinj^ him- \nself niinitl, and heIple^H, notwitlixtandin^ his p\\>ut intliienoo \nwith the Indians, to avert tlie aiLuaitoun re\xc2\xbbult*\xc2\xab of Kiefl*\xc2\xab reck- \nless follv, alxuidoned tlie colonv an<l returned to ilolhuid. \n\nIS. The aid of the New Haven colonv was in thin \nciniT\'cnrv unHiiccemfullv in\\*oke<l hv the Touncil ; and \naAcr an e:init>Mt and prejuiin^ ap|Knl to Hiilland for aKaistanco \nin this their hour of s\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrr dwtrcjwi, the c< \' - stnt out several \n\ncx{M.tlitionH aj^iiuKt the IikIuui vill.i^eii. \\ nc diief of one of tho \nfriendly I\xc2\xbbn^ Itdand tril\xc2\xbbes at Hei d having fallen uiuler \n\nsu- I of trcnelKT)- to the whiic.% Kjcft, without any clTort \n\nto UMt rtain the tnith of the cliiir^\'v\'. de^pjitche*! a force of one \nhundre<l and twentv njen with onleni to extcnuinate the trilKJ. \nTliesc <\xc2\xbbnleni were prrnuptly carrietl into effect with cinnim- \nstances of revolt in;; Uirlmrity ami cruelty. I\'pwanls of a hun- \ndre<l warriors were !*lau;:htere\xc2\xabl, and two prisoners, conducted to \nFort Amstenlam, put to detith with excniciatin;: tortures. \n\n19. I\'nderhill was then (\xc2\xbbrdercd with a hundrvtl and fifty \nmen on an exixnlition apiinst the Connecticut Indians at \nGreenwich, who were surrounded at midni;;ht, while celehrat- \ning one of their anniud f *\'\xe2\x80\xa2-!. and put to tho sword. \n\nTnicT with the In\xc2\xab!i.tn< \xe2\x80\x94 Renewal of tho wnr. \xe2\x80\x94 Militnn* prrpanitkMnt \nof the colontMA. \xe2\x80\x94 I)er\xc2\xbb.*t\xc2\xabiion\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb of the Indifinn. \xe2\x80\x94 Monlcr of Anne Hutrh- \nin*on. \xe2\x80\x94 Helplc** condition of the \xe2\x80\x94 Mn\xc2\xab*nrrr of Long I\xc2\xbb)and \n\nIndian*. \xe2\x80\x94 MnMacrc at (irccnwich of Loinu^tiiut Indians. \n\n\n\nDISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS. 31 \n\nNearly two hundred of their number were killed, and the residue \nforced into their wigwams, which were immediately fired, and \ntheir hapless occupants either burned or shot in their efforts to \nescape. Eight only, of six hundred men, women, and children, \nescaped the fearful slaughter and conflagration. This san- \nguinary battle virtually terminated the war, although desul- \ntory hostilities continued down to the fall of the succeed- \ning year, 1645, when a final treaty of peace and amity \nwas concluded at the Bowling Green, and a day of gen- \neral thanksgiving proclaimed. \n\n20. At this period scarcely a hundred men were left on \nManhattan Island, and such of the neighboring colonists as \nsurvived the calamities of the war had been reduced to pov- \nerty and destitution. Cattle, farms, provisions, and dwellings \nwere destroyed, and everything bore tokens of a long, perilous, \nand deadly struggle with an infuriated and savage foe. A re- \ninforcement of Dutch soldiers, forwarded by Stuyvesant, then \nGovernor of Curagoa, were billeted upon the citizens, and the \nexpense of their clothing supplied by the imposition of an excise \ntax. Indignant at the enforcement of this additional burden, \nthe Council demanded the recall of Kieft, denounced him as \nthe author of the war, and petitioned for the allowance to the \ncitizens of a voice in the municipal government. \n\n21. Their memorial met with a favorable reception. \nKieft was ordered home, new regulations for the gov- \nernment of the province were made, and its administration \nconfided to new hands. On his outward voyage, the late Gov- \nernor perished by shipwreck, leaving behind him a melancholy \nrecord of abused power and perverted opportunities of useful- \nness. With him were two of the members of the Council, un- \nder sentence of banishment by the new Director on charges \npreferred by Kieft, and Dominie Bogardus, who was on his way \nto answer similar charges preferred by the new Council. The \ntwo former were rescued and subsequently returned with honor \nto the colony. Bogardus and eighty others, including the Gov- \nernor, went down with the ill-fated vessel. \n\nTreaty of peace. \xe2\x80\x94 General thanksfjiving. \xe2\x80\x94 Reduced condition of the col- \nony. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrival of reinforcements. \xe2\x80\x94 Excise tax. \xe2\x80\x94 Indignation of the citi- \nzens. \xe2\x80\x94 Recall and death of Kieft. \n\n\n\nJ. \n\n\n\nj\xc2\xabk#t?^jf.2k \n\n\n\n\n\nA tii\xc2\xab!<-ri!.Ttii 111 tCLfi. \n\n\n\nI IIAPTKU \\. \nAnMixiSTRATiox or rcTKX Sti-ttebaxt. \n\n\n\n1 \n\n1647 \n\n\n\nTeter Stl\'yvesaxt, the newly apjjointcd Director, \\f^ \npo MOft ion uf the goremmeut on the 11 th of May, 1* \nOn bin arrival he waa ^n\'cctccl vith a hcnrty and < \ndial rooeption hy the citixena, to which he responded by r , \nrocal profcstionn of interest and repird. He had fur scvcnd \nyearn l>een in the C\'omr nnv\'n service as Directiir of their colony \nat Cum<;oa, and was :^niished for his enerjry nn*! hravery. \n\nHuvin;; lost a leg in an ntttirk on the Portupiese - nent at \nSti MartinX ho had U^n t\'Mip.-*! to return to Kuro|\xc2\xbbe fur sur- \ngical aid, whence. Htill retaining his former com mi ^-i on. he was \nsent to the charge of the Province of New Nethei. \n\n2. ImnuHliately on his acccKsion hcorganif^l a repr tivo \n\nCouncil of nine memlwrs fmm a list of i a pn 1 to \n\nhim by the iuhahitants of the province, and gave hi^ t to \n\n\n\np. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2CUtauxj Cuuutu. \n\n\n\nt. \xe2\x80\x94 His roccpdon, sntoccdenis, and character. \xe2\x80\x94 Rrpr\xc2\xbb> \n\n\n\nDUTCH GOVERNMENT. 33 \n\nvarious important provisions for the regulation of trade and \ncommerce. By a conciliatory and just treatment of the Indians \nso recently in revolt he speedily gained their affection and good- \nwill, and by his judicious measures for their mutual protection \nrestored peace and harmony among all classes. \n\n3. To adjust the controversy which was still pending between \nthe Dutch and English governments respecting the territory \nclaimed by each on Long Island and at the mouth of the Con- \nnecticut River, Governor Stuyvesant assented to the appointment \nof two arbitrators on each side, who assigned to New England \nall that portion of Long Island comprising the present Suffolk \nCounty, and all that portion of Connecticut situate east of a \nspecified line nowhere less than ten miles east of the Mauritius \nor Hudson River. The Dutch remained in possession of their \nterritory at Fort Good Hope. \n\n4. The terms of this arrangement were very unacceptable to \nthe people of the Manhattan colony, who loudly complained of \nthe Governor\'s course, accusing him of partiality to the English \ninterest and injustice to their own. They demanded, moreover, \nan independent municipal government, such as had been bestowed \nupon the neighboring settlement at Brooklyn, the principal pro- \nvisions of which were copied from those of the cities of Holland. \n\n5. On the 4th of April, 1652, this petition was acceded \nto by the Company, and a burgher government estab- \nlished at Manhattan, consisting of a fiscal agent, to be appointed \nby the Company, and two burgomasters and five inferior magis- \ntrates elected by the people, who were to form a municipal \ncourt of justice, subject to the appellate jurisdiction of the \nSupreme Court of the Province. \n\n6. Constant intrigues, in the mean while, were in pro- \ngress between the New England\' colonies and the English \nsettlers on Long Island, covertly fostered by the English Gov- \nernment under Cromwell, having for their ultimate object the \nconquest of the Dutch province. Stuyvesant was accused of \n\nRegulations for trade and commerce. \xe2\x80\x94 Treatment of the Indians. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAdjustment of boundaries between the Ncav England and Dutch colonies. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Dissatisfaction of the people. \xe2\x80\x94 Establishment of burgher governments \nat Manhattan and Brooklyn. \xe2\x80\x94 Intrigues of the English for the conquest of \nthe province. \n\n3 \n\n\n\n34 SECOND PERIOD. \n\nhaving plotted %v\xc2\xbbtii the Narm\'^ranscii liuiians for the cicstniction \nof the Enghhh. This char^\'c \\v:u4 inili^naully denied, and was \nwholly un8Uj)jK>rted by i*ro<\xc2\xbbf ; and the IJenenU Court of MasKa- \nchiwetts disc\xc2\xab\xc2\xabunti\'nanee<l all cirortB to involve the two eolonics \nin war. (roinwell, however, wa\xc2\xab induced to fit out an expedi- \ntion apiinst New Anistenhun, when the restoration of |)eacc be- \ntween Kn^land and Holland put an end, for the time l>eing, to \nall furtlur prixeedinj^n* in this direction. \n\n7. With u view, however, to comiteracting the growing in- \nfluence of the Kn^rlish settlers, increiunxl municiivd iK>wer8 were \nl)C8towed u{X)n the several corporations on I\xc2\xbbng and Manhat \ntan Islands, and the demands of the inhabitants for a nioru \ncxtende<l |iartici* * m in the p>venjment acce<lf\xc2\xabl to by Stuyve- \nBant, notwithstaniiui^ tlie remonHtniuees of the Company, nn<l \ne%\'cn in op|M>sition to his own judpuent \n\n8. In the ensuing vear the liovemor, under the direc \ntion of the Coni|inny, reconquered the Sweilish fi\xc2\xbbrts on \nthe Dehiwan? fri>m the Swe<leH wlu) ha<l cj\xc2\xbbptun*d thein, luid tho \nI)utch (loveniment an^in reHunie<l |>ojvsehsion of the territory, \nwith hononible tenns to the inhabitants. \n\ny. During the alisencc of the troo|)\xc2\xab on this expedition the \nBlumtK*rin<^ hostility of the Indians opiinst tho settlers apiin \nbroke out, A woman l\xc2\xbbelon|jing to one of the neighl)oring triltes \nhaving, a few years previous, been detecte<l in stealing, was shot \nby one of the inhabitants of the city ; and tho warriors of tho \ntrilw availed themselves of the departure of the tnwpa to re- \nTenge tho munler. On the morning of the ITith of Septemlier \ntwo thousand arme<l savages hinde<i at Fort Amsterdam lieforo \ndaybreak, and spread themselves over the town, on pretence of \nBcarrhing for si^me missing Indiana. \n\n10. The inhabitants, however, suspecting their object, treated \nthem with great civility and succcedecl in persuading them to \nleave town in the evening and cross over to (lovemor\'s Islaml. \nThey soon returned in force, shot the niunierer of the woman \nan\xc2\xabl tomahawked another citizen, when they were again forceil \nback to their canoes by the startled inhabitants. Crossing \nthe Hudson, they made a descent upon Pavonia and Holxfken, \n\nExtrnsion of municipal |\xc2\xbbo\xc2\xbbrr\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\x94 Komnqticst of the SwcdUh forts on \nthe IX\'laware. \xe2\x80\x94 Kcnewsl of Indian hostilities. \n\n\n\nADMINISTRATION OF PETER STUYVESANT. 35 \n\nslaughtering men, women, and children, and burning houses, \nbarns, and crops. Thence they proceeded to Staten Island, \nwhere they repeated their merciless and bloody work. One \nhundred of the settlers were killed, and a still greater number \ncaptured, and twenty-eight farms and crops were laid waste. \nThe Long Island settlements were next threatened, and general \nconsternation prevailed. \n\n11. An express was immediately forwarded to the Governor, \nwho at once returned to the city. Instead, however, of pro- \nceeding to the adoption of violent measures with his formidable \nand victorious foes, he prudently resorted to conciliatory coun- \nsels, kind words, and liberal presents, while at the same time \ndisplaying the utmost energy in placing the city on a footing \nof military defence. Pacified by his gifts and overawed by his \ndisplay of force, the Indians soon relinquished their prisoners \nand entered into negotiations for peace. \n\n12. With the restoration of peace, both at home and \nabroad, the prosperity of the colony rapidly and steadily \nadvanced. The population of New Amsterdam consisted at \nthis period of about one thousand inhabitants, occupying one \nhundred and twenty dwelling-houses. The average price of \nthe best city lots was fifty dollars, and the average yearly \nrent of the best houses about fourteen. There being but one \npublic school in the city, and the Governor having declined \nauthorizing the establishment of a private institution, applica- \ntion was made to the Company for a Latin teacher by several \nof the burghers who were desirous of giving a classical educa- \ntion to their children, alleging in support of their request \nthat by this means " New Amsterdam might finally attain to an \nacademv, the credit of which would redound to the honor of the \nCompany." The request was complied with, and a flourishing \nLatin school established by Dr. Alexander Carolus Curtius, who \nwas soon afterwards succeeded by Dominie ^gidius Luyck, the \nprivate family tutor of Governor Stuyvesant. \n\n13. The continued encroachments of the New England \ncolonies and the long and vexatious controversies respect- \nAttack upon Pavonia, Hoboken, and Long and Manhattan Islands. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nPrudent conduct of the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Restoration of peace. \xe2\x80\x94 Flourishing \ncondition of the colony. \n\n\n\n3G SECOM) pEiiion. \n\ninp tho territorial Vjoundaries fixwi by conflicting prants of the \ntwo governments, occupitnl a largo hhare of the time and atten- \ntion of the (Jovenior. In 1 OiU ( harlcs 1 1, of Kngland granted \nby letters patent to bin brother, the Duke of York, all tho \nterritory from the Connecticut Iii%er to the shoren of the Dela- \nware, embracing the entire p\xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2^\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2ions held by the Dutch. The \nDuke imnv \' \xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xe2\x80\xa2 "it an i.;.\xc2\xbb,..sh Hquadron under the com- \nmand of C ..\'\xe2\x80\xa2..\' . iv- ..ard Nicolla, to enforce his claim. The \nfleet anchoretl in tho liay in AugnHt, and demand, d tlip sur- \nrender of tho city and govenirnent. \n\n14. Governor Stuyvesant peremptorily refu\xc2\xabe<l to capittdate, \nand for several weckn reiu8to<l the jwpular clamor for surrender. \nTho evident weaknejw, however, of tho fortificatioiiK, and the \nstrength of the dominant Unglish faction, finally in<luce<l him \nreluctantly to yield ; and on the M of S^^Titrml.rr K)r\xc2\xbb4, the \nKnj^lish flag was ^loistcd up\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbn the public i Kjirly in \nOctolnrr the gt\xc2\xbbvenm)ent of the c\xc2\xab.lony was tnii. 1 to .Nirolls, \nand tho namcH <\xc2\xbbf New Netherlands and New Amsterdam wore \nclianged to " New York," and that of Fort Orange to *\' Alltany.** \nStuyveaant himself, after a brief visit to Holland, returned to \nthe city where so large a iH>rtion of his active life liatl l\xc2\xbbeen spent, \ntook possession of his farm, now tmvcrsc*! by tho ** IJt\xc2\xbbwer}*," and \ndied in August, 1G82. His remains still re|>ose in the vaults of \nSt. Marks I\'hurch, in Tenth Stn-ot, \n\n15. S\xc2\xab\xc2\xa5>n after the sum\xc2\xbbnder of the colony to the KnHi*\xc2\xabh. all \nthat portion of New Netherlaiuls now count it uting th\xc2\xab of \nNew Jersey was conveyed bv the Duke of York to l^ml llerkelev \nmnd Sir (leorge Carteret, and a separate pfroprietnr^\xe2\x80\xa2 irr\xc2\xbbvemnu\'nt \nestablished. The settlements on the Delaware j- \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0d to tho \nNow York c\xc2\xabdony until their pun-hase by William Ponn in iri>J. \nwhen thoy were annexwl to Pennsylvania; and Ix)ng Inland \nwas purchased by tho Duke of York, in disrotr^ril of the claims \nof tho Connecticut col\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnr. and l>eoame n; 1 to New York, \nwhere it h.-uj since remaij. . un Island hail Ix\'cn purchase<l \nby the Dutch Comjiany in lOGl fn>m its owners, and several \nsmall settlements on that territory and on Ixing Island eflectod. \n\nron!mvrn\xc2\xbb5c\xc2\xab \' \' !jin\xc2\xab\xc2\xab*. \xe2\x80\x94 Gnint nf fw\' -\' * \xe2\x80\xa2 \\hf T>nkp of \n\nVork. \xe2\x80\x94 Arri%ft. . .... \xe2\x80\xa2 \' and \xe2\x80\xa2urrrmlrr of : my to Colonel \n\nKicolU. \xe2\x80\x94 DcAih of (. - vc\xc2\xbbant. \xe2\x80\x94 Translbror New .Irrwr. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nThe Delaware settlements. \xe2\x80\x94 riirchsae and annexatkm of Long I\xc2\xbblsnd. \n\n\n\n\nNew York City Hall in 1679, cor. Pearl Street and Coentijs Slip. \n\nTHIRD PERIOD. \n\nENGLISH GO YERNMENT TO THE PERIOD OF THE \nFRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER I. \nAdministration of Governors Nicolls, Lovelace, and Andros. \n\n1. Colonel Nicolls, soon after entering upon his \nofficial duties as Governor, remodelled the city charter, \nchanging the form of the municipal government by placing the \nexecutive power in the hands of a mayor, aldermen, and sheriff, \nto be appointed by the Governor. The mayoralty was conferred \nupon Thomas Willett, one of the first Plymouth emigrants. \nThe power to enact laws and impose taxes was retained in the \nhands of the Governor and his Council. \n\n\n\nGovernor Nicolls. \xe2\x80\x94 New city charter. \n\n\n\n38 THIRD PERIOD. \n\n2. The titles of the owners of property throughout the pror- \nince under the Dutch Government were formally eonhnued by \nnew pnmta, involvinj; a heavy burden of ex|x.\'n\xc2\xbbo up\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn the pro- \nprietors. TluH, toj^-ther with the iucreju*e of taxation eonae- \nquent upon the or^pmijuition of a new government, the Ktrength- \ncuing ai\xc2\xbbd repair <\xc2\xbbf the fortii, and pre|\xc2\xbbaration8 for defence \nagainst an apprehended invasion from Holland, rendere<l tho \n\nnew adminisfnition somewhat unrn\'Titilur ; and in 1GG8, \nISM \n\nGovernor > ..- asked for and obi . . i his reciUl. Hav- \ning eng\xc2\xbb||fcd in a subiie(|ueut war with Ifcllnnd. hr wa.s klDtHi \nin A imvul engagviueut in 1072. \n\n3. He was m oceeded in the government of th ; t a :; \xe2\x80\xa2 i v \nColonel Fha.ncih Lovei.acb, whoso adminintnition pn>ved even \nmore unacccptablo tliau that of his pretlei cssor. To the re> \nmonstnuices of the people and their protest afn^tnst taxation \nwithout representation he turned a deaf ear, denouncing their \ncomplaints its scundidous and seditious, \xe2\x80\x94 fit only to l>e I turned \nby the hands of the oommon hangman. " 1\'he {Miiple,** he in- \nforme<l them, " should have lilterty fur no thought but how to \npay their taxes.** \n\n4. War having been dcclarwl in \\Cu2 bv Kngland \n\n1672 * \n\nagniuMt Holland, the Dutch pmmptly availe<l themHilves \n\nof the opjxirtunity to regain their hist ponncHMions in America. \nA \xc2\xbbi]uadn>n of five nhi|M wiis de8|itttched in the summer of \nDi73 for tho reomqui\'st of the province and city ci \nNew Y\xc2\xab)rk. I>)velace, without making any suitable prep- \narations for defence, plartHl the fort in the hands of Captain \nJohn .Manning, and pnK^>edcd to Albany for the settlement of \nBome Indiiui ditliculties in that quarter. \n\n6. On receiving infommtion of the approach of the fleet, he (( \nreturned to the city, and set aliout vigonnis measures for resist\' \nance, which, however, were njieedily alnndoned, and he again left || \n\nthe city. On the 2l\xc2\xbbth of July the S4|uadron made its appear- \nance off Sandy Hook, and on the succeotling day anchored at \nStaten Island. The (Jovenior was again sent for, and .Manning \nhastily made every preparation for defence. Not Iwiug seconded \n\n(\' \' \' Ti \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2*.\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 \'Rcc.\'ill nml ilitilh of" NicoTtn \xe2\x80\x94 Kr\xc2\xabmi\xc2\xab \n\nI.\' \xe2\x80\x94 ii.- - ;;..._. \'\xe2\x80\xa2\'\'^. \xe2\x80\x94 War lictwiTn KnulanU and IloUsad. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2 \'.ch of a \xc2\xbb<|uadrun : rtconquc*! of New York. \n\n\n\n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 39 \n\nin these efforts by the inhabitants, either of the city or province, \nresistance was apparently hopeless. \n\n6. The city having been summoned to surrender \\yy the offi- \ncers of the squadron, a heavy cannonade was opened against the \nfort without being returned ; and Captain Anthony Colve, with \nsix hundred men, soon effected a landing, and ranged themselves \nbefore the fort preparatory to taking possession of the city. \nManning attempted a parley, and ineffectually endeavored to \nopen a negotiation with the commander ; but in the absence of \nany authority for definite proposals, he was compelled to sur- \nrender the fort, with permission to the garrison to retire with the \nhonors of war. The city was again in possession of the Dutch \nGovernment under the name of New Orange ; several of the \nEnglish soldiers were sent to Holland as prisoners ; and Lovelace \nreturned with the squadron to Europe, leaving Captain Anthony \nColve in command of the province. \n\n7. Manning was subsequently, on its recovery, tried and con- \nvicted by court-martial for cowardice and treachery, and adjudged \nto have his sword broken over his head by the executioner in front \nof the City Hall, and to be incapacitated from thereafter holding \nany ciyil or military office in the gift of the Crown. Lovelace was \nalso severely reprimanded by the English Government, and his \nestate confiscated. There seems no sufficient evidence asrainst \nManning to warrant so ignominious a punishment ; but the Eng- \nlish were smarting under a humiliating defeat, and were little \ndisposed to mete oat strict justice to those who in any way had \ncontributed to its infliction. \n\n8. During the brief administration of Colve the city and its de- \nfences were strengthened and placed upon an effective military \nfooting, in apprehension of an effort for its recapture by the \nEnglish. The claims of the Dutch to the entire province were \nreasserted and vigorously maintained. On the 9th of February, \n1674, however, the territory was restored to the English \n\nby the provisions of a treaty with the States-General, and \n\nin November subsequently delivered up to their possession. \n\nA new patent for the territory, confirming the previous grant \n\nInefficiency of Lovelace and Manning;. \xe2\x80\x94 Recapture of the city. \xe2\x80\x94 Re- \nturn of Lovelace to Europe. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings against Manning and Lovelace. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Administration of Colve. \xe2\x80\x94 Restoration of the province to the English. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n40 Tuinn pF.nimi \n\nto the Duke of York, wtuj issued, and Major Edjicn*d A.kdwm \naj\'jxiiiitetl Govenior. \n\ny. Thus tonninatctl, at the cloae of half ft c^ntur}\' from ita \noommcncenu\'nt, the p\xc2\xbbvfniiuent of the I>uuh over the city and \nprovince built up chiefly hy their efforts and nmintnined by \ntheir cnre. Whatever umy hare l\xc2\xbbeen tlie defecta of their ad- \nminiMtmti(\xc2\xbbn of itu intonml ond extenml affain*. inen\xc2\xabure<l hy \nthe more h\xc2\xbb>enil Btandard of pt \xc2\xbb tiont events, the mH-ial wjd \ndomestic virtui\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab of ita primilm uihahitanta. their indonuta- \nIde iKiticnce and * ^- jiernevenuico under the most dimxiuni:- \nin;: trial.H and Buiunu;?*, and their Rtrict honeuty and into\'jr\xc2\xbbt\\. \nniniple mi4nner\xc2\xab, ami l)UnudtiM\xc2\xbb hve\xc2\xab. have uinpientionahly ex- \nerti-<l a |\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xc2\xaberftd influence ujn^n the chanicter luid civil and \njiohtical inntitutionA of the State which they f\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbtuide<l. \n\n10. (jiovcmor A\' \'-^ " pumur*! in hia p>venunent the Kimo \n\narhitrar\\\' and oj i courno. under the directions of tluj \n\nDuke, on had chan. ti nze*! the adniiniHtnition of his prwiecca- \naorsy \xe2\x80\x94 repretmin;: ever)\' effort on the | \xe2\x80\xa2-\xe2\x80\xa2 -f the |\xc2\xbbeople for a \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0harv in tlie pul\xc2\xbblic councils, \xe2\x80\x94 and a\\ a hinm-lf of ev\xc2\xbbrv \n\npretext for the i* "<\xe2\x80\xa2 of his power, lie atl<\'nipte<l the qxu u \n\nsion of his jun^l.. t.-n to the Connecticut Kiver on thf east, \nbut, finding; the |\xc2\xbbeople of that pn\xc2\xbbvn)ce prefMinNi to diHputo \nhis claims by furce, olmndoneil the undertaking\'. He however \nBuw\'ciMiotl in pi \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \' a settl\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbment and establishintr \xc2\xbb f<\xc2\xbbrt in \nMaine, l>etween i.>. i .nolisrot and Kenneltec Uivers, and in mid- \ninp to his territories .Martha\'n VineyanI and Nantucket, and a \n\namall tract l>ctw \'he DeUware nn<l Schuylkill. \n\n11. In I -^ he was summoned to Kn^rland to answer \n\' charp^s preferred by the pn>priet4\xc2\xbbrs of the New Jersey \nGovernment, of interference with their privile^jes. On his ac- \nquittal he ajrnin n\'tunieci, with renewe\xc2\xabi instructions for tho \ncontinuance of his opprenMive measures. The n-hi?*tance of tho \npeople, however, and the counsels of the celebratetl William Penn, \ninduced the Duke to m<idify his pretensions ; and in 10^3 \n*^*** Andros was recalled, and Colonel Thomas !>\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab as tK\\>- \npointed OS his \xc2\xabucce\xc2\xab8<\xc2\xbbr. ^\'th in^tnirtions to c\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbnvoke a popu- \nlar Assembly. \n\nGrnrrsI ch\xc2\xabnMieri<\xc2\xbbttC3\xc2\xab of the Dutch norrmmpnt. \xe2\x80\x94 ArWtrsnr nK\xc2\xab\xc2\xabnn\xc2\xab \nof Andmn \xe2\x80\x94 AcrcMion of trmtonr. \xe2\x80\x94 Charpr* by New J*T\xc2\xbbrT proprieton. \nRecall of Androt. \xe2\x80\x94 Thuauu Dongsn. \xe2\x80\x94 Conce\xc2\xbb*ioo* of tlx\' Duke. \n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 41 \n\n\n\n1683. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER II. \nAdministration of Thomas Dongan. \n\n1. In accordance with his instructions, Governor Don- \ngan, immediately upon his arrival, directed the call of a \nrepresentative Assembly, which, consisting of ten councillors \nand seventeen representatives chosen by the people, and pre- \nsided over by himself, convened in the city of New York, on \nthe 17th of October, 1683. The first act of this body was to \nframe a Charter of Liberties, vesting the supreme legislative \npower in the Governor, Council, and people, in general assem- \nbly, conferring the right of suffrage on the freeholders without \nrestraint, and establishing trial by jury. \n\n2. The imposition of an}^ tax without consent of the Assem- \nbly, the quartering of soldiers or seamen on the inhabitants \nagainst their will, the declaration of martial law, or the ques- \ntioning of any person professing faith in God, by Jesus Christ, \nfor any differences of opinion in religious matters, were prohib- \nited. Aissemblies were directed to be convened at least trienni- \nally, and the delegates were apportioned according to population, \nfor which purpose the province was divided into twelve counties, \nwith twenty-one representatives, which number was afterwards \nincreased to twenty-seven. \n\n3. The Duke of York halving succeeded to the Eng- \nlish throne under the title of James II., many arbitrary \nexactions were again imposed upon the colony, \xe2\x80\x94 representa- \ntive governments discouraged, freedom of the press prohibited, \nand a general feeling of insecurity induced. Strong efforts \nwere made for the introduction of the Roman Catholic religion \nagainst the convictions of tlie people. All the offices of govern- \nment, inclucling the highest, were filled by Catholics. Governor \nDonaan was instructed to favor the introduction of Catholic \npriests among the Iroquois tribe of Indians ; but apprehensive \nof the ambitious designs of the French for the extension of their \n\n\n\nGovernor Dongan. \xe2\x80\x94 Representative Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Charter of Liberties. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Accession of James II. -^-Arbitrary measures of the King. \n\n\n\n4S TlllPd) PERIOD. \n\ninflucnco in this quarter, he effectually resisted the adoption of \nthis p\xc2\xab)licy. These tribes continueil faithful to the Kuj^lish alli- \nance, and successfully defended themselves o^inst the invasions \nof the French. \n\n1. hiinn^\' the past twenty years, the conftnl. mt. .1 Iroquois \ntrilicH, availinj; thenisilves of their know le<l|,\'e of the use of fire- \narms, acquire<l fn)ni their intimacy with the Dutch colonists, had \nrenewe<l their hrrtditury warfare with the Hurons, defeated luid \nextirjttted the Krien, si>uth of the lake of that name, and ob- \ntAine<l a conjjileto a\xc2\xabtx\'ndency over all the hostile tribes from the \nKenne))ec to the MisMissippi and MinMiuri Hivers. \n\n5. They had, mortH>ver, hehi at Ixiy the French f<\xc2\xbbrce8 in \nCanada ; thrice re|M-lle<i with seven\' Imw the in\\ of Clmm- \npliin, and in their turn af 1 the torritor}* ul New Franc* . \nThou;;h <lefeate<i and r 1 in this undertaking\', they con- \ntinue<l their hostilities m the face of the utmost |Miwer of tlf \nFrench authorities, \xe2\x80\x94 disregarding all efforts at conciliation, \nand declining the nuiliation even of the Jesuit missionaries, with \nwhom they were on the m<mt friendly terma, \xe2\x80\x94 until they \' \' l \nobtainetl an umpiestioned su|ieriority, and had eren luid siege u> J \n\nQtU\'ln-c. \n\n6. The Knglwh colonies, m the mean time, had Hln\'U^^\'thened \nand confirmed their alliance with the triltes, notwitliHtJUiding \nthe explicit instnictions forwanled from the home government \nto prestTve frientlly relations with the French. In 10H4 a coun- \ncil of chiefs and warri\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrs met the governors of New York and \nVirginia at Alliany, where the ** pif* of peace " was smoked, \nthe hatchet {H\'nnanently buried, and the chain of concord \nbrightene<l and its links fimdy riveted. The arrival of a naea- \nsenger from De la liarre, the French govenior of Canada, had \nonly the etfect of confinning their resolutiona, and stimulating\' \ntheir hostilitv to their ancient enemies. \n\n7. De la Uarre, imme<liately on his return, set in motion a \nformidable army of six hundn^d French s<\xc2\xbbldiers, four hundreil \nludian.s and seven hmidretl Canadians, with the view of attack- \ning the English fort on the southern shore of Lake Ontario ; \n\nAdhesion of the lrtKjuoi< to the Kn(;lt\xc2\xbbh. and rmUlancr to the Knptich. \xe2\x80\x94 \nConquMta of the Imt^uui*. \xe2\x80\x94 Alliancv with the English. \xe2\x80\x94 Council al Al- \nbany. \xe2\x80\x94 Invssioo of tiw French. \n\n\n\nADMINISTRATION OF THOMAS DONG AN. 43 \n\nbut, after crossing the lake and disembarking his troops, he \nfound himself compelled by the unhealthiness of the season \nand his fruitless efforts to encounter his foes to offer terms of \npeace, which were haughtily accepted, and he was allowed to \ndepart, leaving his allies at the mercy of their implacable ene- \nmies. \n\n8. He was succeeded in his command in the ensuing year by \nDenonville, with a reinforcement of French troops. The at- \ntempt to establish a fort at Niagara was resisted by Governor \nDongan, who claimed the entire territoiy south of the Great \nLakes as belonging to England, and was rendered futile by the \nactive and watchful hostility of the confederated tribes. \n\n9. In 1687, Lamberville, the missionary to the Onon- \ndagas, was employed by the French to decoy the Iroquois \nchiefs into Fort Ontario, where they were arrested, put in irons, \nsent to Quebec, and from thence to Europe, and chained to the \noars in the galleys at Marseilles. Lamberville, as the uncon- \nscious instrument of this treachery, was protected by the chiefs \nof the tribe from the vengeance of the wamors. \n\n10. In the mean time the Seneca country was overrun by \nthe French troops without serious resistance, and a fort erected \nat Niagara. The Senecas and the Onondagas in their turn \nmade a descent upon the fort ; and peace was finally proposed, \nthrough the mediation of Dongan, on condition of the ran- \nsom of the French prisoners, the restoration of the spoils taken \nfrom the Senecas, and the destruction of the fort. These prop- \nositions having been rejected, the Iroquois flew to arms, and \ntwelve hundred warriors immediately started for Montreal. \nThis display of energy on the part of the tribes secured the ac- \nceptance of the terms proposed, and the abandonment by the \nFrench of the entire region south of the Great Lakes. \n\n11. Governor Dongan, in the mean time, having be- \n\n^ 11 1 \xe2\x80\xa2 i- Iboo. \n\ncome obnoxious to the English monarch by his undis- \nguised efforts in favor of the Protestant interests of the prov- \nince against the intolerant policy of the King, was recalled, and \nFrancis Nicholson, the deputy of Sir Edmund Andros, who \n\nFailure of De la Barre. \xe2\x80\x94 Denonville. \xe2\x80\x94 Lamberville\'s treachery. \xe2\x80\x94 Fort \nat Niajrara. \xe2\x80\x94 Mediation of Dongan. \xe2\x80\x94 Abandonment of the Iroquois country \nby the French. \xe2\x80\x94 Recall of Dongan and appointment of Nicholson. \n\n\n\n44 rillRO PERIOD. \n\n\\mh\\ been coramissionetl as (Jovomor lx>tli of Now Kn^\'lanfl ancl \nof New York, assumed, in Auj^iKt, IGf^v**, the temporary cl: \n(\xc2\xbbf the gijvonunont. \n\n12. lutt\'lli-\'encc was, however, soon received of the \nilxiicution of Janien II. and the succession to the Eng- \nlish throne of William nnd Mar}\', the Prince and Princess of \n()mn;:e. Under these circumstances the authority of Nicholson \nas the rcr fative <\xc2\xbbf the depose<! kinjj waj* qucNtioned by a \n\nl.ir.,\'0 |>ortion of the inhal of the city and province ; and \n\ntlie reM|jective adherents ut lUe late and pn*Hcnt - ^. \n\nstimulate<l by their ndipous diKM^iMions and their |M>laii-al \nviewH, rnnpnl theoMelvcs into {uirtii\'S known as democratic and \nIt rntic \n\nl.\xc2\xbb. i>n the one hand it was cor " \' t the chanpc of \npnveniMu\'Ut in T \' \xc2\xbbul in no rc\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabj\xc2\xbbecl l the cxiKtin;; con- \n\ndition of atfairtt lu the prv>vince, and tluil the r -nion to \n\nAndnis by Jaiiirt^ and the dih^pition of hin )M>wer tu Nichidson, \nrcmaino<l tinrt\'vokiMl, and in full furco, until the pleasure of tho \nnew monarchM should tic known. On the <\xc2\xbbther hand it was \n! iine<l that the entire fr\xc2\xbbveniment. includinvT that of tho \n\nc\xc2\xab.ii\xc2\xbbiii. - ^^ \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2, overthntwn by the revolution ; and that, as no in- \ndividual Ma.H invest\xc2\xab\'\xc2\xabl with authority in the pn\xc2\xbbvinro, tho power \nreverted to the |KH>plc, who mi^ht dcni^niate the prf\xc2\xbb|>er persons \nfor its exercise until the will of the H\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbvereipis should Ik? ex- \npressed. \n\n14. Amon;; the pnnci|ial adherfm.s lo liie fonncr of tli< \'-\xc2\xab\' \nviews were the tlovenior himself and most of the w- \' \' ;iii<l \nrntic of the citirrns, including Van Cortlandt, tnc .\\layor, \n"^ - nayartl. coniiimiuler of the city militia, Fre<lerick \n\n1 uiufsc nnd others of the niMnicipa] authorities, and mcmliers \nof the t\'ouncil; while the ^Tvat mass of the people, including \nthe orticers and memlvrs of the five train-Uinds, nnder the \ncTTimnnd of Colonel llaynnl, were enthusiastic advocates of \ntifinocmtic opinions. Thene views were also countennncetl by \nthe inhabitants of Ix>np Island, who deposed their n; \xe2\x80\xa2\'ntes, \nc\'.ose others in their stearl. an<l de\xc2\xbb|intched a lar^v wjds of \ninilitin * Vow York to \xc2\xbbeizo tho fort. \n\n\n\nRerolntkm of 1689. \xe2\x80\x94 OrgamialioD of parties. ~- Stale of parties. \n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 45 \n\n15. The popular party was headed by Jacob Leisler, senior \ncaptain of the city train-bands, and one of the oldest and \nwealthiest of the inhabitants, a zealous opponent of the Catholic \nfaith, and a man of great energy and determination of charac- \nter. At first he declined countenancing the attempt to gain \npossession of the fort, where the public funds were deposited ; \nbut this enterprise having been achieved without resistance, he \nrepaired thither with forty-seven men, and was cordially wel- \ncomed by the citizens as their leader. Nicholson in the mean \nwhile had returned to England. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nAdministration of Jacob Leisler and Governors Sloughter \n\nAND Fletcher. \n\n1. Leisler, on entering upon his assumed powers as cap- \ntain of the fort in behalf of the new sovereigns, proceed- \ned at once to strengthen its defences by the erection of a battery \nof six guns beyond its walls. This was the origin of the pub- \nlic park since known as the " Battery." In the absence of the \nGovernor, a Committee of Safety, chosen by the citizens, in- \nvested Leisler with the command of the city and province, while \nthe Mayor and other official dignitaries retired to Albany. \n\n2. In November, Milborne, the son-in-law and private secre- \ntary of the new commander, was despatched to Albany with an \narmed force, to secure the recognition of his authority in the \nnorthern provinces, as well as to protect them, in the event of \nsuch recognition, from the threatened assaults of the Indians in \ntheir neighborhood. This enterprise was, however, fruitless, as \nthese provinces declined to sanction his usurpation of power. \n\n3. A despatch from the Prince of Orange was received in \nDecember, at the fort, directed to the late Governor, or, in his \nabsence, to such person as might be in charge of the government, \nempowering him to take the chief command of the province. \n\nJacob Leisler. \xe2\x80\x94 The fort and battery. \xe2\x80\x94 Committee of Safety. \xe2\x80\x94 Op- \nposition in the northern portion of the province. \xe2\x80\x94 Recognition of the Leisler \ngovernment by William and Mary. \n\n\n\n46 Tumii rFiiioiK \n\nUnder thin authority Ixrlhler pnx-cf<ie<l to the formul orijai; . \ntion of the exet-utive dejwrtim\'nt, iliHMoIve<l the Committor of \nSafety, nppoiiito<l u council of ihIvimth, and ajMunicd the entire \ncivil and military command of the city and province. \n\n4. In Fchrimrv. i\xc2\xab\xc2\xab\'.M), diirini; the war l>ctwcon the \n\n1690 \n\nKn^^di^h and the FriMU\'h, known in history as ** Kin^; \n"NViIliain\'8 War." a jwrty of aonie three hundred Fnnch and \nIndiauM u* I and iMinieil the citv of Schcnectndv on the \n\nMohawk, kdU*<l nixty of the ir lUtx, wlio were an\xc2\xbbuiie<l nt \n\nmidni;;ht fnun their hhini)H*n^ and took thirty i 1 lie \n\nimmini\'nce uf the |H\'nl from thrne detidly \xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2 htx of their \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0araf^e enemiiti induciil the . reco^^^iution, hy the northern \n\nprovinccji, of the nuthonty of ix\'iftler, who with their OMiHtiUico \nenpi|;iHi with p^\xc2\xbbat vijjor in the i" \xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xbb apuiiMt the 1 i \n\naud IndiauH. He orpinited and tittixl out the Hmt man-ufuar \nfleet ever \xc2\xab: I from the |\xc2\xbburt of New York, and u \n\n0(M>()ertttetl with the atithonticM of Mowuici ^ and Coiinei\'ti- \n\ncut in an t. \xe2\x80\xa2 itnful etfurt fur the : of Montreal and \n\nQueljec. \n\n5. At the commei) t of the enRiiin;; year W. \'> \nard I arrivinl fn>m Kni;land with intelligonoo of \n\nthe ap|)ointment of (Vdonel Hkn\'ry Si : cr aa (fovenior. and, \n\nwithout pHMlucin^ ojiy cre<lentialM of authority. detnande<l the \n\xe2\x80\xa2urremler of the f<)rt, whirli wan refuned l\xc2\xbbv IxMnler, who, how- \never, expreiwetl his reiulineKH to yield the p)vcniment to > \xe2\x80\xa2< r \n\non his arrival. This event oceumHl in .March, and I^emler mi- \nni f mcv\' , to him forordem. Theno meaaen;: \nwere detauuil, and Ii, y waa dei\xc2\xbb[intch\xc2\xab*<l to the fort with \nverliftl directions for it* surreiuler, whieh at finit were diaro- \ngarded, hut on the mi day complio<l with hy Ixisler, \nwho, with MilUime and oihem, were imnn \xe2\x80\xa2 arre\xc2\xabto<l, and \nimprisone<I, and the two fonner trie*!, convicted, and condemned \nto sutler death under a clmnre of treojion. \n\n6. Governor SUm^hter lonj; henitnttHl to enforce this sentence \nby issuing his warr.mt for its execution, chiefly on the ^nnound \n\nFormal awnmptton of \\Y - \' anUirmiion. \xe2\x80\x94 nnralntr of Scbeoectady. \xe2\x80\x94 \nN\xc2\xabv\xc2\xbbl cxprflifS-n !i -linst > nnil Montrml. \xe2\x80\x94 Arriral of InfoldAby. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 fjcirrmor > of LciJcr to \xc2\xbbttrrciMlcr Um \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Armt of LctAlcr wid M\xc2\xbbll\xc2\xbbur .. \n\n\n\nLEISLER, SLOUGHTER, AND FLETCHER. 47 \n\nof its manifest injustice, and the absence of a fair and impartial \ntrial. Wiien, however, all attempts to procure his signature \nhad proved fruitless, the enemies of Leisler and Milborne took \nadvantage of a feast to which the Governor was invited in May, \nto obtain his consent when under the influence of wine, and \nbefore his recovery from intoxication the prisoners were exe- \ncuted. \n\n7. In June the treaties between the Iroquois and the inhabi- \ntants of the province were renewed at a council held with the \nchiefs of the confederated tribes at Albany ; a popular Assembly \nwas convened by the Governor, and a liberal constitution formed \nunder his sanction and approval. On the 2d of August, the life \nand administration of Sloughter were ignominiously brought \nto a sudden close by a severe attack of illness induced by in- \ntemperance. \n\n8. He was succeeded by Benjamin Fletcher, a man \n\n. . 1692 \n\nof moderate abilities, strong passions, and aristocratic \n\ntendencies, averse to religious toleration, and opposed to all \npopular concessions. He, however, prudently listened to the \ncounsels of Major Schuyler, of Albany, in reference to his treat- \nment of the Indian difficulties ; and under the leadership of \nthat gallant and intrepid officer the English and their faithful \nallies of the Five Nations signally defeated the French in the \nvicinity of Lake Champlain and drove them beyond the St. \nLawrence. \n\n9. In 1693 the first printing-press was established in \nthe city by William Bradford of Philadelphia, who was \nemployed by the city government to print the corporation laws. \nA few years subsequently, as will hereafter be seen, he estab- \nlished the pioneer newspaper of the city, an enterprise which \nproved eminently successful. \n\n10. Governor Fletcher next addressed himself to a vigorous \neffort for the introduction into the province and city of the Eng- \nlish Church and the English language. Strange as it may seem, \nthe majority of the inhabitants still spoke the Dutch language, \n\nTrial and execution. \xe2\x80\x94 Treaties with the Iroquois. \xe2\x80\x94 Formation of a lib- \neral constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Sloughter. \xe2\x80\x94 Accession of Benjamin Fletcher. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the French. \xe2\x80\x94 William Bradford establishes the first printing- \npress. \n\n\n\n48 TUUW PEIUDU \n\nand rogardetl the Dtitch Cluirch ti\xc2\xbb tlifo led Church of the \n\nprovince. Tht\xc2\xbbv were acc*\xc2\xbbrdiiiglv naturailv avcr\xc2\xbbc to auy cliAiige \nin tlieae re \n\n11. The Ciovenior, however, saooeotU\'il in jmnMirinj; fr\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbin the \nAssembly, in ^ iUt, ir\xc2\xbby3, nn urt, the pr- \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb of which, \n\nth\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbtj:;h admitting of a more IiUtiiI o\xc2\xbbnKtruriuin, were inter- \nprettti by him a>i anthonty for the rwcH^iitiun of the Pn\xc2\xbbtet*tant \nK] \'t>a(l <\xc2\xbbf the I>utch Church an the e\xc2\xabt iit. \n\nI\'ntier thui act Tninty < i waji ereotttl anil \xc2\xab in \n\nICUfi, and I for v :\xc2\xbb in V ry of the eii \n\n12. In June, lol\xc2\xbb6, Count Krtmtctuic, then ituvcmur> \n\xe2\x80\xa2 ml of CouAila, <1 an anny near .Montn*ul for \n\nan exfictlition ai^ntiiutt the In . whoM* anin ^t the \n\nFrench liadlietMi * i -i i i\\ . i -:!!. c ihtM n i \xe2\x96\xa0 -t -. 1 1 r \n\nof the province. Hm anny waa c*-:; ;- -\'^i of tin \nand such of the Indian triU*\xc2\xab aa were allien of the hi- vtul \n\nh\xc2\xab .r>\' enemieii of the I\' -^ With theae f \n\nm \n\ncendinl the St. Ijiwrence, o i \'\xe2\x80\xa2 I the caatem wattihoi \nOntario, a> i the <>Mwep> Kiver, and cncaiu|ie4l u|)on the \n\nbordem of On- : : x fjike, whence he |ien 1 int*) the wil- \n\ndernem in search of hiH eneinictt. \n\n13. Fmdin^ their princi|ial villo^ro deflerte<l. and dib<N\' \n\nno trace of their ft>otMe|M, he retnire<l his iiuirch, only to hnd \n\nthat hJM |)ath hud Itcen waylaid by hi\xc2\xab subtl \' who omtinued \n\nto hanixM hin pn>\'\'ref\xc2\xab until ho had hnuUv cr\xc2\xab>KHe<l their \n\ntcrritoricH. In the following year the war lietween Knj^- \n\nlantl anti Fnince waji tenn 1 by the peace of RvHwick. \n\n14. At aliout thin !\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2 . \xe2\x80\xa2 t j n-zt\'d nyirtem of privatcoring \non the hijjh aeiui Itetwtiu l.un>{M> and A\' \xe2\x80\xa2 i prevaile<i exton- \n8i%*ely, and waa even l\xc2\xbbelieve<l to l>c cfmniviti at and en \xe2\x96\xa0 jed \nby the Kurojwan jp\xc2\xbbvcru\' for the annoyance of ihc coin- \nniereo of their eneniiea. I ijc American coaatii wifTere*! neverclv \nfrt>m these depre<lationfi, which WMtn aiwumed the fonn of ! \nwith all ita attendant hom\xc2\xbbrK. The n \' nt-veHHeU ol .ncw \nYork were deHtnne<l within sij^ht <)f the ii;iri\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb>r itaelf, axid aliipe \n\nboldly seized while lying at anchor near the wliarvec \n\n\n\nCharch com \xe2\x80\x94 Trinity Charrh. \xe2\x80\x94 Invasion of FroniOMe. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nTcrmioalioD of ku.n^ WUUam\'t War. \xe2\x80\x94 riratkal depredatkMU. \n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 49 \n\n15. Repeated and pressing complaints were made to the pro- \nvincial and municipal authorities, and the suppression of this \niniquitous traffic was loudly demanded. But the provincial and \nmunicipal authorities were themselves suspected of participating \ndirectly or indirectly in the profits of these buccaneering expedi- \ntions; and among others the Governor himself was seriously \nmiplicated. The English Government found itself compelled to \nresort to vigorous measures for the suppression of these flagrant \nabuses ; and in 1695 Fletcher was recalled, and Earl Bella- \nmont, an Irish peer, appointed in his stead, with instructions to \nrid the seas of their piratical occupants. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER IN. \n\nEarl of Bellamont, Lord Cornbury, and Lieutenant-Governor \n\nixgoldsby. \n\n1. It was not until 1698, that the Earl of Bellamont, \nwho was also subsequently commissioned as Governor of \nMassachusetts, and was distinguished for capacity and integrity, \nassumed his position as the successor of Fletcher. A stock \ncompany for the suppression of piracy was organized in Eng- \nland under the direct patronage of the King and many of the \nnobility, and an armed vessel fitted out for this purpose and \nplaced under the command of the celebrated Captain William \nKiDD, one of the boldest and most successful ship-masters of \nNew York. \n\n2. This vessel, in April, 1696, sailed from Plymouth, England, \nand, after recruiting at New York, proceeded on its course to \nthe East Indies and Africa. The commander, however, finding \nhis crew favorable to such an enterprise, abandoning his origi- \nnal undertaking, Entered upon a bold and daring career of piracy \nalong the coasts of Malabar and Madagascar, returning to New \nYork in 1698 with an immense booty, large portions of which \nwere concealed on the eastern shores of Long Island. \n\n3. He then proceeded 02:)enly to Boston, where he was \n\nFletcher recalled. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of Earl Bellamont. \xe2\x80\x94 :Earl of Bella- \nmont. \xe2\x80\x94 Captain Kidd. \n\n4 \n\n\n\n50 TiiiniJ VF.nioiK \n\nairettad, by the orders of tho Governor, on a clmnre of pimcy \n\nand mtinlor, and tninM|)orted to Kugland for trial, otiUvictiHi and \n\nexecuted in 17^1. Hih tn^njiurefi, so Ikr as diBcovereil, u \'< \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0ecured by lielhunuut, who wajt hinutelf BUKpected, although with \n\nout a|>)i\xc2\xbbrent cauAo, of a Morct participation in hi\xc2\xab nefarious \n\nenterpriM\'s. \n\n4. Lord lkdlaro<int on hin nmvul uttachitl hmiM If :it \n1A99 \n\nonco to the deuuicrutic or Ix\'iidenan |Mirty, with wh<>ni he \n\nwan a great favorite. Iiaving intent(te4l hiniKidf in Kn;:Iand in \nthe rerenal of the attainder apiinitt IxmhKt. (Mi the l^th of \nMay, 1C99, a new AHitcinlily wan ixmvened, Btnmj^ly democnitic \nin ita eonipoftition, which, after reerivin^ aHNumnceii of his fa- \nTorahlo dMiMMition, voteil him a revenue fur \xc2\xbbix vearH, and |MiKKe<l \n\xe2\x96\xbci^roiui acta fi\xc2\xbbr the Nupprtiuuon of piracy, and for : Mn- \n\ndeuiuity to Stiite utrendenL I\'nder the act the faiuuic^ ut i>iK- \nler and MiIU\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xbbe were n- * * -d in their fi\xc2\xbbrfeited jx\' \xe2\x96\xa0 \nTheir rvniaiuH were alao uui.i*lfrre\xc2\xabl with j^tit ceremony ai.l \nd\' \' \xe2\x80\xa2 d in the Dutch church in (iurtlen Street, attended hy un \ninm. \' . ..lu-ouriMJ of t - ^ . inchidin^ tlie (Jovem<\xc2\xbbr hiinBclf. \n\n0. Uu the death oi i. .. iinont, which occurriHl aoon after, \nLicutcnant-ljovemor Nnnl;in temporarily Hucceeded to his au- \nthority. Colonel liuyanl, the invetonite enemy and i\xc2\xbber*ecutor \nof IxMaler, and the author of the act under which he wan r< n \ndemned and \xe2\x80\xa2- **\xe2\x80\xa2<!, wn \' -^^df arrest ed. trie*!, and convi< \xe2\x80\xa2 \' \nfor a similar \xe2\x80\xa2> in \\uii>iti^ the administration of Nanf \n\ninciting? the \xc2\xabu to relieUion, and other treasonahlc acta. Jii , \n\nwith John Hiii< (iiiirt, another offender, was sentenced to death, \nbut reprieved by the (tovemor until the Kin;:\'s pleasure should \nbe known. On the arrival of r<\xc2\xbbnibur>\', however, the newly \nappointe<l (Joven^or, ho was releasetl, the I^eislerian IMUtjr din \ncountenanced, and their opponents taken into favor. \n\nC. KnwARD Hri\xc2\xbbK, subse<)uently created I/)rd Corn \nniRV, assumed in May, 17(\xc2\xbb2, the duties of (lovenior of \nthe combined pn.\xc2\xbbvincea of New York and New Jersey, tho Lit \nter having been added to his jurisdiction by surrender of the \n\nPulitical Ticwi of IVilamont. \xe2\x80\x94 Procecdintni of the Aawmbly. \xe2\x80\x94 RrrrrMl \nof atiaimlcn of Ix-i\xc2\xbblcr and MilUtmo. \xe2\x80\x94 KcinicrBMBi of their mnaiac \xe2\x80\x94 \nDeath of IlcIUnioni. \xe2\x80\x94 I.i< ; -GoTcmor Nan(kn. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial sad ooortctioo \n\nof Bsvanl. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrival of (.*.;...\xe2\x80\x9e.>\xe2\x80\xa2. \n\n\n\nBELLAMONT, CORNBURY, AND INGOLDSBY. 51 \n\npatent of the proprietors. A revenue of seven years was voted \nhim, his salary doubled, and the expenses of his voyage re- \nimbursed by the Assembly, which was devoted to his interests. \nA public dinner was given him, and the freedom of the city \nformally bestowed in a gold box. The members of his suite, the \nsoldiers of the garrison, and all citizens unable to purchase their \nfreedom, were also made freemen, with the rights of suffrage, of \ntrade, and of holding office. \n\n7. The corporation of the city, having resolved upon the es- \ntablishment of a grammar-school, in the absence of any suit- \nably qualified teacher in New York directed a petition to \nbe forwarded to the Bishop of London, entreating him to for- \nward them a native-born English teacher, of good learning, \npious life and conversation, and good temper. Lord Cornbury\'s \ninfluence in the matter was urgently but ineffectually requested. \nIt was not until 1705 that the school was finally established \nand Andrew Clarke appointed master. \n\n8. The administration of Lord Cornbury was chiefly distin- \nguished for its intolerance, licentiousness, dishonesty, and mis- \nrule. He engaged, in direct opposition to his instructions from \nthe Queen, in a systematic persecution of all religious denomi- \nnations dissenting from the Church of England, plundered \nthe public treasury, involved himself in private debts, and \nopposed every effort on the part of the representatives of the \npeople for the security of their rights and the growth of free \ninstitutions. He was finally, in 1708, recalled, through \n\nthe pressure of popular sentiment, and cast into prison by \nhis creditors, where he remained until released by the accession \nof his peerage, on the death of his father. John Lord Lovelace \nwas appointed his successor, but retained the office a little more \nthan a year, when he died, leaving the government in the hands \nof Lieutenant-Governor Ingoldsby. \n\n9. In 1709, during Queen Anne\'s War, a military and \nnaval force of eighteen hundred men was fitted out in \n\nthe combined colonies of New York and New Jersey, to proceed \nagainst Montreal by way of Lake Champlain. The expedition \n\nHonor to Lord Cornbury. \xe2\x80\x94 Establishment of a grammar-school. \xe2\x80\x94 Char- \nacter of Cornbury. \xe2\x80\x94 Lord Lovelace. \xe2\x80\x94 Kichard Ingoldsby. -^ Queen Anne\'s \nWar. \n\n\n\n7i> THIRD PF.niOD. \n\n\n\nOJ \n\n\n\nhowever, after proceeding as fiir as Wood Creek, al>an- \ndonod, in c< leucc of the aliuence of olVeclivo co-<i|)cmtiou \n\nou tlie piirt ot Kii^liuul, and inianuuuigeiuout on that of In- \nf^oldahy, who wiuj accunlinj^ly removed. In 1711 au- \nuthur eJc{H.*<iition of four thouHund men waji oq^iiied \nin ihi-M" two j.p\'vinctii, in conjunction with Connecticut, to oo- \n<>]Hnito witli au Kn^litdi tlcet under the command of Sir Hoveu- \n\xe2\x80\xa2 !\xe2\x80\xa2 II Walker in an attack u{tun Ctuuula, which ali*o prove^l a \ntiniure, entJiilin^ u|K\xc2\xbbn the |m\xc2\xbb%-inceii, however, a heavy burden \nof debt, aud aenouidy embumuuiin^ their reitourccti for ttovcral \nyean. \n\n\n\nCHAl\'TKU V \nUoncRT lIcjfTra, William IUrxct, awd Jonx MoxTonnKnii. \n\n1. K.vui.Y in the Mummer of 1710 lioDEitT IIintku arrived \ntn tlie province with a commimiou aji Ciovemor, brini^n^ \nover with him three thoiuuuid (^ermaiia, nativeii of tlie \n\nPnlatimite, <lriven from their homei) by the {lerHccution of l>oui8 \n\\IV. of Fnuice, Several of their numlier t4K\xc2\xbbk up their almdo \nin New York City, where they crrcto\xc2\xabl a Lutheran diurch ; \nothent nettled upon Livinpiton\'H Manor on the liudHon, on the \ntnu\'t now known an the (fermiui FlattM ; but the ^n^^ter }Mrt \nfound |K?mmnent homeit in Peiuuiylvauia, wherv their dettceud- \nant.s Htill rcMide. \n\n2. The new (Joremor wiia a man of superior abilitiea and ex- \ncellent character ; but, Cfuiceivinjr himnelf Itound by hiH iuMtnio* \ntionn to HUp}iort the claims of the Crown, and repress the \npn>win^ Hpirit of insulMinlinAtion in the province, he at onoe \nattachwl himself t<\xc2\xbb the ariMtocratic party, and Btrenpthene<l ita \nintluence by ever)* meann in his power. His Council was selected \nfn>m the ablest, weulthiest, and most influential men of the \ncolony. He securcnl the warm support of Lewis Morris, one of \nthe greatest liuidholdfm in the combined provinces of New \nYork and New Jersey, the son of Richxuxi Morris, an ofBoer in \n\nExpeditions apiiniit Canada. \xe2\x80\x94 Arriral of Gorernor Hmler. \xe2\x80\x94 Grniuui \niminik\'ranta. \xe2\x80\x94 Character of Hunter. \xe2\x80\x94 Ilij flnflmolie adminirtratkia. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLt*wi< Murm. \n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. \xe2\x96\xa0 53 \n\nCromwell\'s army, who had emigrated to America and pur- \nchased a manor ten miles square, in the neighborhood of Har- \nlem, to which he gave the name of Morrisania, and where his \nson now resided. \n\n3. The unsuccessful expedition for the conquest of \n\n. 1711 - 12 \n\nCanada, in which the Governor, with the sanction of \n\nhis Council and the Provincial Assemblies, entered with great \nzeal and enthusiasm, produced a discouraging effect upon his sub- \nsequent measures, and seriously impaired his influence with the \npeople. His request for a permanent appropriation for the sup- \nport of the government was met by a decided and persistent \nrefusal of the Assembly, which could only be prevailed upon to \nfurnish supplies for a single year. The Indian tribes had be- \ncome distrustful and unreliable ; and a rumored insurrection of \nthe negroes had created a riotous panic in the city, resulting in \nthe firing of several buildings, the death of many white citizens, \nand the arrest and execution of nineteen of the negroes. \n\n4. The war between Eno-land and France having been \n\n1715 \nterminated by the treaty of Utrecht, the contest be- \ntween the Governor and the Assembly on the question of sup- \nplies was again renewed, and after a protracted struggle a gov- \nernment revenue was secured, independent of the people, for \nthe term of three years. A Court of Chancery was established \nand confirmed. Lewis Morris was appointed Chief-Justice of the \nprovince, and taxes on British imports and tonnage duties on for- \neign vessels were imposed. In 1719 faihng health com- \npelled the Governor to return to England, leaving the \ngovernment in the hands of Peter Schuyler, the eldest mem- \nber of the Council. \n\n5. During the brief period which elapsed before the \narrival of Governor Hunter\'s successor the affairs of the \nprovince were successfully administered by Schuyler, whose long \nfamiliarity with public affairs, and especially the high regard in \nwhich he was held by the Indian tribes, enabled him to carry \non the government to the general acceptation of the people. \n\nExpedition against Canada. \xe2\x80\x94 Effect of its failure. \xe2\x80\x94 Contest between \nthe Governor and the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Court of Chancery. \xe2\x80\x94 Chief Justice. \xe2\x80\x94 \nTaxes on imports and tonnage duties. \xe2\x80\x94 Retui\'n of Governor Hunter to \nEngland. \xe2\x80\x94 Peter Schuyler. \n\n\n\n54 TiiinD rrnrofK \n\nHe suooeeded m completely restoring the rolntion* of amity and \nOODOonl l*etwceii the Irotjuois uml the 1^ ., which had pre- \n\nviously l>ei\'!i 8criou\xc2\xbbly intemipteti. \n\n6. William Buniet, \xc2\xbbon of the cclcbmtcd Bihhop Unmet of \nEukIhuJ, arrivtxi \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbn the 17th of September, 1720, an tiovemor \nof the two provincen. uiul immetliutely eiitertil ui^m hi* dutiea. \nHe waH a man of fine tulentn, |x\xc2\xbbpulur in Iuh uumnerR, and fnmk \nand upri^fht in all hia dealmgK The Anhemhly ct\xc2\xbbnvene<l five \nyeani pre%ioiuily wa\xc2\xab retained in otHce, and - ttl Iuh ac- \n\ncciwion and c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbmpl:ii\xc2\xabanoe by votiuj^ him a revenue for the eiuju- \ninjf fi%-e yeiiTK lie took into hia oouiweU, such men as Ix\'wiB \nMorris Cadwjdlathr (olden. Peter Schuyler, Ciemnluh lieekman, \nAbnduau IH? IVynter, anti William Smith, throujfh wh\xc2\xab*e influ- \nence he Huci-et-tleil in piming, fuid for a Ciin\xc2\xbbiderable period re- \ntaining, the public confidence. \n\n7. To counteract the cfTorta which the French were \n^^\' necnnly making Uirough their agent\xc2\xab \xe2\x80\x94 the Jeauita, mi\xc2\xbb- \n\nsionarien, and t\xc2\xbbthen\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\x94 to aecure a monoj\xc2\xab.ly of the Indian trade \nalong the northeni and weutcm fnmtierw, (Jovemor liuniet, in \n1722, with the aanction of the Aiwembly, commence*! the erec- \ntion of a trading I* wt at (hiwego, with the design of following it \nup with a line of nimilar posta extending from the great north- \ncm hikeii to the mouth of the MiiwiHHi: A com\'cntioD of \ndeputirn from the several provinces aiwembled at AlUuiy, and \nforwanle\xc2\xabl to the King a memonal stnmgly urginj^ tiic a\xc2\xabloption \nof this policy, whuh, however, faded to receive the royal aaacut, \nand was reluctantly aliandone<l. \n\n8. A powerful opjKwition had in the mean time spnmg \nup against his adminiKtration, originating in the dimtf- \n\nfection of a large party of mercluuits and others i: in \n\nthe French trailing p<\xc2\xbblicy ; ami the Assembly, imbut^i *ftilh this \n\nspirit, had withdrawn its confidence from its fonner favorite, \n\nand refusoil the renewid of suppliej* except f<\xc2\xbbr a [n\'riotl of \n\nthree years. The Governor in 1727 dis-H^dve*! this iKxly ; \n\nUcnrwal of fricndir rrlationn with thr Indiiin lrih\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Arriral of Gor. \nrmor Bunu-t. \xe2\x80\x94 Hi* chsnictcT an*! pi\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbbuUriiy. \xe2\x80\x94 French iiii\xc2\xab\xc2\xabionanr\xc2\xab and \ntrader*. \xe2\x80\x94 Tradi" \xe2\x80\xa2 \'-"i at 0\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbi-i\'<i \xe2\x80\x94 (\'onrrntion of drlr?\xc2\xbbatr\xc2\xbb at AU^nr. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Mrtnorial to :>jr. \xe2\x80\x94 A \xe2\x80\xa2nmcoi of ibc uii . ag. \xe2\x80\x94 Oyytm- \n\nlion to ihc Governor id the A.^miiiMv. \n\n\n\nHUNTER, BURNET, MONTGOMERIE. 55 \n\nbut its successor proved still more unyielding and refrac- \ntory, and was in its turn dissolved. Through the influence of \nhis persevering enemies Burnet was transferred, on the accession \nof George II., to the government of Massachusetts, and the law \nprohibiting the French trade repealed. \n\n9. During this administration the first public newspa- \nper was established in the city of New York, by William \nBradford, the government printer, under the title of the New \nYork Gazette. It was published weekly, at first on a half-sheet, \nincreased during the following year to four pages. \n\n10. The successor of Governor Burnet, John Mont- \n\n1728 \xe2\x80\x94 31 \ngomerie, entered upon his duties on the 15 th of April, \n\n1728, as Governor and Chancellor of New York and New Jersey. \nHe was cordially welcomed by the citizens, presented with the \nfi\'eedom of the city in a gold box, and by the Assembly with a \nrevenue for five years. The principal event of his brief ad- \nministration was the grant, in 1730, of a new city charter. \nHe died on the 1st of July, 1731, and was succeeded by Rip \nVan Dam, the eldest member of the Council, who discharged \nthe duties of the office for thirteen months, when Colonel Wil- \nliam Cosby, the new Governor, arrived. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI. \n\nAdministration of Govei^nor Cosby. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial of Zenger. \n\n1. Cosby\'s administration was tumultuous, despotic, \nand exceedingly obnoxious to the people. His arbitrary \nand avaricious disposition kept him in continual collision with \nthe various factions into which the city and province were \ndivided ; and his arrival at a period when liberal principles were \nrapidly attaining a decided ascendency, through the agency of \nthe press and public discussion, plunged him at once into the \nvortex of popular dissension, and prepared the way for those \ndecisive events which culminated in the American Revolution. \n\nTransfer of Burnet to Massachusetts. \xe2\x80\x94 Repeal of the Prohibitory Act. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Establishment of the first newspaper. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Montgomerie. \xe2\x80\x94 Kip \nVan Dam. \xe2\x80\x94 William Cosby. \n\n\n\n56 rillllD PERIOD. \n\n2. His first net wa\xc2\xab the nn\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabluctiou of a rovul order \ndirect iug an CH)iuil divihiou with hiiniiclf of the ituLiry \nof hJM iiuiac>diate prodiic-niMir, Vuii l>aiu, during the brief |icriiMl \nof hiM tcin|Kiniry aduiiiuHtriitiou. The latter cxprtttm.\'tl hit \niUiK4.>nt to thin amui^\'cuK-nt, on coudition that (\'<\'\xc2\xbbhy hhould \nrfcijirocatc hy an isjuul |Mkrtici)*atii\xc2\xbbu of the | iMtfii rcccivwi \n\nhy him Hincc hiii i stnu-nt and previous lo iiM aKRitniptKiii \n\nof othcv. In thiB t. I ho waM \xc2\xbbup|Hirted hy the {Mipular \n\nvoice, mhich refuMod to iiiie the Ju^tice of heaping jiecu- \n\nniarj\' emol\' * u laviin**! fureij^iera, while depriving \n\nnutive-bitni uuictrs oi tiieir vc\xc2\xabt4.^ rights. \n\n3. Ix\'jral procoediupi worw a* \' \' \xe2\x80\xa2 ! :n the iju- \n\nprpmc Court of the province hy to -i \\ an i>iiui for the \n\nr. rrjvery of the amount chiime<L Aa um CJovenior hinmelf \nwuj<, hy virtue of his otiice, cltanc\xc2\xabllar, and two of the other \njud^(*K, [>e I^nrcy and I\'hihfvHO, his |ier\xc2\xaboual friendA, uxccptiona \nwerv taken hy the cxmnael fur the tiefenoe apiiuMt the juritidic- \nti.n of the court, A majority of the jud^\'el^ however. nt \n\nChief-JuHtitx\' Momii, ovcmd*^! the cxceptiona, and dii. \xe2\x80\xa2 \\\\ liio \npayment to (.\\j(ihy uf lialf of Van IHuu\'m iwlary. Morrui waa \nprxtmptly removi><i from office, and IV* I^mcey ap[M\xc2\xbbinti<d in hia \nphice, without even the formahty of conxultin^ the Council \n\n4. Theae hij;h h \' ^ and arbitrary pn>cee<ljnpi of tho \n(tovonior ruuaed iiit juhhc ii \' - \xe2\x80\xa2 n to a \\\\\\^\\\\ pitch. \nThe {M>puhir diNi*ontent at fimt vt-nii^i jin<-lf in twpiiha, huu- \n{MiAna, and natirical UJUida, levelletl apiiiutt the ariHtiicnicy, \nwliu\'h H|ieedi)y cuhuiimted in nvKtematic at* - ^ -. thrr>u;;h tho \ncohunnn of tlic New Y<\xc2\xbbrk Weeklv Journal, eiiii\xc2\xabM liv John Peter \nZen;:er \xe2\x80\x94 apitnat the (Jovornor, Council, Aa\xc2\xabemhly, and Court, \n:\'\'\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 "linjj them in the \xc2\xbbtron#;c\xc2\xabt terms for a violation of tho \n1-... i..iH\xc2\xab, ri:.\'htH, and privilejirea of the people, for the tyran- \nnical uxsuniption of arhitmr>\' and dc\xc2\xab|K\xc2\xbbtic jK\xc2\xbbwer, and for tho \n|ien\'crMi\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn of their official Htations to purposes of personal re- \nsentment and private emolument. \n\nft. The Council in Noveml\xc2\xbbcr, 1 7.34, ordered theae papers to \nbo burnt by the handfl of the common hangman, and a few day \n\n\n\nC with Vnn P Jim. \xe2\x80\x94 Pmr \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x94 Arlntrary \n\nurrx ot *..-i;. \xe2\x80\x94 rujmlar (liaooBlenL \xe2\x80\x94 J-mih i . u i / \n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 57 \n\nafterwards Zenger was arrested and imprisoned on a criminal \n\ncharge for publishing a seditious libel against the government. \n\nThe grand jury having refused to find a bill of indictment for \n\nthis offence, an information was, in January, 1735, filed against \n\nthe prisoner by the Attorney-General, and after a protracted \n\nconfinement he was brought up for trial on the 4th of August, \n\n1735. His friends in the mean time, and an association \n\n1 735 \nknown as the " Sons of Liberty " for the protection and \n\nadvocacy of popular rights, had secured the services of the vener- \nable Andrew Hamilton, of Philadelphia, then eighty years of age, \nbut in full possession of all his faculties, as counsel for the defence. \n\n6. This remarkable trial took place in the City Hall, before \nthe judges of the Supreme Court, James De Lancey presiding \nas Chief Justice, Philipse as Judge, and Bradley as Attorney- \nGeneral. The court-room was crowded to excess by an anxious \nand excited auditory, and the unexpected appearance of the \nvenerable and eloquent counsel for the prisoner added intense \ninterest to the scene. The plea of " Not guilty " having been \ninterposed, and a jury impanelled, the publication of the alleged \nlibel was boldly admitted, and full proof of its justification \noffered. The Attorney-General, however, resisted the introduc- \ntion of this proof, on the ground that in a criminal proceeding \nfor the publication of libellous matter the truth of the facts \nalleged was inadmissible in evidence. This objection was sus- \ntained by the Court. \n\n7. Hamilton then proceeded to address the jury, and in an \neloquent and brilliant speech confuted the assumption of the \nCourt that " the greater the truth, the greater was the libel " ; \ninsisted that the jury were themselves the judges, not only of \nthe facts, but of the law ; that it was their peculiar province \nto pass upon all the circumstances and bearings of the alleged \noffence, and to determine for themselves its innocence or guilt ; \nthat they were the sworn protectors of the rights, liberties, and \nprivileges of their fellow-citizens, violated in this instance by a \nmost outrageous and vindictive series of persecutions ; that it was \nfor them to interpose between the tj^rannical and arbitrary viola- \ntions of law and justice and their intended victim ; to assert \n\nProsecution for libel. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial of Zenker. \n\n\n\n58 TiniiD PEPdOD. \n\nand uj)hoM tlic frcoilom of speech niul t\xc2\xbbf tlic praM\xc2\xbb and to vin- \ndicate by their veniict tlie Buprcniucy of the j over their \nvnnton and |K>werful oppress^irH. \n\n8. Notwithstanding; tl\xc2\xbbe reitonitetl cliarge of the Court that \nthey were jud^aii of tiie facts only put in iwue, and not of the \nconchihionn of Uiw u|ion thone fa that the truth of tite \n\nallo^ri\'tl hl\xc2\xbbel wa^i a matter wht\xc2\xbblly lieytaul their juri^ n ; \n\nand that itti pi \xe2\x96\xa0 liavin<i; l>een adniitte<i, and all cvidcnco \n\nof the factM exclude*!, it waji their ini[K*nitivo duty to convict \nthe 1 JMD\'\' \xc2\xab^<\'\'\' *^ brief drhU-rat ion, unauinunutly \n\nretunie<l a verdict of ** Not jfudty.\'* Anud the irrepre\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbil\xc2\xbble ap- \nplause of the vniit crowd of Hpectatont llaniilton wtut Itonie in \ntriumph fn>m the hall, and conductetl to a splendid entertain- \nment prei\xc2\xabirt-<l for lus reception. A public dinner was next day \n^ven lum by the citizeiis, the frvc<i\xc2\xabuu of the city pres\xc2\xab.\'nte<i by \nthe corfMiration, nml his dc|\xc2\xabirture sipudized by the hi^hetit and \nmost distill d honorx. \n\nU. ThuH ti-ruiinatcfl this exciting\' and un{>ortant triid by the \ncomplete triumph of the iMtpubu- cause, \xe2\x80\x94 the vm \' -n of the \n\nriglit of the public prem to |)iisH u|Min the con\xc2\xabluct ui the public \nauthorities, and to criticise, with entin* freedom, their othcial \npnH*ee\xc2\xab lings, \xe2\x80\x94 and the assertion of the unalterable detennination \nof the jHNiplo to pn\xc2\xbbtcvt their champions and the defenders of \ntheir ^t all the assaults of pr>wer. and the machina- \n\ntions of tynuiny and oppression. The organization eftVvted for \nthe RUCCGMnful a\xc2\xab inent of these ^nvat objt\xc2\xbbct\xc2\xab was |)er- \n\np(>tmiti\'d and stn iiu\'ihene<| for the attainment at no distant \n|)enod of a still more si^nial and important triumph. \n\n10. (Vwbv. however, notwitlistandintf the severe repidsc \nhe had nveivt\xc2\xbb<l thn\xc2\xbbu;:h the aoquitUd t\xc2\xbbf /enuiT, still \npersiste<l with unyielding pertinacity in his arbitrary and ra|)tt- \ncious pn>cee<l; He directed a resurvcy of the grants oimI \n\npatents of land lu the pn\xc2\xbbvinco with the view of adding to his \nrevenues by the fecR, ami destn\\ve<l scvend imfH\xc2\xbbrtant documents \nintruste*! to him for this purpose. His death on the lOth of \nMarch, 173G, put an end to his further proccedinjjs ; not, how- \never, until ho had once more si^niAlizetl his inveterate hostility \n\nActiuitul of Zcngw. \xe2\x80\x94 Opprwtire prooeedillgt of Cotby. \n\n\n\nCLARKE, CLINTON, OSBORNE, ETC. 59 \n\nto the people by the suspension, through his Council, of his \nformer antagonist. Rip Van Dam, who, as the oldest member of \nthe Council, would have been entitled to the administration on \nhis decease. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII. \n\nAdministration or George Clarke. \xe2\x80\x94 Negro Plot. \xe2\x80\x94 Admiral \nClinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Sir Danvers Osborne. \xe2\x80\x94 James De Lancey. \xe2\x80\x94 Sir \nCharles Hardy. \n\n1. George Clarke, the next in succession, was in- \n\n17S7 \n\nducted into office by the Council, and on the 14:th of \nOctober subsequently received a commission from England em- \npowering him to act as Lieutenant-Governor until the arrival \nof Cosby\'s successor. He endeavored to ingi^atiate himself with \nboth the aristocratic and the popular party. The Assembly was \ndissolved, and a new one called, which met in the ensuing sum- \nmer, but could not be prevailed upon to grant a revenue for a \nlonger period than one year. This precedent was thereafter \nsteadily acted upon by the assemblies subsequently convened. \nThe only act of importance passed during the session was one \ndisfranchising the Jews residing in the province. \n\n2. At this period New York City contained about \nten thousand inhabitants, nearly one fifth of whom were \nnegro slaves. Both the Dutch and English governments had sys- \ntematically encouraged their importation into the colony, and the \nprincipal merchants of the city had engaged in the traffic as a \nprominent branch of trade and source of profit. The most \nstringent regulations for their control and subordination were \nenacted, and every transgression was severely punished ; but \ntheir great number, thievish propensities, and occasional acts of \ninsubordination, rendered the community sensitively alive to the \npossible dangers which might arise from their presence. This \npervading feeling of insecurity required only a slight provocation \nto ripen into a general panic. \n\nCosby\'s death. \xe2\x80\x94 Exclusion of Van Dam. \xe2\x80\x94 George Clarke, Lieutenant- \nGovernor. \xe2\x80\x94 Dissolution of Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Disfranchisement of the Jews. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSlavery in New York. \n\n\n\n60 TIIjrd> PERIOD. \n\n3. A triflinj? rohl>er}\' which occurrwl in Miirch, 1741, in the \nhouae of a merclmnt, and which wju* traced to some of the ne- \ngroes, followeU 8<x>n after by a sorie* of incenduiry fires in dif- \nferent (jiiartere of the city, creattnl a general alann, and no in- \nflamed the public mind, that numerouH arre\xc2\xabt\xc2\xab were ma<lc, and \na searching investigation iiujtitutod by the anthohtifH, which, \nhowever, failed in diiicovcring any reliable tmceu of the gtiilty \nperjH^tmtorH. Heavy rewards were ofVereil by the Common Coun- \ncil for their arrest and conviction, together with a full jwrdon \nto any of their numltor who would reveal his knowK-dge of the \nconspiracv and denounce his associates. Many of the inluibi- \ntants ren\xc2\xbbove<i their pxuls fn>m the city, an<l ever)\' effort was \nmade to obtAin the fkiuteiit clew to the guilty authors of the \noutrages. \n\n4. The Supreme Court of the province was specially con- \nTene<l for the investigation of the matter, and a grand-junk* con- \nsisting of the princijwl inhabitants of the city charge<l with its \noonHideration. (ireat numbers of witneMM wore examinetl, and \non the testimony of a negro girl, Mary Burton, who liad been \nprr>misc<l a full portion, several of the negroes implicated by her \nwere arreste<l, and, notwithstanding their terrifie<l efforts to se- \ncure safety by criminating their innocent associates, were oon- \nvictetl and exeoute<i. \n\n5. Other informers spcoflily appeared, and fresh %-ictims to \nthe popular furk- wrre immolatc^l in great numl>eni and in quick \nsuccession. The |x\xc2\xbbpulare, niiiddoned by excitement and thirst- \ning for revenge, stiniulated the authorities in the prosecution of \ntheir hasty inquiries, and even refused to permit any interfer- \nence on their |iftrt with the fate of the c*mdemned, even when, \nby a c\xc2\xab>mpliancc with the terms of jianion, they had cut\'\'\'"! \nthemselves to immunity. \n\n6. The general fury and panic, imappeased by the wholesale \n\xe2\x96\xa0acrifice of the negroes, soon extencle<l to the white population. \nJohn Cry, a reputed Catholic priest and schoc\xc2\xbbl master, was de- \nnouncctl by the girl Mary Burton, and notwithstanding his pro- \ntestations of innocence, and the alxsence of all rational proof t if \nguilt, was summarily condemned and executed. His arrest was \n\nOrigin of ths negro plot. \xe2\x80\x94 Invntigation br the autboritioft- \xe2\x80\x94 Public \niokxntat. \n\n\n\nENGLISH GOVERNMENT. 61 \n\nthe signal for the implication of others of the whites ; and the \nreign of terror was fearfully inaugurated throughout the city. \nThe prisons were rapidly filled with the miserable victims of the \npopular delusion ; and so great was their number that infection \nwas averted only by the frequency of executions when pardons \ncould not be effected. \n\n7. From the 11th of May to the 29th of August, the day of \nthe execution of Ury, one hundred and fifty-four negroes were \ncommitted to prison, fourteen of whom were burnt at the stake, \neighteen hanged, and seventy-one transported. During the \nsame period twenty-four whites were imprisoned, four of whom \nwere executed. The implication by Burton of some of the \nprincipal inhabitants who were known to be innocent served to \nsober down the popular excitement, and restore the community \nto its wonted composure. The prisons were cleared, a day of \ngeneral thanksgiving proclaimed, and the ordinary channels of \nbusiness again resumed. \n\n8. Upon the most candid and impartial survey of all the \nfacts, no substantial justification seems to be afforded for the \nmerciless persecution of the hapless victims of this terrible \nperiod. Both informers and witnesses were of the lowest and \nvilest character, their testimony vague and contradictory, and \ntheir inducements to falsehood strong and powerful. Nothing \nbut the irrational panic pervading all classes could have attached \nany serious weight to the incredible and inconsistent statements \nof these frightened wretches, driven to perjury by the imminent \nfear of death, and encouraged in their successful devices by the \napplause of the terrified multitude. The whole fearful drama \nseems but a repetition, on a somewhat smaller scale and hum- \nbler surrounding, of the celebrated Titus Gates Plot ; and the \nsole excuse for. the harsh proceedings of the public authorities \nconsists in their inability in the midst of the prevailing panic \nto discover the real authors of the crimes originally perpetrated. \n\n9. In September, 1 743, Lieutenant-Governor Clarke ^^^^ \nwas superseded by Admiral George Clinton, father of the \n\nSir Henry Clinton who commanded the British troops during the \nsubsequent Revolution. He met with a favorable reception, \n\nReiffn of terror. \xe2\x80\x94 Number of the victims. \xe2\x80\x94 End of the excitement \xe2\x80\x94 \nSummary of the evidence, \xe2\x80\x94 Admiral George Clinton. \n\n\n\n62 TllinD PFniOD. \n\nreceived t)\xc2\xbbo lumnl vote of 8ui)j>lie\xc2\xab, coiiuuicd with the A^vembly \nin all it\xc2\xab nietuiurcs, \xe2\x80\x94 among which wim one limiting \\i^^ term \nauil that of itJi Hucoesaore to a jieriod of ueven yoam, \xe2\x80\x94 and ct>- \nopenite<l with that hotly in fitting\' out an cxpf\xc2\xablition for the con- \nqiuht of i\'aniulm in the war then pending l>etween France and \nKiu\'land. lie H4M\xc2\xbbn, however, became involved in a colliHion be- \ntwten the two leadni;; political fnctionB heailcil bv l>o Ijincey \nand i \'olden, which occoMione^ him no little vexation and emlior- \nnui.snu\'nt during the remauider of bin tenn. \n\n10. In 1748 ho inetfeftindlv uruaxl ui^.u the ARBom- \nbly an appropriation for the BUpjiort of the jrovenmient \n\ntur tivo yearn, with the view of a^n rendering the executivf \ninde{>cndent of that Ixxly. Soon afterwanU ho made hintHelf \nobnoiioiiH to the p\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 \' \'^ party by refiwinjf to nurrender for trial \nthe captain of an i^u^iiah war-voHiiel which liod fired ui>on a \noolontol ve\xc2\xabiM*l, killing one of ita jiaimengerH, for omiiution to \nlower it\xc2\xab tla^ in ixiAJiin^, as re(|uire<l by the re>ndationii of the \nhomo jfovernmenL The {>i>niiHtcnt refuiuU of the AMiM>inbIy to \ncomply with bin rciterate<l denuuidH for a jK\'mianent revenue, \nand the {Miwerful op|iofiition he encountered fn\xc2\xbbm all cliuuica of \nthe jx\'ojile, hnally induced him, after pr\xc2\xabn>guinj; the refractory \nChainljcr, to tender bin retu^iation and abandon tho guveni- \nment \n\n11. He woii Muccee<led on the 7th of September, 17r\xc2\xbb3, \n1753 \n\nby Sir pANVKits O.HintiiNK, with inHtnit^ionM for the main- \ntenance of tlio royal pren>pitive, and the demand of a |>er- \nmancnt revenue, to bo dibbunte*! Molely by himtfelf ond his \nCouncil. On amumint; the p.)vemment, the corporation of tho \ncity preAontetl him with an addretM of con^n^tulatiou, at the \nsame time expn*}\xc2\xabNin^ the \\w\\fc that he would be as averse to \ncountenancing;, aj\xc2\xbb they kIiouM Ik) to f>ennittinjf, any infringe- \nment u|)on their civil or rclijfious lilwrtiea. A mo^iificent \nentertainment was jrivcn him by the city, accx>mjianie\xc2\xabl with tho \nBtruugcHt iimnifeHtations of {M>pular ri\'pini. \n\n12. A few days afterwards the Council was convened and th<\' \nGovernor\'s instructions were laid l>eft\xc2\xbbre them. On l\xc2\xbbeinjj infonne<l \nby them tliat the Ajty\xc2\xabcmbly would unqucationably refuse obodi- \n\nT)iiScnriop\xc2\xbb with tho Awcmhly. \xe2\x80\x94 Popular cliKt>ntrnt. \xe2\x80\x94 R\xc2\xbbi m. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\niSir Dsavcn Osborne. \xe2\x80\x94 His rvixpcion. \xe2\x80\x94 Prooeediofi of Um Couuui. \n\n\n\nDE LANCEY AND HARDY. G3 \n\nence to the royal commands, he appeared deeply dejected ; and \non the ensuing morning his body was found suspended by a \nhandkerchief from the garden-wall of his lodgings. He had \npreviously been subject to derangement, owing to domestic \nlosses, and had once before attempted his life. By his death \nthe government devolved upon Lieutenant-Governor James De \nLancet, who, by his recent persistent and successful opposition \nto the demands of the Crown, had rendered himself highly \npopular. \n\n13. A striking change had occurred in the relative position \nof parties. The aristocratic faction, headed by De Lancey, Col- \nden, Van Rensselaer, Philipse, Heathcote, and others, had now \nbecome the popular leaders, while their former opponents had \nranged themselves under the royal banner. Hence the position \nof the new Governor was one of peculiar difficulty. Compelled \nby the instructions of his predecessor to carry out the policy of \nthe Crown, he found himself at the same time pledged, as the \nleader of the popular party, to a policy diametrically opposite. \nWhile, therefore, he fulfilled the letter of his instructions by lay- \ning them before the Assembly, he at the same time urged upon \nthe home government the propriety and necessity of concessions \nto the popular will. \n\n14. In September, 1755, Sir Charles Hardy arrived at \nNew York as Governor, and was received with the usual \nhonors. De Lancey resumed his seat as Chief-Justice ; but \nHardy, fully conscious of his own deficiencies in the new and un- \naccustomed field of action which had been assigned him, aban- \ndoned all but its nominal duties to his predecessor, and by \nhis return to England and resumption of his post in the navy, \nleft the government again in his charge. \n\nSuicide. \xe2\x80\x94 Accession of Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey. \xe2\x80\x94 His policy and \nits results. \xe2\x80\x94 Sir Charles Hardy. \xe2\x80\x94 His abandonment of the government and \nreturn to England. \n\n\n\n/ \n\n\n\n\nnuin* of Fort Tk \n\nlornni im imod. \n\nFROM THE FHKyciI AM) IS If I AS WAR TO TUE \n\nRFVltLrTlOS, \n\n\n\nCHAPTER I. \n\nAdmi!(I8teatiox or LiRrTr<r4?iT OorBKyoR De Lahcet. \xe2\x80\x94 CxMrAioxs \n\nor 17M. 1755, AMD 1756. \n\n1. Ajtf.k tho capture of the Fortreas of IxMiinhiir^. on Cape \nBreton Inland, then (174.\'>) in |\xc2\xbbo\xc2\xabm\xc2\xbbH8ion of the French, \nl\xc2\xbby the F.n^rhnh flei-t under Commodore Warren, and the \ncombined colonial forces under Wtlham IVpperell, \xe2\x80\x94 a blow \nrenilere<I the more severe by the vaiit cxfwniw and great Ktren^h \nof the works, \xe2\x80\x94 the French entered ujw>n a coume of vi^rorouH \noixTitions to concentrate and extend their power in America, in \nop|K>8ition to tlic efforts of their bcrcditar)- cnemieH, the Kngh\xc2\xbbh, \n\n\n\nPrrpArntionsof the French for opposing ihc \nin AnicricA. \n\n\n\nof the Brittjth power \n\n\n\nTHE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 65 \n\nwho had already obtained so firm a footing. Having estab- \nhshed a number of trading-posts and missionary stations among \nthe Indian tribes occupying the depth of the wilderness along \nthe entire valley of the Mississippi most remote from the white \nsettlements, they prepared to assert their possessory claims by \nsuch efficient measures as seemed best adapted to the accom- \nplishment of this object. \n\n2. They built a strong fleet of vessels at Kingston, on the \nCanadian shore of Lake Ontario ; strengthened Fort Niagara, at \nthe confluence of the Niagara River with that lake; entered \ninto friendly negotiations with the Delaware tribe of Indians \non the east, and the Shawnees on the west of the Alleghany \nMountains; and erected a formidable chain of fortifications, \ncommanding the entire valley of the Mississippi and its tribu- \ntaries from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. \n\n3. The collision between the Ohio Company, claiming \nan extensive tract of land on the Ohio River under the \nEnglish Government, and the French, who were engaged in \nthe erection of forts south of Lake Erie, caused the first mili- \ntary services of Geoege Washington to be put in requisition \nby Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia. St. Pierre, the com- \nmander of the fort to which Washington was despatched, re- \nfused to withdraw his troops from its occupation; and in 1754 \nan unsuccessful effort was made by the Ohio Company to ^^^^^ \nerect a fort on the present site of Pittsburg, at the junc- \ntion of the Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers. The workmen \nwere driven from the ground by the French, who completed the \nfort and gave it the name of Fort du Quesne. \n\n4. Washington, at the head of a body of provincial troops from \nVirginia, marched into the disputed territory, surprised and rout- \ned an advance party of French sent to intercept his approach, and \nafter erecting a small fort, which he named Fort Necessity, and \nbeing reinforced by additional troops from New York and the \nCarolinas, proceeded with four hundred men on his route to Fort \ndu Quesne. Hearing, however, of the advance of a large body \nof French and Indians, he returned to Fort Necessity, where he \n\n\n\nWashington\'s mission to St. Pierre. \xe2\x80\x94 Its result. \xe2\x80\x94 Establishment by the \nFrench of Fort du Quesne. \n\n\n\n66 rovnTii p Kill on. \n\n\n\nsoon aAcr attacked l>\\ a sujierior force, and oompc>lle4l to \ncapitulute utter n severe uiul obstinate resistance, with |)oriuis- \nsion to retire iiniuole.ste<l to Vir>^iuia. \n\n5. The Kn^liHh MiniHtrv, in the mean time, aware of the \ninijM>rtunce of the criHia, luul ft>niranieti iustnictions to their \ncolunieH to secure, if |)o\xc2\xabKible, the continued friendship and \nalliunce of the IrotiuoiM IndumA, and t4> unite their etTortM in the \ncommon defence. In acconiaaoe with thiu reconunendution a \nconvention of deleitratea from the ro\xc2\xabj)ective colonics wju* held \nin AlUuiv in the tiummer of thin vear, Lieutouant-^iovemor \nI>c Lancoy preHiilin^, a treaty with the Six Nations renewed, \nand a plan of o\xc2\xbbnfe<leration, siniihir to tliat Hulwe<(uently adopted \nby the Continental < -aii, submitted by the celebrated Dr. \n\nBenjamin Franklin, of i\'ennsylvania, and adopto<l on the fotirth \nday of July. The odoniul aiweniblieM and the representatives \nof the ItritiNh (Jovenunent n-fuHcd, however, to ratify the ordi- \nnance of the Vo\\\\\\ w ; and the conduct of the war was con- \n\nfided to the Kn^linh I\'lirliument, with huch aid as the colonics \nmi^ht find them.telves able to funiitdi. \n\nG. In IT.**.\'), (General Hratidock was sent over as Com- \nmander-in-Chief; and at a convention of the colonial \ngovernors three expeditii>ns were resolved ufion : one against \nFort tlu (^ucHne, uniier Hnuldock himnelf ; one afo^inst N i ; \n\nand a thinl apunst Crown Point, on the western sliorc of I \nCham|\xc2\xbbliiin. The hrst was disastHMis in the extreme, an<l the \ntrcK)|i\xc2\xab en;;a^\'iMl in it were saved frt)ni total destnictitm only by \nthe c*\xc2\xbbolne,\xc2\xabw an\xc2\xabl bravery of Washin^\'tou. Thut ainiinst Crown \nPoint was intrustiNl to (ienenil Johnson, ofterwnnls Sir Wil- \nliam Johnson, a memlvr of the Council of New York. \n\n7. In July, 17.\').\'>, aliout six thousand trrxipn frt>m New Enjf- \nland. New York, and New Jersey assembled, under the com- \nmand of General Lyman, of Connect ictit, at the head of l>oat \nnavi^tion on the Hudson, fifty miles north of Allwiny. where \na strong fortification, afterwards known as Fort Edward, was \nerected. General Johnson, immediately on his arriral in Auintst, \n\n\n\nAttack on Fort NconuQir, br the Frnich and Indians, and its eapitalailon \nhr Wii.\xc2\xab.hinjrton. \xe2\x80\x94 Kcncwal of tnmtim with the InM]aou. \xe2\x80\x94 Conrrntion at \nAlbany, and plan of ctjnfe\xc2\xabU>ra(i<\xc2\xabn <>f Dr. Franklin. \xe2\x80\x94 Ercnta of 17M. \xe2\x80\x94 \nGviicral Juhnwn\'t campaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Fort EUwartl. \n\n\n\nOPERATIONS ON LAKE GEORGE. 67 \n\nwith the main body of the troops, marched to the head of \nLake George, where he estabhshed a camp preparatory to an \nattack upon Crown Point, situated on a tongue of land on the \nsouthern shore of Lake Champlain. \n\n8. Baron Dieskau, the French commander, in the mean time, \nwith two thousand men, chiefly Canadians and Indians, was ap- \nproaching from Montreal by way of Lake Champlain ; and, aban- \ndoning his first intention of attacking Fort Edward, marched \ndii\'ectly to the English camp on Lake George. Colonel Wil- \nliams was immediately despatched by Johnson, with a thousand \nMassachusetts troops and two hundred Mohawks, under their \nfamous Sachem Hendricks, to intercept the French. After pro- \nceeding a few miles, however, the l^etachment fell into an am- \nbuscade ; both Williams and Hendricks were slain, and their \ncomrades fell back in good order upon the camp, hotly pur- \nsued by the enemy. \n\n9. Early in September, Dieskau advanced with his forces to \nthe English camp, where, intrenchments having been hastily \nthrown up, he was received with a spirited fire of musketry and \nartillery. The Canadian militia and Indians fled to the shelter \nof the surrounding forests, and the approach of reinforcements \nunder General Lyman from Fort Edward, together with the loss \nof their leader. Baron Dieskau, who was severely wounded, com- \npelled them to withdraw to the fortifications of Crown Point. \nJohnson, after having erected a fort called William Henry on the \nsite of his camp, and streng-thened Fort Edward, dispersed the \nresidue of his troops, and returned in October to Albany. For \nhis services in this campaign the King bestowed upon him the \norder of knighthood, and presented him with a large sum of \nmoney. \n\n10. The expedition of Shirley against Niagara and Frontenac \nwas unsuccessful. The prevalence of heavy storms, sickness in \nthe camp, desertion of the Indians, and other casualties, pre- \nvented any efficient action until the lateness of the season ren- \ndered it advisable to relinquish the enterprise. Leaving a suffi- \n\nCamp on Lake George. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack hy Dieskau. \xe2\x80\x94 Williams and Hendricks \nslain. \xe2\x80\x94 Dieskau\'s attack upon the English camp. \xe2\x80\x94 Its repulse. \xe2\x80\x94 Forts \nEdward and William Henry. \xe2\x80\x94 Johnson\'s promotion. \xe2\x80\x94 Failure of the ex- \npedition against Niagara by Shirley. \n\n\n\n68 FOURTU rrnron. \n\ncicnt garrison at Onrego \\\\iu\\cr Coluiul Mercor, the rsaMundcr \nof tho tnxj|>s wcro rccoiuluctcd to ^Ubuuv, and their commandflT \nrutunied to Ma&iiachiMetts. \n\n11. The aiiniMii;^ni of 1756, planned by a meetmg of \nthe ueveral colonial jj^venuinj at New York in iHrccinWr \npreceding, compriMii an nttmk u|)on Crown Point with ten \nthoiiHand men, Nia^iru with nix thouaund. Fort da (^ueano \nwith thrt*o thoutuind, and (^uobeo and the other French Hettle- \nment.s in C\'tuuida with two thouHtiud. <\\vy waa HU))erMediHl \n\nin hiM command, in tlie nprin^ of 1 75G, by Ix^rd l\xc2\xbbiidoiin. Gov- \neruor of Vir^^inia, with (ienend AU*rcroml\xc2\xbbie aa his lieutenant \n\n12. tjirly in June the hitter arrived with (tenend Wrhh and \naereral rej\'iment* of HntiNh tnM.|.H. (>iiieral Win\xc2\xabl<\xc2\xbbw, of Miu\xc2\xbb- \n\xe2\x96\xa0echue e tts, wmi aanipu\'*! to the e<>niinand i>f the exitinlition \n\xe2\x80\xa2gainNt <\'rown Point, and with a f<*riv of M.*vcn thouHand men \nawaiti^l the arrival of I\xc2\xbbudoun at AlUinv, mhcrc AlK\xc2\xbbrcrom!\xc2\xbbio \nwas engaged in nettling Tcxatiouii (|ueKtionj) of rank l>etween \nthe officerB of tho regular and provincial tnHtjMt, and coiitro- \nveniiea with the citizenn growing out of the hilhting of tho sol- \ndiem u|M\xc2\xbbn them. Ix)udt>iin did not make hiM ap|K>arance until \ntho latter |\xc2\xbbart of July ; and Ufore pre|ianition8 for the com- \nmencement of the cajn|Kiitni could l)c completed, the advance of \ntho 8i\'iU4(>n and the HUcceaseM of tho French liad rendere<l them \nnutn\xc2\xbbt<\xc2\xbbry. \n\nl.\'{. In the mean time an attack was made upon Onwcgo by a \nbody of French troojia under De Lery, who penetmtcd to the \nfort at tho Oneida portage, gained poMeasion of it, and, destroy- \ning ita stores, returned to Montmd with thirty priKonem. I>o \nVilliers, also, with eight hundre<l men, entahliHhed a camp in \nMay near the mouth of Suuly Creek, fnun whenoo he was en- \nabled to 11/ t all supplies and reinforoementa for the town. \nFour of tho ^^4i .Nations \xe2\x80\x94 the (hiondagaa, Oneidas, Cayugas, and \nMohawks \xe2\x80\x94 sent an embassy to Montreal with a deilaration of \nneutrality and a j>etition for protection, which met with a favor- \nahle rcM|)on\xc2\xabo. \n\n14. The Marquin dc Montcalm, the successor of Dicskaa in \n\n\n\nCampalirn of ITSfi. \xe2\x80\x94 Arriral of Ix>rU Loudoun, AbrrrromMc. and Wchb. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 DiUtfirj pro\xc2\xab< \xe2\x80\x94 Abandonment of ihc mtturk npon C\'n\xc2\xbbwn Toint- \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Attack upon Oswego. \xe2\x80\x94 Neutrality of a portion of the Iroquois tribes. \n\n\n\nTHE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 69 \n\nthe command of the French army, after strengthening the \ndefences of Fort Carillon at Ticonderoga, proceeded, early in \nAugust, with three regiments from Quebec and a large force of \nCanadians and Indians, to the attack of Fort Ontario, which was \nin charge of Colonel Mercer, Shirley being in command of the \nprincipal fort, Oswego, on the west bank of the river, nearly op- \nposite. The fort was gallantly defended for several hours by its \ngarrison, when, their ammunition having been expended, they \nspiked their guns and retreated to Fort Oswego. \n\n15. Montcalm immediately occupied the height, and turned \nsuch of the guns of the fort as were still serviceable upon the \nremaining fortress. Colonel Mercer was shot down, and a \nformidable breach made in the walls. On the succeeding day \n(August 14), as Montcalm was making preparations for storming \nthe intrenchments, the garrison, about sixteen hundred in num- \nber, capitulated. One hundred and twenty cannon, six vessels \nof war, three hundred boats, three chests of money, and stores \nof ammunition and provisions, with fourteen hundred prisoners, \nfell into the power of the conquerors as the spoils of victory. \n\n16. After demolishing the forts, Montcalm returned to Canada, \nleaving the entire region of the Six Nations open to the incur- \nsions of the French. A thousand of the regular troops were \nbilleted by Loudoun upon the citizens of New York, notwith- \nstanding the remonstrances of the authorities against this inva- \nsion of their rights and privileges under the common law as \nEnglishmen. Overawed by the threats of Loudoun, a subscrip- \ntion was raised by the magistrates, and the demand reluctantly \ncomplied w^ith. \n\nMontcalm attacks Forts Ontario and Oswego. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of the gar- \nrison. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Mercer. \xe2\x80\x94 Quartering of troops in New York. \n\n\n\n\'0 FOURTn PERIOD, \n\n\n\nCHAPTKU II. \nSiege or Fort Willi vm IIbxht\xe2\x80\x94 CArrcRB or Ticoxde\xc2\xabooa, C\xc2\xabow!\xc2\xab \n\nI\'OIXT, NiAOAMA, KoKT Df (jliiHNt, t^L KBBC, AXD MuXTKftAU \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nGo%\'i:kk\xc2\xab\'K\xc2\xab Colukk axd Muncktox. \n\n1. AfU-T an ineffectiud eflort on the part of Lord Ix)U(loun \nto ciipture LouUlmrg, Montculm, towartU the cltme of \n\n**^"\' Julv, 1757, proceeded, with a fone of alwut seven thou- \nsand whites and two thoiuuuid ne^Tvu\'s, to lay Hicgo to Fort Wil- \nliam Hinn-, then under the comiiuuui of Colonel Monro, with \nthree thousand tro*>|\xc2\xbb. (imeral Webb wan at Fort Wward \nwith ftuir thouMand men ; and with thiu combined force Colonel \nMonro deemed his {wmition impTQgnable. To the demand of \nMontcidm, on the 4th of AupiMt, for Hurrender of the fort, he \nrvtunied a defiant answiT, luid the nu\'^\'e pnnn^?\xc2\xab8e<l. \n\n2. An cxpn*\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab wiu* deMpatchc*! by Monro to Wtbb for rein- \nforcomenta, which wum rej^ated duriuj^ the enHuin^\' \xc2\xbb>\xc2\xbb day*. \nwithout clicitin:: any action on his i\xc2\xabirt other tliau an advice to \ncapitulate, whirh wii\xc2\xab intorcepttMl by the Frciuh and forwanled \nto Monn>. Cndcr tliene diHc\xc2\xab)ura^injf circiunHtanccH, and liaving \nexhauHtoil Iuh iiumuim of defmce, that gallant ofhoer sent a flag \nof truce to Montcalm, with the view of negi>tiating terma of \nBuirendcr. \n\n3. The French commnndfr, after a council with the Indians, \noonaentiHl to allow the 1 li to dc|nirt from the fort with the \nhonors of war, \xe2\x80\x94 delivering up all their prisoners and leaving \nall their military\' store*, with a ple<lge not to serve against the \nFrench for eighteen months, \xe2\x80\x94 and to furnish an eaoort for \ntheir dcfiarture. On the 0th of August this arrangement was \ncarried into effect, \xe2\x80\x94 the French took poa wwi on of the fort, and \nthe Knglish retired to their intrenched camp. \n\n4. The Indians, meanwhile, having procured from the Eng- \nlish the means of intoxication, s{)ent the night in feasting and \nrevelry, and when, on the ensuing morning, the Knglinh were \npreparing for their march to Fort E<lward, conmience<l an in- \n\n8hg\xc2\xab of Fort Willinm TTonrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Treacberx of Webb. \xe2\x80\x94 Ncsotiatioa Ibr \na surrender. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrvodcr of the fort. \n\n\n\nTHE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 71 \n\ndiscriminate attack, plunder, and massacre. In spite of all the \nefforts of Montcalm and the officers under his command, a large \nproportion of the defenceless troops were slain or taken captives, \nand only about six hundred of the whole number succeeded, \nafter encountering the utmost peril, in reaching Fort Edward. \nFour hundred were rescued by Montcalm from the French camp \nand sent under a heavy escort to rejoin their comrades, and an \nofficer was despatched by him to ransom the captives. The fort \nand its appendages were destroyed. \n\n5. The campaign of 1758 commenced under more \nfavorable auspices. William Pitt had succeeded to the \nreins of government in England, arid under his instructions \nLord Loudoun was recalled from the command in America, and \nGeneral Abercrombie appointed in his place. A strong naval \nforce was sent out under Admiral Boscawen, and twelve thou- \nsand additional troops forwarded for the defence of the colonies. \nTo these the latter added nearly thirty-five thousand men, of \nwhich New York furnished about three thousand, so that on the \narrival of Abercrombie he found an effective army of nearly \nfifty thousand men at his disposal. \n\n6. Three several expeditions were speedily organized. Gen- \neral Amherst, with the English troops under the intrepid James \nWolfe, was assigned, in conjunction with the naval armament of \nBoscawen, to the conquest of Louisburg ; General Forbes to that \nof Fort du Quesne and the Ohio Valley ; and to Abercrombie \nhimself, with Lord Howe as his lieutenant, was intrusted the \ncapture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. \n\n7. General Amherst, with a fleet of twenty-two ships of the \nline and fifteen frigates, and ten thousand effective men, disem- \nbarked in front of Louisburg on the 8th of June, and entered \nvigorously upon the siege of that important fortress. It was \nnot, however, until the 26th of July, that its French defenders, \nfinding further opposition futile, surrendered the town and fort, \ntogether with the islands of Cape Breton and St. John (now Prince \nEdward) and their dependencies, leaving the English masters of \nthe entire territory nearly to the mouth of the St. Lawrence. \n\nMassacre of the garrison by the Indians. \xe2\x80\x94 Noble exertions of Montcalm \nfor their rescue. \xe2\x80\x94 Destruction of the fort. \xe2\x80\x94 Campaign of 1758. \xe2\x80\x94 Organi- \nzation of forces, and plan of the campaign. \n\n\n\nI J \n\n\n\n2 FOURTH PERIOD. \n\n\n\n8. Meanwhile AI)ercrombie, with Beven thousand refrnlani, \nnine thouHiiud provincial tnH)|\xc2\xbb8, and a heavy train of artillery, \nwax thiuulerin^ apiiniit the fort i Heat ioni* of Ticondero^fa^ then \nocciipieil hy Miuitoalm with an inferior force. The pUlunt lx)rd \nHowe, on luH march from Lake (teorge, had been attackeil and \nslain hy a Hcoutin^-fiarty of the enemy. Abcrcrombie, on the \n8th of July, wan lieverely repulHetl in an attack ujwu the fort, \nand after a bloody conflict of several hourM* duration was com- \njtelled to retreat to Ijiko (ieorjife, \n\n9. The French fort at Frontenac wa8 then attueketl by (Jen- \ncral Hradxtreot, aide<l by a detachment of three thoiuuuid men \nsent by Alicrcrombie. and a hundnnl and fifty warrion* of the \nSix Nations On t ih of Au^iHt it was 8um\'ndere<l, with \na lar>^ c n of military Kti>rvM for Fort du QtieHiie, and \nnine armed . v HmdMtreet, aft<?r de\xc2\xabtn\xc2\xbbyin^ the fort, re- \nturned to Homo, where he built Fort Stanwix. Al>ercrt)mbie, \nhavin)^ puriitoued Fort (leorge, retunicHl to AlUuiy with his \nremaining\' forces, and waa aoon allorwarda RU{>enicdod in hi.s \ncommand by (joneral AudtcrMt. \n\n10. Fort tlu (^uenne, on the 24th of Not-eml^er, Hurren<leretl \numler an attack of the pmvincial troo|)\xc2\xab, commandcHl by Waah \nin^on, though nominally under the contnd uf (tcneral Forltea. \nIt\xc2\xab name wan change*! to that of Fort I*itt, in honor of the \nirrvni I \':i minister, wIkmo cner^rPtic coumtelH had infiiaod 90 \nmuch Mpint into the athiint of the colonien, and contributed so \nlargely to tlie triumph of ita anns. \n\n11. Alwrrrombio having l\xc2\xbbocn succeeded by Genend \nAmherst, twenty thouMuid pmvinciid troojKi were, etirly \nin the Hprin^\', pUicetl at his diK|ir\xc2\xbbHal, and a Ur^^e limd and naval \nforce of n^ulam \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbont over from Kn>;lan<i. \'\xe2\x80\xa2 lend \\Vt\xc2\xbblfe was \ndirectetl to ancend the St I^wrvnce and attack (^uel>ec ; Am- \nherst himnclf undertook the conquest of Ticondertn.\'a, after \nwhich he was to seize Mt\xc2\xbbntreal and unite his forces with thoae \nof Wolfe U\'forc Quetx\xc2\xabc : and (Jeneral Pridcaux was to capture \nFort Nia;^ira, and pr<K-cHil to Montreal. \n\nAt- V -:pon Fort Tiront? \xe2\x80\x94 TVsth of Lord nn\xc2\xabr4>. \xe2\x80\x94 lUpoUe of \n\nthe 1 . \xe2\x80\x94 Hc(r\xc2\xab>at to I^i.-. .rjjo. \xe2\x80\x94 Af\xc2\xabj\xc2\xbbil mxin For\xc2\xab rr..ni.ni.- )ir \n\nBra<l>tnft. \xe2\x80\x94 KcTnll of AluTrronibic and aj t of Ai , - \n\ntunc of Fort du Qucjtnc \xe2\x80\x94 Amhcnt suooeeds Abcrcn>mbic. \xe2\x80\x94 I : tlM \n\ncampaign. ^ \n\n\n\nTICONDEROGA, CROWN POINT, AND NIAGARA. 73 \n\n12. Ticonderoga was abandoned by the French without a \nstruggle, on the 26th of July. Crown Point surrendered soon \nafterwards, and was occupied by Amherst, who strengthened its \ndefences by the erection of a strong and impregnable fortress. \nPrideaux appeared before Niagara on the 17th of July, and, \nhaving been mortally wounded on the same day by the bursting \nof a gun, was succeeded in command by General Johnson. The \ngarrison, in expectation of reinforcements, held out for three \nweeks. On the 25th, however, after a severe conflict, the fort \nand its dependencies were compelled to surrender, notwithstand- \ning the accession of an additional force of nearly three thousand \nFrench and Indians. \n\n13. General Wolfe, with eight thousand troops, landed, on the \n27th of June, upon Orleans Island, a few miles belov/ Quebec. \nThe town was strongly defended by the French troops, and its \napproaches were held by Montcalm in person at the head of the \nmain army. After several ineffectual efforts to gain possession \nof the city, it was determined, at a council of war, to attempt the \nHeights of Abraham, a level plateau, three hundred feet above \nthe water, in the upper part of the town. \xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n14. At sunrise on the morning of the 13th of September the \nwhole English army stood in battle array upon the plains in \nfront of the heights, and being immediately confronted by the \nFrench, a general and fierce battle ensued. Wolfe, severely \nwounded, led the van, and at the head of his men received \nanother bullet in his breast, which compelled his removal to \nthe rear. Monckton, who succeeded him in command, was also \nmortally wounded, and replaced by Townshend. Montcalm also \nfell, and the order for retreat was given by the French. Amid \nthe shouts of victory, and the acclamations of the conquerors, \nWolfe\'s gallant spirit passed away at about the same time with \nthat of his heroic but defeated opponent. On the 18th the city \nwas formally surrendered to the English. :^ \n\n15. Montcalm\'s successor, Levi, made an ineffectual \n\n1 7fiO \n\neffort, in the spring of the succeeding year, to recapture \nQuebec ; and on its failure the French forces under Vaudreuil \n\n\n\nCapture of Ticonderoira, Crown Point, and Niagara. \xe2\x80\x94 Siege of Quebec. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Death of Wolfe and Montcalm. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of the city. \n\n\n\n74 FOURTH PFJiWD, \n\nwere concentniteU for the dcfcucc of .\\f out real tjirly m >t\'j>- \ntemlwr, Amherst arrivoil U-fore the city ut the hcjid of ten \nUiousaml tRK.j\xc2\xbbs ; Jolmstui followetl with u thousaiul Indian \nwarrit>rH, Murray with four thoutuuid trooiju from Quebec, ami \nColonel Huvihuul with three thi\xc2\xbbu\xc2\xabuul from Crowu I\'oint \n\nIG. Vautlrvuil, cunHcioua t\xc2\xbbf his inahility to roKist this for- \nroidahle force, on the 8th of SiptemU\'r, si^ied a aipitulation \nsurremlering Montrvul tuiJ all other French |)otit8 in Cauada. \nIt waa not, however, until ITG.\'J \xe2\x80\x94 the internal having been \nB|H.\'nt in luival warfare, where the Kn^litth were almiwit uni- \nformly Hucccuhful \xe2\x80\x94 tliut a definitive treaty of i>eaoe ln\'tween \nthe two nationii wa\xc2\xab conclude*!, l\xc2\xbby which France cethtl to Eng- \nland all her Ameriaui iHMMeHMionH. \n\n17. On the morninir of the 30th of Julv, 17C0, Lieutcn- \n\xe2\x96\xa0 ant-(Joven\xc2\xbbor Ik* Ijincey wau found dead in his study, fr \n\nthe efTtvts of a chronic "T- \'\xe2\x80\xa2. nntl the yovenmient devol . \n\nupon the venemhlo C\'adm.. ....-.\xc2\xab i (\'\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbltlen, now seventy three yc.n^ \n\nof ai^e. (Jovenior (olden luul long l\xc2\xbbeen intimately familiar \nwith puhlic atVuirii, and jx.KHeK\xc2\xabe*l MU|jerior litemr}- and adminis- \ntrative ahilitieK. He entered ujon his new duties, however, at a \nmost critical |>erio<l in the histor)\' of the province and of the \nnation, and found himself utterly incn|ial>le of resisting the pro- \ngress of events tending nipidly to the dissolution of tlu- rxisting \nform of govennnent. \n\n18. His admini\'-\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb~\'\'\'"n was temjM\xc2\xbbrarily int^-miptod \n\n*\'^*\' in (K\'tolter of the 1 i\xc2\xbbg year l\xc2\xbby the arrival of a c*)m- \n\nmisaion for Genenil Holiert Monekton, then commanding a mili- \ntary force on Staten IhUuuI. His public announcement on the \nassumption of his duties, that ho had no instructions, and ho|>ed \nnever to have any, was highly acceptable to the iK-<.ple. Iho \nnew AssiMubly gave him a wann n^rption.and the usual honors \nwere conferre<l u|\xc2\xbbon him. \n\n19. His adniiniHtmtion opened under th\xc2\xbb m-t favorublo \nauspices, had he only the ability and the diM - fion to profit \nby them. The Kurdish Govenmufit had \xe2\x80\xa2 i to the colo- \n\nuies many of the rights so long and pert usly withheld, liad \n\nCspturv of Montreal. \xe2\x80\x94 Naval warfare. \xe2\x80\x94 Trcair of peace. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of \nC r I)c Lancty. \xe2\x80\x94 AiliniuiAiralion of Cadwalladcr Cokko and Mobcrt \n\n\n\nTHE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, 75 \n\nabandoned its demands for a permanent revenue, and had left \nthem in most respects, financial and otherwise, to their own \nguidance. Occasional aggressions on their rights were still in- \nflicted and impatiently endured ; and judicious legislation and \nprudent administration alone were requisite to have insured \npermanent peace and continued union. \n\n20. The independence of the Judiciary was, soon after his ac- \ncession, threatened by the appointment of Pratt, a law^yer of Bos- \nton, as the successor of Chief- Justice De Lancey, to hold his office \n" at the King\'s pleasure," instead of as formerly " during good \nbehavior." The Assembly regarded this innovation as inconsist- \nent with the rights and liberties of the province. Monckton \nhimself disapproved of it, and even Golden advised against it ; \nand Pratt, while accepting the office, was forced to concede and \nkeenly to feel the repugnance of the people to the proposed \ntenure. The Presbyterians and Congregationalists were also \njealous of the favor shown by the officers of the Crown to Epis- \ncopacy, especially in the government of the college, which was \nplaced under Episcopal direction. \n\n21. The Assembly having refused to provide for the \nsalary of the Chief- Justice, unless he should receive an \nindependent commission, the Board of Trade advised that the \nincome for the royal quit-rents should be applied to this object. \nThis course was accordingly adopted, and the Judiciary were \nsubjected to the power and influence of the Crown, who named \nthe judges, removed them at pleasure, fixed their salaries and \npaid them from funds beyond the control of the colonial legis^ \nlature. \n\nThe independence of the Judiciary assailed. \n\n\n\n\n.. \xe2\x80\xa2 11 \n\n\n\nwr* al Nc \' \n\n\n\nFirni n iMoi). \n\n\n\n77/ A\' UKVULUTWyMiY WMi. \n\n\n\nThb St a Mr Act. \xe2\x80\x94 Fim\xc2\xabT Coi.. \nSir IlKikMT M\' \n\n\n\nCHArTKIi I. \n\n\n\n: i I \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 !. 1 \n\n\n\n^\'"m or LiBeRTT. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n\n\n1. \n1763. \n\n\n\nThe n-l i\' - uMh, tiur.: . i itrjiKi ot ujiwani.s \xc2\xabj| u ecu- \ntun*, iiuci cxi^tcti lictwciru the AmericAii coIouicM \' \nthe KnjLrhMh (ioveniinent, luid lx?cn jjenenilly of a peace- \nful nntiire. With the < * i of occoMidiml renumRtmnces \non the jMirt of the repn ^cniativo AsscnihlieH of tlie pmvinces \nnpiitmt varions enartmcntj* of ParHament, am! re^nihitioii of the \nlJ<\xc2\xbbanlH of Tnuk*, aflci-tin;; injurioiiHly the manufjwtiircs, r \xe2\x80\x94 \ninercf, and navipition of the colonien, an nnintemipte\xc2\xabi sjn.; \nof loyalty prevailed anion^ them, and voluntan* eontrihuti- 7i"< \nof men and money were cheerfully and promptly fuminiuU \n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\nRelation between the culonic* and the \n\n\n\ngOTOnUDCOL \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 77 \n\nwhenever the miHtary exigencies of the parent government ren- \ndered such aid necessary or desirable. \n\n2. The imposition ujDon them of forms of government and \nexecutive officers not of their own choice, or without in any \nmanner consulting their wishes or inclinations ; the vexatious \nrestrictions upon their domestic and foreign trade by the pro- \nhibition, except under high duties and onerous regulations, of \nthe importation and exportation of articles necessary to their \nprosperity and welfare ; and various arbitrary and tyrannical en- \nactments, affecting their civil, religious, and social rights and \nprivileges, had hitherto failed sensibly to weaken their regard \nfor the institutions and their attachment to the government \nwith which they had so long been familiar. But the time had \n\ni finally arrived when j)atience and unquestioning submission to \nthe increasing exaction of arbitrary power had ceased to be vir- \n\nj tues. Their experience in self-government, and the gradual \ngrowth among them of a representative democracy, had pre- \npared them for the firm and manly assertion of their rights, \nand tauQ\'ht them the value of freedom. \n\n3. Their prompt and lavish expenditure of blood and treasure \nduring the war just closed had materially contributed to pro- \nduce for the mother country a vast and valuable accession to \nher territory in America, and to expel from her possessions the \nenemy who had apparently obtained so firm a footing. Thirty \nthousand of the bravest soldiers of the colonies, and a debt of \nthirteen millions of pounds, had been the price ungrudgingly \npaid for the conquests which had added such signal lustre to \nthe Crown of Great Britain. The arrogant and insatiable de- \nmands of a tyrannical government, however, required addi- \ntional sacrifices, and nothing less than the abject concession of \nunlimited powers over their persons and property would satisfy \nthe haughty ambition of the English aristocracy. \n\n4. Notwithstanding the repeated and persistent refusal \nof the provincial Assemblies to recognize the right of the \nEnglish Parliament to imjDose taxes upon them without their \nown consent, Lord Grenville, then at the head of the British \nMinistry, submitted, in 1764, a proposition for the raising of \n\nRestrictions upon commerce and navigation. \xe2\x80\x94 Sacrifices of the colonies, \nand demands of the government. \n\n\n\n78 FIFTH PFRion. \n\nn pcrmnncnt revenue upon the coioaiea, by the cstnhliKhmrnt \nof Htauip tiutie\xc2\xab, ami taxation of various articK-H i\xc2\xbbf ft\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xabi;;n j\'l \xe2\x80\xa2 \nducc. Diirinj^ the Ri\'Siiions of tiiat and the Huccce<lin^ veur va \nriouB enactniont\xc2\xab were nmdc in conft\xc2\xbbrniitv with theiio 8iijlo;i\'\xc2\xbb- \ntionii; and in c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnten)j>tU(>UHdi8re\xc2\xab^ni of thceumeMt renu>nHtraii< <\xe2\x96\xa0 \nof the e\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbI\xc2\xabmic\'H, the cflel\xc2\xbbnitod Stamp Act wau jMuwod o\\\\ \n*"" the 22d of March, ITO.\'i, to take effect on the first .1 \nNoveniU\'r submxnu\'ntly. \n\n5. By the provittious of this act all legal and in ^ \' \' I\' \ndocuinentM and ct>ntmctii, newMiNi{M*r% pMnphletA, all \n\nwen? retpiired to I* written or printo<l on iitam|Kil iJ-ij-tr, u{H<n \nwhich a thity wtui to lie im|\xc2\xbbo<\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabl inyahle to othcon* a)\xc2\xbb|M*ii)tod hy \nthe C\'n>wn. Itn pnMu*\' -n creatcni a jroneral ftfhiig of indig- \nnation thnnighout the coitjiue*, \xc2\xabcooni|\xc2\xabttnie<i hy a di>t^>nnination, \nat all hazaniis to reniKt or ermlo it* enfon-onienu In New York \nthe ohnoxiouM act wan puhhcly }ianui(*<l through tlie 8trvot\xc2\xab of \nthe city, with a dentli\'M hetul athxeil, liearing the Hipiifictuit in- \nHcription, ** The Folly of Kngland, and the Huin of America.** \nSimilar demonHtrationii were mode in llodton, rhiladelphia, and \nother printM|iid citiet and townii. \n\n6. (hi the 7th of OctoU-r the FiRST CnUj.NiAL C\'oxoRERS, con- \nsisting of twenty-eight delegat<\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab from nine colonies, amemhled \nat New York, and n \xe2\x80\xa2 ^1 in nofwion for two weckH. The IkxIv \nwas presided over !\xe2\x80\xa2> i luiothy Uugirh^ of MaiMitrhuMettH, and \nof^er mature con\xc2\xabi<leration adopto*! a I>cclamtion of Highta, \ndrawn up by John Ouger of New York ; a calm and tem|>er- \nnte, but firm and decide*!, stntcment of grievances in the form \nof a Memorial to Parliament, jm^jiare*! by Holicrt XL Livingston, \nalso of New York; and a Petition to the King, by James Otis \nof Mastmchusetta.. \n\n7. Theiie documents asserted the inalienable right of the in- \nhabitants of the several cidonies to all the privilege\'s of free- bom \nKnglishmen ; the protection of life, lilwrty, pn\xc2\xbb|\xc2\xbberty, and per- \nson ; exemption fri\xc2\xbbm all taxes, restrictions, and im|w\xc2\xbbsts not \nx\'oluntarily ft\xc2\xabiume\xc2\xabl by themsohes or assented to by their n\xc2\xbbp- \nrcscntativca freely chosen ; and denounced in glowing terms the \n\npMMce of iIm? Stamp Act, \xe2\x80\x94 It\xc2\xab ircrption in the colonics. \xe2\x80\x94 Pror. \nlit New York. \xe2\x80\x94 rnir\xc2\xbbT<lin{:\xc2\xab of the fimt Coloninl (\'oiiirrp*\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Iw n \nlion and offloerk \xe2\x80\x94 Declaration of Kight\xc2\xab and Meoiorisl to Parliament \n\n\n\nTHE STAMP ACT. 79 \n\ncontinued and systematic invasion of these rights and privileges, \nunder pretence of law, by a body in which they were wholly \nunrepresented. Protesting their unimpaired confidence in the \nwisdom and justice of Parliament, and their earnest desire for a \ncontinuance of the friendly relations hitherto existing between \nthe two countries, they respectfully demanded the repeal of the \nobnoxious acts complained of, and the discontinuance in future \nof all similar arbitrary legislation. \n\n8. On the 1st of November, the day on which the Stamp \nAct was to go into effect, the shops, stores, and public offices \nof the city were closed ; the flags of the vessels in the port \nw^ere floating at half-mast ; the bells of the several churches \nwere tolled, and numerous other manifestations of the public \ndiscontent and sorrow were displayed. All business was sus- \npended, the courts were closed, and the city was clothed in \nmourning. Meanwhile the obnoxious stamps had reached the \ncity, and been deposited in the fort for safe-keeping by the \ndirection of Governor Golden, who had recently succeeded \nMonckton in the administration of the province. \n\n9. McEvers, the agent appointed by the Grown for the distri- \nbution and sale of the stamps, intimidated by the manifesta- \ntions of the popular feeling on every hand, had resigned his com- \nmission ; the association of the " Sons of Liberty," headed by \nIsaac Sears, John Lamb, Alexander McDougall, Francis Lewis, \nMarinus Willett, and other patriotic leaders, had been revived, \nand an engagement entered into by the merchants generally to \ncease all importation of goods from Great Britain while the act \nremained in force. Handbills were circulated throughout the \ncity, warning all people against the purchase or use of stamps at \ntheir peril. \n\n10. In the evening two organized companies, under the lead \nof the Sons of Liberty, paraded the streets, one of which pro- \nceeded to the Gommons, the site of the present Gity Hall, \nwhere they suspended an effigy of the Governor with the \nstamped paper in his hands, and other contemptuous devices ; \nwhile the other proceeded to the fort with another effigy of the \nobnoxious Governor, broke open the stable of his residence, and \n\n\n\nArrival of the stamps. \xe2\x80\x94 The 1st of November. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the \nSons of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Demonstration of the Sons of Liberty. \n\n\n\n80 FIFTH PFRIOD, \n\ntaking from it his carria^ nnd, placing: in it the effigy, returned \nin triumph to tlicir asj>ocijites ou the Common*, from whence, \nco!i8ohduting their rauka, thev t^>ok up their march in Htriot \nonlcr and unhroken bilence to the fort. \n\n11. Here they found the tnH>|i\xc2\xbbi, under the command of (ien- \neral (iuge, drawn up on the nuu{iurt for their nnreption, and tho \nmuzzlcH of the cuiuion uinieil directly iit Uieir nuikii. The Brit- \nish r\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnuuundfr, however, pru<Ji ntlv rcuerveil his fire ; uml the \npn.\xc2\xbbcf.H.sion, Iteing denietl luhn. .a to the fort, re|\xc2\xbbaire*l to tho \nlUiwhn;; ttreen, tore down the wooden {uUiKades, and contente*! \ntlu-niMclveH with huniing tlto carriage with its ethg}* und other \naccxini|>animents. Some of tlieir more violent niMi\xc2\xbbciates, dis- \nrvgunling the remonstrancoH of their commdes, procei^ltMl to tho \nri\'Hidcncv of Major Jiuuen, a liritish ofhccr, w h\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb had rendered him- \nhvlf ohnoxious to the |>opulace, broke o|>cn and rifled the houiM.\\ \nami l\xc2\xbbun\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab d tlio funutun- rarr\\ini\' nff the n\xc2\xbbval standard in \ntrmniph. \n\n\\\'l. Tho next evening tho i . ni 1. i it li.. Com- \n\nnumH with the intention of i _ \xc2\xbbltack u|Km tho fort \n\nand gaining iH.s-rs^i.\xc2\xbbii of the Htam)Htl |Mt|\xc2\xbber. CJovenior I\'ohlen, \nhowever, am. , - i their action on this fK-rnxion hy sendini: a \ncommunication to the city authorities, \xc2\xabi ug his ii a \n\nnot to issue any <\xc2\xbbf the istani|m while he renuiine*! in office. Not \ncontent with this assurance, another demon\xc2\xbbtration was inwlo \non tho ensuini; evcnitvL\'. and tho (Jovonior. hnvin^\' f.\\WA in his \nefforts to pbice the - , -^ under i , . .cred \n\nthem up in fhip fonn to the Mayor and Corjioration, uking from \nthem a I . f\xc2\xab.r their wife keeping. This procee\xc2\xabhng quieUni \nthe fM.pular leaders for the time, and rwitored order to the city. \n\nl.i. In the niejin time, the Committee of C\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrres|M.ndence, ap- \npointinl by tho t -. thn\xc2\xbbugh their Chairman, John I^amli, \n\nImd addn-H\xc2\xabe<l circular letters to the menhants of the sister- \ncities of the c<.l<\xc2\xbbnieH, inviting their c<>oj>eration in the non-in- \nterc<\xc2\xbbur!*e jKilicy, which wa-s promptly accede<l to by all. They \nhad also dnifte<l articles for a general union and confe<lcration \nof the colonies in resistance to the arbitnirv measures of tli- \n\n\n\nAitJM\'k on lh< fort. \xe2\x80\x94 Hiotouu pn* -. \xe2\x80\x94 Gorcmor \' \n\nup \' o. \xe2\x80\x94 General non-intcrcuuiM: o^^TocinenL \xe2\x80\x94 Arucici ut cuuicU- \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 81 \n\nCrown, and providing for the assembling of a general Congress \nin the event of persistence in these measures. These articles \nwere also unanimously approved and adopted. \n\n14. A new supply of stamps soon after arrived in the prov- \nince, with the new Governor, Sir Henry Moore, and Peter De \nLancey, Jr., who had been appointed stamp distributor in the \nplace of McEvers. The Governor having peremptorily declined \nany interference with the obnoxious stamps, they were depos- \nited with the others in the City Hall, and De Lancey advised \nby a committee of the Sons of Liberty to follow the prudent \nexample of his predecessor, with which he was fain publicly to \ncomply. A similar course was pursued towards a I^Iaryland \nofficial who had sought the protection of Governor Golden, and \ntaken shelter on Long Island. \n\n15. The new Governor met with a favorable reception from \nthe citizens and the public authorities, who were highly pleased \nwith his liberal views and ready concessions to the popular \nsentiment. The Assembly which convened on his arrival con- \nfirmed the proceedings of their delegates in the Colonial Congress, \nand adopted resolutions in favor of the policy inaugurated by \nthat body. About the same time, Captain Christian Jacobsen, \nof the ship Hope, arrived from Holland, having refused to bring \nover additional stamps. \n\n1 6. The Sons of Liberty, on information that stamps designed \nfor Connecticut were concealed on board the vessel bringing \nover the Governor, instituted a vigilant search ; but finding that \nthey had been transferred to another vessel, repaired on board \nand took ten packages from the hold, which they conveyed to the \nship-yards and burnt. They also resorted to the most vigorous \nmeasures for the repression of all sales of stamped paper within \nthe province. \n\n17. So odious had the act become in all the colonies, \nand so determined and effective was the opposition to \n\nits enforcement, that its repeal was procured on the 20th of \nFebruary of the ensuing year, at the instance of the Marquis of \n\nAi-rival of Sir Henry Moore as Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 New supply of stamps. \xe2\x80\x94 \nProceedings of the Sons of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Reception of the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Pro- \nceedings of the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Vigilance of the Sons of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Repeal of \nthe Stamp Act. \n\n6 \n\n\n\ng2 HFIII I\'FMini). \n\nKockiii;;iiam, ftr. - -inie<l, however, by a doclAratonr act affirm \niijg the right \xc2\xab\xc2\xbb1 i uiiiuiueut to tiix the colouiw* for auy puri-- \nwhat.sf>over. It\xc2\xab re|K\xc2\xbbal wiu\xc2\xbb haile<l in the city with occluiuui. .i.- \nof tioiight, and received with the utiuoet tuitiafuctiou by all tht \ncoK\xc2\xbbuieH. \n\n18. IWlli* were ruujf, cannon fired, bonfires kindled, a public \ndinner ^iven by the civic uuthoritieA, and the city illiuniimted \nin honor of the event. On the 4th of June following:, the jia- \ntriotM n;,niin tuwenibliHl on the Commons in honor of the Kind\'s \nbirthduv. and, aAer the most enthusiastic manifcHtutions of \nloyiilty, raised, near where the present City HiUI stnnds, a \nI.iiiKRTY I\'nu; OD which wcro inscrilHxl the words, "The Kin^, \nI\'iit. and Lilvrtv." In def\xc2\xab i>\' - \'-f this standanl, tlir first bliHHl \nof the iCevolutioD was 8t\xc2\xbb"n . d tn 1k\' Khtnl. \n\n\n\nCHAPTKU II. \nTax oh Tba. \xe2\x80\x94 Tiic T.inEiiTT Potr. \xe2\x80\x94 S)!\xc2\xabs or I.ininTT. \xe2\x80\x94 Gov \n\n|.K!<OR C\'0LDL!(. \xe2\x80\x94 JoilM I.AMB ASU AlCXAXDBB McDoCOALL. \n\n1. DrRiNO the month \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbf Juno a slmrp contnivcrsy was nmin- \n\ntained lietwecn the (tovemor and the Asscmblv in rcf \nerencc to the supplies rw]uircd to l*e furnished by the citi \nfens of New York to the troo|js under the comrnnir? of (Irticnd \n(f\xc2\xab^, stationcil in the city, nominally for its j ; \\\\. The \n\nspirit of op|K\xc2\xbbsition mnnifi-stiil by th\xc2\xab\' Ansi-mbly to the donmnds \nof the (Jovi\'mor wos vip\xc2\xbbrously socon<h\'d by the people, and \nfretjuent colliMons fn>m time to time occurred l>etw**on the occu- \n]iiuits of the Imrrnoks on the Commons and the more violent \nof the imtriotic leaders. \n\n2. On the ni^\'ht of the l(\xc2\xbbth of Auto\xc2\xbbHt a party of w.Miers \nfn\xc2\xbbm the l\xc2\xbbarraoks cut d^w-n the LiU^rtv Pole erect^vl on the \nCommons, and on the si. .m^ day . .\xc2\xab"<l and d da \n\nparty of the citizens wlm had assembled to replace it, seriously \n\n- \n\n\\\\. * in the coloniwi. \xe2\x80\x94 1\' - crlcbmtionn. \xe2\x80\x94 Bir> T \xe2\x80\xa2 -r \n\nT\'..\'.-. \xe2\x80\x94 utntrorenics between I \xe2\x80\x94 \' \' \xc2\xab \xc2\xab- \xe2\x80\x94 iuc i*iw\xc2\xbbijr \n\nI\'uiC cut down. \xe2\x80\x94 DItturbsncei i : - \xc2\xab\xc2\xabni. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 83 \n\nwounding several of their number, among whom were Isaac \nSears and John Berrien, prominent members of the Sons of \nLiberty. Although this violent proceeding of the soldiers was \njustified by their officers, the patriots were allowed to replace \nthe pole a few days afterwards, without further molestation at \nthat time. \n\n3. On the 23d of September, however, the pole was again cut \ndown, and again replaced on the next day by the inhabitants. \nThis persistent determination of the citizens induced the Gover- \nnor to prohibit all future attempts of the like nature on the \npart of the soldiery, and the most stringent measures were \nadopted by both the civil and military authorities to prevent \ntheir repetition. \n\n4. The refusal of the Assembly to comply with the requisi- \ntions of the Governor for the provision of supplies for the mil- \nitary brought down upon them a severe censure from the \nCrown ; and a spirited reply on their part was followed by a \ntemporary prorogation. Rumors, however, of warlike prepara- \ntion in England, and the menaces and persuasions of the Gover- \nnor, induced them finally to consent to an additional appropria- \ntion, which, while it inciuTcd the strong disapprobation of the \npatriotic party, failed to conciliate the Government. The legis- \nlative powers of the Assembly were suspended by Parliament, \nand instructions forwarded to the Governor prohibiting his \nassent to any act passed by them until a full compliance with \nthe demands of the Crown should be obtained. \n\n5. That body, however, disregarding the injunctions ^^^^ \nof the English Government, and supported by the gen- \neral approval of the popular voice in their own and the neigh- \nboring colonies, continued their sessions as usual, and adopted \nstrong resolutions declaring the arbitrary proceedings of Parlia- \nment suspending their legislative functions unconstitutional and \nvoid. Meanwhile Parliament, on the motion of Charles Towns- \nhend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, had unanimously passed \n\n^a bill, early in 1767, imposing duties on all tea, glass, paper, \npainters\' colors, and lead imported into the colonies. \n\nProceedings of the authorities. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Sus- \npension of legislative powers. \xe2\x80\x94 Resistance of the Assembly. \xe2\x80\x94 Tax on \ntea, &c. \n\n\n\n84 FIFTH PERIOD, \n\n6. This fresh invrusion of their n^\'iiu and privil<^::rs cn^iit.-.l a \nrenewed excitement in all the colonies. ComnittteeJi of e\xc2\xab"\' \nspondeuco were e8tahlihhe<i thron^hont the provinccH by the en \nergetic and vijrilant Sons of Lilxjrty in New York, and the iner- \nohants of that city a;,\':iin aK>\xc2\xaben)Med and iinanimouMly rt*newed \nthe non-inii)ort\xc2\xabtion !i;:reenient, pleil-^^in^\' theniaolveii to its strict \nobservance during the continuance of the obnoxious duties. \n\n7. On the 18th of March, prt\xc2\xbbvif>u\xc2\xab to the arrival of intelli- \ngence of the procoedinps of IWlianient, the annivenuir}* of the \nref>eal of the Stninp Act wna cclebrate<l by the citizens with \nthe utmost enthusiasm. On the succeedinj? ni^ht, however, X\\\\o \nLilierty Pole on tho ( \'<tmmons was a^iiu levelle<I to the ^rmund \nby the soldiery. Another and a more sulistuntial one, Bccure<i by- \niron Inuds, was on the next day sot up in its place by the Sons \nof LilMjrty. Several incfTectual efftirts mere matle for it\xc2\xab de- \nstrtiction, all of which wore countemcte*! by the vi^ihuico of \nits patriotic defendera. The (\xc2\xbbrtieer8 of the pirrison finally in- \nterfered, and prevented the further continuance of these demon- \nstrations. \n\n8. The Assembly having lie\xc2\xabn formally diseolrcd by \nthe (iovemor in Febnuiry, 1 708, a new election was or- \n\ndenxl, resulting in the retuni <\xc2\xbbf representatives little less dia- \n|K>*\xc2\xabc\xc2\xabl to compliance with the demands of the ^rovemment than \ntheir prc<lcc<\xc2\xbbRs\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbni, On their meeting in October, in utter dis- \nregartl of the n>yal injunction, they o|)ened a correspondeni\xc2\xab- \nwith the Massachusetts Assof"*\'*^ warmly sympathizing with \ntheir misfortunes; antl after v :...^\' a lil\xc2\xbbenil appropriation f<ir \nsupplies to the tmops rpiartere<l in the city, coupled with a \naeries of resolutions strongly doolaratory of their righta, and \ndenouncing their rrTtrativl infringement l.v T*?urliament, were \ndissolveil. \n\n9. On the 4th of Afiril, 1700, another new Assembly \nwas convennl. ancl after renewing, at the earnest solici- \ntation of the Oovenior, the appropriation for military sup- \nj.he.s to the garrison, was prorogutnl. The Governor continued \nto exert his influence to the extent of his power for the repre*- \n\n\n\nIncliirnailnn of the rr\xc2\xbblonio\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Pnw . . of the Soiii of fJbrrtr. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\ny i of n\xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2 ;. \xe2\x80\x94 Hitjctrrd H!nrt\xc2\xab for the dwtru^ \n\niioii ui UteLiUiij t<. \xe2\x80\x94 i iv^A:\xc2\xab.-Miu^ of like new Asmnblj. \n\n\n\nPOPULAR EXCITEMENT IN NEW YORK. 85 \n\nsion of all disloyal manifestations on the part of the inhabi- \ntants of the province and city ; but his well-meant efforts at \nconciliation were suddenly ended by his death, which took place \non the 11th of September, devolving the government again \nupon Cadwallader Golden. \n\n10. The Assembly was again convened on the 21st of Novem- \nber; and through a coalition between the Governor and his \nformer inveterate opponent, De Lancey, an additional appro- \npriation of money for supplies was obtained. Inflammatory \nhandbills were immediately circulated by the leaders of the \npopular party, openly charging the Assembly with a betrayal \nof the trust reposed in them by their constituents ; and a large \nassemblage of citizens gathered on the Commons on the 18th \nof December, presided over by John Lamb, denounced the pro- \nceedings of the Assembly, and so far alarmed the members of \nthat body and the Governor, that it was found necessary at \nthe close of the session to force through, by a close vote, a \nbill for the issue of colonial bills* of credit to the amount of \none hundred and twenty thousand pounds, the interest to \nbe applied to the support of the colonial government, which, \nearly in January, 1770, received the prompt approval of the \nGovernor. \n\n11. In the mean time the Assembly, by a nearly \n\n1770. \nunanimous vote, denounced the handbills as libellous, \n\nand offered a reward of one hundred and fifty pounds for the \ndiscovery of their authors. Lamb was arrested and brought be- \nfore the House, where he boldly avowed the part he had taken \nin the proceedings of the public meeting, and justified it as the \nexercise of a right which, in common with every Englishman, \nhe possessed. His associates among the Sons of Liberty fear- \nlessly seconded his appeal, and avowed their approval of, and \nparticipation in, his acts, and their readiness to meet the con- \nsequences. This spirited behavior procured their discharge. \nAlexander McDougall, to whom the authorship of the handbills \n\nDeath of Governor Moore. \xe2\x80\x94 Golden resumes the government. \xe2\x80\x94 Coali- \ntion with De Lancey. \xe2\x80\x94 Vote of supplies to the troops. \xe2\x80\x94 Indignation of \nthe people. \xe2\x80\x94 Inflammatory handbills. \xe2\x80\x94 Public meeting. \xe2\x80\x94 Passage of bill \nfor issue of colonial bills of credit. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrest of Lamb. \xe2\x80\x94 Imprisonment of \nMcDougall. \n\n\n\n86 FIFTH I\'FnrOD. \n\nwas traced, was arrested and imprisoned, when, for nearly two \nmontliM, he wruj dailv visitt\'d bv cruwda t\xc2\xbbf hiit frieuds of l)oth \nBexes, who repirded him as a martyr to the aiusc of hlx-rty, \nand wlicre he remained untU, on indictment by the grand jury, \nhe was admitted to buil in the ensuing April \n\n\n\nCHATTKU III \n\nnArri.K or Golokx Hill. \xe2\x80\x94 Dbmoutioji or the LineuTT Poi.t. \xe2\x80\x94 \nNox-Imi-ohtatiom Aumckmext. \xe2\x80\x94 I^>iti> DiMtMoas. \xe2\x80\x94 Bills or Ckbd- \nIT. \xe2\x80\x94 McDoi\'OALL AJio Gkokob Clixtox. \n\n1. On the evening of the 13th of January a renewed attack \n\nwaa made uiM>n the I.iliertv Pule bv a party of tk>ldier8 \nl>i>lon^n^ to the pirrihon. Indi^aiant at their failure to \nnccom|ili.Hh ita overt hn>w U>fore an alarm wan given, and smart- \ning under the hii\xc2\xab*eji and ji-en* of the citueuK L-nthered in fnmt \nof Montainiie\'s taveni, the heiuU|uarterM of ih - us of Lilierty \nin the immetluito vicinity of the Commona, they commenced a \nfurious attack u|Mm the crowtl, driving them into the house with \ntheir Itayonets, and, sword in hand, procee<lcd to demolish tht> \nwimlows atif! ftjniiturc of the building, after which they n\'tinnl. \n\n2. An \'Ual nttomiit was made on the evening of (he \n1 \'>th to cffvct the dcii. u of the fxtpular \xe2\x96\xa0tandard, but nirwu \nwithout suroeHs, The next evening, however, they acconi] i \ntheir object, levellin;; the pole to the gnuind, sawing it int<> \n]>u-roM, and piling them triumphantly in front of the hotel. The \npeople were arouJHxl bv th\xc2\xab^ discovers* of this outrage, and a pul>- \nlic meeting of the c; was hastily convened at the Com \nmons on the montin^ of the 17th. \n\n3. Several thousands of the inhabitants of the city promptly \nreeponde<l to this call, and at noon the Commona were thronged \nby an excited multitude, while a party of seamen scounnl the \ndocks, piers, and warehouHes, where the soldiers were employeti \nas lalx>rcra, and com])eUed them to al\xc2\xbbandoD their occu]iation \n\nBiotons pTDT of the \xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 TVmoHtion of th\xc2\xab Liberty Pole. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nExciteuw&t of toe pssjpkt. \xe2\x80\x94 i uuuc meeting of the riiixen*. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 87 \n\nand return to their quarters. Resolutions were passed censur- \ning in the strongest terms the riotous conduct of the soldiery, \ndenouncing their presence in the city as unnecessary and dan- \ngerous, and discountenancing their employment by the citizens \nwhen off duty as detrimental to the interests of the laboring \nclass. All soldiers appeariug armed in the streets, or found out \nof their barracks after roll-call, were directed to be dealt with \nas enemies of the city. \n\n4. On the ensuing day (January 18) two soldiers were ar- \nrested by Isaac Sears and another of the Sons of Liberty in the \nact of posting an inflammatory handbill prepared by their com- \nrades, and conducted to the Mayor\'s office, where they were \nimmediately followed by a party of twenty soldiers armed with \ncutlasses and bayonets, who demanded the immediate release of \nthe prisoners. This demand was promptly resisted by Captain \nRichardson and other citizens, who defended the entrance and \nordered the return of the soldiers to their barracks. \n\n5. The crowd collected in front of the Mayor\'s office had, in \nthe mean time, provided themselves with stakes from the carts \nand sleighs in the vicinity, and seemed not indisposed to meas- \nure their strength with their armed opponents in the impending \ncontest. In apparent obedience to the orders of the Mayor the \nsoldiers retired, closely followed by the citizens, as far as the \nsummit of Golden Hill, as John Street was then called, between \nWilliam and Cliff Streets. Here they were joined by a rein- \nforcement from the upper barracks on the Commons, headed by \nan officer in disguise. He immediately ordered a charge upon \nthe people, who, with the exception of a few in possession of \nclubs, were entirely unarmed. They succeeded, however, by \ntheir numbers^ in steadily resisting the furious attack of the \nsoldiers, and impeding their apparent return down the hill to \nthe Mayor\'s office, until they were hemmed in by another body \nof soldiers from the upper barracks, while a third approached to \nthe relief of their comrades from the fort. \n\n6. The three parties, consolidating their forces by the junc- \ntion of a portion of the assailants who had forced their way \n\nResolutions adopted. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrest of soldiers by the Sons of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Pro- \nceedings at the Mayor\'s office. \xe2\x80\x94 Attempt at recapture of the prisoners by \ntheir associates. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Golden Hill. \n\n\n\n88 FIFTH PFRIOl). \n\nthrough the unarmed crowd of cjtj/onii, commenced a furious \nfittuck ujxm the latter, severely wounduig several of their num- \nIter. OtherH, including women and children, not pnrtiei{MitinL\'\' \nin the uHniy, were cut down and Itayonetetl, though none wer\xc2\xab\' \nmortally injured, and it wum not until Momc time had ela|Med that \nthe contest vms jirreiitcd bv the interference of the otiiccrs of \nthe garrison. \n\n7. On the cniiuing day tiie soldiem reconjmciiced tiitir as \nBiiuItH hy thnwting a bayonet through the dret\xc2\xbb of u woman r> \nturning from market. AUmt noon a {larty of Hailont were \n: " ^e\xc2\xabl at the head of (*ha|N;l Street, now Park Ilow, op|iu\xc2\xabito \nix i rwiuan Street, and one \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf their numltiT wan run through thr \nIxxly. In the nucUt of the conflict the Xlayor made hin a|>- \npearancc, and attemptetl, without fiuccc\xc2\xabM, to diK|)ense the infu- \nriate<l soldi\' "^ Ho then des|)atehed a mesaagc to the ofhcerH \nat the Uin... rv-., but the m\xc2\xbb--- \'-rvr wiw intereeptod by the \ntroops, who n\'fuHed to suffer j..... to pnK,*ee<i. A |\xc2\xbbarty of the \nSons of Lilwrty, however, who had l)ecn engaged at playitii: \nball iu tlio ueighlwrhood, came to the rciicue and dispensed titi> \nsoldiers. \n\n8. In the afternoon another afTray occnmxi l\xc2\xbbetween tho sol- \ndiery and citizens on the Commons. The "Liberty lUiys" again \nap|)earcd in force, and after a severe conflict Bucccc<ied in driv- \ning the aamilanta to their barrackn, after disanning a portion \nof their numlwr, severely wounding others, and capturing and \n\nimprisoning one of the leaden in the affair of tiie pr ^x" \n\nday. \n\n9. Thus torminate<l the earliest content in which l\xc2\xbblood was \nshed, which ushered in the American licvolution ; and although \nno live* are known to hare been lost, yet the finn stand ma<le \nby tho niiias of the citireuK, nnirmrd \xc2\xabnd undiscipline<l, against \nan anne<l and trainotl 1 . ..ery im|K)sed upon thorn \nagainst thoir will, sufhricntly = 1 to indicate the irropressiblo \nspirit which animato<l the ct>lnni??t?L nnd to warn thoir haughty \noppressors of the dnniror of j o in thoir fatal r^lifv. \n\n1(J. Cfovemor < .in hisdosjiatrhos to tho KtvI \xe2\x80\xa2 vem- \n\nment, detailing tho events we Imve related, at; -d their oo* \n\n\n\nRrnrwnl of the c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnflirt. \xe2\x80\x94 Iu icrmioatioD by the Liberty Boyt. \xe2\x80\x94 Gov- \n\xc2\xabnor Cokiea\'sdefpatcbei. \n\n\n\nTHE SONS OF LIBERTY. 89 \n\ncurrence to the violence of party faction, promoted by the ene- \nmies of the Crown, chiefly Dissenters or Independents from New- \nEngland of republican principles, while the friends of Govern- \nment were chiefly connected with the English, Lutheran, and \nDutch churches, with a sprinkling of Presbyterians. The re- \npugnance of the popular leaders to the demands of the Crown \nfor the support of the soldiers is specially adverted to, and high \ncommendation bestowed upon the officers and magistrates for \ntheir exertions in quelling the disturbances. \n\n11. The petition of the Sons of Liberty for permission to erect \nanother Liberty Pole in the place of the one cut down having \nbeen refused by the Common Council, Lamb and his associates \npurchased a site near the former one, and on the 6th of Febru- \nary planted it firmly, with the inscription " Liberty and Prop- \nerty," amid the acclamations of the people and the cheering \nstrains of music. The Sons of Liberty established their head- \nquarters on the present site of the Herald office, in a building \nto which they gave the appropriate name of Hampden Hall. \n\n12. On the 29th of March a final attack was made upon the \nLiberty Pole by the soldiers who were about embarking for \nPensacola, whither they were desirous of transporting a portion \nof its timber as a trophy. The Liberty Boys speedily rallied to \nits defence, driving its assailants to their barracks. Reinforced, \nthe party, fifteen in number, returned with forty of their com- \nrades, and charged the citizens, who retreated to their hall, \nwhich was immediately surrounded by the soldiers, and an en- \ntrance by force attempted, with infuriated demmciations of ven- \ngeance. The alarm-bell was rung, the citizens flew to arms, and, \napprehensive of a recurrence of the conflict at Golden Hill, the \nofficers of the garrison hastened to withdraw their forces. The \ntroops embarked on the 3d of May without their coveted \nprize, which remained thenceforth unmolested until the occupa- \ntion of the city by the British in 1776, when it was again lev- \nelled by the orders of the infamous Provost-Marshal Cunning- \nham. \n\n13. Soon after the departure of the troops, the Sons of Lib- \nerty, learning of the visit of one Rogers, a Boston merchant. \n\nErection of a new Liberty Pole. \xe2\x80\x94 Hampden Hall. \xe2\x80\x94 Renewed attack upon \nthe Pole. \xe2\x80\x94 Its successful defence. \xe2\x80\x94 Its final fate. \n\n\n\n90 FIFTH PFRWD. \n\nwho Ihid l>ccn postcl l>y his fellow-citizens for a violation of tho \nnon-imiwrtatioii nLrreenient, nml 8ii8|KH:ting his intentions, pa- \nnuk\'d his etli<:y in pro\xc2\xabossion throu^rh the streets, 8UR|\xc2\xbbemie<l on a \ngallows, ami with four or tive thouJMiiul citizens prt^ceetled to his \nresidence with the view of further honors. Kimling him absent, \noiui being infomietl of his conteniplateii de|itirture for riiihulel- \nphia, they appristnl their brethren there of his intentions, re \nquesting at their hands a worthy welcome. Rogers, however, \ndeferre<l his visit, and retunieti terrified to lioston. \n\n14. The act of Tarliainent of 1707, inr \xe2\x80\xa2 \' additional du- \nties on the colonies, having l>eon re|>eide<i >>.iij ihe exception of \nthe tux on tea, a general committee of one hundred of the lead- \ning inhabitants of the city and province was fonned, and tho \nnon imi\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbrtati\xc2\xab>n atrreoment, so lung and so faithfully adb \xe2\x80\xa2 -^ \nto by the merchants of New York at a hairy pecuniary sacr.;.., , \nwas now rewtricttti to the single article of tea. The jintriotio \nSons of i^iU\'rty, however, and their a<lherent8 among the |K\xc2\xbbpu- \nlar jmrty, \' \xe2\x96\xa0 \'"le*! to sn*- \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 m this c*\xc2\xbbmpn\xc2\xbbmise, and continued \ntheir \xc2\xab>\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 n to the pi a. < .pie still involve<l in the act, not> \nwith.Htiii.w..^\' the diminution of the pecuniary deniiuid. \n\nIT). On the *jr)th of (>ctoU\xc2\xabr, (\'olden was Bujwrsetled by Ix)rd \nDuiunore. The Assi\'mbly was informeti of the royal approval \nof the bill for the issue of colonial bills of credit, and the re- \nnewal of the n.\'<piire<l apprr>priations for the 8Up|x\xc2\xbbrt of the \ntruofM. In January of the Buccee<ling year, M- T>-\'Ugall \n\nwas bnmght liefore that U^ly to answer to th<^ ; nent \n\n{tending against him. On his refusal to acknowl\' ! \xe2\x96\xa0 thn au- \nthorship of the alleged libel, he was rwpiired by ti. A - mbly \nto give a definitive answer. " The House has declare*! tho paper \na liltel," he IhjIiIIv repii<^d, "nnd tho Inw docs not require mc to \ncriminate royvrlf" \n\n16. Do N -. the | \xe2\x80\xa2 utor, insist <h1 that the House had \n\npower to extort an answer and to punish him for contumacy. \n*\' The House has power to throw tho prisoner over the l\xc2\xbbar or \nout of the window," olwcrvcd CJeorgo Clinton, the future (jot- \n\nProceeding* of the Sons of IJberty on the Ti*it of a BoMon merrhant \nrhaructl with violation of tltc non-im|)ortJui\xc2\xab>n a^reoDent \xe2\x80\x94 Hrpral of \nduticA rxix<pt on tea. \xe2\x80\x94 Non-itn|M>rtation agrecmcni. \xe2\x80\x94 Lonl Dumaocv. \xe2\x80\x94 \nProcoodiugt against McDougali. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 91 \n\nernor of New York, *\' but the public will doubt the justice of \nthe proceeding." A written answer having been refused, on the \nallegation that it reflected on the dignity of the body, the in- \ntrepid Clinton indignantly exclaimed, " The dignity of the House \nwould be better supported by justice than by overstrained au- \nthority." McDougall was recommitted to prison, where he re- \nmained but a short time before he obtained his release through \nthe efforts of his friends. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV. \n\nGovernors Trton and Golden. \xe2\x80\x94 Tax on Tea. \xe2\x80\x94 The "Mohawks" \nAND Sons of Liberty. \xe2\x80\x94 Boarding of the Tea-Ships. \n\n1. Lord Dunmore having been transfen-ed to Virginia, \nWilliam Tryox was duly commissioned as Governor in his \nstead. On his arrival early in July, he was favorably received \nby the people, signalizing his accession, however, as did his prede- \ncessor, by a refusal to accept any income from the Assembly, \npreferring to rely for support exclusively upon his Majesty, and \nthe disposition by the government of the colonial taxes. The \nquiet of the city and province remained undisturbed for a con- \nsiderable period after Tryon\'s assumption of his duties, although \nthe revolutionary spirit was rapidly increasing in depth and \nearnestness. \n\n2. The persistent refusal on the part of the colonies \nto import, purchase, or in any manner to use tea, the \nonly remaining commodity on which an imposi> was demanded \nby the British Government, induced Parliament, on the urgent \nrepresentations of the East India Company, to remit all export \nduties payable by the Company in England, and to insist only \nupon a tax of threepence per pound payable on its arrival in \nAmerica. \n\n3. Large shipments of tea having been prepared for the colo- \nnies under the expectation that the trifling duties demanded by \n\nGovernor Tryon\'s administration. \xe2\x80\x94 Tax on tea. \n\n\n\n92 FIFTH P Fill on. \n\nthe new act wojild secure a nnuXy tale, the irreproamblc Sons of \nLilierty a^in rallietl their forces, sternly pn)hibitinj^ the in- \ntruductiuu uiuier any pretence of the obnoxious article, and \n(lelepitiu^ an association of their number, known as " Mo- \nluiwks," to suiHjrintend the arrival of sliips freighted wholly or \nin part with this cairgo. \n\n4. Alaniicil at thetM? decided demonstrations of the ]>opular \nleaders, the Tea-Comni\'-^\'-\'M-rs apjiuinted for New York at \nonce roKi^nie*! their con.;... . \xe2\x80\xa2ii\'* : imd even the forcijni tea- \nmerchants began to doubt tl\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab. c\\|>v-iirncy of \xc2\xbblu]>mcnts to the \n\ncolonies ; but being reassureil by a renegade merchant of New \nYork that all opftoiution wouhl Ik? promjitly \xc2\xabjuelle\xc2\xabl by the new \nGovernor, who was a man of dc !Hi..vi and energy*, they deter- \nmined to venture ufMm the ex)n . .... :it. \n\nr>. On the 27th of NovemUr the Sins of Lilwrty formally \nrencwinl their organization and adopted a series of spirited rc0o- \nbit ions, denouncuig as enemies to the lilierties of America any \n{wrson aiding or alwttini; in any way the introduction, pur- \nchase, or use of tea, and di-claring that whether the duties im- \n)>oHi>d by the act were paid in i*reat Britain or America, the \nhln-rties of the cohmies were e<|ually affecte*!. On the IGth \nof I)eceml>er, the same day on which the ll\'>\'?tnn tea-party \nt(x>k place, these resolutions were ligain promu^ 1 in inune- \ndiate antici|iation of the IrindinL\' r<f a cargo from Kngland. \nGovernor Tryon made an iii \'rt to secure its intnxluc- \n\ntion by pronusing that after its fonnal reception the tea should \nbe retuntcnl to the shijis ; but the excited inhubitaiitK, headed \nby John Lamb, unanimously refused to |iennit its landing. \n\n6. The ship, in the mean while, delayed by adverse \nwinds, failcil to nmke her appeanuice ; and on the 7th of \nApril of the ensuing year, Trj\'on, leaving the g<\xc2\xbbveniiuent again \nin the hands of Coltlen, set sail for Kngland. On the iSth the \nK\xc2\xbbng-ex|)ected ves.sel \xe2\x80\x94 the Nancy, Captain I>ockyer \xe2\x80\x94- arrived \noff .Sandy Hcxik with a airgo of tea for the j)ort. The pilots, \nunder the clirections of the Vigilance Committee, detainetl the \nves.Hel in the Ix>wer Ilay, while several of the committee pro- \ncecnled on board and took possession. The captain was pcr- \n\nSpiritrd pri\' ^ <ns of Liberty. <\xe2\x80\x94 CoMeo rMomei tbe admin* \n\nbtnitiun. \xe2\x80\x94 Afrn\xc2\xabi<.\'i !\xe2\x80\xa2 \'. \n\n\n\nTEA TROUBLES IN NEW YORK. 93 \n\nmitted, under a strong escort, to consult with the consignee, \nwho at once refused to receive the cargo, and advised its \nprompt return to England. \n\n7. On the 2 2d, Captain Chambers, a recreant New-Yorker, \narrived in the harbor with the ship London, and was immediate- \nly boarded by two of the members of the committee. On his \nassurance that he had no tea on board, and the exhibition of \nhis papers, confirming this statement, he was permitted to pro- \nceed to the city. On reaching the wharf, the vessel was again \nboarded by the committee, who demanded a thorough search \nfor the obnoxious article. Driven to bay by their determined \nvigilance, Chambers finally admitted the possession of tea, al- \nleging, however, that it w^as his own on a private venture, and \nwithout the knowledge of the Company. At eight in the even- \ning the vessel was again boarded by a vast crowd of the ex- \ncited inhabitants, the hatches forced open, eighteen chests of \ntea brought upon deck, opened, and their contents emptied into \nthe river. No attempt at disguise or concealment was made ; \nand the people at an early hour quietly dispersed without fur- \nther violence. \n\n8. The next morning, in pursuance of a call of the Vigilance \nCommittee, the citizens assembled in front of the Coffee House \nin Wall Street, where Lockyer was lodging, and amid the \nringing of bells, firing of cannon, display of flags, and the \nmusic of the city bands, conducted him to a boat at the foot \nof the street, whence, with his companion Chambers, under the \nescort of a less ceremonious committee, he w^as taken on board \nthe Nancy, and, accompanied by the vigilant representatives \nof the popular feeling three leagues beyond Sandy Hook, they \ntook a polite leave of their entertainers and proceeded on their \noutward voyage. \n\n9. On a meeting of the citizens on the 19th of May, in re- \nsponse to an invitation from the patriots of Boston for a re- \nnewal of the non-importation agreement, a corresponding com- \nmittee of fifty-one of the leading inhabitants was formed, and a \nsub-committee, consisting of Alexander McDougall, Isaac Low, \n\n\n\nNew York " tea-party. " \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Vigilance Committee and \ncitizens. \xe2\x80\x94 Departure of the tea-ships. \xe2\x80\x94 Public meeting of citizens, \xe2\x80\x94r \nCommittee of fifty-one. \n\n\n\n94 FIFTH PERIOD. \n\nJames Duane, and Jolui Jav, ap|K)mttii lu pnj iii answer to \nthe liostouiuns. Thui conmuttee, tit\'cming u r\xc2\xab.ucwiil of the \nnon-im|x)rtati(>n ajn"ecmfnt inexi\xc2\xbbc<iient under exiHtiii;; circum- \nstances, recommended a Cteneral CougreHS of deputies from the \ncolonies for the consideration of public atVairs. At a public \nmeetinj,\' on the Cth of July, presided over by McDoi^jall, and \nat which Alexander II; \xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2<n, then a youth of seventeen, and \na student of King\'s ( . uuide his tirst appeanince as an \n\norator, the uou-imporl4tu.,, ii^^Tccment was reneweil, notwith- \nstanding the op{xi\xc2\xabitiou of the committee, their reoomniemhi- \ntiou of a C\'oloniiil Congress adopted, and resolutions stn>ngly \n8ym|)uthi\xc2\xbbng with the ikistouiiais under the arbitrary tyranny \nof Kn^lund uimnimously piissed. \n\nlo. The Hocond tol(\xc2\xbbnuU t\'ongress accordingly assembled at \nPhilailelphia early in Si\'pteml\xc2\xbber, New York lieing represented \nby Philip Livingston, John AUop, Isaac Low, Jtuues Duane, \nand John Jay, apptiiuted by the committee of fifly-<jne, in con- \njunction with a Ci\xc2\xbbmmittec of mechiuiics. This UMly lulopted \na Declaration of itights and Privileges drawn up by Jay, pn*- \nte-t\'<> \' figainst Htatiding aniiies and |iarliamentarA\' taxation, and \ndc\xc2\xbb...;..ij\' the various iibn.-^i-\'Us n. tn pojMcd since the acoessi(\xc2\xbbn \nof the present moimrch ii. <>f their rights and uucou- \n\nBtitutii\xc2\xbbnal. They idso leu^\'U\' i \'; ves into a uon-im|M)rta- \n\ntion aAtwH-iation, pletlging th. : to import no gutMlu from \n\nGrrat Hritain or its de{>eK . . \xe2\x80\xa2^ untU the n-pcal of these a< \xe2\x80\xa2 -. \n11. The Assembly, nlrlmugh a maj\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrity of its nnio \nbers could not lie pn : tirv^n to air\xc2\xab>rd their sanction \n\nto tho proceedings of the * . . < ikTess, addn>ssed, never- \ntheless, a strong remonstnuioe to Parliament against its harsh \nand severe treatment of tiie colonies, in terms so distasteful to \nthat ImhIv that the ministry* refuseil to receive it On tho 3d of \nApril, 1775, the Assembly adjourned, and was never afterwards \nconvoked. The first Pn\xc2\xbbvincial (Vuigresa, consisting of delegates \nfrom the several counties, assembled in their stea<l on the Joth \nof April, and apfMtinted five doloirntes to the first Continental \nCongress, which convened at Pi. . phia in the ensuing moutli. \n\nRccotnmonilation of a G\xc2\xabfK>nU < \xc2\xbb\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Second C\'olonijU CongraM. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nP- ion of Ki^hu. \xe2\x80\x94 Non-itn|M>r!.iU(in lesgve. \xe2\x80\x94 A\xc2\xaboiiblj. \xe2\x80\x94 Fint \n\nI\'l^-.i...^ CongTCM. \xe2\x80\x94 First Cunuucnul Coogren. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 95 \n\n12. On the 22d of May the Provincial Congress, consisting of \nabout seventy members, again convened at New York. Two \nregiments were authorized to be raised ; bounties were offered \nfor the manufacture of gunpowder and muskets ; fortifications \nat Kingsbridge and the Highlands were projected, and Philip \nSchuyler and Richard Montgomery were recommended to the \nContinental Congress as Major and Brigadier Generals. After \ndelegating their powers to a committee of safety they ad- \njourned early in Sej^tember. \n\n13. A short time previous to these events the seventy-four- \ngun ship Asia had been ordered from Boston and anchored off \nthe Battery, with her guns pointed against the city. The re- \nmoval of the troops to Boston, preparatory to a large reinforce- \nment, rendered the erection of additional barracks in that city \nnecessary, for which the mutinous inhabitants declined furnish- \ning the requisite materials. New York was applied to for aid ; \nbut the vigilant Sons of Libert}^ peremptorily forbade any ef- \nforts in that direction. A vessel was, however, fitted out for \nthat purpose in the harbor ; and the patriots, headed by John \nLamb, Marinus Willett, and Isaac Sears, resolved to seize the \nship and prevent her voyage. The citizens were requested to \nprovide themselves with a supply of arms and ammunition. \nSears, the principal instigator of this daring movement, was ar- \nrested and brought before the Mayor, but, on his refusal to give \nbail, was committed. On his way to prison, however, he was \nforcibly rescued by the people, and conducted in triumph \nthrough the principal streets of the city. \n\n14. On the receipt, soon after, of intelligence of the battle of \nLexing-ton, all business was at once suspended ; the patriotic \nSons of Liberty took possession of the City Hall, distributed \nthe arms and ammunition found there and at the arsenal \namong the citizens, a portion of whom organized a volunteer \ncorps under the command of Samuel Broome, and assumed the \ntemporary government of the city. They obtained possession \nof the Custom House, which they at once closed, laid an em- \nbargo upon the English vessels in the port destined for the \n\n\n\nSecond Provincial Congress. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrival of the Asia. \xe2\x80\x94 Disturbances in \nthe city. \xe2\x80\x94 Receipt of news of the battle of Lexington. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the \nSons of Liberty. \n\n\n\n96 FIFTH FFIilOD. \n\neftttern colonies, ftml rclievetl tliem of ei-lity thoiiaand pounds\' \nworth of provisiuns and supplies for the Bntish amiv. \n\n1"). (hi the r>th i)f Mav, a I\'mvisional (iovcniiuent, consist- \ning of one hundred of the pr: uts, was or^ranized \nby the citizens, and the municij>;ki ulluii-h of the city placed \nunder their al>\xc2\xab<\xc2\xbblute control until the Continental ronp-eiw \nshould otherwise order. A huye body of tnH>|w Ix^ing on their \nway to the city, lJeutcnant-<jovcmor Coldon was soon after \nwards nxj\' \xe2\x80\xa2 1 to u\xc2\xabo Iuh uiflueiico with Cleneral (Mi;r\xc2\xab?. then \nin \xc2\xab nu lu the city, to prevent their land The Con- \ngretts, liuwever, recon Ittl that |>ennisKion lur liieir lan<l- \ning iihould not Itc wiuiiicid, while no fortiticutiun should l>e al \nlowed to be const nict*"*!, and all warlike st*ire\xc2\xab 1h? rcmovcil from \nthe town, and a safo rctnmt provide\xc2\xabl for the women and chil- \ndren in the event of a sie^^. \n\n10. In the mean time the patriots umitr the direct jun uf \ntheir daring? leader, John I^imb, having procured a vt\xc2\xbbii8el from \n\nC\'oiuiecticut, had taken po\xc2\xab\xc2\xabcsiiion of a \'ity of militjiry \n\n8U>res Itel * r to the n\xc2\xbbyal troo|)\xc2\xbbi, at iuitic IJtiy. near the \nfoot of the j:\xe2\x80\x94nt Forty -.Seventh Street on the Hudson, a \nportion of whah was defl{\xc2\xabitched to the anny at Cambridge, and \n\nthe residue reserved for future use. Some other drr- .-.\xe2\x99\xa6: ..^ \n\nof the popular feeling o<\'curring soon after, the Pn*"! i-i-\'uin < -u \nfjvM re<pieste<l (Jenenil Wooster to tiike up his heafl-<]uarteni \nnear the city, where he accordingly, early in June, cncampe<l \nwith his troops at Harlem. \n\n17. The rr)yal tn\xc2\xbbt\xc2\xbbj\xc2\xbbft, having been soon afterwarrls ordered to \nrepair to lloston. were j>ennitt\xc2\xabxl by the I*rr>visionjil (Jovemment \nto dejwrt, with the sti{\xc2\xbbulation that they should take nothing \nwith them but their own anus and accnutrements, Disregard- \ninir this express restriction, they proceeded to the place of em- \nliarkation in Bnxid .Street with a large quantity of military \nstores K\xc2\xbbl\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbniring to the city. Here, however, they were met by \nColonel Murinus Willett and Jc\xc2\xbbhn Morin Scott, who, notwith- \nstanding the opposition of their leader and the remonstrancea \nof the Mayor and (louvcmcur Morn*. \xc2\xabb.i Himi-^aed full permis- \n\nIVoviMonal fiovcrnmrnt of ihc ciir. \xe2\x80\x94 r\xc2\xabtrM\xc2\xbbiic drmoastrstkms. \xe2\x80\x94 <^\xc2\xab|>\' \ntuTv of n nt Turtle Hny. \xe2\x80\x94 Ck\'tiiml Woottar eacampa at Har- \n\nlem. \xe2\x80\x94 LiuusTKatiuo \xc2\xbb( the royal truopt fur Boston. \n\n\n\nETHAN ALLEN AT TICONDEROGA. 97 \n\nsion had been given by the authorities, succeeded with the aid \nof the citizens, who had by this time assembled, in turning them \nback, and regainmg the arms. Having secured the stores in a \nsafe place, the soldiers were escorted to the wharf, where they \nembarked amid the hisses and execrations of the crowd. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER V. \n\nCapture op Ticonderoga and Crown Point. \xe2\x80\x94 Washington as- \nsumes Command of the Army. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Tryon\'s Abdication. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Invasion or Canada. \xe2\x80\x94 Siege op Quebec and Death of Mont- \n\nG03IERY. \n\n1. On the morning of the 10th of May, 1775, Colonel \nEthan Allen of Vermont, aided by Captain Benedict \nArnold, having with a force of eighty-three men crossed over \nLake Champlain from the Vermont shore during the preced- \ning night, attacked the strong fortifications of Ticonderoga, and, \nafter a brief conflict with the surprised garrison, demanded and \neffected its surrender "in the name of the Great Jehovah and \nthe Continental Congress." One hundred and eighty-two can- \nnon and a large quantity of military stores were captured with \nthe garrison, as the result of this bold and daring enterprise. \nOn the succeeding day, Colonel Seth Warner, of Vermont, ob- \ntained possession of Crown Point, with its garrison and a hun- \ndred and eleven pieces of artillery. This gallant enterprise \nseems to have been originally suggested by Colonel John Brown \nof Massachusetts. \n\n2. On the 25th of June, eight days after the battle of \nBunker Hill, Washington, having been commissioned by the \nContinental Congress as Commander-in-Chief of the American \narmies, passed through New York on his way to his head- \nquarters at Cambridge, whither he was escorted by the provin- \ncial militia, and where, on the 3d of July, he assumed the com- \nmand. Trjron on the morning of the day Washington left the \ncity resumed his official duties as Governor, and was accorded a \n\n\n\nRecapture of arms by the citizens. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Ticonderosra and Crown \nPoint. \xe2\x80\x94 Washington assumes command of the army. \xe2\x80\x94 Return of Gov- \nernor Tryon. \n\n7 \n\n\n\n98 FIFTH PERIOD. \n\nfavorable reception l>y tlio Muyor and Corpomtion ; ftltho\xc2\xbbi;;h \n8uch was the cliani^ini K4.-iitimeiit of the city, that, while nom- \ninally accordinji; him all the n.\'spcct due to his position, the \nProvincial (.\'ou^fs-s in their midttt secured their ready and im- \nplicit olH-Hlicnce. \n\n3. Three thouwind men were ordered bv the Contincnt;d Con- \npress to be raiHt**! by the colony of New York as her quota \nof the troojjs for the public defence. Four rej^inienti* were ac- \ncordinjrly niiHe<I under the authority of the l*rt\xc2\xbbvincial Ctjnjrresa, \nand phiced under the c<jmnmnd of t\'olouel Alexander Mcliou- \npUl, Gtrzon Van Schaick, Jiuneti Clinton, and Colonel Hidmes. \nJohn I^imb was ap{H>inted to the command of an artiller)\' and \nMarinuM Wjllctt of an infantrv comitiuiv. Soars and others of \nthe "Liberty lioys ** joint\'^l the nuiks. \n\n4. The Provincial C<" \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0-<*, dcMirinp the ptms of the fort \non the lUittvry for the ;-. ....nations of the Highlands, and re- \n(Oirdin;; thi*ir present |M)tiition as unfavorable to the |jatriotic \ncause, directe<l their remo\\*al acconlin^:ly. Captain I^mb, on \nthe ni^ht of the 23d of Au^ist, proceeded to the execution \nof this order with a |mrty of the Sons of Lilterty and a numlter \nof citizens, including Alexander Hamilton. While thus eu^n^l \na shot was fire<l from a Ixirp; of the Khi|>-<if-war Asia, stationed \nDear the shore ; and on the fire bein^ returned by Lamb, killing \none of the crew and wounding several others, a heavy can- \nnonade was o|)ened \\\\\\nn\\ the town by the ship, inflirtiiig con- \nsitlerablo damage upon the buildiii;:M near the Dattery and \nseverely woundin;; some of the inhabitants. The Lil\xc2\xbberty IWs, \nundiHmaye<l by this fonnidable attack, c<x\xc2\xbblly |)enievered in thrir \nWork until it was complete<l and the guns safely removed. \n\n5. The commander of tho Asia, on the ensuing day, for- \nwarded a des{^>atch to the Mayor, demanding satisfaction f r \nthe munler of one of his crew. A desultory corre\xc2\xabpon\xc2\xabi \nfollowed the recfipt of this demand, when tho Provinciid Con- \ngress put an end to it by declaring that, as the Asia had seen \nfit to cannonade the city, she mu\xc2\xabt henceforth obtain her sup- \n\nOnranizniion of four rrgimpnt* as the qaou of N>w York. \xe2\x80\x94 Ucmoval of \nthe jftin* on the Batterr. \xe2\x80\x94 Cannonmle of the city hjr the Asia T \n\nwar \xe2\x80\x94 Di\xc2\xabpo*iuuu of the demands fur tatigfactioa of the caaooiuuc ut tbe \n\nAsia. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 99 \n\nplies from some other source. Meanwhile the Governor, finding \nhis position growing daily more unsatisfactory and perilous, de- \ntermined to abandon the city, and took refuge on board the \nAsia. His organ and that of the royalists \xe2\x80\x94 liivington\'s New \nYork Gazette \xe2\x80\x94 having excited the ire of the patriots, Captain \nSears, with a party of light-horse, on the 4:th of December \nproceeded to its demolition, destroying the press and scattering \nthe types. The proprietor sailed for England, whence, how- \never, on the occupation of the city by the British troops, he \nreturned and resumed the publication of his journal. \n\n6. On the 27th of June the Continental Congress directed \nGeneral Philip Schuyler to repair to Ticonderoga, and in con- \njunction with Colonels Arnold and Hinman to place the fortifica- \ntions at that post in a complete state of defence, and afterwards, \nif found practicable, to take military possession of St. John\'s, \nMontreal, or any other portions of Canada which he might deem \nimportant to the interests of the colonies. Schuyler, under \nthese instructions, reached Ticonderoga on the 18th of July, \nand, after making suitable provisions for its defence, despatched \nan agent to Canada to ascertain the disposition of the inhab- \nitants, and the number and condition of the royal forces. \n\n7. General Montgomery, with a force of twelve hundred men, \nleft Crown Point on the 31st of August, and being joined on \nthe 4th of September by Schuyler, with about a thousand \ntroops, the latter advanced on the 6th against St. John\'s, but, \nmeeting with a formidable opposition, withdrew and re-embarked \nhis troops on the succeeding morning. Having been reinforced \nby seven hundred men from New York and Connecticut, a \nsecond attempt upon St. John\'s was made, under the command \nof Montgomery on the 1 0th, which was again frustrated by the \ncowardice of the troops. General Schuyler being compelled by \nsickness to return to Ticonderoga, Montgomery assumed the \ncommand of the expedition on the 16th, and on the same day \nwas joined by Colonel Seth Warner, with one hundred and \nseventy Green Mountain boys. On the 19th of October the \nfort at Chambly, twelve miles below St. John\'s, was captured by \nMajors Brown and Livingston. \n\nGovernor Tryon\'s abdication. \xe2\x80\x94 Demolition of Rivington\'s press. \xe2\x80\x94 Prep- \narations for an invasion of Canada. \n\n\n\n100 FIFTH rEiuob. \n\n8. It waij not, liowever, until the 2tl of November, tliat \nSt. John\'H was surix-ndered, after u series of iniiifortunefl and \niniscarriiiju\'cJi which wouKl Imve di\xc2\xbbcoun\xc2\xbb4rwi a K*h8 detenninitl \n8|>irit. Five hundred rej^uhtrM und one hundrud CaimdiuuH, with \nfi)rty pieceH t\xc2\xbbf artillrrv ami a ijimntity of naval Ktoren, fell into \nthe hundri of the vict\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn*. Two (MirtieM tk-nt to the relief t\xc2\xbbf tho \nfort by (Jenend Carleton, tiie Itntrhh connimnder. one of which \nwjiM heade<l hv huni*elf, were defente*! hv C\\>U\xc2\xbbnel Warner and \n\\! ijopi Unjwn and l,ivinp*tt\xc2\xbbn. Miij\xc2\xab>r John Audrv, wh(\xc2\xbbt\xc2\xabe huImh\xc2\xbb- \n, lit hiittory in well known, wa\xc2\xab one of tlie priHonerH taken at \n\nthe fort Colonel Allen, in tho luetui time, actin;; wholly with- \nout authority from Schuyler or M\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnlfjomerv, hiul involveil him- \nMi\'lf in a iHTieit of diMuttrous fadurvM in lui attack u|Km Mon- \ntreal, re*iultin^ in his aipture and |>rolon^>d iui)iriHonmeut. \n\n9. (leueraJ Mont^fonjer}- then |>n>ce\xc2\xab.\xc2\xab<Ied to Montreal, which \neitv. aAer interee|ttHi^ and defetitin^ a Htmn^ naval and nulitary \n! <o untler the comuuaul of (fenendu Carleton and rn*t\xc2\xbbeott, \n\\^ iS KurrentlertMl to him on the 12th of NoveniU\'r. In the\' \niiM an time i il Withhiii^ton had, aUmt the middle of Se{h \ntcmlier, dexiMtched Arnold with a forci> of aliout two thoiiHand \nmen, hy the route of the Kennel>ec Kiver, apiinnt (Quebec \nAfter iiKTe<lihle hardHhi]j(i and fati^\'ue the trooim retuhed Point \nIx\xc2\xbbvi, op|\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbbHite the city, on the Mh of N*\xc2\xbbveml\xc2\xbber, and. having \nItecn HtreuL\'iheiuil l\xc2\xbby the arrival of reinft\xc2\xbbrcemeiiti* fnun St \nJohn\'A, cj ; the river on the I3th, and were ilrawii up on the \nIMainn of Ahnvliam, where they awaittnl tho auawcr of the garri- \nBon to their re|)eate\xc2\xabI demaiulH for Hurreiider. \n\n10. Learning, however, of the approach of an armed vencl \nto the relief of tho citv, Arnold on the lUth withdrew his forces \na short distance up the river, to await the arrival of Montijnm- \nerA\', who on tho 3d of December joine<l him with a Ktmn^ rein- \nforcement Tho cx>mbincd army imme<luitely moved down tho \nriver to (^ucIkx*, and on tho next day took up their position op- \npoitite the city, where vip\xc2\xbbronH preparations luul U\'en made by \n(.\'arlet\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbn, who had eHca|x*d fn\xc2\xbbm Montreal, for their reception. \nA spiritcxl but ineffectuiU Itombardment waa kept up for aeveral \ndays by the l^esiegerK, when on the 16th a definitive plan of \n\nSkise sad espiare of St. JohnV \xe2\x80\x94 DUsstroas eipsiHtinn of Allao.\xe2\x80\x94 \nSisfs of Quebec by Arnuld and MoDtgomery. \n\n\n\nCAPTURE OF QUEBEC. 101 \n\noperations was arranged by Montgomery for a final and decisive \nassault. \n\n11. In consequence, however, of the treachery of deserters, \na change in this plan became necessary. Major Brown and \nColonel Livingston were intrusted with the execution of two \nfeints on the upper town ; Arnold, with Lamb\'s artillery, was \nordered to attack the suburbs on the north ; while Montgomery \nin person was to attack the lower town, with the consolidated \nforces, upon their junction. \n\n12. At five o\'clock in the morning of the last day of Decem- \nber, in the midst of a furious storm of wind and snow, the \ntroops took up their respective lines of march. Montgomery, at \nthe head of his detachment, descended from the Heights of \nAbraham toward the lower town, where, encountering a block- \nhouse of hewed logs, flanked by a strong stockade, with his \nown hand he sawed off the posts of the latter, and at the head \nof his party entered the opening. At that moment the occu- \npants of the block-house discharged against the assailants a \nthree-pounder loaded with grape, instantly killing every person \nwho had entered, with the exception of the French guide, in- \ncluding General Montgomery and both his aids. The remainder \nof the party, appalled by this disaster, immediately fell back \nhastily and retreated to their quarters. \n\n13. Meanwhile the intrepid Arnold led his men through \na succession of heavy snow-drifts to the foot of the cliff on \nthe St. Lawrence, where a battery was erected for the defence \nof the suburbs. Advancing to its attack at the head of his \ntroops, he was disabled b}^ a musket-shot in the knee, and \nconve3^ed from the field. Captain Morgan, assuming the com- \nmand, carried the battery, amid a storm of musketry and \ngrape-shot, and immediately commenced an assault upon a \nsecond battery, which he also carried after a fierce contest of \nthree hours. Carleton, however, with a heavy force, now ap- \npeared in his rear, and the gallant Morgan, finding himself un- \nsupported and surrounded was comiDclled to surrender, leaving \na hundred and fifty of his heroic band killed or wounded, and a \nlarge number of prisoners, including Captain Lamb, Major Og- \nden, Aaron Burr, and Captain Oswald. \n\nDeath of Montgomery, and defeat of Captain Morgan. \n\n\n\n103 FIFTH PFniOD. \n\n14. Gcneml Carleton, after making suiuble provision for the \ndi8j>o\xc2\xabition of the dead ami wouude\xc2\xabi, with a chivalry which re- \nflect high credit on his chanictcr, directed 8|)ecial hononi to be \npaid to the remain\xc2\xab of Ium pilhuit cueniy, Gemnd Montp)mery, \nwhich were burie*!, uiuler the perBomd BUperintcndenco of the \nLieutenant-iiovenior, within tho walls of the city. Forty-two \nveam later they were pemovcd, l\xc2\xbby onler of the Le\xc2\xab^iHlature of \nNew York, to St raul\'a Church in the city of Now York, where \ntliey now n?|)o\xc2\xabe under a monumental tablet, en^ctetl undir the \ndirections of Cougms as a lasting reconi of his bravery and \nworth. \n\n15. Colonel AnioM ajisununl the command of the remain- \ning tro<>{Mi,and havmgwithdrawn fmm the inuuiilmte neigh- \nIwrhcxnl of tho city, awuitiii the arrivid of (lenerul WiHtnter, who, \nin Aprd of tho eiuuing year, renewtnl the 81606. After a seriee \nof inetTectual \xe2\x80\xa2 to otVect an entmnoo, tlio trottjie, on tho \n\napproach of Genend Hur^\'oyne wirly in May, with heavy rein- \nforcementn, hastily n-trvatiii, heaving their stores and sick in the \nluuids of tho onemy. Thus tcnninateil this lx\xc2\xbbld and daring \nbut disastnuis invii>iun of Canada, \xe2\x80\x94 a renult due more to the \ninsultonlination and want of \xc2\xabi no of a |)ortion of the trtK>|)\xc2\xab, \n\nthe alwiMico of necessary supi 1 tho in* -y of some \n\nof tho orticons tlian to nny <1 \'y in its conception, or want \n\nof abilitv or hemic braver\\\' in it iit communders. \n\n\n\nIIooorR to the menorr of MnntgooMrjr. \xe2\x80\x94 rontinn\xc2\xabncp of iIm rf^Tjr hy \n\nArnold STkI WoOtter. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrival of BorgOJOe, \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab! rttrvxU <.f the Amrrivail \n\ntroop*. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 103 \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI. \n\nDeclaration of Independence. \xe2\x80\x94 Investment of the City of New \nYork BY THE British. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Long Island. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat of \nthe Americans to Harlem Heights and Kingsbridge. \xe2\x80\x94 Execu- \ntion OF Nathan Hale. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle op White Plains. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of \nPorts Washington and Lee. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat through New Jersey. \n\n1. General Washington having, about the middle of \nMarch, 1776, forced the British troops under Howe to \nevacuate Boston, whence they sailed for Halifax, and apprehen- \nsive of an intended attack upon New York by the forces under \nSir Henry Clinton, made immediate preparations for the defence \nof that city. General Charles Lee, who had commanded the \nAmerican forces since the departure of Wooster in January, \nhaving; been ordered to Charleston, General Putnam was as- \nsigned to duty in his place. Clinton, aware of the spirited \npreparations for his reception, passed down the harbor with his \ntroops, and proceeded south to the attack of Charleston. \n\n2. General Washington, with the main body of his army, \narrived in the city in April, and proceeded to fortify the town \nand its vicinity, together with the passes of the Highlands on the \nHudson. On the 25th of June General Howe appeared before \nthe city with a fleet from Halifax, and on the 2d of July took \npossession of Staten Island on the south, where he was soon \nafter joined by his brother. Admiral Lord Howe, with a fleet and \na large land force from England, and by Sir Henry Clinton with \nthe troops under his command. \n\n3. In the mean time a committee of Congress, consisting of \nThomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, \nBenjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Con- \nnecticut, and Robert R. Livingston of New York, had reported \na Declaration of Independence, which, on the Fourth of July, \nwas unanimously adopted by the delegates of all the late Colo- \nnies, now forming the Thirteen United States of America. This \ndeclaration was enthusiastically approved on the 9th of July by \n\nPreparations for the defence of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 General and Lord Howe \nand Sir Henry Clinton invest New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Declaration of Independence. \n\n\n\n104 FIFTU PEIUOD. \n\nthe Fourth Provincial Congreaiof New York, at their mcotin^r at \nWhite PUiins. ami etlWtive mca\xc2\xabure\xc2\xab of defeiico were iiuiujntnite<l. \n\n4. The citv of New York was now inv<\xc2\xbbt\xc2\xabd bv a fonuitlablo \namiv of twentv-fivc thouwuui vetenin troope, niuler the com- \nmand of an al\xc2\xbble and ex|KTieu(XHl geueml, and liwivy rviiifon . \nmcntM fn>in Ku;^dunil and tho Continent were daily cx|)ected. \n\\\\\\ the j\xc2\xbb>twthiUon of tho city, with it\xc2\xbb Imrltor and adjacent \ni^landts and tho coniiC(|uent command of the Huditon, a free \ncommunication witii Caiuula waii exjiected to be secured, and \ntho ik*|*inition of the Kiwteni fr\\\xc2\xbbm the Mi<ldle StatcH effected. \nTo meet tluH |\xc2\xbbowerful f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrce, \\Vai*hin^\'ti\xc2\xbbn h;ui at hin command \nuii liniHi militui of aUtut seventeen thoutumd effective men. \n\n6. .Wend aU\xc2\xbbrtivo cffurtu at acc<\xc2\xbbmmt\xc2\xab\xc2\xablation luivin^ been \nmade by the Ilritinh comuuuidens a force of ten tluuiNand men, \nwith forty piece?* of artillerk*. were, on the *J2d of AufCUHt, land- \ned ou the b\xc2\xab>ut)u-ni Mh(\xc2\xbbre of Ix>n^ Inland, near the villa;n^>H of \nNew I\'trecht and liraveH^Mid, a few milcM below the city, and in \nthri\'f di\' \' 1 to the attack of the American camp at \n\nBrooklyn, cv*u*Ui.UiUcU by (Jcnend I\'utnam, with a force of about \nfive thi\xc2\xbbu8und men. The left divmion of the Britihh anny, tmder \nGeneral (Inuit, ttK\xc2\xbbk the route by the NarrowM towaniM (!owanuii ; \ntho ri^ht, under (\xe2\x80\xa2eneruU Clinton and Coniwalh\xc2\xbb, that K>ad- \ninj; to the int*rior of the \'1. and inten*ectinj^ tho n\xc2\xabji! \nloading fn>m IWtlfonl to Jauia;ca ; and the central diviiiiiui, \nunder I>e lleinti-r, chiefly c<mnM<\xc2\xabf*l of Homianii, that by the vil- \nlage of Flatbmth. on the south of the nuigc of hilU connecting \ntho NarrowB with Jam.t \n\n6. On the nn^niinj; ot tnc -\'7th, (Tinton, adv \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 \' fn.m Flit- \n\nlan<U, had Huccceded in gainint; {totiactttiion of i<i< .\xe2\x80\xa2iinaicn paMi, \nnear tho site of the prcHcnt Fju*t New York, intruMtc<l to the \ncomnnuul of (leneral Sullivan, awl, with his entire force, de- \n8cen\xc2\xabletl, by the villap; of Iledfiipd. into the plain l)etween tho \nhills ami tho Americ:in camp. (Irant, moving along the BlioreH \nof the l>ay, attackcnl I>\xc2\xbbrtl Stirling on the present site of the \nGreenwood Cemetery. Do Heistcr, advancing on the Flatbtmh \nroad, the patrols assigned to guani tho pass^ having been nuih- \n\nA|ipnorcd by ProTincial Conjn^M \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb While Plains \xe2\x80\x94 Plan of ihc mm- \npoiini. \xe2\x80\x94 Force* of the corabatanta^ \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Ixmg Island. \xe2\x80\x94 I>Upoaiti<>ti \nof tbelbreei. \n\n\n\nBROOKLYN AND HARLEM HEIGHTS. 105 \n\nly withdrawn by Putnam\'s order, engaged Sullivan, while Clinton \ngained a position in his rear. Sullivan immediately ordered a \nretreat to the American lines at Brooklyn ; but being pressed \nby Clinton and driven back upon the Hessians, after losing a \ngreat portion of his force, he was compelled to surrender. \n\n7. Cornwallis, in the mean while, taking the road to Gowanus, \nattacked Stirling, who was made prisoner, together with most of \nhis command, many of their number having been drowned while \nattempting to escape across the Gowanus Creek. The victory on \nthe part of the British was decisive. Five hundred Americans \nwere killed or wounded, and upwards of a thousand taken pris- \noners and confined in the prison-ships at New York, where, for \na long period, they endured extreme hardships and privations. \nThe British loss was comparatively trifling. On the night of \nthe 29th, Washington silently, and under cover of the darkness \nand a thick mist, drew off the remainder of his troops to New \nYork, unperceived by the enemy. \n\n8. On the 12th of September, Washington, with the broken \nand dispirited remainder of his forces, retreated to Harlem \nHeights on the upper part of the island, where he fortified him- \nself and awaited the attack of the British. With the view of \nobtaining authentic information of their movements, Nathan \nHale, a young officer in Colonel Knowlton\'s regiment, was de- \nspatched to the enemy\'s camp on Long Island, in disguise. \nAfter possessing himself of full intelligence of their strength and \nplans, he was intercepted on his return and conveyed to General \nHowe\'s head-quarters, then in New York, where he was tried \nand convicted as a spy, and executed at daybreak on the ensu- \ning morning, with circumstances of contumely and insult reflect- \ning deep disgrace on their heartless agents. \n\n9. In the mean time, under cover of the fire of the British \nships, Howe, on the 15th, landed at Kip\'s Bay, at the foot of \nthe present Thirty-Sixth Street on the East River, driving before \nhim two brigades of Connecticut militia stationed in the neigh- \nborhood for its defence, to the intense and passionate indigna- \n\n\n\nDefeat of the Americans. \xe2\x80\x94 WithdraAval of the troops to New York. \xe2\x80\x94 \nEetreat to Harlem Heights. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrest and execution of Nathan Hale as a \nspy. \xe2\x80\x94 Howe effects a lauding at Kip\'s Bay. \xe2\x80\x94 Cowardly retreat of Connec- \nticut troops. \n\n\n\nlOG FIFTH PEPdOD. \n\nturn of Wa^)i!ii;.tun, vi\\\\o arrivLxi ou the prouii\xc2\xabi just in \xe2\x96\xa0omitti to \nwitucss, utihout Itc\'ing able to prcvcut, their i^nuiuuntoiix fli \nSeeing thut further uccu}iation of the ialaiid ystks in)|inu-ticuMi . \n]*utnuiii received ortier\xc2\xbb to evtiruute the city, and the tnMi|i\xc2\xab at \nHiirliin were rcniovetl to Kiug\xc2\xbbt>ndge, at it\xc2\xab iij>|>er extreinitv. \nSilhinan\'s hripide, which by \xc2\xabouie miiichunce luul licen left In- \nhind, wutf extricutetl fn>m its |>eriK>iiH jMwition by the bniver\\ \nand adilreM of Colonel Hurr, tlieu an aid of Putnunra. On tlu- \nnext day a Be%\'erc akirmiah euHued lietaeen the contending \nforces at Harlem, in which tho Aniericniui were victoriniw, with \ntlio lo\xc2\xab of two brave ofticem, \xe2\x80\x94 Colonel Knowlton of Connoo- \nticnt and Major I^eitch of V :- " -\'n. \n\n10. (jcuoral Howe, with lac uciiigli ol pimm;: li. \'h \xe2\x80\xa2 \nAmerican army, leaving a bt- \xe2\x80\x94 forro in |io\xc2\xabiiii4iiiun ui uic * ;r\\ , \nand Hending three anaeil vi-<m.ib up the Hudaiin to intercept ail \ncommunication with New Jentey, tranKferrv<l the main i * > \nof hi\xc2\xab forccH, now lunount-- - \xe2\x80\xa2 \'\' \xe2\x80\xa2hm\xc2\xbb men, to a |\xc2\xbboint in \\\\ \xe2\x80\xa2 \nChester Count v, in the Viiiiiii> <>i i iin^u\'s Nix\'k on the Souii<i \nsixteen mdea north of the city. WuHliiiigton. comprchcndin \n\nhia dtntigiia, and leaving a i \' \'\xc2\xbbn of three thomtand men in \n\nFort Wanliington on the hu<\xc2\xab\'^u, under command of Col<\xc2\xbbncl \nMngnw. withdrew the r \xe2\x80\xa2^\xe2\x96\xa0:" of hia foroea to Whito IMaina, on tho \nleft Imnk of the Bronx iu>\xc2\xabr. \n\n11. Here the American army tnnk pout on the hiirh grotmdff \nnorthwest and northeast of the village, and on the lower ground \nIwtwwn. \xc2\xab " \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 !mg fn\xc2\xbbm the Hrrmx on the right to H\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrton\'\xc2\xab \n(now Wdl. ; i V\' i\'\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbtid. on the left, havint; the village in their frt\xc2\xbbnt, \nand the rocky heii;ht known as Chatterton\'s Hill on the iiouth- \nwe\xc2\xabt, noparnted fn\xc2\xbbm the rii;ht of the lines by a nam>w mnr^\'v \nthn\xc2\xbbugh which the river tl\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbwe\xc2\xabi. The enemy, meanwhile. ha\\ \natlvancetl to .Scjiriidale. within four milcM of White IMauis, wi*\xc2\xbb : \nthey remaimMJ for three days, marche<l, on the nioniing <\xc2\xbbf tin- \n2Hth of (K\'t\xc2\xabil\xc2\xbber, in two columns, to the attack, (Jeneral Clinton \nwith the Hritish tmc\xc2\xbb|w command inu the riirht, and (Jenernl Howe, \nwith the HesHians luuler l)e Hcwter. having chanrR of the lef>. \n\n12. Driving before them the pickets and advance parUc5. \n\nW \xe2\x80\xa2<\xc2\xbbn\'\xc2\xab inilicnaiion \xe2\x80\x94 F.raniaiion d[ the city. \xe2\x80\x94 Skilful extrirn \n\nlion \xc2\xab.i Si\' wie. \xe2\x80\x94 ^ h lit Hsrirm. \xe2\x80\x94 A \n\nBritish to lun.\'t;- ^tvK \xe2\x80\x94 Bcuvot ut Wafthiogtoo to Whiic i\'uuus. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 107 \n\nthe division of De Heister encountered at Hart\'s Corners, about \na mile south of the hues, a battalion of two thousand Ameri- \ncan troops, under General Spencer, who gave them a temporary \ncheck. They speedily rallied, however, and gained a position \nsouth of Chatterton\'s Hill, in front of which intrenchments had \nbeen hastily thrown up by the Americans, and placed in charge \nof General McDougall, at the head of his brigade. Colonel \nHaslett\'s Delaware regiment, which had been ordered to his sup- \nport, was thrown into confusion by the Hessian fire, and replaced \nby the Maryland and one of the New York regiments on the \nextreme right of the line. \n\n13. General Howe, abandoning his original intention of at- \ntacking the main body on the heights and plains north of the \nvillage, concentrated his force against McDougall. A sharp \ncannonading was kept up for upwards of an hour. The enemy, \nin three divisions, steadily ascended the hill, attacking simul- \ntaneously the regiments stationed on its southern and northern \nslope and on the summit, as well as the right flank w^hich was \nassailed by the Hessians. An attempt to turn McDougall\'s left \n\xe2\x96\xa0was promptly defeated. After an obstinate contest. General \nMcDougall\'s troops were forced to give way, with the loss of \nabout sixty men killed and an equal number wounded, with forty \nprisoners. The remainder of the force retreated in good order. \n\n14. On the ensuing night, General Washington drew back his \nlines, ordered fresh reinforcements, and so strengthened his \nposition that no renewal of the attack was attempted. On the \n31st he retired to North Castle, about two miles north, where \nhe remained until early in November, when the enemy withdrew \ntheir forces to Kingsbridge, preparatory to a contemplated attack \non Fort Washington, which was speedily invested. \n\n15. This important fortress occupied a prominent position on \nthe Hudson River, between the present One Hundred and Eighty- \nFirst and One Hundred and Eighty-Sixth Streets, the highest \npoint on the island, and completely commanding the navigation of \nthe river. It was supported and defended by a series of strong \nredoubts, batteries, and other works, on the north and south, \nextending across the entire island at that point, covering the \n\n\n\nBattle of White Plains. \n\n\n\n108 FIFTH PFRIOD. \n\nHarlem Uiver, mid that portion of Wtstchcstcr County l)Ct\\vtcn \nittf eu.steni Hhurc un<i Long Ulaud Sound. \n\n16. Genend KuyphuuHcn, with a large botiy oi Hessian and \nEiiL\'IiKh troops, ujuouuting in ail tu tivc thou8and men, uttncked \nthe fort on the UHh of November, which, after a gallant defence \nby thegarriHon, under Colonel Magnw, with aUiut three thoUKand \nmen, waH com|R*lle<l to surrender, with the Iohh of fifty men killeil \nand al)out \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnc hundreii woumletl, the remainder l>eing captured. \nTwo dayH afterwanla. Fort Lee, on Uio op|K>Hite hhore of the Hud- \n8on, fell inli) the hands of Lonl ComwalliK, with iu garrinon of \nsix thoUMand men, and a ({unntity of liaggage luid military Htore.s. \nAnd the remainder of the American army fell Uick through New \nJeruey to Trenton, where, on the 6xX\\ of Doccmlwr, they croii.se*! \nthe Ik\'lawaro into PennMylvania. \n\n1 7. Kveiitii, mranwhile. of ouuiiiderable importance, were tranh \n])iring \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbn the northern frontier. Cienend (iaten, \xe2\x80\x94 to whom the \ncommand of the tnM\xc2\xbb|Mi lately engaged in the dinaMtroutt ex|)edi- \ntion agniniit Canada lunl l\xc2\xbbeen aiwigned, \xe2\x80\x94 approhemjivo of an im- \nminliate attempt to recapture Crown Point and Ticouderogu, \naliandoning the fonner by the advice of a council of officers, \nconceiitrate<l hiH forces at tlio latter point, wlK?ro in Augtist \nhe conittructed a Hipiiulron of amall vettMels, and place<i them \non I^ke Champlaiu under the command of (ieneml .\\niold. \nCarleton, on learning thiM intelligence, made similar prt\xc2\xab|iamtion8 \non his imrt to countenict the movement, whatever it might [lor- \ntend, and anchore<l hia mjUHdron opfHrnite St John\'s. Arnold, \nunaware of the strength of his o(i|M>nent, fell Imck fn>m his \npovtition opposite Crown Point to Valcour\'s Island, a short dis- \ntiuioe south of Plattslmrg, where he anchore*! his fleet across \nthe narrow channel l>etween the island and the wcHtom shore \nof the lake, and awaited C\'arletou\'s appniaeh. \n\n18. On the nioniing of the 11th of Octolier tl, \xe2\x80\xa2 ni. S \nsquadron, consisting of a very 8U|)erior force in shi, tiers, \nsoldiers, and seamen, ap|ieared off CumU\xc2\xbbrland Hea<l to the \nnorthward, and, sweeping around the southerly |ioint <\xc2\xbbf Valcour- \nIsland, took up a position directly south of the American fle< t. \n\nCspturp of Foru Wii*hinpton and Lc*. \xe2\x80\x94 Urtrrat of ihc Amrrir*n ann \nthrough Nrw .IrrM>T to I\'mnyvlvnnin. \xe2\x80\x94 Nsral combat on Lake CbampUin \nbetween the Brituh and American fleets. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 109 \n\nArnold immediately prepared for action, and at about eleven \no\'clock his schooner \xe2\x80\x94 the Royal Savage \xe2\x80\x94 and a few of the small \nboats got under way, the residue of the squadron remaining at \nanchor. The schooner was speedily disabled by the enemy\'s \nguns, and, to prevent her falling into his hands, run ashore by \nher captain and burnt. The action was continued with round \nand grape shot, on both sides, until night separated the com- \nbatants. \n\n19. So severe were the injimes sustained by the American \nsquadron in this desperate engagement, that an immediate \nreturn to Crown Point was deemed advisable ; and notwith- \nstanding the proximity of the enemy\'s vessels in their front, \naided by the darkness of the night and the presence of a heavy \nfog, they succeeded in passing through the fleet undiscovered, \nand in reaching Schuyler\'s Island, ten miles distant, where they \nstopped for a short time for repairs. Resuming their course, and \nclosely pursued by their disappointed adversaries, they reached \nWillsborough, about thirty miles north of Crown Point, on \nthe morning of the 1 3th, and were shortly afterwards overtaken \nby the enemj^\'s fleet, favored by a fresh northeasterly breeze. \n\n20. The schooner Washington, which was first overtaken, \nafter sustaining with great gallantry the fire of three of the \nBritish vessels, struck her colors, and General Waterbury and his \nmen, who were on board, were taken prisoners. The Congress \nwas next attacked, and sustained for five hours a spirited but \nunequal contest against a vastly superior force, when, having \nbecome a complete wreck, with her sails, rigging, and hull torn \nto shreds, Arnold run her into a creek on the eastern shore of \nthe lake, and set her on fire, with the remaining boats by which \nhe was accompanied. He then, after witnessing the completion \nof his work, marched his men through the woods to Chimney \nPoint, reaching Crown Point at an early hour on the ensuing \nmorning. \n\n21. Of the fleet with which he sailed from Crown Point a \nfew days before, only two schooners, a sloop, two galleys, and a \ngondola remained. The prisoners captured from the Wash- \nington were released on parole, and returned to Crown Point on \n\nThe American fleet disabled. \xe2\x80\x94 Its retreat and pursuit. \xe2\x80\x94 Return to \nCrown Point. \n\n\n\nno FIFTH PFniOD. \n\nthe next dav. Conenil ArnoKl ^^ a^ ln-rlily complimented in all \nqiiarten* for his skill, hmvorv. umi iK.i-\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xablent c\xc2\xab.unHre iu the fuco \nof \xc2\xbbo ^Tx\xc2\xbbat odda ; luid the rt-Hull of the comUit wji\xc2\xbb Imiled jui \niudicjitivc of future uaval triuinplu* on the part of the Amcri- \ncaoii, under less adyerse ciruumstouoes. \n\n\n\nCHAPTEH VII. \nFiB\xc2\xabT State CoinrrrrrTioji. \xe2\x80\x94 Geo\xc2\xabob Cmxtojc rijcctcd Oote\xc2\xab?\xc2\xab"\xc2\xab. \n\nUaIUIAKOIA rK&ATMEJIT i*V I\'kI JM\xc2\xbb!\xc2\xab i;Rj\xc2\xbb |X TIIL I\'iTT or N > ^^ \n\nYork. \xe2\x80\x94 UiMooTNE\'t Camiaiu*. \xe2\x80\x94 Mtui>i;u or Jaxe McC\'KiiA. \xe2\x80\x94 \nBattle or Oeiaeant. \n\n1. Mranwhilb the city of New York beoune, from the pcritnl \nof it\xc2\xab occti|\xc2\xabtiou by the Ku^cludi trtHtjiR, the hcml-<|uarter8 \n\n" \' \xe2\x96\xa0 of the hritinh nnnv, under the conuimiid of (jencrol Howe. \nThe patriotic inhahitanti* - mich of them, at leant, m luid \ncscapeil capture and imprimmmeut \xe2\x80\x94 were com|>clltHi to al\xc2\xbbun- \ndon their aUxleK, which were occupied chiffly hy othcem of the \norrav an<l hiwts of Torien fn\xc2\xbbm the n. i \'hlmnn^; couutien. The \nProvincial ContTeiw a*younied to K. .. a and other towuM on \ntlio Hmi.Hon, where, in conjunction with deKv\xc2\xbbt<^\xc2\xab frt\'\xc2\xbb" t*\xc2\xbb<^ \xc2\xbb"\xe2\x80\xa2 \nterior. thev eHt4ihli\xc2\xbblieil a connnittec of hafely, with John Jay at \nit\xc2\xab head, and by Hpirite\xc2\xabl and |tttriotic adtlretoiea encouraged \nreniHtoncc to the c\xc2\xabHnmon enemy. We\xc2\xabtche\xc2\xabter and K\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbckland, \nknown on the neutral (jtmwl, were infected hy \xe2\x80\xa2\' (\'<.w lk)y\xc2\xbb " and \n** Skinnens" \xe2\x80\x94 the former avowc\'tl Toriea. and tlie latter indif- \nferent to any principle other than plunder. \n\n2. In March. 1777. (;cnend Howe dej*i>atch<*d a ntronj: force \nup the IhMl.s<.n for the capture of the military- hton s of the \nAmericnuH at Pe<\'k\xc2\xbbkill. which, on their appnwch, were pn.mplly \ndc\xc2\xabtroviHl hv the diftMi<lrr\xc2\xbb under the con\xc2\xbbnmn\xc2\xabl of (Jenond Mc- \nDoupill. and tlie jxirty. without accomplishing their oh \nretunied to New York. A hhort time afterwards r. 1 m 1 \nMei^ with one hun\xc2\xablred and twenty men, attacked a liritisli \npost at Sag HurlKjr, on the ea\xc2\xabtcm extremity of U)ng Itdand. \n\n\\{t*n\\x of the conflict. \xe2\x80\x94 Ocrupation of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 The nentrml groond. \n^Military storai at Peekskill. \xe2\x80\x94 AttMk oo Sag Uarbor. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. HI \n\nburned several vessels, store-houses, &c., and took ninety \nprisoners, for which he received the thanks of Congress. \n\n3. In April of this year, a Convention of delegates, represent- \ning the several counties of the State, assembled at Kingston and \nformed the first State Constitution. By its provisions a Gov- \nernor was to be elected by the people for a term of three years, \nand the legislative department vested in a Senate and Assem- \nbly, deriving their power from the same source. All inferior \noffices were to be filled by the Governor and a council of four \nsenators, \xe2\x80\x94 one from each district ; and to a Council of Revision, \nsimilarly constituted, was assigned the power to pass upon the \nvalidity and constitutionality of legislative acts. George \nClinton, of Orange County, already favorably distinguished for \nhis patriotism and public and private worth, was elected Gov- \nernor. John Jay was appointed Chief-Justice ; Robert R. \nLivingston, Chancellor; and Philip Livingston, James Duane, \nFrancis Lewis, and Gouverneur Morris, delegates to the Con- \ntinental Congress. \n\n4. Diu-ing this period, and until nearly the conclusion of the \nwar, the numerous prisons in the city of New York, and the \nprison-ships in its vicinity, were crowded with captives, whose \nill-treatment and sufferings reflected a lasting disgrace upon the \nvile instruments by whom they were inflicted and upon the \nnation which permitted them. The City Hall, the Bridewell, \nsituated on the Commons, the new jail in the Provost, many of \nthe churches, the old Sugar-House, built in the days of Leisler, \nand other public buildings, were transformed into receptacles for \nthe captured soldiers. \n\n5. The Jersey prison-ship, and numerous other vessels in the \nbay, rivers, and harbor, were converted into loathsome dungeons \nfor the sailors. The former, under the supervision of the in- \nfamous Provost-Marshal Cunningham, with his assistants, depu- \nties, and commissaries, were subjected to the most inhuman \nand incredible barbarities ; while the latter were huddled together \nin vast numbers in crowded hulks and miserable cabins, suffering \nall the horrors of pestilence, starvation, and tyrannical barbarity. \n\nConstitutional Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor and appointment of \nState officers and Con^rressional delegates. \xe2\x80\x94 Barbarous treatment of \nprisoners. \xe2\x80\x94 The Sugar-House and Jersey prison-ship. \n\n\n\n112 y IF III PEnioD. \n\nlu ono chtirch ci^ht hiimlrtil priaoncra were incaroernted, of \nwhom maiiv died fnnu aluir woiit of the necetsariee of lilV, ill- \ntreatment, and ne^dect ; and in another three thousand werv \ncrowded to^\'ctlier, largo uumbcni of whom periuhed from diikauw \nand violence. \n\n0. The atrocities which have conaijnied the memon\' of the \nold Supir Houiio to ail etenml infumy were of a still deeper \ndve, and their horrible and revolting di\'tuiU tux\' ei|uulled only \nby the annuls of the litintile and the dungeon vnultH of the \nKuro{)eai) frudul agiii. But even these were 8ur|HUiHcd, if |io\xc2\xab*- \neible, in cruelly and criminality, in the l*rovo\xc2\xabt Jail, under the \nimmediate chtuye of Cunninglwtm, where the most brutal and \nbarbaroiM treiitment to priaonen* of distinction of ever}\' gnulo \nwas of dully \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \'"rvnce. On l>uurd the primin-HhiiMi the luuno \nMyKtematio ou;:..^. A iiguinst the commonest dictates of human \nity were continually |\xc2\xbberpetrate<l ; nor did they cetuie, in X\\\\*^v \nor the other prisons, m\xc2\xbbt withstanding the couKtiiiit remt>iiKtnii. \nof \\Vashingt4>n, until the chine of the war. \n\n7. In acixjrdanco with the original <le\xc2\xabign of st^fmrating the \neastern and n\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrthem colonies from the southern an<l western \nby the occujiancy of the HudH*.>u Hiver, IJenend !ltjrj^\xc2\xbbyne, in \ncommand of an armv of seven thousand men. \xc2\xab tiir \'\xc2\xbbf \n\nm \n\nEnglwh, < Germans, Canadians, and Indians, estai \non the 10th of Jime, 1777, at Crown Point, and from th.it jxiint \npn\xc2\xbbcee*le\xc2\xabl on the 2d of July to invest Tioon\xc2\xablen\xc2\xbb;4a, sen<ling <\xc2\xbbut \na detachment of aliout two thousand (aniulians and IndiaiiH. \nbv wav of (>swe\xc2\xabjr.. to attack Fort Schiivler on tiie Moliawk. \n\n8. GenenU St i , who C(>mmande<l the \\tcmi at Ticiiiideniga, \nwith a force of a)M>ut three thousand men, finding himself un \nable to hold the outworks against the su|)crior forces brought to \nbear against him, withdrew t<\xc2\xbb the defences of the fort. The \nBritiMh troops t*K)k post on the northwest; their iJerman allu-.s \non the opijosite side of the hike in the rear of Mount Indnpcn- \ndence, occupied by the Americans ; while Mount \\h . \xc2\xab>n \nthe southern side of the outlet, which commanded the entire \n{)Oftitiou, had l^een lefl unfortified from inability to furnish it \nwith an effective gnrristin. \n\n9. The Hritish immediately avaiUnl themselves of this omis \n\nPlan and ol^)\xc2\xabeti of the canpaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack on Tiooodaraga. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 113 \n\nsion by planting their artillery on the summit of this height, at \nthe distance of about a mile from the fort ; and St. Clair, at \nonce perceiving the futility of further resistance, evacuated the \nworks on the evening of the 5th of July, crossed over to Mount \nIndependence, and, sending his ammunition and stores to \nSkenesborough, a few miles up the lake, commenced his re- \ntreat to Fort Edward. \n\n10. His movements, however, having been discovered by the \nenemy, through the accidental bm-ning of a building on Mount In- \ndependence, he was pm\'sued, his baggage, stores, and provisions \nseized and destroyed, and his rear division, under Colonel Seth \nWarner, overtaken at Hubbardton in Vermont, and, after a \nsevere engagement, routed and dispersed. The victors, on the \n7th of July, returned in trimnph to Ticonderoga, over which \nthe British flag was floating, while the dispirited remnant of \nthe Americans, five days afterwards, reached General Schuy- \nler\'s camp at Fort Edward. \n\n11. That officer, finding himself unable to maintain his posi- \ntion with a very inferior force against a victorious adversary, \nsent a strong party to obstruct the route of the invaders, while \nhe slowly retreated, with the residue of his command, down the \nvalley of the Hudson to the mouth of the Mohawk. Here, with \nthe aid of the distinguished Count Kosciusko, who was attached \nto his stafi" as engineer, he erected a series of strong intrench- \nments in the neighborhood of Cohoes Falls, and, reinforced by \na large body of New England troops under General Lincoln, \nawaited, with an army of thirteen thousand men, the approach \nof the enemy. \n\n12. General Burgoyne\'s march to Fort Edward was seriously \nimpeded by the numerous obstructions thrown in his path by the \nparty sent out to Skenesborough by Schuyler, and it was not \nuntil the 30th of July that his army, nearly destitute of provis- \nions and exhausted by fatigue, reached their destination. On this \nmarch occun\'ed the lamentable tragedy of the murder of Jane \nMcCrea, a young woman consigned by her betrothed to a party \nof Indians belonging to the British army, for conveyance from \n\nRetreat of St. Claiv. \xe2\x80\x94 Retreat of General Schuyler. \xe2\x80\x94 Concentration of \ntroops at the mouth of the Mohawk. \xe2\x80\x94 Kosciusko. \xe2\x80\x94 Murder of Jane \nMcCrea. \n\n8 \n\n\n\n114 FIFTH PFRIOD. \n\nFort Edwunl to the British camp. The circnmstanoes under \nwhich the murder was c*oinmitte<l are iiivoIve<i in considerable \nolwcurity ; but there BiM^niM to lie Uttle doubt that the haplei^\'^ \ngirl waj< bnitnllv shf^t duwu in a cpiarrel anum^ her 8uvaf;< \nguides for the n-wuni offenxi for her transniitwion to the cainp. \n\n13. On the 2d and 3*1 of August, Fort Schuyler, situated \non the site of the j>re\xc2\xbbent villa^rc of Home, on the Mohawk, \nhad l>ecn invested by a detachment of Hm^yne\'s anny, coni \nmande<l by St, I^^er, numlierintr some seventeen hundred men, \nfuid consisting; of a laip? number of Mohnwk Indians under \nBrant, and of Ameriain Toriea under Sir Wdliam Johnson m!!-) \nthe infamous Butler. On the morning; of the 4th active hohi.l. \nties commence<l. and were continued on the .^th. The furt was \ncommanded by <\'olonel Peter IJanseviKirt. (Jenenil Herkimer, \n\nm \n\nwith a force of alMuit ei^ht hundre<l men, marehcil to his relief, \nacoom)innied by Thomas i^v\'^\'-r, the faithful sachem of th\xc2\xab\' \nOneidaa. C\'rt>Hhin;; the M<i..-^.\xc2\xab at the present site of Ttica, \nthey encamjHHi on the 5th at Oriskany, near the prt>scnt villap? \nof \\VhitesU\xc2\xbbr- \xe2\x80\xa2"\'\'\'. frt\xc2\xbbm whence Cieneral Herkimer sent mes- \n\xe2\x96\xa0engeni to ap]-;.^^ Colonel (mnsevoort of their appruoch, and tu \nconcert measures of coKtjM\'ration. \n\n14. In conMo<|uence of the recklcM impctuoaity of the troops \nunder his command and their entire disrepiard of discipline, \nHerkimer, m- \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\'\'\xe2\x80\xa2 d by SjR\'ncer and some of his moat eiperienced \noflicers, was t: us of remaining in his present camp until the \narrival of n*inforccments, or intelligence from the fort. The \njunior ofticerH, however, strongly remonstrated against all delay, \nand nn aiigry altercation ensued, in the course of which (jcncral \nHerkimer was stigmatized as a coward and a Tory. His indig- \nnant reply was a peremptory order to \xe2\x80\xa2* March on ! " and the \ncommand was imme<liately f\xc2\xbbl>eyed with the utmost precipitation \nand cli\xc2\xbb4\xc2\xbbnier, taking care, however, to send out an advnnre<l \nguard and Hankini; {nrties to guard against surprise. \n\n15. St, Ix^ger having received information of his approach, \nsent forwanl a detachment under the command of Sir John \nJohnson, including the entire IkxIv of Indians, hcade<I by Bnuit. \nto intercept his progrcsa. At aliout two miles west of ( \xe2\x80\xa2 \nkany an ambuscade was prej\xc2\xabarcd by Brunt along the margin \n\nAtiAck upon Fort Schuyler. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Ori\xc2\xbbkany. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 115 \n\nof a deep ravine, through which the advancing party were com- \npelled to pass, and into which, followed by their baggage- \nwagons, they passed, and were immediately surrounded and \nhemmed in by their savage foe, shouting the war-whoop and \npouring in upon their disorderly and panic-stricken columns \na torrent of rifle-balls. The rear-guard, cut off from their ad- \nvancing comrades, fled with precipitation, closely pursued by \nthe Indians, by whom they were severely harassed, while the \nmain body, recovering from their surprise, maintained the un- \nequal contest with the skill and desperation of veterans. \n\n16. Early in the action, General Herkimer was severely wound- \ned by a musket-ball, which killed his horse and shattered his \nown leg. At his request he was placed upon his saddle at the \nfoot of a tree, where he coolly continued to direct the battle, \nwhich raged with the utmost fury for nearly an hour, when it \nwas interrupted by a heavy thunder-storm, which enabled the \nlittle band to gain a more favorable position. The struggle was \nagain renewed, and just as the Indians were beginning to give \nway before the skilful and persistent attacks of the Americans, \na reinforcement of Tories was sent by St. Leger to their relief, \nand the hand-to-hand contest continued with increased deter- \nmination and ferocity on both sides. \n\n17. The signal guns from the fort now annoimced a sortie \nfrom the garrison, which had been previously concerted by Gen- \neral Herkimer, and, a riise of Butler\'s for deceiving the Ameri- \ncans by the appearance of relief having been detected, the Tory \nreinforcement were driven from their ground with great slaughter, \nfollowed by their associates and the Indians, who, perceiving the \nretreat of their allies, immediately fled in every direction, leav- \ning the heroic band, after a contest of eight hours\' dm^ation, in \npossession of the field. \n\n18. Meanwhile the detachment from the fort, under the com- \nmand of Colonel Marinus Willett, made an impetuous attack \nupon St. Leger\'s advanced guard, and speedily succeeded in \ngaining possession of his camp, military stores, and baggage, \nwithout the loss of a single man, driving the Indians into the \nwoods and compelling Johnson to a hasty retreat. Five British \nstandards were captured and immediately hoisted on the flag- \nIndian ambuscade. \n\n\n\n116 FIFTH PFRIOn. \n\nstaff of the fort, under the AiiKTiiun rolora. The siege was oon- \ntiouod until the ^Jd^ when the a{)]K*urunce of (icneral Arnold \nwith reinforcements friiiu Schuyler induced the prompt wiih- \ndrawid of the HntitUi luid their Harage alliea. U\xc2\xaboflnd iierkiuier \nboon uftcr died from the effects of his wound. \n\n\n\nCHATTKU VIII. \n\nFiKST AHV SrcojtD Battus* or Stillwatbr. \xe2\x80\x94 Victoit or T\xc2\xaba \nAJiuaiCAXS. \xe2\x80\x94 Si\'saaxDEii or Ursoorxs at Saratoga. \n\n1. General Bliiootxr, weakened and diiKxiura^irt^ as he was \n\nhy the defeat at IU\'nnin>^uu of im ex|ieditiun sent into \nVenuont for supf^lirn to his onny, by the scarcity of pro- \nvisiouH, and by the niui. oltHtnictmnH which were interposed \n\nto his progresi on ever}* Imnd, still {RTKiHte<i in his determina- \ntion to carry out the ori^^inid pinn of the cuni|Miipi by eti \na union with the force!* of Ia*t\\\\ Howe, and thereby cuttii \nall c\xc2\xab>nununication )K*twet>n the eiiMteni and the nu Mid \n\nBoutheni adoniitL With this view, on the 13th ancl 14th of \nSepteniljcr he crossed with his army to the western lunk of the \nHudson, and encnm|ie4l on the heights and pluins of SAKATtMiA, \non the jjToiind now occupied by the villo^^ of Schuyler\\*ille, \xe2\x80\x94 \nthe American array lieing stationed hi the neighborhood of \nStillwater, about nine miles distant \n\n2. On the iHth he advanced to a position within alwut two \nmiles fn>in the Amehciai camp, near wlmt is now known as \nWilbur\'s IWin, where, havmg strcn^hencd himself by throwing \nup intrenchments and re<loubts, and lieing further pn\xc2\xbbtiite\xc2\xabl by \na deep ravine in fn\xc2\xbbut, prejiur.itions were immodiittely made for \nan att4uk on the American lines. The right wing of his army \nconsiste<l of light-infantry and grenadiers, suj\xc2\xbb|iort4.Nl by the Hes- \nsian riflemen and a Ixxlvof ( in Tories and Indians as skir- \nmishers, and was placed under the command of (Jenerul Frnzer, \n\nTcnnJnstlon of the ricjyp. \xe2\x80\x94 Tl- ment\xc2\xab fW>m ArnoM and S \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Rctrrat of the British. \xe2\x80\x94 PIsn oi lac campaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Burgo/ne sdraaco uj \nSsrstoga. \xe2\x80\x94 Position of the armies. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 117 \n\nMajor Ackland, and the Earl of Balcarras ; the centre, of Eng- \nlish troops under Burgoyne in person and General Hamilton; \nand the left, "of the artillery regiments and Hessians under Gen- \nerals Riedesel and Philips. \n\n3. The Americans occupied an advantageous position on \nBemis\'s Heights, which they had taken care strongly to pro- \ntect, by the erection of breastworks and redoubts. Its right, \ncommanded by General Gates, who had recently superseded \nSchuyler, occupied the meadows between the heights and the \nriver ; and the left, under General Arnold and Colonel Morgan, \noccupied the heights and the high grounds to the west. A \ndeep, closely wooded ravine also protected the front of the right \nwing, and, at a little distance north, another of a similar char- \nacter intervened between the two armies. \n\n4. On the afternoon of the 19th the enemy in tliree divisions \nadvanced to the attack, \xe2\x80\x94 the centre crossing the ravine in a \nline directly in front of the American camp, the right around its \nhead, and the left passing down the road skirting the river. \nColonel Morgan\'s regiment of riflemen, led by Major Mori\'is, en- \ncountered the advanced column, and after an impetuous attack \nwere driven from the field with the loss of twenty men. Arnold \nwas immediately despatched with two regiments to their relief; \nbut notwithstanding his accustomed display of vigor and brav- \nery, he was forced to retreat, Gates having refused the reinforce- \nments which he required. \n\n5. Arnold immediately, by a rapid countermarch, fell sud- \ndenly and with great precipitation upon the enemy\'s centre, \ncommanded by Burgoyne himself, and, having been strength- \nened by the accession of several regiments belonging to his own \ndivision, \xe2\x80\x94 comprising the New York troops, under Colonels \nPierre Van Courtlandt and the Livingstons, with the New \nHampshire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts troops, \xe2\x80\x94 main- \ntained the action for four hours, until darkness separated the \ncombatants, when he retired in good order and without pursuit. \nThe forces of the two armies were nearly equal, the superiority \nin numbers being with the enemy, who had thirty-five hundred \nmen against Arnold\'s three thousand. The British loss was six \n\n\n\nBattle at Bemis\'s Heights. \xe2\x80\x94 Arrangement of forces. \xe2\x80\x94 Repulse of Mor- \ngan and Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Renewal of Arnold\'s attack. \n\n\n\n118 FIFTU PERIOD. \n\nhundred killed and wounded, while the Americans* was only \nabout half thnt number. The enemy retained po\xc2\xabe\xc2\xabsion of \nthe field ; and both |jartieM Htren^hcucd their jKMutionB pre \nparaton* to a renewal i>f the Ixitlle. \n\n0. Mitintime an unfortunate and serious misunderBtAndin;; \nhad Kprun^ u|> lietwecn (.\xc2\xabenerals Gates and Arnold, p^)win<^ out \nof tRe removal of Schuyler ; and an unpleaiiant intorviuw, follow- \n\\r\\\'^ the detiu\'lmient of Mor^nn\'M ritlemt-n and UearlKjm\'s infiuitry \nfn>m Arnold\'s division, had resulted in his removtd from all \ncomman<i, and exclusion from hcad-<iuurt4*rH, the left win^ Ixrin^\' \nasiU{j^ied to General LinooliL So far was tiiis hitter feud \xe2\x80\xa2 u \nried, that no mention was made hy Gates, in his othcitd desjiuti. ... \nto the l\'omnMUidfr-in4*hiff, of the im|K\'rtaiit iJirt tali u in tin* \nbattle of tlio previous day by Arnold. \n\n7. For upwards of two weeks following the liattle of Ik>mih\'h \n]f.;.\'l.tH^ or Stdlwater, aa it is morv generally dcstpiatcd, the \nci.. ;. - lines were inceaaantly haraimed by sorties from the \nAmci;v;iit r?iii!j\xc2\xbb. though no j^\'ueral cnp* "\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\'"\xe2\x80\xa2nt ttccurred. Tlu* \ntupply of ].r>*wMons and fornp; for the i.. ...Ui was daily dimin \nishing. The difhculties of a n>treat to Canada, combined wit it \nthe hazanl of Knivi!- \' \'^\'\xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x80\xa2- free to turn his army apiinst Howe, \ninclined him to aw.i.t ""\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2>\xc2\xab from the latter; but tin- \nprcs\xc2\xab\'*V\'> "f want, and i..- .;^. I some movement to \xe2\x80\xa2\'i ;\xc2\xab.\'.lv \n\nthe i;< ... .^ncies of the s> \xc2\xab ; v, rendered a second and d \n\nbattle inifiemtive. \n\n8. (>n the 7th of Oct*.;- 1. .. \xe2\x80\x94 niinudy. General Bur\xc2\xab^\'vnr\xc2\xbb m, \nthe absence of all infoniuuion from Htiwe, deemed it ..... \n\nto make a demouMtnition on the left of the American In \nA detachment of HAoen hundred re^ilar troo|Mi, with a f>< \nIwittery of artillery and field pieces, accompanied by G< \nI*hili{\xc2\xab, Uie<le\xc2\xabel, and Fmzer, waa moved, under his imn* \ncommand, to a |M\xc2\xbb9ition within three quarters of n niiln ..f tV..\' \nleft win;^ of the Americana, while Captain Fnuer\'b ;.. \nIndians, an<l Tory refuj^i\'cs, were directe*! to effect, if | ... a \ndivcnuon of their attention from the openUiooa on their fiauk. \n\nDisMMion between Gain and Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Arnold dcprirrd of hi\xc2\xab com \nmaod. \xe2\x80\x94 Ur OS. \xe2\x80\x94 Terapnmrr ccMation of b<> \n\nties. \xe2\x80\x94 EmUuru.\'-^iii;; ( ituqgojne. \xe2\x80\x94 Actire operatiooa detcnauicU \n\napoiL \xe2\x80\x94 Mof\xc2\xab m.nu ot : \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 119 \n\nTheir movements were, however, seasonably discovered, and \nMorgan was ordered by Gates to gain the high gromid on their \nright, while General Poor, with the Eastern and New York regi- \nments, advanced against their left. \n\n9. By a sudden and rapid movement the attack was com- \nmenced on the extreme left of the enemy\'s line, where Major \nAckland was in command, and soon reached the centre, while \nMorgan appeared on the right, and the action became general. \nBurgoyne finding himself unable effectually to resist this com- \nbined attack, attempted to form a second line in rear of the first, \nto secure the retreat of the latter ; but, before this object could \nbe effected. Major Dearborn had effected a breach in the enemy\'s \nleft wing, compelling the right to rally to its relief. \n\n10. In the execution of this movement. General Frazer re- \nceived a mortal wound, and Burgoyne found it necessary to \norder a retreat of the main body, under cover of the forces of \nGenerals Philips and Beidesel, and such assistance as he him- \nself might be able to render with such troops as could hastily \nbe collected. With great difficulty they were enabled to regain \ntheir camp, with the loss of six pieces of artillery and several of \ntheir men. \n\n11. Arnold, notwithstanding orders to the contrary, had occu- \npied his usual place at the head of his troops, and participated \nin the attack with his usual bravery and determined energy. \nFlying in hot haste from one part of the field to the other, \nhe cheered on his men, everywhere received with the greatest \nenthusiasm, his orders carried out and his example emulated \nthroughout the line. Chiefly by his indomitable spirit and gal- \nlant exertions the right and rear of the enemy\'s forces were \ncarried and held by Lieutenant-Colonel Brooks, when the ap- \nproach of darkness again put an end to the contest. \n\n12. The Americans had, however, obtained a complete and \nbrilliant victor}^ The British had been driven from the field \nwith the loss of several of their best officers, six hundred men \nkilled, wounded, and prisoners, and most of their artillery, am- \nmunition, horses, and baggage. The American loss did not \nexceed one hundred and fifty killed and wounded, among the \n\nCounter-movements of the Americans. \xe2\x80\x94 Second battle of Stillwater. \xe2\x80\x94 \nBravery of Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Eetreat of the British. \xe2\x80\x94 Victory of the Americans. \n\n\n\n120 FIFTH PFIilOD. \n\nlatter of whom was (jeneral Arnold, who, just as the victory wm \nwon, nxvivoil a ball uhicli fnu\'tureii his lt.% killing his hunio. \nHow n\xc2\xab*l<Iu iuid brilliant would have been hia record, could it \nonlv have tennJhate<l here I \n\nm \n\n13. GenonU 1\'-\'^ -vue, on the night of the 7th, changed his \nposition to tli\xc2\xab\' i ..IS ^^n the west liank of the Hudjtou, near \nthe present \\ .u-i^o uf Wilbur\'s Basin. On tht> nioniiug of the \n8th the AriMr<.<fin>( took possesaion of his alvuidoiicil cuinp ; and \nalthough . fire of artillery and suiall-anus wiui kept up \nlictucvn Xi. ..::... s during the dav, no furlhtr nttiok wiu imulo \non either side. (Jeiiend <\xc2\xbbale\xc2\xab dfM)j\xc2\xbbtch(.<d u I : \xe2\x80\x9e.. ._\xe2\x80\xa2 under < > .. \nend Fellows to take |ioHt on the eu^t side of the Hudson, <t !>.> \nsite Snrutt\xc2\xbbga, to cut t*tX the eneniv\'ti retivat. .Viiother <. . \nmcnt of two thousand men wiut wnt to intercept him at Fort \nKdmard, and a third, with a siuiibir objivt, to the fonl higher up. \n\n14. Hreaking up his command, an\xc2\xabl leaving bfhind hiui some \nthm* hundred of his aick and wounded in o \xc2\xbbiise<pience of the \n\\*u\\ Ntate of the roada, Hur^\'<>yne, on the night tif the 8th, re- \ntreated! with great socrccy. with all his reiiuiining liaggogc, to \nSarat4>gn (now Scliuylcndle;, whuh he reacluil on the succeed- \ning night. On the afternoon of tlio lOth he was overtak\xc2\xab-n )iy \nthe .\\meriauia, and on tho following morning an ii\\)u \xe2\x96\xa0 .h \nattempt on the {Art of (iatea to Ijriiig on a general action, in \nignomiHf of the p \xe2\x80\xa2 of the enemy, woa only fnistrated by \nthe iiee of his peremptory orders by the officeni under \n\nhis ( .\xe2\x96\xa0;i.:,i.i:, i. \n\n15. Chi the 12th, no r> infonnntion having been re- I \noeivcd either fn>m Clinttai or How\xc2\xab\'. ntjd llic supply of i\xc2\xbbrt>- \nviHions oontmuing iniul<^u>itp, a \xe2\x80\xa2 1 of othcers u i I \nu{Min the naceaaity and < <ncy of a retntit, if possible. In \nway of Fort F^lwanl or I^ke (ioorgr. This having l>een found \nwholly impractii*ablo. by the rr\xc2\xbbj\xc2\xbbr\xc2\xbbH of scouts, and three days\' \nsupply only hmi. j, a aipit ii w\xc2\xab^ dotemiine<I upon on \nthe next \xe2\x80\xa2: . On the IGth the nt^g\' :m for this purjK>se \nwere complete<l, and on the 17th the surrender eflecte<l in the \npresence of l>oth armies, with all the usual foruMdities. \n\n\n\nGeneral AmoM \xc2\xaboun\xc2\xabU\'\xc2\xab1. \xe2\x80\x94 M -wosnales. \xe2\x80\x94 Ransorne\'t \n\nivtresi cut off. \xe2\x80\x94 Unreal to bAf.i^-^... i..j>.\xc2\xbb.vMMt oottdact of Gsies. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSiUTBodcr of BurgovQc \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 121 \n\n16. Twelve general officers, some thirty regimental officers, \nnearly nine hundred subalterns, and four thousand eight hun- \ndred and thirty-six privates, amounting in all to five thousand \nseven hundred and sixty-three, laid down their arms ; and \ntwenty-seven pieces of cannon, with implements and stores com- \nplete, five thousand stands of arms, and great quantities of \nammunition, were captured. \n\n17. The surrender of Burgoyne was followed by the evacua- \ntion of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and the total prostration \nof the British power in the northern section of the State. Its \neffect upon the American army and the American people gen- \nerally was electric. Following, as it did, upon the disastrous \nresults of the campaign of the preceding year, and the recent \ndefeats in Pennsylvania, it infused fresh spirit into the hearts \nof the desponding, encouraged and strengthened the timid, ap- \npalled the domestic traitors, and cheered the patriots through- \nout the country. It riveted the alliance of the French auxilia- \nries, and secured the respectful regards, if not the effective aid, \nof foreign States. Even in the British Parliament it called \nforth the indignant remonstrances of the ablest English states- \nmen, and enlisted the ardent sympathies of the friends of free- \ndom throughout the world. \n\n18. Sir Henry Clinton, with the view of co-operating with \nBurgoyne, had, early in October, ascended the Hudson with \na strong force, and on the 6th a detachment under Lieutenant- \nColonel Campbell gained possession of Forts Montgomery and \nClinton, on the boundaries of Orange and Kockland County, \nafter a severe contest maintained, under the immediate direction \nof Governor Clinton, by Colonels Livingston, Bruyn, and Mc- \nLoughr3\\ Having also secured the occupation of Fort Con- \nstitution, opposite West Point, with the uninterrupted com- \nmand of the river, they contented themselves with burning \nKingston, and, intelligence of the defeat of Burgoyne rendering \nfurther advance unnecessary^ returned to New York, while Gen- \neral Gates, with a thousand of his victorious troops, rejoined \nWashington\'s camp in Pennsylvania. \n\nEffects of the surrender. \xe2\x80\x94 Caiiture of Forts Clinton, Montgomery, and \nConstitution, on the Hudson. \xe2\x80\x94 Burning of Kingston. \xe2\x80\x94 General Gates \njoins Washington\'s army in Pennsylvania. \n\n\n\n122 Firm rKiiioD. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX. \n\nIlTBIA.H BaRIIARITIE*. \xe2\x80\x94 M A-- i< Kl. AT * lill.i.l \\aLLJ.J. \xe2\x80\x94 iSLLLIVASfl \n\nCamtaius. \n\n1. The Miiccooiling year wa\xc2\xab chiefly \xe2\x80\xa2\' nisluxl, in the nn \n\nimls of the Stutc of New York\xc2\xbb hv nn ntrucious 8ucce\xc2\xab \nsiuu of Indian tuul Tory barltnriticM und nuuttuicrt\'s in th< \nMohawk Vulley nnd ninon^ tlie interiitr Hettlenientx, undrr tin \nauMpioea of Jomph Hnuit, tlie well-known chief of the ^ \nNationa, and Walter Butler, the Mon of the fiendiah ini- i< \nant John Hutk-r, the chief n^\'ent in the fuinouH nuiAsacro in \n\n^\\\'\\ \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2In;! _\'. \n\n2. On the liit of June, < !i l*ntrick, of (\'<\xc2\xbbl<.iul AKUu\'.h \nMatMochuMettii re;;tinetit, with 11 |uirty <if volunte(>ra, wa> \nnttackeil nt the httlo settlement of ColileNkill, on tlie Mohawk \nKiver, in Si\'lu\xc2\xbbharie County, hy a pirty of IndianH and Toriex \noonin)ande<l l\xc2\xbby Brunt and one Service, nuniU\'rinj: over three \nhundret! and hftv. After a Moorlv and <! ite contest, \nPatrick, with twenty of hiw men, wiu\xc2\xab kille<l, and H\xc2\xab.\'Venil <\xc2\xbbtherH \nwounde<l and captunnl ; antl the enemy, having |)lundered and \nburnt the houM>tt of the Hettlem, n>tunied to Canada. \n\n3. Ihirin;: the Hpriniir of tluH year, in appreheuHion of Induin \nhontiliticH, Cenend Iji" \xe2\x80\xa2 had directed a fort to Ik? hudt at \nChern* Valley, in ()tm\xc2\xbbp. ( -iiunty, then a jmrt t)f Tr\\on County. \nBmnt, with hin Kivnpe warrioni, hovere<l around the nettle \nment while the work wna in \' jw, dwitr Sprin^rfield. \nand continuing hiii aggreafiionn inwti time to tunc in the nei^h \nborhood. until they aaaumed no fonnidnhle a character tliat Colo- \nnel Ichaltod Allen, with a r- iit of Continental troojia, wan \norden^l to the villa^. and t\xc2\xabK>k poaMnion of the church, sur- \nroundeil by a heavy stockade, for tlie protectioo of the in- \nhabitantft. \n\n4. At the uj>j)n>ach of winter, however, the \xc2\xbbettlers retunied \nto their deserteil luibitatioua, \xe2\x80\x94 further ho\xc2\xabtilitiefl having ap- \nparently been abandoned, \xe2\x80\x94 and Brant retired with hia foroea \n\n\n\nIndian and Turr atrocities. \xe2\x80\x94 Attark upun CublcakilL \xe2\x80\x94 Dcstmction of \nthe wttlement. \n\n\n\nCHERRY VALLEY. 123 \n\nto Niagara. On his journey he was met by Walter Butler at \nthe head of a detachment of two hundred men known as " But- \nler\'s Rangers," \xe2\x80\x94 a band of Tories commanded by his father. \nSmarting under the indignities inflicted upon him by the \npatriots, who had a short time previous arrested and confined \nhim as a Tory, and burning for revenge, he was on his way to \ndestroy Cherry Valley, whither he was accompanied by Brant \nwith five hundred of his party. \n\n5. On the 6th of November, information of the intended \nattack was communicated to Colonel Alden by Colonel Gan- \nsevoort, the commander of Fort Schuyler ; but the warning was \ncontemptuously disregarded by the former, who refused to per- \nmit the return of the settlers to the fort, with their families \nand effects, and contented himself with sending out scouts, who \nfell victims to their wary and vigilant savage enemies, without \nhaving been able to apprise the garrison of the imminent \ndanger hanging over it. \n\n6. On the morning of the 11th of November, in the midst of \na heavy storm of snow and rain, the enemy having on the pre- \nvious night gained the outskirts of the town, and encamped \niipon a hill thickly covered with evergreens, about a mile from \nthe fort, advanced upon the unsuspecting settlement by a path \nwhich had been left unprotected, and took possession of a swamp \nin its vicinity. Colonel Alden was again warned of their ap- \nproach by a traveller, who had been shot at and wounded by \ntwo of their number on his way to the village, but still persisted \nwith an inexplicable infatuation in discrediting the report. \n\n7. The attack immediately commenced. Brant with his In- \ndians leading the way, closely followed by Butler and his \nrangers. The house of Mr. Wells was first entered by a mixed \nparty of Tories and Senecas, and his whole family, with one \nexception, \xe2\x80\x94 consisting of himself, wife, four children, mother, \nbrother, sister, and three domestics, \xe2\x80\x94 ruthlessly massacred, \none son, absent at school, only escaping. Colonel Alden, also \nan inmate of the house, was tomahawked and scalped in his at- \ntempted flight. The house of the aged pastor, Mr. Dunlap, was \nnext attacked, his wife slain before his eyes, and his own life \n\nAttack upon Cherry Valley. \xe2\x80\x94 Indiscriminate massacre of the inhabitants. \n\n\n\n124 FIFTH PFRIOD. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0paiied only throu^\'h the interference of one of the M<h;i\\\\k \n\ncliiefk \n\n8. Colonel CftnipljeUH house wnM then surnmndcHl, ami in hi\xc2\xab \nabsence his wife lunl fi\xc2\xbbur ehiKlren were Uiken |\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xab\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnerH. The in- \ndiHeriniinate Klau;;hter of men, women, ami chililren went on with \nrelentlfhi* fi-riK-iiy, until thirty-two of the inhahituntu ami i-lcvi\'n \nBoliiient were idain ; all the dwellinj^H and out houseti, with their \ncontentu, bunieil ; and forty priKouem, ineluilin;; the ottieom <\xc2\xbbf \nthe pirri*\xc2\xbbn, carried into captivity. l>n the next day, after \n\xe2\x96\xa0ecurinf^ all the ibecp, cattle, and honicH of the Mettlement, and \ndischarging the captured women and children, the enemy re- \ntired. \n\n9. It w hut jujuice to UniiiL to hUitc uiat iho chief reftjxHwi- \nhility of this savage outbreak and wholesale majntacre and rtib- \nlier}* of innocent and defenceless women and children n\xc2\xbbMtfd \nU|M\xc2\xbbn the hetid of the infamous Hutler and hiK maliuinmt Uuul \nof tmit\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrM ami Tories, limnt exfrte<l himmdf thnMi^ihout the \nfearful conflict to save the ell\'usion of IiKhkI and arrest the indiH- \ncrimimito slau^liter K<oing on artmnd him. lie succeeded in \nprotecting ami coneoalinu\' several of the inluibitantH, wliilo But- \nler |)en\xc2\xbbonally dir \xe2\x80\xa2 \' nil the o|M>mtions of the piirty. \n\n10. Of the wntLiu\'i Kur\\ivon* of thin bUxidy massacre, nearly \ntwo huntlrwl were dt-prived of house and home, and left almost \nentirely de\xc2\xabtituto of provision and cl\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbthinp. Mont of those \nkilltni were women and ehihln^n, and many of the pristinerK \nc< \' \xe2\x80\xa2 d of men fv \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2wi of Tory principles, and who conse \nquLULn deeme<i thviii\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab i^es secure of prf\xc2\xbbtection fn\xc2\xbbm their cap \ntors. No distinction, however, seotns to have lieen miulu l>e \ntwecn them and others by their infuriatc^i enemies, and n\xc2\xabtt \neven the influence of Hrant was able to afford them any exemp- \ntion from the jrenend Hlaui;htor. \n\n11. Ya\\t\\\\ in June. 1779, General Clinton conducted an \nex|)edition up the Hudson, resulting in the capture of \nStony Point, a rcxrUy promontori* at the hea<l of Haverstraw \nBay. on tlie west liank of the river, and Verphmrk\'s Point, \nnearly opposite on the eastern side. On the ITnh of July, how- \never. General Wa^iie, acting under detailed and minute iustruo* \n\nBrant** cumplirJtr. \xe2\x80\x94 Wrvirh^I condition of the rrmaininj; inbabilAntJ. \n\xc2\xbb- Capture and recapture of Stonr Point and Vcrplanck\'a Point \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 125 \n\ntions from General Washington, recaptured the first-named \nfortress after a spirited and severe contest, with heavy loss of \nmen and mihtary stores on the part of the British. The fort \non Verplanck\'s Point was immediately surrendered, and soon \nafterwards Major Lee surprised a British garrison at Paulus \nHook, now Jersey City, on the west side of the Hudson, oppo- \nsite New York, killing thirty men, and taking a large number \nof prisoners. \n\n12. On the night of the 19th of July, Brant, at the head of \nsixty warriors of his tribe and twenty-seven Tories in Indian dis- \nguise, attacked the settlement at Minisink, in the western part \nof Orange County, lying on the Neversink River, at the foot of \nthe Shawangunk Mountains. After setting fire to ten houses \nof the inhabitants, and destroying the church, barns, and mills \nin the neighborhood, they retired with their plunder, without \nattempting further violence. \n\n13. Intelligence of this outrage having been forwarded to \nColonel Tusten at Goshen, that officer at once proceeded with \nabout a hundred and fifty men, many of them volunteers, to \nthe settlement, where a council was held as to the best mode \nof avenging the injury. Colonel Tusten opposed pursuit until \nthe arrival of reinforcements to his small band ; but the major- \nity, under the advice of Major Meeker, counselled an immediate \nmarch, which was accordingly directed. On the following morn- \nins:, Colonel Hathorn arrived with a few recruits, and assumed \ncommand of the party as the senior officer. \n\n14. Ascertaining the superiority of the enemy\'s force, of which \nthe predatory band of the preceding day was only a portion, the \nofficers of the detachment again counselled prudence, but were \nagain overruled by their rash associates ; nor did the death of \nCaptain Tyler, who was soon afterwards shot down in a recon- \nnoitring expedition by a party in ambush, induce greater cau- \ntion. They soon came up with the main body of the enemy, \nmoving towards the ford at the mouth of the Lackawaxen \nCreek, when Colonel Hathorn, with the view of intercepting \ntheir flight, turned to the right to escape observation until he \ncould accomplish this object. \n\nSurprise of British garrison at Paulus Hook. \xe2\x80\x94 Attack of Brant upon \nthe settlement at Minisink. \n\n\n\n126 FIFTH PF/iinn. \n\n15. Bnint, having d- 1 this movement, immediately \nthrew his force into the ix-ur of hi\xc2\xbb opjxtiient, and phicHni tht-m \nadvanta<^\'oously in umhiisli, while he e\\ecute<l a seriett of Kkilful \nand Riiccesjifiil manaMtvrfH to draw otf hiti attention. I\'pwanU \nof fifty men wen\xc2\xbb KejwimttHl from the main hotly, leavinjj the re- \nmainder to BUMtaiu the ithoek of the enemy\'s attaek. C>ccn{)yiii;; \nthe summit of a hill, and drawn up in hollow squares, they \nmaintaintHl the une<{util contest for several hours, when their \nshelteretl position became ex j>o\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbe*l, and they wert\xc2\xbb surrounded hy \ntheir foes, and comfti\'lleil to sum*nder at discretion or cut their \nway thn>u^h their n>ervile\xc2\xab8 enemies. The wounded \xe2\x80\x94 aeventeen \nin numl>er- were immediately l\xc2\xbbutchere<l, forty-Hve were slatif^h- \nterod in their efforts to retreat, and of the whole body thirty \nonly ceca|)cd. \n\n16. But the hour of fenrfid retribution wxs at Iwuid. An ex- \npedition was orpmijunl under the din * of Wa^K m, im<l \nplaced under the command of C\xc2\xabenenii .^luiivan, for tnc ciiectual \nextirjriitinii of these siiva^re and brutal marauders: the main \nIkkIv, under Sullivan in jH-rson, to ojienito in Pennsylvania and \nthe nei);hU\xc2\xbbrh\xc2\xabM>d of the Wyoming Valley ; and the other, under \n(Jenernl James C\'hnton, lin>ther of the (fOVcm(\xc2\xbbr and father of \nl>e Witt t\'linton, to move from C\'anajoharie by way of Utaejfo \nI^ke and the Suatiueluuina Uiver to unite with the main bodjr \nat Tiopi PoinL \n\n17. iJeneral Clinton, at the head of fifteen humlred men, \nreached (\'anjy\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbharie on the IGth of June, and on the Buccee<ling \nday ct^>mmence<l the tmns|)ortation of his boaia \xe2\x80\x94 two hundred \nand ten in numl>er. with the nece\xc2\xabaar>\' stores \xe2\x80\x94 to the head of \n()t\xc2\xbbep> lyike, a distance of twenty miles, over roads cut through \nthe forests ami over the hilla. With the etficient assistance of \nColonel Willett he accomplished this task in ten days, and on the \n1st of July |Ki<we<l down the lake to it* outlet, near the present \nvillage of Cooperstown, where he awaite<l orders fn>m Sullivan, \nerecting, in the nu^n while, a dam across the outlet for facility \nof trans{K>rtation, an well am for the destruction, by the oveHli\xc2\xbbw \nof its waters on removal, of the crofM of the Indians on the \nbanks uf the Susquchaima, \xe2\x80\x94 both which objects were fully ao- \n\nr. .:\xe2\x96\xa0!\xe2\x80\xa2 nt Mlnlsink. \xe2\x80\x94 General* Sullivan and Clintoo\'t cxpeditioa sgain\xc2\xabt \n\nthe ludiant. \n\n\n\nINDIAN ATROCITIES. 127 \n\ncomplished, to the astonishment and surprise of the savages, who \nwere ignorant of the cause. \n\n18. It was not, however, until late in August that the di- \nvision joined General Sullivan at Tioga, and their united forces \nproceeded up the east bank of the Chemung River, destroying \nthe crops of the Indians in their progress. On the 29th the \nenemy were discovered in force, occupying an advantageous po- \nsition near the present site of Elmira. The brigades of Generals \nClinton and Poor were advanced against the position occupied by \nthe enemy\'s right, the possession of which was fiercely contested \nby Brant and his Indians, who, after a protracted and skilful \ndefence, were at length driven back, and General Poor pressed to \nthe attack of the left flank. \n\n19. Rallying his warriors to a renewed effort, and supported \nby his Tory allies, Brant again sounded the terrible war-whoop, \nand the contest was resumed with desperate energy. The su- \nperiority of the invading force, however, and the presence of the \nartillery, soon compelled them to yield, and a precipitate retreat \nensued. The fugitives were followed for two miles, leaving \ntheir dead and tomahawks and scalping-knives behind. During \nthe ensuing two weeks their villages and crops were destroyed \nthroughout the entire settlement, including the chief town, \nnear Geneva, in which were some sixty houses surrounded by \norchards and cornfields, and those on the present sites of Water- \nloo, Canandaigua, Honey oye, Genesee, and Cuyler, and on the \nbanks of Cayuga Lake. \n\n20. On the 14th of September the army crossed the Genesee \nRiver, where, at the old town of Genesee, they found the muti- \nlated remains of Lieutenant Boyd and Sergeant Parker, who had \n\n\'been cruelly put to death by torture, by command of Butler, \nnotwithstanding the protection solemnly pledged them by Brant. \nUpwards of a hundred and twenty houses, seven hundred acres \nof growing corn, and vast quantities of other property belonging \nto the Indians, were here destroyed. Recrossing the river on \nthe 16th, the troops commenced their homeward march, reaching \n\nProgress of the expedition. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the Indians, and destruction of \ntheir villages and crops. \xe2\x80\x94 Martyrdom of Lieutenant Boyd and Sergeant \nParker. \xe2\x80\x94 Destruction of the old Genesee village. \xe2\x80\x94 Return of the expedi- \ntion. \n\n\n\n129 FIFTH PElilOD. \n\nAVvoming on the 30th and I-jwtern Pennsylvania on the i:\xc2\xbbih \n\nof Octoln-T. \n\n21. Thi\xc2\xab severe chaistiRoment of the Indmnn, while it utlun-KMl \na ttMii|K\xc2\xbbnirv check to their ruvjif?ti* and Ruhject***! them to ^rr* :it \n8U\' and dihtresj*. faiKd, neviTtlu\'lcHH, in reducinjf to any \n\nCiJnHidemhle extent their etfei-tive numfhcal force, or prevent inj; \ntheir retaliation on the fmntier Bettlement* whenever a favor- \nable o|>i\xc2\xa5>rtunity wan |>rv\xc2\xabenttHl. The uholosale dentniction of \ni\xc2\xbbn>i\xc2\xbb*Ttv hv the invatlin^\' anny, an\xc2\xbbl the diagmccful hrutality of \npurtiouH of the tnxi|j\xc2\xab in enm" the worst liariMihtiefl of their \n\nonvage foes, retlectetl no Hinail Uukcreilit on the en? -\xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2 in the \n\nwtiuuition of the friends of h ty ut home ana au r u\xc2\xabd. \n\n\n\nCJiAPTEK X. \n\nTnrARos or Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 CArriBE Axn Kxkcitios or AvDfti. \xe2\x80\x94 CUMB \n\nor Tiir. Wak. \n\n1. On tlie Stl of Fthniary, 1780. \xe2\x80\xa2\' 1 \n\ntrtMipA. r*\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xabiHtinj; of al\xc2\xbbout t\\\\u miuanu nun im ^ iiiiii, \n\' con)n)niide<l hv Lieutenant-i-\'olonel Thon\xc2\xbbi>i\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn, of Miuma- \nchnxettn, ut 1 at a place known an Young\'s house, on the \n\nTarrvtown UutuL in Wtittchenter County, a few miles north \nof the > " *\' \' ke<l l\xc2\xbby a force of U-tween five and \n\nsix humirru n y;n.M-f Jrom Kintrwhridgc and Fort Waahinjcton, \nunder the comniand of < \' 1 Norton. The little pirrison, \ntaken by surprise, were mii innl for defence; and after a \npilhint and severe conflict \xc2\xabir< - lied to retreat with the \n\nKmw of one officer and thirteen nun mik\'I. thirty-seven wounded, \nand twenty priRoncn*. The Koyal (Irenadiers having forced a \nhouse in which a few of the fugitives had taken refuge, it was \nset on fire and hume<i to the ground, with five woundetl men \nwho were unahlc to effect their escape. \n\n2. In the year 1778 a strong re<louht, called Fort Clinton m \nhonor of Geoi^ ClintoDf then Governor of New York, luul been \n\nRsMilts of the expedition. \xe2\x80\x94 Affiur \xc2\xabt Youns\'t boow, Tear Tarrrtowa. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 129 \n\nerected on the exti-eme end of the promontory of West Point, \non the west bank of the Hudson, which, with other defences, in- \ncluding an enormous iron chain, each ring of which weighed one \nhundred pounds, stretched across the river, were intended to \nstrengthen this important position and prevent the access of the \nBritish. \n\n3. Benedict Arnold, in an evil hour for his own fame, had been, \nin the fill of 1780, assigned to the command of this post. His \nprevious splendid services in the French and Indian War and \nduring Burgoyne\'s campaign had been somewhat obscured by \nsubsequent events, while in temporary command at Philadelphia \nin 1778, and he had been reprimanded by Washington under \nsentence of a court-martial for alleged official malpractices and \ndishonesty. Still he possessed the full confidence of the Com- \nmander-in-Chief, and was believed to be entirely trustworthy. \n\n4. Smarting under the disgrace of his sentence and the repri- \nmand of the General, and oppressed by pecuniary embarrass- \nments, he was induced, while in command of West Point, to \nenter into a treasonable correspondence with Sir Henry Clinton, \nthe commander of the British army at New York, having for its \nultimate object the betrayal of the fortress committed to his \ncharge, with its dependencies, in consideration of fifty thousand \ndollars and a brigadier\'s commission in the English army. \n\n5. On the 3d of August, Arnold took command of the for- \ntress, establishing his head-quarters at a house on the opposite \nside of the river, formerly belonging to Colonel Beverly Robin- \nson, but which, on account of his adhesion to the Royalists, had \nbeen confiscated by the Americans. West Point, occupying a \nposition which commanded the communication between the \nEastern and Southern States, and being considered impregnable \nto attack, was regarded as the strongest and most important \nmilitary post in the Union. A treasonable correspondence had \nbeen carried on between Arnold and Major John Andre, Adju- \ntant-General of the British army, in behalf of Sir Henry Clinton, \nfor nearly eighteen months previous to the occupation of the \nfort, under the names of " Gustavus " and " John Anderson," \n\n\n\nTreason of Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 Arnold\'s occnpation of West Point. \xe2\x80\x94 His treason- \nable correspondence A^^th Andre. \n\n9 - \n\n\n\n130 FIFTH PFnion. \n\nand a tempt inp opportunity low afforded for the culmina- \n\ntion of the iiejjotiationH, \n\n6. Anioltl wiift now deHinnw of a i\xc2\xbben!onal inteniew with \nAndre ; and with a view to this ohji-ot he infonned C\'oK\xc2\xbbnfI \nSlieldon, the conimamler of a troop of horse at Salem, West- \nchester County, thut he ex|>ooteil a |>en\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn from New Yt>rk with \na fla^ of truce, directing; him to meet him at I s FVrry and \nc\xc2\xabcort him to hea\xc2\xabi-<|uarteni. > ii, in ij^onuiee <\xc2\xbbf the pur- \nport of this commu: n, retunie<l it, with a mcssa^ that he \nwoidtl l\xc2\xbbe unahle to meet the flai\xc2\xbb, and expreHninj; the h<\xc2\xbbj>e that \n(Jeiiernl Ann>M would h \xe2\x80\xa2 l\xc2\xbbo aide to do m*. To this ar- \nni nt the latter aj\xc2\xabonte<i. \n\n7. On arriving; at the ferrr. however, neither Andr^ nor liev- \nerly Kohinitun. who was r iiit of the whole affair, np{K*are<l. \nArnold inr wn\xc2\xbbte to \\\' \'U. who was at Tap|Min \nwith the mam IkkIv of the army, prej r<\xc2\xbbr another atturk on \nNew York, in: of his journey down the river for the \nexamination of itM (I \xe2\x80\xa2* nnd theammirement <\xc2\xbbf ^ \\\' \nother meetini: with Andn5, in was : i for the \n2nth of S. riinton in the mean whde had, on the \n18th, sent the sloop-of-war Vulture up the river with Ilohinnon. \nwho The*! a note to Arnold at Verplanrk\'s r\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbint, requ\xc2\xab t \ning an inteniew, O\' ly with rrferencc to the d i of \nhin pro|\xc2\xbborty \xc2\xab \'it, \n\n8. A few hours aftrr the n- m rif thin h\'tter, W,. \n\nton himmdf, n \' hy Oenenil I. \'<\xe2\x80\xa2. arrive*! at \\ er \n\nplanok\'s Point, on his way to Hnrtfonl to meet Count Kcx-hain \nIn^au. AnioM showed him I on\'s letter, and was eautione*! \n\nby him to a%*oid all corr\' ;\xc2\xabMiee with the latter, as, in view \n\nof all the o<\'rurrenees of the past year, e:i! "d to im; \n\nbim unfavt\xc2\xbbml>ly in the public eMimation. I\'Ih- Ceiiend with \nhis suite cnmseti the river in Anmld\'s Imritre, whrro, from s<\xc2\xbbme \nchance ol>servation of Ijifayette\'s. and a s\' iis scrutiny by \n\nW.i\xc2\xablii!i_\'i..ii of the Vulture, which lay at anchor in the distance, \nbe l)ec:ime seriously apprehensive of the ory of his treason. \n\n9. On the succeodinij day he communi\xc2\xab-Htf<l with Robinson, \napprisinv; him of his intention to semi a trusty mossentrer on the \n\nArrsnevmenu for sn intcrriew. \xe2\x80\x94 > Arriral of Washin^^ton and Lafarcttr. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 ApprvhcnsioDS of Arnold. \n\n\n\nARNOLD AND ANDR^. 131 \n\nnext night to Dobbs\'s Ferry, or on board the Vulture, enclosing \na copy of his letter to Andre, both which were transmitted by \nRobinson to Sir Henry Clinton, who, on the morning of the \n20th, despatched Andre to Dobbs\'s Feny, with positive instruc- \ntions not to go within the American lines, to assume no dis- \nguise and receive no papers. Failing to meet any one at the \nferry, Andre proceeded up the river to the Vulture, which he \nreached at seven o\'clock, but found there no messenger from \nArnold, as he had been led to expect. \n\n10. A Mr. Joshua H. Smith, who resided near the village of \nHaverstraw and sustained a respectable character, having been \nfrequently employed by Arnold and his predecessor in obtain- \ning intelligence of the movements of the British, had been ap- \nprised by the former of the expected conference, and requested \nto bring " Mr. Anderson " on shore from the Vulture. Being \nunable to procure a boat for this purpose, he sent a message to \nthat effect to head-quarters, and Arnold went himself to Ver- \nplanck\'s Point, and despatched a messenger to Continental Vil- \nlage for his own barge, with directions to forward it to the creek \nin Haverstraw near Smith\'s house. \n\n11. On the night of the 21st, Smith, with muffled oars, de- \nscended the river to the Vulture, returning at a late hour w4th \nMajor Andre, who, in spite of the remonstrances of Robinson, \npersisted in going on shore in his imiform, concealed, however, \nby a large blue surtout. Landing at the foot of Clove Moun- \ntain, six miles below Stony Point, he was conducted by Smith \nto the presence of Arnold, who awaited his arrival among the \nbushes in the vicinity. Their conference was prolonged until \ndaybreak, when they rode together to the residence of Smith. \nThe challenge of a sentinel, and the cannonade on the Vulture, \ncompelling her to drop still farther down the river, were the \nfirst intimation to the Unfortunate Andre of his presence within \nthe American lines. \n\n12. Everything having been satisfactorily arranged between \nthe conspirators, Arnold returned at ten o\'clock to his quarters ; \nand Andre, exchanging his uniform for a disguise, and furnished \nwith a pass from Arnold, with several important papers concealed \n\nProgress of the negotiations between Arnold and Andre\'. \xe2\x80\x94 Interview be- \ntween Arnold and Andre. \xe2\x80\x94 Consummation of the treason. \n\n\n\n132 FIFTH PERIOD. \n\nin his 8t<\xc2\xbbckings oontaiiiin^ full information of the condition and \nStren^nh <\xc2\xbbf the fort luid the uminj;cmeiit\xc2\xab for the niovementa \nof the pirris<in in ciu\xc2\xbbe of oil alomi, procoodfcl on liorsehack, ac- \ncomptinied by Smith, to Kind\'s Fcrrj*, whu h they crowied, and \nprofociktl through the un|\xc2\xbber port of Wisti lit-\xc2\xabtor County on \ntheir route to the Vulture, Smith having refujKHl, on pretence \nof fiiti^Mie an<l illnctta, to convey him thither by bo\xc2\xabt, \n\n13. At about nine o\'chK-k in the evening; tht*y were challenpHl \nby a sentinel ei^ht miles from the ferry, and Tiiptain lioyd, the \ncomnmnder of the pout, made his apj\xc2\xbbearftnce, inHi>ecteil their \npMiportA, and demanded their I -< Apfmrently Bntinfie^i \nwith the explanation pven by Smith, he infonne<l him of tho \ndan^eitnia c* u of the rooda I\xc2\xbb to White IMuinM, in- \nfested aa thev werv bv (\'ow-Hc\xc2\xbbV8 aiid ."^ pm of Uith nniiiea, \nand adviNiHl their riMu nt the jioftt until the next morning. \nUnwilling to excite incr arrangement was \ntneotcd to, ami they pmuMMi the night wry uueaaily at the \nhouse of Andreaji Miller, who lived near by. \n\n14. At dawn on the \xc2\xa7ucc\xc2\xab morning they resumed tli< r \njourney, taking the route to i\'lufn Bridge, .\\ndri\' l\xc2\xbbeing in un \niiflually cheerful Kpiritii, and convc: freely with his comivin- \nion on litemry and other topics. Aiut |)artaking of a simple \nbr \' <<t at a house aliout two milea north (\xc2\xbbf tho I \nSiutth left .\\ndre and returned to his family, then at FitthkilL \nTho latter prt>cco<ii\xc2\xab<l alone on his |>erihiUH journey throuLfh \nTnrrytown. IWtwccn eleven and twelve oVU^k his pn\xc2\xbbgn\'s\xc2\xab \nwas int \xe2\x80\xa2.\xe2\x80\xa2<1 by three militia-men, \xe2\x80\x94 John PauMing. I)avi<l \nWilli i: - liid Isaac Van Wart, \xe2\x80\x94 while watching with their c<\xc2\xbbm- \nrades fur stragglers and stray cattle from the British lines, who, \nperceiving his appmach, at once arrest*-*! him. \n\n15. liosing his presence of mind at this unexpected \xe2\x80\xa2l-\'-t.K ]<\xe2\x80\xa2, \nAndr^, aware of the character of the region, and its coiuiiion \noccu|)ation by stragglers from lx>th aniiies indincriminat- " \nimmediately expressed to his captors his hope that they be), tu- I \nto his own party. "Which pnrty!" demanded PntiM \n\n\'* The lower," replied .\\ndr^*. ** 1 do,** observed the former . \nupon which Andn* imprudently avowed himself a British officer, \n\nAndrTt retreat and capmre st Tsrrjtown. \n\n\n\nTHE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. I33 \n\non particular business, and begged not to be detained for a mo- \nment. This sealed his doom. \n\n16. On being informed of the truth by his captors, he pro- \nduced Arnold\'s passport, and endeavored to excuse his previous \nstatement by his apprehensions of falling in with a British \nparty ; but neither these nor his liberal offers of money and \nhis gold watch were of any avail with these stern and incor- \nruptible patriots. On discovering the important papers con- \ncealed on his person, he was conducted to the nearest military \nstation at North Castle. \n\n1 7. On the next day he was transferred, for greater sec\\irity, \nto Colonel Sheldon\'s quarters at Salem, where he was recognized \nby Major Tallmadge, who urged Colonel Jameson, the com- \nmander of the post, not to return him to Arnold, and took \ncharge of him himself He was, however, very injudiciously per- \nmitted to communicate with Arnold, and thereby was the first \nto apprise him of the failure of their plans, and to enable him \nto make his escape, which he accordingly effected on the same \nday, in the Vulture, having taken a hurried leave of his wife, \nand manned his barge without a moment\'s delay. \n\n18. Washington, in ignorance of all these events, arrived \nearly in the morning at Arnold\'s head-quarters, and, having \nbreakfasted, crossed over to West Point. Finding him absent, \nhe spent some time in an examination of the defences of the \npost and returned in the afternoon, when he was informed by \nColonel Hamilton of the whole conspiracy and its detection, but \ntoo late to prevent the escape of the traitor. \n\n19. Meanwhile his unfortunate victim. Major Andre, was \ntreated with great kindness and consideration by Major Tall- \nmadge, who soon contracted a strong friendship and regard for \nhim, and indulged him in every privilege of which his situation \nadmitted, permitting him to communicate freely with Washing- \nton, which he did, informing him of his name and rank, the \nmotives from which he acted, and his readiness to submit to \nsuch consequences as the stern laws of honorable warfare ex- \nacted. \n\n20. On the 29th of September, Washington, after visiting \n\nWashington\'s discovery of the treason. \xe2\x80\x94 Conduct of Andre. \n\n\n\n134 FIFTH FERIOD. \n\nWcRt Point, and inukinjj even* preparation for it* defimoe, went \nto TiipiHin, whero the unny wti\xc2\xab encamped. Andr6, in the maui \ntime, had Ix\'en taken from Sheldon\'s quarters to Ilobinson\'s \nhouHO, thence to \\Ve\xc2\xabt Point, where he remained until the l!><ih, \nwhen he wvm conductcMl to TupiMUi. Hm behavior <lurin;? this \nperiod, and hiii iinatfected ^rratitudo for all the indul^^ences \npermitted him, securtHl him the sincere sympathy and kindly \nregards of all with whom he came in contact. \n\n21. A IxMrd of officers, coDaistin^ of six major-geoeimli Aod \nei^ht bripidicrs, was convened immediately on the arrival of \nWashington, before which Andr6 was tried, convicted, and sen- \ntenced to suffnr death. Kvery effort was mode by Sir Honr\\\' \nClinton to avert bis fate, and every opjiort unity afforded by \nWas). 1 for his defepoc His only nHpicMt was that ho \nmi^dit lie shot, as lieoaiDe a aoldier ; but this m:\' u of his \n\xe2\x96\xa0entonco was deemed incompatible with the stnci rules of the \n\xe2\x96\xa0er^\'ioe. It WHM .-d, however, tliat Waal. :\xc2\xbb would not \nhave been unwilling tu have cxcliangc<l him fur the vdo traitor \nwboee du))o he liad been. \n\n22. .-Vniold, meanwhile, had t^ikcn up hu uK xl** in the city \nof New York, where a pillant effort was made lor l\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xab rupture by \nthe chivalrous l.\'haui|io. who ftMinHnl todeacrt to the lintish army, \nand met with a cordial ree< \xe2\x80\xa2 \'* : the traitor. A%*ailing \nhim.Helf with pn>in|)titude of tiu- laciiiUcs thus obtainc<l, a plan \nfor M\'izin^ and carrA\'in^ him off was matured, but on the day \npreccilin^ that fixe<l for itii execution* was unfortunately foiled \nl)y an onier fur the embarkation of C\'liompe for the Chesapeake. \nHe, however, embnused the earliest op|M\xc2\xbbrtunity to desert from \nthe Pritish army and retxim to his comrades for the vindication \nof his honor and patriotiKui. Arnold remained in the senicc \nuntil the c1(>ac of the war, when he repaired to Kngland, where \nhe died, several years afterwards, in oliscurity and disgrace, thtis \nclosing in darkest infamy a career which might have been dis- \ntincrui.nhed beyond most of his compeers for bravery and daring \nhenusin. \n\n23. The fatal day for his execution having arrived, Andr6, at \nnoon of the 2d of October, arrayed in the full dress of a British \n\nTrial, ronviction, and toileoce of Andrv> br \xe2\x80\xa2 miliurjr coart. \xe2\x80\x94> Efforts for \nthe cmpcare of Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 His fabscqaait \n\n\n\nCLOSING OF THE WAR. 135 \n\nofficer, with the exception of the sword, was conducted by a \nlarge detachment of troops, accompanied by an immense con- \ncourse of people, to the gallows, which was erected on the sum- \nmit of a hill about a quarter of a mile west of Tappan Village. \nHe manifested some surprise on becoming aware of the manner \nof his execution, of which he had not previously, as it would \nseem, been apprised ; but soon recovering himself, adjusted the \nhalter with his own hands, bandaged his eyes, called the spec- \ntators to witness that he died like a brave man, when the cart \nmoved from beneath him, and in a few moments all was over. \n\n24. Thus perished, in the twenty-ninth year of his age, the \nchivalrous and unfortunate Major Andre, around whose prema- \nture fate the sympathies of all Europe and America were clustered \nand still remain. Contrasting his treatment, the indulgent \nclemency extended to him by his judges, and the kind and ten- \nder respect which has been paid to his memory, with the brutal \nbarbarities inflicted by the British upon the young American \npatriot Hale, under precisely similar circumstances, we may well \nbe content to await the verdict of posterity ! \n\n25. On the 21st of November a party of Tory refugees from \nRhode Island, occupying the St. George\'s Manor House on \nSmith\'s Point, Long Island, which they had fortified, were dis- \nlodged by Major Benjamin Tallmadge, under the direction of \nWashing-ton, a severe chastisement inflicted upon a portion of \nthe garrison, \xe2\x80\x94 who after its surrender fired upon the assailing \nparty from one of the houses, \xe2\x80\x94 and a British vessel lying in \nthe neighborhood secured with its crew. From thence Major \nTallmadge, with Lieutenant Brewster and ten men, proceeded to \nCoram, where he destroyed a large quantity of forage collected \nfor the use of the British army, and, having successfully accom- \nplished the object of his expedition, returned to their quar- \nters at Fairfield, Connecticut without the loss of a single man. \nSeven of the enemy were killed and wounded, and four officers \nand fifty soldiers taken prisoners. Major Tallmadge received \nthe thanks of Congress and the warm approval of the Com- \nmander-in-Chief for his bravery and that of his men. \n\nExecution of Andre. \xe2\x80\x94 General sympathy in his fate. \xe2\x80\x94 Contrast between \nAndre and Halef\xe2\x80\x94 Capture of St. George\'s Manor House, Long Island. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDestruction of British supplies at Coram, Suffolk County. \n\n\n\n136 HFTU PK/iJ\' \n\n26. The Bi)lendi<l victon* at Y\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrkti)WTi on the U>th \n\' * * of Octul>cr was virtiiullv a close of tho war. I\'ulh. \nn -:8 pcrvatkni every |K>rtion of the countn*, and the I3ilj \n\nof i>ei\'cinl>er wa\xc2\xab itet a|\xc2\xabut as a day of general thankapviiu\'. \nChilton wan Bii|x\'nkxled in his ci>nunHnd by Sir Guy 1 arlctun, \nwho Boon aftrr^unlM arrive*! in New York ; hut nil further hiw \ntilities were HUH|\xc2\xbbiijded. in Marvh, 1781\', Lord North retiretl \nfrom the UrititUt Tiilunet, and I\'jirletun wiui dirvi\'ted by his sue \nceaaur, I^ord lUH-\'knigham, to open ne^\' u\xc2\xbb for a treaty of \n\n|M.\xc2\xbbaoe. The American Con^^ruea a; John Juy, John \n\nA iHun Franklin, Thonuu JciUtmiu, and Henry l^u \n\nreUBf to act aM c\xc2\xab>niniiiutioneni for thia ]>ur]ioHe on the jNirt of \nthe I\'nitfd StatrH. (\xc2\xbbn the Mnh of November the pndim \nw 1 at I\'ariN: and on the 3d of September, 1783. a tlctui \n\nittve trvuty, reco>n"<>ii^ the iudeptmdaooe of the Uuitcnl Statea, \nwaa ouncluded. \n\n27. (>n the 3d of Non^ ; \' \xe2\x80\xa2 r the Ctnitiii. nf.il nnny wan <1.^ \nbanded by order of * ^ud on the \'2M\\i Wtuth \n\ncnteretl the city of New York, an<l the liriliKh tnwipa t<\xc2\xbb<>k ilit-ir \nfinal de|\xc2\xabrture. On the 4th <\xc2\xbbf I>ecenil\xc2\xbber, Waal. n t*Kik nn \n\nti\' ^ fan\'wcU of his oh! \\\\n in artuH. with whom ho \n\nhad U-< II - ]on^ and no clowly united in the Htni^);le for nn \ntionnl ii idenee, and pn- ! to Annnixili.H, whereConjjrenK \n\nMtm then in ih*iw: : Having I \\v n*\xc2\xabipied hia wnnmiHuion \n\nto that lx)dy aa i mder in i\'luef, he retunn\'*! to M<\xc2\xbbunt \n\nVernon aa a private i \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 **tn to lie recalled fn>m ita quiet \nHhadea to preside over the deatiniea of the nation bo had \nfounded. \n\n\n\n( \'lo\xc2\xabe of the war. \xe2\x80\x94 \' \' \xe2\x80\x94 Nefrotiations for pfarr. \xe2\x80\x94 Con \n\nrluoon of trraiT. \xe2\x80\x94 l)i\xc2\xab :\\Ttu\\ \xe2\x80\x94 T\'^ iur\xc2\xabation of New York, \n\nh\\ th\xc2\xab- lU \'i-^ \xe2\x80\x94 rartiti^- W I : . \xe2\x80\xa2 M A ! !.i\xc2\xab oflferr* \xe2\x80\x94 Tto\xc2\xbbigii\xc2\xab \n\ntion of b. .iuittion, ai. . in< :.: \'.\'M .:.: \\\\:i)Oii. \n\n\n\n\nOld City Hall in Wall Street, New York, 1789. \n\nSIXTH PERIOD. \n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT TO THE CONSTITU- \nTION OF 1821. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER I. \n\nAdoption of the Constitution of the United States. \n\n1. The war being now over, and the independent exist- \nence of the United States as a member of the family of \nnations having been officially recognized, it speedily became evi-. \ndent that the provisional constitution of government as estab- \nlished by the Articles of Confederation adopted by the Congress \nof 1777 was inadequate in many essential respects to the pres- \nent exigencies of the public welfare. \n\nPosition of affairs at the close of the war. \n\n\n\n188 SIXTH PllIUOD. \n\n2. Bv tlmt inBtniment the sevenil StAtos of the Union ^ \nnjerely leafpie<l toj^^ther for the atx*onipli\xc2\xbbliment of a \npurpose, retaining in all thin^ their individual Boverei^itv, \nand onlv Burrendcrin^ it in any ca\xc2\xbbe at the pleuure of their \naccredited representatives, acting under iustnictionB from their \nown le^rinlature. Tliat pur|K>(io having now been acc(unplihhnl. \nsome more effective provision was deemed indispensable to the \nfunctions of a ! d ^\'ovennnent in its dealings with other \nnation^ and its dutchargo of its obligations to its own oon \nueiit memlx\'ni. \n\n3. Public attention in all the States was thin\'ft\xc2\xbbre tunie<l to \nthe coiwidcmtion and <iiH<.MiHj4ion of such a nuMliHcation of the \ncxJHtin^\' Kvntem as ^ ! renuNly its nuinifettt defects, and, \nwhile pmviding for an I\'llicient adminiMtmtion of the domes- \ntic and r H \xc2\xab>f the Tnion as a nation, should at the \nsame tim* \xe2\x80\xa2 urv to its Dit\'niU>ni n*H{Hvtively the rij^hts and \npowen* jiertuauug to them in their ori^\'inal aijwuity as sovereign \nStatcH. \n\n4. The .State of New York oi la commanding position, \nat this time, anion;; her sister Suites. The prominent part \ntaken by her \xe2\x80\xa2 ~ in the Uevolutionar}\' Ktni;o^le ; tbe fiu^t \nthat she alone ot uil ihc I\'nited (\'oloiiii>s had [tn\xc2\xbbmptly met every \ndeinanil and fulfdled every rrtjuisitiun of the l*n- d (\xc2\xbbov- \ncmnuMit, and even made a\xc2\xablvanct*\xc2\xab on her own credit to supply \nthe di * ies of other States ; her extensive commerce, and \n"i-ast tirriiory, and the ability and patriotism of her leading \nstatesmen, \xe2\x80\x94 all entitled her to n|ietial consideration, and gaTe \nher a powerful inf! in the natioiuil councils. \n\n6. As early as i\xc2\xab5J, immediately aOer the conclusion of \nthe treaty of peace, a f \' \' of jcidottsy of the oonoentration \nof power in the hands ui me central government was man; \nfe.sted by the repeal in the Ixn^islaturc of an act passed in 1 781 . \non the recommendation of Congress, fn^\'anting to the I\'nitod \nStates the import duties collected in the p\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrt of New York \nand directing their collection by officers appointed by Congresh \nand by substituting in its stead a HJinilar appropriation of th* \nduties, to 1)0 c< -\' * d, however, bv StJite othoera. In the suc- \n\n\n\nArtkks of Confcdrmtion. \xe2\x80\x94 Pmpoddooi for modifiration of the Anklrs. \n\xe2\x80\x94 The position of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 SiAtc joaloasj of tbe nw*iimnl govenuneat. \n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. I39 \n\nceeding year an act was passed by the same body establishing \na custom-house and a revenue system in place of the regula^ \ntions previously adopted by Congress. \n\n6. These acts were the natural result of the large increase \nof revenue accruing to the State by the revival of trade and \ncommerce consequent on the return of peace and by the \nnavigation laws of the other States, which rendered the city \nof New York the gi-eat commercial mart of the Union. Every \neffort to restore to Congress" the disposition and control of this \nrevenue proved futile. The collectors were appointed by, and \nmade amenable exclusively to, the State authorities ; and the \nLegislature, in 1786, went so far as to make the duties payable \nin the bills of credit issued by the State. \n\n7. Congress, perceiving the dangerous consequences to the \nstability of the national credit of this enactment, \xe2\x80\x94 the in- \nevitable effect of which would be the rapid depreciation of \nGovernment securities by the unlimited issue of an incon- \nvertible paper currency, \xe2\x80\x94requested Governor Clinton to con- \nvene the Legislature for its reconsideration. This, however, was \ndeclined by the Governor, upon the ground that no sufficient \ncause was shown for the exercise of this extraordinary power, \nthe decision of the Legislature having been but recently made \nupon full consideration and mature deliberation. \n\n8. In the mean time a convention of commissioners from \n\nthe several States, held at Annapolis, in Maryland, in Sep- ^^^^\' \ntember, 1786, \xe2\x80\x94 New York being represented by General Hamil- \nton, \xe2\x80\x94 for the purpose of taking into consideration the trade and \ncommerce of the United States, and the necessity and expediency \nof a uniform system of commercial regulations, recommended \nthe calling by Congress of a convention of delegates to meet at \nPhiladelphia, in May of the ensuing year, for the sole and ex- \npress purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and \nreporting to Congress and the several State legislatures such \namendments and modifications as should, when confirmed by the \nformer, and agreed to by the requisite number of States, be \n\nCollection of revenue. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the State Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceed- \nings of Congress. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Clinton declines calling an extra session.\xe2\x80\x94 \nConvention of commissioners at Annapolis. \xe2\x80\x94 Recommendation for the call \nof a national convention at Philadelphia. \n\n\n\n140 SIXTH py.iuou. \n\nfound n<loqtmt\xc2\xab to the exigencies of the Government and the \npreservation of the Tnioiu \n\n9. Conj^TCHS 1)11 ving adopted this recommendation, it \nlieciuno nect-sjuiry fur the Ixyinhiture of New York, at ita \nregular scKhion in the winter of 1787, to deteniiine whether \nthe State idiuuld lie represented in that ImmIv, and if ro, by \nwhom. General Humilton Bucceetle<l in procuring an el \nto the LogiaUtture as a repreacntAtive of the citv of New York, \nand his father-in-law, General Philip Sihuyler, was alrendv a \nmember of the Senate. In co: with Chief Justice Jny, \n\nChancellor Livingston, and the Vun ]!\xe2\x80\xa2 - \' \xe2\x80\xa2 . \xe2\x80\xa2!. <<e men were \nIt I IU4 the leading cl of the KctifraJ Government ; \n\nwbiio Governor Clinton, who hi ii succeiwivelv re-elected to \n\nhis preaent {wnition from tenn tu term, since the ad of \n\nthe State Constitution in 1777, with .T Viiteti of the \n\nStipreme Court, John I Jinking. stiltmH|ueiitly Chir r, and \n\nMelancthon .Smith, were the prominent lulvocates of Hhut were \ndeemed Stnti>s\' nghtn. \n\n10. The Ix\'gisliiture, on its assembling, nAer an animated \ndebate, in which Hiunilton took a leadmg jArt, approved, bv n \nstrong vote, the pnx\'eetling of the Governor in reference to the \nconvocation of an extra sciwion. Messrs. Yates, lAnsing. and \nHamilton were :t ted delegates to the National Convention \nat Philadelphui , lluir |\xc2\xbbowers \' however, speciidly re \ne\\ricted to the revision of the ex;iinng Articles of Confad ei a \ntion, in acconlanco with the call of the c<\xc2\xbbnvention. \n\n1 1. (>n tiie assembling, in May f<\xc2\xbbll . of the National ion \nvention, pre\xc2\xabi\xc2\xabled over by General \\V amii.ngton, a gn^at diver \naity of views prv\\*ailed among the <l \' \'oa as to the pn-j-T \ncourse to l\xc2\xbbe pursued. One portion oi Uiis numlier, inclu\xc2\xab! \nMcfwrs. Yatee and Lansing of New York, insisted \\\\\\nm oonui. \ning their deliberations to such an amendment of the Articles ol \nConfeilemtion as should enlarge the jiowers of the national r \xe2\x80\xa2 \ncnmient, and give it greater efticiency. Another, under Uic \nlead of Hamilton, advocated the formation of an entirely new \nConstitution, with ample provittions for the concentration of tho \n\nI*r\xc2\xabcr\xc2\xabiing\xc2\xbb of the I>cin*lmure in It* urAvHin of 1787. \xe2\x80\x94 Approral of the \nGijvomor\'* courM- \xe2\x80\x94 Apjiointmrnt of clrlr|;atrs to the NatkraiU CoOTcntioa. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Tbdr iastructions. \xe2\x80\x94 i>tatc of parties ia Uw c o ars nlk m. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\nTHE FEDERALIST. 141 \n\nexecutive power in a president and senate, to hold office during \ngood behavior, with the power to appoint State governors and \ncontrol State legislation, a House of Hepresentatives elected \ntriennially, and a permanent judiciary. \n\n12. A third, whose views ultimately predominated, headed \nby Randolph of Virginia, in accordance with the views of James \nMadison, a leading statesman of that Commonwealth, contended \nfor the establishment of a government representing in its Con- \nstitution both the national and State sovereignty and the peo- \nple collectively, \xe2\x80\x94 through the President and House of Repre- \nsentatives, chosen virtually by the peoj^le, and a Senate, the \nmembers of which should be elected by the State legislatures \nrespectively. \n\n13. On the final prevalence of this plan, the delegation from \nNew York, with the exception of General Hamilton, withdrew \nfrom the convention, regarding its determination in this respect \nas at variance with their instructions and with the explicit object \nto which the convention itself was restricted. The Constitution \n\xe2\x80\x94 having, however, been completed in accordance with the views \nof the majority \xe2\x80\x94 was, on the 17th of September, adopted and \nsubmitted for approval to the several States, through conventions \nto be called for that purpose, the assent of nine of the thirteen \nStates being required for its ratification. \n\n14. Immediately on its publication in New York, a violent \nand spirited contest ensued between its advocates and op- \nponents, who, in accordance with their previous proclivities, \nranged themselves into two distinct and well-organized parties, \nthe former known as Federalists, and the latter as Anti-Federal- \nists. Hamilton, in conjunction with Madison and Jay, com- \nmenced and continued in the public papers the admirable series \nof articles entitled, " The Federalist," which exerted a power- \nful influence upon the public mind, and essentially contributed \nto the final adoption of the Constitution. Its opponents, how- \never, under the lead of Governor Clinton and his associates, \nbacked by the popular majorities which had hitherto sustained \nthem, rallied with great enthusiasm and ability to the defence \nof State rights. \n\nSubmission of the Constitution to the States. \xe2\x80\x94 Organization of par- \nties. \xe2\x80\x94 \'\' The Federalist." \n\n\n\n112 sixrn PKHi\' 1\' \n\n15. On the one hand it mm ur^^cd by the anailunts of the \npropo\xc2\xabc<l( onKtitiition, that by its adoption a fatal blow would lie \nstruck at the iudoj>ondent \xe2\x96\xba ,ajty of the State*, by the grad- \n\nual alviorption of the princiiwU fuuctionn of (^ovcrumcnt by the \nccntnil {lower ; that the wealth and inimeniM* reoounxm, of New \nYork e\xc2\xab|>ecially, iiiHtead of Inrin^ de%\'oted to the expannion, de- \nvelopment, and cultivation of it\xc2\xab viuit territory\', and the prosper- \nity and welfare of it\xc2\xab own citizena, would be 1 iteii to \nthe imtional ctiflem ; that itM y. lonuice of |iopuluiion would \nbo >\xe2\x80\xa2 -^1. through the a^^ucy of tlie Senate, to the intereitt\xc2\xab \nof the KumUer Stut<.>ft, and the ; \\r element swallowed up by \nan arlMtocnitic ooooeutmtion of the executive and le^ihlutive \ndoiiartnients ; that the inc. tendency of such a state of \nthinpf would bo to the c \' iuaent of a virtually tuonari\'lii\' J \ngovcnuiient ; and that the Imtneni of the instrument stibmttt< d \nfor rat 11 clearly and |\xc2\xabil{inbly exceetled the jiowers con \nferreti u)*>ii then), which ict**! only a t ii ami nuKliHci^ \ntioi), instoed of a repeal, ot the \xe2\x80\xa2 i t\'onfeiienitioiL \n\nIt). To thcMO anniments it \xc2\xaba^ I i>v tlie KeilemliMta, that \n\nthe distribution of X\\\\e power* of the new jrr\xc2\xbbvenmient was so \ncarefully amin;ri*<l. that, sti far frr\xc2\xbbm en \' it to trench \\\\\\ i \n\nthe juriNtliction and soverei^ity of the > it was itself liable \n\nto constant and Bori\xc2\xab>us en\xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2 on their {lart, ther. \n\nwenkcnin)^ insti>ad of stre>n^theiui itive and oven the \n\n1\xc2\xab ive department ; that til <lemry. crmsihT \n\nas it did of a mere le:^nie of ii ident States, held ttt^rc\'tht-r \n\nonly by the < rent of ail its memlieni, and subject to \n\ndisintegration at tiie pieaffiire of any, was wholly inadetjtiate to \nthe purpo.Mos of poveniment, and unRUscc[>tible of any alterati-n \nnot mdic*ally affectiii;: the fundamental prinriplc of its Constitu- \ntion ; that in view of the pn\xc2\xbbl\xc2\xabble aKttent of the rtHpiisite num^- r \nof States for the mtirtcAtion of the new CouKtitution, independrnt \nly of the vote of New York, that State woubl occupy the unenvi- \nable and untenable {>of(ition of a neutral h\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbv< surround* \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2! \nby a grvat nation, Ixiiuid t<\xc2\xbb}.\'t^ther by a fe<lerativc union : n:. 1 \nthat ample provision was made by the instrument submitted lur \nadoption, by which the ri>;hts and interests of all chumes of \ncitixens and all State oipinixations were effectttally ^ \n\nAx^piments of the Anti-Fcdermlists. \xe2\x80\x94 Kcply of the FcUrralisu. \n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 143 \n\n17. Governor Clinton, in his annual message to the \nLegislature of 1788, avoided all allusion to the proposed \nsubmission of the Constitution to the approval of the State. \nThe subject was, however, brought before the Legislature on the \n1 7th of January, by a resolution proposing the call of a conven- \ntion for that purpose, which, after some opposition, was passed ; \nand in the ensuing spring sixty-seven delegates were elected \nto the convention at Poughkeepsie, of whom a clear majority \nwere opposed to the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton, John \nJay, Chancellor Livingston, Chief-Justice Richard Morris, and \nJames Duane were returned from the city of New York ; and \nMessrs. Yates and Lansing, Governor Clinton and his brother \nJames Clinton, and Melancthon Smith, were among the dele- \ngates from the other counties. \n\n18. The convention organized on the 17th of June by the \nappointment of George Clinton as President. A majority of \nits members strongly urged the calling of a new national con- \nvention, for the purpose of making additional amendments \nspecified by them, or at the least giving their assent to the pro- \nposed Constitution on condition of the adoption of such amend- \nments ; but on the receipt of intelligence of the ratification of \nthe Constitution by the requisite number of States, contented \nthemselves with its adoption on the 26th of July, by a vote of \nthirty to twenty-seven, with the recommendation merely of the \nproposed amendments. \n\n19. On the 13th of September the new Constitution was \nofficially proclaimed ; and on the 8th of December the Legis- \nlature, specially convened by Governor Clinton, proceeded to \nthe choice of five delegates to represent the State in the con- \ncluding session of the Continental Congress. Provision was also \n\n" made, on a subsequent day, for the choice of presidential elec- \ntors, and the State divided into congressional districts, in \npursuance of which, Egbert Benson, William Floyd, John Ha- \nTHORN, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, and Peter Sylvester were \nelected representatives in the First CongTess of the United States. \n\n\n\nElection of delegates to State Convention at Poughkeepsie. \xe2\x80\x94 Eatification \nof the Constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 Official proclamation of the Constitirtion. \xe2\x80\x94 Special \nsession of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Choice of presidential electors and representa- \ntives in Congress. \n\n\n\nni S/XTJI PEIllOD. \n\n20. The two Houses not U ^i\'ie u> igroe upon the m \' \nof chooiiiu^ acnutuns the Sutc rciiuiiuetl unrepruncntcil iti u* \nSenate during\' the tirnt 8i\'hm\xc2\xabiu. Au addresn to Cou^^rvHS wu\'> \nn \' - ), ri<}u< ntiti^ the call uf uiiuthcr convoutiuu at th< \nearlitMt pnu t;.ai>Ii- ]x-r:<Kl, fur the pur|M\xc2\xbbt\xc2\xbbo of prupoiuiig ainemi \nmetitii tu the imttiitiul i\' \'ittiou. Im]M>rtant iiiipruveiueiitA \n\niu lepil juri- \' uoc, cUicUV pn.\'|\xc2\xbbareii hy Sjuauel Joix s, uu \neminent Uw}er, were ahio ii^pi&Ao<l upon the \xe2\x96\xa0tatute-buuk of \nthe State. \n\n\n\nCI! A PTKK I I. \nOaoAJviSATiox or rna Natiokal Gotkiijimkjit. \xe2\x80\x94 Ikacociatioic or \n\nWtKlliaCTOX A%%i AUAMB. \xe2\x80\x94 UrKRXAL iMfMoVUMkXT*. \xe2\x80\x94 TUBUC \nI.AliUA. \n\n1. Early in Fehniary. \\1^^, the prwiidentiul ihvtoni of tin* \n<*nil Stuto* aMenihle*! nt tlieir rvufiective 1m, iukI \n\nun\xc2\xbbi made ch\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbico <\xc2\xbbf l\xc2\xbbK\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbina: Wamiiinotox of Vir- \n\nginia an I\'" ~ i\'-nt, and John Adamh uf MiiKNiu-hiutettii u\xc2\xab \\ \nPresident, of the I\'nittH! .StatoiL The citv of New York hu\\ \n\nw \n\nbeen ai \xc2\xb0 oiw aa the aoat of the national ;;i>venHnent, \n\nthe City HaJI, in which the < n^tui whm acvuh \n\ntonieil to hold ita nemionH, waa n ! and < A for th** \n\naccotiiiixxlHtion of ita Huecciuionu Dn Uio 4th of Mnrch. the day \nap|Miinted for the \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrjfi -n of the new |\xc2\xbbovemment, the li il\' \n\nwas thrown o{ien nniid the tiring of \xe2\x80\xa2 i and rini^in^\' of \\\xc2\xbb \n\nA few onlv of the meinU-m of < howe%\'er, made ti \n\nap|\xc2\xbbearancc ; and in their alwience the reaiduc, owint; to the state \nof the rooils and the . of puhlic conveyancca, awnit\xc2\xab>d \n\nfor U))wanU of a njonth the arrival of their collea^fiJoa. On the \n6th of April a sufficient nuinlxT had arrive<l to constitute a \nquonnn ; and the S-nate and H<\xc2\xbbU8c of Hepreju-ntativm \xc2\xab \nan orpmization. and procec<led to count the votes for Frcaident \nand Vice-President and declare the result \n\n\n\nItectmintendAtion for neir roiirrntiun i" i>r^tt*f*^ Aiiii-tiiliiwnik t.i (tii< ( \nitiintiun. \xe2\x80\x94 Impn>venMMit ufiho Uw. \xe2\x80\x94 i \ndrnt. \xe2\x80\x94 On;mnixatu>n uf tbc new guvcrnmcnc \xe2\x80\x94 J \nat Nvw York. \n\n\n\nII \n\n\n\nWASHINGTON\'S INAUGURATION. 145 \n\n2. On the 21st, Vice-President Adams arrived in the city, \nhaving been conducted with a mihtary escort from the boundary \nof the State to Kingsbridge by Governor Chnton, where he was \nreceived by both branches of Congress, and accompanied by them \nto the City Hall. Two days afterwards. President Washington \narrived from Mount Vernon, whence his journey to the capital \nhad been a continuous triumphal procession. At Alexandria, \nGeorgetown, Philadelphia, and Trenton his progress was greeted \nwith the most enthusiastic demonstrations. \n\n3. At Elizabethtown, New Jersey, he was taken in charge by a \ncommittee of Congress, and embarking in a barge, splendidly \ndecorated, was conducted to the foot of Wall Street, where he \nwas received by the Governor and the municipal authorities and \na large procession of citizens, and escorted to his residence in \nCherry Street. In the evening the city was brilliantly illumi- \nnated, and a splendid display of fireworks closed the festivities \nof the dav. \n\n4. At noon on the 30th of April, after the performance of re- \nligious services in all the churches of the city, the inauguration \nceremonies were commenced by the formation of a procession \nfrom the house of the President elect, headed by the city cavalry, \nand consisting of the members of Congress and heads of depart- \nments in carriages, followed by Washington in a separate car- \nriage, and his military family and resident foreign ministers in \nothers. \n\n5. On reaching the Senate Chamber he was received by the \nVice-President and conducted to the balcony fronting on Broad \nStreet, where, in the presence of an immense crowd, the oath \nof office was administered by Chancellor Livingston. Return- \ning to the Senate Chamber, the President delivered the inaugu- \nral address, after which the whole assembly proceeded on foot \nto St. Paul\'s Church in Broadway, where prayers were read by \nthe chaplain to the Senate, and at their conclusion the Presi- \ndent was escorted to his residence. A display of fireworks in \nthe evening concluded the ceremonies. \n\n6. The triumph of the Federalists in the adoption of the Con- \nstitution, and the prevailing popular sentiment in favor of the \n\nArrival of tlie President and Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 Triumphal progress of \nWashington. \xe2\x80\x94 Inauguration ceremonies. \n\n10 \n\n\n\n14 G SIXTH PKRIOD. \n\nnew adminiHtration of the gciicnil guvcmmcnt, gftTO riae to a \nstrong feeling *tf or.TKMiition to the re-election of Uovemor \n\nClinton, whose ; tenn would expire in July. ViLtirouB \n\neffort.\'* were acconliiij^ly uuule, prejioratory to the April \xe2\x80\xa2 ii"\xc2\xab, \n\nto replftce him l\xc2\xbby Associut**- Justice Uobekt Yatbj, of the Su- \npreme (Viurt, who ulthough a leading opponent of the new Con- \nHtitution, Imd iiince itji ratification unifonnly ^ven it, ofhciully \nand otherwise, hid tiup|}ortf and who, from hi** T\xc2\xab*T)ultirity with \nthe Anti-FVK\'nilistii, might, it waa 8Up{\xc2\xbbu(tiHl, \' in Huflicient \n\nnumlter of hii\xc2\xbb frienda from the auppurt of C2ovenior Clinton to \niuiiure hiii defeat \n\n7. The content, however, after an aniumtetl canvoiM, resulted \nin the re-cKnriion of (Jovfi-nor (\'lixt<\xc2\xbbx hy a rtHlMor*! majority. \nNotwithjttundmg tin* v 1 succiiui of the V > in U\'th \nbrancboa of the 1^, .re, Pierre Van Cortiundt una i. \nLieutcimnt-^tovemor. I^*ih (tiueral lliuuilton and Colonel \nIhirr nctivfly parti. ^ 1 in the conteat ax \xc2\xbbupp<jrten\xc2\xbb of Jua- \ntioo VuteM, iui did moat of the prominent and leading men of the \nFoderul party. \n\n8. On the 0th of Jidy the \\a , ire convened in bpccial tea- \naion under the proclamation of the (Sovcmor ; and on the 1 9th, \nGeneral Philip S<iii yliiii and IUfi.h Ki.n\'o won* Hp|Miint<\'<l non- | \natom of the rniti**! States. The latter g- iun h.id 1 \nrepresentative fn>m MaMtachusetts in the Contincntul < \n\nwhere he hud <liHtingiiiAhe<l hiiiiNelf for hid :. h und pr \n\ntalenta, and hud but recently become a citizen of New York. \nNo other huaiueaH of genend im{Mrtance wan tranaactcd dunn^\' | \ntbe MMion. \n\n9. During the necond SMiion of the finit rongmi, a hiih \n\n\n\n1790 m \n\nctmvcned on the 8th of Janiiar}*, 171W>, the Secretar)* of \nthe TreaHur}*, (teueral Hamilton*, pn\xc2\xbbj\xc2\xbbf\xc2\xbbHed the aaitumption of \nthe foreign and domestic public debt, amounting to tifty-ftmr \nmillions of dollurs, togithcr with the d\xc2\xbbbt\xc2\xab of the respective \nStates contnicte\xc2\xabI during the war, eMtimated at aUiut half that \namount. So acrimonious were the deljatet and -nions on \n\nOpposition to the reflection of Goremor Clinton. <\xe2\x80\x94 Nomination of Chief* \nJu!>tice Vate\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 IIi> iiupp\xc2\xabtn " FederaliiiU. \xe2\x80\x94 R- n of Clinton. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 General turceM of thr Fi^l< \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment <>i I micd btaln aen- \n\naton. \xe2\x80\x94 iiAmillun\'i pl^n fur t!. .i \xe2\x80\x94 umptioa of tbe public debt. \n\n\n\n1\xc2\xbb \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 147 \n\nthe latter part of this proposition, that serious apprehensions \nwere entertained of the dissolution of the Union. Thro*igh the \njoint exertions of Hamilton and Jefferson, however, the meas- \nure was finally adopted by the vote of the Southern delegates, \nin return for which the North consented to the permanent loca- \ntion of the national capital on the banks of the Potomac after \nthe expiration of ten years, during which its seat should be at \nPhiladelphia. The State election in April resulted in a Federal \nmajority in both Houses. \n\n10. The Legislature assembled in the city of New York _ \n\n1791 \non the 3d of January, 1791. By the census of the pre- \nceding year the population of the State amounted to 324,127, \nshowing an increase chiefly in the northern and western coun- \nties of upwards of 85,000 during the past five years. A new \napportionment of representatives and senators became, therefore, \nnecessary, and was recommended by the Governor in his annual \nmessage ; and a communication between the Hudson and Lake \nChamplain on the north and Wood Creek on the west, by clear- \ning out the obstructions in the Mohawk, and cutting a canal, \nwere suggested for the purpose of affording greater facilities to \nthe settlers in that region. \n\n11. The term of ofiice of General Schuyler as United States \nSenator having expired, Aaron Burr was appointed as his suc- \ncessor. A new apportionment of senatorial districts was made, \nthe State being divided into four great districts, \xe2\x80\x94 Eastern, West- \nern, Southern, and Middle ; the Eastern and Western each elect- \ning five, the Middle six, and the Southern eight senators. Three \nnew counties \xe2\x80\x94 Herkimer, Otsego, and Tioga \xe2\x80\x94 were formed out \nof Montgomery, formerly a portion of Tryon County. The As- \nsembly under the new apportionment consisted of seventy-three \nand the Senate of twenty-four members. The State elections \nin April exhibited no material change in the state of par- \nties. \n\n1 2. At the termination of the war the State found itself the \nowner of more than seven millions of acres of wild, unculti- \n\nRemoval of the capital. \xe2\x80\x94 State election. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Population of the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Recommendations of the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Inter- \nnal improvement. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Aaron Burr as United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 \nReapportionment of the State. \n\n\n\n148 SIXTH PF.niOD. \n\nTatoU, and imimproved InndK, Bitiiated chiefly in the northern \nand w^Htcni |\xc2\xbbortioii8 of it*j territory. Trior to the preftoiit year \nfew Bales of this vast ()08\xc2\xabeitiiion luid boon niatie ; and an act was \nacoordiii^lv ptuiscd authorizing the Coinmissionent of the I^nd \nOffice, consisting? of the Ciovonior, Sccrvtan- of Stiite, Attt>niey- \nCicneral, Treasurer, and Auditor, to dis|>ose of these lands in \nsuch manner ait they should judge mo\xc2\xabt conducive to the public \nintert^ta. \n\n13, I\'nder this act, upwanls of five millions of acres were \nsold durin;: the vetir for aUiut one million t\xc2\xbbf dollars, \xe2\x80\x94 more \nthan one half of the whole to a single individiu&I. \xe2\x80\x94 Alexander \nMcC\'omh, \xe2\x80\x94 for ei\xc2\xbb;ht|\xc2\xbbencc per aire, on a lon;r cn*\xc2\xablit without in- \ntervMt. Lanrc^ inreeU were also sttlil for a tritiing consideration \nto other punhasenL Such an intliiicrimiiiato ajul wholi>Half \ndispoMition of this rairt inheritnnco was, t\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb say the least, injutli \nciouM in the extreme, an<l wholly indcfensihlc on any Boun<l \nprinciples of |M>hticul eomomy, and could scarcely ^\xc2\xbbii *" ^n\'* \nject its a^^ents to severv condemnation. \n\n14. During the session ensuing, oommoncin^on the 5()i \n* of January, 17U2, an act was passed, in accordance witli \nthe HN-onunendation of the Govenior, incorjK\xc2\xbbratin}^\' the " West \nem Inland I>Kk Navi;mtion r4>mjiftny,** of which (leneral Philip \nSchuvler was IV \xe2\x80\xa2\' "t, for the improvement of the navij^mtion \nof the Mohawk Jv.. r and the r-i.-fniction <\xc2\xbbf a canul from \nthence to StMu\xc2\xbbca I<ake and Ijike <\xe2\x80\xa2 The " Northrm In- \n\nland Lock Navi^iition C\'om|iftny " v^.i.^ MKin aAerwanU orpinired \nunder the same auspiccH, f..r the purjMMie of ojK\'ninj: a communi- \ncation l\xc2\xbbetw\xc2\xabH\'n the Hudson Uiver ami I^ke Champlain, and the \nroute cari\'fidlv Burveve\xc2\xabl hv Mr. Weston, a civU enjnneer, and \nThomas K<ldy ; thereby layinj,\' a foundation for those mofjijifi- \nccnt works of internal improvement, destineil hereafter to exert \n80 great an influence on the pros|writy of the State. \n\n15. The (Jovemor, in his sfwech at the oiM^ninj: of tin N\xc2\xab->ion, \nrecommended the applicsition of the pnx!ee<ls from the sale of \nunappropriateii lan\xc2\xabls to the payment of the State debt and \nthe current cxpcuacs of the govenimeut This opened the \n\nThe public land*. \xe2\x80\x94 Act proTidinir for thdr mUc. \xe2\x80\x94 DUpotition of ihom \n\xe2\x80\x94 Wcntcm and Northern Inland Lock Narigatkm OompiioiBS. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceed- \ning* of the Lqpalaturv. \xc2\xab \n\n\n\nTHE FRENCH MINISTER. 149 \n\nwhole question of the disposition of the pubhc lands, and gave \nrise to an animated debate in the House on a resolution censur- \ning, in strong terms, the commissioners for the course pursued \nby them, resulting, however, in the rejection of the resolution, \nand the adoption of a substitute, approving their proceed- \nings. \n\n1 6. The April elections, after a spirited canvass, resulted in \nthe re-election, by a close vote, of Governor Clinton and Lieu- \ntenant-Governor Van Cortlandt, over Chief-Justice Jay and \nStephen Van Rensselaer, the candidates of the Federalists. On \nthe 6th of November the Legislature again assembled in New \nYork, and proceeded to the choice of presidential electors. The \npresidential canvass resulted in the unanimous re-election of \nGeneral Washington and Vice-President Adams. \n\n17. The aiTival of Citizen Genet, in the spring of 1793, \nas the envoy of the new French Republic, a few days after \n\nthe declaration of war between that country and England, was \nthe harbinger of new political complications. The obvious policy \nof the American Government was that of strict neutrality, while \nall the sympathies of the people were with their late chivalrous \nallies in the Revolutionary struggle. The Federalists ranged \nthemselves, as a party, in support of the Government, and their \nopponents in favor of active interference in behalf of the French. \nGenet, secure of the popular support, proceeded to fit out priva- \nteers for the destruction of British commerce on the high seas, \nwhile Washington sternly declared his determination of enforc- \ning the proclamation of neutrality. \n\n18. The reception of the French minister in the city of New \nYork in the summer of this year was enthusiastic in the extreme, \nand his hostility to England was so warmly seconded through- \nout the country, that nearly fifty British vessels were captured \nduring the year by privateers from the various ports manned by \nAmerican seamen. Genet still further strengthened his interest \nand increased his popularity by a marriage with the daughter \nof Governor Clinton, the leader of the republican party. He \n\n\n\nDebate on the public lands. \xe2\x80\x94 Approval of the commissioners. \xe2\x80\x94 Re- \nelection of Governor Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Choice of \npresidential electors. \xe2\x80\x94 Ee-election of President Washington and Vice- \nPresident Adams. \xe2\x80\x94 Diplomatic mission of Citizen Genet. \n\n\n\n150 ^/A\'7y/ PERIOD. \n\nwaa, however, soon nftennnrds recalled, on the demand of the \nrrtsidcnt, by the French Ck)veniment ; but, althoujfh deprived \nof aJl otluial authority, still remained in the countr}-, of which he \nbecame a j>ermaneut citizeiu \n\n\n\nCIIAPTEU III. \n\nFOCVDATIOII or TBI CoMMOJI-St\'llOoL 8t\xc2\xbbTEM. \xe2\x80\x94 Al>MI?{|*TRATlf>?\xc2\xbb or \nGOTUIJIOK JaT. \xe2\x80\x94 I^TKMilAL iMrKUVCMK^T*. \n\n1. Tub Legialature mot at ri>u^hkcH]>\xc2\xbbu- iiu the Gth of Jaiiu- \n\nan*. 1795. Governor CuNTos \xc2\xab .iiiiinuiiiate^l his annual \nmeiwap?, in whirh, after n-newin;; hiM recommendation fur \nthe r uf the cnminal aAv, he remindiHl the Logialaturc, \n\nthat, mhiie lilienil jr nn had U-en nuide for the endowment \n\nof i\xc2\xbb an<l \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbthir Ih^^Iut seminanei* \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf leaniin^r, no levcislutivo \n\naid tuid yet Uxmi affonle*! to the lommon .VIk-oIh. Deeply ini- \npretwed with the |innun<iiint im|>ortancc of thin*\' ji^\'enries for the \ndi!\' of kn<\xc2\xbbwlf\xc2\xabl^r\'* am\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnjj the |>eople, he euni(\xc2\xbbstly reeom- \n\nmeitiliil a HuitAble pn>vision for their encoum it ami sup|\xc2\xbbor1. \n\n2. An act was accorl \'at an early |M.-riixi of the setwion, \nintnHluced and {MUMied taiu a law, appropriating; an annual sum \nof fifty ihoiutand dollarn for tivo years to this object, the inter- \neat of which waa directed to lie {Mid over to the several county \ntreaaurers in amounts pni|M\xc2\xbbrtioned to the (lopulation of tho \nrea|iective counties and towns, the latter of which were also re- \nquired to raise by tax an amount e<pLal to one half of the apfior- \ntionmont matlo to them res|)ectivfly, \xe2\x80\x94 the whole to be applied, \nimder the direction of prDjjer officers in each s\xc2\xbb*hfMil -district, to \nthe |>ayment of the wages of teachers duly emplove<l and proper- \nly qualitic^l. This was the orijrin f>f the present (.\'ommon-Sch<x)l \nsystem of the State, now ao inifiortant and flourishing a branch \nof its p)veniment. \n\n3. On the 27th of January, lUrus Kixo was re-elected a Sen- \nator in r \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2>\xe2\x80\x94 f>Hs for the ensuing term of aix yemrt. Governor \n\n\n\n\'1795. \xe2\x80\x94 Oorcmor\'n mrmaiTP. \xe2\x80\x94 Clrijnn*\' foandation of th\xc2\xab Com- \nmon-School sjslem. \xe2\x80\x94 Uc-dcction of HufUs King ai United Stales \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 151 \n\nClinton\'s official term having nearly expired, he declined being \nconsidered as a candidate for re-election. A continuous service \nof nearly thirty years in the colonial assemblies and executive \ndepartment had undermined his health, and entitled him, in \nhis judgment, to a retirement from the public service. Lieuten- \nant-Governor Van Cortlandt also declined a re-election on ac- \ncount of his advanced age. John Jay was again placed in \nnomination by the Federalists as Governor, with Stephen Van \nRensselaer for Lieutenant-Governor, while the Republicans \nnominated Chief-Justice Yates and William Floyd as their can- \ndidates. \n\n4. At the ensuing spring election, Messrs. Jay and Van Rens- \nselaer were duly elected, with a decided Federal majority in \nboth Houses of the Legislature. Mr. Jay, at the time of his elec- \ntion, was absent from the country, having been despatched to \nEngland by the LTnited States Government to negotiate a treaty \nwith Grea,t Britain. He arrived at New York on the 26th of \nMay, where he was received with the greatest enthusiasm. The \ntreaty with England concluded by him was exceedingly unpopu- \nlar with the Republican party throughout the country, which \nsympathized almost universally with the French revolutionists, \nand were equally hostile to British influence. \n\n5. Governor Jay, in his speech at the opening of the \nsession of 1796, after expressing his acknowledgments for \n\nthe confidence reposed in him by the electors, urged the adop- \ntion of efficient measures for the military defence of the State \nin the event of invasion. Provision was made by the Legisla- \nture for the improvement of the criminal jurisprudence, and for \na reap23ortionment of representatives and senators under the \ncensus of the preceding year. A bill was introduced early in \nthe session, in accordance with the views of Governor Jay, pro- \nviding for the gradual abolition of slavery in the State, which, \nhowever, after a prolonged and exciting debate, was virtually de- \nfeated by a close vote, in committee of the whole, by the adop- \ntion of a resolution providing for compensation to the holders \nof that species of property. \n\nGovernor Clinton defines a re-election. \xe2\x80\x94 John Jay elected Governor, \n\xe2\x80\x94 Jay\'s treaty. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Bill for the abolition of \nslavery. \n\n\n\n152 SJXTJl PERIOD. \n\nC. Through the violent niul revolutionary exocMCi of tho \nFrench rej)ul)lic, untl tho nuih and imliHcrcct conduct of their \nagent, M. licnct, in this country, the popuUir excitement againtit \nthe treaty concluded by tJuvernur Jay with Cirvat Untain had to \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb * \n\na ver)\' great extent Mubiiidcxl. The uni venial contidenoe re|\xc2\xbboiietl in \nthe luhniniHtration of (leneral Washington, wIuwh) Bcoond tenu \nai>{>n>achitl itn cloac, and who declineil a re ckvtion, and the high \ncluiracter of Jay in oonntvtii\xc2\xbbn with hitt unexcf|itit\xc2\xbbnable diH- \ncharge of the oliicial dutie\xc2\xab intnuited to hini, had Btrengthene*! \nthe hold which the Feilerul \\*irt\\ luid already obtained U|)on the \npublic confidence and i\xc2\xbbup|K\xc2\xbbrt, The Mpring elect itmn, therefore, \nexhtbitcii the lUiual prfpondrnince of that |\xc2\xab:irty in Iwth \nbnuichcH of tho Ix-ginhit ure. \n\n7. Thiii ImxIv aiutentbhil in the city of New York on tho Ist \nof Noveujljcr for the choice of presidential elector*, and ap- \npoint4*d ekitonv, who caiit the twelve votes of the Stato in favor \nof John \\u\\u\xc2\xbb of Massachiuntts for l^resident, and Thoiuas \nTinckney of South Ctirolina for Vice- President. .I\'>hn L\\w- \nHKNin, t\xc2\xbbr the city of New York, was chosen Init^xl n- \n\nator in place of Kufus King, who had recently liecn ap{x>int4xl \nMinister to KngUuid. The Ix-gislaturc then adjourned U* meet \nat AlUinv on tho ^1 of January ensuing. The ct\xc2\xbbngix-ssionaI \nelection in IH- r tvnninatcil in the election of thf Uepub- \n\nlican canditlat. , F^lwanl Livingston of New Y\xc2\xabirk. Philip \nVan Cortliuidt of West Chester, J. N. Havens of > , and \n\nLucas KlnitiMlorff of I\'lMter. \n\nH. (hi the reassembling of the I>?gihlaturo, an act was \n\n\'\xe2\x96\xa0 ni.\'vM\'<l cnating the ofiice of Comptn\xc2\xbbller, which was bo- \nRtowed u|\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbn Samikl Joms*, of New York. The county of \nDeliwarv was enrttfl frt\xc2\xbbm jn.rtions of AlUmy and lister ; and \nthe seat of govenunent wiis jiermauently l(\xc2\xbbcJited at .\\lliany, and \nprovision made for the erection of acapitol and suitable gorem- \nment oftices. Colonel Burr\'s term of office aa United States \nSenator having expireil, Piiiur Schuyler, of Alliany, waa cboscQ \nin his pi \n\n9. In the mean time, John Adams, of Mssssrhusetts, Iiad bc\xc2\xabo \n\n\n\nc \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 M\xc2\xabTf \'\xe2\x80\xa2 TitgUatnrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Pn \' \' * - \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nC\' \' " "ntor^ \xe2\x80\x94 A^i \xe2\x80\xa2 -iJp- \n\ntr 1. . . . . . -> ... \n\n\n\nADAMS AND JEFFERSON. 153 \n\nelected President, and Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, Vice- \nPresident of the United States, and duly inaugurated at Phila- \ndelphia on the 4th of March. The State elections in April indi- \ncated a decided gain in favor of the Republicans, especially in \nthe city of New York, where their representatives in the Legis- \nlature, including Aaron Burr, Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, and De \nWitt Clinton, were returned by a heavy majority. \n\n10. Governor Jay and Lieutenant-Governor Van Rens- \nselaer, were re-elected, the latter unanimously, and the \nformer by a decided majority over Chancellor Livingston, the \ncandidate of the Republicans. This party, how^ever, obtained \na decided preponderance in the Legislatm-e. De Witt Clinton \nand Ambrose Spencer were elected to the Senate ; and among \nthe leading Republican representatives in the Assembly were \nAaron Burr and John Swartwout of New York, David Thomas \nof Washington, Erastus Root of Delaware, Obadiah German of \nChenango, and Jedediah Peck of Otsego. \n\n11. At this period the line of demarcation between the \nFederalists and Republicans was strongly marked, and party dis- \nsensions ran high. The administration of the general govern- \nment, under the elder Adams, supported by General Hamilton \nand Governor Jay, was characterized by a series of high-handed \nand despotic measures, altogether at variance wath the demo- \ncratic principles which were beginning to prevail. Governor \nJay, ten years previously, in a communication to General Wash- \nington, had expressed opinions decidedly averse to the sove- \nreignty of the States, and in favor of a concentration of power \nin the general government ; and the recognized leaders of the \nFederal party were despondent as to the issue of the experiment \nof republican institutions. \n\n12. In the mean time these men were the dispensers of Fed- \neral and State patronage, increased by a system of internal tax- \nation adopted by the United States Government ; a standing \narmy had been organized, unlimited authority to borrow money \nconferred upon the President, and arbitrary authority to prose- \ncute and imprison all aliens or citizens venturing to arraign the \n\n\n\nElection of Adams and Jefferson as President and Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 State \nelections. \xe2\x80\x94 Spring elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Governor Jay and Lieu- \ntenant-Governor Van Rensselaer. \xe2\x80\x94 State of parties. \n\n\n\n154 SIXTH PEIUOD. \n\nproceeding or policy of the nduiiiiistration cxcrciwil withotit \nrentraint All these cirL-miiKtuucetf coqiIuiuhI tu create au iu- \ntoii.se feehug of ho\xc2\xbbtilily to the jturty iu |>ower, both iu the State \nauil nutioii. \n\n13. A - 1 HisAiou of the I. .:i>l:iture WM conrened at \nAlliaiiy, by (juvenior Jay, iu Augubt, A war with Fnuice \nIteiiig imiiiiiuMit, lui the ruttult of the Hjux-ial nuHHion to Fniiico \nof -MeH-sn*. rmcknev, Gem-, and Miindiull and the nefurioua \njiractices \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf the Fniuh lU-public, the U r culletl the atten- \n\ntion of the Liegiiilatiire to the necetatity ul illicient )*ri-]>:initioiiH, \non the {Mirt of the Stiite, for defence, to which tlmt boily re- \nh! \' I with cnerg)\' and vi. \n\nii. rbo tintt practical nugguauuu tur ilie luipnivement i>f \nthe ftuMlitieti fur internal ciminiunimtion lietween the Atliuitic \nOcean and the \' \' ni lukcH wom nuulo by lienerul Wasiiini, \nTON iu 1784. ii.ivin;;. during that vetir, jterHi.nally fX|\xc2\xbbKinHl \nthe region lictwecn the iludw.\xc2\xbbn Kiver and Liki*M l-lrie tuid (hi \ntario, by the route of the Muhawk Hiver, \\Vt\xc2\xbbml C\'n\xc2\xbbek, ()n<i\'l;i \nLake, and the U\xc2\xabw(*go Uiver, aii<l nuide a tour through Iviki-s \nGeorge and t\'luunplam to Drown Point, he coniniunicnted to \nMr. JeflerHoii, the Secretary of State, and otlien* of hiit < r \nrespontU\'iitM, liis views of the ini|M>rt{U)cc of o{>ening and iiu- \npn>ving th(>Hi* cluunieU of commit \n\n15. At aUiut tlie same jieridd, \xc2\xab. iiuiMiiruui Lou.u% a i\' \ndent of the city of New York, who m>mc twelve yearn prcvioiui \nhad deUverwl a coumo of public lecturca in PhiV \' \' fiia on \nthe fiubject of Ixick Navigation, Hubmitte<l a pr \' "ii to the \n\nState Legitilatiire for the improvement of the naw^uimn of tlic \nMohawk. That Imdy, deeming the enterprim? tm* ex(M?niiivc for \nState adoption, otrere<l to Kecuro to him and hit) afiftKiuteti all \npntfits which might accrue from ita priMiHrution by private \nmeaiiA, and in IT^a luadc him a grant of one hundred and \ntwenty-five dollant for it\xc2\xab encoiiro^\'ment \n\n1(>. During that year, Mr. CoUea i(\xc2\xabue<i propodaU for the cft- \ntabliiiliment of a company for the improTement of the inlan<l \n\nTxTri^lftiiro pmccedin?*. \xe2\x80\x94 Apprrhrn\xc2\xbbion9 of w\xc2\xabr wich Fmnrr \xe2\x80\x94 Oripn \nof the nynicm of intrmal impmvpmrnt*. \xe2\x80\x94 Ocncml Wa.\xc2\xabhin;:ton\'(i rxplorn \nti<>n\xc2\xbb unci riewt. \xe2\x80\x94 I*nopo\xc2\xabiuon of Chmtopbcr Collet. \xe2\x80\x94 I^cgiAlatire en- \ncouragement. \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 155 \n\nnavigation between Albany and Oswego, setting forth, with \ngi-eat abihty and comprehensiveness, the advantages which \nwould accrue from such an enterprise, and the facilities for its \naccomplishment. In the succeeding year the Legislature, on \nthe renewal of his application, evinced their approbation and a \nsense of its importance, but no effectual measures were taken \nfor its prosecution, and it was abandoned by its enterprising pro- \njector, who long afterwards died in obscurity in the city which \nhis genius, if properly encouraged, would have enriched. Others \nwere destined to reap the abundant harvest of the fertile seeds \nsown by him. \n\n17. At the opening of the session of the Legislature in 1791, \nGovernor George Clinton adverted to the importance of pro- \nviding facilities oi communication between the seaboard and the \nfrontiers of the State ; and an act was passed directing the ex- \nploration and survey of the route between the Mohawk and \nHudson Rivers and Wood Creek with the view to the construc- \ntion of a canal. At the succeeding session the report of the \ncommissioners appointed for that purpose was favorable, and \nGovernor Clinton renewed his recommendation for its earnest \nconsideration. \n\n18. In the mean time, General Philip Schuyler and Elka- \nNAH Watson, in ignorance of the plans and views of Mr. CoUes, \nhad exerted themselves with great energy and spirit in the prose- \ncution of the same idea. In 1791, Mr. Watson made a journey \nthrough the western portion of the State, discovered its facili- \nties for internal navigation, and published a series of able es- \nsays, which essentially contributed to the adoption of initiatory \nmeasures for carrying out this important project. \n\n19. During the session of the Legislature in 1792, as already \nstated, acts had been passed incorporating the Western and the \nNorthern Inland Lock Navigation Companies, the harbingers of \nthe Erie and Champlain Canals. General Schuyler was elected \nPresident of the joint company ; and among its most efficient \nmembers were Thomas Eddy, Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, Barent \n\nUnsuccessful efforts of Mr. Colles. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Clinton\'s messages. \xe2\x80\x94 \nSurvey of the route. \xe2\x80\x94 Favorable report. \xe2\x80\x94 Efforts of General Schuyler and \nElkanah Watson. \xe2\x80\x94 Incorporation of the Western and Northern Inland \nLock Navigation Company. \xe2\x80\x94 Its principal directors. , \n\n\n\n16G SIXTH PF.niOD. \n\nIJleccker, Elkanati Watson, and Kt\xc2\xbblHTt B\xc2\xab>wno. Itii olijwtJi werr \nthe iiupruvetnent of the uuvipition of tiie Mohawk Kivrr, and \nthe o{M.*uin^ of cannlM and lock navi^tion between that river to \nSeneca I^e and l^ke Ontann nnd Iwtwecn th\'^ Hu.lsiin rm,! \nLake Cham plain. \n\n20. In the year 17yG the Wf-teni Company had oompKtiii u \ncanal at the IJttle KalU of altout three mile\xc2\xab iu length, with five \nlockii, and another of a mile and a quarter at (jerman FUt\xc2\xab ; and, \nin 171)7, one fnuu the Midrnwk to WchhI Creek, nearly two milou \nin len^h, \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x94 making in all about ite%\'en nult>H, with nine lockti. \nItctween the lIudNon and luiko Champlain the Northeni Com- \npany liad accompliidicd nothing of ini|H\xc2\xbbrtanoe. The ex)x>nfieii \nofconittriiction, reoonatniction, and re|iaini of the canal Itetween \nSchenectady and the Onoida btke, when finally completed, wero \nfountl to be Ao gn^ut that the tolU rtHjuirvd for ita navigation \nrcndereil it virtnallv UM\'leaii. \n\nm \n\n21. In 179H an act waa |MifwcHi incoqiorating a company for \nthe conritniction of a canal from I^ke Ontario to I^ke Krie, with \nnufhciont hx^kago, paaaing around the aiturm^t of Niapira. Cp \nto thin periotl no distinct conception of a canal, with lock navi- \ngation, fn)m the Hudson to I^ke Krie, bccuim to liave l>een en- \ntertained in anv quarter ; and no further cfT\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrtii were made for \noarryint: into the fiartial ento^\xc2\xbb^iv^\xc2\xab whiih were already \ncomii. i. All that had lieen acr> hctl was the ri\'inoval \nof olwtnictions from the channel of the .Mt\xc2\xbbhawk and ita tribu- \ntary streams, and tho constniction, at an enomjous expense, of a \namall caiuU conii< it with the adjacent waters. \n\n22. An act "for supplying the city of New York with \npure and wholesome water" was {lasstxl during the MiBion \nof the I^egislat lire of 17U9, which was aAerwiirds foumi to confer \n\\ery im|)ortnnt linking powers, under a clause authorizing the \ne^ \'iinent \xc2\xbb)f the .Manhattan llank, and gave rise to very se- \n\nrious {jolitical compliratJonH, nvniilting in the defeat of nuuiy of \nthe loading Kepublicnn candidates at the spring election, espe- \ncially in the city of New York, and the triumph of the Federal \nparty thn^iighout the State. These successes were, however, \n\n< " \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb of ibo Wc\xc2\xabtcm and N*- \' T \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 * \xe2\x80\xa2 *\xe2\x80\xa2 \'^Hon Company, \n\xe2\x80\x94 i. .. I :..\'. r.M, \xe2\x80\x94 Grnn.i . i ...i\' ...... ,\'..-.\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 k. \xe2\x80\x94 Propoacd ca- \n\nnal fr lo Lake Krie. \xe2\x80\x94 The Manhaiun Bank Charter. \n\n\n\nDEATH OF WASHINGTON, 157 \n\nneutralized by the intolerant enforcement of the unpopular se- \nditious laws of the general government by the executive officers \nof the State and nation. \n\n23. The death of General Washington, on the 14th of De- \ncember, cast a deep gloom over the whole country. The most \nimposing funeral honors were paid to his memory in all the \nprincipal towns and cities of the Union ; and in the city of New \nYork especially, all parties vied in the expression of their sym- \npathy for the general loss. \n\n24. The Legislature met at Albany on the 28th of Janu- \nary, 1800. The Governor, after pronouncing a brief and \nfeeling eulogy upon General Washington, submitted various \nrecommendations for amendment of the existing laws, and con- \ncluded by earnestly urging upon the Legislature an adequate \nprovision for the support of common schools. Gouverneur \nMorris was chosen United States Senator in place of James \nWatson, resigned. \n\n25. The April elections resulted in a complete triumph of the \nRepublican (now known as the Democratic) party. De Witt \nClinton, Brockholst Livingston, Mr. Swartwout, General Gates, \nJohn Broome, Henry Rutgers, and Samuel Osgood were elected \nto the Legislature from the city of New York, Aaron Burr from \nOrange, and Smith Thompson from Dutchess. Thomas Jeffer- \nson, of Virginia, was nominated by the National Republican \nConvention at Philadelphia, held in May, for President, and \nAaron Burr for Vice-President. Messrs. Adams and Pinckney \nwere renominated for these positions by the Federalists. \n\n26. On the first Tuesday in November the Legislature con- \nvened, and the Republican candidates for electors of President \nand Vice-President were elected by a large majority. John \nArmstrong was elected United States Senator in place of John \nLaw^rence resigned, after w^hich the Legislature adjourned until \nthe last Tuesday in January. George Clinton was placed in \nnomination by the Republican member for Governor, and \n\nIntolerant proceedings of the Federalists. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Washington. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLegislature of 1 800. \xe2\x80\x94 Kesult of April elections. \xe2\x80\x94 The Democracy tri- \numphant. \xe2\x80\x94 Nominations for President and Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 Choice of \npresidential electors. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Nomination \nof candidates for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor." \n\n\n\ni:)8 SIXTH PFIUOD. \n\nJlukmiaii Van RcfsSKLACR fur LicuUnant-GoTemor ; aud Ste- \nphen Vuii Kouaselaer aud James WaUon were the oaudidutos of \nthe Federalists. \n\n\n\nCHAPTKR !V. \n\nObgaxixatiox or rna Common -School Stktcm. \xe2\x80\x94 Rbelectioiv or \n(JovcKMOR ( r. Currox. \xe2\x80\x94 Diel betwek;* Uamiltox asd \n\nIIl\'em. \xe2\x80\x94 DkAiu \xc2\xab>r Hamilto*. \n\n1. DiiUNO the neiwiou of tho Ix^giMluturo of the cnHiiiii^ year, \nthe fimt c\xc2\xbbf the ceiilurv, a bill for tho orpuiizatiou of tho \n\n* (*\' - of tho State waa intnKluco*! hy Judgo \n\nPlX\'K, of <\xe2\x96\xba id an act |KUWi>il dint-ting tho mining hy lot- \n\ntery*, under the control of niunngcrM npiMiintoil hy the State, of \ntho mnu of one hundntl thouHimd tloUuni, twelve thonaand five \nhuudro<l of which were to )\xc2\xbbe aitiMirtiomtl hy tlio regents of the \nUnivemity among the colh^gon nn-i . ami the rcHiduc, \n\nincluding the avails of the fun<l |ir< ly u|*|in>|iriute<l in 17\'J5, \n\namong the Common S ^ in such manner oa the Ix^ginhituro \n\n(diould j)ro\xc2\xbbcril>c. An act wiiit tdM< d. recom mending a con- \n\nvention of delegates to \\ic hold at A litany in the ennuing Oc- \ntober, for the amendment of the ex ronstitutiou of tho \nState in n>forenc\xc2\xab) to the upiMirtionment of members of the I>cgis- \nlaturo ajid the a|>]M>inting )M\xc2\xbbwer. \n\n2. On counting the votes for Proaident and Vice-President by \nCongrees in February, it was ascertained that Thomas Jcfffji- \nsox and Aaron Hiiui had each rcceive<l scventv-thrce votes for \ntheir res|)ectivc offices, and John Adams and Mr. Pinokney ea\xc2\xab.h \nsixty-five votoa. Un<ler the then existing |\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xbbvihionM of the Con- \nstitution, requiring the election of the highest candidates voted \nfor as President, and the next -t as Vice President, no choice \nhad l\xc2\xbbeen effected, an<l the election was thrt\xc2\xbbwn into the House \nof Kepresentatives. The IwdKitings by States in this l>ody con- \ntinued, amid intense excitement, during four days and nights; \n\n\n\nOrgaaisaiioB of the CammtonSck^onA sysMn. \xe2\x80\x94 R\xc2\xabeoauMBdadoa of a \nconvcnf :. >n f..r tb\xc2\xab iuii\xc2\xabtdin\xc2\xabot of the Coostiia^n. \xe2\x80\x94 Coolest belw e ea JsAt^ \n\nson a:. . fur the Preadeocj. \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. I59 \n\nand it was not until the thirty-sixth ballot that Mr. Jefferson \nwas finally declared elected President, and Mr. Burr Vice-Presi- \ndent. \n\n3. Whatever may have been his private intrigues, it does not \nappear that Colonel Burr had in any way openly participated in \nthis contest. During its prevalence he remained at Albany, in \nthe discharge of his legislative duties ; and although it is scarcely \nto be supposed that he was devoid of interest in the result, there \nis nothing to show that any efforts were made on his part to de- \nfeat Mr. Jefferson, the candidate of his party. His previous \nhigh standing, however, as a Eepublican leader was seriously \nimpaired. \n\n4. The spring elections resulted in the choice of Governor \nGeorge Clinton, and Lieutenant-Governor Stephen Van Rens- \nselaer, with a Republican majority in both branches of the Legis- \nlature. Both the national and State governments were now in \nthe hands of the Republican or Democratic party. At the spe- \ncial election, in August, for delegates to the State Constitutional \nConvention, a similar preponderance of Republicans appeared. \nJohn V. Henry was chosen from Albany, De Witt Clinton from \nKings, Aaron Burr from Orange, William P. Van Ness and \nDaniel D. Tompkins from New York, and Smith Thompson from \nDutchess. \n\n5. The convention assembled at Albany on the 13th of Octo- \nber, and organized its deliberations by the election of Colonel \nBurr as President. After transacting the special business for \nwhich they were convened, an adjournment was effected at an \nearly day. John Lansing, Jr., was appointed Chancellor in \nplace of Mr. Livingston, who was soon afterwards made, by the \nPresident, Minister to France, where he succeeded in negotiating \nthe celebrated treaty for the purchase of Louisiana. \n\n6. The Legislature met at Albany on the 26th of Janu- \nary, 1802, and Ambrose Spencer was appointed, by the \nCouncil, Attorney-General in place of Josiah Ogden Hoffman, re- \nsigned. An apportionment of the members of assembly, now \n\nAgency of Burr in the contest. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Governor Clinton and \nLieutenant-Governor Van Rensselaer. \xe2\x80\x94 State elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of \nthe Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of Chancellor. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Ambrose Spencer appointed Attorney-General. \n\n\n\n160 SIXTH PEVJOD. \n\nfixe<l bv the aiiuixkHi Constitution at one liuntlre<l, wai made, \nand a rcHolution adopted on motion of Mr. Clinton, pro|)oiiing \nan anieiidnient to the I\'nited States CouKtitiition, providinjj for \nthe choice of electonj of I*n-8idcnt and Vice-lVe\xc2\xabident by single \nclectonil dihtricts, and rv^juiring such electors to designate on \ntheir UiUotM the |ionK\xc2\xbbn %*ote<i for bv them for each office. \n\n7. On the yth of Febnuir}\', Dr. Witt Cuxtdn whs eU<te<l \nI\'nitetl Statei* Senator in phux* of (Jeneral Anustrong, resignetl. \nThe spring elections rv\xc2\xabulte<l in aiu\xc2\xbbther l>eniocmtic triumph, \nincluding every memlvr of the Senate and a large maj\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrity in \nthe House. Smui after this period an imbittcretl {lersonal and \n|)oIiticid uarfiin* p ln\'tweeu the friends of Colonel Burr \nand those of l>c \\\\a\\, mnton, carried on through the c<)lumus \nof the American Citii^\'U, e<Iitod bv James Chtvthum, in the \ninterest of the latter, and the Morning Chn\xc2\xbbnicle, edited by \nDr, Irving, in that of the fonner. and nwultiug in a duel be- \ntween .Mr. Chntoii and Mr. Swart wout. \n\n8. When the T \' ituro convene<l in January ui the succeed- \ning year, it speetiiiy uccauie apfmrent thiit a large majority of ita \nmemlwrs d \'\xe2\x80\xa2oved of the comluct of Colonel Burr, and that \nhe and his traiiiis no longer {loaiiefned the confidence of tho Re- \nptiblican |)arty. The latter ol * la signal and decisive tri- \numph at the April \xe2\x80\xa2\' i\'l. u itt Cli.nto.v was appointed \nMayor of the city ot J\'^cw Vork in place of Ivlwanl Livingston, \nwho had been appointed, by the President, I\'nitetl States District \nAttorney ; and Amiiroae Sprmer wa.\xc2\xab: - - inted a Judgo of the \nSupreme Court in pbice of Jac<ib Bad\' iiu, renigned. \n\n9. Dn the 31st of Jantmn*, 18M4, the Legislature again \naa8emble<l. The (fovenior communicated to Utth Ilousca \nthe amendment of the Constitution recently adopted, requiring \nthe presidential elect<\xc2\xbbrs to A -\'Tiate the candidates ^-oti-d for \nrespectively as President and ^ \xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xbb. President (iovenior (Ibjrob \nCu>\'T\'>N \\\\as placed in nomination by the democracy of the na- \n\nIVWir* ^ \'\xe2\x80\x94f^ Tnit^\' ^\'-rpsSeostor\xe2\x80\x94 PropcMrd ammdinent \n\nto tho nn n. \xe2\x80\x94 (\xe2\x96\xa0 nr betwrrn tho frirndii of Clinton \n\nand Burr. \xe2\x80\x94 Doel hetwpen Clinton and Swartwcmt. \xe2\x80\x94 Panic* in tho Ix^*- \nlatnrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Triumph of the dcmormrv. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointmentu and rtmoriiU, \xe2\x80\x94 \nP\xe2\x80\x94 ofthcT \'. \xe2\x80\x94 A mondmcnt of the United States OoMCi- \n\ntuuuii MI ~ nee iw i>f\xc2\xabMU<u<ual eledon. \n\n\n\nSTATE ELECTIONS. 161 \n\ntion as a candidate for Vice-President at the ensuing presiden- \ntial election in place of Colonel Burr, who had forfeited their \nconfidence. The latter was, however, placed in nomination by \nhis friends for the office of Governor. \n\n10. At the February term of the Supreme Court, Chief- Jus- \ntice Lewis presiding, Harry Croswell, editor of a leading Federal \npaper published at Hudson, was indicted and convicted, under \nthe provisions of the English common law, for a libel against \nthe President, notwithstanding the offer on his part to prove \nthe truth of the allegations. His counsel, General Hamilton, \nmade an eloquent defence in his behalf ; and in the succeeding \nyear the law in this respect was changed, and the truth of any \nalleged libel was thenceforth permitted to be given in evidence. \nThis was the last and most brilliant forensic effort of Hamilton. \n\n11. MoEGAN Lewis and John Broome were respectively elected \nGovernor and Lieutenant-Governor by a large majority at the \nApril elections, together with a majority of Democrats in both \nbranches of the Legislature. Mr. Tompkins was elected to Con- \ngress from the city and county of New York. The defeat of \nBurr rendered him desperate, and in his mortification and cha- \ngrin, in view of the disappointment of all his political pros- \npects, he seems to have availed himself of every opportunity of \nrevenging himself against those whose influence he had reason \nto suspect had contributed to the result. \n\n12. Of these individuals he had chosen to regard Hamilton \nas the most prominent. His opposition had been felt in the \ncontest for the presidency against Jefferson ; and in his recent \nstruggle for political ascendency, Burr had reason to suspect his \nactive hostility. Burning for revenge, he had determined to call \nhis great and powerful adversary to a stern and severe account ; \nand for this piu\'pose had watched for an opportunity when he \ncould safely accomplish his nefarious purpose. \n\n1 3. During the February term of the Supreme Court at Albany, \nsome expressions of political hostility towards Burr had fallen \nfrom Hamilton, in a social conversation with one of his friends, \nwith whom he was dining. The report of this coming to the ear \n\nElection of Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial of Croswell for \nlibel. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Lewis and Lieutenant-Governor Broome. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDemocratic triumph. \xe2\x80\x94 Hostility between Burr and Hamilton. \n11 \n\n\n\n1C2 srXTFl PERIOD, \n\nof Burr in a distorted form, \\\\ii\xc2\xbb coiiBtnieti by hira a\xc2\xab involving \na personal charge, and a pn>ni]\xc2\xabt acknow lol^nnent or dcniid of \nthe oflensive tcrnw di\'iuandinl on the 18th of June. On tho \n2(>th Hiimilton dcclinctl complying with thin denmnd on account \nof the va^iicne&s and indefinitcnchji of the chitrge, at tlie luimo \ntime exprestiin^ Itiji willingnoiiii to do ho whenever it should )>o \nmade more explicit, or to abide tho consiMjucncoi* of Iuh present \nrefujvil. In a 8ulme<iutnt note, through his friend, Mr. IVndlet*>n, \nin Ti\'vW to an oflensive answer from Burr, Hamiltt>n n\'jieatotl \nID \xe2\x80\xa2; t terms his willin^niesa, in n>8{xinse to any M|iei-ific \n\ninquiry, to disi-laim having; at any time cast an imputation u]x)U \nthe private character or jjcrsoiml ci>nduct of the fonner. \n\n14. Burr, notwithstanding this candid and explicit >. \nponiiated in n%;anling it as a mere evasion, and detmuidcd in. \nmediate satisfaction. A hostile meeting was arrangi\'d on tho \n27th, which took place at Witfuiwken, on the Jersey sliore, on \nthe morning of the 11th of July. Hamilton was mortdly \nwoun<le<l on the first cxchan^re of shots, discharpn^ his pistol in \ntho air. He was conveve<l from the field to the house of a friend \non the opjK\xc2\xbbsite shore, where he etpircd on the aftenuwn of tho \nnext day. On the 14lh his r s were ct\xc2\xbbnveyed to Trinity \n\nChurch, when, after an eloquent discourse pnmounced by his \nfnend Ootivenieur M<irris, they were deposited, with military \nhonors, in the \xe2\x80\xa2 churehyonl, \n\nl**^. Tho death of H n. 1\' ii, and tho unfortunate cirrum- \nstancee which led to th. i , 1 ii. I. ly catastrophe, cast a d\xc2\xab rp \nshade of ^rh\xc2\xbbom over tho whole o\xc2\xbbmmunitv. His military- ser- \nvie*\xc2\xbbs, Hplendid talents, tlio hij.\'h p\xc2\xab ^ occupied by him in \n\ntho civil de{tfirtment.H of govcniment, and his unexc< ible \n\ncharacter in all the relations of life, had secured for him the \nwann a ns an<l n\';,\'nnl of his fellow-citizens jjcnerally ; and \n\nhis premature death by violence, in the maturity of his |K)wcni \nand the fulness of his fame, was univen\xc2\xabally lamented. \n\n16. By the election of CJovenior I^ewis a vacancv had occurrwl \nin tlie oftioe of Chief Justice of tho Supremo fourth which was \nsoon afterwards fille<l by the appointment of Jamrh Kkxt and \ntho promotion of Daniei, I). Tompkins to the jxjsitiun of Asso- \n\nCorrMpondence, dnd, and drath of IlmmOloa. \'\xe2\x80\x94 Fuocnd olj\xc2\xbbciiuic\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 \nCharacter of iloiuihun. \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 163 \n\nciate Justice. The Legislature assembled in November for the \nchoice of presidential electors, and after the transaction of the \nspecial business for which they were convened, and the election \nof Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell as United States Senator in place \nof General Armstrong, appointed Minister to France, an adjourn- \nment to the ensuing January took place. At the meeting of the \nseveral electoral colleges in December, Mr. Jefferson was re- \nelected President, and George Clinton, of New York, chosen \nVice-President by a majority of one hundred and sixty electoral \nvotes. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER V. \n\nAdministration of Governor Lewis. \xe2\x80\x94 Common-School Fund. \xe2\x80\x94 \nFree-School Society of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor \nTompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Burr\'s Conspiracy. \xe2\x80\x94 Steam Navigation. \xe2\x80\x94 Erie \nCanal. \n\n1. The State Legislature reassembled on the 2 2d of \n\n1 sn\'i \nJanuary, and a special message was received from Gover- \nnor Lewis strongly urging the importance of encouraging popu- \nlar education by the elevation and improvement of the common \nschools of the State, and recommending the exclusive appropri- \nation of the avails of the public lands, now consisting of a million \nand a half acres, to this end. \n\n2. In accordance with this recommendation an act was intro- \nduced and passed, appropriating the net proceeds of five hun- \ndred thousand acres of the public lands to the support of com- \nmon schools, the interest, when amounting to fifty thousand \ndollars, to be annually apportioned to these institutions for the \npayment of teachers\' wages. The foundations of a permanent \nschool fund were thus judiciously provided. The Free-School \nSociety of the city of New York for the education of destitute \nchildren was also incorporated, with De Witt Clinton as its \n\nChoice of presidential electors. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of United States Senator. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of President Jefferson, and election of Vice-President Clinton. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Special message of the Governor relative to \ncommon-school education. \xe2\x80\x94 Coimnon-school fund. \xe2\x80\x94 Free-School Society \nof New York. \n\n\n\n1C4 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\nPrcsitlent, chiefly throiij;h his cxcrtionB and tho\xc2\xabe of the .Society \nof Frieiuln ; \xc2\xbbii<i the tirnt bchool waa opened on Tr^uu liow iu \nDeoemlx;r, 1" \n\n3. At this time William W. Van Nkss, (.f Cohunhia, in the \nSenate, uiul Ouaihaii (jkkman, of Cheuuu^\'u, iu the Iloiuu.*, were \nthe recit^niztil Iciulvni of the Fcderul niul Dciuucmtio parties \nreii|\xc2\xbbcclively. The jirejKMidenuicc of pubhc seutiinent Uirough- \nout the State waa stnuik\'ty in fa%\'or of Uie Deinocnitii, aiid tiic \nreHuIt of the Spring cl- ^ of thia year only hcrved to ct>nfinn \n\nthis reHult, Maiiifcttt indicutionii, however, had recently a|>- \n{iciuxhI, of irreconcihihlo diH^\'ntiiona among the nuijority, which \nthreatened for a {leriod to diaturh their hannony, if \n\nnot to interrupt their pre<loniiiMii\' < . Mr. Chnton and his \nfrienda, in connection with the Uite \\- 1 adherents of Colonel \n\nBurr, ranged themselves in op(M>Hition to the adniiniHtnitiun of \nGovernor I^wis, and a deadly i 1 si\'cuiecl inuuinent \n\n4. At the Bucceotiing scaaion of the Ijeirislature in IHC^C, \n\n1806 \xe2\x80\xa2 . \n\nthe sentence of death a^r^inst Stephen Arnold, a ti^Arhc r \n\nof Otsego County, for aiusing the death of u child hy whipj-.n^\' \nfor a venial offence, was, on the rcconunentlation of the Ciovrr \nnor, cowmuteil to iuipriHonnu-nt for life. \xe2\x80\x94 a proceeding which \ncreated great iiopuLir indigiuition thr nt the State* A \n\nrecommendation was also suhmitt4.*<l for the unprovemeut of tho \n<Ii>< iphne of the militia; the (Jovenior, in his cn|\xc2\xabacity of com- \nmander-in-chief, having, during the preceding autumn, made an \nofficial tour of insfMHrtion and review. Preiiarations for an appre- \nhended war with (Jreat Ilritain were also strongly urged. Hunng \nthis session, Am iiibald Mi IxTTREof M\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbntgomerj- was ap|\xc2\xbbint\xc2\xab .1 \nComptn\xc2\xbbller. The Federalists, as a Uxly, tmnsferred their sup- \nport to Governor I^ewis in the approaching cont^-st Itctween his \nfriends and those of Mr. Clinton ; and, aided by this aialition, a \nmajority of the meml>eni of the Legialature in favor of the ad- \nministration were retume\xc2\xabl at the ensuing spring elections. \n\nT). In .April of the ensuing year, the rcgidjir Kepuhlican \nticket, headed hy Da.mel D. Tompkins as Governor and \n\nState of parties. \xe2\x80\x94 PoHtkal feud betwwa the friends of Mr. Clinloa snd \n(^Dvi-nior I>ewi\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'nKvedings of the Lefrislatarc \xe2\x80\x94 Strphni Arnold. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAp|M>intmcnt of ComptrtjUcr. \xe2\x80\x94 Coaliuoa of FcdcrmU*u and Ucpublkan*. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Iicsult\xc2\xab of tho election. \n\n\n\nAARON BURR. 165 \n\nJohn Broome as Lieutenant-Governor, was successful by a \nmajority of about four thousand votes, carrying with it a \nmajority of both branches of the Legislature. William W. \nVan Ness was promoted to the bench of the Supreme Court, \nby the Council chosen during Governor Lewis\'s administra- \ntion, in place of Brockholst. Livingston was appointed an As- \nsociate Justice of the United States Supreme Court. \n\n6. Colonel Burr was, in May, placed on his trial for treason, \nbefore Chief- Justice Marshall of the United States Supreme \nCourt at Richmond, Virginia, charged with an attempt to pro- \ncure a severance of the States west of the Alleghany Mountains, \nand with them, in conjunction with Mexico, to establish an inde- \npendent government. He had been driven from New York by \nthe public indignation created by the death of Hamilton, and \nsince that occurrence had traversed the Southern and Western \nStates and territories, engaging in treasonable intrigues with the \ndisaffected, and other susj)icious undertakings which had excited \nthe vigilance of the government and produced his arrest as a \ncriminal. No sufficient proof, however, of his complicity having \nbeen presented, he was acquitted and discharged. \n\n7. On the 7th of August the first Steamboat, the Clermont, \nwas completed by Robert Fulton, of New York, and launched \nfrom Jersey City, on its trial trip up the Hudson for Albany, \nwhere it arrived on the next day, after a successful voyage of \nthirty-two hoars. Chancellor Robert R. Livingston had, in \n1798, obtained from the Legislature the exclusive right of steam \nnavigation in the waters of the State for twenty years, on con- \ndition of building a boat, within one year, of an average speed of \nfour miles per hour. Failing in the accomplishment of this ob- \nject, and having made the acquaintance of Fulton in France, he \nobtained a renewal of the grant in 1803, when the former joined \nhim in New York, and in four years thereafter their joint efforts \nwere crowned with a brilliant success. \n\n8. In November of the preceding year the British Government, \nnow engaged in a war with the French Empire under Napoleon \n\nElection of Daniel D. Tompkins as Governor, and Lieutenant-Governor \nBroome. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial and acquittal of Burr at Richmond for treason. \xe2\x80\x94 Launch \nand successful trip of the first steamboat on the Hudson by Fulton. \xe2\x80\x94 His- \ntory of the enterprise. \n\n\n\nICG SIXTH PEIUOD, \n\nlU>nai)artc, hiul iHsn.-l ;i t^ricM of " Onlern m Council " pruhilut- \niiig all traile with Fnuicc or hor allieh \\>\\ the vebM\xc2\xabU of neutral \nnatiouR. In retaliation, the Knipon.>r proclaimed the celebrated \nMilan dccrt-o, forbidiling all trade with Kuglaud and her ouloniea, \ntht-rebv etlectually cutting otV all American conunercc, in neutnd \nshiiwi, with either of the belligerenta. On the 23d of Septem- \nUr, 1?<07, (.\\>ngre\xc2\xab\xc2\xab laid aDeuiUir^> on all vemteU in the harUire \nof the I\'nited Statca, the rc\xc2\xabultH of which were exceedingly dia- \naittriiUH to the entire mercantile interest of the country. \n\ny. The Fe<leriliHt\xc2\xab, as a body, together with that Hection of \nthe DemocruUi heretofore acting iu c* \xe2\x96\xa0 * with Mr. Clinton, \nranged themMelveii in determined op)M.>&;ti<-u to this measure of \nthe government ; while Mr. (.\'lintou hmuiL\'lf, luid the great ma- \njority of ti\xc2\xbbo Ikuuocratic I\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabirty, were its udvocat^.\'s. The leaii- \ners of the fonner cinitended tliat the Hritisli Onlem in Conned \nWere rvn\xc2\xbblere*l nocemuir)\' by the supplies constantly funiiMhetl to \nthe French by Americnn veascls, luul which were n\xc2\xab>t nemied by \nthe Knglish ; while the hitter just itiod the Mihin lUid Ilerlin de- \ncri\'cs as a neccssar)\' measure of retaliation on the jMirt of the \nFrench, and the cmbaq;o an the sole mcaus of prucuriug a repeal \nof Uith onlinaiicca. \n\nlU. The practicability oi the construction of a canal from \nLake Krie to tlio Hudson River had, to a greater or less extent, \n< upiod the attention of refl(H:tiiig and stientiHc minds since \nti\xc2\xbbe failure of the efl\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrts towards the cl\xc2\xab>so of the preceding cen- \niwry to imprt>ve the navigation of the .Moliawk, and c<jnnect its \nwaters, by means of small caiuds and lockage, with I^kc Ontaria \n\n(ioLVERNKlR .Moimi.H, Je\xc2\xab\xc2\xabE HaWLEY, and JaMKS CiKUORH had \n\nrecently dirccteti ptiblic attention to this subject through the \njiress and other channels, and the time seemed auspicious for \nits more mature consideration. \n\n11. During the scansion of the LegisUiture of the suc- \n\nccc<ling year, -Mr. J<>.hiila Formax, of Onondaga, profxisod \n\nin the Asst^mbly a concurrent re\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xbblution, which was suhse<iuently \n\natlupted by the Senate on motit\xc2\xbbn of Mr. CJoii.D, directing the \n\nSur\\oyor-Genonil to cause a survey to be made " of the most \n\nBritish Onicn in Council. \xe2\x80\x94 Berlin and Milan decrees. \xe2\x80\x94 Stais of par \ntics. \xe2\x80\x94 l^ropoacd canal frum Lake Eric to the Iludaoo. \xe2\x80\x94 Suncy of lbs \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 1G7 \n\neligible and direct route of a canal to open a communication \nbetween the tide-waters of the Hudson River and Lake Erie." \nThe sum of six hundred dollars was aj)propriated for this pur- \npose, and James Geddes, of Onondaga, employed to make the \nsurvey. His report in favor of the practicability of the under- \ntaking was submitted to the Surve^^or-General, and communi- \ncated by him to the Legislature at its ensuing session. \n\n12. The strength of the Federalists in the Legislature was \nsomewhat increased by the result of the spring elections, al- \nthough the Democrats still retained a decided preponderance in \nboth branches. During the summer, Colonel Burr sailed for \nEurope, where he remained for several years engaged in fruitless \nefforts to secure the co-operation of the English and French Gov- \nernments in an expedition against Mexico. \n\n13. On the 1st of November the Legislature reassembled for \nthe choice of presidential electors. The electors appointed were \nuncommitted to any candidates, but, on their meeting, cast the \nvote of the State for James Madison as President and George \nClinton as Vice-President, who were subsequently elected by a \nlarge majority. \n\n14. The Le2;islature reassembled on the 27th of Janu- \n\n. . . 1809 \n\nary, 1809. Resolutions were introduced in the Senate by \nMr. Clinton, and adopted, after an exciting debate, by a large \nmajority of both Houses, approving of the measures of the gen- \neral government and pledging the State to their support. Gen- \neral Obadiah German, of Chenango, was elected United States \nSenator as the successor of Dr. Samuel L. Mitchell, whose term \nhad expired. The representative of the English Government at \nWashington, in pursuance of an understanding with the French \nEmperor, had consented in April to a repeal of the obnoxious \nOrders in Council, which was to be followed by a similar abro- \ngation of the Milan and Berlin decrees on the part of the French, \nand of the embargo and other restrictive regulations on the part \nof the American Government. \n\n15. In the mean time, however, the Federalists, strengthened \n\nReport of Mr. Geddes. \xe2\x80\x94 Results of the spring elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Departure of \nColonel Burr for Europe. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of President Madison and Vice-Presi- \ndent Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Negotiations for a repeal \nof the English and French decrees. \n\n\n\n108 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\nby the popular disicontcnt iiuluced by the pressure of the em- \nUi!^ iijxin the incr\':iuitile nud a^rricultunil interests of thi* \ncountry, ha\xc2\xab! apiin, after an inter>\'al of ten years, obtiiine*! the \nascendency at the spring elections. The 10th of June, the du\\ \non which the rejieal of the fmharp> was to tuke effect, was ceh \nbniteii by public rej \xc2\xbb throu;;liout the State; but t! \n\nf(>.t i\\ it:, s were S|)eiHlily danqted by the disavowal of the treaty \nby the Kii^dihh (K>vemn\xc2\xbbent, and its jwremptory refusal to re|K\xc2\xbbal \nthe Onlers in Council. Thest* proceeilinpi crente<l a feeling of \nintense indi^uition ni^inst the Hritish authorities which the \n1 \'s were powerless to lutsuap*. \n\n!\xe2\x99\xa6*\xc2\xbb. (h\xc2\xbb the 13th of March of the eiiMuinj? venr, the sub \nt of the coUHtniction of a canal frt\xc2\xbbai the Western \nlikes lu the lIutlHMM Kiver was brought up in the SiMiate by the \nrc|M>rt of Jamb* (;ki\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb^<, of Onoi \' the sun-eyor of the pn>- \n\nI-.mhI route. Thn\xc2\xbbu;;h the in*\' f Mr. CuXToN and Jonas \n\nPi.ATT, of Oneida, the projix t vtun favt\xc2\xbbnibly received, and a \nIJoanl of Commissioners, coUHiKtin;,\' of (iorvwiNKtii M\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbRUis, Stb- \n\nPUEX VaX KKNSSW.AKII, WlU.IAM NoHTII, Tll\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbllA.H Kin\xc2\xbbT, aiid \n\nPfrTKii U. PoHTKK, apftointeil to make an additional explomtion \nof the entire r\xc2\xab>ute, and re|>\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrt the results to the I^etpslaturc at \nits next session. \n\n1 7. At the April elections, tiovemor T\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbvpkinh and Lieutenant \nf \xe2\x96\xa0 vonior BiUMiMK were re \xc2\xab \' ! by a lan^\'o majority, to-^Tther \nwith a decitle<i DennK\'ratic I . iture. This result was due in a \ngreat m\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbasure to the effect ol" public sentiment produced by the \nrefusal of Groat Britain to sanction the treaty for the ropeal of \ntlie Orders of Council, by the growing feeling of hostility to- \nwards that nation, the sulwtitution of the non-intercourse sys- \ntem by the gencnd govenunont for that of the embargo, and the \nincrcasing pf\xc2\xbbpidarity Itoth of the general and State adminiHtra- \ntions. The country was rapidly drifting into another war with \nits ancient enemy, and the people of the State of New York es- \npecially were with great unanimity preparing for the impending \ncontest. \n\nTriumph of the Dcmocrnt* iit ihi\' \xc2\xbbT.rin \xc2\xbb iTrsMion*. \xe2\x80\x94 HrAuuU of the Eng- \nlish Govcmmcnt. \xe2\x80\x94 Eric and Chn: \xe2\x80\x94 Hrj^irt c)f uunreyor. \xe2\x80\x94 \nApjioinimmt of commisMoncrs. \xe2\x80\x94 Ko-^lmion of Oorrmor Tom|\xc2\xbbkins and \nIjcnlenant-Govcrnor Brw>mc. \xe2\x80\x94 rrvpanuioiu for war with England. \n\n\n\n\nLewiston Landing in 1840. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI. \n\n\n\nSecond War with Great Britain. \n\n1. The right of searching American vessels for British \nsoldiers or sailors, claimed and exercised by England in \naddition to her other encroachments on our national rights, had \nat this period become so obnoxious as to demand from the \nUnited States Government the most decided measures for their \nrepression. So strong was this feeling throughout the country, \nthat a very large party in New York and other States, distrust- \ning the energy of President Madison, presented the name of \nDe Witt Clinton as a candidate for that office at the ensuing \nelection. \n\n2. During the session of the Legislature of this year, a bill \nwas passed for the appointment of five commissioners to report \n\nCondition of national affairs. \xe2\x80\x94 Nomination of Mr. Clinton for the pres- \nidency. \n\n\n\n170 SIXTH PEldOD, \n\na Bvstcm fi)r the cstaMishinent aiid organization of Common \nSchools ; and uiulcr thin act, Jedediaii Peck, of Ot\xc2\xabego ; John \nMumiy, Jr., of New York ; Samuel Russell, Roger Skinner, and \nSamuel Macomb, \xe2\x80\x94 were up|Mjinted- \n\n3. GoL\'VEUNEUii Moiiius, in Itehalf of the commissioneni a|> \npointtnl fur the exploration aiul survey of the pruiMtscd canal \nfnjmthe Hudson to Ijikc Krie. suhniittcHl a n\xc2\xab|>ort, accom|ianie<l \nbv a finely executed map of the entire route : and an act waa \npajoMid on tlie 8th of April, drawn up by Mr. Clinton, adding \nthe names of Robert R, Livingston and R\xc2\xabhu:ht Fulton to the \nCi>mmiaaion, and pvin^ full authority to the lioanl for the con- \natniction of this jjreat worl% \n\n1. rii\xc2\xab\' i-tinuaiNsioners wi-tr ;ilv> < lupowerDd to make : \nti\'U to CoM^.Ti\'HS, to the Ifpslatun-s of the several States, tuui to \nindivi\xc2\xbbluaU. for !>\xe2\x80\xa2 ry aid in the prosecution of the enter \n\njriMj ; but I ap|i\xc2\xabilH, uhirh were \xe2\x96\xa0tronj.dy urp-nJ by \n\nMr. Clinton und Mr. .M m |\xc2\xbbfrson, no further pntgreiis was \n\nnuule tujtil after the < \' \' \xe2\x80\xa2! |M>n(lin;; wiir. \n\n6. The j^eneral n*aulls of the sprinj; el h were favorable \n\nto the IX\'UV I\'*^\'^^ \xe2\x80\xa2 \'" conse\xc2\xabpience ul the death of Licu- \n\ntciuuit Governor llnwuio, a new " n was ordentl to fill the \nvacancv, which r- 1 in the choice of Nhiioijui Fish, of \n\nNew York, the Folcrul c * te, over Mr. Clinton, the can- \ndi\xc2\xablite of the Deniocr.Us. ik>th branchea of the I^sUturo \nwere, however, stron^rly l>em\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbcr.i\' \n\n6. Governor Tompkins, in ] o\xc2\xab h lo ihc I \' lure \n\nat the opcninj: of the semion ol lfti:i, t\xc2\xabHik fKxiuiuu to pro- \ntcHt in stnmk\' tenns against the increase of a pajier currency, \nthrou^^\'h the growing tendency to tlie mullij \' * n of lianks of \nissue, (hi the 14th of Febniar>* the comiuwii.oncrs Dpi>ointed \nfor the or. i of a common -school system made an \n\nclalwrate aiul iiUlo rej>ort, accompanied by a bill for that pur- \npose, which w:i- icntly {lamed into a law. \n\n?\xe2\x80\xa2 Yj\\t\\\\ in Hi\' on a bill was introduced for the charter \n\n\n\n.\\ \'ment of coaini\xc2\xabiooer\xc2\xab fur tlwflftabUsliiiientor eomiDOOKbooU. \n\n1,,., ,. - \'V\'- .^.r,.ff^i.\'\xc2\xab:-.n ..r fi>e cansl. \xe2\x80\x94 A\xc2\xbb>t.l\xc2\xab<-\xc2\xabtion to CoB|!TB\xc2\xabi and \n\nSute Icjn- , . n*. \xe2\x80\x94 I)cti triumphs. \xe2\x80\x94 I >c\xc2\xabih of \n\nLien tensnt- Governor BroooM, and electioo of NicboU* Fbh. \xe2\x80\x94 Or^ani**- \ntioo of tb0 common-Kbool ijttem. \n\n\n\nAARON BURR. 171 \n\nof the Bank of America in the city of New York, with a \ncapital of six millions of dollars, \xe2\x80\x94 four hundred thousand to \nbe paid over for the benefit of the common-school fund ; one \nhundred thousand to the literature fund, for the support of \ncolleges and academies ; another hundred thousand to the State \ntreasury, at the expiration of twenty years, provided no other \nbank should during that period receive a charter ; one million \nof dollars to be loaned to the State for the construction of the \ncanals ; and another million to farmers and others throughout \nthe State, for the promotion of agriculture and manufactures. \n\n8. This bill passed the House by a strong majority ; but dur- \ning its pendency in the Senate, and when its passage by that \nbody was certain, the Governor, on the 27th of March, pro- \nrogued the Legislature until the 21st of May ensuing, on the \nallegation that sufficient proof existed of corrupt practices on \nthe part of the friends of the measure for the procurement \nof the charter. \n\n9. On the 20th of April the venerable George Clinton, \nVice-President of the United States, died at Washington, in the \nseventy-fourth year of his age, after a long career of official \nhonors and patriotic services. On the 21st of May the Legis- \nlature reassembled, when the pending bill for the charter of \nthe Bank of America was immediately taken up and passed by \nboth Houses. On the 28th, De Witt Clinton was formally \nnominated by the Democratic members of the Legislature as a \ncandidate for the presidency, in opposition to Mr. Madison. \n\n10. On the 8th of June, after an absence of four vears in \nEurope, Colonel Burr returned to the city of New York, broken \nin spirit, disappointed in all his expectations of foreign aid in \nhis ambitious aspirations for empire and power, deserted by his \nformer friends, destitute in his circumstances, and heavily en- \ncumbered by debts. The death of his only and accomplished \ndaughter, Theodosia Burr Alston, who went down, with every \nother passenger on board, during the voyage in a schooner from \nher residence in Charleston to New York a few days after her \n\nCharter of the Bank of America. \xe2\x80\x94 Proros^ation of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDeath of George Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Reassembling of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Passage of \nthe charter of the Bank of America. \xe2\x80\x94 Return of Colonel Burr. \xe2\x80\x94 Death \nof Theodosia Burr Alston. \n\n\n\n172 SIXTH I\'lIUOD, \n\nfather\'8 arrival, odiled a Ktill ileo|\xc2\xbbfr hIuuIc of mcluiu\'lioly to hi- \ndeclining years an<l MiUiU\'d pn>.s|>octH. W^y reHunuHl the pn^ \nof his profciijiiun, and, Hti :i^ undiT the heavy Imnlou of tfi- \n\ncalamiticH which w\xc2\xabi;^lutl down hin fnen^ios, K|x>nt the rt\'iii \niuj5 twenty years of his life in com|)ttrativo ol>\xc2\xabcurity. He dietl \nin New York on the 14th of Decemlier, 1836, in the eighty-firet \nyear of Iuh ap?, \n\n1 !. Colonel Burr WM ft man of marked ability and hrilliant \n\nm \n\nt l)i>Mtitiito of all hi;;h prin cither of ! ;i "ir \n\nlaoroJity, hi8 luuMter jKiMMion wtut ]\xc2\xbb \' ~ :i:il an<l |Militi> il luibition. \nTo that inKatiuMc Mpirit he KiicritiriHl reputation, friendtdiip, hon- \nor, iMitriotiMn. und happiut^KH. The terrihlo retribution which \nM|iciilily overttM\'k linu followtxl turn in hiii i^hMimy retirement, and \nK-ft luM) only at the fiortaU of the ^onive. Iliit carciT funiishM \nanother sad eiample i*f the niiiieruhlo rettulta of unchasteDod \nauihition iie^l with the alMence of niond i: ?J. \n\n12. On ti> h of June, war wiui declared by CoogTMi \nil \' (jreat I Dem iUtv and wtiatora \nfn>m New York pMienilly votin;; o^^tnitt il, not liecauao Ruflloietit \nrea\xc2\xabon in their ju<; t did not cxiMt for the mcnxuro, but )k> \ncatiMe the country \\^ i-. i- H \xe2\x80\xa2 . 1 \xe2\x80\xa2 :. unpreymred for the com> \nmencenient of h\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb-\' The I \' s, om a U^ly, were op \n{xwcd to the war, not only for thin reiu\xc2\xabon, but l>i>caui\xc2\xabo they \ncon\' \' no aile<pinto prt\xc2\xbbv<jration had In-cn jjiven by Kn;;lantl \nwhich did not \xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2\'t Franco. The jfrcat tmuut of \nI>en\xc2\xbb<Krat\xc2\xab in U>th br s of i -s (with the exception of \nthe New York \xc2\xab: the dtvlamtion. Con^n\'tnw* \nimmediately ))iuim.h1 a bill for tiie rnliHtmcnt of twenty-five \nthounand repdar trt\xc2\xbbop\xc2\xab and hfty thoumnd volunteoni, and or- \nganised the Wcfit Point Militar}- Academy for the injitniction of \ncodetn for the anny. \n\n13. At the .S\'ptomljor tenn of the Ciriuiit Court, held in \nChenango County, (lencral I>avid Thonmo, .State Treasurer, waa \nindicted and triwl licfore Judire William \\V. Yan Ne\xc2\xab8 for at- \nt<inptinj; t*> brilw Coi^jHT M. Kouhc. a Senator from that county, \nduring; the |>en<lency of the bill for the charter of the Ilank of \n\n\n\nSiit^tMxiurnt carrcr and tlcnth of Rurr. \xe2\x80\x94 D\xc2\xabrlAr\xc2\xabiion f ^ri^inut Grmt \n\nBritain. \xe2\x80\x94 State of panics. \xe2\x80\x94 OrganixaUon of the West Point Military \nAcademy. \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 173 \n\nAmerica. No sufficient proof of the charge having been pro- \nduced, General Thomas was acquitted. Solomon Southwick, \nthen editor of the Albany Register, was also tried and acquit- \nted during the same month before Chief-Justice Kent at the \nMontgomery circuit, for an attempted bribery of Alexander \nSheldon, Speaker of the Assembly. Thomas Addis Emmett, of \nNew York, recently appointed Attorney-General in place of \nMatthias B. Hildreth, deceased, conducted these prosecutions on \nthe part of the State. \n\n14. In the mean time, General Hull, who had been appointed \nto the command of the forces in the territory of Michigan, with \norders to invade Canada, had in August yielded to a slightly su- \nperior force of British and Indians, commanded by General Sir \nIsaac Brock and the Indian chief Tecumseh, and surrendered at \nDetroit his array of eight hundred men, thirty-three pieces of \nartillery, and a vast quantity of naval and military stores to \nthe enemy. For this act he w^as, two years later, tried by court- \nmartial, convicted of cowardice, and sentenced to be shot, but \nin consideration of his Revolutionary services received a pardon \nfrom the President. \n\n15. The naval engagements of this year were notable. Cap- \ntain Isaac Hull, of the frigate Constitution, a vessel better known \nas Old Ironsides, had, on the 19th of August, captured, after a \nbrilliant engagement, the British frigate Guerriere, commanded \nby Captain Dacres, off the mouth of the St. Lawrence ; Captain \nDecatur, of the United States, had, off the Azores, in October, \ncompelled the British frigate Macedonian to strike her flag ; and \nCaptain Jones, of the Wasp, after capturing the British brig \nFrolic, was himself, with his prize, forced to yield to the Poictiers, \na seventy-four gun frigate. Soon afterwards Captain Bainbridge, \nwho had succeeded to the command of the Constitution, took \nand burned the British frigate Java off the coast of Brazil. \n\n16. Captain Chauncey, of the New York Navy-yard, had \nbeen assigned to the command of Lakes Ontario and Erie ; and, \nwith a small sloop-of-war of sixteen guns, and a fleet of mer- \nchant-vessels fitted out with guns and other naval equipments. \n\nTrial and acquittal of David Thomas and Solomon Southwick for bribery. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of Detroit by Hull. \xe2\x80\x94 Naval successes on the ocean. \xe2\x80\x94 Fleets \non Lakes Erie and Ontai\'io. \n\n\n\n174 -S/A\'77/ PERIOD. \n\naod brought from AHiany nt an immense exponso of labor, noon \nBucceeiitHi in clearinj? Ijiko Ontario of Hritiah ahipe aiul tlrivinL- \nthem into K :i llarUiron the GmukU shorea. Lieutenant \n\nI iitt, liAvin^\' e\xc2\xab|ui|>|>etJ u tiect on Ijike Erie\xc2\xbb by a boKl iiiul tiur- \ning movement, under the j:un8 of the llhtish fort on the opiKH \naite aJiore, cuptured two lirilmh armed veaseU which had coni* \ntlown the lake fn\xc2\xbbm Dvtruit. \n\n17. On the PJth of July an UDiuooeasful attack wag made \n\\\\\\ion > t\'rt Iliirlior, on the eaatem aljoro of Lake Ontiuno, \n\nby a squadmn of five HntiMh voweb fn\xc2\xbbm the Caniuia Hhore. \nTlie Harbor wai* dcfendeti by the I\'nitcd Suites brig Oncidu. of \nBixteon gums comimuided by I^ieutenant M. T. \\VtH\xc2\xbbl\xc2\xbb4 y, huvinj \nin cliargu a Brit \'io*\xc2\xbbner nhich hud l\xc2\xbbcen Beiwxi for a violation \n\nof the revenue laws, and by a mUitarv force of ul\xc2\xbbout thn \xe2\x96\xa0 \ntltouaand re^ndam and volunttvm. Lieuteiuuit \\V fuihng \n\nin bin attmifit to engagi* the Itrittid) ciminunlore, tt\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbbk c<\xc2\xbbmniand \nof a I on the \xc2\xbbh\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrc. whence, after two houre\' firing, li- \n\ncripi\xc2\xbbU\'\xc2\xabi luid \xe2\x80\xa2! <xl tho hoalde Heel, without the loan of i \n\nman on tho An \xe2\x80\xa2 \' -i An attack ujMin Ogilenaburg, *\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb \n\nthe 4th of OrtoU-r, by a Uritish fleet <\xc2\xbbf twenty hvc Una*, with \nseven hundred and hfty men, waa aliio gallantly repulned by \nI .|. Hniwn after a severe and protnicte<i content, \n\n\\6, VakxU in >> r* a hirge Unly of mihtia luui \' \n\n! in the \\ \\ of LewiHton, on the Niagara Uivcr, \n\nuuilcr li\xc2\xabo * :id t\xc2\xbbt Miijor-tleneml Stephen Van Ilensaelaer. \n\nAn attack \\\\\\h,\\\\ the vdUige and heighta of (^ui-enntown. on tho \nmi\'nti\'m Imnk \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbf tho N \xc2\xab. a few nulea lielow the Fidln, wan H\xc2\xabMin \n\nafterwanU phmnetl, uiui ihe re- \xe2\x80\xa2 arrni ntn made for \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2rtation of the troofw, on iito monuug ot tlio lltJi of \nLA.loi\xc2\xbbcr, to the op(>oaite shore, Thn\xc2\xbbugh H4.n>e deficiency or \ntrcaclicrj* on the port of I. \' lant Sims, the othcer employed \nfor this senice, the IxmIs fa.icu to reach their dcatioation, and \ntlie exjiedition waa p<>f<t|K\xc2\xbbn< \xe2\x80\xa2! \n\n19. On tho inoniing of the 13th, hi-wiver, ten Ixwta, under \nthe direction of Lieutenant-C- \' \xe2\x96\xa0 \'\'^ Chrkstie and Sdomon Van \nUeusMchier, with alwut two hunui \xc2\xab-\xc2\xabi ami twenty-five men, cn\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabsetl \nover to Queenstow \' \' \xe2\x80\xa2 - \' \xe2\x96\xa0 \' \' \xe2\x80\xa2\' r .#..|y \n\nAturk on Sackeit\'t lUrlwr and OgUciubun;.\xe2\x80\x94 < -nuioa of t \n\nat LewutoD. \n\n\n\nBATTLE OF QUEENSTOWN. I75 \n\nreturned for additional reinforcements. In the absence of \nColonels Chrystie and Van Rensselaer, who remained on the op- \nposite shore to superintend the embarkation of the residue of \nthe troops, the command of the small force at Queenstown de- \nvolved on Captain John E. Wool, the senior officer present. \n\n20. The landing of this force was resisted with great spirit \nand energy by Captain Dennis, the British commandant of the \npost, who had become aware of the movement ; and Lieuten- \nant Rathbone was mortally wounded, and gther severe injuries \nsustained by the detachment, before their purpose could be ac- \ncomplished, and a line formed on the plateau near the foot of \nthe heights above the village, by the companies of Captains \nWool, Malcolm, and Armstrong. \n\n21. Orders from head-quarters were immediately transmitted \nto Captain Wool to storm the heights, but before the ascent was \ncommenced these orders were countermanded, and a vigorous \nattack was made on the right flank and front of Wool\'s line by \nCaptain Dennis, who had been strongly reinforced by two ad- \nditional companies of regular troops, stationed on the heights. \nAfter a short but severe engagement, in which two officers were \nkilled, and Captains Wool, Malcolm, and Armstrong wounded, \nthe enemy\'s force on the plains was repulsed. Lieutenant-Colonel \nSolomon Van Rensselaer was so severely wounded as to be unable \nlonger to remain in command of the expedition. \n\n22. The attack from the heights on the left flank of the de- \ntachment was still continued, until orders were received for its \nretreat to the beach, out of range of the enemy\'s fire. Still \nsuffering from annoyance in this quarter. Captain Wool obtained \npermission to attempt the capture of the heights ; and, rein- \nforced by a fresh company under command of Captain Ogilvie, \nthough suffering from his wounds, at once commenced the ascent, \nand by an unfrequented path accomplished his daring object \nwithout the loss of a single man. \n\n23. With the rising of the sun the American flag was planted \non the British works. General Sir Isaac Brock, who had now \narrived on the ground, rallied the retreating forces of the Eng- \nlish, and, having repulsed a portion of Captain Wool\'s command \n\nAttack upon Queenstown. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Queenstown Heights. \n\n\n\n17G SIXni PERIOD. \n\nBont to occupy the hci;:ht8 alwve the Ijattcrr, conccntmtcd his \nforces against the reiuuiiuler, wlio wero drivcu hack, in conBiiicr- \nul)lc confusion, u\\nm the prtHrijiitous luiuk uf the river. \n\n24. In this critical |K>t{ition, Captain Oplvio was Been to \nmise a white hnndki-rchief on a bavonet, as a token of sub- \nmillion. Captain \\V\xc2\xabhi1 with his own hnniU imlipmntly ton- \ndown the craven emhh\'m, nnininiated his tnxi|M hy a Kpirited \naj\xc2\xbb|H\'al to their hruvery and c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbunMt;e, and renewed the doubtful \nund deM]*erute contt\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabt with the BU|\xc2\xbberior force arrayed npiinst \nhiiu, led by the iible\xc2\xbbt p.Mieral in the HritiHh service. HavuiL\' \nexhausted their lunniunition, a luyonet charp} was made, and \nthe eneniv forced to retreat, \n\nm \n\n25. While enpi^anl in an effort to rally hts flyin;; troops, Gcn- \n! nnx:k n^ceived a mortal wound, and Captain \\\\\\kA and his \n\n^uliunt b a lin took {lONsesHiou of the hei;;hts of (^ueenstown. \n\nItenond U.ulAMorth ajid Lieutenant -Colonel Wixnm.D Scx)TT \n- i\xc2\xbb afterwards joined the detzichnient, now consist in;^ of altout \nAix hundretl repdars and militia, the command havin|^ liccn \nossified to the latter. A l-risk <\xc2\xbbM>liniLrht was iinmi*diately \nmade U|>on the force by a Uind of Mohawk Indians, nnncil with \nt(\xc2\xbbinahawks aixl knives, lc<i by John Urant and Captain Jacolis, \nwho, after a severe contest, were repulscil and driven fn\xc2\xbbm the \nheiifhts, under the lead of C \' \' - \' \n\n>\xc2\xab*. Meantime a stn^njf rtii. i m^m Fori C.eorge, \n\nunder the command of (\xc2\xbben\xc2\xbbnd ^lu.a:*., --^ i approaching \n\nthe hei^dits ; and (*eneral Viui It- \' . uiiu wna on the field, \n\nimme\xc2\xab! " \' retunietl to Lewistou, to cA|\xc2\xbbe<lite the passage of \nthe ri-\xc2\xabiuuimip militia reserves. In spit* \'" 11 his efforts, not \none of their numl>er could be inducdl to rhe river in sup- \n\n{Mtrt of their exhauHte<l comrades. The fiuiuit- of sevend lM>ata \nwhich had previoiwly lieon sent over, and the cajiturc or hiSS of \ntheir {lassengers, had effectually discouraged any suliscquent at- \ntempt. \n\n27. Intelligence of this disaster was conveyed to Lieutenant- \nColonel Scott, who, nevertheless detennined, single-handed and \nworn down by the fatigues of the day, to encounter the over- \npowering force brought to bear against him. At four in the \naAem<K\xc2\xbbn the action again commence<l ; and so severe and well \nsup{K>rted was the onslaught, and so su))crior were the numbers \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 177 \n\nof the enemy, that the Americans were forced to retreat and \nfinally to surrender. About a thousand prisoners were taken, \nless than one third of whom had participated in the action, the \nresidue having either deserted or concealed themselves among \nthe surrounding rocks and bushes. The British force num- \nbered thirteen hundred and fifty. The Americans lost ninety \nmen killed, and one hundred wounded ; the British about one \nhundred and fifty of both, exclusive of Indians. \n\n28. Thus terminated the well-fought field of Queenstown \nHeights, \xe2\x80\x94 deeds of heroism and valor having been displayed \nby ofiicers and men never before exposed to fire, which would \ncompare favorably with those of veterans inured to the service. \nThe field in which Lieutenant-General Winfield Scott and \nMajor-General John E. Wool first *\' won their spin\'s" was \nnobly illustrated by the chivalrous minute-guns, which, by direc- \ntion of General Van Rensselaer, were fired from the American \nbatteries at the conclusion of the funeral ceremonies of the \nBritish commander, General Sir Isaac Brock ! \n\n29. On the 23d of October, a detachment of militia, chiefly \nfrom the city of Troy, commanded by Major Guilford D. Young \nof that place, occupying French Mills on the St. Regis River, \nattacked and captured a company of Canadian " Voyageurs," \nwhich, in contravention of a stipulation for neutrality, had oc- \ncupied the Indian village of St. Regis, situated on the north- \neastern borders of St. Lawrence County, and were endeavoring \nto induce the inhabitants to join the British standard. On this \noccasion the first British flag taken in the war was captured \nby Lieutenant William L. Marct, afterwards honorably dis- \ntinguished in the highest executive and legislative departments \nof the State and Union. \n\n30. On the 2d of November the Legislature convened for the \nchoice of presidential electors. Martin Van Buren, of Colum- \nbia, made his first appearance in a legislative capacity, at this \nsession, as a Senator from the Middle District, and at once as- \nsumed the leadership of the Democratic party. Electors in \nfavor of Mr. Clinton were duly chosen on joint ballot, a portion \n\nCapture of British troops at St. Regis. \xe2\x80\x94 First appearance in public life \nof Martin Van Buren. \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential electors in favor of Mr. Clinton \n\nchosen. \n\n12 \n\n\n\n178 S!XTII PERIOD. \n\nof the Fcderaliata voting with the ninjority of Democmta. Mr \nMauij*\xc2\xab)N wa\xc2\xab, however, re-electe<l, hv a umjority of thirty-nin. \nelectoral votcH, over Mr. Clinton, and Kuikhkir OeRHV, of Mn>. \n\xe2\x96\xa0achusettA, Vice-Premdent, by a majoritv cf fcirty five votes, . . \nJared IngcrsoU, of Pennsylvania. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VII. \nCoMMOx ScnooLH. \xe2\x80\x94 CAMrAicsc or 1813.\xe2\x80\x94 lUrrui or Lake Ekie. \n\n1 TiiB State Tr-ns1itiirr reaMenihle\xc2\xabl on the 12th of Jiinu- \nrv. 1813. . IV ., of New York, wiu\xc2\xab electe*! rnit\xc2\xab*<! \n\n...leii Senator in place of (KMienil John Smith, wi. \ntenn luwl i-xpircd. (iii)r\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbN Hawi.ky, of AUwny, wan apfiointed \nhy the Council Su|>erintendent of Common SchooU, uridrr th\xc2\xab \nliroviiiiMnM if an art (MUiited the preciMlin^; year for their Iwtter \nr.mnization. 1>k Witt Cuntojc was reni\xc2\xbbTw\xc2\xbbinfed Mayor of \n. > York. On the 28lh of January. < iht R. \n\nLiviNOMTos die<l, in the sixty-nixth year of i H!\xc2\xab < \n\nnent talents, long aenrico in puhlic life, and timely U \nto his friend U\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnEUT Fii.ton in his great cntcq\xc2\xbbri\xc2\xbbe, ei. I \n\nhis memory to his fellow-citizens of all parties. \n\n2. Tlie spring elections resulted in the n>-clection of Governor \nTosirKi.NM and the election of John T-itlbr as Lirntrnnnt-Oov- \nernor, with a str.n^ Democratic majority in the > and a \n\nsm:dl Fetleral \\....j .ty in the other branch of the 1.^. i\' \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \n.Stephen Van Henssolacr of .Mliany and fJe^^rgp Hunlinirtrm of \nOneitla were the Fe*leral candiduten f\xc2\xabir (Jovenu>r and 1. \xc2\xbb- \n\nant-dovemor. In view of the hitter opposition of the New \nKn;:land States to the |\xc2\xbbcnding war with Kn^rland and the ad- \nmin istmt ion of the penernl government, the triumph of the \nDemocratic party in New York, id the re-election of (Jovcmor \n\nRo-clcction of Mndiwn, \xc2\xabnd F.lhridcr Cttrrj, of ManMrhatctts. Vic*-Pre\xc2\xbb- \nj.lrnl. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Cnilcd SutP* " r. \xe2\x80\x94 Suprnnimdrnt of < n \n\nS " "^ \' T \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 T,irin(r\xc2\xabton. \xe2\x80\x94 Rc-ciccuon \n\niii.-rauc thuupb. \n\n\n\nNAVAL CONFLICTS. 179 \n\nTompkins, \\Yas hailed with the highest gratification by its mem- \nbers throughout the Union. \n\n3. Meantime General John Armstrong, of New York, had been \nappointed Secretary of War by the President. The surrender \nof Detroit, the heroic episode of Queenstown Heights, and the \nbrilliant victories of our infant navy, had infused a new spirit into \nthe West, and volunteers from every quarter flocked to the patri- \notic standard. The army of the West, stationed at the head of \nLake Erie, was placed under the command of General William \nHenry Harrison, of Ohio ; that of the centre, between Lakes \nErie and Ontario, under General Henry Dearborn, of Massa- \nchusetts ; and that of the North, in the vicinity of Lake Cham- \nplain, under General Wade Hampton, of Virginia. Frenchtown, \non the Raisin, had been occupied by Winchester, under the direc- \ntions of General Harrison, and retaken by Proctor, the British \ncommander, under circumstances of barbarous cruelty to his \nprisoners, who were left to the tender mercies of his Indian al- \nlies, notwithstanding the most solemn assurances of safety and \nsecurity, and Forts Meigs and Stephenson gallantly defended \nby General Clay and Major Croghan, a youth of twenty-one, \nagainst Proctor and the Indian chief Tecumseh. \n\n4. On the ocean. Captain James Lawrence, in command of \nthe Hornet, had, in February, captured the British frigate Pea- \ncock off the South American coast, and in the ensuing June, \nhaving been transferred to the command of the frigate Chesa- \npeake in Boston harbor, had, with his accustomed impetuosity, \nengaged the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke. At the \ncommencement of the action he was mortally wounded, his ship \nboarded, and after a severe hand-to-hand conflict her flag was \nstruck, notwithstanding the dying command of her brave com- \nmander, " Don\'t give up the ship ! " \n\n5. On the 7th of February, Major Benjamin Forsyth, of the \nUnited States Rifles, stationed at Ogdensburg with a party of \ntwo hundred men, organized a successful expedition for the \nrescue of several prisoners arrested in St. Lawrence County by \nthe British authorities as deserters, and confined in the jail at \nElizabethtown, in Upper Canada. For this exploit he received \n\nProgress of the war. \xe2\x80\x94 Campaign of 1813. \xe2\x80\x94 Naval victories and defeats. \xe2\x80\x94 \nDeath\'of Captain Lawrence. \xe2\x80\x94 Expedition to Elizabethtown, Upper Canada. \n\n\n\nISO SrXT/J PERIOD, \n\na brevet commiw^inn from the American GoTeminrat as Licut^n- \nant-CulouL\'L \n\n6. A reUiliaton- expedition was, on the 22d, orj^mircil npiinst \nOj\xc2\xbbden\xc2\xbbl)urg uiulor tlie direction of Lieutcnuut-* i McDun \nnell, with ci-\'ljt huudreil men. Coluucl Funiyth\'i* giirribon at \nthe time c <^\'d only of a uinglc comi^mv of riHemen, a few \nvolunti-ers from AUmny. mid the inl. it\xc2\xbb of the vUloj^e. \nWith two iron tuclve-|)o; ^ und h\\\\ iriui nnd ImuMt iiix-{iouiul \nCFK, tn>|)hie\xc2\xab of the lUvolutiuuary held of ^ ^^^ mounted on \nrude wo*tden hreiiMt work \xe2\x80\xa2<, nnd munne<l chietiy l\xc2\xbby the citi/eiiH, hr \nmade a ^lUnt >. t*\xc2\xbbt \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbnd wmmding furty-eijjht, in \nchuliiJi; Lieutenjuii \' 11 and six ofhcem. \n\n7. After a severe contit\xc2\xbbt, however, he wa* foreeil t*\xc2\xbb mirrendi r \nthe town, the yihhc |jr\\\xc2\xbbperty an\xc2\xbbl unhtnry utoreH in wliich wer. \nrenn\xc2\xbbve\xc2\xbbl to * . i. Two anm*<l ^ \'i* and two pml- \nwiTi" luinK-d; fourteen Jiimdn.ii ^ of aniut and accoutn \nmentH, tweh\xc2\xab : artdlery, tt\xc2\xbb^elher wjth a vabt {|iuuitity of \nanununition, tentu, nn\xc2\xabl rnmf\xc2\xbb iHiuifnun?, fell mto the pOMeaaion of \nthe enemy, and a mt of (Limage was inilictcii \nU|)on the private pn\xc2\xbb|\xc2\xbberty of the iuhalutanta. \n\n8. On the \'J.\'nh of Aprd. iJenenU DearUjm emUirke*! a force \nof seventeen hundreii men on Uxird l\'onuuodt\xc2\xbbre Cluiunccy\'\xc2\xab \nlUet at Sackett\'s HurU*r for the capture of York, the capital of \nrp|>cr Canjidu, the chief military de|iot of the Ilritwih anny. \nOn their 1 .: <\xc2\xbbn the UTth they were met hy a k \'"^\'\' \nfrom the 1 . and Indiiuim whom they sfwcdily drove back to \ntheir ft\xc2\xbbrt\xc2\xbblic\xc2\xbbitu\xc2\xbbn8 ; and (lenend ZiUiULox .MoNT\xc2\xabi<\xc2\xbbMi:KY l\'lK^:, \npreju%inj; forward to the attack, was mortally wounded by the \nlilowing up of the magazine of the fort. The aafoiilantA were, \nhowever, succciuiful, and the American flag soon floated in tri- \numph over the fort. \n\ny. On the 27th of May the \xc2\xbb<|uadrvin, after having retume<l \nfor Hupplie.s and relief to the wounded, again weigheil anchor for \nthe (\'an:uliun shore, and in conjunction with Captain Oliver 11. \nI\'errv i>f the navv, (\'ol\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnel Winfield Scott and Major Fonsvth \nof the Uiflea, Colonel Porter and Colonel Ali r Macomb of \n\nthe artillen.-, and CenenUs lk\xc2\xbbyd. Winder, and Ch :. ll- r, pro- \n\nOaplare of OgdeDsborg. ^ Capture of York. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Zebokm Moat- \nPikc. \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 181 \n\nceeded to an attack upon Fort George, on the western shore of \nthe Niagara River. The troops, under the personal direction of \nCaptain Perry, effected a landing, and in the face of a formidable \nforce of eight hundred men well posted on the summit of a pre- \ncipitous bank, Colonel Scott, after a desperate conflict, and after \nhaving three times been compelled to fall back, succeeded in \ncarrying the position with a loss to the enemy of their brave \ncommander, Myers, eleven officers, and nearly four hundred \nmen. \n\n10. Colonel Scott pursued the enemy as far as the village of \nNiagara, and, having sent a detachment to cut off\' their retreat \nto Burlington Heights, returned to Fort George, where a small \nparty of the British, under the command of Brigadier-General \nVincent, still remained. This officer, after directing the evacu- \nation of Fort Erie, and the abandonment of Chippewa, ordered \nthe magazine of the fort to be fired and the party left in charge \nto rejoin the main body at the Beaver Dams. The explosion of \nthe magazine threw Colonel Scott from his horse ; but, in the \nabsence of any serious injury, he immediately took possession \nof the fort, and, after hoisting with his own hand the American \nflag, pressed forward in pursuit of the retreating garrison, until, \nrecalled by his commanding officer. General Boyd, he reluctantly \nreturned to the main body. The entire loss of the Americans \nin this enterprise was seventeen killed and forty-five wounded. \nThree hundred and sixty-six British regulars and five hundred \nmiUtia were captured. \n\n11. On the 29tli of May an unsuccessful attempt was made \nby General Sir George Prevost and Commodore Sir James L. \nYeo for the capture of Sackett\'s Harbor, the principal forces for \nthe defence of which had been withdrawn for the expeditions \nagainst the enemy\'s posts on the Niagara frontier. Lieutenant- \nColonel Backus, of the Light Dragoons, having been left in \ncommand of the garrison with about eight hundred men, in con- \njunction with Brigadier- General Jacob Brow^n, who resided in \nthe vicinity, so effectually resisted the attack of the British \ntroops, numbering in the aggregate about a thousand men, w^ith \na strong party of Indians, that a retreat was ordered after an \n\nCapture of Fort George. \xe2\x80\x94 Attempted capture of Sackett\'s Harbor. \xe2\x80\x94 Suc- \ncessful resistance of the garrison. \n\n\n\n1\xc2\xab2 SrXT/I PERIOD. \n\nhour\'s severe conflict, with the 1\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbk8 of forty-eij^ht men killed and \naIkxiI two hundred wounditl. The Auicricaiui hiid tifty men \nkilled and eij^hty-four wounded. \n\n12. The capture of i\\\\\\A im|K>rtant ytcvtX would have inflictcHl a \nheavy disaitter u|)on the American cause. Ijin^e <iiuintitie8 of \nnavtd and military Htorett had bccu cuUectetl and de|KMit(.*d there ; \nseveral veiMeU were in pruceiw of construction, tind a jirize vc** \nbel, previously captured fn\xc2\xbbm the enemy, luul two Tnitixl States \nHi-ho<\xc2\xbbnerH, lyiii^ in the liarUir ; and the arsiuml, various Uitterico, \ncantonmenta, and otiier puhlic huildinpi nxpiired for the Si>rvico \nof the tn>o|>M, were of the numt valuaiile imture. The bravery \nand intrepidity of its defentient a;riunst a ^^\'atly superior force \nde\xc2\xabter%\'e<l and re.-eived the higliest appreciation of the national \naiithoriticH. \n\n13. The failure i\xc2\xbbf the e\\ ana af^inst Stoney Creek, and \nthe lleaver Ihuii Meadowii, or)^niz4\'<l by Miyor-Cienend l>ear- \nboni, and the prevtUentx* of a pMiend public feeling of his inef- \ntirifncv ajitl inci>miietencv, aliuiit this time le<l to the removal of \nthat uflicer from the conimaiid of the central division, and the \nsulmtitution of Major (Jcnend Wilkins<\xc2\xbbn, Secn-tary of War of \nthe I\'uited States. \n\n14. An attack u|x\xc2\xbbn the villn^ of Black Hook, f\xc2\xbbn the ea>t\xc2\xab m \nIwnk of the Nia^ra Uiver, on the 11th of July, by Lieutenant- \n( lonel 1\' ;>, of the Hritinh anuy, waa galhuitly repulse<l by \nthe American tieneral I\'lTiii R Pokter, \xe2\x80\x94 Colonel Hi^hopp \nbavin;* l)een mortally wounde<l, and a lar>7C numl>er of his men \nkilh-*!, wounde<l. or capturetl, while the Americans, though great- \nly outnumlteriMl. su8tAine<l a \\qt\\ tnHing 1o\xc2\xabmi. \n\n15. On the 14th of Au^ist the brig-of war ArgUB, commanded \nby Lieutenant William H. Allen, of IUkkIc Island, having on \nl)oard the American minister to Fnmce, the Hon. Williain H. \nCrawfonl, waa captured on hi-r return %\'oyage, oAer having \nde\xc2\xabtroye<l twenty Kn;;liHh vcascls, by the Hritisli brig Pelican. \nLieutenant Allen was mortally wounde<l. On the 5th of Sep- \ntemU\'r the Hritish brig IVixer, Captain lUyth, waa captured off \nthe coast of Maine by tiie Knterprise, Lieutenant William Hur- \nrt^wH, who wa.H killed in the action. \n\nImportance of !*\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2-\xc2\xbb*?. \xe2\x80\x94 Rrtnoral of CV"\'"-"\' Tv-ri-.m \xe2\x80\x94 Aifnck apoo \nBlack Rock. \xe2\x80\x94 C, of ihc Argus by ti. . ., r. \n\n\n\nPERRTS VICTORY ON LAKE ERIE. 183 \n\n16. Th3 most brilliant and important naval victory of the \ncampaign and of the war, however, was that of Commodore \nOliver Hazard Perry on Lake Erie, on the morning of the 10th \nof September, over the British squadron commanded by Com- \nmodore Barclay, consisting of six vessels mounting sixty-three \nguns. The American fleet consisted of the flag-ship Lawrence, \nthe Niagara, \xe2\x80\x94 of twenty guns each, \xe2\x80\x94 and eight smaller vessels \nwith thirteen guns in all. \n\n17. At sunrise, the enemy\'s fleet haA^ing been discovered in \nmotion, the line of battle was formed under the direction of \nCommodore Peny, and in perfect order slowly approached the \nopposing squadron. At noon the signal for action \xe2\x80\x94 the blue \nflag of the Lawrence with the inspiriting motto " Don\'t give up \nTHE Ship ! " \xe2\x80\x94 was displaj^ed, and the action commenced. \n\n18. The Lawrence closed with the enemv at canister-shot \ndistance, and for half an hour, assisted b}^ the Ariel and Scor- \npion, sustained a heavy and destructive fire from their long \nguns. Commodore Perry, advancing his ship to close quarters \nwith the Detroit, the British flag-ship, and leaving behind him \nhis whole force, with the exception of the Ariel and Scorpion, \nfor two hours maintained the unequal contest, until nearly every \ngun of the Lawrence was disabled, her sails torn to pieces, her \nbulwarks beaten in, and of one hundred efficient men upwards \nof eighty killed or wounded. \n\n19. At this crisis. Commander Elliott, of the Niagara, per- \nceiving the crippled and unmanageable condition of the Law- \nrence, and the imminent danger of her capture and the defeat \nof the fleet, ventured, without orders, to leave the line and go \nto her relief. While passing her to the windward in the midst \nof a heavy and raking fire from four of the enemy\'s vessels. \nCommodore Perry sprang aboard his cutter, with his brother, \nMidshipman J. Alexander Perry, and the flag of the Lawrence, \nand succeeded in reaching the Niagara. \n\n20. The contest was again renewed with the utmost alacrity \nand spirit ; the entire fleet, with the exception of the Law- \nrence, brought into action, through the exertions of Commander \nElliott ; a continuous shower of broadsides poured right and left \n\n\n\nThe Entciijrise. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Lake Erie. \n\n\n\n134 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\ninto the enemy\'s vesaeU, and in half an hour the entire fleet \n\xe2\x80\xa2urrcutiere*!. Ketuniin;: to the deck of the shattere<i Ijiwrvnee. \nCominod(\xc2\xbbre Perry recfiveii the Hwonls of the scvenil hoht.i. \ncommaiiderH, and indite<l and furwanlcil to ilenend Hjurison the \nlaconic and meraorahle de\xc2\xab|Mitch, " Wb Havb MtT TUE enemv, \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAND TUEV AUK OL\'RM ! " \n\n21. Thin brilliant victory w:i> f-Uowcti on the Tith of October \nbv the defeat \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf the Hritihh (Jeneral Proctor and his entire army \nbv (General Hurrn*\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn at the Uiltlo of the Thameit, in which Te- \ncumseh was alain, the territor)\' of Michi^iai, inj;lonou\xc2\xably sur- \nrt^ndered at the conimenoeoieDt of the war by Hull, retrained, \nand hoiitilitie\xc2\xab on the uorthweetem fnmtier tenuinati^l. \n\n22. In the latter jiart of October an inetlVciuul movement was \nmade, under the direction of Ueuend Wilkimum, by General \nItanI, for a denccnt u|Kin Canada, and the capture of Montreal \nand KinK\'>\xc2\xbbton. At Chateaugay, in Franklin County, near the \nconfluence of the Cl^^teaugay and Dudnnle Uivers, within a few \nmile\xc2\xab t\xc2\xbbf the St, Lawponcc. a force of al\xc2\xbbout four thousand men, \nIctl by (icnerals Ixard ami llum|>ton, was rejiulsed by the lirit- \nish under I^ieutcnant \' lel l)e Salalwrr}\', and comi)elle<l to \nretreat with considerable U*ks. lul the ci{HHiition agnmst Mon- \ntreal was tomporardy al)ftn<lone<l. \n\n23. tlarlv in NovcmUr. however, another expc<lition or- \nganized undir the commaml of (ienerala Brr\xc2\xbbwn and .Macomb, \nwith alx>ut \xc2\xbbovpnt\xc2\xab>on humlred men, procec<k>l fnun the vicinity \nof Ijike Chui . <lown the St I^wrcncc in a i of three \nhundnnl N>at\xc2\xab extending over a distance of five miles, under the \nimmetliate direction of (Jeiioml Wdkuinon in porson. AtChrvs \ntier\'s Fann, near the Canadian villa;:e of Will urp. tli y \nwere encounterc<i by a heavy British force under Lieutenant \nCoKmels .Morrison ami Pearson, in whuh C(\xc2\xbblon\xc2\xbbl F* P. (iAiNF>. \nLieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall, and Lieutenant W. J. Woiitii ; \ntin;^MiiHhetl theniHolvcH, and after a severe contest of two hours, \nand with no material advantage on either side, a retreat to the \nboata was ordered by General Wilkinson, and the expedition \nagain al)andone<l. \n\nBattle of ilw Tl. - Drfr: \' \xe2\x80\xa2 nriii* . \xe2\x80\x94 TVmh of Tccam* \n\n(eh. \xe2\x80\x94 Hecorrry <.. . .iiir\xc2\xabn i .;.. rr. \xe2\x80\x94 .N. .. c cxpwlitioni against \nf*yft\xc2\xab^ft _ Anion St Chatcaugay. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Chryttler\'s Farm. \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 185 \n\n24. The transfer of the principal part of the American forces \nfrom the Niagara frontier to the vicinity of Sackett\'s Harbor \nand Lake Champlain, and the arrival of heavy reinforcements of \nthe enemy under Lieutenant-General Drummond to the former \nposition, compelled General McClure to abandon Fort George. \nAccordingly, after having deposited his military stores in Fort \nNiagara, and burned the village of Newark, he opened a fire \nupon Queenstown and inflicted great and unnecessary distress \nupon the defenceless and unoffending citizens of those villages. \n\n25. On the 18th of December a fearful series of retaliatory \nbarbarities was commenced by a detachment of the Royal Ar- \ntillery under Colonel Murray, numbering about five hundred \nand fifty men. On the morning of the 19th, Fort Niagara was \nentered, and the entire garrison, with a few exceptions, includ- \ning a large number of hospital patients, bayoneted without \nmercy, in revenge for the burning of Newark and Queens- \ntown. \n\n26. Another party, led by General Rial and Lieutenant-Colo- \nnel Gordon, consisting of detachments from the Royal Scots and \na body of five hundred Indians, crossed over from Queenstown \nto Lewiston, which was burned and plundered, and the inhab- \nitants subjected to the most atrocious cruelties. Similar vindic- \ntive retaliation was extended to the villages of Youngstown, \nManchester, Fort Schlosser, and the Indian settlement at Tus- \ncarora, and for several miles the entire frontier was desolated \nand ravaged. \n\n27. On the 26th, General Hall, of the New York militia, took \ncommand of a large body of undisciplined troops at Buffalo, and \nLieutenant-General Drummond, after having reconnoitred these \nforces, despatched General Rial on the 29th w4th a large body \nof regulars, Canadians, and Indians to the vicinity of the vil- \nlage of Black Rock, near Buffalo. On the next day a sanguin- \nary engagement occurred between the two armies, resulting in \nthe retreat of the Americans, and the abandonment of both the \nvillages of Buffalo and Black Rock, to the same fate which had \nswept over the neighboring settlements. \n\nEvacuation of Fort George. \xe2\x80\x94 Burning of Newark and Queenstown. \xe2\x80\x94 \nEeraliatory descent upon Fort Niagara, Lewiston, Youngstown, and other \nvillages. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture and destruction of Buifalo and Black Rock. \n\n\n\n186 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\n\n\n28. Tina savage and mcrcUeaa warikra, originally provokc<l \nby the unjuKtitiaMc find wantun aggmaion of Generul McCluro. \nreflected the deejtent diMgrnco upt>u lioth nationa, and elicited \nfrom all (iitarterH, both in Knglund and Aiuerica, the string \nest fefliiig of indi<^iatiun and nnitual recriuiiimtiun. lt\xc2\xab un- \navoidnblo tendency was feurfully to imbitter the Min^inary \ncontest in which the two countries were eogiged, and to defer \nthe period of reconciliation. \n\n\n\n18U. \n\n\n\nCHAPTKR VTir \n\nDattlb or CiiirrswA asd LtJiDT\'i I^a^e, \n\ni. IiiE 1> . \' i-ure convened on tiie l.\'.\'\xc2\xbbth of January, 1814. \n(iovrntur ioMi\'KiNS, in his address to the Ix\'j^iHlature, \nrei-oininrntleil (he asMuniption by the .Stato of its tjiiuta of \ntlic direct tax inipoMoil by Congress for the NU)i|Mirt of the war. \nThis |)ro|K>\xc2\xabition was favorably entertained by the Senate, but \nnjoctcd by the .VMsenibly by a strict |iarty vote, (ieneml II \nNathan Sandfoni, and Mr. Van Uurcn were the Democrats \nleaders in the Senate ; and the Fcdomliata in tiie Assembly wen* \nnian\xc2\xabhalle<l by David R Ogtlen, Samnel Jones, Jr., and CliarliN \nKing of New York, and Jacob Hutsen Van Hens.nalaer of Dutch- \ness. Chief-Justice Kent was ap|K>inted Chancellor in pUicc of \nMr. I.ansing ; Smith ThomfMon succee<ltHi him as Chief-Justice of \nthe Supreme Court ; and Junas Piatt, of Oneida, was ap{K)inte<l \nAssociate Justice in his place. \n\n2. Lilteral appropriations of money, to be raiaed by State lot- \nteries, were made, during the session, to Union, Columbia, an<l \nHamilton Colleges, and to various me<lical colleges. The ci\xc2\xbbnj \niuon-8choc\xc2\xbbl law of 1812 was rem<Klellc<l, if \'^\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\' \'\xc2\xbbrdanco with \nthe views of the superintendent, .Mr. Hawle\\. i ;\xc2\xbbc .Vpril eW- \ntions terminated in the complete success of the Kcpubhcaji \n\nProreediass of the I.\xc2\xabfri\xc2\xbbI\xc2\xabtuiT. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointments and nrtnoraU. \xe2\x80\x94 Appro- \n] -<({\xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2< \xe2\x80\x94 ConuBon-wbool law. \xe2\x80\x94 April elecliPDi. \xe2\x80\x94 Triamph \n\not luc jUcpuoucaas. \n\n\n\nOSWEGO AND SACKETTS HARBOR. 187 \n\nparty in both branches of the Legislature/and the congressional \nrepresentation. \n\n3. In February, General Wilkinson moved from French Mills \nto Plattsburg, and General Brown, with two thousand men, oc- \ncupied Sackett\'s Harbor. In the ensuing March, Wilkinson, in \nan attack upon the British near Rouse\'s Point, was repulsed, \nand replaced by General Izard. On the 5th of May a British \nsquadron, with three thousand men, under the command of \nLieutenant-General Drummond, appeared before Oswego, with \nthe view of capturing the naval and military stores deposited at \nOswego Falls, but met with so spirited a resistance from Colonel \nMitchell, and a small flotilla under Captain Woolsey, that they \nwithdrew with a heavy loss. * \n\n4. These stores, thus preserved from destruction, were trans- \nferred, under the direction of Captain Woolsey, aided by a corps \nof riflemen commanded by Major Appling, to Sackett\'s Harbor. \nOn reaching Sandy Creek, within eight miles of their destina- \ntion, through the treachery of the crew of one of the boats sent \nas a convoy, the British admiral. Sir James Yeo, was apprised \nof their destination, and immediately despatched a force to in- \ntercept them. Major Appling, on being apprised of this move- \nment, placed his riflemen, artillery, dragoons, and a body of \nIndians in ambush ; and on the approach of the unsuspecting \ndetachment gave them so sudden and unwelcome a reception \nthat they were driven back in confusion, and the convoy pro- \nceeded to its destination. \n\n5. Major-General Jacob Brown, with Brigadier-Generals Scott \nand Ripley, were at this period in command on the Niagara \nfrontier ; and instructions from the War Department having been \nreceived for the capture of Fort Erie, Chippewa, Fort George, \nand Burlington Heights, on the Canada shore, active prepara- \ntions were immediately made for the accomplishment of these \nresults. On the morning of the 3d of July, General Scott, with \nfour regiments, crossed the Niagara River, landing below Fort \nErie, and was followed by General Ripley, with four additional \n\nMovements of General Wilkinson and General Brown. \xe2\x80\x94 Unsuccessful \nattack upon Rouse\'s Point. \xe2\x80\x94 Reinoval of Wilkinson and appointment of \nGeneral Izard. \xe2\x80\x94 Repulse of the British at Oswego. \xe2\x80\x94 Transportation of \nmilitary stores to Sackett\'s Harbor. \xe2\x80\x94 Action at Sandy Creek. \n\n\n\n188 SIXTH PKIUOD. \n\nregiments, occupyincr a position above the fort, which, with ill \ngnrriiion, was iinnuHliatelv Hiinvntlered to them, \n\n6. The next nioruinir, CIcneral Scott, with liis hri^^e and a \noorjiA of artilierv inulcr ( ujituin Towson, driving l>cfure him the \nItritish adviuice under the conmiand <\xc2\xbbf LieutonantC\'olonel IVar- \nBou, tot\xc2\xbbk {Kwition beliind Street\'s Creek, a small stream enter- \nin;; the Niapira Kiver a)H>ut a mile and a half alK)ve C\'hip{K*wa. \nOn the siimc evening, iienend 1 ade. the tield and \nluitter}\' train, ami Major llindman\'s artilitTA* c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbri\xc2\xbbH, encamjRnl \nin the rear of (IrntTal Sc*\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbtt\'H |M>Hitii)n ; and on the morning of \nthe 5th, (ienend Tetcr B. I\'orter, with a part of the New York \nand Pennsylvania vohint(i>rs and a snuUl {Mirty of Indians, oc- \ncupie<i a ] ii in rear of General Hij \' \n\n7. GencmJ Itml, with a fi\xc2\xbbrce of aUmt twenty-five huntln\'<i \nmoi, con\'- i>f the flower of the British anny, was pustinl \nIx\'hind a hii\xc2\xbbvy line of intrenthments liclow the (\'iiirrrwA \nCreek, at the distance of atmut a mile and a half north of the \nAmerican encampment, and \xc2\xbbc|>arate*l fn\xc2\xbbm it by a larj:e plain \nof aliout a mile in widtli, lyinj; l>etwein the two crecka, Iwunded \non the east by the Niagam Ktver, and on the west by a heavy \nwtKxl, with oocjisional openinpi of low px>imd. \n\n8. Towanls the middle of the day this wood was found to bo \nupied by stnni^ UKlies of the enemy\'s lij;h! trrM\xc2\xbb|>8 and In- \n\niH : and Goneml Porter waa despatched with his \\ * T-r \nttteir diM))crsion, which was soon accomplished with oonMUcrable \nshiu^\'hter. On er ^\' fn\xc2\xbbm the wood, the enemy were dis- \n\ncoverwi drawn up lu i .t!l>- iniv on the plain ; and the detach- \nment. |\xc2\xabinif ]K.\'r\xc2\xbbed m all directions, not withstandi^ \nthe efforts ot tltiir puiant commander to rally them. \n\n9. C 1 Scott, in the mean time, ipiorant of these move \nments oi t:\xc2\xbbe enemy, had conducted his bripide across the cr< . k \ninto the plnin, for martini exercise, at the same moment that \nthe British line were entering; it from the north. Displaying\' his \nforce near its southern extrcmitv, (Jeneral Rial was confronted \nby the brigade of (Jeneral Scott drawn up in line with military \nprecisirm, and fully prepannl, at all points, for the approaching \ncombat. \n\nOspCare of Fort Kric. \xe2\x80\x94 BstUe of Chippewa. \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 189 \n\n10. The battle instantly commenced with the utmost spirit \nand vigor on both sides, but with a numerical superiority of \n\n1 nearly two to one in favor of the British, \xe2\x80\x94 General Porter\'s \ncommand having become entirely demoralized, and General Rip- \n\n\' ley\'s forces not having been able to reach the position assigned \nthem. The destructive effect of the American fire on his ex- \nposed lines soon compelled the British General to order a con- \ncentrated charge on his opponent\'s front, which was so gallantly \nreceived that a retreat was immediately ordered. General Scott \nat once charged upon the whole line and triumphantly drove \nthem from the field in uncontrollable disorder to their camp on \nthe Chippewa. \n\n11. The enemy\'s loss in this battle was six officers and two \nhundred and thirty men, including eighty-seven Indians killed, \nand twenty-six officers and about three hundred men wounded; \nwhile that of the Americans, during the action and the preced- \ning skirmishes, was sixty men killed without the loss of a single \nofficer, and nine officers and two hundred and thirty-eight men \nwounded. \n\n12. General Rial soon afterwards broke up his encampment \nat Chippewa and fell back on Queenstown, and, having thrown \npart of his forces into Fort George and Mississaga, took post on \nTwenty Mile Creek. General Brown, on the 10th, advanced to \nQueenstown, where he encamped with his army ; and General \nRial, having effected a junction with his reinforcements, occupied \na new position at the Fifteen Mile Creek, about thu\'teen miles \nfrom Queenstown. \n\n^13. On the morning of the 20th, General Brown, in ac- \ncordance with the decision of a council of war, advanced from \nQueenstown to Fort George, with the design \xe2\x80\x94 in conjunction \nwith the fleet of Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario \xe2\x80\x94 of \ninvesting and recapturing that fortress. Failing, however, in \nhis efforts to secure the co-operation of the fleet, he withdrew \nhis forces on the 24th to Chippewa, where he encamped on the \nsouth side of the Niagara River. On the morning of the 25th \nthe advance of the British army, under Lieutenant-Colonel \nPearson, took position near Lundy\'s Lane, \xe2\x80\x94 a road entering \n\nMovements of the two armies. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Lundy\'s Lane. \n\n\n\n190 SIXTH rEitiou. \n\n\n\ntho main roail l>eK\xc2\xbbw the FtilK \xe2\x80\x94 at a ditttBOe of a\xc2\xbbx>ut three \nmiles fn)m the American aunp. \n\n14. In i^iorunce of this movement of the enemy, Ceneral \nBrown onlered the Fimt Brigade, Captiiin TowHon\'RurtiUer^-, and \ntho cavalry and mounted men, under tho direction of (Jfiienil \nSeott, to move towards t^iieoiwiown, with the view of cheeking \nthe |)n>\'^n-ei\xc2\xbb of \' 1, in ca\xc2\xabe he aliould liave deienuined \nto crtMM the river and execute a flank movement up the oastem \nUink. In c*\xc2\xbbm! with theno ordcra, Generul Scott, lietween \nfive and six \xe2\x80\xa2 in tlie w .>n, proceeded with Iuh brigade \ndown the road toward* the I* iiii>\xc2\xbb. \n\n15. Overt nhinent of Kntiiih cavaJrj* m the \nneigh lur lit mm! ul the Kullis uil\xc2\xab>nuation was immediately sent hy \nSoott to tlie main U<\xc2\xably of tho preeenoo of the enemy in force, \nand of his ii n to enga;fc them. Tho column again moved \nforward in the \xc2\xab -n of Lundy\'s LiUie, in its nuirch to Queens- \ntown, aiul, iMSMiug a luiTTDW htrip of woods, suddenly cmerpxl \nin fmnt of Oeneral Uiars entire army, strvn. \' -d by a heavy \nreinforcement just arrived under Lieuteimni uenerul l>rum- \nmond. Ktr |KMited on a commanding elevation, on Uio sum- \nmit of which frowned a batter}* of seven formidable pieces of \nartillery. \n\n16. AL^iinnt this overw : \' \' "f upwards \nof i\\\\Tvf thoiiMind five huiHlretl r< -s nulitiii, and Indiana, \nwith its artillcr%- in the centre and it* win;r< thn>wn forward, \nreaily to infoM and cnmh all o| \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 .n, tiencr.d Soc\xc2\xbbtt ad- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\'cd at Munitet with his single I . numU*ring not more \n\nttum thirteen hundr \' !i in all. \\ into two divisions, \n\nand with only two - \xe2\x80\xa2 ^.1 field pi< A brink fire was tm- \n\nme^\' \'"d upiMi the eixTny\'s line by this small park of \n\nartiiUry , and so vigorous wan the attack of .Major Je\xc2\xabup*\xc2\xab regi- \nment on tho extreme right, that the British left, on its front, \nwas ]>artially forced Imck for fM>me distance, and Cenernl Rial \nand his staD* captured while on a reconnoisHance, by Captain \nKetelnun. \n\n17. In the mean time, <Je!j<r.il Brown hod prr\xc2\xbbm|>tly dc- \nS|iatched (Jeneml Kipley with the .*><\'<\'on\xc2\xabl Briirode, iind tli-nrml \n\n\n\nGrncrml Scott\'c advance. \xe2\x80\x94 lie cncuuntcn the entire Unti*h furcc \xe2\x80\x94 lie \nsitscks with s single bri|;aJe. \n\n\n\nLUNDY\'S LANE. 191 \n\nPorter with the volunteers, to the support of General Scott, \nand proceeded himself to the field. Before the ari\'ival of this \nreinforcement the night had closed in, and the battle continued \nto rage in its darkness. The incessant and deadly fire of the \nenemy\'s battery in the centre shattered the advancing columns \nas they approached, and the complete destruction of the gallant \nband seemed inevitable. \n\n18. At this crisis, General Ripley inquired of Colonel Miller \nand Captain McDonald whether it might not be possible, not- \nwithstanding the great disparity of force, to capture and silence \nthis formidable battery. The reply of Colonel Miller \xe2\x80\x94 "I \'ll \nTRY, Sir ! " \xe2\x80\x94 has passed into history. Preparations were im- \nmediately made for carrying this daring resolution into effect. \n\n19. Colonel Miller\'s regiment was moved forward silently and \ncautiously, but in perfect order, to a fence on the slope of \nthe hill in rear of the battery, where it drew up in line ; and, \nafter pouring in a well-directed volley, the men rushed forward \nwith their bayonets, and, driving before them the artillerists, \ntook possession of the guns, and occupied the summit of the \nhill, surrounded by a legion of infuriated foes. \n\n20. The First Brigade, under General Scott, continued in the \nface of a galling fire to maintain its position, although regiment \nafter regiment of its brave defenders was decimated, and one \nalone remained to sustain, with a spirit and bravery bordering \non desperation, the impetuous charge of the enemy. Major \nJesup still held the ground he had wrested from the enemy on \nthe Queenstown road. Not a ray of light, except the occasional \nflashes of the artillery or muskets of the combatants, illu- \nminated the darkness of the night ; and at half past ten the \nenemy\'s whole line, discomfited and defeated, had fallen back, \nand again attempted to rally their broken forces in rear of then- \nformer position. \n\n21. During the ensuing two hours a series of bold and des- \nperate efforts were made by the British, reinforced by two com- \npanies of artillery, to regain the captured battery, and with \nit the gi\'ound they had lost. Charge after charge, in the deep \nobscurity of midnight, was made with the bayonet, and resisted \n\nScott reinforced by Generals Ripley and Porter. \xe2\x80\x94 Colonel Miller. \xe2\x80\x94 \nMajor Jesup. \n\n\n\n192 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\nwith ui! 1^ {tertinacity by the same deadly weapon; and \n\nafter a hiind to hand contest of two hours, waged with n hrav- j \nerv and dftiTniination un|\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabndlelit! in the annaln of modem war- \nfare, the enemy were a^in driven fn>iu the well-i-onteste*! field. \n\n22. Uenends Brown and Scott having both beea aeverely J \nwouiuIihI, the ci>nuuand now devolved on ifeneral Kipley ; and, \nafter nuiintainin*^ their |HMiitiou for an hour aAer the retreat of \nthe enemy, the Amenciin fi\xc2\xbbroo retinxi, umler ordem roceiveti from \n(jenend Bmwn, to their encampment at (.\'hip|iewa, leAving tho \ncaptured Uittery, which they liad no meaiiB of removing, to fall \ninto the {MmMeiuiion of itj* origiiml ownern. \n\n23. Tho loKH (tf tho .Xmerii\'auM in thia Uittle was ton ofBoert, \nand one hundre<l luid sixtv-one men kdlod, and fort\\ \' oflli- \ncers and five hundred and ^ y-one men wound< i while \nthat of the HritiHh wan five othcvnt and ievcntv-nine ii. !. Kdled, \nLieutenant-iloneml I>nuumond, (lencral Rial, thirt\\ -\\.n of- \nficerti, and five hundred and eighteen men wounded or cap- \ntured. \n\n\n\nCH.\\PTEK IX. \n\nBbcojtd WaM wirn Great Dmitaix {nmrimdtd). \xe2\x80\x94 SlBOB or Fort Eric. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Natal ViCTORT os I^kr (uami\'Laix. \xe2\x80\x94 Attace o\xc2\xbb Platthih i: . \n\n1. On the L\'tith of Julv the A:., r, m mnv, under General \nBrown, fell back on Fort Krie, witijout l>cing in any nuui- \nner hanutsed or diKturlxxl bv tho enemv. In thi\xc2\xab new \n\nposition strong intrenchments and ailditional defences wero \nthrown up, when, on the 3d of AuguBt, the nritiidi, again rein- \nforced, appeared in strength l)oforo the fort, and, after having \nopenetl fire upon it, employed themseh-es for several days in \nvigon>u8 prc{Himtions fur a siege. \n\n2. At Kunrisc on the 7th i\xc2\xbbf .Vugtist the enemy\'s iii-^i Uiitery \nwas unmasked ; and from five pieces of artillerv a voUev was \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\npoured upon tho American lines, from which the national flag \n\nRetirement of the Americao*. \xe2\x80\x94 Loaws. \xe2\x80\x94 Si<g\xc2\xab of Fort Erie. \xe2\x80\x94 Fim \nattack. \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 193 \n\nwas proudly displayed, amid the inspiriting strains of the vari- \nous regimental bands. For an entire week the siege was prose- \ncuted with great vigor, the fire was unremitting and severe, and \nthe defence, under the immediate direction of General Gaines, \nspirited and persistent. \n\n3. At about two o\'clock in the morning of the 15th, a com- \nbined assault was commenced on the extreme left of the Amer- \nican lines by the enemy, under Lieutenant-Colonel Fischer, with \nfrom fifteen hundred to two thousand men. After having been \nrepulsed four times, with great spirit and energy, and with \na heavy loss, by the Twenty-First Regiment, under Major Wood \nof the Engineers, Captain Towson\'s artillerists, and the Twenty- \nThird Regiment, the attack in that quarter was abandoned. \n\n4. In the centre, however. General Porter\'s brigade, two regi- \nments of the rifle corps, and a detachment of artillery under \nMajor Hindman, were confronted by a force of about five hun- \ndred men under Lieutenant-General Drummond. The garrison, \nunder the lead of Captain Williams and Lieutenants- McDon- \nough and Watmough, gave them a spirited reception, hm\'led \nback their scaling-ladders, and drove them from the bastions \nwith a heavy loss. A second and third assault followed, with \nthe same results ; the garrison being now strengthened by Gen- \neral Ripley\'s brigade of regulars. \n\n5. Soon afterwards, taking advantage of the darkness of the \nmorning and the heavy columns of smoke, Lieutenant-General \nDrummond moved his troops silently round the ditch, repeated \nhis charge, and reascended his ladders with such celerity as to \nobtain a footing on the parapet before any effectual opposition \ncould be made. Orders were given to show no mercy to the \ngarrison. The conflict was desperate ; Captain Williams and \nLieutenants McDonough and Watmough fell, the former mor- \ntally wounded ; charge followed charge in rapid succession until \ndaybreak, when the enemy, in spite of every effort, retained pos- \nsession of the bastion. \n\n6. On the extreme right, defended by the remnant of the \nFirst (Scott\'s) Brigade, under the command of Lieutenant-Colo- \nnel Aspinwall, the Douglass Battery, Colonel McRee, and Cap- \nCombined assault and its repulse. \xe2\x80\x94 Drummond\'s attack, repulse^ second \n\nattack and repulse. \n\n13 \n\n\n\n104 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\ntains Boiighton and Harding\' of the VulunUen, an UMfibotoal as- \nBault wfti* also rt\'l\'iatt\'iily iiuule hy the etiemy under Lieutenant \nColonel Scott. Tlio rihiHiunce in tluH (jiuirter was so Hpiritinl and \npcrnirttcnt that at davhnuk the Itrititdi tr\\M\xc2\xbb|\xc2\xabi were wtthdniwu. \n\n7. The Htni^^\'le for tlie |\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbHj*i\'H\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbi<\xc2\xbbn of the fort was now con \ncentrated in the central bastiim, which, at the uiotnent of \nthe advance of the Hhtijdi re\xc2\xbber\\e to uupinirt the Muccetuiful ail \nviuice, hurst with at exploMon, imd a jet of tlaiuc, in ti \n\ngled with fnif^inentjt ot liiiiinT, earth, Htone, and huiuau IxHlteii, \nroue to the height of more than a hundnxl feet in the air, and \nfell in a lihower of niiui} in ever}* direction. Tli-- rescrvoi ini \nmediately fell l\xc2\xabck \\ and toon aAerwards the conilict ended in \ntho entire defeat of tbo enemy. whtMte Hhattered cidumiLM re \nturned to their encamiiment with the Kmm of two hundre<I uiul \ntwenty kUledf one hundred and wvcutyfour wounded, and \nDearly two hundred priaononk \n\nli, Durai^ tho ensuing month the American army wen? Imaily \neogaged in re|iuinng the ruineil hantion, and Htreni;theniiig and \nincroaaiug the work*, l-th annieii in the interval had rvieived \nreinforcements, and the \'\xe2\x80\xa2i j\xc2\xab- wan jiroaccuted and iJie defence! \nsustained with skill and spirit on Uith side*. Cienerul Gainet \nhad left the encan. t and returned to IJulTalo, and (^euenU \n\nBrown, wlio had n^-Mml from his wounds, resumed tho com- \nmand of the army. \n\n9. On the moniing of the 1 7th of September, in the midst of \na heavy f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbjf with occ:. \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 .1 showers of rain, a -..rt... was madt \nfrom the fort, in two u.\xc2\xbbi^..\xc2\xbbDS, comnuinde<l resj. ... ly by (Jen- \nemU Porter and Miller, supported by ioloiiel Miller\'s npiaent \nunder General Uipley as a reserve. At noon. General Torter \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \ndivision, accomi<inieti by Colonel Gilmon and Major Wood, \nmove<l from the enonjupment, and, marching through the woods, \nat three o\'clock rushed upon tho enemy\'s lines and carried \nthem by assaiUt. \n\n10. Simultaneounly with this movement, Gtij\xc2\xab nl Miller, with \nthe right division, attacktxl the centre of the British line*, and \ncom|K\'lletl its defiinlcrs to a precipitate flight, after capturing \ntheir batteries and fortifications. In this gallant and succcss- \n\n\n\nCcmnd Usiiuu. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the Briu*h. \xe2\x80\x94 lUialbwenicnts. \xe2\x80\x94 Sally \nfh>iD the fort. \n\n\n\nINVASION OF NEW YORK. 195 \n\nful achievement the Americans suffered severely, Major-General \nDavis, Lieutenant-Colonel Wood, Colonel Gibson, with seven \nother officers and seventy men, having been killed, and Generals \nPorter and Ripley, Lieutenant-Colonel Aspinwall, twenty-two \nother officers, and one hundred and ninety men wounded. The \nBritish loss was equally severe ; and, after collecting his scat- \ntered forces. General Drummond broke up his encampment, and \nresumed his former position on the Chippewa. \n\n11. The British having, in August, captured the city of Wash- \nington, and burned and destroyed the principal public buildings, \nand the entire coast being blockaded by the English fleet, ener- \ngetic measures for the defence of the city of New York were \nadopted by the inhabitants. An enthusiastic public meeting \nwas held, and the citizens, without distinction of party, pledged \nthemselves to a vigorous co-operation w-ith the national and \nState authorities in the prosecution of the war. The various \nfortifications in and around the city were strengthened and \nsupplied with effective garrisons, twenty thousand troops were \nraised and stationed in the city under the command of Major- \nGenerals Morgan Lewis and Ebenezer Stevens, and Commodore \nDecatiu- placed in charge of the fleet lying in the harbor. The \ncity and its suburbs became one vast camp, animated by a firm \ndetermination to uphold the national honor, and preserve at all \nhazards their beautiful metropolis. \n\n12. On the refusal of the banks to advance the requisite funds \nfor the organization and support of this immense force on the \nsecurity of the United States Treasury notes alone. Governor \nTompkins patriotically came forward and pledged his own per- \nsonal and official security as indorser on the part of the State \nfor a loan of half a million of dollars, which were thereupon \npromptly advanced. \n\n13. In the mean time. General Sir George Prevost, with fifteen \nthousand men from the Duke of Wellington\'s successful army, \naided by a strong naval squadron under Sir James L. Yeo, pre- \npared for an invasion of the State by way of Lake Champlain. \nThe greater part of the American forces stationed at Plattsbm^g, \nunder the command of General Izard, having been transferred \n\nPreparations for defence of the city of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Indorsement of the \ncredit of the government by Governor Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Invasion of New York. \n\n\n\nlOG >7.Y77/ J\'KiaOD. \n\nto the Xiagam fnmticr, Sir George at once put IiIh cotntnaiul in \nmotion without waitini; f<\xc2\xbbr the co-operation of the stpiatlron, \nan<l furly in SepteniluT advanced throu^i Chnton County to a \npoint within oi^ht miles of I\'hittiihur^ on Lake Champhiin. \n\n14. While theHe niovement\xc2\xab were in pro^jfresa, (lenenil Miicomb \npitheml tt\xc2\xbbu\'ether at C\'hamplaiu the fn\xc2\xbb{^ient\xc2\xab of the American \narmy, nmnl>orin^ not m\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbre thiui fifteen hundre<l effective men. \nami, retiring before the liritiidi general, fell Ijack on riutttihur;; \nand completcil the defenccH which had bevn conimence<l on the \nHtiutheni Uink of the Sanuioc, a amail Ktream which eutera the \nlake at tliat place. \n\n15. ApiiuMt thin small fi*rcc, General Sir George Prevost \nmoved hiit army in two columnn on the two parallel roads load- \ning to IMattMliun;. On the upper, or Ik^ukumntown road, Ilripi- \ndicr (ieneral MiMH>ni with wven hundred nulitia, and Major \nJohn K. Wool with two hundreil and fifty ri^tdur tnM\xc2\xbb|i(i and \ntwo pieces of artdlerk*, di- 1 and coi \xe2\x80\xa2 ibly ehecketl hi-. \npR>jnT\xc2\xabii, while the \xc2\xab!\xe2\x80\xa2 \' ol liio lower or I i..- -hore r \n\ninti \' to Li< uivulonel Applin*; and < ij f.iin Spruui. \n\nlo. Ucnerul iiivost, however, Hucceedwi, with ctaiKidi\'rablo \nloMH, in reaching riattnliur^ ; ajid l>oth divijiiomt of the Ameri- \ncan force, hIowIv retiring; U-foru him, and dentroying the bri \' \nover the Saranac, entervd their work*, whtiice tlu*y jwui \nKtonn of hot shot into the building of the t<^>wn occupuw \nbv the Brit \' The latter coir 1 themnelves for the en- \n\n8uin^ week in iitc pro|iaration oi i h for aamiulting their \n\njKMition, and in the moan time awaiiii^ ilic arrival of the naval \nsquadron. \n\n17. Durinj? thiB |\xc2\xbberu\xc2\xbbd, C\xc2\xab)mnuKh>rc \'i iioMA- M I \xc2\xbb<).\\(\xc2\xbbu(jh, with \na fleet consiHtin^ of four laripe Teasels \xe2\x80\x94 the .^iiratopit, Ea^lc, \nTiconden>pL, and Preble \xe2\x80\x94 and ten small galleys, mounting in all \nalxnit Hcventy giinR. lay at anchor in the bay off Pbttsburg, ad- \njoining Ijike C\'hanipluin. The enemy\'s squadron, under Captain \n(ieorge Downie of the K\xc2\xab>yal Navy, made its appearance, enter- \nini: the Uiy around Cuml\xc2\xbberland Head on the rooming of the \n1 1th of Septemlwr, consiHting of the sloop Finch, the flag-ship \nConfiance, the brig Linnet, and the sloop Chubb, with twelve \n\nAttack upon PUtt\xc2\xabboi]g. \xe2\x80\x94 Bsaie on Lake Champlaia. \n\n\n\nSECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 197 \n\ngunboats, mounting in all ninety-five guns, including an eighteen- \npound Columbiad. \n\n18. As this imposing squadron came into line around Cum- \nberland Head, \xe2\x80\x94 the Chubb moving against the Eagle, the Finch \ntowards the Preble and Ticonderoga, and the Confiance against \nthe Saratoga, \xe2\x80\x94 the several small vessels prepared for action. \nAfter solemn prayers on board the flag-ship, and without wait- \ning the signal for attack, the Eagle opened fire for some time \nwithout effect, followed, as soon as her guns began to tell, by \nthe Saratoga and the remainder of the vessels. \n\n19. The Linnet, then anchored in a favorable position for- \nward of the Eagle\'s beam, poured a well-directed broadside into \nthe Saratoga ; while the Chubb, seeking a position from which to \nrake the American line, received a broadside from the Eagle, \nwhich carried away her cables, bowsprit, and boom, and in- \nflicted so severe an injury that she drifted down between the \ntwo opposing lines, until, after receiving another shot from the \nSaratoga, she was compelled to surrender, and was towed to \nthe shore by one of the Saratoga\'s boats. \n\n20. Extraordinary efforts were made during the action, by \nthe Finch, to disable the Ticonderoga and Preble; and the Con- \nfiance opened fire upon the Saratoga with terrible effect, killing \nor wounding about forty of her crew. But in the course of an \nhour the Finch, badly disabled, was driven from her position \nnear the Ticonderoga, and, running upon Crab Island, was there \ncaptured, while on the American side the Preble was compelled \nto fall back out of range of the enemy\'s guns. \n\n21. The contest had now narrowed down to the Confiance and \nLinnet, on the right of the line, against the Eagle, the Saratoga, \nand the galleys, and on the left the British gunboats against the \nTiconderoga. The Linnet had secured an admirable position \nat the head of the enemy\'s line, and gallantly sustained and \nreturned the fire of the Eagle ; the Confiance was pouring in \nher broadsides on both the Eagle and the Saratoga, and the \ngunboats were struggling for supremacy with the Ticonderoga. \n\n22. The Eagle having lost her springs, and being prevented \nfrom bringing her guns to bear, her commander ran her down \n\nProgress of the fight. \xe2\x80\x94 Disabling of the British vessels Chubb and Finch, \nand of the American vessel Saratoga. \n\n\n\nl;s SIXTH PEIUOD. \n\nIwtwecn Uio Saratoga and Ticon\xc2\xabitPV\'n, whore he apnin opflMd \nlire on the Coiifiancc and Linm-t, the fonner in the mean time \nHiking\' the Sarato^^a on her bows. The SarHti>pi in tuni hav \ninp Ix\'come diaahletl, Commotioro MclX>nuii;;h brt>uj;ht lier \naroiuui, in the face of a galhiig fire from the Linnet, in a posi- \ntion enabhnj? her to brinj; her batteriea to lieaur on the Can- \nfiance, and, afler a gallant contest of upwanU of two houn-. \ncoinftelleil that vettael to Mtrike her colors. \n\n23. Within fifteen minutes afierwards the Uuuci Hurren- \ndered to the Surutopi, and the gtin)>uatis withdrawing from \ntheir attack on the Tic\xc2\xab>nden>^, escaped from the harUir. The \noommaiideni of the several remaining veaseU surrendered their \nswords to Commodore McIKm \'on the Saratt^pi, who cuur- \n* \' returawl them to their owners, with the remark \nUiui lii\' re worthy to wear tiicm." The priuouem were \nordered lo L ral) IrUand, with the strictest direotioos to treat \nthem kindly, and s|H>ak to them encoura^nnjjlj. \n\n24. After the \xe2\x80\xa2 \' * n of this signal victory the troopc \nwere withdrawn In .-ir tieorge Trevost frtmi the town, the liat- \nteries dismantled, the artillery and stores rvnioved, and during \nthe succcHxlinj; ni^ht ho followed with his entire anny, leaving \nbehind him tl: k and wouudetl, together with immeuae \nquantitiea of |>i >>^ions, camp t*<iuipago, and other storoiy aa \ntn>phies of his sipial discomfiture. \n\n25. The loss of tlie Untisli on this oooaaion was three offioeri \nand thirty-four men killc<l, and eight offioers and one hundred \nand forty two men wounded, on shore ; Captain Dowuie, four \noflicers, and fiAytwo men kdletl, auil throe officers and siity- \nuiue men woimded, on tlu* lake. The Amerioans lost one offi- \ncer and tliirty-six men killed, and two offieers ami sixty men \nwounded, on Uud ; an<l four officers and forty -ei^\'ht men killed, \nand four officers and fiftvfour men woundc<i, on the lake. \n\nm \n\n2G. CJovemor TojiPkixs, in consequence of the exposed situa- \ntion of the countrA-, and the immment danger of invasion of \ntill* State, convenetl the Leginlaturc, by proclamation, on the \nl."ih of Sopteml>er. Samiei. Young, of Saratoga, was chosen \nSpeaker, and .Varun Cliyk, of New York, Clerk of tlie Assembly. \n\nSamndrr of tb\xc2\xab Linoci. \xe2\x80\x94 Coaiplaie vklory of MeDoaoofh. \xe2\x80\x94 Spcci..: \nof the Lcgislatore. \n\n\n\nTHE TREATY OF GHENT. 199 \n\nActs were passed for the increase of the pay of the mihtia in \nthe service of the United States, providing for the raising of \ntroops for the defence of the State and city of New York, in- \nchiding two regiments of colored soldiers, and authorizing the \nformation of associations for the encouragement of privateering. \nProvision was also made for indemnifying Governor Tompkins \nfor all expenditures and responsibilities incurred by him in the \ndefence of the State, not provided for by existing laws. \n\n27. These energetic and spirited proceedings of the New \nYork Legislature, combined with the prompt measures for the \ndefence of the city of New York by its inhabitants, gave great \nsatisfaction to the government at Washington; and so highly \nwere the patriotic efforts and sacrifices of Governor Tompkins \nat this crisis appreciated, that President Madison tendered him \nthe position of Secretary of State of the United States, JMr. \nMonroe having now the charge of the War Department. The \nGovernor, however, conceiving that, in his present position, he \ncould be of greater service to the country, declined the flatter- \ning ofifer. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER X. \n\nErie and Champlain Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 State op \n\nParties. \n\n1. At the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1815, \nNathan Sanford, of New York, was elected United States \nSenator in place of Obadiah German, whose term had expired, \nand Martin Van Buren Attorney-General, in place of Abraham \nVan Vechten, removed. On the 12th of February, information \nwas received of the conclusion of a treaty of peace between \nGreat Britain and the United States at Ghent, on the 24th of \nDecember previous, and of the splendid victory of General Jack- \n\nSpirited proceedings for the public defence. \xe2\x80\x94 Their reception at Washing- \nton. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor Tompkins declines the State Department. \xe2\x80\x94 United States \nSenator. \xe2\x80\x94 Attorney-General. \xe2\x80\x94 Treaty of peace with Great Britain. \xe2\x80\x94 \nBattle of New Orleans. \n\n\n\n200 SIXTH PFJUOD. \n\nBOX at Now Orleans on the 8th of January. Thin intellij?cnco \ncraateil u ^\'tueml feeling of joy and satisfaction throu<;hout the \ncountry, and wa^j a|)i>n>prialely celebrated in the Mvenil towuM \nand eiticH of the Stale. \n\n2. in I>\xc2\xab r of thiB year a large puhlic meeting wa\xc2\xab held \nin the city ol *Ncw York in reference to the coustnietion of the \nKrie and C\'hanijilaiu C\'uiud, Hjiiriltnl resolutions in its favor \nudo|itetl, and a stn\xc2\xbbnj; memorial to Uio Ix\'^\'ihlature, drawn up by \nMr. Clinton, directed to Ix? forwordeti to that Ixxly. Governor \n\nToMPKiss, in his Hi\xc2\xbbot\'ch at the oiK\'nini? of the eession of \nI sift \n\n1810, ex|\xc2\xbbatiati\'d u|\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbbn the im))ortnnco of this pvat enter- \nprise, not only to the State of New York, but to the Westeni and \nl*j\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabteni States, and anticii>ated the Ecalous co-<i|\xc2\xbbemtion of those \nStates in the pix>|XMed work. The citizens of AUmuiv also held \na large meeting and pnimnl strung roeolutiona in favor of the \nnioaann- \n\n3. The diflficnltiw to U- Biiruiouutctl in the further proeecu- \ntion of this )prviki undertaking\' were fonnidablc in tlio extreme, \nand nothing but the indomitable energy and perseverance of Mr. \nCuXTox and his asstHrmtes in the caiiid coiiimission could have \nflucceetletl in overcoming them. The funds of the State had \nIhx\'U wellnigh cxhaustetl by the efforts rendered ncceHsarA* in \nthe prosecution of the war ; all aid from the genend govern- \nment or the ft \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \'\'^ H-s had iKH-n |\xc2\xbbertinaciouHly withheld ; \n\nthe resources \xe2\x80\xa2 i i\'ii>.\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xab \xc2\xbb itter|\xc2\xbbrisc onpplf<l and i\xc2\xbbaralyzed by the \nfinimcial emliomuuiments of the chmh. and the pnject itself was \nalmost univenudly regarded as visioiiar}- and chimerical. The \npreliminary mcosurcji put in oi>erati<\xc2\xbbn for the commencement \nof the work, nmler pn-vioiis acts of the Ixgiskturc, however ably \ndevisetl and faithfully executed, hotl l>een neceasarily attended \nby great expense to the State, and the current of public senti- \nment ran strongly against any additional legisUtion in Uhalf \nof an enteq>rise so vast in its conception and inexhaustible in \nits demiuuls upon the public treasury. \n\n4. On the 17th of April the Legislature . .^ in.lu.\xc2\xabd, princi- \npally through the exertions of Mr. Clixtox, powerfully sup- \n\n(tctjcrnl r- \xe2\x80\xa2*. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal ni in New York and Alliany. \xe2\x80\x94 Got- \n\nemor\'s \xe2\x80\xa2pct-clu \xe2\x80\x94 I \' \' -)\xc2\xbbmpnta of the undertaking.\xe2\x80\x94 \n\nEnergy and perscvviaii.c ..i ..;. i ....;.. .a ita protecutioo. \n\n\n\nFEDERAL AND STATE ELECTIONS. 201 \n\nported by Mr. Van Buren and Colonel Young, to pass an " Act \nto provide for the improvement of the internal navigation \nof the State " repealing the previous statutes on the subject, \nand appointing Stephen Van Rensselaer, De Witt Clinton, \nSamuel Young, Joseph Ellicott, and Myron Holley Canal \nCommissioners, with authority to prosecute aU necessary sur- \nveys for the route of the proposed canal, and report to the \nLegislature at its next session. Twenty thousand dollars were \nappropriated for this purpose from the State treasury. \n\n5. The April elections resulted, by a large majority, in favor \nof the Republicans. Governor Tompkins and Lieutenant-Gov- \nernor Tayler were re-elected, over Rufus King and George \nTibbetts, with a Republican majority in both branches of the \nLegislature. This body met on the 5th of November for the \nchoice of presidential electors. Electors were appointed favor- \nable to James Monroe of Virginia for President, and Daniel \nD. Tompkins of New York for Vice-President, who were sub- \nsequently elected by a nearly unanimous vote j Massachusetts, \nConnecticut, and Delaware casting thirty-four votes only for \nRufus King for President, and twenty-two for John E. Howard, \nof Maryland, for Vice-President. \n\n6. At the opening of the session on the 28th of January, \n1817, Governor Tompkins sent a message to the Legislature \nrecommending the entire Abolition of Slavery in the State \nfrom and after the 4th of July, 1827. By a previous act, all \nmales born of slave parents subsequent to the year 1799 were \nto become free at the age of twenty-eight, and females at twenty- \nfive. The recommendation of the Governor was unanimously \nconcurred in by the Legislature. Thus through the philan- \nthropic exertions of the Society of Friends in the city of New \nYork and elsewhere, and the energetic aid of Cadwallader D. \nColden, PeteH A. Jay, William Jay, Governor Tompkins, and \nother friends of humanity throughout the State, the dark blot \nof slavery was destined to be forever erased from our escutcheon. \n\n7. A few days previous to the 4th of March, Vice-President \nTompkins resigned his office as Governor, the duties of which \n\nAct for appointment of Canal Commissioners, and survey of canal. \xe2\x80\x94 \nElection of President Monroe and Vice-President Tompkins. \xe2\x80\x94 Abolition \nof Slavery. \xe2\x80\x94 Resignation of Governor Tompkins. \n\n\n\n202 SIXT// PERIOD, \n\nwere devolved upon Lieutenant-Governor Tftvler. An net \npaned providing for the election of a RuccetMor at the ensuing \nspring.\' elections, at which tenn Dk Witt Clixtox, by a nearly \nlumniuious vote, vras elected Clovernor, luul Joiix Tayi.kk Lieu- \nteuant-dovcnior, with a decided Kepuhlicau nuijority in both \nbniuchcii of the Li>gi\xc2\xbblature. \n\n8. i>n the Inth of March the Canal C\'onunissionerH prr\xc2\xabented \nto the Lcj^inluture an elaliorate n\'|x\xc2\xbbrt of their pruciH\'iiingB ; \nand on the 17th of April, after the mo\xc2\xabt strenuouH op|M\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabition, \non act wa\xc2\xab poased, prejiaretl by Mr. Clixtox, authorizing the \ncouHtruction of the projM\xc2\xabM.<d canal fn\xc2\xbbm the lludtion to Uikes \nChuniphiin and 1. three hundred and Hixty-three miles in \nlength, with a surface of forty feet in breadth, declining to \neighteen at the l>uttoni, with a depth of four feet of water, \nBut!icient for the couvevanco of vcium^U of one hundred tona\' \nbunleu. \n\n9. On the 4th of July n\\; . this grmt enteqtriiie was \n\nconiniencetl at Knme, in the pn\'i\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xabnce of Govenjor C\'iJx*it>N and \n\nthe comniiHMtonerK, by Janieit i >u. and the tirxt Kte)M wero \n\ntaken for the eouhtruction of a nia. it public work, hitherto \n\nuniMjualleil in im{M\xc2\xbbrtance and extent in the civilized world, and \n\ndcKtintMl in the future to exert an imineiiac influence u)K)n the \n\nagricultural, commercial, and mcclianical iuterettts of the cntiro \n\nUnion. \n\n10. On the 27th of Januarv, 1818, the Ixwalature \n1818. \n\nagain asmiuble<l. (tovenior l^uxTox, in hiii fimt addrcKS \n\nto that \\nn\\\\, after prcMonting a clear view of the financial \nafl^airs of the State, and recapitulating the progreiw made in \nthe couHtniction of the canal, Rubniitte<l varioun rcconmiencla- \ntions for the improvement of the civil and criminal lawn of the \nState. A formidable [Mtlitieal \' tion to his adminiHtnition, \n\nheade^l by Mr. Van HunMi, ( i Voung, Htiger Skinner, Wal- \n\nter ll\xc2\xabjwne, (teneral Root, and other leailing KepublieanR, iM\xc2\xbbon \ndevelo|wd itself, and gave origin to the formation of two new \nand distinctly marked parties, known aa the Bucktail, or Demo- \ncratic, and the Cliutonian. Joiix Vax Nfsw Yati?* was ap- \n\nElection of Ooremor CI:-* \xe2\x80\x94 nnd Lieatenant-Qorrnior Taylcr. \xe2\x80\x94 P\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb- \naagv of the act fbr the mu > m of the emntd. \xe2\x80\x94 Commencement of the \n\nwork. \xe2\x80\x94 New orgiuii2a:iua of panics. \n\n\n\nTEE STATE GOVERNMENT. 203 \n\npointed Secretary of State by the Council, in place of Dr. \nCooper, removed. \n\n11. On the 16th of March, Gideon Hawley, the Superin- \ntendent of Common Schools, transmitted to the Legislature his \nfifth annual Report, from which it appeared that there were in \nthe State upwards of five thousand schools properly organized, \nin which more than two hundred thousand children were an- \nnually taught during an average period of from four to six months. \nThe Lancasterian system of instruction was fully indorsed, and \nits advantages were pointed out at great length. This system, \nhowever, after a brief experiment, failed in accomplishing the \nfavorable results which were expected, and it was abandoned. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n12. During the session an able report on the subject of \ndomestic manufactures was presented by Perez Randall of \nChenango, chairman of the committee on that subject, recom- \nmending, in view of the high price of foreign fabrics and the \ndepressed condition of the country generally, consequent on the \nexhaustion produced by the war, the development and cultiva- \ntion of our own industrial and mechanical resources, and the \nreliance, as far as practicable, upon domestic manufacture, \nespecially in the article of clothing. \n\n13. The results of the spring elections were generally favora- \nble to the Clintonians, a majority in both ]:>ranches of the Legis- \nlature and of the popular vote having been secured in their \nfavor. Most of the prominent Federalists of the State were \namong the leading supporters of the administration of Governor \nClinton, although that party, as a distinctive pohtical organiza- \ntion, had ceased to exist. \n\n14. The Legislature convened on the 5th of January, ^^^^^ \n1819. General Obadiah German, of Chenango, was cho- \nsen Speaker of the Assembly, after a violent political contest, \n\n^lasting for two days. Governor Clinton, in his address, again \nadverted to the canal policy of the State, reminding the Legis- \nlature, that, under the act of 1817, the commissioners were only \nauthorized to contract for the construction of canals between \n\n\n\nReport of the Superintendent of Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 The Lancasterian \nsystem of instruction. \xe2\x80\x94 Report on domestic manufactures. \xe2\x80\x94 Spring elec- \ntions. \xe2\x80\x94 Triumph of the Clintonians. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Rec- \nommendations of the Governor. \xe2\x96\xa0" \n\n\n\n204 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\nthe Mohawk oiul Seneca River\xc2\xa7 and th\xc2\xab Hudson and I-ako \nChainphiin, and strongly urging the opening of the entire hno \nfrom Lake Krie to the tide- waters of the Hudaon, and from Fort \nEdward to the heiul of wloop navigation on that river. These \nviewH were incurred in by the I-4\xc2\xbbgiidature, and an act was jMUiiied \nfor carrying them into effect Hknrv .Skym\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbir, of Oneida, was \napp(iinte<I (-\'anal (oinmissionrr in place of Mr. Kllicott, n\'sigiu-d. \n\n15. The appointment of Chief J list ii-o Tin\xc2\xbbMl>o.\\ as Stcret^iry \nof the Navy under the United StatcH iJovinnuent proilucetl \nluiother vacancy on the bench of the Suj\xc2\xbbremo Court of tho \n.State, which was filled by tho promotion of Amiikohf. Spksckii \nas Chief-Justice, and tho app\xc2\xbbnntment i\xc2\xbbf John W\xc2\xabm>i)w\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrtii as \nAtaociate Justir. . An act was insmnl riMjuinng the lomptroller \nto liquiiUte and settle tho outstanding accounts \xe2\x80\x94 as l>etweou \nVice-lVcjiident Tompkins and tho SlaU-. iukI also between tho \nState and the geiural gt)veniment \xe2\x80\x94 gn>wing out of the Uto war. \n\nIG. The anmuil rc|\xc2\xbbort of tho Su|ierintendent of Common \nSchools exhibitcHi n gratifying increase in the numlwr of schools \nand of children taugliL On his recommendation the general \nbcImhjI law wiiM rcviiie<l and consolidated, an<i its provisions were, \nwith neccHHarv foriuj* ami instructuniH, published and distnbuted \namong the several itch\xc2\xabK>l dintncts of tho State. \n\n17. Tho April electioim terminate<i favorably to tho friends \nof Governor Clinton in lioth branches of t lie Legislature. Mr. \nVan lUiren was HOf>n aAerwanls removed from the office of At- \ntomeyCfcnoral, and Timmas J. Oakley, of Dutchess, appointed \nin his place. During the nummcr an animated controversy was \nmaintaini\xc2\xbb<l Wtween the State Comptroller, Arcuiuai.d McIx- \nTYiiK, and Vice-President ToMrniNii, in reforenoe to tho sottle- \nmcnt of tho accounts of the latter under the act paased by the \nlate Legisliture. The defici\xc2\xabncy of these aocouuts amounte<l to \nabout $120,000 out of an cxi*enditure of seTeral millions, and \nwere chiefly explainable by the unmethodical manner in which \ntliey wcro kept, and the n^ -. \'"-y of tho crisis in which the funds \n\nAmendment of tho mnal Inw. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of Hennr Seymour as \nCommiMionrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Jmlicial apptiintmrnt*. \xe2\x80\x94 Settlement of Vice-I*r\xc2\xab\xc2\xabi<l\xc2\xabnt \nToropkin*\'s accounU- \xe2\x80\x94 Report of the Suprnntcndcnt of Common Sch\xc2\xab\xc2\xbboU. \n\xe2\x80\x94 HcNision of the \xe2\x80\xa2rbool law. \xe2\x80\x94 Hcsult of the tprinff e l sct ions. \xe2\x80\x94 Alloroer- \nG\xc2\xabMral\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 CoDtrorer^jr between tho Vicc-rrosidcat and the Oosip\xc2\xabt>Uer. \n\n\n\nRE-ELECTION OF GOVERNOR CLINTON. 205\' \n\nwere expended. No moral delinquency was attributable to or \ncharged upon the Vice-President. On the 2 2d of October the \nfirst boat on the Erie Canal sailed from Rome to Utica with Gov- \nernor Clinton, Chancellor Livingston, General Van Rensselaer, \nand other distinguished citizens on board. \n\n18. The Legislature reassembled early in January, . ^^^q \n1820. RuFUS King was unanimously re-elected United \nStates Senator, and joint resolutions were unanimously adopted \nin opposition to the admission of Missouri as a State, with a con- \nstitution permitting the existence of slavery. Several ineffectual \nefforts were made in the two Houses for the adjustment of the \npending controversy between the Vice-President and the Comp- \ntroller, but no definitive result was reached. \n\n19. An exciting political contest now ensued between the \ncandidates of the rival parties for Governor and Lieutenant-Gov- \nernor at the approaching spring election. The Democrats placed \nin nomination Vice-President Tompkins for the former, and \nGeneral Benjamin Mooers, of Clinton, for the latter office. \nGovernor Clinton and Lieutenant-Governor Tayler were re- \nnominated by the Clintonians, and, after a spirited canvass on \nboth sides, re-elected by about fom\'teen hundred majority. The \nDemocrats succeeded, however, in carrying a majority of both \nHouses of the Legislature. \n\n20. The success of Governor Clinton at this time was due in \na very great measure to his popularity as the leading champion \nof the canal interest. During the progress of that great work \na decided revolution had taken place in the public mind as to \nits practicability and prospective value, and the agricultural and \nmercantile interests of the State especially looked forward to its \ncompletion with the highest expectations of success. To the \nmerely local issues of the canvass they were comparatively in- \ndifferent ; but on this absorbing question they were determined \nto sustain the able and far-seeing statesman who had identified \nhimself and his administration with the splendid system of in- \nternal improvement now in progress. \n\nFirst boat on the Erie Canal. \xe2\x80\x94-Proceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Re- \nelection of Rufus King as United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Exciting political cam- \npaign. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Governor Clinton and Lieutenant-Governor Tayler. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Republican triumph in the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 The canal policy. \n\n\n\n20C SIXTH PERIOD. \n\n21. The L^riature reaMembled in November for the Ap- \npointment of prcKidontial elocioni. Governor Clinton, in Iuh \naddress, reconunendud the paasagte of a hiw for the choice of \npresidential elt\'ct4.rs by the jieople, and for the calhn^ of a con- \nvention for the amendment of the State ConKtitution. He also \nentered a solemn protest apiinst the interference of the officers \nof the I\'nitcd States (loveniment with the State elections \n\n22. After the choice of presidential electors, (JenenU R<X>T, \nof Delaware Countv. intnHluoiHl a bill deolarinj; the ineom \njMitibility of the e\\ i- of KJavery in this State with its con \nstitution and laws. No action was, however, tiiken u|K\xc2\xbbn the \npn\xc2\xbb|\xc2\xbb<j!*ition, aJthou^h it was ably supfKirte*! by its mover. On \nthe 10th of Novemlx-r a bill was introduced and {Missed accept \ning a release, on the part of Vice Presii lent Tonipkins, of idl \nclaims a^rainst the Statt\', and dircctinjj the ( omptndler, on fdini; \nthe same, to balance all accounts liotwcrn tho ri\'sjK\'ctive jiartirs. \n\n23. The bill for the call of a \xe2\x80\xa2 \' :i vent ion {Missed \nIx^th Houses on the 18th, but was r I by the aisting vote \nof (tovernor Clinton in the Council of HeviHion. .\\Ocr codling \nupon the fJovemor for proof of his charges of interference on \nthe jMirt of the officers of the general govcniment with the State \nelections, and the interchange of a few brief but spicy mcHsages \nbetween the S<\xc2\xabnate and (Jovemor, the Ix^gislature adjourned. \nMessrs. Monroe and Tompkins were re-elected President and \nVice-President without serious o| in. \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nChoice of preridcntid dcrtort. \xe2\x80\x94 Gorernor\'t mesMige. \xe2\x80\x94 Procrrdinirii of \nthe liTfCulature. \xe2\x80\x94 - Sefiktncnt of the <\'r\xc2\xbbT bet wren the ViJ-cl\': \n\nand ( roUor. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-dectioo of irumcoi Mooixm and Vioe-l\'rcsiacai \n\nTom J J \n\n\n\nTHE STATE GOVERNMENT. 207 \n\n\n\nCHAPTER XI. \n\nConstitutional Convention of 1821. \xe2\x80\x94 Adoption of the New \n\nConstitution. \n\n1. On the 9th of January, 1821, the Legislature again \nassembled, and on the 17th the Governor transmitted a \nspecial message, containing specific and voluminous proofs of his \nallegations in reference to the interference of the general gov- \nernment in State elections. A new and amended bill was in- \ntroduced, and passed both Houses, providing for the call of a \nConstitutional Convention, subject to the approval of the people \nat the ensuing spring election. Martin Van Buren was elected \nUnited States Senator to fill the vacancy occasioned by the expira- \ntion of the official term of Nathan Sanford and William C. Bouck, \nof Schoharie, appointed an additional Canal Commissioner. \n\n2. Gideon Hawlet, of Albany, was at this time removed by \nthe Council of Appointment from the office of Superintendent of \nCommon Schools, \xe2\x80\x94 a position which he had occupied for eight \nyears to the universal acceptance of all parties, and with the \ngreatest ability and fidelity to the important interests confided \nto his charge. His successor was Welcome Esleeck, a young \nlawyer of Albany, so utterly incompetent for the position that \nthe Legislature abolished the office, devolving its duties upon \nthe Secretary of State. \n\n3. The joint committee of both Houses, to whom was referred \nthe special message of the Governor, presented their report on \nthe 15th of March, commenting with gi-eat asperity on the lan- \nguage of the message, submitting counter-evidence to its charges, \nand concluding by expressing the opinion that no extraneous \ninfluences had been shown to exist in any State election. The \nLegislature finally adjourned in the latter part of March. \n\nProceedings of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s special message. \xe2\x80\x94 Bill for \nConstitutional Convention. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Ap- \npointment of Canal Commissioner. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Council of Ap- \npointment. \xe2\x80\x94 Abolition of the office of Superintendent of Common Schools, \nand devolvement of its duties on the Secretary of State. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of the joint \ncommittee on the Governor\'s special message. \n\n\n\na08 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\n4. Tlie April elections resultetl in a decided Democratic tri- \numph in Vxjth bninchca of the I>etfiMlnture, and a majority of \nnetu-lv seventy-five thousand for the pro|>o\xc2\xabc<l ainventitin for the \nanundment uf the ( institution, (hi the third Tuemlay of Juno \nan election wjis acconlingly held thn>uj:!ioiit the State for the \nappointment of dclcpites from the sovenil counties. \n\n6. Althoujfh a large m^ority of tlief*o drlep\xc2\xbbte\xc2\xab wore mem- \nIktb of the Democratic party, political cliHtuictions and local \nresilience were, in many parts of the State, act asiiie for intellect- \nual ahdity and hij?h monil worth. .Mr. Va.s Hi re-V, though a \nreaidstit uf t\'olumlna, was ntunu*<l fp.m <\xc2\xbbt\xc2\xabi\xc2\xbbj;i> ; and Vice-I*re\xc2\xabi- \ndont T\xe2\x80\xa2>l^|\xe2\x80\xa2Kl^^ ChnrntUor Kiisr, Jud^<\xc2\xab SriuNCKn, Va.h Nem, \n\xe2\x80\xa2nd Platt, Natiia.s ui\xc2\xbb. of New York, Joh.n Durr, from \n\nOninge, Colonel Yoiso, of Siir.it**;.\'^ (Jeneral litntT, of Delaware, \nSami-el N . of Cxjrllandt, \' . Ahkaiiam Van Vkb- \n\nTK.V, and Srr.rmiN Van KKK\xc2\xabiKi.AKH,ot\' Alkituiy, Ki.isiia Williamb, \nof (oluur A others of the most distuiguishcd citi- \n\nlons of the Slate, were eltx\'t4Hi to this body. \n\n6. Tlie convent ihled at the capiiol, in the city of \nAUiaoj, on the 2^th of Au^rust. ]iresenting an array of talent, \np\'litical ability, public ex|>ononcc, and weijfht of personal char- \nacter un.HurfMAScd by any similar body of men heretofore con- \nvrne<l in the I\'nion. One hundred and ten delcjratos were \npresent ; ami after having lieon calltnl to order by Cienrral Koot, \nDanikl D. TnMrKi.Ns of Kit hmond, Vice-President of the Inited \nStates, was, with almost entire unanimity, electixl President, \nand John F. Bacon and Samuel !>. tJanlner, Secretaries. Wil- \nliam L Stone, etlitor of the New Y(\xc2\xbbrk (\'<\xc2\xbbmmcrciid Advertiser; \nNathanii\'l H. Carter, of the Stat(>nnuui ; Moses I. Cant ine, of the \nAllMiny .\\r>,n\xc2\xbbs ; Marcus T. C. (iould aud Levi H. Clarke, stenog- \nmpherH, \xe2\x80\x94were fonnally adnuttc<l within the liar as rep<\xc2\xbbrtcni. \n\n7. The Convention remained in session f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr two months and \na half, during which jK\'riod the debate\'s and discussions were of \nthe highest interest, and conducted with the most signal ability. \nThe right of suffnige was extended to erery male citizen of the \n\n\n\n8Ttriiiir ^iM^nn*. \xe2\x80\x94 Triamph of th\xc2\xab Democrser. \xe2\x80\x94 Dtltffslrt to tfas Oini> \n\nRtitntioniil ;iiion. \xe2\x80\x94 .Mrciint; nnd oriranixatiofi of the Coare a rion. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nPrncrr\xc2\xablin(r\xc2\xab o( the Conreatiun. \xe2\x80\x94 ChAracter of lbs dsbat cs . \xe2\x80\x94 BstSMioa of \nthe right of Miffrags. \n\n\n\nTHE STATE CONSTITUTION. 209 \n\nage of t\\renty-one years and upwards, with no other restriction \nthan that of residence and exemption from criminal conviction, \nand the requisition of a freehold qualification of two hundred \nand fifty dollars in the case of colored voters. The councils of \nappointment and revision were abolished, the functions of the \nformer being devolved upon the Governor and Senate, and of \nthe latter upon the Governor, who was vested with the veto \npower. \n\n8. The judiciary system was remodelled by the substitution \nof circuit courts in eight judicial districts, into which the State \nwas divided, in place of the previous system of trials of im- \nportant issues before one of the judges of the Supreme Court ; \nthe reduction of the Supreme Court to a Chief- Justice and two \nAssistant Justices, with the right of appeal to the Senate, Chan- \ncellor, and Judges of the Supreme Court, sitting as a Court for \nthe Correction of EiTors, the several judges to hold office until \nthe age of sixty years, unless previously removed for cause ; \nand the appointment of a chancellor, for the determination, \nsubject to the same right of appeal, of all cases of equity \njurisdiction. The various county courts of Common Pleas and \nGeneral Sessions, and Justices of the Peace in the several towns, \nwere retained, the judges and justices to be appointed by the \nGovernor and Senate. \n\n9. The legislative department was declared to consist of a \nSenate, composed of thirty-two members, distributed equally \nover eight Senate districts, elected for four years, one fourth of \nthis number going out each year, presided over by the Lieu- \ntenant-Governor, with a casting vote ; and an Assembly con- \nsisting of one hundred and twenty-eight members, apportioned \namong the several counties according to population, and an- \nnually elected. A Governor and Lieutenant-Governor were to \nbe biennially elected, and the several S+ate ofiicers, with the \nexception of the Adjutant-General, chosen by joint ballot of \nthe Senate and Assembly once in every three years. Sheriffs, \ncounty clerks, and coroners were to be elected by the people \nof the several counties for a term of three j^ears. \n\n10. After adopting these various provisions, and also a sec- \nJudicial system. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislative and executive departments. \xe2\x80\x94 County and \n\nState officers. \n\n14 \n\n\n\n210 SIXTH PERIOD. \n\ntion requiring the call of future conventions for the amendment \nof the ConBtitution on the expiration of each period of twenty \nyears thereaAcr, and authorizing the l^j^sUture, in the mean \ntime, by a twt>-thinl8 vote, to submit any amendment deeme<l \nrequisite to a jjopular vote for its ratification, the Conrention \nfinally adjoumcil on the 10th of November ; and at a special \nelection, hold in the ensuing February, the new Constitution \nwas approved and adopted by a nutjonty of thirty-four thousand \n\nVOtM. \n\n\n\nProrUoiM fbr fbturr amOMlBaiti. \xe2\x80\x94 AdjournmeBt of tlM OuaVMIlioo \n\xe2\x80\x94 Kataicaikm of the Cotwdniltoii by Uw people. \n\n\n\n\nAqueduct Bridge on the Erie Canal at Little Falls. \n\nSEVENTH PERIOD. \n\nFROM THE CONSTITUTION OF 18^1 TO THE CON- \nSTITUTION OF 1846. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER I. \n\nAdministration of Governor Yates. \xe2\x80\x94 Third Administration of \nGovernor Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 The Electoral Law. \xe2\x80\x94 People\'s Party. \nRemoval of Governor Clinton as Canal Commissioner. \xe2\x80\x94 Re- \nelection AS Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Visit of General Lafayette. \xe2\x80\x94 State \nRoad. \xe2\x80\x94 Completion of the Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Grand Celebration. \n\n\n\n1. The Legislature assembled on the 2d of January, \n\n\n\n1822. \n\n\n\n1822. Governor Clinton, in his address, after adverting \nto the importance of protection to the domestic manufactures of \nthe State, congratulated the Legislature on the rapid progi\'ess \nof the canals, and the probability of their early completion, \n\nMeeting of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s address. \n\n\n\n01 o SEVEyTIl PERIOD. \n\nMid reoommcniletl various modifications of the civil and cnm- \niirnl UwB. The two Houi*e\xc2\xab then proceeded to a|\xc2\xbbi>ortion tho \ninemljers of the Assemhly nmoiig tlie r \'ive countieA, pre- \nscribe the tunc and umiincr of a|>i\xc2\xbbt\xc2\xbbiiUiug .-Mate and county \nofi)oer^ and divide tho State into thuiy ooogreHiooAl di\xc2\xbb- \ntrictH, \n\n2. The new Conhiitiiiion huviu-: | r vuietl that no lottery \nshould hcrcaifter l>e authorized in the State, and directed tliat \nthe sale of tickets, \xe2\x96\xa0 t in lotteries already estahlinhc*! l>y \nlaw, sliould be \\ .icd\xc2\xbb John H. Yates and Arrhil\xc2\xbbald Mc- \nIntvro were ftp|Kiuitcd managers of the existing SUite lottery \nfor the provision of funds for the several a>lleges and acjulemiea \nthert^ * authorize*! l\xc2\xbby varioiw leginlative acts. This trust \nwas LiumUly eiecutc<l by these gentlemen, in accordance with \ntho spirit uf the endowment; and at it\xc2\xab terminutit>n, within a \nshort time aAcrwanU, this objectionable system of sup{M>rting \nthe lit. -rank- iiiHtitutious t\xc2\xbbf the State, was alsindoned. \n\n3, The time for holding t\' ml Stiite eleclicms having \nbeen clianged by the new (.....-L,i>.....n from April to the first \nweek in Noveml>er, JowEi\'il t". Yatks, t\xc2\xbbf Schemvtaily, one of tho \njudges of the UiU* Supremo Court, was . \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\xa2! Governor, ajid (ien- \ncral KiciSTLS KiwT, of I>eUware, Lie..,, ...at <Iovenior, with no \nother opjiosition than that of Soi^oiiox Soitiiwick, a selfnomi- \nnated c. \xe2\x96\xa0 \' \' ite f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr (Hnemor, who recci%*ed a few scattering \n\xe2\x96\xbcotes in \'lui- rent woctions of tho State, Ik>th branches of the \nLegialaturo were overwhelminjrly Democratic. \n\n4. This Ixidy met and organized on tho 7th of January \nof the ensuing year, (iovemor Yates transmitted a bru I" \nto the two Houses, recommending the early passage of \nthe rarious laws necessary to carry into effect tho provisions \nof tho new Constitution, and suggesting improTements in the \npenitentiary system of the State, and a general revision of tho \nstatute laws. The new Supreme Court was organi7>e<l by tho \nappointment of John Savage of Washington as Chief-Justice, \nand Jacob Sutherland of Schoharie, and Jou.n Woodwoutu \n\n\n\nAbolition of lotteries. \xe2\x80\x94 8i\xc2\xbbtc liiprattire lottrrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Joceph C \nTatH as Goremor, and Enum\xc2\xab\xc2\xab H<tot. I^ieiitennnt-GoTemor. \xe2\x80\x94 IVmocr^\' \nmnjoritT in hoth IloniM?*. \xe2\x80\x94 Mcetinjr of the T .\xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment ot \n\nChancdtor, judgts of the Sapreme Court, tLu^ . ..v...; ju<lg\xc2\xabs. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 1821. 213 \n\nof Albany, Justices. Nathan Sanford, of New York, was \nappointed Chancellor, with circuit judges in the several judicial \n\ndistricts. \n\n5. On the 13th of February the Legislature, by joint ballot, \nmade choice of John Van Ness Yates, of Albany, as Secretary \nof State and ex-ojjicio Superintendent of Common Schools; \nWilliam L. Marcy, of Rensselaer, Comptroller ; Samuel A. \nTalcott, of Oneida, Attorney-General ; and Simeon De Witt, of \nAlbany, Surveyor-General. \n\n6. At the fall elections the Democratic organization through- \nout the State was divided upon the question of the choice of \npresidential electors by the people ; and a new party sprang \nup, known as the " People\'s Party," which received a consider- \nable accession of strength at the polls, and succeeded in carry- \ning several of the largest and most Democratic counties in the \nState. \n\n7. On the 6th of January, 1824, the Legislature again \nconvened, and Governor Yates, in his message, repeated his \nrecommendation for a general revision of the statutes of the \nState, urged the importance of encouraging domestic manu- \nfactures by an increase of duties on foreign importations, and \ncalled the attention of the Legislature to the subject of such a \nchange in the electoral law as would give to the people the \nchoice of presidential electors. A bill was accordingly intro- \nduced at an early period in the Assembly, in accordance with \nthese views, but requiring that the persons so elected should \nhave received a majority of aU the votes cast; and in this \nshape it passed the House by nearly a unanimous vote. In \nthe Senate, however, it was indefinitely postponed by a vote of \nseventeen to fourteen. \n\n8. On the last day of the session, and a short time previous \nto its final adjournment, the Senate, on motion of Mr. Bowman, \nof Monroe, passed a resolution for the removal of De Witt \nClinton from the office of Canal Commissioner, which was im- \nmediately concurred in by the House by a large majority. \n\n\n\nElection of State officers. \xe2\x80\x94 Fall elections. \xe2\x80\x94 The " People\'s Party." \n\xe2\x80\x94 Legislative proceedings. \xe2\x80\x94 Message of the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Choice of presi- \ndential electors. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the electoral law. \xe2\x80\x94 Removal of Governor \nClinton as Canal Commissioner. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n214 SEVESTH PERIOD. \n\nTliis uujuKtitiiiMo proce<luro creatod au inUnse feeling of \np<>I)uhu- iiuli^nuition thn\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbit;hout the SUtc, and, in conjunction \nwith the rejection of the electonil law, j^vc a ijowcrful im- \npetuB to the V \' \'\xc2\xab piirty. Largo and enthuHia\xc2\xabtic puhhc \nmeeting were hcM lu the principal citioa of tho Stiitc, dfuoun- \ncing the action of tho Legislature, and wannly approving tho \nliiu\'ii public \xc2\xbber\\\'ice8 and chamctcr of (iovenior Clinton. \n\n*J. On the accond day of June, Governor Yates iuaucd a proc \nlamation convening on extra Ht^twion of tho Legiiikture on the \n2d of Augniit for tho rcconi\xc2\xbbiderati<in of the suhjcct of tl\xc2\xbbc \nelectoral law. A full altt-ndanco of tlie nienibcni of botli Hon\xe2\x80\x94 \nwas t\xc2\xbb)ituincil ; and, after lititcning to tho Ciovemor\'s in*\'--v \nciting hilt reoHona for the call, Mr. Flogg, of C\'liut*\xc2\xbbn, ..... .i \n\nrt\xc2\xbbolution for an imraetliate ttdj\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbummcnt, on the ground that \nno uecetiaity for BiH\'cial Kvi\' * -n at thw tinio eimtcd. 1 h\xc2\xbb \nlloum?, after nd< \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \' a nn.-.-.;. i* in favor of the |mHHago of tin- \nelectoral law, c..i. >..4t<l in Mr. Flogg\'a motion, and, with the \naiMont of the Senate on the Gth, an a^jounuuent t\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb tlu* tirxt \nMonday in Novenilier waa carrie<l. \n\n10. At the NovenilH?r election, Db Witt Clinton, pi. ^i usly \nnoDiinated hy a State Convention at I\'tica, was icil... i.l \n(lovemor, over Samuel Young, l\xc2\xbby a nuyority of ne<irly acvenlct u \nthouiuind voteti ; and Ctcneral Jamim TALLMAlxiK, of DutcheHS, \nLieuteiuint (iovenior, over Cieneral K<>ot, hy a majority of up- \nwartU of thirty two thouaand, he haviii^ received the undivitle\xc2\xabi \nsupport of U^th the Democratic and People\'s l\xc2\xbbarty. The latter \nparty i\xc2\xbbecure<l a majority of three fourths of the AHw-nihly, and \nelected six of the eight senattirs. Mr. Bowman, the mover of the \nresolution for Governor Clinton\'s removal aM Canal Commissioner, \nwas defeate<l hy on overwhelming n^jority in the seventh district \nby Mr. Jolui C. Spencer. \n\n11. On the 2d t\xc2\xbbf November the two Housca assembled for \ntho clK\xc2\xbbic\xc2\xab^ of presidential electors. At this period five promi- \nnont ean\xc2\xabi for tho l*ri*\xc2\xbbidency were in the fiehl, and public \nopinion throughout tho Union was divided on their nssiM^ctive \n\n\n\nInumsc public indigiiation. \xe2\x80\x94 F.xtm Mssioa of the LsguUturc. \xe2\x80\x94 KIcrtion \nof IkiTcrnor Clinton iintl I :ini-( Jovcrnor TnlUBadfe. \xe2\x80\x94 Triumph \xc2\xabf (be \n\nV \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 in ibe Le^isuiiMre. \xe2\x80\x94 Defost of Mr. Bowmnn in tl\xc2\xbbe tcrcnib \n\nu... L \xe2\x80\x9ejicc of presidential decton. \xe2\x80\x94 t nudidau* for Um l*re\xc2\xab<kiicy. \n\n\n\nGENERAL LAFAYETTE\'S VISIT. 215 \n\nclaims to support. William H. Crawford, of Georgia, was \nthe Democratic candidate, placed in nomination by the con- \ngressional caucus. John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, Sec- \nretary of State of the United States, was the candidate of the \nnational administration. Henry Clay, of Kentucky, late \nSpeaker of the House of Representatives \', General Andrew \nJackson, of Tennessee ; and John C. Calhoun, of South Caro- \nlina, Secretary of War, \xe2\x80\x94 were respectively nominated by their \npersonal and political friends and admirers in different sections \nof the Union. Mr. Calhoun\'s name was subsequently with- \ndrawn, and he became a candidate for Vice-President. On joint \nballot of the Senate and Assembly thirty-two electors in favor \nof Mr. Adams and four in favor of Mr. Crawford were chosen. \n\n12. On the 15th of August of this year, the illustrious LxV- \nfayette, the companion-in-arms of Washington during the \nRevolutionary struggle, arrived on our shores, in the ship Cad- \nmus, by invitation of the United States Government, on a visit \nto the country of his adoption, after an absence of forty years \nand a brilliant but diversified career. He landed at Stateu \nIsland, and remained as the guest of Vice-President Tompkins \nuntil the next day, when he was escorted to the city of New \nYork by a large naval fleet. Landing at Castle Garden on the \nBattery, amid the ringing of bells, the salutes of artillery, and \nthe shouts of the multitude, he was welcomed by the Corpora- \ntion, conducted to the City Hall, and became the guest of the \ncity for several days, visiting the public institutions and holding \ncrowded levees of the citizens. \n\n13. From New York he made a tour through the principal \ncities and villages of the Union, everywhere receiving magnifi- \ncent ovations from a grateful people, welcomed by the President \nand Congress, by governors and State legislatures, and civic \nmunicipalities, and attended by vast crowds of citizens, until \nSeptember of the ensuing year, when he took his final departure \nfrom New York, at the conclusion of a brilliant ovation at Castle \nGarden, with the blessings of millions indebted to him, in great \npart, for the rich inheritance of freedom bequeathed to them by \nthe Revolution. \n\nVisit of General Lafayette to the United States. \xe2\x80\x94 His reception in \nNew York. \n\n\n\n21G SKVKXTI/ PERIOD. \n\n1 1. The new lAirislutiire convened on the 4th of Jan \nimrv, 182r), and (Juvenior Clinton, in his mosst&^\'e, reconi \niiK\'iided the {KUUiUffc of a kiw for the choice of jirvtiidentiul \nelectors by the f)eople by a |ibinility of voten on a general \nticket, and the creation of a board of internal impn\xc2\xbbv. \nfor the completion and ext- : of the cnnal Hy\xc2\xabteni ami tlf \n\nconHtniction of a State road Hum the liiidHou Kiver to Lake \nKrie, through the uouthcni tier of countien. No choice of Presi \ndent having l)een maile by the elect ond colleges, (JenemJ Jack \nSON, Mr. Adamh, and Mr. CiuwFoith, the three candidate\'s who \nreceived the highest vote, were liolloted for by the House of \nTt\xc2\xab|*resentative{i, in pursuance of the pri\'visions of the Constitn \nf Joii.s t^iiNCV Ai>\\MfS of Max- \' .\'tts, was duly electe^i \n\nI\'rciiacnt ; and J\xc2\xab>liN C. Calhoun, ot v>juth Carolina, having n \nceived a nuijority of electoral votes, was declared electctl Vicv- \nPresident. \n\n15. In atvoniancc frith the rvctmimenduiRUi of the Governor, \nand the memorial of a \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 ntion of prominent ci*- \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 of the \nloutheni and wcnteni |njiti"iis of the State, the !.\xc2\xab tiirc at \n\nthis session {nimmhI an act for the apftointmrut of thi\\-i* cummih \n\xe2\x96\xa0ionent to explore and cause to l\xc2\xbbe sun-eyed a route for a S\' \xe2\x80\xa2 \nrotul frtim the HudKon River to I^e Krie, thr \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2 the st)Utli. i.\xc2\xbb \ntier of ct)unti\xc2\xbb*s. Nathaniel Pit<-hkr of \\N . ^t^.n, and Ja \nDEZ D. Hammond and (iKoitne Murell of Ot** re ap{\xc2\xbbointed \n\nCoumiisaJoDerN under this art. \n\nIG. One of the oarlit>st acts of President Adamii, after his in- \nauguration on the 4th t\xc2\xbbf .March, was to offi-r <Iovemor Clinton \nthe poat of Minister of the Inited <\xc2\xbb\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb to (Jrcat Britain. This \n\noffer was, however, re\xc2\xabj>ectfully ii od, and Hufus King aj>- \n\np\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbinte<l to that stntion. During the summer, (iovenior Clinton \nvihited Phdadelphia, where he met with a cordial and most grat \nifying reception ; and soon afterwards, in company with Ju :^ \nAlfred Coukling, of Cayuga, and several other distiuguislied \n\n^^t\'\xe2\x80\x9e... q( i)i\xc2\xab T>(\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xabIatarr. \xe2\x80\x94 Gor\xc2\xabT\xc2\xbbor\'\xc2\xab mesMige. \xe2\x80\x94 Election br tlM \nHou- ite|>mentativ\xc2\xabti of John (juincr Adsias as I*rendmt, and of \n\nJohn C. Calhoun as Vice rmidcnt, br the elerton. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointmcot of oom- \nmiaaionvri for \xe2\x80\xa2unrcy of Stale road thniagh the \xe2\x80\xa2outheni tier of cour \n\xe2\x80\x94 A tt of Miniatcr to Fngland. \xe2\x80\x94 Tour of GoWBor CUniwii \n\nthrou^.. i v.... vlraaia, Ohio, and Kentucky. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 1821. 217 \n\ngentlemen, visited Ohio and Kentucky for the purpose of in- \nspecting the public works in progress in those States. He was \neverywhere received on his route with the highest demonstra- \ntions of respect. \n\n17. The Erie and Champlain Canal having, after eight years\' \nincessant labor, been completed, a grand and im-posing celebra- \ntion of the great event took place at the city of New York in \nthe fall of this year. On the morning of the 26th of October \nthe first flotilla of canal-boats left Buffalo, on Lake Erie, for \nNew York, where intelligence of its departure was, in an hoar \nand twenty minutes thereafter, received by the discharge of \ncannon posted at intervals on the entire route, and again com- \nmunicated to Buffalo by the same signals. \n\n18. On the arrival of the fleet at Albany, with the Governor, \nCanal Commissioners, State officers, and distinguished citizens \nfrom every part of the State, they were received by a vast \ncrowd and, amid the acclamations of the multitude, the roar of \nartillery, and, the ringing of the bells of the city, escorted to \nthe Capitol, where they were cordially welcomed by Philip \nHone, Mayor of the city of New York, in behalf of its citizens. \n\n19. At five o\'clock in the morning of the 4th of November, \nthe fleet, consisting of the Chancellor Livingston, \xe2\x80\x94 in which were \nGovernor Clinton and his party, \xe2\x80\x94 the Seneca Chief, the Young \nLion of the West, and a long line of canal packets, arrived at \nNew York, where they were met by the steamship Washington, \nwith a deputation from the Common Council, and conducted \naround the Battery and up the East River to the Navy- Yard \nopposite Brooklyn. Here, amid the ringing of bells and the \ncontinued discharge of cannon, they were met by a grand naval \nprocession, consisting of nearly all the vessels in the harbor, \ngayly festooned with the flags of all nations, and escorted to the \nschooner Dolphin, moored at Sandy Hook. \n\n20. Arrived at their destination, the Governor, the State and \ncity officers, and distinguished guests, entered the Dolphin ; and, \nthe convoy of vessels having formed an immense circle around \nthe schooner. Governor Clinton poured a keg of fresh water \nfrom Lake Erie into the waves, thus signalizing the marriage of \n\n\n\nCelebration at Albany and New York of the completion of the canal. \xe2\x80\x94 \nImposing ceremonies on the ocean. \n\n\n\n218 SH\\\'K\\T/I PEUKilK \n\nthe inlaiul \xc2\xab\xc2\xabmuj witli the Atlantic Ocemi. Dr. Saiunfl L. Mitch- \nell then nwule an ohlatiun into the uanie element of the wat4.>n) \nof the (;an;;eH, the ln\xc2\xablus, the (Janihia, the Nile, the Than; \nthe Seine, the Uhine, the Ihinulie, the >f ijipi, Colunu..,. \n\nOrinoco, I-a IMati^ ami the Amazon, gathervi im him fn\xc2\xbbm evcrv \ntjuarter of tlio civilised worUl, in token \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf that commercial \nrciippH-itv I" * \'*od hy this grt\xc2\xbbat and Kucceiiiiful enterpriHe. \n\nlil. On liicir rLtuni to the citv, lluy were met at the lUittery \nhv lui immeniti* |inM.H*Hsion of four aiul a half niiK^s in length, \nnuml>ering nearly seven thoujuuul jienion*, which jianulcil the \n|>rinci|Nil htrti-tM with lnuuicn* ami miinic until a late hour, when \nthe citv wajj brills \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2 " \xe2\x80\xa2 limitetl, ami the fcutivitieti were \ncl\xc2\xabMie\xc2\xabl with a mayuui...ii .n^jUay of fireworkn. Thus tenni- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab1, without an \' nl to mar it* lMltx\xe2\x80\xa2cHl^ the mo*t gurgoouH \n\n;iua Kplcmlitl cclcliiau-u ever witnei\xc2\xabie<! in the city. \n\n22. The NovcmU*r \xc2\xabV \xe2\x80\xa2 iis tcnuinatcil atlversely to the \nfricmlMof liovcruur Clmt..i,, .\xe2\x96\xa0> a wnuU majority in the .Vaik-mhly, \nullhou^h a majority in the .Senate still cou\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbbte<i of Hup|Mirteni \nof hiM admmmtniti \xe2\x80\xa2 The l*c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb|>le\'ii |Mirty were virtually iii\xc2\xbb- \nliamleU, ami the Oii. -^ appeared to have Iwcn ogiiiu drawn \nU\'twecn the CUntoniauB and the Democracy. \n\n\n\nfllAPTEU II. \n\nTiiiMD Admixihteatioji or CH\xc2\xbbTE\xc2\xbb>foii CiijiTox \xe2\x80\x94 roMMOji School*. \n\xe2\x80\x94 AnDtcTiii^ or MoKOAii. \xe2\x80\x94 AitTiM*\xc2\xbb<i^ic Kxcitemeht. \xe2\x80\x94 I*o- \n\nI.ITICAL Oll\xc2\xabiAJCI\xc2\xabATIO>lll.--I\xc2\xbbBO*ECCTIOil Or Ma\xc2\xbbo?i{\xc2\xab. \n\n1. TiiK lA%:isliitnrc a;r.un met ..ii the third day of January, \n\n1826. Governor Clinton, in hi* mea\xc2\xaburc, uru\'ed the ira- \n\n* portance of nn imi>n\xc2\xbbvement of the (\'ommonSchrwl SvHtcm \n\nof the State by the etttablishment of ueminariw* for the special \n\npre|nration of tcacherH, and repeat\xc2\xabd hia rocommondation fat \n\nGmnd rimfi\xc2\xabirion. illumination, and fimrork* in New York. \xe2\x80\x94 The Xo- \nY^nttirr 1* \xe2\x80\x94 Extinction of the PropU\'ii imrty. \xe2\x80\x94 Mcctinj: of the Ixifl*- \n\nlAlurv. M \'\xc2\xbbf tl\xc2\xbbc Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 The ("om moo -School Sjrftcm. \xe2\x80\x94 Semi- \n\nnario for ibc ttlucaiiun of icachcn. \xe2\x80\x94 Slate road. \n\n\n\nCLINTON\'S THIRD ADMINISTRATION, 219 \n\nthe construction of a State road through the southern tier of \ncounties. Nathan Sanford was elected United States Senator \nin the place of Eufus King, and Samuel Jones appointed Chan- \ncellor in place of Mr. Sanford. . AzxVRIah C. Flagg, of Clinton, \nwas appointed Secretary of State and Superintendent of Com- \nmon Schools. \n\n2. On the 4th of February, Mr. John C. Spencer, from \nthe Literature Committee of the Senate, to whom was referred \nthat portion of the Governor\'s message relating to the improve- \nment of the Common-School System, submitted an able report, \nsuggesting the expediency of a plan of county supervision, con- \ncurrinof with the recommendations of the Governor for the estab- \nlishment of institutions for the training of teachers, and directing \nthe attention of the Legislature to the propriety of employing \nthe various academies of the State for that purpose, and ap- \npropriating a specific portion of the public funds to the per- \nformance of this duty. \n\n3. Resolutions recommending an amendment of the Constitu- \ntion, extending the right of suffrage and providing for the elec- \ntion of Justices of the Peace by the people, in accordance with \nthe recommendations of the Governor, were introduced during \nthis session and passed both Houses. The bill for the construc- \ntion of the State road through the southern counties, in accord- \nance with the report of the commissioners appointed for its ex- \nploration and survey, was defeated by a close vote in the As- \nsembly. \n\n4. During the summer of this year, William Morgan, a \nRoyal Arch Freemason, and a printer of Batavia, Genesee Co., \nhad determined on publishing a pamphlet purporting to reveal \nthe secrets of Masonry. His intentions having become known \nto the society, on the 11th of September, a Mr. Cheesebrough, \nMaster of a Masonic lodge at Canandaigua, procured a warrant \nat Batavia for his arrest for some petty theft, and conveyed him \nto Canandaigua, where he was discharged for want of proof of \nthe alleged offence. He was then immediately rearrested for a \n\n\n\nElection of United States Senator, and appointment of Chancellor and \nSecretary of State. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of John C. Spencer on the Common-School \nSystem. \xe2\x80\x94 Resolutions for amendment of the Constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the \nState Road Bill. \n\n\n\n220 SEVKyriJ PERIOD. \n\n(lelit of two dollars to one Anhlcv, which had l^een Msigned to \nCheesebruuj^h, jiuij^anent rcndtrtHl, ami cxecut un iustantly swoni \nout bv the latter, and Morgan coiumittc*! to close continement in \nthe Canandaij^Mia jail. \n\n6. On the nij.dit of the 12th he waa clandcHtinely taken from \nthe jaiil by a numlier of nieniWrs of the Miunmic fraternity, \nthrown into a covered carria^, gagged, and conveyed, on the \nevening of the 14th, to the Caiia<U side of the Niagara Uiver, \nthence rctunie*! to the American Klu>re. and confinetl in the mag- \nazine of Fort N i\xc2\xbb wluTC he renmineti untd the 2t\xc2\xbbth, in \ncharge of Colonel Kmg of Niapira, and one KliHha Adams, \nwhen he \xc2\xab1 .ired, and was never afterwanU eeen, or his fate \ndiiMxivere^l. A thonui^\'h invc^tipition of the circumstanoea was \ninui. Iv couiuienee*!, the reuultii of which will hereafter bo \npn-wontc*!. \n\nG. At the Novriiiln r . ; . (Jovemor Clintos waa reelected \n\nbv a majority of l\xc2\xabru.,ii iliri.*e ami four thouMand votett, and \nGenend Natiiamkl ri"niiKii, of Washington County, ekvt.Ml \nLieutenant Clovenior by aU\xc2\xbbut a similar vole, owing, in the \nCftHc of the latter, to the popular excitement prtwing out of the \nState-road controvemv in the southeni count iii*. The Den^o- \ncrats carried a Uirge majority in Iwth brunches of the lx\xc2\xbbj;iKlature. \n7. On the asMcmbhng of the I^^inlaturc in the ensuing \nyear, Governor Ci.ixitix, in his meHsa;.\'^, after congratulat- \ning that UkIv on the adoption by the {leople. at the late elec- \ntion, of the pro|)(Micd aniendinoiitA to tho Couhtitiition, removing \nall restrictions, except citizcn.Hhip and reHident-o, from the right \nof voting, and providing for the eltHtion by the people of \nJustices of the Peace in the several towns, renewed his reof\xc2\xbbm- \nmendation for the construction of a State rood from the Hud- \nson Uiver to Lake Krie. \n\n8. After statin)^ that the ludance due from the State for the \nconstruction of the Krie and Cham plain Canal a w.is iilwut eiL\'lit \nmUlions of dollarn, and the annual income of thitne works, \\i\\ \nconjunction with the public fundn set apart for their suf^xut, \n\nA\xc2\xbb..\xc2\xab.in.;..n ntwi t. \xc2\xab.\xc2\xbb-.\xc2\xbb.!.. mnnlrr of Willimn Monnin. \xe2\x80\x94 ^"^\xe2\x80\xa2^\'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x99\xa6^loa of \n\n(i n of Gonrnil riichcr lu Lieut* ..\xc2\xbbv*nK\xc2\xbbr. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 V\' orit/ in the Legklacare. \xe2\x80\x94 Ooremor\'* mcMa^^v \xe2\x80\x94 Tb\xc2\xab \n\ncsnsls. \xe2\x80\x94 b I J. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 1821. 221 \n\nmore than one million, he urged the payment of the debt still \ndue at the earliest practicable period, and the investment of \nthe surplus funds of the State in other similar and auxiliary \nenterprises. \n\n9. The number of common schools in the State was esti- \nmated at eight thousand, with four hundred and thirty thousand \npupils, taught at an annual expenditure of two hundred thou- \nsand dollars. The Governor, in connection with this topic, \nrecommended the elevation and extension of the system by the \nestablishment of institutions for the preparation of teachers, \nperiodical examinations, and small libraries to be attached to \nthe several schools. \n\n10. The bill providing for the construction of a State road \nthrough the southern tier of coimties, in accordance with the \nrecommendation of the commissioners, was again defeated in the \nLegislature, as was also the bill for the construction of a canal \nfrom the Mohawk River at Utica to the Susquehanna at \nBinghamton, through the valley of the Chenango. The income \nfrom the Literature Fund of the State, increased by the transfer \nof other available funds, was directed to be apportioned among \nthe several academies and colleges according to the number of \npupils pursuing the classical and higher English branches of study. \n\n11. On the 17th of April the Legislature adjourned to the \nsecond Tuesday of September, with a view to the contemplated \nrevision of the law, in pursuance of the report of the revisers, \nMessrs. John Duer, Benjamin F. Butler, and John C. Spencer, \nthe latter gentleman having been appointed in place of Mr. \nHenry Wheaton, of New York, who had succeeded General Koot, \noriginally nominated. The two Houses accordingly assembled \non the designated day, and remained in session nearly three \nmonths, exclusively occupied in the special business for which \nthey were convened. \n\n12. The November elections resulted in the complete triumph \nof the Democratic friends of General Jackson, who had now \nentered the lists as a candidate for the Presidency. On the 1 6th \nof November, Thomas Addis Emmett, the eminent New York \n\nCommon schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Chenanfro Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Literature Fund. \xe2\x80\x94 Revision of \nthe laws. \xe2\x80\x94 Results of the November elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Thomas Addis \nEmmett. \n\n\n\n>oo .9/M\'A Vr/7 PERIOD. \n\n\xc2\xabM ^ \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab \n\nadvocate, BiuMonly expired Mhile en;j:i;;\' <l in the trial of an \nimportant cause. Suitable public hononj wero paid to hih \nmemor}\' throughout the State. \n\n13i The excitement during the whole of the preaent year in \nthe western countiet* of the 8tat\xc2\xab, on the hubjcct of tlie ab- \nduction and proliable murder of William Miip^iin, increased in \nintensity, and began rapidly to aasume a prominent [Kilitical aa \nwell OS social importance, hnmetliately after the occurrence of \nthe event, public meeting! were c\xc2\xab>nvene<l at Ilatavia and other \nwestern cities and towna, and committees of pn\xc2\xbbminent citixens \naj\'jiointed, who entered \\.\\\\n>\\\\ a thonnigh and M.>archiiig invi-ii \ngation of all the circumstances connected with it. Ample \nproofs were obtained of a daring and extensive con^piri > \nuniting memliers of the Masonic fniteniity for the commiHM\xc2\xab>u \nof n ^rcut crime, but beyond the facta of the iilMlucti\xc2\xab>n and \nBi cut unlawful imjihsonment of Morgan, no clew to his \n\nfate was found. \n\n14. Numeroua arrwta of parties i I as princifwds and \n\xe2\x80\xa2genta of the oonspiracy were mode ; and, upon their own ad- \nmiasion of gnilt, several of the leading per|>ctrators were con- \nvicted and sentenced to a long imprisonment Hnice, the \nSheriff of > \' mty, waa pp)m|>tly removed by the \nGovernor ; but, m the utter alwencc of pn\xc2\xbbof of the death of \ntlieir unfortunate victim, no severer |KMiJilties could be inflicte<l. \nPublic sentiment ran violently against the Masonic institut \nwhose oaths ami obligationa, it waa suppoacd, countenanced and \nencouraged the crime ; and its innocent aa well aa guilty \nmemU-ni were denounced us ju 4 M\xc2\xbbd conniving at, if \nnot openly jiarticiiKiting in, its ct\xc2\xbbmmisaion. \n\n15. At the annual town mectinga in the spring. \xc2\xab! \ndications were manifestetl of a disposition to carry the . \xe2\x96\xa0 \ntrovenjy into the elections, and through the ngency of the \nliullot-lK)x to give expression to the popular indignation agii \nthe meml\xc2\xbber\xc2\xbb of the .Masonic fraternity and all those who en- \ndeavored to institute a discriminatitm between those of their \nnumlter who were uctuully concerned in, or ojienly justifie<l, the \n\nAnli-MssMinlf rxritrrnmt \xe2\x80\x94 I\'nblic nmdngt. \xe2\x80\x94 hm^r*. trin^- -" \' \nconvictiont. \xe2\x80\x94 I*ubUc iudi^uation s^\'aidM Masons. \xe2\x80\x94 Puli(ic\xc2\xabl oi^ \ntion. \n\n\n\n.1; \n1. \n\n\n\nDEATH OF GOVERNOR CLINTON. 223 \n\nabduction and subsequent imprisonment, and those who de- \nnounced and repudiated these violent proceedings. \n\n16. An Anti-Masonic party was soon organized in all the \nprincipal towns and cities of the West, whose principal object \nwas the exclusion from all ofiicial trusts of the adherents and \nsupporters of Masonr}\' ; and at the fall elections a majority \nwas obtained in several counties on this, without regard to any- \nother political issue. All Masons, without distinction of party,\' \nwere systematically proscribed, and the great mass of the elec- \ntors in this section of the State speedily ranged themselves on \none side or the other of the new organization. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER III. \n\nDeath and Character of Governor Clinton. \xe2\x80\x94 Administration op- \nLieutenant-Governor Pitcher. \xe2\x80\x94 The Morgan Conspiracy. \xe2\x80\x94 \nPublic Prosecutor. \xe2\x80\x94 Chenango and Chemung Canals. \xe2\x80\x94 Elec- \ntion OF Martin Van Buren as Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Safety-Fund Banks. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Resignation of Governor Van Buken. \xe2\x80\x94 Succession of Lieu- \ntenant-Governor Throop. \xe2\x80\x94 Death OF Governor Jay. \n\n1. On the 1st of January, 1828, the Legislature again \nconvened. Governor Clintox, in his annual messao^e, re- \nnewed his recommendation for the prosecution of the system of \ninternal improvements by the construction of the State road \nand the Chenango and other lateral canals in different sections \nof the State, adverted to its prominent agricultural interests, \nand again urged suitable legislation for the improvement of the \ncommon schools and the preparation of qualified teachers, \nthrough the agency of seminaries to be established for that \nspecial purpose. \n\n2. In the midst of the session the melancholy intelligence \nwas received of the sudden death of Governor Clinton, while \nsitting in his chair and conversing with two of his sons, at his \n\nAnti-Masonic party. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeting: of the Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s mes- \nsage. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Governor Clinton. \n\n\n\nooi sKVKM\'if PI-: HI on. \n\nrt\'\xc2\xbbi(ieiice, on the cveninj^ of the 11th of Febnuin*. The hh<\xc2\xbbik \nproduced hy this unex|>octeil luid {Miiiiful event wiis dee|)ly nnd \nuniverKtiUy ft-lt thrtui^hout tiie State und nation. In tiu* \nIx\'^nMluture, the |irinci{j(d citieit and towns of the State, and at \nthe national (\'a|iitid, the moHt imiNihin;; denionHtrationti of M\xc2\xbbm>w \nand jH\'ief were evinced, without distinction of iKirty. All men \nfelt that a p^-at htatvsnian ami a ginxl man had do|)artiHl fn\xc2\xbbni \nthe scene of his usifulncHK, in the maturity of hiit powers uiul \nthe fulness of his fame. \n\n3. For more than thirty yeani Governor ru.sTttN hml i\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab . \npied a pn>minent and conunanding {tosition on a puhlic otiK \xc2\xab r. \nAs private Htcretary to his uncle, ljc\xc2\xab.\xc2\xbbrpj Clinton, as Mayor of \nthe city of New York, as I\'nited States and State Si\xc2\xabnator, \nCanal C\'\xc2\xab>mniiMMtonir, and iiovemor, he had lel\\ the im|>re\xc2\xbbs uf \nhis intelUt*tuid and mond ^\'atno^-H on all the 1 \ninterests of the ^tate and imtion. The KuiK Canal wom the \ncrowning triumph of his active ami enerp\'tio career; luit the \ncause of common school < ;i>iu the a^cultund, nuinufactur- \nWi*, and com: d interests of the State, and its |ioliticai kii- \npremacy as the most imiM^rtant mendtiT of the I\'niou, were all \nidentifietl with his Ion;; adnnnistration of its atCiirs. \n\n4. Mis an. was not of that vul;nu\' onler hImiIi aeeks \nonly MUn-ejMi and the |\xc2\xbbos\xc2\xbbo\xc2\xbbwion of station and jKiwer, nud \nshrinkH from eticounterin;; |iopular ol>l\xc2\xabM|uy, discoiirapn^ cir \ncumHtiuici>ti, and imhittere<l perh* i, in the pursuit of tho \nri;;ht. No man saw cleanT the |iath of puhlic tluty, or more \nfully appnviatiHl the means and ends of the pvat cnteqirim\'H \nwhich presi-ntttl themHcIves to his comprrhenMi%*e mincl. No \nopiMiftitiun deterretl him, no sacriHccs or lalKirs were dei\'me<I to\xc2\xab> \ngreat, no ptditiad or )M>rs\'>n.il hostility for a moment nwu\\\' I \nhim fnim his onward coume, and no -iiintmenta or dis- \ncoun4rcment\xc2\xab intlucnce<l his steady and stately propvss. In \nall the Km;: ami varie<l nnnals <\xc2\xbbf tho Kmpirc State, no preatcr \nor nu\xc2\xbbre illustrious name tlian that of Dk Witt Clintd.n bos vet \nbeen found. \n\n5. On the death of Governor Ci.ixtov, Lieutenant-Govenior \nPiTCMKR assumed the administration of the executive delmrt- \n\nPrwTpdlnipi of r"^\'^\'" >wdi\xc2\xab, \xe2\x80\x94 Chsrsetcr of Goreraor Cllnloo. \xe2\x80\x94 8itc- \neeMion uf LiouicQn \xe2\x80\xa2omur ritcbcr. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 1821. 225 \n\nment for the remainder of the term. In his first message to \nthe Legislature he recommended the appointment of a special \nPublic Prosecutor for the detection and punishment of the per- \npetrators of the outrage on William Morgan. Daniel Mosely, \nof Onondaga, was accordingly appointed for this purpose, and \nentered at once upon the active discharge of its duties. The \nbills for the construction of the Chenango and Chemung Canals, \nafter passing the Assembly, were again defeated in the Senate. \n\n6. An act was passed for the organization, in the city of \nNew York, of a Superior Court of Common Pleas for the trial \nof civil actions. Chancellor Jones being appointed Chief-Justice, \nand JosiAH Ogden Hoffman and Thomas J. Oakley Associate \nJustices. \n\n7. The political contest for State offices and the Presidency \nwas now actively commenced between the friends of the two \nrival candidates, \xe2\x80\x94 John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. \nA third element had also taken the field in the interest of the \nAnti-Masonic organization, which had already assumed a promi- \nnent importance in the State. The candidates of the Adams \nparty were, for Governor of New York, Smith Thompson, Associ- \nate Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States, and \nFrancis Granger, of Ontario, for Lieutenant-Governor ; Mar- \ntin Van Buren, of Columbia, United States Senator, and Enos \nT. Throop, of Cayuga, one of the circuit judges, were the Jack- \nson candidates, and Solomon Southwick, of Albany, and John \nCrary, of Washington, the Anti-Masonic candidates for Governor \nand Lieutenant-Governor respectively. \n\n8. After an excited and animated contest, Martin Van Buren \nwas elected Governor and Enos T. Throop Lieutenant-Governor \nat the November elections, by a plurality of about thirty thou- \nsand votes over Thompson and Granger, the Anti-Masonic can- \ndidates receiving upwards of thirty-three thousand votes. The \nLegislature was about equally divided between the friends of \nAdams and Jackson respectively, with a liberal infusion of the \n\nAppointment of Public Prosecutor of the Morgan outrage. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the \nChenango and Chemung Canals. \xe2\x80\x94 Superior Court in the city of New York \n\xe2\x80\x94 Appointments of judges. \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential campaign of 1828. \xe2\x80\x94 Nomina- \ntions for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Governor Van \nBuren, Lieutenant-Governor Throop, and President Jackson. \n\n\n\n2\'2Ci SEVEXTn PERIOD. \n\nAnti-Ma\xc2\xabonic clement. Twenty electors in favor of General \nJa( K.HON and sixteen in fuvr\xc2\xbbr of Mr. Adams were chosen. Gen- \neral A.viiiiEW Jackson, of Tenuesnee, wa\xc2\xab electt^l IViKulent, ami \nJohn C. Cauioun, of South Carolina, Vicc-I*re\xc2\xabiilent, bv an im \nmcnso ninjority in the electoral college* over Mr. Adams and \nKiciiARD lUsii, of PennMvlvania. \n\n9. During the year many iitx-e\xc2\xab*i<\xc2\xbbuH fnmi the Masonic fra- \nteniity occurretl, and nunuTous revtlutionn of it\xc2\xab m s wen- \n\nmade, 8trcnj,\xc2\xbbthening the force and augmenting the numl>erB of \nthe o|\xc2\xbb|>onent8 of the institution. It\xc2\xab complete overthn\xc2\xbbw wuh \nMOW aimetl at, and c\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbnvention!* for the or^oinimiion of a plan of \noperationii for the nccomplishment of thin object were held at \nlx?wiiiton, \\a} Hoy, I\'tu-a, und otlur pliuoK. At the general \nelections in lHi7 and 1828, Boveml of the wcHtern counties \nwere cnrrie*! by overwhelming iim^ >, and the public en \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nmcnt continue<i to incr*\xc2\xbbT\xc2\xbbH\xc2\xabv \n\n10. On the : iir of the l^\'i\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbblature at the com- \n\n*^^ menccment of the e: \' year, Clovenior Vax BrRK.\\, \n\nin his meswige, reoommenditl the appliaition of the surplus funds \nof the State aiul a judicious use of its cre<lit to the extension \nof the Bvstera of intenud improvementA, the eMtablishment of a \nsafety-fund f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr the ultinuite re<lcinption of the notes of the \nseveral Imnks of the State, the of pre.s; lors \n\nbv general ticket, and the promotion of the interests of ;. A \n\neducation. \n\n11. Tlio bill ft .r the estu :\xc2\xbbcnt of a safety fund l^mking \n\nsystem, in acconlance with the Governor\'s recommendation and \na plan submitte<l by Joshua Forman, of Onondaga, liccame a \nlaw, and thirtv-one banks, exclusive of those in the city of \nNew York, were rechartercd under its provisions. Ciiaui.\xc2\xbb> H \nDuDLKT, of Allmny, was ap{)ointed Tnite*! States Senator to fill \nthe vacancy occasione<l by the election of (iovenior Von Buren ; \nCkkkxkC. Ilu\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbNsoN, of Oneida, was appointed .Vttorney-Genenil ; \nSilas Wuigiit, Jr., of St. Lawrence, Comptndler, and John C. \nSPE.NCER, of Ontario, Public Pnvsecutor of the Morgan outrage. \n\n\n\nProgTtM of iIk5 Anli-M\xc2\xab-\xc2\xabonic excitement. \xe2\x80\x94 Meeiinp of the Tx^"-1\xc2\xabitnre. \n\xe2\x80\x94 r, -\'n nje*!\xc2\xabMrt>. \xe2\x80\x94 It -^ \xe2\x80\x94 8\xc2\xabfciyfund Uw Mnd \n\n^nr^ ,.; Unk chsrtcm. \xe2\x80\x94 .\\,, .: ; - \'i*\' oflle^ri. \xe2\x80\x94 Proddenlial \n\ncl\'> -I- to be chosen by gvncral ticket. \n\n\n\nVAN BUREN\'S ADMINISTRATION. 227 \n\nin place of Judge Mosely. Presidential electors were directed \nhereafter to be chosen by general ticket, instead of by districts, \nas heretofore. \n\n12. Governor Van Buren, having immediately, on the inau- \nguration of President Jackson, received the appointment of \nSecretaiy of State of the United States, on the 12th of March \ntendered his resignation as Governor ; the duties of which office \nnow devolved on Lieutenant-Governor Throop. The bill for the \nconstruction of the Chenango Canal was passed in a modified \nform, subject to a resurvey of the route by the Canal Com- \nmissioners, and their report to the next Legislature that the \ncost of the work would not exceed $1,000,000, and that within \nten years thereafter its receipts would annually exceed its ex- \npenditures. The Chemung Canal Bill also became a law. \nThe Legislature adjourned on the 5th of May. \n\n13. On the 17th of May the venerable John Jay expired at \nhis residence in Westchester County, at the advanced age of \neighty-three years. Having successively filled the offices of \nChief-Justice of New York and of the United States, Minister \nto England, and Governor of the State, he had achieved a high \nreputation as a statesman, diplomatist, and jurist, and appropri- \nate marks of respect were paid to his memory by the various \njudicial and civil tribunals of the State. \n\n14. The November elections resulted in a very large majority, \nin both branches of the Le^-islature, of the Democratic friends \nof President Jackson. The Anti-Masonic party was now re- \nstricted chiefly to the western counties comprised within the \nSeventh and Eighth Senatorial Districts. They carried fifteen \ncounties \xe2\x80\x94 about one fourth of the whole number \xe2\x80\x94 and polled \nsixty-seven thousand votes. No new developments were, how- \never, made of the Morgan conspiracy, notwithstanding the spe- \ncial investigation instituted by the Legislature, and which was \nstill in progi\'ess. \n\nGovernor Van Buren appointed Secretary of State. \xe2\x80\x94 His resignation as \nGovernor. \xe2\x80\x94 Succession of Lieutenant-Governor Throop. \xe2\x80\x94 Passage of the \nChenango and Chemung Cnnal Bills. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Governor John Jay. \xe2\x80\x94 \nResult of the November elections. \n\n\n\n228 SEVKSTIl PERIOD. \n\n\n\nCHAPTKR IV. \n\nElectiott axd Admixistratioii or Gotcrxok Khos T. Tusoor. \xe2\x80\x94 \nC\'licKAXcjo Caxal. \xe2\x80\x94 Pkogkcm or tiik AxTiMAftOjiic Partt. \xe2\x80\x94 \nIt\xc2\xab Fixal KxTistcTiosr asd Kcai\'lt*. \xe2\x80\x94 Klrctiox or Govkrxor \nMarct axd LiKL\'TK!(AXT-Govft:RxoR Tract. \n\n1. Ox the first Tuentiay iu Juntmrv. 183(\xc2\xbb, the Legislature re- \n\n\n\n*mble(L Ciovenior Tni. ini\'SKUgo wna prinr-innllv \n\ndevoted to a p-tu-nl oxT>"^ition of the tiiiancinl i n \n\naud literurv aiid chaj \' utions of the State. \n\n2. The Canal Com nil <\xc2\xbbu the *JUt of Janiiun*, tmhH \nnutted a report to the \\a ire, ni\'ttin^ forth, thut^ after un \ni ; litioiml Biirvfv and < n of the route of the content- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 A \n\nI\'latiil CuKNANtio Caxai., they !\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb I irriveil ut the concluuion \nthat ita ct\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbt would o^cf^fi a million of dollars, and that the \nprtiliahle annual i u itJi tollii, in connection with the \n\nincrt\'aikMl tolU on the Erie Canal, wouhl not tk-fmy the interest \nu|)on its co\xc2\xabt and the ex|ien8eii of refiaini and 8U|)erintendence, \nor either \xe2\x99\xa6\xc2\xbbf th"m. Tluy therefore declmed to proceed further \nin it\xc2\xab \' \n\n3. Thin m,. . hy a report from Comptroller Wnir.iiT, \nhltowing the inex| . y of uppntpnatuif; any oilditiitnal fundn \nto the conMtniction of public workii, without it|)ecific pntviKion \nfor their expeuHO. Notwith\xc2\xabtnnding the\xc2\xbbc unfavorahle auiruri\xe2\x82\xac\xc2\xbbji, \nanother lull for the ctmHtniction of the canal was inti d, \nand vi^nuwly Kupported hy Mr. (Inuiger and other leading \nmemlierH of the IIoum*. hut faile<i to liecomc a law. \n\n4. The repre\xc2\xab4\'ntative\xc2\xab of the Anti-Manonic party held a State \nConvention at Cticn in August, at which Fii.\\Nci.s CfUANOKR, of \nOntario, was phux>d in nomination for (iovemor, and Samicl \nStkvk.ns, of AlUiny, for Lieutenant -(Iovemor. Forty -eight \ncounties were n\'pn-s<^nted hy one hundred and four delegnt*.**. \nOn the 8th of S\'ptoinlicr, F.Xi\xc2\xbbs T. TllRonp won nominate*! hy the \nDemocrats at Herkimer for (fovemor, and Kdwaiid 1*. Livi.xo- \n\n>T " \xe2\x80\xa2 of the L rr. \xe2\x80\x94 r ,.r\'\xc2\xab mf\xe2\x80\x94tjLr \xe2\x80\x94 Rr|>nrt of r\xc2\xabniil \n\nr - ~ on till Ciivamngo i^^ aiuu. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the UU. \xe2\x80\x94 roliticAl \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 1821. 229 \n\nSTON, of Columbia, for Lieutenant-Governor. No other candidates \nwere in the field. Governor Throo\xc2\xa3\xc2\xbb and Lieutenant-Governor \nLivingston received a majority of eight thousand votes over the \nAnti-Masonic candidates, whose aggregate strength at the Novem- \nber election was over one hundred and twenty thousand votes. \n\n5. Mr. John C. Spencer, who had been appointed Public \nProsecutor of the Morgan conspiracy by the Governor, had en- \ntered upon the discharge of his duties with his accustomed zeal \nand energ}^ and prosecuted his inquiries with indefatigable in- \ndustry and great ability. So successful were his exertions in \ntracing the tangled web of this mysterious affair, that he con- \nceived it within his power to effect a complete exposure of \nthe perpetrators of the crime, with the assistance of additional \nfunds from the State derived from the rewards heretofore of- \nfered for the detection. \n\n6. These funds were, however, refused ; and the Legislature, \napprehensive, as was contended, of the political effect of the \ndisclosures already made and transmitted to that body by Mr. \nSpencer, not only refused to authorize any additional expenditure, \nbut cut down his own salary to one thousand dollars. Deeming \nthis an intentional insult, not only to himself bat to the gi\'eat \nbody of Anti-Masons in the State, he at once transmitted his re- \nsignation, with the allegation that, so far from having received any \neffective aid from the Executive, his confidential communications \nhad been disclosed by the Governor to the counsel for the con- \nspirators. These facts served powerfully to strengthen the Anti- \nMasonic party as a political organization throughout the State. \n\n7. At the opening of the session in January, 1831, \nGovernor Throop\'s message consisted of a general reca- \npitulation of the subjects heretofore presented by him, with an \nadditional recommendation for the abolition of imprisonment for \ndebt. William L. Marcy, one of the justices of the Supreme \nCourt, was appointed in February United States Senator in \nplace of Nathan Sanford, whose term had expired, and Samuel \nNelson, of Cortlandt, a Judge of the Supreme Court. \n\nElection of Governor Throop and Lieutenant-Governor Livinjorston. \xe2\x80\x94 \nStrength of parties. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Public Prosecutor. \xe2\x80\x94 Resigna- \ntion of Mr. Spencer. \xe2\x80\x94 The Legislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Appoint- \nments of United States Senator and Judge of the Supreme Court. \n\n\n\n230 SEVEXTH PFJilOD. \n\n8. Joint resolutions npunst the renewal of the charter of the \nUnited States Ilnnk were reportetl and adopted by Uith Hoiiscf*. \nand a hill for the construction of the C\'henan^ Taual apiin pre \nsentiHl and tiefeated. The Lej^nlature finHlly adjuurned on the \n20th of April. So\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn aftemranls Mr. Van* Hi riin was ap])ointe<!, \nby the President, Minister to hln^land, to which {wtst he re]\xc2\xbbain.<l. \nafter resi^^iin^ his poNition in the < \'abinet. \n\n9. In May Junas Karl, of l>nundii^T waa ap{x>inted Canal \nCommiiwioner, in place of Hinry Seymour, resigiiod. On the \n4th of July, Kx-l*re\xc2\xbbidcnt Jaii>2$ M\xc2\xabtMu>E die<l at New York, \nmakiniL; the thirtl of tht>so venenible chief nmpstrate.s \xc2\xabho had \nexpired on tfif atinivrrHnrv r.f tl\xc2\xbbr\xc2\xbb rfiiv uTii. fi .\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbvi- \\>\\t\\Xi to tlic \n\nnation. \n\n10. The NoTemher elections terminated in (avor of the Pemo- \ncruts in all the districts exi*ept the Ki;.\'hth, and in the retnr.i \nof a larp? Ik\'niocratic uiajority in ln\xc2\xbbth liraiichcs of the \\a--..-> \nlaturc. Tlic Anti-Masons electe*! thirty nu\'inU>rs in the Anst-m- \nbly, and the Natioiuil UepublicaiiH, or siiTiTwrtomof IIknry Clay \n\nfor rrcHident, at the ensuing; election, a, i (fcncnd Jackson, \n\nsix. The n>siduc were Jacksonuin I)eniocnits. William Wirt \nof Maryland, late Attoniey-<ieneral of the I\'nited Stat4\xc2\xbbs, had \nlieen placed in nomination by the Anti-.Masonic jwrty as their \ncandidate for the Pn-Hulency in 18.12. and Ajirw Kllmakkr, of \nPennsvlvnnin, as V ire- President Mr. Clj^r was nominated bv \nthe Nil i Hepublicans, with Jnnv .SMuirwr, of IVniiwl- \n\nvania, for Vice-President \n\n1 1. <>n the aanemblin^ of the LogiaUture at the o|K\xc2\xbbninfr \nof the succeedinfif year the mcsaaffD of (tovrnur TiiiC\' \npre8cnte<l the usual topics of infonnation and si.^_ .on to the \nLeiriHlature. .V proposition for a State tax of one mill on the \ndollar, recommende<l by the Oovemor and ( omptroller, was, \nafter full disctiKsion. rejectetl, as was also another bill fctr the \nconstruction of the Chenango Canal. \n\n12. On the 2lst of June, Francis CiuN\'.kh unl SAMLm. \n\n\n\nRenewnl of the United SLitrs B.-ink chanrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Drfcat of Cbeoango Canal \nBill\xe2\x80\x94 Minister to Kntrlnnd. \xe2\x80\x94 Apftrnntmcnt of r\xc2\xabnal ComininfaNwr. \xe2\x80\x94 \nP \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\' Kx P- \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 ^._i; .n\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 V \n\nCA. \xe2\x96\xa0. . I...- \xe2\x80\xa2 , ,,, J. and \\ i. . i I- \xe2\x80\x94 Tx\'in\'ii.i\'iiri- ><i i -vi^. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 K<, \xe2\x80\xa2 bill for a Slate tax Oi. ;hr (hrnango Cinal. \n\n\n\nPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS. 231 \n\nStevens were renominated, by the Anti-Masonic Convention at \nUtica, for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor, with an electoral \nticket headed by James Kext and John C. Spencer. This \nticket was adopted by the National RepubUcan State Conven- \ntion at the same place, held on the 26th of July. The Demo- \ncratic Convention at Herkimer placed in nomination William \nL. Marcy for Governor, and John Tracy, of Chenango, for \nLieutenant-Governor ; and an electoral ticket in favor of An- \ndrew Jackson for President, and Martin Van Buren, w^hose \nnomination as Minister to England had been rejected by the \nUnited States Senate, as Vice-President. \n\n13. The triumph of this party at the November elections was \ncomplete. The western counties gave their usual majorities for \nthe Anti-Masonic candidates, but the Democrats carried the \nState by thirteen thousand majority, and with it both branches \nof the Legislature. General Jackson and Mr. Van Buren w^ere \nelected President and Vice-President by a large majority of the \nelectoral votes, the former receiving 219 and the latter 189 \nvotes, against 67 for Mr. Clay, 11 for John Floyd of Virginia, \n7 (Vermont) for Mr. Wirt, 49 for Mr. Sergeant, 30 for William \nWilkins of Pennsylvania, 11 for Henry Lee of Massachusetts, \nand 7 for Mr. Ellmaker. \n\n14. This contest virtually terminated the existence, as a \npolitical, national, and State party, of Anti-Masonry. In the \ndistrict of its origin it continued for several years to elect its \nSenators and Representatives in the Legislature, but soon be- \ncame merged in the other political organizations of the period. \nIt had accomplished its mission in the almost total exclusion of \nMasons from public office wherever it had obtained an ascen- \ndency. It had asserted and gallantly maintained the great \nprinciple of personal inviolability to the humblest citizen, and \nalthough it failed in fastening upon any one or any number \nof men the perpetration of the crime of deliberate murder, it \nleft upon the public mind the assured conviction of the fact, by \na combination too powerful and extensive to be reached. \n\nNominations for Governor and Lieutenant-Governor. \xe2\x80\x94Election of Marcy \nand Tracy. \xe2\x80\x94 Democratic triumph at the presidential election. \xe2\x80\x94Jackson \nand Van Buren elected President and Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 Termination of \npolitical Anti-Masonry. \xe2\x80\x94 Results of the Anti-Masonic organization. \n\n\n\nf t< \xe2\x80\xa2 t t \xe2\x80\xa2 > r \n\n\n\nI 1 1 n V .11\' \n\n\n\n232 SEVESTII PERIOD. \n\nla. Nor (lid it succeed in ita cflbrts to destroy and root out \nthe iiistitutiun of Musoiirv, or convinco the miyohty of n*^- \npeople that nnvthiii^ in its or^niuition or obligations j> \nthe crime of murder or nUluction, however some of its unwor- \nthy memliern may have construed tho\xc2\xabe obligations. Mosonr}*, \nthough bending for a time before the blast in its fur}*, soon \nregained its original power and influence ; and its up|>onentA, \namong whom were many of the ablest and liest men in tho \nState, abandoning their warfiuro against an institution, dcvoteil \nthemselree to a higher and wider ambition, and have K\'ft their \nimpress upon the councils of the State and nation. \n\nRertrsl of Mssoorjr. \n\n\n\n\nCroton Aqueduct. The Dam. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER V. \n\nAdministration of Governor Marcy. \xe2\x80\x94Internal Improvements.\xe2\x80\x94 \nCommon Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Chknango Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Enlargement of the \nErie Canal. \n\n1. Governor Marcy, in his first message to the Legis- ^^^^ \nlatiu-e in January, 1833, reviewed the general pohcy of the " \nState in reference to all its leading interests, recommending a \njudicious prosecution of the system of internal improvements, \nthe improvement and advancement of the common schools and \nother educational institutions, and the preservation of public \nand private credit by an economical expenditure of the public \nfunds, and a wise restriction of extended banking facilities and \nimprovident speculations. \n\n2. Silas Wright, Jr., of St. Lawrence, was chosen United \nStates Senator to supply the vacancy occasioned by the resig- \n\n\n\nLegislative proceedings. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Senators. \n\n\n\n234 CO.UUOY SCHOOLS ASD CASAL KSL.\\n(JEME.\\T. \n\nnation of Governor Marty ; and Nathan if.l P. Talluadob, d \nIhilchess, in pliuoof Mr. l)u\xc2\xbblley, i\xc2\xbbho\xc2\xabo tenn hiul expirtnl ; Mr. \nFu\\GU proniuUil to the office of Comptroller ; anil (leneml Joii\\ \nA. Dix to that of Secretary of State and Sujierintentlent of \xc2\xab \nnion SehooU ; and Michael Hoffman, of Herkimer, wa\xc2\xbb i\\\\ \npointed an additiomd Canal CominiiMiioner. \n\n3. From the annual rei\xc2\xbbort of the Su|\xc2\xbberintendent it ap|>eari 1 \nthat the numl\xc2\xbber of commnn uthooU in the State had increaiM ! \nto nine thouwuid i^ix huudreil, in which altout five hnndriHl thou- \nmuid chililren were tau^^ht during the jirc\' year. AH- ; \n\nch.ortering a few . iial Uinka, pasbin^ an act for the oon- \n\nBtruction of the Chexanoo Canal, ami tramsacting the onlinary \nhuainess of the settiou, the LejOHlature ndjounutL The Novem- \nber el\' H resulted in another decidinl triumph of the I>emo- \ncnitic p\xc2\xabirty. \n\nt. PuMiijx the Huminerof 1S34 the o|\xc2\xbb|ioncnt\xc2\xab of the na- \ntional and State adii ii*, now known an the Whio \n\npartv, placed in noni :iat the I tica Ci>nvention William H. \n\nSkwakp, of* I, for \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbovenior, luid Silaw M. Stilwell, of New \n\nYork, for Lieutenant aior. The Herkimer Convention re- \n\nn\xc2\xab>ininated (Jovemor Maik\'T and I^ieutenant(ioveni<ir TiucT, \nwho were rtM\'lecteil in N<\xc2\xbbveml\xc2\xbber, with a buxe I>einocratic \nmajority in both hranchen of the 1 ilure, by about eleven \n\nthouiKUul majority. \n\nr\xc2\xbb. The U^iislature of 1835 aaenible<l in Januor}-. Gov- \n\'*^\' enior Maiu v. in bin me\xe2\x80\x94gc^reconu. 1 the enlargement \n\nof the F.rie Canal, aiHl the ttuppmiion of all Uuik iioteu under the \ndenomination of five dollarH, Nith which menAuren were a<h\xc2\xbbpted \nby the Ix^ihlaturv by a Mtronj; vote. He aU) eamcHtly iniUHted \nupon the imiK\xc2\xbbrtancc of iiecurinK\'. by meiuin of the conunon \nschool^ Huch an tnbu^tion of all claasai and coiiditionii of our \nfuture citizens a\xc2\xab Hhould qualify them for u\xc2\xabcfulne\xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbb ond virtue. \n\nG. The removal bv the > r\\ of the Treaaury of the \n\nUnited States, under the direction of iVrsident Jackson, ("f the \n\n^ r*. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'nitctl SiAic^ Scn\xc2\xabl\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr\xc2\xbb. \xe2\x80\x94 Cunal romn>i>\xc2\xbbi<\'in r \xe2\x80\x94 Ctim- \n\nyr.^-.^ ..,;..: ;..no. \xe2\x80\x94 K \n\nTmcr. \xe2\x80\x94 TVmomnic : - uvct- \n\nMg\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Enlii t of U)c Kric C*anal. \xe2\x80\x94 Small t>ilU. \n\n\n\nSTATE BANKS. \xe2\x80\x94 COMMON SCHOOLS. 235 \n\ngovernment deposits of money from the United States Bank, \nwhose charter was about expiring, to the State Banks, and the \nconsequent contraction of the circulation and discounts of that \ninstitution, and collection of its debts, resulted in serious em- \nbarrassment to the commercial interests of the State, involving \n1 the imminent danger of the suspension of its principal banks. \nTo avert this danger, the Legislature, on the 2 2d of March, \npassed an act, on the recommendation of the Governor, tender- \ning the loan of the credit of the State to the amount of five \nmillions of dollars to the banks, should such relief become, in \ntheir judgment, necessary. \n\n7. The Bank of the United States, however, soon adopted a \nchange of policy, from the contraction to the extension of its \nissues, which not only rendered any assistance from the State \nunnecessary, but so rapidly filled the channels of circulation as \nto induce the creation of a large number of additional banks, \nand an extensive spirit of speculation in their stocks and in real \nestate and commercial transactions generally. A period of un- \nexampled prosperity in nearly all branches of trade and industry \nstimulated to the highest extent this spirit, which speedily per- \nvaded every department of business. \n\n8. On the 8th of January of this year. General Dix, as Chair- \nman of a Committee of the Regents of the University, submitted \nan elaborate and able report, recommending the establishment \nand organization of departments for the education of common- \nschool teachers in one of the academies in each of the eio\'ht \nsenatorial districts, to be selected for that purpose by the \nRegents. This report was adopted, and carried into immediate \neifect by that body. On the 13th of April the Legislature \npassed an act authorizing the purchase of District Libraries \nin the several school districts of the State, \xe2\x80\x94 a measure originat- \ning with James Wadsworth, of Genesee, Livingston County, and \nvigorously supported by Secretaries Flagg and Dix, and Sena- \ntors Young, of Saratoga, and Levi Beardsley, of Otsego. \n\nEffect of the removal of government deposits from the United States \nBank. \xe2\x80\x94 Loan of the credit of the State to the banks. \xe2\x80\x94 Commercial revul- \nsion. \xe2\x80\x94 Increase of charters. \xe2\x80\x94 General spirit of speculation. \xe2\x80\x94 Unexampled \nbusiness prospei-ity. \xe2\x80\x94 Academical departments for the education of teachers. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Common-school libraries. \n\n\n\nojG SEVEyni PERIOD. \n\n9. Eiirly in the setBion, Dr. William Campbell, of Otaego, \nwafi ap|\xc2\xbbointetl Survcyor-licncral, to till the vacancy oooaMoned \nby tlie death of the vencmhlc Sim\xc2\xbbjn Dk Witt, who for the \npost fifty yeanj liad occupitHi this |\xc2\xbboHitiun, throu^jh till the vicih \nBitudeH of I\xc2\xbbrty strife. During; the recess of the l^^^^islaturi . \nJohn lluWMA.v, of Monroe, was a|ijR)inted Cauiil Commissionei . \nand E\xc2\xabEK Cowen, of .Sarult>j;a, a jud)^ of the Supreme Court, iu \npUcc of Judge SuthtTbind, resij^netl. The Novemlier elections \nresulted, as usuid, in the complete sucoen of the Democrats in \nboth bnuuhfs of the Ix*^:islature. \n\n10. In the summer of this veiir the couHtructuui t\xc2\xbbf the < \nTON AyiKUUcT w\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb commenced, at the distance of forty milc^ \nfrt>m the city of New York, whence the waters of the Croton \nKiver, iu We\xc2\xabtehc\xc2\xbbtcr County, aUmt five mdcs fn*m the Hud \n\xe2\x96\xa0on, were collected by metuis of a dam thrown acn>HS the stream, \ncreating\' an iuuuense |iond, five mdes in len^rth, \xc2\xab \xe2\x80\xa2 m^\' an area \nof four hundre<l acres, and cuutuinin;; 5lK),tMH\xc2\xbb,uuu gallons of \nwater. From this dam the great atpieiluct was cut through \nsolid rocks, acn>fts valleys luid hUls, by em)>ankments and cul- \nverts, untd it rvttched the Harlem Kiver, which it chissihI by \nthe magnificent Hniii HulIKj^;, a stone structiire, 1,450 feet long, \nwith fourtet^\'n immense piers, 114 feet alwvo tide-watvr, and \nc*\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabting $0(M),<MK). \n\n11. From this bn\xc2\xbblj\xc2\xab\'. ut the foot of One Hun<lnHl and Se\\ \nentv-Fourth Street, tin- * id extended to the rcocivint^^ \n\nm \n\nreservoir, at the comer t>f highly Sixth Street ai " ^ * \\venuc, \ncovering thirty five acres, and containing I50,wuu,uini galloiiH. \nwhence, through a distributing rescrvt\xc2\xbbir between Fortieth an<l \nF<\xc2\xbbrty - I Street, of 21,000,(KK) gallons, the water was con- \n\nductini \\>\\ iron pijies to ever}\' portion of the city. \n\n12. On the ni;;ht of the 10th of Deccmlx-T, one of the coldest \nknown for half a century, a terrible and extensive conflagration \nocctirre<l in the lower portion of the city of New York, raging \nfor three days with intense fierceness, and consuming six hun- \ndred and forty-eight houses and stores, with a loss amounting \n\n\n\nDeath of Simeon I)c Witt. \xe2\x80\x94 Ap|ioinimcnt of Surrcjror-Ocneral. \xe2\x80\x94 Judc^ \nof the S II pivnie Court ami Can.il Coninii\xc2\xabAioner. \xe2\x80\x94 R\xc2\xabuU of the etectioti \n\xe2\x80\x94 ConMniction of the Croion Aqueduct \xe2\x80\x94 The High Bridge. \xe2\x80\x94 Great fino \nin New York. \n\n\n\nADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR MARCY. 237 \n\nto eighteen millions of dollars, chiefly in Wall Street and the \nadjacent neighborhood, including the large marble Exchange \nBuilding and the South Dutch Church. The several insurance \ncompanies of the city were compelled to suspend payment, from \nthe excessive magnitude of the losses. \n\n13. On the 5th of January, 1836, the Legislature again \nassembled. Governor Marcy, in his message, cautioned \n\nthe Legislature against the further prosecution of internal im- \nprovements without the provision of specific funds for the pay- \nment of the interest of their cost. Bills were, however, passed \nduring the session for the construction of the Black River and \nGexesee Canals, and for the loan of three millions of dollars to \naid in the construction of the New York and Erie Railroad, \nthrough the southern tier of counties. \n\n14. Chief- Justice Savage having resigned his position on the \nbench of the Supreme Court, Samuel Nelson was appointed to \nthat position, and Greene C. Bronson, Associate Judge. Samuel \nBeardsley, of Oneida, succeeded the latter as Attorney-General. \nWilliam Baker, of Otsego, late Speaker, was appointed an ad- \nditional Canal Commissioner. \n\n15. Previous to the adjournment of the Legislature, resolu- \ntions for the expulsion of Senators Kemble and Bishop, on \ncharges of fraudulent speculations in the stock of banks chartered \nduring the session, were reported by a committee of the Senate \ncharged with their investigation. The passage of the resolu- \ntions was, however, anticipated by the resignation of the two \nSenators, followed by that of Colonel Young and Senator Van \nScHAiCK, who felt indignant at the lenity exhibited in their be- \nhalf by the refusal of the Senate to expel the offenders. \n\n16. Jesse Buel, of Albany, and Gamaliel H. Barstow, of \nTioga, were nominated by the Whig Convention at Utica for \nGovernor and Lieutenant-Governor, at the ensuing election, \naj^ainst Governor Marcy and Lieutenant-Governor Tracy, who \nwere again placed in nomination by the Democratic Conventton \nat Herkimer, and re-elected, with a Van Buren electoral ticket. \n\nBlack Kiver and Genesee Canals. \xe2\x80\x94 New York and Erie Railroad. \xe2\x80\x94 \nChief Justice and Judge of the Supreme Court. \xe2\x80\x94 Attorney-General. \xe2\x80\x94 \n. Proceedings against Senators Kemble and Bishop. \xe2\x80\x94 Re-election of Gov- \nernor Marcy and Lieutenant-Governor Tracy. \n\n\n\n238 .SATA\'.V/// PERIOD. \n\nby upwards of twenty-uino thouHaiul inaji\xc2\xbbnly, wiib a luivo \nmajority in l>otli l.nnuhoK of tlio Lo;4\xc2\xab^l\xc2\xbbitun\'. Maktis Van \nIkiiKN w\xc2\xbbu* elocittl President, and CuKuiel KiciiAKU M. John- \nson, of Kentucky, N\'i< t Pn^ikut, t.f the Iniled Statoa, by a \nnmjority of one hundre*i and three eltvt\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnil votes over tien- \nenil William H. nAiuu?*oN, of Ohio, and Fuaxcls (Jrasukk, of \n\nNew Y\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrk. \n\n17. At the o|aiuii;4 \xc2\xab\'i the 8eiv^\xc2\xbbv>n in 1837, Govenior \n\nMakcy a^in invoked the attention of the Legiidaturu to \nthe Hul\xc2\xbbject of conunon Hchotd inluaition, in c<\xc2\xbbnnection with the \nact of (.VmiCTLiw of the preeedintj year, authorizing\' the dejjoiiit \nwith the \xc2\xbbeverul States of the surphiH revenuo of the I\'nited \nStates. He recommended the appropriation, fnmi the unnuid in- \ncome of this fluid, of an amount etpud to tliat ni\xc2\xbbw ap|Mjrtioned \nby tho Stale for the supiM>rt of tlio schools, a hl>eml sum fi\xc2\xbbr \n\nthe various acailemics, <\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 -uHy thtww in which dejiartmentH \n\nfor the ctlucution c\xc2\xbbf tidU.iM had Uvi^ estahhslieil, and tho \naddition of the resitlue to the aipitul of tho commou-school \n\nfund. \n\n18. Silas Wright, Jr., was reelected to the Senate of tho \nUnited Staites. A few days previous to tho adjournment of \nthe Ix>gisLiturp, infonnation was received of the Kus{>ension of \n8{)eiie {mymcnts by tho Ixuiks of New York and tho counlr)\' \n^rnendlv, prmbicini by the unusual inflation of the currency, \nthe immense im|>ortation of forei^ mercliandise, \xe2\x80\x94 calling for a \nheaivv demawl of K|ieiie to meet the liuUince of exchanipe, \xe2\x80\x94 tho \nrc\xc2\xabpiiHitions of the I\'nited States (joveniraent ft\xc2\xbbr the (layment \nof specie or its ctpiivalent in treasurj* notes in the purchase of \nthe pubhc lands, and the withdrawal of the surplus revenues \nof the I\'nite*! States from the State Imnks A\xc2\xbbr deposit with \nthe several States, in accordance with the recent \\- * "f (.ou- \ngress. \n\n19. \\ bill was immc<liately introduced and pasKotl by I- tli \nHiTuses, 8us{>cndin^ for one year the provisions of the S^i. . \nFund Act, nM)uiriQg the appointmeut of rcocivens and tlm \n\nDeroocnuic triumph \xe2\x80\x94 Klcciion of PieMdent V\xc2\xabn Hiirrn snd Vu-r-Prr- \ndcnl U. M. John\xc2\xab>n. \xe2\x80\x94 Mc^mirc of the CJorcrnor. \xe2\x80\x94 Unitrd Si\xc2\xabtr\xc2\xab I)epo\xc2\xbbit \n] nd. \xe2\x80\x94 Kccomn\xc2\xbbcnd\xc2\xabti\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn for its invesumont \xe2\x80\x94 Tniled S\xc2\xbbalc\xc2\xab .*M?n\xc2\xabior \xe2\x80\x94 \n0\xc2\xabacrsi iUftpeosioD of ihc Slate banks. \xe2\x80\x94 Prooeediog* of th\xc2\xab Lc|p\xc2\xabUtur\xc2\xab. \n\n\n\nUNITED STATES DEPOSIT FUND. 239 \n\nclosing up of the banks ; and a strong effort was made to suspend \nfor the same time the operation of the act prohibiting the issue \nof bills under the denomination of five dollars, which, however, \nproved ineffectual. The effect of this disastrous state of things \nwas highly unfavorable to the Democratic party, who were, on \nall sides, held responsible for its occurrence. \n\n20. During the month of March of this year, Ex-Governor \nYates expired at his residence in Schenectady ; and in January \nprevious, the death of the venerable Abraham Van Vechtex, \nformerly Attorney- General, occurred from an attack of paralysis. \nAppropriate legislative, judicial, and municipal honors were \npaid to the memory of these distinguished public servants and \nestimable men. At the November elections the Whigs suc- \nceeded in electing one hundred and one out of the one hun- \ndred and twenty-eight members of the House, and in carrying \nsix of the eight senatorial districts, and obtaining majorities in \nnearly every county of the State. The Senate, however, still \nretained a small Democratic majority. \n\n21. Towards the close of this year, a formidable insurrection \non the Canada border occurred, headed by William Lyon Mac- \nkenzie and Joseph J. Papineau, which created great excitement \non the northern frontier of the State, and involved several of \nits citizens in an unauthorized invasion of a portion of the \nterritories of Great Britain. It had its origin in some popu- \nlar discontents in both provinces, which speedily evoked the \nsympathies of their neighbors on the American shore of the \nNiagara River, forming the boundary between Upper Canada \nand the United States. \n\n22. About the middle of December a party of Americans, \nheaded by Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, a son of General Solomon \nVan Rensselaer, of Albany, and accompanied by Mackenzie, \ntook possession of Navy Island, situated in the Niagara River \nabout two miles above the Falls, and belonging to Canada. \nThey numbered about seven hundred men, well provisioned, \nand provided with twenty pieces of cannon. The steamboat \n\n\n\nWhig triumph in New York and Albany. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Abraham Van \nVechten and Ex-Governor Yates. \xe2\x80\x94 Results of the November elections. \xe2\x80\x94 \nOverwhelming success of the Whigs. \xe2\x80\x94 Canadian insurrection. \xe2\x80\x94 Navy \nIsland. \n\n\n\n240 SEl\'KXTII PEIilOD. \n\nCaroline wrui broti^\'lit from Huftulo to ply n\xc2\xab a ferry-boat be- \ntween the wlaiitl und ScliloKscr\'s Landing, on the Auiehcan \n\nshore. \n\n23. On the niu\'ht of the L\'Ulh of lX\xc2\xbbceiuU\'r. un urmcd i>arty \nof rovali\xc2\xabt8 from the Canada lUiore, under the comnmnd of \nColonel McNubli, cruased over and lioardud the U.at wlnle its \nunarmed occMiwntu were ijuietly Hleipin^\', looftened it fn\xc2\xbbm iU \nnitM\xc2\xbbrinp*, iwt it on fire, and utnt it down the river in the di \nre* t ion of the Falla, where it was daiihe<i to pieces at the fiKit \nof the catanict. Several of the men on board were kilUnl. \n\\v..Miided, or Hunk with the buniing Umt, \n\n24. A demand by Sir FrunciK liond He\xc2\xbbui. i..uvenior-(Ieneral \nof Ctumda, for the \xe2\x80\xa2urrender of Mackenzie, who had fleil to tho \nUnite<l StateH, waji mmle ujion (;\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbven\xc2\xbb<.r Man y ; but the nHjuii*i- \ntion wan deeline*!, up<\xc2\xbbn the jfnmnd that .MaekiiirJe wan a |K.liti- \ncal offender, \xc2\xbbei\'kin;j an any bun in a neutral territory, and \ntherefore not amenable, by iutcmational comity, to gurrcnder \najt an ordinary\' erwuinal. \n\n25. Pr- \' itit\xc2\xbbnii pn\xc2\xbbhibitinjj all interference on the part of \nAmerinm ciu^-um in the iniiurre<tionark- movemontu of the Cana- \ndians wert) iiuiue<l by the rretii\xc2\xablent of the InittHl States and \nthe Covemor \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf New York ; and (ienend .Sc\xc2\xabitt, the eommander \nof the I\'nited States Anny, was de)i|mtehe<l to the frontier to \npn*H<\'ne <\xc2\xbbrtler luid enforce neutndily. The excitement, how- \never, on the Umler, c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbntinue<l for two or thnn? year*, and was \nfinally terminated by the defeat of the insur;r\xc2\xbb\'nts by the British \nand Canadian fi.rceo. The buniinj? of the Caroline was the sul>- \nject of a spirited nej^^tiation l\xc2\xbbetween the representatives of the \ntwo wuntries. which resulte<l in an amicable adjust menL \n\n26. Governor Maiuy. at the ofienin}; of the session of \n^^^ 1838, renewed his recmmendation in reference to the \ndisposition of that i^irtitm tif the suqibis revenue of the jfoveni- \nment dei\xc2\xab>sited with the Stiite, with the ad<litional su^rp-stion \nof the nppn>priati\xc2\xab.n <\xc2\xbbf fifty five thousand dollars annually, for \nthe purchase of school nlist net libraric\xc2\xbbH. \\\\" also rec\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbmmpnded \nthe passage of a general banking law. \n\nHiiminiT of the Cftrwlin*, \xe2\x80\x94 rrorlamntiono of ncuiniliiy. \xe2\x80\x94 Gcocfal Scott \nti\xc2\xbb tho frontier wiih s tniliury force. \xe2\x80\x94 Diploaiack "\' \'\' \n\n1 \xe2\x80\x9e .:urc of 1W\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor \'\xc2\xbb \n\n\n\nSTATE BANKS AND SCHOOLS. 241 \n\n27. The bill authorizing the suspension of the act prohibiting \nthe issue of small bills for two years passed both Houses at an \nearly period of the session. Mr. Samuel B. Ruggles, of New \nYork, made an exceedingly elaborate and able report on the \nsubject of internal improvements, recommending large appropri- \nations for the enlargement of the Erie Canal, and the construc- \ntion of auxiliary works, which met the approval of both branches. \nA general banking law was also passed, and an act appropriat- \ning the surplus revenue of the United States deposited with the \nState for the purposes of education substantially in conformity \nwith the recommendation of the Governor. \n\n28. General Dix, in his annual report as Superintendent of \nCommon Schools, after enumerating the various sources of in- \ncome provided by the recent act and previous legislation, sub- \nmitted some very valuable and pertinent remarks in reference \nto the vital importance of moral and religious instruction in the \ncommon schools, free from all taint of sectarianism, and based \nexclusively on the teachings of the Bible, without note or com- \nment. \n\n29. At the November elections, William H. Seward, of Cay- \nuga, was elected Governor, and Luther Bradish, of Franklin, \nSpeaker of the Assembly, Lieutenant-Governor, by a majority \nof about ten thousand over Governor Marcy and Lieutenant- \nGovernor Tracy. The Whigs also obtained a majority of two \nto one in the Assembly, and carried five of the eight Senate \ndistricts, leaving the Democrats still in the ascendenc}^ in that \nbranch of the Legislature. \n\nSuspension of the act prohibiting the issue of small bills. \xe2\x80\x94 Report on \ninternal improvement. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal appropriations. \xe2\x80\x94 General banking law. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAppropriation of United States Deposit Fund. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of Superintendent \nof Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Moral and religious instruction. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of Gov- \nernor Seward and Lieutenant-Governor Bradish. \n\n\n\n16 \n\n\n\n242 i^EVEXT/I I\'EIUOD. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI. \n\nAr>MIM<TRATIOX or titJN I ll^\'-ll >\xc2\xbb x\\ AUI>. \xe2\x80\x94 Kl)ltATI<\xc2\xbb\\ OF (.\'ll I I.DKKN \n\n0\xc2\xbb ! V . . . \xe2\x80\x94 t\'ASAl. I -^ \' MI.NT. \xe2\x80\x94 iNTtUNAl. IllfttOV LML.N TA. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 I > \xc2\xbbOUB. \xe2\x80\x94 C< .^T WITH ViEGIKIA. \n\n1. On tho annmnMinj: of tWo I turo od the firvt Tues- \nday of Jantian*. ItS^i\'J, lit>ven\xc2\xbbur 6kwaiu\xc2\xbb, after rtHxunmcml \niiig the creation of a Uouni uf lutenuil Iiu|irovemei)tH, tlic \n\nefficient |inMeciition of the eiihirp^nieut of tiio Krie C4uuil, tui<l \nthe construction uf three pxmt hues of raiUtJodn in tlio northern, \noentnil, and Houthem iMH.*tiunii of tho State, paid a just trihiite \nto it\xc2\xab tinuncitil iiru\xc2\xab{)urity and tho previouit development of its j \nreaourcciL \n\n2. " HiMtor}\'," he olMenres, ** fumiidies no paruiiel to tiio fiimn- \ncial arhiovenienta of thin State. It tMirrvudered its kIuu-o in \ntho national domain, and reUncpiiMhed for the ^\'neral wi\'lfaro \nall the revenues of its forei^ni oonimercc, e<)UAl, gcnendly, tf> \ntwo thinU of the entire exii\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbndiiure of the FtHh-nd ( Jovoninient, \nIt haH, neverthelem, HUtttaineil tho exi>enHe(i of its own udininiii- \ntmtion, fotnidtHl and endowed a hrond HVKteni of oduraiion, \nchuritahle iiuttitutions for ever)* clajw of tho unfortunate, aikd a \npenitentiary etitahliHhment which is adopted as a nitMlel by civil- \nixed nations. It has increased fourfold tho wealth of its citizens, \nand relieve<l them from direct taxation ; and, in midition to all \nthis, lias carrie<I fon\xc2\xbb-anI a stupendous enterprise of improve- \nment, all the while diminiHhing its debt, magnifying its credit, \nand autrmentin^ its resources." \n\n3. The messa^.\'e closed with an eloquent tribute to the merits \nof his great pre<le\xc2\xab\'e\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbor, the illustrious Ci.iXTox, and a recom- \nmendation for the erection of an appropriate monument at tho \ncapital for the rtHH\xc2\xbbption of his remains. .\\ bill was accortlinirly \nintrtxiuce<i, early in the session, for the accomplishment of this \nobject, but failed to Ix\'coine a law. An act for the unconditional \n\nMertint; of the T>^\xc2\xabl\xc2\xabtur*. \xe2\x80\x94 Goremor\'t nM>\xc2\xabi\xc2\xabce. \xe2\x80\x94 Finanrisl protpentr \nof the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Clinton monument \xe2\x80\x94 Repeal of the set prohibitiag mull \nbills. \n\n\n\nADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SEWARD. 243 \n\nrepeal of the law prohibiting the issue and circulation of small \nbills passed both Houses. \n\n4. The official term of Senator Tallmadge having expired, a \nstrong effort was made for his re-election, but without success, \nowino; to the failure of the Senate to nominate. John C. Spen- \nCER, of Ontario, was appointed Secretary of State and Superin- \ntendent of Common Schools ; Bates Cooke, of Niagara, Comp- \ntroller; Willis Hall, of New York, Attorney-General; and \nSamuel B. Buggles, of New York, Canal Commissioner, to sup- \nply the vacancy occasioned by the death of Stephen Van Rens= \nselaer, which occurred at Albany in the preceding month. \n\n5. During the ensuing summer. President Van Buren visited \nthe State, passing through the principal cities and villages on \nhis route, and receiving every demonstration of respect and \nesteem from all classes of citizens. The fall elections resulted \nin the election of a Whig majority in both branches of the \nLegislature. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, was placed \nin nomination, in December, by the National Whig Convention, \nas a candidate for the Presidency ; and John Tyler, of Virginia, \nas Vice-President. \n\n6. The Legislature reassembled on the 7th of January, \n1840. Governor Seward, after informing the Legislature \n\nthat the net proceeds of the canals, deducting the interest \nof the debt for their construction, were $ 1,057,802, and the \ncapital of the common-school fund nearly two millions, recom- \nmended the instruction of the children of foreigners by teach- \ners speaking their own language and professing their own relig- \nious faith, who should be permitted to participate equally with \nothers in the funds provided by the State. \n\n7. He also informed the Legislature that the cost of enlarg- \ning the Erie Canal, heretofore estimated by the State officers at \ntwelve millions of dollars, would exceed twenty-three millions \nat the lowest estimate, and that for the construction of the \nGenesee Valley and Black River Canals an additional expendi- \nture of six millions would be requisite. He still, however, \n\nAppointment of State officers. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Stephen Van Rensselaer. \xe2\x80\x94 \nVisit of President Van Buren. \xe2\x80\x94 Fall elections. \xe2\x80\x94 "Whig nominations for \nPresident and Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 Message of the Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal en- \nlargement. \xe2\x80\x94 Common schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Instruction of the children of foreigners. \n\n\n\n244 SEVKyriJ PEUIOD. \n\nux^gcd the energetic pn>seciition of these and oUicr greet \nmeasures of iiitoriml iin|ji\\\xc2\xbbveinent, by roads ami caiuila, as a \npolicy dictated by the bij^hest and moist important interests of \n\nthe State. \n\n8. He next invito<l the attention of the Lej^ihlaturo to a oor- \nre8ix>ndcnce, which luid taken pUice duriiij: the past year, be- \ntween himiielf and the Hxecutive of Vir^Mnia, in reference to \ntlio denmnd of the hitter for the surrender of three colonnl \nfiiptives fnmj that State, charged with steiding a nc(^ skvc. \nThis demand had l>een refuae*!, on the px>und that such alleged \nfcl\xc2\xab)ny was not rec\xc2\xab*gni\xc2\xa3ed as such, either by the laws of nations \nor those of this State. \n\ny. The first set of the U . liture was the nn i of \n\nNatiiamkl p. TAiXMAiKiK OS luite*! States Seiuitor. An act \nfor the rejfistry of voters in the city of New York was also \n)iaMM4il, after a spirited discussion, by a strict party vote. \nSeeretar)\' Si ii, as SuiK\'rintendfnt of C\\\xc2\xbbninion Schi\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xbblK, trans- \n\nmitted to the lx\xc2\xabgi\xc2\xbblature, on the 13th of April, re|*\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrts of the \neevernl visitors of schools, ap|iointed by him undir an act of \nthe I i\xc2\xbbg year, together with a full exiK)\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbtion of his own \n\nviews iVir ihe improvement t\xc2\xbbf the system. \n\n10. He nommende*! the n nt of deputy s\xc2\xbbi|>enn- \ntendrnt.H in the jk\'vcnd roimtitt* ol ihc Mate, and the (.>stablish- \nment of graded \' \'^ and local Ibtartls of bUbication in the \nsevend cities and iar^jo v *\' of the State, the introduction \nof vocal mimic as a br.iuch of \' .ry iuKtruction, and \nvariotiH other \' -s in the detaiiH ol U\xc2\xbbo c^ \xe2\x96\xa0 : proviHi\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn8 \nof law :\'. iblu lo Uiese institutioiui. A bill in f \xe2\x80\xa2 < nlanco \nwith thfM.\' Mij \xe2\x80\xa2 -. |>asHed the Assembly, but faded of hc- \ncoming a lAw by iiio adjournment of the Legislature on the \n1 4th of May, after paasing an act abolialnng imprisonment for \ndebt, an<l approving of the refusal of Go%*enior Skwaru to sur- \nrender the fugitives demande<I by the Governor of Viivinia. \n\n11. An animatetl |K\xc2\xbblitical canvass n<\xc2\xbbw ensui-d for the elec- \ntion of presidential candi(hit4>s and candidates for the various \nState and cx>unty offices. Immense maoe meetinga were held \n\nCoBtroTVTfT with Virjnnia. \xe2\x80\x94 Appointment of Unitr<l StAtc* Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 \nReport of Supcriniendent of Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 AboUtiooof imprisooairnt \ntat debt \xe2\x80\x94 PuUticAl csmpoi^ of 1S40. \n\n\n\nSEWARD ON COMMON SCHOOLS. 245 \n\nin every part of the State, and the utmost spirit and enthusiasm \npervaded the action of both the great poHtical parties. The \nHarrison electoral ticket prevailed at the November elections \nby a majority of thirteen thousand votes; Governor Seward \nand Lieutenant-Governor Bradish were re-elected, by five thou- \nsand majority, over William C. Bouck, of Schoharie, and Dan- \niel S. Dickinson, of Broome, the Democratic candidates, and a \nWhig majority was returned in both branches of the Legislature. \n\n12. William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, was elected Presi- \ndent of the United States by a majority of one hundred and \nseventy-four electoral votes over President Van Buren, who \nhad rendered himself very obnoxious to the banking and com- \nmercial interests of the Union by his successful exertions in \nthe establishment of an independent treasury, and to a large \nportion of the citizens of the Northern States by his alleged \nsubserviency to Southern views and interests. John Tyler, of \nVirginia, was elected Vice-President by a still larger electoral \nmajority over Colonel Richard M. Johnson. The administra- \ntion of President Harrison was, however, terminated by his \nsudden death one month after his inauguration in the ensu- \ning year, and Vice-President Tyler assumed its duties for the \nremainder of the term. \n\n13. At the meeting of the Legislature in January, ^^^^ \n1841, Governor Seward, after expressing his gratification \n\nat the increased productiveness of the canals as shown by the \nnet receipts of the preceding year, and estimating the entire in- \ndebtedness of the State, exclusive of its loans to and liabilities \nfor incorporated companies, at about fifteen millions of dollars, \nrenewed his recommendation for the education of the children \nof foreigners in our public schools. \n\n14. The number of uneducated children in the State was \nestimated at thirty thousand, two thirds of whom were of foreign \nparentage; and the importance and necessity of providing for this \nneglected class the means of elementary instruction in schools \ntaught by teachers of their own nationalities and religious faith \n\nRe-election of Governor Seward and Lieutenant-Governor Bradish. \xe2\x80\x94 \nElection of President Harrison and Vice-President Tyler. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Presi- \ndent Harrison. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Revenues of the canals. \xe2\x80\x94 State \nindebtedness. \xe2\x80\x94 Education of the children of foreigners. \n\n\n\n04n sh\\\'K\\rii rEUiOD. \n\nwere ably and eloquently portrayed. Ho obeen\'ed that our n\\%- \nterns of education were deficient in couiprehenftivenesa in the \nexact pro|>ortion of the nunil\xc2\xbber left une<lucati\xc2\xabd ; that knowiwijfe, \nhowever uccpiireti, wiw lietter than i^aioranoe ; and that " neither \nerror, acci\xc2\xablent, nor prejudice ought to be j>crnutletl to dcjirivo \nthe State of the educati\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn of her citixena.** \n\n15. "Cheriahing auch opinionn," he ob\xc2\xabervc\xc2\xab, "I could not \nenjoy the conaciouaneaa of having discharged my duty, if any \neffort had l\xc2\xbbeen omitted which waa calculate<l to bring within \nthe sch<K\xc2\xbbU all who are deatmcd to exerciae the righta of citixcn- \nahip; nor nhall 1 feel that the i iH perfect, or hlnrty wife, \n\nuntil that object be acc\xc2\xbb>njj-l i.\' i 1 aeck the etlucutii\xc2\xbbn \n\nof tho\xc2\xabc whom 1 have brought l\xc2\xbbeforc you, not to per|\xc2\xbbetuate any \npr <\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab or tliHtinctiouH which deprive them of inHtruction, but \n\nin tlmnipinl of all uuch diMinctiona and prejutliccK. I ^\xe2\x80\xa2 licit \ntheir v*\\ u Ichh fn\xc2\xbbm Kymjinthy than l\xc2\xbbecau\xc2\xbbe the welfare of \n\nthe State demjUKla it, and cannot diH|M\'nKo with it. \n\n16. ** An imtive citizena they are Umi to the right of nuUnige. \nI ftrii tliat they nmy at li>aat l>e taught to Tvtu\\ and write. In \nasking thia, I recjuirc no more for them than I have diligently \nendeavored to secure to the inmates of our |\xc2\xbbenitentiariea, who \nhave forfeite<l that uablc fnwuhi.HC by crime ; and also to \nan unfortunate race, which, having l>oen plunged by us into \ndcgnidation and ignorance, haa U-on excluded from the fran- \nchi\xc2\xabc bv on arbitraiy pn\xc2\xbb|>erty quiUification incongruous with oil \nour institutitma. \n\n17. "I have not rccnmmcnded, nor do I h<\xc2\xabk, the etlucation \nof any class in fun-ign languages or in particular creetls or faiths ; \nbut fully Udieving, with the author of the Decl!in\xc2\xbbti\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn of Inde- \npendence, that even error may lie safely tolcrati.\'d where reaiM.n \nis left free to cttm)>at it, and therefore in\xc2\xabl \' \' no ai>prt>hen- \nsions from the influence of any lar or creed among an en- \nlightene<l |\xc2\xbbeople, I desire the educaUon of the entire rising \ngeneration in all the tlfinents of knowledge we |x>Rse8S, and in \nthat tongue which is the universal language of our countrymen. \n\n18. " To me, the most interesting of all our institutions is the \nCommon Sciiooi- I seek not to disturb in any manner ita \n\n\n\nUniTenal education. \xe2\x80\x94 The oomoMHi idiooL \n\n\n\nCOMMON-SCHOOL SYSTEM. 247 \n\npeaceful and assiduous exercises, and least of all with conten- \ntions about faith or forms. I desire the education of all the \nchildren in the Commonwealth in morality and virtue, leaving \nmatters of conscience where, according to the principles of civil \nand religious liberty established by our Constitution and laws, \nthey rightfully belong." \n\n19. Professor Alonzo Potter, of Union College, who, at the \nrequest of the Common-School Department, had personally, \nduring the preceding year, visited and inspected the teachers\' \ndepartments in the several academies of the State, submitted \nto the Legislature an able report, concluding with a recommen- \ndation for the establishment of a State Normal School, in accord- \nance with the Prussian and French systems, for the education \nand proper preparation of teachers. The Superintendent, Mr. \nSecretary Spencer, also renewed his recommendation of the pre- \nceding year for a modification and improvement of the common- \nschool system. \n\n20. Early in the session, John A. Collier, of Broome, was \nchosen Comptroller, in place of Bates Cooke, resigned. The \nGovernor transmitted to the Legislature copies of additional \ncorrespondence with the Executive of Virginia, in the case of the \ndemand made by the latter for the rendition of certain alleged \nfugitives from justice in that Commonwealth. \n\n21. From that additional correspondence, it appeared that in \nthe spring of 1840 a citizen of New York, charged with the \ncrime of forgery in Tompkins County, had fled to the State of \nVirginia, whither a requisition was forwarded by Governor \nSeward to the Executive of Virginia for his surrender as a \nfugitive from justice. That requisition was refused, and the \nfugitive retained in prison in Virginia by the Governor, until \nthe requisition made by him in behalf of the colored fugitives \nfrom that State should be complied with by the Executive of \nNew York. This unjustifiable procedure was promptly disap- \nproved of by the Legislature of Virginia. \n\n22. On the 26th of April, Secretary Spencer, as Superin- \ntendent of Common Schools, to whom was referred, by the \nSenate, the several memorials and petitions from the city of \n\nEeport of Professor Potter. \xe2\x80\x94 State Normal School. \xe2\x80\x94 Virii:inia corre- \nspondence. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the Governor and Legislature of Virginia. \n\n\n\n248 SEVESTU PERIOD. \n\nNew York for Bucb a rcviuion of the R>-8tcm of public cduca^ \ntion in that city lu* wtmKl provide more fully for the ioHtruo- \ntion of the chiUlrvn of foreipicru aud CutholicH, 8ulmutte\xc2\xabl an \ncUiljomte un\xc2\xabl ablf rf|H\xc2\xbbrt, coiuhulin^ with the retonunciuhit ion \ntliat a lU.;ini of C\\iiuujiiiHioner\xc2\xbb ahouUl be eltvti-*! in lluit city, \nwitli uuthority to cstubliKli and orgtuiize a iiyKteni of Wunl Com- \nmon SchooK which hluaiUl coHLHicnite with the i^ \' of tlio Pub- \nlic School > in fun: \' the n\'<|uiHitc UuiiittcH for the \neducation of ail il . - of cltiUlren, without repird to nli;;i<\xc2\xbbu8 \ndistinctions or other cxistin;; in\xc2\xbbiK-<linu\'nt\xc2\xab to their inntruction. \n2.1. On the iMith (\xc2\xbbf May the lA-;:ihluturo, by a nearly umm- \ninM>UM vote, lauuknl an act, in c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnf\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnu\xc2\xbbty with the recouuncn- \ndation of ^ Si\'i-\\\xc2\xab wi, unuMuhiUirj* of the conunon- \nBchool law, |\xc2\xbbi\' -: fi\xc2\xbbr the uiiiMuntnitnt of a Itcneral Deputy- \nSu|HTintindcut l.-r the State, anil the chHtion of c\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbunty iiuiK?rin- \ntendrntM m the i\xc2\xbbfvcnd count uji of the Stiitc, by the IWxirdM of \nSu|\xc2\xbbenii*i\xc2\xbbni r ivcly. I\'lidcr the pn\xc2\xbbviKion of thitt act, \nSamiiu. S. Uam\xc2\xbba\xc2\xbb.i-, of AlUuiy, Uion a clerk in the Sufwrin- \ntentlent\'H oflice, wim ttp|\xc2\xbbi>intctl (Icneral IVputy-Sui>crint\xc2\xab\'ndcnt \nbv Mr. SiT-Ni EIL A liU\'rnl : riution was also nui\xc2\xable for the \nBupjKirt of an educational join i.w > lulucted by Fra.ncus Dwioiit \nof Ontario. \n\n\n\nCIIAPTKR VII. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 i i;i U. AXD Aryl ITTAL or Al.l.\\Ar\xc2\xabl\xc2\xbbKK M \xe2\x80\x94 I^*- lOW \n\nor Ko\xc2\xabr.i\xc2\xabi?c A?\xc2\xabn Catmolip Cmildbicx. \xe2\x80\x94 Wari\xc2\xbb 8cuf\xc2\xbboi-\xc2\xab in New \nYork.\xe2\x80\x94 Fi!\xc2\xabAMCU or tar State. \xe2\x80\x94 Tmb Vikoikia Coxtroviirbt. \n\n1. Is the early part t\xc2\xbbf January, .\\lkxa.m>kr M(Lf/>d, a resi- \ndent of Chipi\'ewa, in (\'uuiida, while visiting I^ewiiiUm, \n\' in Niagara County, openly avowe<l his complicity in the \nbuniing of the Caroline, and the munler of Jamea Durft-e^ one \nof its crew, on the night of the 2Uth of !)\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\xa2 \'-.lu r. 1837. He \n\n\n\nUcjKJrt of Sccrrian- Sjirnnr on chc cdumtioaal \xe2\x80\xa2T\xc2\xbbtcin of New York \nCitr. \xe2\x80\x94 Amendmrnt of the coDunun-Kbool law. \xe2\x80\x94 County \xc2\xbba|icnnt4:ndcQU. \n\xe2\x80\x94 I)t\xc2\xabtrict-\xc2\xabchool juanud. \n\n\n\nTHE M\'^LEOD TRIAL. 249 \n\nwas at once arrested, and committed to the jail at Lockport, \non a criminal charge, an indictment found against him for the \nmurder of Dmfee, and a civil suit commenced against him by \nthe owner of the Caroline for damages sustained by its destruc- \ntion. The British Minister at Washington, Mr. Fox, on learn- \ning the facts, immediately demanded his release by the American \nGovernment, avowing and justifying the seizure and destruction \nof the Caroline as the act of the British Government. \n\n2. In reply to this demand, the Secretary of State, Mr. Web- \nster, informed Mr. Fox that the national government had no \nauthority to interfere with the judicial proceedings of a State ; \nthat the case was under the exclusive control of the Supreme \nCourt of the State of New York; and that, in his judgment, \nthat tribunal would concm\' with himself in the opinion, that, in \nview of the avowal made by the British Government, the prisoner \nshould be released. \n\n3. The case was argued in the Supreme Court, at its August \nterm, in Utica, by Joshua A. Spencer, United States District \nAttorney for the Northern District of New York, in behalf \nof McLeod, and Attorney-General Willis Hall in behalf of \nthe State. The counsel for the prisoner, in a masterly argu- \nment, contended that the actual existence of a state of war on \nthe northern frontier, at the time of the commission of the \noffence, whether formally recognized by the respective govern- \nments or not, justified the prisoner in obeying the orders of his \ncommanding officer, and that the sole responsibility for the con- \nsequences rested upon the British Government. \n\n4. The Court, however, concurred with Justice Cowen, who \ndelivered its opinion adverse to the application for the release \nof McLeod, and remanded him for trial at a special circuit in \nOneida County, before Judge Gridley, of the Fifth Judicial \nDistrict, where he was acquitted, after an extended and exciting \ntrial, on full proof of his entire innocence of the charge, \xe2\x80\x94 his \nconfession having been made in a mere spirit of boastfulness \nand drunken bravado. Thus terminated an investigation which \nat one time threatened to result in serious national complications. \n\n\n\nArrest of Alexander McLeod for the burning of the Caroline. \xe2\x80\x94 Demand \nof the British Government for his release. \xe2\x80\x94 Keply of Mr. Webster. \xe2\x80\x94 De- \ncision of the Supreme Court. \xe2\x80\x94 Trial and acquittal of McLeod. \n\n\n\n250 SKVF\\T/I rF.niOD. \n\n5. On the 3tl of Jamiarv, 1842, the LothaUture r- \n\n1842 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\na88em)ile<L CJovcnior Sewakd, after agnin rcfcrriinjf to \nthe controvt-rwy with Vii^iuift, aud cxUliii^ the nttontion of the \nl^otriHliiture to u retuhutorv oct of the (ieuenil AsHoiuiily of that \nState culcuhitcHl to eiuUimuw (\xc2\xbbur coaiitiii;; tnule, reneweil hia \nrccomiiieiulHt ion for Hiich a (iiAtrihutioii of the pul)lic-schcK>l \nn\xc2\xbboiit\'v in the city of Now York a\xc2\xab to allow the children of \nforri;.au\'rM and Catholic* to {\xc2\xbbartici|Mite in the l>ounty of the State. \nG. \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Thi8 j>ro|>\xc2\xabMiition," he olNteneH, " to pither the youij.r \nfrom the Htrceti* tuul whan\'et) int<.) the nursiTiej* which the Stat*.\', \nmilicitouH for her iiecurity npiiiiKt i^ionuice, luu\xc2\xbb |\xc2\xbbre|\xc2\xabire<l for \nthem, hoii nonictinicD \\w\\\\ trwitetl om a device to a{>|>ro|iriatc \nthe Mrhool fund to the endowment of scmiiuu*ies fi\xc2\xbbr teaichin^ \n\nlutr- Hund fuithH, thuMto jieqietuate the |>rejudiocti it iiei\'b* tt> \n\nreiii.\'w . sonietimeu on a Ncheiue for dividing tliat precioui* fiuul \nnniong a hundreil jarring H^vtH, and thu\xc2\xbb increiiMing the religiouH \nanini\'-\'\'--\' it fttriveii to heal; ik>metinK>n an a pLui to auhvert \nthe |\xc2\xbbi. .i....ui; religion, and intrtnluce c\xc2\xbbne rL\'pugniuit to the oon- \nBciencej* of our fellow -citiz*MMi ; while, in truth, it Himply pro|w\xc2\xaboa, \nby eidighteningequiUly the mindH of all, tti onahle them to detect \nerror wherever it may exiM, luitl t<i rethioc uncongenial ni\'uweii \ninto one intelligent, virtuoun, Imnnonioun, and happy people. \n\n7. ** lk>ing now rvlievt*il from all mich miHConceptionit, it pro- \n8ent8 the queHiionn, whether it is wiser aiul more humane to \nctlucate the otTHpring of the |Mior tlian to leave them to gn>w \nup in ignomnct* aud vice ; whether juvenile vice in more easily \neradicate*! l\xc2\xbbv the Court of Seioiiona than by common (fchcH>l8 ; \nwhether |inrt*ntM have a riglit to Iw hennl c*\xc2\xbbncen\xc2\xbbing the inntnic- \ntion and in\xc2\xbbtnictoni of their children, and tnx|i(iyeni in relation \nto the expenditure of public fundn ; whether, in a liepublican \ngovernment, it in neceiM\xc2\xabiry to inteq>oMe an indrTw\xc2\xbbn\xc2\xablent ctirjiora- \ntion Iti\'tween the |HH>ple and the Kchoolma> md whether it \nis wise ai\xc2\xbbd just to divfruichiHe an entire ct\xc2\xbbmmunity of all con- \ntrol over public eiln\' .. rather tluin Buffer a T\xc2\xabrt to be repre- \nsented in pr< I jxirt ion to ita numlwrH and contr; 451." \n\n8. The viUuc of the endowments of the c\xc2\xab\'K< _\xe2\x80\xa2 -> an\xc2\xbbl academies \nof the State was htated at $2,175,731, with an anniml income \n\nCtovcrnor Scwonl\'-* : \xe2\x80\x94 The Virginia controrwiy. \xe2\x80\x94 Appropria- \n\ntion of icbool OKNMy in .>i \n\n\n\nTHE VIRGINIA CONTROVERSY. 251 \n\nof $47,1G5 ; and the productive capital of the common-school \nfmid at $2,175,731, with an annual income of $261,000, ex- \nclusive of pubhc lands valued at $ 200,000, and the principal of \nthe United States Deposit Fund. The entire capital perma- \nnently invested for the support of education, including the \nliterature, common-school, and United States Deposit Fund, \nand school edifices, was estimated at $ 10,500,000. \n\n9. The net revenue from the State canals, after deducting all \nexpenditures during the preceding year, was stated at one mil- \nlion and a half dollars, and the permanent public debt for their \nconstruction at $ 15,540,530. The prosecution of the enlarge- \nment of the Erie Canal and the completion of the Genesee \nValley and Black Iliver Canals were also urged. The cost of \nall the public works of internal improvement then in progress, \nincluding two thirds of the expense of constructing the New \nYork and Erie Railroad, was estimated at $ 36,589,379, and \nthe entire value of the taxable property of the State at seven \nhundred millions. \n\n10. The whole number of school districts in the State, as ap- \npeared from the annual report of the acting Superintendent, \nwas 10,886, and the number of children under instruction \nover six hundred thousand. The whole amount of money ex- \npended during the preceding year for the payment of the wages \nof teachers was upwards of one million of dollars, of which \nabout one half was contributed by parents on rate bills, and \nthe residue from the public funds. There were upwards of \nsix hundred and thirty thousand volumes in the several district- \nschool libraries of the State. \n\n11. The Superintendent of the City Schools (S. S. Raxdall) \nrecommended such a modification of the system of public educa- \ntion in New York City as would combine the acknowledged excel- \nlency of that system, as administered by the Public-School Soci- \nety, with its extension to that large class of children now virtually \nexcluded from its benefits, thus fully carrying out the enlightened \nviews of the Governor in this respect, while at the same time pre- \nserving the system from the perils of sectarian influences. Azariah \n\nColleges, academies, and common schools, \xe2\x80\x94 Revenue of the canals. \xe2\x80\x94 \nState debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Cost of internal improvements. \xe2\x80\x94 Taxable valuation of the \nState. \xe2\x80\x94 Condition of the schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of Superintendent. \n\n\n\n2j2 SKVKSTfl PERIOD. \n\nC. Flaoc was, on tl\xc2\xbbe 7th of Febniarv, elected Comptroller ; \nSamuel Youno, Secretary of Stnto and .Su|)erintendent of Com- \nmon SchooU ; and (iKimoE P. I^vKKeR,of Erie, Attoniey-CIenenil. \n\n12. The finunciul condition of the State at this time wax such \nas to excite general ujm \' ii and alarm. Heavy loans had \nlx?come neceijsar)\' in onicr lo lU-M-hanre the presninj: claims upon \nthe treasury for the {xiyment of contract<\xc2\xbbrs ami lal)oreni on the \nnutncrous public wurkn in pn\xc2\xbb;:reH8 ; and a tem|K\xc2\xbbrary suKpension \nof thoHi* works, and the imjiosition of a State tax of one mill \non the dollar, were recommended hy the Comptn\xc2\xbbller as the only \nmeans of extrication from these emltarrasKments. Ihlls were \nacconliiijjly reported, in ncconlance with these views, in both \nbranches of the !\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \' *ire; and, after full (liscusMion. an act \nemlMMlyin^\' these |<i"> i>i\xc2\xab>iif\xc2\xbb Un^me a law on the 2yth of March. \n\n13. On the llth of April the two Houses adopte<l a joint \nresolution in reference to tlie Virginia controversy, declaring \nthat sti>uhn^ a slave, contrary to the laws of Vir>;inia, was a \ncrime within the mcaninj; of the <\'onstitution, and dinn\'tin^ the \nGovernor to transmit such rrmtlution to the Kxecutivc of that \nState. (io%*emor Skwari*. on the ensuing day, transmitted a \nroessafre, in which, after reitenitin^ his previous views on the \nKubjoi\'t, he declined a com|>lianco with the directions of the \nI^^i.slattire, act^nnpanietl by the sugyrestion that some other \nA|^M)t than hintM.*lf nliould !\xc2\xab selected as the orpin of com- \nmunication. The Ix*}^slature, without taking further action in \nthe matter. adjoume<l to the ICth of August for the division of \nthe State into conpnessional districta. \n\nI 4. Previous to the adjournment, however, an act was paned, \nauthorizing the election of two ooramissionem in each of the \nwards i>f the city of New York. conMtitutinjj a Ikiard of \nEilucation in that city, with authority to establish schools, \nand. in conjunction with the Public School .Siciety, to pro- \nvide the re<piiKite facilities for the instniction of the children \ntherein. I\'nder this act, several additional schools were orpan- \nized, and two independent systems of public schools U\'<r.> in \noperation. \n\nSintr officrr*. \xe2\x80\x94 Finnnrial romliliun of ihc Suuc. \xe2\x80\x94 Stuprasion of pablic \nworks. \xe2\x80\x94 State uix. \xe2\x80\x94 The Vir.:inin ronirorcmy. \xe2\x80\x94 Joint rcaoluikMi of \\Jbc \nLcgiftlature. \xe2\x80\x94 Miisy of the GoTcmor. \n\n\n\nADMINISTRATION OF WILLIAM C. BOUCK. 253 \n\n15. During the summer and fall of this year, William C. \nBoucK, of Schoharie, was renominated by the Democratic State \nConvention as a candidate for Governor, and Daniel S. Dick- \ninson, of Broome, for Lieutenant-Governor. Luther Bradish, \nof Franklin, received the Whig nomination for Governor, and \nGabriel Furman, of New York, for Lieutenant-Governor. On \nthe 4th of July the celebration of the completion of the \nCroton Aqueduct, for the sujDply of water to the city of New \nYork, took place in that city with imposing ceremonies. \n\n1 6. The November elections resulted in the complete triumph \nof the Democratic party, by a majority of nearly twenty-two \nthousand for Colonel Bouck and Mr. Dickinson over the Whig \ncandidates, and the return of a large Democratic majority in \nboth branches of the Legislatm-e. Alvan Stewart, of Oneida, \nreceived about seven thousand votes as the candidate of the \nAbolitionists for Governor. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VIIL \n\nAdministration of William C. Bouck. \xe2\x80\x94 Geological Survey. \xe2\x80\x94 \nState Normal School. \xe2\x80\x94 Enlargement of the Erie Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAnti-Rent Disturbances. \n\n1. Governor Bouck\'s first message, in January, 1843, \ntook strong grounds in favor of the legislative interpre- \ntation of the principles involved in the Virginia controversy, \nand of the policy of a gradual resumption of the public works \nof internal improvement, including the Erie Canal enlargement. \nLyman Sanford, of Schoharie, was appointed Adjutant-General ; \nHenry Storms, cf New York, Commissary-General ; and Edwin \nCroswell was reappointed State Printer. Silas Wright was, \non the 7th of February, re-elected United States Senator for the \nensuing six years. \n\n2. Several years previous the Governor had, by law, been \ndirected to cause a geological survey of the State to be made, \nand the results of such survey, under the direction of eminent \n\nElection of Governor Bouck. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Adjutant-General. \n\xe2\x80\x94 State Printer. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 Geological survey of the State. \n\n\n\n254 SEVEyni PERIOD. \n\nStAtA pcol(.i,\'ist8 np|X)inte<l for thnt purpow, to bo puMUhcKl. \nDuring tlu- prx\'cvdin^r RCSKion, the geolojjnstH, including I\'rofesuors \nBeck, Jamjx Hall, uml 1 /Kit Kmmonh, of Albiuiy, liuil for- \n\nwunled flalKinitc rcjwrts of their prooeediiiga, in ton vohimea, \naccom]>aiiieil with Kuitablc ilhiHtrntions and engmviii^s, to the \nI. ,>hiturc ; ami three th\xc2\xabuiftand ctipies of each were onlered to \nbe printe\xc2\xabl, and dei>*>hitc-\xc2\xabl with the Secretary of State for diutri \nbution to the State otlicerx and ineniliers of the LcpHhiturc. \n\n3. t\'oKmel YoL\'XO, Secretar)\' of State, on the l.ith of Marcli \nof the preiM>nt year tranHDiitted a communication to the Sen \nate, dechning tu carry out the provinions of this act, dccui \n\nit um*on8tituti(inal on the px>und that it had faded to receive \nthe aaitent of two thinla of all the mendierB elected to e.i 1. \nHouse. He also comi: \' i. with f;;reat aMfierity, u|x)n similur \nviolations of the (.\'onMtttuliuu l>y tlie !x>^pslaturv in the creation \nof State stoi\'ks and the ^n^nts of public money. *\' Millions of \noutstanding \xe2\x80\xa2 ." he ol\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbkT>\xc2\xabl, "are now imjn - over thr \n\nState, which wi itcd l\xc2\xbbv laws in clear and liircv\'t hohtilitv \n\nwith the plain proVtMiuiis of the Constitution ; null and void in \ntli\'ir iti< \xe2\x80\xa2 ption, and ii :;; not even the shadow of a moral \n\nc>) \xe2\x80\xa2n for the fulhhitcnt of their ostensible demands." \n\n4. On the recopti<in of this communication an excited delmto \nsprung up, foUowcxl by the offer of several resolutions, declar \naton* of the obliinitions of the State sacrcdlv to fulfil all its \ncontracta, without \xe2\x80\xa2 I to any techniad infonnidity in their \ninception. Lieutonani >\xc2\xabovemor IMckinmox, in jjivinj; his cast \nmg vote on thc\xc2\xbbac reaolutions, reviewcnl with preat severity and \nability the jiositions aamuned by the Soi*retary of State, and an \nanjjTk" newspa|ior c<" \xe2\x80\xa2 \' was for some time kept up lietween \nthcHC two oftioers. i no > \' ir>\\ however, durinp the continu- \nance of his official term, stcadia.Htly maintaine<l his determination \nto decline a com \' o with the law. \n\n6. Mr. Calvi.n i. iiuLliiRn, of St, I^iwren**\'. \xe2\x99\xa6 uuinuan of the \nCommittee on rolleges. Academies, and Common Schools, sub- \nmitted to the Asaembly an able mp<\xc2\xbbrt, recommending various \nimprovements and miKlifiontions of the common-school system, \nin aooonlauoe with the sugj^estions of Superintendent Yoing in \n\nComtnunicstion of Colonel Yotin;;. \xe2\x80\x94 ( ontrorenir hrtweco th\xc2\xab LiMlSBaDt- \nGovcmor and Secretary. \xe2\x80\x94 Kopurt on coaunoo tcfaooU. \n\n\n\nSTATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 255 \n\nhis annual report, all of which, with the exception of one for the \nestablishment of a State Normal School for the education of \nteachers, were, on the 16th of April, approved by the Legis- \nlature, and incorporated into the law ; after which the Legis- \nlature adjourned. \n\n6. During the spring of this year, the death of Smith Thomp- \nson, of the L^nited States Supreme Court, occurred at his resi- \ndence in Poughkeepsie, and suitable testimonials of his high \ncharacter and eminent services, both to the State and Union, \nwere offered. The Hon. Samuel Nelson, Chief-Justice of the \nSupreme Court of New York, was appointed by the President \nas his successor. The November elections resulted in a renewed \ntriumph of the Democratic party in both branches of the Legis- \nlature. \n\n7. On the reassembling of the Legislature in January, \n1844, Governor Bouck stated the public debt of the State \n\nat $23,847,162, requiring an annual interest of $ 1,377,261. \nThe revenue from the canals during the preceding year was \nabout two millions of dollars. A cautious and economical pro- \ngress in the public works was recommended ; and a gratifying \nexhibit submitted of the prosperity and advancement of the \ncommon schools and other literary and charitable institutions \nof the State. Samuel Beardsley, of Oneida, was appointed a \nJudge of the Supreme Court, in the place of Esek Cowen, \ndeceased. \n\n8. Mr. Hulburd, from the Committee on Colleges, Academies \nand Common Schools, on the 2 2d of March submitted a report \nrecommending the establishment and organization of a State \nNormal School at Albany for the education and proper prepa- \nration of teachers ; on the 7th of May thereafter, an act \nwas passed in accordance with the report ; and on the 1st of \nJune, the Superintendent of Common Schools, Samuel Young, \nAlonzo Potter, William H. Campbell, Gideon Hawley, \nand Francis Dwight, were appointed an Executive Committee, \n\n\n\nAmendments of the school-law. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Juclge Thompson. \xe2\x80\x94 Appoint- \nment of Chief-Justice Nelson as Judge of the United States Supreme Court. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1844. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Public debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal rev- \nenues. \xe2\x80\x94 Common schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Judge of Supreme Court. \xe2\x80\x94 State Normal \nSchool. \n\n\n\no.-ic SEVEyrn period. \n\nfor the orpunization and inanagement of such Bchool. Davii\xc2\xab \nr. Page, of .Nfti.sHiic)ui(M.\'tt\xc2\xab, wa\xc2\xab appoiiiUxl PrinciiMil, tuul tli<- \nschool waji ojK\xc2\xbbiKtl on the 18th of I)ei\'enjl>cr. \n\n9. On the \'2\'M of April, Houatio Sky hour, of Onci^ll^ fn in \nthe AsseniMy C\'oniiuitteo on Caimlii lunl Intenml Inijirovnin nt.s. \nmade an able re{iort, concluding with the intnxluotion of a bill \nniitltorizing and directing the Canul C\'oniniiiMiionen* to |>rocee*i \nwith the enlargement of the Erie Canal, to such extent an th\xc2\xbb \nintcri\'.stM of the State mi^ht rL><|uire, aiid tlio meaiiii at itn dia> \nIMMuil juMtify. Thin hill, after mature conMidcmtion, receivetl the \nluuiction of l>oth hmnrluti of the I^>giHhiture, and Itecame a law. \nA loan of nine hundretl thounaml dollarH wiut alH<^> authorized for \nthe payment of canal damagOA, and the fultihiu\'ut of contractA. \n\n10. Joint retwdutiona of lM>th Houhcm were fulopte<l, pnividing \nfor Huch amondmentjt of the Conntitution aa alumld pn\xc2\xbbvidi> thai \nno cx|KMuliture\xc2\xab for intenml improvementa, or other public pur- \nposes, shoidd thereafter lio made, without the appropriation of \nspecific funda, by State tax or otherwiiie, for jKfraying their \ncost, and the aaiicnt of two-thinls of the memliept \xc2\xab \' \n\neach branch of the legislature ; to prohibit the removitl ol juUj \ncial " \xe2\x80\xa2 f\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbr caune ; for the aUilition of proj)orty \n\nqimlilitaiioith l\xc2\xab^i- any elective office ; and for the apfiointment of \nadditional chancrllom and juntices of the Sui Court. An \n\nact waa alito {Muwed, n*\xc2\xbbtricting tho numlter ot (anal Commin \nsioneni to four, and making them elective by the people. \n\n11. On the *J7th of May the national Democratic conven- \ntion at lialtimore placctl in nominatitm Jamrk K. Polk of \nTenneaaec f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr President, and (JfxmoE .M. Dallas of PennRvl \nTania for Vice-President, IIiMir ClJiT of Kentucky an\xc2\xabl \nTuKoiM.iiK Frklincshuysex of New Jersey were the candiditcH \nof the Whig |\xc2\xbbarty. I*resident Van Bi hkn\'m refiuud to commit \nhimself in favor of the annexation of Texas to the Cnite*! \nStates was sup(x>sed to have prevente<l his renomination. James \nG. BiRXEY was the candiflate of tiic Abolitionists. \n\n12. During tho winter of this year, serious di\xc2\xbbturl\xc2\xbbanrcs h.id \noccmrcd in conseipience of the refusal of the tenants of the \nlat\xc2\xab patroon, Str- ^ Von Rensselaer, to fulfil the obligations \n\n\n\nEnUrprmcnt of the Kric Canal. \xe2\x80\x94 Proposed ammdmsnu of the Coasti- \ntniiun. \xe2\x80\x94 Nomination for Uie pretidency. \n\n\n\nANTI-RENT DISTURBANCES. 257 \n\nof their respective leases. In many instances the interference \nof the military became necessary for the enforcement of legal \nprocess for this purpose, and numerous outrages upon the \nofficers of the laws were committed. In the counties of Albany, \nRensselaer, Delaware, Columbia, and Greene, an organized re- \nsistance to these demands was made, and legal process was \nopenly set at defiance. \n\n13. Independently, however, of those citizens who thus ar- \nrayed themselves in open opposition to the enforcement of the \nlaws, a very large proportion of the residents on the Van Rens- \nselaer manor felt themselves seriously aggrieved by the de- \nmands of their present landlords, under the provisions of \nancient leases, which for more than a century had been suffered \nto lie in abeyance, and the revival and enforcement of which, \nafter so long a period, threatened them with inevitable ruin. \nThey demanded legislative relief from this state of things, and \ncarried their grievances to the polls. \n\n14. In addition to this political organization, whose increas- \ning numbers gave to it a prominent influence, the Native- \nAmerican party suddenly sprang into existence at about this \nperiod, and from a local importance, occasioned by the great \ninflux of foreigners to the city of New York, and their weight \nin the election of city officers, soon diffused itself over the \nState and nation. Its political aim was the exclusion from \npublic office of all persons of foreign birth. \n\n1.5. At the November elections, Silas Wright, of St. Law- \nrence, was elected Governor, and Addison Gardiner of Mon- \nroe, late Judge of the Eighth Circuit, Lieutenant-Governor, by a \nlarge majority, over Millard Fillmore of Erie and Samuel J. \nWilkin of Orange, together with a decided Democratic ma- \njority in both Houses of the Legislature. James K. Polk and \nGeorge M. Dallas, after an animated and exciting political \ncampaign, were elected President and Vice-President of the \nUnited States, by electoral majorities of sixty-five, over Henry \nClay and Mr. Frelinghuysen. \n\n16. In consequence of the resignation of Senators Wright \n\nAnti-Rent disturbances \xe2\x80\x94 Anti-Rent and Native-American parties. \xe2\x80\x94 \nElection of Silas Wright as Governor, and Addison Gardiner, Lieutenant- \nGovernor- \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential election. \n17 \n\n\n\n258 Si:VK.\\TII PEIUOD. \n\nand Tallmaikje, Governor Bouck, in Deoeml)er, appointotl \nHbkrt a. Fostkr of Oneida, and Lieutenants Joveniur Damrl \nS. Dickinson\', of Broome, aa I\'nited State* Seimtorn, for the \nunexpired temw resiiectively. The pn^poued amendmenta to \nthe Constitution in refereneo to the proitocution of the puUic \nwurkH, and the fuiancea of the State, and other objects, Imving \nreceive*! tlie approval of a nmj\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbritv of the people at the recent \nelection, were again remitted to tho ciuiunig Legiidaturo for \nfinal adoption. \n\n\n\nC H A P T K K IX. \n\nAu\xc2\xbbii!\xc2\xbbMTMATn>!\xc2\xab or Sila\xc2\xbb Wkh.mt \xe2\x80\x94 Intk\xc2\xab?<ai. l\xc2\xbbirn<\xc2\xbbri:\xc2\xbbir.xT\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nC\'a>M. K?\xc2\xabl.*U\xc2\xabl.i\xc2\xbbl.>iT. \xe2\x80\x94 C\xc2\xabnm\xc2\xabi> S< IKMILA. \xe2\x80\x94 AxTI-Kl.ST OfT- \n\nKA<<i^. \xe2\x80\x94 ra\xc2\xabM i-AHATioji or Maktiai. I. aw. \xe2\x80\x94 Tkial a?ii> Cojitic- \nTioK or TiiK Ih\xc2\xbbl-roi;}it Lkaukms. \xe2\x80\x94 Kaii.hoai>\xc2\xbb AUb Maukktio- \n\nTi: LEO HA I\'ll WlKKH. \n\n1. At tho niertin;; of the Ix\xc2\xbbiH\'^!:ituro in January, 1845, \n(iovenior Wni\xc2\xbbiiiT peoonn da eiendy adherence to \nthe lepHlntivo |K\xc2\xbblicy of 1842, in reference to the prose- \ncution of the pubho w<\xc2\xbbrkK, and the incor{joration of that jiolicy \nas a permanent |\xc2\xabftrt of the State (Vnntitution. After prcHenting \na clear exhibit of the financial condition of tlic State, and itM vari- \nouii literary and charitable inHtitutiona, he thuM advertH K{M>cwtlly \nto the funds set apart for the licnefit of the common kcIiooU : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n2. " Few if any inntancea are u|K\xc2\xbbn reconl," ho obaenrea, \n\'* in which a fund of this dencription haa Imm-u atlminiNterod and \nita ))ountiea dia{tcnrM^l, thi\\>u;:h a peritnl of forty ymm, with ao \nfew auapiciona, acciiaationa, or complainta of the interference of \neither political or reli^oua biaaea to diaturb the e<)ual iNilance by \nwhich ita iK-nefita Hhould Iw cxtcndcil to our whole {>opulatiou. \nTliia 8h<\xc2\xbbul<l continue aa it haa l>ecn. \n\n3. *M)iir 8chtx>l fund ia not inatituted to make our children \nand youth either jmrtiaana in |x\xc2\xbbhtica or aoctariana in rebpon, \nbut to jfive them e<lucntion, int- e, aound principlea, good \nmoral habita, and a free and indefHMjdont apirit ; in abort, to \n\n.Ai.i..:tifm<.fftii of T*n>\'<\xc2\xbbf <:i.if-^ ^natorv. \xe2\x80\x94 Prr>fm\xc2\xabal for amandin^*"\' \xe2\x80\xa2" \nthr ,,n. \xe2\x80\x94 (, AiaMMge. \xe2\x80\x94 rroieeatkm of ibe i \n\nWorks. \xe2\x80\x94 (\'oiii;i. \xe2\x80\xa2i \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 !. >oU. \n\n\n\nANTI-RENT OUTRAGES. 259 \n\nmake them American freemen and American citizens, and to \nqualify them to judge and choose for themselves in matters of \npolitics, religion, and government. \n\n4. " Such an administration of the fund as shall be calculated \nto render this qualification the most perfect for the mature \nminds, with the fewest influences tending to bias the judgment \nor incline the choice, will be the most consonant with our duties \nand with the best interests of our constituents. Under such an \nadministration, education will flourish most, and the peace and \nharmony of society be best preserved. \n\n5. "No public fund of the State is so unpretending, yet so \nall-pervading ; so little seen, yet so universally felt ; so mild in \nits exactions, yet so bountiful in its benefits ; so little feared or \ncourted, and yet so powerful, as this fund for the support of \ncommon schools. The other funds act upon the secular inter- \nests of society, its business, its pleasures, its pride, its passions, \nits vices, its misfortunes. This acts upon its mind and its \nmorals. \n\n6. " Education is to free institutions what bread is to human \nlife, \xe2\x80\x94 the staff of their existence. The office of this fund is to \nopen and warm the soil, and sow the seed which the element of \nfreedom must grow and ripen into maturity ; and the health or \nsickliness of the growth will measure the extent and security of \nour liberties. The thankfulness we owe to those who have gone \nbefore us for the institution of this fund, for its constitutional \nprotection, and for its safe and prudent administration hitherto, \nwe can best repay by imitating their example, and improving \nupon their work as the increased means placed in our hands \nshall give us ability." \n\n7. The Governor informed the Legislature that resistance to \nthe law and its officers in the anti-rent districts had been re- \nnewed, in forms and under circumstances of the deepest aggra- \nvation ; and that organized bands of men, disguised as savages, \nwith arms in their hands, had bidden defiance to the law, its \nprocess, and its officers, and in repeated instances rendered its \nmandates unavailing, while in some cases the lives of unoffend- \ning citizens had been taken. \n\nCommon-School Fund. \xe2\x80\x94 Anti-rent outrages. \n\n\n\n2G0 SEVFyril PElilOD. \n\n8. "While the question lietween the proprictom and the \ntenantV he olmcrvcs, " wiib whether the lcAft< h(>l<l tenures \nshould l>e |)er|>otuatotl, or the rentu lihould be oonuntite<i upon \nfair uud reoa^muhle terms, and fee u uin)n the \npayment of a capital in money, which. in\\ it n stipuhited \nrate, would n\'pnxluce the rent* to the hindloni, the controversy \nwuN one in which the feehn;:* and\' .thies of our people \nwere deeply enlisted, and stron^^ly mclunng iu favor of the \ntenants. \n\n9. "Then the question wu not whether rights of property \nare to be trampled uiMm, the t- > of contracts violently \nreeuitcil, the lawH of tlu* State Ki\'t at detiaiice, the [lettoe of h \ndJifturUil. and hunuui lifo Harriticc>d : but in what way ooutnicts \nonerous in their \' dm and t ^, iu their nature and char- \nacter unoongeoial with the habitu ami < as of oiu* people, \noould lio peaceably and justly and oinsiituitouaily modified to \nmoot the changed circumstanix^s of the timeiL \n\n10. "Then 1 nii^\'ht have invititl yourcait\'ful attention to the \noonsidemtions ^txiwinf? out of thcao ionies; but I fivl precludrd \nfn>m dismiHsions of this < \'er by the extra^apuit and inde- \nfensible )ioinition ^ven to the controversy by the unliiwftd and \nviolent procotHlmj^n of those wh nw the rl \'f the \' \n\nand inte^e^ts of the \' \'5 invulvi<d in thin littinttion.*\' \\\\k* \n\naooortiingly reoomnuMidcil tiie enortinont of str t (lenal laws \n\nftir the prevention and puniHhnu*nt of all outra^^suf this nature, \nwhich was pn>niptly coniplieii with by the Ixi|^slaturc at on oarly \nj>erii\xc2\xabl of the Si\'^tMiun. \n\n11. On the first Tuemlay in Februari-, Azariah C. Fi.Ano was \nreapjiointed <.\'omptn\xc2\xbbllor ; Natiiamkl S. Uin<Tox, of Herkimer, \nap|Miinti-<i S\'cretary of State and Superintendent of C\'onunon \nScliools, in place of Colonel Younj; ; and Joiix Van* Blrkn, of \nAllmny, Attonicy-ficncral, in phioe of Mr. lUirker. CiRSlUfl C \nIV s. of (hieido, was n fJiiKticc of the Su- \nprvute Court, On the 25th ol i dtruury, iJeneral Joiix A. Dix \nwas choeeu I\'nited States Senator, to fill the unexpired term \nof Govcnior W.uoht. and Lieutenant-Governor Damkl S. Dick- \ninson for the residue of the term of Seuator Tallmadge and \n\n\n\nStale oAoen. \xe2\x80\x94 United Stales sesalori. \n\n\n\nNEW CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 261 \n\nfor the full term succeeding. Governor Margy was soon after- \nwards appointed, by the President, Secretary of War of the \nUnited States. \n\n12. The various constitutional amendments proposed hy the \nlast Legislature and ratified by the popular vote, with the ex- \ncej)tion of those providing for the abolition of property qualifi- \ncations for elective officers and prohibiting the removal of \njudicial officers without just cause, failed to secure the requisite \nconstitutional majorities in both Houses. A ])ill was accord- \ningly, on the 13th of March, introduced in the Assembly by \nMr. Grain, of Herkimer, providing for the call of a State Gon- \nVENTiON for the formation of a new Gonstitution, which, after a \nseries of animated discussions and debates in both Houses, \nfinally became a law, subject to the approval of the people at \nthe ensuing election. \n\n13. At a late period in the session, an act was passed in both \nHouses appropriating one hundred and ninety-seven thousand \ndollars from the revenues of the canals for the completion of \nsuch portions of the enlarged Erie, Black River, and Genesee \nValley Ganals, and such repairs to other public works as may be \nrequired by the interests of the State. This bill encountered a \nveto from Governor Wright, chiefly npon the ground of the in- \ncompatibility of some of its details with the legislative policy \nof the act of 1842, which had received the sanction of the \npopular vote, and failed to obtain the requisite constitutional \nmajority. \n\n14. Notwithstanding the severe penalties of the act recently \npassed for the prevention of anti-rent outrages, great excitement \nand alarm still prevailed in the manor counties. In Golumbia, \nduring the summer of this year, several outrages were commit- \nted by members of the Anti-Rent associations disguised as In- \ndians. Gne of the most active agents, Dr. Boughton, was \narrested, tried, convicted, and imprisoned. In Delaware and \nSchoharie, frequent sanguinary riots took place ; and in August, \nMr. Steel, a deputy-sheriff", while in the discharge of his official \n\nConstitutional amendments. \xe2\x80\x94 Bill for a State Constitutional Convention. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Act in relation to the canals. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s veto. \xe2\x80\x94 Further anti-rent out- \nrages. \xe2\x80\x94 Imprisonment of Dr. Boughton. \xe2\x80\x94 Murder of Deputy- Sheriff \nSteel. \n\n\n\n2C2 SEiEyrn period. \n\nduties, was attacked by an armed party and inhumanly mur- \ndered. \n\n15. So numerous and during were the acta of lawless vi- \nperj)etnitetl by these men in l>eluwaro County, that appliaitiun \nwas made to <iovemor NN iiuiiiT to declare the county in a stiite \nof iiiKurrcction. A Hpiritcnl proclunmtion was inuneiliately issued \nhv the Ciovenjor, connnamiuij^ the r\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb>\xc2\xbbtnmtion of order undtT \nsevere |>enaltiea, and onlcrinif out a iit militar}* force for \n\nthe protection of the inh . " -. A -}h il irt of oyer and \n\ntenuiner wnM convened by Judin^ Am aha J. I\'.ikkkr, several con- \nvictions ol I by Alton uond Va.v IUiiex, includi! - \ntwo of a capitid imture, the punishment for which was com- \nmuted by the <J\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbvemor to impristniment for life. \n\nIG. In IkvcmU\'r, official inftmnution of the suppranion of \ntho insurrection was receive<l, and the proclamation of martini \nlaw bv ilio Oovenior revoked. The abilitv and Hnnncss with \nwhirh the executive duties were |ierformc<l at this alarming and \ndifficult crisis command(*<l the irenernl approliation and admi- \nration of the iKiiplf o( the St The fall fl- % in tho \nmean time, luul n*sulted in the usual I>i\'m<H-rattc nmjorities in \nlioth branches of the I^^-pslnture. and the approvid of the call \nfor a State C<\xc2\xbbnstituti<\xc2\xbbnal (\'<\xc2\xbbnv. . by a majority of upwards \nof one hunilrc*! and y thousand vutca. \n\n17. From the |)eno<i of the construction of the .Alliany and \nSchenectady Kailruad, in 1830, which was tho pioneer of this \ngroat system in New York, and the inception, aidi"<l by the \ncrwlit of the State, of the New Y<\xc2\xbbrk and Krie Ilailmad at a \nlater perittd, numerous acts of the I^c^slaturo authorizing^ the \noonstniction of these roads by incorjtorated conifmnics were \npMMd, and in every section of the State wholly or {tartially car- \nried into effect. Tho Allianv and Sohonectiwlv road was com- \nplete<l to I\'tica, where it was \xc2\xbbix>n intersecte*! by another con- \nnecting with the New York and Krie Itoad, and completing the \nconnection Iwtwecn New York, nutfalo, and Iske Vlric, an<l the \nfacilities of rapid communication between these points was in- \n\nTnMirr.f-tJon in P " i~ \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\x94 Proclainiitton of the Goreraor. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nMartial !\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\x94 Triui i... . ........ ..f the A**- \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x94- \xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xab:...>. \n\nof the ini\xc2\xaburrvcti\xc2\xab>n. \xe2\x80\x94 Result of tho Notci \nttttioosl ConrcQliun approved. \xe2\x80\x94 Kailruad^ \n\n\n\nRAILROADS AND TELEGRAPH. 263 \n\ncreased by the construction of the Hudson River and Harlem \nRailroads between New York and Albany. \n\n18. During the present and succeeding years these facilities \nwere immeasurably increased by the opening of magnetic-tele- \ngraph lines from Washington, through Philadelphia, New York, \nand Albany, to Boston, through the energy and genius of Profes- \nsor Morse and Henry 0. Rielly ; and other similar lines followed \nin quick succession, opening instantaneous communication be- \ntween the principal towns and cities of the State and Union. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER X. \n\nAdministration of Governor Wright. \xe2\x80\x94 State Constitutional \nConvention. \xe2\x80\x94 Constitution or 1846. \xe2\x80\x94 Free Schools. \n\n1. Governor Wright, in his messao-e to the Legisla- \nture of 1846, after recapitulating the incidents connected \n\xe2\x96\xa0with the recent Anti-Rent outbreaks, and the suppression of the \ninsurrectionary movements in the manor counties, recommended \nthe abolition of the process of distress for rents hereafter to \naccrue, the taxation of the landlords\' rents as income, and the \nrestriction of all leases hereafter to be executed to a period of \nfive or ten years. The State debt was estimated at $ 16,644,815, \nand the revenues from the canals during the preceding year at \nabout two and a half millions of dollars. \n\n2. The annual report of the Superintendent of Common \nSchools showed an increase of the number of school districts in \nthe State to upwards of eleven thousand, in which were taught \nseven hundred and thirty-six thousand pupils, at an expense of \nupwards of one million of dollars, nearly half of which was con- \ntributed by rate-bill. Ninety-five thousand dollars had been \nexpended in the purchase of school-district libraries, which \nnumbered upwards of one million volumes. Acts were passed \nabolishing distress for rent and facilitating the legal remedies \nby re-entry on lands for its non-payment. \n\n\n\nMagnetic telegraph. \xe2\x80\x94 Legislature of 1846. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAnti-rent excitement. \xe2\x80\x94 State debt, \xe2\x80\x94 Canal revenues. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of Super- \nintendent of Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 District libraries. \xe2\x80\x94 Distress for rent. \n\n\n\n204 SEVEyni prnrnn. \n\n3. On the finit day of June the State Constitution\' al Cos- \nVEfTloX, the inemlH.T\xc2\xab of which luui been clccttil in April, \nASBcmblcd at AUmny, and orpuiizoil by the election of ex- \nLieiiteiuint Governor John Tracy, of Chenango, as PreHidcnt, \nand Francis Staruick, of Jefferson, Hknrv W. Stiujno, of \nKcnjiJii\'laer, and Kr.\\ncI8 Sbuer, of Lewis, aa Becretariea. A \ncommittee of scventn-n wiia ap|ioiutetl f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr the distributiou of \nthe bu\xc2\xabini>88 of the IVmventiun, who, on the sucoeedint; day, \npresented a n-port, which wan adopted, and the teveiul cora- \nmiltet^Ji charj?e<l with the conKitlerution of the various suljccts \nprescnlitl for \xc2\xbb apj\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbintttl. \n\n4. No nwtfrial altcnition of Uio exiHtiuj^ provisions of the \nConstitution of \\^\'2\\ was made in tlie orj^ainzntion of the Ex- \necutive UcjKirtmont, In the Ix^Mslati%\'c iKimrtinent, the only \nessential chanj;c was made in the rv\\ u of the election of \nsenators for a |n\'rit\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabl of two ywirs by . iiatoriid districts, \nan<l of niemU\'rs of the !>\xc2\xbbwer House by sin^lo A- \xe2\x80\xa2 "*\'ly districts \nin the several c<)unties of the State. The |>ower of mii\xc2\xbb\xc2\xaba. hmcnt \nof public officers was rested in the Assembly, and the Senate \nand jiul^\'os of the Court of Apfteals. presnled over by the Lieu- \ntenant -(Hjvem<\xc2\xbbr, constituted the tribunal for the trial of such \nimpeachments. \n\n6. Ki;,\'hi juilicial districts were direotod to l)e \xe2\x80\xa2 rutcd, in \n\nesch of which fi\xc2\xbbur judp?8 of the Supreme Court, vt-hteti with \nIcfcpvl and t \'lo jjowers, were to be . \'. with such addi- \n\ntional numlter \\n the district com|KJ8C<l of the city of New York \nU iU |)oi>ulation mii;ht from time to time require. Tliese \njudv^i\'s were re<iuire<l to l>e clamifieil, so tliat the terms of each \nsluMild expire once in every eight years, after the first cbssifi- \ncation. A Court of Apiieals was orvnniied, to lie coujposed of \neijrht ju<l>,\'es, four to be elected by the piH)ple of the entire State \nfor the term of ei^rht years, and the remaining four to Ix? BelecUni \nfnmi the ckss of justices of the Stiprenie Court having the \nshortest time to wrve. Provision was made for the election of \none of those justices everj* second year, an<l for the ap|w\xc2\xbbintment \nof a Chief-Justice from their number, and presiding judges at \nthe general terms, in the several District Courts, and also for \n\nCoostitationjd Convntion. \xe2\x80\x94 Oi^sanuBtkm oT tlM KMcative. \xe2\x80\x94 Ugis- \n\nIstive and Judicial Depaitmenu. \n\n\n\nCONSTRUCTION OF THE COURTS. 265 \n\nthe establishment of circuit courts and courts of oyer and ter- \nminer in the several counties. \n\n6. Justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court \nof Appeal were made removable by concurrent resolution of \nboth Houses of the Legislature, two thirds of all the mem- \nbers elected to the Assembly and a majority of the Senate \nconcurring. All other judicial officers, except Justices of the \nPeace and judges or justices of inferior courts not of record, \nwere made removable for cause to be stated, by the Senate on \nthe recommendation of the Governor, after a full opportunity \nfor defence. In case of any vacancy in the office of judge, the \nGovernor was authorized to supply such vacancy by appoint- \nment until the next ensuinor election. \n\n7. A county judge was required to be elected once in four \nyears, in each of the counties of the State except New York, \nfor the holding of county courts, and, with two Justices of \nthe Peace, of Courts of Sessions, and the performance of the \nduties of Surrogate, when the population of the county was less \nthan forty thousand. Justices of the Peace were made elective \nby the people of the several towns for a term of four years each. \nTribunals of Conciliation w^ere authorized for the voluntary \nsettlement of litigated cases, and provision was made for the \nappointment of commissioners for the revision of practice and \npleading in the several courts of the State, subject to the \napproval of the legislatures. Sheriffs, county clerks, district- \nattornevs, and coroners were to be elected in the several counties \nfor a term of three years respectively. \n\n8. The Comptroller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Attorney- \nGeneral, State Engineer, and Surveyor were required to be cho- \nsen by the electors of the State at the general election, once in \neverv two years. Three Canal Commissioners and three In- \nspectors of State Prisons were to be also elected in the same \nmanner, one of their number to be annually chosen for the \nterm of three years. The Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of \nState, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Speaker of the \nAssembly, and State Engineer and Surveyor were constituted \n\n\n\nRemoval of justices of tlie Supreme Court. \xe2\x80\x94 County judges. \xe2\x80\x94 Justices \nof the Peace. \xe2\x80\x94 Tribunals of conciliation. \xe2\x80\x94 Revision of practice and plead- \nings. \xe2\x80\x94 County officers. \xe2\x80\x94 State officers. \n\n\n\n2(JG SEVJCyr/I PERIOD. \n\nCommissioners of tho Land Utilcc ; the four first niunod of these \nofficers CoinmisHioncra of tho Canal Fund, and, in conjunction \nwith tlie Cuniil Conunissioncm and Stati; Kiiginevr and Survo^\'ur, \nthe C\'juial Ituiird. \n\ny. After dffrayinj; the expenses of collection, suiierintendenoe, \nand ordinary rejHiim, the ttuni of one million three hundred \nthousand dullarH wiui nH|uired to lie annually set aptvrt until \ntho fintt day of June, isrir), and fn>ni that date one million \nseven hundrttl tliuuiuuid dollam annually, from the rcvenue\xc2\xab of \ntho State cunalx, as a sinking fund for the |iaymcnt of the in- \nterest and reilemption of the princi{itd of the canal dcht ; and \nA further anniml sum of three hundred and Hf\\y thouKund \ndollars from the Murplus revenues of such canals, untd a Kuf- \niicient sum had hoen provided to pay the whole of such principal \nand intervnt. \n\n10. On the completion of such payment, the sum of one and \na half millions of dolUirs was re<|uire\xc2\xabl to he anniuilly set apart \nas a sinkuig fund for the |Hiyment <if the intere\xc2\xabt and redemp- \ntion of tho princi|\xc2\xabal of the p.\xc2\xbbneral fund debt, includin); tho \namount due on lotuis of the State cre<!it to railnvid com|\xc2\xbbnni\xc2\xab-. \nuntd the same should l\xc2\xbbe wholly |Miid ; after which, and utt< r \ndefmying all expeniies of suficrintendence and re|iair of the \ncanals, such sum. not cxccedin}; two hundro<l thousand dollant, \nto lie annually appn^)iriated from their surplus revenues to \nthe uw? and Itenefit of the f^cnend fund, as sliould be re<iuired \nto defray the neceHnar\\\' exfionseM of tho State. \n\n1 1. The remaincler of the cnnal revenues, after mectinR the\xc2\xab/> \nrarious appntpriations, was authorixe<l to \\yo n|>*>^^\'-<l. in suiii \nmaimer as the liC^jiHlature hIiouUI direct, to the i .....; ^t-ment of \nthe Krio Canal, ami the completion c\xc2\xbbf tinj Black Kiver an<l \nGenenee Valley Canals. Various other proviHions were mxuie for \nthe occurrence of future dertoiencics in the fund* of tho State, \nfor the payment of its ohiipitions, and the Kupport of the \ngovernment. All appropriations of money were requiretl to l\xc2\xbbo \nspeciBcally stated in the acts for their provi\xc2\xabiun ; and tho crt^lit \n\nComniUikiooen of ibc I^nJ Office and Canal Fund. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal DoartL \xe2\x80\x94 I\'ru \nTiaion for the pi\xc2\xab uriatiooa to general fund. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Erie Canal \xc2\xab ^ ^ .i-n\xc2\xabee V-"-\xc2\xbb- \'^^nab. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nProritioas for U<. .u buic funds. \xe2\x80\x94 Apprupnaiioi.^ mooey. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF 182U 267 \n\nof the State forbidden to be loaned to or in aid of any indi- \nvidual, association, or corporation. \n\n12. No debt was thereafter to be contracted by or on behalf \nof the State, unless authorized by a law for some single speci- \nfied work or object, and unless provision at the same time were \nmade for the imposition and collection of an annual State tax for \nthe payment of the accruing interest, and the extinguishment \nof the principal of said debt within eighteen years thereafter ; \nnor could such law take effect until it should have been sub- \nmitted to the people of the State at a general election, and have \nreceived the approval of a majority of all the votes cast at said \nelection for or against it. Such law, after such approval, might \nbe at any time repealed, or its operation suspended, by the \nLegislature, with the exception of the provision therein made \nfor the collection of a tax to defray any expenditures in- \ncurred. \n\n13. No such law was allowed to be submitted to the people \nwithin three months after its passage, or at any election, when \nany other bill or any proposition for the amendment of the Con- \nstitution should have been so submitted. On the final passage \nof any bill imposing, continuing, or reviving a tax, creating a \ndebt or charge, or making, continuing, or reviving any appropri- \nation of public money, or discharge of any claim or demand of \nthe State, three fifths of all the members elected to each House \nwere required to constitute a quorum, and the ayes and noes to \nbe taken and recorded on such bill. \n\n14. Corporations, including banking and other associations, \nwere authorized to be formed under general laws, and special acts \nfor this purpose were prohibited, except for municipal purposes \nand in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the \nobject of such corporations cannot be attained under general \nlaws. Suspension of specie payments by any such corporation \nor association was prohibited to be sanctioned or in any man- \nner allowed by the Legislature ; all bills or notes put in. circu- \nlation as money were required to be registered, and ample se- \n\nLoans to individuals, associations, or corporations. \xe2\x80\x94 Restrictions on the \ncontraction of State debts. \xe2\x80\x94 Corporations to be formed under general laws. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Restrictions on banking associations. \xe2\x80\x94 Registry and redemption of \nbank-notes. \n\n\n\n2G8 SKn-SMfl PERIOD. \n\nciirity for their redemption in Bjjccic funuHhod to th** \'^^^^o, and \n8tockholder\xc2\xab made individually re\xc2\xabix\xc2\xbbnHil\xc2\xbble for any li. :icy. \n\n15. Thf caipitaUof thorommon-Schotil, Liteniturt% and I\'nitetl \nStatCM Dejiohit FuiuU, were resjjfctively to be preaerve*! inviolate, \nand their revenues applied exclunively to the pur|KJ6f\xc2\xab of theircrea- \ntion. The \xc2\xbbum of twenty-five thttumuid dollant waa directeil to Ik* \nannually applied from the revenue\xc2\xab of the I\'nited State* l)c|K.sit \nFund to the incntuie of the ciu.it.d of the (.\'onmion-Sehuol Fund. \n\nIG. The Ixnfinlature waa a d tc\xc2\xbb pn\xc2\xbbviile fur the or^niai \n\ntion of eitie\xc2\xab and ine\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrporutctl villri-rrs, and so to reutrict their \n|>oweni of taxatitm, aam^Minient, I mjj money, oontrueiin^\' \n\ndebta, and Ktanin^ their ennlit, a\xc2\xab to pn-vcnt ahuaea in \xc2\xbbuch a\xc2\xab \n\xe2\x96\xa0OSHinent, e\xc2\xab>ntmetA, and loaiiH. \n\n17. Provihion* wem tTiade for future amendmenUi to the Con \nitituti\'-n hv the Ixv rr. with the appr> u of the pc\xc2\xabi . \nat el i*nd \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr f; i also ft>r the rnllitv/ \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf u \nStato Con. II f\xc2\xabir that pur|MMie at the g< \xe2\x96\xa0 .li \n18GG, and in eueh twentieth year thereaft\xc2\xab\'r. \n\n18. During the bcitoion f\xc2\xbbf thia Con\\ \\ the first nio%*e \ninent waa mndeforthe e-^; ;in\xc2\xab\'nt of Fi. iitH\xc2\xbbi*s thn\xc2\xbbu;.li \nout the St With the . . of the city of New York. \nthe sevenU common h MUM\xc2\xbb<\xc2\xbbrt*\'d in great part hy \nIo(*al taxation and the {laynient (tf i.. > for tcachem* wage\xc2\xab, \nafter deducting the \xe2\x80\xa2than> of public money apfiortioned to ca< li. \namounttn;; to c< Iv le^ than half the nniount annuuily \nrequii\xc2\xabii. In the ^ 1 poorest K\xc2\xbb ^, where e\xc2\xabhiai- \ntion waA n)\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbMt ! !. the cuutributiona from tlic State fund \nWere the nuwii n. \n\n19. On tiio l.^th of June, Mr. HMiiKitT CvMriiEJ.^ of Otaego, \noffered a resolution in the convention inquiring? into the pro- \npriety of a coUHtitutional prr\xc2\xbbvi\xc2\xabion for the c\xc2\xbbt .ment of \nsuch a svHtem of common > h as would enable every chll \nin the State to Hecure the lienefita of a gixxl education. 1"; \nresolution, with a memorial on the name aubject from the Stat. \nConvention of county au{icrintendcntH, waa referred to the F^iu< a- \ntional Committee. \n\n" ^ \xe2\x80\xa2 <ol, !/\xe2\x80\xa2 : Ti \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 r ,,4g \xe2\x80\x94 jnr- \'on of \n\nca:iiLlikhiucnt uf tree icUwU. \n\n\n\nADOPTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION. 269 \n\n20. On the 22d of July, Mr. Nicoll, of New York, Chairman \nof that Committee, reported to the Convention a series of reso- \nlutions declaring the inviolability of the Common-School, Litera- \nture, and United States Deposit Funds, and providing for the \nestablishment by the Legislature of a system of free schools for \nthe education of every child between the ages of four and sixteen \nyears, whose parents were^residents of the State. \n\n21. On the 8th of October, the day preceding the final ad- \njournment of the Convention, this provision was adopted as a \npart of the Constitution, by a close vote of 57 to 53, and with \nthe remainder of the resolution ordered to be engrossed as such. \nAfter a temporary recess, on the reassembling of the Convention \nin the afternoon, the portion of the resolution providing for \nthe establishment of free schools was, on the motion of Mr. \nArphaxed Loomis, of Herkimer, stricken out, and the residue \nof the article only retained. \n\n22. The November elections resulted in the election of John- \nYoung, of Livingston, the Whig candidate for Governor, by a \nmajority of upwards of eleven thousand votes over Governor \nWright, and the re-election of Addison Gardiner, of Monroe, \nthe Democratic candidate, for Lieutenant-Governor, over Hamil- \nton Fish, of New York, by thirteen thousand majorit}^ The \nmajority in favor of the adoption of the new Constitution was \nabout 130,000. \n\n23. On the 24th of December of this year, General Erastus \nRoot, of Delaware, died in the city of New York, whither he \nhad gone on a visit. For nearly half a century he had taken an \nactive part in public life, and had occupied at different times \nmany prominent positions in the State and national govern- \nments. As a member and presiding officer of both branches of \nthe State Legislature during a long period, as Lieutenant-Gov- \nernor of the State, and member of the House of Representatives \nof the United States, he was distinguished for ability in de- \nbate, inflexible honesty, and gi-eat executive and administrative \npower. \n\n\n\nElection of John Youno: as Governor and Addison Gardiner as Lieu- \ntenant-Governor. \xe2\x80\x94 Adoption of the new Constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 Death of Erastus \nRoot. \n\n\n\n\n\\ \n\n\n\nt 6 \n\n\n\nr E p \n\n\n\n^ v_. -y-T* \n\n\n\n&Ut\xc2\xab lUU At AlbftDj. \n\nEIGHTH rKKIOIX \n\nFROM THE COXSTirrT/0.\\ ui io^O TO THE PRES- \n\nEST TIME. \n\n\n\n1\xc2\xbb4 \n\n\n\nCIIAPTKU I. \nAdmixmtratio^ nr Jonx Yori\xc2\xbbo. \xe2\x80\x94 MrxiCA^r War. \xe2\x80\x94 Gevcral Pae- \n\nDOJt or AmTI KOT rRI\xc2\xbb0!(LHB. \xe2\x80\x94 I>K.ATU Ot GoVERJIOR WuiGIIT. \n\n1. Si iisFgrEXTi.T to the annoxat;\'>n \xc2\xbbif Texas as one of the \nStfttcM of the rnion, the ^; ins committod on the \n\nconimorrc of the I\'nited St *. - liy Mexico, and the r\xc2\xbb\'f\'!Hal \nor neglect of her povoniment t- ^e a(it^|uate conif\' u \n\nft\xc2\xbbr the injuries therohy siiffcrctl hy our citizenA. tivt\'ther with \nthe display of n military- force on the Kio (Jmnde, Uni to the de- \nclamtion of war n;raiiist that nation. During; the past year, \nactive prcparatiuus for hostiUtica had been commenced in every \n\n\n\nPEACE WITH MEXICO. 271 \n\nsection of the Union, and an appropriation of the necessary \nfunds made by Congress for its eihcient prosecution. The vic- \ntories of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena \nVista, had been gained by Major-Generals Taylor and John E. \nWool. Major-General Scott was marching upon the capital, \nwith the gallant General Worth and his brave compatriots, \nand New Mexico and California had been conquered by General \nKearney and Captain John C. Fremont. \n\n2. President Polli, during the session of Congress of 1846, \nhad requested an additional appropriation of two millions of \ndollars for the negotiation of a peace between the two nations, \nbased upon the cession by Mexico of California, in discharge of \nthe demands of our government. As a condition of this grant, \nMr. David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, proposed a resolution, that, \nin the territory so to be purchased, neither slavery nor involun- \ntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, should be per- \nmitted to exist. \n\n3. Early in the session of 1847 this proviso was renewed by \nPreston King, of St. Lawrence, one of the representatives from \nNew York, fortified by a joint resolution of both Houses of the \nLegislature of that State, passed by a nearly unanimous vote. \nAn appropriation of three millions of dollars was, however, made \nby Congi\'ess, without the incorporation of this clause, notwith- \nstanding the vote of the New York delegation in the House of \nRepresentatives, with one exception, and Senator Dix, in its favor. \n\n4. Governor Young, in his annual message to the Legislature, \nreviewed the general condition of the State in its various depart- \nments, and, among other things, recommended the adoption of \nearly measures to carry into effect the provisions of the new \nConstitution for the appointment of commissioners to reform, \nsimplify, and abridge the rules and practice, pleadings, forms, \nand proceedings of the several Courts of Record in the State. \nHe also earnestly urged the requisite appropriations for the com- \npletion of the Erie Canal enlargement and the construction of \nthe Genesee Vallev and Black River Canals. \n\n5. Soon afterwards a proclamation was issued by him recapitu- \n\nThe Mexican War. \xe2\x80\x94 Brilliant campaigns of Generals Taylor and Scott. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Negotiations for peace. \xe2\x80\x94 The Wilmot Proviso. \xe2\x80\x94 Proceedings of the \nLegislature. \n\n\n\n272 Fir.IITII PFRIOD. \n\nIntinp the ori^n and pn _!\xe2\x80\xa2 -s of the Anti-Rent controversy : and \ngrantui;; n full jwrilon to the prisoners convicte<l in ( ohirohia \nand I)fluwnro Counties, two of whom hzid Ix\'en \xc2\xbbeutonceti to \ndeath, ami their punishment l>een ci\xc2\xbbmmuto<l hy the lato (lover- \nnor to imprittitnment fur life. Thi\xc2\xbb proclunuit ion was baaed \nchiefly upon the (ground tliut the \xe2\x80\xa2 h for which the puniuli- \n\nnientJt were i: i were {xihtiaU <\xe2\x80\xa2;! ii <h; and the occasion \n\nund excitement att< their commishiun having imuumhI over, \n\npuhUc |)olicy no lon;;i\'r deiiumdiil a continuance of the )>enalty. \nFiftv-four penionA. inchidin;; tho.sc ai cunvictwl, were ih^ \n\nci. pnx\'hiination. \n\n6. On the 7th of May an act was passed authorizing the es- \nUUi\xc2\xabhn\xc2\xbbent of a Frkk Academy in the city of New York, wiih \nthe c\xc2\xbb>ucurrenco of a i ly of the lejral vt\xc2\xbbterB in luiid city, \nwhich was at once pnn-untl, und the my wiis \xe2\x80\xa2 1 \ndurin)^ the ii \xe2\x80\xa2 year under the pr^ -y of I)r. Hnu\\\' : \nWkii^tkr. I\'ndcr tl\xc2\xbbe proviMons of an act ]\xe2\x80\xa2 i\xe2\x80\x94 . 1 durinj^ tl\xc2\xbbo \nprecc*ling year, U for the i; :> t\xc2\xbbf Indian children \nwere orj^uniat^tl on the Oni-; l niluniumin, Allt%:hany, and \nSt. lU^is i is were aUtj iiuthorized to be \ne^\' 1 m liie pr <* towns, for the \nseparate mstruclioii of < iren, m whirli uUmt fi\\r \nthousand of this cUias of \xc2\xab ti were pithered, \xe2\x80\x94 the rvy>\\ \ndue Ijcini; it \'"<l in the - tri\xc2\xabt schools of t \nSt On the 7ih <\xc2\xbbf June an act w -<ttl providin;^ fur \nthe \\m\\ n of the puhlic wurlvs. \n\n7. In the mciin time the utroni; ftirtress of San Junn dTllwi \nat Vera Cnii had Ikvu capturcHl by the furces under (leneml \nScott, and CJener.d Worth appointed Military\' (Jovenior ; ^ \nMexinin fortresses of Chihuahua, Corro (ionlo, Jolapo, and IV \nrote, the city of Puehla, the vilbi;re <>f ChenihuMco, the fortit; 1 \ncam|i6 at National Hrid^\'e, Contrems, San Ant<\xc2\xbbnio, Mulino Ikl \nRev, and the castle <\xc2\xbbf Chapnlte|)ec, captunnl ; and on the 14th \nof 8cpteml\xc2\xbber the city of Mexico was entrn"*! by the An: \ntroops, und the war 8o<m after torminatc<l by the cession ol V. uli- \n\nTanlon lo th\xc2\xab A \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb* \xe2\x80\x94 \' mcnrr. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nNew Ytirk Frws Acailfiny. \xe2\x80\x94 I \n\nthe public work*. \xe2\x80\x94 Termination of the Mi\\u.in War. \xe2\x80\x94 Ccmiud of CsJ\xc2\xab \n\nfumis. \n\n\n\nDEATH OF SILAS WRIGHT. 273 \n\nfornia for the sum of fifteen millions of dollars. The part taken \nin all these victorious conflicts by the officers and troops of the \nState of New York was eminently creditable to the bravery and \nvalor of its citizens. \n\n8. On the 27th of August, Governor Wright suddenly expired \nfrom disease of the heart, at his residence in Canton, St. Law- \nrence County. Since his retirement from the Executive Depart- \nment he had devoted himself to agricultural pursuits, and had \njust completed an address to be delivered before the State Agri- \ncultural Society, at Saratoga Springs, in September, which was \nread on that occasion by his friend. General Dix. The highest \nhonors were paid to his memory by the various municipal au- \nthorities, and a special message communicated to the Legislature \nat its September session by Governor Young, followed by reso- \nlutions of the two Houses expressive of their sorrow for his loss. \nSimilar honors were paid by various State legislatures through- \nout the Union. \n\n9. Few abler or more gifted statesmen have graced the coun- \ncils of the State and nation than Silas Wright. His strict and \nunwavering integrity, his clear comprehension of the various \nimportant questions upon which he was from time to time re- \nquired to pass, his marked simplicity of character and deport- \nment, and his superior qualifications as a political leader, made \na profound impression upon the public mind, and endeared his \nmemory to the hearts of his countrymen. \n\n10. As a leading member of the State Senate, State Comp- \ntroller, United States Senator, and Governor, he was eminently \ndistinguished for intellectual ability, uncompromising integrity, \ngreat suavity of manners, and a persuasive and convincing elo- \nquence. Although he had repeatedly and firmly declined the \nnominations to the two highest offices of the national govern- \nment, no statesman in the Union, at the period of his death, \noccupied a more prominent position in the public view, or pos- \nsessed a larger share of the public confidence. \n\n11. At the November election the Whig party again car- \nried the State by a large majority. Lieutenant-Governor Gardi- \nner having resigned his position for a seat on the bench of the \n\n\n\nDeath of Silas Wright. \xe2\x80\x94 Public honors to his memory \xe2\x80\x94 His character. \n18 \n\n\n\n274 EIGIITU rrnrnn. \n\nCourt of Appeals, Hamilton Fish, of New York, waa choncn in \nhis phico; Christopher Mi\xc2\xbbiu;AX, of Cnvupi, wjis electea \nSccretiirv of Stiite onil SuiMTintondcnt of Coiimum Stlu\xc2\xbbola ; \nMii.uvRD FiiXM(\xc2\xbbRK, of l->ie, CoiiiptniUcr ; and Amiiuosf. L Joi \nDAS, of Colunilua, Atton\xc2\xbbey-litMienU. Aui>i>\xc2\xab>s (Iariuxkr of \nM\xc2\xabnm>e, CIujxne < \'*s of OntMtlJ^ Fiu:eik)RN H. Jewett \n\nof f>nomln\xc2\xabni, and Chaiuj> H. Itn.tiLi?* of DuUhcss, wcro \njL\xc2\xbbs of the Court of Apiieal-H. \n12. On the 13th of NovemU-r the I iturc, at its upecial \n\nsession, y>n\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbe<\\ an oct nU : the ofhoc of County .Su|>erin- \n\ntendcnt of Ctmuiion ^ ih, ninuily, it is U-liovtHi, from the in- \njudicious \xc2\xbb\' t\xc2\xbba of many of thut cUixs of otl\'iccrs, hy the \nMvcrnl County IWwnls of Sn -rs, aiul the ohnt\xc2\xbbxious nKxio \nin which its dutum were d> hI hy inouniK\'tent \nThe effect of this mciu\xc2\xaburo, tlon. . as it undouhtf<lly WB^ \nby the p.\xc2\xbbpuhir \xc2\xbb* ut, WJU^ ni\'VorthoU\xc2\xabH, hi^\'hly disostrous \nto the pn\xc2\xbb- of the c<\xc2\xbbnuni\xc2\xbbn-iwh\xc2\xbbK)I nyMtcni. \n\n\\:\\. On the firnt Tutiidav of Junimr\\*. 1848, the I^s- \nliitiir. 1 asMcnihUHl, nnd (lovmior Yoino, in his nus- \n\nMge, after alhidmj; to the pcnoral c\xc2\xab n <\xc2\xbbf the State, \n\nhricflv nvi.wed the hi\xc2\xabtorv of the mnnoriul ciisturlwncon, and \nreconunomlod the institution of lopil p! ^ in l>ohnlf of \n\nthe State, to tf\xc2\xabt the v of the tith-s clainxMl hy the land- \n\nlortJs. He also nilhil ll. m of the I ture to the \n\nin\xc2\xbb|x>rtanco of the State - > <>f puhlic inntniction. "Com- \n\nmon ^ \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab." he ol)ser%-ed, ** from their univerwility reaching? \nc\\crx ty rh\xc2\xabK>d and .<\'nce u|>on every \n\nfamily ond ujto every mmd, exjH\'ihnj; tiie primary causes of \nvice and crime, and \xc2\xab ,\' allam to pat riot ium and virtue, \n\nhave justly been considenxl the } of lej,\'ish\xc2\xbbtivo \n\ncare." \n\n14. The Rum of one million of dollars was aj d for \n\nthe cnl;. ut of the Krie and the completion of the Gene- \n\nsee Valley, l^iack River, and Chemtinp K \xe2\x80\xa2 >n Canals. Gen- \nend acts were also passed, authorizing the formation of milniad. \n\nState nflScCT*. \xe2\x80\x94 Abolition rf \'^^^ ""\xe2\x96\xa0 - nf County SnpeHr \xe2\x96\xa0\'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2-\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x99\xa6\xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xe2\x96\xa0\'" \'"mid- \nmon School*. \xe2\x80\x94 lu crtVvt*. \xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xbb inciwaer. \xe2\x80\x94 M- \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nCommon M-hooU. \xe2\x80\x94 Appropriation* for rrsumpiion of the public work\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 \nGeneral laws for corporate companies and associaiioiu. \n\n\n\nFREE SCHOOLS. 275 \n\ngas, bridge, telegraph, and manufacturing companies, and asso- \nciations for cliaritable, benevolent, missionary, and scientific pur- \nposes. \n\n15. The late Superintendent of Common Schools, Secretary \nBenton, in his annual report, adverted to the extension of the \nFree-School system, by the establishment, in many of the most \nimportant cities and villages of the State of schools, of this de- \nscription, and urged the importance of its adoption throughout \nthe State, by means of a uniform system of taxation. The \noperations of the State Normal School had been thus far \neminently successful. On the 1st of January, however, of the \npresent year, it sustained a severe loss by the death of its \nPrincipal, David P. Page, who had administered its affairs wntli \nsignal ability and usefulness. He was succeeded by Professor \nGeorge R. Perkins, of Utica, who had heretofore the charge of \nits mathematical department. \n\n16. At the annual election in November, Lieutenant-Governor \nHamilton Fish, of New York, was elected Governor, and \nGeorge W. Patterson, of Livingston, Lieutenant-Governor. \nThe presidential election resulted in the choice of General \nZachary Taylor, of Louisiana, the hero of the Mexican War, \nas President, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, as Vice- \nPresident, by a majority of thirty-six electoral votes over Lewis \nCass of Michigan for the former, and William 0. Butler of \nKentucky for the latter office. Martin Van Buren, of New \nYork, was supported for President, and Charles Francis Adams, \nof Massachusetts, for Vice-President, by the Free-Soil Demo- \ncrats of the Union. \n\n\n\nFree schools. \xe2\x80\x94 State Normal School. \xe2\x80\x94Death of Principal Page. \xe2\x80\x94 Elec- \ntion of Governor Pish and Lieutenant-Governor Patterson. \xe2\x80\x94Zachary Tay- \nlor elected President, and Millard Fillmore, Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94Free- Soil \nnominations. \n\n\n\n. .-\xe2\x80\xa2\' \n\n\n\n276 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER IT. \nApmixi\xc2\xabtratiox or IUmiltoj* Fish. \xe2\x80\x94 Tns Fkxb-Scbool Cox- \n\n1. At tho opening of tho : itire session of 1S49, Gov- \nernor Fish, after atlvertinj: to the penerul eondition of tho \n- ite, ealled the attention of the IxyiKlnturc to the lilieral \n\nbequest of four huiuire*! thoujuind dolhirs by Jolui Jucc\xc2\xbbb Ahtor, \nof tho city of New York, for tho foutithition and i\xc2\xbbi\'r|K?tual sup- \nport of n free pubhc hhnir}-, ami rvt !ido<l the necessary \nlei^alatiou f<\xc2\xbbr . vuhdily to the nuitiiticont donation of tho \ntestator. He uIh\xc2\xab> nioinmcnded the endowment !>v the State of \nan Agricullurid ^^c\\x^H^^\\ and a school ft>r instruction in the me- \nclinnic arts ; the improvement and ext i of tlie laws for tho \npn\xc2\xbbtection of t . tho rwtorntiou nf the <)thce of County \nSu|>erinten\xc2\xabient ol iomuion .*^ . the esuM. t of Tribu- \nnals of < ition, lion and aiutlioration of tho \ncriminal cotie. \n\n2. The I^Hlnture, in accordance with the recommendation of \nthe Governor, ad<\xc2\xbbpted a conciirrvnt re\xc2\xbbvr\xc2\xbblutitin authf\xc2\xbbrizing tho \nappointment of a lUianI of Commii\xc2\xabi\xc2\xbbmerB to mature a plan for \nthe c !iujent of an Agricultural College and Kxperimental \nFann, and wubmit a detailc<l rejtort of such plan at the ensuing \nsession. Strong resolutions were also psHcd declaring the un- \nalterable determination of the people of tho State to resist tho \nextension of jUiivcry- over territories now free. \n\n3. Tho Superi nt of Common Schools (Hon. CllRisTO- \nPHIR Morgan, Socrvtury of .*^tate), in his annual report, strongly \nurged the adoption by tho Lepsl:ittire of a system of Frf.e \nScnooui, l>asc<l ui>on the imperative duty of the State to secure \nthe means of e<lucation to every child within its Iwrders, as a \npreventive of crime and pauperism, an incentive to industr}* and \nusefulness, and a proper preparation for the di-^^ \' " <" of tho \nvarious duties to be devolve*! up<^\xc2\xbbn them as future LUucnR. \n\n4. On tho 26th of March a bill passed Iteth Houses for tho \n\n\n\nGoTsmor\'t mewige. \xe2\x80\x94 Prooeedingt of the L\xc2\xabgisUtaro. \n\n\n\nSTATE FREE SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED, 277 \n\nEstablishment of Free Schools throughout the State, to be \nsupported by the public funds set apart for that purpose by the \nConstitution, and by county, town, and school-district taxation, \nfor any sum required beyond these funds, for the building of \nsuitable school-houses, and the instruction of every child be- \ntween the ages of five and twenty-one years for a period of at least \nfour months in each year. This bill was required to be sub- \nmitted to the electors of the State for their ratification at the \nensuing November election. \n\n5. An act was also passed on the 30th of March, appropriat- \ning an annual sum of two hmidred and fifty dollars to such \nacademies in the State, designated by the Regents of the Uni- \nversity, as should instruct at least twenty of their pupils in the \nscience of common-school teaching for a period of four months \nduring the year. Ex-Governor William H. Seward was, in \nFebruary, elected United States Senator, in place of General \nJohn A. Dix, whose term had expired. \n\n6. At the November election, Christopher Morgan, of \nCayuga, was re-elected Secretary of State ; Washington Hunt, of \nNiagara, Comptroller; and Samuel Stevens, of Albany, Attor- \nney-General. The act for the establishment of free schools \nthroughout the State was approved by a majority of 158,000 \nvotes ; every county in the State, with the exception of Tomp- \nkins, Chenango, Cortland, and Otsego, giving majorities in its \nfavor. Previous to the ofiicial announcement of this result, the \nBoards of Supervisors in nearly half the counties had adjourned, \nwithout making the necessary appropriations for carrying the \nprovisions of the law into effect, throwing the entire burden of \nthe support of the schools for the ensuing year on the respective \nschool districts. \n\n7. This heavy deficiency of funds, together with the great \ninequality of taxable property in the several districts, and the \nburdens thereby imposed upon the wealthy inhabitants, ren- \ndered the execution of the law exceedingly oppressive, and \ncreated a strong revulsion in the popular sentiment, which \n\nAct for the establishment of free schools throughout the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Teach- \ners\' Department in Academies. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 State elections. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Approval of the Free-School Bill. \xe2\x80\x94 Obstacles to its execution. \xe2\x80\x94 Causes \nof its unpopularity. \n\n\n\n278 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\nmanifested itself in numerous petitions and memori/ils to tho \n[^\xe2\x80\xa2j^ishiture of 1850 for a rc|>cjil or moditicatiun of the utt. \nSome of the courts nlbo held ita provisions unconstitutional, \nbv reason of the sul : u to a popular vote. Tho Atlonun- \n\n(jcneral, however, \xe2\x80\xa2; \xe2\x80\xa2 :.f l from this opinion; and no tl i \n\nwas finally pronounced on apf^\'ol. \n\n8. The utnuMJt efforts were made by the friends of the bw \nto Bocuro its favomblo \xe2\x80\xa2 < -ration, notwithstandin); the un- \n\navoidable olistacles to its nn le o|x?ration. The almost \n\nentire unanimity with which it w d by the Le^^\'islaturo \n\nand sanctioneil by the (K>pular vote, its intrinsic justice and \nIwn results in <\xe2\x80\xa2 \' tho annmtm schools to every \n\nchild, without dis<Ttmination or restriction, and the paramount \nimportance of the primiples involved in its enactment, were \nablv an<l eUxpiently urjjed in every section of the State. Tho \nrural \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2*. however, almost unanimously determined \n\nto effect Its uii al repeal. \n\n9. At tho oi \' of the session in Junuan*, 1 \n\n18A0 \n\n(lovemor Fisil r\\" " his recommendations of the i \n\nyear, ur^\'ctl the pn\xc2\xbbpriety of est ^ \'o asylum \n\nand school for the instruction and care ot idtot\xc2\xab, aii<l the |iaHHaf;e \n\nof suitable laws ftir the r ion of rndroad companies and the \n\ncomfort ami conv- \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 of |..i- ^. In c*\xc2\xbbnclusion he re- \n\nviewe<l the proj^rew of the di^ \xe2\x80\x94 .-"Uh in Congress in reference \n\nto the aclmission of (\' lia and the new territories acquire<l \n\nfrom Mexico, and <\xe2\x96\xa0\':\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 - i the unaltenible dctennination of the \n\nState to resist, by all \' titutionxd means, tho \n\nintpxluction of slavery into niiy ol tlie territories of the United \n\nStates where it had not already obtained a fcxjtinjf. \n\n10. Sevend bills were intr\xc2\xabKluee<l in each House for the repeal \n\nor modification of the Frec-S\xc2\xab*h<M\xc2\xbbl Ijiw of the preceding session. \n\nAble reports were presenttnl by .Mr. IIf.kkman in the Senate and \n\nMr. KixosLEY in the Assembly ; and .Mr. Hrimoroim, of Orleans, \n\nChairman of the Committee on Colle^TS, Academies, and C\'tn- \n\nmon Schools of tho House, introduced a bill providing? for tho \n\nlevy of a State tax of $ 800,000 annually for the supfwrt of the \n\nTVmain! for rrpcal. \xe2\x80\x94 Y.ftorts of its friends. \xe2\x80\x94 f\xc2\xbboTrmor\'\xc2\xab inc\xc2\xab*\xc2\xab{T- \xe2\x80\x94 \nStatP aAvlain for idiots. \xe2\x80\x94 Railroad rvstriclioiu. \xe2\x80\x94 Slarcry in tbc territories. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Dills for the repeal of the Free-School Law. \n\n\n\nDEATH OF PRESIDENT TAYLOR. 279 \n\ncommon schools, after applying the revenues of the funds set \napart for that purpose. This bill passed the Assembly by a \nstrong vote, but failed in the Senate. An act referring the \nquestion of the repeal of the existing law to the people at the \nNovember elections was finally adopted by both Houses. \n\n11. During the session an act was passed providing for the \nestablishment of an asylum and school for the care and instruc- \ntion of idiots, to be located at Syracuse. This institution was \naccordingly completed and organized under the direction of Dr. \nWilbur, and its preliminary operations were crowned with the \nmost gratifying success. \n\n12. On the 9th of Juty, Zachary Taylor, the President of \nthe United States, died at Washington, and was succeeded by \nVice-President Millard Fillmore. Upon the question of the \nadmission of California as a State, the series of measures known \nas the " Compromise Bill," introduced by Mr. Clay of Ken- \ntucky, were passed in July, admitting that State without re- \nstriction as to slavery, leaving the new territories acquired from \nMexico on the same basis, and providing for a more stringent \nexecution of the Fugitive-Slave Law. \n\n13. The friends of free schools, after the most strenuous and \npersevering, though fruitless, efforts to obtain such amendments \nor modification of the act of 1849 as might render its provisions \ngenerally acceptable, determined, under these circumstances, to \noppose its unconditional repeal. A State Convention was held \nat Syracuse in July, Mr. Morgan, the Superintendent, presid- \ning, at which resolutions to this effect were adopted, accom- \npanied by a pledge to unite in any effort to amend and perfect \nthe details of the existing law. \n\n14. An animated and vigorous canvass ensued throughout \nthe State between the opponents of the act, who demanded its \nunconditional repeal, and the advocates of the principle of \nuniversal education through schools free to all, without regard \nto the details of the existing bill. So obnoxious were these \nprovisions, however, in the rural districts of the State, that at \nthe fall elections forty-two of the fifty-nine counties returned an \n\nDeath of President Taylor. \xe2\x80\x94 Succession of Vice-President Fillmore. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAdmission of California. \xe2\x80\x94 " Compromise Bill " of Mr. Clay. \xe2\x80\x94 Free-school \ncanvass. \n\n\n\n280 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2ggregmte majority of nearly forty-nino thonMod TOtM for ita \nrepeal, while in the seventeen reinainini? eountien, inchuliti^ the \ncity and county of New York, a majority of seventy two thouiuind \nagainst rei)eal was pivcn, \xe2\x80\x94 leaving a majority of altout 1\' \nvotca in favor of the bill The majority in New York City aJi-:. \nwaa 37,827. \n\n15. \\V.%aiiixcToN Hint, of Niagaim, the lato Comptroller, waa \nelected Govenior by a nwjonty of about two hundred votes over \nHuR.vTio Setmoir of Oneida; and Sa.npord E. Cuuhch of \nOrleans, the candidate of the Democratic party, waa cl \nLicutcnant-Oovcmor. \n\n\n\nl<\xc2\xab!il \n\n\n\nC H .V r T K R III. \n\nA, x or W\xc2\xbb- To< III ?\xc2\xabT.\xe2\x80\x94 MoDiriCATio?* or tiik \n\n1 .i.wi. Law. \xe2\x80\x94 L*..- \xe2\x80\xa2 axal KxLAautMitjiT \xe2\x80\x94 A..mcLi.Ti u ii \n\n1. I Noii Hunt, in his annual inweago to the U. n\xc2\xab \nof iK\')!, after arlvertinj; to the general condition ol the \nState, invited the attention of the I>e;;iHlaturo to the sub- \nject of common -school eiluration, rej\xc2\xbbnnlin;\xc2\xbb the decision of a ma- \njoritv of the electors of the State as concluaivo in favor of the \nprim-iplo of free schools, while leaving the details of the \nsystem subject to such equitAblc nKMlifiontion as should render \nits adminintration acceptable to all intcreste<l in its bunlens as \nwell as itJ\xc2\xbb IwnotitJi. \n\n2. "It cannot Imj doubtcil,\'* ho ob^irve*!, " tliat all property \neetatea, whether Urge or small, will derive important advantages \nfrom the universal education of the people. A wcll-conaidcred \nsystem which shall insure to the children of all the hiewinga \nof moral and intellectual culture will plant foundations I\xc2\xbbroad \nand deep for public and private virtue ; and ita cffecta will be \n\xe2\x96\xa0een in the diminution of vice and crime, the more gcDeral \npmrtico of sobriety, industry, and intr^ty, conservative and \ncnli;^htcned It^slation, and universal obedieDoe to the lawa" \n\nMajority a^ \xe2\x80\x94 Free-\xc2\xabcbool conlroTcr\xc2\xbby. \xe2\x80\x94 Mcmi^ of the \n\nGoTcmor. \n\n\n\nCANALS AND SCHOOLS. 281 \n\n3. After stating that sixteen millions of dollars had already \nbeen expended upon the canals of the State since the com- \nmencement of the Erie Canal enlargement in 1835, and dis- \ncussing various plans for the completion of these great works at \nthe earliest practicable period, he recommended such an amend- \nment to the Constitution as would facilitate the accomplishment \nof this object. He also concurred in the recommendation of his \npredecessor for the organization of a State Agricultural College \nand Experimental Farm. \n\n4. The annual report of Secretary Morgan, as Superintendent \nof Common Schools, urged upon the Legislature the importance \nof such an amendment of the existing law establishing Free \nSchools, as was demanded alike by justice and expediency, and \nby an enlightened public sentiment. " The Common Schools \nof the State," he observed, " should be declared free to everv \nresident of the respective districts of the proper age to par- \nticipate in their benefits ; and their support should be made a \ncharge upon the whole property, either of the State at large, or \nof the respective counties and towns in which they are situated." \n\n5. Numerous petitions were forwarded to the Legislature \nfrom different sections of the State for the repeal or amendment \nof the act. On the sixth day of February, Mr. Theodore H. \nBenedict, of Westchester, Chairman of the Assembly Com- \nmittee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools, presented \nan elaborate and able report, accompanied by a bill for the estab- \nlishment of Free Schools, to be supported by an annual tax of \neight himdred thousand dollars, in addition to the funds already \nprovided by the Constitution, and the raising of any balance re- \nquired for the support of the schools by a poll-tax on the \ninhabitants of the respective districts. \n\n6. Mr. Burroughs, of Orleans, from the minority of the Com- \nmittee, reported a similar bill, providing for a State tax of the \nsame amount, one fourth of which, together with one fourth of \nall other moneys applicable to the support of common schools, \nshould be equally divided among the several school districts, \nthe residue apportioned according to the number of children of \n\nErie Canal enlai-gement. \xe2\x80\x94 Proposed amendment to Constitution. \xe2\x80\x94 \nAgricultural College and Experimental Farm. \xe2\x80\x94 Report of the Superin- \ntendent of Common Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Propositions for amendment of the laws. \n\n\n\n282 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\n\n\n<x \n\n\n\nBuitable school age residing in each, nn.l any balance Tftited \\ \nrnte-liill on thoee sending\' to Bclntoi, after exempting all indigent \ninhahitantH. In this \xc2\xabl\xc2\xbba|je, after subutitutiug one thinl instead \nof one fourth for ttjual distribution among the districtii, tlio \nbill, on the 12th of April, became a law. \n\n7. On the first Tuesday of Febniark\', Kx-Govenior Hamiltox \nFish, of New York, wa\xc2\xab ap|>ointod I\'nited States Senator, in \nplace of Lieutenant -li<\xc2\xbbvenior Dickinson, whose term had cx- \npire<l. A joint resolution of the Legihlature was also adopted, \nauthorifin? the Governor to ap|M>int a S|H\'cial (Vunmishioner ft\xc2\xbbr \nthe c* ion and revision of the school laws of tiie State, un- \nder which pntvision S. S. IIan\'DaLL, Dcput; it of \nCommon Sch<jols, was ap^wtnted. \n\n8. At the Noveml\xc2\xbber electiona, IliisuT S. IUndalu of Cort- \nland, waa elected Secrctarj* of State and Su|>crintcndent of \nCommon Schools; Jons C. WiinniT, of .Schoharie. Comptroller, \nand Joiix Van- IUres, of All At ton iiend, with a \nDemocratic nn in the Ix\xc2\xbbj;i\xc2\xbblature. In Deceml\xc2\xbber the ex- \nile<l Hunpirian patriot, I\xc2\xbbi is Kt\xc2\xbbK\xc2\xabi\'Tli, arrivetl in New York on \na visit to the United States, and was received with the greatest \nenthuaiasm in all t!\xc2\xbbe princi|\xc2\xa5il cities and towns. \n\n9. The message of Governor HrxT, at the ojioning of the \n***^* aesaion of \\^y2, recapittilate<l the jirincipal rec<.mmenda- \ntions of the prere<Iing year ; stated the entire indebtedness of \nthe State at twenty-two millions of doIUra, and the canal reve- \nnues at $3,7\xc2\xab\' which, after defraying the exjK\'nscs of re- \npairs and maintenance, and contributin^r upwanls of a million \nand a half dollars to the j\xc2\xbbavment of the principal and interest \nof the debt contracte<l for their construction, left a suq>lu8 of \nnearly a million di.llars for the con n of the public worka. \n10. The aasesaed valuation of the State was estinuited at \n$1,100.(1 \'). The capital of the Common>icho\xc2\xabl Fund waa \nsix and a half millions of dollars, of the revenues of which, nearly \na million and a half had l>een expon<le<l during the preceding \njear, in the payment of t**su\'her\xc2\xab\' wajres and the purchase of \n\nPaiMME\xc2\xab of the Act \xe2\x80\x94 Vniic*! Sutes Senator. \xe2\x80\x94 \'"-"iiniMloncT for rert\xc2\xbb- \nfcm of ichool Uw\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 Sutc offinm. \xe2\x80\x94 VWi of i i \xe2\x80\x94 I>r|n\xc2\xabl\xc2\xabJure of \n\nIWi. \xe2\x80\x94 GoTcmor\'* inc\xc2\xbb*\xc2\xab*\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 State debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Rr% \xe2\x80\xa2 I the canaU. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nValaation of taxable property. \xe2\x80\x94 ConuDon s chool*. \n\n\n\nSEYMOUR AND CHURCH. 283 \n\nschool libraries. The number of pupils in attendance upon the \nseveral public schools was seven hundred and twenty-six thou- \nsand. \n\n11. The Governor reviewed the action of the Legislature and \nthe people of the State, in reference to the effort to secure an \nentirely free system of common schools, and characterized the \nenactment of the preceding session as a temporary compromise \nbetween the advanced views of the advocates of Free Schools \nand the fears and prejudices of a majority of the tax-payers and \ninhabitants of the rural districts, long accustomed to the exist- \ning system, and unwilling to sanction its entire abandoiiment. \nThe progress of public opinion might be relied upon to diffuse \na more liberal view of the relations of the State to its future \ncitizens. \n\n12. At the November elections, Horatio Seymour, of Oneida, \nwas elected Governor, and Sanford E. Church, of Orleans, re- \nelected Lieutenant-Governor, by a majority of about twelve \nthousand votes over Governor Hunt and Lieutenant-Governor \nPatterson j Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was elected \nPresident, and William R. King, of Alabama, Vice-President of \nthe United States, by a large majority, over Lieutenant-General \nWiNFiELD Scott and William A. Graham, of North Carolina. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER IV. \n\nFirst Administration of Horatio Seymour. \xe2\x80\x94 Agricultural Col- \nlege. \xe2\x80\x94 Manorial Titles. \xe2\x80\x94 Railroads. \xe2\x80\x94 Finances of the State. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Internal Improvements. \xe2\x80\x94 Public Schools of New York City. \n\n1. The Legislature met on the first Tuesday of Janu- \nary, 1853. Governor Seymour, in his message, indorsed \nthe recommendations of his predecessor for the adoption of \nsuch a constitutional amendment as might facilitate the early \ncompletion of the Erie Canal enlargement and the construction \nof the Genesee Valley, Black River, and Oswego Canals. He \n\nElection of Governor Seymonr and Lieutenant-Governor Church. \xe2\x80\x94 Elec- \ntion of President Franklin Pierce and Vice-President William R. King. \xe2\x80\x94 \nLegislative proceedings. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Canal enlargement. \n\n\n\n284 FAr.urU VKllWD. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2lao urjrcd the cstaMishment of n Stutc Acrricultuml and 5v\'icn- \ntific Collc\xc2\xab^\'c, for iiistnietion in the practical application of the \nvariouH brunches of Hcience. Tho suits instituted hv the State \nto test the validity of the several manorial titles having l>een \ndccidc<l in favor of tho landlonU, he couMHcUed huIm it to tho \n\nlaws on the |iart (\xc2\xbbf tho tenants, and such a diM|x>sition of their \nleases as should prove most advanta;^\'ouH to their iuten--\'- \n\n2. An act was {mssed, in accordance with the recoinnicnda \ntiou of the Governor and his predeoeaaors, ^n-antin^ a charter \nfur the eHta)ih\xc2\xbbhnient of an A^ricultund Colle;^, with an ex{)eri- \nmental fann. Sixty-six mdnmd coni|ianies had lK>en orpmized \nimder tho ^>nend provision of tho < ; ution, and suitahio \nlaws were enactitl for their rej^lation and tho safety and con- \nvenience of travellers. \n\n3. A s)MH:iul session of the Legislature was conveneil hy tho \nGovenior, inm ly u|)on its adjournment, for the purpoM \nof coj i;; the eiui iii i -\xe2\x96\xa0 1 \' on of the State, \nthe omission to make tho i \\Ty appropriatioiiH for the su|>- \nport of the pjveniment, and lui : the ueccHsary measures \nfor the proin^\'ss and completion of tho puhhc worka An \namendment to the \' : was prt\xc2\xbb|)osed for the accom- \nplishment of this \xe2\x96\xa0 . ami an act paase<l, which was, however, \n\n\\ hv the Attomev-<; 1 to l\xc2\xbbe unconKtitutional, for tho \n\nimrficdiate i t\xc2\xbbf the r> o funds for this pur|M>Ne. \n\n4. Iin; I hiM I in March, Y t \nPlERcr. ap|Kunte<i Kx \xc2\xab . \\ \xe2\x80\xa2 nior William L MAiirv, of New York, \nSecretiiry of State, which othce he contintie^l to hold during: tho \nentire prrsi<lontial term. On the 18th of April, Vice-President \nKi.N\'O expired at his ; in Alulmma, and David It Atchi- \n80X, of Missouri, was chiwti Tr- ~ I- nt of the Senate in his place. \n\n5. On the 4th of June an act wtis jiassed revising and amend- \ning the school law of the city of New York, hv which the several \nward schools of that city and the scho*)Is of tho Public School \nSociety were consolidated, and a IWiartl of K<lucati(m entahliMlM*<l \nfor the gcnenU mana;: \xe2\x80\xa2 of the - \xe2\x80\xa2 of two \ncommissioners from cactt \\winl and ttUevu lr\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnt titc PtiMic \n\n\n\nRtate A|jTir\xc2\xab\'^\xc2\xbb"\xc2\xab-\'\xc2\xbb1 and Scientific roit...\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab \xe2\x80\x94 Manorin\' itft... \xe2\x80\x94 Railroad \nroni|>antc\xc2\xab. \xe2\x80\x94 \\ 1 tcAnion of iho I o. \xe2\x80\x94 J. .1 embarrsM- \n\nmcnts. \xe2\x80\x94 Propoaed amendment to tho Constitution. \n\n\n\nADMINISTRATION OF HORATIO SEYMOUR. 285 \n\nSchool Society, with local Boards of Trustees and Inspectors in \nthe several wards. At this time there were 224 ward and cor- \nporate schools, including those of the Public School Societj^ \nwith about one thousand teachers and 123,530 pupils on \nregister, with an average attendance of 43,740, together with \ntwenty-five evening schools, with about four thousand pupils. \n\n6. The Public School Society of that citv had been in exist- \nence since the year 1805, and from the period of the opening \nof its first public school in 1809 had, with the aid of a propor- \ntionate share of the State School Fund, organized and adminis- \ntered a s^^stem of elementary education unsurpassed by any in \nthe country. The time seemed now to have arrived, however, \nwhen the necessity for a more extensive system of public in- \nstruction required the dissolution of the society, and the trans- \nfer of its property to the Board of Education already organized \nfor the accomplishment of the same object, with greater facilities ; \nand the results have amply vindicated the wisdom of their de- \ntermination. \n\n7. At the November elections, Elias "W. Leavenworth, of \nOnondaga, was elected Secretary of State and Superintendent \nof Common Schools ; James M. Cook, of Saratoga, Comptrol- \nler; and Ogden Hoffman, of New York, Attorney-General. The \nRepublicans obtained a majority in both branches of the Legis- \nlature. \n\n8. Governor Seymour, in his message to the Legislature \nof the succeeding year, reviewed the history of the State \nfrom its early origin, the character and condition of its inhabi- \ntants, and its rapid advancement in all the elements of wealth \nand political greatness. The first steamboat had been launched \non its waters, \xe2\x80\x94 the first canal, at a cost of $ 7,000,000, traversed \nits breadth, \xe2\x80\x94 the earliest and most efficient system of public \neducation originated with its founders, and its patriotism and \nloyalty to the Union had never swerved. \n\n9. He renewed his recommendation for the vigorous prosecu- \ntion of the several unfinished public works of internal improve- \nment, and the indorsement of the proposed constitutional \n\nPublic schools of the city of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Consolidation of the system. \xe2\x80\x94 \nState officers. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Review of the history and condition \nof the State. \n\n\n\n286 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\namendment ; sugprestcd varioua improvements and m \nof the criminal code, and recommended the reoFipuiizHtiou of \nthe State mihtiu, and the orpaniauuion of a Department of Pub- \nlic Inst met ion He|jarttte from tliat of the office of Sccrctarj\' of \n\nState. \n\n10. An am. iiilment to the State Constitution, proposed hv the \nLe;;i\xc2\xablature of the precedin;; year, wiw at thin \xc2\xbbe\xc2\xbbHit>n ratifietl l\xc2\xbby \nthe rcfjuiaitc vote of lioth Houiie*, and by the |\xc2\xbbo<)ple at a H|>ecial \nelection held on the 14th of February, requirinu\' an appropria- \ntion of an annual sum, not cxceetlin;^ $1*.: "\xe2\x96\xba, during; tlio \nensuing four yearn, n\xc2\xbbr the enlar^\'ement of the Krie, the Ob- \nwego, Cavupi, and Seneca, and the completion of the Itlack \nRiver and lJenei*e\xc2\xab Valley CanalH. An act wau ac* ly \npsaiicd for the vigorouit prutiocution and early completion of \nthe\xc2\xabc irorkn. \n\n11. During; the month of Manh, a bill wa\xc2\xab pafMe<I creating \nthe ofliccof Siri:uiNTrM>KXT of Pinuc Ixstiuction, the duties \nof which had heret\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf\xc2\xabTe lieen devolved on the Secn\'tury of \nState ; and on the 4th of April, VuTtiR M. Kick, of Kne, was \nelected by joint Uillot of the two Houhcs to (ill that |>\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbKition \nfor the V : tvnu of three years. By the proviniotiH of the \nact, the incundient of the office was also declare<l ej- a \nRegent of the I\'niveniity and chairman of the Executive Com- \nmittee of the State Nonnal > \n\n12. Since the failure <.f the t 1 law of 1840, and the \nad\xc2\xab>ption in 1851 of a nr m, rx" ,\' tho rate-bill \nfeature, ^ 1 pr\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbviMonH Imd l>een cnactttl by the 1 . iture \nfor the establi.shment of free and union Hch<M\xc2\xbbU in all the cities \nand princi^nl towns and villa^.^es of the State. I><>[)artments \nfor the \xc2\xabj>ecial iuHtruction and i\xc2\xbbre|\xc2\xbbaration of teachers had l>een \norpmizeil in most of the academies, and annual county insti- \ntutes authorized for that purpose thr ut the State. The \nState Normal School at AUeiny had also been place<l on a per- \nmanent liosia. Roanls of Kducation, with local superintendents, \n\nProtccaiion of public work*. \xe2\x80\x94 1 i of ihc militia. \xe2\x80\x94 Criminal \n\ncode. \xe2\x80\x94 Depiirtmeni of I\'m! \' T \'innal unen \' \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nS u pi\' Hn tendon t of public - .. ^, .atire prox \xe2\x96\xa0 r \n\nfree and union KchooU. \xe2\x80\x94 \'I ^\' dcpai m academioi.\xe2\x80\x94 Tui\xc2\xab.!uf\xc2\xab\' \n\niDsututca. \xe2\x80\x94 State Normal bdiool. \n\n\n\nCLARK AND RAYMOND. 287 \n\nwere organized under these provisions in the chief cities and \ntowns of the State. \n\n13. At the November election, Myron H. Clark, of Ontario, \nwas elected Governor, and Henry J. Raymond, of New York, \nLieutenant-Governor, by a small majority over Governor Sey- \nmour, the Democratic, and Daniel Ullman, the Native-American \ncandidates for the former and William H. Ludlow and Gusta- \nvus A. Scroggs for the latter office, with a Whig majority in \nboth branches of the Legislatm-e. \n\n\n\nCHAPTEH V. \n\nAdministrations of Myron H. Clark and John A. King. \xe2\x80\x94 Excise \nLaw. \xe2\x80\x94 CoiMMON Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Controversy with Virginia. \xe2\x80\x94 The \nLemsion Case. \xe2\x80\x94 County Commissioners. \xe2\x80\x94 Schools. \xe2\x80\x94 State Tax. \n\n1. Governor Clark, in his first messao-e, took strong: \nground in favor of an entire free-school system, the res- \ntoration of the office of County Superintendent, the revision of \nthe excise laws, the prohibition of licenses for the sale of intoxi- \ncating liquors, and the active prosecution of the unfinished pub- \nlic works. \n\n2. He also invited the attention of the Legislature to the pro- \ngress of a controversy with the Executive and Legislature of \nVirginia respecting a claim of Jonathan Lemmon, a citizen of \nthat Commonwealth, for damages for the abduction or loss \nof eight slaves, brought by him to the city of New York in 1852, \non his way to Texas, and who were discharged from his custody \nby one of the judges of the Supreme Court of New York, on a \nwrit of habeas corpus, and had escaped to Canada. Proceedings \nhaving been instituted before the Supreme Court of the United \nStates for restitution, the Governor recommended the appoint- \nment of special counsel to assist the Attorney-General in the \ndefence. \n\nState elections. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Free schools. \xe2\x80\x94 County super- \nvision. \xe2\x80\x94 Excise laws. \xe2\x80\x94 Prohibitory restriction of the sale of liquor. \xe2\x80\x94 Con- \ntroversy with Virginia. \xe2\x80\x94 The Lemmon case. \n\n\n\n288 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\n3. The Le^Utiire made the re<]ui8itc provision for the cm- \nplmriu\'iit of citiinsel ; nnt! the caiie wiia 8iU\xc2\xbbHe<juentlv Rrjj^iiwi and \n\n-sed u|x\xc2\xbbn the |jroinnl of the rijjht of the jiersons cUimed \nto frt\'odoin on l\xc2\xbbein;; vohintarily hn>u^ht within the juriitdictiun \nof a free State. An act wan also imih8ih1 for the Kuppn\'SMion of \nint\xc2\xbbMnT\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab^nince, pnufieriKin, and crime, proliihitin;; the ^Tiintinij \nof 1 \xe2\x80\xa2* for the mile of intoxicatin;.\' li\xc2\xabpiorK, and restrict inj; the \n\ntrurtic in anient -TMrita. William H. Skward wa\xc2\xab revlccti\'d \nI\'nitetl Staten \'\xc2\xbbr for the eiwninir tcnn of six vtnirK. An \n\nact uatK |iniiM><l making; citicH and > \xe2\x80\xa2-\xc2\xbb liable for prt)|terty \n\ntl. ^tr\xc2\xab>\\td l\xc2\xbby inolw within their l\xc2\xbbordcn*, and Rtron;\xc2\xbb reHnlutitins \nadoptetl adventc to the uggrcHsionti and further cxtcntiiou of \nbLiver}\'. \n\n4. Tlio Native American jmrty nuooeeded in earning: the \n\nNovcmlicr eU l\xc2\xbby a trinniphunt nngority. Jons* T. \n\n}|r.\\uly, of Oraii^, waa < r\\ of Stiito ; I>\xc2\xbbittL\\zo \n\nIk HHows, of Orlpaiw, Comptroller; and 1>amel I\'llma.n, of New \n\nYork, At tor - iiend. \n\n0. On the nMMomhlin;: of the \\a \\tc in the eniiu> \n\n1856 \n\n\\i\\\\* year, CJo vendor Clark infoniuHl the I^e^rinlature that \nupwnrd.H of \\\\\\tvc thouHand milcn of milrrNuU had lieen con- \nBtnictf*! in different (ii>ctionii of the State, at an ajr,;repitc cost \nof $ 1 . ami recoiii ^1 the ap|Miintment \xc2\xab\xc2\xbbf State \n\nCommiii^ for their MU|ierviHion and control. lie renewed his \n\nrecomnn n for free h and ncu > throughout the \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0everal towns of the State, and the entire ai :i c*f rate-hillii. \n\n6. l>urin;; the xotwion. acta were }jaBiicd for the n, in \n\neach Aaaemhly district of the State, of a comii icr charpLvi \n\nwith the local 8U[)or\\\'i8ion of the puhlic (h^IkkiIh, where 8|iecial \nprovision for that purp\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbHo had not l\xc2\xbbeen made. A tai of three \nfourths of one mill upon each dollar of the asMessetl valuation \nof real and |>ersonal projierty in the State, for the 8up|\xc2\xbbort of \ncommon school.*!, was sulwtituted for the ( o tax of \n\noii:ht hundre<l thousand <l\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbllani. \n\nr \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 r Uh. \xe2\x80\x94 KcHlccilon of V. \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Tr \nUlnnc of 1856. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'* m \xe2\x80\x94 - \xc2\xbb-\xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2. \xe2\x80\x94 KailraaUt. \nacad\xc2\xabmiec. \xe2\x80\x94 butc tAX for sapport of tcbooU. \xe2\x80\x94 AMcmbl/ Ui\xc2\xbbthct conuni*- \n\xe2\x80\xa2iooen. \n\n\n\nft \n\n\ns \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 ., f \n\n\ntt^l \n\n\n1 \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2rhooU \n\n\nto \n\n\n>\' I : \n\n\nFrre \n\n\nand \n\n\n\nKING AND SELDEN. 289 \n\n7. At the annual election in November, John A. King, of \nQueens, was elected Governor, and Henry R. Selden, of Mon- \nroe, Lieutenant-Governor, over Amasa J. Parker, of Delaware, \nthe Deraocratic, and Erastus Brooks, of New York, the Native- \nAmerican candidates, with a Republican majority in both \nbranches of the Legislature. Charles H. Sherrill, of Monroe, \nwas chosen Canal Commissioner. James Buchanan, of Penn- \nsylvania, was elected President, and John C. Breckenridge, of \nKentucky, Vice-President of the United States, over John C. \nFremont of California and William L. Dayton of New Jersey. \nMillard Fillmore, of New York, was supported for President \nby the Native-American organization. \n\n8. At the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1857, \nGovernor King in his message estimated the entire cost of \n\nthe canals of the State, extending over about nine hundred miles, \nat fift}\'" millions of dollars. The value of the real and personal \nproperty in the State was stated at $ 2,208,010,609, \xe2\x80\x94 the num- \nber of acres of improved land at 13,574,479, with about an \nequal area unimproved \xe2\x80\x94 and the population, according to the \ncensus of 1855, at about three and a half millions. \n\n9. He recommended a judicious revision and modification of \nthe excise law of the previous session, deeming its provisions \nunnecessarily stringent and obnoxious to a large portion of the \ncitizens of the State ; the submission of a proposed constitu- \ntional amendment extending the right of suffrage to colored \nvoters w^ithout a property qualification ; the speedy completion \nof the unfinished public works ; and a strenuous resistance on \nthe part of the Legislature to the further extension of slavery \nin the territories. \n\n10. On the second Tuesday in February, Preston King, of \nSt. Lawrence, was elected United States Senator in place of \nHamilton Fish, whose term of ofiice had expired. Acts were \n\nElection of John A. King as Governor and Henry R. Selden as Lieuten- \nant-GoA-ernor. \xe2\x80\x94 Election of President Buchanan and Vice-President Breck- \nenridG;e. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s message. -^ Cost of canals. \xe2\x80\x94 Assessed valuation of \nthe State. \xe2\x80\x94 Number of acres of improved and unimproved land. \xe2\x80\x94 Popu- \nlation of the State. \xe2\x80\x94 Modification of the excise law. \xe2\x80\x94 Extension of suf- \nfrage to colored voters. \xe2\x80\x94 Slavery in the territories. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Sen- \nator. \n\n19 \n\n\n\n290 EIGHTH PERIOD, \n\npamed for the suppression of inteujfKTunce, and the rejrulation 1 \nof the sale of intoxicating: liquorn, and pn>vidiui: a Uxx for tin- \nspeedy completion of the enlarged Kne and other ctinaln. Juiut \nresolutions were adopted, declaring that this State will not idlow \nslavery in her bonlers in any fonu or under any pretence, or for \nany time, however short ; and that the Supreme Court of the \nUnited States, in pronouncing? the \xc2\xabi \\\\ in the Drod Scott \n\ncase, had forfeited the atntidence and res|)cct of the State. \n\n11, During; the summer of this ycnr, Kx-tJovenior William \nL. MakcY expired sudtleidy, of diNcMUM? of the heart, while on a \nvisit to Samti-jn SprinpL l\xc2\xbbovcnu\xc2\xbbr Maucy luul successively \nf)lU*d with d. \xe2\x80\xa2hI ahility nmnv of the most im{>ortaut \n\nofficn^s in the St aul n \xe2\x96\xa0 nmient. As Adjutant- \n\nGeneral, Jutlgo of the Supi- \xe2\x96\xa0 < irt, (.\'<\xc2\xbbmpt roller, (jovenior. \nUnited States Senator, .\'^ x-y of War under Prewident Polk \n\nand of State under PrvKident Pierce, he had exhihited j^vat ail \nminiHtrative talent and marked statcsmansliip. Appn>priut<- \nhonors were |\xc2\xbbaid throughout the State to his memor>\'. \n\n13. At the Novcmlnjr election, liii\xc2\xbbi>\xc2\xbbN J. Tn kkii, of Alliany, \nwas \xe2\x80\xa2 i Sfcretarj\' of State, SANPtmn H C\'uliuii, of Orleans, I \n\nComptroller, and Lymax Tkcmain, Attorney -<ienend, with Dem- \nocratic nugorities in both branches of the Ix\'gislaturc. \n\n13. (lovemor Kisti, in his message to the I^ogislaturo \nof 1858, renewed hi^ mrommendations of the prece<ling \nyear ; and after giving a A account of the condition of the \n\nState in its %*arious department*, concluded by an energetic re- \nmonstrance against the ci\xc2\xbbntinuod aigntsaaions of the slave-power \nas manifeHte<l by its determination to force slavery into the tcr- \nritories of Kansas and NebntMka at the jKiint of the l\xc2\xbbayonet \n\n1 \\. .\\t the Noveml\xc2\xbbcr election, EnwiN I>. Mohoa.v, of New \nYork, w!u\xc2\xbb electe<l Covemor, and HnDRRT Campbeli^ of Steuben, \nLieutenant-Governor, by a majority of al>out wrenteen thousaiKl \nvotes over Amasa J. Parker of DeLiware and William H. Ludlow \nof New York, the Democratic \xe2\x80\xa2 ites. Ik\xc2\xbbth Houses of the \n\nLegislature wen? strongly Kepublican. \n\nLicense law. \xe2\x80\x94 Tax for speedy eooiplecion of the poblic work* \xe2\x80\x94 TVvth \n\nami rhsracter of Kx-Ooremor Marry. \xe2\x80\x94 Sute oAcen. \xe2\x80\x94 I \xe2\x80\xa2-\' of \n\n1 858. \xe2\x80\x94 ( Hirenior\'s inenaire. \xe2\x80\x94 S utr flections. \xe2\x80\x94 Ekedon of (\xe2\x80\xa2 -lor- \n\ngan and Lieotenant-Govcmur CampticU. \n\n\n\n\nSeventh Regiment marching down Broadway. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER VI. \n\nAdministration of Edwin D. Morgan. \xe2\x80\x94 People\'s College at Ha- \nvana. \xe2\x80\x94 Visit op the Prince or Wales. \xe2\x80\x94 The Southern Rebel- \nlion. \xe2\x80\x94 Attitude of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Patriotic Proceedings of the \nLegislature. \xe2\x80\x94 Enlistment of Volunteers. \xe2\x80\x94 Public Meetings. \n\n1. The first message of Governor Morgan consisted ^^^^ \nsubstantially in a renewal of the recommendations of his \npredecessor in reference to the vigorous prosecution of the \ncanal enlargements and extensions, the modification of the ex- \ncise laws, and the full extension of the right of suffrage to \ncolored voters. His views on national affairs were eminently \npatriotic and conservative in their tendency. While desirous \nof fulfilling, in their letter and spirit, all the obligations of the \nConstitution, the citizens of New York could never consent to \nthe further extension of slavery. \n\nGovernor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Modification of the excise laws. \xe2\x80\x94 Colored suffrage. \n\n\n\n292 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\n2. In reviewing the events of the |Mu*t few years, \xe2\x80\x94 the repeal \nof the MisHiniri t\'omproniiiio Act, the rti^ritious attempts t4\xc2\xbb in- \ntrwluco shiverv into the territories ftcuuirtil hy the Mexican \nWar, the ri \'il \xe2\x80\xa2 iif..rcen\xc2\xbbent of the Fuptive Shive Law, nnd the \nBVMtenmtit- i\xc2\xbbs t\xc2\xbbf the hhivt\xc2\xbb-|K>wer, \xe2\x80\x94 it wiu\xc2\xbb apparent that \nthe forliear..-. f the free States h:u! Un?n tiixetl to their iitnioKt \ncntliinuico, and that tt spirit of coi. ..\xc2\xbbn, ami the prevalence \nof more nnxlemte conni*els, were absohitely necessiir}* to the con- \ntintieil integrity ant! harmony of the I\'nitUL \n\n3. The recent invasiiui of Vir^rinia hy Ji\xc2\xbbhn Hrown and his \nanociates. its pmmpt suppreHsiou, and the condi;^ni punishment \nof its anthom, were rvvitwiHl, and rt\xc2\xbbt;\xc2\xabrde<l as uixIotihtKl evi- \ndence that no liesi^\'ns were entertainwi on the j\xc2\xbbart of tlie North \nto interfere with the institutions of the .S4)Uth, or to sanction in \nany way any infrinpMnent of its territon*, or any attempt, by \nviolence or otherwise, to d\'Htnrh its i^venunent. \n\n4. At the NovemU\xc2\xbbr n, David It Fix) yd Jos em, of \nSuffolk, WHS eltMtiNl S A-y of Stilt\xc2\xa9 ; Hoiikut Dennistox, of \nOranp?, Comj r ; and (\'iiahi.im CJ. My wis, of St biwrence, \nAttoniev-denend. The Y>nt{tr>scd iHinwtitutiiuial lunendment in \nreference to oi>lorf<l sii was r. 1 l\xc2\xbby a lar^e majority. \n\n5. On the n- 1 \xc2\xbbjc of the I>?K\'i\'*hiture, (lovemor \n\nMoitUAN apiin invited the attention of the Ix><^nHlaturo to \nthe ntMCHsity of a Bpec<ly compli-tion of the puhhc works fortl)< \nadvanrement and ett^\'UHinn of the commerce of the State, ami \naugce^te<i various i. i\xc2\xbbf the civil and criminal ctnle. \n\nII. renewed! the re\xc2\xabH\xc2\xbbnum\xc2\xabmlation of his pre<leccHsor for the es \ntiihiishment of an A itund and Sientific ( olle^. \n\n6. Acts were {Hissed, during the session, chun^jin;; the mode of \ninflicting; capital puninhment, providing for the extension of th< \nrights of married women and emihling them to hold and convev \nreal and {tcrsonal estate, and amending and m<Mlifying the in \nsolvent laws. Provisicm was mode for the en- pn>secuti<\'n \n\nof the pulilic works an<l for the endowment of the People\'s ( 1 \nlege at Havana. During the stunmer and autumn of this yrat. \n\n\n\nNn\'\'-\'"\'\' nfTairi. \xe2\x80\x94 John Brown\'\xc2\xbb tuvi.ki.in of Vjr -ini-a. ^Stsl8 oIBcct^. \n\xe2\x80\x94 K. of oolorcd-saffraire amei. mesMjpe. \xe2\x80\x94 C \n\nUU imnishinrot. \xe2\x80\x94 Ki^hu of married \n\n\n\nABRAHAM LINCOLN ELECTED PRESIDENT. 293 \n\nthe Prince of Wcales, Albert Edward, visited the State under \nthe title of Baron Renfrew, in company with the Duke of New- \ncastle and several members of the British Government, and met \nwith a cordial and enthusiastic reception from the Legislature \nand municipal bodies. \n\n7. The contest for the Presidency during the summer and fall \nof this year was one of unusual interest and excitement. The \nstruggle on the part of the Southern States for the extension of \nslavery into the territories recently acquired and organized, and \nfor the definitive settlement of their claims to an equal partici- \npation in these territories with the citizens of the Northern por- \ntions of the Union, was waged with a desperate and unyielding \npertinacity, and met with an equally determined resistance on \nthe part of their opponents. \n\n8. The Republican party, representing the views of all those \nwho desired to restrict slavery to its present limits\' under the \ncompromises of the Constitution, and to resist its farther exten- \nsion upon any pretext, placed in nomination, as their candidate \nfor President, Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, with Hannibal Ham- \nlin, of Maine, as Vice-President. The candidates of the South \nwere John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, for President, and \nGeneral Joseph Lane, of Oregon, for Vice-President ; while the \nDemocracy of the Northern, Middle, and Western States sup- \nported Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, for the first, and Her- \nSCHEL V. Johnson, of Georgia, for the second office. Lincoln \nand Hamlin were elected by a majority of fifty-seven electoral \nvotes over all the candidates in opposition. Governor Morgan \nand Lieutenant-Governor Campbell were re-elected by an im- \nmense majority, and Samuel H. Barnes, of Chenango, elected \nCanal Commissioner. \n\n9. During the whole of the administration of President \nPierce, and the early portion of that of his successor, Presi- \ndent Buchanan, a vigorous effort had been made on the part of \nthe Southern States to introduce slavery into the new territories \nof Kansas and Nebraska. After a prolonged and bloody strug- \n\nVisit of the Prince of Wales. \xe2\x80\x94 Presidential and State election. \xe2\x80\x94 Abra- \nham Lincoln elected President and Hannibal Hamlin Vice-President. \xe2\x80\x94 \nRe-election of Governor Morgan and Lieutenant-Governor Campbell. \xe2\x80\x94 \nThe Kansas and Nebraska struggle. \n\n\n\n294 Fir, urn PERIOD. \n\npie bctwcon the Rcttlcrs and parties from MiRsouri on the bor- \ndeni of the territoricR, the attempt wa\xc2\xab filially abaiidoiieil, ami \nthe election of I\'rtsjtlent Lincoln accepted l>y the South as a \ndistinct intimation of the future ixjlicy of the povcnimcnt ad- \nverse to the extension of the institution beyond itii exist inir \nlimits, and a seccMion from the I\'nion roaoWed uiK>n as the only \nremuininfj^ altemativa \n\n10. At the ensuiug iMrion of Con^nx^M, sevenil futile ctlorts \nwere made on the part of Southern S- \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2-s and Keprescnta- \ntives, and those who had hitherto |\xc2\xbbolitii-;4iiy acted in conjunc- \ntion with them, to elToct some c\xc2\xab>mpromise bv which slavery \nshould bo rvcotniiM?d and tolerated in territories lyinp south of \ntho Missouri line. The failure of all these pn>)K)sitions deter- \nmined the of the St>utheni States, and, on tho l^\'th of \nDecember, .-^juui Carolina formally 8ceo<lod frrun the Tnion, ttn<l \nwas Rfieoilily followed by Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Missis- \nsippi, <: \' tisiana, and Texas. A provisional govern- \nment ol Uic \xe2\x99\xa6- "iiifjcmte "^^ * < was or^^iized at Mori* \xe2\x80\xa2 n*, \nAlulKima, on tho 4th of hi inuiry, 1861, aiid Jefffjumja jjavim, \nof Mis.sissippi. elei*ted rresidcnt^ and AiJULAh\'DBR H. Stcpuexs, \nof Gvorgia, Vice-President, \n11. The Ix>LMshituro of New York asscmblod on the \n\n1061. \n\n2d uf Jantmry. Uovemor Morgan\'s moasa^ was tern \nperato and concilmtor}*, recommendm^ a just and honorable \nsettlement of the jrreat national questions at issuo, and tho \nrepeal, by the State, of all laws cfiminp in conflict with the \nrequisitions of previous con^ntJasiooal legislation on the subject \nof slavery. These moderate riows were soon, however, dis- \ncovered to be not in aooordaooe with the prevailing Uun{icr and \nspirit of the Ix?^slature. \n\n12. (>n the 11th of January, joint resolutions were, with \nalmost entire umuiimity, adopted by both llousis, dfclarin;; \nthat the insurvent State of South Carolina, after seizin;; tho \npublic offices and fort ificnit ions of the Federal Crovenimcnt, had, \n^\'V firing upon a govcnmx*nt vessel sent to tJie relief of Fort \n\n\n\nAttempu St mmpmouM. \xe2\x80\x94 RpeaMJoa of the Sotithem Sutr*. \xe2\x80\x94 Oivmni- \nsfttioa of thr Soiithrm Confi \' lings of tbe Lsgislacais. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nJoint rwolution* fur the prescr..... \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 iv V \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab< \n\n\n\nPATRIOTIC ACTION OF THE STATE. 295 \n\nSumter, virtually declared war against the United States, and \nannouncing their determination to sustain the war for the \npreservation of the Union; tendering at the same time to the \nPresident whatever aid in men and money might be required \nto enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority \nof the Federal Government. These resolutions were directed \nto be transmitted by the Governor to the President, and the \nexecutives of each of the States in the Union. \n\n13. Notwithstanding the bold and patriotic stand thus as- \nsumed by the Legislature, numerous public meetings of mer- \nchants and others were held in the large cities and towns of \nthe State, and memorials forwarded to Congress expressive of \na strong desire for a conciliatory adjustment, by that body, of \n\nythe questions at issue. On the 24th of January the Governor \n^transmitted to both Houses resolutions of the Virginia Legis- \nlature, recommending the assembling of a convention of dele- \ngates from the several States at Washington, on the 4th of \nFebruary, with the view of effecting a satisfactory basis of com- \npromise between the conflicting parties. \n\n14. On the recommendation of the Governor, the Legislature, \non the 1st of February, after full discussion, appointed David \nDudley Field, William Curtis Noyes, James S. Wadsworth, \nJames C. Smith, Amaziah B. James, Erastus Corning, Francis \nGranger, Greene C. Bronson, William E. Dodge, John A. King, \nand John E. Wool as such Commissioners. The "Peace Con- \ngress," as it was termed, accordingly assembled at Washington, \nwith \'Ex-President John Tyler in the chair, and on the 1st of \nMarch agreed to a plan of compromise, based upon such an \namendment of the National Constitution as should permit the \nexistence of slavery south of the parallel of 36\xc2\xb0 30\' north \nlatitude, while prohibiting it north of that line. Nine States \nvoted in favor of this proposition, and eight against it, \xe2\x80\x94 the \ndelegation from New York being equally divided in consequence \nof the absence of one of their number. \n\n15. On the 3d of February, Ira Harris, of Albany, was \nelected United States Senator, in place of William H. Seward, \nwho had been invited by President Lincoln to occupy a seat \n\nEfforts at compromise. - Proceedings of the Peace Congress. \xe2\x80\x94 United \nStates Senator. \n\n\n\n206 EIGHTH PERI on. \n\nin )u8 cabinet as Socrctarv of State. Am on from \n\nthe merchant8 nnil othen* of New York, with |i\xc2\xbbrtv tluiUHiUid \nKii^iitttures, \\v:i8 forwiinlcil to Con;;rf&K, lu I l\xc2\xbbv a tlelfjju- \n\ntion from the t\'haml\xc2\xbber of (\' rce t\xc2\xbbf ilic ciiv of New York, \n\nur. fill Kcttlement ol the nutionul tlifhcultics. \n\nl\xc2\xbbi. llie U>mUinlment ujul rtHiiiction of Fort > ;i, on \n\nthe 12th and 13th of April, bv the mtlitnrv uuthoriiien uf the \nConfe<lfracy, put an end to all further ne<^i>tiationH for a^juHt- \nmont of the eontrovemy, which Imd nt>w culmiiiutc\'d in o|H?n re- \nbellion luui civil war. On the ITith of April, Prf.sidcnt Lincoln \nissued \\\\\\A pntclanuition caHui;; fur a militiir>\' force \xc2\xab>f Hcventy- \nfivo thousand men, of which the quota of New York was \nthirteen thouMind, or thirti\xc2\xab\xc2\xabn n\'j^imentii, for the - -iMion of \n\nthe inNurrectioii. The i^\'i^inlature promptly a(iuturi/c<l tho \nenrolment, by tho (fovenior. of thirty thousand men, and ap- \npn>priat4.*d the sum of thnx; millions of dollars for the necessary \nexpensfM. \n\n17. (lovenior MoiuiAN : smil hin priK-lauKHion \nfor the n\'ndezvtuiH of the Muic iivm.j^ ul Klmini and New York \nCity ; and ^\xc2\xbbn the lJ\xc2\xbbth c\xc2\xbbf Apnl ortlen* were forwanlcnl to tho \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2nts in that citv to iir^tow*! imme<liatelv to Wiu-l = n. \nin\\ tno 24lh an ajjent of the State was des{mtehe<l to i.wi i < . \nwith a letter of cre<lit for fi%\'e hundrtnl thouKand dollars, for iho \npurchase of an - Within the ensuing nuauh thirty thousand \nmen were raistni, and by the 12th of July were ctrpmixod into \nthirty-ei^^ht rrpmonts, pn^perly offi\xc2\xabvred. and fiiniiNhetl with all \ntho necesKar^\' armH and \xe2\x80\xa2 \'nents for the ftehl. Joiix A. \n\nPtx and James S. >VAiwvt>>uiii were commissioDcd as major- \ngenerals. \n\n18. On the 19th \'\'f .\\pnl the Seventh Retnmriu it .New \nYork, with the Ki;;hth .Mjuwarlr- \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 T\' -imcnt, left the city \nfor \\Viuihin;rlon, aini<l the entli rx of a vjust crowd \nof citizens con^n\'cpite*! to witnen.-^ iii\xc2\xab u .i-. ji-irture. An immense \npublic meeting;, without distinction of party, was held at liiion \nSquare CD tho su* "V... i.. r\xe2\x80\x94 \'-Hidcil over by Mn* - \xe2\x99\xa6\' \'iieral \n\n\n\nScrrelanr of Stnie. \xe2\x80\x94 I\'nition of rocrrhanu for rumpntmiae. \xe2\x80\x94 Fall of \nFort Snrotrr. \xe2\x80\x94 Pniclnmation of the IVcstdont. \xe2\x80\x94 KmponM? of New York. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Thirty thooMuiU trt>opt in the field. \xe2\x80\x94 Mi^orfeoerab. \xe2\x80\x94 Uoiftini; sad \nmarch of troops. \n\n\n\nBATTLE OF BULL RUN. 297 \n\nDix, and the most unbounded enthusiasm prevailed. On Sun- \nday, the 21st, the Sixth, Twelfth, and Seventy-First city regi- \nments, comprising three thousand men, departed for Washing- \nton, accompanied to the wharves by almost the entire population \nof the city ; followed, on the 23d, by the Eighth, Thirteenth, and \nSixty-Ninth regiments. \n\n19. Before the 1st of July the banking and other institu- \ntions and capitalists of the city of New York had advanced to \nthe government upwards of five and a half millions of dollars \nfor the support of the troops, and individuals had contributed \nanother million. One hundred and twelve regiments, with one \nhundred and twenty thousand men, had been raised in the State, \nof which New York City contributed forty-seven thousand. \nDuring the j^ear the State had been enabled, through the patri- \notic liberality of its wealthy citizens and numerous moneyed in- \nstitutions, to advance to the United States Government a loan \nof upwards of tvv\'O hundred millions of dollars, one hundred and \nfifty millions of which was contributed by the bankers, capi- \ntalists, and citizens of New York City. \n\n20. In the mean time the Confederacy had been augmented \nby the accession of the States of North and South Carolina, \nVirginia, and Tennessee ; its capital removed to Richmond, Vir- \nginia ; its government completely organized ; its Constitution \nadopted, and its Congress in session. The preliminary battle of \nthe campaign, at Bull Run, near Fairfax, Virginia, had resulted \nmost disastrously to the national forces ; but the depression \nconsequent upon this unexpected defeat was speedily sm-mount- \ned, a new levy of twenty-five thousand troops for three years \nordered by Governor Morgan, and volunteers flocked in thou- \nsands to the camp of General McClellan at Washington. \n\n21. In the vigorous prosecution of the war, no division of \nsentiment at this period existed. All parties united in the most \ndetermined eftbrts to crush a wanton and causeless rebellion ; \nand all previous political differences were forgotten in the patri- \notic duties of the hour. The November elections passed over \nwithout excitement. Horatio Ballard, of Cortland, was elected \n\nCity of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 General enthusiasm. \xe2\x80\x94 Advance of funds. \xe2\x80\x94 Pa- \ntriotism of the people. \xe2\x80\x94 Progress of the Confederacy. \xe2\x80\x94 Removal of the \ncapital to Richmond. \xe2\x80\x94 Battle of Bull Run. \xe2\x80\x94 New levy of troops. \n\n\n\n208 EIGHTH PERIOD. \n\nSecretary of State ; Lucius Robinson, of Chemtin?, Comptrol- \nler; Daniel S. Dickinhon, of Broome, Attorney -(loianil ; Wii.- \nLiAM B. Lewis, of Kin^n, Treaaiirer ; William B. Tayuhi, of \nOneida, State Knjjriiu-er oikI Survey\xc2\xab>r ; William B. WiiiiiiiT, \nof Stilliviin, Jiid;,\'e of the Court of A|\xc2\xbbiM\xc2\xabn|H ; and Fuanklin A. \nAi ; t. of Krie, uud Benjamin F. 1 . . of Mudi\xc2\xabju, Cautil \n\nCommissiouerc. \n\n\n\nc n A r T r n \\- i i . \n\nAl>" V or n UOAK \xe2\x80\x94 I\'tto*.!:!*^ AXD \n\nTloM or Govt !. -C\'oMl IB \n\nCaxal. \xe2\x80\x94 DuAfT RioTi m N\xc2\xabir Yokk. \xe2\x80\x94 Co!\xc2\xabgnMACT to ntiur \nTHE TiTT. \xe2\x80\x94 KLcrrioa or Gotkrkor Fkktuk. \xe2\x80\x94 Amamixatiok or \n]\'Ki:Ait\xc2\xbbr.xT LiJicoui. \n\nI riiK I. \'lire ALiiin ajw- 1 on the fimt Tucsdjiy in \n\nJantiarv, Ih eni\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr N!oit\xc2\xab;AN, aAer a l- i- \n\ntion of the < -m of the State, roca; <\xe2\x80\xa2<! the eventa \n\nof the j)i r, and con;rmt ulatcil the L \'iiro on the \n\ni\xc2\xabpirite<l and |\xc2\xabtnotir r- \xe2\x80\xa2 of the State to the call of tho \n\n;r"Vfninu\'nt for the \xe2\x80\xa2! \xe2\x80\xa2 and |\xc2\xbbre*\xc2\xabervation <\xc2\xbbf tho I\'nion. Ho \n\nd his own \xe2\x96\xa0ue<l I nn and thoMo of htn fellow- \n\nii in tho j r \' :^:\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn of the war, and the devotion of tho \n\nhvcfi, fortune*, and uacnxl honor of thoir - Mienta to tho \n\ncommon \n\n2. Ihinnij this year the State continued it <\xe2\x80\xa2 exertions \nin support of the war U*t the supprcHnion of the r< n. \nI\'mler the successive calls of the President for six hundred \nthousand men, one hundred and twenty regiments were sent \ninto the field, and upwartls of three and a h:iJf millions of dol- \nlars were paid for l)oimties to volunteers, carryin;; the State \nwar expenditure, including town and county sulwcr s to \ntwenty millions of dollars, \n\n3. Tho entire numlwr of reuiments sent to the field durni^ \nthe preceding year was one hundred and fiftcfii, with 120,578 \n\ntini. . :ofihc^ il uxx>pi asd IDOIMJ. \n\n\n\nGOVERNOR SEYMOUR\'S MESSAGE. 299 \n\nmen, increased during the present year by recruits for the regu- \nlar army, volunteers, and enlistments for regiments of other \nStates, to a grand total of two hundred and twenty-five thousand \nmen. The losses of these regiments at the battle of Bull Run, \nand in other skirmishes during the year, amounted to about \ntwenty thousand, killed, wounded, and prisoners. The entire \nforce in the field was scattered over nine States in forty-three \ndiff\'erent brigades, and under the command of twelve generals \nof division, and bore an active part in every engagement with \nthe rebels. \n\n4. At the opening of navigation in this year, the enlarged \ncanal was completed throughout its whole extent. The total \ncost of this great work, including the interest on loans made for \nits construction, amounted to nearly fifty millions of dollars. \nThe foreign exports from the State amounted to $ 111,000,000, \nand its imports to | 191,500,000. \n\n5. At the fall election, Horatio Seymour, of Oneida, the \nDemocratic candidate, was re-elected Governor, and David R. \nFloyd Jones, of Suffolk, Lieutenant-Governor, by a majority of \nabout ten thousand votes over Major-General James S. Wads- \nworth, and Lyman Tremain, the Republican candidates. \n\n6. Governor Seymour, in his messao-e to the Leg-isla- \nture of 1863, dwelt at great length upon the violation, by \nCongTcss and the government, of the rights of the States and \nthe security of persons and property ; traced the origin of the \nwar to a pervading disregard of the obligations of the laws and \nof the Constitution, a disrespect for constituted authority, and \nlocal and sectional prejudices. A spirit of insubordination, he \nobserved, had sapped the foundations of municipal. State, and \nnational authority. \n\n7. The war, in his judgment, might and should have been \naverted ; but when its floodgates were oj)ened, the administra- \ntion was inadequate to grasp its dimensions or to control its \nsweep. The government was borne along with the current, and \nstruggled as it best could with the resistless tide. Extravagance \nand corruption pervaded all its departments, followed by arbi- \ntrary arrests in violation of the Constitution and the laws, dis- \n\nCompletion of the Erie Canal enlargement. \xe2\x80\x94 Exports and imports. \xe2\x80\x94 \nState election. \xe2\x80\x94 Message of Governor Seymour. \n\n\n\n300 EI a II Til PKRIOD. \n\nregird of the ri^\'hts nnd authority of tho State, Buppreasion \nof puMic journals, proc-laumtion of martial law, ami tho at- \ntempted cmaueiiiation of tl\xc2\xbbe slaves. \n\n8. Th6 Union must be restored in its intcprity as it existed \nbefore the war. The situatutu im it stood must Iw accepted ; \nour annies in the field nuist )>e Kup{K\xc2\xbbrtod, and all the constitu- \ntiunal requirements of the poveniment pn\xc2\xbbmptly respondeil ta \nI\'nder no circumstances could a division of the Union be con- \ntxnled. Kvery policy of conciliation should l>c exhausteil, every \ninducement to j)eace olfentl, ever)\' ri^cht of the South ^lamnteed, \nbut tho nation mtist reuiain one and indivisible. Kx-Ciovemor \nEowiN I). MoROAN, early in Februan*. was elected United States \nSenator in place of Preston K iiiu\'. whose tenn of oOice had < L \n\n9. The aspect of the national o\xc2\xbbntlict with the forces of the \nreU\'llion, at tho ajmmencement of tho month of July of tliis \nyear, was gloomy and discouraging in the extreme. The Army \nof the Potomac, under the \xc2\xab iiid successively of Uurnsido \nan\xc2\xabl li\'x\'ker, after re[>cttte<l and \xc2\xabi \'Us defeats at Vr* .*\xe2\x96\xa0 \nbur^ and (.\'haiuvll<>rKville, had Iteen 1 t4> fall Uick to \nthe north to cover lialtimorc and W\'a on, upon which tho \ntroops of Ocneral Ias* were nvirclun;; ; iimnt was held at liay \nbefore Vicksburp, and lUnks at Port lludMon ; lUisocrans inactive \nin Teimessoe ; and I \xe2\x96\xa0 . on the eve of a general anc! ve \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 nient in the heart of Pennsylvania, displaced by .Miiuie. \n\nh>. At this momentous crisis, when the salvation and future \n\ndestiny of the nation hunp upon the triumph of our arms, and \n\nanother defeat would have hcen irretrievable ruin, the voice of \n\nfaction was heard over our land fn\xc2\xbbm many of its most trusted \n\nm \n\npublic men, proolaimini; the inevitable failure of the war for tho \nBuppn^sion of the rel>ellion, casting reproach upon the President \nnml his counsoll\xc2\xab>rs, depnn-iatinp tho characters and conduct of \nthe commanclers in the field, denouncing the civil and military \nauthoritit^ f<\xc2\xbbr their efforts to sustain and defend the ifumtrv, \nand exciting the reckless population of f\xc2\xbbur larpe cities ami towns \nto open r nee to the execution of the laws of Con;.Tes8 and \n\nthe orders ot the President providing for additional recruits to \nour depleted army. \n\nCondition of public afTairs. \xe2\x80\x94 Naiiooal rcvenes. \xe2\x80\x94 Fsctiotu proceedings. \n\n\n\nDRAFT RIOTS IN THE CITY. 301 \n\n11. On the 4th of July, the day succeeding the great victory \nof our arms at Gettysburg, and before intelligence of the result \nwas known. Governor Seymour, in an address delivered before \na large audience at the Academy of Music in the city of New \nYork, spoke in most desponding terms of the condition of pub- \nlic aifairs, commenting freely upon the folly of persisting in \na fratricidal war, entered upon without necessity, and which \nmight easily have been avoided, and solemnly warning its sup- \nporters of the peril and wickedness of pursuing a course which \nmight bring the evil of civil war into our own homes. \n\n12. On the 13th of July, pending the draft in the city, or- \ndered by the President under the Enrolment Act of Congress, a \ntremendous and formidable riot was commenced at the opening \nof the drawing at the corner of Third Avenue and Forty-Sixth \nStreet, which convulsed and devastated the city for three days \nand nights without intermission. The military authorities were \ndriven from their station, and compelled to close their books ; \nthe police were overpowered or held at bay ; dwellings, stores, \nthe Colored-Orphan Asylum, and several other public buildings, \nwere burnt and plundered ; numerous brutal and barbarous mur- \nders were committed ; and it was only by the final interposition \nof a body of United States troops, under the command of Major- \nGenerals Canby and Dix and General Harvey Brown, that the \nriot was, on the fourth day, finally suppressed. \n\n13. On the second day of its continuance, and while it was in \nfull activity. Governor Seymour reached the city, and after issu- \ning his proclamation declaring the city in a state of insurrection, \nand commanding the restoration of order, immediately repaired \nto the City Hall, where he addressed an immense crowd of the \nrioters, informing them that he had sent the Adjutant-General \nto* Washington to confer with the authorities there for the sus- \npension of the draft, requiring them to cease their outrages upon \npersons and property, and quietly to disperse, awaiting the re- \nsults of his interference in their behalf, upon which they might \nconfidently rely. This appeal, however, was utterly unheeded ; \nand the Governor found himself compelled to invoke the inter- \nference of the military authorities. \n\nGovernor Seymour\'s Fourth-of-July address. \xe2\x80\x94 The draft riots in New- \nYork City. \xe2\x80\x94 Continuance of the riots. \xe2\x80\x94 Interposition of Governor Seymour. \n\n\n\n302 EICIITII PEBIOa \n\n1 4. The amount of pru|)t\'rty destroyed by the rioters on this \noccasion, for which the city wtu sulMteipiently held respoosihlo \nto the owneni, wtm vtilucd at about two miUiun doUarH, and nut \nfur from n thousand hves were estiniated to have l>een loHt. lt\xc2\xab \nfurv was not ctmtined to the citv, but extendi\'d into the Huliurtts \non every hide, and to the princi|ml towns and cities on the Hud- \nson. Through the energetic action of the i icr, Joiix T. \nHoKKMAX, the chief leadeni in the riots were |\xc2\xbbron\xc2\xbb|itly ti \nconvictcxl, and si\'ntenccd in aooordonoo with law. \n\n15. I\'reKident Lincx>i.n having akI to suH|iend the d? \n\non the aj-: ^n of CJuvenior SKYMurR, .Majoritenend Dix, on \n\nthe MHh of July, addressed a c\xc2\xab)mniuii i to the latter, ro- \n\n(| aid, as ..inder-in-chief ul the mihtia of the \n\nState uf >ew York, in the enfureement of that measure. This \nhaving been di . forty-four rev s and Uitteries of ar- \n\ntiilerv were t>lacc-<i bv the I iles tiovenunent at the dis- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 I \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nposal of (trnenil I>ix for tliat purjKMe ; luid a |>nH\'laniation was, \non the 18th of August, imued by CJovemor Skvmoik, jin\xc2\xbbl. ^ \n\nall riotous demon*- us on the jiart of those o{>|M.wod to the \n\ndraft, and d\xc2\xab the .scveriTit {>enalties against all per- \n\nconccnic<l in such unlawful pr The dnift was aoc- r i \n\ningly resumed and cf! imut ftirther re^iHtancc. \n\n16. The numlter of v\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbblunteors obtaine<l under State author- \nity during the year was twenty-five thoumnd, and upwanls of \nthirty thousand n\'l al reeniits were enlisted and dmfto<l \nunder the authoritv of the 1 eninjent The \nwhole numWr of troops raised in the State up to the end of \nthe year was two hundred and ninety-three thousand, of which \nnuml\xc2\xbber two hundred and thirty thousand were enlistments for \nthe period of three years. \n\n17. On the same day with the termination of the great bat- \ntle of Grttysbtirg. Vick.sbui^ was surrendered to General flrant. \nPort Hudson was soon afterwards evacuated ; and the splen<li<l \nvictories of (\'hattanf)c^r\xc2\xbb, Chickamautra, and I>ookout Nfoiuit \nachieved during the autumn by (Irant, Shennan, Hooker, and \n\nAmount of propflrtfdr^*- \' 1 llreslosL \xe2\x80\x94 Rffiewal and eaforeaoMBt \n\nof th.- .!riift \xe2\x80\x94 VuU\xc2\xabinefit nf-,.r. \xe2\x80\x94 Vamberof Nrw York tmops \n\nin tl - iimdcrof \\ Port IlatUon. \xe2\x80\x94 OatUcsof Chst* \n\ntaoooga, Chirkamanga, and Lookout Mounuin. \n\n\n\nGOVERNOR SEYMOUR\'S MESSAGE. 303 \n\ntheir gallant associates, diffused a universal feeling of joy \nthroughout the country. \n\n18. At the annual election in November, Chauncey M. De- \npew, of Westchester, was elected Secretary of State, Lucius \nRobinson, Comptroller, and John Cochrane, of Xew York, At- \ntorney-General, by majorities averaging about thirty thousand, \ntogether with large Kepublican majorities in both branches of \nthe Legislature. \n\n10. The Legislature reassembled on the first Tuesday \nin January of the succeeding year. Governor Seymour, ^\xc2\xae^^\' \nin his annual message, estimated the aggregate revenue of the \nState canals for the past three years at $17,722,284, leaving \na balance of about fourteen and a half millions of dollars, after \ndefraying all expenses of superintendence and repairs. He re- \nported the agricultural and educational interests of the State \nas in a flourishing condition, notwithstanding the burdens im- \nposed by the war. \n\n20. The President and Congress, he observed, had, by the \ncontinued exercise of arbitrary power, supported by the army \nand navy, and acquiesced in by the people, effected a complete \nrevolution in the government. National bankruptcy and ruin \nwere imminent. The government in its persistent attempts to \nsubjugate the South, in violation of its solemn pledges at the \ncommencement of the war, had failed in the attainment of its \nends ; and it remained for a wiser statesmanship to restore \npeace on a constitutional and conciliatory basis. \n\n21. A State tax of five and a quarter mills on each dollar of \nthe assessed valuation of real and personal property was im- \nposed by the Legislature during its session, three fourths of a \nmill to be applied to the support of common schools, one and a \nquarter for general purposes, about two for bounties, and the \nresidue for canal expenditures and works of internal improve- \nment. \n\n22. On the 22d of April the Governor communicated a mes- \nsage to the Legislature, disapproving in strong terms of the \njoint resolution adopted by the two Houses providing that no \ndistinction should be made in the currency in which the domes- \nGovernor\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Revenue of the canals. \xe2\x80\x94 National affairs. \xe2\x80\x94 State \n\ntax. \n\n\n\n304 EIGHTH PFiaOD. \n\ntic and foreign holdeni of State stocks should be paid ; insist- \nin;^ that, whatever iirmn^\'enient* nii^\'ht be uuuie for the {Miyineut \nof the former, the faith of the State was irrovocal>Iy jilotl^Ki to \nredeem its ubhpitions to the latter in specie. These views of \nthe Governor were assented to by tlio Unaucial authorities of \nthe State, and carried into effect. \n\n23. Durinj^ the year, IG 1,004 men were MOt into the field by \nthe State authorities, untier calln of the PrcHident ; making, in \nall, an aggregate of 437,700 contnlnite*! by the State since Uio \ncomineucement of the wtir. A ppreheiiaioDB having l\xc2\xbbeen enter- \ntained of a rocum*nce of ri<\xc2\xbbtoii\xc2\xab proc* ^ in the city of New \nYork at the annuxU Novemlwr election, " (General BiTLCR \nwas ordered to the city, and a military lorou of aliout seven \nthoujouui men placed at his diM{xisal for the preftcn-ation of \njmblic ortier. \n\n24. Prt^ident Li.xcoLN wis re-\xc2\xableet0d hj m oyerwfaelming \nmajority of the iMipuUir and \xe2\x80\xa2 r^.il vote over Mi^or-Geueral \n(iK.utiiF. \\\\, \\\\k<\'is.\\jl\\s the iKii - rat \xe2\x80\xa2 i!. lidate; and Andrew \nJoiiN.H4>N, of Tennessee, elected Vioe-PrBadent by a similar vote \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\\r (.i \xe2\x80\xa2lUiB H. Pk.N\'DLEToN, of Ohio. IUeUBBX \xc2\xa3. FCKTOK, of \n\nChautauque, was elected Clovemor, and TiuiMas G. Alvord, of \nOnondaga, Lieutenant-Governor, by a majority of about ten \nthouMand votes over Govem\xc2\xabir SKYMoiRaud Lieutenant-Goyemor \nJo.s\'fx lioth branobesof the Legialature were strongly IWpub- \nlican. \n\n25. On the night of the 2.\'nh of Nuvemlier, a daring attempt \nwas made by incendiaries to set fire to the princijial hoteU and \npublic btiildingn of the city of New York. lioliert Kennedy, \n<\xc2\xbbno of the culpritH, was arrested, tried, and convicted by a \ncourt martial convened by Major-^teneral Dix, and sulim^>t)uently \neiecute*!, after making a full confession of the conspiracy, on the \npart of a numlier of confetlemtea, to destroy the city. \n\n26. During the y\xc2\xabir a sncccHHion of brilliant victories were \nachieved, under the command of Lieutenant -4 ;eneral Grant, on \nhis march fr^>in the I\'otomac to tlio Confederate capital ; At- \n\n\n\nPaymcnt of fhrriDu cr- ..; : . \xe2\x80\x94 In. ni.\xc2\xab,^ \xc2\xa9f raluiunrnu \xe2\x80\x94 Pn\xc2\xbbi(lenttal \nelection. \xe2\x80\x94 R\xc2\xab ;i of I*rr\xc2\xbbi<lcni ; n, and cirrtion of Gorcmor Fcn- \n\ntnn. \xe2\x80\x94 Con : r y lo hum tho city of New York. \xe2\x80\x94 Kxrcution of Hobcrt \nKcnncdr. \xe2\x80\x94 Evcnta of 1863 - 64. \xe2\x80\x94 Succotiioo of brilliant vtciorica. \n\n\n\nCLOSE OF THE GREAT REBELLION. 305 \n\nlanta was captured by the irrepressible Sherman ; Tennessee \nwas freed from invasion ; and Sherman, co-operating with \nGrant, commenced his famous march to the sea, terminating in \nthe capture of Cokimbia and Charleston. \n\n27. Governor Fenton, in his annual message in January, \n1865, congratulated the Legislature on the prosperous con- \ndition of the State in all its departments, and on the brilliant \nprospects of a victorious termination of the war through the \npatriotic energy of the government and the signal ability of our \ncommanders in the field. He transmitted the amendment to \nthe National Constitution proposed by Congi\'ess for the abolition \nof slavery, with an earnest recommendation for its prompt adop- \ntion. \n\n28. The spring opened with the defeat of the Confederate \nArmy at Petersburg, Virginia, early in April, followed by the \nevacuation of Richmond, the dissolution of the Confederate \ngovernment, the surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court-House \non the 9th, that of Johnston at Raleigh on the lith, the dis- \npersion of the rebel array, and the flight and capture of the rebel \nPresident and his associates. \n\n29. In the midst of the universal rejoicings over these great \nevents, the nation was astounded by the intelligence of the \nAssassination of President Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, at \nFord\'s Theatre in Washington, on the evening of the 14th of \nApril. A heavy pall of mourning settled over the entire Union ; \nand while a fearful and speedy vengeance overtook the guilty \nperpetrators of this great crime, and a nation was following its \nmartyred chief to his last resting-place, a new administration \nwas inaugurated by the succession of Vice-President Andrew \nJohnson to the vacant presidential chair. \n\n30. At the fall election, Major-General Francis C. Barlow, \nof New York, was elected Secretary of State, Thomas Hill- \nhouse, of Ontario, Comptroller, and John H. Martindale, of \nMonroe, Attorney-General, with Republican majorities in both \nbranches of the Legislature. \n\nGovernor Fenton\'s message. \xe2\x80\x94 Defeat of the Confederate Army at Peters- \nburg. \xe2\x80\x94 Surrender of Generals Lee and Johnston. \xe2\x80\x94 Termination of the \nwar. \xe2\x80\x94 Capture of Jefferson Davis. \xe2\x80\x94 Assassination of President Lincoln. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Succession of President Johnson. \xe2\x80\x94 State officers. \n\n20 \n\n\n\n306 EIGHTH PKIilOD. \n\n\n\nC H A I\xc2\xbb T K R V T T T . \n\nAnMijrisTRATiojf or GovERHok 1 \xe2\x80\x94 Vi\xc2\xbbit of Pm \xe2\x96\xa0 t Jonw- \n\n^o^ AM> Cahim:!, (fi:N\xc2\xbb:K\\i. \xc2\xbbii.\\>i. and Aumihai. j \\ju;a(<i t. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nAlK>l\'TIOS or TUB Foi KTI.I.NTII AMKM>Ml.!<r TO TIIK I\'jtlTKD StaTE\xc2\xab \nCoj^BTITt\'TIOS. \xe2\x80\x94 C\'oSDITIOSr AJID FiXANCBS 0\xc2\xa5 THE StaTB. \xe2\x80\x94 CoX- \nBTITt\'TIOXAL COXTKXTIOX. \xe2\x80\x94 FkKS ScIIOOUL \xe2\x80\x94 KuRMAL ScilOOUS. \n\xe2\x80\x94 CORXKIX UxiVkKAITT. \xe2\x80\x94 ElXCTIOX ur GOVKKXOR llorrMAN. \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nFirrcKXTU AMt^xuMiijiT. \n\n1. At the Msemlilinf^ of tho 1.4-;:>latnrc of 18CG, GoTcriior \n\nFkxtom , after rccapitulutin^ the jrn\xc2\xbbat event* of the preced- \ning jear and U^mienn;; Iuh coiiin^t lu on tho tcniii- \n\nnutiun of tho war, submitt^xl a ^\'cnoml exhiiiit uf tho condition \nof tho State, and rcoummendcd vurtoiis nicnjiuren of intcmid \niniprovemeDt to the coniudemti(\xc2\xbbn of the lA*^i8luttirc. He paid \na high trihuto to the exertions, diiriiik\' the war, of tiiu Trunteea \nand inanagen of tho Soldiers* I>o|iot in the citj of New York, \nthe inemtiem of tho Sanitary ( oniiui8iiion\xc2\xab Tniou Loa^ie, and \nLadioM* Soldient\' iCehef Association, and concluded by a few per- \ntinent remarks on the reconstniction of tho Union. \n\n2. The proceedings of tho Lcf^latnro were not marked by \nany in \' h of ^neral interest or im|Mirtanoe. \n\n3. l>(iru);; the session. President Johnson, wjlli >>\xc2\xab<ntAry \nSkward and other memlKTS of the <\xe2\x96\xa0 \'" \'"nd (\xc2\xbbiiant, and \nAdmiral Farragut, vu\xc2\xbbite\xc2\xabl the capiUi cay of New York, \non their way to the detiication of a miiWi. \' to the memor}* \nof tho Ute Senator IIoiglam, of Illinois. 1 licir reception by \ntho State and municifMl authorities was churactehzed by tho \nusual formalities and honors. \n\n4. At the Noveml\xc2\xbber election, GoTomor Fextdn was rc-ciccted \nGovernor, and Stewart L. Woodporp, of New York City, Lieu- \ntenant (Jovonior, by a majority of nl"\xc2\xbbut fourteen thousand over \nJohn T. Hoffman of New York and Kol>ert H. Pruyn of Alliaiiy. \nA majority of Kepublican memberB were eiectcwi to both branches \nof the Ix\'^pslattire. \n\n5. Governor Fenton, in his me\xc2\xaba|,x\' m J.uiuary, 1^* ~ \ncalled the attention of the Legialaturo to the nece**--*! \n\nOoremor\'s me\xc2\xbbimec. \xe2\x80\x94 Ke-elcction of Goremor FcQton, ami aleetion of \nBiewsrt L. Woodford m Licutenant-Gorcnior. \xe2\x80\x94 Governor\'s \n\n\n\nCANALS AND SCHOOLS. 307 \n\nof providing additional canal facilities by the construction of an \nenlarged tier of locks on the line of the Oswego and Erie Canals, \nfrom tide-water to the Lakes, admitting the passage of steam- \nvessels of from five to six hundred tons\' burden. This proposi- \ntion was favorably received by the Legislature, and the neces- \nsary steps were taken for its adoption. \n\n6. The Governor also recommended the adoption of the pro- \nposed Fourteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, \nproviding for the reconstruction of the government of the States \nrecently in rebellion, the abolition of slavery, and equality \nof rights to every citizen of the Republic. The surplus canal \nreceipts up to the present time were stated at upwards of twenty \nmillions of dollars, applicable chiefly to the payment of the \ncanal debt, the reduction of which was steadily progressing. \nThere were, in the State, 24,527 manufacturing establishments, \nwith an aggregate capital of $227,674,187, and a productive \nreturn of $463,603,877. A bill providing for the call of a \nConvention for the amendment of the State Constitution was \npassed, providing for an election of delegates in April and the \nassembling of the Convention early in the succeeding June. On \nthe first Tuesday in February, Roscoe Conkling, of Oneida, \nwas appointed United States Senator in place of Ira Harris, \nwhose term had expired. \n\n7. During the session of the Legislature of this year, an \nact was passed on the recommendation, and chiefly through the \nexertions, of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Mr. \nRice, increasing the State tax for the support of common \nschools from three quarters of a mill to one mill and a quarter \non each dollar of the valuation of real and personal estate, and \ndeclaring all the common schools of the State, including the \nvarious academical departments devoted to the instruction and \npreparation of teachers, and the State Normal Schools, free to \nall pupils availing themselves of their benefits. \n\n8. Additional Normal Schools were now authorized to be es- \ntablished in Fredonia, Chautauque County; Geneseo, Livingston \nCounty ; Brockport, Monroe County ; Cortlandville, Cortland \nCounty ; Pottsdam, St. Lawrence County ; and Buffido, Erie \n\nEnlarged locks on the Erie and Oswego Canals. \xe2\x80\x94 United States Senator. \n\xe2\x80\x94 Free and Normal Schools throughout the State. \n\n\n\n308 EIGHTH PEIUOD. \n\nCounty ; in addition to the State Nonnnl Soh\xc2\xabx>l nt the capital, \nand the Trinuiry NonuiU and Training School at Osweu\'o, \nwhicli had bet\xc2\xbbn orp\xc2\xbbni/e\xc2\xabl in 1> \n\n9. On the 4th of June tht < ivention M- \nsemhletl at the Capitol in AlUmy, and orpinized by the election \nof William A. Wii . of Fmnklin, aa Treiiident, and Litiif.u \nCaldwell, of Chemuiu. i- >< ulary. The usuid conunittecs \nhaving been appointe<l fi>r the pi\\\'j\xc2\xabinition of l\xc2\xbbu\xc2\xbbinttui, the Con- \nvention addretJHcd itijelf to tlie |*erfonimnce of the duties de- \nvolving u])on it \n\n10. The rcorKanlzation of the Judician* oc la larjjt) \nBharc of its S and \xc2\xbb1 \' much able dif*^*UK\xc2\xabion. \nThe n \'D of liie tnuichiHc, tin* |\xc2\xbbowen\xc2\xbb and dutien of the \nExecutive and the !/i\xc2\xbbjifiKlatuiv, and variouH other pnnjom-d \nnioilificationH of the Coimtitution, were l^\'retl ; and the \nsemiou was pn>li\xc2\xbbn^<d to the tvr u{ lite year. \n\n11. In July and .\\ \' the Anit-Ki-nt tliMturltances apiin \nl\xc2\xbbn)ke out in Allwnv r\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbuiitv, rendering it neceasarA\' to call out a \nBtroiif; military force for their n*prfHMii\xc2\xbbn. By thiH prompt action \nof the executi%\'o autb all further opftotiition to the coll \ntion of rents from tJie \xe2\x80\xa2 Mts was suppresMxl, \nand the phnci{ial o!* uuU committed for t; \n\n12. At the NovciiiU\'r t-Kviiuu, IIomkr A. Nrix>n. of I)ui\xc2\xab.l\xc2\xbb- \ne\xc2\xab| was \xc2\xab n* of State ; William F. Allkx, of \nOswego, Coll i-r y hiuI Markiiall R Ciiamplain, of Alle- \ngany, Atton\xc2\xbbc\\-(.fneral- A miyority of the memliem \xe2\x96\xa0\' \xe2\x80\xa2 1 \nto the Assembly were Democrats, while the Senate rcruiuiicd \nItij\'uMitaiL \n\n1.1. The I/Ou\'\xc2\xbb*lHture reassembled on the first T \' v \nin January, 180^<. William Hitciiman, of New \\ \nwas elected S|x-jiker. (lovcmor Fkxtox informed the Ia \nlaturo that the debt of the State, de<luctin^ the lialuiuo \nof the sinkin^r fnnd for the dificharjje of the canal debt, was \n$44,114,.\'>\'J2. The atrxntvate valuation of its real and personal \nestate was stated at $ 4,.j<K),fM\xc2\xbb0,(X>0, that of real estate alone \nbeing estimated at upwanU of nine hundTtnl millions. Of the \n\nConsittutional Coaroition. \xe2\x80\x94 Ri^ncwsl of Anti-Rmt dbtttrhsncn. \xe2\x80\x94 8tata \noflkvra. \xe2\x80\x94 Gorernor\'t meMsgt. \xe2\x80\x94 State debt. \xe2\x80\x94 Vsluaiioa of rod and pcr> \n\xe2\x96\xa0onal oftate. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION, 309 \n\nentire area of the State, consisting of 28,297,142 acres, sixteen \nmillion of acres were under cultivation. \n\n14. The amount of public funds applicable to common-school \neducation was about one and a half millions of dollars, to which \nVi^ere added, from local taxation and other sources, about seven \nand a half millions, making an aggregate of about nine millions \nof dollars. About five millions of dollars were annually paid \nfor teachers\' wages ; nearly\' two millions for the purchase of \nsites and the building of school-houses ; twenty-five thousand \nfor school libraries ; and upwards of two hundred thousand for \napparatus, text-books, and supplies for the various schools. \nEarly in February, Abram B. Weaver, of Oneida, was elected \nSuperintendent of Public Instruction in place of Victor M. Rice. \n\n15. The Constitutional Convention reconvened early in Janu- \nary at the City Hall in Albany, which had been placed at its \ndisposal during the session of the Legislature, and resumed its \ndiscussions and deliberations. Various proposed amendments \nto the Constitution were considered and adopted, and the entire \ninstrument, as modified, reported to the Convention for its final \nadoption and submission to the people through the action of the \nLegislature. \n\n16. By the provisions of the proposed Constitution, the right \nof suffi-ao-e was conferred on all male inhabitants of the age of \ntwenty-one years and upwards, w^ithout distinction of color ; the \npayment of the Canal and other State debts secured ; the term \nof \'^oflPice of Senators extended to four years ; the Assembly in- \ncreased to one hundred and thirty-nine members ; the Court of \nAppeals organized with a Chief-Justice and six Associate Judges : \nthe existing Supreme Court organization retained, with certain \nadditional provisions for the despatch of business, \xe2\x80\x94 the judges \nto be chosen by the people, and to hold their ofiices for fourteen \nyears, or until they attain the age of seventy years. Provision \nwas also made for submitting to the people, in 1873, the question \nwhether such judges should continue to be elected, or whether \nthe position should be filled by appointment. The remaining \nprovisions were substantially the same as those of the Constitu- \ntion of 1846. \n\n\n\nEducational statistics. \n\n\n\n310 Eianrn period. \n\n17. During the summer of this yeiir, the Cornell Univemity, \nthe charter of which wnn ohtnineil in 18G2, and which wuji en- \ndowed by (\'\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn;,aeii8 with the avuiU of one million of acres of \npublic laniLs, and by lil)eral benefactions fmm it\xc2\xab founder, Kziia \nCoRNKLi^ chiefly for the puqjoso of a practical etlucation in agri- \ncultuml and meeluuucai science, was u|M.\'ned under favorable \nauMpic\xe2\x82\xac*s at Ithaca. \n\n18. At the Novembor elactioo, John T. Hofphan, Mayor of \nNew York, wat elected GoTenior, and Aixen C. Bkacu, of Krie, \nLieutenant-<iovenior, by a majority of nearly thirty thousand \nvotes over John A. (iriswold, of IWnsscdiier, and the KepublicAU \ncanchilate for Lieutenant -< Jo venior. The lU\'publicans, however, \nsecured a majority of the I>\xc2\xbbjn\xc2\xablature, Ulyhsbb S. (jRaxt, of \nIllinois, was elected President, nnd StiirrLKU ()<>lfax, of Indiuna, \nVice-President, of the I\'nr ites, by lar^o electond umjorities, \nover Horatio Seymoi r, of New Yt\xc2\xbbrk, and Krask P. Blaiii, of \nMissouri, the caudidutcs of the Democratic ]>arty. \n\n\n\nCHAPTER IX. \n\nApmixibtkatiox or Gotbnxus lIorrnAK. \xe2\x80\x94 Fi!\xc2\xabakck\xc2\xab axd Co^rntriOK \nor TUB Stats \xe2\x80\x94 (\'\xc2\xabmMoM .*^ iiim\xc2\xbbu<i. \xe2\x80\x94 Piblic >\xe2\x96\xa0 - . (;\xc2\xabir. \n\nrHM^iEjcT <\xc2\xbbr Nbw V\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbim Citt. \xe2\x80\x94 UtuiBCTiox or in.. .>.. ^ i. wi,\xc2\xbbTiTL\'- \n\nI J\'.X. \xe2\x80\x94 JCUICIABT or TUB St*TE. \n\n1. Governor Hoffman, m his annual mennge to the b^i^- \n\nlature of 18G0, reviewed the fniancial condition of the State \nand that of its various liu^nin* and charitable institu \ntions, and sup^csted such alter and modifications of the \n\nlaws as in his judgment the public iiitercet required. The ImU- \nance due on the State debt, after applying the avails of the \nsinking fund, was $ 38,XG4,448.74, and would proUbly be cx- \ntiogiiished within a few years. \n\n2. The CommoD-Scbool Fund amounted to $ 10,.\'>00.000, of \n\n\n\n:i of Gorcmor lIofTman and Ueatensnt-Oorenior Beach. \xe2\x80\x94 Elec- \ntion of l * rBs k ie n t and Virc-Pirsidrnt. \xe2\x80\x94 Ixvi-lature of 1869. \xe2\x80\x94 Goreroor \nHoflhian\'t meaisge. \xe2\x80\x94 Finances of the btate. \n\n\n\nCOMMON SCHOOLS. 311 \n\nwhich five and a half milUons had been appHed during the past \nyear to the payment of teachers\' wages, $2G,726 for Ubraries, \n$ 234,432 for school apparatus, $ 64,765 for the support of col- \nored schools, and two millions of dollars for school-houses and \nsites. Nine hundred and seventy-one thousand five hundred \nchildren were educated in eleven thousand seven hundred and \nthirty-one districts during the year, and twenty-seven thousand \nteachers employed, of whom nearly twenty-two thousand were \nfemales. Upwards of one million volumes were in the several \nschool libraries. \n\n3. On the second Tuesday in Febniary, Reuben E. Fenton, \nof Chautauqua, was elected United States Senator in place of \nEdwin D. Morgan, whose term of office had expired. The \nFifteenth Amendment to the National Constitution, prohibiting \nto the several States all discrimination in the exercise of the \nelective franchise on account of color, was adopted by the Legis- \nlature, and a bill passed for the submission of the new Consti- \ntution to the people at the ensuing fall election, the suffrage \nand judiciary clauses to be separately voted upon. \n\n4. During the session an important change was made in the \nPublic-School system of the city of New York. The Board of \nCommissioners, consisting of three members, chosen by the peo- \nple from each of the seven districts into which the city had been \ndivided by a previous legislative enactment, was disbanded, and \na new board substituted, to consist of twelve persons to be ap- \npointed by the Mayor, the political majority of the city to be \nrepresented by seven and the minority by five members, and to \nhold their respective offices until the year 1871, after which \ntheir successors were to be elected by general ticket, preserving \nthe same relative political aspect. \n\n5. At the charter election in December of the previous year, \nthe late District-Attorney A. Oakey Hall had been elected \nMayor of the city in place of Governor Hoffman. Twelve Com- \nmissioners of Common Schools were accordingly appointed by \nhim under the act referred to, and early in May organized \nthemselves as a board by the election of Richard L. Larre- \nMORE as President, and William Hitchman, late Speaker of \nthe Assemblv, as Clerk. \n\nStatistics of the Common Schools. \n\n\n\n312 EIGHTH PERIOD, \n\n6. The financial afTairn of the citv had l)ecn committed to the \ncharjre of Mattiikw T. Uuksxax a\xc2\xab Comptroller, and Pctku li. \nSwKKXKY an (\'h.uulH.\'rlaiii, hv whom thev were ahlv and faith- \nfullv adminihtered. Samuki. \\\\. (Iahvix, late an AH\xc2\xbb<K.*iate Jud^re \nof the SujKTior Court, waa api)ointed Diutrict- Attorney in j)l;u-e \nof Mayor Hali- \n\n7. At the Novcml>er election, the l>em\xc2\xabK\'ratic State otVuors \nwere re-< . i by a maiorit v of upwitrds of twenty thouMand \nvotea, toj^ether with a li. ^ y in Uuh hruncheu of the Ixj^HJa- \nture. The provinion in the new ConHtitntion conferring; equal- \nity of Mutfrain; on the blackii wajs r^ 1 hy a heavy vote, tuK \nwax abk> the Conxtitution itself, with th< >.ujle exception of \nth\xc2\xab\' nrtielo on the JiuliciarA\', which wax incorpomtetl into the \n\n^ 1 ax Article Sixth. \n\n. . 8. The I> are axxemhle<l on the 4th of Januar\\-, and \n\nWilliam IIiti hmax, of New York, wiui re-elected Sjieaker \nof th\xc2\xa9 A\xc2\xab\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabomhly. (iovenior Huffman, in his mexMaf;i\\ xtateil \nthe h.. duo on the State debt on the 3(\xc2\xbbth of Septemlter \n\nl.i^t, the en\xc2\xabl of the fiHod year, at |t 34.81 . of which $ 12,- \n\n72r),211 exixted previoux to the I^\' ii. and the renminin;^ \n\n$ J2,(MK>,(K\xc2\xbb0 wax the unjsiid jMirtion of the Iwuuty debt in- \ncurre\xc2\xabl durinjj the war. He antioi|\xc2\xbbatcd it* entire cxtinguiah- \nment within ei^ht ywirx. \n\n9. The StJite tax levie<l diiriti;; the your amounted to ftg millx \non the dollar, on the total voliuition of the real and iwrRoiml \nextate of the State, di.Htribute<l ax followx : 1| millx for tchoolx, \n{ of a mill for canaK 2| for Umntiex, and \\\\ for the ^ne- \nml oxiHMixex of the State ^venmient ; amoimtin^\' in all to \n$ !o.4\xc2\xabi3,17*J.33. The canolx yielded a xuqtluH revenue during \nthe year of $ 3.8r)4. 1*44. :\xe2\x80\xa2\'.\'. \n\n10. The value and importjince of tho caiuUs to the liest and \nh Lrhext interextx of tho State were dwelt u|K>n, not only in refer- \nence to our own interextx, but to thoxc of the Kuropean Statex, \nwliich were Iv^rinning to direct their attention to thix mode of \niutonial improvenjent, TIh\\v were, in hix j iit, expecially \nserviceable as a check upon etorbitant charj^\'ex of railroad cor- \n\n\n\nMix^tin); of the Lctn^lAtorc. \xe2\x80\x94 Govcmor\'t OMnago. \xe2\x80\x94 FinjuioQi of the \nState \xe2\x80\x94 Cxnal rereaiMX. \n\n\n\nCOMMON SCHOOLS. ^ \' 313 \n\nporations in the transportation of merchandise and agricultural \nproducts. \n\n11. More than six millions of dollars had been paid during \nthe year for teachers\' wages in the Common Schools, and nearly \ntwo and a half millions for school-houses, sites, repairs, and \nfurniture. There w^ere in the State nearly 1,500,000 chil- \ndren of school age, one million of whom attended the public \nschools during some portion of the year, and 26,000 were in \nprivate schools. 4,200 pupils were in attendance at the six Nor- \nmal schools. The number of school-houses in the State was \n11,698. \n\n12. "These facts," the Governor observes, " show the gi-eat \nproportions to which our common-school system has grown. \nThere may be defects in it, but, taken as a whole, it commands \nand receives the hearty commendation and the cordial support \nof the great body of the people. Under our form of government, \nin which the voice of the people is so jDotential, the State has a \ndirect interest in so educating the masses that they may in- \ntelligently understand their duty as citizens ; and no tax should \nbe paid more cheerfully than that which enables all, without \nreference to station or condition, to acquire the rudiments of \na good English education." \n\n13. The number of savings\' banks in the State was stated at \none hundred and twenty-eight, with an aggregate capital of \n% 180,000,000. The subjects of prison discipline and insane \nhospitals were dwelt upon at considerable length. The number \nof immigrants during the year, landed at the port of New York, \nwas 260,000, being an increase of 46,314 over the year 1868. \nSpecial legislation was discountenanced, and several recom- \nmendations were submitted for general purposes. \n\n1 4. A complete revision of the statutes of the State was recom- \nmended, as were also amendments of the Registry and Election \nLaws, the Criminal Code, the Excise Laws, and the various pro- \nvisions for commissions in the cities. The message closed with \na general and very able discussion of the legislation of CongTess \non federal affairs, the tariff, and national finances. \n\nCommon schools. \xe2\x80\x94 Savings\' banks. \xe2\x80\x94 Prison discipline. \xe2\x80\x94 Insane hospi- \ntals. \xe2\x80\x94 Immigrants. \xe2\x80\x94 Special legislation, \xe2\x80\x94 Registry and Election Laws. \xe2\x80\x94 \nExcise Laws. \xe2\x80\x94 City commissions. \xe2\x80\x94 National affairs. \n\n\n\n314 EI GUT II PEldOD. \n\n15. The report of the AdjutAnt-Geucrol Bliowod tlmt the \ninihtia or " NutioniU (luiird " of the State miml>crttl 25,085 otii- \ncen* aud privuten, coiapriHing three rcgimeutn, one buttulioii, and \nfour troopa of cuvidry, three IwitUiUona aud eij^ht huttcriea of \nartilKrv, und forty-seven rvgiuieutH and three UitUiUonfl of in- \nfantry. A re<luction of the force to 20,000 wa\xc2\xbb onlcre<l hv the \nlast 1. lire. ai\xc2\xbbd three regime nt\xc2\xab had already l\xc2\xbbecu muHtcred \n\nout of ber\\\'it . . \n\n10. Joint reBohitioius nt ftn curly iK-riiKl of the BCHiuon were \nintn>duce*i aud jMi&iied by a btnct party vote, withdrawing the \nconsent of the State to the Fiftt-enth C\'onKtitiitii\xc2\xbbnal Amcnd- \nnient, and bdU introduced for the acconiplishiuent of the va- \nrious \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0* recomuiendcd in the liovcmor\'s inehsagc. \n\n\n\nNational GnanL \xe2\x80\x94 FifWrath Convtitutional Amrn^lrr.mt. \n\n\n\n\nView in Central Park. \n\n\n\nCONCLUSION. \xe2\x80\x94 GENERAL RECAPITULATION. \n\n1. Having now completed our labors, we turn to a general \nsurvey of the ground over which we have travelled, and a com- \nprehensive summary of the gi^and results which daring a period \nof about two centuries and a half have been accomplished within \nthe domains of what is now not improperly termed the " Empire \nState " of the American Union. \n\n2. From a pathless wilderness, trodden only by the scattered \nand stealthy footprints of a savage and barbarous race, we have \nseen it, at first by slow degrees, and then by a rapid progress, \ncovered by the traces of a civilization which has converted the \ndeep primeval forests into cities, towns, villages, and flourish- \ning farms, the abodes of luxury, wealth, refinement, and enjoy- \nment. \n\n3. From a little handful of emigrants from Holland, number- \ning less than a hundred souls, gathered in two small and ill- \n\n\n\n3 1 G COSCLi\'SIOy. \xe2\x80\x94 GESEILiL RFXAPITVLA TIOS. \n\ndefended fort\xc2\xab and blockhouses, Prj.ir.ited from each other by \nan interval of a hundrttl and fifty miles, and surrounded by \nforty thousiind Kav;i;,\'tH, we have seen a jx\xc2\xbb|)ulution of nearly \nfour millions of inhabitants up, clearing the vast wilder- \n\nness fn>m the ocean to the L u. , and driving Ufore them its \nprimcvid jtosseasors, until v, .u . dy a tnice of their former great- \nness remains. \n\n4. We have witnc\xc2\xabed the failure of the well-meant cfr\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbrts of \nthe ^ts to impress u|x>n the virgin soil of the \nwestern continent the comj\xc2\xabinitivfly indolent and apathetic \ncivilization of the " fatherland," with all its Ktunly honesty and \nindomitable integrity, and the reins of empire seired \\\\\\to\\\\ by \nUio stronir hands and Htout hearts of the Knglish invaders, \nul...M\xc2\xab \\ , had already ? led the bleak and kirren \n\nm \n\ncoasts of New I 1. \n\n5. Then ensue<i the long and piUantly maintaincnl hi- \n\nthe port of the new i -d and stn-ngthentni bv ili i \n\npre<lece\xc2\xbbsoni who\xc2\xabo supr had so recently \xe2\x80\xa2" \xe2\x80\xa2!. \n\nto asjwrt and \\ n thtir rtiis, and pnwlcK\'LS \n\nogainst a \' mt ai "rti^l and sustaineti by tlio \n\nweidth. |>ower, and of the k^\' ^\'\' \' -\'"^ \'"^^ liaughty \n\ngovenunent in the Ulti World. \n\n6. Through a protracte<l series of diHuullieH, eml\xc2\xabarmsKments, \nand ol>stacli-8 the aroused spirit of lilierty steadily maintai \n\nits ground against the most fearful o<lils, until af\\er a century \n\nof < d vasMjdage, continually protesting and cont- \n\nft iho n- \xe2\x80\xa2 invasion of their most cherishe<] ri^l\xc2\xbblH, \n\nthe huuramvitl Iwr the complete <li\xc2\xbbrupt ion of the. \n\nago under which they had so long and im|\xc2\xabtienli_v Mr \n\nand the thirteen uniteil r " ^ oAer a war of seven years wan \n\ntheir fonnidablo oppressorb, became a freo imd independent \n\nnation. \n\n7. In this great contest fur national cxi \xe2\x80\xa2 . New York led \nthe van, and precipitated by her l>oldness and tictermined \xe2\x96\xa0 v \nthe inevitable issue. It was in her nietn>jiolis that the htumy \nand irrepressible ** Sons of Liberty ** hurle<l defiance against the \n\nminions of t>-ranny and oppression ; in her tribunals of o \n\nthat the freetlom of the press was triuniphantly vindu ,\xc2\xbbi< <\xc2\xbb ; \nand in defence of her towering \xe2\x80\xa2\' Lil>erty Tole," tluit, on the \n\n\n\nTWO WARS WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 317 \n\nheights of Golden Hill, the first blood of the Revolution was \nshed. \n\n8. And when the contest came, and the trained battalions of \nEuropean conscripts, commanded by the experienced veterans of \nEnglish warfare, overran our land, it was the Provincial Con- \ngress of New York which, driven from town to town by the in- \nvading army, steadily and unflinchingly rallied the brave de- \nfenders of their homes and hearths to the bloody battle-field, \nsustained their sinking spirits amid reverses, privations, and the \nseverest suffering, and, while exhausting their means in provid- \ning for the wants of their own citizens in the field, freely pledged \ntheir resources for the future in behalf of the common cause. \n\n9. Independence achieved, and its cost to be met in the midst \nof divided and distracted counsels, with a government hastily \nimprovised and utterly unable to command obedience to its dic- \ntates except by consent of each of its members, it was New \nYork, the wealthiest and most powerful of all, and, looking only \nto her own interest, best able to dispense with any other gov- \nernment than her own, that promptly came forward, through \nher most accomplished citizens, to secure the adoption of a Con- \nstitution which indissolubly linked her destinies with those of \nher sister States. \n\n10. Then, and not till then, when, through her unwavering \npatriotism and noble magnanimity, the Union was placed upon \na permanent basis and the future existence of the nation se- \ncured, did she turn her attention to the development of her \nown resources, the administration of her own government, and \nthe organization of suitable institutions for the promotion and \nadvancement of her material, moral, civil, and social well-being. \n\n11. During this period three great statesmen and patriots \ntowered prominently over all their associates, directing, guiding, \nand energizing public affairs, and contributing beyond all others \nto the great results of the war of Independence. George Clin- \nton, the first Governor, during a period of over twenty years, \nby his ability, sterling integrity, and indomitable perseverance, \nsurrounded by innumerable difiiculties and embarrassments, \nsuccessfully conducted the Ship of State to its destined harbor, \nand laid the foundations for its future greatness. \n\n12. Alexander Hamilton, by his transcendent talents, elo- \n\n\n\n3 1 8 CONCLUSION. \xe2\x80\x94 GENERAL RECAPITULA TION, \n\nquonco, and cncrgr, threw himself into the breach apiinst tlic \nfiercest waves of faction ; and in conjunction with Joiix Jay \nBaved the Cunstitutiun, and with it the Union, fnuu the ini \nniincnt |)erili4 by which it wjw hurroundiHl. I\'jMin the orj;fnniza \ntion of the govemnicnt, l\xc2\xbboth thetk? diKtinjrt>i\xc2\xabhcd men renderiMi \nthe nuMt important servicen to their countr}\', in its civil ami \ndi|)loiimtic Bcrvico ; and their memorv will ever be chcrishc d :\\^ \nthe founders and 8up[>orters of the American I\'nion. \n\n13. (Jovemor (.\'lixtdN availed himself of the earliest op \nportunity to rec<immenil the cHtabliNhment of a common -hcIhkiI \nsystem, and the initiation of metiiiures for developin<; the re \nsources and adding to the wealth of the State by the improve \nment of its uavigiible waters and their connection by artifu ial \ncanals, liiith those meoBiirM were destined to be aAerwanls \nfully realized through the genius and executive ability of his \ngrctit kinsman and succcKsor, Dk Witt Clixtox. \n\nII. At this time \xe2\x80\x94 l\xc2\xbbetwccu 1790 and 1S(K) \xe2\x80\x94 the entire \npopulation of the State did not exceed fi%\'e hundred thtaitiand, \nchii\'flv t*oncentrate*l in the citv of New York, and on the Iwinks \nof the Ilu\xc2\xabl?st\xc2\xbbn and .Mohawk. The \xe2\x80\xa2 ive and fertile vallevs \n\nand plains of the wi\'strni section of the State, fn>m t\'tica to \nLake Erie, were still an nTibroken wildeniess, and a few scat- \ntered handets only div\xc2\xab : i the region between Albany and \nthe sources of the M^himk. \n\n15. The a<!mii) -ns of D.vnikl D. Tompkivs and Db \nWitt Ci.ixtoX, extendinir. with a briof interval, over a period \nof nearlv twenty veam, i the most brilliant f\xc2\xbbortion \n\n* mm \n\nof the annals of the State. Tho fonnor by his per . de- \n\nvote<l patriotism and sclf-sa\xc2\xab rtions. rnrried us tri- \n\numphantly through the second war with (Jreat ! i ; and tho \n\nlatter, by his commanding talents and far-se* .: ., -\'it. inanship, \nlaid the foundations of our miignihcent common-school i\xc2\xbb, \n\nand conceive<l nnd carrietl into execution, amid the most for- \nmidable olistaclcs, the greatest work of internal imj)rovement \nthe world luul ever known. \n\n16. Their distinguished sucoemora, Vax Blrkx, >fAllCT, Siw- \nARD, and Wright, and tho more recent occupants of the \nexecutive chair, built n(\xc2\xbbi>Iy u|>on these solid foundations of \ngreatnou and wealth, enlarging, expanding, and atlumiiig tho \n\n\n\nDISTINGUISHED MEN. 319 \n\nsuperstructure of political and social prosperity ; steadily de- \nveloping and applying the immense resources of the State in \nall its departments, and maintaining its high position and \ncharacter as the imi^erial member of the confederacy. \n\n17. Nor must the long and splendid array of her jurists, \nlegislators, and statesmen occupying subordinate positions in \nthe executive administration of the State, and representing her \ninterests in the councils of the nation, be overlooked in this \nconnection. The illustrious names of Spexcer, Kent, Van \nNess, Platt, Thompson, Woodworth, and Yates in her earlier, \nand Savage, Sutherland, Marcy, Nelson, Bronson, and Cowen \nin her later judiciary, adorned the bench of the Supreme Court; \nwhile her Cliancery was graced by the comprehensive learning \nand great ability of Lansing, Kent, Jones, and Walworth. \n\n18. In the ranks of the legal profession were to be found the \ngreat names of Hamilton, Burr, Van Vechten, Van Buren, \nThomas Addis Emmett, Elisha Williams, Benjamin F. Butler, \nJohn C. Spencer, Joshua A. Spencer, Samuel Stevens, Am- \nbrose L. Jordan, Ogden Hoffman, James T. Brady, James W. \nGerard, Francis B. Cutting, Charles O\'Conor, Charles P. \nKiRKLAND, and William M. Evarts, with a long list of contem- \nporaries and successors worthy of such high association. In \nher legislative halls were to be heard such men as Clinton, \nSpencer, Young, Root, Van Buren, Sharp, Ogden, Livings- \nton, DuER, Tallmadge, Suydam, Wright ; and, at a later \nperiod, Seward, Seymour, Humphrey, Bradish, Patterson, \nHuLBURD, Cutting, King, and a host of others of greater or \nless ability, influence, and worth, \n\n19. In the Senate of the United States she has been worthily \nrepresented by Philip Schuyler, Aaron Burr, Gouverneur \nMorris, Obadiah German, Nathan Sanford, Martin Van \nBuren, Charles E. Dudley, Nathaniel P. Tallmadge, Rufus \nKing, De Witt Clinton, William L. Marcy, Silas Wright, \nJohn A. Dix, Daniel S. Dickinson, William H. Seward, \nPreston King, Hamilton Fish, Ira Harris, Edwin D. Mor- \ngan, RoscoE Conkling, and Reuben E. Fenton. In the House \nof Representatives, John W. Taylor, for two terms, filled the \nSpeaker\'s chair, and among the delegations from New York a \nlong list of eminent and distinguished names might be cited. \n\n\n\n:\\2i) COSCLL\'SIOS. \xe2\x80\x94 GESERAL nECAriTl\'LATIOX. \n\n20. In tlie Cabinet of the United States, Alexavder II.vyiL- \nTox, Mautix Van Bliikx, John C. Spkscer, Smitu Thompson, \n\nGlDlX)N (JRAXGKII, JaMFS K. PaULDIXO, WlUJAM I* MaRlT, \n\nBkxjamin F. Ik\'TLKii, William H. Seward, William M. Kvaht^, \nami IIamiltus Fwu, have occupied viiriotui pomtioiui. Two Vrv$- \nidtnts unlv, Mahtis Van Ulhen and Mili^vri) Fillmoiie, haro \nfilh\'d the executive clmir of the nation ; while the Vice-rresidemy \nhiiH lH?cn conferred u|K.n Aaiu)X Blhii, (Jixuoe Clinton, Daxiu. \n!>. Tt)MrKiN\xc2\xab, Mahtin Van Bliiex, an\xc2\xabl Millard Fiixmi\xc2\xbbuil \n\n21. On the lK?nchof the Sis C\xc2\xab.urt of the United States \nJtuiN Jay wa\xc2\xab the firet ChiefJiiAiice, and Smith Thomp\xc2\xbbi>n and \nSamuel Neuh4)N have heUl the |Mwiitiou of AuBociate J \n\nJohn Jay, Martin Van Biiuin, W.i>! n Iuvino, i.t<. i: \n\nUaniroit, I>aniel I). Barnard, Jameh W ai^>n Weuu, John A. \nDix, and I\' \xc2\xa5i SicKLtai, have <>\xe2\x96\xa0 \' \' \' \' limiatio \n\n]M\xc2\xbbMitions OM .MiiiiftlerM !*leni|\xc2\xab\'* \'V to n*c c*<urii\xc2\xbb oi i.- \' 1, \n\nFnuice, Sjinin, and Bnnuiia, auu iu iho S\xc2\xbb.iuth Aineriaui Mau x \n\n22. In the annv wo Imvc the illn \' h naincH of Mont- \nr.oMERY and SiiiiYLER, Jame\xc2\xbb Clinton, iiijikimkii, McDouoall, \nLamii, Sl\'ujvan, and Williht, of Ilevi>lutionurv n y ; Ma- \nfoMu, Brown, Wool, the Van Uen.s8E1^^lh, UuLUi, Pike, \nand Porter, who <\' * 1 theiuBclveii in the war of \n1812: W-.i. antl Wuiau tn t r with Mexico; and Waim*- \nworth, Uix, SicKuat, Siuei^ rii. Baru>w, Slocum, and \nJon EH during the Rebellion. \n\n23. Ainonj; the moHt di\xc2\xabtin;:u \'-ln-tl of the Hcientitic men who \nhave shod an enduring luHtre ujkiu their native or adopted State \ni; ly he namt-il Hni, Samiel L. Mitchiox, T. Romeyn Bbik, \nVaixntine .Mott, and John W. Francih, of the medical pn>fc8- \nsion ; Pn)fes8f>n\xc2\xbb Hall, Kmmon.h, Betk, Torret, Mather, Holuh, \nand I)e Kay of the jrc<\xc2\xbblo^cal, chemical, and natund -history \nd. lartment ; Francis Lieber, Thomai* Kwbank, and Professor \n1 Iks BY, now in char^ of the Smithaotiian Institute at Waali- \nin^\'ton. \n\n24. Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fl^lton, as the great \ninventors of steam navi;;ation ; Samuei. F. B. Mor^b, as the in- \nventor of the ma^^ietic tolejnTiph ; and Cyrus W. Field, as the \nindefatipible pioneer of the ocean tcle^^ph, \xe2\x80\x94 will long Iw n>- \nmeud)ered as great public benefactors ; and the unwearied exer- \n\n\n\nDISTINGUISHED MEN. 321 \n\ntions of Hexry O\'Eeilly in the construction of telegraphic lines \nthroughout every portion of the Union have conferred a lasting \nbenefit u23on the civilization of the age. \n\n25. In the ranks of literary celebrity and success, Washington \nIrving occupies the foremost place ; while William Cullen \nBryant, Fitz-Green Halleck, Joseph Rodman Drake, George \nP. Morris, Nathaniel P. Willis, Alfred B. Street, and Phebe \nand Alice Carey as poets ; James Fennimore Cooper, James \nK. Paulding, Donald G. Mitchell, and Richard B. Kimball \nas novelists ; and George Bancroft, J. Romeyn Broadhead, \nE. B. O\'Callaghan, and Henry B. Dawson as historians, \xe2\x80\x94 have \nattained a high reputation in their respective departments of \nliterary effort. \n\n2G. Among the most influential conductors of the public \npress \xe2\x80\x94 that great organ of public opinion \xe2\x80\x94 may be enumer- \nated Solomon Southwick, Jesse Buel, Edwin Croswell, Thur- \nLow Weed, George Dawson, and William Cassidy, of Albany ; \nand John Peter Zenger, James Cheetham, William L. Stone, \nCharles King, Mordecai M. Noah, William Coleman, Horace \nGreeley, William Cullen Bryant, Henry J. Raymond, James \nWatson Webb, James Gordon Bennett, Manton Marble, James \nand Erastus Brooks, Charles A. Dana, and Joseph Howard, \nJr., of New York. \n\n27. The church has been adorned by the lives and eloquence \nof Archbishops Hughes and McCloskey of the Catholic faith ; \nBishops HoBART, Potter, De Lance y. Cox, and Drs. Vinton, \nMuhlenberg, Dix, Tyng, Taylor, Wainwright, and Andrews, \nof the Episcopal; Bishops Asbury, Hedding, Emory, and Janes, \nthe eloquent young Summerfield, and Silas Comfort, of the \nMethodist ; Henry Ward Beecher, and Drs. Spring, Storrs, \nAdams, Sprague, Campbell, and Potts, of the Presbyterian and \nCongregational ; Drs. Welch, Burchard, Gillett, and others, \nof the Baptist ; Drs. Wyckoff, Bethune, and Yermilye, of the \nDutch Reformed; Dr. Chapin, Stephen R. Smith, and Dolphus \nSkinner, of the Universalists ; Drs. Dewey, Bellows, Osgood, \nand Frothingham, of the Unitarians ; and many others less \nwidely known and distinguished, but not less worthy of remem- \nbrance and high regard in their humbler fields of labor. \n\n28. Conspicuous among the eminent philanthropists who have \n21 \n\n\n\n322 CONCLUSION, \xe2\x80\x94 GENERAL RECAPITVLA TION. \n\n(iiatinguiHhcd themselves for their Ul)cral public, private, and \nsocial lH.*ncfuctioii8 in the interests of charity, huuuuiity, aiul \nthe advancement of science and civilization, may l>c found the \nnames of Lkakkl, Watth, Johs JAa>u AsTtm, Vkjkh C<>o^la^ \nGeuuit Smith. Aluxamhiii T. Stewakt, imd last, though not \nlea.st, Hknhy Buwili, whose disinterested and | terse vering exer- \ntions for the huppressiou of cnielty to aninuds have entillt^l him \nto the wannest ngards of ever)\' benevolent heart. The Cuam- \nUKii or CojiMHiicB of the city of New York, assisting of its \nleading merchants, stamls, alst\xc2\xbb. prominently forward in the \nactive pn\xc2\xbbmotion of every enlightened pubUc and choritiiblu \nentorpr \n\n2U. I\'liting mention should also Iw mmie m this phice of the \nprominent c<luratorB who have impniisiHl their stamp upon the \nminds and hearts of the rising ^\' *ioiu First in this great \n\nfielil of lttU>r was I>r. Ki.irilAi.KT .\\vur, who at the commence \nment of the century as President of Union College at Schenec- \ntady t\xc2\xbbr d that institution, and during a period of over sixty \ny.ars, :i.v...M* d f\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbr a long time by Professor Au).vzo Pottkii, Uit\xc2\xab \nli\xc2\xbb.Hh\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbp of IVnnsy Ivania, annually sent out of its walls large cloaiea \nof gra\'! * *\xe2\x80\xa2 I in all |M>ints for active senice in Church or \nState, lu mm sur . . ! d in a humbler, but not less imfiortiint, \nfieM, J<i\xc2\xbbF.rii LA.M\'A^ihit, whose indef \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 ^lo exertions, seconde<l \nby the powerful influence of Db W n i c\'i.int\xc2\xabjx, moul\xc2\xable<l the \nearliest system of popular education organite<l in the Stato \nand city of New York, and who in the midst of his laliors was \naccidentidlv kille\xc2\xabl in our streets in 1?*38. His "^wi, ,., \xe2\x80\x9ef ii,. \nBtruction was ably carried into eflfect through the *... j^ctic ef \nforts of Gkouop. T. Tkimulr, the President, and Samibi. W. \nSktos, the Kxecutivo Agent, of the Public-School Swiety ; but \nwas finally almncloned on the dissolution of that corporation, \n\n30. For more than half a centur)\' the Miw. NVillabh\'* of the \nTroy Female Seminary, and Pn>feHHor Ai>on\'Zo CRiri; \xe2\x80\xa2, of \nthe All>anv Female Scminarv ami Packard Institute of Hro^iklvn, \naided by Professor and .Mrs. Eatun, have distinguished thcm- \ni^olves in the higher e<lucation of young ladies ; while Dr. T. \nl: MKYN Pfu.K, of the Albanv .\\cademv, aided bv Dr. Bli.lio.ns, \nnnd Professors Hknhy and Cooke ; Principals Paor, Perkins, \nNVooLwoBTU, CocUBAN, Olid ilu ir successors in the State Normal \n\n\n\nVARIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 323 \n\nSchool ; the venerable Dr. Dewey, of the Rochester Collegiate \nInstitute, and afterwards of the University there ; Chancellor \nFerris, of the New York University : and Presidents King and \nBarnard, of Columbia College, President John H. Raymond, of \nVassar College, Davis and North of Hamilton, Webster, of the \nFree Academy and College of the city of New York, with \nworthy colleagues in every section of the State, \xe2\x80\x94 were assidu- \nously training our young men and women for future usefulness \nand honor. \n\n31. The first railroad laid down in the State was that between \nAlbany and Schenectady, which was completed in 1829. There \nare now between fifty and sixty companies, and about three \nthousand five hundred miles of road in operation, at an aggre- \ngate cost of nearly two hundred millions of dollars. The prin- \ncipal lines are those of the Central, the Hudson River, Harlem \nand Erie Railroads, traversing the State in different sections \nfrom New York to Lake Erie, with numerous branches com- \nmunicating with the principal towns and cities in every portion \nof the State. \n\n32. The taxable valuation of real and personal estate in the \nState is about five thousand millions of dollars, of which about \none fifth consists in cultivated and improved land. There are \nupwards of twenty-five thousand manufacturing establishments, \nemploying two hundred and fifty thousand persons, and having \nan aggregate capital of three hundred millions of dollars and a \nproductive capacity of nearly double that amount. The an- \nnual value of exports from the State is upwards of a hundred \nmillions of dollars, and that of its imports two hundred mil- \nlions. \n\n33. The whole number of public schools in the State is about \neleven thousand, in which nearly one million ot children are an- \nnually educated by twenty-seven thousand teachers, upwards of \ntwenty-two thousand of whom are females. Ten millions of \ndollars are annually expended, from the avails of State funds \npermanently appropriated and State and municipal taxation, \nin the employment of teachers, the purchase of sites, the build- \ning and furnishing of school-houses, and the provision of libra- \nries and school apparatus. In these libraries upwards of one \nmillion of volumes are already collected. \n\n\n\n324 COSCLUSlON. \xe2\x80\x94 GESEnAL RECAPITULATIOS. \n\n34. Two hundred academies, with fifty thouiaind pupils and \none thousand teachers; fifteen colleges, with an afr^aepito of \nupwartls of two thousand students ; seven Nonnul and training \nschools for teachers ; several medical, the. il, and law schools \n\nand coUegcH ; and twenty-five hundreil private and incor|)<>nited \nschools and semiuarieH of leannnj:, with an agprpitc attendance \nof seventy thousand pupils, \xe2\x80\x94 are distributed throughout the \ndifferent sections of the State. \n\n3\'). Numerous charitahle inKtitutumH, > te*! in great i>art \n\nfrom puhlic and c<\xc2\xbbri>orate funds, arc foun\xc2\xabi tu ihe i -al cities \n\nand towns f^ir the inlucation, supjKirt, and reliei *j\\ ihe deaf, \ndumb, blind, idiots, and 1 n |\xc2\xabu|\xc2\xbbers, witlowK and ori\xc2\xbbhans, \n\nand inebriates ; hospitals lur the care and me<licrtl treatment \nof the sick and woundeil ; homes for the destitute, a*" V and \nincurable; and jjcnitentiaries and houses of refuge lux uio de- \ntention and ref\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbnnation of yi\xc2\xbbuthful convi \' \n\n3G. Ton thousand spacious churches, caiiictiniih, and i \nof public worship, adorn our citicM, villages, and nmii haimtu , \ninvolving an aggregate ex|\xc2\xbbcnditurc of thirty millions of dollars, \nand an annual contribution of three millions of dollars for the \nnuiintenance of the \' One thousand daily, weekly, semi- \n\nweeklv. monthlv. ana iiiuirterlv ucwht magazines, and pe- \n\nriotlicals diffuse infonnation broa<lca\xc2\xabt amuiig the jHxiple , and \npublic libraries aU>und in every section of the State, embracing \nin the n including the several school libraries, nearly \n\ntwo miliiuiiii ui volumes. \n\n37. The city of New York alone, with a popuhition of olwut \none million, contains upwards of two hundre<i public schools, \nnumlK\'ring two hundretl th\xc2\xab>usand pupils, with twenty-five hun- \ndre<l teachers, twenty-two hundre<l of whom are females, and \nthree hundred private schools, with an aggregate of seventy \nthousand pupils and sixteen hundred teachers, at an annual \ncost in the former of three millions, and in the latter of two \nmillions, of dollars; three colleges, with deporUucuta of Uw \nand medicine in two of them, two medical collejfwi and sev- \neral theological seminaries ; asylums for the deaf, dumb, and \nblind ; an academy of dehigu and various art -galleries ; three \nopera-hoiujes, ten theatres, three hundred churche\xc2\xab rirhtoen pulv \nlie parks, eleven pubUc markets, charitable aaao- -.-as for the \n\n\n\nVARIOUS INSTITUTIONS. 325 \n\nrelief of every description of suiFering and poverty, and nu- \nmerous literary and scientific institutions, \xe2\x80\x94 conspicuous among \nwhich are the Cooper Union, the Historical Society, the Astor, \nMercantile, Apprentices\', Institute, City, and Society Libraries, \nthe College of the City of New York, the Normal and High \nSchool for Girls, Columbia College, and the New York Univer- \nsity, \xe2\x80\x94 and two hundred and fifty-six daily, weekly, and semi- \nweekly newspapers, and other periodical publications. \n\n38. Such is a brief glance at the progress and present condi- \ntion of the State op New York, \xe2\x80\x94 her early history, her pro- \ntracted struggles for political freedom and independence, her \ntriumphs and victories, her enterprise and energy, and the \ntranscendent abilities, talents, and statesmanship of her sons. \nThrough a lons^ succession of trials and conflicts she has ac- \ncomplished her great destiny as first and foremost in the brilliant \nconstellation of American States ; and with her proud motto, \n" Excelsior," advances with unfaltering steps to the achieve- \nment in the future of still higher and grander results. Esto \nPerpetua ! \n\n\n\nAPPENDIX. \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEW \n\nYORK. \n\nWe the People of the State of New York, grateful to Almighty God \nfor our Freedom, in order to secure its blessings, do establish this \nConstitution. \n\nARTICLE I. \n\nSection 1. No memher of this State shall he disfranchised^ or de- \nprived of any of the rights or privileges secured to any citizens thereof, \nunless by the law of the land, or the judgment of his peers. \n\nSec 2. The trial hy jury in all cases in which it has been heretofore \nused shall remain inviolate forever ; but a jury trial may be waived \nby the parties in all civil cases in the manner to be prescribed by law. \n\nSec 3. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and \nworship^ without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed \nin this State to all mankind ; and no person shall be rendered incom- \npetent to be a witness on account of his opinions on matters of re- \nligious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not \nbe so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify practices \ninconsistent with the peace or safety of this State. \n\nSec 4. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be \nsuspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public \nsafety may require its suspension. \n\nSec 5. Excessive hail shall not be required nor excessive fines \nimposed, nor shall cruel and unusual punishments be inflicted, nor \nshall witnesses be unreasonably detained. \n\nSec 6. No person shall he held to ansiuer for a capital or other^ \nwise infamous crime (except in cases of impeachment, and in cases \nof militia when in actual service ; and the land and naval forces in \ntime of war, or which this State may keep, with the consent of Con- \ngress, in time of peace ; and in cases of petit larceny, imder the regu- \nlation of the Legislature), unless on presentment or indictment of a \n\n21 \n\n\n\n328 APPESDIX. \n\ngrand jury ; and in any trial in any court whatever, the party aoeased \nshall 1)6 allowed to appear and defend iu ponton and with counsel M \nin civil action*. N \'>n \xc2\xbblin" \' \' ct to be twice put in jeop- \nardy for \'\' ; nor ^...... ..\xe2\x96\xa0 ;><\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab"\xe2\x80\xa2,,.. ."i,..i Im .,i,v - rWi, iial \n\ncase to Lt .. --t Jiimsclf, nor iv , . \'yi \n\nor projHTty without li ^ law ; nor \xc2\xbbhnll private pn>ix\'rty be \n\ntaken fi>r puMic u\xc2\xabe, witliout just c<>n)|>i>nMiti<>ii \n\nSec. 7. When private projtrrty aliall Im? taken for any public m*<, \nthe compensation to be made therr/or, when such coni|H\'nsalion is not \nmade by sliall " I by a t by not lesa than \n\nthree coi \' ^ uludl be pre- \n\n8cr\' \' \' . la.^. i ....... .-. ..\' manner to Ihj \n\npr- 1 *\xc2\xaby law ; but in ever y of ihr rr^nd. and \n\nHi. of nil \xc2\xab!nmairc to I "^l bv the <-, \xe2\x80\xa2>f, \n\nahall l>e first d* by a jury of fr> rs, and such amount, \n\ntop>ther witlt the oxim.mim.ts of the procecdmp. shall be paid by the \nperson to be I \xc2\xabL \n\n8. Krery rtiuen fnay J>t*iy ff*eaJi, write^ and }"\'\' \'h his \xc2\xa7en- \nti$juutM on \xc2\xab\' \'i^<- \xe2\x80\xa2\'! Uiat ) \n\nand no law puaa < \xe2\x80\xa2 M^uain \'\xe2\x80\xa2\' rtv \' \n\nor the pr\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbj\xc2\xabs. In \' \'\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0"-\'-\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 : \n\nU\xc2\xbbc truth mnv h^ . rv : ai, \'i..\xc2\xbb,\'. \n\nto tile jury ; 1 a.* ji\' in true, and w;\xc2\xbb^>- j\'ub- \n\nlislied wilJi pootl motivofl and for \xe2\x80\xa2 ;. i , the party aliall be \n\nacquitted; and the jury shall have \' iit to tlie Uw \n\nand the fat^t. \n\nS>\' . 9. The a\xc2\xbb*<\'nt of tW4> i;. : if the \xe2\x80\xa2 t<Ml t- \n\nbr f the lii\'pMUlurf ikhall * . . /tproptiimnj \n\nthf y \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 .\'" m- \xe2\x80\xa2"" \' \'>r projyrrty J\\,, . \n\nSec. 10. .\\ *KaH he paxtf /the people \n\npeaceably to a* <l to j- or any depart- \n\nment tliercof, nor sliall any \xc2\xabl. \'Ik? frrantod, otiierwwo tlian by due \njudicial proceodinps ; nor sliall any lottery liercaAer be n /-cd or \n\nany sale of lottery tickets allowinl williin tl. \n\n" . 11. T "\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 of U \xe2\x80\xa2\'. in their n^\'i.i of - \n\ntj\xc2\xbb,\'ti;n*d * . \xe2\x96\xa0/ \'.\'*! \xe2\x96\xa0\'(\'\' prnj*erty \\n nwi i-j u<i \n\niandsw,\\ ... ..; u.. - . -\'! lands the title to \n\nwhich tJiall fail, from t of 1.. or wirhpat to the \n\npeople, \n\n."" . 12. \\\\\\ fftidiil tenures of every \xc2\xab!\xe2\x80\xa2 . with all their in- \n\ncidents, arc declared to be . \'< mu\'. however, all rents and \n\nservices certain which at any ti: \xe2\x80\xa2 have beeo lawfully \n\ncreated or re,<!orve<l. \n\nSec 13. All lands within this State are declared to ifc aiiodiai^ :ju \n\n\n\n\'constitution of state of new YORK. 329 \n\nthat, subject only to the liabiKty to escheat, the entire and absolute \nproperty is vested in the owners, according to the nature of their \nrespective estates. \n\nSec. 14. No lease or grant of agricultural land, for a longer period \nthan twelve years, hereafter made, in which shall be reserved any rent \nor service of any kind, shall be valid. \n\nSec. 15. Allfi7ies, quarter sales, or other like restraints upon aliena- \ntion reserved in any grant of land, hereafter to be made, shall be \nvoid. \n\nSec. 16. No purchase or contract for the sale of lands in this State, \nmade since the fourteenth day of October, one thousand seven hun- \ndred and seventy-five, or which may hereafter be made, of, or with \n\' the Indians, shall be valid, unless made under the authority and with \nthe consent of the Legislature. \n\nSec. 17. Such parts of the common law, and of the acts of the \nLegislature of the colony of New York, as together did form the law \nof the said colony on the nineteenth day of April, one thousand seven \nhundred and seventy-five, and the resolutions of the Congress of the \nsaid colony, and of the Convention of the State of New York in \nforce on the twentieth day of April, one thousand seven hundred and \nseventy-seven, which have not since expired, or been repealed or \naltered, and such acts of the Legislature of this State as are now in \nforce, shall be and continue the law of this State, subject to such \nalterations as the Legislature shall make concerning the same. But \nall such parts of the common law, and such of the said acts or parts \nthereof, as are repugnant to this Constitution, are hereby abrogated ; \nand the Legislature, at its first session after the adoption of this Con- \nstitution, shall appoint three commissioners whose duty it shall be to \nreduce into a written and systematic code the whole body of the law \nof this State, or so much and such parts thereof as to the said com- \nmissioners shall seem practicable and expedient. And the said com- \nmissioners shall specify such alterations and amendments therein as \nthey shall deem proper, and they shall at all times make reports of \ntlieir proceedings to the Legislature, when called upon to do so ; and \nthe Legislature shall pass laws regulating the tenure of office, the \nfilling of vacancies therein, and the compensation of the said com- \nmissioners, and shall also provide for the publication of the said code, \nprior to its being presented to the Legislature for adoption. \n\nSec 18. All grants of larid within this State, made by the king of \nGreat Britain, or persons acting under his authority, after the four- \nteenth day of October, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five, \nshall be null and void; but nothing contained in this Constitution \nshall affect any grants of land within this State, made by the author- \nity of the said king or his predecessors, or shall annul any charters to \n\n\n\n330 APPENDIX, \n\nbodies politic and eoq>oratc, by him or them made, before that dav : \nor \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbblmll affect any such jfranU? or charters, since made by this St \nor by perwons acting under its authority ; or sliall impair the \ntion of any debts contracted by tliis State, or individuaK or boiiitn* \ncorporate, or any other \' ty or any suitA, aciioDt, rigfau \n\nof action, or other proouvuui^a m cuui us of justice. \n\nARTICLE II. \n\nSicnox 1. Kvorv male citixen of tJie ape of twenty-one years wjjo \nshall ha%\'e been a for ten days, and an i mt of tiiis State \none rear next pp - an el- and for \' t four montlis a \nr\xc2\xab of the ctniniy where he nn\xc2\xbby offer his >\xe2\x96\xa0 ^\\\\ be \' \' \' \nto vi*U at .\xc2\xbb \' \' \' . , , tj he hUAii ul \nllic time be a res: \' ^ \xe2\x96\xa0 *ro \n\n0^ \\. ........ n. . r t,^n.v \\ ..... :\\Vi* \n\n\\,. xt tir nan \n\ntl, \'-n for whom he offeni his \n\nToi\'v Hut no man of color, u luve been for tliroe yean \n\na of lli . and for one year next any . \n\nshall have > td poMU>8sed of a fr of tlic \\mln\xc2\xab \n\nof two 1 I aiitl l.lly d \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 \' \n\nbrances \' *\' -on, a; >>\xc2\xab\xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xab n \n\n1^ ti^ tl 111 l\xc2\xbbe \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb\xe2\x96\xa0\' ..<\xe2\x80\xa2 at SI. .. i .- - . .\'.... :.\xc2\xbb \n\nperson n: >" ^\xc2\xbb- i to direct taxation unleaa be sliall 1m^ \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0eiz4*4l and \\ i real estate as aforesaid: Proridefl. t \n\nin time of war, no elector in tlie actual military w^rvice of the \' \nStates, in the army or nary tljereof, shall be depHved of his vote by \nreason of his absence from the State, and the Ix*p^ature Khali have \npower to provide tlie t r in which, and the time and pUcc at \n\nv\' \' ah\xc2\xabei \' \' \' and f \' \xe2\x80\xa2\'an r ass a* \' \' ima \n\nol iii\xc2\xabu x\'les in Un- \xc2\xab \xc2\xbbi,t it<iii tji-^iiii U) in i*u.\' u liiey respe* i \xe2\x80\xa2 . i \xe2\x80\xa2 j re- \nside or otlierwise. \n\nSec. 2, Loicg may be passed exttudintj frnm the rinhf of tujjpnufe \nall person.^ who have been or may be < od of y, larc\xc2\xab \n\nor of any i: .\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab crime; and for deprivmp every person who shall \n\nmake, or become directly or in \xe2\x96\xa0 interested in any bet or wager, \n\ndepending upon the result of aii\\ n, from tl\xc2\xbbc right to rote at \n\ngn \' \' -tion. \n\n.~r. . i. For the purpoise of voting, no person shall be deemed to \nb.ivi I\' iln.wl or lost a rtsidmef, by reason "f \' i< nreeenoe or absence, \n"w , ..yed in the sorvire of the I ites; nor whil** en- \n\ngaged in tlie navigation of llic waters of this State, or of the \' \nStates, or of the high seas; nor while a student of aaj teminary ol \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 331 \n\nlearning; nor while kept at any almshouse, or other asylum, at pub- \nlic expense ; nor while confined in any public prison. \n\nSec. 4. Laws shall be made for ascertaining by proper proofs the \ncitizens who shall be entitled to the right of suffrage hereby estab- \nlished. \n\nSec. 5. All elections by the citizens shall be hy ballot, except for \nsuch town of&cers as may by law be directed to be otherwise chosen. \n\nARTICLE III. \n\nSection 1. The legislative power of this State shall be vested in a \nSenate and Assembly. \n\nSec 2. The Senate shall consist of thirty-two members, and the \nsenators shall be chosen for two years. The Assembly shall consist \nof one hundred and twenty-eight members, who shall be annually \nelected. \n\nSec 3. The State shall be divided into thirty-two districts, to be \ncalled senate districts, each of which shall choose one senator. The \ndistricts shall be numbered from one to thirty-two inclusive. \n\nDistrict number One (1) shall consist of the counties of Suffolk, \nRichmond, and Queens. \n\nDistrict number Two (2) shall consist of the county of Kings. \n\nDistrict number Three (3), number Four (4), number Five (5), and \nnumber Six (6) shall consist of the city and county of New York. \nAnd the Board of Supervisors of said city and county shall, on or be- \nfore the first day of May, one thousand eight hundred and forty- seven, \ndivide the said city and county into the number of Senate districts to \nwhich it is entitled, as near as may be, of an equal number of inhab- \nitants excluding aliens and persons of color not taxed, and consisting \nof convenient and contiguous territory ; and no Assembly district shall \nbe divided in the formation of a Senate district. The Board of Super- \nvisors, when they shall have completed such division, shall cause cer- \ntificates thereof, stating the number and boundaries of each district, \nand the population thereof, to be filed in the office of the Secretary \nof State, and of the clerk of the said city and county. \n\n[The residue of this section consists of the designation of the sev- \neral Senate districts, which, under the provisions of the next section, \nhave since been materially changed by the Legislature.] \n\nSec 4. An enumeration of the inhabitants of the State shall be \ntaken under the direction of the Legislature, in the year one thousand \neight hundred and fifty-five, and at the end of every ten years there- \nafter ; and the said districts shall be so altered by the Legislature, at \nthe first session after the return of every enumeration, that each sen- \nate district shall contain, as nearly as may be, an equal number of \n\n\n\n332 APPESDIX. \n\ninhabitants, cxcludinjr alion\xc2\xab and poironn of color not taxod ; and rfiall \nremain unalUTi-d until tiie return of another cnunuTation, and shall at \nall limtiJ consuit of contiguous U\'rritory ; and no county i\xc2\xbbludl l>o di- \nvided in ilu- ! m of a Mrnat\xc2\xab district except sucli county sliall V" \nt M iiiahly \xe2\x80\xa2 \' two or more senatoni. \n\nS\xc2\xbbc. o. ii. y (uwemWy shall be apporti""\'^ n,\xe2\x80\x9e,.r.\xe2\x80\x9e \xc2\xbbl . \n\n^.y,.r .1 .\'. .iiftt iff Kv the Leffislature. n.- \n\nar, . ir rectpectivo ii \n\na! . n- and jHrMJiia of color not taxcd, mud ahall bo chooen 1 \n\nThe >-v. ral boArdf of Kupervisoni in such \xe2\x80\xa2 <\xc2\xab of t\' to as \n\nare now \xc2\xbb \xc2\xbb one i r ol A\xc2\xab\xc2\xab-i : \' l a*i\xc2\xabem- \n\n\\\' \xe2\x80\xa2\' i;iai i :\\i\\\\ <!i\\:.l- .; rl\xe2\x80\xa2^JH.\xe2\x80\xa2Otivo \n\n( .:.\' \' \\ \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbbjiirt* u\xc2\xbb Ujc iiiiiultT i\xc2\xbbl members of \n\n\xe2\x80\x9ec\xc2\xab are now m^v.-mllv rntitliwl tv law, \n\n:n the offices of l!-.\' and \n\n. <.-\xc2\xab a d* -m of such A y \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2cr of each - .\xc2\xbb:. i r:..- j \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nas near a- \n\n^-il. KiK-h A tohifcil 1, as nearly \n\nan* : \xe2\x80\xa2, a;i e(|ual \' r oi . s *** aV\' h-j and \n\nprr- \xe2\x80\xa2: \' " not tA id sliaii < ** \' c<>n- \n\nti^\'uoii \'\xe2\x96\xa0"\' :.., ;- .vn shall U - ... n .if \n\nAn*" Ti. \n\nT. :e, at its fin\xc2\xabl teasion after tl\xc2\xbbe return of every enu- \n\nmeration, slmll reapportion the members of Asuembly among tlie sev- \neral counties of this State, in manner aforeajud, and the boards of \nsupervisors in such \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab as may be entitle*!, under such : \n\nTit, to more liiaa <\xe2\x80\xa2 \' H assemble at such umc :l^ \n\nt;.. i^\'\xc2\xab!k\';\'^. I\' nVi\'iff sucu I \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 \'-nt Miall \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\xa2\':\' \xc2\xabnd \n\n.\' ! sii, ,4 , \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2- \\<u\xc2\xbbeii.- . \'\'1 the I . ..cr<*in \n\n,. 1; oiii; n. nt HO to be made shall \n\nr. . Tmallered u: be taken under the \n\npro. of the pr> \xc2\xbbn. \n\nEvery county heret. .ed and separately org*nized, ex- \n\nr<j>l the county of llftimlton, shall always be entitled to one \xe2\x80\xa2 -r \n\nof tlie " and no new c*- 1 be hereafter erectcu uuicss \n\nils ! " \' it to n \n\nT... .... i.Ti \xe2\x80\x9e.w. the co""\xc2\xbbv of Fulton, until \n\nthe \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb^ i..ft\' iltnn shall, ft. :i(r to the ratio, \n\nbe. \n\nSec 6. Tlic membrrt of the i \'ure f\\\\aX\\ rrreixt for their ger- \n\nvices a sum not exceeding tlirec dollars a day, from the commenco- \nmcut of the teanon ; but such |>ay shall not exceed in the aggregate \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 333 \n\nthree hundred dollars for per diem allowance, except in proceedings \nfor impeachment. The limitation as to the aggregate compensation \nshall not take effect until the year one thousand eight hundred and \nforty-eight. When convened in extra session by the Governor, they \nshall receive three dollars per day. They shall also receive the sum \nof one dollar for every ten miles they shall travel, in going to and re- \nturning from their place of meeting, on the most usual route. The \nSpeaker of the Assembly shall, in virtue of his office, receive an ad- \nditional compensation equal to one third of his per diem allowance as \na member. \n\nSec. 7. No member of the Legislature shall receive any civil ap- \npointment within this State, or to the Senate of the United States, \nfrom the Governor, the Governor and Senate, or from the Legislature \ndurincj the time for which he shall have been elected ; and all such \nappointments and all votes given for any such member, for any such \noffice or appointment, shall be void. . \n\nSec 8. No person bemg a member of Congress, or holding any \njudicial or military office under the United States, shall hold a seat \nin the Legislature, And if any person shall, after his election as a \nmember of the Legislature, be elected to Congress, or appointed to \nany office, civil or military, under the government of the United \nStates, his acceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. \n\nSec. 9. The election of senators and members of Assemhly, pur- \nsuant to the provisions of this Constitution, shall be held on the \nTuesday succeeding the first Monday of November, unless otherwise \ndirected by the Legislature. \n\nSec. 10. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do \nbusiness. Each House shall determine the rules of its own proceed- \nino-s, and be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of \nits own members, shall choose its own officers ; and the Senate shall \nchoose a temporary President, when the Lieutenant-Governoi shall \nnot attend as President, or shall act as Governor. \n\nSec 11. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and \npublish the same, except such parts as may require secrecy. The \ndoors of each House shall be kept open, except when the public wel- \nfare shall require secrecy. Neither House shall, without the consent \nof the other, adjourn for more than two days. \n\nSec. 12. For any speech or debate in either House of the Legisla- \nture, the members shall not be questioned in any other place. \n\nSec 13. Any bill may originate in either House of the Legislature, \nand all bills passed by one House may be amended by the other. \n\nSec. 14. The enacting clause of all bills shall be " The People of \nthe State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do \nenact as follows," and no law shall be enacted except by bill. \n\n\n\n334 APPESI>IX. \n\nSec. 15. No hiU shaU \\^c passr,l unless 6y Uie assent of a i;. \nof ail Uic n t" ia< h l>runch of the Leginlature, oiiU Uo \nquestion U|kjii uic i.:..i. j . a.\'f .\'\xe2\x80\xa2hull In- taken iniim\' * \\v upon its \nlast reatlui^, and t\'-- ^\' -.!\xe2\x80\xa2%- . "f.-rcti on the jo\xc2\xab.. \n\nSec. 10. No pr t may be paJaaed bj the Legis- \n\nlaturv, Almll embrace more than ou^ ot, and th^t ahall be expresMni \n\nio the title. \n\nSec. 17. The L- ire may confer upon the board* of gupervitors \n\nof the several couniti-s uf the State ^uch furlhiT {Mwcrs uf local lcgu\xc2\xbb- \nlatioo aod admiuUtratiun atf they shall trom imie to time prescribe. \n\nARTICLE ir. \n\nBmmoH 1. The w ^r u h \' rs potner shall be rctttrd in a Gorernor, \n\nwho Khali hold hi- for two yean; a 1 i-Goveruor shall \n\nbe choM>n at the same tune andiur the same ti\'rm. \n\nSec. 2. No person except a dtiica of tlie United States shall bo \nchgible to the ojice of Oinmmor, nor sliall any person be \xe2\x80\xa2 \nthat \' \' " not have at- \' tlie afpe of ^\' y^arK^ \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nwho \'-en fire years ucav preoediog hia uccnou a rvai- \n\ndent UiU.ii: V..IO. \n\n8ec. 3. 1 vrmor and Lituttnont- Oovtmor ahall be eJerfed at \n\nthe timoa aiyl placm of choosing ni \xe2\x96\xa0< of the Aaseni \n\nperaona respecuvidy havm;; tlie hiki\' .;. \xe2\x80\xa2 r of rotee for Governor \nand Lieutenant-Governor cJiall U* \xe2\x80\xa2 < \xe2\x80\xa2 d ; but in caae two or ni\' : \nshall have an equal and \' t numlior of votes for \' !ior, or \n\nfor L U*eiwi>l! ^ .itur**, ai iii\xc2\xab n< \\t \n\naniM\'.w . ...It ^^. jjj- ^jj^, jy^j \n\nperm>n^ .h\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb . uuji-it i .m .oics for Gov- \n\nernor or Li> \n\n8bc. 4. \'1 ..-r-in-Chief of tiie mihtary \n\nand naval forcfA of Uie State. Hi* iUiall have {Sower to convene the \nLepslature (or the Senate only) on extraordmary occaMon& He shall \ncommunicate by mt\'H.ta^\'e to the Lefn\xc2\xablature, at every aeaaion, tlie con- \ndition of the State, and i raattcrii to them as he sliall \nj< \' \' !iL He WiJii u \' ^ with the \n\noiii. ..-\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2. ^\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2. .rnmcnt, civil ai. . ..n \\ \n\nnieasiiris .%< may Ix* r- - .K.-.l i \n\ncare \xe2\x96\xa0 .<\xe2\x80\xa2 lawn art \n\nreceive for his servitfs a \xc2\xab^\xc2\xbbi I by law, which \n\nahall neillier be incrfa.<4>d nor <: ^n or durmg \n\nhis continuance in otTico. \n\nSec. 5. The Governor Hhall have the power to fj^^Uit * \nocMnmatationa, and pardons, afier oonriction, for all ofienoitt cjux^b \n\n\n\n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 335 \n\ntreason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions and with \nsuch restrictions and Hmitations, as he may think proper, subject \nto such regulation as may be provided by law relative to the manner \nof applying for pardons. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have \npower to suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall \nbe reported to the Legislature at its next meeting, when the Legisla- \nture shall either pardon, or commute the sentence, direct the execu- \ntion of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall annually \ncommunicate to the Legislature each case of reprieve, commutation, \nor pardon granted; stating the name of the convict, the crime of \nwhich he was convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date of \nthe commutation, pardon, or reprieve. \n\nSec. 6. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, or his removal \nfrom office, death, inability to discharge the powers and duties of the \nsaid office, resignation or absence from the State, the powers and du- \nties of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor for the \nresidue of the term, or until the disability shall cease. But when \nthe Governor shall, with the consent of the Legislature, be out of the \nState in time of war, at the head of a military force thereof, he shall \ncontinue Commander-in-Chief of all the military force of the State. \n\nSec 7. The Lieutenant- Governor shall possess the same qualifica- \ntions of eligibility for office as the Governor. He shall be President \nof the Senate, but shall have only a casting vote therein. If during \na vacancy of the office of Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall be \nimpeached, displaced, resign, die, or become incapable of performing \nthe duties of his office, or he be absent from the State, the President \nof the Senate shall act as Governor until the vacancy be filled, or the \ndisability shall cease. \n\nSec 8. The Lieutenant- Governor shall, while acting as such, receive \na compensation which shall be fixed by law, arid which shall not be \nincreased or diminished during his continuance in office. \n\nSec. 9. Every bill which shall have passed the Senate and Assem- \nbly, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the Governor ; if \nhe approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his \nobjections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall \nenter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to recon- \nsider it. If, after such consideration, two thirds of the members \npresent shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the \nobjections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be recon- \nsidered ; and if approved by two thirds of all the members present \nit shall become a law, notwithstanding the objections of the Governor. \nBut in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined \nby yeas and nays, and the names of the members voting for and \nagainst the bill shall be entered on the journal of each House re- \n\n\n\nSS6 APPESDIX. \n\nppoctivcly. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within \nten days (Sundays cv - it Rhall have been pre\xc2\xabented to \n\nhim, the luune sliall Ik- u iaw, in nice manner as if he had signed it, \n\nunless the L- \'ill, by their ac^oumment, prevent its return; \n\nin which ca**. .;. ^\xe2\x80\x94 \xc2\xab.. ;.-i be a law. \n\nARTICLE V. \n\nStcTiojr 1. The Secretary of State^ \' oUrr. Treasurer ^ and Ai- \n\ntomey- Otneral sliall be choiscn at a y \xc2\xbbn, and sliall hold \n\ntheir oflic\xc2\xab^ for two years. Each of Uie \'"d \n\n-^ -akfr of iJjo Assembly) h; \n\n1 in office, r \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 *" - ?; u, \n\n\\\\\\.. .: be increaai\'d h \n\nhe ^h:v\'.\' !:nvo b\xc2\xa9cn elected ; n- : . :- . ^ \n\nor pel H of ofRe^. or olhor ec*- .. \n\nSec. 2. A Statt i Khali ))e chosen at a (rcneral \nelection, and nhall hold his oihtx* two yeant, but no person shall be \n\nelccti\'d t<\xc2\xbb said office who is not a ] r. \n\n8bc. 3. T) \'\'tnal (\' nonerf at lb. -al \n\nelection v.\' ;..iil Ite h \xe2\x80\xa2 *^ i .-I this t --ii^uiu- \n\naiiu .cars. The Con. \n\nmeet at tl\xc2\xbbe capitol on the fjn.i M i>f .Innnnrv nrxt af^#\xc2\xbbr such \n\nelection, and determine by lot which of said \' ! hoM \n\nhis office for one year, wliich for two, and which for three years ; and \nthere sliall be elected thereafter, one Canal Commissioner, \n\nwho sliall hold his olhcc lor titme y \n\n8k. 4. Thri^ /\xc2\xbb \' r$ of StaU J all U l ni ujc \n\nr*"""\xe2\x80\x94 ^\' \'\xe2\x80\xa2\'- \xe2\x80\xa2 Mon wi \xe2\x96\xa0" \'"\xe2\x80\xa2 held ! \xe2\x80\xa2\' n of tliis \n\n\xc2\xbb. , one \xc2\xbb\xe2\x80\xa2: \' K\'M nnr. for \n\ntwo vejir\xc2\xab. and one for tl* ac, \n\nail \' - shall mc\'et at the capitol on t Monday of Janu- \n\nary next 8ucc<*e<linp such \xe2\x80\xa2 . and determine by lot which of \n\nsaid I >n\xc2\xbb shall hold his office for one year, which for two, and \n\nwhich lor Uire<^ and there shall be elected annually tl \'T, \n\none It - \xe2\x96\xa0 r ot .-laic Pri^tons who shall hold his office lor inreo \n\nyc-"^- "-\' \'\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0\'-\' \'nil have the r\' \xe2\x80\x94 \' \'\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 \' -.r-o of \n\ntlii ~ , .- :. . ... . .M nrinriirit .>\xc2\xbb!\' \' i.-nfi. \n\ncics in tlic office of sij . \ntlic next election. \n\nS\' \xe2\x80\xa2. ri. The Lieutenant-Governor, Speaker of the Assembly, S<\xc2\xabrrD- \ntary of State. Comptroller. Treasurer, Attorney-General, and State \nEngineer and Surveyor, ahall be the Commitiionen of the Land OJic^ \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 337 \n\nThe Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, \nand Attorney-General shall be the Commissioners of the Canal Fund. \nThe Canal Board shall consist of the Commissioners of the Canal \nFund, the State Engineer and Surveyor, and the Canal Commis- \nsioners. \n\nSec. 6. The powers and duties of the respective hoards^ and of the \nseveral officers in this article mentioned, shall be such as now are or \nhereafter may be prescribed by law. \n\nSec. 7. The Treasurer may be suspended from office by the Gov- \nernor, during the recess of the Legislature, and until thirty days after \nthe commencement of the next session of the Legislature, whenever \nit shall appear to him that such Treasurer has, in any particular, vio- \nlated his duty. The Governor shall appoint a competent person to \ndischarge the duties of the office during such suspension of the Treas- \nurer. \n\nSec. 8. All offices for the weighing, gauging, measuring, culling, \nor inspecting any merchandise, produce, manufacture, or commodity \nwhatever, are hereby abohshed, and no such office shall hereafter be \ncreated by law ; but nothing in this section contained shall abrogate \nany office created for the purpose of protecting the public health or \nthe interests of the State in its property, revenue, tolls, or purchases, \nor of supplying the people with correct standards of weights and \nmeasures^ or shall prevent the creation of any office for such purposes \nhereafter. \n\nARTICLE VI. \n\n[As modified by constitutional Amendment adopted by the people \nin ISTovember, 1869.] \n\nSection 1. The Assembly shall have the power of impeachment^ \nby a vote of the majority of all the members elected. The court for \nthe trial of impeachments shall be composed of the President of the \nSenate, the Senators, or a major part of them, and the judges of the \nCourt of Appeals, or the major part of them. On the trial of an im- \npeachment against the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor shall not \nact as a member of the court. ISTo judicial officer shall exercise his \noffice, after articles of impeachment against him shall have been pre- \nferred to the Senate, until he shall have been acquitted. Before the \ntrial of an impeachment, the members of the court shall take an. oath \nor affirmation, truly and impartially to try the impeachment accord- \ning to evidence ; and no person shall be convicted without the con- \ncurrence of two thirds of the members present. Judgment in cases \nof impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, \nor removal from office and disqualification to hold and enjoy any \n\n22 \n\n\n\n388 APPESDIX. \n\noffice of honor, trust, or profit, undor xXxxb State; but the party im- \npeached shall be liable to indictinont and punLKlunent a^ w. \n\n8ic. 2. There shall be a Court of Appeal* conipoiicu oi a uiacf \nJudjfo and six Associate J \' - v.^ V ill be chiMi>Q by the electors \nof lh\xc2\xab- "^* \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 " \' -\' \'\xe2\x96\xa0\' \'\' \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2r a lenn of fuurteen years \n\nfrom i. iimary n\xc2\xabxt nftrr Uieir eleotaon. \n\nAt llie firxi . ;i of judges, under thin C" :i, e%-ery elector \n\nmay vole for tlie Cliief and only four of i;-- A- " .ii< .lui.-i-s. Any \nfive members of tiie court shall form a quorum, and ti.> \xe2\x80\xa2 ucurrenco \nof four shall be necessary to a decision. 1 :rt ttliail have the \n\nap|H>intnu\'nU with the |>ower of removal, ol ;u lieporier and Clerk, \nan\xc2\xabi of such \xe2\x80\xa2\' \xe2\x80\xa2 \' \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x99\xa6 as may be nocvMUkty. \n\nSec. 3. \\\\ \'" \' " -ludl occur, otherwise than by expiration \n\nof tfnn. in tlie oflict > .tef or Associate Judge of the Court of \nA|^ Mm** idioll be filled, for a full term, at the next |ri*ncral \n\nelection ^ not less than three montlis aAer such vacancy \n\noccurs ; and unul the vacancy aha! r, by and \n\nwith the advice and comtent of lh< te, U liie all be in \n\nsciwion, or if not tlio G v apiMJiui lo liu such va- \n\ncancy. If any such r.- \xe2\x96\xa0 a \xc2\xab( <_;\xc2\xbb..\xc2\xbb .i \xe2\x80\xa2 \' \xe2\x80\xa2 ^iiall b*^ made irttm \n\nanioMf; the Av^x-mte \xc2\xbb . i. n.i^.rary :t, , uucnt of Associate \n\nJii.l \'.- -h.i\'.l (\xe2\x80\xa2 ina<l<> i:; : t>ut in Kuch cam* tlie peTMO \n\nB{,, .1 not be d to vacate his ofliii* of \n\nA> ^ \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 any : Uuui until tJie expiration of Iiih app\xc2\xabiint- \n\nment as Chief Jud^. The powers and . :> of tlie court shall \n\nnot be suj\xc2\xab; \'. for want of o; it or \xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xbb, when llio \n\nnumlwr of \n\nmentM undi \' "ji;\xc2\xbbii <\xe2\x96\xa0\'. ium m.-i n. \n\nday t\xc2\xbbf Dec*.;...-; ....\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb ulXcr the i.. \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0\' ft\xc2\xbb which l: -i \n\n. 4. Upon the orgn n of the Court o/ Aj j "iv \n\narticle, tlie causes then ; \xe2\x96\xa0 in tiic present Court of . \n\nbecome vested in irt of Appeals hereby estAblishod. 8uch of \n\nsaid causes as arc ; t day of Januar>\\ one thousand \n\neight hundred and ^ . . ^j dcUrmined by a \n\nCommis.< * > bo CfUij\'-M-\'i u; \xe2\x80\xa2 -rs of >\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 -i- f^ \xe2\x80\xa2- \n\nof whon; l>e ne<\'e\xc2\xabi*Ary to c<.; - .. -^ :ii. 1* \n\nof Appeals hereby e?Jt.-\\M:\'-hrMl may ortler any of said \nheani therein. Such \' on ithall l>c compo\xc2\xbbc<l of tlie Ju<lges of \n\nthe present Court of Appi\'aU, decletl or appoinle<l tliercto, and a fifth \nCora; cr who .shall be appointed by the Governor, by and willi \n\nthe ad%KX\' and ooasent of the " ; or, if tl; ~ in ses- \n\nsion, by the G- r; but in .. \xc2\xbb--\xe2\x96\xa0 the apinj. expire \n\nmt the end of Lue ucxt session. \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 339 \n\nSec. 5. If any vacancy shall occur in the office of the said Commis- \nsioners, it shall be filled by appointment by the Governor, by and with \nthe advice and consent of the Senate ; or, if the Senate is not in ses- \nsion, by the Governor ; but in such case the appointment shall expire \nat the end of the next session. The Commissioners shall appoint, \nfrom their number, a Chief Commissioner, and may appoint and re- \nmove such attendants as may be necessary. The Reporter of the \nCourt of Appeals shall be the Reporter of said Commission. The \ndecisions of the Commission shall be certified to, and entered and \nenforced, as the judgments of the Court of Appeals. The Commis- \nsion shall continue until the causes committed to it are determined, \nbut not exceeding three years ; and all causes then undetermined\' \nshall be heard by the Court of Appeals. \n\nSec 6. There shall be the existing Supreme Court, with general \njurisdiction in law and equity, subject to such appellate jurisdiction \nof the Court of Appeals as now is or may be prescribed by law ; and \nit shall be composed of the justices now in office, who shall be con- \ntinued during their respective terms, and of their successors. The \nexisting judicial districts of the State are continued until changed \npursuant to this section. Five of the justices shall reside in the dis- \ntrict in which is the city of New York, and four in each of the other \ndistricts. \n\nThe Legislature may alter the districts without increasing the num- \nber, once after every enumeration, under this Constitution, of the \ninhabitants of this State. \n\nSec. 7. At the first session of the Legislature after the adoption of \nthis article, and fi:om time to time thereafter as may be necessary, but \nnot oftener than once in five years, provision shall be made for or- \nganizing, in the Supreme Court, not more than four General Terms \nthereof, each to be composed of a presiding justice and not more than \nthree other justices, who shall be designated, according to law, from \nthe whole number of justices. Each presiding justice shall continue \nto act as such during his term of office. Provision shall be made by \nlaw for holding the General Terms in each Judicial District. Any \nJustice of the Supreme Court may hold Special Terms and Circuit \nCourts, and may preside in Courts of Oyer and Terminer, in any \ncounty. \n\nSec 8. No judge or justice shall sit at a General Term of any court, \nor in the Court of Appeals, in review of a decision made by him or \nby any court of which he was at the time a sitting member. The \ntestimony in equity cases shall be taken in like manner as in cases at \nlaw ; and, except as herein otherwise provided, the Legislature shall \nhave the same power to alter and regulate the jurisdiction and pro- \nceedings in law and equity as they have heretofore exercised. \n\n\n\n340 APPKSDIX. \n\nSec. 9. "NVljcn a vaeanry shall occur, othorwiw* than by expiration \n\nof term, in the oflicc of Justice of the Supreme Court, the wune hhall \n\nbe filleil for a full term, at tlie next general election. Imi-; not \n\nle\xc2\xbb tlian three niontlw after such va<-ancy occur* ; and uuiil ai\xc2\xbby va- \n\nI Im\xc2\xbb h\xc2\xbb hllctl, the f! by and with the advice and \n\n.1 til\' "- \xe2\x80\xa2 itc. if the \xe2\x80\xa2\'\' U* in Kcssion, or, if not in \n\n|J..\' <, r ii.riv !.\xe2\x80\xa2 >u<h vacancy. Anv ?nrh \n\n* \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nJ, :;i. lit -!ui \' the la*<t day of 1 i- \n\nJ. r next after the e! at which the vacancy nliall be li \n\nSk . 10. The j;!.\'-^ of the Court of Appcaln, and tlie \ntlie Supreme Court. Lill not liold any otiier ofiic\xc2\xab of pubUe trust. \nAll vot\xc2\xabtt for any of them, for any other liian a judicial offitv, piven \nby \xc2\xbb\' f \' ro or the \\ \' nhall l\xc2\xbbe void. \n\nS\xc2\xbb,\xc2\xab . li, \xc2\xbb/\'i\'.y\xc2\xab-\xc2\xab of the i "...L of A|<" \xe2\x80\xa2\'- \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 -1 ju\xc2\xbbtice\xc2\xab of llie Su- \npreme C<iurt may be remox\'td by \xc2\xab re.<<"\xc2\xbbltiti.>n of l>oth \n\nliouMM of llje Lepii\xc2\xabl*lure, if two l; f all the "m elected \n\nto each Houae concur therein. All i tho\xc2\xabe \n\nmentioned in \\X\\\\\xc2\xbb ncction, and except Jc of the I 4 \n\nand juAticos of the courtB not of record, may be r- I by \n\nthe S<\xc2\xabnate on the r\xc2\xab \'>f the Governor, if two ihirtU of \n\nall the ni< 1 i** u*c -ncur therein. But no re- \n\nn^>v.il -hi. \' - - -\xe2\x96\xa0 ,. ,,j i,,j, nection. -\xe2\x80\xa2 \' \'^ \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2-\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2*\xc2\xab \n\n\\\\ .\xe2\x96\xa0..,"" 1 .. ..\xe2\x96\xa0 lit t\\iip iitiii>\xc2\xab.>< fiii- (J \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 ..\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 . \xe2\x96\xa0 :\'. \n\nli ..\xe2\x80\xa2 li.\'ul an \' y of l>eine heard. On the i, ti \n\nof removal the yeas antl nayji >*hall Ik* < : on the journal. \n\nSic 12. The S*iftrnor Court of tht nty of Xew York, tlie Court \nof Common J\'lea* for the ciiy and < if New York, t) r \n\n(\' urt of liuffaln, at \' f^Sty Couri uj />;.."\xe2\x96\xa0\'. ;\xc2\xbbr. \xe2\x96\xa0 with \n\n! - -, - i .. .r y i^jj^y . . J -I,.,, fur- \n\n,...._... ....n a\xc2\xab n.-v .- - \' \'^*\' The \n\n-t i.f \\cw York ahall be componed of . n \n\nn of tins article, and llieir pi. \xe2\x80\xa2 -\'"ra; the Court \nof Common i T New York, of tiie three liien in office, \n\nand tlieir . and three n \' i%\xc2\xbb\\ the Superior Court \n\nof I . ol liie judp\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab now in olVue and their Kuccetwors; and the \n\nCity Lourl of T \' wich numU-r of judpvH. not exceedinf^ \n\ntliree, as may U- |.i..v. i.-i oy Uw. Tb\'- \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \' -\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2s of \xe2\x96\xa0\' \' in \n\noffice at tl\xc2\xbbe adoption of this article, ar" \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 t nri i- \n\nli\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbbn of tlieir terms. A Chief Juiljre sh by the ju<ij. s \n\nof each of said courts, from their own numl>er, who sliall act as such \ndurinp his official term. Vacancies in tlie office of the judpes named \nin tliis sc<nion, occurring otlierwi,***? than by \xe2\x80\xa2 ion of term, shall \n\nbe filled in tlic same manner as vacancies in Uic > .; r< :nc Court The \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK.- 341 \n\nLegislature may provide for detailing judges of the Superior Court \nand Court of Common Pleas of New York, to hold circuits or special \nterms of the Supreme Court in that city, as the public interests may \nrequire. \n\nSec. 13. Justices of the Supreme Court shall be chosen by the elec- \ntors of their respective judicial districts. Judges of all the courts \nmentioned in the last preceding section shall be chosen by the elec- \ntors of the cities respectively in which the said courts are instituted. \nThe official terms of the said justices and judges who shall be elected \nafter the adoption of this article shall be fourteen years from and \nincluding the first day of January next after their election. But no \nperson shall hold the office of Justice or Judge of any court longer \nthan until and including the last day of December next after he shall \nbe seventy years of age. \n\nSec. 14. The judges and justices hereinbefore mentioned shall \nreceive for their services a compensation to be established by law, \nwhich shall not be diminished during their official terms. Except \nthe judges of the Court of Appeals and the justices of the Supreme \nCourt, they shall be paid, and the expenses ot their courts defrayed, \nby the cities or counties in which such courts are instituted, as shall \nbe provided by law. \n\nSec 15. The existing County Courts are continued, and the judges \nthereof in office at the adoption of this article shall hold their offices \nuntil the expiration of their respective terms. Their successors shall \nbe chosen by the electors of the counties for the term of six years. \nThe county courts shall have the powers and jurisdiction they now \npossess, until altered by the Legislature. They shall also have origi- \nnal jurisdiction in all cases where the defendants reside in the county, \nand in which the damages claimed shall not exceed one thousand dol- \nlars ; and also such appellate jurisdiction as shall be provided by law, \nsubject, however, to such provision as shall be made by law for the \nremoval of causes into the Supreme Court. They shall also have \nsuch other original jurisdiction as shall, from time to time, be con- \nferred upon them by the Legislature. The County Judge with two \nJustices of the Peace, to be designated according to law, may hold \nCourts of Sessions, with such criminal jurisdiction as the Legislature \nshall prescribe, and he shall perform such other duties as may be re- \nquired by law. His salary, and the salary of the Surrogate when \nelected as a separate officer, shall be established by law, payable out \nof the county treasury, and shall not be diminished during his term \nof office. The Justices of the Peace shall be paid, for services in \ncourts of sessions, a per diem allowance out of the county treasury. \nThe County Judge shall also be Surrogate of his county; but in \ncounties having a population exceeding forty thousand the Legisla- \n\n\n\n342 \n\n\n\nAPPFxnrx. \n\n\n\ntiiro may provide for the election of a wparat*\' ofHocr to be Purm{mt<\xc2\xbb, \n\nwboM term of ofHco \xc2\xbbUh\\\\ \\hs tlie mme aw that of the ( \' \n\nThe County Ju\xc2\xablp\xc2\xab\' of any \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 may preside at Court* t\xc2\xbbl .^ \n\n\n\nor hold county courti< m any otlier county, \n\nKinps, when ri*<i" \' \xe2\x80\xa2\' \' \xe2\x80\xa2\' tlie Jn<\' \xe2\x80\xa2" -\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nSi. ir>. Th.- I . \xe2\x80\xa2 mav \n\n\n\nc; \n\n\n\n:M\xc2\xbbrs^ j \n\n\n\nthe \n\n\n\nof I. \n\n\n\ntwo in any County, to diiwharp* tlie d \nSurrognte^ in caiw* of their inahihty, or of a > \nsuch otlier power* i: \n\n\n\n* New YorK ;u: I \n\n. .ounty. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2n of the Board of \n% not to exce<\'d \nitif Juilgt and of \n. and to exerciiHj \n\n\n\nThe \\. \n\n\n\nr, if U \n\n\n\n8ic. 17 \ntor* of *\' " \xe2\x80\xa2 i" \xe2\x80\xa2 \nand i\xc2\xbb\\ \n\nlolM, ax : 1 - . \n\nJudfjf of the Court of \nbe hereafter filled by \nupon till- <iuef\xc2\xbbti<>n mIiaU \\)o m t \nthen\'after U\xc2\xab ele\xc2\xbbnvo, but, a< \nIt r\xc2\xbbl by the G- \n\nhut in . \'" \n\nvetje*!, and fu \ntlie end of thnt \nmentioned \\v\\ \n\n!i !>o 1 .\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0.\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \nV. -i.T* u|)on the \nhhall not t\' \nniletl in thi\' I \nSet. is. T: \ntnwn nii\'etin^. \n\n\n\nd \xc2\xabaM\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab tkn may he provul*-*! by law. \n\n\'<\xe2\x80\xa2 for 8ul\' \' to the eleo- \n- "\' - !e\xc2\xab\xc2\xabn v. \'\xe2\x80\xa2 \'I \n\n1 AittHXi.ii\'- \n\nof the Supreme Court, \n\n\n\n. and of \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0nt?" \n\n\n\nIf a n. \n\n\n\nof tlie votes \n\n\n\n\\ i \n\n\n\n\' \' and 1 \nd by ap \n\n\n\n..\xe2\x80\xa2 -I\'l .\xe2\x80\xa2!\'i. .\xe2\x80\xa2- -h.ill not \n\nI l>e fiUed by \n\n\\*jUi ; \' \xc2\xabx>naent \n\n(n.rer \n\ntw V f , \n\n, \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2 at \n\ntlio < judf>iM \n\nof Ar- X of the < \n\n.eiit?" if :. . of \n\n\'I be in llie n:!\':::!.:itive, tiio huuI olTicet \n\n-x^ \\.i. i;,. . H occur, they nhall be \n\nl.d. \n\n...^ ^ ...\xe2\x80\x9e. ......*ji mIuU, at ll^\'^i** f^nnual \n\nb manner as the liCinivlatiire t rect, \n\n\xe2\x96\xa0et of th^ Peare^ whone term of oil Jl bo four VfnrK \n\nIn caAC of .a: I ri to fill a vacancy oc<tirnng before the ox ti \n\nof Ik full term, lliey ahall hold for tiie residue of the u: i. \n\nr and Hasiiftcation may be r \xe2\x96\xa0<! by \n\nut Uu< iv I judgw or justices of inu-nur courtft nui oi reciiro, \n\nand Uieir < !\xe2\x80\xa2 ik-, may be p \xe2\x80\x94 -\'^ after due notice and an ^ \'"i- \n\nnity of being heard by tnu ;rt aA may lie prescnl\xc2\xbbe<l by r \n\ncxwAO to be assigned in the order of removal Justice* of the 1*. v. .\xe2\x80\xa2 \nnn<l Dlhlricl Court I - Mhall be elect4xi in llie \'. <>( \n\n- StAt4\\ in 8uch manner, and with uuch powers, and for such temu*, \nly. as Khali Ihj predcriljed by Uw ; all other j \'^ \n\nin cilieA, whone < :i or d| -lent is not ot" <\xe2\x80\xa2 provuieti lor \n\nin thij\xc2\xbb ortiele. r1 \' \'Jten i . \xe2\x80\xa2 \' tors ol ciucs, or appointed \n\nby awoo local auiuwituv.-> ihcruoL \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 343 \n\nSec. 19. Inferior local courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction may \nbe established by the Legislature ; and except as herein otherwise \nprovided, all judicial officers shall be elected or appointed at such \ntimes, and in such manner, as the Legislature may direct. \n\nSec. 20. Clerks of the several counties shall be clerks of the Su- \npreme Court, vi^ith such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by \nlaw. The Clerk of the Court of Appeals shall keep his office at the \nseat of government. His compensation shall be fixed by law, and \npaid out of the pubhc treasury. \n\nSec. 21. No judicial officer, except Justices of the Peace, shall re- \nceive to his own use any fees or perquisites of offi\'Ce ; nor shall any \nJudge of the Court of Appeals, Justice of the Supreme Court, or Judge \nof a Court of Eecord in the cities of New York, Brooklyn, or Buffiilo, \npractise as an attorney or counsellor in any Court of Eecord in this \nState, or act as referee. \n\nSec. 22. The Legislature may authorize the judgments, decrees, and \ndecisions of any Court of Record of original civil jurisdiction, estab- \nlished in a city, to be removed for review, directly into the Court of \nAppeals. \n\nSec. 23, The Legislature shall provide for the speedy puhlication \nof all statutes, and also for the appointment, by the justices of the \nSupreme Court designated to hold general terms, of a reporter of the \ndecisions of that court. All laws and judicial decisions shall be free \nfor publication by any person. \n\nSec 24. The first election of judges of the Court of Appeals, and \nof the three additional judges of the Court of Common Pleas for the \ncity and county of New York, shall take place on such day, between \nthe first Tuesday of April and the second Tuesday in June, next after \nthe adoption of this article, as may be provided by law. The Court \nof Appeals, the Commissioners of Appeals, and the additional judges \nof the said Court of Common Pleas, shall respectively enter upon \ntheir duties on the first Monday of July thereafter. \n\nSec. 25. Surrogates, Justices of the Peace, and local judicial oficers \nprovided for in Section Sixteen, in office when this article shall take \neffect, shall hold their respective offices until the expiration of their \nterms. \n\nSec 26. Courts of Special Sessions shall have such jurisdiction of \noffences of the grade of misdemeanors as may be prescribed by \nlaw. \n\nSec 27. For the relief of Surrogates\' Courts^ the Legislature may \nconfer upon Courts of Record, in any county having a population ex- \nceeding four hundred thousand, the powers and jurisdiction of Sur- \nrogates, with authority to try issues of fact by jury, in probate \ncases. \n\n\n\n344 \n\n\n\nAPPENDIX \n\n\n\nARTICLE VTL \n\nSection 1. After paying the expense* of collection, superintendence, \nand ordinary n-pairs, ilu\'re tilmll be n J and si\'l apart in each \n\nfi8C\xc2\xabd year, out of the rev<-nue8 of liie 6ute canals in each v \n<\xe2\x80\xa2, g on the firet day of June, one thou*and eight Inn; ;: i \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2jm of one million and thn-e hundrt*d ih\' . i:.! \nw I day of Juno, one ihou^uwi! \xe2\x80\xa2 i Kf lunnli, ! 1 \n\xe2\x80\xa211 thni time tlie sum of one i \n1 each fi\xc2\xab\'al year, as a \n\nt part of \nat liic tune firet u: \n\n\n\nnun : \xe2\x80\xa2; \n(i \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nti:-.. -. : \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\ndred ti> \ninterest and r- \ntlie canal < \' \nthree h \nshall bv \\\\ . \ning fund \xc2\xbbliiiu \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab \nSkc. 2. Aft. r \ntliw art\xc2\xab<-!r t}. \nplus re \n\n\n\n; fund U^ |\xc2\xbbay the \nI calK-d \n\n\n\n.k. I. ;r.\'J \n\n\n\n:i to be b\xc2\xab \n\nrtl ntid it; \n\n\n\nBute \n\n\n\ntl)o III I \xe2\x80\xa2l.iv of June, one \' \n\xe2\x96\xa0um of three hundred An<l titty ti \nasu\' :n aliall. have Ux>n It \n\nsaid I.: . to |>ay t\' \n\ncipal ol ti \n\nIfi 1 111. i\xc2\xbbi :ii, ; ,, . , \n\nff. tn t \n\n\n\n.1.1 \n\n\n\n\'" the first section nf \n\nI out of I \n\n\xe2\x96\xa01 yrar, rommmcing on \n\n; forty -ftix, tljo \n\n<i fi(>Uar^ until the tjme when \n\nirt, under the \n\n* n |.r-n- \n\n^r as a \n\n\n\n.... .1 . \n\n\n\nof i; i lJ\xc2\xbbe general fund debt, u. \n\nloans of the 8ute credit to railroad cc \npay the interest thereon, and abw Ui- \nloaned to i- \n\n\n\n*M1 \n\n\n\nr ouu aii lor Ofi a \n\n\n\nth\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb r \n\n\n\nari\'l \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nof any part of the i: \n\nbe deferred by reason of the pnonfy r- \n\nof this article, the sum so \n\nthe then current r \n\n\n\nI>art \n\n_\' the d<"bt for \n\nh have failed to \n\nI on Stat\' \xc2\xab \n\n{\xe2\x80\xa2aid tltc t \n\n\' \xe2\x96\xa0\' ) . \\\\ \xe2\x96\xa0 "\xe2\x80\xa2- \xe2\x80\xa2 1 ; \n\n...1 ^. 1 \n\n. and if the \\ l \n\nfund shall at any timo \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2c<l in the First i \n\n\n\nquarlerlv ii s at \n\nI, \n\nUU> w lUi ill\'J lU^i li^lii-\'\' "i i*J\xc2\xab" V nU- \n\n\n\n\n\n\nof collection. - ten- \n\nrs of the canaU, and the sums appropriated by the \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 SnlMtitated for Section ThrM of Article Sem of the original Coostltiitlan, \nby amendment of lS6i. \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 345 \n\nfirst and second sections of this article, there shall be appropriated \nand set apart in each fiscal year, out of the surplus revenues of the \ncanals, as a sinking fund, a sum sufficient to pay the interest as it falls \ndue, and extinguish the principal within eighteen years, of any loan \nmade under this section ; and if the said sinking fund shall not be \nsufficient to redeem any part of the principal at the stipulated times \nof payment, or to pay any part of the interest of such loans as stipu- \nlated, the means to satisfy any such deficiency shall be procured on \nthe credit of the said sinking fund. After complying with the fore- \ngoing provisions, there shall be paid annually out of said revenues, \ninto the treasury of the State, two hundred thousand dollars, to de- \nfray the necessary expenses of government. The remainder shall, in \neach fiscal year, be applied to meet the appropriations for the enlarge- \nment and completion of the canals mentioned in this section, until \nthe said canals shall be completed. In each fiscal year thereafter the \nremainder shall be disposed of in such manner as the Legislature may \ndirect, but shall at no time be anticipated or pledged for more than \none year in advance. The Legislature shall annually, during the next \nfour years, appropriate to the enlargement of the Erie, the Oswego, \nthe Cayuga, and Seneca Canals, and to the completion of the Black \nRiver and Genesee Valley Canals, and for the enlargement of the \nlocks of the Champlain Canal, whenever, from dilapidation or decay, \nit shall be necessary to rebuild them, a sum not exceeding two mil- \nlions two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The remainder of the \nrevenues of the canals, for the current fiscal year in which such ap- \npropriation is made, shall be applied to meet such appropriation ; and \nif the same shall be deemed insufficient, the Legislature shall, at the \nsame session, provide for the deficiency by loan. The Legislature \nshall also borrow one million and five hundred thousand dollars, to \nrefund to the holders of the canal revenue certificates issued under \nthe provisions of chapter four hundred and eighty-five of the Laws \nof the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, the amount \nreceived into the treasury thereon; but no interest to accrue after \nJuly first, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, shall be paid on \nsuch certificates. The provisions of Section Twelve of this article, re- \nquiring every law for borrowing money to be submitted to the peo- \nple, shall not apply to the loans authorized by this section. No part \nof the revenues of the canals, or of the funds borrowed under this \nsection, shall be paid or applied upon in consequence of any alleged \ncontract made under chajDter four hundred and eighty-five of the \nLaws of the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, except \nto pay for work done or materials furnished prior to the first day of \nJune, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. The rates of toll \non persons and property transported on the canals shall not be \n\n\n\n346 APPESDIX. \n\nI. iuccd below those for tlie year one thouMind oi^\'ht hundrod and \nvo, except by the Canal Board wiih i^e concurrence of the \n1 iturc. All contract* Jorv"^-" "r niatenals oi\' ">v . *nal lUiall \n\ni ;.. \xc2\xab ifi, \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb,.. iM i-,,ii who s! r to do or pi "\xe2\x80\xa2ame at \n\nL y for their jH-rfonna:. \n\nSec. 4. The r /the \xc2\xabS\'ta/* apainsl any ir alitl company \n\nto pay the interenl and redeem the principal of the Mock of ll\xc2\xbbe Sute \n\nloaned or atlvanceil to Mich ct)mi>any, fthall l>e fairly and not \n\nd or C\' and the \' i^ \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 ..: I, aiul \' " * \' \xe2\x80\xa2 11" \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2"" " "^ \n\n,\xe2\x80\x9e,.. ,,-vi.. \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 - \xc2\xab\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 : \xe2\x80\xa2 tlM- \\ tl\'<- ful- \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 1 .f nil V ....,: .\xc2\xbb.- . .f \' \' ^ rO \n\n; may be < .\xc2\xab*d by law. \n\n8ic 5. If the *i\xc2\xbb \xe2\x96\xa0 ; \' nd; or eitlicr of them provided in this \nartirle, shall prove t lo enable the 8ute, on li\xc2\xbbe credit of \n\nsuch fund, to procure the i. \xe2\x80\xa2 > \xe2\x96\xa0 \'\xe2\x96\xa0-\xe2\x96\xa0 the cUims of llie rs \n\nof the State as lJ\xc2\xbbey b. \' " o shall b. a^ \n\n5 \xe2\x96\xa0 .-aiif ti. \xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 :\'\xc2\xbbT \n\n\' \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 V \n\n\n\nr.rl . r t?inn t\' ;r*. shall, with <, \'>, st th\xc2\xab \n\nit, l\xc2\xbbe r the treasury, for the uw of the Sute, \n\nout of the canal revenue*, an noon as it can bo done c<\' lly with \n\nthe just rijfhti* of the . - the said canal <: \n\nn. The I^\'pii^la n\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbl \xc2\xbb\xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2//, /\xc2\xab"*, or i j.-.- \n\not any of tJp ... I !1 rtaiuuij uif pf..j\xc2\xbbiriy \n\nof the St \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nc. .. 7 ntf nf the nnit itpring* \n\nb. n>*y \n\nRnd c for the use of the salt may bo \n\nsold by a v of law and under the direction of the \xc2\xab >\xc2\xabion- \n\ncrs of the I^nd \' for tlie puqKwe of inventing the moin-y\xc2\xab arisinj? \n\nth< 1 in other lands alike c but by such sale and \n\nthe appregmle quantity oi Uicsc umds sliall not be dimm- \n\nSrc. 8. Xo n>""\'"* -\'"*ll ever be /wn\'^ \xc2\xab*>!>! nf the trcasnry of this \nState, or any oi . or any nf t! r its management \n\nexcept in pumuanre o/an oppr>^ n by law ; nor unless such pay- \n\nment be matle within two yean* next after tlie passa^re of such appro- \npriation act; and every such law, making a new appropriation or \ncontinuing or revivinp an : . phall " ""v the \n\nsum n \' ^ the oi.;. . i i \' \'\\\xc2\xbb to md it \n\nshall ii\xc2\xabn L\xc2\xbbv suiii\' Kill for such law i.^ .v.^i to an^ v....i; ..\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 to fix \nsuch sum. \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 347 \n\nSec. 9. The credit of the State shall not, in any manner, be given \nor loaned to or in aid of any individual association or corporation. \n\nSec. 10. The State may, to meet casual deficits or failures in reve- \nnues, or for expenses not provided for, contract debts, but such debts, \ndirect and contingent, singly or in the aggregate, shall not at any time \nexceed one million of dollars, and the moneys arising from the loans \ncreating such debts shall be apphed to the purpose for which they \nwere obtained or to repay the debt so contracted, and to no other \npurpose whatever. \n\nSec 11. In addition to the above limited power to contract delis, \nthe State may contract debts to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, \nor defend the State in war ; but the money arising from the contract- \ning of such debts shall be applied to the purpose for which it was \nraised or to repay such debts, and to no other purpose whatever. \n\nSec. 12. Except the debts specified in the tenth and eleventh sec- \ntions of this article, no debt shall be hereafter contracted by or on \nbehalf of this State, unless such delt shall be authorized hy a law, \nfor some single work or object, to be distinctly specified therein; and \nsuch law shall impose and provide for the collection of a direct an- \nnual tax to pay, and sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it \nfalls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal of such debt \nwithin eighteen years from the time of the contracting thereof No \nsuch law shall take effect until it shall at a general election have been \nsubmitted to the people, and have received a majority of all the votes \ncast for and against it, at such election. On the final passage of such \nbill in either House of the Legislature, the question shall be taken by \nayes and noes, to be cluly entered on the journals thereof, and shall \nbe : " Shall this bill pass, and ought the same to receive the sanction \nof the people ? " The Legislature may at any time, after the approval \nof such law by the people, if no debt shall have been contracted in \npursuance thereof, repeal the same ; and may at any time, by law, \nforbid the contracting of any further debt or liability under such law ; \nbut the tax imposed by such act, in proportion to the debt and lia- \nbility which may have been contracted, in pursuance of such law, \nshall remain in force and be irrepealable, and be annually collected, \nuntil the proceeds thereof shall have made the provision hereinbefore \nspecified to pay and discharge the interest and principal of such debt \nand liability. The money arising from any loan or stock creating \nsuch debt or liability shall be applied to the w^ork or object specified \nin the act authorizing such debt or liability, or for the repayment of \nsuch debt or liability, and for no other purpose whatever. No such \nlaw shall be submitted to be voted on within three months after its \npassage, or at any general election when any other law, or any bill, \nor any amendment to the Constitution, shall be submitted to be voted \nfor or against. \n\n\n\n348 APPESDIX. \n\nSec. 13. Every ^aw whicli iinpoM?\xc2\xab, continues, or rerirc* a Ux, Khali \nrly Ktnte the tax and (\' to which it is to be applied; \n\noiia iL shall not be suflicient ic\xc2\xbb ivi^ i io any other law to fix audi tax \nor obj<\xc2\xbbcU \n\nSec. 14. On the final pMnge, in either Hooae of the Legislature, \nof every act trhieh impotn, continue*, or revive* m tax or araatm a \ndfbt or cliarpe, or make\xc2\xab, continue*, or revivcB any a| :i of \n\npubhc or trust money, or pr .or re l ea ae a, dij*ch . tr com- \n\nniutofl any claim or deman<l ol Uie 8late, llu* quntion t^iknii Ihs taken \n6y \xe2\x80\xa2 " -hall \xc2\xbb>e dulyer- \' \' - ^ and \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\'-,,;. . . . !lU-rS T-1--\'--\' \xe2\x80\xa2 .... .U all \n\nARTICLE VIIL \n\nPcrriox 1. CorpnraliimM may bo formed under general laws; bat \nahall not bo rmali\'d by special act, except for municipal purposes, and \nin cases w \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb tho ; Logwlature, the objwts of ilje \n\nt>oratX<> \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xa9 aiLaiUcu umicr ^t-noral laws. All gon\xc2\xab*ral laws \n\n----- u (w i- |>iiMed pumiant to this section may bo altered from \n: :.;uo, or rtTM-iilA^l. \n\nSrrv 2. />i\xc2\xabv ; itporations shall be sectired by anch individual \n\ny of the coqwratora and other means as may be prescribed by \n1 i \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nSwo. 3. Tlie term "c ."as used in this article, sliall bo con- \n\nstrued to include all a~ \'jg \n\n\' \' r;\\iu-^\'v>s ut curpurai4pus not |\xc2\xbbosscs\xc2\xabcu by \n\n\' .M J...... \\\' \xe2\x80\xa2\' "" --\'\xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 -haU have the ri^rht \n\nI . _.. i shall be \'^ like caae\xc2\xab a^*^ r.au \n\nwr.d peraooa. \n\n8n. 4. The LegidatDre shall have no power to pass any act grant- \ning any apecial ehari/r far banl-img purport; but corporations or \naas< l>e formed for such purposes under general laws. \n\nbao. 6. The !.\xe2\x80\xa2 Khali have no power to pass any law sano- \n\nT* ^ \'in any maixiicr of tpetie \n\n} *\xe2\x80\xa2 I\'v sv" \xe2\x80\xa2"-\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 , ivv>(^_iaiiijtj^ \\ji i_-\xe2\x82\xacFi jn\xc2\xbbi iiuwii (.^\'uiiig bank- \n\n1.. :-. : ;iny d\xc2\xab \n\nSec. 6. The I.. shall nmride by law for ry of aU \n\nbilU or note*, i .- l or put in c: .<)n as money, and shall require \n\nample security for the rp<lemption of the same in specie. \n\nSkc. 7. The \xc2\xbbtockhalHrr\xc2\xbb in every corporation and j- >^k asso- \n\nciation for banking puq>o>\xc2\xbb\xc2\xab-s. i\xc2\xab.\xc2\xabtiinp bank-notes or any kttid of paper \n< \'to rirrulaie as m art<\xc2\xabr the fir \' "^ Jannary, ooe \n\nUivwMUui eight hundred auvi wiiy, shall be ut^uttuuMM^ rmpom\xc2\xa7SbU^ to \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK, 349 \n\nthe amount of tlieir respective share or shares of stock in any such \ncorporation or association, for all its debts and liabilities of every kind, \ncontracted after the said first day of January, one thousand eight hun- \ndred and fifty. \n\nSec. 8. In case of the insolvency of any hank or banking associa- \ntion, the bill-holders thereof shall be entitled to preference in payment \nover all other creditors of such bank or association. \n\nSec. 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for the \norganization of cities and incorporated villages^ and to restrict their \npower of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, \nand loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments, and \nin contracting debt by such municipal corporation. \n\nARTICLE IX. \n\nSection 1. The capital of the Common School Fund, the capital of \nthe Literature Fund, and the capital of the United States Deposit \nFund, shall be respectively preserved inviolate. The revenues of the \nsaid Common School Fund shall be apphed to the support of common \nschools, the revenues of the said Literature Fund shall be applied to \nthe support of academies, and the sum of twenty-five thousand dol- \nlars of the revenues of the United States Deposit Fund shall each \nyear be appropriated to and made a part of the capital of the said \nCommon School Fund. \n\nARTICLE X. \n\nSection 1. Sheriffs, clerics of counties, including the Register and \nClerk of the city and county of New York, coroners, and district- \nattorneys shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties \nonce in every three years, and as often as vacancies shall happen. \nSheriffs shall hold no other office, and be ineligible for the next three \nyears after the termination of their offices. They may be required \nby law to renew their security from time to time : and, in default of \ngiving such new security, their offices shall be deemed vacant. But \nthe county shall never be made responsible for the acts of the Sheriff. \nThe Governor may remove any officer in this section mentioned, \nwithin the term for which he shall have been elected ; giving to such \nofficer a copy of the charges against him, and an opportunity of being \nheard in his defence. \n\nSec 2. All county officers whose election or appointment is not \nprovided for by this Constitution shall be elected by the electors of \nthe respective counties, or appointed by the Boards of Supervisors, \nor other county authorities, as the Legislature shall direct. All city, \n\n\n\n350 APPESDIX. \n\ntown, and village ofTiccra, whose election or appointment is not pro- \nvided for by tliis Constitution, sliall be \xc2\xab \' l\xc2\xbby the electors \xe2\x80\xa2 \ncitieft, towni\xc2\xbb, and villapej*, or of soiii \'\' -of, or appou. -l \nby t\xc2\xabuch aulhoritit\'s t* \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2* a\xc2\xab the Lt^.\'L.iv.i. \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2.\xc2\xabijmatc for ili;a \np......... W\\ ,.f5.. r , whose election or -mrnt i* not r\xc2\xbbr..- \n\n>.\xe2\x80\x9e _.jrbyt! m, and all offict-: \n\nafter be created by Uw, sliall b\xc2\xab elected by the j or apjxiintrd \n\nafi the Legislature may direct. \n\nSec. 3. When the duration of any of^t is not proviil\xc2\xab\'<l by \xe2\x80\xa2 \n(\xe2\x80\xa2 n, it may be <-d by law; and if i \n\noUicu ftiu^ti be held durmg uic pleasare of tlie auuiumv i uic \n\nappointment. \n\nSkc. 4. The electing all officen> nnmrMl !n this article sliall be pre- \ntcribed by bw. \n\nSkc. 6. The Legislature shall provide for fii\'inf vacanrie* in oflicc, \nand, in caae of clecUve officem, no penion ; to fill a vacancy \n\nsliall hold his office by virtue of such ap longer than Uie \n\noommeneement of the ; \xe2\x80\xa2 next fcutc\xc2\xab?*.Hiiug the firet anuual \n\n\xc2\xbb->i.c. o. II. * .\xc2\xbb \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\' <\xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xc2\xab\xe2\x96\xa0"\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2hall begin on the \n\nfirnt day of J ihc I>cpL ^Vr\xc2\xbbll crerv rear, awemWe \n\non tl\xc2\xbbe first T luary, uuIcm a \xe2\x80\xa2. . be a] d \n\nby law. \n\nSec 7. Vt\' shall be made by law for the removal, for mis- \n\nconduct or malversation in office, of all officers (except \' \xe2\x96\xba whose \n\npowers and d re not local or li " \'\xe2\x80\xa2 who > * <l \n\nat pen\xc2\xab*ral cU\'cli \' \' for suppi^iui; vncaucies cr\xc2\xab_ai<_u u; ?uch \n\nremoval. \n\nSec. 8. Tlie LcgisUture may derlnre the cases in which any office \nsliall t\xc2\xab- flnrmr,! vafont, when no p: a is made for that purpose \n\nin I. \n\nARTICLE XL \n\nSectio!* 1. Tlie militia of \'" ~ \' ^11, at ail tniu" hfrf.ia*r. Ik* \n\nnmv<l \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x96\xa0 \' \' .^nd in : \' ^\'- \n\niinnts .\'i <\'i any n \'^ \n\nI.- .\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbd by . \n\nSec 2. Militin ojjlrer* shall be chn\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbn or appointed owi: \n\nCaptain^ subalterns, and non-com \' officers shall be chosen \n\nby the written voles of the members of their respective cor <; \n\nfield officers of regime: - by the written vutes \n\nof \' ssioneii omccr.s u; lucr \'^ wid sep*- \n\nraU; uuiUuyus; brigadier-genenda and ...^-v-w \xe2\x80\x94 ^\xe2\x80\x9e^.^.^ by the lield \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 351 \n\nofficers of their respective brigades ; major-generals, brigadier-gen- \nerals, and commanding officers of regiments or separate battalions \nshall appoint the staff officers to their respective divisions, brigades, \nregiments, or separate battalions. \n\nSec. 3. The Governor shall nominate^ and, with the consent of the \nSenate, appoint all major-generals, and the commissary-general. The \nadjutant-general and other chiefs of staff departments, and aides-de- \ncamp of the Commander-in-Chief, shall be appointed by the Grovernor, \nand their commissions shall expire with the time for which the Gov- \nernor shall have been elected. The commissary-general shall hold \nhis office for two years. He shall give security for the faitliful exe- \ncution of the duties of his office, in such manner and amount as shall \nbe prescribed by law. \n\nSec 4. The Legislature shall, by law; direct the time and manner \nof electing militia officers^ and of certifying their elections to the \nGrovernor, \n\nSec. 5. The commissioned oncers of the militia shall be commis- \nsioned hy the Governor ; and no commissioned officer shall be re- \nmoved from office, unless by the Senate on the recommendation of \nthe Grovernor, sta,ting the grounds on which such removal is recom- \nmended, or by the decision of a court-martial, pursuant to law. The \npresent officers of the militia shall hold their commissions subject to \nremoval as before provided. \n\nSec. 6. In case the mode of election and appointment of militia \nofficers hereby directed, shall not be found conducive to the improve- \nment of the militia, the Legislature may abolish the same and provide \nby law for their appointment and removal, if two tliirds of the mem- \nbers present in each House shall concur therein. \n\n\n\nARTICLE XIL \n\nSection 1. Members of the Legislature, and all officers, executive \nand judicial, except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, \nshall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take \nand subscribe the following oath or affirmation : \xe2\x80\x94 \n\n" I do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that I will \nsupport the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution \nof the State of New York ; and that I will faithfully discharge the \nduties of the office of according to the best of my ability." \n\nAnd no other oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a quali- \nfication for any office or pubhc trust. \n\n\n\nS5S APPESDIX. \n\n\n\nARTICLE XIII. \n\nSbotioh 1. Any nmmrJmeni at unendmeDta to this Constitution \nmay be proposed in o miU ABiembly ; and if ilic same shall \n\nbe agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the \ntwo IIouMS, such propo\xc2\xbb<ed araendnjcnt or amcndiucDts shall be en- \ntered on llioir joumab* with the yeaa and nays taken ther\' d \nrif\'TTod to tl\xc2\xbbe Legislature to be chosen at the next general cit-vuua \n01 senator^, and nha\' \' \xe2\x80\xa2 tiblisljed fur three months prcrioua to the \n\ntirao of making suci e; and if in tlic L.-Ti\xc2\xablatiire so next chosen \n\nas aforesaid ^nr\\\\ nrnrwiM^l amendment or am< its shall be agreed \n\nto by a ni . the n. \xc2\xab*<1 to each House, tlien it \n\nshall bo the duly of the Legislature to \' such propose*! amend- \n\nment or amc: \'s to the people, in such mamicr and at such time \n\nas ti\xc2\xbbe LegiaUiur pn-jtcrilx* ; and if llie people tihall approve and \n\nsmendux \' v ,,. \xc2\xbb mn - \' v \'\' \xe2\x80\xa2\' \' \xe2\x80\xa2- rs \n<TH of Uu i*. ^\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbiatunj . - U \n\ni..... ... .-. .V. ^..\\A shall beoome part of tl\xc2\xbb\' * \n\nSic. \'1 At the prneral eleetion to be held in the year . n \n\n.. and in each twentieth year thereat -d \n\nalAo St such t the I.<egialatare may by Uw provide, the quesuon, \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\'Shall tluTo be a Convention to revue the Constitution and amend \nthe same?" idtall In? decided by tlio electors \xe2\x96\xa0 -d to rote for \n\nm\xc2\xab-: \'>f the I^\'v\'wlature ; and in caao a \' v <\xc2\xbbf the electors \n\nio . \' \xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x96\xa0 - \xe2\x80\xa2 Kuch cleclton, shall dc* .-.* .a lavor of a Con- \n\nvei.;. "w, the Legialature at iti\xc2\xab next jsr^wion shidl \n\nprovide!.. eleetion of delegates to f . :i. \n\nDone in Convention at the capilol in tliis city of Albany tl\xc2\xbbe ninth \nday of Octolier, one tliousand eight hundred and sixty -six, and of the \nIndependence of the United Sutes of America the ninety-first \n\nJOUN TIUCY, Pretident, \nand DeUyats from Uu county of CKeiUingo. \nJAMm F. RtabbitcXt \\ \nH. W. Rtroxo, > iSecreteriet. \n\nFr. Seoeb, ) \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 353 \n\n\n\nTHE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. \n\nAdopted November 3, 1846. \n\n\n\nARTICLE I. \n\n\n\nSection 1. No person to be disfranchised. \n\nSec. 2. Trial by jury. \n\nSec. 3. Religious liberty. \n\nSec. 4. Writ of habeas corpus. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 Sec. 5. Bail, fines. \n\nSec. 6. G-rand jury. \n\nSec. 7. Private property \xe2\x80\x94 Private roads. \n\nSec. 8. Freedom of speech and of the press. \n\nSec. 9. Two-third bills. \n\nSec. 10. Right of petition \xe2\x80\x94 Divorces \xe2\x80\x94 Lotteries. \n\nSec. 11. Right of property in lands \xe2\x80\x94 Escheats. \n\nSec. 12. Feudal tenures abolished. \n\nSec. 13. Allodial tenure. \n\nSec. 14. Certain leases invalid. \n\nSec. 15. Fines and quarter sales abolished. \n\nSec. 16. Sale of lands. \n\nSec. 17. Old colony lavt^s and acts of the Legislature \xe2\x80\x94 Common \nlaw \xe2\x80\x94 Commissioners to be appointed \xe2\x80\x94 their duties. \n\nSec. 18. Grants of land since 1775 \xe2\x80\x94 Prior grants. \n\nARTICLE IL \n\nSection 1. QuaUfication of voters \xe2\x80\x94 Freehold required for a man \nof color. \n\nSec. 2. Persons excluded from right of suffrage. \n\nSec. 3. Certain employments not to affect residence of voters. \n\nSec. 4. Laws to be passed. \n\nSec. 5. Election to be by ballot. \n\nARTICLE IIL \n\nSection 1. Legislative powers. \nSec. 2. Senate, number of \xe2\x80\x94 Assembly, number of. \nSec. 3. State divided into thirty-two senatorial districts \xe2\x80\x94 bounda- \nries thereof \xe2\x80\x94 Board of Supervisors of the city of New York to \n\n23 \n\n\n\n354 \n\n\n\nAPPESlilX. \n\n\n\ndivide the county into four Senate diatrict\xc2\xab \xe2\x80\x94 Certificate, &c,, lobe \n\nnied \n\nSao. 4- Census to Ijo taken in Ijvjo, and every ion years \xe2\x80\x94 Senate \n\ndistricts, how alt^n\'d. \n\nS\xc2\xbbc. 5. MemUrx of AflMinbly, how apportioned and choeen \xe2\x80\x94 \nBoards of SnrMrviaors in certain countiea to tlie same into \n\nAasembly d \xe2\x80\x94 Dew^ption of Assembly district* to be filial \xe2\x80\x94 \n\nContents of v . i slalure to reapportion members \n\nof Assembly \xe2\x80\x94 Each county enuticd to one member \xe2\x80\x94 UamiltOD \n\nCounty. \n\nSttJ, 6. Pay of m.!T)Kvrs \xe2\x80\x94 Addit=\xe2\x80\x94 \' \xe2\x80\x94 peoMtiOQ to Speaker. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2.\xe2\x80\xa2iv\xc2\xbb\' ail ..j-j- \n\n\n\nSsa 7. No mr -^ \n\nSia a r-^\' \n\nSn. 9. i f elet \n\nSbc. 10. Powers of each House \n\nSea U. JoumaU to be k \n\nSwL 12. No member to l>e \xc2\xab| \n\nSic 13. ^ \nSw. 14. \n8w. 15. \n\nSao. 16. K \n\nSic 17. Local \nvisors. \n\n\n\n.ivnt. \n\n\n\n\\ from heintr membcra. \n\n\n\n\xc2\xabfcc \n\nHouse. \n\n"TT fhe member: nvinirod \xc2\xabtr. \nlf>ral hilt \n. .\'cd on B ; -cr- \n\n\n\nSlCTIO!( 1. \n\nSic2. I: \n\nSic.3. T \nGovernor. \n\nSkc4. 1> \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nSec, 5. V \n\nSec 6. I \n\nPrr-. 7. K . \nr it of tiie . \n\nSic 8. Comp\xc2\xab \n\nSic 9. Bills to be pr \n\n\n\nARTICLE IV. \n\n;ro power, how Tested. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2ns of Governor, \nid manner of electing Governor and Lieutenant- \n\n\n\n\'. r ot (t r \xe2\x80\x94 His coropenaalibn. \n\n- \' \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 Governor. \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 on Lieutenant-Governor. \n\nof L int-Goremor \xe2\x80\x94 To bo \n\nt as Governor in certain \n\nof Li emor in certain \n\n\' I to liic Gvvemor f viurc \xe2\x80\x94 If re- \n\n\n\nturned by him with objccUoos, how diapoaed of \xe2\x80\x94 liois to be returned \nwithin ten days. \n\n\n\nARTICLE V. \n\nSectio!* 1. State nfliirvr*, \\\\\'^\\^\xe2\x80\xa2 \xc2\xab^lo<\'iod. a? \nSic 2. Sutc Engineer and Surveyor, ii-*\', \noffioei \n\n\n\n- of ofll<X\'. \n\nUobeo, and term of \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 355 \n\nSec. 3. Canal Commissioners, how chosen, and terms of office. \n\nSec. 4, Inspectors of State Prisons, how elected, and terms of \noffice. \n\nSec. 5. Commissioners of the Land Office \xe2\x80\x94 Commissioners of the \nCanal Fund \xe2\x80\x94 Canal Board. \n\nSec. 6. Powers and duties of Boards, &c. \n\nSec. 7. Treasurer may be suspended by Governor. \n\nSec. 8. Certain offices abolished. \n\n\n\nARTICLE YI. \n\nSection 1. Court of Impeachment. \n\nSecs. 2, 3. Court of Appeals, and vacancies in, how filled. \n\nSecs. 4, 5. Commissioners of Appeal to hear pending causes, powers \nof, and vacancies in, how filled. \n\nSec. 6. Supreme Court how composed, jurisdiction of. \n\nSec. 7. General Terms. \n\nSec. 8. What judges or justices may sit on Appeals and "Writs of \nError \xe2\x80\x94 Equity cases. \n\nSec. 9. Vacancies in Supreme Court, how fiUed. \n\nSec. 10. Judges of Court of Appeals and Supreme Court to hold \nno other office. \n\nSec. 11. Judicial officers how removable. \n\nSec. 12. Superior Courts and Courts of Common Pleas in New \nYork, Brooklyn, and Buffalo. \n\nSec. 13. Justices of Supreme Court how chosen and official terms. \n\nSec. 14. Compensation of judges and justices. \n\nSec. 15. County Courts, Courts of Sessions, Justices of the Peace, \nand Surrogates. \n\nSec. 16. Vacancies in County and Surrogate Courts. \n\nSec. 17. Election or appointment of judges of Court of Appeals \nand Supreme Court to be determined by people in ISTovember, 1873. \n\nSec. 18. Justices of the Peace, how elected and removed. \n\nSec. 19. Inferior local courts, how to be constituted. \n\nSec. 20. Clerks of Supreme Court and Court of Appeals. \n\nSec. 21. Fees and perquisites not to be received by any judicial \nofficer except Justices of the Peace \xe2\x80\x94 Judges and Justices of Courts \nof Record not to practise as attorneys, counsellors, or referees. \n\nSec. 22. Removal of judgments, orders, or decrees in city courts to \nCourt of Appeals for review. \n\nSec. 23. Publication of laws and decisions of courts. \n\nSec 24. Time of election of Judges of Court of Appeals and Com- \nmon Pleas in New York, and commencement of their official term. \n\n\n\n356 APPESDIX. \n\nSec. 25. Surropat^s Justices of the Peace, and local judicial of- \nficer, to hold \xe2\x80\xa2 u of tlicir lorin. \n\nSec. 26. Jui;"i4\xc2\xab ii -ii -i \xe2\x96\xa0 .-uii.- " -\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x80\xa2ial session. \n\nSec. 27. Towore of Surr"\'atp l .. . in certain cases to be con- \nferred upon Courts of lUxt . \n\nARTICLE Vn. \n\n9i,-nftx 1. Canal debt \xe2\x80\x94 Pinkir- Fund \xe2\x80\x94 June 1, 1846, $ 1,- \n3\' \xe2\x80\x94 June 1, 18^, $l,7< \n\nStc. 2. Ocnerml Fund debt \xe2\x80\x94 8i! ^. : \xe2\x80\xa2 Fund, $ 350,000 ; after <- r\' a :. \n\nperiod, $ 1. \n\nSec. 3. \xc2\xab \n\npriated to \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\xe2\x80\x94 Certain " j^-\'^\'j \xe2\x80\x94 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nDually to !>\xe2\x80\xa2 \nSrr 4 1 - to be releMsd or \n\ncom; ! \n\nSec. 5. I ire shall by equitable taxes, iDcreaM the revenues \n\nof the S cases. \n\nSic t>. \xe2\x80\xa2 uf liiv ^>uic not to be iMaod or aold. \n\nSio. 7. \n\nSic 8. n billsL \n\nSic 9. .^ ..t tn h\xc2\xab- IahtiivI \n\nSec. 10. P. \n\n8ic 11. Dehu tn repel inviuuon. &c, may be contrar* \n\nBtc. 12. Li: \\ of \xe2\x80\xa2 vlive power in the creation of \n\ndebtsw \n\nSec 13. Manner of parsing bi* . x. \n\nSec. 14. Same subjecL \n\nARTICLE VnL \n\nBkctiojc 1. r-\xe2\x80\x94 t-.^** ."^ ^ow created. \n\nSec. 2. P.^ \n\nSic. 3. . I. \n\nSec. 4. \' .arters for ban> irpofles. \n\nSec. 5. Specie payment*. \n\nSec. 6. Registry of bills or noteiL \n\nSec. 7. T \' lual re- \'y of stockboidcra. \n\nSec. 8. 1 v oi .. -.r-^....^ \n\nSec. 9. Lcg..^...i .re to p; ... .ncorporation of cities and \n\nvillages, and to de(me powers thereof in certain \n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF STATE OF NEW YORK. 357 \n\n\n\nARTICLE IX. \n\nSection 1. Common School, Literature, and United States Deposit \nFunds. \n\nARTICLE X. \n\nSection 1. Sheriffs, County Clerks, Register and Clerk of New- \nYork, Coroners, and District- Attorneys \xe2\x80\x94 how elected and removed. \n\nSecs. 2, 3, 4, 5. Other county, town, city, village, or other officers, \nhow elected or appointed \xe2\x80\x94 Duration of official term, and vacancies, \nhow filled. \n\nSec. 6. Political and legislative year. \n\nSecs. 7, 8. Provision for removal of public officers, and vacancies. \n\n\n\nARTICLE XI. \n\nProvision for arming and disciplining the Militia of the State \xe2\x80\x94 Elec- \ntion and appointment of officers \xe2\x80\x94 Commissary-G-eneral, Adjutant- \nGeneral, and Staff of Commander-in-Chief. \n\nARTICLE XIL \nOaths of office prescribed. \n\nARTICLE XIIL \n\nAmendments to Constitution, how to be made \xe2\x80\x94 Provision for \nfuture State Conventions. \n\n\n\nS58 \n\n\n\nAPPESIilX. \n\n\n\nCOUNTIES AND POPULATION OF THE STATE OF \n\nNEW YojiK \n\n\n\nOooran* \n\n\nMB. \n\n\n1810. \n\n\n1818. \n\n\nUBOi \n\n\ntta. \n\n\n18a. \n\n\nk*i^ \n\n\nAlUny \n\n\nM.TOi \n\n\n\xc2\xab,an \n\n\n77;w \n\n\ntt^ \n\n\nla.oRi \n\n\nii8^e \n\n\nlU/DI \n\n\nAlkfluur, \n\n\nn^ \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb J \n\n\n\xc2\xbbJM \n\n\nn.\xc2\xaba \n\n\na;nB \n\n\na>io \n\n\n41 ai \n\n\n40 jn \n\n\n^VVW^^SXB^^ V \n\n\n\n\na;w \n\n\nabou) \n\n\n8o.a\xc2\xbb \n\n\nM,ffiO \n\n\na;B06 \n\n\na,n8 \n\n\nOaitAinaga*, . . . \n\n\n-*;*^, \n\n\nsgm \n\n\n:t \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\nasjHo \n\n\na^uv) \n\n\nisjms\' \n\n\n42 ^% \n\n\nl\xc2\xab;u|pk, \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 49^4i \n\n\naoivvi \n\n\n4 \n\n\n\xc2\xbb/4W \n\n\nas^ri \n\n\n&ft-e7 \n\n\n\xc2\xbb,7Jt\xc2\xbb \n\n\nChMlMiqaA, . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n- - >^ \n\n\n*J^MM*tt \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xbb>ii \n\n\n*i\xc2\xbb.u.** \n\n\n\n\nmnton . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xab4\xc2\xab \n\n\n4.\'. TH\'. \n\n\ni \n\n\nI \xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab . \\ \xc2\xab \xc2\xabn\xc2\xbb, .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUutrlKM, \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRrW, . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKms. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nrnkoklla \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nruiiod. \n\n\nU^. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJSi \n\n\n;:\xc2\xab ,!!\xc2\xa3\xc2\xa3, \n\n\nxt^i- \n\n\n\n\nVI4A \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\'\xc2\xab4 \n\n\n8M\xc2\xbb \nSJDM \n\n\n\xc2\xab.7-> \n\n\nr \n\n\nai;!^!! \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nM8 \n\n\n\xc2\xab>.8S \n\n\n\n\n. \n\n\n6a/Mi \n\n\n^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\ni*) \n\n\najasi \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\nS/K7 \n\n\n\\\'f\\\\& \n\n\n* \n\n\n\n\n.\xc2\xab \n\n\nr9.m \n\n\n4> \n\n\n\n\n!\xc2\xab.\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2" \n\n\ni* k \xe2\x80\xa2. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xbb"\xc2\xab< \n\n\n\'\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb \'.*\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\' i > . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nM t,r..-.\' \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\xa2 . \n\n\nliS^ \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2i\xc2\xbb \n\n\n1 ^\xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x96\xa0^ \n\n\n\' S^ \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n. -J \nI \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\nSB \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n* ** \n\n\'. \xe2\x80\xa2 ! \n\nsi \n\n\n\xc2\xbb/ \n\n\n\n\n<\xc2\xbb \n\n\najio \n\n\n\n\n<K. \n\n\n\n\ni \n\n\n\xc2\xbb.\' \n\n\n^ \xc2\xab> \n\n\n-V.J.AI Vf \n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2*\xc2\xbb " \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0- \n\n\n\xc2\xbb.\' \n\n\n4\xc2\xab7 \n\n\n1 aja \n\n\n1 88.741 \n\n\n\n\n!\xe2\x80\xa2.-->\xc2\xbb \n\n\n\n\ni^vk \n\n\n1*.\' \n\n\nr-" \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xbb^ "\xe2\x96\xa0\xc2\xab \n\n\n\xc2\xabk^ 1 . \n\n\n, \n\n\n82,aift \n\n\n\n\nSUM \n\n\na.\' \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n, \n\n\na\xc2\xbb. \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\nxs \n\n\n1 48^ \n\n\na. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\nu \n\nas \n\n\n\xc2\xabB \n\n\nI 14>W \n\n\n17! \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n, \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n88.: \n\na.; \n\n\n\n\n\xc2\xbb^1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nY*lw, \n\n\n19,7M \n\n\n\xc2\xbb,OM \n\n\n\xc2\xbb.777 \n\n\n\xc2\xbb,ao \n\n8, \n\n\niT\xc2\xab \n\n\n\n\n\n\nTotal, .... \n\n\ni,iaB^jtg8M^IM \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIl \n\n\n\nCONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 359 \n\n\n\nCONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, \n\nAs Established by Chap. 454, Laws of 1862, Passed Apeil 23, 1862. \n\nDistrict. \n\nI. \xe2\x80\x94 The counties of Suffolk, Queens, and Richmond shall com- \npose the first district. \nII. \xe2\x80\x94 The sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, six- \nteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth wards of the city of \nBrooklyn, and the towns of Flatbush, Flatlands, Gravesend, \nNew Lots, and New Utrecht in the county of Kings, shall \ncompose the second district. \n\nIII. \xe2\x80\x94 The first, second, third, fourth, fifth, seventh, eleventh, \n\nthirteenth, fifteenth, and nineteenth wards of the city of \nBrooklyn, in the county of Kings, shall compose the third \ndistrict. \n\nIV. \xe2\x80\x94 The first ward (including Governor\'s Island), second, third, \n\nfourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth wards of the city and county \nof New York shall compose the fourth district. \nY. \xe2\x80\x94 The seventh, tenth, thirteenth, and fourteenth wards of the \ncity and county of New York shall compose the fifth dis- \ntrict. \nYI. \xe2\x80\x94 The ninth, fifteenth, and sixteenth wards of the city and \n\ncounty of New York shall compose the sixth district. \nYII. \xe2\x80\x94 The eleventh and seventeenth wards of the city and county \n\nof New York shall compose the seventh district. \n\nYIII. \xe2\x80\x94 The eighteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first wards of the city \n\nand county of New York shall compose the eighth district. \n\nIX. \xe2\x80\x94 The twelfth ward (including Randall\'s Island and Ward\'s \n\nIsland), nineteenth ward (including Black well\'s Island), and \n\ntwenty-second ward of the city and county of New York \n\nshall compose the ninth district. \n\nX. \xe2\x80\x94 The counties of Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam shall \n\ncompose the tenth district. \nXI. \xe2\x80\x94 The counties of Orange and Sullivan shall compose the \n\neleventh district. \nXII. \xe2\x80\x94 The counties of Dutchess and Columbia shall compose the \n\ntwelfth district. \nXIII, \xe2\x80\x94 The counties of Ulster and Greene shall compose the thir- \nteenth district, \nXIY. \xe2\x80\x94 The counties of Albany and Schoharie shall compose the \nfourteenth district. \n\n\n\n300 APPESDIX. \n\nDl.\xc2\xabTRirT. \n\nXV. TTie rnunties of Rft.-. l.wr and Wft^l.inp^ton fhall compos\xc2\xa9 \n\nihe fi" \nXVT. \xe2\x80\x94 T! -I \'\xe2\x96\xa0\' "i ii u, Kasex, add Clinton shaU compofle \n\nXVTT TK. I^wrence and Franklin nhall compoM \n\nnth diislrict. \nX VIII. \xe2\x80\x94 The touniiwi of Fulton. Hamilton, Mont<romorv, Saratoga, \nand Schenectaily ^hall iomjK>\xc2\xabo iJie ei ncX, \n\nXIX. \xe2\x80\x94 The \xe2\x80\xa2 H of l)\xc2\xabi\xc2\xabw:r t\xc2\xbbpo, aiiU K.i. \n\nXX. UK- , ... . \\vi\xc2\xab, and TT.rlMn..r shall \n\ncr>?\'>\xc2\xbb- :..!.\xe2\x80\xa2 twei!\' \nXXI \xe2\x80\x94Tl. .lyofOn. ; . ti.r twenly-fi: \n\nIrict \nXXII. \xe2\x80\x94 Th\xc2\xab> \xe2\x80\xa2 \' of Mmluxm and Oswego ahall compose the \n\nlw\xc2\xabnity-\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbco\xc2\xab>nd Mi-trn\'t. \n\nXXUI, Thr \' \' ig\xc2\xbb \xc2\xbbnd Corllnml hhall rninj>o,se \n\ntl\xc2\xbbe tw \nXXIV. \xe2\x80\x94 Til\'- ^v\xc2\xabvne, and Seneca ahall \'\'\xc2\xbbni- \n\np<> \xe2\x80\xa2 \nX X V \xe2\x80\x94 T! :\xc2\xbb, *nd Yatea shall com- \n\nXXVI. \xe2\x80\x94 Tl^c\' IJroome, and Scluiylcr \n\nnhall \xe2\x80\xa2 -: twrnt . \n\nXXVII.\xe2\x80\x94 Tlie \' \' \n\nrorsf \xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xe2\x96\xa0.\' \' \n\nXXVIII. \xe2\x80\x94 T^ \' .. \xe2\x80\x94^ shall oompo\'^\' th^ \n\ntv. . \' \n\nXXIX. \xe2\x80\x94 Tho \xe2\x80\xa2 \'\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab of <;\xe2\x80\xa2:.< \' ^ \'cara, and Wyomin. \n\ncomprtw tlje twenty-ninlli \xe2\x96\xa0 \nXXX. \xe2\x80\x94 The county of Erie ahall co: tJurtielh \n\nXXXI. \xe2\x80\x94 Tlie \' < of ( i and LalUr.ir. \' ; ;.a.. . : .- \n\npote Ui6 Uurty-fir.-i \n\n\n\nSENATE DISTRICTS. 361 \n\n\n\nSENATE DISTRICTS, \n\nAs Organized by the Legislature, April 25, 1866. \n\nDistrict. \n\nI, \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Suflfolk, Queens, and Richmond. \nII. \xe2\x80\x94 First, second, third, fourth, fifth, seventh, eleventh, thir- \nteenth, fifteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth wards of the \ncity of Brooklyn, in the county of Kings. \nIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Sixth, eighth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth, \nseventeenth, and eighteenth wards *6f the city of Brook- \nlyn, and the towns of Flatbush, Flatlands, Gravesend, New \nLots, and New Utrecht, of the county of Kings. \nrV. \xe2\x80\x94 First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, thirteenth, \nand fourteenth wards of the city and county of New \nYork. \nV. \xe2\x80\x94 Eighth, ninth, fifteenth, and sixteenth wards of the city \nand county of New York. \nVI. \xe2\x80\x94 Tenth, eleventh, and seventeenth wards of the city and \n\ncounty of New York. \nVII. \xe2\x80\x94 Eighteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first wards of the city \n\nand county of New York. \nVIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Twelfth, nineteenth, and twenty-second wards of the city \nand county of New York. \nIX. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Westchester, Putnam, and Rockland. \n\nX. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Orange and Sullivan, \nXI. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Dutchess and Columbia. \nXII. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Rensselaer and Washington. \n\nXIII. \xe2\x80\x94 County of Albany. \n\nXIV. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Greene and Ulster. \n\nXV. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Saratoga, Montgomery, Fulton, Hamilton, and \n\nSchenectady. \nXVI, \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Warren, Essex, and Clinton. \nXVII. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of St. Lawrence and Franklin. \nXVIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Jefferson and Lewis. \nXIX, \xe2\x80\x94 County of Oneida. \nXX. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Herkimer and Otsego. \nXXI. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Oswego and Madison. \nXXII. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Onondaga and Cortland. \n\nXXIII. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Chenango, Delaware, and Schoharie. \n\nXXIV. \xe2\x80\x94 Counties of Broome, Tioga, and Tompkins. \n\n\n\nAPPESDIX. \n\n\n\nGOVERNORS OF NEW YORK. \nCOLONIAL \n\nCornelius JAodbaen ICay, \n\nWilliam Vt-rliulst, \n\nPeter Minuit, \n\nWniii\'-r Villi TwiiUr, \n\nWilhmn KnU, ..... \n\nPflru-^ \'^* \\i>.-\\ijt, \n\nHi.-Kn- . .:u, \n\n-H LoVfltti-C, . . \n\nComeli\xc2\xab Kvertiw, Jr., ftiid a council of war, \nAnthony Colvi*. \n\nKiilMMIKl \n\n\n\nMay \nAprU, \nM.u-ch \nMay \n\nAug. (X. 8.) \n\nSeptember \n\n\n\n\n\n\n. 1 I ...1 V \n\n\n\nm-Ci*. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\x9e_. , L. . in-Clii\'-^ \n\n\n\n(\xc2\xbb. \xc2\xbb.) \n\n\n\n.... (M. It.) \n\nAunwt \n\n\n\nFrmncui N \n\n\n\n)n. Lit \n\n\n\niUlAfOVomor, \n\n\n\n.\' I .Tune \n\ni Mardi \n\nii.*.i.a;.: 1 \' r-iu-C:. \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nBonjar \nEarl o: .\xe2\x96\xa0 \nJohn Nai.tHn 1 \nEarl of l; \n\nEldest Councillor present, Preeideni of the \nCouncil, ....... March \n\nJohn Nanfan, Licutcnant-GoYemor, . \n\nLord (\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \'V, \n\nLord I. \n\nPeter S.i.\xc2\xab;;. \'. I\'r. -.;.:.\xe2\x80\xa2, \n\nRichard Innvi. - v. I... .icuAiit-GoTemor \n\nPeter .^ *^. Pn -i-i. m, . \n\nRichard I \'\' y, Lieutenant-GoTemor \n\nGeraril :- li- N::..in, Pretudent, \n\nRobert liunter. \n\nPeter SohuyU-r, President, \n\nWilliam Burnet ..... \n\nJohn Montgomerie, .... \n\nRip Van Dam, Proiident, .... \n\nWilliAffi Coabj, \n\n\n\nmbcr \n\n\n\nJuno \nAprd \n\nJuly \n\nSeptember \n\nAT^rtl \n\nA .. . ; \n\n\n\n. 1624 \n\n4, Ib\'JU \n\niGaa \n\n28, 1G38 \n\n11, 1G47 \n\n8, 1GC4 \n17, l(iG8 \n\n12, 1G73 \n19, 1073 \n10, 1074 \n\n10, 1077 \n7, 1078 \n\n13, 1081 \nj:, 1683 \n\n11, 1688 \n\n9, 1688 \n3, 1689 \n\n19, 1C91 \n\n?n 1691 \n\n3u, 1692 \n\n13, 1698 \n\n17, 1699 \n24, 1700 \n\n6, 1701 \n\n19, 1701 \n\n3, 1702 \n\n18, 1708 \n6, 1709 \nn. 1709 \n\nJ."., 1709 \n\n1, 1709 \n\n10, 1710 \n\n14, 1710 \n21. 1719 \n17, 1720 \n\n15, 1728 \n1, 1731 \n1, 1732 \n\n\n\nGOVERNORS OF NEW YORK. \n\n\n\n363 \n\n\n\nGeorge Clarke, President, .... \nG-eorge Clarke, Lieutenant-Grovernor, . \nGeorge Clinton, ..... \n\nSir Danvers Osborne, Bart., . . \nJames De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor . \nSir Charles Hardy, Knt., \nJames De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor . \nCadwallader Colden, President, \nCadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, \n\nRobert Monckton, \n\nCadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, \n\nRobert Monckton, \n\nCadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, \nSir Henry Moore, Bart,, \nCadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, \nEarl of Dunmore, ..... \n\nWilliam Try on, \n\nCadwallader Colden, Lieutenant-Governor, \n"William Tryon, ..... \n\nJames Robertson,* .... \nAndrew Elliott, Lieutenant-Governor,* . \n\n\n\nPeter van Brugh Livingston, \nNathaniel Woodhull, President ^ro tern., . \nAbraham Yates, Jr., President ^ro tern., \nNathaniel Woodhull, .... \n\nJohn Haring, President pro tern., . \nAbraham Yates, Jr., President pro tern., . \nAbraham Yates, Jr., . \nPeter R. Livingston, ..... \nAbraham Ten Broeck, .... \nLeonard Ganesvoort, President ^ro tern., . \nPierre Van Cortlandt, President of the Council \nof Safety . . ... May \n\n\n\nMarch \n\n\n10, \n\n\n1736 \n\n\nOctober \n\n\n30, \n\n\n1736 \n\n\nSeptember \n\n\n2, \n\n\n1743 \n\n\nOctober \n\n\n10, \n\n\n1753 \n\n\nOctober \n\n\n12, \n\n\n1753 \n\n\nSeptember \n\n\n3, \n\n\n1755 \n\n\nJune \n\n\n3, \n\n\n1757 \n\n\nAugust \n\n\n4, \n\n\n1760 \n\n\nAugust \n\n\n8, \n\n\n1761 \n\n\nOctober \n\n\n26, \n\n\n1761 \n\n\nNovember \n\n\n18, \n\n\n1761 \n\n\nJune \n\n\n14, \n\n\n1762 \n\n\nJune \n\n\n28, \n\n\n1763 \n\n\nNovember \n\n\n13, \n\n\n1765 \n\n\nSeptember \n\n\n12, \n\n\n1769 \n\n\nOctober \n\n\n19, \n\n\n1770 \n\n\nJuly \n\n\n9, \n\n\n1771 \n\n\nApril \n\n\n7, \n\n\n1774 \n\n\nJune \n\n\n28, \n\n\n1775 \n\n\nMarch \n\n\n23, \n\n\n1780 \n\n\nApril \n\n\n17, \n\n\n1783 \n\n\nCONGRESS, &c. \n\n\nMay \n\n\n23, \n\n\n1775 \n\n\nAugust \n\n\n28, \n\n\n1775 \n\n\nNovember \n\n\n2, \n\n\n1775 \n\n\nDecember \n\n\n6, \n\n\n1775 \n\n\nDecember \n\n\n16, \n\n\n1776 \n\n\nAugust \n\n\n10, \n\n\n1776 \n\n\nAugust \n\n\n28, \n\n\n1776 \n\n\nSeptember \n\n\n26, \n\n\n1776 \n\n\nMarch \n\n\n6, \n\n\n1777 \n\n\nApril \n\n\n18, \n\n\n1777 \n\n\n\n14, 1777 \n\n\n\nSTATE. \n\n\n\nGeorge Clinton, t . \nJohn Jay, . \n\n\n\nJuly \nJuly \n\n\n\n30, 1777 \n1, 1795 \n\n\n\n* ]\\Iilitary Governors during the Revolutionary War, not recognized by the \nState of New York. \n\nt The Constitution of 1777 did not specify the time when the Governor should \nenter on the duties of his office. Governor Clinton was declared elected July \n\n\n\n3C4 \n\n\n\nAPPESDIX. \n\n\n\nGeorge Clinton, . \n\nMorgan Li-wis \n\nDaniel D. Tompkinji, \n\nJohn Tayler, LieutenanuGoverDor, acting Gov- \nernor, ..... ^farch, \n\nDo Will Clinton, \n\nJoseph C. Yale*,* January \n\nDe Wilt CUnton, \n\nNatlianiel Pitcher, Lieu-. :..i:ii-Govemor, acting \n\n\'\' F-l-niary \n\nMuri-u > uii ... . . \n\nKnoM T. li.....^-, I.it\'uienani-Go.citior, Acting \n\nGovernor, . . March \n\nKno* T. Throop. \nWilliam L. Mar< y, \nWilliain H. Seward,. \n\nWilham C. Boi. \n\nT>ilaN Wri^\'ht, \n\nJ..* V . \n\nH.. . . \n\nWx \xe2\x96\xa0 - \xe2\x80\xa2. I! \xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nMyron II. dark, . \n\nJohn A. Kinp, \n\nEdwin D. Moru\'an. \nHoratio S<"yniour, . . \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2on, \nJutui I. iiuiiuian, \n\nLII \\ANT-GOV; \n\nPierre Vmi Cortlaodl, \n\nStephen Van Renadaer, . . \n\nJeremiah Van RaoMeUer, . \n\nJohn Broome, \n\nJohn Tayler, Pr\xc2\xabftuleot pro Um, of Senate, . \n\nDe Will Clinton, \n\nJohn Tayler. ... \n\n\n\n1801 \n1804 \n1807 \n\n\n\n1817 \n1, 1817 \n1, 1823 \n\n1825 \n\n11, \\^2S \n1829 \n\n12. 1\xc2\xab9 \n\nls:{i \n\nI\'-.t.i \n1843 \n\nI \xc2\xbb \n\n\n\n18;VJ \n\n\n\n\n\ni&ix> \n\n\n\n\n1808 \n\n\n\n\n. 1777 \n\n\n\n\n1795 \n\n\n\n\n1801 \n\n\n\n\n1804 \n\n\nJaiiunrv \n\n\n20, 1811 \n\n\nApni, \n\n\n1811 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n1813 \n\n\n\n9th, and qoalUled on th* \xc2\xbbhnr^ H\xc2\xabt. On t:.. in-.h Fcbniarr. 178T, an act \npaMiirl far rvf^la\' h prorided that the Goventar and Lieutao- \n\nant-GoTemor ahmuu enicr on uic aattaa of tbeir rat p ec d Tt oAota oo tba Itt of \nJuly aftar th*tr ^lM*tkio. \n\n* Tb\xc2\xab Cot ) of 1831 provldad that the Oownor and Uootioant- \n\nGownor thali, on and aAer th\xc2\xab year 18St, aolar OD tba doUaa of their rtqMO- \ntiva oOoat oo the lat of January. \n\n\n\nLIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF NEW YORK. 365 \n\nErastus Root, 1^23 \n\nJames Tallmadge, ^^^^ \n\nNathaniel Pitcher, ^827 \n\nPeter R. Livingston, President pro tern, of Senate, . . 1828 \n\nEnos T. Throop, . . 1^29 \n\nWilliam M. Oliver, President ^ro tern, of Senate, . . . 1830 \n\nEdward P. Livingston, 1831 \n\nJohn Tracy, ^^^^ \n\nLuther Bradish, 1^39 \n\nDaniel S. Dickinson, 1843 \n\nAddison Gardiner, 1845 \n\nAddison Gardiner, to June, 1847 \n\nHamilton Fish, 1848 \n\nGeorge W. Patterson, 1849 \n\nSanford E. Church, .......-\xe2\x80\xa2 1851 \n\nSanford E. Church, \xc2\xbb 1853 \n\nHenry J. Raymond, . , 1855 \n\nHenry R. Selden, 1857 \n\nRobert Campbell, 1859 \n\nDavid R. Floyd Jones, 1863 \n\nThomas G. Alvord, 1865 \n\nStewart L. Woodford, 1867 \n\nAllen C. Beach, 1869 \n\n\n\n366 \n\n\n\nAPPEShlX. \n\n\n\n6PKAKERS OF ASSEMHLY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, \n\nrsoM 1777 TO 1868. \n\n\n\n1 \nS \n\n8 \n\n4 \n\n6 \n\n6 \n\nT \n\n8 \n\n\n\n10 \n\n11 \n\nIS \n\n18 \n\n14 \n\n18 \n\n16 \n\n17 \n\n18 \n\n19 \n\n80 \n\ntl \n\n\n\n84 \n18 \n\xe2\x80\xa2S \n87 \n\n\n\n80 \n81 \n\n\n\nM \n88 \n81 \n87 \n\n\n\n40 \n41 \n48 \n48 \n44 \n45 \n46 \n47 \n48 \n48 \n80 \n81 \n88 \n68 \n64 \n66 \n86 \n67 \n66 \nfiO \n00 \n61 \n\n\n\nWallar IiTfi\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbm \nBrwt \n\n\n\nJohn llalbom \nJotw lUlbom \n\nJohn L*n\xc2\xabin\xc2\xabc. Jr. \n\nRKh*r-t >\xc2\xabrvk \n\nKi \n\nJ. \n\n0- \n\nJ< \n\nJ< \n\nJ> \n\nJ\xc2\xab \n\nH \n\nH \n\n<iu:iAu \\\xc2\xabx rui > \nInnrk Two Bfftv* \xe2\x80\xa2> \nMwli TM Brawk \nMrek Tmi Brovrk \n\n\n\n81 \n\n\n\nMeCoH \n\n\n\nJmbmW. WUkla \nwiiiuai Kortli \nNaihaa 8Mdbr-i \n\nJarob Rttlwo Tmi \n\nflaaiaal Yooac \n\nDartd Wooa* \nD\xc2\xbb\xc2\xabidirooito \n\n\n\nJohaO. \n\n\n\nB.\' \n\nRItImH Ooa4\xc2\xbbll \nflunurl Yoanc \n\nRoot . \n\n\n\nRmH . \nOaonv R Pavia . \nCkaiv rtiptOO \n\nChartr- iQfrtoo \n\nWlltfaun HMlMr \n\n(\'h*r\'\xc2\xabM ltuDil>hft>T \n\nI\'f \n\nK\xc2\xabl - - \xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb-\xe2\x96\xa0-\xe2\x96\xa0\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\nL>i" T I\'mdMl \n\n\n\nOrU>b\xc2\xbbr \n\nAuiftlat \n\n<> \nJ \n\nJUIIMU7 \n\nJanuary \nJaooary \n\nJuly \n\nJaauarX \n\nJanuanr \n\nNovnabar \n\nJaattaiy \n\nJanuary \n\nJaauarr \n\nKov^mbar \n\nJanoary \n\nAttcurt \n\nJMiuarr \n\nNovaaBDOT \n\nJaaoary \n\nJanuary \n\nJaauarr \n\nNownbac \n\nJaaoary \n\nJaauary \n\nJanuary \nJanuary \nJaaoaipr \n\nJ \n\n\xc2\xbb.,.. , \n\nJaanarr \n\nNovaaabar \n\nJaanary \n\nJanuary \n\nJanuary \n\nNof\xc2\xab\xc2\xabbar \n\nJaaoary \n\nJanuary \n\nJanu*ry \n\nJanuary \n\nJkxiuAry \n\nJanuary \n\nJaniuuy \n\nJ\xc2\xabnuAry \n\nJanuary \n\nJanuary \n\nJanuary \n\nJ\xc2\xabrt\xc2\xabiarT \n\n\n\nJanuary \nJanuary \nJantnrr \nJanuary \n\n\n\nIrt, 17T7 \nS \n\xe2\x80\xa2A \n<J \n\n... .. 1 \n\n11. w i \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 11 \' \' - I \n\n4 \n\xe2\x80\xa2I \n\n\n\n^. 1 \n\n\n1 \n\n7h8 \n\n\n11. 1 \n\n\n7M \n\n\n\xc2\xab. 1 \n\n\n7W \n\n\n6. 1 \n\n\n701 \n\n\n4. : \n\n\nm \n\n\n6.1 \n\n\n7V8 \n\n\n7. \n\n\n7M \n\n\n6. 1 \n\n\n7% \n\n\n6. 1 \n\n\ntm \n\n\n1. 1 \n\n\n7W \n\n\n\xc2\xab. \n\n\n796 \n\n\n0. 1 \n\n\nI7V6 \n\n\n>, 1 \n\n\nHOO \n\n\n\xc2\xab. \n\n\nmo \n\n\n8\xc2\xab. \n\n\nIMS \n\n\n2&. \n\n\nW18 \n\n\n81. 1 \n\n\nw\xc2\xbb4 \n\n\n\xc2\xab. \n\n\n*\xc2\xab>! \n\n\nSti. \n\n\nmi \n\n\n87. \n\n\nwt \n\n\n\xc2\xab. \n\n\nIWI6 \n\n\n1. \n\n\nHUB \n\n\n\xc2\xbb>. \n\n\nl\xc2\xabIO \n\n\n\xc2\xbb. \n\n\n^\\\\ \n\n\nSB. \n\n\n1-12 \n\n\nn \n\n\nIH\'i \n\n\n\n\n14 \n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2". \n\n\n.14 \n\n\n16. \n\n\nIHM \n\n\n6. \n\n\nIH16 \n\n\n27. \n\n\n|H18 \n\n\n\xc2\xab. \n\n\nl\xc2\xab\xc2\xab10 \n\n\n4. \n\n\nIKS) \n\n\nIt \n\n\nl$W \n\n\n1. \n\n\nl<QI \n\n\n27. \n\n\n1*08 \n\n\nfl. \n\n\n1*04 \n\n\n4, \n\n\n1*06 \n\n\na. \n\n\n!\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab \n\n\n3. \n\n\nI\'\xc2\xabt7 \n\n\n1. \n\n\n1*08 \n\n\n6. \n\n\nIKS \n\n\n6. \n\n\n|H\xc2\xbb \n\n\n4. \n\n\ni\xc2\xabQn \n\n\na. \n\n\nl*\xc2\xabB \n\n\n1. \n\n\n!\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab\xc2\xab \n\n\n\n14 \n\nf7 \n\n\n\nSPEAKERS OF ASSEMBLY. \n\n\n\n367 \n\n\n\nSession. \n\n\nName. \n\n\nWhen \n\n\nelected. \n\n\n63 \n\n\nGeorge W. Patterson \n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n7, 1840 \n\n\n64 \n\n\nPeter B. Porter, Jr. .... \n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n5 \n\n\n1841 \n\n\n65 \n\n\nLevi S. Chatfield .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n4, \n\n\n1842 \n\n\n66 \n\n\nGeorge R. Davis \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n3 \n\n\n1843 \n\n\n67 \n\n\nElisha Litchfield .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1844 \n\n\n68 \n\n\nHoratio Seymour .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n7 \n\n\n1845 \n\n\n69 \n\n\nWilliam Grain .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n6 \n\n\n1846 \n\n\n70 \n\n\nWilliam 0. Hasbrouck . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n6 \n\n\n1847 \n\n\n71 \n\n\nAmos IL Iladley .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n4, \n\n\n1848 \n\n\n72 \n\n\nAmos K. Iladley .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n2, \n\n\n1849 \n\n\n73 \n\n\nNoble S. Elderkin \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n1, \n\n\n1850 \n\n\n74 \n\n\nHenry J. Raymond \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n7, \n\n\n1851 \n\n\n74 \n\n\nJ. B. Varnum, Jr. (extra session) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJune \n\n\n10, \n\n\n1851 \n\n\n75 \n\n\nJonas C. Heartt \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n6, \n\n\n1852 \n\n\n76 \n\n\nWilliam H. Ludlow \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n4, \n\n\n1853 \n\n\n77 \n\n\nRobert H. Pruyn \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n3 \n\n\n1854 \n\n\n78 \n\n\nDe Witt C. Littlejohn . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1855 \n\n\n79 \n\n\nOrville Robinson \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n16 \n\n\n1856 \n\n\n80 \n\n\nDe Witt C. Littlejohn . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n6 \n\n\n1857 \n\n\n81 \n\n\nThomas G. Alvord . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n26 \n\n\n1858 \n\n\n82 \n\n\nDe Witt C. Littlejohn . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n4, \n\n\n1859 \n\n\n83 \n\n\nDe Witt C. Littlejohn . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n3, \n\n\n1860 \n\n\n84 \n\n\nDe Witt C. Littlejohn . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1861 \n\n\n85 \n\n\nHenry J. Raymond . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n7, \n\n\n1862 \n\n\n86 \n\n\nTheophilus C. Callicot \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n26 \n\n\n1863 \n\n\n87 \n\n\nThomas G. Alvord . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n5 \n\n\n1864 \n\n\n88 \n\n\nGeorge G. Hoskins \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n3 \n\n\n1865 \n\n\n89 \n\n\nLyman Tremain \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n2 \n\n\n1866 \n\n\n90 \n\n\nEdmund L. Pitts .... \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n1 \n\n\n1867 \n\n\n91 \n\n\nWilliam Hitchman . \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n7 \n\n\n1868 \n\n\n92 \n\n\nTruman G. Younglove \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n6 \n\n\n, 1869 \n\n\n93 \n\n\nWilliam Hitchman \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\nJanuary \n\n\n4 \n\n\n1870 \n\n\n\nSG8 \n\n\n\nAPPEXDIX. \n\n\n\nRAILROADS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2{..^.\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2.\xe2\x80\xa2.\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2-t^ \n\n\n\nA-1 \nA \xe2\x96\xa0 >\xe2\x96\xa0 \n\nV. Morrte \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2bt\xc2\xbbrf \n\n\n\nII \nII \n\n\n\nWr . . . . \n\n.\xe2\x80\xa2ton \n\n\n\n\xc2\xbb \n\n\n\n. rolosvll*. \xc2\xbbi\xc2\xbb4 Waiw a\xc2\xbbp \n\nnl . \n>\xe2\x80\xa2\xc2\xab ^ RH> . \n\nNow \\ . ... ; na\xc2\xabhlatc \nNew York ft\xc2\xbbl il\xc2\xbbrlrfn \nNrw York Bn<J N\xc2\xbbw lltrm \nNrw Yovk. lloOHlonh-. \xc2\xabn4 !(orth\xc2\xabii \nNb\xc2\xabM\xc2\xbbBrW\xc2\xab>u \n\nNortlii \n\n\n\n.1 \' \xc2\xab \n\n\n\nt ftlMl \xe2\x80\xa2> \n\n\n\n^aiiv^ \n\n\n\nSowMtw 0\xe2\x80\x94 tomi \n\xe2\x96\xa0tai \n\nI \n\n\n\n(rnM\'lka \n\n\n\n, aad K\xc2\xabw Tock \n\n\n\n\n\n\nMid Etinlrm \xe2\x96\xa0 \n\n\n\nI^nKth \n\nlaMita*. \n\n\n\n140 \n13 \n\xc2\xbb \n\nJ? \n\n110 \n\n\xc2\xab \n\n17 \n47 \n10 \n\n}?t \n\n144 \n\nIXt \n\nU \n\n10 \n\n\n\n480 \n8 \n\nin \n\nm \n\n4\xc2\xbb \nW \ntl \nIS \n\nif \n\nIM \n2S \n\nit \nJ? \n\nM \n21 \n\xc2\xab7 \n\n\xc2\xab \n\n100 \n\nU \n\na*" \n\n\xc2\xab \n\n-J \n\n1\xc2\xab \n10 \n\n\n\nCwt of lloAd and \n\n\n\nToUl \n\n\n\nTW \n\n\n\nfS,0:9/K8.8i \n\n\n\n2.4" \n\n\n,\\\\\\ 7S \n\n\nI \n\n\n4 \n\n\n\n\n4 \n\n\n\n\n-a \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n11 \n\n\n\n\nJD \n\n\n\n\n-0 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0^ \n\n\n\n\n1 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ni: \n\n\nJ\xc2\xbbl \n\n\n4 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\'7 \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa21 \n\n\n\n\n4 \n\n\n4:f \n\n\nn) \n\n\n\n\n4 \n\n\nIf\' \n\n\n4 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14 \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\ni& \n\n\n\n\n:0 \n\n\n\n\n-9 \n\n\n1 \n\n\nt \n\n\n4 \n\n\n77 \n\n\nl;M.yWjOO \n\n\nfill rnTiitS \n\n\n1 \n\n\n:\xc2\xab \n\n\n*\xe2\x80\xa2\'\xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n. -. ;4 \n\n\n\n\nV \n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 \' 1ft \n\n\n\n\ni\xc2\xab \n\n\n\n\n(1 \n\n\n\n\nA \n\n\n\n\n.4 \n\n\n\n\nJ4 \n\n\n\n\nr7 \n\n\n\n\nj\xc2\xab \n\n\n\n\n\' \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa24 \n\n\n- \n\n\nr> \n\n\n\n\n, -^ \n\n\n\n\ntl \n\n\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\'7 \n\n\n\xe2\x82\xact \n\n\n00 \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 1S\xc2\xab\xc2\xbb\xc2\xbb,48\xc2\xbb.M \n\n\n\nCANALS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK. \n\n\n\n369 \n\n\n\nCANALS IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK. \n\n\n\n&c. \n\n\n\nErie Canal, Champlain, and Enlargements \nChamplain Canal and Glen\'s Falls Feeder . \n\nBlack River Canal \n\nChenango Canal \n\nOneida Lake Canal and Feeder . \n\nOswego Canal \n\nBaldwinsville Canal \n\nOneida River Improvements .... \nSeneca River Towing-Path and Improvement \nCayuga and Seneca Canal .... \n\nCrooked Lake Canal \n\nChemung Canal and Feeder .... \n\nCaj\'uga Inlet ...... \n\nGenesee Valley Canal Extension and Side Cut \n\n\n\nTotal \n\n\n\nExtent \nin Miles. \n\n\n\n3611 \n78] \n90 \n97 \n\n7 \n38 \n\n1 \n\n20 \n18 \n23 \n\n8 \n39 \n\n2 \n125 \n\n\n\n907 \n\n\n\nCost of Construction, \nRepairs, and Main- \ntenance. \n\n\n\n$63,570,855.49 \n\n3,669,790.91 \n\n3,752,000.68 \n\n188,072.60 \n\n5,303,520.66 \n\n48,591.40 \n\n172,000.00 \n\n1,507.87 \n\n2,140,592.81 \n\n501,570.05 \n\n2,413,032.16 \n\n2,908.16 \n\n7,233,156.38 \n\n\n\n$88,997,599.17 \n\n\n\nThe Delaware and Hudson Canal, owned by an incorporated company, \nis 109 miles in length, 83 of which are in this State. Capital, $ 7,500,000. \n\n\n\nTHE END. \n\n\n\nCambridge : Electrotyped and Printed by Welch, Bigelow, & Co. \n\n\n\nNEW PUBLICATIONS \n\n\n\nBY \n\n\n\nJ. B. FORD & CO. \n\n\n\nI. PRINCIPLES OF DOMESTIC SCIENCE: A \n\nText-Book for Young Ladies in Schools, Seminaries, and Colleges. \nBy Catherine E. Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe. \n\nA very handsome 12mo volume of about 400 pages ; embellished profusely with pictures of \nModel Homes and Working Plans for building ; cuts of innumerable practical Domestic \nConveniences and Interior Decorations ; Scientific Illustrations of the Principles of \nPhysiology, Yentilation, Heating, &c., &c. The whole brilliantly printed on excellent \npaper, and bound in neat, substantial, and attractive style. Price, $2.00. \n\n\n\nPrepared with a view to assist in training young women for the distinctive duties which \ninevitably come upon them in household life, this volume should find an honored place in \nevery institution devoted to feminine education. Very many topics of vital importance in \nthe regulation of the household receive thorough treatment : The Care of Personal Health } \nNursing of the Sick ; Articles and Conveniences for the Sick ; Wholesome Food and \nDrinks ; Clothing ; Cleanliness ; Economy of Time and Expenses ; Management of Ser- \nvants and of Young Children \xe2\x80\xa2, Health of Mind \xe2\x80\xa2, Accidents and Antidotes ; Sewing, Cut- \nting, and Mending ; The Care of Yards and Gardens; The Care of Parlors, Chambers, \nand Dining-Rooms ; Home Duties and Amusements ; Hints on Good Cooking. In short, \nthe whole circle of Domestic Economy receives thoughtful and useful discussion : all sub- \njects admitting of it being abundantly illustrated. \n\nThe New York Tribune says: " This book is a whole library of sound suggestion, im- \nportant information, exhortation, and reproof. Indeed, almost every small every -day per- \nplexity finds its help and answer here." \n\n\n\nPUBLICATIOSS OF J. D. FORD ^ CO. \n\n\n\nTL THE OVERTURE OF ANGELS. By IIexrt \n\n\\\\\' . iii.i. .:i.i;. lllu: .. \'\xe2\x80\xa2> Haku\\ Fkn!*. !2mo. Tinted \n\xe2\x80\xa2 x:ra rloth iri\'t I*rif\xc2\xab, $2.50. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0n - fn.m Mr Bt\xc2\xab<nna\'\xc2\xab\xc2\xabriiH work, th\xc2\xab"lifcor J\xc2\xab\xc2\xabo\xc2\xab, Ul\xc2\xbb \n\nCbri \'\xe2\x96\xa0 ; \xe2\x80\xa2-: ^ (^ Milhor\'a b*ppW\xc2\xabi ttjio, of Um ApfiHw AppMr> \n\na\xc2\xabK^, -ciTinc \xe2\x80\xa2 iNBoUftal BDd rtauw\xc2\xabMlMkaUly loUfwdac tTMioMat of *ll Um vTMiti \nr.^..r>ir.| iQUMO<\xc2\xbbp^Moc\xc2\xabarrli\xc2\xababo\xc2\xabi Um pMted of UMMallTUjrerOvLard. TiM \ncham.ii.it "ttW In wblrh Um book b wHMm. Um footte !\xe2\x96\xa0 \xe2\x80\x94 \' ^ 7 "i** b\xc2\xabi\xc2\xbby oT miUm\xc2\xabi\xc2\xbb \n\xc2\xabuh wUK-b II AbouiKU, tbo d^Beola Mtd toodw irMtaMl of lUrr\'* \xe2\x80\xa2xp*rWo\xc2\xab\xc2\xab of oMtUMT- \nIh.U. Um tItM pktorM of Om wmamn waA rtmtm m of Um OHmI la OmI day. \xe2\x80\x94 ladwd, \nall tu p*ru ud teiwM \xc2\xab\xe2\x80\xa2 iifcatMfrtil by th* y\xc2\xab<Ukr alnaftb Md \n\xc2\xabbkl\xc2\xbb Mr. Bcacsn brine* ^ vbatowr \xe2\x96\xa0ut>tM-f h\xc2\xab iz.u\xc2\xabhM. \n\n\n\nin BEECHERS SERMONS First Scries. Srp- \n\n; . \\|\xc2\xabrrh, I f6\xc2\xbb. \n\n\n\ni \xc2\xabtlb \xe2\x80\xa2 \n\npublUlMd. Mid \n\n\n\n8*wl Portnli of Mr Baniim,-lbo b\xc2\xabl likOTMH of bla sfw \n\n\n\nrv. EEECHER S SERMONS : Second Series. \n\n\n\nIttMliMHil \xc2\xab1Ui \xe2\x80\xa2 Urf* Md cBr \n\n\n\n\nfiTlac \xe2\x80\xa2 Aim tWv of Iho I \n\n\n\nTlMir fNMbiMM M\xc2\xbb4 ov1ctB*Utj \n\nof \n\n\n\nTb\xc2\xab two TOtUBM* \xc2\xbbbO\xc2\xab\xc2\xab \n\npheaognpbk rvporu, art \n\n\n\nMr. \n\nof a coono, oo* of \xc2\xabbkb It lo bo \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2wry iU \n\n\n\nV LECTURE -ROOM TALKS. A Serlet of Fm- \nii..;mr I)i\xc2\xbb<-..urv\xc2\xab un TfR-mc* \xc2\xab\'^ \'\'\' \'-\'-tjan Experience. By IIb5KT \nWard Bi.\xc2\xbb:\xc2\xab iii.r Phonoirm, v rrj-.rtr.l liy T. J. Ellij\xc2\xab- \n\nwooD. Wiih new Steel Portrmit. 12mu. Extra cloth. Price, \n$1.75. \n\n>TWlk*" art Um volMcaeva aad dtHghHhl oyoiiaoai of SctflflBia aad \xc2\xabs\xc2\xabhi- \nlado at prayar ai\xe2\x80\x94 HnQ. aad oa ilaiUar onrartniM. la Um fbaiUlar aad ttm \nlatMaoano of Mr. Bsacau vlth bU o\xc2\xabn poopU. \n\n\n\nHENRY WARD BEECHER\'S SERMONS. \n\n\n\nPLYMOUTH PULPIT, \n\nPUBLISHED WEEKLY, \n\nIs the only regular \xe2\x96\xa0publication of Mv. Beecher\'s current sermons, \xe2\x80\x94 the one indorsed by \nhis approval as correct, and sanctioned by his authority ; it is well printed on good paper, \nin book form, being \n\nSUITABLE FOR BINDING AND PHESERVATION. \n\nAnd it is cAeap, \xe2\x80\x94 within the reach of all. PLYMOUTH PULPIT contains also the \nPrayers and the Scriptural lesson and hymns sung, making a complete record of one ser- \nvice of Plymouth Church for each Sunday, all reported verbatim by Mr. T. J. Ellinwood, \nfor ten years Mr. Beecher\'s special reporter. \n\nTHESE SERMONS \n\nAre being Read by People of every Class and Denomi- \nnation, all over this Country and in Europe. \n\nThey are full of vital, beautiful religious thought and feeling. \n\nD::?" Although one or two religious papers have been granted permission to print ex- \ntracts from these admirable reports, PLYMOUTH PULPIT is the only complete ^xxhMc&tiou \nof Mr. Beecher\'s Sermons oSered to the Christian public. .^O \n\n\n\nTERMS. \n\nSingle Numbers 10 Cents. \n\nYearly Subscription Price $3.00. \n\nGIVING TWO VOLUMES OF OVER 400 PAGES EACH. \n\nThe -volumes commence in September and March of each year. \nVol. III. commenced September 25, 1869. Half-yearly subscription \nprice, ^1.75. Subscriptions may begin with any number. Any \nhack numbers can be supplied. \n\n\n\nANEW AND SUPERB STEEL PORTRAIT OF MR. BEECHER \n\nPRESENTED TO AJLL, YEARIiY SUBSCRIBERS. \n\n\n\nA RARE OPPORTUNITY! \n\n\n\nTHE PUBLISHERS WILL SEND \n\n\n\nPlymouth Pulpit and the Christian Union \n\n(Whose combined price is $5.50) \nTO ONE ADDRESS FOR ONE YEAR FOR FOUR DOLLARS I \n\n\n\nTHE NEW RELIGIOUS WEEKLY. \n\n\n\nTHE niUlSTlAN rXTOX, \n\nAn TJnseotanan. Tmlinimflllt Jonmal, devoted to Religion, \n\nMorals. Reform. Foreign and Domestic News of the \n\nChurch aud the TVorld, Literature. Bolanoe* \n\nArt. Agriculture. Trade. Finance. \n\netc etc and ooutalning \n\nHOUSEHOLD STORIES CHOICE POEMS, WALKS WITH THE CHILDREN. \n\n( , \xe2\x80\xa2 ;\xc2\xab" r Li. .*\' i.\xc2\xbb \'\xe2\x96\xa0 i. * i . u.. *i\xc2\xbb if\' ill \n\nV. iXUKNOWX AND EUINEST WUITKIJ-O. \n\n\n\nHENRY WARD BEECHER, \n\nPOWKUFLl. LITKKAIiV IlKVIKWS, \n\nLECTURE ROOM TALKS, \n\n\n\ntifeMi Um formatloo aad tpMaaM of lb* \nWith Mr. BaaoiBa m Ito \n\nKiH roii.i>-< iiii:f, \n\nAIDBO BT 80MB Or TIIK i > - -^nt. v. iHi r Tit.KsT OF TIIB LAND. \n\ntbm fptt Moaol b\xc2\xabt frrj gf to lu omiij lomMtac \n\nTin: r IT K I s T I A X union \n\ndat li W fttraly (ItrUttuiJturrx:. ^!\xc2\xabr..n] tie<r F i >l I I . \\ > I \\\xc2\xab ** |> % |> |- IC , \nhairtacfbr lupurpoM Um pHMuUtUo U KMiK.^iTl.ll. Ill II I.I. I It I III. \nIt la \xe2\x80\xa2 p*p\xc2\xabr \n\nFOR CHRISTIANS OF ALL DENOMINATIONS! \n\nITM FoltM \xc2\xab MXTKEN PAfJKH, I^rsn OuArto, \xe2\x80\xa2 > : t- !\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2.\', f r u\xc2\xbb \n\n\xe2\x80\xa2ad P I \xe2\x80\x94 n i rtu a, m to b* \xe2\x80\xa2 gnnt ad<1 \xe2\x80\xa2fMM wmrti la It* btor. *|iwi trum lu mp*- \n\n\n\nITS CIKCrLATIONi Byr\xe2\x80\x94 iling with wonderful Wapliltr, \nthat the p\xc2\xbb(\xc2\xabr iMffUss \xc2\xab rial sMrf of lb* UtfMiMi p\xc2\xab\xc2\xbbMe. \n\nIts Price: .... Only. $250 per Year. \n\nSUBSCRIBE FOR IT! GET OTHERS TO TAKE IT! \n\n\n\nnpoa aypHwdBa, \xc2\xaboaidali\xc2\xab BiC of \nLibcrml Cask CommUmIom mad PreniwM Ibr tataerti \n\nSAMPLE COPIKS BXJfT FRRK TO AlCT ADDBIM. \n\nJ. II. 1 OltI> A rO.. rillthvlM IS. \n\nSir Park Kow, Nkw Yokk. \n\n\n\n"b 92 8 \n\n\n\na \n\n\n\n,\' .^; *:\xe2\x96\xa0\'\'< \n\n\n\nLIBRARY OF CONGRESS \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 ( I \n\n\n\n\'(r. \n\n\n\n\xe2\x80\xa2 \'\' ti \n\n\n\n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\nI I \n\n\n\nI \n\n\n\n0014 114 8369 \n\n\n\n\'I < \n\n\n\n\xe2\x96\xa0 \'\'i \'i fi T\' j I \xe2\x80\xa2\xe2\x80\xa2 \xe2\x80\xa2\' \'til \xc2\xbbiMi!lT*^ \n\n\n\n7Jhli \n\n\n\n\n\n\n'