Q* ° * * \v V Q* C2-. ■* « v. ^ \V %• \> . ,. * * ° , ^O, y o » x * \V ' # % '**° ev 4 z 1 *V *T c V v- * * ° /• V. 7" i ^v» % °.\& : H o, t \V C^, ' o * x CL^ ^ V «F ^ « \ ^ 1^ « : ^ "o % •% < <<^-\cf\— .<* ■CL* °« v <^^ u -i ■QS 77T-- 4? ^ "77^-4^ < "77T-- 4 V ^o< d P^ » - ^ °^ 'V"\^ r ERRORS AND CORRECTIONS. Page 5 ... lines 15, 16 for the the read the — 32 lastline ont out — 38 line 14 seareh seareh — 46 5 the the — 61 ]5 you thee — 80 7 ,.. mimirs mimir's — 81 9 takes he upper ... takes he the uppei — 105 9 Plutushell Plutushell, It sbould also be observed. for the sake of those readers who are not fami liar with the old ^ and U, that these signs answer respectively to the bard and soft th in English. THE YOUNGER EDDA. Als producte der vernunft (aber nicht der denkenden) enthalten die religionen der völker, so auch die my thologien , sie mogen noch so einfach, ja läppisch erscheinen, wie ächte kunstwerke, allerdings gedanken, allgeraeine bestim mungen , das wahre, denn der instinct der vernunftig- heit liegt ihnen zu grunde. Hegel. Gesch. der Philosoph, p. 98. De sällsamma bilder, som möta oss i denna Tara förfäders lära , skola redan i sig sjelf va vara bevis nog, att vi bär inträda i en för oss och all nyare odling främmande, längesedan försvun- nen den menskliga tankans verld, hvars hiero- glyfer äro lika undransvärda, som ofta svåra att tyda. Geijer. Svea Rikes Häfder. p. 311. THE PROSE OR YOUNGER EDDA COMMONLY ASCRIBED TO SNORRI STURLUSON TRANSLATED FROM THE OLD NORSE BY GEORGE WEBBE DASENT, B. A. OXON. STOCKHOLM. NORSTEDT AND SONS 1842. LONDON: WILLIAM P ICKE RING, ^ LC Control Number tmp96 031513 TO THOMAS CARLYLE. PREFACE BY THE TRANSLATOR. The short work now for the first time, it is believed, laid before tbe English reader, forms in the original the first part of a collection published by Prof. Rask a t Stockholm in 1818, under the following title. "Snorra-Edda asamt Skaldu og farmed fylgjandi Rit-gjör5um". "Snor- ri's Edda together with the Skalda and the Treatises thereto belonging". It was the opinion of that great Philologist that this collection grew together in the family of Snorri Sturluson, the work of several hands at difFerent times; and the Translator has not scrupled to separate wri- tings, which ha ve scarcely any other connection than the fact of their being found following- one another in the same MS. At some other time he looks forward to sta ting his convictions on this matter, and his reasons for them, at greater length; but for the present he must content himself with saying, that his opinion is in the main the same as that mentioned above as ex- pressed by Prof. Rask. Without entering into any discussion on the present occasion, as to the time at which the younger Edda was written, or as to its author; The Translator wishes to say that he P R E F A C E. has felt no hesitation in placing the "Foreword to the Edda", along with the "Afterwords to Gylfi's Mocking and the Edda", at the end of the volume, partlj because they are plainly of a låter age, but chieflj because he is desirous to sa ve the reader from falling at the very threshold, into those false conceptions con- cerning the nature of the Asa in the old Norse Mythology, with which the Foreword in question is filled. He has also taken the liberty of printing separately and under a different title, the chap- ter which in the original stånds as the first in "Gylfi's Mocking", because however interesting, it has clearly nothing in comraon with what follows, and is doubtless, the interpolation of some early copyist, who thought himself bound to write down a t the same time all he knew about Gylfi, and could find no better place for this myth than to set it first: it is remarkable that in the Upsala MS., said by some to be the oldest extant, this chapter is omitted. With regard to the Translation itself, his chief wish was to make it as faithful as possi- ble, and though he knows that it might ha ve been smoother throu»hout, and that it contains P R E F A C E. VII much that will seem harsh and abrupt, both in wording and construction, to the polisbed ears of the 19th century, he could not help himself in these respects, his aim being to make a translation, not a paraphrase. In one passage only he has been forced to soften words, which the simple Norse tongue spöke out boldly with- out shame, but which our age, less inwardly pure perhaps, but more outwardly sensitive to what is unseemly, cannot hear without a blush. After all the pains he has bestowed on his translation, he is well aware that faults are to be found in it, and that his renderings of doubtful passages, may not tally with those of others ; but in the gloom which still hängs över many customs of the Old Norsemen, and above all in the want of a good Glossary of their tongue , (for the collection of Björn Haldorson is poor and meagre in the extreme *) he trusts that his failings will be treated with mildness, since all may stumble in the dark. It was his intention to prefix a facsimile from a celebrated MS. of the Edda, preserved in the Library of the University of Upsala, *) May the Old Norse Glossary on which Mr. Cleasby is said to be a t work soon appear. Vill PREFACE. and up to the very last moment he hoped that this might be possible; but hindrances, to be look ed for rather in the Vatican than at Up- sala, ha ve rendered this intention and hope alike fruitless. Lastly there is yet one point on which a few words must be said: most readers, it is likely, will think a work of the kind incomplete, nay useless, without a good Index of Proper Names and their meanings; to this objection the Translator is willing to allow very considerable weight, but as his excuse he would sta te that considerable progress had been made in such an Index, when circumstances arose, which would ha ve made it, if printed, a hurried pro- duction, and rather than do the thing ill he gave it up for the; j present. It is however his purpose to translate the' Skalda at some future time, should leisure and health be granted him, and he hopes then to atone for the imperfec- tions of this volume, by an T Index which will serve for both works, as there are comparati- vely speaking few Names to be met with in the one, which do not also occur in the other. Ulfsunda near Stockholm, July 20th, 1842. CONTENTS OF THE YOUNGER EDDA. Page Gefiun's Ploughing. Gylfi's Mocking 1. Bragi's Telling 86. Foreword to the Edda 96. Afterword to GylfTs Mocking 112. Afterword to the Edda 113. GEFIUiVS PLOUGHING. King Gylfi ruled in that land which now hight Svijiöd, of \\m it is said that he gave a wayfaring woman, as the meed of the passtime she made him. a ploughland in his realm, which four oxen could ear up in a day and a night. But that woman was one of the Asa stock, she is named Gefiun, she took four oxen from the north ont of Jötun- heimj but they were the sons of a Giant and her, and set them before a plough. But the plough went so härd and deep that it tore up the land, and the oxen drew that land out to sea and west- ward, and stood still in a certain sound. There set Gefiun the land, and gave it a name and called it Saelund. And the room whence the land had gone up became afterward water, which is now called The Water (lavgrinn) in SviJ>iöd; and the bays in the lake lie just as the headlands in Saelund. So saith bard Bragi the old. "Gefiun drew from Gylfi Four heads and eiglit glad in deep-stored goods, brow-moons bore the oxen, so that from the race-reek as they went with the wide it steamed, Denmark's swelling; reft field of the dear isle." GYLFFS MOCKING. K ing Gylfi was a man wise and skillec spells, he wondered much that the Asafolk was so cunniiig that all things went after their will> (and) he thought to himself whether that might be from their own na tu re, or because of the mighty Gods whom they worshipped. He began his jonrney to Asgård and went stealthily, and took on him an old man's like- ness, and hid himself so. But the Asa were wiser than he in that they had spaedom, and they saw his journey before he carae, and made ready against him false shows. Now when he was come into the burg then saw he there a hall so high that he was scarce able to see över it, it's roof was laid with gilded shields as it were with shingles. So saith piodolf of Hvina that Valhall was thatcht with shields. "Warriors care-vext Let on the back glisten (smiften with stones were they) Svafnir's roof-tree." Gylfi saw a man in the hall-door who played with small-swords, and had se ven aloft at once, that (man) asked him first for his name, he called Gylfi 's Mocking. *■ ^ GYLFIS MOCKING. himself Gångleri, and (said he was) corae from afarjourney and prayed to seek a nights' lodging; and asked wlio owned the hall. He answers that was their King, "But I may lead thee to see him, and then shallt thou thyself ask him his name:" and the man turned before him into the hall, but he went after, and straitway the door shut to at his heels. There saw he many rooms and much folk, some a-playing, some a-drinking, some with weapons a-fighting: then he turned him about and thonght manythings past belief that he saw, then quoth he "Every gate for härd 'tis to tell ere one goes on where foes are sitting about should be scanned, i' th* bouse before thee." He saw three highseats one above the other, and three men sa t, one in each, then asked he what the names of those Lords might be. He that led him in answers, that he who sat in the nethermost hisdiseat was a Kin£ and hight Hår, bnt next sat one hight Jafnhår, and uppermost he that hight frie 1 !. Then Har asks the comer what more his errand is, and says meat and drink are free to him as to all there in Hå va-hall. He says he will first spy out if there be any wise man there within. Hår says, that he comes not whole out vmless he be wiser, GYLF1'S MOCKING. ö "and stånd thou forth since thou askest he that sayeth shall sit". 3. Gångleri began his speech thus; Who is first or eldest of all Gods? Hår says. He hight Allfadir in our tongne, but in the old Asgård he bad twelve na mes; the first is Allfadir, the second is Herran or Herian, the third is Nikarr or Hnikarr, the fourth is Nikuz or HnikuSr, tbe flfth Fiölnir, the sixth Oske, the seventb Omi, the eighth Biflifi or Biflindi, the n in tli Svifrorr, the tenth Svifrir, the eleventh Vförir, the twelfth Jalg or Jålkr. Then asks Gån- gleri; Where is that God? or what is his might ? or what bas be been pleased to work out? Hår says. He lives from all ages, and rules över all his realm, and sways all things great and small. Then said Jafnhår. He smithied heaven and earth and the lift and all that belongs to them. Then said frföi: What is most be made man, and gave him a soul that shall Ii ve and never perish, though the body rot to mould or burn to ashes; and all men that are riodit-minded shall live and be with himself in o the place called Vingolf,* but wicked men fare to Hell, and thence into Niflhel that is beneath in tbe ninth world. Then said Gångleri j Where kept he ere Heaven and Earth were yet made? Then ans- wers Hår: Then was be with the Hrimfursar. 4 gylfTs mocking. 4. Gångleri said; Wbat was the beginning? or how ciid it arise? or what was before? Hår ans- wcrs: As it is said in Völuspa. "Twas tbe morning of time Eartli was not found when yet naught was, nor Heaven above nor sand nor sea was there, a Yawning-gap tbere was, nor cooling streams; but grass nowbere". Then spake Jafnhår: Many ages ere tbe earth was sbapen was Niflheim made ; and in the midst of it lieth tbe spring bight Hvergelmir and thence fall tbose rivers higbt tbus. Svavl, Gunnfra, Fiörm, Fimbul, ful, SliSr and HriJ, Sylgr and Ylgr, Vi$ Leiptr, Giöll is nearest Helgate. Tben spake frfåi: But first was that world in tbe southern spbere higbt Muspell, it is so bright and hot that it burns and blazes, and may not be trodd en by those av ho are outlandish and have no heritage tbere. He is na med Snrtr who sits there on tbe börder to guard tbe Land 5 he bas a flarning sword, and at the end of the world will he fare forth and herry and overcome all the Gods, and burn all the world with firej so it is said in \öluspå. "Surtr fa res soutb fr o Rocks dash togetber, witb blazing brand, Giants totter, from the sword of the sphere-God Men tread the way to Hel; shineth a sunbeam, but Heaven is cleft". gylfTs mocking. 5 5. Gångleri said; What was the shape of things ere the races were yet mingled , and the folk of men grew? Then said Hår: Those rivers that are called Elivågar, when they were come so far from their springhead that the quick venom which flow- ed with them hardened, as dross that runs out of the fire, then became that ice; and when the ice stood still and ran not, then gathered över it that damp which arose from the venom and froze to rime,- and the rime waxed , each (Iayer) över the other, all into Ginniinga-gap. Then spake Jafnhar: Ginnunga-gap which looked toward the north parts was filled with thick and heavy ice and rime, and everywhere within were fogs and gusts; but the south side of Ginnunga-gap was lightened by the the sparks and gledes that flew out of Muspellheim. Then spake JrfiSi: As cold arose out of Niflheim and all things grim, so was that part that looked towards Muspell hot and brightj but Ginnunga-gap was as light as windless åir; and when the blast of heat met the rime, so that it melted and drop- ped and quiekened from those lifedrops, by the miqht of him who sends the heat there was sha- ped the likeness of a man, and he was named Ymir, but the Hrimfnrsar call him Avrgelmirj and thence are sprung the stock of the Hrinifursar, as is said in Völuspå the short. G^LFIS MOCKING. "From Vidolfi But poisonseethers are witches all, from Svart-havfda , From Vilmeipi Giants all wisards all, from Ymir come." But as to this thus says Vaffnifnir the Giant when Gagnrådr asked "Whence came Avrgelmir, From Eli vågar of the sons of the giant sprang venom dröps, first, Thou wise Giant? and waxed till a Giant was made. Thence are our kindred Come all together, Therefore are we so stout." Then said Gångleri; How waxed the ra ces to- gether from him, or what was done so that rnore men came? or trowest thou him God whom thou noAv spakest of? Then answers Hår: By no means may we believe him to be Godj he was bad and all his kind, them call we Hrimfursar: and so it is said, when he slept he fell into a sweatj then waxed under his left hand a man and a wo- man, and one of his feet gat a son with the other; and thence cometh that race, those are the Hrim- fursar; the old Hrimfurs him call we Ymir. 6. Then said Gångleri; Where abode Ymir? or on what lived he? The next thing when the rime dropped was that the cow hight Audhumla was made of it, but four milk-rivers ran out of her teats and she fed Ymir 5 then said Gångleri. On what did the cow feed ? Hår says,- She licked rime-stones GVLFIS MOCKING. 7 which were salt, aud the first day that she licked the stones, there came at even out of the stones a man's hair, the second day a mans head, the third day all the man was there,- He is named Buri, he was fair of face, great and mighty- he gat a son hight Borr. He took (to him) the woman hight Beslå, daughter of Bölporn the Giant, and they had three sons, the first hight Odin., the second Vili, the third Ve: and I trow this Odin and his brethren must be the steerers of heaven and earth, and we think that he must be so called, so hight the man whom we know to be greatest and lordliestj and well may they (men) give him this name. 7. Then said Gångleri. What atonement was there between them, or which were the stronger? Then answers Hår,* BöVs sons slew Ymir the Giant; but when he fell there ran so much blood out of his wounds, that with that they drowned all the kind of the Hrimfursar, sa ve one who got away with his household • him the giants call Bergelmir, he vvent on board his boat, and (with him) his wife, and held him there- and of them are come the race of Hrimfursar, as is here said. "Winters past counting that first I remeruber, ere earth was yet shaped out, how the Giant so crafty then was Bergelmir born; was stowed in the skiff safe." ö GYLFI'S mocking. 8. Then ansvvers Gångleri ; What was done then by Bör's sons, if thou trowest that they be Gods? Hår says; Tbereof is not little to say. They took Ymir and bore (him) into the midst of Ginnunga- gap, and made of him the earth : of his blood seas and waters, of his flesh earth was made 5 but of his bones the rocks; stones and pebbles made they of his teeth and jaws and of the bones that were broken. Then said Jafnhår. Of that blood which ran out of the wounds and flowed free, they made the (great) sea, and anon set the earth fast and laid that sea round about it in a ring without; and it must seem to most men beyond their strength to come över it. Then said Jrfåi : They took also his skull and made thereof heaven and set it up över the earth with four sides, and under each corner they set dwarves: they hight thus Austri, Vestri, Norfri, Suf ii, Then took they the sparks and gle- des that went loose and had been cast out of Mus- pelheim, and set (them) in heaven, both above and below, to give light to heaven and earth ; (and) they gave resting-places to all fl res and set somc in Heaven ; some fared free under heaven and they gave them a place and shapecl their goings: So it is said in old songs, that from that time were days and years marked out; as is said in Völuspå, GYLKIS MOCKING. 9 "Sun that wist not what power he had, where she her hall had, stars that wist not Moon that wist not where an ahode they had". So was it ere this shape of earth was. Then såld Gångleri; Great tidings are these I now hear, a wondrous mickle smithying is that, and deftly done. How was the earth fashioned? Then answers Hår: It is round without and there beyond round about it, lieth the deep sea; and on that sea-strand gave they land for an abode to the kind of Giants, but within on the earth made they a burg round the world, against restless giants, and for this burg reared they the brows of Ymir the giant, and cal- led the burg Midgard : they took also his brain and cast (it) aloft, and made thereof the clouds as is here said. "Of Ymirs flesh "But of his brows was earth y-shapen, made the blithe powers but of his sweat seas; Midgard for mens sons; rocks of his bones, But of his brain trees of his hair, were härd of mood but of his skull heaven," the clouds all y-shapen." 9. Then said Gångleri; Methought they had then brought much about, when Heaven and earth were made, and Sun and moon were set, and days marked outj but whence came the men that dwell in the world? Then answers Hår: As BöVs sons 10 GYLFl's MOCK1NG. went along the sea-strand they found two stocks, (and) shaped out of them men. The first gave soul and life, the second wit and wili to move, the third face, speech, hearing, and eyesight; (they) gave them clothing and names; the man hight Ask, but the woman Embla; and thence was the kind of man begotten, to whom an abode was given under Midgard. Then next they, (BöVs sons) made them a burg in the midst of the world, that is called Asgård: [that call \ve Troy] there abode the Gods and their kind, and wrought thence many tidings and feats both on earth and in the sky. There is one place hight Hlif skiålf, and when Odin sat there in his highseat, then saw he över the whole world and each mans behaviour, and knew all things that he saw. His wife hight Frigg Fiörgvin's daughler, Ö Dö o o " and from their ofFspring is the kindred come that we call the Asa stock, who dwelt in Asgård the old and the realms which lie about it; and all that stock are known to be Gods. And for this may he hight Allfadir, that he is father of all the Gods and men, and of all that was wrought ont by him and his strength; Earth was his daughter and wife, and of her got he the first son, and that was Asa-förr: him followed strength and sturdiness, thereby quelleth he all things quick. GYLFIS MOCKING. 11 10. Nörvi or Narfi hight a giant who abode in Jötunheim, he had a daughter hight Nött, she was swart and dark like the stock she belonged to; she was given to the man hight Naglfari, their son hight AuoY, next was she given to him hight An- narr, JöV5 hight their daughter; last Dellfngr had her, he was of the Asa-stock, their son was Dagr, light and fair was he after his father. Then took Allfadur Nött and Dagr her son, and gave them two horses and two cars, and set them up in hea- ven that they should drive round the earth each in twelve hours by turns: Nött rides first on the horse that is ealled Hrimfaxi, and every mom he bedevvs the earth with the foam from his bit. The horse that Dagr has hight Skinfaxi, and all the sky and earth glistens from his måne. 11. Then said Gångleri; How steereth he the going of the Sun and Moon ? Hår says. The man who is named Mundilföri had two children, they were so fair and free that he ealled one of them (the son) Mani (Moon), but his daughter Sol (Sun), and gave her to the man hight Glenr: but the Gods were wrath at his pride, and took that kin- dred and set (them) up in Heaven ; (and) let Sol drive the horses that drew the car of the Sun, which the Gods had made to give light to the world ont 12 G V L F l'S M O C K I N G. of those sparks that flew out from Muspelheim, those horses hight thus Arvakr, and Alsvfér: and under the withers of the horses the Gods set two wind-bags to cool them ; but in some songs that is called isarncol (iron, and ice cooling). Mani steers the going of the moon, and sways his rise and wane; he took two children from earth hight thus, Bil and Hiuki, and they went from the spring hight Byrgir, and bare on their shoulders the bucket that Saegr hight, and the pole Simul; VioTinnr is named their father; these children follovv Mani as may be seen from earth. 12. Then said Gångleri; Swift fares the Sun and near as if she were afraid, nor could she make more speed on her way an she dreaded her bane. Then answers Hår; Not wonderful is it that she fares amain; near cometh he that seeketh her, and no way to escape hath she save to rim be- fore him. Then said Gångleri; Who is he that ma- keth her this toil ? Hår says: It is two wolves and he that fares after her hight Sköll; him she fears, and he must overtake her: but he that hight Hali Hrö^vitnir^s son bounds before her, and he wills to catch the moon, and so must it he. Then said Gångleri; What is the stock of these wolves? Hår answers; A hag dwells eastward of Midgard in the GYLFIS MOCKING» 13 wood hight Jarnvför, in that wood abide those wit- clies hight JarnvfSiur, thc old hag brought forth ma ny giant sons, and all in wolfs likenessj and thence sprung these wolves; and so it is said, of that stock will arise one the mightiest, who is cal- led Månagarm; lie will be filled with the lifeblood of all those men that die; and lie will swallow the moon, and stain with blood heaven and all the sky; thence löses the sun his sheen, and the winds are then wild, and roar hither and thither; as is said in Völuspå. "Eastward sits the old (hag) in the iron-wood and brings forth there Fenrir's kindred; there comes of them all one the greatest, the moon's swallower , in a fiends shape ; He is filled with lifeblood of men a-dying, He reddens the Gods seat9 with ruddy gore; swart is the sun-shine of summers after, weather all ficlcle : are ye wise yet or what?" 13. Then said Gångleri ; What is the path from earth to heaven? Then answers Har and laughed at (the same time). Not Avisely is it now asked, hath it not been told thee how the Gods made a bridge from earth to heaven, and called it Bif-raust; that must thou have seen, it may be thou callest it rain- bow. It is of three hues and very strong and 14 gylfTs mocking. wrought with craft and cunning more than other smithyings: but though it be so strong, yet must it b rea k when tbe cbildren of Muspell fa re to ride över it, and swim their horses över great rivers, so come they on. Then said Gångleri; Methinks tbe Gods could not ha ve built the bridge in earnest, if it shall be able to break, they who can make what they will. Then said Hår: The Gods are not worthy of blame for this smithying; a good bridge is Bifraustj but no thing is there in this world that may trust in itself when the sons of Muspell come on to the fight. 14. Then said Gångleri; What did Allfadir af- ter Asgård was made? Hår said: In the beginning he set rulers, and både them doom with him the weirds of man, and rede of the shape oftheburg; that was in the place hight Ifavöllr in the midst of the burg. Their first work was to make a court which their seats stånd in, twelve others beside the highseat that Allfadir hatbj that house is the best made on earth and the biggest, it is all within and without as it were one gold, in the place men call Gladsheim. Another hall made they there, where the Goddesses had their Holyplace, and it was very fairj that house call men Vingolf. The next thing they GYLFl's MOCKING. 15 clid was to lay down a forge, and for it they wrought haramer tongs and stithy, and by help of these all other tools; and next to that they smithied ore and stone and tree, and so plentifully that ore hight gold , that all their housestuff had they of it; and that age is called gold-age but it was af- terward spoilt by the coming thither of the wo- men that carae out of Jötunheim. Then next sat the Gods upon their seats, and held a doom and bethought them how the Dwarves had quickened in the mould and beneath in the earth, like to mag- gots in flesh : the Dwarves had first been shaped and taken quickness in Ymir's flesh, and were then maggots; but a t the will of the Gods they beoame wise with the wit of men, and were in the like- ness of men; allbeit they abide in earth and stones: MoSsognir was one dwarf, and Durinn another; so it is said in Völuspå. "Then went the powers all There was Mo&sognir to their stools i' the ract , made the master Gods right-holy, of Dwarves all, and of that took heed, and Durinn another; who should the tindred there like to men, of dwarves shape out, not few were shapen from the briny hlood dwarves in the earth and limbs of the blue One. as Durinn said." 16 GYLFI'S M OCK ING» "Nyi, and Nifi, Norfri, and Sufri, Austri, and Vestri, Alpiöfr, Dvalinn, Nar, and INainn, Nipfngr, Dainn, Bifurr, Bafurr, Bavrnbavrr, Nori. Ori, O narr, ► Oinn, Mo^vitnir, Vigr, and Gandalf, Vindälf, Por i nn, Fili, Kili, Fun^inn, Vali, prör, pröinn, f>eckr, LitrJ, Vitr. Nyr, Nyrafr , Reckr, Rd$svi$r." These also are Dwarves and abide in stones, but tbe first in mould ; "Draupnir Hayrr, Hugstari, Hle^iölfr, Glöinn, Dori, Ori Dölg pvari , Diifr, Anvari, Hepti, Fili , Harr, Siarr." But tbese come from Svarin's cairn to Aurvanga 011 Joruvalla, and from them are tbe Lovarr sprung; tbese are tbeir na mes "Skirfir, Virfir, Skafi^r, Ai, Alfr, Insri, Eikinskialldi , Falr, Frosti, Fipr, Ginnarr," 15. Tben said Gångleri; Wbat is tbe head- seat or bolieststead of the Gods? Hår answers: That is at Yggdrasil's ash, there must the Gods böld GYLF IS MOCKING» 1? hokl their doom every day. Then said Gånglerij What is there to say of that stead? Then says Jafnhår; The Ash is of all trees best and biggest, His botighs are spread över the whole world, and stånd above heaveiij three roots of the tree hold it up and stånd wide apart 5 one is with the Asaj the second with the Hrimfursar, there where aforetime was Ginri unga-gap j the third standeth över Niflheim, and under that root is Hvergelmir, but Nföhavggr gnaws the root beneath» But un- der the root that trendeth to the Hrimf ursar there is Mimir's spring where knovvledge and wit are yhidden; and he that hath the spring hight Mim ir, he is full of wisdom, for that he drinks of the spring from the horn Giöll: thither came All- fadir and begged a drink of the spring, but he got it not before he laid his eye in pledge. So it is said in Völuspå "Well know I Odinn mead drinks Mimir where thou thine eye hast hid, every morning 'tis in the mere from Valfadir's pledge; Mimirspring ; are ye wise yet or what?" The third root of the Ash standeth in heaven, and under that root is the spring that is right holy hight Urf>r's spring 5 there hold the Gods their Gylfrs Mocking. 2 18 GYLFI'S M0CK1NG. doom, every day ride the Asa up thither över Bi- fraust, which hight also Asbridge: the horses of the Asa hight thus; Sleipnir is best, him hath Odinn he has eight feet, the second is GlaSr, the third Gyllir, the fourth Gler, the fifth SkeiSbrimir, the sixth Silfrinntoppr, the seventh Sinir, the eighth Gils, the ninth Falhöfnir, the tenth Gulltoppr, Léttfeti the eleventh; Balldr's horse was burnt with him 5 but for walks to the doom and wades those rivers hight thus. "Kavrmt and Avrmt, Every day; and Kerlaug twain, that he fares to doom those shall porr wade at Yggdrasil's ash; For Asa-bridge burns all afire, the holy waters boil." Then said Gånglerij Burns fire över Bifraust? Har answers: That thou seest red in the bow is burning fire; the Rimegiants and the Hillogres (Hrimjursar oc Bergrisar) might go up to heaven were a path on Bifraust free to all who Avould fare (thither). Many fair homesteads are there in heaven and for all there is a godlike wardset: there stånds one fair hall under the Ash by the spring, and out of that hall come three maidens hight thus, Urfr, Verfandi, Skulld, these maids shape the lives of men, them call we Nornir; yet G¥Ltfl's MÖCKING. 19 öre there beside Nornir who come to every man that is born to shape his life, and of tliese (some) are known to be godlike; but others are of the Elfrace, and a third kind of the dwarfstock; as is here said "Born far asunder some of the Askin are, methinks the Nornir are, some of the Elfkin are, they have not the same stock; some Dvalin's daughters." Then said Gånglerij If the Nornir rule the weirds of men, then they deal t hem very unevenly, for some ha ve a good life and a rich, but some little gifts or praise, some long life, othersome short. Hår answers: Good Nornir and well akin shape good lives, but those men who are weighed down with mishap, against them bad Nornir wield their might. 16» Then said Gångleri; What more wonders are there to be said of the Ash? Hår saysj Much is to be said thereof ; an eagle sits in the boughs of the Ash, and he is wise in much; but between his eyne sits the hawk hight Vef rfavlnir; the squir- rel hight Ratatöskr runs up and down along the Ash, and bears words of hate betwixt the eagle and Nföhavgg; (the dragon) and beside four harts run amid the branches of the Ash and bite the buds, they hight thus Dåinn, Dvalinn, Dunneir, Durafror; 20 GYLFl's MOCKINC. but so many worms are in Hvergelmir with NiShavgg that no tongue may tell, as is here said, "YggdrasiFs ash The hart bites above, beareth hardships but at the side it rots, more than men wit of. Ni&haveg scores it beneath." o& and so again it is said. "More worms are lying Göinn and Möinn, under YggdrasiFs ash (They're GrafvitmVs sons) than every silly ape thinks of; Grabakr and GrafiavllucTr. Ofnir and Svafnir, methinks must for aye gnaw the boughs of the tree." Again it is said, that those Nornir who abide by Ur]?r's spring draw every day water from the spring, and take the clay that lieth round the well, and sprinkle them up över the ash for that its bollans should not wither or rot: but that \va- ter is so holy that all things which corae into the spring becorae as white as the skin hight shale, (skiall) Avhieh lieth within and cleaveth to an egg- shell. As is here said. An ash ken I besprent Thence come the dewdrops hight Yggdrasirs, that fall in the dales, high (stånds) the holy tree, grcen for aye stånds it ocr with white clay, Urpr's wellspring. The dew that falls thence on the earth call men honey-fall and on it feed beeflys; fowl twain CYLFl's MOCKING. 21 are fed in Urf r*s spring they hight Swans and from those fowl have come the kind so hight. 17. Then said Gångleri; Mickle tidings cans't thou to tell of heaven, what more headseats are there than (that) at Ur|>r's spring? Hår answers: Many famous homesteads are there, one is that called Elfheim, there dwell the folk hight Light- elves, but the Darkelves abide beneath in earth, and they are unlike in look, but much more un- like in deeds; the Lightelves are fairer than the sun to look on, but the Darkelves swarthier than pitch. There is also the stead which is called Brei- fablik and none fairer is there. There is also that hight Glitnir, and it's walls and pillars and posts are of red gold but it's roof of silver. There is again the stead hight Himinbiörg, that stånds on heaven J s edge at the bridge end where Bifraust toucheth heaven. There is beside a great stead hight Valaskiålf, that stead hath Odinn, the Gods made it and thatched it Avith sheer silver, and there in that hall is HlrSskiålf the highseat thus hight, and when Allfadir sitteth in that seat he seeth över the whole world. On the southern edge of heaven is the hall that is fairest of all and brighter than the sun Gimle hight, it shall stånd when both heaven and earth have passed away, and good and 22 GYLFl's MOtKING. righteous men shall live in that stead through all ages. So is it said in Völuspå. "A hall stånds I wis, There shall doughty than the sun fairer, men abide, than gold better, and through all days in Gimle aloft; hliss enjoy.'* Then said Gångleri; What guards this stead when Surtr's fire burns heaven and earth? Hår says: So it is said that there is a second heaven southward up above this heaven, and that heaven hight Andlångr; but the third heaven is again above this, and hight Vföblåinn, and in that heaven we think this stead is, but we deem that the Light- elves alone abide in it now. 18. Then said Gångleri; Whence comes the wind? He is so strong that he rears great seas and fans fire, but strong though he be, yet may he not be seen, therefore is he wonderfully shapen. Then answers Hår. That can I well tell theej at the northern end of heaven sits a Giant Hraesvelgr hight, he has an eagle's feathers, but when he bouns him to flight, then arise the winds under his wings: here is it so said. Hraesvelgr hight from his pinions he who sits at heaven's end they say the wind comes ^ giant in eagle's guise, all mankind över. G¥LFl's MOCKING. 23 19. Then said Gångleri; Why skills it so much that sumraer should be hot, but winter cold ? Hår answers: Not thus Avould a wise man ask, for this all know to tell of, but if thou alone hast been so slowwitted as not to have heard it, then I will rather forgive, that thou shouldst once ask unwisely, than that thou shouldst go on longer a dolt in Avhat thou oughtest to know. SvasuSr (SweetsuSr) hight he that is father of Summer, and he is of easy life so that from his warmth that which is mild is called sweet; but the father of winter has two names, Vindlöni or Vindsvalr, he is Vasafa^s son and all that kindred were grim and of icybreath, and winter keeps their mood. 20. Then said Gångleri; Who are the Asa that men are bound to believe on? Then answers Hår. Twelve are the godlike Asa. Then spake Jafnhår. Not less holy are the Asynia nor is their might less. Then spake frifi; Odinn is first and eldest of the Asa: he rules all things, and though the other Gods be mighty, yet they serve him all like as children a father. But Frigg is his wife, and she knows the weirds of men though she tells them not before; as it is here said that OdhVs self said to the As hight Loki. 24 G¥LFl's MOCKING. "Mad art thou Loki Weirdes all and reft of wit methinks Frigg knoweth why stopp'st thou not Loki ? though she telleth them never.'* Odinn hight Allfadir because he is the father of all Gods, lie also liight Valfadir, because his sons by elioice are all those who fall in fight, for them makes he ready Valhall and Vingolf, and there hight they champions (Einheriar). He also hight HangaguS or Haptaguo', Farmagufc, and beside he has been named in many ways while he was coming to king Geirröjar. "I am called Grimr, Si&havttr, Si&skeggr, and Gangra&r, Sigfavo'r, Hnikufrr, Herian, Hialuiberi, Allfav&r, Atri^r, (Farmatyr), feckr, friji, Oski, Omi, puö'r, U^r, Jafnhar, Biflindi, Helblindi, Har;, Gavndler, Harbar&r, Safrr, Svipall, Svifruri^ Svi&rir, Sann-getall, Jälkr, Rialarr, Vipurr, Hertcitr, Hnikarr, ^rör, Yggr, fundr, Bileygr, Baleygr, Vakr, Skilvingr, Bavlverkr, Fiölnir, Vafufrr, Hroptatyr, Grimnir, Glapsvifrr, (Fiölsvifrr). Gautr, Veratjr." Then said Gångleri; Very many names have ye given him, and by my troth I wis that will be a mickle wise (man) , who can here weigh and decm Avhat chances happened to him for each of these names. Then answers Hår: Much skill is needed rightly to ftnd out that, but yet it is shor- GYLFl's MOCKING. 25 test to tell thee, tbat most of these names ha ve been given for the sake, that, as there are many branches of tongues in the world, so all peoples thought it was needful to tum his name into their tongue, that they might cali on him and ask boons of him for themselves ; but some chances of these names befell him in his wayfarings, as is said in old tales, and never mayest thou be called a wise man if thou shallt not be able to tell of those great tidings. 21. Then said Gångleri; What are the names of the other Asa? What is their business, or what have they brought about? Hår answers: förr is the fo remost of them, he is called Asaförr or Okujörr, he is the strongest of all Gods and men 5 he hath that realm hight friiSvångr , but his hall hight Bilskirnir, in that hall are five hundred and förty floors, that is the greatest house which men have made. So is it said in Grimnismål. "Five hundred floors and förty mo are in bowed Bilskirnir I trow; of those houses that roofed I know my son's is most I wis." J>6r has two goats hight thus Tanngniostr and Tanngrfsnir, and a car which he drives in, but 26 GVLFTS MOCKING. the goats draw the car, wherefore he is called Ökuförr. He has also three things of great price, one of them is the hammer Miöllnir which the Rimegiants and Hillogres know when it is raised aloft, and that is no wonder, it has split many a skull of their fathers or friends: the second costly thing that he has is the best of strength belts, and when he girds it about him then waxes his godstrength one halfj but the third thing he has, in which is great worth, is his irongloves those he may not miss for his hammer's haft: but none is so wise as to say all his great Avorks, yet can I tell thee so many tidings of him that hours might be whiled away ere all is said that I know. 22. Then said Gångleri; I wish to ask tidings of more Asa. Hår says: The second son of Odinn is Balldr and of him it is good to say, he is the best and him all praise, he is so fair of face and so bright that it glistens from him, and there is a grass so white that it is likened to Balldr's brow, that is of all grass the whitest, and thereafter mayst thou mark his fairness both in hair and body. He is wisest of the Asa and fairest spöken and mildest j and that nature is in him that none may withstand his doom; he abideth in the place hight G¥LFl's MOCKING, 27 Brefåablik, that is in heaven; in that stead may naught be that is unclean, as is here said. "Brei^ablik hight In that land where Ballder hath where I wis there lieth for himself reared a hall; least loathliness." 23. The third As is the one called NjöroV, he dwelleth in heaven in the place called Nöatiin, he ruleth över the goinff of the wind and stilleth seas and fire; on him shall (men) call in seafaring and fishing: he is so rich and wealthy that he can give broad lands and goods to those who call on him for them. He was bom and bred in Vanaheim, but the Vanir gave him as an hostage to the Gods, and took instead for an Asahostage him hight Ha?nir; and he it was that set the Gods and Vanir at one again. NjörSr has that woman to wife hight SkaSi daughter of |>iazi the giant, SkaSi will have the abode that her father erewhile had, it is on some fells in the parts called Jrymheimr; but NjörÖr will be near the sea ; they settled it at last in this wise, that they should be nine nights in frymheim and then three in Nöatiin; now when NjörSr came back to Nöatiin from the fells, then sang he this, "I was sick of the fells, The wolfs howl 1 was not there long methought sounded ill nights only nine; after the swan's song." 28 Then sang Skafci this, "Sleep can I never he waketh me, in my bed on the strand as he comes from the sea, for the seafowFs cry, every morn, the mew." Then fared Ska$i up to the fells and abode in f rymheim ; and she goes much on snowshoon , and bears a bow and shoots beastsj she hight the snowshoe Goddess or Avndurdis. So it is said. "frymheimr hight Bnt now Ska^i dwells in, where J>iazi abode the snowshoe bride good, he that mightiest Giant; her fathers old hall." 24. NiöVSr in Nöatiin begat afterward two children, a son hight Freyr and a datighter Freyia, they were fair of face and mighty: Freyr is most famous of the Asa, he rules över rain and sun- shine and also the fruitfulness of the earth, and on him it is good to call for harvest and peace; and he also sways the wealth of men. Bnt Freyia is most famous of the Asynia she has that bower in heaven hight Fölkvångar, and whithersoever she rideth to the battle, then hath she one half of the slain, but Odinn the other. As is here said "Fölkvangr hight (ninth) half the slain she chooseth and there Freyia ruleth every day choice of seats in the hall. and half Odin hath." Her hall is Sessrymnir it is great and fair; but when she fares abroad she drives cats twain GVLFI'S M OCK ING. 29 and sits in a car,* she lends an easy ear to the prayers of men, and from her name is that title that rich women are called Freyior $ she likes well loveditties and on her it is good for lovers to call. 25. Then said Gångleri; Great methinks are these Asa in themselves, nor is it wonderful that mickle craft follows you, ye who are able to scan the Gods, and know whence to ask your boons; but are there yet more Gods? Hår answers. There is beside the As hight Tyr; he is the most daring and best of mood, and he sways much the victory in fight; on him it is good for wrestlers to call. There is a saw that he is tyrstrong who is before other men and never yields; he is also so wise that it is said, he is tyrlearned who is wise. This is one mark of his daring, when the Asa beguiled Fenris-wolf to lay abont him the fetter Gleipnir he trusted them not, that they would loose him, before they laid in his mouth Tyrs hand as a pledge; but when the Asa would not loose him then bit he the hand off at the part now hight wolfs joint: and Tyr is onehanded and not called a peacemaker among men. 26. Bragi hight one (As,) he is famous for wisdom and best in tongue-wit and cunning speech. 30 GYLFI'S MOCKING. He knows most about soni and Gullintanni his teeth were of gold, his horse hight Gulltoppr; he abideth in the place hight Himinbiörg by Bifraust, he is warder of the Gods, and sitteth there at heaven's end to keep the bridge against the Hillogres; he needeth less sleep than a bird, he seeth day and night alike an hun- dred miles from him, he heareth be it grass that groweth on earth, or wool on sheep and all things louder than thesej he hath the horn hight Giöll, gvlfTs mocking. 31 and it*s blast is heard in all worlds; the head is called Heimdall's sword; Thus is it here said "Himinbiörg hight There the God's warder drinks there where Heimdall in mirthful halls they say rules the house; gladsome the good mead." And again he says of himself in Heimdairs song, "child am I of maidens nine son am I of sisters nine". 28. HavbY hight one As, he is blind 5 very strong is he, but the Gods would wish that this As might never need to be named, because his handy- work will long be had in mind both by Gods and men. 29. Vifarr hight one, the silent As 5 he hath a very thick shoe; he is next in strength to förr, on him the Gods have much trust in all straits. 30. Ali or Vali hight one, son of Odin and Rindar; he is daring in fight and a very happy shot. 31. Ullr hight one, son of Sif |>ör's stepson, he is so good a bowman, and so fast on his snowshoon, that none may strive with him 5 he is fair of face, and hath a warriors mienj on him it is good to call in single combat. 32. Forseti hight the son of Balldr and Nanna Nep's daughter, he hath that hall in heaven hight Glitnir, and all that come to him with knotty 32 gylf^s mocking. lawsuits go all away set at one again, that is the best doomstead with Gods and men 5 so is it liere said. "Glitnir hight a hall Bnt Forseti abideth with gold 'tis stayed, there for ayö and silver thatcht the same; and stillcth all suits. 33. He is besides told with the Asa whom some call the backbiter of the Asa, and spokesman of evil redes, and shame of all Gods and men 5 he that is named Loki or Loptr, son of Farbauti the Giant, his mother is Laufey or Nål, his brethren are Byleistr and Helblindi: Loki is free and fair of face, ill in temper and very fickleof mood; he hath above all men that craft called sleight and cheateth in all things; full oft hath he brought the Asa into great straits and oft set them free by cun- ning redes. His wife hight Sygin, their son Nari or Narvi. 34. Yet more children had Loki 5 Angrboja hight a witch in Jötunheim, with her gat Loki three children; the first was Fenriswolf, the second Jörmungandr, that is Mfågardsworm, the third is Hel. But when the Gods wist that this kindred was being bred up in Jötunheim, and the Gods found ont by spaedom, that from this kindred much moan and GYLFI'« M OCK ING. 33 mid mishap must arise to them; and thought that from all of them much ill was to be looked for, first by the mother's side and still worse by the father's, then sent Ållfadir some of the Gods thither to take the children and bring them to him: and when they came to him then cast he the worm into the deep sea that lieth about all lands; and the worm waxed so, that lie lieth in the midst of the sea round all the earlh and holdeth his tail with his teeth. Hel he cast into Niflheim, and gave her povver över nine worlds, that she should share all those abodes among the men that are sent to her, and these are they who die of sickness or eld : she hath there great domains, and her yardwalls are of stränge height and her gråtes huge; EliuS- nir hight her hall, hunger her dish, starving her knife, Gånglati her thrall Gånglöt her maid, (they can scarce creep for sloth) a beetling cliff is the threshold of her entry, care her bed, burning bale the hanging of her hall $ she is half blue and half the hue of flesh, therefore is she easy to know, and (beside) very stern and grim. The wolf the Asa bred up at home, and Tyr alone had the daring to go to him and give him meat; but when the Gods saw how much he waxed Gylfi J s Mocking. 3 34 gylfTs iwocking. each day, and all spells said he must be raised up to scathe tbem , then took the Asa this rede, they made a fetter very strong which they called Lae- fing ;; and bare it to the wolf, and både him try bis strength on the fetter; but it seemed to the wolf not above his strength so he let them do with him as they listed ; the first time the wolf spurned against (it) the fetter broke, so was he loosed from Laefing. Next made the Asa another fetter half as strong again, which they called Drömi, and både the wolf prove this fetter, and told him he must be very famous for strength if such great smithswork might not hold him 5 Now the wolf thought this fetter was very strong, but at the same time that his strength had waxed since he broke Laefing; and it came into his mind that he must rim risks if he would be famous, so he let them lay the fetter on him; and when the Asa told him they were ready, then the wolf shook himself, spurned against and dashed the fetter on the earth, so that the broken bits flew far; thus freed he himself from Drömi, and it has been since held as a saw to say "loose out of Läsning," or "dash out of Drömi," when any thing is pas- sing härd. After that the Asa were afraid they should never get the wolf bound; then sent All- «YLFI*S MOCKING, 35 fadir a youth who is na med Skirnir, Freyr's messen- ger, downwards into Swartelfheim to certain dwar- ves, and let there be wrought the fetter hight Gleipnir; Jt was made of six things, footfall of cat, beard of woraan, root of stone, sinevv of bear, breath of fish, and spittle of birdj and though thou knewest not these tidings aforetime, yet may'st thou speedily find a sure proof that lies are not told thee; thou must ha ve seen that a woraan has no beard ; that there is no din when the cat leaps, nor any roots under stones, and by my troth I wis all that I ha ve told thee is just as true, though there be some things that thou canst not pro ve. Then said Gångleri; This may I skill to be true at sight, these things can I see which thou hast taken for a proof ; but how was the fetter smithied? Hår answers; That can I well say, the fetter was smooth and soft as a silkenstring, and so trusty and strong as thou shallt now hear. When the fetter was brought to the Asa they thanked their mes- senger well for his pains; then fared they out to the water hight Amsvartner, to the island that is called Lyngvi, and called the wolf to go along with them showed him the silkenband and både him break it, and quoth it was somewhat tougher than it might look to be for the sake of it's thinnessj 36 G*LFI'S M OCK ING. then they handcd it one to the other and tryed its strength with their hands, and broke it not; "but, quoth they, the wolf must be able to snap it." Then answers the wolf; "As for this thread it seems to me I can get no fame though 1 break asunder so iimber a band, but an it be made with craft and guile, little though it look that band comes not on my feet." Then said the Asa that lie must he able to snap asunder in a trice a limp silkenband, he who bad before burst great ironfetters. "But if thou'rt unable to break this band thou canst never be able to cause the Gods fear, and we will loose thee straitway." The wolf answers: "If ye bind me so that I cannot get loose, ye would behave so that it would be late ere I had to thank you for your help; loalh am I to let this band be laid on me, but rather than ye should doubt my bravery, let some one of you lay his hand in my mouth for a pledge that this is done without falsehood." But each As looked at the other, and thought now there was a choice of two evils; nor would any throw away his hand, before Tyr put forth his right hand and lays it in the wolPs mouth. But when the wolf spurned the band grevv more stifF and the barder he strained the tighter it got; then laughed all save Tyr, he löst his hand; when the Asa saw GYLFl'S M OCK IN G. 37 that the wolf was fully bound, they took the chain hight Gelgia, which was fixed to the fetter, and drew it through a great rock hight GiöJl, and fastened the rock deep down in the earth : ihen took they a mickle stone hight Jviti, and drove it still deeper into the earth, and used this stone for a holdfast. The wolf gaped amain and twisted him about much and wished to bite them; they thrust into his mouth a certain sword, the hilt stuck in his nether jaw but the point in his uppér, that is his gagj he hovvls fiercely and slaver ritas out of his moutb, that is the river hight Von : there lielh he till the twilight of the Gods. Then said Gångleri; Hight ill children of his own had Loki; and yet all that kindred are strong and migfatyj but why slew not the Asa the wolf when ill was to be look- ed for from him? Hår answers. The Gods set such store on their holiness and that sa c red place, that they wonld not stain them with the blood of the wolf, thongh their spaedom says he must become the bane of Odin. 35. Then sak! Gångleri; Which are the Asynia ? Hår answers: Frigg is first, she has the bower hight Fensalir, and it is right lordly. The second is Saga, she dwells at Saukqvabeck and that is a mickle homestcad. The third is Eir she is the best lecch. 38 GYLFI*S MOCKING. The fourth is Gefiun, she is a maid and her hand- maidens are all they who die maids. The fifth is Fulla, she is still a maid, and fa res loosehaired with a £oldband about ber head, she bears Frisks chest, and keeps her shoon, and knows her hidden redes. Freyia is ranked with Frigg, she is wedded to the man hight Cför; their daughter hight Hnoss 7 so fair is she, that from her name that which is fair and winsome is called Hnoss. OSr has fa red abroad a far way, but Freyia greets for him and her tears are red gold. Freyia: hath many na mes- and the reason of this is, that she ga ve herseff ma ny na mes as she fa red through onknovvn peoples in seareh of 0*5 r: she hight Mardavll and Hörn, Gefn (and) Syr. Freyia hath the necklace Brfsingrf she is called Vanadis. Seventh is Siöfn it liketh her much to turn the mood of men, woman and man alike, to love; from her name a wooer is cal- led Siafni." Eighth is Lofn, she is so mild and good to call on, that she gets leave from Allfadir or Frigg to bring men and women together, though that be forbidden or under a ban before; for this is "lo ve" called after her name, and so also that which is much "loved" by men. Ninth is Vör or Var, she listeth to the oaths of men, and the troth that men and women plight betvveen one anothery GYLF I'S M O C K I N G. 39 therefore those vows hight "varar," and she takes vengeance on those who break them. Vör is wise and searching, so that no thing may escape her; it is a saw that a woman beeomes "var" (ware) of Avhat she beeomes wise. Tenth is Syn, she keeps the door in the hall and locks (it) against those who should not go in 5 and in trials she is set över those suits, in which (any) man forswears himself; whence is the saw that "syn is set against it'' when a man denies aught. Eleventh is Hlin she is set to watch över those men whoiri Frigg will fore- warn against any peril; thence is the saw, that he "hleinir" who is forewarned. Twelfth is Snotra, she is wise and courtly, from her name men and women that are wise are called Snotr. Thirteenth (is) Gnå, her sendeth Frigg into many worlds on her errands; she hath the horse that runneth through air and water hight Hofvarpnir; it fell once on a time as she drove, certain Vanir saw her car in the lift; then quoth one, "What flyeth there, what fareth there, or in the lift glideth?" She answers "I fly not, on HofVarpnir, though I fare whora Hamslverpir and glide through the lift gat with Gar^rofva. 40 GYLF1S MOCKING. From Gna's name it is said tbat what fa res high (in air) "gnaBfi.'* Sol and BiJ are told with tbe Asynia, but of tbeir na tu re it has been said before. 36. Tbere are beside, the others whose du ty it is to serve in Valhall, bear drink and tend the boarclgear and aleborns; so are they named in Grimnismål. "Hrist and Mist will I Hilldr and Jriifrr, should bear me the horn, Hluct and Herfiötur, Skeggiöld and Skavgul , Gavll and Geirahavft,. Randgri^r and Kadgrio^ > and Reginleif;. They bear the champions ale." These hight Valkyriur; them sen de t h Odin fe* every fighjt, they choose those men that are fey, and sway tbe victory. Gitör and Ptota, and tbe youngest Norna, hight Skulld , ride also to choose tbe slain and turn the battle. Jord (earth) förras mother, and Rindr Valå's mother are told wilh tbe Asynia. 37. Gymir hight a man, and his wife AvrboSa,. she was of the Hillogres kin ; their daughter is GerSr, who is fairest of all women. There was a day when Freyr had gone into Hlifrskialf and saw över all worlds; but as hc looked toward the nortb G\LFI'S M0CR1NG. 41 parts, then saw he in an hamlet a mickle and fair house, and to this house went a woman, and as slie lifted her hand and opened the wicket before her, it glistened from her hands both in the sky and water, and all worlds were b r ig ht from her: and then liis great pride, in that he bad sat him in that holy seat, was so y\v röken on him that he went away full of grief. Now when he came home, he spake not, neither slept he nor dränk ; and none dared to era ve words of him : then let Niördr be called to him Skirnir, the youth who waits on Freyr, and begged him to go to Freyr and pray him to speak, and ask him with whom he was so wrath that he spake not to men. But Skirnir qnotb he would go, though he was loath 5 and said ill words were to be looked for from him. JNow when he was come to Freyr, he asked why Freyr was so close and spake not with men. Then answers Freyr and said that he had seen a fair woman, and for her sake was he so woeful that he eould not live lon^er if he might not have her: "and now shallt thou go and ask her hand for me, and have her home hither whether her father will or 110, and I will well repay thee." Then answers Skirnir, and says that he will fare forth on his errand, but Freyr shall give him his sword; that 42 GYLFl'S M OCK I ING. is so good a sword that it wields itself in fight; and Freyr did not let this fall short, but gave him ihe sword. Then fared Skirnir and besked the woman for him, and got her word and nine nights after should she come to the isle hight Barey, and go then to the wedding with Freyr. Now when Skirnir told Freyr how he had sped, then quoth he "Long is one night Often one month long are two nights seemed to me less, how can I last out three; than this half night of love." This is the reason that Freyr was so weapon- less when he fought with Beli, and slew him with a hart's horn. Then said Gångleri,- Great wonder it is that such a lord as Freyr is, would give away a sword so that he had not another as good every whitj a very great loss was that to him when he fought with him hight Beli, and by my troth I wis he must then have repented him of that gift. Then answers Hår: Little matter was that when he and Beli met, Freyr could have slain him with his hand j (but) the time shall come when Freyr will think himself in a worse plight, as he misses his sword, when the sons of Muspell fa re forth to the fight. 38. Then said Gångleri j Thou sayest that all those men, that have fallen in fight from the be- ginning of ihe world, are now come to Odin in GYLFI'S MÖCKING. 43 Valhall,* what has he to give themtoeat? methinks there should be t be re a very great throng. Theo answers Hår: True it is what thou sayest, a very great throng is there , but many more shall yet come, (thither) and still will it be thought too little when the wolf cometh- but never is there so great a band of men in Valhall , that the flesh of the boar that hight Sserimnir is not left över and above to them • be is sodden every day and whole again at even, but this ask ing that thou now askest, me- thinks few would be so wise as to be able to tell thee the truth bereof: Andhrimnir hight the cook but Eldhrimnir the kettle* so is it here said. "Andhrimnir serveth best of flesh; in Eldhrimnir but that few wot of, Seehrimnir sodden, on what the champions feed." Then said Gångleri* Has Odinn the same food as the champions. Hår answers: The meat that stånds on bis board he gives to two wolves which he hath , hight so Geri and Freki, and he needs no meat, wine is to him both meat and drink- as is here said. "Geri and Freki, But with wine only, sates the wartamer lordly in arms, the famous Father of hösts. Odinn for aye lives." Rävens twain sit on his shoulders and say into his ear all tidings that they see or hear; they 44 UYLF1'S 1H0CKI1VG. hight: tbus, Hugiui] and Muninn: (mind and me- mory) them seudeth be at dawn to fly över the whole world, and they come back at breakfast tide ; thereby becomes be wise in rnany tidings; for this call men him the Raven's God (Hrafna-Gufc) as is be re said. "Huginn and. Muninn, It grieves me for Huginn fly every day lest he sbould not come back, earttVs fields över; but I look more for Muninn." 39. Then said Gångleri; Wbat have the cham- pions to drink which fills them as bountifnlly as their meat? Or is water there drunken? Then an- swers Hår; Wondrously now askest thou, as if Allfadir would bid to him kings and earls and other great men, and would give them water to drink; and by my troth I wis many of these come to Valhall who would think thev bouoht their wa- terdrink dear, if tbere were not better fare to be bad there at will; they who had before borne wounds and toil unto death; other tidings can I tell thee thereof, the shegoat hight Héförån stånds up alove Valhall, and bites tlie buds oiT the bran- ches of tree that is very famous hight Léraft; but out of ber teats runs mead, so that she fills a stoop every day, which is so great that all the champions are full-drunken out of it. Then said Gångleri; gylfTs mocking. 45 A mighty useful goat is she to them, (and) a right brave tree must that be that she bites off. Then said Hår: Still worthier of mark is the hart Eikfyrni who stånds över Valhall and bites off the boughs of this tree, but from his horns fall so many dröps, that they come dovvn in to Hvergelmir, and thence fall the rivers so hight; Sfé, ViS, Sekinn, Ekinn, Svöl, Gunnfro, FiÖrm , Fimbulful, Gipul, Göpul, Gömul, Geirvimul; these rim about the Asa abodes. These are also named; fyn, Vin, föll, Boll, GråS, Gunnfråinn, Nyt, Navt, Navnn, Hrönn, Vina, Vegsvinn, fioSnuma. 40. Then said Gångleri ; These are wondrous tidings, which thou now sayest; a very great house must Valhall be, and a oreat throng must there often be before the door? Then answers Hår; Why askest thou not how many doors there are in Val- hall, or how great? If thou hearest that said, then mightest thou say that it is wonderful if he who will may not go out and in; but sooth to say it is not less roomy as to its shape inside, than as to its ingoing; of this mightest thou hear in Grimnismål. "Five hundred doors eight hundred champions and förty mo go at once through one door, are there in Valhall I trow; when they fare forth to war with the wolf." 46 GVLFl'S MOCRINC. 41. Then said Gångleri; A mighty band of men must there be in Valhall, (and) so by my troth I wis that Odinn is a very great Lord when he steers such a mickle höst 5 but what is the pass- time of the champions, when they drink not? Hår answers; Every day when they have clothed the ra, they put on their arms, and go out into the yard and fight and fell each other; that is their play: and when it looks toward mealtime, then ride they home to Valhall and sit down to drink j so is it here said "All the champions, the slain they choose, Odin's town within, and ride from the fray; are hewn at each day; then sit they in friendship together." But that thou sayest is true, great is Odinn in himself; many proofs are found of this; so is it here said in the very words of the Asa. "Yggdrasil's ash Odin of Asa, it is first of trees, but of steeds Sleipnir, but Ski^blacTnir of ships; Bifraust of bridges; But Bragi of bards, Häbrök of hawks, but of hounds Garmr." 42. Then said Gångleri $ Who hath that horse Sleipnir? or what is there to say of him? Hår answers: Thou hast no skill of Sleipnir, nor kno- west thou by what chance he came; but it must GYLFI*S M0CKIN6. 47 seem to thee worth to hear tell of. Once on a time when the town of the Gods was abuilding, when the Gods had set MiSganS and made Valhall 5 there came a certain smith, and bid to make them a burg in three half-years so good that it should be true and safe against the Rimegiants and Hillogres, though they should come in by MiSganS. But he asked for his hire, that he should ha ve Freyia for his own, and (beside) he would ha ve the Sun and Moon. Then went the Asa to talk, and took their rede; and the bargain was made with the smith that he should have what he asked, if he could £fet the bur«- done in one winter, but the first summerday if aught of the burg was undone, then his bargain should be off; (and be- side) he should get help from no man toward the work. And when they told him these terms, then prayed he them to give him leave, that he might have help of his horse who Svajilföri hight; and by Loki's rede that was also granted to him. He set to work the first day of winter to make the burg, but by night he wont to draw stone for it with his horse; but it seemed a great wonder to the Asa how great stones that horse drew, and the horse did one half more of the toilsome work than the smith; but to their bargain there was strong 48 GVLFI'S MOCKING. witness and much swearing, for that it seemed not safe to the giant to be among the Asa truceless if förr came home; but then he was färing east- ward to fight Trolls. Now as the winter went by the burg-building was far on, and it was so high and strong that it could in no wise be taken 5 but when there were vet two or three days to sum- mer (the work) Mas come almost to the burggate. Then sat the Gods on their doomstools and took rede, and asked each other, who had given the rede to give Freyia away in Jötunheim, or so spoil the lift and heaven, as to take thence Sun and Moon, and give them to the giant 5 and all were of one voice that this rede he must have given, who gi- veth most ill redes, Loki Laufey's son, and said he was worthy an ill death if he could not hit upon some rede, so that the smith might be off his bar- gain; and they were just about to lay hands on Loki. But as he became then afraid he sware an oath that he would so bring things about, that the smith should lose his wages whatever it cost him. And the same even when the smith drove out after stone with the horse Svafilföri, there ran out of a wood a ma re to the horse and neighed at him : but when the steed knew what kind of horse that was, then he grew mad and burst asunder the G Y L F l'S M O C K I N G. 49 the rope, and ran to the ma re, and she away to the wood ; and the smith after them, and will catch his horse; but these horses ran all night, and the smith tarried the re the night, and afterward at dawn so much was not smithied as had been wont before. And when the smith sees that it will not be ended with the work, then falls he into the giant- mood. But when the Åsa saw surely that it was a hillogre that had come in thither, they spared not for their oaths, but called on förr,- and quick as thought came he, (and) next of all lift- ed the hammer Miöllnir aloft, and so paid the smith's hire, and not with the Sun and Moon; but forbade him even to dwell in Jötunheim, and that was easily (done) by the first blow that broke his skull into small bits, and sent him beneath under Niflhel. But Loki had run such a race with Sva- Jilföri, that sometime after he bare a foal, it was gray and had eigbt feet, and that is the best horse with Gods and men ; so is it said in Völuspå. "Then went the powei*s all Gone were then oaths, to their stools i' the räck, words and swearing, Gods right-holy, all speech of might and of that took rede, that past between them; who had the lift all porr alone wrought this, with guile blended, swollen wifrh anger, or to the giant kin seldom sits he still Ofrr'? may given? when he hears the like talkt of." Gylfi's Mocking. 4 50 GYLF1S MOCKIjMG. 43. Then said Gångleri; What is (there) to say of ShiSblaSnir, that (you say) is best of ships? is there not a ship even as good as she or even as great? Har answers: SkföblaSnir is best of ships, and made with most cunning, but Naglfar is the greatest ship, that is in Muspell. Some Dwarves sons of Ivaldi made SkföblaSnir, and gave Freyr the ship; she is so great that all the Asa with their weapons and wargear may find room on board ber, and as soon as the sail is set she has a fair wind whither she shall go; and when there is no need of färing on the sea in ber, she is madeofsomany things and with so much craft, that he (Freyr) may fold ber together like a cloth and keep ber in his bag. 44. Then said Gångleri; A good ship is Skfå- bla^nir, but many cunning spells must bave been had to her, ere she was so made. Has förr ever fared any whither, so that he bas found against him aught so strong or mighty, that it has been an over- match for him either for the sake of strenorth or cunning spells? Then said Hår: Few men I wis can tell of this, and yet it hath many a time fared härd witb him; but though it hath been so that any thing hath been so strong or stark that |>6rr has not gotten the mastery, there is no need to speak thereof; for tbat there are many proofs of GYLFl'S MOCKING. 51 this, and for that all are bound to trow that förr is mightiest. Then said Gånglerij It looks to me as if I had askt you of a thing that none (of you) is able to tell of. Then spake Jafnhår: We have heard say of some chances, which seem to us past belief that tbey should be true, but bere must sitonenear; wbo will know how to say sooth tidings hereof, and thou mayest not believe of him that he will lye now the first time who never lyed before. Then said Gångleri; Here will I stånd and listen if any answer be given to these words; but otherwise I call on you to be overcome, if ye cannot tell me what I ask. Then spake frieri: Easy is it to see that he will know these tidings, though it thinketh us not fair to speak of them, but it is thine to hold thy peace tbereof. The beginning of tbis story is, that Okuf>6rr fared forth with his hegoats and car, and with him the As who is called Loki; they came at even to an husband, and get there a nights lodging, and when even was come förr took his hegoats and killed them both , and after that, they were flarn and borne to the kettle; but when it (the flesh) was sodden, then förr and his fellow sat them down to supper. förr både to meat with him the husband and his wife and their ehildren , the man's son hight fiålfi, but the daughter Ravsqva, 52 gylfTs mockinc. Tben laid förr the goatskins away from the fire, and told the husband and his household they should cast the bones into the goatskins. fiålfi the son of the husband took hold on the thigh of the goat, and struck it with his knife and broke it for the marrow. förr tarried there the night, but at peep of dawn before day he arose and clothed him , took his hammer Miöllnir and lifted it, and hallowed the goatskins; then stood up the goats, and one of theni was halt in one of it's hindfeet: that förr found (out), and said that the husband or some of his folk could not have dealt skillfully with the leg of the goat, (for) he knew the thigh was brok- en. It needeth not to say much, for all may know, how frightened the husband must have been when he saw that förr let his brows sink down över his eyes, but what he saw of the eyes, made him think he must fall down at the sight alone: He (förr) clutched the haft of his hammer with his hands, so that the knuckles whitened; but the husband did what was to be looked for, so that all the household cried out amain, begged for peace and både for an atonement all they had. But when he saw their fear, then his wrath went from him and he was softened, and took from them for ransom their children fiålfi and Ravskva, and they were GYLFl'S MOCKING. 53 tlius made f örr's bonJ-servants and they follow him always since. 45. He left after this his goats there, and went on his way eastward into Jötunheim and all to the sea, and t hen fared he on över that the deep sea; but when he came to land t hen went lie up and with him, Loki and fiålfi and Ravsqva; when they bad gone a little way, there was before them a great wood, and tbey went (through it) all day till dark. fiålfi was of all men fleetest of foot, he bare förr's bag; but the wood was not a good place for food. When it was dark, they spied about them for a night's lodging, and found before them a hall very great, the door was at one end, and as broad as the hall; there they looked them out a place to sleep in. But about midnight there was a great landquake, and the earth went from under them with a slip, and the house shook ; then stood förr up and called on his fellows, and they spied about, and found an offhouse at the right hand in the midst of the hall, and went thither. förr sat him in the doorway, but the others they were within away from him and were afeard; but |>6rr held his hammer's haft and thonght to guard him; then heard they a mighty groaning and roar- ing. But when the dawn came, then went förr 54 GYLVl'S MOCKING. out, and saw wbere a man lay close to him in tlie wood, and be was not little; he slept and snored stoutly; then förr thought he had found ont what noise it was they had heard overnight, he spanned round him his strengthbelt, and his Asmight waxed; but in the mean while the man woke, and stood strait up, and then it is said förr forbore at once to smite him with the hammer, and asked him his name; but be (the man) called himself Skrymir. "But I need not, said he , to ask thee thy name, I know thou art Asaförr; but whither hast thou drawn away my glove?" Then Skrymir raught out his hand and took up his glove: (and) then sees förr that was what he had taken overnight for a hall, Lut the offhouse, that was the thumb of the glove. Skrymir asked, if förr would have his fellowship, and förr said yea to this; then took Skrymir and loosed his wallet, and began to eat his breakfast, but förr in another place and his fellows. Skrymir then både they should lay their store of meat to- gether, and förr said yea; then bound Skrymir all their meat in one bag, and laid it on his back; he went before them all the day through, and took very great strides; but afterward at even Skrymir looked out for them a night's lodging under a great oak. Then said Skrymir to förr that he will lay GYLF1'S MOCKING. 55 him down to sleep, "but take ye the wallet and make ready your supper." Then next slumbered Skrymir and snored fast, but förr took the wallet and shall loose it 5 but so must it be said, though it may seem past belief, that he could get no knöt loosed, nor stirred one end of the strings so that it was Jooser than before: and when he saw there was no thrift in this work, then became he wrath, grasped then Miöllnir with two hands, and stepped with one foot forward thither where Skrym ni r lay, and dashed it (the hammer) against his head; but Skrymir wakes and asks whether any leaf fell on his head, and whether they had supped, and were ready to sleep? förr answers, they were just going to sleep. They went then under another oak, and sooth to say there was no fearless sleeping. But at rnidnight Avhen förr hears that Skrymnir snöres and sleeps fast, so that it thunders in the wood j then stånds he up and goeth to him, elutches the hammer tight and härd, and dashes it down on the middle of his crown; he knows that the head of the hammer sank deep into his skull. But just then Skrymir wakes and said. "What is't now, fell an acorn on my head? Or what's the news with thee förr?" But förr went away hastily, and answers that he was just then nevvly awaked, (and) 56 GYLFl'S MOCKING. said it was then miclnlght, and still time to sleep. Then förr made up his mind , if he sliould come to be able to strike him the tliird blow, that be should never see him more! he lies now and watch- es if Skrymir slept fast; but a little before day then hears he that Skrymir must have slumbered ; then stånds he up and runs to him, grasps the hammer with all his strength, and dashes it on the cheek that he saw upmost; then sinks the ham- mer up to the haft. But Skrymir sat up and strok- ed his cheek and said. *'Be there any birds sitting in the tree över me? Methought as I woke some möss from the branches fell on my head : what, are you awake förr! It must be time to stånd up and clothe ones's self: but ye have not now a long way before you to the burg that is called UtgarS. I have heard you whispering between yourselves , that I was not a little man in growth, but ye shall see there greater men if ye come into Utgaro". Now will I give you a wholesome rede, do not make too much of yourselves, not well would the thanes of Utgar^s Loki brook the boasting of such mannikins; otherwise turn about, and that I wis were the best way ye could take; but an ye will fare forward, go strait on eastward, but I have now my path northward to those fells which ye may CYLFIS M0CK1NG. 57 now see." Skrymir takes the wallet, and casts it on his back, and tums thwart away from them into the wood ; and it is not said that the Asa prayed to fall on him again in health. 46. förr fared forward on his way and his fellovvs (with him), and went on till mid day; then saw they a burg stånd on some vales and set their necks on their backs behind them, ere they got to see up över (it). They go to the burg, and there was a grating before the gate and fastlocked: förr went to the grating and could not get it unlocked, but as they strove to come into the burg, they crept at last through the bars, and so came in: then saw they a great hall and went thither; the door was open, then went they in, and saw much folk on two benches, and the most hugely great; next straitway come they before the king Utgar^s Loki and hailed him, but he looked slowly on them, and smiled scornfully and showed his teeth, and said. "It is late to ask tidings of a long way, or if it be otherwise than I think, that this stripling thrall here is Okuforr? but thou may'st be taller than thou look'st to me; or what are the feats thou and thy fellows think yourselves skilled in? None shall be here with us who kens not some trick or cunning before the most of men." Then says he that went 58 GYLFl'8 MOCKING. last, hight Loki. "I ken a feat which I am qnite ready to prove; that there is no one here with- in, who sball eat his rneat swifter tban I." Then said Utgarfc s Loki. "That is a feat (indeed) if thou keepest thy word, and it shall be tried forthwith." (So be) called towards the farther end of the bench, that be hight Logi shall come forth ön the floor and try his (strength) against Loki. Then was ta- ken a trough and borne in on the hallfloor and filled with flesh: Loki sat him at one end but Logi at the other, and each of the tvvain eat as fast as he could, and tbey met in the midst of the trough; then had Loki eaten the flesh all off the bones, but Logi had both eaten all the flesh, and the bones and the trough beside: and now seemed it to all as if Loki had löst the game. Then asked UtgarS's Loki 5 "What game that young man yonder could ?" But fiålfl says he will try to run a race with any- one whom Utgar$'s Loki brought forward. Then Utgar^s Loki says that is a good feat, and quoth besides, it were to be hoped he was very ready in swiftness if he would win this game; but he would take care this should soon be tried. Then stånds up Utgar^s Loki, and goes out, and there was good ground for running along the flat vale. Then called to him Utgar$'s Loki a serving-lad who is named Hugi GYLFI'S MOCKING. 59 and både him run a match with f>iålfi. Then take they the first heat, and Hugi is so much ahead that he turns back to meet him at the goal: then said Utgar6's Loki: "Tbou needest Jiålfi! to lay thee more forward an thou willt win thegame; but yet, sooth it is, there hath not methinks come hither a man swifter of foot than this." Then| take they again a se- cond heat, and when Hugi is come to the goal and turns him about, there was a long spearthrow to fiålfi. Then said Utgar^s Loki: "Well methinks has thy heat been run; though I trow not now that he wins the game; but now shall it be proved as they run the third heat." Then take they yet one heat, but when Hugi is come to the goal and turns round, then fiålfi is not come to the midst of the course: then say all that this game has been enough tried. Then Utgare^s Loki asks förr, what those feats may be which he would be willing to show before them, answering to the tales men had made of his great works. Then said förr that he will rather begin a drinking-bout with any man. Utgarc^s Loki says that may well be, and goeth into the hall and calls his cupbearer, bids him take the horn of harm that his thanes are wont to drink of. Then straitway comes forth the cupbearer with the horn and gives it into för^s hand. Then 60 GVLFl'S NOCK1NG. said UtgarS's Loki: ''Of this horn it is thought well- drunken, if it goes off in one draught, though some men drink it off in two, but no one is so little a man in his drink that it goes not off in three." förr looks at the horn, and it seems not mickle, though it be rather long, but he is much athirst: (so) he takes and drinks, and swills very much, and thinks it shall not need to bend oftener than once över the horn; but when he was tired of the thing and set down the horn, and sees how it went with the drink, it seems to him härd to tell whe- ther it were now any lower in the horn than before. Then said Utgar6rr went on board and sat down in the afterroom, (and) took two öars and pulls, and Ymir thought they went along fast from his rowing : Ymir pulls in the bow forward, and the rowing was soon ended; Then said Ymir, that they were come to those waters, where he was wont to sit and draw up flat fish: but förr says he will row much farther; and then they took again a swift row; Now Ymir said, that they were come so 68 GYLF1'S MOCKING. far out, that it was perilous to sit out for the Midgardsworm, bnt förr says he will row (yet) a bit, and so lie did, but Ymir was then very sad. Now when förr laid up his öars, he got ready a line very strong, nor was the angle less nor weaker, then put förr on the angle the oxhead, and cast it overboard, and the angle went to the ground: and so, sooth it is to say, that förr beguiled not a whit less then Midgardsworm, than Utgar<5's Loki had mocked förr when he heaved up the worm in his hand. Midgardsworm gaped wide över the oxhead, but the angle stuck in the worm's gum : Now when the worm knew this, he tugged so härd that both förr's fists were dashed against the gunwhale, but then was förr wrath, and he took on him his Asmight, and so spurned against (the worm), that he dashed both his feet through the ship and spurned the ground, and then drew the worm up on board. And it may be said, that no one hath seen ugly sights who might not see that, when förr whet his eyes on the worm, but the worm sta red at him from be- neath and blew venom. Then is it said that the giant Ymir changed hue, paled, and qvaked, when hc saw the worm, and that the sea ran out and in the skiff; and just as förr g rasp ed his hamraer and gylfTs mocking. 69 brought it aloft, then the giant fumbled at his fishingknife, and cut ofF förr's line at the board, but the worm sank in the sea^ and förr cast the haramer after him* and men say he took the head off him at the ground, but I think it were true to tell thee that Midgardsworm lives yet, and lies in the sea. But förr clenched his list and set it on Yniir's ear, so that he tumbled över board and (förr) sees his feet (last),* and förr waded to land. 49. Then said Gånglen- have any more ti- dings been with the Asa? A härd and famous deed wrought förr on that journey. Hår answers- It must now be said of those tidings which the Asa thought of more worth. But the beginning of this tale is, that Balldr the good dreamt dreams great and perilous for his llfe: but he told the Asa the dreams. Then took they their rede together, and that was done, that they should pray peace for Balldr, agalnst all kinds of harm: and Frigg took an oath that they would spare Balldr, of lire and water, i ron and all kinds of ore, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, beasts, birds, venoms, and worms. But when this was known and done, then was it the passtime of Balldr and the Asa, that he should stånd up in their meetings, and that all the others should some shoot 70 GYLFl's MOCKING. at him, some hew at him, some smite him with stones; but whatever was done to him he took no scathe, and this all thought great gain. But when Loki Laufey's son saw that, it liked him ill that Balldr was not scathed. He vvent to Fensalir to Frigg, and turned him into a woman's likeness: then asks Frigg, if the woman knew what the Asa did at their meetings. She said, that all shot at Balldr and that he was not scathed. Then said Frigg: "No weapon nor tree may hurt Balldr, an oath have I taken of all of them." Then asks the woman, c< Have all things sworn an oath to spare Balldr?" Then answers Frigg; "There grows one treetwig eastward of Valhall that is called mistletoe, that methought too young to crave an oath of." Then next went the woman away; but Loki took the Mistletoe, cut it off, and went to the meeting. But Hav$r stood vvithout in the ring of men, for that he was blind; then said Loki to him "why shootest thou not at Balldr ?" He answers; ''Because I am blind and see not where Balldr is, and another thing because I am weaponless." Tben said Loki,* "Do thou after the likeness of other men, and sliew Balldr worship as other men; I will sliew thee where- about he stånds, shoot thou at him with this wand.' HavSr took the mistletoe and shot at Balldr under GYLFI'S MOCKING. 71 the guidance of Loki: the shaft flew right through him, and he fell dead to earth; and that is the greatest mishap that hath befallen Gods and men. When Balldr was fallen, then failed the Gods words and speech, and hands too to take hold of him; and each looked at the other, and they were all of one mind toward him who had done the deed, but none might avenge it, that was so holy a place. But when the Asa strove to speak, then it was that a wailing came up lirst, so that none might tell the others of his grief with words j and Odin as was meet bare this scathe worst of them all, for he could best deem what a mickle loss and lessen- ing there was to the Asa in the falling away of Balldr. But when the Gods came to themselves, then quoth Frigg and asked; Who might be there with the Asa, who would win for his own all her love and good-will, "and (this, said she, he shall have) if he will ride 011 the way to Hell and try if he can find Balldr, and bid Hel a ransom if she will let Balldr fare home to Asgård. '' But he that is na- med Hermofr the brisk, Odin's lad, he was ready to undertake this journey; then was taken Sleipnir Odin's horse, and led forthj and Hermöfr got up on that horse and galloped away. Now the Asa took Balldr's body and bore it to theseashore; 72 GYLF1'S MOCKING, Hringhorn hight Balldr's ship, she was the biggest of all ships, her would the Gods launch forth and make thereon Balldr's balefire, but the ship went not forwards,- then (one) was sent into Jötunheim, after the witch that is hight Hyrrockin; but when she came, she rode on a wolf and had adderworms for rems; then leapt she from her steed, but Odin called for four Baresarks to mind the horse, and they could not hold him before they felled him. Then went Hyrrockin to the stem of the ship, and shoved it forwards so the first touch, that fire sprang out of the rollers, and all the land shook: then was förr wrath and grasped his hammer, and would forth with break her head, till all the Gods asked peace for her. Then was borne out on the ship Balldr's body, and when his wife Nanna Nep's daughter saw that, her heart was broken for grief, and she died; she was borne to the pile and thrown into the fire. Then stood förr up and hallowed the pile with Miöllnir, and before his feet ran a certain dwarf, that is named Litr, but förr spurned at him with his foot, and dashed him into the fire, and he was burnt. But many kinds of folk sought this burningj first is to say of Odin, that with him fared Frigg and the Valkyriur and his rävens; but Freyr drove in a car with the boar that hight GYLFl's MOCKING. 73 Gullinbursti or Slförugtanni, and Heimdall rode the horse hight Gulltoppr, but Freyia (drove) her cats: thither came also much folk of the Rimesnants and lillogres. Odin laid on the pile the goldring tha. hight Draupnir, to it followed since that nä- ten , that every ninth night there dropped from it eight goldrings of even weight; Balldr's horse was led to the pile with all his gear. But of Hermöfr it is to be said, that he rode nine nights (through) dark dales and deep, so that he saw naught, before he came to the river Giöll, and rode on the bridge över Giöll ; it is thatcht with shining gold. MoSgtfår is the maid named who keeps the bridge. She asked him his name or kin, and said that the day before there rode över the bridge five bands of dead men, "but my bridge rings not sa ve under thee alone, and thou hast not the hue of dead men ; why ridest thou here on HeFs way ?" He answers "i shall ride to Hel to look for Balldr, but hast thou seen aught of Balldr 011 Hel's way? And she said that Balldr had ridden thither över GiölPs bridge "but beneath and north- ward lieth Hel's way." Then rode Hermöfr thereon till he came to Hel's gråte j then got he off his horse and girthed him up fast, got up and cheered 74 gylfTs M0CK1NC. him with his spurs, but the horse leapt so härd över the gråte that he carae never near it. Then rode Hermöfr home to the hall, and got clown from the horse, went vvithin into the hall, and saw there his brother Balldr sit in the first seat; and Hermöjr tarried there the ni^ht över. But at morn then begged Hermöjr of Hel, that Balldr should ride home with him, and said how great wailing was with the Asa. But Hel said, that it should now be tried whether Balldr were so beloved as is said, "and (quoth she) if all things in the world, quick and dead weep for him; then shall he fare back to the Asa; but be kept with Hel if any speak against him or will not weep." Then stood Hermöfr up, but Balldr led him out of the hall, and took the ring Draupnir, and sent it as a keepsake to' Odin, but Nanna sent Frigg a shift and yet more gifts, (and) to Fulla her thimble. Then rode Hermöjr back on his way and came to Asgård, and told all the tidings that he had seen and heard. Next to that the Asa sent över the whole world messengers to pray that Baldr might be wept out of Hell, all did that, men and things quick, and earths, and stones, and trees, and all öres; just as thou must have seen that all these things weep when they come out of frost and into heat. When GYLFl's MOCKING. 75 the messengers were a-fa ring home, and bad well done tlieir errand ; they find a certain cave wherein a hag sat, she is named favck; they pray her to weep Balldr out of Hell, she answers, "Pavt will bewail INor quick. nor dead gain I with dry tears by man's son; Baldr's balefire; Let Hel hold what she hasl" But men guess that there was Loki Laufey's son, who has wrought most ill among the Asa. 50. Then said Gangleri; Very rauch ill brought Loki about, first ofall, in that Balldr was slain, and next, in that he was not loosed out of Hell; but was this at all ywroken on him? Hår answers: It was repaid him so that he will long feel it; when the Gods were so wrath with him as was to be weened, he ran avvay, and hid him in a certain fel], (and) made him there an house with four doors, so that he might see out of the house on all sides; but often in the day he turned him into the like- ness of a salmon, and then hid him in the water hight Franangr force; then thought he to himself what trick the Asa would find out to take him in the force; now as he sat in his house he took flax and yarn, and wrought (them) into meshes, as nets are since, but a fire burned before him: then saw he that the Asa were härd upon him, and Odin had 76 GYLFI*S MOCKING. seen out of Hlföskiålf where he was; he sprang up straitway and out into the river,' and cast the net from (him) into the fire. But when the Asa came to the hoiise, then went first in he who was wisest of all hight Kvåsir, and when he saw on the fire the ash of the net that had been burnt, then skil- led he that must be a trick to take fish, and told the Asa,- then next they took and made them a net, after that which they saw in the ashes that Loki had made; and when the net was ready, then fared the Asa to the river and cast the net into the force : förr held one end, and the other held all the Asa, and (so they) drew the net. But Loki fared before, and lay him down between two stones, they drew the net över him, but knew that sorae- thing quick was against (it); and they fare another time up to the force, and cast out the net, and bind up with it something so heavy that nothing shall be able to pass under. Then fares Loki before the net; but when he sees that it was a scant way to the sea, then leaps he up över the top of the net and runs up to the force. Now saw the Asa whi- ther he went, so they fare once more up to the force, and shift the folk into two bands, but förr wades now along the midstream, and so they fare toward the sea. And now Loki sees two choices, GYLFl's MOCKING. 77 it was the risk of bis Ii fe to swim out to sea, and the other was to leap again över the net; and that did he, (and) leapt as speedily as he could över the top cord of the net. förr grasped at him, and tried to take hold of him, bnt he slipped in bis hand, so that the hand first stayed at the tail , and for this sake is the salmon thin behind. Now was Loki taken truceless, and they went with him into a certain ca ve; then took they three rocks and set them up on edge, and bored a hole though each rock; then took they Loki's sons Vali, and Nari or Narfi, the Asa turned Vali into a wolfs likeness, and he tore bis brother Narfi j then took the Asa bis guts and bound Loki with (them) över the three stones, one under his shoulders, another un- der his loins, the third under his hams, and ro^de those bands into iron. Then took SkaSi an adder- worm and fastened (it) up över him, so that the venom should dröp from the worm on his face; but Sigyn his wlfe stånds by him and holds a dish under the venomdrops; and when the dish is full then goes she out, and pours away the venom, but Avhile the venom dröps on his face, then is he so racked with it, that the whole earth shakes, that call ye earthquake. The re lieth he till the twilight of the Gods. 78 CYLF^S MOCKING. 51. Tlien said Gångleri; What tidings are to say of the twilight of the Gods? of this have I not beard be före. Hår answers! Mickle and mucb tidings are to be said thereof; tbe first of tbese is, that tlien comes the winter called Fimbul- wiuterj tben drives snow from all sides, the frosts are tlien mickle, and the winds keen, nor any joy of the sun, then come three winters together and no summer between; but first come three other such winters, that then are there all över the world great strifes, then b rothers slay one the other for gain's sake, and none spareth father or sons in that manslanghter and sibslaying: so is it said in Völuspå. "Brothers shall fight together, Wlioredoms many, and be one the other's bane; an axeage, a swordage, sister's children shields are cloven, their sib shall spoil; a windage, a vvolfage, härd is't with the time, ere the world stoops to doom." Then happens what is to be thought great tidings, that the wolf svvallows the Sun, and men think that great moan; then takes the other wolf the Moon, and he too maketh great harm; the stars are hurled from heaven; then is also that tid ing that the whole earth and all rocks shake so, that the trees are torn up from the earth; but the rocks are rent, and all fetters and bonds are then broken and snapped : then becomes Fenriswolf loose; then G¥LFI'S M0CK1NC. 79 boils up the sea över the land, for that then Midgardsvvorm turns him in giantmood, and seeks the land : then nappens it that Naglfar is 1 oosed, the ship so hight, it is made of dead men's nails, and for this sake is it worth warning, if a man die with unshorn nails, that man helpeth with much stuff towards the ship Naglfar, which Gods and men wish may be made ready late 5 but in this flood floats Naglfar, Hrymr hight the giant who steers Naglfar. Fenriswolf fa res with mouth a-gape, and the upper jaw is at heaven and the lower on earth, he would gape more were there room; flre burns out of his eyes and nostrils. Midgards- worm breatheth forth so much venom that he de- fileth all the air and water, and he is very ugly, and he is on the other side of the wolf. In this hurly the heaven is cleft and thenee ride Muspell's sons 5 Surtr rides first, and both before and after him (is) a burning firej his sword is very good, (and) the sheen of it brighter than of the sun , but as they ride (on) Bifravst then breaks it as before is said; Muspell's offspring seek the field of meeting that VigriSr hight, thither come also then Fenriswolf and Midgardsvvorm, thither are also then come Loki and Hrymr, and with him all the Hrim- Jursar, and all the friends of Hel followLoki; but 80 GYLFI'S MOCKING. MuspelFs sons tia ve their band alone by them- selves, it is very bright: the field Vigrför is an hundred miles wide every way. But while tbese tidings are happening, then stånds up Heimdallr and blows amain into his horn Giöll, and awakens all the Gods, and they hold a meeting together. Then rideth Odin to Mimirs spring, and taketh rede of Mimir for himself and his folk; then shaketh Yggdrasil's Ash, and no thing is then fearless in heaven or earth; the Asa arm them, and all champions, and speed forth to the field : first rideth Odin with golden helm, and fair byrnie, and his spear Gungnir hightj he stånds against Fenriswolf, but förr (stånds) forward on his other side, and may not help him, for that he hath his hands full in fighting with Midgardsworm ; Freyr fights against Surtr, and there is a härd struggle ere Freyr falls, it is his bane that he misses that good sword of his which he gavc Skirnir. Then is also become loose the hound Garmr, that is bound before the cave Gnipa; he is the greatest plague, he hath the fight against Tyr, and they are each other's scathe. förr bears off praise for Midgardworm's bane, and steps away from him nine feet, then falls he dead to earth for the venom that GYLF1'S M OCK ING. 81 that the worm blows on him. The wolf swallows Odin, that is his bane, but straitway comes on Vifarr, and steps with one foot on the netherjaw of the wolf, on that foot hath he the shoe, for which stuff hath been agathering in all ages, this is those strips of skin which men cut out of their shoon for the toes or heels, for this sake shall the man cast away those strips, who thinks to come to help the Asa,* with one hand takes he upper jaw of the wolf and rends asunder his gape, and that is the wolfs bane. Loki hath strife with Heimdallr and they are each other's bane. Then next Surtr slingeth flre över the earth and burneth all the worldj so is it said in Völuspå. "High blows Heimdallr, the horn is aloft, Odin speaketh at Mimir's head, shaketh Yggdrasirs ash straitstanding, groaneth the old tree; but the giant is loose." What is't with Asa? what is't with Elves? roareth all Jötunheim, The Asa are met; Dwarves are howling before their stonedoors, witty in rockwalls; are ye wise yet or what! Hrymr drives east fro holds his shield before; Jörmungandr turns him in giantmood, Gyljis Mocking. the worm smites the waves; but the eagle screams, the påle beak tears corpses, Naglfar is loose. 6 82 GYLFfS M OCK ING. A keel farcs east fro, MuspelTs peoples will come oer the sea, but Lolci steereth, there are fell povvers with treki all, to them is his brother Byleistr in front. Odin's son goeth to war with the wolf, Viparr on his way to the wild beast, He to the giant's child lets in the heart stånd his hand-drawn sword, when he venares his sire. Surtr fares south fro Goeth the famous with blazing brand, offsprmg of Hlödyn from the sword of the sphere-God scarce from the adder shineth a sunbeam; rocks dash together, giants totter, men tread the way to Hel but heaven is cleft. the champion of gloom, ere from his wrath dröps MidgarcTs warder ; then will all mankind from homesteads be burled. Then comes to Hlyn another woe forward, when Odin fares to war with the wolf; and the bright hane of Beli with Surtr, then will fall Frigg*s dearest God. Sun shall be swart, fields sink in sea, and the bright stars from heaven be cast; firebreath rageth round time*s nurse, the high heat playcth with heaven itself." Hero too is it thus said , "Vigriftr hight a field, where will meet in fight Surtr and the sweet Gods; au hundred miles is it every way; that is their fated field." GYLFIS MOCKING. 83 52, Then said Gångleri; What comes then after, when heaven is burnt and earth, and all the world, and all the Gods dead and all champions, and all the folk of men? for ye have already said that each man shall live in some world for all ages. Then answers Hår: Many abodes are there then good, and many bad 5 best is it then to be in Gimle in heaven with Surtr; and great store of good drink is there for them who think that joy in the hall hight Brimir, it stånds also in heaven. That is also a good hall which stånds on Nifa-fells wrought of red gold, it hight Sindri, in this hall shall abide good men and wellminded. On Nå-strand is a mickle hall and a bad, and the doors look north- ward; it is also wrought altogether of adderbacks like a wattled house,' but the worm's heads all tum into the house, and blow venom so that rivers of venom run along the hall, and those rivers wade murderers and all who forswear themselves, as it is here said. "A. hall stånds I wis that hall is woven far from the sim with backs of worms, Na-strand upon ; there shall wade north look the doors: the heavy streams venom dröps fall men forsworn in through loopholes. and menslayers." But in Hvergelmir is worst "There quells Ni^havggr the bodies of the dead." 84 gylfTs mocking, 53. Then said Gånglen; Live any Gods then? or is there any earth orheaven? Håranswersj The earth shoots up then from the sea, and it is green and fair, the fields wax unsown. Vifarr and Yali live, so that neither the sea nor Surtr's fire hath härmed them, and they dwell on ifavöllr, where Asgård was beforej and thither come £6rr's sons, Möfi and Magni 5 and have there Miöllnir; then next come Balldr and Havftr from Hellj then they set all together and talk, and call to mind their old tales, and rede of the tidings which happened aforetime, and of Midgardsworm, and Fenris-wolf: then find they in the grass those golden tables which the Asa once had: so is it said. "ViJ> arr and Vali Möf>i and Magni abide in the God's house shall have Miöllnir when Surtr's fire is black, of Vingnir to stay fight." But in the place hight Hodmimir's holt two men lie hid during Surtr's fire, hight thus Lif and Leiffrasir, and they have morningdew for meatj but from these men comes so mickle kinsfolk that they dwell över the whole world, as it is here said. "But Lif and Leifprasir Dew of the morning they will lie hid is what they for meat have, in Hodmimir's holt, but thence come the races." But what will seem to thee wondrous, is that the sun should have brought forth a daughter not G*LFl'S MOCKING. 85 less fair than herself, and she fares then in the steps of her mother; as is here said. "Daughter one That ruaid shall ride, bears AlfravPull when the Gods are dead, ere Fenrir tåtes her; on her mother's way." But now if thou knowest aught farther to ask, I wis not whence tbat can come to theej for that never heard I any man tell longer of the worlds- faring, and enjoy now what thou hast heard as thou canst. Then next heard Gångleri a great din every way around him, and he turned and looked on all sides, and when he sees more about him then stånds he without on a flat vale, and he sees then no hall and no burg : then goes he away on his road, and comes into his kingdom, and says those tidings that he has seen and heard, and after him each man told others these sayings. 86 BRAGFS TELLING. i. One man is named Mgiv or Hlér, be abode in the isle that is now called Hlér's isle, he was very skilJed in spells. He went on his way to As- gård, but when tbe Asa wist of bis coming they treated him with good fare, though many tbings were tben wrongbt witb false shows; and at even when they should drink, then let Odin be borne into the hall swords, and they were so bright that it glistened from them, and there was no other light had while they were set down to drink : then go the Asa to their guild, and the twelve Asa who are wont. to doom set them on their hignseats; and so were they named. för, NjörSr, Freyr, Tyr, Heimdallr, Bragi, Vifarr, Vali, Ullr, Haenir, Foiseti. And like- wise the Asynia with them: Frigg, Freya, Gefiun ifunn, Gerjr, Sigun, Fulla, Nanna. It seemed grand to iEgir to look about him, the pannels of the wall were all tiled with fair shields; there was also swingeing strong mead and they dränk deep; next man to iEgir sat Bragi, and they had much talk together över their drink: Bragi spake to iEgir of many tidings which bad befallen the Asa. BRAGl'S TELL1NG. 87 2. He began then with the tale, how tbree Asa, Odin and Loki and Hsenir, fa red from home, and fared över fells and heath and were badly off for meat, but as they ca me down into a certain dale, they see there a flock of oxen, and take oue ox and set about seething it; now when they think the flesh shall be sodden, they lift the lid off the broth , and it was not yet sodden ; and the second time when they lift the lid, after a little time was gone, and it was not yet sodden, they talk among themselves how this thing could happen. Then hear they a voice in an oak up above them, that said he who sat there sways so that it is not sodden in the seething, they looked thither, and there sat an ea^le and no little one: Then said the eagle "An ye are willing to give me my fill of the ox, then shall it be sodden in the seething." To that they said aye: then he let himself sink down out of the tree, and set him to the seething, and snatches up straitway first of all two thighs of the ox and both shoulders: then was Loki wrath and grasped a mickle stock, and swings it with all his might, and smites against the eagle's body; the eagle shakes him after the blow and flys up, then was the stock fast on the body of the eagle and Lokfs hands at the other end: the eagle flys just so high that Loki's 88 brågi's tel lin g. feet take holcl below on stones and rocks and trees, his hands be thinks will be torn from his shoulder- blades: be calls out, and begs the eagle most earn- estly for peace, but he says tbat Loki shall ne ver get loose, unless be takes an oatb to him to come along with Ifunn and her äpples out of Asgård: but Loki is willing to do this, then is he loosed and goes to his fellows, and it is not said farther bow they fared before tbey ca me home. But at the time spöken of Loki lures I funn out of Asgård into a certain wood, and says tbat he bas found some äpples which she will think of great price: and begged that she should have with her her äpples and put them alongside these. Then comes thither fiazi the giant in eagleshape, and takes Ifunn and flys away with her, and has her home to his abode; but the Asa were ill at ease for the loss of ifunn, and became soon grav and old. Then held they a meeting, and ask each other what was last known about Ifunn, and it was last seen that she went out of Asgård with Loki: then was Loki taken and brousfht to the meeting, and death or strong pain was threatened him, but when he became afraid then he said he would seek after lj>unn in Jötnnheim, if Freyia will lend him the falconshape that she lialh : and when he gets the falconshape, BRAGl'S TELLING. 89 lie flys north into Jötunheim, and comes one day to fiazi the giant's, he vvas rowing on the sea, but Ifunn was alone at home: Loki turned her into the likeness of a nut, and held her in his claws, and flys as fast as he can. But when fiazi carae horae and misses ifunn, he takes his eagle- shape and flys after Loki, and the eaglewings gained in the flight. But when the Asa saw that the falcon flew with the nut, and where the eagle flew, then went they out under Asgård, and bare thither bundles of chips for firing (Logaspaenir). And when the falcon flew within över the burg and let himself sink down inside the burgwall, then the Asa set fire to the chips, but the eagle could not stop himself when he missed the falcon, and then the fire caught the feathers of the eagle, and took from him his flight: then were the Asa near and slew fiazi the giant within Asgard's gråtes, and that slaughter is all-famous. But Skafi daughter of fiazi the giant took helm and byrnie, and all wargear, and comes to Asgård to avenge her father; but the Asa både her atonement and ransom; and the first thing is, that she shall choose her a man from among the Asa, and choose by the feet and see no more of him : then saw she one man's feet wondrous fair; and said, "This one choose I, 90 BRAG1'S T ELLING. few things will be loathly about Balldr. ,, But it was NjöVSr out of Nöatiin. She had also this in her deed of atonement, that the Asa should do that which she thought they would not be able, and this was to make her laii^li; then did Loki this, he tyed a string to the beard of a goat, and the other end to his own body, and afterward one pulled this way the other that, and both shrieked out loud: then Loki let himself fall on Skafts knees, and then she laughed, and so the atonement with her at the hands of the Asa was brought about: and so it is said that Odin did över and above what she asked, in that he took Jiazi's eyes and cast thera up into heaven, and made thereof stars twain. Then spake iEgir; Mickle methinks was fiazi in himself ; but of what kin was he ? Bragi answers: Avi väldi hight his father, and it vvill seem to the worth mark if I tell thee of him. He was very rich in gold , but when he died and his sons should share their heritage, they had this mea- sure for the gold which they shared, that each should take his mouthfull in turn, and all even as many. The first of them was fiazi, the second ifi, the third Gångr; but we ha ve it now as a saw among us, to call gold the mouthtale of thesc giants, but in runes or songship we wrap this up BRÄGI'S TELLING.^ 91 so, that we call it the measnre, or saw, or tale of these giants. Then said jEgir; methinks that is well hidden in runes. 3. And again said JEgir; Whence ha ve ye that craft that ye call songship? Bragi answers; It was the beginning to this that the Gods had a feud with the folk that hight Vanir, but (at last) they held a meeting about a peace, and settled it in this wise, they went both to a jar and spat into it their spittle; but at parting then the Gods took it, because they would not let that mark of peace perish, and shaped out of it a man, who hight Kvåsir: he is so wise that none asks him any things that he knows not how to answer; and he fared wide about the world to teach men wisdom, but when he came at their bidding to certain dwarves, Fialar and Galär, then called they him to speak aside with them, and slew him, (and) let his blood run into two jars and one kettle, and this they called O^raerir, but the jars hight Son and BoSn: they blended honey with the blood, and thereof was made such mead, that whosoéver drinks of it becomes bard or wiseman. The dwarves told the Asa that Kvåsir had choked in his wisdom, for that no one was there so wise as to be able to ask him enough about learning. 92 BRA G I'S T ELLING. Then både these dwarves to them the giant hight Gillingr and his wife, tben the dwarves både Gillingr to row out to sea with them, but as they fared forth along the land the dwarves rowed against a blind scar and overturned the skiffj Gillingr was no swimmer and was drowned; but the dwarves righted their skifF and rowed to land: they told his wife this mischance, but she bore it ill and wept aloud. Then Fialar asked her, if it would make her mind easier, if she were to see out on the sea the place where he had sunk ; and she said it would,- then spake he with Galär his brother, that he should go up över the doorway as she went out, and let the quernstone fall on herhead, and said he was weary of her weeping; and so he did. Now when Suttiingr the giant Gillingr^ son heard this, he fares thither and took the dwarves, and bears them out to sea, and sets them on a scar flooded at high tide, they pray Suttiingr to spare their lives, and bid him (take) in atonement for his father's blood the dear mead; and that was for an atonement between them. Suttiingr bears the mead home, and hoards it in the stead hight Hnit- biörg, and sets there to guard it his daughter Gunnlavfa. From this call we songship Kvåsir's blood, or dwarves drink or fillj or some kind of BRACIS TELLING. 93 liquor of OSraerir or Boon or Son ; or the dwarves freight, (because that mead brought them a life- ransom from the scar) or Suttungr's mead, or Hnitbiörg's liquor. 4. Then said ^Egir; Methinks it is darkly said, to call songship by these names. But how came the Asa to Suttungrs mead? Bragi answers: The story about this is, that Odin fa red from home and came thither where thralls nine were a-mowing hayj he asks if they will that he should whet their scythes; to this they said yea; then takes he a hone from his belt, and whetted them, and their scythes seemed to them to bite much better, and they asked if the hone were for sale; but he put such a price on it, that he who would buy it should give a fair sum for it, now all quoth they were willing (to give it), and (each) både him sell it to him ; but he cast the hone up aloftj and as all wished to lay hands on it, they scrambled so about it that each brought his scythe on the other's neck. Odin stopped for a night's lodging at a giant's that Baugi hight, Sut- tiingr's brother. Baugi said his housekeeping had gone ill , and told him that his nine thralls had slain each other, but that he had no hope of (other) workmen. Now Odin named himself (when) with him Bavlverkrj he offered to take upon him the 94 HRAG1S TEL1ING. work of n i ne men for Baugi, but asked for his hire one drink of Suttungr's mead. Baugi quoth he owned no sway över the mead, (and) said that Suttdngr would ha ve it all alone, but he said he would fare with Bavlverkr and try if they could get the mead. Bavlverkr won during the summer nine men's work for Baugi, but at winter asked Baugi for his wages. Then fared they both away : Baugi told his brother Suttiingr his barbarn with Bavlverkr; but Suttdngr denied stoutly even a dröp of the mead. Then said Bavlverkr to Baugi, that they should try some trick if they might get at the mead, and Baugi was ready enough : then drew forth Bavlverkr the borer hight Rati, and said that Baugi shall bore the rock if the borer will bite; he did so: then says Baugi that the rock is bored through, but Bavlverkr blows into the hole that the borer had made, and the splinters flew up against him; then found he that Baugi would cheat him, and he både him bore through the rock: Baugi bored again; but when Bavlverkr blows the second time, then the splinters were blown inward. Then Bavlverkr turned him into a worm's likeness, and crept into the hole made by the borer, but Baugi stuck af ter him with the borer and missed him; Bavlverkr fared whither GunnlavS was, and BRAGl'8 TELLING. 95 lay with her three nights, and then slie gave hitii leave to drink of the mead three drinks 5 the first drink he dränk all out of Oftraerir, the second all out of BoSn, the third all out of Son, and so had he all the mead; then turned he him into an eagle's shape and flew off as fast as he could. But when Suttiingr saw the eagle's flight, he took on him an eagle's shape and flew after him ; but when the Asa saw where Odin flew, they set out in the yard their jars: now when Odin came inside of Asgård he spewed up the mead into the jars, but it then so near befell him that Suttiingr had caught him, that he sent some of the mead after him backwards, and no care was taken of that, he who would might ha ve it, and that we call the share of silly bards; but Suttiingr's mead gave Odin to the Asa, and to those men who have wit to use it, therefore call we songship Odin's prey, and find, and his drink, and his gift, and the Asa's drink. 96 FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. 1. Almighty God shaped in the beginning heaven and earth, and all things that belong to them, and last (ofall) men twain, from whom the races are come, Adam and Eve 5 and this kindred waxed more and more, and was spread över all the world. But as the times went by, then became the folk of man uneven, some were good and right- trowing, but many more turned then after the lusts of the world, and took no heed of God's laws: and for this drowned God the world in the flood, and all that was quick on the world save those who were in the ark with Nöe. After Nöe's flood eight men were alive, they who abode in the world, and from them came the stock of men, and it chanced now as before, that when mankind waxed, and the world was dwellt över, then was there a very great throng of men, who loved the greed of gain and power, but went away from listening to God, and did this so much, that at last there was none who would name God; and who was there who could tell his sons FÖ RE WORD TO THE EDDA. 97 sons of God's great wonders? And so it came that they tint God's name, and wide över the world there was not found the man who could say truely who shaped him. But not the less did God give them earlhly gifts, wealth and happiness, which should be with them in the world; he shared also araong them wisdom, so that they skilled to know all earthly things, and all kinds that might be seen in the lift and on earth. This they (men) thought upon and wondered al, höw it might happen that the earth and beasts and fowl had the same na- ture in some things, and yet (vvere) unlike in shape. It was one mark of this nature, that the earth might be del ved into on high fellpeaks and the water sprang up there, and it needed not to dig longer there for water than in deep dales; and just so with beasts and fowl, it is no farther to the blood in the head than in the feet. Another (proof of this) nature of the earth is it, that every year waxes on the earth grass and bloom, and the same year falls that all away and rots ; so also on beasts and fowl waxes hair and feathers, and falls off every year. The third nature of the earth is that when it is opened and delved, then groweth grass on the raould which is uppermost on the earth» Rocks Foreword to the Edda. * yö FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. and stones they set off against the bones and teeth of things quick. From these tbings they deemed that tlie earth must be quick, and that she had life in sunie manner; and they wist that she was wonder- fully old in the tale of her ages, and mighty in her kind; she fed all things quick and took to herself all that died: for this sake ga ve they her a narae, and told (back) their race to her. This also learned they of their old kinsmen, that after many hun- dred winters were told back, the goings of the heavenly balls were uneven, some had longer goings than othersome. From suchlike things guessed they, that. some one must be the steerer of the heavenly balls, who could stay their going at his own will, and that he must be strong and mighty ; and of this one weened they, if he svvayed (these) first shapes, that he must have been before the heavenly balls yet were, and they saw that if he ruled the goings of the heavenly balls, he must sway the sun's shine, and heavens dew, and earth's growth, which follow themj and so also the winds in the lift, and with them the storms of the sea. They kne.w not where his realm was, but still they trowed that he ruled all things, on earth and in the lift, of heaven and the heavenly balls, of seas, and v. eather. But for that these things might be better FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. 99 told and kept in mind, then gave they him the same na me with themselves, but this belief has been changed in many ways ? just as the peoples shifted about, and tongues arose. 2. In his old a^e shared Noe the world with his sons; for Cham he meant the western lands, and for Japhteth the northern lands, but for Sem the southern lands, with those parts that will after- ward be marked ont in the trithing of the earth. In the time that these men's sons were in the world, then grew strong forthwith the greed of gain and power; for that they knew then many crafts which beforetime had not been found out, and each was puffed up with his own handywork. And so long forward carried they their pride, that the Affricans, sprung from Cham , made war on that lot of the world that Sem's offspring their kinsmen abode in; and when they had overcome them, it seemed to them that the world was too small for them , and they smithied a tower with tile and stone, which they meant should reach to heaven, on the vales called Senniår. And when this smithying was so far for- ward that it almost stood above the air, and they had not a whit less eagerness to hold on with the work; and when God sees how their pride råges high, then sees he that he must in some way beat 100 FÖRE WORD TO THE EDDA. it down. And the same God, though he is all-powerful, and might have cast down all their work in the twinkling of an eye, and made themselves become dust, yet willed he rather to set at naught their purpose in this wise, that they might know their own littleness, in that none of them should skill to understand what the other talked, and in that none knew what the other både him do, but one broke down what another wished to raise up; until that they strove among themselves, and with this their purpose in beginning the smithying of the tower carae to naught. And he that was foremost hight Zoroastres, he laughed before he Avept when he came into the world, but the master-smiths were two and seventy, and so many tongues have since been spread över the world, after that the giants shifted their seats över the land, and the peoples waxed full. On this same place was made one burg the most famous, and it's name was taken from the name of the tower, and it was called Ba- bilon. And it was so when the mingling of tongues was, then waxed many the names of men and other things, and that same Zoroastres had many names, and though he understood that his pride was laid low by the said smithying, still bore he on to worldly powcr, and let himself be chosen king FÖRE AV ORD TO THE EDDA. 101 over many peoples of the Assirians; from him arose the bewildering of false Gods, and after he was worshipped, he was called Baal, whom we call Bel : he had also many other names, hut as the names waxed many, then the truth was tint along at the same time, and from this first sin then worshipped every man that came after bis fore^oers, and beasts and fowl, tbe lift and heavenly balls, and countless Jifeless tbin^s: until this bewilderinsr went over the whole world; and so carefully tint they the truth, that none knew his shaper save those men alone who spake the Ebrew tongue, that which passed be- fore the smithying of the tower; albeit they löst not the bodily gifts that were allowed them, and for that they skilled to deem of all things with earthly skill, for wisdom of the soul was not given them, so they deemed that all things were smithied of some one stuff. 3. The world was shared into three parts \ (one) from the south westward and till the Mid- land-sea, that lot was called Affrika, but the south side of this share is hot and burat by the sun. The second lot from the west until the north and up to the sea, that is called Evropa or Enea, the nether side of this is cold, so that grass grows not, nor may it be dwellt in. From the 102 FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. north and round the east country all to the south, that is called Asia, in that lot of the world is all fairness, and pride, and wealth from the fruitfulness of the earth, gold and gemstones: there is also the midworld, and as the earth is there fairer and of better kind than in other steads, so was also the folk of man there most furnished with all gifts, wisdom and strength, fairness and all knovvledge. 4. Near the middle of the world was made the house and inn, the most famous ever made, that was called Tröja, there in the land we call Tyrkland. This homestead was made much bigger than others, and with more craft in many ways, with eost and riches that were there about. There were twelve kingdoms and one overking, and much folk and land belonged to each kingdom : there were in the burg twelve lords; these lords ha ve been before all men who have been in the world in all manly things. This every storyteller that hath said of these things doth not in the least gainsay, and for this sake, that all great men of the north country tell back their race thither, and set among the tale of the Gods, all who were Lords of the town, just as first of all they set Priamus' self in Odin's slead : nor may that be called wonderful, for Plfamus was comc of Saturiitis, the same whom FÖRE WORD TO THE EDDA. 103 the north country lon^time trowed to be himself God. 5. This Satiirnus waxed up i q tliat island in Greekland's sea hight Krit, be was greater and stronger and fairer tban otber men. So also was his wisdom before tbat of all men, like bis otber natural gifts; he found also many crafts whicb before had not been found ont 5 he wasaiso so mickle in the black art that he knevv things about to be; he found also that red thing in the earth from which he smelted gold, and from such things as these he became speedily powerful; he foretold also harvests and many other hidden things, and for this and many other deeds took they him to be Lord över the isle, and when he had steered it a little space, then was there soon enough all kinds of plenty. There passed none other coin save goldpieces, such a store of gold was there; and though there were härd ti mes in other lands, no crops ever failed there, so that men might seek thither for all the things that they needed to have: and so from these and many other unsearchable gifts of might that he had, they trowed him to be God, (and from him arose another bewildering among the K rit men and Mace- donians, just as the first among the Assirians and Challdeans from Zoroastres) and when Satiirnus finds 104 FOR E WORD TO THE EDDA. how great strength the folk think they have in him, then says he that he is God, and calls himself the steerer of heaven and all things. 6. Once on a time fared he in a ship to Greek- land, for that there was a king's daughter on whom he had set his mind, he got her love in this wise, one day as she was out vvith her handmaidens, then took he on him the likeness of a bull and lay before her in the wood, and so fair was he that a golden hue was on every hair: and when the king's daughter sees him, then patted she him on the mouth, he springs up and threw off the bull's shape, and took her in his arms and bare her to the ship, and had her home to Krit. When his wife Jiino finds out this, he turned her (the king's daughter) into the likeness of a heifer, and sent her eastward into the Nile country, and let the thrall hight Argulus tend her, there was she fwelve months ere he changed her shape. Many things did he like this, or more wondrous. He had three sons, the first hight Jupiter, the second Neptunus, the third Pliitus. They were all mighty men , yet was Jupiter long before them, he was a man of war and won many kingdomsj he was also c ra f ty like his father, and took on him the likeness of many beasts, and so he wrought out much, that for mankind is unable FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. 105 to be done: and in this wise and by other things, he awed all peoples, so that Jupiter is set in forr 3 s stead, since all evil beings fear him. 7. Satdrnus let be raised up in Krit two and seventy burgs, and when he thought him fast- seated in his realm, then shared he it with bis sons, whom he had set up with himself as Gods: and to Jupiter gave he the realm of heaven, but to Neptunus the realm of earth, and to PldtushelL, it seemed to him that lot was the worst, so he gave him his hound, which he called Serberus, that he might guard hell $ this Serberus the Greeks say Erkulus d ragged out of hell up to earth. And though Satdrnus had shared to Jupiter the realm of heaven, yet was he not less greedy to have for his own earth also, and now makes war on the realm of his father; and so it is said he let take and geld him, and for great works like this he says he is God ; and the Macedonians say that he let the parts be taken and cast out into the sea; and longtime trowed they that thereof had been made a woman, whom they called Venus, and set her in the tale of the Gods, and for that hath Venus eversince been called the Goddess of lo ve, for they trowed that she might turn all hearts of men and women to love. When Satdrnus was gelded 106 E0KEW0RD TO THE EDDA. by Jiipiter his son, then fled he from the east ont of Krit, and hither into Italy 5 the re abode then such kind of people as worked not, btit lived on acorns and grass, and lay in caves or holes in the earth : and when Satiirnus came thither, then changed he his name, and called him NjöVSr, for the sake that he thought his son Jiipiter might afterward seek him out. He first taught the men there to plough and plant vineyards; there was good land and raw, and there were soon great crops, they took him for their lord, and so got he all the realms there about, and let build there many bnrgs. 8. Jiipiter his son had many sons from whom the races are comej his son was Dardanns, his son Herikon, his son Tros, his son Hus, his son Lamedon, father of Priamus the headking. Priamus had many sons, one of them was Ektor, he has been most famous of all men in the world for strength and growth, and grace, and for all manly deeds of knightly rank 5 and it is found written , that when the Greeks, and all the strength of the north and east country, bore down on the Tröjan men, they had never been overcome unless the Greeks had called on the Gods, and 30 went the answers that no strength of man might overcome them, unless they were broken by their ovvn men, which arter- FÖRE WORD TO THE EDDA. 107 ward was done. And from their fame men that came after ga ve themselves titles, and among the first, just as tbe Romans have been the most famous men after their days in many things, so it is said that when Rome was built the Romans turned their customs and laws, as near as they could come, after those which the Tröjan men their forefathers had. And so mickle might followed these men, that many ages after when Pompeius a leader of the Romans herried in the east country, (and) Odin fled away out of Asia, and hither into the north country, then gave he himself and bis men their names, and said Priamus had hight Odin but his queen Frigg, and from this took the realm since it's name, and there where the burg stood was called Frigia. And whether it be that Odin said that of himself out of boasting, or that it had been so in the mingli ng of tongues, yet have many wise men held that for a sooth saying, and for a long time after every great lord took for himself a pattern therefrom. 9. A king in Tröja hight Munon or Mennon, he had (to w i fe) a daughter of Priamus the headking, she hight Tröan , they had a son, who hight Tror, (him call we förr) he was in fostering in Tracia with the duke who is named Loricus. Now when he was ten winters old then took he to him his 108 FOREWORI) TO THE EDDA. fathers arms; so falr of face was lie when he stood by other men as when ivory is set in oak, his hair is fairer than gold. When he was twelve years old he had full strength, then lifted he from earth ten bear's hides at once, and then slew he duke Loricus his fosterfather, and his wife Lora or Glora, and took for his own the realm of Tracia, that call we prttöheim. Then fared he wide över the land and knew the countries of the world, and quelled then alone all baresarks, and all giants, and one the biggest dragon, and many beasts. In the north of the world found he that spaewife hight Sibil, whom we call Sif, and got her to wife. None can tell SiPs stock, she was of all women fairest, her hair was as gold, their son was Loride who was like his father, his son Avas Henrede, his son Vingefor, his son Vingener, his son Möda, his son Magi, his son Cespheth, his son Bedvig, his son Atra, whom we call Annan', his son Itrman, his son Heremod, his son Skialldnnn, whom we call Skiöld, his son Biaf, whom we call Biar, his son Jat, his son GiVSolfr, his son Fiarleif, whom we call Frifleif, he had the son avIio is named Vöfinn, him call we Ofinn, He was a famous man for wisdom and all craft, his wife hight Frigföa who we call Frigg. FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. 109 10. Ofin had spaedom, and so also his wife, and from this knowledge found he out that his name would be held high in the nortb part of tbe world, and worshipped beyond all kings; for this sake was he eager to go on his way from Tyrkland, and he had with him very much people, young men and old, churls and wives, and he had with him many costly things. But whithersoever they fared över the land much fame was said of them, so that they were thought lo be liker Gods than men : and they stayed not their färing till they came northward into that land that is now called Saxland, there dwelt Ofinn longtime, and had that land far and wide for his own. There set Ofinn three of his sons to keep the land. One is na med Veggdegg, he was a strong king and ruled över East Saxland, his son was Vitrgils, his sons were these, Riitta fa- ther of Heingez, and Sigarr father of Svebdegg, whom we call Svipdag. The second son of Ofinn hight Beldegg, whom we call Balldr, he owned that land now hight Vestfal, his son was Brandr, his son Friofigar, whom we call Fröfa , his son was Freovit, his son Yvigg, his son Ge v is whom we call Gave. The third son of Ofin is named Siggi, his son Verir. These forefathers swayed in the land now calieu Frankland, and from them is come the race 110 FOREWORD TO THE EDDA. that is called Vavlsiingar. From all these are great and ma ny races come. 11. Then went Ofinn on his way nortbward, and came into tbe land that they called Refågota- land, and bad for bis own in that land all tbat be would, he set up tbere in the land his son tbat bigbt Skiölld, bis son higbt Frifleif; thence is the race come that bigbt Skiölldiingar, those are the Danekings, and that higbt now Jötland which was then called Refågotaland. After tbat fared be northward tbitber to the land now higbt Svifiöb', tbere was tbe king who is named Gylfi, but when he learnt the färing of these Asiamen, who were called Asa , he fared to meet them, and både that Ofinn sbould bave so mucb power in bis realm as be himself willedj and sucb luck followed their path, tbat wheresoever tbey dwellt in the land, then was there plenty and good peacej and all trowed that they swayed tbese; and tbis too the mighty men of tbe land saw, tbat tbey were unlike other men wbom they had seen in fairness and wit. In that land Ofinn tbongbt there were fair lands, and be cboose for bimself a stead for a burg, wbere it is now called Sigtunir, he set up there lords, in the same likeness as bad been in Tröja, and set twelve headmen in tbe stead to ' FÖRE WORD TO THE EDDA. 111 doom the law of the land, and lie so moulded all rights as had been before in Tröja, and as the Tyrks were wont. After that fared he northward until he fell upon the sea, which they trowed to lie about all lands, and set up there his son över the realm now hight Norway; he is called Soemingr, and Norway's kings tell their race up to him, and so also earls and other mighty men, as is said in Håleygiatale : but Ofinn had with him that son of his who is named Yngvi, who was king in Svifiöd, and from him are come the stock who are called Ynglingar. These Asa took to them wives there within the land, but some for their sons, and these races waxed full many, so that about Saxland, and all thence about the north country they spread so, that the tongue of these Asiamen was the true tongue över all these lands 5 and men think they can deem from the way that the names of these forefathers are written, that these names have belonged to this tongue, and (that) the Asa brought the tongue hither into the north country; into Norway and into Svi- fiöd, into Denmark and into Saxland; but in Eng- land there are old names of the land and towns, which one may skill to know that they have been given in another tongue than this. 112 AFTERWORD TO GYLFIS MOCKING. But the Asa set them now to talk, and take tlieir rede and call to mind all these tales tliat were told him, (Gylfi) and give these very same names, that are named before, to the men and steads that were there; for the sake that when long times pass by, men should not doubt, that those Asa of whom these tales were now told, and these to whom the same names were given, were all one. Then was there (one) ealled förr, and he is Asaporr, the old one he is Ökujörr, and to him are given those great deeds that Ektor wrought in Tröja; but men think that the Tyrks have told about Ulyxes, and have ealled him Loki, because the Tyrks were his greatest foes. AF TER- 113 AFTERWORD TO THE EDDA. t. But this is now to be said to y o un g bards, to those who are eager to take to them speecli meet (or song, or fill their store of words vvith old names, or are willing to skill to understand what is sung darklyj tliat they must master this book for their learning and passtime: but these sayings are not to be so forgotten or disproved, as to take away from songship names used ofyore, which great bards bave been pleased withj yet should not christian men trovv on heathen Gods, nor on the truth of these sayings, otherwise than as is found in the beginning of the book, where it ; is said of the chances which led the folk of man away from the true belief, and next to that of the Tyrks, how the Asiamen , who are called Asa, falsed the tales of the tidings which were done in Tröja, for that the landfolk should trow them to be Gods. 2. Priamus king in Tröja was a great lord över all the Tyrkish höst, and his sons were most worshipped of all his höst,- the famous hall, which the Asa called BrirmYs hall or Biorsalr, that was king PriarrTs hall; but as for the long story they Afterword to the Edda. 8 114 AFTERWORD TO THE EDDA, made of the twilight of the Gods, that is the wars of the Tröjan men; that which is said, how Okuförr angled with an oxhead, and drew on board Midgardsworm, but the worm kept his life so that he sank into the sea; that is said from this pattern, that Ector slew Volukrontes a famous champion, in the siglit of the mighty Akillevs, and so drew him on to him with the head of the slain, which they likened to the head of the ox which Okuforr had torn off: but when Akillevs was drawn into this risk through his daring, then was it his life's help that he fled before the bane- ful stroke of Hector, and as it was wounded: so also it is said that Ector waged the war so mightily, and so mickle was his råge when he saw Akillevs, that no thing was so strong that it rnight stånd before him; and when he missed Akillevs he soothed his wrath in this wise, that he slew the champion hight Rodd rus; (and)' so say the Asa that when Öku- forr missed the worm, then slew he Ymir the giant. But in the twilight of the Gods came Midgards- worm unawares upon for, and blew on him with venom and struck him to his bane, but the Asa could not make up their minds to say that Ökuf>örr had so fared, that any one stood över him dead, iJjough so ir had becn, but they hurried över old AFTERWORD TO THE EDDA. 115 tales more than was true, when they said that Mid- gardsworm took there his bane, and they added this, that though Akillevs bore away the fame of Ector's death, yet lay he dead on the same fleld in the same way* that was the work of Elenus and Alexander, this Elenus call the Asa Ali. They say that he avenged his brother, and he lived when all the Gods were dead and the fire was slaked, when Asgård was burnt and all the goods of the Gods: but Pirrus they likened to Fenriswolf, he slew Odin,* but Pirrus might be called a wolf in their belief, for that he spared not holysteads when he slew the king in the shrine before fors altar. That which they call Surtr's fire, is Tröja's burning. But Möfi and Magni Ökuf 6r's sons came to crave land of Ali or Vifarr, he is Eneas, he came away from Tröja and wrought afterward great works. So is it also said that Ector's sons came to Frigialand and set themselves up in that realm and drave away Elenus. FINIS. ÄW * AV v ^W^ ^ j t>^ J * w -*Ä ev \> «l * * o * *U~ V „ i * o v * <* % S /äV" ^V"Vo^^^^^ ^o. "^ & <3* .V . v . . . -«%. ' • • ^ V \ V""-"^ ,^ W :Ä'- W /Ä\ V# /Ä^ W /^ »£, £ ^ s^ ^ ^ <£*:• ^ 'S% G °^^% & ^ ** o* « v -^-^ fr * >% Afr P -^ o * x ■* \v v * c ** %. Q} ' o » y ** \V •%^ -*^Ä" %^-« o* O, % ^ , \ v ^O, o » x ^ w v \ ^ P * * 4 * o< Q. % . ' A ft s "V* ^^ /Ä^^ ^^ c5> ^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 029 561 891 7