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A Sermon

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HIS EMINENCE

PATRICK CARDINAL HAYES

THE PAULIST PRESS
401 West 59th Street

New York





FAITH and SCIENCE

By

HIS EMINENCE

PATRICK CARDINAL HAYES

THE PAULIST PRESS

New York, N. Y.





Faith and Science

B

iHE sublime mystery of human

life, its origin, its purpose, and

its final destiny, is emphasized

in every babe as it is born

into the world.

Whence has it come, whither is it go-

ing? What is human life?

It was only wise and just that a new-

born Child should bring from God to

men the true solution and proper inter-

pretation of life and its mysteries. God

was not satisfied to commission a

prophet, or an angel, but He so “loved

the world as to send His only begotten

Son.” The Christ-Child, Whose Na-

tivity the Church commemorates with

such inspiring solemnity, is the very

“power of God and the wisdom of God” 1

for all men, for all nations, for all time,

and for all the progress and the prob-

lems of human existence. The Babe of

1
1 Cor. i.

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

Bethlehem descended from above, from

beyond the silent stars, to dwell among

men on this planet under the firmament

of heaven, in order to give “glory to

God in the highest and on earth peace

to men of good will.”

The Church in her liturgy introduces

the note of contradiction. The mouth

of the venerable Simeon is opened, as he

hears the voices of the prophets ringing

in his ears, while his eyes pierce the veil

of future history. “Behold this Child is

set for the fall and for the resurrection

of many in Israel and for a sign which

shall be contradicted.”
2

Simeon's Prophecy

Did Simeon see in vision the em-

perors and the kings, the princes and

the peasants, the statesmen and the sol-

diers, the scientists and the scholars, the

churchmen and the sages, the nations

and the tribes, that would contradict

“the power and the wisdom” of the

2 Luke ii

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

Christ-Child? A Herod arose immedi-

ately on the scene to destroy the life of

the Child. Within a generation the

Babe would be condemned in the name

of religion, by the false witnesses of

Caiphas, the High Priest; in the name of

worldliness, by the agnosticism of an-

other Herod; and in the name of civil

law and justice, by the weak, easy ex-

pediency of Pilate, the Roman Gover-

nor. We all know that Christ met, with

eternal truth, the bigotry before Caiphas

adjuring him by the living God; He

answered the agnosticism of Herod with

divinely eloquent silence; He faced the

expediency of Pilate with sublime forti-

tude and resignation. Christ was not

the less divine, the God-man, because

His judges were the less human, less

than men, bereft of religious, human

and legal justice.

Simeon likewise knew of the shep-

herds who had adored and the wise men

from the East who had paid royal

tribute to the Child.

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

Science Leading to Faith

Directly, by the song of angels in the

illumined skies, did God announce the

glad tidings of great joy to the shep-

herds, because they were simple folk,

unlettered, and not trained to search for

the truth. To the Magi how differently

was the revelation conveyed and ex-

pressed. They were scientific men who

scanned the heavens, named the stars,

studied the course of the planets, and

were wise to interpret the message

flashed from God Himself, by the un-

usually brilliant star that beckoned

them to seek further. Their science led

them to an act of supreme faith, which,

in turn, brought them to the feet of

Christ, in Whom are “hidden the treas-

ures of wisdom and knowledge.” Science,

in the person of the Magi, was present

in Bethlehem and offered as a tribute of

science for all ages the gold of its own

wisdom, the frankincense of its own

power, and the myrrh of its own limita-

tion.

[ 6 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

The Magi reasoned wisely, but faith

was needed to bring to them the com-

plete and comprehensive message of the

star. They sought the newborn King

in the palace at Jerusalem, the city of

glory, only to find that He had been

born in a stable in lowly Bethlehem.

They sought information from the

priests of the temple, but discovered

that only shepherds had gone to Beth-

lehem. They expected to see a king

robed with regal insignia of worldly

power, only to behold a helpless Babe

as the Prince of Peace. The poverty

they witnessed was to their scientific,

religious minds but the covering of all

the riches of heaven and earth; the ap-

parent weakness was the vesture of om-

nipotence; the silence of the Babe re-

vealed the mouthpiece of all truth, hu-

man and divine.

Minds of the Magi

Bethlehem in their eyes was like a

calm lake in the hills; on a serene night,

[ 7 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

reflecting in its mirrorlike surface the

physical beauty of the stars, while the

stars themselves in turn mirrored, in

the minds and souls of the Magi, the

majesty and the power of their Creator.

The Star of Bethlehem indeed justified

the Psalmist saying “The heavens show

forth the glory of God; and the firma-

ment declareth the work of His

hands .” 3 But even more than that,

the Star of Bethlehem led them, be-

cause they used wisely and fully their

reason and their faith, to the knowledge

and the possession of their God and

their Savior, a knowledge excelling,

without possible comparison, all other

knowledge—and a possession than which
there is none other more abiding in the

heavens above or on the earth beneath.

This marvelous revelation they did not

communicate to Herod who sought the

death of the Child. Warned by heaven

of Herod’s purpose, they went back an-

other way into their country. Thus

3 Psalm xviii.

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

their knowledge and their wisdom served

their God and not His enemy.

From Visible to Invisible

Happily and significantly has the word

“Magi” come down to us throughout

the ages as a popular synonym for wis-

dom and learning. Well has it been

translated into English, “wise men.”

Such as they in ancient times were tu-

tors of kings, the philosophers and the

scientists of their day. Wisdom, after

all, is the highest purpose of all quest

for knowledge. Wisdom has been de-

fined as the “right use of knowledge.”

Knowledge is but a means to arrive at

wisdom. We might say that when we

possess wisdom we know the truth and

do the right.

A Fashionable Error

It is the fashion of the day to see

conflict and contradiction between re-

ligion and science. There is a wide-

spread philosophy of the natural world

and its phenomena that would have us

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

believe that the physical universe is a

material mass spinning in space and

chained to inexorable laws, which grind

out the fate of mortals, even as the mill-

stones grind out the corn. Nature is a

blind, heartless, impersonal force, self-

created and self-conserved, perhaps,

eternal. If there be a god at all, then

nature itself is that god. Religion, as

we know it, is rejected.

To be sure, this may justly be said of

only a small minority among outstand-

ing scientists. It is rather, generally

speaking, the raw student, the superfi-

cial thinker and the atheistic teacher

who are largely responsible for the

popular vogue with regard to science

and religion.

The Height of Wisdom

True religion, on the contrary, re-

veres true science, proclaims its glory,

rejoices at its marvelous unfolding of

the beauty and power of nature, accepts

gladly its unassailable findings as a

[ 10 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

triumph of human reason and human

genius, because in all this are made

manifest the Supreme Intelligence and

the Omnipotent Lordship, God Him-

self, in Whom all things created “live

and move and have their being.” 4 It is

merely human knowledge to reveal the

material, the mechanical, and the or-

ganic forces of the universe; but it is

the height of wisdom, it is the perfec-

tion of human reason, to use this knowl-

edge as a stepping-stone to higher

things. True religion enables us to ad-

vance from the visible to the invisible,

from the material to the spiritual, from

the finite to the infinite. Surely there

is here a reasonable indication of ad-

vancement in knowledge, in conformity

with the spirit of true science.

The Basis of Faith

There is nothing more scientific, in a

basic sense, than the acceptance of true

Christian faith. If we have the light of

4 Acts xvii.

I 11 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

faith, we have also a sound, reasonable

basis for it; otherwise, religion would be

superstition. Faith is not a blind

act. The intellect goes hand in hand

with faith. “Belief is an act of the

understanding adhering to Divine

Truth.”
5 “Faith is a true assent of the

intelligence to truth .”
6 The light of

reason is still further illumined by the

light of faith. St. Augustine says: “Far

be it from us to believe without having

a reason and without inquiry; for we

could not even believe at all if we have

not rational souls.” We pronounce our

Credo, our faith in the Church’s teach-

ing, because we believe, on the cre-

dentials that Christ clearly presented to

the world, that He was sent of God;

that He is God Himself in very truth;

that His doctrine is eternal truth; that,

as St. John says, “all things were made

by Him and without Him was made

nothing that was made.” 7

5
St. Thomas Aquinas. 6 Pius X.

7 John i.

[12 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

“All things”—this refers to natural,
preternatural and supernatural truth.

By its very essence, truth excludes all

possibility of contradiction. Distinction

exists with regard to the different orders

of truth, but there can be no contradic-

tion, no conflict. Truth, whether it be

of the finite or the infinite, whether it

be human or divine, has God for its au-

thor and God cannot contradict Him-

self.

The Church Fears Not Truth

The reverence of the Catholic Church

for the knowledge of truth and the pos-

session of wisdom takes on the charac-

ter of almost a cult. It reaches real

worship when there is a question of

Christ the uncreated wisdom of God

made man. The present Holy Father

Pope Pius XI recently remarked in an-

swer to a reference to the attitude of

the Church towards history, that the

one thing the Church had to fear the

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

least was the truth, historical or other-

wise.

The Catholic Attitude

The search for knowledge has en-

joyed the patronage and help of the

Church from the moment she found her-

self in a position to be of service. The

Church fully understands the words of

St. Paul who, writing to the Romans,

condemns as “inexcusable” those who

fail to rise to the thought of God from

a study of the visible world: “For the

invisible things of Him from the cre-

ation of the world are clearly seen, be-

ing understood by the things that are

made. His eternal power also and His

divinity: so they are inexcusable.”
8 The

Catholic Church has never protested

against human reason functioning in its

proper sphere of action. The Church

insists that the scientist sin not intel-

lectually, which he would do, by failing

8 Rom. i.

[ 14 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

to follow the guide of reason or by ig-

noring true and solid principles of eter-

nal truth.

Esteem of Science

Pope Leo XIII, after appraising the

intellectual evils of modern times, in

his Encyclical, Aeterni Patris, writes,

“Divine Providence itself requires that

in calling back the peoples to the paths

of faith and salvation, advantage should

be taken of human science also—an ap-
proved and wise practise which history

testifies was observed by the most il-

lustrious Fathers of the Church. They,

indeed, were wont neither to belittle nor

undervalue the part that reason had to

play, as is summed up by the great

Augustine when he attributes to this

science ‘that by which the most whole-

some faith is begotten, is nourished, de-

fended and made strong.’ Thus it is

evident that true religion seeks the as-

sistance of human science, and that the

[IS]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

light of faith does not extinguish the

light of human reason, but aids and

illumines the latter.

Doctors of the Church

One of the most exceptional and

glorious titles the Church confers on out-

standing saints of her calendar, noted

for learning, erudition and scholarship,

is “Doctor of the Church.” The names

of saintly heroes, without number, are

enrolled high in honor on her roster, but

among them all there are only some

twenty-five, of the eastern and western

churches, who have secured the title of

“Doctor of the Church.” Such were St.

Athanasius and St. John Chrysostom,

St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas,

who, in their sanctification, were es-

pecially made perfect in their reason.

Reason perfected and sanctified by faith

reigned serenely. A study of their ex-

tensive and unsurpassable writings will

establish this fact. Their outstanding

intellectual genius demonstrates that di-

[ 16 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

vine revelation goes beyond but never

against human reason.

Catholic Leaders of Science

A further evidence of the Church’s at-

titude towards science is unmistakably

written in the history of science itself.

Could the story of the various depart-

ments of scientific progress be told with-

out paying homage to the Catholic

names, illustrious and imperishable, by

reason of their service to science? Let

us look at the names of a few church-

men and laymen of the ancient faith,

who adorn the history of science.

Botany, Surgery, Astronomy

Albertus Magnus, Bishop, is the fa-

ther of botany. Meyer, the historian

of botany, says that for three hundred

years Albertus Magnus was the greatest

authority on botany.

Theodoric, Bishop, was, strange as it

may seem, a great surgeon. He left us a

[ 17 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

textbook on surgery which has an ac-

count of his own and his father’s work,

and is one of the important works on

the subject. This textbook is still ex-

tant.

To Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa we owe

the counting of the pulse and timing it

in order to differentiate diseases. He

was also the first to teach formally that

the earth is not the center of the uni-

verse but moves in the heavens as the

other stars (1456).

Nicolaus Copernicus, the father of

modern astronomy, was the canon of a

Cathedral. It is not sure whether he

was a priest or not, but we do know

that he helped his Bishop, Maurice Fer-

ber, keep his diocese in the Catholic

Church when dioceses all around were

falling away into Lutheranism.

Father Kircher, S.J., was the first to

see minute living things with a mi-

croscope which he thought were the

causes of disease.

[ 18 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Geology and Medicine

Bishop Steno, or Stensen, a Dane,

was the founder of geology. When the

International Congress of Geologists met

in Italy they unveiled a tablet to his

memory in which they proclaimed him

the founder of their science.

A most notable list of names con-

nected by any bond in the history of

science is that of the Papal physicians.

The Popes selected the men who were

the most prominent in the scientific

medicine of their day, to be their per-

sonal physician and we have the list of

these down the ages.

Father of Modern Pathology

Morgagni is the founder of modern

pathology, hailed as such by Virchow,

who was himself the greatest of modern

pathologists. Morgagni was not a clergy-

man but he was the father of nine

daughters who became nuns, and of a

son who became a Jesuit. He rejoiced

very much over the fact that his chil-

[ 19 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

dren had chosen the better part.

Whenever he visited Rome he used to

stay by invitation in the Papal palace,

for he was the close personal friend of

four Popes.

Biology

Abbot Mendel is, perhaps, the great-

est name in modem biology. He was a

monk who by observation upon the pea

plants in his monastery garden, dis-

covered the laws of heredity which have

more occupied the minds of biologists

in recent years than any other single

subject. He was so good a Religious

that his fellow monks elected him their

Abbot, and he was noted for his piety

and devotion to his community.

Theodor Schwann, the father of the

cell doctrine, a great founder in biology,

refused three invitations to professor-

ships at German universities because he

wanted to stay with his Catholic breth-

ren, teaching the Catholic students at

Louvain.

I 20]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Astronomy and Anthropology

The Jesuits have been important con-

tributors to astronomy, to ethnology,

and in the modern time to seismology,

the science of earthquakes. Literally,

many hundreds of books have been

written by them on these subjects.

A founder of modern anthropology,

so proclaimed by the president of the

British Association for the Advancement

of Science, was Father John MacEnery,

who found traces of the existence of

man at the same time with extinct ani-

mals in certain caves in England.

Pasteur and Laennec

Nor should we forget Pasteur, the

father of preventive medicine, whose

discoveries have saved innumerable

lives, nor Laennec, one of the greatest

physicians of all time, the father of our

modern knowledge of pulmonary dis-

eases.

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FAITH AND SCIENCE

No Interference

Surely such names as these refute the

imputation that religious belief, and es-

pecially Catholic faith, make men sterile

in the realm of scientific thought. Our

own distinguished scholar, Dr. James J.

Walsh, recently stated succinctly the

Catholic position: “All that the Catholic

is asked to do is to suppress his conceit

of knowledge some and wait until he is

absolutely sure that what he has is truth

and not one of the many guesses at

truth. If he does this, he can be quite

certain of no interference from his

Church but, on the contrary, he will be

hailed as a worthy son of the Church

for the successful research work that he

has accomplished.”

Only One Motive Determines

Attitude of Church

The attitude of the Catholic Church

on all questions and problems, whether

religious, scientific, economical, political,

[ 22 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

or social, is determined by one sole mo-

tive—and that is, the truth is revealed
by God in nature and in faith. “The

Church of the living God is the pillar

and ground of truth .”
9

“It shall be

called the City of Truth.”
10 “The spirit

of Truth will teach you all truth.”
11

No Conflict

Is there any substantial reason to be-

lieve that the mentality and mind of the

Magi at Bethlehem would impair or re-

tard in any way the progress of modern

science? The reverence, the humility,

the faith of the wise men before their

God and their Savior could have brought

them nothing but blessing. After all,

God has kept faith with science. He

never disappoints when His laws of na-

ture are absolutely and fully obeyed.

Seeking after natural truth should not

deaden or destroy a keen interest in the

higher domain of divine truth. All truth

should appeal to the scientific mind,

9
1 Tim. iii. 10 Zac. viii. 11 John xvi.

[ 23 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

wherever it is, whether in the heavens

above or beyond the stars, or on the

earth, or down in its depths—wherever
truth is in the vast universe.

The Proper Spirit

If science carries on its research in a

spirit of reverential faith in God, faith

in man, faith in the universe, faith in

that ultimate, wise purpose of all as de-

creed by the Creator, then nature with

all its mysteries and its wonders reflects

as in a mirror the power, majesty,

beauty and wisdom of God. It also in-

spires every searcher of natural truth to

interpret, by the light of supernatural

faith, nature as the door at which na-

ture’s God knocks to reveal Himself as

the Eternal Father of all mankind.

Without such faith science labors in

vain—for this world would be only a
tomb, the brain of man only clay, and

man himself only a corpse, and that for-

ever.

Divine Providence will not permit

[ 24 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

such a curse on the human race which

has been redeemed by the Son of God.

Rather the human soul cries out in a

spirit of ardent faith: “O, the depth of

the riches of the wisdom of God and of

the knowledge of God! How incompre-

hensible are His judgments and how un-

searchable His ways! For who hath

known the mind of the Lord? or who

hath been His counsellor? For of Him,

and by Him, and in Him, are all things:

to Him be glory for ever. Amen.” 12

12 Rom. xi.

[ 25 ]



Catholics Eminent in Science

Agricola, George (1494-1555), German;

Chemist.

Albertus, Magnus (1206-1280), Swabian;

early contributor to botany.

Ampere (1775-1836), French; Electrician, dis-

covered unit of electric current.

Auenbrugger, Leopold (1722-1807), Aus-

trian; Physician, discovered percussion.

Barrande, Joachim (1799-1883), French; Ge-

ologist.

Beccaria, G. B. (1716-1781), Italian priest;

Electrician, founder of atmospheric elec-

tricity.

Becquerel, Antoine (1788-1878), French;

Chemist, a pioneer in electrochemistry.

Bourgeois, Louis (1819-1878), French priest;

Archeologist.

Bramante, Donato (1444-1514), Italian;

Architect.

Bravo, Francisco (circa 1550), Spaniard;

Physician, his “Opera Medicinalia” was the

first medical book printed on the American

Continent—1570.
Carnoy, J. B. (1836-1899), Belgian priest;

Physiologist.

Cassini, Giovanni (1625-1712), Italian; As-

tronomer.

Castelli, Benedetto (1577-1644), Italian

priest; Mathematician.

[ 26 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Cauchy, Augustin (1789-1857), French;

Mathematician.

Cesalpino, Andrea (1519-1603), Italian; Phy-

sician and Naturalist, the great botanist of

the sixteenth century; wrote a description

of circulation of the blood; papal physician.

Chaptal, J. A. (1756-1832), French; Chemist.

Chevreul, M. E. (1786-1889), French; Chem-

ist.

Clavius, Christopher (1538-1612), German

priest, S.J.; Astronomer, known as the “Eu-

clid” of the sixteenth century.

Colombo, Realdo (1516-1559), Italian;

Anatomist, discovered circulation of blood

in lungs.

Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish;

Astronomer.

Corrigan, Sir Dominic (1802-1880), Irish;

Physician.

Coulomb (1736-1806), French; Electrician.

D’Abradie, Antoine (1810-1897), French;

Geographer and Astronomer.

Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519), Italian;

Architect, Engineer, Painter, Geologist.

Ducrost (circa 1870), French priest; Arche-

ologist.

De Lapparent, Albert (1839-1908), French;

Geologist.

Delaunay (circa 1850), French priest; Arche-

ologist.

[ 27 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Denza, Francesco (1834-1894), Italian; As-

tronomer.

D’Omalitjs (1783-1875), French; Geologist.

De Rossi (1822-1894), Italian; Archeologist,

founder of Christian archeology.

Dumas, J. B. (1800-1884), French; Chemist.

Dwight, Thomas (1843-1911), American;

Anatomist (Harvard).

Eustachius (+ 1574), Italian; Anatomist;

Eustachian tube is named after him; papal

physician.

Fabri, Honore (1607-1688), French priest,

S.J.; Mathematician and Physicist.

Fatreille, Pierre Andre (1762-1833), French

priest; Zoologist.

Fracastorio (1483-1553), Italian; Astronomer,

Pathologist, Geologist, first to point out

magnetic poles.

Galvani (1737-1798), Italian; Electrician,

gave the world galvanized iron and the Gal-

vanic Battery.

Gioja (circa 1300), Italian; Pioneer of scien-

tific navigation and perfecter of Mariner’s

Compass. Name is fictitious.

Gioja, Melchiorre (1767-1829), Italian; Po-

litical Economist.

Gordon, Andrew (1712-1751), Scotch priest;

Electrician, inventor of first practical fric-

tion machine.

[ 28 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

De Chauliac, Guy (1310-1380), French;

Anatomist, wrote a textbook on surgery.

Hauy, Re^te-Just (1743-1822), French;

Mineralogist, discovered pyroelectricity.

Heis, Edward (1806-1877), German; As-

tronomer.

Henry of Mondeville (circa 1250), French;

Surgeon.

Hermite, Charles (1822-1901), French;

Mathematician.

Heude, Petrus (1836-1902), French priest,

S.J.; Zoologist.

Kircher, Athanasius (1601-1680), German

priest, S.J.; Microscopist.

Roller, M. W. (1792-1866), Austrian priest;

Astronomer.

Laennec, Rene Theodore (1781-1826),

French; Physician, pioneer in physical

diagnosis, discoverer of Stethoscope, worked

at meaning of auscultation.

Lamarck (1744-1829), French; Evolutionist, a

generation before Darwin.

Lanfranchi (circa 1250), Italian; Surgeon.

Latreille (1762-1833), French priest; Ento-

mologist.

Lavoisier (1743-1794), French; Chemist,

pioneer of modern chemistry.

Le Verrier (1811-1877), French; Astronomer,

discovered planet Neptune.

[ 29 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Linacre, Thomas (1460-1524), English; Phy-

sician. Became a priest.

Lonen, K. A. (1841-1893), German; Evolu-

tionist and Geologist.

MacEnery, John (1795- ), Priest; An-

thropologist, pioneer in paleontological an-

thropology.

Malpighi, Marcello (1628-1694), Italian;

Anatomist, discoverer of Malpighian tubes.

Mayer, C. (1719-1783), Moravian priest, S.J.;

Astronomer.

Melloini (1798-1854), Italian; Electrician,

founder of thermoelectricity.

Mendel (1822-1884), Austrian priest; Biolo-

gist, one of the most important names in

modern biology.

Mivart, St. George (1827-1900), English;

Naturalist.

Mondino (1275-1327), Italian; Anatomist,

author of first dissection manual.

Morgagni (1682-1771), Italian; Pathologist,

pioneer in modern pathology.

Muller, Claude Bernard (1813-1878),

French
;

Physiologist.

Muller, Johann (1436-1476), German priest;

Mathematician and Astronomer.

Muller, Johann (1801-1858), German; Phy-

siologist and Comparative Anatomist.

[ 30 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Murphy, John B. (1857-1916), American;

Surgeon, among greatest in the United

States.

Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), German Car-

dinal; Mathematician and Physician.

Pare, Ambroise (1517-1590), French; Sur-

geon.

Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895), French; Chemist.

Piazzi, Giuseppe (1746-1826), Italian priest;

Astronomer, discovered Ceres.

Pitard (circa 1279), French; Surgeon.

Pitra, J. B. (1812-1889), Italian Cardinal;

Archeologist.

Paracelsus (1493-1541), German; Physician

and reformer of therapeutics.

Riccioli, Giovanni (1598-1671), Italian priest,

S.J.; Astronomer.

Rontgen, Wilhelm Konrad (1845-1923),

German; Physicist.

Scheiner, Christopher (1575-1650), German

priest, S.J.; Astronomer, first noted sun-

spots.

Schwann, Theodor (1810-1882), German;

Physiologist, discoverer of cell theory in

medicine.

Secchi, Angelo (1818-1878), Italian priest,

S.J.; Astronomer.

Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729-1799)-, Italian

priest; Biologist, most distinguished of

eighteenth century.

131 ]



FAITH AND SCIENCE

Stensen (1638-1686), Danish Bishop; Geolo-

gist and Anatomist.

Varoli, C'ostanzo (1543-1575), Italian; Anat-

omist, papal physician.

Vauquelin, Louis (1763-1829), French;

Chemist.

Vesauus, Andreas (1514-1564), Belgian;

Anatomist, first to start investigation in the

examination of the structure of the human

body.

Volta, A. (1745-1827), Italian; Physicist.

Word “volt” comes from his name.

Von Fuchs, Johann (1774-1856), German;

Mineralogist.

Von Kleist (circa 1745), Pomeranian priest;

discovered principle of Leyden Jar.

Von Lamont, Johann (1805-1879), German;

Astronomer.

Waagen, Wilhelm (1841-1900), German;

Paleontologist and Geologist.

William of Salicet (circa 1275), Italian;

Surgeon.

[ 32 ]