IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 Ui»2^ |25 ■tt I2ii 12.2 u ttt us, 12.0 us lit J& 1^ III '-^ 11^ : : i -< 6" ► Sciences Corporation 3>^ i\ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever epplles. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols y signifie "FIN". iVIaps, plates, charts, etc., mey be filmed et different reduction retlos. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many fremes as required. The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Les csrtes, plenches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de r6duction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit an un seul cllchA, II est filmA A partir de I'engle supArieur geuche, de gauche A drolte, et de heut en bes, en prenant le nombre d'images nteessaire. Les diegremmes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 m so I'UBI To be NEW BRUNSWICK and NOVA SCOTIA LAND COMPANY. PRACTICAL INFORMATION RESPECTING NEW BRUNSWICK, INCLUDING DETAILS RELATIVE TO ITS SOIL, CLIMATE, PRODUCTIONS, AND AGRICULTURE, .•UBL,8HED rOR THE USE OP PERSONS INTENDING TO SETTLE UPON THE LANDS OF THE COMPANY. WITH A MAP. To be had at the Company^s Office, 16, King^s-Arms Yard, Coleman Street, London. LONDON: PBINTED BV ARTHUR TAYLOR, 3., COLEMAN STREET. 1834. NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA LAND COMPANY, Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1834. Capital i,'200,0()0. — With power reserved to the I'roprictors by the Charter to increase the Ca]>ital to ^£'400,000. (Siabetitor. John Laooucherg, Esq. Deput)' ©oticrnot. — Edward Bi-ount, Esq. t DircttotiJ. Sir Jonx RraKE, Bart. JoitN Moxon, Esq. Gkorok Hknry IIooi'ER, Esq. David Stewart, Esq. Ambrose Hiimphuvs, Esq. Lestock Peach Wilson, Esq. .losEPH Kay, Esq. John Wright, Esq. John Francis Maubert, Esq. ^(tilts Dtrcttoc. — John Bainbridge, Esq. Bartholomew Jeffery, William Newton, and George Palmer, Esqrs. Messrs. Williams, Deacon, Labouchere, and Co., Birchin Lane. Messrs. Wright and Co., Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. ^oltcuoc. — Nathaniel Hooper, Esq. Commiss'mier at Fredericton. E. N. Kendall, Esq. R.N. Solicitor. — Charles S. Putnam, Esq. Honoranj Commissioner at Chatham, Miramicki. Henry Cunard, Esq. Resident Agent at the South-West Branch. W. E. Cormack, Esq. Colonial Treasurers. The Honourable Joseph Cunard, Chatham, Miramichi. Tlie Honourable Samuel Cunard, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Office of the Company, No. 15, Kings-Arms Yard, London. NEW BRUNSWICK. ' O those who contemplate leaving their native land, to establish themselves in a distant part of the globe, it is of the utmost impor- tance they should possess every possible knowledge of the prepara- tions necessary for their outfit and voyage ; of the character of the country to which they are about to bend their way ; and, after tlieir arrival, such information as will govern their proceedings in respect to settlement. The subsequent pages are intended to detail, briefly, a plain state- ment of facts of the prominent features and capabilites of the highly fertile province of New Brunswick ; and will convey that information which is considered most conducive to the benefit of those who in- tend to make that place their destination. Settling in the New World is only characteristic of the state that existed originally in Great Britain. In America it is universally ad- mitted thai those who with persevering industry and frugality have applied their labour to the cultivation of forest lands, with few excep- tions, have succeeded in acquiring the means of comfortable indepen- dence, and all that is necessary to render rural life happy. New Brunswick possesses the advantages of easy access ; a salu- brious climate ; a rich soil ; vast tracts of fertile land ; valuable forests, abounding with a variety of game; plentiful fisheries within its hays and rivers ; mines of coal, iron, and copper; salt and sulphureous springs ; innumerable rivers and streams to carry the productions of the Interior to the Sea ; and, owing to its proximity to the Ocean, it has the ad- vantage of a more immediate market for the natural and agricultural productions of the soil than Canada or the Inland States. It extends from 63° 45' to 67" 30' west longitude, and from 4;")° to 48° 10' north latitude; comprising in its area 16,.')00,000 acres, 2,500,000 of which are granted. The objection to the Climate of New Brunswick, in common with that of the North American Provinces, urged by those who have not resided in them, applies with equal truth to Prussia and the greater part of Germany, where the people employed in agricultural pursuits form the majority of the inhabitants. The Climate of New Brunswick is most remarkably healthy, and congenial to the natives of Great Britain and Ireland. Neither does it generate those periodical epidemics so common in the Southern and Western States at America. Last year, indeed, from whatever cause, whilst North America generally was visited by cholera, New Bruns- wick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward's Island, escaped entirely. 4 THE COUNTRY. The Poll- of New Brunswick may be desif^nntcd of tlircc kinds : — The Vphtnd, which is the most jncvaleut throughout the proviiue, is ii rich vegetable mold on the surface, varying in depth ; highly fer- tile, and suited for all purposes of cultivation , the subsoil overlie* diiy-slate in some parts, and red sandstone in others : the most fer- tile of it produces elm, rock maple, black birch, beech, with u mixture of other trees. Intervati' Land consists of low flat tracts of alluvium along the rivers, brooks, or lakes, orijiinally formed of deposits carried down from the uplands by the spring freshets, and which is annually irri- gated and enriched, like the lands of the Nile, by the overflowing of the rivers in Spring. Noble trees, principally chn, black birch, ash, and butternut grow scattered over it. There is a third description of soil, which may be called Upland Intervale, as it partakes of the qualities of the two former : it is how- ever never overflowed. Some wide, low, undulating tracts in the pro- vince are of this kind of land. It has a moist, black, vegetable moidd on the surface, generally of one to two feet, and in some places more, in tiepth. For general agricultural purposes this is the most valuable land in the Province. " The cpiality of the Soil, as elsewhere in America, may always be ascertained by the description ot trees growing upon it." The principal Trees are bird's-eye, curly, rock, and white maple ; the sap of the three first, by being boiled down in a common pot, yielding the maple sugar, which is generally used 5 birch, beech, ash, (lifl'ercnt kinds of each ; elm, oak, hornbeam, basswood, butternut ; pine, white, red, 8(c. ; spruce fir, black, white, red, balsam, ^c. ; b^'th, cedar, hendock. The butternut tree and fruit resemble the walnut. There is also a great variety of beautiful shrubs, flowers, and valu- able medicinal plants. The Wii-D Animals of the chase are the moose, caraboo, and small red deer; hares in great plenty 3 foxes, beaver, otter, bear, marten, musquash, ^c. J Loupcevier, racoon, fisher, musk-rat, squirrels, poi- cupine, SiC. The Birds ai-c partridges, birch and spruce; pigeons, snipe, curlew, plover, woodcock ; a variety of wild ducks and geese, and most other birds enumerated as common in America. Along the coasts nearly all the kinds of Fisiiec! caught in the North American Seas are abundant. As we proceed from the coast up the Rivers, the rich fertility of the Lands claims our admiration. Timber of different descriptions covers the whole face of the country. High hills rise occasionally in ridges in various places ; but no part of New Brunswick can be considered mountainous. " The natural advantages 01 New Brunswick are certainly equal to any country in America ; and it requires only a great addition of in- dustrious settlers to secure its prosperity, and make it one of the most important of his Maj sty's colonics. Its resources are great, and it is capable of maintaining at least three millions of inhabitants. " — M'Gregor, vol. ii. book 2. THE COMPANY. OBJECTS OF THE COMPANY. To encourage people of cnterprizc, iiidustiy, and capital, who may wish to remove from the parent country, to settle on the uncultivated fertile lands in the Province of New Brunswick, with a view to their future benefit and advantage, in the hope to unfold the latent resources of tliat valuable British Colony. The Company have purchased from the Crown a Tract, containing upwards of half a million of acres of the most fertile Land in New Brunswick, situated in the County of York, between North Latitude 45° 55' and 40° 50'; Longitude West 07° in the centre of the Pro- vince, whereon they intend to begin their operations ; all parts ol which are easy of access from the sea-ports, by means of rivers and roads. By reference to the map affixed, its relative position in the Province may be distinctly seen. The Rivers Miramichi, Tank, and Nashwauk flow through it, and the cultivated farms, on the banks of the River St. John, bound it on the South-West, the tributary streams of these rivers spreading over it in all directions. These Rivers admit of active Inland Navigation, and form so many highways through this grand and rich Terrritory ; the Miramichi flowing, on the one hand, into the Gulph of St. Lawrence, and the St. John, on the other, into the Bay of Fundy. The chief part of the Company's Tract consists of rich mellow al- luvial land, or upland intervale, with a moist black vegetable mould on the surface. It is covered every where with fine Forest Trees, standing well apart, and no underwood, unless it may be a few bushes here and there close to the banks of the rivers. Such Land, when cleared of the timber, will yield a succession of crops (without the application of any manure), of wheat, barley, oats, Indian corn, pota- toes, 8fc. equal in quality to the same kinds of produce raised in Eng- land. It is peculiarly adapted for the growth of Hemp and Flax, which could be produced there to any extent. The Company will encourage Farmers of small capital, and others, who emigrate to their Lands. They will prepare Farms, by clearing from five to fifty acres, and erecting a house thereon, for settlers who would prefer purchasing farms partially prepared for cultivation, to lands entirely covered with wood. Practical farmers, with from 200/. to 600/., may secure such farms by applying at the office of the Company in London, and depositing their money; and will obtain information at their agents in Liverpool, Bristol, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Leith, Newcastle, Hull, Yarmouth, Plymouth, Dublin, Cork, and Londonderry. Vessels from every part of the United Kingdom are constantly sailing to the Port of St. John in the Bay of Fundy, where cargoes and passengers are landed on the wharves in the middle of the City. The Harbour is open all the year. St. John is the principal Port of the Province ; the City contains about 14,000 inhabitants. It is one of the leading points of access to the Company's Lands. Settlers, on arriving there, will enquire for the c THE COMPANY. Company's A};ent, who will direct thcin to tlic station of tlie stoani- hoiils iVoin the city, as well us iVom Indian Town two miles distant, which proceed daily from thence up the River St. Jolin to Frederic- ton, 90 miles distant. The RiVKii St. John, called by the Indians Loo;§h-tork, or the Long River, is, next to the St. Lawrence, thefinest river in British America, and is navigable for vessels of large burthen many miles above Frc- dericton. Fjiki»ehicton is the scat of government, and contains about 4,000 inhabitants. Sir Archibald Campbell, the Lieutenant Governor, re- sides there ; where also assemble the Provincial Legislature, and the sittings of the Supreme Court are held ; it is situated on a pretty point of land formed by a bend of the River, nearly ninety miles above St. John, and in front of as richly woodet hills as ever eye be- held. Foi soft and picturesque scenery it is not surpassed by any part of the Province. In front, the River St. John, nearly a mile in width, flows past, sometimes smoothly, but often in overflowing grandeur; and immediately opposite it receives the Nashwauk, a rapid stream which winds from the North-West many miles through the fertile Lands of the Company. The Company's Chief Commissioner at present resides at Fredc- ricton, and has an Oflice for the sale of Lands, granting licences to cut Timber, and transacting the general business of the Company. Per- sons applying at the Oflice will receive immediate information of the situation of the surveyed Lands upon the Rivers Nashwauk and Tay, upon ♦vhich Towns are intended to be established, and where Lands will be laid out for location. Small vessels, called scows, navigate the Nashwauk, by which passengers can go to the Company's Lands at small expence from Fredericton. Some other Rivers rise in the Company's Lands,and empty into the St. John above Fredei icton, the banks and vicinity of which offer very desirable situations for immediate settlement, the land being invaria- bly good. The great Royal Road now making from Fredericton to the Grand Falls is already finished through the Cardigan and Tay Settlements, and will pass through the Company's Lands to the Upper Boundary. Government have reserved the right to make a Road to Miramachl, which will pass entirely through the Company's Tract from the Tay Settlement. The River Miramicui admits ships of any size from its mouth to the principal towns of Chatham and Newcastle. Small craft, scows, and lighters proceed from thence to the Upper Boundary of the Company's Lands upon the South-West Branch : and on the Banks of this noble River the Company contemplate to establish their first Village or Town. They have already in operation there a Saw-mill and Grist-mill, a blacksmith's Forge, and a Farm of consideiablc extent under cultiva- tion, part of which they mean to apportion in lots for settlers arriving (luring the planting season,who are unable to get their New Land pre- pared in time for seed. They also intend to have cottages immediately THE COMPANY. le stoaiij- s distant, Frederic- the Loii^ America, jove Frc- t)ut 4,000 ernor, rc- :, and the I a pretty lety miles cr eye he- ld hy any a mile in 'erflowinj; ihwauk, a :s through at Fredc- ices to cut ny. Pcr- ion of the L and Tay, lere Lands svigate the J Lands at ty into the 1 offer very ig invaria- the Grand jttlements. Boundary, iliramachi, m the Tay outh to the scows, and Company's F this noble Village or •ist-mill, a ler cultiva- n's arriving ' Land prc- nmcdiatcly urcctcd for temporary accommodation of families, until they can fix upon a place of residence. Vessels on arriving from the United Kingdom generally discharge at or near the principal town of Chatham, where the Company have their Office ; and that no difliculty or loss of time may occur to settlers for the want of immediate conveyance after their arrival, the Company will make arrangements for proper vessels to be in readiness to take passengers with their stores and luggage from the ships to the Place they may fix upon for Settlement. They have also provided, about eight miles from Chatham, up the llivcr, a commodious LandingPlace, with Store-Houses andothercon- veniencics, at which passengers who have agreed with the Company in London for Lands will be landed, and intended as a Dep6t for bulky luggage or furniture, which may require to be stored whilst the places of destination are determining ; and where families even may be temporarily accommodated if necessity obliges settlers to remain a few days. The expences will thus be very small. PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE RIVERS WHICH FLOW THROUGH THE COMPANY'S TRACT. The River Miramictii stands first in importance. Chatham, situ- ated upon the South -East Bank about twenty-five miles from the shores of the Gulph of St. Lawrence, is the principal Sea-Port, and contains about 2,000 inhabitants. On the opposite Bank are the Towns of Newcastle and Douglas, containing about an equal number. At those Towns a most extensive Trade is carried on in Lumber ; 200 Vessels are annually laden with Timber and Deals, for the United Kingdom ; besides the West -India and Inter-Colonial Trade, and the most ample accommodation for strangers may be had at all of them. Seven miles above Chatham the two great Branches of the River, called the South-West and North-Wcst, unite ; and at the Point of their junction the Company have fixed an Establishment for the ac- eonnnodation, expressly, of those persons who may arrive with inten- tion to settle upon their Lands. Tlic best Fishing Ground in the whole River is at this Point, and an extensive Fishery of Gaspereau and Bass has in consequence been long established there. The privilege of Fishing, and Uie other con- veniencies which the Company possess at this place, they will allow the benefit of, to the Settlers upon their Lands, which will be found of great advantage to them. The Tide extends up theSouTH-WKST Branch about fifteen miles or more beyond the Establishment, sind vessels of any burthen can discharge and load there. The Banks are settled nearly all the way for about forty-five miles further from the Tideway, where the River Tauk joins it, and there the Company's Lands conmience. Small craft, lighters, or barges come from Chatham and Newcastle, and proceed up the Miramichi South- West Branch more than forty miles above the junction of the Tauk, entirely through the Company's Tract. To enable the reader to understand this, it may be simply stated. \ 8 KIVERS AND FISHES. lliiit tlie Uivcr oontuiiis uioie water tVoin the Junction of the Tank, fntircly through the Conipiiny's Lands, than tlie Thames tVom Lou- don upwards. On the Hanks of it there arc incxhaustihlc beds of the finest Clay, lor tlie manufactureof pottery-ware and bricks; and upon the tributary streams, which arc very iimuerous, there are some valuable Mill Sites. The Tauk is a small River, havin|; its source in the Company's Tract, navi{j;ul)le for about ei};hteen miles from its mouth for Barnes and Canoes. The Land o.i its Banks is of the very best description, with here and there snv. ' 'lands of rich Alluvial Deposite, with every variety of aspect and pretty scenery. The Miramichi is stored with a variety of excellent Fishes, in greater abundance than any river in Europe, owing to its discharge being into the Gulph of St. Lawrence, — that great nursery for all the kinds of fishes in the North American Waters. They come up the River from the Gulph in succession at dilFeient seasons, so that the Farmer need not be interrupted in his agricultural pursuits, in procuring a yearly Supply of Fish for family use. Amongst those which appear early is the Uaspcrcau or Alewife, a fish very much resembling the herring, and by many people preferred. It appears soon after the middle of May, and remains until about the beginning of July. Nu- merous shoals of them ascend the river Miramichi, even to the Upper Boundary of the Company's Land. They are taken in seans, some- times in quantities of fifty barrels at once j and are pickled with less trouble, and keep better, than herrings. The Bass, another good fish, appears about the first of June, and remains in the Rivei's until about the beginning of July : It tlien returns to the Sea, and reappears about the end of September, remaining in abundance until about the last of October. It is in best condition in the latter season : it is also taken with seans. Some contiime in the River, and are taken during all the Winter season with scoop nets, through the Ice. The Bass varies in size, like the cod, from one to fifty pounds weight. It is pickled for use, as the herring. The Gaspereau and Bass Fisheries are very ex- tensive in the Miramichi : the Fish is mostly exported. The Shad, a very fine fish, resembles the mackarel in size and quality, and the her- ring in form and colour. It ascends the Rivers during the months of June and July ; is caught in nets and seans, and pickled as well as smoked for use. Salmon are plentiful and excellent during the Spring and Summer. In the favourite pools, Salmon, and the finest red Trouts in the world of from three to six pounds weight, will afford the angler as good sport as he ever had. Besides these, there are vari- ous other species of excellent Fishes. The River Nashwauk, as may be seen by reference to the Map, Hows across the Company's Land, and joins the River St. John, at Kredericton. It is navigable for Barges, nearly to the extent of the Company's Upper North- West Boundary from Fredericton. At the Portage Road, 24 miles North of Frcjlericton, where the Company's Lands commence in that part, this fine Stream has a Wes- terly direct 'on, and for eighteen miles both Banks offer every induce- ment for ill. mediate scttleaicut. —The Land is extremely rich, covered ic Tank, )iu Loll- .•st Clny, ti'ibtitury [ill Sites. >mpany'8 r Barges iciiption, ith every HIIRSj ill ischarge >r all the the River e Farmer >curinj!; a h appear }ling the after the ily. Nu- he Upper ns, sonie- with less good fish, ntil about ;ars about the last of filso taken ing all the i varies in iekled for ; very ex- le Shad, a d the her- months of IS well as he Spring finest red vill afibrd J are vari- the Map, John, at ;nt of the • vliere the IS a Wes- y induce- 1, covered OUTFIT FOR A SETTLER. with Cedar, Maple, and other deciduous Trees. The Royal Roiid, ihnuigh tic Company's Tract to ilie Grind Falls, crosses the upper part of it. On the Ranks of this River, and in the vicinity, a variety of minerals abound, viz : — Coal, Iron-stone, various kinds of Clay, Sandstone for buihiing, Slate, Sfc. About th' middle of the Company's Land the Tay, a branch of the Nashvvauk rises ; upon the upper part of which there is a small Settlement on Lands previously granted by the Crown. Below this Settlement, towards the Nashwauk, the Land upon the Banks is ex- tremely fine, a large portion being Intervale. — Uoal and various de- scrintions of valuable Clay abound there, as at the Nashwauk. 1 he several smaller Rivers which witter the Soutticrn Division of the Company's Tract, and which /low into the St. John above Fredc- lictoii, are the Kkswick, the Maknaijuak, the Nakawick, and the rivulet Nasiiwaahks. The Lands upon all of them are good : and, owing to their uniting with the noble River St. John they present great encouragement for settlement. OUTFIT FOR A SETTLER. A Farmer, to be enabled to establish himself at once on his Farm, should take out with him, if his means will admit, as much clothing, bedding, and linen as he and his family will require for one year at least ; culinary utensils, a set of light cart harness, a few spades, sho- vels, and scythes, half a dozen sickles and strong hoes, two pair of plough-traces, the iron-work of a plough and harrow of the commr!i kind used in Scotland, the cast machinery of a corn-fan, one hand one jack and one jointer plane, one draw-knife, six socket-chisels, six gouges, one hand-sav.', two or three hammers, three or four augers as- sorted, none larger than one and a quarter inch, a dozen gimblets, a tow door-iiingesand latches, and a small assortment of nails, a whip, and a cross-cut saw. Articles of useful furniture, if they can be got t») the shi|), and freight be obtained at an easy rate, it wouhl be desira- ble to take. He should also have a few pounds to purchase seeds, and the sum requisite to pay the first of Five Instalments for his Land. The best kinds of Sheep, as well as of horned Cattle, and of the dif- ferent kinds of Grain, have of late been introduced into New Bruns- wick from Great Britain, particularly by His Excellency the Lieu tenant Governor Sir Archibald Campbell, who is most anxious and zealous in forwarding the Agricultural and other interests of the Province. Tlie great returns from new seed oats and barley, the first year, is almost incredible j and it is therefore advisable for settlers to take out early and hardy seed-oats, barley, and here ; also peas and beans, timothy, rye-grass, red and white clover, and any other luxuriant hardy kinds of grass seed; carrots, turnips, Sfc. j also a little vnnter wheat : spring wheat can be got in New Brunswick. Potatoes of the proper kinds cultivated in the province are as good as any in the world. CONVEYANCE OF MONEY. Owing to the high race of Exchange on England, a grcafadvantagc -tf**^: PMHi 10 THE PASSAGE. ft will be derived by leuviiig money in this Country, and drawing for it when rciiuired. Tlic Acting Director of the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Company will, in consequence, agree to receive monies from persons going out to the Company's Lands, who may think it more advanta'.'cous or safe to transmit their Capital to the Province through the medium of the Company, than to carry it witli them in specie, and will undertake to honor their bills. OF THE PASSAGE. " The voyage to New Brunswick is short, being about 2,500 miles from England, and varies from three to five weeks." Owing to the great number of ships which go out in ballast for timber, passages are generally more moderate to New Brunswick than to any other part of America. The average rate of Passages in the Steerage from London, mclu- diii}^ provisions, may be stated as follows, varying however a little iiiider or over : per man a£MlO to 5 per woman 3 10 to 4 y)t'r child under 14 ... . 2 to 2 10 Passengerit generally find all their own provisions, the ship then providing bed-berths, fuel, and water j the price in that case is 2/. to 31. ; Children half price. From the Outports passages may be somewhat lower. Besides the rcipiisite provisions found by the ship-owner, passengers should have a few other necessaries in case of ill health at sea, parti- cularly a little tea, sugar, and aperient medicine. Setthirs should leave England by the tenth of April at latest, so as to have the whole of the Summer Season before them. CULTIVATION OF FOREST LAND, *c. It is curious and interesting to observe the progress which a New Settler makes in clearing and cultivating a Wood Farm, from the period he coninuMices in the Forest until he has reclaimed a sufficient quan- tity ol Land to enable him to follow the mode of Cultivation he prac- tised ill his native country. As the same course is, with little variation, followed by all new settlers in every part of America, the following description may be useful to those who are about to emigrate. After the settler has selected a Farm among such vacant lands as aie jnost desirable, and after obtaining the necessary tenure, he com- mences by cutting down the trees on the Site of his intended Habita- tion, and those growi jg on the ground inmiediately adjoining. This operation is j)jrformed with the axe, by cutting a notch on each side of the tree, about two feet above the gj'ound, and rather more than half through on the side on which it is intended the tree should fall. The trees are all felled in the same direction j and, after lopping off the principal branches, cut into ten or fifteen feet lengths. On the spot on which the house is to be erected these junks are all rolled Bway, and the smaller parts carricu off or burnt. The Habitations wjiich the new settlers first erect are all nearly in CULTIVATION. 11 ing for it ivvick and ^c monies f think it Province i them in 500 miles tallast fur wick than [on, incla- er a little ship then at case is sages may passengers sea, parti- Zest, so as ich a New the period ient {!. 18 TRADE. The blessinf^s of religion arc fully extended, as before noticed, to all the settlements ; with freedom fiom the liability to contribute to- wards the support of any particular Establishment. The Society for the Propagation of tlic (lospcl in Foreign Pnrts support the clergy of the Church of England ; all others are maintained by their respec- tive congregations. The benefits of school instruction are also to be obtained without difliculty in this province. King s College, at Fredericton, is liberally endowed, and the com- forts and instruction of the students are carefully attended to. An- other college is also being founded at Fredericton, by a very respectable body of the Baptists, with some other dissenters. There are grammar schools in all the counties, and elementary schools in all the settle- ments. The Legislative Assembly grants sums annually for the purpose of aiding the maintenance of these laudable and useful institutions ; the expense of educating youth is therefore moderate. There are four or five weekly newspapers published at St. John ; two at Fredericton, two at St. Andrew's, and one at Miramichi. TRADE. Tlie following brief summary of the trade of New Brunswick will interest the intelligent settler. New Brunswick exports squared timber prepared by the lumbering parties in the woods, who cut down and hew into square logs the large forest trees, which they afterwards haul to the streams, and float in huge rafts down the rivers to the shipping ports ; deals and boards, which arc sawn either at the numerous mills which aft'ord so much em- ployment for labourers, or by hand sawyers. Shingles, lathwood, and the produce of the fisheries, are also exported. The squared timber, lathwood, and deals, are sent to England ; and this trade employs about GOO large ships, requiring about 8,000 sailors to navigate. Tlic British manufactures and East India goods used in the province arc paid for in timber. The trade with England, the West Indies, the fisheries and coasting trade, employ altogether, great and small (in 1832), 2,071 vessels, registering 237,189 tons, and navigated by 1 1 ,749 men. The average imports are about 450,000/., and the ex- ports, exclusive of new ships sold in England, 380,000/. (greatly in- creased since 1832), the diflference between the impoits and exports being paid for in freight and the sales of new ships. Boards, shingles, and fish, are exported to the West Indies, which articles pay for the rum, molasses, sugar, tobacco, and tropical fruits consumed in the province. A trade with Africa has also been commenced. There is besides a trade in expoi ting grindstones, coal, and gypsum to the United States, which is daily increasing in importance. When the country will be sufficiently inhabited, the present population being only about 100,000, agricultural productions, such as wheat, oats, barley, Indian corn, flax, hemp, Sfc. must form the principal articles of export. Great quantities of pot and pearl ashes might also be made with little difti- !£ ; 1 m oticed, to ribute to- oclety for the clergy L*ir respec- :d without I the coni- 1 to. An- cspectablc e grammar the settle- purpose of tions ; the St. John ; lichi. iswick will lumber iiig gs the large \nd float in find boards, much em- hwood, and red timber, ide employs vigate. The irovince arc Indies, the (1 sniciU (in ivi gated by and the cx- (greatly in- and exports idles, which opical fruits is besides a lited States, ountry will only about I'ley, Indian port. Great 1 little difti- ^ AVERAGE PRICES. 19 <;ulty. But, to increase both the agriculture and the trade of the pro- vince to the immense consequences to which the country is adapted, it must be filled with industricms people. AVERAGE PRICES OF LABOUR AND COMMON ARTICLES. Men servants, 20/. to 30/. per year, board, Sfc. — Labourers, per day, 2s. 6(1. to 4s. — Maid servants, 8/. to 12/. — ^Tradesmen, 6s. to 7s. 6d. finding their own provisions. — Tailors, shoemakers, saddlers, Sfc, are paid for the articles they make. — ^Wheat, 4s. 6d. to 6s. — Indian corn, 4s. 6(1. to 5s. 6(1. — Oats, J s. 6d. to 2s. — Barley, 2s. to 4s.— -Rye, 3s. 6d. to 4s. per bushel. — Potatoes, Is. 3(/. to Is. 6rf. — ^Turnips, Is. Gd. — Beef, 3rf. to 6d.— Mutton, 4(1. to 8rf.— Veal, 3d. to .Ot/.— -Pork, 4d. to 7^d. — Hams, 6d.per lb. — Geese, 2s. 6d. — Fowls, 8rf. to 10.i \' /t' .*n Ahrf/i Ittf. tiiitf ttfi' 'io \' f'/"i.f fit.*-/ /.t>/tt/. ffi f/i. 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