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 [From Montreal Gazette, 4th August, 1894.] 
 
 I have licon favored with advance shoots of tho new volume 
 of Majile Leaves, by Mr. J. M. LeMoine, president of the 
 Royal Society of Canada. My first duty is to correct a possible 
 misconception. This volume is not a second edition of a 
 former work of the same title, but consists of papers never 
 before published in book form. The first series of Maple 
 Leaves was brought out in 18G.3. Its success induced the 
 author to continue the series in 1804, I8().5 and 1873. Since 
 this last date, Mr. LeMoine has contributed to various perio- 
 dicals in the United States and Canada a number of essays 
 on a wide range of subjects, marked by his characteristic 
 charm of style and intimate knowledge of his country's annals. 
 I have already in a general way indicated the contents of this 
 attractivebook,which,w}iilec6mprisingsome things to be found 
 nowhere el8e,sheds a fresh, warm light r nany topics touched 
 by less sympathetic pens. As the title implies, Canadian his- 
 tory, lomance, folk lore, biography and adventure take up the 
 most of the five hundred pages, but this list does not exhaust 
 Mr. LeMoine's themes. Ilis book on Canadian Ornithology, 
 now out of print, was one of the most successful of his works, 
 and his admirers will be glad to know that his beloved birds 
 have a place assigned them in these latest Maple Leaves. 
 The late Xavier Marmier was one of Canada's best friends in 
 the old land. Mr. LeMoine portrays him as he found him in 
 his own hospitable home. Then we are invited to accompany 
 the author to Edinburgh, where the Scotchman in him grows 
 rapturous over the haunts of Scott ; to Normandy, the home of 
 his fathers, where his observing eye sees the source of many a 
 Canadian usage and expression. A paper read before the Folk- 
 Lore society in this city treats of some venerable oaths. Tho 
 paper on the Beaver club gives a vivid picture of old Montreal 
 in the days when Nor'westers ruled the roast. Of old Quebec 
 the reminiscences are, as might be expected, rich and vivid. 
 Not tiie least pleasing feature of the book is Mr. LeMoine's 
 tribute to his brelhren of the pen, Abbe Bois, Garneau, 
 De Gaspe, etc. Mr. William Kirby, the able author of •' Chien 
 d'Or" prefaces the book with a sketch of Mr. LeMoine's 
 career, while a portrait of him in winter garb, and a view 
 of Spencer Grange and its vineries fiom the flower garden 
 in the rear adds not a little to the reader's satisfaction. 
 Such, in briefest outline, is this latest (but, his admirers will 
 hope, not last) volume of Maple Leaver. It is entirely worthy 
 of its name and of the reputation therewith associated. The 
 work is dedicated by permission to the Countess of Aberdeen." 
 
 John Rkade. 
 
WORKS OF J. }{, LkMOIXK, f. h. s. c. 
 
 K X Ct E. I H II . 
 
 LEtJEXDARY UHiE OF TFIF LOWER Sr. LAWRENCE, (1 vol. in-32) 1*12 
 
 MAPLE LEAVES, (1st Scries) (1 vol. in-Ho) 1S(« 
 
 (2n.l Si-rios) (1 vol. in-Ho) 181)4 
 
 (.'{r.llseriff) (1 vol. in-Ho) 1S()"> 
 
 THE TOURLSTS NOTE HOOK. (1 vol. iiHU) by Cosmopolite 1870 
 
 THE .SWORD OF BRKJADIER (iEXEKAL R. MONTCiO.MERY, (1vol. 
 
 iii-()4) 1870 
 
 TRIFLES FROM MY PORTFOLIO, (New Dominion Monthly) 1S72 
 
 MAPLE LEAVES. (New Scries) Is7;< 
 
 (JfElJEC, PAST & PRESENT ls7ti 
 
 THE TOIRIST'S NOTE ROOK, (second edition) 187ii 
 
 CHRONICLES OF THE St. LAWRENCE, (1 vol. in-So) ls7H 
 
 HISTORICAL NOTES ON lilEREC AND ITS ENVIRONS 187!t 
 
 THE SCOT IN NEW FRANCE, si lecture before Lit. .t Hist. i*oeictv IHSO 
 
 PICTURE.SQl'E QI:1;REC, un Eneyclopedia of (iuebec History, (1 vol in-So) 
 
 r>')l iDiiies 1882 
 
 THE WILK FLOWERS. ROUND QUKliFC issr. 
 
 HLSTORICAL AND SPORTIN(i Nol'FS ON ENVIRONS OF (Jl'EREC ... 188'.) 
 E X P L O R A T I O N S I N E A S T E R N L A T I T U D E S, by .loiiathi.n 
 
 • tl.lbiiek.F.li.S. (i ISH'.i 
 
 THE TOIRIST'S NOTE ROOK, (Itli edition) issi> 
 
 (rtth edition) 18!Mi 
 
 MAPLE LEAVES isi^l 
 
 FHKXVU. 
 
 L'ORNIT110LO(iIE DU CANA"^)A, (2 vol. in-So) IxiK) 
 
 ETIDE SIR SIR WALTER .><COTT, im.'te, romiimier, bistorien. lH(i2 
 
 NAVKi ATEIRS ARCTltilES-Franklin-M'Ciure-Kiine— .McCiintock. . . . ]Sii2 
 
 LES PECIIERIES Dl.' CANADA. (1 vol. in-So) iSiW 
 
 MEMOl RE DE M< iNTCA LM V ENti EE, (1 vol. in-.'}2) 18H5 
 
 L'ALIUM CANADIEN ]S70 
 
 L'ALlilM bV TolRL^^TE ls7:{ 
 
 CONFERENCESIR L'ORNITHOLOCIE devant rin.=titiit Canadien, tiuebeo. Is7» 
 NOTES Hl.>^ToRUiL'ES SCR LES RIES ET LES FORTIFICATIONS DE 
 
 tiU EliEC 187<) 
 
 (JRAXD TARLEAC SYNoPTIQlE DES OlSEACX DU CANADA, a Tusukc 
 
 C(irp-iy(Eii?(ViixERAr/si;iri/o'i{NiTriiiLo<'{^ 
 
 NORD, etude liie devant I'lnstitut Canadien ile Queljec (AiiuiKiirr ilc 
 
 /.'/llxtilllt 1S7.T 
 
 ETUDE SIR liE CHANT DES OISEAUX-i.kiiis mkikations, etc. Nos 
 (!riv<s. notre Merle, le Cardinal, TOiseau Rieu.etc. (Opinlun I'lihUiiic, 
 
 MonirC-al) 1S7() 
 
 NOTES SIR L'ARCIIILOCUIE, 1/HISTOIRE DC CANADA, etc., duns la 
 liiriir ('tinwliviine, do Montreal, les .S'oi/V'i fViHd'/i'edum de (Quebec, 
 dans la i)ressc fnineaise de Quebec (Ic ./(.iH/'Ha' '/<■ Qiitliev, V Kiu'ni-mrnl. 
 et<-.) IScvVlss^ 
 
 ETUDES lues !\ Ottawa, devant lu Socii't/ Rnynti: tin Ciiiinilii. Su.iets : 
 
 1. Nos Quutre liistori''ns luodernes : liibaud, (jurncuu, Ferland, Faillon.... 1SS2 
 
 2. Les Archives du Canada 1S83 
 
 .'{. Les .\boripencs d'Ain<^riiiue ; leurs rites mortuaires ]s.s4 
 
 4. Les Paces souibres de I'Histoire ]S8ti 
 
 3. The Last Decade of French Rule at tiuebec. 174<i-5<l ]8S8 
 
 6. Le (tdneral Sir Frederick Haldiinand, 17^4-8, a Quebec 1S,8S 
 
 7. ParallMe Historii(ue entre le couite de la, (ialis.sonnicre et le comte <le 
 
 Dufferin.a Qucliec. ISSl* 
 
 8. Le Premier (iouverneur Anglais de (Quebec, le tieneral .lames Mur- 
 
 ray 1704-H<), 1S9(I 
 
 0. Les obnnents i|ui constituent la |iopulation de la province cle (iuebec. 160S-1S',I2 
 
 lo. Un (iouverneur Constituiionnel, le eonile d'El^'in 18!»;{ 
 
 M0N0<;RAPHIES et ESQUISES, VW pages 1885 
 
 CHASSE ET PECHE, .KH) pases 1S87 
 
 .-1 
 
MAPLE LEAVES 
 
 180-4- 
 
 CANADIAN IIISTdllV - MTKKATrilK - ORXITIIOLOdV 
 
 " Like II viit?iii K<iJJt'.-is ill ii iiriiicviil worlil, 
 Ciiiiiiilii still walks in iinfoiiscious boauty 
 amuii!; hoi- );uli|on wooils ami aloim' the 
 UKirciii of her streams, cateliinKhiit lirokeii 
 ulaiicesofhor radiant majesty, as mirrorcil 
 '111 thoir surface, and seaively dreams as 
 yet of'tlie tflorious future awaitins her in 
 the Olymims of nations.— (From Loun 
 
 DiKKKUIX's lll.nr], .(/ li'liilxl. Uf/l June, 
 
 1S72.) 
 
 J. M. LeMOINE, 
 
 /'. U.S. ('. 
 
 
 QUEBEC 
 
 PRINTED BY L. J. DEMEKS .t EKKKI-] 
 
 KiUtors of '- L-Kc,:neiiicH/" 30, Fabri,,Ht street 
 
 ] S'J4 
 
fnnxw^xnr%nwvrw^.vm mmrw ii'iMumy \vsiUMK a i 
 
 
 L 
 
 r in D I f^ t J 1 1 
 
 149046 
 
 Registered in the office of the Minister of Agrioiilture, in 
 conformity with the hiw i)asseil by the Parliiunent of 
 Canada in t\w year of 1873, by the author -T. M. LeMoine. 
 
46 
 
 To 
 
 itl 
 
 of 
 
 Her BiK'eelleticy 
 
 TIIK COUiNTKSS OF ABKIIDEEN, 
 
 TJH58J.<: Hit ETCH ISH,* 
 
 Are, by perini.s.sioii, respectfully inscribed 
 by the 
 
 Author. 
 
 Spenceh Grange, 
 
 1st June, 1894. 
 
A Biographical Sketch of the Author of " Maples Leaves " 
 
 WM. Kiunv. F. H. .s. c. 
 
 " My Hist iioi|iiuiiitaiicft witli tlio siiljjt'ct of this iiotici- datt's 
 as I'ai' liiick as ISO.'i. wIkmi I happi'iiod to ho in (Jaioln'o, 
 \vatchin); the progross of a hill intro hiccd in I'ailiaiiient, 
 jirovious to T'oiiletteration. 
 
 To hc-jruik' a loisuie hour, it so ha|>|>i>iioiI I liad piiiohast'd 
 a volunu' styh'd " Maple lieavtis — a hndi/rt of ItiHtDricul, 
 leyendurtj and spurfiinf /ore, hy J. M. LeMoine ". I was so 
 captivated hy tlie draiuiitic intcrost inftisfid into two out of 
 several sketohos it contained, Chateau Hiijof ami the GnJden 
 J->i>!/, that 1 voneil to a friend, I would make tiieni tlie 
 •iroundwoik of a Canadian novel. Thus originated my C/iien 
 d'(h- romance. 
 
 I'^ew have had such opportunities as Mr. LeMoine for 
 studying the lights and shades of the old I'rovinee of Ijue- 
 hec. ![is early training, social cnlourai/e — love ol' books — 
 antiquarian tastes and familiarity with the English as well 
 as with the French idiom ; his minute explorations hy sea 
 and by land of every nook an<l corner of liis nativt> province 
 and even beyond it, the whole jotte<l down day by day in 
 liis diary, naturally furnishes him with exceptional facilities 
 to deal with Canadian subjects in a light or in a serious vein. 
 
 Two attractive de)>artmonts seem to have engrossed ids 
 attention from the first, the study of early Canadian history 
 and of popular ornithology. 
 
 In fact one of the first ad<litions he made to liis charm- 
 ing rustic home, at Sillery, near liuebec, was the erection of 
 an aviary for the friends of liis youth, the birds of Canaila ; 
 and an ample museum for tlie preservation, by the art of 
 the taxidermist, of specimens of the Canadian acij'aiina. 
 
 It may not be out of place to follow this indehitigable 
 writer, in his rather extended literary career. 
 
 .Struck, in 1861, with tlie lack of any French work to 
 guide Canadian youth attracted to the study ot bird-life, Mr. 
 LeMoine published that year, in two volumes, a manual on 
 popular ornithology; and, in order to allurt^ the student to 
 this healthy and delightful pursuit, lie imparted to those 
 volumes a strong, fragrant literary aroma. Whether it was 
 due to the novelty of the subject or to the contents of the 
 
— 8 — 
 
 work, it <lisai)pearo»l IVotn tlio book stores in loss than one 
 year. 
 
 In 1802, h« holpod on a litoriiry cnnfrire in a small literary 
 venture by contributing an interesting article, inider the 
 ca|)tion " TIip Leijendarn Lore of lite Ht. Lawrence", 
 
 Tiio next year, with tlio view of promoting the study of 
 (.'aniidian annals, ho began his valuable series wiiich ran over 
 three years, under tiie well-romeniberod name of Maple 
 Leacen : tlie lirst series was devoted to general subjects, 
 legends and quaint old customs; tlie second, to rescuing 
 reliable records of Canadian battle-Holds and siege narratives : 
 tln" third depicted (diiefly the ol<l manors and scenery roumi 
 tiuebec. That year, lie found time during his leisure moments 
 t() write, for VO/Hiiion I'lilt/ique, a short French essay on 
 Sir Walter Scott, as poet, novelist, historian ; a lengthy 
 review of the arctic (explorations of l-'ranklin, McClure, Kane, 
 Mc(.'linto(!k ; he also published a treatise on tiie river and 
 deep-sea fisheries of Canada, which elicited warm encomiums 
 from the French jiress. 
 
 In IHC)'), (Jeneral McLellan, having alluded disparagingly 
 in a speech lie made, to the memory of Montcalm, for his 
 supposed aj>[)roval of the Fortdeorge massacre in 1757, Mr. 
 be.NIoine tocik up the cuilgels for his favourite hero and con- 
 futed by Bancroft's, the Abbe Piquet's narrative and by 
 others, the statement made by the luckless warrii)r of Bull 
 Kun renown: this booklet, intitled JjU Minmire de Montcalm 
 Venijie, met with hearty recognition in Caiiadaand in France. 
 
 Various ettusions of a historical character, fell from the 
 writer's prolific and versatile pen, in 1870, in Slewarl^n t^uar- 
 terly Magazine, Xcic Moiil/i/i/ Maijazine, HelJ'ord\i Jfeoicir, 
 Fi>resl and SIream and Jja lieivte Canadienne. In 187.'>, a 
 selection 'of his best t'anadian sketches, were published, 
 under the old familiar name of Maple Leaven, new series." 
 The same year also ushere<l in his valuable French work 
 V Album dii Tourisle. 
 
 Quebec J'asI and /Vcvch/, edited in 187(), is probably a« a 
 book of reference, the most useful historical volume ever put 
 forth by the author. It embodies the whole history of the 
 ancient cai)ital from its foundation up to 1870 ; the edition is 
 exhaust«Ml long since. Possibly, no literary composition of 
 Mr. LeMoine, by the reminiscenct^s it nscalled to him, was 
 more i>leasant to indites than ti'e publication, in 1S7S, under 
 the title of C/imnicleti of the Sf. Lawrence, of his multifarious 
 excursions to the kingdom of herring ami cod, on the Gaspe 
 coast. 
 
 The bulky volume of 5")0 pages, styled PicturcsqHtfi Quebec 
 from the mass of (juaint information disseminated through its 
 pages al)0ut the old city's streets, sijuares, eminent inhabi- 
 tants and fortifications, completed the history of the romantic 
 city ] the literary research involved in this work was too heavy 
 
a task for ono ninn niono to iiii'Ioitiiko, ami I for one, wiw 
 happy in bi'ing apprized hy letter, that a uiiu;l» netMled ri>Ht, 
 was granted the author, alter Ins long official career and that 
 in .luly ho was to sail per " S. Moravian " lor a short tour to 
 Euro])©, I'lom whence he brought hack with a re-invigorated 
 frame, an ample finvl of information, ri'Miiniscences an<l 
 anecdote which he subsequently freely used in the series of 
 lectures ho was calltMl on to give before the Li/erayi/ and 
 Historical Socie/i/ of Quebec, of which he had been live tinies 
 reelected president, hong before this, his writings and 
 researches had oi)tained rei^ignition on l)ehalf of scientific 
 societies in Canada and abroad. The Simi^M il' I'^f/moi/ra/i/iif, 
 of Paris conferred on him a diploma, as J>i^ldi/ii^ h'tifitnidl at 
 (Quebec; ho was made a member of the Sofi^le il^Jlin/oin' 
 JJiplowati'iiu; presided over by the due de Hroglie ; his name 
 was inscribed on the legister of the Xew Kiujluinl Historic 
 (ieuca/otficul Societif ; on that of tiie State W'isidusin llislo- 
 ricat Suciel!/ ; of the Sociit^ Hislnrinue of Montreal ; of the 
 Geiiealoi/icut and liioijrapliicul Societi/ of New York ; of 
 the lustitiit of Ottawa ; on the roil of the Inntital Caiiadien 
 of New York ; on that of the h'oi/al Soriel;/ «(' (Janailn ; (I) 
 
 (1) Wliiii't llii'j'i' iniKi'H wore iioili!.' tliniiiifh tin- ivrei'r', mir IrifiKl lui- licpii 
 miimimoiisly clcetod Prt'siilcnt uf the Itnii'il Smii tn nf ('iinnilti, tin- liiulu-.-it 
 ixisition ill litiTtitai'u or ^'i'Ioikt, upon to ii (.'iiiiinliaii. 
 
 [Montiiid Shir.-Vnh Miiy, lS!i4.] 
 
 1»KK!<IIH;.\T bKMnixi;. 
 
 " Aii:oiitf C'aiiailiiin writern no one is more fiivoniliiy known tliii;i Mr. 
 J. Li'MoiiR', Mil) nc'wly-t'lcctt'il iiri'sidont of the Hoyiil Society of i'liiiiida. lit' 
 licloiiKS to uni! of thu oldi'st ('anadiiin faiiiilii'H, bciii^a ili'-o'cndaiit of .Jean 
 Li'Moyiio, wiio was a st'iKni'ur of throe fiefs, (Ste .>birie, la N'oraye anil tiayi- 
 tineau) anil a near rclatiye of C'liarleM Le.Moyne, Karon of Loncneuil. Ili.s 
 House at Siieneer (irimtfe, Silleiv. is a literary man's jiaradise ; here Mr. 
 LeMoine has enterfained some of the most eminent writers and scliolars of 
 our time. Dean Stanley, Charles KiiiKsley, Sahi. Ilowells, (Jilherl I'arker ; 
 the historians (iarneau and l-'crland liaye all jiartaken of the hos|iitalitles of 
 Spencer (irange ; the late Francis Parkmun was a freiiiieiit visitor, and in 
 the preface to some of his works acknowledges the valuaole aid rendered him 
 liy Mr. liCMoine. For over tliirty years hardly a year has passed that we 
 have not to welcome some new product of his pen in Fri'uch or KnKlish. His 
 hest known works are Ornitholonie iln Canadn ('.: vols.). Les IV'cherie* du 
 Canada, Majde Leaves, L'AHiuiii dii Touriste. Cliiiniicles of the St, 
 Lawrence, Quebec I'ast and I'resent, Moiintrraidiies et Ksniiisses, and I'ictu- 
 resiiue (iuehec, all works of historical value. In addition to tliese. .Mr. 
 Le.Moine has contributed numerous articles to the inaira/.ines and the daily 
 press. Imbued with a deep love for the history and traditions of hi" country, 
 his writings are replete witli tiraphic narrativcsof incidentsthat have occnred 
 durinti the old renimc, as well as stories of Canadian life and character of 
 more recent date. To tell the story of our past is the chief deli ttht of Ids life, 
 and he tells it truthfully and impartially; he jars no feeling's of race and 
 creed, for Mr. LeMoine's ideal is a Canada whose people shall be neither 
 Entclish nor French, but Canadian. In conclusion, we muy say that the 
 Royal Society of Canada could not have selected one more deservinti of the 
 honor of iiresident of that distinguished body tlian tht; historian of Quebec." 
 
— 10 — 
 
 of tlie ni.sfoi'iral Sociel;/ of Penusj/huinia ; ol' the Massa- 
 c/iHseUii Historical Sncicfi/ ; of tlic Soci^t^ Amiricaine <fe 
 Franci' ; of tlic Netc Brunswick Ilislorical Society; oftlie 
 Numismatic and Antiquarian Suciefi/ of Philadelphia ; of the 
 American Hisforical Association, f^aratojin; of the American 
 I'/i ilosophical Soriety, V\n\ai\eli}h'm; of the Soriefi/ of Cana- 
 dian Literature, Montreal ; of the FolkLore Sociehj of 
 Montreal; of the Xalural Ilistor;/ Sociel;/ of Monti-t-al ; of 
 the Audubon Socief;/ of the United States; of the Trinity 
 Historical Society, l)a\\uH,'l\'XiiH. His last (liploma, was one 
 ri'Ctntly »Tr6'/recZ naming /(/m Presiilt-nt of the Quel)ec Oiui- 
 mil tee of the Alliance Scienfijique of France, composed of 
 J. M. LoMoine, President, Honb. Juiljre A. B. Kouthier, Jos. 
 Edmond Hoy, F. H. .S. C, Dr. N. E. Dionne. K. \i. S. C, Ernest 
 (lagnoii. In 1S>S2 he hecame a corresponding memlicr of the 
 American Ornilholoijist Union, 
 
 In hss"). at tJK' instance of a distinguished French naturalist, 
 Mr. Lescuyei', Mr. LcMoine's name was put forward to attend 
 in Vienna tin' Permanent International t'i>u>millee of tke 
 European Ornilholoijisls organized untlei' the auspices of His 
 Royal Highness, the arciiduke Wodolphe and presi<led l»y a 
 celebrated Europi-an savanl, Dr. Kodolf Blasius, a similai' 
 distinction having l)een offered to the Washington ornitiio- 
 logist Dr. Hart Mcriam which he accepted. 
 
 However the call of duty kept Mr. LeMoine at home ; he 
 was thus deprived from participating in a most distinguislied 
 honor, tendered to very few on this continent. 
 
 i'r(il)ai)ly, the distinction, he prized tlie most, was his selec- 
 tion by tlie ^[ar(]uis ot Lome to organize, with tlu^ assistance 
 of Ml'. Faucher de Saint Maurice, the French section oftlie 
 Royal Society of Caniida and his sul)sequent unanimous elec- 
 tion as its tirst ))resident. 
 
 The Transactions of this learned association since 1SS2, 
 each year, contain an elaborate essaj of Mr. LeMoine on 
 some di'partment or other of Canadian iiistory. 
 
 In 1S87, he rt-ad, by special invitation, before the Canadian 
 club of New- York, a memoir : Madame, d'- C.'iamplain, 
 Madame dcla Tour, Md'lade Verc/ihrs, the Canadian lierohns, 
 
 Xn intimacy of many years standing and access had to his 
 papers, Arc, has furnished me with accurate data about the 
 historian of (Quebec. 
 
 I recall to memory, no more pleasant episode in his lite- 
 rary career than the surin'ise prepared for him by the elite 
 oftheQuel)ec gentry, whose homes Mr. J^eMoine iiad so 
 hai)pily and so graphically described, when they presented 
 him, in bSS2, at the Garrison club, during a cha;iipagne lunch, 
 a Dominion Flag, for the new tower of Spencer Grange, with 
 a suitable address. 
 
— 11 — 
 
 In 1887, our author foun<l means to steal many hours from 
 his researches on Canatlian liistory, to write an attractive 
 volume on Canadian sports ; as there yet was no such work in 
 iM-ench, in Cana-la, Chasse et /'ecAe filled in a lacuna, lon<' felt 
 and deplored among the votaries of gun and rod. 
 
 Mr, LeMoine's last publication is a light volume of 300 
 pages : Fhe Explorations of Jonathan Ohlbuck in which the 
 writer furnishes from his diary of travel, a series of extracts, 
 highly instructive and occasionally brimful of quaint humor " 
 
 Niagara. 
 
 [from " The Land we lice in:'] 
 
QUEBEC. 
 
 " I pray you, let us satisfy our eyes 
 
 With the memoiials and the things of fame 
 
 That do renown this city. '" 
 
 — Shakecjjeare. 
 
 Quebec, founded by Samuel de Chiiinplain, on the 
 ord July, 1G08, is the eajtital of Uie province, bearing 
 the same name — the oldest of the several j)rovinces, 
 confederated in 18G7, as the Dominion of Canada. 
 
 There is no city in America more famous in the 
 annals of hi.story, and few on the continent of Europe 
 more picturesquely located. 
 
 Whilst the surrounding scenery reminds one of the 
 unrivalled views of the Bosphorus, the airy site of the 
 citadel on Cape Diamond, recals Innspruck and Edin- 
 burgh. 
 
 " The Gibraltar of America, " bristling with artillery, 
 sits defiant on a rocky promontory, at the confluence of 
 the St. Lawrence and St. Charles rivers, 180 miles from 
 Montreal and over 400 miles from the Culf of St. Law- 
 rence. It has, by the annexation of St. Sauveur, about 
 80,000 inhabitants, with six chartered banks, several 
 Masonic lodges, five French and three English news])a- 
 pers. The chief business of the city until a few years 
 back was shijiliuilding, and the exjiortation of lumber ; 
 latterly, the high rates of labour, enforced by arbitrary 
 regulations, bids fair, unless arresteil, to carry tn other 
 ports a notable jiortion of the returns derived by the 
 workingman from this latter rieli mine of industry. 
 Quebec, since the days of Bishoji Laval, has continuetl 
 to be the seat of the lloman Catholic hierarchy in Can- 
 ada ; the elevation of its atchbishop to the dignity of a 
 
— U — 
 
 Ronian Cardinal, in June, 18S6, was attended with a 
 most imposing pageant and general illumination. 
 
 Of late years several important manufactories have 
 sj»rnng u]), especially in the populous suburb of St, 
 Koch ; tfhe city derives material ])LUiefit from the 
 convergence here of several lines of railway, connecting 
 with the transatlantic ste;i.tnshi[)S, and making it a 
 (iepot of immigration and of freighting ; the erection (jf 
 the projected bridge across the St. Lawrence at or a 
 little higher up than the city, whilst sujiplying the 
 missing link in that great national work, the Canadian 
 Pacific raihvay, will reinove the disadvantage inflicted 
 by the winter Levi crossing; seven or more lines of r.iil- 
 way will then laud their passengers and freight in the 
 city; the place will have ceased to he acid-de-fidc dur- 
 ing six months out of the twelve. 
 
 Quebec is built nearly in the form of a triangle, 
 bounded by the two rivers, and the Piains of Abraham, 
 It is divided into the Upper Town and Lower Town, 
 the former standing on an en walled and strongly forti- 
 fied bluff three hundred and fifty feet high, while the 
 latter is built on the contracted and reclaimed strands 
 between the cliffs and the river. Hence its name of the 
 " Walled City of the Xorth." Several of the streets by 
 their names, Gntnde AlUc, (hnillard, La Montayuc, 
 etc., recal the narrow patlis of early days, when M. de 
 Puiseau.x, reached, in 1640, his Sillery home, at Pointe- 
 a-Puiseaux, under the leafy shades of the intervening 
 Sillery woods, tlu'ough the Grande AlU'e, the main 
 forest avenue; or when Ic Sleitr Couillanl, alxtnt 
 1618, located his lares, near the spot where Hope Gate 
 stood, or where Champlain, in 162:3, had the jtath 
 enlarged, which led from the lower to the upper town — 
 a hi Montaijne. This explains why these very ancient 
 highways are narrow — occasionally crooked — often \'ery 
 steep; peculiarities which ]iel[) to make it the most 
 ([uaint, iiictiii'est[ue and median'al looking city in Amer- 
 ica — beautiful and healthy, withal, "Take mountain 
 
— 1') — 
 
 ami jilaiii," says Elidt Warburtnii, " sinuous river, and 
 hroad, traiii[nil waters, stately shijjand tiny lioat, gt.'iitle 
 hill ami shady valley, bold lua<lland and rich, fruitful 
 fields, frowniuf; battlement and cheerful villa, «,dittering 
 doniu ami rural spin;, ilowery .garden ajid soinbri- forest 
 — groui» them all into the choicest jiicture of ideal 
 beauty youi' fancy can create, ar. h it over with a 
 cloudless sky, lij^lit it uji with a radiant sun, an<l lest 
 the sheen be too dnzzling, hau^^ a veil of lighted haze 
 over all, to soften the lines and peifect the repose, — 
 you will then have seen (Quebec on a Sej)tend)er 
 morning." 
 
 " The scenic beauty of Quebec," says Dr. John 
 Charlton Fisher, "has been the tluMUi' of general eulogy. 
 The majestic ai)[)earance of Uajie Diamond ami tin,' for- 
 tilicatioiLS, the eu|)(das and minarets, like tho.se of an 
 Eastern city, blazing and sjtarkling in the sun, the 
 loveliness of the ]ianoranui, the nolde basin, like a 
 sheet of purest silver, in which nught ridi; with safety 
 a hundred .sail of the^ine, the graceful meandering of 
 the liiver St. Charles, the numerous village s[>ires on 
 either side of the St. Lawrence, the fertile tields, dotted 
 with innumerable cottages, the abodes of a rich and 
 moral ]H!asantry, the distant Falls of Montmorency, the 
 park-like scenery of Point Levi, the beauteous Isle of 
 Orleans, and more distant still, the frowning Cape 
 Tourmente, and tht; lofty range (»f purple mijuntains, of 
 the most jiicturesciue forms which bound the prospect, 
 unite to form a coup (Vwll, which, without exaggi-ra- 
 tion, is scarcely to be. surjtassed in any jtart of the 
 Avorld." 
 
 The Walled City has been truly styled the key to 
 Canada, and the Levi eailli works, casemates and new 
 forts, to meet the requirements of modern waifarc, still 
 make good this ]iroud boast. It was considered so 
 when its citadel was crowned with the Flenr dc /*/,s" of 
 old France, it may yet be called on to [day a part in 
 the future. Under its grim, mossy walls, the two fore- 
 
16 — 
 
 most nations of Europe were once arrayed in deadly 
 strife, to decide tlie fate of empire in the new world. 
 
 As far back as 1535, its green banks offered a refuge 
 and winter-cjuarters to Europeans : the city must ever 
 awaken the deei)e3t interest in the eyes of every student 
 of history. " Viewed from any one of its approaches, it 
 im])resses the stranger with the conviction of strength 
 and ]>ermanency. The reader of American history, on 
 entering its gates or wandering over its squares, its 
 ramparts and battle-fields, puts himself at once in com- 
 munion with the illustrious dead. The achievements 
 of daring mariners, the labors of self-sacrificing mis- 
 sionaries of the Cross, and the conflict of military heroes 
 who bled and died in the assault and defence of its 
 walls, are here re-read with tenfold interest. There, 
 the lover of nature, in her grandest and most rugged 
 forms, as in her gentle and smiling moods, will find 
 around it an affluence of sublime and beautiful subjects." 
 
 The wintering of the venturesome Jactiues Cartier on 
 the shore of the St. Charles, in 1535-6, by its remote- 
 ness is an incident of interest, not only to Canadians, 
 but also to every denizen of America. It takes one back 
 to an era nearly coeval with the discovery of the conti- 
 nent by Columbus — much anterior to the foundation of 
 Jamestown, in 1607 — anterior to that of St. Augustine, 
 in Florida. 
 
 Lengthy discussion has taken place as to the origin 
 of the names Canada and Quebec. Some assert that 
 Kannata, the Iroquois word, signifying " a village " or 
 " collection of huts ", was given indiscriminately to the 
 whole of this vast rcuion, bv the earlv navigators ; and 
 that Quebec owes its name to the exclamation of the 
 Xornian sailors " Quel bee " ! " What a promontory" ! 
 whilst others with good reason think it was derived 
 from a woid in the Algonquin language signifying " a 
 straight ". 
 
 A faciful derivation is that attributed to the Spanish 
 word a-ca-nada. Nothing here, uttered by some 
 
— 17 
 
 Spanish sailors on viewing the sterile aspect of some 
 headland. The Suft'olk seal inscription, pictiu'cd by 
 Hawkins, has l)een i)roved to mean Cai'DKHKc, a town 
 in Normandy, and not Quebec. But let us not tread 
 rashly ori the ground of the antiquary. 
 
 Subsequent ages have ratified the sound judgment of 
 Chaniplaiu in selecting the commanding site of Quebec 
 as the location of the great fortress of French power in 
 America, the " fulcrum, which for a century moved the 
 continent from the shores ot the St. Lawrence to the 
 Gulf of Mexico ", though at one time, the sludtered 
 shores of the St. Charles were freely talked of, as the 
 proper site of the then nascent settlement. 
 
 How oft', indeed, has the storm of battle raged 
 furiously round Quebec's hoary lamparls, bristling with 
 guns lying in ambush, like huge lieasts of pre}^ ready 
 to pounce on any as.sailant ; its solid walls and crenel- 
 ated bastions, erected by skilled French engineers, and 
 costing fabulous sums to France ; the ]»resent Citiulel, a 
 nolile structure i)lanned by the French Engineer de Lt'ry, 
 recommended by the Duke of Wellington, was built 18:21:!- 
 183(X This comparatively modern work, the materials 
 for which were hoisted o50 feet, from the St. Lawrence 
 below, by the FiKST KAILWW in Canada, cost England 
 millions, under the su|)ervision of Col. Durnford. 
 
 ^lany and murderous were the Indian raids around 
 <^)uel»ec at the dawn of the settlement, Champlain having 
 injudiciously taken part against the Iroquois, in the 
 incessant wars they waged against the Huron and 
 Algon([nin trilies, hutted in the vicinity of tlie Fort. 
 
 (^hiebec, more than once the ])attlelield of England 
 and France, in the New World, had to bear repeatedly 
 the bviint of the rivalry of these two jiowers, uncon- 
 nected then by treaties of commerce. 
 
 Five siegesi in 102'..), IGUO, 17oi), 17G0, 1775, have 
 left their unmistakeable footprints round its battlements. 
 
 Had the bulk of the citizens, the sons of old France, 
 in 1775 and 1812, sided with the invader, there would 
 
« ' ' . 
 
 — 18 — 
 
 not likely lie at present, in this fair Land (jf the West, 
 any lovinj,' sulijects to greet Victoria, as Queen. 
 
 It might nnt be an uninteresting sul)ject of research, 
 to trace the complex origin of the 80,000 souls com- 
 prised in the population of the Ancient Capital. 
 
 For years, Quebec meant New France, though its 
 successful rival, Montieal, very soon jilayed an impor- 
 tant part in colonial allairs. New France in fact was 
 originally peopled by emigration from llrittany, Nor- 
 mandy, Fcrche, I'oitou, Anjou, Aunis, S:c„ industrious 
 and nu»ral jieasants, hardy fishermen, adventurous 
 mechanics in (juest of homes and a liveUhood free from 
 the heavy imjiosts then beginning to weigh on the 
 Frencli nation. An important class soon came to tlie 
 front, in a country in which the Indian dialects had to 
 be studied and used : the class of french interpreters, 
 comjiosed of men, who eventually attained important 
 situations ol' trust ; one of whom was for a timi; charged 
 with the administration of the colony, the IJaron de 
 Longueuil ; let us also mention others such as Marsol- 
 let, Nicolet and Couture. 
 
 Great care seems to have been practised in the selec- 
 tion of colonists, l)y the [tublic companies and later on, 
 when (^ueltec became a crown colony, by the king : 
 uidike the mode of colonizing which obtained for the 
 Isle of St. Christojihe and other islands. 
 
 The disbanding of several C(impanies of the dashing 
 Carignan Keginient, brought out here by the Marquis of 
 Tracy, in IGGo, through the infusion of new blood raised 
 the standard of colonists, adiling a retined element to 
 the sparse jiopulation. Louis the Great had tenqited 
 the oiUcers, many of whom were connected with the 
 French nobility, to settle in Canada, by royal gifts of 
 waste lands, offering to the privates farm stock and 
 land as well. This accounts for the nanuis of several 
 old seigniories, called after their first ]>roprietors, fill 
 military men : Sorel, Chambly, Vercheres, Berthier, 
 Granville, Contrecanir, Varennes, Kougeraont, La Val- 
 
 'i ii 
 
19 — 
 
 trie, La ruriule, Do la Naudiere, etc. Many of tliuse 
 refined Canadian (jentilshomineN, however, aiii)ear to 
 have more attended to the lu!adin<,' sanguinary raids on 
 the jieaeeable haniU'ts of Xcw Knj^dand and to liorder 
 warfare generally, than to jtloughing and harrowing tlieir 
 bioad acres. 
 
 The coiKjuest of the country in 1759-60 brought out 
 frniii Britain an inijnMtant accession of English and 
 Scotch adventurers in and around <k>ueb('o ; tlu; wcndlhy, 
 a ]irey to that " earth hunger' whicli distinguishes the 
 Saxon race, and anxious to ac(|uire estates for their 
 sons and daughters 
 
 The exodus in 1783-4of the United Eiu])ire Loyalists, 
 I'roiii the adj(uning, heretofore, ]>ritish Provinces, recog- 
 nized in 1783 as an indejiendent nation, was but slightly 
 felt at Quebec. This ])rogressive element, tin; fountlers 
 of Western Canada, were, however, rtijnesented in that 
 city, in 178(1, by the late Chief Justice of Ni'W York, 
 the Hon. William Smith, ajipointed in 178") by King 
 George III, Chief Justice of (^)uebec ; I)}' his son, Wil- 
 liam Smith, the historian of Canada, and later, in 1789, 
 by his son-in-law, the learned Jonathan Sewell, another 
 U. E. L. from Massachusetts, wh(j, in 1809, became 
 Chief Justice of Lower Canada, an<l died in 1839, leav- 
 ing eighteen sons and daughters. 
 
 The Eeigu of Terror in France in 1793, which sent 
 over a colony of distinguished Freiu'h lioyalists to 
 Western Canada, added lujthing appreciable to the cen- 
 sus of (^hiebec, with the exception of a few zealous 
 French i)riest3, who were provided with cures, in and 
 round the city. The banner of St. Geoige, instead of 
 the white lily of France, lloating on our bastions, 
 secured the city against the invasion of the tlelegales of 
 Couthon, Piobespierre, Danton, Carrier, etc. ; no scallblds 
 ^vere erected in the u])per town market jjlace, and 
 F^rench nol)lemen and French priests were welcome 
 among us, without the constant fear of the guillotine 
 before their eyes. Quebec was not Cayenne ! 
 
— 20 -. 
 
 Oiiu wonl iil)out (uiotlier ekMiiont — a la\v-al)i(liii,u' one 
 — in our cnnijilcx jiopuljition, felt, but wiiose origin ro- 
 niains yet to l)e enijuirod into by our ethnologists : 
 the (Jeinui!! element. Whence and at what date came 
 among us these notabh; men — the Wurtde, Holfman, 
 Hesse, Ainjileman, liuthven, Von Koenig, Von Illland, 
 ])e l{ott(!nl)urg, Idler, SeybauM, iJowen, Sttepleben, 
 lleinhart, (J(»ll)acl<, Hind, Wolll', Kclvhart ? ITownnniyof 
 them can seek for their ancestors amongst the Bruns- 
 wickers and Hessians, who lauded at Quebec in 1776 
 under Baron llediesel and with the various shiploads of 
 (ii'iinans, chiefly from Wurtend)urg, who emigrated 
 to Canada to esca])e conscri])tion (hiring the early 
 Najioleonic wars and i)rijvlous. 
 
 The Po/er family dates back to old George I'o/er, the 
 millionaire, as he was styled, but he did not conu' 
 diiect IVom llermany; he had first settled in New 
 \'ork and then rL4urned to England, landing at Quebec 
 in 17iih 
 
 The Irish ]>(i)»ulation of Quebec liecame considera])le 
 about 1823, when emigration Mas flowing fnau the 
 green Isle to America ; emigration increased to very 
 large jirojiortions about 1847 ; the Irish headquarters 
 in the city then were in Champlain street. The Irish 
 settlements, in the townships and round Quebec, date 
 back as early as 1815. 
 
 Tliey grew in importance and numbers, under the 
 wise guidance of a venerated pi'iest, the lievd. Father 
 ]Mc]\Iahon, living in amity with their English neighbors ; 
 they founded a national society in 1835. 
 
 The great bulk of the i)Oi)uhition of the city still 
 Ereneh, is not by any means olilivious of the father- 
 land, beyond the seas. 
 
 " Few cities, says M. Marmier, " offer as many 
 sti'iking contrasts asQuel)ec; a fortress and a commer- 
 cial city together, built upon the summit of a rock as 
 the nest of an eagle, while her vessels are everywhere 
 wrinkling the face of the ocean; an American city 
 
 iv 
 
-21 — 
 
 iiilmliitcd by French colonists, <i;overne(l l»y En<,'liind 
 and <;airi.sone(l witli Scotch, tlu; Higlihmd, — 78th — 
 79th — 93rd reyinients ; a city of tho rniddlo a«,'e.s l»y 
 in(».st of its ancient institntions, wliilc it is admitted to 
 all the combinations of modern constitutional govern- 
 ment; an European city by its civilization and its 
 habits of refinement, and still close l»y, tho remnants 
 of the Indian triltes and tlie barren mountains f»f the 
 North ; a city of about the same latitude as Paris, 
 whil(! successively cond)ining the torrid climate of 
 soutliorn regions with the severities of a hyiK^rboreau 
 winter; a city at the same time Catholic and I'rotes- 
 tant, where the hiliors of our (French) missions are still 
 nninterrujited alongside of the uudertai^ings of the IWIde 
 Society, and where the J«'suits driven out of our own 
 country (France) find a ]iltice of refuge under the a'gis 
 of British Puritanism." 
 
 Let Ires siir rAiiit^riijite, X. JrAitMiKi;, Paris, 1809. 
 THH CdrNTllY SK.VTS AIloUNI) iJL'EliEC. 
 
 A striking feature about Quebec scenery is the exten- 
 sive groups of handsome manors wiiich encircle tiie 
 brow of the Capital like a fresh and fragrant eha- 
 plet of Howers, though it would be idle to seek in 
 a certain nundter for architet'tural excellence, old-world 
 dimensions, old-world splendor and ancient construc- 
 tion. As a rule, they are the pleasant and healthy 
 abodes of the high dignitaries in church and state as 
 well as the prized mansions of successful citizens, 
 in the ])rofessions, commerce, etc. " Nowhere indeed 
 are to be found ivied ruins, dating back to doomsday 
 book, moated castle, or niediieval tower. We have no 
 Blenheims, uo Walton halls, nor Chatsworths, nor 
 Woburn Ablieys, nor Arundel castles to illustrate every 
 style of archite(;tural beauty, rural embellishment and 
 landscape. Dainpievre, Rochecotte, LaGaudiniere, Chan- 
 
I •< 
 
 ■I. 'i 
 
 00 
 
 I illy, Locluis, Cliiiioii, Marly, iimy liiivu .suited old 
 Fiiinco : tliuy would liave Ih'lmi out of ]>\acv in new 
 Fnincu : Cimiidian mansions, the best of tlieni, an; not 
 the stately country-hoiues of 
 
 " old pheasant lonl.s, 
 rartritlg('-l)rfc<l('i's of a thousand ynui'M." 
 
 typifying' the accuniulaled wealth of centuries or patri- 
 eian ])ride; nor are they the j^ay chotainx of la lidle 
 Frduce. In this Canada of ours, oft we have had to 
 do without the arehitcfct's skill ; nature had lte(;n so 
 lavish iti hei' own lordly decorations, that art could 
 he dis])en.sed with. Our country-seats possess atti'ac- 
 tions of a high'er class, yea, of a iiohha' order, than l)ri(dc 
 and mortar, nuailded Ity the genius of niati, can impart. 
 A kinil IMovidence has surnmuded tiiem in sjirinu, siim- 
 nu-r and autumn with scenery oft(!n (K'uied to tin' tur- 
 reted castle of the ja'oudest nobleman in England. 
 Those around (^uc^bec are nujre jtartieularly hallowed 
 by associations destiiu'd to remain ever memorable 
 amongst the inhabitants of a soil moistt.'ueil by the blood 
 of heroes (1)." On one of these historic sites, more than 
 one century ago, was decid(!d the fateof Krench Canada 
 — let us say, by its ultimate icsults — of North America. 
 The nuijority of these cool retreats, scarcely visible 
 from the high road, lie /ten/us, under dense groves of 
 oaks and ]iines, the remnants of the forest primeval, 
 on the lofty Itanks of the noble St, Lawrence, from 
 Cape liouge to ('aj»e Dianuiud, eight miles ; and from 
 thence to the foaming cataract of Montmoreiici, seven 
 miles to the east; whilst others stand (uubowered in 
 rustic seclusion amidst trees and ilowers, under hoary 
 pines and verdant maples, like sentinels on the Ste. Foye 
 heights, watching the meanders of the St. Charles 
 flowing below, amidst golden wheat fields and green 
 
 (1) Picturesque Quebec, p. 271. 
 
— 23 
 
 1,'liulcH, witli the blue "turljiui of the Lnurontides " in 
 the (listimce as a biick-^'nnind. 
 
 Fort'iuufsl, may bo nuMitiuiKMl Spknckk Woon, l'(»\vell 
 Place, as it was stvled, in the (lavs (17HO-l)61 nf (n-nural 
 ircnvv Watson Powell ; a nnblo domain oi ,il)ont 75 
 acres, ncoiiiiied by His IvNcelieiioy Sir James lly. 
 t'raiu, (iovernoi'-di'iit.'iid oC Lower (,'iiiuida, in Ibi'T, ami 
 purchased in 184*.i from tlu' l.i^e Hy. Atl<inson, as a 
 gubernatorial riisidence for tlu' Karl of Klu'in, then 
 (loveriior-( Jeiieral of ('ana<Ia : it i-; imw the dllicial resi- 
 dence of His Honor, tlu- Lt.-(Iovernor of the I'rovinee of 
 Quebec. 
 
 Miu'cliMioiit— The country seiitof Tlios. Reokt^tt. 
 Woltr.stiold " 
 
 EllllLTOVO 
 
 Thoinliill 
 
 SpeiuK'r Gniiip' 
 
 IJoslyii 
 
 Moiitii.i.'iio(*ottago 
 
 (.'ataraqiii 
 
 Bar<Ifiel.l 
 
 Bemnorc 
 
 Tli(^ lliu'lilamls 
 
 Kirk !• ila 
 
 Beaiivoir ^Fanoir 
 
 (JI<MII101lt 
 
 Meaclowbank 
 
 I{nvoiis\voo(l 
 
 Pornald 
 
 Raveiisclilfe 
 
 Boi.sl)rillant 
 
 Jiollaml lloiist' 
 
 Po]>lai' (irove, 
 
 Flainwooil 
 
 Morton Lodge 
 
 Alta Mont 
 
 Bijou 
 
 Pavilly 
 
 Bandon Lodge 
 
 Loietto 
 
 Battlefield 
 
 a 
 (I 
 II 
 n 
 a 
 i> 
 u 
 li 
 i( 
 (I 
 
 K 
 li 
 
 (I 
 II 
 II 
 11 
 
 II 
 II 
 II 
 l( 
 
 il 
 <l 
 II 
 (I 
 
 (it lion. Evan .loiin Price. 
 
 ofJoini i'.nrstall. 
 
 oi' Arch. <'anii)l)<'ll. 
 
 of .laiin's ^L Li'-Nfoine. 
 
 ori-t.Col. Jos. H.-ll Foisvth. 
 
 of Allied!'. Whot'lor. 
 
 ot ('has. Vj. Levey. 
 
 ol Albei't I-'tirniss. 
 
 of Lieut.-Col. Will. 1,'hodes. 
 
 of Tims. Stockwoll. 
 
 ot Kolieit ( 'aiiii>liell. 
 
 of Kichanl R. Dol.ell. 
 
 of Lt.-( "ol. Ferd. Tunilaill. 
 
 oi'diistavus Stuart, (i. C. 
 
 of Wui. 11 erring. 
 
 of .tolm Neilson 
 
 of (leorge M. Fairchilil, Jr. 
 
 of Simeon Lesago 
 
 of Frank Ross, 
 
 of V. Chateauv.-rt, M. P. P. 
 
 of l?obt. Jlainilton. 
 
 of W. (Carrier. 
 
 of lion. David A. J}os<. 
 
 of Amlrew Tliouison 
 
 of linn. Frs. Langolier. 
 
 of lion. .los. Sholiyn. 
 
 of .1. C. Gnihnartin. 
 
 of Ali)li. ('liarleljois. 
 
 Haldiinand House — (Duke of Kent's residence, 1791-4), tlio 
 country -stiat of Paterson Mall. 
 
 Montmorenci Cottage — ^The country-seat of Herbert Moles- 
 worth Price. 
 
24 — 
 
 Coucyle-C.istol — The country seat of lion. Judge T.ascheioau. 
 
 " of J. II. Botteiell. 
 " of .\. F. .Vshniead 
 " of George Holmes Parke. 
 » of lion. A.C.R.P.Lanary. 
 " of Sir L. Napoleon Casault. 
 The above are the most noted country-seats round (Juebec ; 
 tliere are several others in the environs, most picturesquely 
 located and all'ording striking views of the city. 
 
 llfssle Grove 
 
 (1 
 
 Ilazelhurst 
 
 « 
 
 Hingfield 
 
 (I 
 
 Villa Mastai 
 
 n 
 
 Londesir 
 
 (< 
 
 Si 
 
 '1 
 
 I 
 
 THE PLAINS or AI5KAIIA^r. 
 
 No spot in the environs of Quebec is move culculated 
 to iittract tlie attention of tourists than the lofly plateau, 
 where the Plnffhsh and French armies met in deadlv 
 encounter one murky September morning in 1759. 
 Parknum, Casgrain, r>ancroft, Warburton, Smith, llaw- 
 kin.s, Oarneati, Ferland, lieatson, Miles, and other 
 historians have vied with one another to furnish graphic 
 accounts of this fanu)us battle ; the jdains, covering 
 about o2 acres, were called after an old Scotchman, 
 Abraham ]Martin, described in old titles as "Maitre 
 Abraham ^fartin dit TEcossais," pilotou the St Lawrence 
 to the French King. 
 
 The fireais l)ounded to the south by the summit of 
 the cajie overlooking the St Lawrence ; to the west, by 
 the Sillery woods ; to the north, by the St Louis roail ; 
 and to the east, by a loftier pLiteau, extending to the 
 foot of the present citadel ; formerly, the ])lains are 
 supposed to have comjirised to the north the whole of 
 the intervening expanse as far as the Ste Foye road, 
 and even beyond. 
 
 
A JiED-LETTER DAY IX TIIK AXNALS OF (^]MV. 
 
 Bi-CeNTENNIAL ANNlVKHSAliY OF THE ReI'ULSE OK 
 
 Pirips liEFOKE Ql-efsec, 23iii. OcTOBEi;, KiOO. 
 
 Amidst tlie many tlnillinu- .scenes and dmmatie inci- 
 dents clironicled in the annals of the five sieves at 
 l.Miehec — 1629 — 1090— 1759— 17(iO— 1775— there 
 are tew calculated to create deei)er emotion, than those 
 recalled by the week of ].eril and of dire alarm f,.r the 
 besoiged extending from IGth to 2;Jrd Octo])er, 1090 
 
 On Monday, the 16th October, 169U, Louis de liuade 
 Con.te de Palluau et Frontenac, had just held for one 
 year the reins as Govx-rnor-General of New France, at 
 ..uebec The anniversary of his return to Canada would 
 likoly have called forth a festal displav and j.ublic 
 rejoicings, as the mere presence of the intrepid veteran 
 was reckoned a tower of strength to the strun-,din<r 
 colony, sorely beset by meivil.'ss In.lian foes ; biU, on 
 hat eventful morning, an astounding announcement 
 blanched nuiny cheeks : a p..werful hostile squadron 
 from New England, with decks crowded with troops 
 had anchored abreast of the unprepared, ill-fortitied city' 
 History (lepicts the fiery oM Governor at the head of Ins 
 statt, anxiously scanning, from the loftv terrace of the 
 
— 26 — 
 
 Chateau St Louis, the recent arrivals from sea : thirty- 
 four formidable ships-of-war, which, after rounding 
 Pointe Levy, at dawn, had taken position at 10 o'clock 
 a. m. ; the smaller craft lying towards Beau]»ort, whilst 
 the flag-ship and larger vessels had anchored in tlie 
 stream. Tiiis meant war : life or death to the alarmed 
 denizens of the beleaguered citadel. 
 
 But what was Quebec in 1690? Chamiilain's cher- 
 ished settlement of 1608 had had time to exjtand, 
 increasing in population, growing stronger as a military 
 post. 
 
 Its first residents, 'tis true, had long been gathered to 
 their fatliers ; the old Scotchman, Abraham Martin, 
 King's jiilot ; that universal genius, the land sui'veyor, 
 Jean Bourdon ; the trusty apothecary, Louis Ht'bert, 
 first settler in the upper town ; Guillaume Couillard, 
 patron of the Basilica ; the hardy and skilful interj)reters, 
 Nicholas ^Larsolet, -lean Nicolct, wt-re no more, but tliey 
 had left descendants, sons and many grandsons, great- 
 gramlsous innumerabl". \\y the influx of colonists from 
 Normandy, Brittany, I'erche, etc., the population had 
 increased to 1,500 souls. When Champlain left Quebec 
 on the arrival of (."apt. Kirke, in 1(120, 22 ]iers(uis, viz., 7 
 men, 8 women and 7 children, constituted the Fi'cnch 
 population of (Quebec. 
 
 Talon and llociiuart, ablest of Inteiulants, had, with 
 the help of the wise (Jolbert, been the avowed promoters 
 of colouizati<in, commerce, manufactures, ship-luiilding, 
 in the Great Louis' pet colony. The higher grades of 
 education had been cared for — some think even too 
 much : the -Tesuits Colleuc founded in 1635 ; the Scuil- 
 nairc <h's Missions Etrnniji rc>^, created in 1663, the 
 Pciif Sehiin.il ire, in 1668. Well regulated conventual 
 institutions, fostered by ]»ioiis noble Frem-h ladies, 
 (aught the young idea to shoot, whilst a ]irogressive 
 but absolute ecclesiastic, of noble birth (Monsignor de 
 Laval-Montmorency), had taken charge of the church 
 
•>7 
 
 and of veli.uious foundiitioiis. The colony Imil indeed 
 expanded, though a species of close borough to outsiders 
 and des])ite uionoiiolies and absolutism. 
 
 Another marked increase to the census soon took 
 place after the dis))andiiig and settling in Canaila of 
 the famous French I'ogiment brought over from France, 
 in 1G65, by the juimpous Marquis of Tracy ; the 
 Carignan-Salieres Iki'giment formed l)y the Prince of 
 Carigiian and commanded by the dashing Col. de 
 Salieres. The King had jii^omised extensive tracts of 
 land on the shoies of the St. Lawrence to the ofUcei's 
 who would found families in Canada. Hence, the 
 ori"iu of the French Seigniories uranted to French 
 oflicers, several ol' mIioui hailcil from the titled gentry 
 of France. In numy instances, their names were 
 bequeathetl to theii' broad acres, nnd .are borne by them 
 to this day; such as Ciipts. Saint Ours, de IV^rthier, do 
 Saurel, dv Citntrecirui', la Valtrie, de Meloises,Tiirieu de 
 la IV'i'ade, de la Fouille, llaxinun, Lobiau, Petit, Ifouge- 
 inont, Traversy, de La j\I(ttte, La Comlie, de Vercheres, 
 whilst their gallant troo[icrs, allured to settle in Canada 
 liy grants of land and farm stock from the Covernment, 
 were not slow in falling in love with the lively, bright- 
 eyed Josettei!! of (^)uebec and Montreal. Soon, says an 
 old chronicle, the parish priest had his hands full, with 
 marriages; and, in due time, with (;hristenings. Many 
 of these patriarchal families could successfully, in after 
 years, have (,'laimed Col. Phoiles' premium of 100 acies 
 for the twelfth child. 
 
 Social intercourse at (jMicbec in IG'jn, though on a 
 limited scale, was apjiarentl\ of good form, according to 
 relialile writers. Charlevoix, a contemporary historian, 
 who wrote the history of the colony, in 17-0, sjieaks in 
 high terms of the French societies of that and of jirevious 
 jiei'iods : " ^Manners were refined ; no bo<jrishness , the 
 language spoken, pure and m» accent perceptibk- in the 
 
— 28 — 
 
 families, they were strong and well formed, the daugh- 
 ters lively and handsome. " (1) 
 
 " Queliec in 1690, says Dr. N. E. Dionne, F. R. S. 
 C, hud its (}overnor. The chief of his staff was Philippe 
 Itigaud du Vaudreuil ; the Intendant, a man of distinc- 
 tion, was Bochart de Champigny. The city hud a 
 Sovereign Council, a Court of Pr4vute, a Court of 
 Admiralty, a Comniissury of Marine, an Overseer of 
 Public Itoads, a Grdiitl Voijer, two bishops, Jesuits, 
 Friars, Ursulines and FIoHpitdiUves nwns, secular jn'iests, 
 notaries, ])hysiciuns, l)uilitts, urchitects, and even a 
 ]mblic hangujan. 
 
 " Tbe adinini.stralion of Xew France was carried on 
 by a Council, of which all the members resided in 
 (Quebec. It consisted of the (rovernoi', of the lUshop, 
 of tlie Intmidant, of several Councillors, and of a Poyal 
 Attorney (Pivciireu r <ht vol). It was composed (jf 
 Louis Rouer de Villeray, the friiuid of the Bishop, an 
 avowed partisan of the Jesuits; consequently, no friend 
 of the Goveinoi'. Other men of mark at the Council 
 Board were Matiiieu d'Aniuurs de Chaulfour, Nicolas 
 du Pont, Sieur de Xeuville, Cliurles le Gardeur de 
 Tilly und Charles Denis de Vitre." 
 
 Among the Itjuding men at Quebec, in 1690, luuy be 
 nu'ntioneil the King's Attornuy-Cenerul, F. !M. F. Ruette 
 d'Autouil, Claude de Bernien, Sieur de la Martiniere, 
 judge and lieuteuant-eivil ; Cliarles tie M(jnseignat, 
 
 (1) Tout est ici de l>ell«! taillf, ct b^ plus beau sang du 
 moudo dans los deux sexes ; I'esprit enjoue, los inauieres 
 donees et polios soiit coiiiitmns a tons ; et la nisticite, soit 
 dans le lanj^age, soit dans les {'a(;ons, n'cst pas nienie oonnue 
 dans les campagnes les plus ecartees. XuUe part ailleurs, on 
 nc paileplus piuement notre langage. On ne remarque nieme 
 ici aucun accent V/iurfeviix. 
 
 Vide Colbert's letter to intendant Talon, 20th February, 
 bitlS, ([uoted by Parkman, p. 416. — Old Kegime. 
 
— 29 — 
 
 ■secvetnry to Fvonteiiac and tlu' antlinr of a full aoo<mnt 
 of wliat took place, at (^)ul'1ic'C, in 16'J0 ; Pierre Beeart, 
 Sieur de Granville, who had lieen taken prisoner by 
 Phip.s, near Mnrray liay, \vlK're he had l)een sent to 
 watch the New England fleet. Jacijues l*etit de Yer- 
 nenil, George lieguard dii I'lessis, Treasurer of the 
 iVIarine ; Paul JJn])uis. Seignior of Goose Island (pro- 
 cureur du lioi ev la ■p'l'evor^J, and fur years the jjious 
 Seignior of the Inland, and I'atht'r of lifteen children ; 
 he was reputed to he a saint. In sucli a haunt of game, 
 his sons must have been ardent sjiortnien, one would 
 imagine. 
 
 ^fiehel le Neuf, Sieur de la Valliere et de l')eaubas- 
 sin ; Jean-liaptiste Couillard de I'Kspinay, Lieutenant 
 of the Admiralty ; Pene Chartier de Lotbiniere, Lieu- 
 tenant of the Prevote ; Francois Pi'rvost. Major et 
 Commandant of the Castle ; Augustin Pouer, Sicur de 
 Cardonniere ; Pieire de la Lande, Sieur de Gayon, 
 Gervais Beandoin, Physician to the Lrsuline Nuns ; 
 Timothy Ronssel, Physician to the HAtel-Dieu Nuns ; 
 Louis Chambalon appointed, later on, a Poyal Notary ; 
 Etienne Dubrenil, Notary to the Quebec Seminary. 
 
 The numei'((us class of merehants, some of whom 
 traded with the Wt'st Indices, were represented by 
 Charles Perthuis, Charles Anbert de la Chenaye, Fran- 
 cois ILazeur, Denis Piverin, Fran(;ois Viennay Paehot. 
 Guillaume Bouthier, Jean Sebilk;, Nicolas Volan, Jean 
 (:To])in, Pierre T('tu du Tilly, Raymond du Bosc, Simon 
 Sounuinde, Charles ]\Licart, Denis Poberge and a num- 
 l)er of others. Dr X. E. Dionne, author of a prize essay 
 on Jac^ipies Cartier, from wIkuu 1 liaAc borrowed these 
 iletails, has added a tableau of tin' men of niai!^ in 
 Qui'boc, in 109(), a ]iovtion of which 1 subjijin (1). 
 
 (1) ri:i;so\x.viii:.s m.mmjiants mo i^i rr,i:c i:\ IG90. 
 
 Goiivcvni nr Gciiend il( /a .\<iiir< Uc-Fraiuc Loiii^; <lt' J'ua'lf:', 
 
 comto do PaUuiiu ot de Frontoimc, ClievaUci' «lt' I'oiilre <le 
 
 vSaint-Louis. 
 
— 30 — 
 
 Tlio fortifications of Qutjhee, thougli of a ni(limeiitary 
 nature, in 1690, had been much imi>rove(l by the new 
 ^vork of defences and tlie jiulisades ordered l>y Count 
 Fronteuac in the spring, (in the northwestern, un|jro- 
 
 Itit<n<hxnt.~ .lean Bochart, siciir do CliampignV) Norais, Vi-r- 
 Tioiiil, et(!. 
 
 Grand Prdrot den martchunx di: Fraurc Paul Denis, sieur 
 
 •It* S. Siinon. 
 
 Licntendiit pai'tirulkr dc l<i I'r^rot^. — Rene Louis Chartier 
 do J^otbinioro. 
 
 Licntcnanl de I' Amh'aat6. — .louii-Baptiste Couillard de I'Es- 
 pinay. 
 
 Coil. leilf era dii Con.ieil Sttiicaralii. — Louis Kouer do Villeray, 
 pieinier ooiisiMllor ; Matliias d' Amours, ( le Chautfour ; Nicolas 
 du Tont, do Xeuvillo ; .leano Baptisto do Poinis ; Charles 
 Donis de Vitro ; Charles le (lardour do Tilly. 
 
 Priii-iireiir (/^ii^ritl du Hoi — F. M. Ruotte d'Auteuil. 
 
 (ire//ier en chef dn CunseiL — Alexandre Pouvret, de (iau- 
 darvillo, 
 
 Hiiis.iiern Guillaume Ko,i,'or, premier huissier; Rene Hu- 
 bert, du Consoil ; .loseph Priour, de la Prevote. 
 
 Coiitrdleiir Pierre Benac, c. general ; Pierre Chevalier, 
 
 pour les MM. tie la Coinpagnie ; Antoiae Gourdeau, sieur de 
 Beaulieu. 
 
 Trcfioriei' de hi Marine George Reguard du Plessis, sieur 
 
 do Morampont. 
 
 Grand \'ni/er Rene Robineau, sieur de Becaneourt, fils du 
 
 baron. 
 
 Jfj/ifriH/rupItc dn Hoi. — J. B. Louis Frantjuelin. 
 
 Arehitectes Claude Bailly, .Tean le Rougo, Franoois de la 
 
 .Toiie. 
 
 Xofaircs Claude Aubert ; F. Geiiaple de Bollet'onds ; 
 
 (lilies Rageot ; Eti(>inio du Breuil, Seminain;. 
 
 Mederinn Gervais Beaiidoiu, i\eA rrsulinos : Timothe 
 
 R'oussel : Nicolas Sarazzin : Jean Legei' de la Grange ; Ar- 
 maiid Dumanin : Pierre du Roy, 
 
 Ganlc-inaijaniii Charles Catignan. 
 
 Odoiul ile.s J'r'injies Louis Philippe Rigaud de Vaudreuil. 
 
 Major el Ciniiiiiandaiit dc Quebec Frs. Provost. 
 
 Vapifaiiie des (/arden Michel h- Neul", si(MU' de la Valliere. 
 
 Execiifeiir de.'i haiiles iritrra. — Joan Rattier. 
 
 cm;r(;i': de Quicni:c. 
 
 Mgr Frangois do Laval do Montmorency, rt^tire. 
 Mgr .Tean-Bte de la Croix-Chevriores de St-Valior. 
 
31 
 
 tected side ot" tlie town, tdwards the Ste. Foye road and 
 Plains of Abvaliiun ; though no guns were jilueed on 
 the sununit of Cape Diamond eonunanding the town 
 until 169o. Town ^fajoi' Prevost in the absence of 
 Frontenae, tluMi in INIontreal, had very judiciously 
 pushed on vigorously to (iompletion these ikjw works, 
 and placH'd in ]iosilion l»atterios wherever ht; coidij. 
 " The cliffs along the St. Lawrence", says Parlaiian, 
 " and those along the tributary river, St. Charles had 
 three accessible points, guarrled (until 1871) by the 
 Proscott Cate, the llopi; Cate and the I'alace CJate. 
 Prevost had secureil them by barricades of heavy 
 
 Ijeams and casks tilled with earth. 
 
 continuous Inie 
 
 ol' i)alisade.s ran along the strand of the St. Charles, 
 from the great cliff called the ' Sault-au-Matelot ' to tin; 
 Palace of the intendant. At this latter point began the 
 line of works constructed by Frontenae to protect tlie 
 rear of the town. They consisted of palisades strength- 
 ened by a ditch and an eml)ankment, and Hanked at 
 fre([Uent intia'vals by square towers of stone. Passing 
 behind the garden of the Ursulines, they extended to a 
 windmill (Dupont de Xeuville's) on a hillock called 
 ' Alt. (,'armi'l,' and then to a brink of the clilfs in iVont. 
 Here there was a Ijattery of eight guns near the ]ireseiit 
 Public Garden (Le Jardin du Fort), two more, each of 
 three guns, weie planted at the toj) of the Sault-au- 
 Mateliit ; another at the barricade of the Palace Gate ; 
 and another near tlie windmill of Mt. Carmel ; while a 
 nundter ol" light i»ieces were held in reserve for such 
 use as oc(.'asion might re(]uire. The Lower Town liad 
 no defensive works ; but two batteries, each of three 
 guns, eighteen and twenty-fnur }iounders were placed 
 here at the edge of the river" elbcientlv directed bv L(! 
 M(jyne de Ste. Helene and Le Moynede ]\Iaricourt, two 
 brave brothers of Le Moyne de Longucuil, also serving 
 in this memorable camjiaign. 
 
II 
 
 Wi! .sliiill iidw view tliu stunly cliici'tiiin, Count Frou- 
 tLMKic — who, nil his retitni to QueV)ec, in 1089, was 
 ihristeiifd tlic Siiviour of Ciinudu — such as history 
 (U'l.ifts liini — undisniayod, striding across the lofty 
 tcrracti of the (JhAtciiu Saint-Lous, surrounded hy his 
 staff — hut sui'vcyiny with HUjjjircsstMl fctding, the 
 unwi'lconie jMassachusetts llect moored in the ofling 
 lielow. Among the restless group of olticers, one might 
 have readily recognized hv their urominence as well 
 ]»ossihly as hy their familly likeness, Charles LeMoyne's 
 ioui' dauntless sons; de Longueuil — de Sainte-Helene, 
 It' hi'tii'e (Its J)i'(ivesi, destined to an e.irly grave — do 
 Ijienville and de Maricouit. There stands, silent, next 
 to the Count, Frontenac's trusty adviser and lieutenant, 
 ti.wn-niajor Francois Trc'vost and close to him Villebon, 
 Vahenni', Clermont and Frontenac's clever secretary 
 Charles de ]\Ionseignat ; in the Itack ground add con- 
 versing in wlnsjK.'rs may be noticed, some of tl.u liigh 
 civil ollicials : Intendant de Chainjiigny, lleue Chartier 
 de Lotbinieie, Kuette d'Auteuil, the King's attorney 
 general and others: they exchanged with bated breath 
 theii views, without daring to advise the impatient, 
 impetuous (iovernor. 
 
 * 
 
 * * 
 
 T'is a cotil, bright October moi'uing: a hoar frost 
 whitens the (h'op])ing roofs of the dwellings and wai'c- 
 houses of the lower town : the sun is just ]iiercing 
 through a veil of autumnal vapour, hanging like a pall 
 over the foaniinu cataract (»f I\lonlniorencv : the fir, oak 
 and maple groves, sitting like a diadem, im the western 
 jiniut ol' Oileans, opposite Que])ec, are all aglow with 
 the gorgeous hues of the closing season, prior to the fall 
 
— 33 — 
 
 of the leaf. An indistinct wiiite sjiot in the iturple 
 distiuiee — the first snow soon liowover to molt aw.iy 
 — criiwns tlie lofty jn-ak of Ciipi' Tournu-ntt' mi tho 
 Xoith shore of the St Lawrence. 
 
 One by one the, hated, black linlls (jf the frii^ates, 
 emer^i,'e, a hideons reality, frmn the rising fog: thirty- 
 fo'ir IJoston men-of-war, llauntini> deiiantly at their 
 mast heads, the dreaded ilag of the mistress of the sea, 
 old England. The dam]), (lro]i])ing sails, frosted over, 
 are being .stowed away ; the shijis have uU swung with 
 the tide ; a vague, and ominous silence pervades the 
 [lublic squares and u.«ually noisy market-jtlace. " How 
 is Monsieur Ic Govvernevr to defend the city " ? one 
 a.sks : some few have faith in the sturdy, able, old 
 warrior, to whom fear is unknown. Tht- majority incline 
 to take the gloomiest view of the future. " Let us jiray 
 to the Virgin"! rejieats, with upturned ga/e and trem- 
 bling lijjs, the lady sujierirtr of a monaster}-, just returned 
 from visitiny the IWshoii for advice. 
 
 Towards two o'clock, a boat put out from the 
 admiral's ship bearing a white Hag. Four canoes leave 
 the lower-town to meet it midwav. It brings an oltieer 
 bearing a letter from Sir William Phips to the French 
 Commander. 
 
 Let us allow the brilliant biograi»her of Frontenac, 
 Francis Parkman, to describe this incident : 
 
 " He, (the I.iearer of the Hag of truce) was taken into 
 one of the canoes and jtaddled to the 4Uay, after being 
 cjinpletelv blind-folded bv a bandaye which covered 
 lialf his face. Prevost receivi'd him as he landed, and 
 (jrdered two sergeants to take him by the arms and lead 
 him to the governor. His ])rogvess was neithei' ra]>id, 
 nor direct. They drew himhilher and thither, delight- 
 ing to make him clamber in llie dark over every pos- 
 sible obstruction ; while a noisy crowd hustled him, and 
 laughing women called him Colin .I\Liillard, the name of 
 the chief }»layer in lilindmau's buff; amid a prodigious 
 hubbub, intended to Ijewilder him and impress him 
 3 
 
— ^4 — 
 
 witli it sense oi' iiuiiieiisi! wurlikc iirt'iianitioiis, they 
 (h'iiL^gC'd liini over the thiei; Itarrictulcs of Moiiiitain 
 street, iiiid hroiiuht him ut last into a la!<,'e room of tho 
 Chateau. Hen! tliey took tlie bandar' from his eyes. 
 He stood for a moment with an air of astonishment and 
 some confusion. The <j;overnor stood hcfore him, han<4hty 
 and stovn, surronii(K'd hy French iinil Caiiach'an otlicers, 
 ]\Iaricoint, Sainte Ili'lene, I.on;.;iieuil, Villebon, Val- 
 lenne, r>ienville and many nioic, liedi-cked with ;^old 
 lace and silver lace, jieiukes and iiowder, j'lnmes and 
 ribbons, and all the martial foppery in which the\ took 
 deli<iht, and re<iarding the itnvoy witu keen, deliant 
 eyes. After a moment he recovered his breath and 
 his com])osnre, saluted Fidntenac^ and expressinj^' a 
 wish that the duty assigiKid to him had been of a more 
 a,nreable nature, handed him the letter of I'hips. Fron- 
 tenac f^ave it to an interjiriiter, who road it aloud in 
 French that all mi^iit hear." 
 
 It was a summons, to Frontenae on bphalf of tlunr 
 ^Majesties, William and Mary, Kin,u,' and (^)ue('n of 
 England, to suri'ender the colony and closed thus. 
 " Your answi'r jiositive in an hour, returned Iiy ytair 
 own trunqiet, with the return of mine, is required upon 
 the ]ieril tliat will ensue." 
 
 " When the reading was linishe(l, the Englishman 
 })ulled his Avatch from his pock*'!, and haudiMl it to the 
 governor, Frontenae C(tuld not, or ])retended that lu' 
 coultl not see the hour. The messengi'r thereu))on told 
 him that it \\as ten o'clock, and that he must have the 
 answer before eleven. .V general cry of indignation 
 arosi' ; and \'alreniie callinl out that riii|)s was nothing 
 but a ])irate, iiiid that his man (tugiit to be hanged. 
 Frontenae contained himself for a moment, and then 
 said to the envoy : — " I will not keep you waiting so 
 long. Tell your general that I do not recognize King 
 William ; and that the Prince of Orange, who so styles 
 himself, is a usurper, who has violated the most sacred 
 laws of blood in attempting to dethrone his father-in- 
 
— 35 
 
 liiw. T know DO kiiiu; of Knn;liin(l Init Iviu'^ .Tiiinos." 
 This iiiti'i'vicw was ultiiniitdy l>i'(»tiui;ht to a close! by 
 FronlciKic's proiiil n'toit. " I will aiisw(fr your ^(.Micnil 
 only by tlio inoiitlis of my eaniioii " and he ovcMitiially 
 (lid so, ami much to the iioiut. .Major Walluy, in his 
 journal, r(!|iulilishc(l in Smifh'n HUfor;) of ('ii/iKufaAwM 
 ^ivcu lull pai'ticulars of the opci'atioiH he commanded 
 on the l»eau|i(»i't siioi'i!; the idea was i'or the I'lunlish to 
 (TOSS in their hoats or ford tho river St. (Jharles, as(iend 
 hy the coteau Stc (ieni'vi('V(^ and take tlu; city in 
 reversi!, whilst I'hips wouM licrc(dy cannijuade it from 
 liisshijis : the spot, where Wolfe G9 years later ascended, 
 at the r>i/i.sf!fi(iii. St. De)i.i.>^, was pointed out to I'hips hut 
 he would not alter his original ])lan. 
 
 Nothing se«;nis to have been done that day (Idlh) ; in 
 the evening there occuved "a gi'(iat sliouting, mingled 
 with the roll of drums and the sound of tifes," iu the 
 U])per Town, wluui, in reply to an English ollicer's 
 (piestiou, a Fr(;neh )»risoner in the Kuglish tlcct, of the 
 name of (Jranville, ea]iturod whilst r(!connoitring 
 opposite Mai I5ay, iidbrmed him it was Callitjies, just 
 iirrived from Montreal with TOO or 800 m(!n, many of 
 tliem I'egulars. Si)ace jirecludes my devclojiingin detail 
 ^Major Walley's operations and repulse at l>eau}Hn't, 
 where the local militia gave his men a warm re(?e]»tion, 
 though Quebec had to de])lore the death (jf a valuable 
 otticer — le clutraller de Clermont — and the ultimate 
 loss of Sainte-Helene, who, woundfid in the leg, lin- 
 gered until 3rd ])oc(nnber following, and was buried on 
 th(! 4th, in the Ciniefirrc dcx Pnuvres, adjoining th(! 
 H(^tel-lJieu Monastery. 
 
 Let us now take u]) Pavkman's narrative : " I'hips 
 lay ([uiet till daybreak, when Frontenac sent a shot to 
 awaken him, and the camionade l)eg:ni aiiain. Saint 
 Hel<?ne had returned from lieauport ; and he, with his 
 brother ^Maricoint, took charge of the two batteries in 
 the lower town, aiming the guns in ])erson and throw- 
 ing balls of 18 and 24 pounds with excellent precision 
 
— 36 — 
 
 aj^aiiist the fmir laij^cst ships ol' (In; tU'Ct. One of thoir 
 shut.s ciil'llii! Ilii^stidl uT tliL' Adiiiiial, iiiid lliu Uio.-js of 
 St. (luorye fi'U into the water. It driftoil with the tide 
 tow.inls the north .short! ; whtnvnpon sevi-ral Cunailiaus 
 jtaddh'tl out in a hiich ranoc, si-ciircil it and l)roii<rht it 
 Itack" in ti'iunijih. On the sjiirc! of the Cathedral of the 
 Tpjier Town had lieen hnng m picture of thi' H<ily 
 Family as an invocation of ilivinis aid. The I'liritan 
 ;^unners wasted their aniniunition in vain attempts to 
 knuck it down. That it escaped their malice was 
 ascrihed to miracle, Imt the miracle wotdd have heeii 
 j^ieater if they had hit it." 
 
 A furious eannouade was kejtt up all this time 
 l)etween Quebec and the JMassachwsetts ileet. Mere 
 Juchereau de .Saint-Tguiice, a Hotel- Dieu nun, <h'aws a 
 very dark picture of the interior of Queliec; dnriiig this 
 dreadful we(d<. Tlu; nuns ro,strict(Ml themselves to a 
 daily morsid of bread, and the loaves which they 
 furnished to the soldiers were impatiently devoiu'ed in 
 the shape of dough ; terror and distres.s reignetl in the 
 city, " ibr ", in her simi)]e but atfecting language, 
 everything diminished except hunger." To add to the 
 general confusion, the English s(|uadrun kept uji a 
 tremendous cannonade, more to the alarm than to the 
 injury of the iidiabitants. " It is easy to imagine how our 
 alarms ledoubled ; when we heard the noise of the cannon 
 we were more dead than ali\e ; every time the coml)at 
 was renewed the l)ullets fell on our ]ireuiises in such 
 numbers that in one day we sent tweiUy-six of them 
 to our artillery-men to be sent back to the English. 
 Several of us thought that we were killed by them ; 
 the danger was so evident that the bravest ollicers 
 regarded the ca])ture of ( >uebec as inevitable. In spite 
 of all our fears we jtrejiared different places for the 
 reception of the wounded, because the combat had 
 commenced with an air to make us believe that our 
 hospital would not be capable of containing those who 
 might have need of our assistance. But God spared 
 
• )( 
 
 th<; 1)1(mh1 of the Kn,'iicli : tliore wisn; few woiitidcd iiiul 
 fewer killed. (j)iieltee was Very Imdly furlilied lor u 
 sie«fe ; it cniiiiiiiied very few anus and no )iri>visi()n3, 
 and the trdups that luul come tVoni Montreal had con- 
 sumed tho little food that th(!ru was in the eity." " 'I'ho 
 fruits and veectaUh^s of our <,'arden weri; ]iilla<,'ed l»y tlu^ 
 soldiers; thev warmed themselves at our exptuise and 
 Iiui'uimI our wood." " Kverythin,<,' appeared sweet to U3 
 provided we eoidil he jireserved from I'idlin^' into the 
 liands of tho.-e whom we i'e«j;arded as the eiiemis of ( iod 
 as well as our n\\ II. W't; had not juiy professed artilh'- 
 rynu'u. T\\>i captains, M. 1-eMoyne de Marieour and 
 M. tie Lorimier, t(tok charj^'e of the batteries ami 
 ])ointeil I he eaiiiiou so aceiiratelv as hardly ever to 
 miss. ^I. de .Maricour sliot down the tlai.; of the 
 Admii'al, and, as .mioii as il fell, our Canadians holdly 
 ventured out in .i canoe to piek it up, and hrouyht 
 it aslioiv uixler tla; very iteanls of tle^ IviLjlish." 
 "The Lower Town had been ahauiloned liy its inhab- 
 itants, who ])e.stowod their families and their furniture 
 within the solid walls of the Seminary. The cellars of 
 the Ursulines Convent wiu'e lilled with women and 
 ehildnui, and many more took relug'.^ at the IIotel-Dieu. 
 The beans and eabiiages in tho garden of the nuns had 
 all been stolen by the sokliers, and their wood-pile was 
 turned into bivouac iires." " At the Convent of the 
 I'rsulines, the corner of a nun's apron was carried otf 
 by a (.'anon-shot as she jjassed throue;h Imv chamlier. 
 The sisterhood began a noveita, or nine days' devotion, 
 to Saint Joseph, Sle Amie, the angt-ls, and the souls in 
 l)urgatory ; and (me of their uumbi-r renuxin(Ml in jirayer 
 day and night before the images of the Holy Family." 
 "The Superior of the Jesuits, with some of the elder 
 members of the (jrder, remained at their college during 
 the attack, ready, should the heretics prevail, to repair 
 to their chai)el and die before the altar. Kumour exag- 
 gerated the numbers of the enemy, and a general akirra 
 pervaded the town. It was still greater at Lorette, nine 
 
— 38 — 
 
 miles distant. The warriors of tliat mission were in the 
 lirst skirmish at lleauport ; and two of them, running 
 olf in a fright, reported that the enemy were carrying 
 everything before them. On this the villagers fled to 
 the woods, followed by Father Germain, their mis- 
 sionary, to whom this hasty exodus suggested the flight 
 of the Holy Family into Egyi)t. The Jesuits were 
 thought to have s])ecial reason to fear the Puritan sol- 
 diery, who, it was reported, meant to kill them all, after 
 cutting off their ears to make necklaces." 
 
 Seldom was a military exi)edition worse planned and 
 less efticiently carried out. I'arknum aliirms that the 
 troojis were composed of undisciplined jMassacliusetts 
 tishernien and farmers, ill-supplied with animuniliou 
 and worse-off for artillerists to point their guns. After 
 a whole Meek of inetfective siege and furions cannona- 
 ding, the luckless fleet, (jn Tuesday, the 23rd October, 
 1690, disiijijieared behind l*oint Levis and set sail for 
 Jjoston. The flag of the Admiral's ship, cajitured l»y 
 Maricourt's l)oatmen, v»-as borne in triumph to the 
 Cathedral, A\iiere it remained until tlie great siege of 
 1759 ; ijisliop St. Yalier sung a Te Deuiii, ; and, uniid 
 the boominu of the eitv yuus, the imaye of the Vir'an 
 Mary was ])araded from church to church, followed by 
 jtriests, citizens and soldiery. The ausjncious day closed 
 with a grand bonfire in honour of Frontenac, the Saviour 
 of Canada, who was more than ever idolised. 
 
 i '<■ 
 
AX EPISODE OF THE WAll OF THE ('OXQI'EST. 
 
 '• We bu.' ed and destroyed upwards of tburteou hundred 
 fine farm houses.'" — Journal qiioteil hi/ IT. Smith, the historian 
 of Canada. 
 
 " A ])riest with about four score of ins parisinonors liave 
 fortitied themselves in a house, a few mik's to tlie eastward 
 of our camp, on tiie nortli si(h^ ol' tlu* river, wliere tliey indis- 
 creetly pretend to brave our troops. ..The priest who fortified 
 himself on tlie north side of the riv(>r, sent a written invita- 
 tion to an olKcer who commanded in a house in his Jieii;h- 
 borhood "to honor liim with his company to dinner, with an 
 assurance that he, and any officer of his detachment who 
 would be kind enough to accoiniiany him, should return with 
 the greatest safe ty ; " ho added, " that as tlie English oflicer 
 fought f'oi' his kirig and for glory, he hoped lu' himsc^lf would 
 be excused for tigliting foi' his poor parishioners ami dei'entling 
 his coun 7." 
 
 " The I. .fortunate priest is <lefeated ; a <letachmentof light 
 troops laid an ambuscade in the skiits of the wood near liis 
 fortitieil housi>, and as soon as the field-piece was brought u[i 
 and began to play, lus with his men sallied out, when, i'alling 
 into the ambush, thirty of them with their leader were 
 surrounded, killed and ficalped : the reason of tlieir being 
 treated with such cruelty, proceeded from the wretched 
 parishioners having disguised themselves like Indians. In 
 this rencontre we had live men woinnled. 
 
 " The parish of Kichet, with the stately house lately occu- 
 pied by the indiscreet priest, called Chatt>au Richer, are now 
 in tlauies." — Kvox'n Journal, of the siege of Quebec, IV7. If, 
 
 Canada, like Ei!<ilaiul, was coii([Uere(l ; in oiu; case an 
 Anglo-Saxon kingdom was nverrim hy Xornian inva- 
 ders : in the other, a Norman colony was wreslcil by the 
 descendnnts of Anglo-Saxons from its French masters ; 
 both invasions left behind tlieni a " Memory of 
 sorrow." In both connti'ies the eon([Uest wus a boon, 
 the means of extending jmblie liberty. In the first, the 
 Saxon and Xorman blended and formed a composite 
 
— 40 — 
 
 natioiiality, stronger than each of its separate elements 
 could have constituted it : in the other, will like causes 
 produce like results? Time will tell. 
 
 Let us hear a conscientious historian : — " Are 
 you," asks the learned Abbe Ferland, " desirous of 
 studying anti(|uities, traditions ami old Canadian cus- 
 toms ? Go then and examine the ruins of Chateau- 
 Richer and the remains of the house (jf the Sieur 
 Carre (1) : you will n(jtice in the Church of Ste. Anne, 
 the offerings of the ]\Iar<iuis of Tracy, of the Chevalier 
 d'Iberville (2) ex. votos suspended to the walls shortly 
 after the middle of the 17th century; you will meet 
 with families there who still own the lands conceded to 
 their ancestors about the year 1G40 ; in the hahitant 
 of the Cote de Beawpn', you will recognizes the Xorman 
 peasant of the leign of Louis XIV., with his chronicles, 
 his songs, his superstitions, his customs. 
 
 " But since I now have you on the soil of this Cote 
 de Bcaiipre, I shall lay before you an episode of the 
 war of 1759, of which the locality we now occupy was 
 the theatre. This narrative will serve to disprove the 
 
 (1) Carre was that iigliting Iiahi/ant, who, at the head of a 
 coiupany of young Canadians, rushed up to (iuehoc, in 1690, 
 to rej)el invasion. .After tlie tloparture of Phips, the French 
 commander was so pleased with CarnVs bravery, that lie made 
 him a present of two small oannon used ni the siege. 
 
 (2) " One is a wreck scene, Ste. Anne is represented as 
 descending from heaven to the aid of a He<!t during a storm, 
 with the following curious inscription, wliich is copied rerha- 
 tlui cl lUerufiiii : — 
 
 KX. VHTO. LK. NAVIIiK. I.K. .ST. FrANTOIS. IH:. CANADA. 1 1 K M A Tl H . DKTOVS. 
 Li;S. MATS. I,K. 21IIIUK. 17.52: COMMAMIK. hah. IMKUUK. l>'ASI'AH(illi. AHMK. 
 I'AK. M. I.AMADKII.LK. LK. JKVXK. 
 
 " Another painting on the wall immediately opposite 
 rejjresents the lan<ling of emigrants sometime before the 
 year 1717 ; another not far distant, a S(juadron of three war 
 vessels, bearing a tri-colored Hag of red, white and green. 
 Out of this last, one could extract no meaning, further than 
 supi)osingit represented some notable instance of the saint's 
 proviilential intervention. 
 
41 — 
 
 English chi'oiiiclei' (Knox) — whose name heads this 
 communication, A priest massacred by tlie English, 
 — a convent of nuns burned by them : that is the only 
 true portion of the English writer's record. 
 
 " Twenty years ago, at the foot of the cape on which 
 the Chateau-Iiicher Church is built, the blackened and 
 crumbling walls of this convent could yet be seen : 
 there they stood, a silent but eloquent monument of 
 the horrors of a war in which buildings sacred to 
 religion and to science, were ruthlessly destroyed l)y 
 the hands of a civilized nation. IJebuilt through the 
 exertions of the Kev. Mr. Baillargeon, when he had the 
 spiritual charge of the Chateau-Iiicher ))arish, this edifice 
 was in ]iart restored to its original destination : it is 
 now the parish school. 
 
 " 'T was on the evening of the 23rd June, 175'J, a 
 number of W(tmen and some old men were standing in 
 grou])S in front of the church of Chateau-Iiicher ; close 
 by a bonfire, in honor of the patron saint of Canada, 
 St. Jean ISaptiste, was slowly fiickering out. Gaiety 
 was the order of the day; several children, with live 
 coals in their hamls which they agitateil high in the 
 air, were trying to imitate an Indian war-dance, such 
 as they had seen performed by a band of ()ttawas whi(;h 
 had visited the place a few days previously, at the 
 invitation of the governor of Canada, the great Ouontio, 
 as they called liim. It was eviilent the older folks 
 entered little in the innocent fun and frolic which 
 oecu]iied the mind of the juveniles ; surrounding the 
 cure of the ])arish, the liev. J. F. Dubuvon, who at this 
 moment was standing on the point of the cajx' on 
 which tlie ])arochial church is erected, some old people 
 appeared in earnest conversation ; the resjiected jiastor 
 had rested his telescoj)e on the twig of one of the stunted 
 cedar trees which grow in tlu; crevices of the cape, and 
 was scamiing the horizon in tlu; direction of the Tra- 
 verse, just then lighted U]) by the last rays of the setting 
 sun, whilst his parishioners were surveying the majestic 
 
- 42 — 
 
 expanse of water hefdve them, the green beaches dotted 
 witli kine, and tlie fertile uplands clotlied in verdure, 
 showing fair promise of a luxuriant harvest. ' Watch 
 well, my friends, along the north shore capes, if you do 
 not see small white objects ! They seem to be like sails. 
 Oh, if it only were the relief for the colony, from 
 France ? what fi rich joke we would play upon the 
 Englisli ! Look now at the eifect of the sun on the white 
 sails I' At that moment a vessel, crossing from Ca])e 
 Tourmente in tlie direction of the channel, which was 
 then used betwt't n Tointe d'Argentenay and Madame 
 Island, could be distinctly nuide out. ' Count them ! ' 
 hurriedlv exclaimeil the reverend gentleman; ' onu — 
 two — three ' ' 
 
 " But the sun has gone down; the shade of tlie lofty 
 cajies reaches as low as tiie tvacerse, shutting out all 
 objects from view. 
 
 "'My poitr country!' exclaims the priest, closing 
 tlie s]»y-g]ass ; ' my ])0(ir country ! wliatis to become of 
 you, shoulil these l»e English s]n]»s ? Wiiat with Sir 
 William .Tohnsou, and the New England militia tuwards 
 Lake Cham])lain, you stand a ])onr chance, now; that an 
 enemy shows himself in the very heart of Canada. ' 
 
 "'Cheer u]) 1 reverend sir,' retorted the village 
 notary I 'we liave at Queliec, Montcalm and a iine 
 army to defend us ; and have we not also there one of 
 our own people, a, Canadian, the jManpiis of Vaudreuil ? ' 
 
 "' My dear notary, let us j)lace our hope in C(jd I 
 we have but little helj) to expect from nuju,' gloomily 
 rejoined the minister of religion. 
 
 '"'What?' said the warlike N. P. (1); "do you 
 forget how often French soldiers and Canadian militia 
 have repulsed the New Knglanders ? ' 
 
 " 1 do not, I assure you, good friend ; l)ut, then we 
 were united, and had no traitors amongst us ;— to-day. 
 
 (1) N. r. Notary Public. 
 
 h 
 
— 43 
 
 dissentions and jealousy exist between the Fvencli 
 regulars and tlie Canadian militia. We can trust our 
 leaders ; but, my dear notary, rest assured that those 
 who have phnidored our treasury will lind means to 
 ell'ectually conceal their ra'^eality. If there is not 
 treachery, there ^\•ilI certainly be lukewarmuess dis- 
 played, in the defence of the country. I "ivdni you of 
 the fact." 
 
 " At that moment tlu' arrival of a messenger from 
 Quebec interrupted the conversation." 
 
 " Here is a letter for you, reverend sir. I am also 
 the bearer of two other letters for the priests of the 
 neighboring parishes." 
 
 *' ' Thank you my friend,' rejilied M. Duburon — ad- 
 ding, ' Have you seen your brother since he has joined 
 the regiment in Quebec ? " 
 
 " ' Oh yes, sir, and I can tell you that he is not afraid 
 to meet an Enu;lishman, even should he resemble Old 
 Xick lumself. Our boys are in high spirits there, and 
 they say that if they meet any more of the kilties, 
 Scotch Highlanders, such as they met at Carillon, they 
 will lead them a dance. ]\Iy ])rother, jiointing towards 
 the earthworks near the Falls of Montmorency, said : 
 " 'Look there ; if the English ])resume to attack us, with 
 these works to protect us, \\q will give them the d — 1 
 to eat." 
 
 " The cure having glanced over the letter, read out 
 aloud the contents, thus : 
 
 " ' SiH, — The HniiHsh fleet is coming ui) the St Law- 
 rence. Agreable to the plan decid^'d on by the governor 
 general, you and your parishioners will take to the 
 woods, with whatever you can carry away of the church 
 property. You will use your influence over your ))eople 
 to make them remain in their hiding-i)laces so long as 
 the P^nglish are in the vicinity of Quebec. May the 
 Almighty soon deliver us from such un[)leas<'int 
 neighbors, &c. 
 
 " ' t H. M., Bishop of Quebec' 
 
mmmmmm 
 
 — 44 — 
 
 •' ' Just as I thought,' added M. Duburou ; ' it is the 
 English fleet we have just seen lower down than the 
 Tiavevse. With a fair wind, to-morrow they will be in 
 front of the city. To-morrow, we shall start for the 
 Moods ; you,' addressin« the village notary, ' please 
 notify the inhabitants of this fact, whilst I dis])at(.'h 
 these letters to the ]n'iest3 of Ste. Anne and St. 
 Joachim,' 
 
 " The lleverend Mr. Duburon, my readers will 
 reniiirk, does not seem to be of such a warlike disposi- 
 tion as the historian Knox mak(?s him out. Xeither 
 does the notary. Monsieur (Jres[)in, appt^ar to have been 
 a more fighting character than Ids pastoi'. Ih' held 
 from his seigneur a kind of judicial oHice, and lived in 
 state at the seigniorial manor, which was called the 
 citdfeaa. 
 
 " Monsieur Crespin was a. man of ])efice : his motto 
 was, Ccdat armia toya : and having made a bundle of 
 his ' records,' he placed his (ji'('(f'e under his arm, and 
 followed by Madame Ci'cspiii and Monsieur Crispin, 
 junior, his son and lawful heir, he sorrowfully directed 
 his ste])s towards the forest. 
 
 " During a short jicriod, a gnsat uproar existed in all 
 the settlements of thi; Cute de Jkauprd. Each parish 
 had a ]»lace of (*oiicealmont for its inhabitants at the 
 foot of the mountain. It was a general stampede fi'oni 
 the Falls of ]\Ioiuniorcncy as low down as Cajie Tour- 
 nuiute. The valualiles too heavy for removal to the 
 Moods, were depositeil on the skirts of the woods ; the 
 farm cattle Avere driven back to t)Ut-of-the-way grazing- 
 grounds ; women, children, and old men, after l)idding 
 a sorrowful adieu to the homes of their youth, hurried 
 to the interiiH' with what they valued most. Some 
 old men who were removed in their beds, were taken 
 back in the fall in their coffins. 
 
 " Several births took jdace in the woods, and baptism 
 administered. A few years back a venerable old man 
 died at Ste. Anne, who was born on the banks of 
 
— 45 — 
 
 li'ivih'e aux Clneiis, under tlie shade of a walnut tree 
 (nn no i/er J, which lie used tu call hi.s godfather; in 
 coiuinenioiation of the fact, the word ' Noyer ' was 
 added to his family name, and his descendants ])ear it 
 to this day. 
 
 " Two montiis had run over, Wolfe's army was kept 
 iu check liy Montcalm, and could not advance on 
 Quebec. iJeuilered impatient by the vigorous defence, 
 which threatened to render abortive their expensive 
 e-xjiedition, the English vented their revenge in the rural 
 districts Ity ]iillaging and burning the houses. It was 
 easy to follow the march of the invaders in the lower 
 parts of the district (1) of Quebec, by the lilaze of the 
 contlagrations they had lit up. Generally, the lives of 
 prisoners were s] tared — they were even allowed to 
 choose between the alternative to ])erish of ctjld or of 
 hunger during the coming winter. Until then, the Cote 
 lie Beaupre had escajied the common fate ; the scouts 
 from the mountain were gratified to find their houses 
 still uninjured. At last their turn came. The com- 
 ])anies of the Louisbourg Grenadiers, under captaiii 
 Montgomery, were instructed to take possession of all 
 the cattle, and to burn all the houses from Cape Tour- 
 mente until Ange-Gardien. 
 
 These ti'oo]is folloMcd the shore until they had got 
 o])pnsite the (rvande Ferrae, at St. Joachim, where they 
 landed and began their awful work. The Quebec Semi- 
 nary owned at this spot a magnificent faiiu : cluse to it 
 was the pre^hntcve and church of St. Joachim. IMiilippe 
 Ilene de Portneuf, the priest of the ])arish of St. Joa- 
 chim, was a member of the ancient family of Ik'cancour. 
 Several of his ancestors, and three of his brothers, had 
 
 (1) The dwellings at Hivic'j'c-Ouellf, Ste. .-Vnuc, St. liooli 
 and St. Jf an Port-.Ioly, were Imrnt find pillaged, evn tlu; 
 banal mill of Tiiree Salmons, the only means for the iniiahi- 
 tants of grinding their eorn foi' a distance of thirty miles, was 
 consigneil to the flames. 
 
— 46 — 
 
 soi'vod with tlistinetioii in the army ; and In; himself 
 was not thti man to tly from his jjarish at tlii) siyht of 
 the, En«i;U8h. Some forty of his parishioners, all handy 
 with the j^iin, seeing the Scoteh soldiers busy burning 
 the chureh and inrnbytcre of St. Joachim, and l)eingled 
 to beli(;ve that their own homes would soon share the 
 same fate, determined to defend their |irf)])erty. Well 
 armed, they ensconced themselves on the declevity ofa 
 thickly-wooded hill, which commanded the road the 
 enemy had to follow. The brave c(t)'^ considered it his 
 duty, to stand by them in this emergency ; hethei'cfbre 
 HMuiiined to encourage them l>y his counsel, and admi- 
 nister spiritual nt(!s. Tiie Canadians i'ought well, but 
 a sui)erior force threatening to surround them, they 
 retired, leaving behind seven or eight of their comrades 
 killed or woundi.'d. The Highlanders hail dearly bought 
 their advantage, having lost several men by the bullets 
 of the Canadian chasseurs. Many years after, Lieut. 
 Fraser, who had been ])resentat this engagement, asked 
 an old man named Gagnon, if he had not grieved for 
 the death of a l)rother of his who had then fallen ? 
 ' No,' washis stern reply, ' for I avenged his death on the 
 spot : 1 tired eight shots, and each time brought down 
 one of your men.' Though seriously wounded, M. de 
 Povtneuf followed his parishioners in their flight. But, 
 weakened by loss of blood, he fell on a stone, which is 
 yet pointed out, near the mill : the enemy soon (;ame 
 u]\ and hacked liim to pieces with their sabres. This 
 melancholy event took place on the 2ord of August. A 
 few days later, the priest of the next parish, the JJeve- 
 rend ]\Ir. Parent, his friend, gave Christian burial to 
 M. de Portneuf's remains, and to those of seven of his 
 Hock. His ])ody lies inside of theichurch, but outside 
 of tlie railings and close to the seigniorial ])ew. 
 
 " The work of destruction having been completed at 
 St. Joachim, the English detachment, Avith a similar 
 errand on hand, marched ujiwards, towards the ]\Iont- 
 iiioroucy, on whose banks the bulk of the forces were 
 
— 47 — 
 
 raiiqx'il. After cro.s.siug the vivur Sto. Aimo, tlie scouts 
 unticeil ii ni'oiij) (if iiuni attlie spnt wlici'tj tlu; cioss imid 
 lit'gins, which leads tluoiigh the woods to the hack 
 range of 8t. Fi'rc'ol, Some sohliers were sent in tliis 
 direction, hnt fearing an ambnsh, tliey returned witlioiit 
 striking u blow. It was only a small haml of cIuik. 
 seiii:<i of Saint Fereol armed with fowling-iiieces, but 
 im]ielled merely by curiosity tf) see what those English 
 look('d like whom they were told wei'e the e'uemies of 
 (Jod and of Fiance, The sight ol' his Satanic maj(!sty 
 would not have been a gi'eater curiosity for these simple- 
 minded jieasants than that of an Englishman was in 
 their excited imaginations in thosi; stormy times. 
 During the few days of march of the S(;otch comjianies, 
 the peasants of Ste. Anne and Chutean-liicher, could, 
 from their lofty hiding places, witness the conllagi'ations 
 which consununi their houses and faim-buildings. At 
 Ste, Anne's, the church and four houses only escaped 
 the torch, and even then, if we credit a local tradition, 
 the chui'ch, which was fired thiee times, only escaped 
 throuuh th(! especial ]irotection ofSaintn Anne ! In the 
 wliole extent of Chateau-Richer, a liakery alone was 
 spared. 
 
 " When the liritish arrived at the village of this 
 parish, they took their lodgings ]iaitb/ in the couvciut 
 and jiartly in tiie houses situate near to the church, and 
 busied themselves in carrying away the cattle and in 
 destroying the harvests which were not yet cut. 
 
 " In the meantime, the Chateau-Fiii-her jieople became 
 tired of living in the woods ; the nights got cool ; they 
 were threatened with starvation, and many wislu'd to 
 find out how matters stood, on the shores of the St. 
 Lawrence. At the I'e^uest of tlie liev. 'Mr. Duburon, 
 two lads. Gravel and Drouin, undertook to go and 
 explore for the rest, AVhen they got on the heights 
 behind the church of the parish, they saw large crowds 
 of men ascending the Anue-GTardieu Hill. Ked coats 
 
— 48 — 
 
 iind <j[li,stuning steel soon murked them as Hritish tiooits. 
 ' 'I'liey are on the move, tliey are off for Queliec,' 
 exeliiiiiied Droiiin, after a few TiKjiiients of o1)servation ; 
 ' a j^ood riildaiice ! Let us f^o back iiiid tell our jieople.' 
 ' Of eoiirse,' replied the other ; ' Ijiit ,sui)|tose \ve take a 
 run to the convent and see what is .uoinj,' on there.' In 
 a trice they f,'ot there : iJrouin'.s hand has just seized 
 (he handle of the door, when it was violently thrown 
 ojieM,and twenty lli^lilanders ])ointed their l^uiis towards 
 them at the word 'Surrender.' As if struck by an 
 (dcctrii* shock, the younj,' men bounded olf towards the 
 hills, iind a discliar<>t' (tf musketry followed ; a bullet 
 graxeil Drouin's hair and skin, whilst the Ilij^hlanders 
 seemed i>arti('ularly anxious to catch Gravel, a very tall 
 youth. l)Ut fear adds wings, and soon they left 
 their ])ursucrs in the rear ; the noise of shot lired after 
 them in tlm leaves iL>ot fainter and fainter, and after a 
 hiboricjusrace of threemiles, they arrived ([uite exhaustetl 
 and .-iiuH'chless amongst their comrades. 
 
 
 " Quel)ec had surrundered. About the end of Sep- 
 tember the run' of Chateau-Richer hail arrived from 
 the mountain, leading his tlock, antl set to work to erect 
 huts on the s])wt where their homes had previously 
 stood. The young folks felt delighted at again seeing 
 the l>anks of the St Lawrence ; the old men shed tears 
 at haviiiu' lived to see the dav when the English wei'e 
 masters of the country ; the fathers of families pondered 
 sorrowfully over the waste and destruction which had 
 bcfalU'ii their lauds. Monsieur Crespin, N. P., was 
 cogitating on tlie legal dilliculties which would surround 
 him if ho had to administer justice in the English lan- 
 iiuaije ; it was doulilv trvinu; to a manof his vears, after 
 the trouble ho had taken to master the French tonijue. 
 
 !' 
 
4'.t 
 
 lieliind tlio crowd, on stretcht-T.s, wcihi conveyed the two 
 youths, Diuuin luid fliuvel ; they had not yet rallied 
 from tlie ett'ects of their race. 
 
 * 
 
 * * 
 
 " Sixteen years hud i>usse(l over. Brouulit to the 
 h)\\est elih, liy the ])illii,ue (1) iind (U'strnction jierpe- 
 trated bv the llritisli soldierv, the iiduibitants saw a 
 l)ri;^hter future in store for them; some had even 
 retrieved tlieir losses. Amon<ist the latter miyht be 
 counted Gravel, who was now a pilfer ftiiiuJ'ins, and 
 whose loyalty had l)eeu rewai'ded by a lieutenancy in 
 tht! militia. One day, an English olHcer of rank called 
 
 (1) Tlic ciinny Scots who i)layeil siicli ti (^onspiciioiis part 
 ill tli(> War oitlio ( 'oiujuest, il'tlu-y iliil sulh'r in tlifir imuibtM's, 
 I'atlier incrcasiMl tiicir " iiiat<'i'ial jziiaraiitios'". 
 
 " Tlie i'ollowin,^ inti.'rustiiig aiioiMlott' is told ot Fi-ascr's 
 Higiilanders. It is related from the words of the vcnt'i'ahle 
 Mr. Thompson, who was present at the l)attle of Moiitmo- 
 renci : 
 
 " (ieneral Murray, bcinj; in want of funds to cai'ry on his 
 government during the winter, sumuioned all the (tfficei'sand 
 enquircMl if they had any money, and if their soldiers had any 
 money that they could lend to the Governor until the supplies 
 arrived from England in the spring. We were told of the 
 wants of the governoi', and the next day we were jiaraded, 
 eveiy man, and told that we sliouM rcei-ivf our money haeU, 
 with interest, as soon as possible ; and in oi'der to jirevent 
 any mistaki-, evei'y man received his ri'ccipt for his amount, 
 and for fear he shouM losr it, ilie Adjutant went along the 
 ranks, and entci'ed in a hook the name and sum opposite to 
 <'Very man : and bji llo: Lmil Jhirri/ ! when they came to count 
 it up,tiiey found that our regimi'iit alone, [''leaser's Highlan- 
 ders, had nnistcrt'd si.r lltniisiiiiil ijiiliirtts! It was not long 
 aftei' we had lent our money, that one moiiiiiii* a frigate was 
 seen coming round Pointc Levi with su[(])lics. We were >oou 
 afterward.- HUistcred, and every man received back hi^ money, 
 with liveh-i ///'</*///*• interest, besides the thanks of the general." 
 — J[(i.irh'ut'^ n tiice oj' (^itcbec. 
 
r- 
 
 — 50 — 
 
 at liis liousi!. H(! Wiis the heiiver nf an order iu tlie 
 iiiilitiii otlieers to furiiisli him with reliiy.s of linrses to 
 Inivch As lie sjiokc! French Ihicntly, tlic heiitenant 
 thought he wonhl drive him himseU'. ' Whiit I'liins 
 are lh(».se ? * enquired the Enghshnian when h(^ passed 
 ch)se to the convent. ' Wliy, one couM see them from 
 St. -loaehim, and even from (>>uehee! 
 
 " ' It was formerly u convent, sir ; it was destroyed 
 in '59 when the country Avas ceded : 1 ha\e reiisfon to 
 l<now something; ahout it. I can tell yon I felt toler- 
 alily nervons on that day.' He then ridated his and 
 Dronin's mission, their ntter surprise, and how they 
 Were chased, also the serious illness which it causcul 
 them. 
 
 "' Well, my friend,' siiid the En«j;lish olhcer, ' 1 see 
 you and I are old acquaintances. We have met before. 
 I was the lieutenant in cliarne of the com])any stationed 
 in that convent, to prevent any atta(;k on our rear. 1 
 saw you come ilown tlio hill, and it occurred to me we 
 might get ina]iortant information if we could catch one 
 or the other of you two. Bei'ore I could utter a Avord 
 of French to you, you weri^ olf. We fired, in hopes of 
 frightening you and making you surrender. If you 
 gave us no information, we had a hearty laugh at your 
 ex] tense. I have just arrived from England, and 1 felt 
 curious to revisit this portion of the country, which 1 
 once visited in a very different way. I am gliul to 
 meet in you an iiciiuaintaince, at a time when 1 have 
 to meet in the iield an older acipiaintance still, in the 
 person of my old friend General Montgomery.' " 
 
TIIK WAR OK 17;)!i-t;0 O) 
 
 III a i)i('\i(nis arlit'l(* iiKditiMii wns iiiitdr of the li,nlit 
 shiMJ by till' I't'ccnt jiuMicatioii <ti tlie dc Motitcaliii aiul 
 (1(! Lifvis ('on't'.siioiidcm'i! on a lUDinentous iuid iinjHT- 
 ft'cily niidcistood jicriod in (.'aiiadian iiniuils : tlir em 
 ol iiuhlic |ilnii(l(ji' and riitloiis living; which inuii(;diat(dy 
 jirecechid tho loss of the (Milony to Franco. \ id'oniiscd, 
 \vitli thi! aid of these; docunieiits, to exhibit the two 
 ilhistrious Fivneh (lencM'uls nnder iKtvel as]iects. Ilefore 
 setting to work to i'liilil tliis jiioniise, it may not l»e 
 amiss to rohite how theeoirespoiKhMice — |ierfect litiM-ary 
 treasures — have been opened out to the reading jiublic. 
 It took Ablie Casgrain, the coiii|(ih'r — or rather the 
 dispoverer — nearly tour yeai's ti oinplete this arduous 
 task, involving annual voyages to Iviioik!. Here are his 
 own words rendered in I'lnglish : " Tlie discovery of 
 !MS8. of the highest imiiortanee, and which had escaped 
 the researclies of historians, induced me to write this 
 history. When, in 18S8, 1 was superintending in I'aris 
 the transcribing of the letters exchaugvid by General de 
 ]\rnntcalni with his family during his (.';inadiau cain- 
 jiaigns, I learned from his great grandson, the ]\Iar([uis 
 Victor de Montcalm, that his relative, Count Raimond 
 de Xicolai, had in his possession some of Montcalm's 
 writings. I called on the Count with a letter of intro- 
 ductit)n from the Marquis. It would be hard to de}iict 
 my surprise when, insteail of a few letters only, Count 
 de Nicolai sjiread out before me eleven volumes in 
 
 (I) "Guerre dii Canada, 175G-17C0." Ly L'Abbe 11. K. Gas- 
 grain. 
 
— 52 — 
 
 manuscript, among which I spied General de Mont- 
 calm's journal, the journal of Chevalier de Levis, their 
 correspondence, that of de Vaudreuil, de Bourlamaque, 
 Bigot, and of a crowd of civil and military officers of 
 Canada, with Chevsilier de Levis' narratives of several 
 ex})editio!is, dispatches and letters from the court, at 
 Versailles. Nearly all these documents had never been 
 published. For more than a century lying buried in the 
 recesses of a jirovincial library, they had thus esci>i)ed 
 the eye of the student. 
 
 " General de Levis, whilst in Canada, was in the 
 habit of noting down in his journal the incidents of his 
 camjiaigns, and also retained copies of his active corres- 
 pomlence. 
 
 " At the deaih of de Montcalm, de Levis became the 
 trustee of all tlie documents wliich tlie dying General 
 had beciueathed iiini. De Levis even went to the trouble 
 of having transcribed carefully liis journal and his cor- 
 res])ondence ; ai'ranged by -order of date the letters of 
 the divers persons with whom he had intercourse in 
 Canada, and had the whole bound with a degree of 
 carefulness — nay, of elegance, as to denote the imjtor- 
 tance he attached to it, 
 
 "That invaluable collection is to-dav the ])roperty of 
 Count de Nicola'i. Tlie Province of Quebec is now the 
 owner of a C()i)y nuide, the }>ublication of which began 
 in ISSi.', is to be borne by the Piovincial authorities as 
 t(» cost. 
 
 " The persual of these ]\ISS. — wliosr ]iublieation I 
 am to direct — gave me the idra of writing tlie history 
 of thoepiich wbicli they cover — which i.:, undouliledly, 
 the most interesting in our annals. Every incident of 
 ini]iortance, ]>ending the w; r which ended l-'rench rule 
 in (_'ana(la, recalls the cartH-v of de ^Montcalm and de 
 Levis, (^f all the historians who have described this 
 period, yir. Frs. Parkman is the oidy (tne who has done 
 so in detail, lie perfornieil hi- task with such ability, 
 >o much science, th;it none can make it a matter of 
 
53 — 
 
 question ; but, as I liave just stated, documents of 
 paramount importance were not then available. I have 
 completed this collection by having transcribed all the 
 records relating to the same epoch — 1755-17G0 — which 
 are deposited iit the Marine, Colonial and other war 
 de]iartments in Paris. This series alone comprices 
 nineteen large folio volumes. T also dived into the 
 Archifi's Kiitiorudes, and into the leading libraries in 
 Paris, in addition to some provincial libraries and 
 family archives. I have already mentic)neil the Mont- 
 calm library ; let me add that of de J>ougainville. The 
 cojiy of the ]\IS8. of the lamous navigator, which relate 
 to Canada, is nuuK; up of his journal ami of his corres- 
 pondence. Tt contrilnites two large folio volumes of 
 
 1184 jiages of close writing other seai'ches were 
 
 made in Engliind, chic Hy in the I'ritish Museum and at 
 the Public Pecord Oftice, in London. 
 
 " The correspondence between de Montcalm and 
 BourlanuKj^ue, iicijuired a few years back- Ijy a wealthy 
 and cultured Englishman, Sir Thomas Philli[)S, of 
 Cheltenham, was transcribed under the auspices of 
 Mr. Parkman, who kindly allowed me to have ii copy 
 made. In the United States and in Canada I had access 
 to innumerable letters and di'caments written during 
 the seven ye ,(■ J war. In Quebec, the archives of the 
 Quebec Se uinaire, of the arddvcs iind of the religious 
 Cif-iiiUnaidcK, supplied me with, valualile data. 1 may 
 add to the mass of manuscrijtt records the innumerable 
 books, hrochures and newspa]ier,s relating to that era — 
 which I have carefully scanned. I think 1 can say that 
 no work of any im]iortance on tliose times has escajied 
 my attention. Among the printed woiks I am bound 
 specially to name Desandrouin's Journal and Malartic's : 
 the first, of 41(3 jiages, was jirinted in 1887, anil was 
 previously unknown ; the second, printed in 1890, of 
 o70 jiages, was known through some fragments only. 
 
 " Search for materials is insuflicient ; one must also, 
 in wrHing, inspect the localities. To that end I have 
 
54 
 
 travelled over the territory which formerly constituted 
 New France — from Cape Breton to Pittsburgh, old fort 
 Dui^uesne ; from the extreme end of Acadia to Lake 
 George, so as to understand the localities to which the 
 incidents refer. Tlie portrait of de Montcalm, which 
 prefaces the first volume, was engraved from the original 
 belonging to the present representative of the family, 
 the Marquis Victor de Montcalm. That of de Levis, 
 prefacing the second volume, was executed from a 
 ]ihotogrii})h taken fi'om the portrait of Marechal de 
 Levis, owned l)y Count de Nicolai. The i)lans of Oswego, 
 William Henry, Carillon and of the battle of Ste. Foye, 
 were engraved from the originals in the collection of 
 Marechal de Levis." 
 
 The two liulky volumes, " Guerre du Canada, 1756- 
 1760," just ])ul)lished by the Province of Quebec, under 
 the supervision of Abbe Casgrain, aic not, let it be 
 understood, a mere eom])ilation of letters, etc. They 
 also embody tlie thoughts and theories of a brillant 
 litUrateur, and of a learned liistorian. 
 
 To the Abbe's friends who are acquainted witli the 
 painful ailment — parti;d loss of siglit — Mhich he has 
 laboured under for years, co.uipelling him to dictate to a 
 secretary, it is a mystery how he could have acliieved 
 such a sjHcndid monument of learning, research and 
 industrv. IJev. Abbe H. IJ. Casorain is asain siicnding 
 the winter in Paris, prosecuting researches in Canadian 
 annals. (The Weeh.) 
 
 Quebec, Feb., 18y2. 
 
GEXEKAL MOXTCAUI nX llOliSl- FLIvSll. 
 
 A graphic" and novel portraiture of Montcalm and 
 Levis (1) is revealed in their correspondence, pul)lished 
 by that industrious searcher of the past, Abbe H. R, 
 Casgrain, F. R. S, C. These hitlierto unpublished letters 
 exchangt'd between the two Generals, during the last 
 lustre of the French regime in Canada, entirely corro- 
 borate and comi)lete the spicy narrative of the unknown 
 hand who wrote the " Memoires sur les affaires du 
 Canatla, 1749-GO " ; one of the publications of the 
 Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. 
 
 The scarcity of fooil noticeable in 1755 — through 
 war, bad harvests and plundering ])ublic otUcials — 
 ended in a famines in IToT-S. The Commissary Doi'eil 
 wrote on the 28th February, 17o8 : " The peo])lc are 
 dying of hunger. The refugees from Acadia, for the 
 last four months, live on horse Hesh and dry cod fish, 
 without bread ; more than three hinulred of them have 
 
 died. Horse (lesh is (juoted at six .vo/s per lb ITalf 
 
 a pound of bread is the daily ration of the soldier ; his 
 M-eekly ration consists of three lbs. of beef — 3 lbs. of 
 horse Hesh — two lbs. of jieas and three lbs. of codfish. 
 Since 1st April, th(! famine being on the increase, the 
 
 people are restricted to two oz. of bread " Dussieux 
 
 adds that during this time, the c(i.r naval, until Ash- 
 Wednesday, was taken up at the Intendant Bigot's 
 with gambling at a fearful rate "un Jen I'l faire trembler 
 les plus determines joueurs," Bigot losing at cards more 
 than 200,0OU livres. 
 
 (I) "Guene du Canada," 17.")6-1760. " Montcahu et Levis,"' 
 par l'abl)L' H. H. Cusurain. (iuehec : L. J. Deiners an<l Fivro. 
 1891. 
 
— 56 — 
 
 There is, among others, u characteristic letters, written 
 from Quel)ec, on Deceml)er 4th, 1757, by the lively 
 Marquis of Montcalm to his second in command at 
 Montreal, Brigadier-General Levis. The following is a 
 short excerpt. The Geaeral, Avhilst directing his able 
 lieutenant at Montreal to stoj) the beef rations f(jr the 
 troops and to substitute in lieu, horse Hesh, jocularly 
 enumerates the various dishes which ahorse i\esh7itenu 
 can supply, and adds : " At my table horse Hesli is 
 served in every ]iossible form, except in soup." The 
 bill of fare reads quite artistic in French : — 
 
 Potit.s pates <lo olicval >i I'Espugnole. 
 
 Choval ti la uiodo. 
 
 Escalopes tie oheval. 
 
 Filets (le cheval a la broche avec une poivartle bion liee. 
 
 Semolles de cheval au gratin. 
 
 Lanyues de oheval en luiroton. 
 
 Frigousse de cheval. 
 
 Languo de cheval boncanee, meilleuro que colle d'orignal. 
 
 (iateau de cheval coiiime les gnteaiix de lievre.s. 
 
 Montcalm adds tlint this noble animal (the horse) is 
 far superior (cooked) to elk, caribou or beaver. 
 
 There was some grund)ling, and there might well lie, 
 among the troops and the ])eople wiienitwas attempted 
 to imi)()se horse flesh for nourishment. The reduction in 
 the ([uantity of food had, llie nuuitli previous, caused 
 disorder. The soldiers, billeted on the town folks for 
 want of barracks, had been spurred on by the citizens; 
 the colonial corjjs, less broken U> discipline than the 
 regulars, refused to take their I'ations, in Montreal. 
 
 In the absence of de Yaudreuil, then in Quebec, 
 Levis held the su])renie comnumd in Montreal. He 
 overcame this lirst outbreak by fii'mness combined with 
 tact. His ex])lanations were so ])ersuasive tliat the 
 soliliers even cheered him. 
 
 On de Vaudreuil's return it was the ])eo])le who rose 
 in rebellion on liiuling the daily quarter of a pound of 
 bread replaced by horse liesh. The women crowded 
 
57 — 
 
 round the Governor's palace and demanded an inter- 
 view. He admitted four within, demanding what they 
 wanted. They re]>lied " that the horse was the friend of 
 man — that religion jirotected his days — that they pre- 
 ferred to die rather than feed on his flesh." 
 
 De Vaudreuil cut short the interview saying, " That 
 should any of them again cause trouble, he Mould cast 
 them into prison and hang half of them," He then told 
 them to go to the slaughter house and ascertain for 
 themselves that the horses killed were in the same 
 good condition as the oxen slaughtered. 
 
 This failed to satisfy them ; they returned home 
 uttering seditious remarks. 'l"he mob held that the Com- 
 missarv, Cadet, iiatlien.'d up all the broken down horses 
 in the country td have them converted into fond, so 
 much so that a used-up plug was named a Cadet. This, 
 however, did not ]jri',vent the army from grumbling. 
 
 An instance is menti(»netl of four troojiers of the 
 Beam Eeyiment havintj bruUi-ht to the Chevalier de 
 Levis a mess of horse llt.'sli, cooked in their style ; Levis 
 made the soldiers breakfast with him on a dish pre))ared 
 by his own cnisiiiier, and they declared their own pre- 
 ferable. He then handed them four llcres, for them and 
 their comrades to drink his health. 
 
 Then follows, in this curious series of letters, the 
 recii)e given by the Regiment La Ih'nw for making 
 soup — by combining horse tlesh with beef; the IxtiJeil 
 beef to be eaten in the morning and the horse tlesh to 
 be niiide in a frioissc'e Ibi' the evening meal. 
 
 Reserving for another ai'ticle glimji-es of Montcalm's 
 every diiy life in that boodling era, as disclosed in his 
 letters, now for the first time brought to light, and in 
 which the charming goddesses he worshii.ped in J'arloir 
 street, Quebec, will be introduced, 1 shall close these 
 cursory notes of the learned AlAn'-'s volumes by dwelling 
 on the more varied style of meuji, which was in 
 modern times sujiplied to stai'ved cities and garrisons. 
 Bismarck's white cuirassiers, in 1870, had reduced the 
 
— 58 — 
 
 cultured Parisians to live on horse flesh — \\'}ien an 
 inventive maitre d'hutel, recommended possibly as a 
 side dish — the " white, black and red " rats of the egouts. 
 The Parisian gourmets, if limited as to their carte (h 
 ruisine, had, however, a delightful poet to sing the 
 praise of their new esculents ami to promise them, in 
 1870 — the ri'Vii )iche which, however, is to Ijcgin later on. 
 Hark I to the cheering lines of Theophile do Biinville, 
 now recently deceased : — 
 
 I)iins iin coin reonle <lii pare, 
 Los rats.assis sur leur derriorc 
 Hegurdent monsieur de Bismarck 
 8ous Ics oinlirages ck- Forrieres. 
 
 Les yeiix tMiilaiumos de coiirroiix 
 Et lui tirant knii' langues roses, 
 Les petits rats blancs, noirs ot roiix, 
 Lui muimurcMit en Cd^ur cos I'hoses : 
 
 " Cuirassior blauc, qui to poussait 
 A vouloir cetto guerre etrange ? 
 Ah ! meurtrisseur de rois, c'est 
 A cause de toi ([U'on nous mange ? 
 
 Mais oe crime tu le paieras, 
 Et puisque c'est toi <jui nous tues, 
 Xous irons, nous, les petits rats, 
 En Prusse, de nos dents poiiituos. 
 
 Manger les charjientes des toui's, 
 
 Et les portes des citadelles 
 
 Plus atlames que les vautours 
 
 Qui font (.lans I'air un grand Iniiit d'ailes. 
 
 Tu nous entendras dans le mur 
 I>e ton grenior, ofi Tomhre est noire, 
 Tout riiiver manger ton bU'd mur, 
 Avant do grignoter I'armoire. 
 
 Puis, nous rongerons I'ecriteau 
 
 (^ui siicre un nouveau Cliarlemagne, 
 
 Et meme le rouge manteau 
 
 Do ton empereur d'Allemagne," etc. 
 
 Quebec, January 28, lSi)2. 
 
 Crhe Week.) 
 
 I 
 
MONTCALM AND I.KVIS. 
 
 For those desirnus of followiiiti' the main inciik'iits of 
 the ineinornbk! 8ev(;ii Year's War, 17">'3-G3 in Canada, 
 as well as .stii(lyin«f the social record of the period in 
 its minnte details, two recent standard works are now 
 available : Parkinan's, " Mo.n'J'cat.m and AVoLri; " for 
 the English I'eader, and Ca.'^j^nuin's, " Montcalm and 
 Levis " for French Canadians. 
 
 The story told by both writers may be the same, bnt 
 the frame-work, the colouring', the lights and shades of 
 the ])ictnie often materially difli;r. Nor is the summing 
 u]i of the case and the verdict likely to be entered, the 
 same; for here, we are face to face with two different — 
 shall we say antagonistic, schools of thought ? 
 
 This extremely interesting jihase of the subject, lack 
 of space ibrbids us entering into. We shall merely, 
 confine ourselves to a few glimpses of the two French 
 commanders in their every-day life. 
 
 Able generals, ]\Iontcalm and Levis unquestionably 
 proved themselves ; both eqtially free of the taint of 
 malversation of olfice and sjieculation ; as such, very 
 unlike the mendters of Lo, Grande Socidtd, of whicli 
 Francois Bigot, the Intendant, A\as the High ])rie3t. 
 lUit w-as their influence and that of their military fol- 
 lowers morally beneficial to the t'olony ? Old memoirs, 
 corroborated by the recently pidjlished correspondence 
 of the military leaders, leave strong grounds to d(nibt. 
 
 The sole object of French oiHcers in acce])ting com- 
 mands, in what they styled the Canadian wilderness, 
 was military jiromotion. At each page of the corres- 
 pondence, we find them asking, as Abbt5 Casgrain well 
 
— 60 — 
 
 puts it, " <les grdces " ])Voinotioii, resting their claim 
 on court favour ; tlie King's concubine in those days 
 was the fountain of honour; or, on the recommendation 
 of some of tlie minions of an iml)ecile monarch. As 
 Frenchmen, tliey were ever ready to fight ; but often, we 
 notice them the slaves of inordinate pleasure. 
 
 Quebec as well as ]\Iontreal, they strived hard to 
 nuike, according to I'arkman's expression, " a s])arkling 
 fragment of the reign of Louis XV, dropped into the 
 American wilderness", They succeeded, in its most 
 tsori'owful aspect. 
 
 Quebec, in fact, us to gambling, soon got to be the 
 Monte Carlo of the continent. High play and immor- 
 ality reigne<l supreme amidst public misery and ghastly 
 famine. Whilst the unfortunate peoi»lo were dying in 
 the streets for want of bread, leading oHicials, civil and 
 military, were crowding at tlie faro tables or nightly 
 gorging themselves in banquets, which the rising sun 
 alone brought to a close. Even the high-spirited and 
 studious Montcalm was an abettor of gamliling. J)e 
 Vaudieuil thus reproves him: "Que n'arivte-t-il lui- 
 meme le jeu eflroyable auquel se livrent les otliciers de 
 son arnit'e " ! The; marquis a}iparently overlooked this 
 vice. The result was disastrous to the morale of his army. 
 Impecunious subalterns had to borrow and boirow 
 heavily from the rich rotnriers of trade, at Quebec and 
 at Montreal, to keei) up in exjienditure with J>igot's 
 cli(|ue of \\ealtli)- parasites and jiublic robbers. 
 
 The "Mcmoires sur h; Canada, 1749-GO," whilst show- 
 ing Tip the rogueries and immorality of the enriched, 
 low-born Lovelaces and Lotharios who jiaid court to 
 ]>igot and to his dure aiuie, do not spare the chevalier 
 de Levis, who took to France his mistress, the wife of 
 Penissault, one of liigot's confederates. It seems her 
 l»retty face won her favour, even with the great state 
 Minister, Choiseul. The church tried in vain to put a 
 stop to these public scandals. Bishop I'ontbriand was 
 not slow in raising a note of warning. Abbd Casgrain 
 
 ., || 
 
— 01 
 
 tolls how the good jiastor jmt f(jilh a laandfincnf so 
 energetic, on the 18th Ajiril, 1759, that Montcalm took 
 exception to its terms and reproached the IJishoji for 
 having unsiiaringly condemned " the indecent masque- 
 rades " of the ])receding winter, and for asserting that 
 " a house of prostitution was-established near the 
 ran) parts of Quel)ec." 
 
 Was the Intendant here aimed at i 
 
 If the lives of the leaders were not ])Ure, what could 
 have been that of the French troup'ievH ? Female virtue, 
 love of country, disinterestedness, true manliness, 
 were evidently nilegated to a hack seat in this steeple- 
 chase of riot, robbery and wantonness. True, there was 
 yet in the colony a i>arty — not a very numerous, nor 
 strong one, — le parti <hs honnrfes gens ; de Vaudreu'l, 
 de Lory, Tache, La Corne, de lieaujeu, de Longueuil, 
 and some other men of note belonged to it. 
 
 Even de Ijougainville, who is credited with making 
 several pretty speeches — Jiougainville, the l(;arned 
 Fellow of a London societv of sdcdnf.s — JJouyainville, 
 the matlienuitician, destined later mi to immortalise 
 his name as a navigator, was nothiny but a reckless 
 gaml.)ler " vjidespluHforcdnesjoai'urs" (1) "Though 
 he al't'ected to be a rigorist," says tlu' Abljc, " his daily 
 life resemljled that of his friend, dissolute but l>iave 
 Jiigot. 
 
 We are reminded to be ])rief. 
 
 Abbe Cusgraiu's \\ork (2) completes some data, [iro- 
 bably left out intentionally by Frs. Parkman, as to 
 ]\Iontcalm's too great intimacy wiili cfrtaiu facinating 
 ladies, in I'arloir .St., QuebiT. In a li-tirr ilir ^.'ncral 
 wrote to l)Ourlrtmai|Ue, whom lie bad left in (^)uflx!r. (o) 
 be .says : "lam glad you sometimes speak of me to 
 
 (1) " Guerre <lii Cuiiiiila." vol 
 
 (2) '' Guerre du Cauii'la." y\< 
 
 1 1., i)[i. I.'j au'l 1 \. 
 '.')?>' and •)M'^. 
 
 {?}) ParkiuftiiV^ '• Montcalui aiul WoUe." vol. I..1111, 4')LJ-.3. 
 
I 
 
 — (;2 — 
 
 the throe liulies in the Rue du Tiuleir, and I am llat- 
 teied by tlieir remembrance, especially I)y that of one 
 of them, in whom 1 lind, at (;ertain moments, too much 
 wit and too many charms for my traniiuility. " More 
 than once in his corresjiondence, allusion is made to 
 these charnuirs, who weie ni,i;h making him for a time 
 forget the abscnit Marciuisc, his ulive trees, and the 
 chesnnt groves of his beloved Condiac. 
 
 The Abbe thus describes I'arloir sti'eet — a narrow 
 tlioi'oughfare which skirts (he vtiry wall of the I'rsu- 
 lines Chapel, where th'' gallant rival of Wolfe has 
 sluml)er(!d for lo.'j years in the grave scooped out liyan 
 English shell : " Little I'arloir street was one of the 
 chief centres, where (in IToS-.")'.)) the hcdn laoiuJc of 
 Quebec asseml»led ; two sdlons were in special request : 
 that of Madame de la Naudiere and that of Madame 
 de I'eaubassiu ; both ladies were famed for tlieii' wit 
 and beauty. Montcalm was so taken up with these 
 sidoHH that in his correspondence he went to the 
 trouble of locating the exact S]tot whiith each house 
 occupied ; one, says he, stood at the corner of the street 
 facing the Ursuline Convent; the other, at the corner of 
 Parloir and St. Louis street. Madame de la Naudiere, 
 nde Genevieve de l^>oishcbert, was a daughter of the 
 Seigneur of Riviere-Ouelle, and Madame Ilertel de 
 Jleaubassin, luc Catherine Jarret de A^ercheres, was a 
 ilaughter of the Seigneur of Vercheres. Tlieir husbands 
 held commissions as officers in the Canadian nulitia. It 
 was also in Parloir street that !^Lidanie I'ean, often 
 referred to in Montcalm's letters, held her l)rilliant 
 court." 
 
 The charm of Madame de Beaubassin's conversation 
 seems to have particularly captivated Montcalm, as he 
 frequented her S(t/o>i the most of the three. "At the 
 Intendance, or at jNIadame Pean's house, he managed to 
 forget his exile and troubles; at Madame de la Naudiere's, 
 he was interested in what he saw ; but at Madame de 
 Beaubassin's, he was under a spell." Xotice is also 
 
 '.4 
 
— t;;; 
 
 tiikeii iif a tall youii,n' olli(;LM' nl' the iiaiiu' of lioisluihL'rt,. 
 from Acadia ; no fiivomitti of Montciihn, he scoiiis 
 to have divided with him the sunshiiie of ]\Iadaiiu^ de 
 l)eaillia>siii',s smile. This juvenile rival, he advises Levis 
 to send hack to his native Acadians. Of course, when 
 the g(j)'g(.'ously-attii'ed, rutlled, scented, iTilliaired, mag- 
 nificent Intcndant Tdyot, drojiped in at I'arloir .Street 
 for a chat, ordinary calleis were momentarily hushed 
 to silence, amidst the jirofuse attentions showeietl • by 
 laquais on the wealthy jiatron, who, fre([uently, was 
 accniu]ianied liy Major and ^Jadame I'ean. The Abhu 
 notices among other Iiahitut's, " the I.ongueuils, St. 
 Ours, de la Xandiere, \'illiers, Dr Arnou.x and his wife 
 and several ofticev.s of the land fort-es ; Dourlamaqne, 
 grave and reser\x*d, Ijougainville, a.lansenistin opinions 
 and caustic in his lemarks, oceasionnally un])leasant; 
 ]iO(iuemaur(.', full of whims." 
 
 In short, adds the Abbe, tin; higher circles of Canadian 
 society at Quebec presented a soriy s])(;ctacle ; the 
 exanijile set by arrivals fi'om Friince, demoralized 
 society; the disorders of war and the license of the 
 soldiery in a great measure liel])ed to eonsumate its 
 ruin. 
 
 " One witnessed a state of things that could not last : 
 ilisorder from the top to the bottom of the social ladder. 
 The end evidently was not far-oif ; a dieaclful storm was 
 brewing overhead. Would it I'ugulf everything ? X(.)ne 
 could tell. l'eo])le averted their faces; dared not look 
 into the future; tried to drown care in dissipation, 
 'Twas a nuid race for ])leasui'i'. Society, blinded, was 
 revelling on a volcano." 
 
 Let us turn to less sombre vistas. Montcalm had one 
 true and able friend in Levis, the most level head in 
 the colony. More than once, as revealed in the corres- 
 pondence, Levis acted as i»eacenuiker between the 
 impetuous ^Montcalm and the weak, vacillating, but 
 obstinate, de Yaud^'cvil, the Governor-General of Canada 
 and commander-in-chief of the forces. This duality of 
 
 Hfi 
 
 
 ^:: ,' 
 
 
 :/ 
 
— 64 — 
 
 commuiid led to endless irouMo, and in'tter veciiniina- 
 tioiis liL'tweeii him und Moiitciiliii. De Levis' ueijoin- 
 UKidiitiiig ideas on inatiiinuny are aiinisin;^dy set t'oitli 
 in a lelter he adth'essed to a ]>o\vei1'nl lady friend in 
 France, Madame la Mareeiiale d(! MirejHiix. We trans- 
 late :— 
 
 " * With respect to the marriage tliiit the Chevalier 
 de Mesnon has proposed to you for me, you kimw 1 
 never had much inclination for matrimony. I would 
 dread marryint,' sonu; one you mi;,dit not like, and that 
 woulil imbitter tin; remainder of my life. If you can 
 selei^t for me a wife, I will take lier readily, provided 
 she meets with your approval. So you can rejily as 
 you think jiroper to the C'hevalier de Mesnon, whose 
 frienilsiiiii and renie'iubiance I will ever prize. Should 
 his selection not please you and yon should come across 
 another person lo your fancy, you can arran<,'e as you 
 like. I will honour any arraiij,a'ment you may make. 
 This is all I have to >ay on this subject, llest assured 
 1 wish I (lould lind a mate as attached to you as 1 am. 
 
 " We arc likely to be vigorously attacked ami will 
 fight to the death." 
 
 After hearing sucli ai'andid declaration of this Platonic 
 but iirave Romeo, one is \vd to regret that the French 
 uiiiti'h-maki'i', Mailame la iMarcchale de Mire])oi.\, did 
 not sfud ihc (Jh(;valier a l)mnd-m!W French wife 1V( 
 
 •m 
 
 lUb 
 
 It might jiossibly have deterred tjie gallant .son of 
 ]\lavs from canNing awa\' to France tlie handsome, 
 
 iAb 
 
 dl, the dauuliter of a JMontreid \v:<.iU 
 
 i»la<lanic I'enissauil, tlie (laughter oi a iMontreiii ti'mler 
 and llie nii.-lrr>s of ]\Iajor IN'an, " (jui se dedni; 
 geait, " sav the Memoirs, " sur lo femmes 
 
 iiliiailoiinc: 
 
 I'oni 
 
 paiionr ivguiie eviden 
 
 v\as 
 
 not limited fn f'ranre 
 
 Its 
 
 on the lleiui,. of 
 
 Abr 
 
 iliam wa- 
 
 in 
 
 more NNaV'' tlian one, beneiicial tc 
 
 (."ana.fi. {n> WrrI,:). 
 
 (^iieli 
 
 1 SOL' 
 
 ^ 
 
SOCIAL MFK IX ('AX.\iK\ ni' iiLJ). 
 
 Many ((Uiiiiil uiid inteivstiiii^ vislas (if priiiiitivo 
 Ciinadii air (lisL'l((SL'<l in a recunt, I'lahoratij wni'k : lllS- 
 
 TOIIV (IF CaNAH.V, liy WlLMAM KlNGSKdliD, F. li. S. <'. 
 
 Mr. Kingsl'iinl 8(!t'rns to liav(3 avuil('(l liiinscH' with i^rwit 
 Fi'licity, (it'tluj ntiw and ('Vfr-(;r(i\vini,' niatciials I'nr Iiis- 
 tdi'y, so industiidusly Ltavnui'cjd at lionu; and alu'oad, in 
 (lur Ptihl'ic Rrcord Oljice, Ottawa, liy our untivini;' 
 archivist l)oii<,da8 Jirynincr. 
 
 A curious a('(.'ount of the mode of \\ inter travxd has 
 
 thus he 
 
 en liandt't 
 
 Id 
 
 own to u,- 
 
 l}ei 
 
 n,!^ tlie personal expe 
 
 riencu of a witty French IJoyal Enuinuer, AI. Fran(iuet, 
 who visited Quebec and Montreal, in 17"'-. 
 
 To this agreealile summary of Mr. Kran(|uet's Journal 
 which apjicars at jiages yi-i-o-O of Kingsford's III 
 volume, the author has ajijiended, by way of contrast 
 and illu.stnition, the narrative of a more recent parfie 
 de caiiipcu/ue, at Chateau-Richer, P. (^. Fran([uet's 
 memoirs, add one more ])roof to many others, that 
 social life in and round Quebec in the jialmy, early days 
 of the iJigot regime, was a round of pleasure;, heedless 
 of the fuiure. Hear what the li<fht-hea.rted Frenchman 
 Franquet has to say : " In the morning (8th Fel)ruary, 
 1752) the Governor started, attended by Duchesiiay, 
 the captain of the guard, his secretary and servants. 
 Some curiolcH were sent befoi'e him to break the way. 
 The Intemlant [imposed that tlu; oilier members of the 
 party should pass the day where they were. The invi- 
 
 tation was acce])te( 
 
 Thei 
 
 re was dinner, su[iper am 
 
 heavy ]>lay. The f(jllowing day, the Inteiidant's jiarty 
 1 urned to Quebec. 
 
 f% 
 
 if 
 
T 
 
 — 66 — 
 
 Tliis trip was ])i'eliniinary to a second journey, which 
 took place a few days afterwards. As a rule the Inten- 
 dant did not proceed to Montreal until March ; but 
 owing to his presence being indispensable to the organi- 
 zation of the Ohio expedition, liigot arranged with 
 l)u{[Uesne that he would be in Montreal about the loth 
 of February, ami he had to start some days previous 
 to keep this engagement. Some otiicers of the garrison 
 were to accompany him, and several ladies desii'ous of 
 reininintf their husbands were included in the invita- 
 ti(Hi. Mesdames Daine, Pean, de Lotbiniere, do lie])en- 
 tiguy, Marin, the wife of an ensign, doul)tless a relative 
 of the Captain of the name in command of the expedi- 
 tion, and du Simon, wife of a merchant. Frauquet, 
 whose duties took him to Montreal, was one of the 
 number ; during tin; journey Madame ]Marin was 
 assigned as his roiiipayium <le voyage. 
 
 The baugiiiic was sent to the Intendant's Palace six 
 days before leaving, so that it could be hasurely for- 
 warded, the travelleis tiiking only what was required 
 for tie journey. Frauquet describes the court -yard on 
 the morning of the 8th, wh^-n the start was made. The 
 carioh'S of the guests had two horses ; they were 
 driven in tandem fiishion, the roads being to narrow 
 to admit nny other arrangement. It, indeed, would have 
 been impossible, on two sleighs meeting, tor two pairs 
 of horses to have passed in the deep snow. The canoles 
 of the servants had one horse ; there was a full staff of 
 attendants with a com[)lete Ixitterie de cui'^ine. 
 
 An early ilinner was given at the Palace, with all 
 till- deliberation and ceremony, as if no start was to be 
 made. On the iirst afternoon they reached Poiute-aux- 
 Trembles, a drive of nineteen miles. 
 
 Here Bigot gave supper, and after snp])er there was 
 faro. They started at seven the following morning, 
 having taken colfee with some biscuits. At Cajj Saute, 
 twelve miles distant, they breakfasted, and made a halt 
 of two hours ; in the afternoon they reached Sainte- 
 
 
— 67 — 
 
 ite- 
 
 Aime-de-la-P6'ade ; the day's drive was twenty-six 
 miles. Bigot was again the host for supper, with the 
 attendant amusement of play. 
 
 The start was made betimes the next morning, for 
 the distance was long. Madame Marin was the sister 
 of Madame de lligaud, wife of the Governor of Three 
 Kivers, whom slio desired much to see. She therefore 
 projiosed thi;t her sleigh should stoj) ul Three Kivers, 
 for the party ])roposed to drive through the ])lace with- 
 out stop])ing. Fran(iu(!t assented and tliey were folldwed 
 by Madame Daino and M. de Saint Vincent. ^Madame 
 Marin found her sister indisposed and contintnl to bed. 
 She, however, ordered dinner for her guests, aiul after- 
 wards they went to her room for (joliee, and ti) chat an 
 hoiu'. As they were at (.linner tliey iieard the guns tired 
 in lionour of the Intendaiit as he was jiassing imwards. 
 They l(!ft Tln'ee Rivers at three. Bigot had tleterniined 
 to make the halting ])lace at Yamachiche, fifteen miles 
 to the west of Three-liivers, and tlie horses were 
 changed at the Cap dela Madeleine, nine miles to the 
 east of the town. Franquet calls the i)laee Ouachis. It 
 had been an unusually long journey, f'oity miles. There 
 was, however, su])]ier and l»lay, as usual. 
 
 Tiie 11th was Sunday, so the ])arly went to early 
 nuiss. Madame Daine made the collection. After 
 breakfast they started, and took to the ice at Lake 
 Saint IVter, passing the villages of IJiver du Loup and 
 Maskinonge. The sliore was again followed at Ih? au 
 Castor, and the journey continued to near the He de 
 I)n]ias, which must have been about iJerthier. 
 
 Thev had met together, and were takintr some 
 refreshment before commencing play, in which they 
 were to engage until suppt,'r, when they were ngreeably 
 surprised by the aii]iearance of the (rovei'uor, M Du- 
 (juesne, with the husbands of tlic two ladies, IV'au and 
 Marin, and two Canadian olHcers, r)uchesnay and Le 
 Mercier. The distance was alxnit (ifty-Hve miles from 
 Montreal ; with good sleighing the drive may be looked 
 
 
— 68 — 
 
 upon a.s iin ordinary matter. Until the days of railways, 
 in modern times it was not unusual to drive twenty- 
 five or thirty miles to a ball, and the api)earance of the 
 ])arty from Montreal need create little astonislnnent. 
 
 Madame Marin was sul'i'ering from headaelie, and 
 was laying down. It was thought by her couipwjues 
 that the ])resence of her husband would restore her to 
 health. This was not the case, and she was alisent 
 from the sui)per and faro. Whatever the cause, the 
 party retired at nine. 
 
 On the following day they drove to Pointe-aAix- 
 Trembles, forty-iive mik-s fiom Berthier. The journey 
 was broken at Saint Siil|)ice, twenty-nine miles distant, 
 where they made a halt of two hours and took break- 
 fast. From Derthier, l)u(|uesne took ])ossession of 
 Madanu; Marin, and Franquet was left alone (1). They 
 selected a house for sup])er, but as there was no room 
 large enough for the party to iru^et, some ])artiti(jns 
 were removed. Faro followed the supper, and as it 
 was the last night they ^\■ere to be together, they playeil 
 later than usual. 
 
 The next morning, having only ten miles to reach 
 ^Montreal, they did not leave until two. They arrived 
 at Montreal early, and with the exception of ]\Iadame 
 Marin, tln;y were all received at the Intendance. On 
 this evening the su[)per was given by Duquesne. 
 
 The journey reads as if it had been a more serious 
 matter than it really was. There was no distress in the 
 colony ; it took place before ■war br(jke out, wiien pro- 
 visions were cheap r/id plentiful. Most of the olUcers 
 were proceeding ^ i duty to Montreal, and it was by no 
 means the last occasion in Canada when an official tour 
 had been made one of pleasure. The objectionable 
 feature is, that the additional exjjense was at the king's 
 cost. Jt is included in this history from the light it 
 
 ■I 
 
 (1) " Lo general m'avoit amcne la uitilade,"' \u L"iO. 
 
 ^^1 
 
69 
 
 throws on the habits of tliose in good position, o The 
 French Canadians long retained tlieir ancient gaiety, 
 and in a modern times those whose memory takes them 
 back a few years may recollect suc-h trips, althongh not 
 made on the same scale. 
 
 I a]»pend a memorandum from one whom I am 
 certain, can only state what is true, which shows that 
 the custom prevailed to within half a century back, 
 Canada has changvd since; those days in many resjtects. 
 
 " One brii'ht frosty day in January, 1843, a party of 
 young ]ieii])le between ages of e-'glite','n and twenty-two, 
 most of them connected, started in sleighs to Chateau- 
 IJicber, about 15 miles below Quebec, to visit a near 
 relation, the seigneur of the ])lace. He was a widower, 
 left with a large familly of ■ (its and diiiighters, who 
 were all present, the elder sons having come from 
 different jiarts of llu^ jiroviiK-e to attend. The lirother 
 of the seigneur assisted him in receiving liis guests ; 
 he had aided in bringing up his seven sous, for the 
 mother liad died ai Ihe age of thirty-six, leaving him 
 with ten children, and he had never again married. 
 
 " On our arrival we took oft' our winter wra[)S and 
 pre])ared oui'selves for dinner. We bad the good ajipetite 
 of youth, sharj)ened by tlie wintry air of our two lunns' 
 drive. After A\arming ourselves at the large stovi', w(> 
 werci ushered into the dining ball, in which was spread 
 a long table, covered with \ian(ls of all kinds. Pig in 
 all shnpes was served u]), as Porc-fraiH, houd'nix, 
 sausage, in fact, in livery form to lie imagined. AVe did 
 am].le justice, to the good things. Tea and eni'tee followed, 
 and dinner being over, we jtut on our wraj^s again, and 
 started on a snow-shoe tramj) across the fields and over 
 the cliffs; we also toboganned down the hill. The 
 weather continued bright, and we enjoyed the gloriou.s 
 sunset, remaining out until after fivi! o'clock, when we 
 returned to the house, and ari'anged ourselves for tea, 
 which was as plentiful as the dinner, and we all enjoyed 
 it as well. We adjourned to a large drawing-room, where 
 
 w? 
 
 
 
— 70 — 
 
 we spent the time in round dances and yames. There was 
 no piano, so we sent for the village orchestra, t\\'o Jtahi- 
 tant girls, to sing for ns to dance cotillons and contre- 
 (lances, which they did untiringly for a couple of hours. 
 This we continued until eleven o'clock, when all retired 
 to rest. We returned to Quebec next day. I am not 
 without experience of balls, with all the accessories of 
 decoration, lights and fine music ; but I never recollect 
 to have passed a more jtleasant evening. We all knew 
 one another, and m'o brought to our entertainment 
 cheerfulness, geniality, good manners, and youth. Two 
 of the ladies are now the wives of retired generals of 
 artillei'v in England." 
 
 This charminu 'dim])se bv Mrs. Kintisford of social 
 amusement', in a, Canadian home of the jiast, to be 
 thoroughly understood, re([uiresa few words of explan- 
 ation, which I, more than once a favored guest, at the 
 houses he describes, can easily sujjply from personal 
 recollections of my siKjrtingdays on the Chateau-Richer 
 marsh. 
 
 1. The (Jhateau-Ilicher Manor of 1<S43 was an 
 antique tenement oni; Innidred and ten feet in length, 
 divided here and there 1)y wide-throated chimnies. 
 A massive Tbree-Kivers stove, of the Matthew Bell 
 pattern, heated the anijile hall; the parlor was hung 
 round with family oil-}HUti'aits. Its hosiatable laird, 
 Lt. Col. William Henry LeJMoine, C. M., counting 
 many friends. Among the Quebec sportsmen whom 
 September each year iittraeted to the Chateau-Eiclier 
 manor and snipe marshes, 1 can recall, among others, 
 the late Hon. Justice Elz»'ar Uedard, of the Court of 
 Appeals, Judge Loui Fiset, his friend Plector Simon 
 Huot, William Phillip -, Errol Boyd Lindsay, Xarcisse, 
 Jucherean, Charles and Phili[)pe Duchesuay, Dr. Joseph 
 Fremont, father of the late mayor of Quebec, who 
 like William Henry, Robert Auguste, Alexandre Olivier 
 LeMoine, the three eldest sons of I he "Seigneur," 
 — all present at this memorable vciimon de famille, — 
 
 h 
 
— 71 — 
 
 have since joined the f,'reat majority. Possiljly tlie 
 veteran liuntev, l^itre Portugais, who forlialf a century 
 glories in having eacli spring jiushed the first snipe, 
 may more than once liave knocked at the door of the 
 mossy old manor, on his way to the snipe marsh. 
 
 2. The ancient chatelain had the attributes of, and 
 met with, the resiiect accorded to a good seigneur of 
 tlie old regime, Avithout owning a seigniory. He held 
 im])ortant trusts, and in liis i[\ui\\ty i){ Coinmtsi^d.'ire dcs 
 Peflfes Causes and Justice of the Peace dispensed 
 justice evenly ; more than once the cliosen arbitrator 
 in jmrish feuds. 
 
 'A. The " unmarried brother, " who assisted his 
 l)rother in la'inging up his i»atriarchal family, died in 
 1851. His younger brotlier, W. H. LeMoine expired at 
 Villa Saint Dcmis, Sillery, in 1870, aged 85. One of 
 his fair grand-daughters recently becanu' the s})ouse of 
 Lieut. -dovernor Angers, at Spencer Wood. 
 
 4. Two of the ladies jiresent at the fete de famiUe 
 are now the wives ol' retired General olHcers ; INIiss 
 Hari'iet LelMesurier, the wife of (Jeiieral Clifford ; 
 Miss Sojihia Ashworth, the wife of General PijMni. 
 Their friend, ]\liss Caroline Lindsay, who married Major 
 lioss, then of the 85th Foot, died in Loudon, Ontario ; 
 her sister married Mr. W. Kiugsford, the Historian. 
 
 Wi 
 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 

 STVLK OF TIIAVEL OF THE IIKIll OFFICIALS AT 
 iimWA: UNDER THE FRENCH REdl.ME. 
 
 The iiidustiy and patient research displayed l)y our 
 I'rench annalists, Garneau, Eibaud, Ferland, Faillon, 
 has un([iu'sti(jna1)ly left but little unsaid or unnoticed, 
 on the old regime of Canada; albeit the manner of 
 presenting facts may widely differ ; whilst the glamour 
 and rainbow tints, with which the historian Frs. I'ark- 
 mau has invested this riiuiote ])eri()d, seems to liave 
 rendered it instinct with life. 
 
 More thiin one circumstance of recent occurrence are 
 of a nature to encourage the modei'n delver in the rich 
 mine of colonial history to delve still <leeper. In 1872, 
 a Public Record Oliiee was opened, an annex, as it 
 were, of the l)e])artment of Agriculture ; the best man 
 in the whole Dominion of Canada, probably, Douglas 
 Brymnei', was selected as its head ; specialists, such as 
 the Abbes Verreau and Tanyuav, 1j. Suite, eJos. Mar- 
 mette Avere asjvcd to co-operate ; we all know their 
 Cordial and effective response. 
 
 It is now ajjparent to careful observers that the 
 hicitna, hitherto sorely felt with respect to reliable 
 records for describing a later period, the Engli.sh regime 
 is being rapidly idled in. In more than one promising 
 essay, is a])])arent the benehcient influence of the new 
 light, of wider horisons o[)ened out ; there are many 
 satisftictory indications ; probably, no where more visible 
 than in two late histories of Canada, Mr. B. Suite's 
 and the more recent w(»rk of Wm. Kingsford, F. E. S. C. 
 Another healthy incident, worthy of notice, is the 
 awakening of each province, since Confederation, to the 
 
 i 
 
 1 1, '■ «' .^ 
 
— 73 — 
 
 sacred duty of garnering and preserving its own historic 
 records, in which are revealed the struggles, material 
 and intellectual progress of its inhabitants from their 
 rude beginnings to the present day. I am more parti- 
 cularly reminded of this at the present time by the 
 perusal of the annual rej)ort, the Annvairede I'Institut 
 Cami'Hcu. of Quebec, for the year 1889. 
 
 Amidst other interesting matter, it contains suinnia- 
 ries of no less than seventeen (1) hitherto unpublislu^d 
 }fciiioires, compiled by a distinguished engineer oilicer 
 sent out from France, Col. Frani[U.:it, who came to 
 America, in 1750, as Chief FiUgineer of Fortdicalions ; 
 he had been charged by the king of France with the 
 duty of fortifying Louisbourg, in Cape Breton, which he 
 did, thougli it had to succumb, in 1758, to the victorious 
 arms of Wolfe, despite the heroic defence it made. 
 Fran([uet landed at Louisboui'g, in 17"'(^ ; in 1851, he 
 
 
 ^4 
 
 (I) Voyages et ^Memoiros sur lo Canmlii, par Franquet. 
 
 175:.'. Voyages de Queljoc aux Trois-Rivieros, Montreal efc 
 an La(^ St-vSacrenieiit. 
 
 i7-")o. Voyages de (^iieUec au village de Lorette iSauvage. 
 
 ^feinoire j)oiir les princi[)aux endcoits piircourus do Mont- 
 real ail Lac St-Saci'enient. 
 
 1753. Voyage par terro et sur les glaoes de (iuebee A 
 ^tontreal. 
 
 1 7").'!. Voyage jiar terre, de Quebec a la I'ointe-aux-Trembles 
 jioiu' accoiupagiier .M. le General dans son voyage a Montreal. 
 
 Preiuier sejour a Montreal. 
 
 Voyage au Lac des Deux Montagues. 
 
 Second seiour a ^Montreal. 
 
 iSejour aux Trois-Hivieres. 
 
 Du Fort St-Fre(k''i'ic. 
 
 Du Fort de Cliamhly. 
 
 De la Riviere de Richelieu. 
 
 Du Village Precancour. 
 
 Du (leinsing. 
 
 Meinoire sur les nioyens d'augmenter la culture des terros 
 du Canatla. 
 
 (Juehec 17r)3. Memoire sur le projet des ouvrages proposes 
 pour det'enilre la basse-ville et la haute. 
 
 
 
 
If , "* 
 
 — 74 — 
 
 crossed over to Isle St. Joan (Prince Edward Island). 
 In 1752, he extended his ))eregrinations to Quebec, 
 Three-liivers, IMontreal, Lake St. Sacrenient ; during 
 his three years stay in Canada, he visited and reportetl 
 on innumerable forts. It is some of the nienioirs he 
 wrote about this time, I jjurpose to examine and com- 
 ment. 
 
 In 1754, Fran([uet returned to Louisbourg in vjm\- 
 pany with tlic Clievalier de Drucourt to ])Ut in order 
 the old woi'ks of defence, and carry out the instructions 
 of the Fi'eiK'h king as to new works. Fran([uet was 
 even moiv than an experienced engineer ullicer; his 
 memoirs exhiliit him as possessed of literary attain- 
 inents ; he evidently was a close observer of men and 
 things generally, though his timely reports to the king 
 on existing abuses iind needed reforms seem to have 
 remained uidieeded in those degenei'ate days, in wliich 
 coming events were ah'eady, though dindy, casting tlieir 
 lurid shadow befoi'c them. 
 
 New France in 1751-4 was administered by tlu; 
 Marquis Pii([UOsne. Duquesnede Meinieville. a captain 
 in the IJoynl Xavy, was a descendant of tlie famous 
 admiral DiKpiesne, who had shed lustre on the reign of 
 Louis XTV. lie was Itrave and able, but a blight 
 alfected th(! colony: the ])rofuse expenditiu'c and in 
 some cases, the wholesale pilfering of some of its high 
 olfu'ials. A bui'then to France it was even in 1751, 
 losing gradually its fornu^r jirestige. Was the Marquis 
 gifted with a speciesof second sight ;aiul when in 1754, 
 he asked for his recall, could he even then detect ctn the 
 wall faint tracings of an ominous hand pointing to its 
 loss to France a few years later ? Some are inclined to 
 think so. 
 
 In 1754, however, thei'e were yet but distant mutter- 
 ings of the gathering storm, and even j\Iadame de 
 Pampadour, the royal concubine, would have shrunk 
 from daring to rejoice ojienly at the possible loss of 
 Canada t(» France. 
 
 " ^ 
 
 \. i. 
 
( o 
 
 The Miir([uis Diujuesiie, who had landed at Quehoc 
 in July, 1751, was not long before setting earnestly to 
 \v(jrk to carry out his royal master's instructions con- 
 cerning the measures to be taken to eject English 
 traders from the valley of the Ohio. One of his lirst 
 tasks was to order a general revicAV of the regulars and 
 militia available and to enforce disciidine : tlu; country 
 could furnish 13,000 lighting men, it was found. Tlie 
 following year was spent in j/rejiarations for the coming 
 campaign. In tlu; sjiring of 1753, Ca))ts. Marin and 
 IVan were dispatched with men towards the seat of thn 
 thri;atened tioultlc, in accordance with pLms matured 
 the winter ]ireviou.s; this brings us to the 14-th Janu- 
 ary 1753, when J I is Excellence' started l)y land, of 
 conrse, to mai<e arrangements at Montreal for the king's 
 service. Col. Fran(|uet will be our cicerone, Fran([uet's 
 M. IS. S., jirocured, in 1854, from the archives of the 
 war office in Paris, was that year added to the collec- 
 tion of Canadian historical documents. 
 
 It remained for long years ignored, e-vcejit to a ivw 
 curious students of Canadian annals. In 1S76, it was 
 my good fortune to obtain for the first tiiue access to 
 these instructive memoirs. In ISS'.l, the InNlitvt (ana- 
 (Tieii of (^tu'bec made a selection of their contents for 
 publication in its Aiivaalrc. Under date, 14tli January 
 1753, Col. Fran(]uet describes the trip by land, he was 
 invited to take under the; considerate cliarge of Inten- 
 dant Bigot, from Quebec to Pointe-aux-Trenddes, to 
 escort the Commamler-in-Chief, on his annual voyage 
 to Montreal. 
 
 "Each year," says Franquet, " it is customary, nay 
 necessary, that the General in the colony should go to 
 Montreal in January, returning to Quebec in the 
 ensuing month of A ugust. Among other official business, 
 the following appear to be the principal duties M'hich 
 attract him there." 
 
 1st. To select and name suitable ofiicers to command 
 
 t> 
 
 V • H 
 
 I ; 
 
 ; r , 1 
 
 : I', 
 
 I 
 
 •J 
 
 !*■* 
 « 
 
— To- 
 
 ut the king's posts in the upper country — lespays d'en 
 haut. 
 
 2nd. To regulate tlie number of soldiers required nt 
 each post. 
 
 ord. To limit the proportion of vehicles for their con- 
 veyance and the amount of provisions necessary for the 
 route. 
 
 4th. T(t ])rovide each post Avith the arms and stores 
 requisite for tlieir defense and maintenance for one 
 year. 
 
 oLh. To deliver iicriiiits to tiMJcrs for leave; to trade 
 at these ]i((sts. 
 
 Gth. To lix the number of assistants re([uired by the 
 traders and by others for tlu; king's service in order to 
 1)(! al)le each year to kee]» exact count of the number 
 of jiersdus leaving the colony. 
 
 7th. To receive the deli'iriitcs of Indian triltes, who 
 each year visit Montreal to bring olierings to the king; 
 to warn and advise them of what the French sovereign 
 expected of them and to ]U'es(;nt these delegates with 
 lu eklaces as tokens of their giiod faith. 
 
 There were several other important subjects which 
 ('Ugaged the attention of tjie General-in-Chief, in his 
 aiunial visit to Montreal, embodied in other memoirs 
 addressed by Frau(|uct to liis sovereign. 
 
 The 14th January was the date selected for the 
 de]»arture of the (juiisi-regal exitedition fc»r ■Montreal, 
 quite a gala day. An invitation from the cf)urtly 
 jManpiis to i'orm pai't of it was as highly ]irized at 
 Quebec as was an invitation from the I'reuch sovereign 
 to a courtier to join the royal excursion from Paris to 
 Marly, so says Framjuet. Bigot had selected a party of 
 the difc, ladies and gentlemen, to accom})any with 
 him the General as far as Pointe-aux-Trembles, twenty 
 miles west of Quebec, on the north shore of the 
 St. Lawrence ; all were to be P)igot's guests at dinner 
 th.at day and, at breakfast, the following morning. 
 
I I 
 
 Till! Mai'iiviLs's staff consisted of Capts. <.1(! \'or!j[or, 
 St. Ouvs, La ^r.irtiniL'iL', Marin, I'l'an and Liuuts, St. 
 Lann-nt, Le Ulievalii'i', dc la Uoeho and Lc McrciiM', 
 \vliilst J>iLff»t'.s party coiuiniscd ^lesdanius IVan, Lotlti- 
 nierc, j\Lirin, dt; 11(^1 luntijuny and du Linon, with Col. 
 Fi'an([net, ("apts. St. Vincent, Duniont, Lanandieivand 
 KepLMitii^ny. The <ray cavalnidc in sini^de sledges oi' 
 in tandem left the upper town at 10 a. ni. The meet 
 took place most pi'oliahly, faeinij the chatean St. Louis, 
 where the great Mar([iiis hel 1 his little conrt. An 
 old-fashioned storm attended with intense cold then 
 ja'evailed ; the usual salvo of guns at the dei)arture of 
 a (Governor eonld scaively lie heard in the howling blast, 
 and blinding snow di'ift, as the parly drove through St. 
 Louis Gate. So(jn, we are told, diverging north to 
 f(»llow the Sto. Foye road, j^assing close to Ste. Foye 
 church, until it reached the heights of Cape Rouge, 
 where the road skirted the hill : a dangerous spot and 
 liable to end in an uj)set and violent descent into the 
 valley below, had it not been lined with trees, which 
 kept the vehicles from rolling down from this diz/y 
 height. No bridge existed in those days on the St. 
 Augustin stream. His Excellency crossed on the ice. 
 " In summer a canoe is used to ferry across foot pas- 
 sengers ; hor.ses ford the stream at low tide, or are made 
 to swim across at high tide. " 
 
 On ascending a hill, the road runs on the St. Augus- 
 tin heights to a grist-mill, which adheres to the face of 
 the hill and is set in motion by a mill-race and wooden 
 viaduct built on trestle-work over the high- way. The 
 travellers then descended by a steep and narrow r(jad 
 to the .shore of the St. Lawrence, where the jiarish 
 church of St. Augustin was erected. From there the 
 ])arty took to the ice on the St. Lawrence, and then 
 asceuded Dubois' hill, which \\as so encumbered with 
 snow that the drivers had to assist one another to get 
 the sledges safely ]iast one by one. After a few miles 
 more of arduous wintry travel, Fram[uet dwells on the 
 
 SWl,i 
 
 '•M 
 
 J M 
 
 Jf 
 
 m 
 
 
 ' ' V V 
 
 . 1] 
 
 ,'i 
 
I i 
 
 H 
 
 — 78 ~ 
 
 iinpoi'utivo duty devnlviiiy uii lund owuor.s, to bunt iiiid 
 shovel tlioir fronta^'c roads iuid to murk out the various 
 jiiitli, with (iVi^rLjrt'iMi houghs, IxUines, to j^'iiido travcllor.s 
 lifter storms ; clsewhero, ho iioticcis the laltorious (»ccu- 
 j iitiou ol' that important ottlcial, tlu' (ivand Voyer, 
 whose usefulness ceased in^arly a, (Century hiter in 
 1840 (Ij, wlieu rural municipalities undertook the care 
 of country roads, by act of rarliameiit. 
 
 The sei<,Miiory of roinlr-aux-Triuulilcs de Neuville, 
 th(j )iroj(jcted sto])ping piaot,', then belonj,"**! to M. de 
 j\[(!lois('s, Madame Pt'au's father. The vi(!e-reL;al party 
 ijt.'Xt drew rein at the door of a convent of (!on,i,'r(\nation 
 Nuns, ffamded there, in 171'>, by a Mv. Basset, a native 
 of Lyons, Franci' ; two of the pious sisKnhooil were then 
 in attendance. The' llovei'nor madt; it his head-quartt'rs, 
 and his followers lodj^ed in the neighboriiiLj dwellin-^s. 
 (.'ol. Friinciuet sought for shekel' at tlie prcslii/tcrt' of 
 the resident priest, Revd Messire Chartier (le Lotbiniere, 
 thebrothi'r-indaw of Madame de Lotbinien;, one of the 
 jiarty. The Governor (J(Mi(!ral came there also and 
 I'laimcd a lied; the clief >/i' cuisine and his stafi', 
 wer(! duly installeil at the convent, where the unfailing 
 game of cards took i)lace at 5 p. m : sup])er was sc^'ved 
 at 10 ]>. m. ; this dispatched, all retired " to court 
 balmy, " the sweet restorer, sleep. Fran((uet notices 
 that on the arrival of the Commander-in-chief, the 
 Capiiaine de la rofe had as usual turned out thj mili- 
 tia, 20 to 2." of whom, in a doubhi row, lined the street, 
 through which the (Jeueral reached his sto])ping-place 
 from his cariole. This guard stood sentry all night 
 notwithstanding the severity of the weather ; the guard 
 was dismissed after tiie ilepiirture of the ]\[arquis. From 
 which one can infer that the ]»as,sage of a French 
 Governor, on a ccdd, blustery, January night, was not 
 always unallowed bliss, to the local militia at least in 
 country [larts. 
 
 (1) 4 Vict., Cap. 4, Sect. XLVI. 
 
 ^ 
 
 '-k 
 
7!> — 
 
 Oil tln' ITiili .liiiiiiiiiy, His K\c('llcii(\v, I'l't iil ',» u. iii. 
 I'di' Moulvi'iil with his stiiir, I)ucli('.siiav, caiituiii of liiis 
 I'liard.s, Mt'n'll(!.s, his sccriitai'V, iiis hicUcys and [wo 
 
 Hi) 
 
 IditM's, whilst live or six cari 
 
 uU 
 
 s, with iiis i!(iiiij»a;;o 
 |ii'L'('<Mh'(l his Vehicle to iieat the mad. 
 
 Oil his leavine, Inteiidaiil IJi.unt, eaiiie to tin- iVoiit 
 and took his jilace, Ifc ijien sii.u^U'sled that tlm ivniaiii- 
 ijig conii»iuiy slifudd spend that day at I'ointo-anx- 
 Trenil»le>, addiii;4 that his Majoriloiiio hiid lnoiieht 
 anipie siimilies of eood things anil that tlujy wonld all 
 drivt! hark the next day after diiuK'i' ; motion carried, 
 iiem, con. 
 
 The ganil)lin;4 was hrisk '^ Ton >/J(>"<i hi'ii iicnn p" awd 
 the entertainineiit was on the same tdugant style, as at 
 liigot's jialace, in Qnehec. Next day, was cold, but 
 bright and sunny ; the whole cavidcadc retraci'd thuir 
 steps ill the direction o('(,)uel)(!(', slopping nieridy, at the 
 ferryman's house, at St. Augustin fur tlu; ladies to g(» in 
 and warm themselves. 
 
 ."•o'clock ]i. m. — b\' the way, ihe fashionable hour 
 lor a five o'clock t(;a — found the parly re-entering the 
 city, where a sumptuous meal, awaited them at Madame. 
 I'ean's elegant mansion in St. Louis strecit ; the ['arty 
 broke u]) tlu-re at 10, in theevcuiing. 
 
 Such is the short but gra,)ihi(,' sketc;h furnished by an 
 eye-witness, Col. Fran([Uet, of a wiuUn' piii'lir de pljuslr 
 at Quebec, in 175o. 
 
 M'anquet has 
 
 left 
 
 spuiy description of a suinmei' 
 
 excursi(jn, with the gay Intendaut, by water from 
 (iuel)ec to Montreal. l)igot, evidently from the first, 
 considered that such an inijiortaut oflicial as Col. Fran- 
 (juet, ought to be " dined and wiu'd " projierly, when 
 he asked the Jloyal Inspector to join him in a voyage 
 to Montreal. The Government GdiuIdIh a lonu Hat 
 bateau, }>ropelled by sails as well as by oars, left the 
 Cul-de-Sac, at Quebec, on the 24th duly, 1752. It 
 could carry 8,000 lbs, burthen, with a crew of fourteen 
 sailors. In the center there there was a space about six 
 
 
 4 
 
 '4 "'*1',» 
 
 h ^ 't 
 
 
 f^, 
 
 
:k 
 
 \ 
 
 — 80 — 
 
 feet s(|uai'c enclosed by ciirtain.s " witli seats with 
 blue cusliions"; ii dais over head protected the inmates 
 I'roiu the rays of the sun, and from iviiu. Choice wines, 
 cordials, sjtirits, eatables, even to ready cash ; every- 
 
 tl 
 
 miL!: necess 
 
 irv 
 
 tol 
 
 lunian sustenance or ])leasure was 
 
 .abundantly ja'ovided. I'liere was nothini;' asodic, aliout 
 the liaclrdor IJij^'ot. Ladies of rank, wit and biMUty, 
 felt it an lionor to join his brilliant court, when' they 
 met most charining' atvaJiers, youn;^ ollicers of tlie 
 refi:iments stationed at Quebec. Col. Frantjuet seems to 
 h'V'j enjoyed himself amazingly, having' " a ^ood timi; " 
 all thi'oui^h, and descri))ini4 some of th(? merry e[)isodes 
 which occurred on the ti'ip.-- at Three- I'i vers and other 
 trystinr;-])liices of the nuiunilicent Intendaut. What a 
 terrible a\vakenin;i, six years later, in Talis, for tlie 
 faithi.'ss ollicial when the i>rim old Bastilh' opened its 
 remorseless ])ortals to immure l>iL;'ot and his public 
 plundei'ers of France and of(JanailaI 
 
 The remainder of this memoir contiiius some apjiro- 
 [)riate remarks on the various items of expenditure 
 involv(Ml in these official excursions of hi.u,'!! French 
 Ollicials. Each vehicle in winter, except those for the 
 servants and the supplies, ore drawn by pairs ; each day's 
 expenses of the tlriver foot up to 70 and 75 francs. To 
 which are to be added the ex])enscs incurred by the 
 Giiuxl Voiici', who has to start a. 'i^tw days in advance 
 .if the (ienei'al or Intendaut, to hav(> the roads beaten; 
 exclusive of extras, his charge vnries from 7 to 10 
 
 fr 
 
 mcs a < 
 
 lav : in winter the countrv lolks have to 
 
 jirovK 
 
 le tl 
 
 KMr own 
 
 hor,- 
 
 es and (M,rioles to execute his 
 
 orders. The alacrity with which they turn out imli- 
 eates their more or less zeal for the king's service ; 
 relays of h.oisoo have also to lie furnisjied by the 
 parishioners whenever the General travtds and sum- 
 iii;iry punishment is sure to overtake trangressor- in 
 this resjioct-shorter or longer periods of incarcer.it inn. 
 .Services to the king are g,'nerally ]iaid in Canada ; too 
 ntuc-h so. The state pays for the vehicles, the board and 
 
 i\\JM. 
 
— 81 — 
 
 lf)duiiiL!: of the drivers, the services of iiublic otiicials or 
 any special mission. Fraiu[uet, in his memoirs, ]irop()ses 
 the followiiiLi remedi(>s to lliese growing and ruinous 
 altuses : 
 
 1. The heads of the Government to travel merely on 
 sheer necessity. 
 
 2. Tliat, as a suitable escort, four tandems only be 
 allowed for conx'eying them — their secretaries, cajitain 
 of tlu! guard and lackeys and six (jne-horse vehicles to 
 convey their e(|ui])i!ge on the road. 
 
 3. That oO Kols tte allowed foi' lodging over night in 
 the country ])arts for the master and 15 sols for iiis 
 servant, eacii to jiay for his meal. 
 
 4. That to diminish eorvdes, the number of carioles 
 in winter to l)e furnished by the i)easantry, to precede 
 high ])nblic ollicials be limited; that the militia guard 
 be supjiressod; that the. king sht.uld o]ien out public 
 roads, twenly feet l)road, to l)e ke]»t up by the owners 
 of the land under the direction of the militia cajttain of 
 the ])arish. This, says Fi'anquet, would do nway with 
 the ex}ienditure of keeping u]) a Grand Voyci . The 
 shrewd engineer otlicer was right, but Grand Voyevs (I) 
 continued to ilourish in Canada for nearly a century 
 later, until 1841. Franquet was clearly in advance of 
 his ati'e. 
 
 I' 
 I 
 
 
 'Hi'. 
 Ah 
 
 
 n 
 
 ■"I 
 
 \ 
 
 ' ii 
 
 ?^ ' 
 
 (1) The hist Grand Voj/er was tlie genial iiivl hfiml-o.iie 
 Lieut. -Col. Antrnlnis, sulisetjuently apijointed A. D. C. to tlio 
 Eiii'l ot'Klixin. (nn-enior-tfi'Donil ofCiinada. 
 
 ^i' 
 
 I 
 
 ;:uj».- ••■' 
 
[From Till' J.avil irc lice in]. 
 
 (►rKi'.r.c sdciKTV, as it \\ as. 
 
 AVe an' iiukbted to .1. ]\I. Li'Moiiu', (he Histo- 
 rian of Canada, for tin- fol]o^villg u.xtraot from a letter 
 evidently written in 17'ii}, by ]\Jajor Itoliert Stobo (1), 
 a famous Vir<jinian ollieer, — then a jirisoiier of wai' at 
 (.Mu'l.ifee, — to Col. (jleori'e Washinuton. ]\Ir. LelMoine 
 says that tin's extract is all he eould find fil' this 
 iiitt-restin;^- letter, in searchin;^ through the family ])a]ters 
 of ananti(|narian friend ; there is yet enough of it to show 
 that " Still to the la-t, kind viee clung to the tott'ring 
 wall " of the French dynasty in Canada. 
 
 " Dkai; (ii^oRoi;. — Yon will liml this a lengthy epistle, let 
 
 UK' lioj 
 
 )o, a en 
 
 rions tal<» of colonial do 
 
 I I'an put 1'oi'th no 
 
 otliei' ajjology tor boring yon, than the imperative necessity 
 I expciienee of ocenjjying my mind : else ennui and notliiiig 
 to do would, I tear, soon drive mi' hopelessly mad. Fouryears 
 of i)rison life i'or a lull-hldoded \'uginian is I'athei' too much at 
 
 one stlC'tch. 
 
 I will prt'jiare lor your eye a -tartling, but truthful record 
 of eonrt intrigues, elegant profligacy and public plimder. 
 Some years ago, on n;y v'sitiug bondon, iny kind ]irot(_'e1or, 
 Loi'd Bute, procured nic an i.iilrcc to tlie fashionable society 
 of the metropolis. 1 saw its great men. 1 saw their vices. 
 1 iiave not forgotten niy disgnst at seiing the vii-es of some 
 of the painted jezabels surronndingoiir king — around virtuous 
 • ^ueeii Ciuoliue. I noticed thos<' visions of piu'ity and loveli- 
 ness, the bellendens, the beixdls : my iVieiid Smollett intro- 
 duced me to the i)atri'^tic I'itt, tin' liiilliaut Waljiole : one 
 figure es))ecially did 1 loath, that Koyal favorite, bady 
 ^'armoulh : -he who sold a bishopric tor i;")()(l. I'ei: Woflinaton 
 
 (1) Robert Stobo, a hostage at F(U't Duijue^ne, sent down 
 to (\Uiebec, in IT")'), as a prisoiiei' of war, escaped and soved 
 imder Wolfe, at (,>uel)ce in I75'.l. 
 
 \ 
 
tm 
 
 — 8:5 — 
 
 is a marvellous creature, l)ut wliat say vou of her prctix 
 C/ievali<r, Eiltuuiul Burke? 
 
 Ilaniptoii Court was not a liit worse, nay, in fact, it was 
 uuieli less dissolute than Vei'sailles. The Ifanovoriau King 
 ha<l La Walinodeii; the Frfucli monarch, ha I'oiupii'lour ; 
 his ^^inist(M' of l-lnancc, at (hieliec, ha-; la . If vitv; and 
 
 profligacy ilaunt in ojx'u <lay at tlic French Court, amidst le 
 hean movde, do not iuiagini! that the heuu tnomh'. of Quebec is 
 free from it. 
 
 Montcahii, Vaudreuil ; 
 
 Ther^ 
 
 'e are ot course hiM'c exccptum 
 
 ■veral of the old I'amil 
 
 les ai-e 
 
 free from the taint : but ther< 
 
 IS a '■') 
 
 livic vile and prolljgMte. and some add to tl 
 
 lowness of liirth : one link conni'cts all tiiis (dicpie — publ 
 
 HMr vuM's, 
 
 ic 
 
 1 
 
 iliuidei'. 
 
 The Freneli Treasiiry is roliMe<l 
 Intemlant Bi^ot iin<l his mininns. 
 
 on a colos 
 
 ;umoi 
 
 d 
 
 scale 
 
 bv th 
 
 La W 
 
 len and ha Po ii- 
 
 jiailour have, at our little Canadian Court, a not unworthy 
 i'epr(.'sentative. If u man wants place or prorncjtion inf'anada 
 
 he nuist stand well with Bigot's fair char 
 
 nier, 
 
 Mi 
 
 idame Pean is unciucstionablv a /'eiinne 
 
 'mrmante a 
 
 miling, benevoli'ut, sfiirihtelh 
 
 iieautv 
 
 II 
 
 (U- ii;arria 
 
 -e 1 
 
 )V 
 
 hishop DuBreuil de Pontl)riaud dates <if January, 174ij. Her 
 
 msbaud is a (."aptain in the colonial trooj) 
 of (>ueh(>c. 
 
 ani 
 
 1 
 
 I own 
 
 ^Li.joi 
 
 You won't wonder at 
 
 every man 
 
 my nuuu'.e ndormation rcspiictnig 
 
 me(^ted with tin' iro\ei'nnii'nt o) the colonv 
 
 when vou I'ccoUect- the facilities I n 
 
 no\ ei 
 
 :onths that I was t 
 
 ree, on y; 
 
 >lf. t 
 
 •1 roam tar an 
 
 I d 
 
 fii 
 
 m-m: 
 
 sevei'al 
 
 111 WlMe m 
 
 (luebec and even as far as Montreal. 
 
 iiitivitv. I have had manv \isitois in mv 
 
 aved, 
 
 !IS \ ou 
 
 Mnce my close ca] 
 [)rison, and the honorable i'amily. uliose brad 
 know, from i;ni)ending death, has not deserted me in m\ 
 hour of troidile, even though many ol' tin- fashionables hav< 
 dou":" 
 
 M< 
 
 onsieur Dnehesnav, Madame and hep two lovcdi 
 
 daughters have done all which lies in their [iowit to soften 
 
 >ei'- 
 
 the hoi'rors oi' my captivity ; ont; of tlu'se daughters is a ] 
 feet ang'^l ol' love and inttdlect. AVith youi' jicrmission, 1 shall 
 
 desci'ibf srrid/iiii lUirol and 1 
 
 I- '^roup. 
 
 Pr.aiicois Biirot, the thirteen! u l-'reneh Int^'iidant at 0\n. 
 
 II 
 
 a- wai 
 .ock of 
 
 like a lit'-le Gaun' < 'oeis; a^ 
 
 'ver s 
 
 trinted 
 
 aimdst a 
 
 ubmissivi' 
 
 h-ns. II 
 
 (• I- 
 
 a native of ( iuiemu' and 
 
 belongs to a family di-tinguis!i(;d at the bar; bdon' his 
 apipointment. at (Jueb(H', he had br.Mi Intendant of Louisiana. 
 
 in stalui'i 
 
 •atlier short ; his IVame is w( 
 
 an 
 
 t, 1 
 
 us cairiaire 
 
 erect, his courage beyond ijuestion. lie loves show and plea- 
 ■f-vQ to excess, ilotes on cards, hunting and good living. The 
 government exi>ect him to entertain suitably the highest 
 ottti'ials: they pay him nig.'ardly and allow him to makt^ 
 jn'ofit-- out ot the trafHc in jieltry, merchandize, etc., like his 
 
 pn 
 
 d( 
 
 sor- 
 
 i' '- 'mi 
 
 « v' «r-l 
 
 1:; W 
 
 ■-/■:■? 
 
 d^^^ 
 
%<., u 
 
 — S-4 — 
 
 Tliis is wi'OiiL'. Dabliling in ti'inlo. spconlatini: in fiw and 
 provisions is not the tliinir i'or an otticial whoso sf<i/iis is only 
 second to Lliat of llie j-'ovci'norol tlic colony, and whose pahice 
 and surronndings is I;;!' more inxurioiis than the Clidtiuu Sf. 
 Lnnin. the Vice-regal residence in Quebec. Bigot robs the 
 French Treasury and has done so for years. A successful 
 .scheme has been concocted by our worthy Inti-ndant to 
 furthei' this object. 
 
 lie has I'nrmed .i iiartnt/rsliip witli liis .Secretary, Dechenau.x, 
 his Coinmissary (iencial, (-'a(let, and the 'i'own Major, Ca^it. 
 Hughes i'ean, the Treasurei'of thf Province; liubert, seconds 
 them. J'ean, however, pays a iiighei' ]irice tiian an honorable 
 man should lor the gold he pockets; so say the scandal 
 ii.ongers, an<l his bcautii'id sjiouse is much too intimate with 
 the gay bachelor Inteiidant. 
 
 Vuudreuil, in his stately chateau, overhanging the .'^t. 
 Lawrence, is (juite a secondary object of attraction lor the 
 giddy crowd of fashion and elegant vice, which weekly .sit 
 down to cards and supj)ei's at Bigot's palace, facing the .St. 
 Charles, on the noi th side of the t'apital. 
 
 It is there you will see the jolly Intendiint, [tirouetting in 
 a dance round the i'estoned walls and gilt awning.s whicli 
 decorate this fairy aliode, whilst the i)eople are starving in 
 the streets. 1 myself was more than once asked to pai'take of 
 those luscious /icfUs sonjicrx wliom ]tit((^s aux J'oies i/ras and 
 Burgundy wine lit up more than one youthful face ; my 
 poverty alone shii'lded me from the dangers oi ccartt, jiiqiiet 
 and fiiK/t-el-iin. B'got, 'tis said, in one .season lost as much as 
 I'OO.fJOo'livres, equal to £10,000. 
 
 Major i'ean's duties often take him away from the city. In 
 ITao, he was selected to explore our frontier ; he owns largo 
 Hour mills at Beaumont, which he frequently visits; he either 
 does not know or does not care what Madame <loes to beguile 
 the tedium of his absence. 
 
 Madame Pean occupies a spacious dwelling in St. Louis 
 street, where her entertainments are nnich sought after. 
 There is not a young French Lieutenant, not a Couunissary 
 Clerk, who would not fight a dozen of duels if her liune 
 required it. 
 
 The Intondant is a constant visitor at her house. Place and 
 patronage, from the highest to the lowest in the colony, is 
 Ijostowed at her recommomlation. .'^he quite boats poor Lady 
 Yarmouth, who merely soM a bishopric for £.>00. More than 
 one old family refuses to visit her. 
 
 Brassard Dechenaux, Bigot's Secretary, is of low degree. 
 His father was a poor shoemuker ; he was born in (Quebec and 
 received the riidimentN oi" his education from a notary, who 
 luul boarded at his lather's house. 
 
DKATil (IF (IKXI-liAL WOLFK. 
 
 ' •jl', ' 
 
 '^■A 
 
 .Mr. ( iiiorne Muvrav will receive the thanks ofstiulents 
 of Canudian lii.stoiy for the interesting note hy him, 
 ■which a])p(,'ai'eil at p. 161, Vol. T, Canadiana, on the 
 death of General James Wolfe. He therein ini]iartially 
 reviews the !■ iniiii'tinu' aoconnts of the mode of his 
 death and furnishes the names of the various pei'sons 
 who he][)(Hl carry the hei'o to the rear when wounded. 
 There are for the honor, more than one Jiichard in the 
 field ; four champions so far. 
 
 Lt, Brown's letter to his father subseciuently the 
 Earl of Altamonte, could not he more circumstantial ; 
 "he was the person who carried Wolfe off the field," 
 and the General died in his arms. But " a grenadier 
 of the 28th (Bragg's) and a grenadier of the oStli 
 (Anstruthers'), ;dso lay claim lo assisting the dying 
 warrior; whilst a faithful Highland sergeant, by name 
 James McDongal, like a loyal Scot, is stated to have 
 attended Wolfe dying". Each (if the abo^■o may have 
 had a share in the coveted j.rivilege ; let us consult a 
 standard autlvn-ity onCaiuidian Itistory on this dis|>uted 
 point. 
 
 Few writers in America or elsewhere;, have tie voted 
 to the study of our annals a whole life-tinu.> ; few have 
 had access to such masses of documents, siege-narra- 
 tives, etc., as Francis Parknian, the conscientious and 
 brilliant historiographer of Montcalm and WoLi'E. Not 
 confining himself to books, Mr. I\irkman made special 
 visits to Quebec, to study every inch of the Ijattle-field 
 of 1759, !ad of the sites adjoining. I am in a position 
 to testily to the fact, by personal experience, having 
 arnoug other occasions a recollection of a prolonged and 
 
 ^4 
 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 Kr«! 
 
 
86 
 
 minute survey he and I made, in 1878, at liis request, 
 of the historic locale, at Wolfe's cove where the Knylisli 
 troojis (lisenil)arked at early dawn on the loth Septem- 
 ber, 1759, in i'urtherence of his great work, " Montcalm 
 — WoLi'K," wliich he was then ju'epai'lng, and wliich 
 fijijieared in 1884. Parkman's de.scrijttion of the death 
 scene is as foHows : " Wolfe himself led the chai'ge at 
 the head of the Louishourg grenadiers. A shot shattered 
 his wrist. He wrapjied liis handkerchief about it and 
 ke])t (jn. Another shot struck him and he still advanced, 
 when a third lodged in his breast. JFc staggered and 
 sat on the ground. liieutenaut Brown of the grenadiers, 
 one ]fenderson, a vohinicei' in the same comi)any, an<l 
 a ]irivat(' sc'ldier, aided by an olticer of artillery, who 
 ran to join them, carj'ied him in their aims lo tlie rciir. 
 He begged them to lay him down, 'i'hey did so, and 
 
 asked if he would Imv 
 
 e a siii'iicon. 
 
 Thei 
 
 e s 
 
 no nee 
 
 he answered ; " it's all ovcir with me." A moment later 
 one of them cvivA out : " They run ; see how they run " I 
 
 Wh 
 
 o run i* 
 
 Wolf 
 
 e (lemiin(le(.i Jikc a man rouse( 
 
 I fi' 
 
 oni 
 
 sleej). "The enemy, sir ; Kgad, they give wny every- 
 where 1 " " Clo, one ol' vou, to Colonel llurton," relurncd 
 
 the dviu!'' man 
 
 tell him lo march \Vel)li's re<>inu,'nt 
 
 (h)wn to Chiirles Iiiver to cut off their retreat from tlit 
 
 brith 
 
 Thei 
 
 iniiu'i on his side, he muijnured, 
 
 "Now, God be jiraiscd, 1 Vvill die in ]iei.M'e!" and in a 
 lew moiiii'iits his gallant soul had fled." 
 
 Ii will he noticed tliat rai'kman associates lour of 
 Wolfe's comrades-at-arms ii, the honour claimed by 
 Lieut, lirowii, ol attending tlic dying hero in his last 
 hour. 
 
 * * 
 
 This reminds oiu'. of another deljated 
 
 point 
 
 of C; 
 
 ma- 
 
 dian histoi'v : the name of the man wlio fired the shot, 
 ■which at Pivs-de-Ville, on that fatidical Sabbath, the 
 
olst December, 1775, laid low Brigadier General 
 Eichard Miintgitinery, the lirave l)nt luckless leader of 
 the iuva.(UiiL; liost IVoui New Kiiglaiid. 
 
 Sanguinet's .roiirtial mentions two distinguished olli- 
 cers in the French Canadian Militia, Chaliot and I'icard. 
 One Enghsli account gives the credit to llarnsfare nf 
 Whitl)y, the captain of a ti'ansp(n't wintei'ing that 
 season at Quel)i'c, whilst anotlu-r siege-narrative selects 
 as the lun-d ot'the day, Sergeant Hii^h McQiiarters, \i. A., 
 who -'Xpired in Champlain street, (j)uel)ee, in 1S12. 
 
 On examining the te-timonv set forth, the (jasc; might 
 ill my o|iini()n, lie summed u]. thus : Lieut. Chahot and 
 IMcard were uudnuhtedly on duty at l*res-de-Ville jxist, 
 on tlie nioi'iiing in (luestion, Captain P>arnsrare ))ointetl 
 the fatal cannon, and Serpent Hugh Mc'i)uarters applied 
 the matcii. 
 
 * 
 * « 
 
 Another inl'ei'ence mav he drawn fiom I'arknian's 
 narrative of the deatli of Wolfe; it will be noticed that 
 no UKiution occurs of the ])a,rt alledn-fd to ha\e lieeu 
 played in the trageily Ity the l'aiL;iish ileserter, rthoso 
 story a])pears in Hone's " Table iiook ". Parkman sjient 
 years searching thi'ough the archives of Canada, France 
 and Englanit, and ac(iuired tiie most complete and 
 reliable dala jiossible, on e\en tlie minutest incidents 
 of the great siege of 1759. It has lieeii my privilege, 
 on several occasions, during bis manv visits to Quebec, 
 to discuss with him tlie particulars of tlie death of both 
 heroes of the battle of the Plains of Abraham, and never 
 was the mode of deatli snggest^ed by the Tfililc Hi>nk 
 mooted. I was well aware and so was the leanieil his- 
 torian, of an analogous anecdote, containe(l in a foot 
 note, to be found in DiALuiiUES ov Till': I)e.\u, ciuicerniiig 
 tlu; death of Montcalm, and as the iixcident may be 
 new to seveiul. 1 herewith subjoin the jiassage and 
 
 'M- 
 
— 88 — 
 
 foot note, its related by an eye-witness, Levi'a aide-de- 
 cani]i, the Jacobite Johnstone, serving under Montcahn 
 at the battle of the Plains of Aljraham : " The Marquis 
 of Montcalm, says Chevalier Johnstone, endeavoring 
 ti) rally the troops in their disorderly flight, was wounded 
 in the lower i«irt of the bcdly (1). He was conveyed 
 iiiinuMliately to Quebec, and hedged in the house (if Mr. 
 Arnoux, tlii; King's surg(M)n, who was absent with Mr. 
 de JjdiirlanuK^ue ; his brother, the younger Arnoux 
 
 having viiiwed the w(jund, dechired it nnutal 
 
 He l)egged of Arnoux to be so kind and outs])ok(!n as 
 to toll hiiu how many hours he thought he might yet 
 live ? Arnoux answered him that he might hold out 
 until thi'e(! in the morning". I may hereafter refer 
 again to the s{»ot where the brave Man^uis expired : 
 ant)lher disputed point in Canadian history. 
 
 As to llu' Windsor jiaintiug l)y West, of the death of 
 WolCi', I have aliout as much faith in it as Sir Hobent 
 Wal[>ole is said to have had in history. That big Indian, 
 de]iicted by the artist, in a sitting- position on the 
 riiins of Abraham and watching disconsolatelv, the 
 dying General, is (juite enough to stamp the whole 
 scene as unreal — a jdcturesque )ii,ise en scdne U^x 
 elfect, invented by the genius of the eminent American 
 jiainter. Wolfe had no Indian In his ranks, at least 
 history mentions none. 
 
 If any Ited-skin lurked in the neighl)orhood,he must 
 have been one of the Lorette Hurons amongst Mont- 
 calm's auxiliaries ; the chief interest, he would have 
 ft'lt towards the English chieftain, would have been a 
 longing ibr his red-haired scalp, to add to his savage 
 tro]Jiies. 
 
 (1) " [t was roportoil in Canuda, that the bull which kiHod 
 tliat great, good and honest man, was not fired by an English 
 musket. But I never L-reditod tiiis.'' (Foot note to Chevalier 
 Johnstone's Dialoijuks). 
 
_ MO — 
 
 111 an old engraving of the death of the hero in my 
 jiorfsession and for which I am indebted to the sporting 
 antiquarian, George M. Kairchild, jr., ol' Kavenscliife- 
 Manor, near (Quebec, Wolfe is depicted on the ground, 
 lying on his side, apjiarently in great pain, supjturted 
 and surrounded by six men in uniform, one of whom 
 hears the regimental colours. 
 
 West's big Indian is di()j)ped out. Under the plate 
 may l)e read the inseriptiim : 
 
 (ieneral WoJfe expirinij on the lleiijhtH <if Canada. 
 
 'SI, 
 
 t 
 
 
 li 
 
 
 r 
 M- 
 
 cl 
 
 vifci'J'' 
 
ii 
 
 A ("IIAITI'I! ON CANADIAN NolilMTV. 
 
 " TIio iiiiiuC"^ fui'l iiK'uiorit's ol' gi'cat men are tlu' dowcry of 
 ii nation. Tlicy nvr tliu salt of tin; t-aitli, in di'ath as well as 
 in iitV. Wliat tliey did omcm', tlicirdpsrcndaiits liavc still and 
 always a riijlit to do al'tor tlicai. " — ll/it'kironil, 
 
 A (jhiclifi' liiU lister, siiiilelu'd tdn soon froin fimic and 
 fi'iciids, tlins ciiilKKlicd in vcisc ('iiuiidii's inotln : 
 
 Sin ccttf tcri'c (Mu^or' saiivajj:<'. 
 Lcs vicnx titles sonl iiu^oinins 
 i,a noliJosse est dans le eonra!.' 
 
 Dim 
 
 talents, dans les vi'itu- 
 
 F. H. AMiKi; 
 
 Triif iiolii]it_ must ('(insist, I'ni' iis, in (■(iiii'ii^(j, talt.Mit 
 uiid virttK;; sticli \vc coiisidef the guiiuiiio guinea's 
 •statu)); tlio Test is all jiliiteil \\:nv, which once taruislied 
 l)y vil(» acts of iiuwnrthy .seiitiiueuts, not all the Mue 
 hlnod of all tint 1 [owai'ds couM I'esciHi iVolli eonlein|it. 
 
 On (lue point the Latin and the T(Milon of Canada 
 do seem to undei'stand mie another tliorduuhly, viz., 
 in iheif estimate of ni'inar 
 
 the 
 
 sovefeiLiii and iioiini' jiis (•liH'l men, tlie nol>l( 
 
 'hieal ideas. Tliey l'es]ieel 
 th 
 
 not llio men of ideasufe .such astliosi' with whom 
 Louis XV, .suridunde 1 his thfoue atid opin'essed his 
 snltjccts, Imt li(inoi'.d)le men smdi as Victoi'ia and the 
 English jK'iijile niv. [iioud ol' ; well fe|ii'esented by that 
 avi.sto(3racy of meiit " sj)(jcially charged to pevjietuatc 
 tiiiditions of chivalry and honof ; " w hosti d(joi' is open 
 to the peojilc, as their highest recognition of jjopular 
 merit; whose worth is testilii'd to l»y the English tis 
 well as liv the French ; who is eulon'ized in high terms 
 
 by 
 
 men ot eommandimi' int(diect, such as 
 
 Montt 
 
 esiiuieu. 
 
— ".tl 
 
 Mdiitaloinliorl, Clnizfit, ClialfaiilniiiiKl. fl) ^Icril is 
 tlicii lli(3 toucli-stouc which wrimu tioiii these hiilliaiit 
 writers tlie un<|iialified ]imif^e tliey he.stowed on tlie 
 iiohilitv III' fli'i'at Jlritniii. 
 
 Let 
 
 (h 
 
 us see whether we can ;\]'\ 
 
 \v this test t(i one of 
 
 e (iK. 
 
 lest 
 
 mu iiuist lioiioreu names in cwv own liistoiy 
 we ineiiii tlial of tlie IJavon de Lonnneuil. 
 
 In i'oniier tinu's, we had hleodv wars lo wjilic : nier- 
 
 •iless toes existed on <iui' 
 
 front 
 
 lers ; t lie soil t hen l(niii(l 
 
 yt'iiertnis and lnave -oldiers to del'end it : men who 
 went forth each day with their lives in their luiiids, 
 I'uildy to shed the la>t (hnjt of Mood lor all tliey held 
 tliar, tlieii' homes, their wivi s, their cddhhcn. Has the 
 stont race ol' other days (hoineiated, orown cjilloiis to 
 what its (!od, its honor, its country may cominand in 
 the hoiM' of need ? \\'e .-hoiild ho]. r not. We said tlie 
 I'.aroii de hoii<iiieiiil. 
 
 Who was the liaroii de T,wnL;iieuil ? With your ju-r- 
 mission, kind reader, let us jieiuse together the ro\'al 
 
 » ij 
 
 (1) 
 
 'i'lie noliilitv ol' (Irc'it Bi-it;iiii is tlic liiK'-l ii.oilei-u 
 
 society since tlm Iioiiuin I'atriciatc 
 
 aid till' iilusti'iou.- 
 
 riiittciiuliriiind. III.- vast it-scaiclies, his iinsciiec at the 
 Kiifriisli ('i)iirt as Fi'cncii ainlias>ailoi'. in isiiL', had given him 
 iinjil" oiijiorlnnity of juiigini.'. 'I'liis I'stiniatc does not (|iiit(' 
 
 ainee with that of tlio anti 
 
 Kir ol 
 
 ii( 
 
 Emerson 
 
 lircsfiitativc ^!on 
 
 'I'wintv tliousand ihievi'> laiKh'd at iiastinirs 
 
 These founders of tlie House of holds wcie gii-cdy and fci'o- 
 laous (IraLioons, sons of trrc^'dy and ferocious ]iirat<'s. Tliey 
 wf^reall alike; they took everything they could carry. Tliey 
 hin'iied,]iarried, violateil. toriun (hand killed, inilil everything 
 I'nglish was hrought to the \erge of ruin, .'^uch, however, i.s 
 lh(^ illusion of antiquity ami wealth, that decent and dignified 
 men now existing hoast their descent from tln^se jietty 
 thieves, who showe(l a tar juster conviction oi' their own 
 
 merits, liv assumin'' 
 
 lor 
 
 th 
 
 ■ir tyi>es ihe swme, 
 
 oat, 
 
 acK 
 
 'ih 
 
 h'Oj)ai'(l, wolf, and snaki;, which they severally res(^mliled. 
 
 'It tof>k many generations to trim, and coinh, and perfume 
 
 the first hoat-load of Nor-e pirates into royal highiiesse- 
 
 iind 
 
 most nohle kniL'hts of th 
 
 I'ter : hut every sparkle of orn 
 
 m 
 
 eiit dates hack to the Norse hoat.'" — J-Jinjlish Truils. 
 
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 Photographic 
 
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 23 WEST IVtAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
 
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 — 92 — 
 
 patent erecting the seigniory of Longueuil into a barony : 
 it is to be found in the Register of the proceedings of 
 the Superior Council of Quebec, letter B, page 131, and 
 runs thus : " Louis, by the Grace of God, King of 
 France and Navarre, to all present. Greeting : It l)eing 
 an attribute of our greatness and of our justice to 
 reward those whose courage and merit led them to per- 
 form great deeds and taking into consideration the 
 services which have been rendered to us by the late 
 Charles Le Moyne (1), Esquire, Seigneur of Longueuil, 
 who left France in 1640 to reside in Canada, where his 
 valour and fidelity were so often conspicuous in the 
 wars against tlie Iroqiuiis, that our governors and heu- 
 tenaut governors in that country employed liim con- 
 stantly in every military expedition, and in every 
 negotiation or treaty of peace, of all which duties he 
 ac([uittetl himself to their entire satisfaction; — that 
 after him, Charh^s Le Moyne, Esquire, his eldest son, 
 desirous of imitating the e.xamjile of his father, bore 
 arms from his youth, either in France, where he served 
 as a lieutenant in the Regiment ile St. Laurent, or else 
 as captain of a naval detachment, in Canada, since 1687, 
 nhere he had an arm shot off by the Iroquois when 
 tiuhtinii' near Lachiuc;, in which combat seven of his 
 brothers were also engaged ; — that Jacques Le Moyne 
 de Ste, Helene, his brother, for his gallantry, was made 
 a captain jf a naval detachment, and afterwards fell at 
 the siege of Quebec, in 1690, leading on with his elder 
 brother, Charles Le Moyne, the Canadians against I'hips, 
 where his brother was also wounded ; that another 
 brother, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, captain of a sloop 
 of war, served on laud and on sea, and captured Fort 
 Corlard in Hudson's Hay, and still commands a frigate ; 
 that Joseph Le Moyne ile Bienville was commissioned 
 
 i 
 
 k 
 
 h ! 
 
 (1) He was nephew to the celebr.ated Surgeon Adrien 
 Duchesne, his protector at Quebec. 
 
— 93 
 
 an eiisiuii in the said navnl (U'tficliniont, and was killed 
 by the Ivofiuois in the attack on tlujjdace called Kejen- 
 tigny ; that Louis Le Moyne de Chateanguay, when 
 acting as lieutenant to his hrother, d'Iberville, also fell 
 in the taking of Fovt Boinlion, in the Hudson's Bay ; 
 that Panl Le Moyne de JMariconrt is an ensign in the 
 navy, and cajitain of a conipany in the naval tletach- 
 nieiit, acting in the cajjacity of ensign to his brother 
 d'Jberville; that, in carrying out onr intentions for set- 
 tling Canada, the said CliarlisT.e Moyne, the eldest son, 
 has sjient large sums in establishing inhabitants on the 
 domain and seigniory of Longm;nil, which conij>rise'! 
 about two leagues in breadth on the St. Lawrence, anil 
 three leagues and a half in dejitli, the whole held from 
 us with haute, moyevne et }ia.%H' justice, wherein he i- 
 now striving to establish three parishes, and whereat, 
 in order to jjrotect the residents in times of war, he has 
 h^i\ erected at his own cost a fort sup})orted by four 
 - ''ong towers of stone and masonry, with a guardhouse. 
 Several large dwellings, a line church, bearing all the 
 insignia of nobility; a spacious farm yard, in which 
 there is a barn, a stable, a sheep-])en, a dove-cot, and 
 other buildings, all of which are within the area of the 
 said fort; next to which stand a tnnial mill, a fine 
 brewery of masonry, together with a large retinue of 
 servants, horses and equipages, the cost of which 
 buildings amount to some 60,000 livres ; so much so 
 that this seigniory is one of the most valuable of 
 the whole country, and the only one fortified and built- 
 up in this way ; that this has powerfully contri- 
 buted to protect the inhabitants of the neighboring 
 seigniories ; that this estate, on account of the exten- 
 sive land clearings and work done and to ])o done on it, is 
 of great value, on which thirty \\orkmen are employed ; 
 that the said Charles Le Moyne is now in a position to 
 hold a noble rank on account of his virtue and merit : 
 for which consideration we have thought it due to our 
 sense of justice to assign not only a title of honor 
 
04 — 
 
 1 i '^ 
 
 to the estate and seigniory of Loiigueuil, but also to 
 confer on its owner a proof of an honorable distinction 
 which will pass to posterity, and which may apjjear to 
 the children of the said Charhis hi Moyne, a reason and 
 inducement to follow in their fatlier's footsteps : For 
 these causes, of our special grace, full power and royal 
 authority. We have created, erected, raised and decor- 
 ated, and do create, erect, raise and decorate, by the 
 ])resent ]iatent, signed by (Hir own baud, the said estate 
 and seigniory of Longueuil, .situated in our country of 
 Canada, into the name, title and dignity of a barony ; 
 the same to be pca(3f^^'nlly and fully enjoyed by the said 
 Sieur Charles Le Moyne, liis children and heirs, and 
 the descendants of the same, born in legitimate wedlock, 
 held under our crown, and subject to fealty (fol ef 
 lioiiiiiKiijc avec if^nomJyrerneiit) according to the laws 
 of our kin«nl(jin and the custom of Paris in force in 
 Cauada, together with the name, title and dignity of a 
 baron ; — it is our ])leasure he shall designate and ([ualify 
 himself baron in all dcc^ds, judgments. &c. ; tliat he shall 
 enjoy the light of arms, heraldry, honors, jirerogatives, 
 rank, precedence in time of war, in meetings of the 
 nobility, Sec, like the other barons of our kingdom — 
 that the vassals, arvibr-vaftsa.nx, and others depending 
 of llie .said .seigniory of Limgueuil, nohhiaant cf eii 
 rofure, shall acknowledge the said Charles Le Moyne, 
 his heirs, assigns, as barons, and pay them the (U'dinary 
 feudal homage, which said titles, Sec, it is our pleasure, 
 shall l.te in.serted in proceedings and sentences, had or 
 rend(ired by cnurts of justice, without, however, the said 
 vas.sals l)eing held to perform any greater homage than 
 
 they are now liable to Tin';.; deed to be euregistered 
 
 in Canada, and the .said Charles Le Moyne, his children 
 and assigns, to be maintained in full and jieaei'ful 
 enjoyment (A' the rights hereiji conferred, 
 
 "Tiiis d(»ue at Versailles, the 27th January, 1700, in 
 the liftieth year uf our reign. 
 
 " (Signed) 
 
 Louis," 
 
— Do — 
 
 We have here in iininistakable terms a royal jiatent 
 conveying to the Great Louis' loyal and brave Canadian 
 subject and his heirs, rights, titles, ]»rerogatives, vast 
 enough U) make even the mouth of a Spanish grandee 
 water. It is a little less comprehensive than the text of 
 the jtarchment creating Nova Scotia knights, but that 
 is all. 
 
 The claims of the Longueuil family to the ])eaceable 
 enjoyment of their honur are set (brth so lucidly in the 
 i'ullowing document, that we shall insert the manuscript 
 in full ; — it was written in I'aris by an educated En«dish 
 gentleman, M. Falccniei'. 
 
 " When I was in (Junacla, in I<S4'J, a iHnvsiia|>i'rin Montreal 
 contained some weekly almse of the Baron Grant <le Lon- 
 gueuil, on account oi' his assuming tiie title oi JJaron de Lon- 
 gueuil. it appeared to me to be somewhat remaikahle that a 
 pajier which vt'ry freely al)used people forheing reimhlieans, 
 and effected a wondeit'iil reverence for inonarchial institu- 
 tions, should uiiike the i)Ossession of monarchial honors, in a 
 country professedly governed hy monarchial institutions, the 
 ground of frecjuent personal abuse, and was certainly a very 
 inconsiderate line of conduct. 
 
 '•But it was in fact the more blanieable, as the jiossession 
 of that honor by Baron de Longueuil is connected with some 
 liistori<'al events in which every <'anadian ought to feel a 
 priile, as being part of the history of his coiuitry. 
 
 •• f can of coursi' only give a short note of the family of 
 Longueuil. 
 
 " in the eaily settlement i)\' (.'ana<la, one of the most 
 distinguished men in the service of (jovernment was C'hai'les 
 Le ^loyne ; he was in the war with the Inxjuois, and contri- 
 buted very materially to the pacification of the country and 
 the thdence ol' the i'rontiei'. lie dad tdeven sons and two 
 daughters ; the names of the sons weie — 
 
 "' 1st. Sieur Charles Le Moyne, Itaron ile Longueuil. II(> ^ 
 was Lieiift'iiiint <lii mi de la ril/e ef <ji>iiccrnKiinnl de Mouir^al. 
 Il(! was killed at Sai'atoga, in a severe action. 
 
 •' 'Jud. Sieur .)ac(iues Le .Moyne de .Sainte-IIelene. lie t<'ll 
 liravely at the siege of (Quebec in Hi'.IO, was iiurried, in tin* 
 (.'iiiiclitre (hn raiirrcs, in rear of the Hotel Dieu, at <iuei)ec. 
 
 "3rd. Pieri-e Le Moyne (.I'Iberville, who was boin at ^L)n- 
 treal. in I0()2, was the third son. lie made his first voyaged to 
 sea at fourteen years of age. In lG8t>, he was in an expedition 
 to Huflson's Bay, under .Sieur de Troyes. In the same year 
 
— 00 — 
 
 the Miirt|ni.s de Dciionville iiuule liiin comnmiidei' of a toit, 
 estublislied in this iiK\ 'itioii, ami for his conduct in this 
 ))()st he rcooivcd the thanks of the (Jovernor of (Janada. In 
 l('i9(), with lus hrothcr, de Sainte-Helone, lie attacked some 
 IiO(iuois villages, and prevented the attack of so iie Indians 
 on Lacliine and La Chenaye. lie was luaile captain f>f a 
 frigate in i()',»2 — his instructions i)eing dated Ilth April of 
 the sam<! year. In lt)94 he made an attack on Fort Bourhon, 
 wiiere his hrother, de Chateauguay, was kilh'd — l)ut the fort 
 was taken. < >n the 21st Octoher, lt')',).5, M. de Pontchartrain 
 wrote to hiin a Iftter of ooniiiiendation. In I'JOG he carried 
 troops to Acadia, lie visited France in 16'.)S. He left it with 
 three vess»ds, in order to make a settle aient in the Missis- 
 sippi ; he was the first pensonof European origin who entered 
 tiie Mississipi fro;ii t\u' sea ; he ascended the river nearly one 
 hundred leagues, established a garrison, and returned to 
 France in l(»'j'.) ; in conserjuenceof this success, he was decor- 
 ated with the cro^is of the order of Saint Louis. In IfiOil he 
 was again sent to the Mississippi ; his instructions were dated 
 li2nd September of the same year, and directed him to make 
 a survey of the country and endeavor to <liscover min<!s ; 
 this voyage was successful, and he returned to France in 1700, 
 and was again sent to the ^Iississi)>pi, in 1701, his instructions 
 being dated .\ugust li7th, of that year ; ho returned to France 
 in I702, and was made "Capitaine de vaisseau.'' On July ")th, 
 170(i, he again sailed for the Mississipi, charged with a most 
 important command; but in 1706, on July 9th, this most 
 distinguished discoverer and navigi'tor tliedat llavannah. lie 
 was l)orn at Arontreal, and olitained an immortal reputation 
 in the two worlds. 
 
 '• 4tli. Paul Le Moyne de ilaricourt, ca7>?7«me (Viine cnmpa- 
 </nk de hi marine. He died from exhaustion and fatigue in an 
 e.Kjiodition against the Iroquois. 
 
 " oth. Joseph Le Moyne de Serigny, who served with his 
 brother, d'lberville, in all his naval expeditions ; we subse- 
 quently fintl him holding a lieutenant's commission in the 
 navy at Uochefoit. 
 
 " tjth. Francois Le Moyne de Bienville, o/h'eier dela marine. 
 The Iroquois surrounded a house in which he and forty others 
 ,wcre located, and, setting tire to it, all except one perished 
 in the Hames. 
 
 " 7th. Louis Le Moyne de Chateauguay, officier de la marine. 
 He wa^5 killed by the English at Fort Bourbon — afterwards 
 called Fort Xelson by the English, in 1694. 
 
 " 8th. Gabriel Le 5loyne d'Assigny — died of yellow fever, 
 in St. Domingo, where he had been left bv his brother, 
 d'lberville, in 1701. 
 
 " 9th. Antoine Le Moyne — died young. 
 
 i I 
 

 *' lOtli. .rwiii Biii)tiste Lt' Moyiio de Bienvillf, ' Knight of 
 tlie Order of St. Louis," wliosts nuiiiri is still it'inoinld'rcd with 
 honor among the peoplo of New Orleans ; he was, with his 
 brother, a founder of that eity, and Lifiilenant tin Roy d la 
 Louisiane, in the (Jovernuient of the Colony. 
 
 " llth. Antoino LoMoyne de Chateau<;uay, second of the 
 name Caiiifdlvc (i'lme coiii]>ai/iiie de la Mariiiv u la JjUHi.iiatie. 
 lie married Dame Marie Joanne Emilie des l''redailles. 
 
 " Such are tiie names of eleven sons ; ten of wliom hoiKfi- 
 ahly, and with tlistinction, served in the government of tiieir 
 country, receiving in the new colonies tii(> honors and rewanls 
 of the King, who made no distinction Itetween tiie horn 
 <.'aiiadian and th<' European. 
 
 •' There were two daughters, sistcirs of the al)ove ; tiie eldest 
 mai'ried Sieui'<le Noyan, a naval oHicer, and the se("onil Sieur 
 de la Chassagne. 
 
 '•In a memorial of M. de Bienvide, dated New Orleans, 
 .lanuary liJth, 172;^, after setting I'orth his services, ht> des- 
 cribes himsidf as Chevalier of the older of St. Loui.'-, and 
 Commander (jren<;ral ot the Province of houisiaiui; he sfates 
 in it, that of e/ecc// brothers, oidy four wei'e then surviving : 
 Baron de Jjongueuil, himscdf, Bienville, Serigny, and <"hateau- 
 guay, aiKi that they had all received the cross of Knights of 
 St. houis. 
 
 " Tlie patent creating the Seigniory of liongueuil into a 
 barony is dated I'Jth May, UID',). It "relates that the late 
 Charles Le Moyne, Seigneur of Longneuil, emigrated from 
 France to (,'anada in 1040, and had highly distinguished him- 
 self upon many occasions — tiiat his son, Charles Le Moyne, 
 had liorne arms from an early age, and that-lacipies Le Moyne 
 tie Sainte llelene, was killeil by the English at the head of 
 his company when <iuob(!c was attacked, on which <»ccasion, 
 the said Charles Le Moyne, leading on the Canadians, was 
 also wounded. It also names with lionor d'lberville, de Bien- 
 ville, de Chateaugnay, de Maricourt. The patent then states 
 that on account of the services ri'iulered i)y the family, Louis 
 XIV had determined to give to the Seigniory of fiOngueuiljiib 
 well as to the said Charles Le Moyne himself, a title of honor, 
 in order that an honorable distinction should pass to poste 
 rity, anil be an object of ttniuiation to his childien to follow 
 llie example which had been set to them. It therefore creates 
 and erects the Seigniory of Longneuil into a barony, to be 
 enjoyed by the said Charles Le Moyne, his chililren and suc- 
 ci'ssors, et rt//aH/.v cause, and that they should enjoy the honors, 
 rank and precedence in the assembly of nobles, as are enjoyed 
 by other barons of the kingtlom of France. 
 
 " This patent is remarkable thereforefor creating a territo- 
 rial barony — that is, whosoever possesses Longueuil, whether 
 
n« 
 
 — (»8 — 
 
 iiial(! or f'oniule, is entitled to tlie title and ilistinction of a 
 liaion of the kingdom of Francf. I ha<l some <Ioiihts if it was 
 so, l)ut submitted the case to a very eminent lawyer, at Paris, 
 who assures me tliat there ean he no disj)ute on the suhject. 
 
 •' Then; was another barony erc^cted ni Canada, in IfiTl, in 
 favor of >I. Talon, the Intondant of the Province: it was 
 called (I) * La terre des Islets,' which I believe is at this time 
 owikmI by some religious community. However, 1 have ])ointed 
 out above th«! title which, under a monarchy, this family has 
 to distinction in Canathi. 
 
 " 'Ihe cession of Canada by France to England made no 
 clianf.'(^ in the legal right to hold honors, and a title to honors 
 is !is much a legal right as a title to an estate. 
 
 '• No jierson by the cession was dejjrived of any legal 
 right. At ^lalta, the old titles oi' honor are resjiected, and 
 the (^ueen recognises them in the commissions issued in her 
 name in Malta. Whatever right French noblemen had in 
 C.aiiada under tiie French government continues at this time : 
 in this instance the honoris gn-ater than most titled Euro- 
 pean lamdit's can boast of. 
 
 •' It is not, iiowever, as a family matter I regard it. 1 wish 
 you to remark that it was a Canadian who discovmed tiu' 
 Mississippi from the sea, (La Salle liaving failed in tiiis though 
 lie reached tiie sea, sailing down tlie Mississijijii), and also 
 that the first and n;ost celebrated (iovernor (ieiu'ral of Loui- 
 siana was a French Canailian." 
 
 llcrt^ cikIm i\I. Falcoiur'.s alJy written ]»ii]iei'. Tlie 
 L(! M(iyne originally de^cc^nded from the Ooiuit of 
 Salagiie, en liii^caye, \vho oiilisted on the side of 
 L'liarlt'.s Yll, in 1428. This count inariied Marguerite 
 dc la Treiuoiiille, daiiL-liler of the Count des Guines, and 
 Ciiand ClKCiiihclldn ile Frmice, one of tlie oklest fami- 
 lies of the Kingdom. We must now leave to our readers 
 to decide, and we are willing also to aceejit fur the 
 house of Longueuil (2) the motto — 
 
 Sur cett<- terre encoi' sauvage 
 Les vieux litres sont inconnus ; 
 La noljlesse est dans Ic coui'age, 
 Dans ies talents, dans les vertus." 
 
 'i 
 
 (1) Chateau Bigot stands within its limits. 
 
 (2) The Baron de Longueuil was succeeded by his son 
 Ciiarles, born lUth December, ItJiVj. Ile serve<l (juite young 
 
— 99 — 
 
 The oi'iicioiis act of Queen Victoria, in officiully 
 recoguisiiiL^ the rank ami title of Baron tie Jxiigneuil, 
 tlie most ilistin«'nisheil colonist under the French reuinie 
 whilst it rendered tardy jnsti<;e to etilonial merit, has, 
 
 in till" luiny, wIkmb he distinizuishcd liiiiisclf, uud died (fov- 
 •M'lior of ^loiiti't'iil, ITtli otMiiiiiijuv, 172'.*— lio was tlic tatlicr 
 of upwiirds of liftt'oii ciiildreii, '['\iv tliini Iwiroii of I.oiiguoiiil 
 
 wa- 
 
 Cliiirlfs Jan<|iii's Lo Moyin', boiii at tin^ ('astlc of I 
 
 ,oii- 
 
 gin'uil, 'ititli 'Inly, 1724; In- oonunauiicd tlio troo|)s at the 
 Ijattlc of MonoiigalH'la, '••tli .Inly. i7."i."». lie was also made 
 Clu'valitM' (If St. Lonis and (lovcrnor of ^lontroal, and di''d 
 whilst serving nndctr iiaron Dioskan, as tlui Marqnis of Van- 
 di'ouil state's in ono of liis disjiatcln's, the >'tli S('])tt'nil)i'r. 
 K.'j.'), at ;>] years of ugc. tlu' victim of Indian trcaclicry on the 
 liordcr of Lake <loorg('. His widow was rciiiaii'if.'d l)y s[M'cial 
 liccnsif. at Montreal, on the Iltli S('|pti,'m!)er, I77U, to tlio 
 Ifon. William (irant, l{ec!iMV('r-(joiu'raI of the I'rovincc of 
 (,'anada ; there was no issue from tliis second marriage, and 
 on the death of tlie third l)aron tlu! harony reverted to his 
 only daughter, Marie (Jhiirles .Iosei)hte Le Moyno de Longueuil, 
 who assumed the title of liaroness after the death of Jier 
 mother, wiio (Wpired on the 20th Felirnary, 1 7S2. at the age 
 ofS;)y(vU's. She was married in Quehcc, on the 7th May, 
 17S|,'to ('aptain David Alexander <irant, of the *.t4th, liy the 
 I\ev. I), f'rancis de Momnolin, ehaplam to the forces, ('apt. 
 (irant was a ni>piiew ofthe Ifonoi'ahle William ( Jrant : his son 
 the llonoiahle ("hai'les Willia^u (irant, was fourth haron, 
 a member of the Legislative Council of (.'anada, and seigneur 
 of the barony of Longueuil. He assume<l the title of 
 Baron of Longueuil on the <leath of Ji 
 
 not her, which 
 
 event occurred on the 17th Kebruary, 1S41. He married 
 Miss N. Coffin, a daughttM' of Ailmiral CotHn, and died at iiis 
 I'esidence, Alwing House, at Kingston, oth .Inly, 1S4S, aged 
 6S. His remains were transferred for bin-ial in his barony. 
 The fifth baron who assumed the title mari'ied in IS4',I, a 
 southern lady, and for a time resiiUid at Alwing House, at 
 KiMirston. The house of Longueuil is connected l)v niari'ia'io 
 
 with the Babys, DcBeanjeu.' 
 
 LeM 
 
 ome 
 
 De M 
 
 ontena 
 
 >h, Del 
 
 naiidieres, De Gaspes, Didagorgendieivsaml several other old 
 families in (."anada. 
 
 (Since these lines were written, a lull History of Longueuil 
 has been pulilislie<l in Montreal by Messrs Alex. .lodoin and 
 J. L. Vincent, with a ground Plan of the Baron's Fort and 
 Chateau, at Longueuil). 
 
 iM 
 
•n. 
 
 — loo — 
 
 jilso had for cfleet to (\v»\v attention, to a ]pluisf' in our 
 annals, at one time oli.sctiroly kiunvn : the rosidi.'nt 
 IVcnch noliilily. Ahliongh ]»iiinitive; Canada, caiTJcs 
 on lui' I'sculcheon, many tii' the I'anions nanus of old 
 France : iJicliclieii, tiie riiiMe ci' Conde, tlie niai(|uis do 
 la Jidcho, the connl of .Sois,'e(»ns, hi chovaliev de JMontnia- 
 j;ny, Laval, the niaKpiis of Tracy, count La Galis^on- 
 niere, the marcjuis of J^eauharnois, the niaii|uis of 
 jNL.iitealni, J.evi, !-e\(ial of these |iroutl dignitaries, 
 tlwiULih \\ateliing over the cradh^ of IJie nascent colony, 
 were never lesidents of Niav Kranic. 
 
 A nninoir (1) of lG(i7, attributed to Inteiidant 'J'alon, 
 nn ntiors that the nohility " La Noblesse " counts but 
 four old nobles, in the colony, adding that four othei' 
 hi luls of i'anulies, AV( re honoied the year jireviotis, by 
 the French King, w ilh Lvilns <l<. ^t'(^h/cs.st — in addition 
 to the noble s among army ollici-rs, w ho had settled in 
 Canada, the worthy Intendant, thinks this numlter 
 insutlicent to u]liold the king's authority ami suggests 
 to the mniistei', that Jlis Majesty should increase it by 
 seniling in blank, eight Hoy al Patriits of nobility for 
 eight of tlie most meritorious colonists, to be selected ; 
 such ]!ractice having taken ])lace the year previous." 
 
 In a subsequent memoir (2), attributed to Intendant 
 Hoc(|uart, and apiJorently written about 1736 when 
 the lilanjuis de 13eauharnois was Governor and Hoc- 
 (juart Jntendant, it is stated that " there were a few 
 noble families in Canada, but that so numy sons are 
 born to them, that it produces a number of Gevfih- 
 liommes, younger sons, of gentle birth to be provided 
 for. 
 
 ■ ! 
 
 (1) M6inoire sur V6tut 2>i'6sent dn Canada, Mob'. Docunionts 
 l»ul)li6s en 1840, par la iioci4t4 Liit6rairc et llistorique, 
 Quebec, p. 5. 
 
 (2) M^nioire snr le Canada, d'apres un manuscrit, aiix 
 
 Archives «le la Marine, A Pari.«, 1736, p. 2 Document public 
 
 par la HocWe Litftruirc it Hintoriqiie, Quebec, 1840. 
 
 \ 
 
 *. 
 
 » 
 
— 101. — 
 
 The ineiuoir thon nuotes as follows, the names of 
 these leading' families : 
 
 Famiuks. 
 " Lr <t ari)i:ur.,.. 
 
 Braxciies. 
 
 f Hepentigny, 
 .< C<»ni'colk', 
 (Tilly (It! Boiiuvais. 
 
 rDonvM <lo la Koiide, 
 
 Dexv"» I Do St. Simon, 
 
 (Boniiavonture. 
 
 D'All.l.KIloUT 
 
 BorciiKu (I). 
 
 /■l'erif.'ny, 
 I >raiitliet, 
 
 D'Aru'eiitoiiil, 
 
 Dcs Moiisstuiu. 
 
 Cctto t'ainillo est ptaMlo a Boiiclior- 
 villo, iiics (le Montreal, i/aine 
 <|ui t'st age cle prcs de qiiativ- 
 vinu'tilix ans, a plus do cent (|ua- 
 tir-vinizt ili.v enl'antis, pt'tits on- 
 I'aiit-i, IV("'i'('.s, nevciix ot petits 
 nevoux. 
 
 COXTRECIKL'F 
 
 (^OXTRECiKL'F! r 
 
 La V.vr.Tuii-; I 'Pontes cos taniillos viennentdu legi 
 
 St. Ofus .' nitMut do Oarignan, onvoye or 
 
 I- 
 on 
 
 Mkmhsks I Canada on IfiGT. 
 
 Tai!I{IE(i i)k I. a Pi': kadi:. 
 
 Lc^roYxr.... 
 
 .. C'est la raniillo des Longuonil. 
 
 AuitERT. 
 
 I 
 
 1Iei;ti:i, fC'os ddix f'a:nillos sont tros nom- 
 
 fiouEFiiitY \ hronsos.'' 
 
 Da.moius - 
 
 i 
 
 1'lie uunnoir iiinoiig otlier inaKcrs .suggests, that of 
 resoi'ving for the sons of the Canadian nol)ility eomniis- 
 
 (I) The family of the vonerablo Govornor of Thieo-Rivers, 
 Piorro Bouohor, has branched otl'into many septs and revives 
 to this day, in the (Boucher) de LaBruyoro, de Montizambert, 
 de Xiverville, do Montarville, de Grosbois and alii. 
 
— 102 — 
 
 t r 
 
 sinus in tlic VrcnfOi iiiivy " so as in draw closer to tlio 
 inntht'r-county, tliu ('iuiadian nobles and the settlers. " 
 
 A ctirsory <,'lanee at the above, " will show that with 
 the exceiitinn of the LeMoyne, the St. Ours, the Bou- 
 cher, the oth>'r,s uauu'(l have well nif,'h (li,sa]»]ieare<l, as 
 notable families in Caniula. Tlie third I'aron <le Lnn- 
 <,MU'uil, who was killed in the aetion at Ticouderona, in 
 ]7-'»o, left one (iaunhler, who sueceeded liini as Baro- 
 ness de T.ou^Mieuil in hei' o\\ u rij^dit. Her cousin as the 
 male heir, bi'ouf^ht an action cliiimiuu the title. The 
 case Wiis tried in I'aris, and the Hiuh Court deci<led 
 aj,'ainst him. This hiily married (,'ii]it. (Irant, of the 
 !)4th ilej^iuMMit, and tlii! title dcst'emled tlir<*u;j;h her to 
 her >nn, «4riind-l'atli< 1' of (,'harles C'oluiore (Irant, the 
 present Pmron <le Loimueinl. 
 
 In a rejily te " Moili'in Soc'u-li/," a Tiondou jnurnal, 
 Avho iiiid as-^erted that " the title of I'aron dc I.on- 
 j:U(MiiI jiossesscd no leyal existence " the Uaron wrote : 
 
 " Wlii'ii my liitlici' (li<'<i I (It'tcrmiiuMl that unless the title 
 wi-ro oHiciiilly ackiiowlcilm-d | would not use it. f thcrclbrt; 
 lirouj:lit the iimttcr liolorc tho ''anailian (lovciiuiicnt. claim- 
 ing' till' recofiiiition ol' the till*' l)y II or Majesty. Af'tcr u most 
 seairliiiu; invcsti-'ation tlicv (iccided that, accordiu'' to the 
 
 law of Canada, the title ic^'allv existed tl 
 
 ere 
 
 an<i that under 
 
 the tieaty l>y uhieh <';ina<la was eedeil to Kn^'land f was 
 sti'it'tly within my I'ij^ht in flaiuiin,<.' an otHeial reeoimition of 
 it. The i^laim was aeeordiu^ly ibiwai'th'd iiy the Canadian 
 < i<iveriinient to the ('(jjonial ( illiee, who a^'ain suhjeeted it to 
 a >triit inxestiiration. Alter some delay, caused hy (|!iestions 
 \vhich aro>e lieiweiu the two (lovii'uuients on intoiiiational 
 law as allecliuf; the case, the Secretai'y of .State for the 
 Colonies; suhmitted till' (juestion to Her Majesty in person, 
 who was ^liuidUnly jdeased tf> j/ive oicleis for the reco;.'nit ion 
 to he at once accoi'ded. It was irazetted. and I was jiresented 
 at the next I.evee liy the Secndary of .State for the Colonies (1) 
 as upon the lecoiiuition ol' the title. The matter from the 
 heginning was a strictly legal (|uestion, and was settled in a 
 
 (])"Tl»e Queen helda DrawingRoomat Huckingham Palace 
 on the 25th of Fehruary, lS8i, when the following presenta- 
 tations were made: Haronessde hongueuil,hy theCountessof 
 Kimlierlej', also Baron de J^ongueuil, of Longuenil, Province 
 
— ] 03 — 
 
 ■<tri(!tly lofiti] tnaniuM- throti^li tlio proper chiuinol ; intoiost 
 liail iiothii);{ to <lo with it. I itiiiy ii<l<l tliut tlu> title is 
 historio in Cimatla, ami that tlio l)Mronv Ijolongs to me now," 
 
 [Prom Quebec MorniiKj C/irniiMe, 3Uth DeoemlxT, ISSO.] 
 
 A NT.W ll.VRO.V l)K I.IIXOIJKUII.. 
 
 We art- pfinittcd to cxtnitit fiom a letter l)y yt-itt'iilay's 
 mail, to oiir rtllowtownsmaii, .1. M. iicMMiiic, IVom ("liailcs 
 <V)lmoi'(' (iraiit, E.-^i{., of Loinlon, I'liclosin^i tli(^ t'olidwinjj! 
 oftU'ial exfi'i'ii I'miu tlio London ()//irial (lazi-tle, irsiiscitating 
 tlio most honored Frontih title of the Provin(!e of Quflxu-. 
 
 Rxtiact IVomtho " London Ga/ftto" oi'DocH-mberTtli, ISSd: 
 
 " Downing Street, Decenii)ei- 4th, If^SO. 
 
 " The (Juoen has heen jrracioiisly pleased to recognise tln^ 
 claim oC (,'harles (V)lnioio (irant, Ksq., to the title ni' liiiion 
 d(! Longueuil, ol Longiieuil, in the I'rcn'inoe ol' Qiiehee, 
 Canaiia. 
 
 " This title was oonrorred upon his ancestor (Jliarlos Lo 
 
 of (^ueliec^, ('anadii, (on recognition of tlit^ title) Ky the 
 Secretary ot State for the (,'olonies. " 
 
 " Deh'rett's Peerage'" for ISM thus writcsof" (.'anaila's only 
 Baron " : — The lecent leeognition liy Her Majesty of a Cana- 
 dian liarony in an exccjitional circumstance, and the gentle- 
 man (Haion de Longueuil) whoso title has Leon acknowledged 
 liolds th(* remarkalilt' position of being the oidy snliject of 
 the Queen who is a colonial poei', and who at the sini;*- time 
 has not any pi'ocedonce. The feudal harony is entirely 
 exceptional, an<l is the oidy (,'anadian hereditary title e.\i-t- 
 ing. The patent of nohility signed hy King Louis Xl\', 
 granting this title to Charles Le Moyne for distinguished 
 services i.i romarkahle as cieating not oi\ly a territorial 
 harony, hut also conferring a title of honour on himself and 
 his descH^ndants, whether maUi or teniale. The cession of 
 Canada to England Ly the Treaty of J'aris, in 17(i;i, made no 
 change in the legal right to hold honors. Sinoe this peiiod 
 each successive head of the family has, by assumption of right, 
 used the title; but it was not officially recognize<l liy the 
 British Government until December 4th, 1880. 
 
— 104 
 
 ^t ' 
 
 Mnyne, by Letters Patont of Nobility, signed by King Louis 
 XIV, in the year 1700." 
 
 •' 18 South Park Lane, 
 
 London, December, 1880. 
 
 Dear Mr. Le Moyne, 
 
 I wiito to ti'll yo'i the news whioh 1 am sure will interest 
 you: the QiKii'U lias recognised my claim to the title of my 
 family. 1 i-nclose you a cutting from the Gazette, giving the 
 official recognition 
 
 I need hardly say, that 1 feel very proud to have been the 
 means of rescuing an old ami honored name in the history 
 of our country from oblivion and of showing the world, not 
 only that in (lays gone-i)y Canada gave birth to men who left 
 their mark upon the times ni which they lived, but also that 
 the Canada of to-day is not ashamed to honor their memory 
 in till- person of their descA'ndants. Foi' this result 1 havf^ 
 greatly to thank Sii' .lolni Maciiouald and Lord Lorne 
 
 ^ly thanks are also due to yotuself for youi' kindness iri 
 assisting ni" with icg.ird to tiie history of my family, and 1 
 hope next spring to have the pleasure of seeing you again 
 and conveying my thanks in person. 
 
 With kin<l regards, b(du've me. 
 
 Yours sincerely, 
 
 (i. DK LoNGin:rii., 
 
 ^^. Le Moyne, Esq., 
 
 Spont'cr drangt', Quebec. 
 
 Il 
 
ST. LOnS SFREI-T-ITS SIOIIIKI) I'AST. 
 
 f-^-i 
 
 One of those soft, bright Septeniher ('veuiuys, just as 
 tlie lesseniii";' lieains of the settiii,^,- sun tflinted over our 
 cluncli sjiires, and over the ,uilt vane of the new city 
 gates, — Lord Dufferin's paiting tokt-n of interest in the 
 " WaHed eity of the North," I haj-jiened to be stand- 
 ing on the hifty arrli which s])ans St. Louis Gate, in com- 
 ]iany with a trusty I'riend oi' tlie Ancient Capital, Wni. 
 Kirby, F, E.S. C, tlie aihnired autlior of tlie "Golden 
 Dog" novel, — that day, my honored guest, ai 8|ieue('r 
 Crriinge. 
 
 Our gaze took in from end to end the suggestive 
 jianorania disclosed by this aiintocratic thoroughfare. 
 "Why not compare notes," said 1, "on the men and 
 incidents of the ]iast, connected with the dwellings 
 lining the street V 
 
 As I ])roceeded, quoting history and naming the old 
 ;ind new residents, my esteemed frieml, the Niagara 
 poet and novelist, seemetl as if inspired by this pensive, 
 dreamy scene. How often since have^ [ regretted not 
 helving ])revailed on him to commit to pajier his glowing 
 thoughts ? 
 
 — "St. Louis Gat(! ! "said Kirby, — "1 nn'an llu' <ild 
 gate — why that takes one back more than two huiidreil 
 veais. One would liki? to know what King Louis XIII 
 rejilitd to his far-seeing I'rinu' .Minister, Cardinal de 
 liichelieu, when he re])orted to him that a crooked 
 ]iath in wood-crowned Stadacona, leading tlu'ough the 
 forest primeval, by a narrow clearance called la Gi-diula 
 Alh'c, all tlm way to Silleiy, was named Louis street; 
 that he, Kichelien, hail ordered that his own name 
 
 ({.4 
 
 
 
 ^f^ 'S$, 
 
 
— lOG — 
 
 slioiiUl be pven to another forest-) rati i near the Coteau 
 Ste. Genevieve, now Richelieu street, and that it ran 
 ]iaralled to another uneven road, called after a pious 
 French Duchess — d'Aij^uillon street, whilst the street, 
 laid out due north parallel to St. Louis street, took the 
 name of the French Queen, the beautiful Anne ftf 
 Austria. Did tlie royal master of Versailles realise then 
 Avhat a fabulous amount of Canadian history would be 
 transacted on this rude avcuui^ oi' his ])udding cai-ital 
 in New Fiance?" "Suppnsc," said I to the jMjet, "we 
 saunter down the street as fai' as Dufferin Terrace, 
 refreshinu our memory and feasting our eyes on the 
 pageants and stirring events of yore — of which t''is 
 street has bet ii the ai'eua ?" 
 
 — "A siglit M'hich doubtless powcrl'idly ap]»ealed to 
 eveiT IJrilish hcait must have been (he spectacle pre- 
 sent. 'd at St. Louis (Jatc, on the afternoon after the 
 
 surrender of thi' keys of Qutdicc, liy dc IJamsay, to l>ri- 
 gadier General Townsliend : the LSth Sejitendjer, 1759. 
 Let us ]ieci' through the mist of years, and watelilhe 
 
 mea.sured tread of Wolft 
 
 veteran? 
 
 Thetlu'et! ('!)!! 
 
 panics of bouisbourgGriMiiidiers and some light infantry, 
 
 luder the command 'of Lt. Col. ^Murray 
 
 trcpeited 
 
 savs Caiit. Knox, their comiade in arms, " bv liltv men 
 of tlie Ifoyal Artillery and (»ne gun with lighted mateh, 
 and v.ith the l>ritish colours hoisted on its carriage, the 
 
 Union ijag being dis]ilaye(l on the citadel. 
 
 I'ali.- 
 
 Ca]itain 
 
 er witli a lal'uv Imi 
 
 at the >anie tnut 
 
 took 
 
 ,ly of si'simen and inferior ollicer: 
 lo-^sessioii of the lowl(»wn,and 
 
 hoisted colours on the summil of tlie d-clivity (Moun- 
 tain Hill) leading from the high to lie low town " 
 
 Halt ! says ^Murray to his victorious nuui, on leaching 
 through the battered city, " tlu; grand parade (the King) 
 where the llau-eun Mill be Iclt-frontinu' the \ln\n auai'd. " 
 
 Such says this contem]iorary historian, Capt. John 
 Knox, of the 4.'>i'd, the modi' of taking possession of 
 ()ueliec. 
 
 \* 
 
— 107 
 
 — " There, on your right, I added, is the steep, winding 
 ascent to our ftinious Citadel, built on jdans originated 
 about 1756, by the celebrated engineer do Lery and 
 submitted by the Uoyal Engineers, ai)i)roved of by the 
 Duke of Wellington, and constructed, 1821-o2, at a 
 cost of 5525,000,000. Up to I60o, the French ha<i not 
 thouglit necessary to fortify Cn\ni Diamond ; in IGlU, 
 St. Louis and St. John's gates were erected. In 1775, 
 Capts. Gordon and Mann, II. E., had drafted a j)liiu for 
 a teni])orary (.'itadel. In 1779, it was l)ogun by Capt. 
 Twiss, H. ]'i. In 170:-!, Ca])t. Fislier reported it had 
 gone to decay and ai)]»lied at head-quarters forjilans to 
 j'rotect St. Louis and St. Jolm's gates. 
 
 Sliortly after his iiri'ival in Canada, Lord Dutferin 
 selected this very aii'v ]»ost for his summer, holiday 
 home after each Parliamentary recess. A noble terrace 
 and ball-room were since added ; Princess Louise, one 
 of Queen Victoria, daughter-!, and her consort of the 
 lordly housi' of Argyle, occupy it at the ]>resent nu:)ment. 
 Let us not intrude, at this lale hour, on the [trivacy of 
 these cultured city guests. Her 11. H. may ])o,ssibly, at 
 tin's very instsnit, be engagcMl in piiinting, fi'om the 
 Prince's Feather liastion, — a goi'geous Canadian sunsi't 
 just as th" sun g xl is giviu;; his 1 ist kiss to the greeu 
 groves of Levis and di()]i]iiiig an e.\])ii'ing ray on the 
 chasm of ])lacid waters ooO feet below, rushing their 
 Mine'.its to the ocean, whilst Lord Liu'ue is revolving 
 in his ow n mind, the best means to secure long life ami 
 success to his pet creation, the Poyal Society of Canada. 
 
 Art and Literature, stalking hand in hand; is this 
 not a winsome sight for you and me, my dear poet ? " 
 
 Put to revert to our grim, ca-^emate(l citadel, wlio 
 now will indite the garrison chrom'cles of the hundred 
 and one dashing British regiments, previouslv ipiarteretl 
 there ? 
 
 They too, had their days of scares and of dire alarms, 
 in 18;:)7-8, when those rank rebels, the Chasucitm 
 
 km 
 
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 > f'KVI' 
 
 
— 108 — 
 
 Canadiens, (1) ineditatcd mischief and were only, as 
 they later (jii pretended, prevented by a bright moon, 
 from creeping np, under the veil of night to suri)rise 
 the .sentries and take possession of the impregnaltle 
 fortiess, to which had been removed for safe-keeping, 
 the specie of our Canadian Banks. If successful, 
 according to some rabid tories of that period, las AnfflaU 
 More all to be " shot, jiiked or hamstrung !" 
 
 Life in the casemates and on the liog's back Avas not, 
 huwever, idways perilous, precarious, uncertain. Times 
 were, wh'-u returning after the Saturday tandem drive, 
 in winter, from Hilly lUitton's noted rustic hustelry, at 
 I.orette, the absorlting topic at mrss, was a jjrojected 
 garrison ball on the citadel, or a uKiose or carilwut hunt 
 on the Tv.unentian rid^e, north of (;.)ue,l)ec, or at Lc^ 
 .liii'il'nis, in rear of Haie St. Paul, under the guidance 
 of Vincent, (Jros Louis, Tidiour(.'nche or 'Lsioiii, the 
 trusted iluron Nimrods of Indian Lorette. There were 
 also for th(! jolly red coats and the city belles, days of 
 tears or of jov, wlien the rcioimeiits on their remi»val to 
 othei' garrisons, elaiuii-d oi' forgot to claim some of the 
 (Quebec or Montr.'al f.iir oU(,'s as their not unwilling 
 brides. 
 
 As we Innry ] ast, let us glance, at the gorge of the 
 west bastion 'on the aseent, tlu; s]iot, where rested 
 from the 4th •biniuiry, ].77(), to the Kith June, 1818, 
 the remains of Jbi^adier (ieneral liichai'd AIoni- 
 
 (I) To a stalutirt oM chasstin' of iSMT-S, .1. I\ Ixhoaiuiic. I 
 am inlrlitod f'oi' tlie I'orin of tlic oiitli takfu. 'IMn' oamliilitt*! 
 for initiation was ailniitte<l in a room, tlien lilindf'oUlcd ami 
 mailo to i<no('l b(;t\V(H'n two mc>n, oni' of \vhom liold a i)istol 
 to ills oar, tlic other jtointing a ponianl to iiis heart. Thr 
 form of oath was then rcail. The candidate swore to keep 
 secret tlie proceedings of ttie Pafruitis, in the approaching 
 ri ing, consenting to liave iiis tiiroat out if he failed. The 
 1 amlage was tlien rijmoved and the oath signed. 
 
 (For further particulars, see p. 'l-rl-'d of " Picturesque 
 Quebec") 
 
 ! H 
 
— 100 — 
 
 udiiury, until tlicir rciiioviil to St. T.-iul's C'linivli, 
 New York, at the icfuicst oi' Jiiiit' Liviii^stoiu', lii.s 
 sovvnwiiiL; widuw wiidliiid a ,-iiitalik' I'loimiiU'iit crcctctl 
 To liis nnnmrv. I. el us liail, as \v(- jiass the (lanisoii 
 (.'lull, I'ouiidcd (in tlic lltli S()iteniliL'r, 1870, the shailcs 
 lit" all tlio-c eniiueiit Ii'oyal Knj^iueei' (illicers, wlui, nt" 
 ynie, vied with one aiiothei' in dcvi'-iint: |>laus to make 
 (lur Coitaliee ini]ii(\unalile: CJolhi'i' ^Iaun,T\vi>s, llruyeies, 
 Dunifoi'd, Duhf-rnvc, r.y, the I'ouniler of liytown, now 
 Ottawa. In this lon,L:, low laiildiii;^, lor years the luad- 
 iiuarteis ol' the ]i(,yal KiiLiineeis, the (i>uel)ec Garrison 
 (.'Ir.linow hold-; t'oi'tli ; ( 1) adjoii iuu, etishiin(;d in Liardeii 
 I'lots and shade trees, still .stands ihe old Sewidl nianov, 
 
 CI) Tlu" early liistoiy of tlu' H. K. otlice in l^iu'licc i- inter- 
 woven not a little with niu' old system ]iievioiis to licsjioi). 
 .-ihlo Govenniu'iit, wlioii the coi!uiiinnlin.L' oiiieer of Hoyal 
 Engineers was a most important |>ersoiiaj:t', ami >efond only 
 in authority to the < ioveriior-(tenci'al himsclt'. wiio was alsf) 
 a military oificcr and commander-iii chiei'. In those days, 
 ])et'orP the Crown Lands won^ vested in the Provincial (iov- 
 ernment, the ('. ]{, E. sat at the land-lioard, in order to retain 
 resei'ves for the Crown, or for military pui'poses, and in other 
 ways to advise the ( Jovernor-tJencral in such matters; Imt 
 unfortunately all the oM and interesting records of that 
 jicriod were remove<l with the head-t|uartt'rs under Sir John 
 e»IdHeld, H. E., to Montreal, .n 18o9and tlestrov<'d i>v the great 
 fire in 18:)2. 
 
 At a very early date after the couijuest, the H. E. oHice was 
 located in a wing of the Parliament House, near Prescott 
 eiate, and also in the old Chateau .St. Eouis : but upon the 
 jiurchase of the present building, with th(> laixl attai'hed, at 
 the foot of the Citadel iiill, from .Vrchiliald Fei'giison, Esfj., 
 on the 5th -fidy, 1819, removed thither, ami there remained 
 as the C U. E. quarters imtil the witiidrawal of the tioops, a 
 tew years ago, in accordance with the eliangt^ of jiolicy in 
 England, in regard to the Colonies. rei|uiring Colonel IIa:nil- 
 ton, Ii. E., the last Imjierial Commandant of tiiis garrison in 
 JS7l,to hand it over to the eare of the Canadian ^lilitia, 
 whose pride it ever will lie to i)reserve and perpetuate the 
 memories of the army of worthies and statesmen who have 
 sat and worked within its walls.'" — {Murninj C/n-oiiicfc, 
 ChrisivHis !Su}>plemeitt, IS81.) 
 
 
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 built by Chief Justice Jonathan Sewell, in 1804, where 
 tliis eniint'Ut jurist and ripe scholar closetl his long and 
 ilistin<iuislied career, on the 12lb November, 18o9. The 
 chronicles of his s])acious, (tld mansion, now the (garters 
 ol' the eoinniandaut of V> Jjattei y, would, alone, till a 
 volume. 
 
 At the conun' of d'Auteuil and St, Louis streets, on 
 a, lot owned, in 1791, by the Chief Justict^'s father-in- 
 law, Hon. Win. Smith, an eminent U. E. Loyalist and 
 our Chief Justice in 178(», ii double, modern residence 
 now stanils. It wasoccuiiicd, in 18ti0, by our GoveriKa- 
 Gcneral, Lord Monck. Divided since, into tw(» tene- 
 ments, it is owned and tenanted by .ludu'e G. N. Bosse 
 and by Jud_ue A. 15. Jvoutliier, F.R.S.C. At the next 
 house, resided and died on the 17th Di'ceuiber, 1847, 
 the Hon. W. Smith, son of tlu; Chitif Justice and tlu; 
 author of Smith's IIit<forij of Catwda, the tirst volume 
 of which was ]iublished at (iueber, in 1815. In 1812-3 
 till! American jirisoners taicen aPDctroit, Sic, occupied 
 for a time this tenement. For years, it was the cosy 
 nuuision of the late Sheriff Alleyn, and has been since 
 fitted up and leased as the Union Club. 
 
 We have jusi walked past a wide expanse of venluie, 
 friii.ued v>ith graceful ma]»le.s and elms, sacred to mili- 
 tary evolutions, the Esjiliinade, extending from St. 
 Louis to St. John's Gate, facing the green slope, crowned 
 by the city fortifications. On our left, you can notice a 
 low, old rookery. One hundred years ago it slieltt.'red a 
 laave ('. K. Ltiyalist family, the Coliin.s ; it was since 
 ].urchasedby the City Corporation. In this penurious, 
 s([ueeze(l-up local, the Recorder daily holds his Court. 
 Xext to it, with a modern cut-stone front occurs our 
 motlest City Hall, ac(iuired from the heirs Dunn, at 
 present (jinte inailcipiate lo munici]ial requirements. 
 On one corner, opjiosite, dwells the Hon. 1'. relletier, 
 Senator ; on the other, Sir H. L. Langevin, for years 
 one of our leading statesmen. Within a stone's throw 
 up St. Ursule street, <till exists the massive, spacious 
 
 li; '■ 4* 
 
Ill — 
 
 muuisioii ot'tlie late Sir . Tamos .Stiiitrt, Bart. This oiuiiient 
 jurist clusetl tliert! his career in 18olj. Tlie house was 
 afterward houglit by his nephew, tlie late Judge of 
 Vic(!-Adiuiralty, George; Oi<ill Stuart, who expired iu 
 it, in A].ril, 1884. At the death of -ludge (Jeo. Okill 
 Stuart, this spacious houiestead, was jjurchased iu 18',t4 
 hy Mr. Win. Mcl'hersou, son of Sir i)avid Mel'herson. 
 
 One would imagine tlu^ street was predestined to be 
 the iiead-quarters of our eruiined sages, ever since the 
 Court of L(L St'itcvlidnsscc sat al);)Ut ItlCiO, at the eastern 
 end in a :>tately building, since removed. On, or near, 
 the site now stands the dwelling and study of dames 
 Duidiar, Q. (J. Let us try and name some of these 
 eminent gtnitlemen of tlie long I'olx; : dudges Lotiiiniere, 
 Maliaue, Monk, Dunn, EInisley, Sewejl, Rene Kdouartl 
 Carou, (subseejutintly a respeiited Lieutenant-Governor), 
 Van Ftdson, dos. N. l>osse, Tessier, UonaventiU'e Oaron, 
 Guillaume INdletier, G. liosse, Routhier, Duval, Ta>che- 
 reau, Vi^et, Maguire, \ai line, Cremazie, Chauveau. Tiie 
 nons ol Eseulajiius, have of late iu\aded the locality, 
 without, however, any ])ei'cepLilile incre;is" iu the dciith 
 rate ! Some barristers hav(! held out in that street for 
 mure than a half century. Sir X. F. iSelleau occupies 
 still the house he actpiired iu IHijo. One land mark 
 of our lv(!publican neighbors will some day or other 
 disappear, cooper Goljert's little sIio)i, wliere were laid 
 out, on Sunday, olst Deceml)er, ITTo, iiidiartl Mont- 
 uomerv's stilfeued remains lirouyht in from Ties-dc;- 
 Ville. Two handsome new structures now ;'(q)l;ic" the 
 Montgomery house, indicated by an insiniptioii. 
 
 There stands solitary, half-lit up by the de]iarting 
 orb (ti'day.a roomy, old, not very ornate e-ditice, fandliar 
 to you. In rear is seen fiom the street the lofty, solid 
 wall of historic Mount Carmel ; dudge Geo. J. Irvine's 
 dainty lloral walks, and some litli Loudtardy jioplars, 
 occupy the place when' of yore was er(!cted Dupout de 
 Xeuville's wind-mill and cavalier. X"o trat'c now of 
 the frowinng, three-gun battery, in }M)sition in October, 
 
 IS 
 
 
 
 
 
 :-^ 
 
 
 ^i> 1.1 
 
re 
 
 — 112 — 
 
 IttOO, ii j.oilidii <il' tlic citv (left'iK'i's auaiiist Adniiial 
 riiilis. 
 
 (ill this site, ii (Iciil ut' stiniu^ ainl.smiu; social iiiri- 
 deiits (if Cauailiau liistory wiTf; i-nactod. Hciv wns iIk; 
 iiiaiisidii, wlit'ic nil 4tli February. 1(1G7, .hid^^v !>. 
 'riit'antiv (Jliai'ticr dc Lollmiii'ic, Liculciiaiit Clcncrai of 
 the Kiviicli Kiii.u', gave tlu' first i^raiid ball in New 
 Fraiuv, jinssilily, in Xoilli Aniuritia. W'ateli tlic nia^ni- 
 ticeiit Manpiisol' Tracy, intrcducing t<i tin; dislinoiiishi'd 
 host, his gnrui-onsly, haliitcd yoiing gi;ar(l.->nicii, s|iiig,s 
 of the FrciK'h nubility; ln^ is tnllowftl by Governor de 
 Conrcelk'S, Intundaiit 'lalon and other dignitaries. 
 Siieh aiioNclty as a grand ball — among la crniK ilc hi, 
 (•)•'•■/»('' ol' society, at (V'l^'l'^'^'. did not jtass unheeded ; ii 
 )iioiis eccli'siaslic \vrote an account of it to France, 
 e.\]iressiim, hesitatinslv, the hope "that no evil results 
 nii-ht I'oliow ": • 
 
 Nearly a century kiter, stood here the liead-(iuarters 
 of llrigadev-fieneral James Muriay — the Commandant 
 at <iuebee. Old memoirs tell how rudely our iirst 
 ( iovernor's slee]) was interrupted on the uight of the 
 HGth A]iril, 17C0, by the oHieer of the watch, admitting 
 to his presence, the half-frozen French cannoiiier, A\hom 
 (Jajit. McCartney, of the sloop-of-war " Eace Horse," 
 had had rescued that uight from the ice-Hoes carried 
 by the tide jiast Quebec. JJriti.sh troo])ers conveyed 
 hiiu up Mountain Hill, to General Murray's oilicial 
 licad-quarters on ;i " sailor's hammock" . The ill- 
 fated sergeant before expiring had just, on swallow- 
 ing cordials, recovered enough strength to tell, defiantly 
 one may supjiose, the alarming tidings of the ar- 
 rival of Levi's 12,000 men at St Augustin, on their 
 march to Quebec. Sleep did not revisit the astounded 
 warrior that night. Orders were jiromptly issued for a 
 large body of troo|)S to go, at break of day, and gather in 
 Murray's detachments at the outposts, at Silleiy, Ste. 
 Fove, Ancient Lorette, t!cc. 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 ii . 
 
 
 *»-■' 
 
— 11;; — 
 
 This was not, liowever, the only exciting o.\])orience 
 the stern (}eneral was doomed to encounter, at (^ueliec. 
 On the 9th May, 17(10, writes Sergeant James Thomp- 
 son one of Murray's stalwart troopers, General Murray 
 was startled by the news of the apTiearance round 
 Poiute Levi, of a ship-of-war, the " Leostoff," a fresh 
 arrival from sea, " seen tacking across and across be- 
 tween I'ointe Levi and the oi)])osite shore." Was she 
 English or French ? As yet she had showed no colors. 
 Was she a friend from the white cliffs of old England, or 
 a foe from lirest or L'Orient? Hojje anil relief or defeat 
 and surrender ? 
 
 The news he says, "electriKed" the G(!ner,d, who 
 was at that moment " in a meditative mood, sitting 
 before the tire in the chimney ])lace." All uncertainty 
 ceased when the "Leostotf" hoisted the meteor Hag of 
 England, in response to the English colors, ordered l)y 
 Murray to be disjdayed from the Citadel. The whole 
 city guns roared out a Sidute ; on the lilth, the arrival 
 in port of the " Vangiuird " and the " Diana," other 
 english frigates, meant that the old n'glme was closed 
 for e\'er. 
 
 The French legions, e.K])ecting an immediate attack 
 on their trenches, took to flight, leaving their breakfast 
 still cooking in camp. 
 
 This solid edifice, the bright home of Judge Elmsley 
 at the dawn of the century, was subse(iuently aerpiired 
 liy the Ordanc(! Department, as an ofUcers barracks for 
 one of the regiments of British troops stationed at 
 Quebec, and has remained ever since as quarters to the 
 Dominion staff of otiicers. 
 
 A ])lau of Quebec, dated 20th ALiy, IT-'fi, .sigueil by 
 Land Surveyor Le^Iaistre-LanuiriJle, and contorsigned 
 by Intendaut Uigot, assigns M. IN'an, as ])ro[)rielor of 
 lot No. 17, on the plan in rear of the " OlUcers' Cjuar- 
 ters " and opening up on St. Genevieve street, whilst 
 M. de Meloises apjjcars to have owned lot No. 30 to 
 tlie east, comprising also a mill on Mont Carmel (de 
 8 
 
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 M 
 
 1 
 
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 y. 
 
 11 
 
 
 X 
 
 M 
 
 — 114 — 
 
 Nt'iiville's Mill of UlOO,) and also the lot where the 
 Oflicers* QuurterH now stiind. 
 
 In tlie dwelling e\istin<f there, prior to ISOO, aeeord- 
 ing to M. de CrasiK', oiiwinated the tire, which burned 
 down the Jesuit's Church and Convent, on the Gth 
 Se])tenib(ti', 1796. The site is now partly occui)ied liy 
 the An<;lican Ciitliednd, erected 1800-4, A bla/ing 
 shinj,d(' carried IVoni St. Louis street, l)y a violent west 
 wind, set iire to the roof ol' the lieeolJet Church. M. de 
 Gasj)e, a spectator, has left a most grajthie account of 
 lilt' conllagratioii. — (jMenioirs of 1'. A. De Gasj)e.) 
 
 Colonel Forrest, who has had access to the title deeds 
 of the. ancient mansion, \vrit(;s thus : — 
 
 " (,)uel)ec, 15th Aprd, 18U1. 
 
 .1. ]\I. Ij;]\I()1NK, Esq., Quehec. 
 
 Dear Sir, — In reply to your nute ol" 14th instant, 1 
 lieg to say that 1 am anxious myself to Icaiii the truth 
 regai'ding this old building. J have gathered some 
 scrajis of infornuition which though disconnected, I 
 shall now furnish in the hope that they may be useful 
 to you in su]ii)lying some missing link in your interest- 
 ing notes on St. I.ouis street. 
 
 orricEUs' quaktkrs. 
 
 The ])roperty in question served as officers' quarters 
 to the regiments assigned to the old Jesuits barracks 
 during the many years that British trooi>s were stationed 
 in Quebec, the otlicers occupying the present building. 
 
 The gr(uinds are 132 feet broad, fronting on St. Louis 
 street, 135 feet on Ste. Genevieve street, with a depth 
 of 401 feet. This property is said to have belonged to 
 the Ladies of the Hotel- Dien, who conceded it to Jean 
 1>. Morin, Sieur Iiochebelle, on 19th October, 1670. 
 
— 115 — 
 
 Th(Mi follows ii loni,' intorviil, \vlii(!h to im' is a bliiiik, 
 as I know iiotliiiit^ of tho vicissitiules thnnigli which 
 this i»rojt('rty jtiisscul, until it caiiit! in tlu; possession of 
 tho Intendimt lii,L,'ot, or latlun' of his favoiiti', Madanio 
 Angt''li(iu(! (k' IV'an ; nor can I liinl out who occu|)ied 
 it l)(!tw(M'n the years I7r)l> and IT'^O; whtMi thisluiiM- 
 ing was, on (llh Scptt'iiibcr, IT'.MJ, Iturnt down. 
 
 On 3rd .January, 18()'5. (Thrrc seems to he a misprint 
 in th(^s(! figures. Mrs. Elmsley liecame a widow (»nly 
 on jJDth April, ISO"), when her late hiishand, the II(jn. 
 John KimsU'V, (Jhief Justice and President of the 
 Legislative (Council and memher of the Ivxecutive 
 Oouncil, expired at Afontreal nuich regi'elteil. (^)uelieL; 
 Mnnn-y of 4th iMay, ISOo), Mrs. ^Vidow Klmsley 
 acipiinul tin's pi'o]ieity from Hon. James Monk, and on 
 th(! 5th April, 1811 ; she sold it hy ln-r procurator, Hon. 
 John Hale, to Deputy Commissary-Cn'ntiral Edward 
 Couch, representing the English txnvennuent. It con- 
 sisted of the grounds alrea,dy described, a two story 
 stone building, fronting on St. Louis street, together 
 with ii stal>l(! and coaeli-house in rear. 
 
 The following year, 1812, Lt.-Gol. Sheaf, K. K., acting 
 under instructions from England, built on the south 
 west corner of the ]»ro])erty the " ( Jarrison Hospital," 
 (until lately occupied as the District Court House, since 
 the conliagration of the latter on 1st February, 1871,) 
 for the use of the troops (quartered in Quebec, and 
 especially for that of the 44tb Regiment, then stationed 
 here. The stable and coach-house were subse(iuently 
 replaced by the two small buildings used respectively 
 as oflices for the Quarter-Master General and for the 
 I'urveyor. 
 
 The main l)uikUng was, as you know, occujaed by 
 the British Regiments as " olHcers' quarters " until 
 1871, and on the following May, I was placed in charge 
 of it and have occupied quarters there ever since ; and 
 yet, neither the beautiful Ang(51ique, nor the terrible 
 La Corriveau have ever come back to inform us whether, 
 
 
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I i I'' I 
 
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 — IIG — 
 
 it is indi'i'il tin- VfiitiiMi' liuildiii;^', in \vliicli tliev tuyt'tlior 
 )il(»tt(!<l tluiir iii'l'arious sdiemt's, (ir wlicllier tlu? real 
 liij^ot Mimsioii wastdtiilly coiismued l»y the firo of 1796, 
 and till! |.U'S(!iit Imildiiiy altnifollitT tinotliiT and did'crtMit 
 one, uIiIkhiuIi built ii|if»ii the same s|i(»t and sjniing, 
 riiti-nix-like, Ironi tlie siunc as liis. 
 
 Kvei yours truly, 
 
 \V. II. FoUKKST. 
 
 Col. Forrt'st'.s Ictti.'r, anionj,' other valuable infornwi- 
 tion, I'urnislies a elew, to the oft' debated ori^dn of the 
 old Military lfos]iital, where judj^^es, jury and hnvyers 
 have had to do jjenanee for nearly iwenty years — 
 sweltering during the dog-days amidst the tainted 
 atin(ts|ihere of those dark hosjiital walls— reeking with 
 the fever niiorolios and hticUll of 00 summers. It was 
 indeed, a relief, to remove to the new Court House ' 
 
 T was here interrujtted by my geinal friend. You 
 have omitted one not nnimjiortant episode. Here also,, 
 added Mr. Kirby, lived and tlourished the beautiful 
 Angelique de Meloises, ^ladame Hughes Pean, Inten- 
 daut IJigot's charmer. In the rosy days of my youth 
 and romance, when Quebec ajjpeared to me like a poem, 
 I described it as follows : "The family mansion of the 
 ties jMeloisi's was n tall and rather ])retentions edifice, 
 overlooking the fashionable line Saint Louis, where it 
 still stands, old and melancholy, as if mourning over 
 its dejtarted splendors. Few eyes look u}) nowadays to 
 its broad facade. It was otherwise when the beautiful 
 Angvliiiuo sat (jf summer evenings on the balcony, sur- 
 rounded by a bevy of (Quebec's fairest daughters, who 
 loved to haunt her windows, where they could see and 
 
— 117 — 
 
 be soon to tlio lu'st adviuitiif^'o, oxchiviiffiiii,' salutatioiiH, 
 siuilos iuul repartoos with the <j;iiy youn^' ollioors and 
 j^'allants who rode or walked aloii;^ tho livolv lli()rou«,'h- 
 faro." 
 
 — " Knougli ! Enou<,'li ! I'oot, my friond. These were 
 festive times, but wa^ there auj^'ht in theiu to make us 
 j.roud ? " (1) 
 
 Xow my dear friend, we are f,'ettin<,f near to sacred 
 i,'r(iund. Shall 1 say '^Sfii,vinf<ty,hi;ri>('iiic<dc(is!" for, 
 a hero expired here; I do visrily heiieve. 
 
 Tarry with me one momeiU, within the lohhy of this 
 lon<f, narrow, hi^di-jx'aked, anti(|ue, French tenement 
 fat;intf I'arloii' street. I)(»ul»tless it,s active jiresent pro- 
 prietor, Mr. V. ('ami)hell, livory stahle keeper, will en; 
 lony replace it, alas I with some modern structure more 
 suitahh' to his callini;: (He has done so). 
 
 With due deferenci) to the o]iiuions of others, 
 methinks this was in Se]tti!ml)ci', 17.V,), the suruery (jf 
 Dr. Arnoux, Jr., where Montcalm was hrouyht wounded 
 from the Plains ol' Abraham, through St. Louis (late 
 and where th(( illustrious patient had his wounds, 
 attended to. (2) 
 
 (1) It soinotiini's luippom^d, says ('ol. Cooklxirn, K. A., in 
 those <liivs, ulion !i .irontlfiniiii possessed ii very liandsomo 
 wife, tiiiit the husband was sent to take charge of a distimt 
 post, where lie was snre to make his iortune. Bigot's rJiiTc 
 ftiin'e, was a handsome ^tailame I'- 
 
 in oonse(|iienee of 
 wliicii as a matter of course, Mf. 1'. hecame jnodigioiisly 
 wealtiiy. Jiigot Irid a liouse tliut stood wheio the ( »fHceis 
 Barracks, in.'^t. Loiiis street iioir .s'/(0(//.v , one N'ew Year's Day, 
 
 lie presented tiiis house 'to Madame V , as a New Year's 
 
 gift; sucli was the magnilicence ot this gentleman." 
 
 (Quebec atid ita Enoirons in 1831). 
 
 (2) ,\t 8 ]). m., on the 14th, his mortal remains, in a rude 
 coHin, were laid in the hole, witliin the Ursuline Chapel — 
 which a shell from the English fleet had made. We notice, 
 us we pass, the entrance to the hoary old Monastery alive 
 witli memories of eld. 
 
 " A curious pictorial plan or map of the original Convent 
 
h 
 
 ^*»,.» 
 
 — 118 — 
 
 — "On what grounds, en(|uired Mr, Kirby, do you 
 settle on this spot, as the locality where expired the 
 hero ? No one yet lias cleared up this debated point." 
 
 Captain John Knox, a contemporary, appears to me 
 quite astray, in his account of the event; even Frs. 
 Parkman and subse([Uont historians, have failed to solve 
 the problem. 
 
 — " Well, I re]>lied, the disquisition would involve 
 much more sjjace than this sketch could afford." 
 
 I cliallenged investigation, in a French essay, in 
 1871, in I'AlImm du Tmirist'' ; I repeated the challenge 
 in an English review, in 1890, the CaiuuUan Anti- 
 quarian, of Montreal, l)ut no one, so far has i)icked up 
 the glove. 
 
 What a sorrowful sight, this artistocratic thorough- 
 fare must liave disclosed, about noon, on the 13th 
 September, 1759, when Wolfe's intre[)id rival, with iace 
 bronzed by Italian and Canadian suns, was returning 
 
 is still in oxistenc(\ In this St. iiOwis stroot appears merely a 
 hi'Ouil road lictwecii the (irifriiial f'ori'st street, ami is oalled 
 " J.a, (j ramie Allee," without a Imilding immediately on eithei- 
 side. 
 
 " At a litth' <listanee to tli<> north of " La drande Allee," is 
 a narrow patli called ' Ic Tciit rhemin,' rniniing])arallel, and 
 leadiiiii into thi' tbrt-st. 'i'lie house oi' Mde de la Ptiltrie, the 
 loumler of the Convent, is deseril)('<l as oeeuj)ying, in 1()42, 
 the eoi'uer ol'iarden street. '!'h(> Ursulinc Convent stooil at 
 the nortii west ot'Mde <h' la Peltrie's house, ahutting on " FjO 
 J'i'tit Chemin." whieh ran parallel to St. liOuis street, and 
 fronting towards (iarden street. It is represente<l as I)eing a 
 well proportioned an<l sul)stantial buiMing, two stoi'itjs high, 
 with an attic, four ehimneys, and a eiijiola or helfry in the 
 ecntrc. 'I'hc miiiiher <it' windows in lion t was eleven. In other 
 compartments of this interesting map, are seen La Mt're dc 
 rJiicanui/ion instructing the young Indian girls, und<M' an 
 ancient oak tree, and other nuns jnocecding to visit the 
 savages. In La (ii'ande Alice, the present St. Louis Sti'cet, wo 
 see jrlr. Daillehou.t tiie (Jovernor on horseba(;k, and Mde. de 
 la Peltrie entering her housi', i\cc., 
 
 "This plan is probably the most ancient, as it is the mos 
 interesting re]iresentation o.xtant of any portion of (Quebec' 
 
— 110 — 
 
 from his last battle-field, supported by two grenadiers, 
 on his black charger, and courteously greeting, but with 
 down cast countenance, some poor women, horrified at 
 his appearance, and telling them that he was not 
 seriously hurt and not to weep for him ! 
 
 Varied indeed are the incidents and spectacles 
 recalled by this historic street. 
 
 At the corner op])osite to this s])ot lived Abbe Vignal, 
 jirevious to his joining tlie SulpicAens, in Montreal. In 
 Oct<»l>er, ICni, he was captured, by the Ir(i([uois, at La 
 Prairie de hi Ma<j<Telelne, near Montreal, roasted alive 
 and j)artly eaten by these fiends incarnate. 
 
 On a cold, blustery Suntiay morning, in December, 
 1775, the jteaceable denizens of St. Louis street, were 
 startled from their sleep at f) a. m., by the loud voice 
 of the officer on duty, Ca]»t. Fraser, rushing down the 
 street, towards the main guard at the Kecolh^ts, exclaim- 
 ing at beat of drum " To arras ! To <irm.'< ! ! " Tlie 
 sohtary sentry making Ids rounds on the St. Jnhn 
 bastion, in the gathering storm, liad rei)orted an armed 
 body of men, as if marching to assault the city gates. 
 It was the feint entrusted to Col. I.ivingstoiu'j while 
 the Commander-in-Chief, Richard Montgomery, and his 
 intrepid lieiiteiumt, Col. lienedict Arnold, were n»arching 
 under cover of night intending to meet liini at tlie fitot 
 of Mountain Hill wliicli tlu'y were to ascend and storm 
 (^Miebec. — Sed Diis aJ'itcr visiivi ! 
 
 Facing Garden street we shall meet the Academi/ of 
 Music and next to it, the »S7. Louix Hotel. 
 
 On, on we go, ])ast tlu^ im])osing new Court House, 
 completed on tlie site ol' tlu; fornier one, dating l)ack to 
 1814 and desti'oyed by fire 1st February, IS ^ 1. 
 
 In this neighborhood also, in 17i'4, Brown and (iil- 
 more printed, twi'nty-tbur years liefore the London 
 Ti'iitcft, the first number of tlit^^^'c/^M' Guicttc "two 
 doors higher than the Secretary's oilice " wlierevev the 
 latter may have been. The venerable slieet died of old 
 
 
 
 -.-.:..i^^-,^ 
 
¥ 
 
 fk 
 
 — 120 — 
 
 age 110 years later, in 1874, merged into the Quebec 
 Morning Chronicle. 
 
 Tliere still stands on the east corner of Haldiniand 
 and St. Louis streets, the spacious, modernized old 
 Kent House, the winter-quarters, 1791-94, of H, E. H. 
 Prince Edward, (^ueen Victoria's father, the colonel of 
 the 7th Fusiliers, at that time in garrison at Quebec. 
 
 The Qnrhec Gazette of the 4ih March, 1794, adver- 
 tiscs the mansion as " ]\Iiss Maljane's elegant house, 
 Xf). 6 Port St. Louis street " ; it was then occupied by 
 the Lord Pishoj) Mountain, the first Anglican IWsliop. 
 
 \t!xt to it, is the higli peaked, antique Connnissariat 
 Puilding, purchased in the early jiart of the century, 
 from old Peter Urehaut — fitted out with solid iron 
 shutters, by the Imperial Government for the safe 
 l<eepiug, Iteforc the era of banks and police in Quebec, 
 of the sjjecie paid out to the troops and iirmy con- 
 tractors. At tlie departuri! of the Commissariat Staff, 
 in 1871, it was \\\\t in thorough repair by the JJominion 
 Government, and is now used as the Militia Pureau 
 and residence of the D. A. G., Lt.-Col. T. J. Duchesnay, 
 Commanding 7th Military District, and President of 
 the Quebec Garrison Club. 
 
 Now we have reached the east end of St. Louis street, 
 ^\•herc it is intersected by Des Carricres street, leading 
 to the Cape. 1 can scarcely forbear telling you of a 
 sight I witnessed here in the troublous days of 1837-8. 
 General Theller and Colonel Dodtje, the Yankee svm- 
 ]iat]iizers, had escai)ed the night previous from their 
 cells on the Citadel, by drugging with huulanum in 
 porter the British seutries on their beat ; it was estab- 
 lished that they liad then let themselves down from 
 the Pastion by using the fiagstaff haliards. All Quebec 
 was on the alert. The Commandant of the garrison. 
 Sir James IMactlonald, an old Waterloo veteran, had 
 worked himself into a white heat, when he heard of the 
 escai)e of the American prisoners. The seutries were 
 
 >Mr 
 
 • i' 
 
121 — 
 
 doul^lpd at the city gates ; no vehicles allowed to leave, 
 except after undertioing a searching investigation. 
 
 I can re-call the bakers' carts and other vehicles 
 tiling down St. Louis street to Prescott Gate ; and 
 fancy I can yet hear the i)rofane language uttered by 
 the Jehus on being challenged and stopped by the 
 sentries. Tew then were aware of the mode of escajte 
 of the distressed warriors ; the ca])tives had been con- 
 cealed by those rank rebels, the " Chasseurs Canadicns, 
 a secret and daring club, each inend)er bound by a 
 ferr'ihh oath to promote the rising of the patriotes." 
 The Grande Place (or Ming) to the east of the Court 
 House for two centuries or more played an important 
 part in city pageants, public meetings, military parades. 
 Until the year of the castle's destruction by lire, in 
 1834, the Tandem and Driving Clubs in winter used 
 to me!'t there and the first drive each fall, jiresided over 
 by the English Governor, occujiyiiig the adjoining cha- 
 teau, was a memorable one. The Ring was jJanted with 
 shade trees by the Mayor of Quebec, Thomas I'oj'e, 
 Esq., in 18G2 ; recently, it has been provided with a 
 fountain and n jet d'cav. 
 
 On the site adjoining the residence of -Tames Dunbar, 
 Esq., Q. C, No. 1 St Louis street, one would now seek 
 in viiin for any vestige of the Palais or Si'ne'cJiavssi'e 
 (if 1G64, where sat the Sovereign Council. In lOGo it 
 was allotted as the residence of the proud Marquis of 
 Tracy, on his iirrival from France. Francis Tarknian will 
 acquaint us with this great dignitary of the ancitit 
 riyhne : — 
 
 " When Tracy set sail he found no lack of i'ollowers. 
 A throng of young nol)les embarked with him, eager to 
 explore the marvels and mysteries of the western world. 
 Tlie Kin" uave him two hundred soldiers of (he rcLii- 
 ment of Carignan-Salieres.and ])romised that a thousand 
 more should follow. On the thirtieth of June, IGGo, he 
 anchored in the basin of Quebec. The broad, white 
 standard, blazoned with the arms of France, proclaimed 
 
 i^frR, 
 
 ''I t 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
\ 
 
 — 122 — 
 
 the representative of royalty, and Pointe Levi and Cape 
 Diamond and the distant Cape Tourmente roared back 
 the sound of saluting cannon. All Quebec was on the 
 ramparts or at the landing-place, and all eyes v.ere 
 strained at the two vessels as they slowly emptied 
 their crowded decks into the boats alongside. The boats 
 at lengtli drew near, and the lieutenant-general and his 
 suite landed on the quay with a i)omp such as (Quebec 
 had never seen before. 
 
 " Tracy was a veteran of sixty-two years, portly and 
 tall, 'one of the largest men I ever saw,' writes Mother 
 Mary. 
 
 " The Chevalier de Chaumont walked by liis side, 
 and young nobles surrounded him, gorgeous in lace and 
 ribbons and majestic in leonine wigs. Twenty-foui' 
 gmirds in the King's livery led the way, followed by four 
 ])ages and six valets ; and thus while the Frenchmen 
 shouted and the Indians stared, the august ])rocessiou 
 threaded the streets of the Lower Town, and climbed 
 the steep ]>athway that scaled the cliffs above. Breathing 
 hard, they reached the toj), passed on the left the dila- 
 pidated walls of tlie fort and the shed of mingled wood 
 and masonry whicli then bore the name (»f the castle of 
 St. Louis, ] passed on tlie right the old house of Couil- 
 liird and the site of Laval's new seminary, and soon 
 reached the square between the Jesuit College and the 
 Cathedral. The bells were ringing in a frenzy of wel- 
 come. Laval in ])ontificals, surrounded by priests and 
 Ji'suils, stood Widting to re^ceive the Defnity of the 
 IviuL!; : and as he ureeted Tracy and offered liiTU the 
 holy water lie looked with anxious curiosity to see 
 what manner of man he was." 
 
 Let me, iii closing, ]ioint out the vanished splendor 
 of the historic i)ile, whieh cost both France and England 
 fabulous sums, from 1()2() to 1834, to keep it in repair. 
 How many proud French Viceroys held here their (juasi- 
 regal court, to impress the surrounding savage tribes, 
 with the idea of French power ? How nuuiy distinguished 
 
 I 
 
 
— 123 — 
 
 English noblemen succeeded them ? Champlain.de Mont- 
 magny, d'Aillebout, de Lauzon, d'Argenson, d'Avau- 
 gour, de Mesy, de Courcelles, de Vaudreuil, de la Galis- 
 sonni^re, de Eamezay, de Beaiiharuois, de Longueuil, 
 de la Jonqui^re, Duquesne ; General Jas. Murray, Sir 
 Guy Carleton, Sir Fred. Haldimand, Lord Dorchester, 
 General Prescott, Sir J. H, Craig, Sir George Prevost, 
 Sir J. Coap Sherbrooke, the Duke of Richmond, the Earl 
 of Dalhousie, Sir James Kemjit, the Earl of Aylmor. 
 
 I am sure, my dear poet, you must have seen much 
 in the antique cliateau which the historian Parkman 
 failed to discover. 
 
 Professor Pierre Kalm described it in 1749 as follows : 
 — " The Palace is situated on the west or steepest side 
 of the mountain, just above the lower city. It is not 
 pro])erly a palace, but a lai'ge luiilding of stone two 
 stories high, extending north and south. On tlu; west 
 side of it is a court-yard, surrciunded ])artly with a wall, 
 and ])artly with houses. On the east side, or townrds 
 tlio river, is a gallery as long as the whole building-, 
 and about two fatlioms broad, paved witli smootli ilags, 
 and included on the outside by iron mils, from whence 
 the city and river exhibit a cliarming ])rospect. This 
 gallery serves as a very agreeable walk after dinner, and 
 those who come to speak witli tlui Governor-General 
 wait lierii till he is at leisure. 
 
 " The ])alace is the lodging of the Governor-General 
 of Canada, and a number of soldiers mount the "uard 
 before it, both at the gate and at the court-yard ; and 
 when the Governor or tlu> Uisiio]) conu's in or goes out, 
 they must all a])pear iirarms and l»eat the drum. The 
 Governor-General has his own chapel, where he hears 
 prayers ; however, he often goes to mass at the churcli 
 of the EecoUcts, whicli is very near tlie ]»alace." 
 
 — You, Mr. Kirby, have found the secret of surround- 
 ing the historic pile, where so much of Canadian history 
 M'as transacted, with a rare glamour of romance. 
 
 Let me quote your own words : " The great hall of the 
 
 •■ 'him 
 
 
 . I 
 
 l.:'-^m 
 
 
— 121 — 
 
 Castle of St. Louis was i)alatial in its dimensions and 
 adornment. The ]ianels of wainscotting u^jon the walls 
 were hung with j)aintings of historic interest, ])ortraits 
 of the Kings, frovernors, Intendants and Ministers of 
 State, who'had been instrumental in the colonization of 
 New France. 
 
 " Over the Governor's seat hung a gorgeous escut- 
 cheon of the Royal arms, draped M'ith a cluster of white 
 Hags, sprinkled with golden lilies, — the emblems of 
 French Sovereignty in the colony. Among the portraits 
 on the walls, beside those of the late (Louis XIV) and 
 present King (Louis XV), which hung on each side of 
 the throne, might be seen the features of Richelieu, who 
 first organized the rude settlements on the St. Lawrence 
 in a body politic, a reflex of feudal France ; and of 
 Colbert, wlio made available its natural wealth and 
 resources, by peopling it with the best scions of the 
 Mother Land, — the noblesse and peasantry of Nor- 
 mandy, lU'ittany and A(iuitaine. Tiiere, too, might be 
 seen tlie keen, bold features of Cartier, the first disco- 
 verer, and of Chaia])lain, the first explorer of the new 
 land, and the founder of Quebec. The gallant, restless 
 Louis Buade de Frontenac, was ])ictured there, side by 
 side with his fair countess, called by reason of her sur- 
 passing loveliness ' The Divine.* Vaudreuil, too, who 
 spent a long life of devotion to Ins country, and Beau- 
 haruois, who nourished its young strength until it was 
 able to resist not only tlie powerful confederacy of the 
 Five Nations, but the still more powerful league of 
 New Englantl and the other English colonies. There, 
 also, wore seen the sharp, intellectual face of Laval, 
 its first Bisliop who organizeil the Cliurch and educa- 
 tion in the colony : and of Talon, wisest of Inten- 
 dants, who devoted himself to the improvement of 
 agriculture, the increase of trade, and tlie well-being of 
 all the King's subjects in New France. And one more 
 portrait was there, worthy to rank among the statesmen 
 and rulers of New France, — the pale, calm, intellectual 
 
 *i.i 
 
 -^1 
 
125 — 
 
 features of Mere Marie de rinearnatioii, — the first 
 Suiieriores.s of the Ursulincs of Quebec, who in ol)e- 
 dienco to heavenly visions, as slie believed, left Fran«*e 
 to found schools for the children of the new colonists, 
 and A\ho taught her own womanly graces to her own 
 sex, who were destined to become the future mothers 
 of New France." 
 
 — " Well said," my eloquent friend ! 1 chimed in. You 
 seem to have left little to add anent tlie whilhom splendor 
 of the old Chateau St. Louis. One thing yet remains to 
 complete the ornamentation of the liistoric site on which 
 it stood: A Monument to thk immortal foundek or 
 Quebec ; worthy of Champlain, worthy of Quebec. Tn 
 me it is a dream of my youth. May we both be spared 
 to see it ! " 
 
 Spencer Guance, 
 
 Christmas Eve, 1890. 
 
 ^1 
 
 ■■■■ % 
 
 
 
KAHLV CANADIAN IIISTOIIV. 
 
 To the Eilitor of Canada. 
 
 Benton, Xew Ih'unswick. 
 Dear Sih, 
 
 I have pleiiHure in tendoiiuL); tlie tolh)\ving tbi'|niblica-. 
 tion. It is the English version of n dry-as-diist docu- 
 ment which an esteemed IViend, now dt'ceaseil, tlie 
 late Henri Duchesnay, E.s(|., ^I. 1'., for lieauce county, 
 1'. Q., alldwed me to triinscril)e from the voluminous 
 French corrcsjiondence inheritijdby him from his sturdy 
 ancestors, the Duchesnays, seigniors of Beauport, opj)0- 
 site Quebec. 
 
 Among the old nohle^Kd of primitive Canada, few 
 rank higher than the warlike J uchereau Duchesnays — 
 now represented, at Quebec, liy the athletic and worthy 
 iirigade-AIajor and Deputy- Adjutant General, Lt.-Col. 
 Theodore Duchesnay, and the numerous and highly 
 respected clan of the Taschereau, of Beauce, V. Q., 
 from which sprang our present archbishop, Cardinal 
 Tascheriniu, 
 
 J. M. L. 
 
 Quebec, Decemlier, 1891. 
 
 YJ^tandation.'] 
 
 A (.lUSHINC) LETTEU FROM A FRENCH SCHOOL (ilRL. 
 
 Quebec, 1759, 
 
 Keine Makie Duchesnay to Hermine Taschereau. 
 
 My Dear Mine. — You doubtless are wondering why 
 I did not write sooner to you. I have enjoyed my 
 holidays very much, though not exactly as Mere St. 
 
 *i"* 
 
— 1 27 — 
 
 Cleorgc^ \V(»ul(l ajiprove of; the fact is tlie town liaslteen, 
 uiicoiuinonly ,i>iiy. Our Inteiidunt (Uin'ot), tlio young 
 men siiy, is a (jalant hoiniac. My mother, with a sneer, 
 says he is nn pen trap (fala)it, and that she would 
 rather mit our lieads off, than that we should ever 
 darken the duors of his ylittering palaee, foi' sueh, 
 really he has nuuht the liitciKhnicc. 
 
 There seems no hurry for school girls attendin<i halls, 
 either at the Inteudance or at the ('lidfedAi Sf-Lonis ; 
 though a young Frencli Lieutenant I was introduced to, 
 last week, t(jld me he thought it an al>ominal>le shame 
 that grown up ladies, like Clementine and myself, 
 should be deh.arred the ])lcasures of /.a hoanc socl('f(', 
 even if we sliould I»e younger than our apitearance indi- 
 cates; for you must know that I am ([uite as tall as mv 
 mother, though only fourteen years of age. Much of 
 my time;, this summer, has been taken uj) with showing 
 round that handsome English Captain (1), who saved 
 mv yood fitther's life iust as the Indians were 'fa'wv to 
 scalp him. This cajitain, as you know, is a ])risoner on 
 parole, and has had every liberty t(» wander ;d)out 
 Quebec and the vicinity. Xot only is he handsome, he 
 is young and witty ; his repartees would grace a Paris 
 salon, — his daring and courage manifest themselves in 
 his very foot-.stei)S. ][e is full of prevenances i'or the 
 ladies, accompanies my mother on the streets, dines 
 occasionally with my father. 
 
 
 :"-'i 'St 
 
 , .. A--'.; .. ■ ; ■ .. 1 
 
 ■■ ■■:-■■ -y,- "i '-.f'- 
 ■:■■ yi-'s ' % 
 
 ■ ■■■ ■■I;AMi 
 
 (1) Major Kobort Stobo, ai'tci' tbreo unsuccossi'ul attempts 
 succeeded in escaping troin iiis prison in (,iuel)oc, in May, 
 1759. JTe was a liostage taken at Fort Du(]nesne in I To'), ami 
 l)rought to Quel)ec, — wbei'O he was to t)e tried as a spj-, \\t' 
 wfvs commander of a Virginia corps, lie joined Wolfe's lleet 
 at Louisburg, returned witli liim to (iiiel)ec, and is credited 
 with having shown liim the spot where to land and assault 
 the city. Evidently our charming yoimg friend was not pionf 
 against the fascinations of the brave, but unscrupulous, ^'ir 
 ginia captain. A full account oi his adventurous career, 
 appears in Maple Leaves, 1873. 
 
I <>< 
 
 — IL'S — 
 
 J»nl of lute my j>ooi' tUtlier, uiid it yrit^vos liiin much, 
 seems tn mistnist tliu ,u,iiy ciiptuin, whose only fiiult 
 ajipears to he too nn-Ht a curiosity to leani everytliiii.iLi; 
 eoiici'iiiing the doiiii^'s of our (Jovernmeut in I'avis and 
 in <iuehee. His in([uisitivene8.s at times certainly sur- 
 ])rises all hands, and he is, when alone, constantly wri- 
 kinu ; some say he is gathering; secret information, for 
 his friends in Vir;j;inia; <jthers, actually "^o so far as to 
 say he is prejiaring a ]»lan of Quebec and the fortilioa- 
 tions; with what olijeet I cannot see. Our <j:ratitude 
 towards the saviour of our father is, of course, as it 
 ought to be, boundless. I si)(;ik unreservedly. I 
 would not wish you to think for a moment that I could 
 cherish for Captain Stobo any other feeling than that of 
 '■steem and gratitude. 
 
 For all that his tonniui'e, conversation and looks are 
 such, that many a girl would select him as nn heros de 
 roniitn. Major I'ean, as you know, is often away, and 
 his lovely wife, forgetting the early piety instilled in 
 her at the Ursulines Convent as far back as 1735, gets 
 herself much talkeil about. Her wondrous beautv, her 
 accom[)lishments, her sweetness of manner, are calcu- 
 lated to create envy in this little world of ours; and I 
 think there is no foundation for these slanders. As just 
 stilted, 1 do not yet form ])art of the (/nind moiuh, 
 and do not know all that is going on. One thing I am 
 sure of, one jiortion of the society is all that it ought to 
 be; 1 mean the Indies and the gentleman, my father 
 and mother associate with. We go to-morrow to suji 
 with Monsieur Jean Tache, an eminent merchant who 
 has a ])retty country-seat on the south side of the Sti'. 
 Foye road — the same who was, as you remember, 
 charged with a diplomatic mission to the court four 
 years ago, to plead the cause of the colony with the 
 King's ministers, liigot and his gay entourage are 
 not likely to be there. Vour turretted old manor of Ste. 
 ;Marie (l»eauce) cannot be very gay, though xowx lively 
 cousins, the LaGorgendieres, are a host in themselves. 
 
 II S! 
 
 *^* 
 
 \ |l«ll 
 
— iL'l) — 
 
 Do you still iidlieiv to your fonner idea of keujung a 
 diiiry of wliiit nmy hapiien to you daily ; if so, plouse 
 copy into it my opistk; and your answer, and whun I 
 ;,'o n\)U) lieauce next summer wo shall road over uur 
 letters, and asecrtain the ('liau<j;i's which iiave hajtpened 
 since the date on which tlui letters were written. 1 lon:^' 
 to meet you in that n(»lile avenue of wavin^- elms, on 
 the sounding haid\s of the river (,'haudiere. (.annot you 
 sketch for me that dear old feudal dungeon of youi's, 
 elms and all, and makt- interest with the good oh' curt^ 
 of the parish to take it to us in (Quebec, as you have 
 no ]iost, nor postnu-n, yet ! 
 
 A singular feeling, a ci'aving for something, has come 
 over me this summer. My harp and my diawing have 
 ceased to please ; I could (previously) practice for hours. 
 Lieutenant .Stevenson of tlie Rangers, to whom 1 com- 
 plained, jestingly, sai<l he could thiidc of nothing so 
 likely as love at my age, and that if Capt. Stobo were 
 not .so much my senior in years, he would swear the 
 captain was for much in the case. Stevenson is not a 
 bad fellow bv-the-bv, oulv I wish he would not be 
 incessantly joking at my expense. My pious mother 
 says that there is only one fault to be found with 
 Stevenson : he is n keretic. She seems determined 
 to bring him over to the true faith." 
 
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 j^IS'^ 
 
 M.UOR ROBERT STOBO To COL. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 From my French Prison, Quehec, 
 
 Christmas Day, 1755. 
 
 Dear George, — " Is not mine a glorious. //n«?e — for 
 
 me, your trusty and well beloved coiupafjnon (V amies : 
 
 don't be surprised at my getting to learn French. 1 am 
 
 now 'prisonnier de guerre. Here is your dashing leader 
 
 9 
 
 
I N 
 
 — k;o — 
 
 (if a Vii;,Miiiii coTiipiiiiy, f'oii'lt'tinuMl to a rtyinif (ifl)rnail 
 and water, iiislcaii nl' Madi'iia ]iiiii('li, iPi'aiiic (jliicki'ii 
 and ((iiail, as of vorc. M y luxiniiMis ('ii.iii|i;iin;iiiii^f -(mmus 
 now lilsT the dicaiay sli;idn\v of |ilciisiiri's past, llioiinii 
 not l'oi'<,'otten. In this loncsniuc Kroiicli diinj^eon ^liall 
 a dcsccndiint of Monlrosi; >.<j\\\ away toilcspair ? Nrvcr, 
 never! iVh ! sweet hours of my ehililhnnd, ye ai(^ indeed 
 fiir away. Deal' old (Hasi^ow, the Klysinm of niyyonlli. 
 (hire I I'ecall thy cherislied nicnioi'ies ? On the eve of 
 ehisinn' my career, I can well retrace hdw it henan. 
 When a rovini,f school-hoy, I was |ilayinj4 the soldier, 
 mastering and drillim,' my n^isy s(Hiad of schooliiuites, 
 little ilid I then dri'am what lilt's realities had in store 
 for me ! And yon, my ilear old relative, who tanght 
 nu', so early to lixc and die like a man, let me waft you 
 my hlessing across the livoad Atlantic. John ^Mitcliell, 
 iny sire, my early friend, I shall n(»t die unworthy of 
 von. I thank vou tor having nerved mv arm aiul inspired 
 my youii;4 heart with your Ihrilliny sturies of liruce 
 and WaUace, always dosing' your genth; advicts with a 
 re([uest that I should remember that I was a descun- 
 dant of .lames (jraham, the great Earl of Montrose. 
 
 Yes, George, I shall never foi'get my grandfather's 
 parting words, when I left Scotland for my adoptive 
 country — for America. " J'oh," said 1"^, " my boy, watch 
 the grand, the stern features in that picture on the 
 wall ; see the eye following yuu ! J)o you know what 
 that great man lived for ? He lived for his country ; he 
 left an undying fame as a soldier. Ee worthy of him ! 
 His name was Montrose ; some of his blood courses in 
 vonr veins." T have no hesitation, mv tlear George, in 
 this solemn moment to recall to you these family 
 memories — to you, whose life has ever been inspired by 
 similar sentimeTits. This is Christmas day, George. 
 Twenty-one such days have revolved for you — twenty- 
 eight, forme. AVe have both seen death on the Itattle- 
 field, and Indian warfare has more that once added to 
 it additional horrors, but neither yon nor 1 ever shrank. 
 
 
 *»,♦ 
 
— I 
 
 fVotii it, at tlic cull oCdiity. Vnii ucic llic wi.su li'iidci', 
 till' (liitifiil sdii, the tnitlit'iil 111. Ill, iiiiil I till' lu.sli ciivii- 
 lifi'. iiiii(l(lcii('(l with siiccfss, iiitfixii'ut.i'il liy the i>riii.st.' 
 of iiiN rclldW-liii'ii, lifstnwcil iiiKi 
 and "'(Kill (liiiiit'i's, tlimi on iii\ viiiiit; 
 
 II on mv '4(1(1(1 
 
 lodi 
 
 \.S 
 
 I 
 
 illll, ll(i\V('V(^I', 
 
 ]irc])fir('(| til seal ?iiy (i|iiTii(iiis with my hlnnil, if ihi; 
 eiiciiiics (if my rininliy \\i,-li ii, — Imt cuuii^li dl' this 
 croiilxiii''. 
 
 H'tl 
 
 u- 
 
 hdiild lie mv last Icttrr, id il ('(lutaiii I'or mv 
 
 Irii'iids a rccdid ol wliat has dccimcd to iim siticc tjial 
 uiiliiolsy sti'dkt; of late whicii lias laiidt'd ni'' wlicic I 
 Jim. I-ct nil' hdpc this k'ticr will iiivdivi; me in |i<.s 
 tidnhlc than my ciiistlf nl' July 2(Sih last, in which 1 
 t'TU'lost'd till! jilan df l"'drt Dmiucsnc. I'ddV UruddocU I 
 thai fatal day, which hroiiuhl him dct'cat and di'iith, will 
 alsd, seemingly, hrinj4' •"^' to the hldck. Dduhtlcss he 
 thonght my Icltci' and plan sate in his custody, hut the 
 sava^'cs ]ilucl\(.'d the damning' niijord from innonyst his 
 hanLra^uc Thcicfori;, I am, I am told, to ^racc a .yihlii't 
 on the hij.dit'>^t jiinnaclo df (.'ape Diamond. My Kicncli 
 jailors load me with ever}' ojiprohrious ejiilhet. 1 havo 
 cease<l in their eyes to ht; a iiostaj,fe, as such inviolate 
 in jierson hy the law of nations; and if Knyland has 
 really disavowal the terms of the cajiitiilation of the 
 Fort, was I still to consider myself a hostage for the dm; 
 execution of these terms ? was 1 not then an ordinary 
 prisoner of war, as such not jirecluded from aiding' my 
 countrv hy comniunicatin'' information about the enemv, 
 even should 1 forfeit my life hy so doinj;' ? IJut 
 enongh on this ])oint ; if ever we should meet on this 
 side of Styx, of which, I confess, the chances seem faint 
 at present, we will discuss this knotty ]ioint of the 
 usages of war and the duties of a iMiroleil prlsniwi'. 
 There are some incidents jiersonal to myself at the 
 taking of the fort, which I did nut impart to you. 
 For snrrenilering, we had excellent reasons. Those 
 'nine hours we stood exposed to the galling tire of the 
 French and their murderous allies, the Indians, will 
 
 t 
 
 
 ,V'. 
 
 
 v > ■ I 
 
 
132 
 
 uevt'i- Ik' i'orgotteu by iiiiy of tliose who survived. We 
 could not hold out any longer ; what would have availed 
 us firing at foes oar-'fully entrenched l»ehind trees ? No 
 relief at hand, our ]ialisades crumbling aiul ilefeotive, 
 it would have been an act of inhunianity to sacrifice 
 the lives of any more of our devoted Virginians. That 
 merry fellow, Munro, my ensign, I shall never forget 
 his rueful countenance when 1 conveyed to him your 
 order to Imist the w liite Hag. " What, Captain ! " said 
 he, " ai'e we then reduced to this, you and I, who so 
 lately organised this pl('asure-])arty to thriish the 
 French ? Why, our g'lod cheer was the envy of all ! 
 our venison, quail and comtiN, with a full team behind 
 to draw the King's ammunition, viz. a butt of Madeira, 
 and crowds of cam]) followers. " Cajitain, captain, I shall 
 never survive it !" IJut he did survive it. lie was 
 luci\ier than my iioor lieutenant, to whom, on liecoming 
 a hostage, I stirrendered my then useless sword. My 
 dear ( Jeorg ■, did yon not know my buoyant, mercurial 
 nature, you would \\'onder how I could find sjiace to 
 record all these ti'illes, with death staring me in the 
 face ; but death has stared me in the ftice before this, 
 and I generally succeed in staring the unwelcome 
 monster out of countenance. You, no doubt, will lie 
 surprised to hear that the athletic French ofticer, I'ean's 
 friend, whom 1 purchased for forty pistoles from the 
 ^Mohawks, just as they were prejiaring to scalp him, 
 has turned u)) in Quebec. Whilst I was here on pa ivle, 
 1 used to meet him in the l)est salons, at Yaudreuil's, 
 and at the ])etlfs-soupcrs of that charming little rascal, 
 ])igot. Ilis name is Duchesuay: he is Laird of a Sei- 
 giu'Ui'ie facing Quebec. His manor, at Beauport, is 
 within three miles of the city. It contains two Ijudding 
 l)eauties of uncommon promise. Gratitude made him 
 extend to me, in my wretchedness, a heli)ing hand ; his 
 doors were ever o})en to me. 1 sometimes wish I had 
 never crossed the threshold. " 
 
 in. 
 
 •*^-»i 
 
I'.AIIOX MASERES 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERAL FOR QUEHEC 
 1760-1769 
 
 The era from 1774 to 1791, that is, the seventeen 
 years of our cDlonial existence uitverncdln' the constitu- 
 tion of 1774, known as the Quehtx Act, without being 
 particularly hrillisait, of a surety challenges the serious 
 attention of the in\'estigator of the ])ast. A jioorly recor- 
 ded era it certainly was; hnppily the documents throw- 
 ing light on the same — scant though they were for- 
 mely — arts rapidly accumnlating, since the creation 
 at Ottawa, under the auspices of the Department of 
 Agronlture, of a jjxiblic archive ollice, presided over 
 by t ) Genius Loci, Douglas Ibymner. 
 
 To the modern annalist, the task of the historian is 
 much less arduous than it was to <jur ]iatient toilers 
 who had to wnde through piles of illegible manuscript. 
 What Mas denied to stu.tlents jircvions to Confederation. 
 is now readily granted, since 18(37 : free access to the 
 treasnres f)f historical lore m tln' British jMnseum, the 
 archives of the ^^^ar Ot}ic(>, the Tower oi" London, and 
 the British Publii', Kecord Ollice. These priceless stores 
 of information, luitil Confederation, had Ixn-n veiled for 
 state reasons which it is unnecessary to discuss at 
 present. 
 
 Several PiUglish jurists, without vi.siting Canada, the 
 advocate-general. Sir James ^Lirriott, the attorneys and 
 solicitors-general Yorke, do Grey, Thurlnw, Wedder- 
 burue, through the memoirs, oflicial rejiorts and state 
 dispatches they were called on to lay before the English 
 king, are either identified with this epoch, or else have 
 helped to make its history. 
 
 ^ k .'' I 
 
 
 i 
 
 "^ 
 
 
 
 
 ; M 
 
— 134 — 
 
 Otliers, like Juire Mabane unci Barou Maseres, had 
 the advaiita<;o of being located in our midst, and ac(iuir- 
 ing, thi'ougli tlieiv otHcial positions, tlie infonnatiou 
 thev sought. Tlie force of circumstances made them 
 eye-witnesses of our struggles ; they M'ere privileged to 
 study on the spot tlie varied and exciting phases of this 
 era of transition. 
 
 A well-known antiquary, tlie Rev. Abl)e Louis Bois, 
 has written tlie biogrnidiy of the first, tlie upright and 
 persecuted Judge Maban(.', whf) ex[)ired at his villa, 
 Woodfield, Silhiry, in 179*2. T shall attempt to give a 
 brief sketch of the second, Pjaron ^laseres, attorney- 
 general for this province, from 176G to 1709. 
 
 * 
 
 * * 
 
 On the 19th of May, 1824, England was mourning 
 the loss of one of her most distinguished sons, Francis 
 Maseres, Baron of the Exche(|uer, jurist, mathematician, 
 linguist, historian, publicist. The po])ular voice styled 
 him " The Veteran of Science," while Literature pro- 
 claimed him the Mu'cenas of men of letters in his town. 
 That year death had closed his well-spent career, 
 Mnseres, a fervent Christia.n, had bid adieu to the world, 
 ith ])omp and vanity, at the advanced age of 93 years, 
 in his beautiful villa of Reigate, in Surrey. Friendship 
 Lad inscribed on his marble tomb, " Qumulo ulluiii 
 inveniam parent ! " — When shall we sec his like ? " 
 
 If Francis Maseres, in spite of his Gallic name, was 
 by his tastes, aspirations, convictions, loyalty, a true 
 son of Albion, one might say, a typical Englishman ; 
 he never forgot, and more than once showed it, that for 
 his ancestors there had been once a loved home beyond 
 the white cliffs of England, that glorious old France, 
 for ^\ hich they had been ready to shed their blood, and 
 which contained the sacred dejjot of their ashes. 
 
 It has been said that it takes three generations to 
 
 

 make a real Englisli ^eutleman ; three fjeuerations had 
 sufficed to make JMaseres a true Euglishnian. 
 
 Francis Masercs was Itorn in London on the loth 
 December, 1731. His father practiced as a ])hysicianin 
 Broad street, Soho. His great-grandfather, a native uf 
 France, professed the faitli in which were born Henri 
 IV, Catlierine de Kohan, Conde and Coligny. 
 
 Three of his brothers had held commissions in the 
 French army. 
 
 For the ]\faseres, as well as for scores uf distinguished 
 French families, tlie revocatictn of tiie Edict of Xantes, 
 in ]G8o, was the signal of de])artiire ; it meant poverty, 
 sorrow, exile. Prefei'ring the latter to the sacrifice of 
 his religious views, Mr. Maseres, the ancestor of the 
 Baron, sailed for England. 
 
 King William III, cognisant of his merit gave him 
 military employnuuit in Ireland, and later, in Portugal. 
 From thence he returned witii the grade of colonel. 
 
 His son, a physician, having left Broad street, jiur- 
 chased a house in liathbone Place, whicli ultinuit(dy 
 Avent to his grandson; a brotlier of tiie Baron, occa- 
 sionally spent thert' many happy days. 
 
 Francis Maseres graduated at the Univei'sity of 
 Cambridge, 1752-55. The young M. A. very soon dis- 
 played rare aptitude for science and literature. He gave 
 himself up, heart and soul, to these jjursuits, without 
 striving very hard to ac(|uire riches, though that 
 fickle (jioddess, ycle])t Fortune, more than once smiled 
 upon him. 
 
 Whilst at Candjridge, he ])ublished the following 
 essay: "J Dissertation on (he Negative. Sitjn in 
 Ahjebra, coidalnhiij a Demon strafioii of the Rule 
 concerning it." His aim was to facilitate for beginners 
 the study of that science. Maseres abandoned the 
 university to study law. On being admitted to the 
 English Bar, he followed the circuits, without gaining 
 much distinction. Later on, however, his knowledge 
 of English jurisprudence was so profound that the 
 
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 t^- 
 
 
-. 136 — 
 
 members of both houses of Parliament would come to 
 him for advice. George III sent him to Quebec, in 
 17GG as attorney-general to replace George Suckling, 
 who had succeeded J. A. Cugnet, an eminent French 
 barrister. In 1765 the ja'oclamation of the Stamp Act 
 had set all New England in a blaze. Maseres rendered 
 at this juncture, by his writings, good service to 
 England ; he was subseqiiently made Cursitor Baron of 
 the PiXche(iuer, 
 
 " The most important (1) matter with whicli Maseros was 
 connected during the three years that he lived in Quebec 
 was tlio famous law-suit of Walker, ol" Montreal. As Attorney- 
 General he represented the crown in tliat cause, which at 
 that time made so much noise, and which Maseres relates 
 with many details in his volume, bearingas title, " Ad<litional 
 Papers," published in 1776. Apart from his tirst "Plan ot 
 act of Parliament ", which he had printed in London before 
 leaving for Canada in 176G, all his writings concerning Canada 
 were not j)ublished until after his return to England, which 
 took place late in the autumn of 1769, although it seems 
 vei-y probable that tins greater part of his studies were pre- 
 pareil during his stay in Quebec. Thus his public work in 
 1772, having as a title, " Plan of a Gen<M'al Assembly of the 
 Freeholders of the Province of Quebec ", was written at 
 Quebec in 1767, as is indicated by a note written by Maseres 
 himself, in a copy of this pamphlet which 1 iiave met witii. 
 In this work he suggests the establishment of a House of 
 Assembly, of which all the lords of the province shall be 
 members, with an ecpial number of free-holders, that is to say 
 tiiat a person shall be elected by the free-holders of each 
 seigniory to represent the interest of these in the House of 
 Assembly. He proposed also to give to the cities of Quebec 
 and Montreal the rigiit to elect eacli two representatives and 
 to Three-Rivers, one, to furtiierin this assembly the couuner- 
 cial interests of Canada. He calculates tliat by this manner 
 of election, the representation will be composed of about two 
 hundred and sixty members. The assembly will met every 
 year at a fixed time. Notwithstanding his animosity against 
 the Catholics, he cannot avoid recommen<Iing in tiiis scheme 
 that the famous test oatii should no longer i)e exacted from 
 Catholics, and that another should be substituted which 
 would be less offensive. 
 
 n 
 
 '*»• 
 
 (1) Biographical Notes on Baron Masires, Phileas Gaonon, 
 1891. 
 
 lii , - V 
 
137 — 
 
 Among the political writings on Canada which Maseres 
 published during the years 1772 and 1773 were found two 
 projects of acts of parliament which made some noise. They 
 all had the same title, but wore written at difteront periods. 
 The first was printed in 1772, and the second in 1773. The 
 title reads as follows : " Draught of an act of parliament for 
 settling the laws of the Province of Quebec." 
 
 On ceasing (at lii.s own request) to continue as 
 attorney-general, he was asked to act in London as 
 agent of the Protestants of Canada, and charged with 
 advocating their civil and tlieir religious riglits. 
 
 The arbitrary treatment meted out Ijy intolerance to 
 his ancestors, in France, seems to have ever rankled in 
 his mind ; he cordially hated lioman Catholics (1). His 
 Mas another distinguished name to be added to the 
 group of clever deleuates charoed to advocate in Enijland 
 colonial rights and innn unities by the English minority 
 or French nuijority in Canada : Etienne Charest, Adam 
 Lymburner, Louis Joseph l*ai)ineau, Denis Ilenjaniin 
 Vigor, John Neilson, (Sir) James Stuart, Arthur H, 
 Itoebuck. 
 
 In 1779 the Kecorder of London ai)]iointed Maseres 
 his deputy. 
 
 In 1770 the Court (tf Common Council made him 
 president of the Sherilfs Court in London. He held 
 this appointment until 1822, two years before his 
 death. 
 
 The year 17S4 found Maseres deejily immersed in a 
 dispute with the Iloyal Society of London, touching 
 the dismissal of the nuithematician, Hutton. 
 
 In 1800, Maseres i)id)lished a dissertation " Om the 
 Jiesolutiun of Affected Ahjehraic Eqiudloas, " with 
 profnse scientific notes. 
 
 4'- 
 
 k,. 
 
 H 
 
 ■.r ' 
 
 (1) Governor Carleton, in a letter to Lord Hillsborough, 
 rightly censures Maseres' too "fervid Protestant zeal" at 
 Quebec, and rebukes his rooted prejudices against Koiuan 
 Catholics as unworthy of such a learned man. 
 
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 — 138 — 
 
 TlioiiL^li unr foriner attorney-general is known to us 
 princiiially tlunu^h liis fourteen memoirs and reports 
 on Canadian a! fairs from 17(3Gto 1791, mentioned else- 
 Avliere, it was in the exact scieiices, parliamentary law, 
 ]>liiloso|)liy, and])urlianientary history of En<iland where 
 he made his mark and where he so lahoriously toiled. 
 
 I suli.join tlio following list of his scientific publioations : — 
 
 1. " Tiie a'^lenionts of Plane Ti'lixononn'trv, with a disLMta- 
 tion (in tlip i.aturc and iiso of Logarithms, " ITCiO, Svo. 
 
 2. 3Iont('s<],iitMi, Views of the English (lonstitiition, tran- 
 slated with noies, '" I7S1, S vols. 
 
 o. The rrineij)les of the Doctrine of Life Annuities, " 
 178;j, i vol., 4 L'O. 
 
 4. 'the M()derat(^ J{etormer ; or a jjrojiosal to correct some 
 abuses in the jnesent estul)lisment ofthe<_'hurch of Enghuul, " 
 1791, (1 vols., 4to. 
 
 5. EM(|tury into the Extent of Power ol'. Tories on Trials, 
 for Criminal Writings, \1\)'2, Svo. 
 
 (). Scriptures Logarithmic, " I79I-1S07, il vols., 4to. 
 
 7. Bernouilli's lioctrine of PernnUations and Combina- 
 tions with some Princij)les of Algebra, "' 17'.)l.l, 8vo. 
 
 S. May's History of the Parliament of Englan<l, which 
 began iird Nov., U)40 : a new edition, with a preface, " 1S14, 
 4to. 
 
 •J. Three Tracts Published in Amsterdam ui IO',M,and two 
 under the name ot General Ludlow to Edmund Seymour and 
 other persons ; a new edition, with a jii'cface, 1S13, 4to. 
 
 10. The Irish Rebellion ; or a history of the attemjits of 
 the Irish Papists to exterpate the Protestants; by Sir -loiin 
 Templer ; a new edition, with {)reface, ISIS, 4to. 
 
 11. The (.'urse ol Popery and Pojyish Pains to the Civil 
 Government and Protestant <"hurch of England," reprinted 
 in 8 vols., 1807. 
 
 12. Memoirs of the most material transactions in England 
 for 100 vears })receding the Kevolution in 1()S8;" by -James 
 Welwood, 1820, 8 vols. 
 
 13. Select Tracts relating to the Civil Wars in England, 
 temp. Chas. 1. and Ci'omwell Usurpation, " 2 vols., 8 vo. 
 
 14. View of the Ancient Constitution of the English Par- 
 liament. " 
 
 Mr. I^hileas Gagnon, in some interesting Biographical 
 Notes, on oio- former Attorney' (General, gives as follows, a list 
 of ^lascres Woi'ks on Canada. Several things will be found 
 in them which are but little known up to the present time. 
 
 176(). A sketch of an act ot parliament for tolerating the 
 Koman Catholic religion in the Province of Quebec ; for 
 
 
'0f^W' 
 
 — 139 — 
 
 encouraging and introducing the Protestant religion into the 
 said province, and for settling tlio laws an<l augnn'nting the 
 {(ublic revenue of the same. By Trancis Masoriis, Es(|., tlusn 
 lately appointed His Majesty's Attorney-General for the 
 i'rovince of (Quebec, in North America. Loiulon, printed in 
 Ajiril. 176t). 
 
 This work is the first tliat Maseres wrote on oin- afhiirs. As 
 may he seen hy the date' of his arrival in Canada, he wiote 
 this small treatise before leaving London to (•oiiic here. At 
 the end of this pamphlet, which was re-printed in his '-Occa- 
 sional Essays "' in ISO',), he says that h<> )ir<'iiared this plan 
 of Act of Parliament at the I'efjuest of Carletoii and Chief 
 Judge lley, and a few copies only were j>rintc<l for the infor- 
 mation of the Mar(|uisof h'ockingham and of Mr. Dowdesuell, 
 Secretary of State, of (.'harles Vorke, Attorney-(ieneral, ot 
 Mr. fJrey, Solicitor fieneial, and other jiersons in the employ 
 of His ^lajesty who had the task of seeing about the govern- 
 ment of t juel)ec. Not one copy of this act was given to the 
 public. This work of Maseres never came before the English 
 pailiament ; ot which Maseres complaine<l bittei'ly, pietend- 
 ing that they were afraid of clashing with the Catholics. 
 Maseres himself had no such scruples. 
 
 1 707. Things necessary to be settled in the Province of 
 (Quebec, either by the King's Order in Council, or Ijy Act of 
 Parliament. Without date, nor where printed, nor special 
 title ; ten pages in folio. 
 
 A very interesting dociunent written by Maseres in I7t)7, 
 while he was Attorney (ienei'al. at (Quebec, but printed under 
 this form only at the close of the year 1771', as he says him- 
 self in a note at the end of tliis pam})iilet. 
 
 17b7. Plan ofaCieneral Assembly of the Freeholders of the 
 Province of (Quebec. Without date, nor where printed, nor 
 special title, as the one which i>receded it. Tln' paging was 
 continued from the precedent under the same size, ami tiled 
 fi'om the llth to the L'Oth pages of this curious document, 
 which was also jjrejiared while Maseres was Attorney-General 
 at Quebec in the year 17t)7. 
 
 These two works in our constitution were very probably 
 printed by Maseres so as to cause the English goveinnient to 
 share his ideas on the kind of constitution which should be 
 granted us. In fact one sees there a resume of all that 
 Maseres preached at the time of the discussion of the bill of 
 Quebec, in 1774. 
 
 1772. Draught of an Act of Parliament for investing the 
 Governor and Council of the Province of Quebec. Without 
 an Assembly of the Freeholders of the same witli a power of 
 making laws and ordinances for the i)eace, welfare and good 
 government of the said province iluring the space of fourteen 
 
 
 
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uo — 
 
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 years. 4 pages in folio, a document without date nor place 
 of printing, but certainly printed, in 1772, as is indicated by 
 a manuscript note on a copy in my possession. 
 
 1772. Another plan of Act, bearing exactly the same title 
 as the preceding one. 
 
 At the end of this document are found notes on the power 
 of taxation in this province. The word " second," written by 
 the hand before the word "draught," at the commencement of 
 the title in the copy which I have in my possession, would 
 indicate that Maseres had had a second scheme printed, 
 more complete than the first, for the information of the 
 English minister, for this last document is composed of 12 
 pages instead of 4, as the preceding one had. The latter was 
 rt'-printed in the " Quebec papers, " vol. I, page oO. 
 
 1772 (First.) Draught of an Act of Parliament for settling 
 the laws of the Province of (iuebec. 
 
 177.'}. (Second.) Draught Ac, like the preceding document, 
 1772. A collection of seveial commissions and other public 
 instruments proceeding from His Majesty's royal authority, 
 and other i)apers relating to the state of tlie Province of 
 Quebec, in North America, since the concjuest of it by the 
 British arms, in 17(')(). London, 1772,311 pages in quarto. 
 
 177.3. Account of the defence of a plan of Act of Parliament 
 for the establishment ot the laws of the Province of (Quebec, 
 drawn up by Mr. Francis Maseres, English lawyer, afterwards 
 Attorney (ireneral of Jlis Majesty, tlio King of Great Britain, 
 of the said province, against tlie objections of M. Francis 
 .losephCugnet, Canadian gentleman, secretary of tlieGovernor 
 and counsel of the said i)rovince for tln^ French language. At 
 London. Printed at Edn\und Allen's, Bolt Court, Fleet 
 street. M.D.C.C.b.X. XIII. IM pages in folio. 
 
 As in all the other works, Maseres says in this one that he 
 could wish with all his heart that the Canadians \vould adopt 
 th(! Protestant religion, wouM learn the English language and 
 adopt the Knglish laws, or, at least, forget those of France. 
 He also makes known to us who those wei'c whom (ien. Car- 
 leton had charged to prepare the exti-act known by the name 
 of " The Abstract of Gentlemen ", and which was published 
 in London in 1772. He mentions " Frs. .los. Cugnet, the 
 learned M. Jacrean, of the Seminary of Quebec, and the very 
 intelligent M. Prossard, of the same seminary, and Mr. Des 
 Chensand, as well as other clever persons who worked there 
 during three years at the request of General Carleton. 
 
 1774. (Juebec commissions. London, 1774, folio. During the 
 year 1774 he inundated also the English papers with his prose 
 against the French Canadians. It was especially the Public 
 Advertiser which had the honour of publishing the first, — the 
 letters of .Junius ; and the Norioich Mercury which had the 
 privilege of causing his writings to be circulated. 
 
 hi!^ ,1 
 
— 141 — 
 
 177"). An account of tlio i)i'oc!oeilin;:s of the Britisli and 
 otlicr Protestants, inhabitants of the Province of Qiieliec iVc. 
 Lomlon, i7t)Ci, 510 pages iu-8. 
 
 Tiiis volume, notwithstaiulinj: all the falsehooils which it 
 contains, is of considerahle inijioi'tance tor the history of our 
 country, from the ooncjuest to 1775. Tliis volume, with tho 
 preceiling one, are what historians call th(^ " Quehec i)ai)ers " 
 of Masei'es. 
 
 1770. The Caiuidian Freeholder, in two dialogues, between 
 an Englishman and a Pi'enchiuiin settled in Canada, showing 
 the sentiments of the liulk of the treeholilers of Canada 
 concerning the hite Qutdx-c Act, with some remarks on tho 
 Boston Ciiiirter Act, and an attempt to show the great expe- 
 diency of immediately re]).'aliiig lK)th those acts of j)arliuiuent, 
 ami of making some other useful I'egiUations and concessions 
 to His Majesty's subjects, as a ground for a reconciliation 
 with tho united colonies in America. Loiidon, vol. I, 177(5 ; 
 vol. II and HI, 177'.). This work is a .Malevolent attack upon 
 all that is Frencli and CathoHc, and an apology for England. 
 
 1809. Occasional essays, chielly political and historical. 
 London, ISOy. fi07 pages, Svo. In tliis volume .are found 
 many writings on Canada, among which we shall mention a 
 history of the Canadian nobility in 1775. Tliere are to be 
 foun<l also important details on the workilone by the English 
 (Jovernnient, so as to permit Mgr. P>iiand to go .and have 
 Jiimself consecrated bisiiop in France, to be able to HIl the 
 fimctions of the Episcopiatt! in Canad.a. 3Iaseres especially 
 accust>s Edmund Burke, private secretary of the Marcjuis of 
 lioekingham, one of the men in the English cabinet at that 
 period, of making use of all the inlluence which he had with 
 his master, to grant that; ermission to Mgr. Briand, and ev<*n 
 lots it be understood — while contradicting this stej) — that 
 Burke had received his education in a .Jesuit College, in Bel- 
 gium, and would not later have embraced Protestantism, but 
 to imjirove his condition in the political world. This volume 
 contains also a collection of ignoble things against the Catho- 
 lic Church. Maseres never could digest the bill of Quebec, 
 the a<loption of which, by the English Parliament, proved to 
 the Protestants, whose agent he was, that all their work, for 
 a niuuber of years, to crush the Cana«lian Catholics, had been 
 a clear loss. I should be very glad to know any other ilocu- 
 ment on Canada, published by Maseres, wiiich we have 
 omitted in this list. " 
 
 PUH.KA.S Gaoxon 
 Quebec, 1891. 
 
 It seems nearly incretlible that so much .scientific 
 research and literary work could have sprung from one 
 man's brain. 
 
 '^ 4m 
 
 . i ^r rV* ' i 'I 
 
 :-v'j ;::.,,; ',h^ 
 ■ I <•'! . ''■ '. 
 
 ',t ;.;; ■ ' y 
 
 II 
 
 r ■■.( 
 
 1.. 's ■■■■'■ x'.i'i- .■ .f * '■ 
 
— 1 41' — 
 
 ]Iis jtiirsi! was goiiiTuiisly |)liic(!il iiion- tliaii dikm; hI 
 till! (lisj)Msiil (if liti'iaiy, hut iin|M'(nnii(Hi.s merit. Miisrrcs 
 lent lln! IltiV. J. Il;;llius tli<! tlloucy U) ]i,iy Inr 111*' 
 |iiiliIisliiiiLj of tlio (!X(,'t^lIi!iil. triiiisliitimi Iki liad jiiailf <it" 
 
 He uiict! Uiiil .S<5,0()1), t'ltv a ti'iTii of twenty years 
 without iiitcnist, to an imlinfiit author, to (nlii a work. 
 In spite of tlu'se ncueroiis acts, his (istat<! at his (h-ath 
 was of much '.iivatcr valui- than one couM ha\'e i»"en 
 Icil to hi'lii^ve. His Sojourn in (^utibec, affordeil him 
 am]ile I'acilities to study closely the wants ol' the colony, 
 tlu; weak points of the adminisirat ivi' system, the l)ick(!i'- 
 in^s and friction between the m\\\ subjects — the French 
 Canadian's and the K:n;4's old subjc>cts, recently ari'ived 
 from P.ritain. Thoueh a trusted adherent of. the King, 
 he took sides a.uaiusi him on a jioint of vita! im])ortanc(! 
 to French Canailians. 
 
 " ]Ma-ser(,'s, when Attorney - (leneral for the Pro- 
 vince of <.^)U(!bee," says the historian I'ibaud, Jeune, 
 " deni(.'<l that the King liad any right to legislate ibr 
 Caniida without the co-oi)eration of his Parliament," 
 and according to Maseres, tlie French laws (1) had been 
 
 (1) " lu'om the year ITfi.S tlie English hiw.s wero put in force, 
 instoad of tlic ancient French laws which jioverned this pro- 
 vince before the conquest. There were contiiuially complaints 
 on the jiart of Canadians who found tliemselve molested. 
 The English Goverinnent, desiring to give a reason as to 
 what gave occasion ior these complaints, sent to Quebec, 
 about 1778, one of the under-seci'etaries of state, of the name 
 of Morgan, to make a collection of all the French laws which 
 ruled the country under French sway, — a task which Morgan 
 accomplished, it is said, with the greatest fidelity. Instruc- 
 tions were at the same time sent to the Governor, to the 
 Chief .Judge an<l the Attorney-(4eneral, to give all the assist- 
 ance possible to Mr. Morgan, and charged each of them to 
 supply tlie English (iovernment with their personal opinion, 
 as well as with the result of their conference together on 
 this question. The reports of these various officers, wlio 
 ditiere<l obviously among themselves, were placed before 
 the Privy Council, and from thence referred to the Board of 
 Trade. They were then sent to the two principal officers in 
 
 i N 
 
 '»«.» 
 
— 14:; — 
 
 till' laws of Cniliiilii iVuiii ITD-I- tn 1774. Tlir AilviH'iitc!- 
 (iciici'.il, Miii'i'iliti, iiiaiiitniiH.'il llic ('(iiitniiv. < )iii' can 
 riisily iiiiaLjiiiii tin.' rliaiici's ol' ]»i'ii!iii(liiMi Ma>('ri's must 
 liiivii lost by thus riidi'ly lliwai'tiii'^ tli" plau-i (•fsiirli a, 
 si'll-willcil, dlisliiiati' siivi'ii'iun as was (JiMUnc \[\_ 'fJn; 
 lldiiiai) Catlidlirs must also li.ivi' I't-li ^rati I'lil to liiiii 
 lor Ill's ciroits to liavii tli'! ol»no\ioii.s Test oath iiioditii'il. 
 A warm IVifiul to |io|)iilai' lilicrtics, he hatl another 
 wtoii.l;, in the fves ol' tlit- Kiii^' — he was a \Vhi,Li. An 
 imi'laciihli' I'oi! h(! cvci' was to ii'linjous inlohnain'c and 
 iirbitiaiy power; standin<i; up linn lor llir maiiitifnanec 
 ol' ordi-r and pnlilic authoi'ily. 
 
 The study of tin- Cdvidv and Latin classics was 
 Muscres' delight. Iloincr, Lncain, Huracc were his 
 
 liiw (or loL'id ofTlceis), viz., Solicitor rioiior;il Wotldcrlairne 
 iind Attorney ■<it>nL'riil 'i'hiii'low, witii oi'dois i'or eiicli to uuikt! 
 ii report U|ion uiiat was piaoed before tlioni. Tliere was in 
 tlie re[)orts of tlieso jiiriconsiilts, us olten hai)pens aiiioiii; 
 learned people, a tlivorgenc(! of oi)iiiioii ; hnt lioth aureecl 
 f.'enorally in showiiif: much sympathy, — tlins lioiii,!.' aj,'ainst tlio 
 if leas ot Maseres. It wasapro))o.sof this tiiat Mascres piiMisinMl 
 liis " Drauiilit of an Act of Parliament for settliii;^ the laws 
 oftlio rrovinoe of (iueliec." It is to the large and liberal views 
 contained in those reports of Thnrlow aiKl Wedderl)nrne that 
 we owe all the liberties grantt.'d to the Canadian Catholics 
 l)y the famous Act of (Quebec of 1774, which so inuoli em'aged 
 the Tories of that time. "' 
 
 •* After his return to England, Maseres continued to occupy 
 himself with the affairs of Canada, lie took a very active 
 part in the cause of Dn Calvet. lie contested with the greatest 
 vigour the illegality of the imi)risonnient of the latter l)y 
 Ilaldimand; it is said even that he contributed a large por- 
 tion to the expensi's of the law-suit whicii trxjk [ilace in tiiis 
 connection. At the death of Dn Calvet, Maseres chaigoil 
 himself with the education of his son, of whom nothing was 
 heard afterwards. Une would like to know, perhaps, wliat 
 Roub.aud thought of Maseres, with whom he had nuu4i to do. 
 fn a letter to llaldimaml, dated March 2;>rd, 178'), which was 
 found in the archives, at Ottawa, after having related a cou- 
 ver.sation which he had with him on the subject of the impri- 
 sonment of Du Calvet, he expresses liimself as follows : 
 " During the course of this imi)ortant conversation, M. 
 
i. 
 
 — 144 — 
 
 favourites urnniin- the anciinit.s ; ho liiid tbcm Ity heart, 
 it wiis said, whilst hi; (loloil on Milton iinion;^' nimlern 
 Nviitt'i's. \hi liked and spoke lliuMilIy, the liin,y;uiij,'u u^ 
 his ancestors, the Fnnieh, the pure, old Freneh i 
 I-ouisXIV, the iilioni of Hacjine, Conuiilie, St'vijfue , 
 niiikine- fun of what Ik; styled I'Anjof I'iirisicii, he 
 ;^ood Ininioui'edly jeeriMl thu l''i'eni!li cih'kji'vh who fre- 
 quented his Kiilon, on their modern elfeininate iu;oent, 
 thoiij^h at iill limes ready to extend to tlnni the hand 
 of tViemlwhip. Hound his hospilahle, hoard, Siiys an 
 old nu'moii', www i;i'ouped Archhishojis, Dishops and 
 other eminent members of the Freiieh elei'ny, safe in 
 I'aii^laiid from th<! ,miillotine of liol)espierre. Annjuj^st 
 others, miiiht he noticed a dij^nilary of the Parliament 
 of I'aris — an exile — eri-etcnl with a hearty welconu' in 
 
 I i 
 
 >rjis('»i'i!s ('Xpi'psscil liiinscinn a tone of volieinenoe ami airi* 
 iitioii, wliicli sui'|irisctl ine ill an Kii;j;lisliiimii. Il« liad no 
 of till' cooliioss of tilt) nation; tiicre was vivacity; Oasc 
 (|iiii'lwne-<s ; in a word, lio was a liotlicaded entlmsiast. I 
 am not surprised tiiut (lie head of Dii Calvet l»urns and his 
 liraiii cvolvos an.i;erand violcnco. IIo is at a flood school, and 
 will go far under the lessons ot iiis iiiastor. When the English 
 Pai'lianient prejiared the Act of (iuohi'o in 1774, it lioanl the 
 tostiinonies of a good number of persons, who wore roputttd 
 to know the country and its wants. Among those who were 
 interrogated were found Carleton, < "liief. Fudge William Hey, 
 Marriott, the Solicitor-(Jeneral, M. do Lotbiniere, a native ot 
 Canaila, and belonging to the l>ody of the nol>ility of this 
 country — a well thinking man and proprietor of immense 
 seigniories, next to .Mascres, — and finally Maseres himself, 
 who was known to have resided in Canada, and who should 
 have ac(|uired special knowledge on the question in point. 
 Ho pretended there, among many other assertions, difficult 
 to jn'ove, that the Canadians would be very glad if Englaml 
 would not grand to the clergy the riglit to reclaim their titlies 
 liefore tribunals, and he insisted that manj' Canadians had 
 refused to pay their tithes since the conquest, — in building 
 on the fact that Lord Amherst had refuse<l to grant the right 
 to dtnluct ; the reserving this question for the good pleasure 
 of the King of Englaiul. lie said also that he believed that if 
 imuKHliately after the conquest they liad hegun gradually to 
 replace the Catholic priests, who died, by Protestant minis- 
 
— 14.- — 
 
 ]\Iiisi'r('s' N'illa ill l{('iL>iit(.*. Tlniii;;!i Miisorcs dcsiiiscd 
 the Irvclli'ts (.1' ]71» 
 
 ( .»•>, us we 
 
 us 
 
 Volt 
 
 nil' s .siihvi'isivt' 
 
 tldpti'iiu's, he knew how to uiiiircciati' tlir clcvcr wri- 
 tings itl' the aiilhur tA' /ain'. Scnipiilousiy lioncst, 
 uiiassuTiiiiiL;', ot'uii I'vcii, liiiJ'liV (lis]i()sitiiiii, what cspi!- 
 cialh' (Ifljt'hlcd liiiii was the hi'inuin'' td'^'tlu'i', at 
 Jiciij^atf, (M»iiji;c'iiial sjiirjls, lovufs of tlic exact Hcictu'Cs. 
 Ill) I'AtnTd not Iddc the siirly (loj^'niatisni nf tlu! taninii.s 
 l)r. Saiuiit'l fidliiisdii. ( Ml itim ()(H!asi()ii .\rasi'r('s mot 
 tin; old hcai', at his jiuhjisht'i's stoi'i! ; the, crilic as usual 
 liiuiiclit'd (lilt ill iiiiiudasuivd raillery ol' liic (•iiiilciuiin- 
 larv writers, naiiiin'' lliiiiie and Vultuirt 
 
 'riiut was 
 
 ellOllLfll 
 to 
 
 Mi 
 
 lie 
 
 iseics declared In; wdiilil have ii<ithiii,Lr m<>i'i 
 uy In him. 'I'he liaioii was a <.^reat eliess playiir 
 knew how to lo.se a ''\[\iw, with such ehurmimj 
 
 ters, tiio (.'iinufliiiiis wmilil have lici-n satistic'(l; l)ut liedit not 
 Uiiro siiy tliat it would l)e laudent to do it at timt time. Ifo 
 iillej.'od also tluit he l)C'liev<'d tliut it' tlio i'l'otostaiit and 
 Cntholic (M'ecds were left on l' -mno touting in this coun- 
 try, ther» 
 disjdeased 
 
 would \>v more iu< ,, d than tiiosi^ who wore 
 If MascM'es occupied lumstdt as much with tlie 
 atlairs of Canada after Iiis return to Hnjiiand, it was that lie 
 acted as agent with the English (iovernmcnt on liohalfof tho 
 Protestants that were in Camilla, and this lasted a good 
 many years. Me had fi'ei|uent communications with the cliiefs 
 of the English party, whose int(!rests he watched; the latter 
 kept him posteil with wiiat transpired in the country, as may 
 1)0 hcen from the large ciu'respondenco which he makes 
 known to ns in his (Quebec jjapers. Before him, the agent ot 
 the English party in Canada was one Fowler Walker, 
 a lawyer of reputation, practising in the Coint of Ciiaiicerv — 
 one who did luoi'e than any other in liaviug .Murray recalled 
 from the government of (iueliec. 'fliis, pooi' Murray lud, 
 iievertheless, l)ut given fair play to the French Canadians 
 iluring Ills administi'ation. lie was the same Walker who 
 diret^ted the movement to prevent i^fgr. liriand from taking 
 the title of J'.ishop of tiuchec, wliicli was at la-t granted to 
 liim. .Nfflsi'res say> that hi' was tlie ln'st infuriiied per»on in 
 the affairs of (^uelicc wliom he had met. 
 jHi'je 3()'J). 
 
 i'Ull.KAS <i.\iiNU.\. 
 
 lu 
 
 A 
 
 lt«i 
 
UtJ 
 
 *»» 
 
 hohhoiHic, that a fririid of his onci; obsoi'Vcd that of 
 
 ill 
 
 s iiajiiaiiitiincL'.s, 
 
 Ah 
 
 isL'i'cs was the oiilv iilavur on 
 
 wlio.sc lace, a tU-ieat nr a vic'toiv c<ail(l not he. V"ad. 
 Coiitein])orary luenidiis disiilay The Vefcran. of 
 
 Sclracf, in the s\\{,'i!t siichi.sioii of his Iniii 
 
 IV 
 
 at tnne- 
 
 iiuiicv a revi'i(!iitial asjicct, iccallin^ the tciKler piety 
 ami siii^uleiH'ss of heart of the illustrious Sir Isaac 
 Newtnu, \\ iio through resjiect for the Sujireme Being, 
 uhom he stvled the Uirnflcuian ahocc, never ] 
 (1 1 
 
 ir( I- 
 
 nouneeii his revend name without uneuvering his 
 lu'ad. Until his dying Ihiur, ilie Itarim's was the deeiaous 
 liearing, tiie excjuisite good-hi'eeding, the sinijile hut 
 jiunetilious costume of the gentlemen of the long rol.)e, 
 — the three-eoriieieil hat, the heavy, jtowdered wig, the 
 delicate, friiied shiit of olden days : such his daily 
 attire. 
 
 To those A\lio might love to re-])e(i]ih' nld (J>uehei; 
 with the men who, in the tlesh, roamed through its his- 
 toric thoroughfares, at the era following ihe great seige 
 of 1759, when the oUT dwellings and jjulihc edifices 
 desti'oyed by Wolfe and Saundeis' shells, Meie siiringing 
 from their ashes — imagination would fain depict the 
 cheery jiresence of the courteous dignitary strolling 
 thnmgh the Ifrn;/ towards the Chat'jau St. Louis, or, 
 huriying dow n I'alace Hill, in the direction nf the I idcn- 
 do.iiee, in search of ihieuments from the archivist J. A. 
 I'anet : ])archments of commissions, certiticates of land 
 grants, j)atents of rreiich nobility, for his work "An 
 accoimt oi' the ^sdhlesse or Gentry of Canada ; " or else, 
 disputing at the cdiner of a street with the learned 
 C'ugnet, aneni an article of the Custom of I'aris, («• else, 
 attending the sitiings of the Sujieriiii' (,'ouncil, presided 
 over hy the Governor ; n'' ]ierhaps, even lik(; some of 
 the luminaries mI our d-iy, leisurely strolling up St. 
 Louis street in ilie dii('cti(>n nf the (rrande Jllcr, after 
 oHice hours, for his " dailv conslitulioiial. " 
 
oil! IIISIOIMAXS. 
 
 Coiii]iIl!X (-'Icuiuiits in our jiupulation, duality (if liiii- 
 
 guagc, (livers 
 
 ity of 
 
 CUstoTll.- 
 
 tvaditi 
 
 Kills and (M(H'(L 111 
 
 Canada, as wi'll as tla; (•lianL;(! of masters, in 1 "•"'.•, in 
 tlie old French Province of Queliec, added to successive 
 and \vid(dy-differinn; political reuinies have had for 
 natural outcome (usually varied estimates and diversitied 
 records of oui' liistorical jiast. 
 
 Two schools, two curi'eiits of thouLjht, often, we say 
 it witli regret, unsymiiathotic in their teachings, have 
 .sprung iij). Writers of history have drifted unawares into 
 two or moi'(! widtdy-ajiavt literary channels; the pen of 
 the annalist, seemingly more than once, obeyed the 
 promptings of his nationality. In jiortraying some of 
 the deadly feuds dividing our ancestry, the Hritish (jr 
 the CJallic blood would tell ; let us be candid ! 
 
 'Twere more than chimerical to (expect among our 
 historians entire unity of sentiment omivents, alisolute 
 absei)'\- of i>arty leanings, notwithstanding the high 
 .sc'.iS'. (jf truth and honour jicrvading the theme of 
 many of them : tlui facts evolved may have been the 
 same, the grouping and colouring tiiffcred tofo crlo. 
 
 Shall the lesson of years, shall th" tcacliings of diauges 
 ])e lost on us ? Shall we continue forever to kct;]i our 
 eyes hxed on tlu; dead jiast, insensible to the li\iiig 
 present, insensible to the niarcli of destiny :* (!od forbid! 
 
 National life enlarged and safcuuardcd bv the solemn 
 compact of Confederation, a, scliciuc de\ised and 
 accepted by all political parties and b\ ever\- rai^o. ^mall 
 ]iroviucial communities expanded into vigorous mat iirity, 
 a new order of things, new wants created Ity novel 
 circnmstaiices, interests doubled in magnitude, old ]n)li- 
 
h ' 
 
 — 148 — 
 
 in 
 
 tical ulcers healed, or in jtrdce.ss of being so, tlie 
 exigeiieies of coiuuKnce, our wouilrous, military, trans- 
 contiuental railway-networis are these factors of the 
 ]iresent these factors of tlie future to be i^t;nored? Are 
 there uot here uioiuentous issues for the calm study of 
 the statesman, as well as foi' the cuol, (lisi»assionate, nay, 
 symiiathetic consideration of eveiy true Canadian ? 
 
 Whilst tlie carping demagogue vaiidy attem])ts 
 to thrust into the face of heedless listeners the 
 "bloody sliiit" of ]iast, forgotttui errors and wrf)ngs, 
 let the true patriot proudly Ikiuut the banner with the 
 insj'iring device, "Union is Strength ! " 
 
 Witii these promptings uppermost in our minds, let us 
 take a hasty glance at tht^ lionoured ntll of Canadian 
 annalists ; later on, we may submit their works to the 
 verdict of an inqiartial jiublic. The most prominent of 
 the Eughsh writers nuiy l)e summed uj) as follows : 
 
 Baron Fniucis Masores, 1731- IS24 Various Memoirs ou 
 
 (iiicboc afiairs. 
 
 William Smitli, 17fV.t-1847 History of Cauachj, 2 vols. 
 
 Kobort Christie, 17SS-18r)(). — rarliamentary History of 
 Canada. 
 
 Samuel .1. Watson, 1837-1881 Constitutional History of 
 
 Canada. 
 
 John Chas. Dent, I841-189C Canadasince the Union, 1840. 
 
 Dr. Jlenrv H. utiles, 1818, living. — School History of Canada. 
 
 Kev. W. if. Withrow, 1830, living A Popular History of 
 
 the Dominion ol Canada. 
 
 John McMullcn, 18', living. — History of Canada, 17r)0-18').5. 
 
 .fames Hainiay, 18', living. — History of Acadia. 
 
 lieamish Murdock, 18', living. — History of Nova Scotia. 
 
 William Kingsford, 183', living History of Canada. 
 
 Francis I'arkman, 1823-93. — Series of Historical Works on 
 French < anada, lo3r)-1760. 
 
 1 
 ill 
 
 MODKKN KKENCII \V IMTKUS. 
 
 Michel P.il.aud, 1782-1s,j7.— Histoire du Canada, 1.33.V1844. 
 
 Frani'ois-Xavicr Garueau, 180'.)- 180(5. — Histoire du Canada, 
 ir)3.VlS40. 
 
 Aube Joan-Rte. Ant. Feriand. IS05-1866 Cours d'llistoiro 
 
 <lu ("anada, lo3')-l7")'>. 
 
 AI)b("F:t. Michel Failloii. 17S0-b'571 Histoire do la (.'^louio 
 
 l''rani'ai>e uu ( 'anada, i.')3.>li'i7."). 
 
— 149 — 
 
 Le Coiniuanileui'Jacq.Viger, 1 787-1 S58 Bibliothoque Cana- 
 
 dieinus 
 
 Cioo. B. FariUault, 1789-1865 Antiquaire, kc. 
 
 Benj. Sulto, 1841, living llistoire des Canadicns-Fran^ais. 
 
 AbVte Ciis. ir. Caiichon dit Laverdiere, 1820-1873 llii^toii-e 
 
 du Canada pour les ecohis. 
 
 Abbe Hospice A. Veiroau, 1828, living. — Invasion du 
 Canada. 1775. 
 
 Abbe II. 1?. Casgrain, 1829, living Montcalm et Levi, 
 
 175t;-60. 
 
 Abbe Cyprien Tanguay, 1819, living Dictionnaire Genea- 
 
 logicjue des Families Canadiennes. 
 
 Aljbe Louis Bois, 1813_18G9 Soto, Joliette, Marquette, La 
 
 Salle. 
 
 Dr. N. E. Dionno, 1 850, living ITistoire de Jacques-Cartier ; 
 
 Biographic de Champlain. 
 
 To which might Ite added two talented essayi.sts : 
 Joseph Pope and Hiram B. Stephens, 1». C. L., the 
 ■winners, like Dr. Dionne, of Lt. Governor Angers gold 
 and silver medals ; subject : " The early Explorers of 
 the St. Lawrence, " 
 
 I'ossibly we may dwell, at some other time, on the 
 special features of tlie narratives written by the above. 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 t ,■■■■.. -ti-f. 
 
 ■4 U 
 
 
 '■: 'tit •; . ■ •■'.•n 
 
 I- 
 
 ••. 
 
 J. M. LkMoink. 
 
 Spencer Grange, Quebec, Sei)t., 1892. 
 
 
' \ 
 
 My\TI'l!IALS m\ CANADIAN' HISTORY. 
 
 To lliose ((onversaiit with tliu literary luovemont, 
 shall I say, intclk'ctiial a\\akenin,t;', attril)utal»li' a.s one 
 of the results of tlie ]iolitical u])heaval in l8o7-o8, it 
 iinist be a gratifying,' spectacle to witness its progress, 
 as evinced l»y tlie constant accessions of works iu 
 several (le]tartnients (if Canadian letters, especially 
 histitry. 
 
 French lileriitui'e, unlike English letters in the Pro- 
 vince of (Quebec, has liul slightly l»eneiitted by tlie 
 im])ortation in our midst of writers from old France. 
 With tlie i^\(^e]ition' of a few brilliant French journalists 
 (and siinie of tlieni wisely ex])atriated themselves for 
 flieir (.'ountry's go(jd) — with the exciqUion of a very 
 learned historian — the Suljiician Faillon, the province 
 has had mainly in lier literary jiursnits to depend on 
 its indigenous or native talent. 
 
 However interesting this inquiry into our jiast, might 
 jirove, tlie -^idiject, if ]iro])cr]y tn^ated, would take one 
 miicli t'urther than the scope of this a magazine article 
 would permit. 
 
 Whilst wafting across the sea a gratel'ul remembrance 
 to the distiiiguislied nobleman, the ]\JaV(Hiis of Lome, 
 for tlie ini]iulse comniunieat(;d to Cana(Han letters, liy 
 the creation of tlie association which hi' ])laced under 
 the sjiecial ]i;itronage of our sove'vign, ihroiigh the jiriv- 
 ilege he olitaiiied. of calling it the Kuyal Socidij of 
 Cdjiaila, 1 ^-hall coiitine myself to noting a few \ery 
 useful coutrilmtions to the annals of the French ])ro- 
 vince of Quebec, issued of late years. 
 
 How much more easy it will lie hereai'ter to compile 
 a reliable and circumstantial chronicle of the eight pro- 
 
 ! "» 
 
— lol 
 
 viuces of till! Doiiiinidii (if (Jaiiiida, when it is httvno in 
 mind that eacli of them has active, lovin,u, inilcfatigalile 
 delvevs in tlie ricli mine of its earlv historv; thiit the 
 .Dominion Parliament, as well as tlie I'rovineial Leuis- 
 lalnres, ctmsider it a dnty, nay, a cro\vnin_L>' i^loiy, 
 to sIk.iw the deep interest tliey each feel in Canadian 
 annals, hy suhslaiilial i^rants to nnearth and make 
 kniAvn through the nn\)]v art of the jainter, the literary 
 treasnies lyiii^- iinrevealed, nii])i'uduc(ive in its jaihlic 
 arehivi's. 
 
 1 sulijdin imiici'alik' iinMicatioiis rectaitly ])tU forth 
 cakailated tit furnish '• materials i'oi' Canadian histiay " 
 in the Province of (j)ueliec: 
 
 Gtiide P.io,ma)pliiciui' sur lo ClieviiHcr Xoil Briilart <lo 
 Sillrry. fV)iiiliitrui' (|c Sillciy, jires (iuoln'c, j)ar TAIiIk'' Loais 
 Eois, (JiK'lii'c, IS")."). 
 
 Notes llistoi'i(HU'> sui' SilleiT, pur raljl)6 .l.-B.-A. Krrlaml, 
 ynebeo. is.")."). 
 
 Ilistoire il<' I'llf i|'< )rl<'>ans, |)ai- fi.-P. Tun'otte, (iLu''l)ec, 
 ]SC)7. 
 
 Noti's sur !h piiioisso Stf-Aniic lU- la Pocatirie, jiar I"al>l)6 
 < 1. Parailis, (^)iu''!n'c. IStivi, 
 
 • 'hroniqiK's dc liimouski. pai' faiiln'' ('lias, (iiiav. (Jut'-hcc, 
 1S74. 
 
 iristfiirc (rinic paroisso (JviviiTt' ( •udlc et St-I>rnis;. par 
 ral)be ll.-ix. Casirrain, (^at'licc, lss4. 
 
 Iai premier Colon 'lo Lovi'. pai' .l.-ivuuoml I!o\'. (^aelioc, 
 18S4. 
 
 Histnirc (ie la paioissi^ du Cap Santc'', par lalil"'' (iatien, 
 (iuoboe, 1SS7. 
 
 Ilistoirr i\i?, ( 'liarlcsLoui'L'. par I'ablii' (.'lis Trudi'llo, Quobec, 
 ISsT. 
 
 Xotf- Sill' la Bale St-Paiil. par raliix'" ('lis. 'rrudidlc 
 
 Ilistoire de rilc-Vcite, i)ar ('harlcs (iauvr<'aii, (iiiebeo, 
 JS,S'.). 
 " dcs Troisd'istolos, par ('lis. (iaiivivau. lS8',t. 
 " lie Loiigiiciiil, I't clc la lainilU- de Loii;,Mieiiil. par 
 Alex, .loiloiii et -I.d-. N'iuceiit, Montreal, |SS',). 
 
 Moil vova.ue u Tadoussae, jiar .1. IOdnioii<l Roy, M. S. K. ('., 
 Quebec, 1884. 
 
 Notes sur le (.'uiia<la, jiar Paul l)e (^a/i-s, M. S. li. ( '., iss^. 
 
 Ili^toiie de St-.iean et dii Siejre du Fort .St-Jeaii, i77"), par 
 Laeieii Iliiot. ^^olltl•eal, IsS't. 
 " de Boueiieiville X X 
 
 
 ■ V%ui';i. 
 
 
 
 ■p 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 im 
 
 1! 
 
 f ■ r 
 
 •I 
 
 m 
 
 
 ,;l 
 
— 152 — 
 
 Ilistoiro des Trois-Riviercs, Benj. Suite, 1SS9. 
 " ik> St-Augustin, par A. Bechard, I8S5. 
 " do Saint-Francois de laBeauco, par I'abbe Dumais, 
 1891. 
 do Siiint-Joan do Matha, par I'abbe Provo-it, 1888. 
 do Yaniacliiclie, ))ar I'abbe Caron, 1892. 
 do St-Kran9ois dn Lac, par Benj. Suite, M. S. R. C, 
 
 I SSf). 
 do rile-aux-Coudros, par I'abbe Mailloux, 1879. 
 du Vieux Lacliine, par D. Girouard, 1890" 
 do Bortliier ot du Comte do Bortliier, par I'iibbe 
 Moroau, ]89;'>. 
 
 (Tho following occur in Anmtairc de Villc-Marie). 
 
 Histoiro <lo Saint-Eustaclio, par de Bellof'euilio, 1871. 
 
 " lie la Visitiition do riloDupas, par I'abbe Tlinguet 
 1867. 
 do Saintd^och de I'Achigan, 1867. 
 do Saint Hernias, 1867. 
 
 
 <( 
 ti 
 
 do Sainto-l'liiloinono, ]8()7. 
 
 <le la rointo-aux-Tromblos, district do Montreal, 
 1871. 
 " Le'; Bourgeois do la Compagnio du Nord-Ouost : recits 
 di; voviiges, lotti'os ot rappoi'ts inedits relatif's au Nord-Ouost 
 Canadien. Publics avec uno escjuisse liistorique et des anno- 
 tations.'' Par L. II. Masson, Premiere serie, Quel)0c : A. 
 CoteetCie., 1889. 
 
 A very distinguislied literary man among tlie aliove 
 is tlie historian Ferland, who died at Quebec in 1866, 
 just as he had i)re]>ared for publication tlie second 
 volume of liis " Cours d'Histoire du Canada" ; the cor- 
 rection of tlie proofs, however, fell to the lot of his zealous 
 friend, the late abbe Laverdiwe, who expired, in 1873. 
 
 Abb(^' Louis IJois, for forty-one years Curd of Maski- 
 nonge, an iudefatigal)le searcher of (jld MSS, and 
 craV)bed, musty dricinnents, died a few weeks ago, 
 bequeatliing a mass of historical notes, to the College 
 de Nicolet. Though he was a cojiious writer, he 
 refused to sign any of his writings, after a quarrel 
 Avith the antiquary, Jacques Viger. L. P. Turcotte 
 die<l about eight years ago, sliortly after writing his 
 " Histoire du Canada," 1841-1867. 
 
 The Abbe H. E. Casgiain is too favourably known to 
 require any special mention, and when these lines 
 
 *-,♦ -r 
 
1 » '.l\ 
 
 
 — 153 — 
 
 appear, he will likely l>e on the hioad Atlantic, seeking 
 more genial climes, during the winter months. 
 
 Mr! J. IJdmond Roy, F. E. S. C, and ^Ir. Charles 
 Gauvreau, two youthful students of Canadian annals, 
 both alile and loving labor, will, it is to l)e hoped, yet 
 furnish long literary careers. 
 
 A respected Montreal merchant, Mv. Lucien ITuot, 
 in his spirited Chronicles of St. John, near Montreal, 
 and of its historic fort and siege in 1775, has shown 
 than even a Imsy bank director can find time for active 
 and useful literary jmrsuits. Hoidj. L. R. Masson, 
 one of our late Lt. Governors, has ]>roved tliat oxen 
 the stately, secluded beautiful groves of S]»encer Wood 
 are not inimical to literary pursuits. 
 
 (Tmo Caxadian BiFsuoonAPiiEU), 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Quebec, December, 1SS9. 
 
 '3-':H 
 
 4 ■■!■ ' ■ : 
 
 !.■ "■ 
 
 m 
 
 •I 
 
 
 ''Um 
 
 
 'A ' ! 
 
 
 
 t 1 
 
 iiyi^i 
 
A CANADIAN AXTlorAIIV-Alir.i: liOlS. 
 
 I » 
 
 Tlic tomb ha.s voceiitlv closed ovt-r a writur wliose 
 
 naniL' was a lioiisc 
 
 -hold 
 
 Miii'd fV)r aiiti(iiiariaii jimsuits 
 
 r>"-> 
 
 in tlif pKjvintr of Quebec, and whose piiblioaLions on 
 historical subjects have reached far boyond the land of 
 his lartli— tlie Abbe P.ois, V. JJ. 8. 'c, Maskinon^o 
 
 r. Q. 
 
 Lnuis Ivlouanl I'xiis, tirst (h'ew tln' bieath of life on 
 Sei>teiuber lo, IcSl.S, in an old tenement, corner of 
 Notri' Dame and Sous-Ie-Fort streets, lower town, 
 
 Qu 
 
 eiHic, II 
 
 n th 
 
 sjiot whei'e 
 
 th( 
 
 founder of the city 
 
 Samuel de CJhaTnplaiu, had erected tlie " Abitatiim do 
 
 Chanii 
 
 iia 
 
 m, twii cenluru's previous, i 
 
 \t a very tender 
 
 age he was sent to an Mn.ulish school ke])t by Mr. 
 !Marsden, tlie father of tlie late; Dr. Win. Marsden, 
 whert,', doubtless, lie iiciiuired tliat knowledLTe ol' the 
 English idiom \vhieh ena])led liim in after-life t(.) jno- 
 secute, in Ennlish as \v(;ll as in French, his interesting 
 researches in matters of history. M. Bois conijileted 
 his educatiiMi at the Quebec Seminary and College of 
 Ste. Aune. lb' wa- inducted in holy orders, in 18.S7, 
 d ienio\('(i, in I84S, to lln' llourishing old ])iirisli of 
 
 an 
 
 j\Iasl<inonge, in the district (,)f T'.iree-Kiv. 
 
 here he 
 
 expired in Sejttemlter, 1<S8M, after a ]irolonged illness, 
 haviuL'' been in charge of this cure, fortv-oiie vears. 
 
 The old eii'i 
 
 rv made a, noole use oi Ins pecuniary 
 means and leisure hours for the promotion of historical 
 studi('> iii'.d pultlication of rave documents, unearthed 
 by him in the dusty v;iu!(s of the Quebec parlia- 
 ment, where were stowed away in dire oi..''usion the 
 priceless provincial archives. Aided by ]xnverful friends, 
 in Parlianient and a devoted pul)lislier in Quebec, 
 Mr. A. Cote, the Abbe JJois succeeded in obtaiiuug 
 
 JlM. 
 
— ] do 
 
 public ^raii'is of iDoney nml ptiviiti' lu>l]i, lo Imvo r('|tub- 
 
 lished in lsr)ij Uie Ci'iiinnisie cullcction of tli 
 
 iJcla- 
 
 tions tli's 
 
 Ji'suit 
 
 t'S 
 
 fU 
 
 1(1 the i'oiir voliniic^ of ]MSS. wliich 
 
 Honblt' .Ti'iui JJlaiiclit't induced the IMousseau (lovern- 
 mont to edit. 
 
 !\roi'e than once the writer of these lines lias had 
 iiL'casion to tliank the h'arned man foi' vidualili' inform- 
 ation freely tendered on Canadian tojtics. Tlie his- 
 torian Tarkman, also, is not s]o\v in Ljiving the Abbt5 
 due acknowledLicment for documents used by him in 
 
 wrilmu In.- 
 
 lat 
 
 e volume 
 
 Wolfe and Montcalm 
 
 an( 
 
 one of the jileasant thoughts ol'tlie oM anti([uarv during 
 his failing years, was tlui recognition he received from 
 the founder of the Iioyal Society of Canada, Lord l.orne, 
 1)V the diploma conferred, jilaciu'^ him amongst the 
 twenty original members of the Vrencli section of the 
 Society. The ibllowing, thoueh not all of them 1n'ar the 
 author's signature, are his chief works : 
 
 1. Notes J)iogi'aj)lii(]ues sinMoiiseLMUMirdi' Laval: A. Cote 
 et Cie, 1S4S. 
 
 2. Notes sur I'lle d^ H'leims, A. Cete et Tie, IS.'MJ. 
 ?>. Etudes et Keeliereho liioirrapli 
 
 Noel Brutait (le Sillei'V, l.^o.'). 
 
 liille 
 
 ■HI' lo r'lievaliei" 
 
 4. Notes sur ^fieliel Sarrasin, ^tecleeiu dii Rov a Quebec, 
 
 JSut) 
 
 5. Le NautVage de TAugiiste, 18()0. 
 
 (i. Notices sur les Exiiloralioiis do Soto, -lolictte. Mai'iut-tto 
 
 et La Sal 
 
 LStll. 
 
 7. IVioge IIist(iri(|i 
 
 M. le Mai'ciuis do Montcalm — 
 
 fannota) Ivxti'ait du Mo)iitoui' <!e Fiance, ISGI 
 
 S. Etudes Biogru]ilii(iues sur ^^. .lean liahiiLault, Arclii- 
 j D'etre, l^TU. 
 
 9. Notice sur M. .I()sej)li < ). Lei>roh(ui, ISTO. 
 
 U). Etudes Bioirrai<lii(|Ues sui- lo ("nlonid yi. Daniliour:.'es, 
 IST"). 
 
 Jl. Ks(iuisses du Service J'ostal, ITV.idTT-Vl'^T'). 
 
 1l2. Etude Historiiiue sur lo .luge Ailaui ^taViani', 1SS4. 
 
 Also an innnmei'ahle series of articles in the press. 
 
 We learn that his vast collection of ^tSS., notes and auto- 
 graphs, medals, engravings, and splendid lihrarv o!' histoiical 
 works was heciueatlied Ly him to the Seminary ofNieolet, P. Q. 
 
 Quebec, Nov. .{(t, ISSU. 
 
 .dl' 
 
 W 
 
 .i*! 
 
 'I 
 
 i I. 
 
 m 
 
 f^.ti. 
 
 il^ 
 
 w 
 
 M 
 
 r **,, 
 
 P 
 
 
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 i 
 
 
 ii 
 
CAXADIAX IflSTOIilCAI. XOVI-LS-.IOSKni 
 MAIIMKTTK, TIIK XnVKUST. 
 
 Ill , 
 
 Much r(!S])(!cte(l roiidor, with your ])Oi'ini.ssi()ii Icl us 
 luive a raml)le, a short one thougli it be, over tho 
 " pastures green " of Caiiiidian literature. It will add 
 to our /est and sharjien our apiK^tile, when we resume 
 our " Notes on the Lowei' St. Lawrenee. " Shall we 
 dignify tliese " green ]iastures " with the name of a 
 garden? If so, rest assured that as such it will be, at 
 best, liut a ])ale copy of those, radiant under European 
 suns. Our lawns are less velvety; ])erfunied groves, 
 brilliant paitcrres and rockeries are here wantinig. 
 The beds and bordci's might be better fdled ; the 
 ilowers, of hues more vivid, more varied; tlu; curves 
 to tin.' avenues, more majestic, ; the terraces ai'tistically 
 slopeil ; the entire landscu))e, in fact, more imposing. 
 But if deiicient in art is not the laud rich, rich in the 
 extreme, in native beauty ? 
 
 In this northern Elysium we call our home, our 
 sweet Canadian home, has not nature herstBlf provided 
 for us the soft violet, the graceful ferns, the scented 
 eglantine, the perfume-breathing wild rose, and the 
 myriads of bright swcnit blossoming peremiials with whiek 
 Spi'ing decks every nook of the forest, every mountain, 
 glen, whenever Winter relaxes his grasp ? 
 
 Our literature resembles our wild flowers in their 
 uncultivated grace ; like them, in order to [)ut forth 
 bloss(tms of promise, it needs the sunshine of sympathy, 
 the fecundating showers of public suppcjrt ; like 
 them, too, it would occasionally be the better of the 
 pruning-knife of criticism, to remove its sapless twigs 
 and its ungainly branches. 
 
 

 lo7 
 
 Tliesi; I'OiisidL'iiit 1*1)113 t'oi'dcd tliciiisclvi's on iiic Avitli 
 inci'eiisi'(l jiowi'V iccciitly, wlicii, dii I'litoriiij^ my (luiet 
 i<(i,iicfti III, I sjMod oil my tnhhi in neat jmiiui-covt'rs, 
 liivsentation coitifs of two volumes wliicli iunonyst our 
 ////('/'</^'/o'.s' of French cxti art ion are now like lidiise- 
 liold words. 
 
 The lirsl was : — 
 
 .FltANrois UK UlKNViiJ.K. — Sci'iios de la Vie ('anadieiino 
 an XV II Sioch;, — Par -los. Maiimhtti;. Queliei^ : — 
 L('y:er Hrousseau, 187". — oOi). jia^t^'es (I). 
 
 More than once, the fascinatiuii' (df of lioniance has 
 becoino tliu handmaid of llistorv, h'«'htiiiL; uii with her 
 magic rays and investing with all her nanudes.'j 
 graces, the jinjsy records ui' the jiast. 
 
 Tlie memorable example of the author of W'dVf'rlcij 
 ■was sure to call forth in every country devoted iliscij)les, 
 most earnest followers. 
 
 Our own land, full of literary promise, if not of 
 mature fruits, had its own stirring chronicles, teeming 
 with the warlike deeds of a "far-i'eiu;hiug ancestry, " 
 redolent of forest-scenes and Indian warfare; and the 
 French reader owes thanks to Messrs. Chanveau, De 
 Gaspe, 'I ache, Faucher, ]\Iadame Craven, Mr. De liou- 
 eherville and others ; Imt the historical novel, as 
 understood by Hir AValter, did not yet exist. Undoub- 
 tedly the French element in Canada had achieved 
 much in literature and progress since the emancipation 
 of the colonial mind by the new constitution which, in 
 1841, gave us responsible government ; a deal however 
 still remains to be done. 
 
 Tlianks to j\lr. Joseph Marinette, the liistorical novel 
 in its attractive' form and high aspirations ha> at 
 present amongst us a "habitation and u naim-." 
 
 (I) 'J!iie socoud, IVnjii the -iuiu- pon, i> ^tyleil : L'lNTEXj).vN'r 
 ]h(i(iT — J'i'iiHdi Canaille II, — ^lontrea! : (iuo. E. Dcsliuruts. 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 iii 
 
 ' ■■■■ '■ ' iii' ' 
 
I :,s 
 
 
 V,f. 
 
 'I'lii' rally 'lays of ( 'ntui'l,! alHiiiinl \\\\]i incidents nl' 
 liici.>>t ilruiuatir iiiliii'>t, iiuxlia ii^lililf ^tiiics uf iiiiilc- 
 rial'* fill' ilir nnvclist. 
 
 "Tlif I'Vciich hoiiiininii is h iiifuiniy of llic ]iust, " 
 say> rarkiiiaii, "iind when we wake ils (k-jiaitcd sliadcs," 
 
 >y rise ii|H.ii us iVdiii tlii-if .^lavi's in >iraiii^i' rniiuintic 
 
 th 
 
 f^uisi' : a'^iiin their 'ihn>!l\- (•aiiip-lircs seem to hiirn, 
 and ihe litrnl li,nhl is ea>l aniuiid nn loril and vassal 
 iiiul lilaek-rolied priest, nnnj^led with wild Inims n\' 
 savaL;e warriors knit in elose re|loushi|i on the same 
 stern errand. ' A li(niiM.lless \ isioii yrows ujion u.s ; an 
 untamed continent; va>te wastes of loresl verduri;; 
 mountains silent in |iiiineVjal sltje]i; river, laki; and 
 jjllimmerin^ |m)o1 ; wildtirness oceans min,Lilin_i;' with the 
 V. sucli was the domain winch France coiKiuei'cd for 
 
 HKV, s 
 
 rivili/.ation. I'huued helmets gleamed in the shade ol" 
 its forests: jirii'stly vestnu-nts in its ileirs and fa.stnes>es 
 of ancient liaritarism. ]Men st(;e]>ed in antii|Ue leannny, 
 ]»alc with the dose hreath of the cloister, hei'e spent 
 the iiooii and evening;' of tluiir lives, ruled savage horde> 
 with a mild parental sway, and stood sei'(;ne hefore the 
 direst shaju's of death. ]\Ie.n of a courtly nurture, heirs 
 t(j the jiolish of a f'ai'-reaehinj^ ancestry, here, with their 
 dauntle>s hardilioml, ]iut to shame the lioldest sons of 
 toil." 
 
 In the brinlitest sjiiit of this romantic Imri/on, 
 duriii,L; the nuasi-re'^'al sway of the pnuid ( 'ount of 
 yronlenac, in It'ilH), are located tln' inciileiits and scenes 
 Avhich constitute the historical nov(d " Frau(;ois de 
 Bienville," the hero, one, i\\' the illustrious hrother.s of 
 r.aron de Fon^u'ieuil. 
 
 In tact, tlie whole of the sie>ie ojierations, ai (^Mi' 
 in 1690, as narrateil hy eyewitnesses — 'SI. 
 Mere dnchercLU de St. Iifnact; and r 
 writers suc^h as Lallontan, Chai'levoix , 
 
 • v 
 
 llllOl. 
 
 Jtl 
 
 Otliel.,, 
 
 ch'sini; in with the uhiiinus deaths of the two hrotl '-rs 
 St. IL'lene and \h- I'.ienville and lii^hted up 1)\ lie 
 sweet lace of Marie T.onise d'Orsv and .some s(M'ondar\ 
 
 actoi' 
 
 s : s 
 
 icli The vlot of the ii'»vel. 
 
I.VJ 
 
 Lnilisc d'Orsv is (111- (liillLilitcv of 11 l''iviiili iioliliiiiii 
 
 ri 
 
 WllS 
 
 wild, ill clossiliv nvcl' t(P Xi'W -I'VilllCf, ill iCiSlt. 
 
 liikfii willi liis piftly iliiiinlilci' ami liis liinvc sdii, ]iii. 
 .sdiicis dl' wai', iiiiil ciiri'icil Id r>ii>tdii ulii'ii' ilic I'litlii-r 
 (lit!s, |ca\iii<4' liis (^liildivii to sliil't idr tiirinschc^. Tho 
 sdii, I.diiis. liciiin a, uddil sw iinl.^iii.iii, tfaclics the IhisIoii 
 \diitlis dl' tlic (lav \\H'tirnii' hill ,,clir,d\\i\ AMllc <i'nr.>\- 
 
 td >tav(' dlV waul, tcaclic,-, diawiiiu ami riii 
 
 liVdjil 
 
 cl 
 
 >'■ 
 
 AiiiiPiiysl till' |ai|iil> df Ldiiis, tliciv i-> a |iiduil and 
 ivvrmifl'iil \diiiiL>' lMiL;li-li dtlii'i'T, iiaiiii'(| ilailliiiiL;, wl 
 
 Id 
 
 I'Vfll 
 
 liialh 
 
 ilddiLSfS I'dl' tile lli''ll-lidMi |''l 
 
 I'lU'll ''l!', 
 
 d\\s ri'\cirjc (111 
 
 Si'din.s ilic dlfcr w illi lunifiiir. Ilr \ 
 lirdllicr and sislor, wIkmi llicy Icavi; lidstdu lor (^Miclit'c. 
 Tile t'dlldwiiiif year Lieut. liartliiiiL; ai'Cdinpiiuif-. Sir 
 AN'illiaiii l'Iii|i's Jk'ct. His jividc >|airriiiLj on his deadly 
 icvi.oiuc, induces liiiii Id cdiiiiect liiiusidt' with u iUnv.a 
 lid(|iidi,s e'liiel', W'dir Kaii^;', whd had jiicxidiisly I i'lii a 
 livisdiier df war in (he (Jhateau St. I.duis, wlu-retVdiu \u\ 
 was ndeased tliVdU,i;li the secret iiiacliinatidn> ul' an 
 avaricious jiuMictin nanuMl Jean I'.disddii. lluithin;^ is 
 the liearer dl' the llan' <d' ti'Uce sen! by I'hiji's td I'lnii- 
 leiiac, whdiii Krdutenac didered Id lie lilimll'olded I'etore 
 liein^L;- adiuiUed to (hdiver I'liips's arroLiant nies>a,ue 
 ahdiit the suneiider df (Juehec. It is unnecessary to 
 state that all here is strictly histdiical ; all excii.t the 
 .secret visits of Lieut. Ilarthiiin- and his I'rieml the 
 TrfKjUdis cliiel", Wdll' Kaiiif (1). Mscry detail dt'lhe .^icLie, 
 
 (I) The liuilts we are inclincil to tiixl an' not luiiucroiis, 
 liut still they exist, iiiul I iiave toi) iiuicli ifs|ii-ot ior my 
 youiijL' literary iViiMul to <leeoive liim, I'o any one conversant 
 witli the hei;Liht ol' tlio priKajiice at the (irand IJatteiy. over- 
 looking Sauh-aiiMatclot struct, at (^Hiehec, it will iiatuially 
 }i)i|icai' ineri'dihle that oven an Iroijiiois coiiifl jiiiuji liown 
 witiiout heiiiu ijashi'il to {licces. 'IJie <lialo;L;iii' olstniMy old 
 Fronteiiac during the si4'g(; does not seem (Hiite natural. Per- 
 haps Mr. Marmette migiit be charged with I'eiiig too )ii(ilix in 
 }iis d<"serii>tions and not liv<dy enough in his dialogue^, 'Cheise 
 I'uultS', liowi-ver, are rodeennd hy many hcantii.'s. 
 
 :!. 
 
1^^ 
 
 l?lf ■ 
 
 — IGO — 
 
 iuehuling the l)oiiiljiU'Jnuiiit nf the city, the eiigfii^eiueut 
 of tlie Kii<i;lisli uiuJer Major Walley and rejmlse at tlio 
 J>eau])orl Flat.s, is most vividly dejiided; the costumes 
 of theFreiU'li otiieer, Fnnich soldier, French peasant of 
 16!M), even tn the wines served and dishes [lartaken of, 
 at camji or in the (Jiiateau : every tritlin^^r incident is 
 well jiortrayed and authority ([uoteil, in mostly I'very 
 case. The novelist seems to have drawn copiously from 
 that gi'eat source ol' antiipiarian lore, Monteil — Amans 
 Alexis ]\Ionteil — the hist(n'ian of tlie French jieople 
 from the 1 oth to tiie ITtli century. Mr. Marmette 
 could not have seli'cted, m the wholo history of the 
 colony, a, more .glorious (ra for tlie supremacy of the 
 Gallic r.ily than that of Frontena(;, the epoch which 
 saw Sir William I'hijVs yiroud Ueet of thirty-four ships 
 of all sizes rejiulspd hefore (Juel»ec. He has given to 
 the fiiUlrini all the ila'k ti'acings peculiar to the times, 
 the rancorous feelings of the Briton and the Gaul car- 
 ried from across the sea. The hook ])laced by a good 
 ti'anslation and ajiprojiriate notes hefore the Knglish 
 reader, \vould no doubt meet with a I'eady sale. 
 
 Let us now have our sav on the ]>ersonages of the 
 second novel, intended tc portray the guilty existence 
 in (.'anada of that illustrious ])lunder(!r, Intendant Bigot. 
 
 About one mile and a half north of the ])opulous 
 village of Charlesbourg, that is five miles from «\)uebec, 
 there lies, in the gloomy dejtths of the Laurentides, a 
 dreary and most melancholy ruin, the fast-crumbling 
 walls of a spacious house, call it a chateau if you prefer; 
 the I'higlish l-;now it under the name of the Her- 
 mitage, the Frmch, nnder that of T5eaumanoir. It is 
 quite certain these lioary walls existeil here prior to 
 1759 ; that they were used as a shooting-box, if foi- 
 nothing else, by the French intendant and Ins pleasnre- 
 
 loviiii;- friends. 
 
 Tl 
 
 ley have given ri-e t(» a variety 
 
 '.I' li'geiids in which loVe, leveu'ie, lust and iilunder 
 t-ach ].dayed their jart.-. 
 
 v»» «■ 
 
— IGl — 
 
 I can well reciill the curious interest this time-worn 
 pile excited, in the ardent minds of a bevy of l)lne-coated 
 seminary pupils in 1843, — of whom I was one, — when 
 our Reverend I'rofessoi', one bright Thursday morning, 
 led us through the forest-jjaths to see the ruins of Cha- 
 teau-Bigot ; — how, one and all, we ruthlessly invaded the 
 subterranean passages and cellars of the Chateau, to 
 carry away relics and trojihies of a distant [)ast; how 
 one of the tallest stejjped triumphantly to the front and 
 exhibited " the big toe joint, " as he styled it, " of the 
 luci\less Caroline, ])oisoned l)y the lawful spouse of the 
 French intendant." We oidy found out some years 
 afterwards that the Intendant had never been married, 
 and "^hat this portion of Mr. Amedee rapineau's st.'rring 
 legend was unsubstantial, like the " liaseless fabric of 
 a dream." What would this have signified then had we 
 known it ? We were prepared to believe the wildest 
 legend that mortal could have fabricated about the 
 mysterious ruins. Twenty years after, I revisited 
 these desolate halls. All-dev(niring time had pressetl 
 hard on them ; but as I gave a full narrative of this 
 visit in the first series of my Maple Leaces, in 1863, 
 I shall not repeat it. 
 
 History tells that several Quebec ladies took refuge 
 at this Chateau during the bombardment, in 1759 ; 
 and when Arnold held the environs of the city during 
 the winter of 1775-76, we also are informed that some 
 nrerchants of note sought there an asylum for their 
 loyalty to " Farmer " George. 
 
 It is within the portals of Beaumanoir that several 
 of the most thrilling scenes in Mr. Marniette's novel 
 are supposed to have taken pLice. A worthy \eteran of 
 noble birth, M. de Rochebrune, had died in Quebec, 
 through neglect and hunger, on the very ;4e]is of Bigot's 
 luxurious jtahice, then facing the St. Charles, leaving 
 an only daughter, as virtuous as she was I)eautiful. 
 
 One day whilst returning through the fields (where 
 St. Rochs has since been built) from visiting a nun in 
 Jl 
 
 
 :y. \ 
 
 
 mM' 
 
 
 V 
 
 '.■■I 
 

 — 162 — 
 
 the General-Hospital, she was seized by a strong arm 
 and thrown insensible on a swift lujrse, whose rider 
 never sto^tped until he had deposited the victim at 
 Bigot's country seat, Charlesbourg. The name of this 
 cold-blooded villain was Sournois. He was a minion of 
 the mighty and unscrujuilous l^)igot. Mile de Roche- 
 brune had a lover. A dashing young French officer was 
 liaoul de Beaulac. Maddened with love and rage, he 
 closely watclied Bigot's movements in the city, and 
 determined to repof^sess his treasure, it mattered not at 
 what sacrifice. Bigot's was a difficult game to ]»lay. He 
 had a liaison with one of the most fascinating and 
 fashionable married ladies of Quebec, and was thus 
 prevented fi(»m hastening to see the fair jirey awaiting 
 him at Beaumaudir. The lover played a bold game, 
 and calling jealousy to his aid, he went and contided 
 to Madame I'ean, Bigot's fair friend ; entreated her 
 immediate interference, and after some liair, breadth 
 escajjes arrived at the Cliateau witli luu' just in time to 
 save Mile de liochebrunc; fmm dislionor. 
 
 Madame Bean was returning to the city with !Mlle 
 lie Bochebrune and Baoul, when on driving ])ast the 
 \\alls of the Intendant's palace, close to the s[)ot where 
 ])es Fosses street now begins, her carriage was attacked 
 by a band of armed men, a reeonnoitering ])arty from 
 Wolfe's lleet, anchored at Montmorency. A scullie 
 ensued ; shots were fired, and some of the assaillants 
 killed ; but in the lucUr, ]Mlle de Bochebrune was seized 
 and hurried into the English boat commanded by one 
 Captain Brown. During the remainder of the summer 
 the Canadian maid treated witli every species of respect, 
 remained a ]trir • ^r on l)oard tlie admiral's ship. It is 
 singular that Aamiral Durell, whose beloved grand-son 
 was at the time a prisoner of war at Three-Bivers, did 
 not propose an exchange. In the darkness and con- 
 fusion which attended the disembarking of Wolfe's 
 army nn tlie niglit of the 12th September, 1759, at 
 iSillery, Mile de Bochelirune slipi)ed down the side of 
 
 *»» 
 
 ^■1 ■ i * 
 
— 163 — 
 
 the vessel, and getting into one of the smaller boats, 
 drifted ashore with tlie tide, landing at Cap liouge, 
 just as her lover, IJaoul, who was a Lieutenant in La 
 Eoche Beaucour's Cavalry, was patrolling the heights 
 of Sillery. Overi)owered with joy, she rode beliind 
 him back to the city, and left him on nearing her home ; 
 l)ut, to her horror, shii spied dogging her footsteps her 
 arch-enemy the Intendant, and f(dl down in a species 
 of tit, which turned out to be catalepsy. This furnishes, 
 of course, a veiy moving fahleau. 
 
 The fair girl, su])posed to be (l-ad, was laid out in 
 her shroud, wlien Uaoul, during th(! coiU'usiiui of tliat 
 terrible day for Frencli Rule, the loth September, 
 calling to see her, finds luu' a corpse just ready for 
 interment. Fortunately foi' the heroine, a, l)ombshell 
 forgotten in the yard, all at once and in tlic nick of 
 time igniting, explodes, shattering the tenement in frag- 
 ments. The concussion recalls Mdlle de lioclu'brune to 
 life ; a happy niarriiige soon aft'U' cnsntis. The chi(!f 
 charactei' in the novel, tlio Intendant, sails shortly 
 after for France, wheri; he was imprisoned, as histor/ 
 states, in the Bastille, during fifteen montlis, and his 
 ill-gotten gains confiscated. All this, with tlie exc(>ption 
 of Mile, de Kocheltrune's character, is strictly histori- 
 cal; but what does not seem so, is the tragical end of 
 l)ig(tt, to whose death, in mid ocean, eattni by a rave- 
 nous shark, we are made to assist. Tlu; Intendant had, 
 it appears, decided to expatriate himself, after seeking 
 to enlist the former partner of his amours, Madame 
 Fean, who then resided in France ; but he became so 
 shocked, on seeing the once lovely face eaten u[) ])y a 
 hideous cam;er, that he sailed aloui'. Why the novelist 
 should have introduced, this very unnecessary "shark 
 and cancer scene " is hard to make out. It was con- 
 trary to history, and out of the genei'al run of events. 
 
 Mr. Marnu'tte had before his eyes a brilliant example 
 in the author of Waverley's failure whenever he tried 
 to heighten interest l)y resorting to such fare-fetched 
 
 
 '•■■Hi-i'"' 
 
 .' '.■ 
 
 .m m*': 
 
 Si« 
 
 . V )■'•'. .', 'Ji 
 
 ,-^. ''-**!i 
 
 ■-.:1 
 
 4r^ 
 
— 164 — 
 
 ' ! '^' *■? ■ 
 
 agency. Not even all Sir Walter's genius saved from 
 ridicule and censure the story of the hodlcin and the 
 White Lady of Avenel. Tiiese slight blemishes excepted, 
 Mr. Marmette has ])roduced a novel of which he may 
 well be proud. It is the second of a series ; tlie third 
 of which, " Le Chevalier de Mornac, " will appear 
 shortly in Mr. Desbarats' excellent paper, IWpinion 
 Puhliqtie. It is to be followed, we understand, by 
 another story, with Du Calvet, as hero, and Ijy a fourtli, 
 delineating our own times. Success, say we, to native 
 talent ! 
 
F. X. (lAIJXEAlI-AS A POET (1). 
 
 I am iiulebteil to the vetoriiii of French Canadian 
 literature, Hon. P. Chauveau, for a copy of tlie essay 
 (jn early French poetry, read by him at Ottawa, on the 
 2Gt]i May, 1883, l)efore tlie Koyal Society of Canada. 
 It covers twenty folio jiages of the " Transactions " of 
 the Society. As a youthful record of the uiajtliic 
 Canadian Parnassus, it seems a truly valuable addition 
 to our literature. Mr. Chauveau successively passes 
 in review the writers whose etfusions hav(! found an 
 aiipro])riate niche in the " Repertoire National," com- 
 piled by Mr. J. Muston, from 1 845 to 1850. He begins 
 his discourse witli a m(!nlio.n of tlie first poetical jtiece, 
 " Le Tableau de la Mer," writt.'u abr)ut 17;U by Mon- 
 sieur Jean Tarhe — the ancestor of the late Su' E. P. 
 Tache — onc(> a leading sjiiril in our litth; coniniercial 
 Avorld under the IJourbons ami whose country-house 
 was located on the Sle. Foyc; road, on the domain, to 
 which its owner. Major Samuel Holland, gave the name 
 of " Holland's Farm " about 1780. His city residence 
 and oflices stood on the lot now covered by the 
 Qiirhec iVorning Chronicle building. 
 
 Let us, at the outset, teniler our grateful thanks to 
 Mr. ?Iuston, for having rescu<^d fi'om oblivion, at no 
 small labor and expens'.;, the ])ristine poetii'al outiit of 
 French Canada, by collecting and printing it in those 
 three bulky volumes which constitute the lit'perfoire 
 jXafiomil. 
 
 (I) •' Efmle siir les Poesi.cn de Frunnoh-XafU'r Gameuit ei 
 stir les commencements de la P<i6sie Frangaise dn Canada, par 
 M. Chauoeaii, President de la Soci6t6 Roijale dn Canada, iv." 
 
 V .iv 
 
 4 \ 
 
 ^^ti 
 
 m 
 
 ■ it-M 
 
1 
 
 \ 
 
 — 166 — 
 
 i ' 
 
 Tlic learned President of the Royal .Society divides 
 early French poets into four categories : the first, those 
 of the classical school, like Michel Bihaud, more or less 
 successful imitators of the French poets of tlie 17th 
 century ; the second class is championed by Mr. Joseph 
 (^)uesnel and rellects the literary form of the end of the 
 IStli century and of the first French Empire ; the third 
 class embraces thi)se writers liailing from the Europciin 
 school of 1830, wliose happiest exj)onents among us 
 Avere ^Messrs. Turcotte, lic^al Angers, l><irtlie, Derome 
 and Giirueau, A fourtli category includes tlie ronuintic 
 ,s(dio()l, vejiresented by Mr. -losepli Lenoir and dllier 
 kinilred sjiivits, tlie forerunners of the bright jxietical 
 galaxy of to-day : Cii'niuzie, Frechette, Lc May, Suite, 
 Cliaiiman, Foisson. 
 
 01' coursi.', those eitily " nietricid musings " were not 
 all master-] lieers ; witli (ti'lginal beauties un([uestion- 
 able, were blended a i'cw rude defects. Some tA' the 
 Miiteis liad had iiccess to original polite learning and 
 refinement in I'avis and had prulited tliereby. 
 
 Several like Mermet and Quesnel, were born in 
 France ; elegant versifiers, a little colony of sweet 
 singers bent on contiiniing on the historic sluu'es of the 
 St. Lawrence, tlie tender madrigals, gentle ariettas, 
 amorous ditties, which tliey liad learnetl to warble on 
 the flow(,'r\ banks of the Seine. 
 
 Of this schcol, one meets witli occasional tra(,'es in 
 the light " Sonnets to Cliloc ", the ](atriotic a])]teals in 
 journals, on Xew Year's day, on which the carrier-boy 
 rested his hopes of the usual New Year's gift — possibly 
 accompanied, on a frosty morning witli iui. 'petit rcrre Oe 
 llqid'tir. (A far nuue toothsome offering than the 
 aneii nt (ir /(/iioh'c which some old Canadian Druid 
 wished lately to resuscitate.) 
 
 When the lu'pcriu'nx National is silent, one can 
 appeal again for lyrical, burning verses to the scented 
 jiages of ladies' (t/^^nusforgotton in old eNcri7orre.s', with 
 a faded rosebud, a lock of hair, or other dear, but melan- 
 choly souvenir, alas ! 
 
 m^ 
 
— 167 — 
 
 The ptitviot's iniiso, thoif,'li neitlu;r unknown, nor 
 unseen in former times, in IHoO, stands out in hold 
 rehef. If not always irresistahle, lier veiled or o])en 
 glance occasionally captivates you; her sad, itrophetic 
 notes semi-historical, semi-jioetical, are doubly interest- 
 ing under the latter aspect. Strange though it may seem, 
 some of our ]»rofound lawgivers, Sir (leorge Et. Cartier, 
 as well as some of our most stirring actors in the stormy 
 era of 1837, to wit: the Houornhle A. X. Morin, (who, 
 it is saiil drafted, in 1834, the 'JL' Kesolutious) and the 
 Honorable Denis J^)enjaniin Viger, with his long, though 
 in the enil, iaulty rfcord of jtoliticid services, ligure, in 
 the hey-day of their youth, as votaries to Phirluis- 
 Ajjollo. 
 
 Xumcrous efl'usions of a, political or patriotic cast 
 appeared anonymously from 1831) lo 18.')7. It was not 
 always safe to s]ieak oiu during the closing pri'iod 
 when Louis Joseph l'a])in('au was uttering liis lierce 
 detiunciations from thi; lloor of our Commons. A 
 ]\Iontreal poet of that period, -I. (1. I'arthe, I'oiiiid it so 
 to his cost and discomfort in a fdrccir diiro. Tiie fact 
 is that the Waterloo jicro, Sir Jolin (Jolborrie, liad a 
 very qualitied admiration for CaiuuHan grievances ; he 
 had nt»t had time to stutly them :' and his active 
 Attorney-Geneial. Cliai'lcs Rirliard <)gdt'ii, ilid not 
 believe in them. 
 
 Out of about twenty-one or twmty-two jioetical 
 writings of Mr. (rarneau, nineteen ajipear in the Ite/n'r- 
 toire Xafloniil, with his signatur(;. In more than one, 
 you are reminded of Deranger, whom lu' liad seen in 
 Paris, and whom he much admirc(I. As an instance 
 among numy others, may be cilt'd I'Kfru lujei' (1833). 
 Some of his )K)etical essays are tolerably lengtliy; la 
 Pologne (1835): am Cancohi (183)7); la. Revue du 
 Soldat (1838) in which he indulges in a cursory review 
 of the leading events in French History; hi Prexse 
 (1839), a Xew Year's Address ; /jouisc, a Canadian 
 legend, (1840) and les ExiU=i (1841). 
 
 ^ !■:■■,-'■'■'! 
 
 :rV 
 
 
 i^-'- "m"^ 
 
 \\ 
 
 W^M'' 
 
 k ■ 
 
 ,■ -t I. 
 
 ^IH 
 
— 108 — 
 
 De.s])itG some blemisheh, which it wero easy to remove 
 and a few mannerisms, peculiar to Mr. (larneau, these 
 effusions commend themselves to the reader, by the 
 enduring loftiness of ideas and the nobleness of the 
 sentiments. In those creations of a less ambitious 
 flight, tlie ]K)et, has l)een still hap])ier ; for instance 
 those bearing the title, a nuni fih (1838), les Oheaux 
 nianc^ (1830) ; rHiver (IHAO) and le Fapillon (1841). 
 In t]i(! first }tieco " a laon fils " the influence of Btiran- 
 ger and his school is (|uite marked: "let us quote the 
 opening lines : 
 
 " Loi'S4UO tu ilors sur le sehi de ta mere 
 8ouvoiit mos yeiix s'.invtont sur tes traits 
 ( lu Ics Zepliirs sous lii ira/.o legi'Tci." 
 
 • ••••••I • •• ••••• • *•• • 
 
 But sjjace precludes me from giving more of this exqui- 
 site ]>oi'm. (lurneau's Oisedu Hlonc, has ever been a 
 favoi'ite. It is indeed pleasant to think tliat the blithe, 
 hardy friend of our boyhood, the Snow-bird, should 
 have furnislied to liotli Garneau and Frechette the 
 subject of one of their most graceful effusions : — 
 Garueau's Ulseau Blanc begins thus : 
 
 " Salut, potits oiseaux qui volnz sur no* tetes, 
 Et (le I'aile en i>assaut, eftknnvz les t'rimas ; 
 Vous (jui hruvez le iroid, liorces par les tenijjetes 
 Voiiez tons les liivors voltigcr sous nos )>as.'' 
 
 • •«*•**••••*>••<•• < ••■**■•••••••••••• *•■•■•*•••■•• •••■•• 
 
 Frechette's Oiseau BUmc thus holds forth : 
 
 " Quand sur nos plaines blanches, 
 I.e givre <les liivers 
 Commence a torn Ire aux branches, 
 Dos sapins toujoiu's verts ; 
 (^uand chez nous se iburvoio 
 Avril, le mois des fleurs, 
 Le printemps nous envoie 
 Ces gais avant-coureurs." 
 
 IjOiseaii Blanc and Lrs Fleurs Bordales, -were the 
 two poems which brought to Mr. Frechette his acade- 
 
 I '» 
 
 
 **^ ■» 
 
— 169 — 
 
 miciil crriAvn. To j\Ir. Gfirneau, the incomparable 
 Beraiiger seems to have been what Victor Hugo has 
 
 been to our Leaurute Frechette, a beacon But tliis 
 
 notice has already exceeded the ])rescri))ed bounds. Let 
 us, however, take this occasion to repeat that Canada, 
 though rich in liternry talent, is above all others, proud 
 of Garneau and Frechette. It is likewise a luqtet'nl 
 thought to indulge in that notwithstanding the petty 
 jealousies and other troubles which beset her men of 
 letters, a Saintc-lJeuvo, in the person of Hon. Mr. 
 Chauveau, stands fortli to discuss fiiirly and dispassion- 
 ately their claims, and a splendid volume is [a-ovided 
 in the Twansactions of the Royal Society of Canada 
 to announce them abroad and at home. 
 
 J. M. L. 
 
 * That beautiful liyrnn of Isidore Bedard, a bmtiicr of the 
 .te .Iud^;e Elzi'-ar 
 opening words an" 
 
 late .Iud^;e Elzear Bodard. was a New Year's address ; its 
 
 " Sol Canadian, tern; clierie."' 
 " Par des Bi'aves tu fus pcuide." 
 
 Quebec, 27tli February, 1SS4. 
 
 A PLEASLXa INCIDENT 
 In thk Careku of a Canadian Novelist. 
 
 «ii^ 
 
 r.'' : y I- 
 
 There is no book more suitable to a tourist in Canada, 
 than Wm. Kirby's iu)ve]. The Colhen Dog — Le Chlen 
 d'Or — as it is known to the bulk of the pitjiulation. 
 
 It is founded on two incidents of (Jt-nadiau history of 
 a striking nature : the one purports to recall a. deed of 
 blood and revenge under the French rule. For more 
 than one hundred years its ghastly memory has brooded 
 
 . - * i : 
 
 
 
— 170 — 
 
 over a locality, very familiiir to every (Juebecer, where 
 sto(jcl a massive stone mausioii, lazecl, in 1871, to make 
 room for the presinit city ]tost-ollico, on Buade street. 
 Over its chief entrance was, and is still visil)le, the 
 mysterious inscription, in old French, under a crouch- 
 ing dojf ynawin'' a lioiie. the whole in yilt characters : 
 
 " .le Hiiis lui cliifii (jui rouge I'os, 
 Ell 1*' roiiixoatit, j(! iirciuls mon rcpos ; 
 Ihi ti'inps viciKli'ii (|ui n'cst pus vcmi, 
 Que je mordcsmi (lui in'iiiu'ii inordu." 
 
 This inscrijition and tablet, wliieh was iin eniniaa to 
 Ca]»t. John Knox, of thi' iord, and was noticrd in his 
 Diary of tiie Sii'.uc of (^hieljcc in 170',(, has been a h;ird 
 nut to crack to all our local antiquaries (1). Instead of 
 viewing it as a legend, some iitleiu|ited to clothe it in 
 all the uiajeslic ilrapcry (tf history. 
 
 The oilier incident eiiiliodicd in this histoiical romance 
 relali'S the lawless amours of one of the most n()l(trious 
 high otticials, in the days of the ])ourl;on lily, Francois 
 ])igot, eleventh and last Intcmlant in (Janada of tiie 
 French king. The story ends tragically. 
 
 How did the novid originate, as the author is not a 
 (jnebect'r, but an activi; Collector of II. M.'s Customs 
 at the town of Niagara.. 1 am jiroud to say that two 
 sketches in my Mnph' Lcdvas for 186;!, according to a 
 letter fi'oin i\Iv. Kirby, in my jiossession, furnished the 
 franui-work of this entrancing tale : The sl'cfrJi of 
 the Golden Ihxj, a legend ; and also tlu IFixtoini of 
 Chdt('(t)i-Bi<jiit, whei'e the Canadian Lovelace immured 
 his " fair IJosamond. " Mr. Kirby, as an author, has 
 met with the same fate as many of his eonjra'cs in 
 Canada; his volume has lieen remorselessly pillaged, 
 especially by I'liited States wiiters. 
 
 (1) the history of the Golden />o_(/ appears in full in the 
 Historrj of an old House, at p. SO of Mai'le Lkaves for 1873. 
 
 r 
 
 Ik 
 
 
— 171 — 
 
 The tirst edition was ])ublislie'(l Ity John Lovoll, at 
 Houses J'oint, X. V., an clfj^'antly IkjiuhI volunic adver- 
 titied at !?3 a t^opy. Five or six sul)sequent editions 
 liave 9i)i'ung np since, in coarse, elieaj), jiaper-covered 
 books, sold at 40 cents eacli. 
 
 I know of one ])l('asant set-oif against the unjnstice 
 of authors, for the gtiiiial, wlioh'-soulcd novoHst : the 
 appreciation of his ehariniiig work by one wlioni, 
 abitve all others, hv. respects. Of the following I have 
 a personal knowledge : 
 
 In the month of May, 1883, the usual annual gen- 
 eral meeting ol' the Uoval Society of Canada took place 
 at Ottawa. An " At honui " had been ordered in honor 
 of the members, at Ifidiiiiu Hall, by His Excellency the 
 ^laniuis of Lome, the founder of the society, to 
 whom Caiuidian letters owe a substantial ilel)t of 
 gratitude. Win. Kirby, K. II, S. C., was one of the 
 ]ionor('(l guests. When the presentation of the membeis 
 was over, Her lloyal Highness, the rrincess Louise, 
 sent one of tlu' A. I >. C.'s to ]\Ir. Kirby, intimating her 
 wish to speak to him. The retiring author of " Tlu' 
 (Jolden l)og " respectfully cauu! forward, when Pi'ineess 
 Louise conveyed to him publicly the tlianks of Irer 
 royal mother foi' the pleasure she had ielt in perusing 
 the- l)rilliant CJanath'an novel. Tlu; genial author, is now 
 engaged collecting into a volume his detached jiot^us, 
 published in magazines and leviews. Let him accept, 
 among thegi'eetingsandcomjiliments ol' the season, this 
 pleasant Hoiurnlr of other days. — (Tl/r MetroiKilUdU.) 
 
 -I. :\I. Li::\I.)iNi': 
 
 
 v*''1,b 
 
 'i' 
 
 '■:■ ■ n: 
 
 ' i ' 7 
 
 In 
 
 r'J' I ■" . \ . , 1 ' \ 
 
 '\ 
 
 Quebec, Cliristniiis eve, \S9: 
 
( I' 1(1111 '/'/(( yiii! Voi-lc (icnenlogiriil and Bini/raiihiriil Itnord. 
 
 fiEXKIIAK II. MOXTliOMKIIV AND HIS DI'TliACTOIISd) 
 
 r.v J. M. Lk.Moine, F. R. S. C. 
 
 Tho fdllmviii^f is a short siiimimrv of whiit wns clone 
 in Quebec; to rescue from unnuM'ited eensure the nuine 
 of the brave but ill-fated coininander, Kiehard IMont- 
 ydnicry, who fell at I'rL'S-dc-ville, at Quebec, on IJlst 
 Dcreniber, 177"». Several yciirs have now ela])sed since 
 [ undertook to vindicate the memory of I5ri<|.-(}en. 
 TJiehard Mont,u,omery, unjustly asperstjd by several of 
 our h.'ailiuL; French histoiians in Caiiiida, who had con- 
 founded hi!n with his barbarous broth(U', (.'a]>t. Alex- 
 ander Aroiitu'omery. As some writers have stdl jiersisted 
 in Iwddiii^ Richard I'esponsibh.; for the acts of Alexander, 
 notwithstandinu,' tlie eonviucnne' proof I o.dduced in the 
 Saturdjti) lieuiler, in 18()fi, it may not be amiss to 
 reca})itulate, the salient points in my memoir. The 
 charge of atrocious cruelty, bi'ouglit by French writers 
 against K. Montgomery, rests on the suiijtosition that 
 he was the " barbarous Cajitain ^lontgomory, who 
 commanded us" (the 43rd Foot) — alluded to in Lieute- 
 nant Eraser's Diary of the Siege of Quebec, in 1759; 
 the entry runs tlius: " 23rd August, 175;,) — there were 
 several of the enemy (the Fi'ench) killed and wouiuled, 
 and a few prisoners taken, all of whom the barbarous 
 Cajttain Montgomery, who commanded us, ordered to 
 be butchered in the most inhunum and cruel manner, 
 
 (1) For an article on the aueestry of General Montgomery, 
 see Record for Jidy, 1871, vol. II, p. 2.'53 Editou. 
 
 *»t .^JT 
 

 i 
 
 — 17o — 
 
 l»articiilai'ly two who I (Lit-utciuiut FiascT) .sent |iri- 
 soiioi's hy ii scijciiiit, iifU'i' ,i!;iviii'4 tliciii (jtiaitt'i', iind 
 L'ligiij^iiig lliat thfV .should not 1m; Idllcd, wcic oiiu shot, 
 and the f»t her knocked down with a toinakawk and both 
 .scalped in my ali.^ence hy the raseally .strjeant neglect- 
 in",' to actinuint Montgomery, that I wanted llifni .sav('(l, 
 a.s h(!, iMonlgonn'iy juctcntled when I (jiiestioned him 
 about it; but even that was no excuse for such an 
 unjiaralleled jiieec! ol' barbarity. Al'ti'i'this skirmish, we 
 set to burning the houses with great siu-eess setting all 
 in llanies, till we eanu; to the (ihurch of Ste. Anne." 
 (SU'ijii of Qvcbec, 17511, Fraser). I also for a time 
 accepted the version ]tromulgated by my resjiected 
 seniors, until the discovery, in the archives of the 
 /literary and Jfistorical l^oei< fy, of docunu'uts which 
 the Society, at my suggesti(»n, jtrinted. I allude to a 
 dry-a.s-dust MS. letter which I found one day in run- 
 sacking among some old })a]iers. It bore date, " (^)uebec, 
 loth .Tune, 1776", was addressed to a general ollicer 
 in England, the writer's friend; the latter part of the 
 letter was mis.sing, and so was the signature. In cum- 
 jiaring date with context, it was ea.sy for me to fix on 
 the writer; evidently it was Major H. Caldwell, unbo- 
 soming himself to his old commander, IJrig.-Gen. James 
 Murray, At p. 7 occurred the following, in alluding to 
 the city blockade of 1775 : " General Montgomery 
 (brother of him you might remember at Quebec, and 
 lately a Cai)t. in the 17th liegt. "). Theie was a 
 luminous flash in these few words ; tw o i\Iontgomerys, 
 then, I said, served King George II, in America, in the 
 summer of 1759, Ivichard Montgomery of tlu; 17th 
 foot and Capt. Alexander ^lontgomery of the 43rd, the 
 regiment detailed to ravage with fire and sword St. 
 Joachim, Ste. Anne, etc., near Que1)ec, the command- 
 ing officer of the detachment connected with the Ste. 
 Anne butchery, as stated by his subaltern. Lieutenant 
 Fraser. Being then in correspondence with the late 
 George Coventry, of Cobourg, who had been charged 
 
 
 '. .{id 
 
 N t-M , tif 
 
 X 
 
 I! J t 
 
 
 iJ!< 
 

 1 
 
 
 m 
 
 — 174 — 
 
 by tlie nonoi'al)le Win. ]\ren-itt to transcribe MSS. 
 on our late wars, 1 indueeu him to help me to clear 
 up this point, and to write to tlio War Otllce, in Loudon, 
 to ascertain what re<i;iraent, and how many Mont- 
 ,uomerys, luul served in the cam])aign of 1 759, at Quel)ec. 
 On the 22nd Se])teniber, IBGG, Lieuttaiant-Cleneral 
 Peel, Secretary at War, instructed his secretary, Fa\. 
 Lugaid, to furnisli ]\Ir. (Joventry with full particulars 
 in rejtly to his intiuiry. This courteous letter was sent 
 me by old Mr. Coventry. It established conclusively 
 ihat Alexander was the name of the Caittain Mont- 
 gomery of the 4orti ; and tlie Montgomery of the 17tli 
 a lieutenant in 1759-— was named IJieliard. We all 
 kiK ^\■ that the name of the luckless leadej' of the storm- 
 ing- party, at Pres-de-ville, Quebec, on the olst Deceni- 
 b !r, 177">, was llicliard Montgomery. ]\Iy memoir, with 
 the documents on mIucIi it rests, appeared first in the 
 Sdtunhty Reader, [aiblibhed in Montreal in 18(i6, a 
 French version was put fortli in the Alhwui <lv Tou- 
 riste, ]). 3-6, printed at Quebec in IS72, and is referred 
 to in detail in thelJejiort of the Centenary Anniversary 
 of the reiiulse of Montgomery and Arnold before 
 (^hiebec in 1775. See Ti-nnsactlons of the Literarjj and 
 Tfisfui'icdl Society, of Quebec, for 1870. 
 
 H 11 
 
 .Spencer (i range, (^Hieliec, 1>^90. 
 
 I ' V» ., *> 
 
W A. DK (lASPi:. 
 
 TIIK LAIlMi OF 11M:E1;VII.LH MAXOK. 
 
 li 
 
 ■' Tlie prriod tlnough whic'li M. <k; (.};is|t6 luiis lived (I78G- 
 1871) hii.s been so rventi'iil, and tlie ])nl)lic occuroncos ol' hi.-. 
 piiiliiT yeais, W(M'e so hrinifnl of romantic intiTOst tliat hv. 
 could liariUy tail to Ix^ intere.sting, wliih' ))OurinLi out tho 
 hudixct of lii.< i't'i'oll(>otioiis, ovcw to listenci< on tlii.s .<iiU' ot 
 tlic Atlantic."— /.'>/((/'>)/ Hcciew, 21) <)c/., IS(14. 
 
 On a frosty A]iril inuniiiii-', in ISGo, T ivrullcct 
 ineL'ting iiii eivct, 'Jiniiiiic;(l, wliile-hairctl sL'])tuageiiarian 
 (111 the .s(|tiare fronting the Uasilica Minor at <,>uel)ec. 
 A plea.sant greeting mutually excliangcd, at'^'ordeil ini; 
 the M'eU-onie o|i]w)Vtnnity of com])[inieuting " the 
 younge.st of onr writer.s," a.s Hector Fal)re facetiously 
 styles M. V. A. de (laspe, on his admirable Aiiciens 
 Canadiens, pint |iul)lished, and in the |ieni.sal of which 
 volume, I had revelled the evening jirevious. It was, 
 seemingly, \>y a proNidential disiien.sation, it occurred 
 to me, that it had been revealed to the genial .Seignior 
 of Sa.int Jean Port-Joly, that at the advanced age of 
 76 years, he was still IVesh and biioyiuit endULili in 
 mind to Mrite a book, and that, an uncommonly good 
 one; tiiough he had never dreamed before of nnder- 
 taiving sucji a task, 
 
 rhiliivpe Aubcrt de Gas}ie, born at (Jncbec, in 17^(1, 
 was of Norman lineage, a tiescendant of a wcaltliy 
 seignior, Charles Aubert de la Cheuaye, of AmiciH, 
 France, who liad .settleil in this city, in ltl~o, and died 
 tliere 10th SeiJtember, 170l\ 
 
ll .'t. 
 
 170 — 
 
 This Auljurt <le, la Cliunaye liad received, in ll)93, a 
 patent i)f nobility — lettres rle noblesse — from his sove- 
 rei.^n, King Lctuis XIV, for important services rendered 
 hy him to Ciiiiailian commorcc, as well as for his mili- 
 tary record and that of liis s(jns one of whom had met 
 his <leath in lightinii; the Mohawks. 
 
 M. de la Chenaye, who had come to Canada with 
 means, liad, through some Ineky s]ieculati()us in ti'ade, 
 increasetl his wealth, and sulisetjiiently acipiired sevi-ral 
 valuable land-<jrants ; among others, the seinniorv of 
 Saint Jean Port-Joly, a ]iart of Kiviere-du-Li»u]) and 
 Caeouna, in 1673, of Aladawaska and Lake Temis- 
 couata in 1('>83, of lUanc-Sablon, Labrador and New- 
 foundland in 1093. L£e closed his career, at Quebec, 
 in 1702, a member of the Superior Council. 
 
 His sf)n Pierre was the iirst to assume the name of 
 (iaspe. He had a son, Ignace l'hili])pe, a knight of 
 St. Louis, who married Millie Catherine de Villiers, a 
 sister of the I'amous Villiers de JunKtnville, whose 
 trayic death at Fort Necessity, in 1753, while actinu; as 
 an inter] ireter, cast a shade on the fair fame of Col. 
 Cleorue Washington. The worthv (tld Canadian grandee 
 died on 26th January, 1787, at Saint Jean Port-Joly, 
 at liis manor restored from its ruins, it having with his 
 grist-mill, like crowds of dwelling houses, shai'ed in the 
 rural conHaurations lit bv the invading host under 
 deneral Wolfe in the war of the conijnest. He was 
 succeeded l)y his son, the H(mble. Pierre Tgnace Auljert 
 de Gas])(?, a member of the Legislative Council, the 
 father of the writer, who had mari'ied, at Quebec, 
 ]\Ille Catherine Tarieu de Lanaudiere, ami who ex]iiied 
 in 1823, respected for his loyalty in hel])ing as a 
 juvenile volunteer, in 177o, to hurl liack the invader.- 
 of Canadian hom^s ; and loved by his feudal retainers 
 for his paternal rule over them. 
 
 On the 30th October, 1786, we are told by M. de 
 ( Jasjie, that a sickly 1 aliy, whose fretfulness much dis- 
 turbed the rest of his aged gramlmother, Widow de 
 
mm 
 
 — 177 — 
 
 (1 
 
 iriiinaieiv, wd:^ horn iii 
 
 tl 
 
 \t' o 
 
 M L 
 
 iiiauilK'ic liMine 
 
 .slOcul, at tlic top of ^MouiiUiiii hill, (^)u(jboc : tlii^j aiitiijue 
 
 (hvelli 
 
 mil;, well remeiiil>evecl yet l)y many 
 
 (.Miel 
 
 )ecer; 
 
 <lisa]»|teai'ed about 1843, to make vodiii i'nv the ])resent 
 riHjinv and solid .structure now known as the Cardi- 
 
 nal's I'alace 
 
 After three months' incessant infantile 
 
 music ot 
 
 a verv 
 
 livel 
 
 V natui'e, writes the authoi' of 
 
 the Canadians of OhK 1 
 
 wa- 
 
 transfevri-il t(» thi' modest 
 
 manor of Saint Jean I'ort-Iolv, the new manor, 
 
 built 
 
 on tile site of tin 
 
 ^umi»tuous one wliidi jh'ssien rs 
 
 /ef< A iif/laii^ had so ruthlessly burnt to the uround in 
 1750." Here ^l. dc (iaspe spent ihe l)lissful hours of 
 his childhootl, on tbi- shores of the ^rcal river, with 
 
 a stretc i of water 
 
 d'oi'( 
 
 ill 
 
 um, lUimUait 
 
 le 1 
 
 Ike 111- 
 
 thoughts, extfudiuu,' to the stormy \\a\es of the uuli. 
 Ilis oarcnts sent him at the iiuc of nine rears to learn 
 
 in the citv, the liist les>ous, in a Ijoardin'. 
 
 Iioll 
 
 se ivt 
 
 pt 
 
 by two prim, old ladies of the nanu; of Cholette. lie 
 was soon i)ir)moted to the blue eoat of a (.MielM'c Semi- 
 
 uarv l)ov 
 
 briu'bt and misi'hu'N'ou.- 
 
 he wiMit thinuuh 
 
 his course ol' studies in this hoarv seat of learninn' 
 
 \va> 
 
 iiiden<urei 
 
 s a law student t(j Att(U'ney General 
 •Tonathan Sewell, sub.scrpu'ntly our r('S]ie(.'le(l Chii'l' 
 Justice, ]ii'actised his jirofrssion a frw yeai's, at the 
 Quebec bar, and was then offered and accepted the 
 res])onsible ollico of High Sheriff of tlie (^hudjcc l)istri(.'t. 
 
 All 
 had 
 
 ad 
 
 oeen ah 
 
 le t 
 
 read 
 
 in th 
 
 tuture, wliat it 
 
 in store i'nv him, or rather what the lU'i-lect of hi^ 
 
 otlicial duties entailed on him. he would liave .shunned 
 it, shunned it to the last! Ample means inherited, a 
 
 ^tronlr lov(! lor mai 
 
 dv 
 
 iiorts and 
 
 una 
 
 I lit; 
 
 Ad\anlaL!'e 
 
 soon sur- 
 
 rounded liim with coiieiMiial spirits. .\il\anlae'e was 
 :-td<en of his coiilidiu;.;' and evnei'ous natuiv; f.iir 
 we, idler friends wmi his coutideiiee ; iiKire than one 
 a]iplied to him for liinporary lo:in> ; their I. 0. ('., 
 beariuu his endorsatiou. went tn protest 1 Ln^s of oi:ire, 
 followed liy l;iw proceediiies and somethiij'j much woi-:e, 
 overtook the npeu-hani'ed. ln'edh's., >heritt. 
 12 
 
 
 
 •4^ 
 
— 178 — 
 
 " Alas !" says hr with some bitterness, in his stirring 
 novel, through the lijis of his heru, iM. d'Kniufint, 
 " wlicre iire those days when iYieiidly IVices ciowded at 
 my festive hoard ? What has l)ec(jme of that hopeful 
 dawu in my existence, when 1 tiustcd friends, when 
 i had liiith in gratitude, when the foul word ingratitude 
 was yet unreveahid to me ;* " 
 
 ;M. d(,' (ias])e, al'tei' his woi'st trial, retired froiu eity 
 life and buried himself amidst his hooks into the seclu- 
 sion of his rustic manor for years ; let us follow him in 
 his jileasant exiU;. 
 
 IIIK MAXOH OF llAllKiaiLLi:. 
 
 Now that the readei' has been introduced to the Laird 
 of llaberviUe Manor, hit us r(d'er to his symiialhi'tie 
 biograjiher, the iVlibe ]leui'y \l. Casgrain, for a glimpse 
 of his cherislKMl liome at St. Jean Pori-.Toly. 
 
 It ]iresents a not inap])ro]iriat(.' ty]te of the nioreniodern 
 Canadian seignioral manor, ]irior to the commntation 
 of the seigniorial tenure, by act of ]iarliament, in 1854, 
 Few traces now exist of tlie feudal grand mansions of 
 (dden times; several of which, on account of their 
 warlike records, were noted in Canadian annals. 
 
 1 
 
 n vam 
 
 would one seek, in our dav, for the solid, oi\' 
 
 snm]»tuous stone-structure, with gibliet, lock-up, gate- 
 ]»osts bla/oned with armorial-ciuarterings : such that 
 of the high and mighty Seignior Jean Talon, Intendant 
 of Canada and liaron d'Oi'sainville (1). 
 
 In vain, to lof»k for the loo])-hf)led and walled foit, 
 with guard-house, towers and ]»latforms for howitzers 
 to scatter d(!stri!ction among the skulking Iroquois, 
 \\atching from tlu^ next thickest foi'a white seal]*; such, 
 
 d) Talon's Patent eni) lowered him to cstalilisli " ii goiil, !i 
 
 foui' post. iril)l'Ct...a ]iost witli an 
 ai'MW slionhl ho ont-'ravcii, ' 
 
 iron 
 
 collar, on which hi- 
 
 *»» 
 
(I) Baron do Lon.siueil's roviil iiatent desoribes his iluUDr 
 tlius : {Seiijninrial Documents — 1S52, ps. 44S and <SS) '• Ifi; 
 has erected at liis own cost a fort siipijorted hy tbnr strong 
 t(H"-(M's tA' stono and iiiasoniy, witli a giiard-lianso, several 
 lai'f.'!' dweinn;^s, a lino churoii. hoaring all the insii,'nia of 
 nobility ; a s[ia('ious I'arui yard, in which then' is a bai'n, a 
 stable, a sheep pen, a tlove-cot and otiier buildings, all <7t 
 which are within tlu^ area oi' the said i'ort ; next to this stands 
 a hanal mill, a tine brewery of masonry, together witli a large 
 retinu<i of servants, horses and eijuipages." 
 
 In a recent history oi' Longneuil, it wouM a|i))ear tiiat the 
 new ohnrch ot I,onguenil has bci^n budt over tin; site of the 
 glorious old Longneuil Fort. The uerlike liaron ai>parently 
 appreciated a glass of sound ale, since he built a breweiy. 
 
 <^uery: Is tliert> anymore of the Baron's XX in stock in 
 Montreal ? 
 
 
 — 179 — 
 
 as Biivon dc Loiie'iU'nir.s .solitl manor at LonLfUcuil. (1) 
 Tlie lu'ighboriiiu /^''//.rt/ dvoh, has cruiablL'd to (lu.sl ; 
 the h'l/iKil grist-mill, on tin; hrook, in view of the manof 
 for greater protection — lias eea.si'd to grind corn; botli 
 liave (lisa]>)ieave(l. ^[r. Di'umniond'.s seigniorial Act of 
 l.So4, (lid not even recognize, tlie not very j)rotilalile 
 thongh jiri/.ed privilege o\' tlu^ seigniorial dove-cot ! 
 Alas I tlie staunch, well guarded ancicMit manor, 
 which sheltered the dignilied liai'im of other davs, has 
 disa])peared "witli llie last of the L'apnlels!" 
 
 Here is wliat tlie Alihi' has to tell: "The sei- 
 gniorial resilience, which M. ile Gas]ii' has immor- 
 talized in his Ancicns Ctiiiiiillen'< nnder the name of 
 tlu! inanov of llaberville, stands a few acres iVom the 
 St. Lawrent'C, in I'ront of a little ca])e crowneil with 
 pine, s[iruce and silvcr-liirch trees. At its base runs 
 the King's highway. A superb view of the liver and 
 its many islands, here o])ens (jut. Facing il, looms 
 over tlie waters, the two pillars, well-known landmarks 
 to mariners, the wood-])illar and the stoiu'-pillar, with 
 its luminous beacon ; one, solitary and liarren, like the 
 enchantress Circe's rock of Oca ; the other, evergreen, 
 like the Isle of Calypso," 
 
 !fcj 
 
 1 
 
— 180 — 
 
 111 llu' tlist;inro are visiljlr Seal lineks, Cloose and 
 Ci'aiu! Lslaiuls ; furtlu'i' slill, tliie north, Coudres I.^land; 
 (»n tlie opposite sliore, lour or live leagues away, the 
 eternal, frowning range of lofty ca]«s, the Lanrentide.s, 
 hlue in the distance, doing duty as a back-ground to 
 the LiJowing jiictuiv. 
 
 The manor, now ruiniing to decay, is a coniparatividy 
 modern, a one-storied, high-peaked structure with two 
 wings projecting towards the entrance, 
 
 it traces back nearly to the era of the eonipiest ; 
 having been erected to rei)lace the building burnt liy 
 the English, in l7o'.*. 
 
 '{'here was nothing remarkable about the style of this 
 
 S( 
 
 cond ^ianoi', except that its unitorm whitened 
 
 ;s ami 
 
 ueneral neatness, lirougiit il out agreea 
 
 'b-: 
 
 m n 
 
 lie! 
 
 and as a contrast amidst tlie surrcjunilmu nTceuery and 
 orchards. 
 
 A llower and \t'uetable yarden, rows of fruit trees, 
 (liis],i''s pets, decked and oversliaduwed the 
 
 (le 
 
 ]\r. 
 
 avenue leading to the I'ront entrance. 
 
 Silence, desertion, decay have now rejilaeed careful 
 cultuie, the hum and bustle of life, the meriT ]/eel 
 (jf laughter, w hich of yore echoed in that blithsonie 
 land, when ]\[. de (laspe's large faniily cirele was 
 gathered there. 
 
 I ean recall the time wlien it was the ab(jde, and 
 meeting-] dace of inmates and vi.-itors as bright as they 
 were amiable: the laird's hospitality was unbounded ; 
 
 anidies de ( lasj 
 
 »e, ( 
 
 le L 
 
 luandiere 
 
 ]iab 
 
 (le 
 
 lasite "W 
 
 IS the life autl soul nf every 
 
 here m(>l th 
 
 and others ; ^I, _ 
 
 fanrily reunion. 
 
 His Ituoyant spirits, sjiarkling conversation, iMumd- 
 losfc' iufoiination on every suliject, happy nmde rif 
 conveying it, ^\ere marvellous. 
 
 When the conversation began t(» Hag, he used In tak(! 
 IViiiu llu' shelves of his W(dl slocked libraiy a volui 
 
 ue 
 
 if /.' 
 
 '('/ nv. 1 1 
 
 Mol 
 
 K r<\ or (ii » 
 
 .S7/(^/, 
 
 csj^icav'', ana Keei' our 
 
 I k 
 
— 181 
 
 M 
 
 attPiitiou vivetted by his fascinatiii;^' and animated way 
 of reading aloud. 
 
 So attractive this style of innusing others had jtroved 
 that M. lie Gaspe has translated, for tlie lienefit of the 
 family chele, in French and ('o])ied out in his own 
 hand, nearly all the Waverly. Xovols for evening 
 reauinu^. I'iiis furnishes a clew to, and the oriuin of 
 
 the fiiiKidliins of OliL that frawint hi 
 
 ainiil 
 
 tl 
 
 ossoin 01 s| 
 
 f si)rin<,' 
 
 K! snows () 
 
 le 
 
 f winter. A deeji stiuly nf tl 
 niasler-niinds in lititrature liad sharpened his intellect 
 to thai degree, that tliis volume, Uke an antiqui 
 
 Minerva, s])rang from hi- ln'ai 
 
 II, :i c 
 
 lomplete and fidly- 
 
 e(ini|i]ied crecatiou. Oeeasinnallx', to wliet the ;t]iiK'titi 
 of his youthful Hsteners for inii'llectual treats, lie would 
 get them to iici some of ru-iiiuin's ex([uisite, short 
 i)\n {]]'• ^\ riihliiii .V/7^^>^■. The _'//'f//*'/ 
 
 (li'aniiis or a sceui 
 
 sdldi) on sueh oeeasions wii< ]iut in renuisition ; a fe,w 
 
 friei 
 we'll 
 
 MS 
 
 wi'i'e I lien a<lm!tt 
 
 ed oil 
 
 lliese uala night- 
 
 as 
 
 IS a sprniklnig ol his tenants 
 
 Day time was (U'vote(l to shootinir or angling excur- 
 
 sions, saunterings on ilie -lior. 
 
 Held 
 
 ii' gaioen o] rra- 
 
 tions on his grounds, with scraps of li^g.d advice — he 
 
 lieiug a iiarnstei' — : 
 i'rom tar and nt^ai'. 
 Now and th(Mi a 
 
 ii\ en ijriifis to neiuliDoi's an 
 
 It- 
 
 Hants 
 
 tefe ('In 
 
 (Hill jh't I'c or jiienii- was set on 
 
 foot to the adjoining hills, or under the shade of hi.- 
 verdaut majjle groves. The jcdly young foll<>, approach- 
 in<f the manor on their rrtnrii, wen^ heard frinn afar, 
 
 U'lintul of 
 
 lee 
 
 md iioisleroii-^lv ivneating .-'iine (• 
 
 Id 
 
 X< 
 
 iiiiian or ( "aiiadian 
 
 Haiueni!/ vos iiioiit"ii-. liiTjiei'i 
 
 Bell 
 
 c liergci't", ramcii';'/. vo-; uioutouf 
 
 % 
 
 !<«J 
 
— 182 
 
 LK,S ANCIENS C.\.X\DIKN>> — LKS MLMOIUS. 
 
 II 
 
 >r 
 
 111 tlic jiiuvioiis cliaptcr, tlie rcailcr liii.s followed 
 M. du Gasix' tliroiiiLih his lirinlil, sunny boyhood, liis 
 l)oi,stei'oiis youth, his sjiort-Ioving nianliood, so full of 
 ]ii'oniis(! and ])ioi'c'ssional sucorss at its dawn, in its 
 zcnilh, clouded and very dark. 
 
 His tirst work, Lcs Ancievf^ Cimatlieiw, by its fresh- 
 ness and |ii([Uiiiiey of style and by its wealth of old 
 
 ions aeeuinulated in its eojiioiis 
 
 souvenirs, and 
 
 trad it 
 
 a])i)endix, had quite taken by storm the little literary 
 M'orld oi' the " Ancient (capital ; " congratulations, eulog- 
 istic reviews and criti(iues, poured in fi(»ni all quarters. 
 De Gaspe's heroes and lieroines, Jules de liaberville, 
 his lovely sister Blanche, Ai'chy Lockeil, t'iie old gen- 
 filhoiinae ^NI. d'Egmont, were in every oiu^'s mouth, 
 discussed, admired. 
 
 " Les Ancienx Caniullenx " was more tl 
 
 lan a ploasm 
 
 tale, illustrative of early colonial life and Canadian 
 scenes : it struck one as an artistic canvass, alive with 
 r(jmantie ])ersonages and dramatic events, recalling the 
 days of alarm, rout and blooshed of 1759. Under the 
 veiled figure of M. d'Jilgmont, a careful eye could recog- 
 nize tlie still genial, but saddened face of the Laird of 
 Haberville JManor in his exile. 
 
 Jn the giajihic description of the shipwreck of the 
 transjiort Atif/nslc^ on the storm-beaten shores of Cape 
 Breton, in ITtil, the harrowing drowning-scene of a 
 group of distinguished Canadians ex]iatriating them- 
 selves and returning to Friince, was reproduced with 
 marvellous, realistic effect. 
 
— 18:; — 
 
 'riiL' recoLinitioii, at lliiliei'villc Manor by its sciLriiinr, 
 III' till' only survivor, l^uc tU' la Come 8l. Luc, lnoii;^lit 
 tears to many ryes. 
 
 Mr. (le (!as]i(' had shown liiniself to he not a mere 
 ('level' delineator of charactci' and incidents ; his ]iart 
 seemed also to have been that of a ififted liistorian, with 
 anijile stores oi' matei'ial to draw I'mm. lie had, IVoin 
 the haunted hrills of memory, summoned with striking 
 felicity thos(; whom in his youtli lii^ had i\nowii, 
 adnurcd und loved : men of martial aspect, women of 
 courtly nurturi', who had sat at the festi\(' board oi' 
 Governor de Vaudi'euil, or tai<en a part in liie revels of 
 tlu' maj,nnHeent Intendant Ui^ot. 
 
 Tlu! tirst edition (d' /yCN Anciciis ('(inddicns disap- 
 peaved, as il' by matiie, from the bookseller's shelves. 
 The work soon met with a tianslator in Mdme I'enm'e ; 
 very recently one of our mostnifteil ]iofts, (Jco. ( '. 1). 
 Roberts, has ]>laced it bei'ore the I.Jritish publir, in 
 elegant English. 
 
 The Dt' Gaspe ^lemoirs have; a fault — ii grave one. 
 The facinated I'cailer linds them much too short, ol.i;! ' 
 pages to embody an account of so many varied incidents, 
 covering seventy-inne years; this is indeed a scanty 
 and too conL'se a record. 
 
 Such as the/ are, let us lie thaidvfull to tho compiler 
 ^vho thus awoko to lind Inmself famous at the ri))e age 
 of 79. 
 
 As a whole, however, they are far from attniiuiiu- 
 jierfection .Many pages ndating to faiuily history and 
 ancesi ...ght have been curtailed ; they must be of 
 very secondary interest to the general reader. \\\\\ with 
 some short-conn ngs, wdiat a fund oi' wit, good humored 
 re])artee, keen observation is mixeil up I T cannot ]ire- 
 tend to disclose but short glim])ses of social lift', vi.-las 
 of the domestic career of sonu' of our ( lovernors, so 
 pleasantly told by ^I. de (lasjn', trusting tluise unwiitteu 
 ])ages of history may amuse. 
 
 
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 — 184 — 
 
 Mr. (le Ofispe evidoiiily saw a great dnal of scAcral 
 fif oui' jiarliamciitary leaders in days of old: L. J. ra)ii- 
 neaii, llnii'Iile. T^niis luiiaee d'lniinlierv de Salalieriy, 
 lldii'ble J)r. I'ierrc^ de Sales Laterriere (1), ][on'l)le 
 Jdhii Neilsuii, Ildii'lde livml Vallieres de Saint-lieal. 
 A ]iiaetisiiiu,' liari'ister, lie had splendid (i]i]i(irtnnities of 
 imtiii^u' tlie ( aieer ol' the most ]»roiuinent; niendjers ol' 
 the (^Micliec JJar: llon'ble donatlian 8e\\ ell, his yKiZ/vr/;, 
 Sir . lames Stuarl, \'alliL'res de Sainl-Iu'al — all three 
 
 suet'essi\'elv Cl 
 
 lie 
 
 Just 
 
 ices, 
 
 II 
 
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 Frs. W. riiiii- 
 
 r(»se (2), Jleiirv lilaek, i^'e. ]\Ianv 
 
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 lias alsd to I'elatt' ahiiiit his eontcMiijuaavy coiifirirs 
 
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 iMliiiii, the liic(irni|il il 
 
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 niondoii, tJie eloinienl ]ilea(ler ; the seimlaiiy Soheilo 
 
 (icneial and stalcsniaii, Anchcw Slnart, (^>. C, wlid (lird 
 in 1840, (he liiihev of our ex Cliief Justice, Sir Andi'ew 
 Sluarl; ('(inilcons .1 ndi^c I'llzear i'edard ; iijiright -Indue 
 
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 met, \\ith(ail ri»r,u'ettin,u' the \\ itty, jo\' 
 
 al, d 
 
 but lifted .Instill .^IcCail! 
 
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 irristcr, (jiiite a eiiar- 
 
 aeter in his ..ay : a vietiin in the end lo that inereiless 
 di'stroytji', Kiiin Aleohnl 
 Let us note sonic 
 
 ]>e ( 
 
 <asi)e s aiiec( 
 
 h.t 
 
 es concerniiu 
 
 our ( lovenii 
 
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 oi'i sciice dt the Canadian sci'jiiior and ol' lii^ 
 
 rhnt 
 
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 liaiidMiiiu' I'aniily at llic cliarnied circK,' of t 
 
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 a<'c— Mdw Sjicncer Wodd — then 
 decn]»ie(| in suiniuer by Sir dames Henry ('i;n\L;\ dur 
 (idvcrnor, has aM'orch'd tlie aiithdi' subjects I'or most 
 ])leasaul souvenirs and >ni\u sjiicy aneeddtes. lf\yuber- 
 natdrial fes1i\ities in those daws were not on so vast, so 
 
 (1) Di'. Pierre Lateii'iei'e, went to London, studied medi 
 cine under Sir A.stlcy Coojxm' ami niarripd there, an lieiress 
 
 ]\Iiss I>ulmoi', the (huiL'hter of Sir Fenwick B 
 
 Ulinel', 
 
 (2) For years a leading Barrister, of thp Qiielji'c Bar — tln^ 
 iineie of the Earl of IJoselierry, Priuu! Minister of (treat 
 Britain. 
 
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 — isr. _ 
 
 cojujii'c'htiiisivc! a scalu as al jiii'Sciil, lliciv was a curdia- 
 lily ill sdcial intercoui'Hi', an n.haai/oii, n n jc iie .vai.v 
 (juol, wliieli ill many cases sHeincil to sul'tcn the lii-avts 
 of inoiX! than omi laliitl ]inlilical oiipumnit ol' ihc (!(iv- 
 enior. Do (ias]i(! lins lui't a nidst sediu'tive ]i()i'lrai- 
 tuir (if a ^laud /(■'/'' flm ,,1 i>il iw held at I'dwdl I'lacc, in 
 the ]i\('ly (.'Va ol' Little K'nni Crdi;/, as lu' Mas llicn 
 stylfd(]). It took I'lacc in iSdT. Tlioii^h Sii'Janics li. 
 Criii^ madt', in our i.iiinidii, a ,L;iavc mistake in his niotle 
 (if administci'iiiLi llic cdlmiy, which lie seems in have 
 taken I'oi' a miiilai\ camp, the old martinet had liis 
 j^ood points, and ^Ir. de (laspe, thonmh a lirm nplinMcr 
 of the (iallii Lily, has the cduraue to ^ive his lestiniuny 
 s(|iiai'ely ill lavdi' III' tlie Mnulish \'ice-lliiy. 
 
 The Memoirs cuNcr seventeen chaptels. 
 
 in<'ha]i. II, is related the merry inteiviewdi' the 
 hiike (tt Kent, at tlu^ Island nf Orleans, alionl 17'.'2, 
 with a s]ii'i;4lity ceiilcnnarian lady. The prince had 
 asked the aiiciiMii damsel what he enuld do to pleaM; 
 her. 
 
 The si'i'iice old Inlander rcpiieii. "' j)aiice a minuet, 
 iiKiH /trinee, -with me! I can llieii say ilial hd'ore 
 dyiiii; I had the Ik.iioI' dl' dancini; with the son ol my 
 .soverei.un ;(!eorge 111)1" 
 
 H. ]{. II. led (Hit his ]iai'lni'r; tlie miiim't dVi-r. he 
 ,i;allantly cdiidiictcd hack his ttansansr td her seat, wlicn 
 .she made him a m ly di^nilied cnitesy. W'c are next 
 told oi' the hei'dic manlier one nt' the Dnke's privates in 
 the 7lh I''n,--iliei's, who had de-^^!rle(l, liad taken the il09 
 la>lies dl' the cat-d'niiH' tails. La luisr. such wji-< his 
 name, a. Krciichman, rcjirieved finm the ileath penalty 
 fdi' desiM'tidii, in a dtdiaiit manner thus .^jxikt' to Ids 
 commaiidiiii.1' ollicer; "Frenchmen rei|uire cold lead, 
 not the whip, to lie made to ohey '. " 
 
 
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 — 186 — 
 
 Another notable character in tlie Memoirs, is Father 
 (le Berey, Superior of the Franciscan Monastery, which 
 stood partly on the site of the Anglican Cathedral, and 
 was destroyed hy fire on the 6th Sept., 1796. 
 
 The Superior, a descendant of a noble French house, 
 was a brusque, quick-witted, convivial old soul, who 
 uevev forgot that at one time he had been a ca])tain in 
 the French Dragoon guards. I reserve for an other 
 cha])ter some of his excentricities as related by M. de 
 Gasjie. 
 
 The author of the (kiiuKltaiiH of Old, respecting the 
 cession t)f Canada by France to England, remarks : 
 " I never knew one of the people charge its loss to the 
 " French King. 'Twas all the work of Lo Pompadour ; 
 " she sold the country to the English ; " this was a 
 " fre([uent ami a bitter saying." 
 
 Graj)hic is the i>assage, descri])tive of the jiainful 
 impression, caused by the news of the decaftitation of 
 Louis XVI. " In 17'J3," says he, " though aged but 
 seven, a family occurrence imi>ressed me so that tlie 
 scene seeins as of yesterday. It took place in the 
 winter season. My mother, my aunt, her sister, Marie 
 Louise de La Xau(li^re, were seated at a table chatting, 
 my father was just ojtening out his newspaper. The 
 family was trying to read in his face the tenor of the 
 foreign intelligence, French affairs having of late been 
 of a saddening nature. 
 
 All at once my father, bounding from his seat, his 
 great black eyes flashing fire, whilst a deadly pallor 
 spread over his features usually so full of color, yelled, 
 raising both hands to his head: " The monsters! they 
 have guillotined their King!!" 
 
 My mother and her sister liurst into tears and both 
 leaning long on the sash, 1 could see the steam of their 
 warm Ijreath on the iVosted ]ianes. From that day I 
 realised the horrors of the French Revolution. A wave 
 of profound sorrow swept over Canada ; all were 
 dee))ly grieved, excej^t a few rabid deiH<»crats. Some 
 
— 187 — 
 
 luoiiths later there hapjieued to be company at the St. 
 Jean Port-Joly Manor. Among those ]tresent were llcv. 
 Messire I'eras, our j)arish priest ; Eev. Messire Ver- 
 rault, pastor of St. Koch, and Ivev. JSIessire I'anet, pastor 
 of Islet, brother to the first Speaker of our Canadian 
 Tarliament. 
 
 The animated conversation running on politics, was 
 all Hebrew to me. 
 
 — " To think," said Eev. Messire Panet, " that at the 
 time of the King's execution there were in France forty 
 thousand jtriests I " 
 
 — " Wliat could they have done ? " rejdied Vn'.v. 
 Messire I'eras. 
 
 — " What could thev liave done ? " instantlv rejoined 
 Ciir^ Panet, thi owing open that portion (»f his clerical 
 garment which covers the heart. " Shield his niajesty 
 with their bodies and die at his feet ! That aught to 
 have been .1\ iv part, not emigrating." 
 
 — " It seeined '^yoi:;i belief," adds ]Mr. de (!as[»e, 
 " that a loyal ])c;t ile like the French should rise and 
 assassinate a good sovereign, and that a chivalrous race 
 should stoop to cut oft' the heads of noble women — still 
 more noble bv their dignified bearing — in presence of 
 the block." 
 
 Mr. de Gasp^ tells how a distinguished Canadian 
 gentleman, M. de Peletre, hajtpened to be in Paris on 
 the day when the King was beheaded. Aware of the 
 real sentiments of the person with whom he was stopji- 
 ing, he was amazed at seeing him leave home that 
 morning, wearing a tricolor cockade and asked : " VVhere 
 then are you going, my friend ? " 
 
 " To the place of execution," he replied," to save my 
 head, that of my wife, those of any childred and your 
 own ! " ■ 
 
 He returned, threw himself into his wife's arms, 
 weeping. " To-day," said he, " I have had the anguish 
 of seeing the King's head roll at mv feet." 
 
 
 
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 188 — 
 
 KKMINISCENCES OF THE FKENCH KEVOLUTION ; '89, 
 
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 The liitld ivtiiiiKMl by the De Oaspt' Memoirs on tlie 
 readiiii,' jtublie is miiinly due to tlie vahuiblc and much 
 needed light shed Ity them on the social as])ectofii 
 remote, rather misty peiidd in Canadian annals. Untjiies- 
 tional)ly the genial siiignior of St. -lean Port-Joly, has 
 invested M'ith lasting cliarni this record of the stormy 
 ilays of yore. His faciln pen, aided L, his marvellous 
 memory and social position, bi'iugs one face to face with 
 contemporaries of note, notewoilhy men and women 
 who existed one hundred years ag(j. \\\> fancy we sec 
 them in ilesh and blood; we watch them gracefully or 
 sorrowfully moving through the maze of the all-per- 
 meating, overjiouring drama of the time ; some oi'lheni 
 unwilling, terrorised contempoiaries of tlu; appalling 
 scenes, of blood ])roserij)tion and anguish organized in 
 France by FoU([uier-Tiuvi11e and Ifobcspierre. Occasion- 
 ally, our old friend tries his hand at re])roducing on the 
 canvass a brief sketch of some ilistinguished French 
 dmi(/rdn : such as that of the devoted jniests, the Abb/- 
 de Colonne, l»rotber to llii! French Minister of State, or 
 the Abbe Desjardins, both glad to esca]H' the guillotine,' 
 and tind life securt! under the jegis of British )iower at 
 Quebec ; sueing from a ja-otestant monarch, hesitatingly 
 but successfully, for a boon denied to them in their own 
 favored, but distracted and frenzied country, the right 
 to Avorshi]) their maker according to their own lights ; 
 sometimes, one is called on to greet an eminent ])erson- 
 age, hap]>y to exchange the jiom]» and show of the old 
 world for a secure Canadian home. 
 
 At page 88, M. de Gaspe introduces us, as follows, to 
 a village celebrity, still well remembered, in the settle- 
 
 i"' 
 
 i.':ftf" 
 
— 189 — 
 
 meiits of the Lower Saint Lawrence : a veteran of the 
 NHi»c>leouic wars, bent witli years, but still jauntily 
 sporting the medals and dectjrations awanled him by 
 the Petit Cupordl, for Wagraiii, lena or Austerlitz. 
 
 Let us translate : " I advise, says M. de Gaspe, ]»er- 
 sons visiting Riviere-du-Loup, to call on Monsieur 
 Louis, a relic o*" the French army, decorated with the 
 St. Helena medi.l; and they WiU thank me. Our friend 
 Monsieur Louis (he has as many friends as he has 
 ac(iuaintances) is a t'ue-lookinii; old man, with face 
 ruddy, simple manners, and a ready, taking' address, 
 recalling,' ingeniously, — but leaving out, the creditable 
 jjart played in them by himself — the events of which 
 lie has been an eye-witness. This Xestor of the Fiench 
 army, through the kindness of a church sexton, a friend 
 of his father, saw Louis XVI, and his family assist at 
 a low mass in a cha])cl, the name of which 1 have for- 
 gotten. From his father's fai'iu, two leagues out of Paris, 
 he remembers hearing the Ijoom of the great guns at 
 the taking of the IJastille. Every respectable person in 
 France, he says, shuddered at the sight of the horrors 
 committed on French soil. lUit stupor had seized hold 
 of the population, no one dared raise a voice. 
 
 Monsieur Lends had made the first Italian cam])aign 
 under the great Xajjoleon and laid ilown his sword only 
 after the di -aster of Waterloo. He was then serving 
 under General Grouchy ; he does his utmost to exi-ul- 
 ])ate his chief for not a]»pearing in time on that baltle- 
 lield, so disastrous to France. " The roads, says M, 
 Louis, were so horrible that the Prussians had aljan- 
 donned their artillery and their heavv biiygaue and 
 Grouchy was naturally led- to believe that JJliicher 
 could not have reached the battle field l)efore night." 
 
 " There is nothing strange, in Canadians of old, retain- 
 ing before the French revolution of '8'.', their liking fur 
 France; their intercourse with their French c()nij)atriotes 
 had not been much intenupted. Since the conejuest, 
 in 1750, se'' .'ral Canadian gentlemen, Messrs. de Sala- 
 
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 — 192 — 
 
 were driving past Dumont's mill, (I) he stopped the 
 carriage and said : 
 
 " You see this water course running north, well, 
 during the engagement of 17G0, ti:v,i'e was lying on 
 this ])lain M. de Lalionde, a brave oHicer, niortally 
 wounded. We were retreating at the double, mown 
 down by the English artillery and hacked by the 
 Highlanders' claymores, when on passing close to this 
 ollieer, he said to me, " A boire 1 mon cher petit mon- 
 sieur, je vous jirie ! " (Wider ! for me, dear sir.) T 
 pretended not to hear him, the enemy was raining on 
 us a hell-tire and had I ti'ied to give him water, I likely 
 the next minute would have had to ask my comrades 
 for a similar service. 
 
 We had been ejected for the second time from this 
 imjKirtant ])osition, my uncle Baby added, but we 
 reformed our ranks behind a grove of trees, of which 
 you can still see remnants, aiul attem])ting for a third 
 time the assaults witli fixed bayonets, we crushed the 
 enemy and left the mill (Dunujut's) oidy to pursue the 
 llviny English and to trv and thrust them into the 
 Kiver Saint-Charles, so as to [)revent them from regain- 
 ing Quebec. This was a great blunder on our part ; 
 the city gates having remained open fully two hours, 
 we could have entered with the fugitives in the confu- 
 sion. Several Canadians present at the fight have 
 attested this fact to me." 
 
 To return to the accoant of the death of IM. de La 
 Naudiere, who had an agreeable interview with George 
 Til, when still a Frencli subject, and still more satis- 
 factory meeting with His Majesty after the conepiest, the 
 Iv.iglish king having recognized him after an interval of 
 Ht'tfcn years, this old ni'dltaii'c, strange to say, caught 
 liis death from exposure, one cold September night in 
 
 (i; It stODil on tlie sjiot were the Levi pillar was erected 
 ill 1850. 
 
• — 193 — 
 
 1811, on his way home, after dining at 8te. Foye with 
 one Mr, Ritchie, from an attack of indigestion, having 
 fjiUen from his horse, near the very spot where he had 
 been wounded, at the battle of Ste Foye, fifty-one years 
 previous, where he was fouiul early next 
 insensible. 
 
 morning 
 
 CASTLE ST. LOUIS REMINISCENCES. 
 
 IV 
 
 In the previous chai)ter, mention was nuide of the 
 light cast on the social life of the representative of 
 royalty, at the CMteaii St. Louis, and of the enter- 
 tainments afforded the guests admitted within its aris- 
 tocratic circles. 
 
 Judged from modern standard, vice-regal hospitality 
 seems to have been neither plenteous, nor magnificent ; 
 not even when proud old Count de Frontenac was 
 lording it in the heyday of his s[)lendor, on the histo- 
 ric old rock. Of the gluttonous repasts — featms d 
 manger tout, of those uusatiable cormorants, the native 
 Indians, we have most circumstantial records ; not so, 
 of the entertainments of the early rejtresentatives of the 
 Grand Monarqxie, in the citadel of French power, in 
 America. 
 
 'Tis a pity no court journal sliould have exi.sted to 
 tell all about the ton, as well, as of the order of jirt-ce- 
 dence at the <Tovernor's mahagony. 
 
 I can recall, when in 1880, was mooted the cuiestion 
 
 of what might have been, two centuries ay<», at (dbiaal 
 
 dinners in the Castle St. Louis, the social status of the 
 
 most illustrious colonist of the period, Charles LeMoyn«, 
 
 13 
 
 
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 'i' ., ■ 
 
 — 192 —, 
 
 were driving past Durnont's iiiill, (I) ho stupitod the 
 carriage and said : 
 
 " You see tlii.s water course running north, well, 
 during the engagement of 17G0, there was lying on 
 this jilain M. de Laltonde, a brave ollicer, mortally 
 wounded. We were retreating at the double, mown 
 down by the English artillery and hacked by the 
 Highlanders' claymori's, when on jjassing close to this 
 otHcer, he said to me, " A boire ! mon cher yietit mon- 
 sieur, je V((Us ])rie I " ( Water ! for me, (h'nr sir.) 1 
 jiretended n(<t to hear him, the enemy was nuning on 
 us a hell-Hre and hail I tried to givt; him water, 1 likely 
 the next minute would have had to ask my comrades 
 for a similar service. 
 
 We had Iteen ejected for the second time from this 
 inijiortant j)osiLion, my uncle Baby added, but we 
 reformed our ranks behind a grove of trees, of which 
 you can still see remnants, and attcm])ting for a third 
 time the assaults with fixed bayonets, we crushed the 
 enemy and left the mill (Durnont's) only to pursue the 
 living English antl to try and thrust them into the 
 lliver Saiiu-Charles, so as to prevent them from regain- 
 ing Quebec. This was a great blunder on our part ; 
 the city gates having ninained open fully two hours, 
 we could have entered with the fugitives in the confu- 
 sion. Several Canadians present at the fight have 
 attested this fact to me." 
 
 To return to the accoant of the death of M. de La 
 Naiidiere, w ho had an agreeable interview with George 
 111, when still a Erench subject, and still nu)re satis- 
 factory meeting with His Majesty after the conquest, the 
 English king having recognized him after an interval of 
 tiftfen years, this old hiilitaire, strange to say, caught 
 his death from ex[)osure, one cold September night in 
 
 (1) It stotnl on the si)ot wore the Levi \n\\i\v was erootod 
 in 1855. 
 
— 103 — 
 
 1811, nil his way home, after dining at Stu. Foyo with 
 one Mr. Kitchie, from an attack of iiuligt'stion, having 
 fallen from his horse, near the very spnt where he had 
 been wounded, at the battle of Ste Foye, tifty-one years 
 previous, where he was fouiul early next morning 
 insensible. 
 
 CASTLE ST. LOUIS REMINISCENCKS. 
 
 IV 
 
 In the previous cha])ter, mention was made of the 
 light cast on the social life of the representative of 
 royalty, at tlie Ch/itedn St. Loids, and of the enter- 
 tainments allbrded the giu'sts admitted within its aris- 
 tocratic circles. 
 
 Judged from modern standard, vice-regal hospitality 
 seems to have been neither j)leiiteous, nor magnificent ; 
 not even when proud old Count de Frontenac was 
 lording it in the heyday of his splendor, on the histo- 
 ric old rock. Of the gluttonous repasts — fed'ins d 
 manger tout, of those unsatiable cormorants, the native 
 Indians, we have most circumstantial records ; not so, 
 of the entertainments of the early re])resentativesof the 
 Grand Monarqne, in the citadel of French power, in 
 America. 
 
 'Tis a pity no court journal should have existed to 
 tell all about the ton, as well, us of the order of ]irece- 
 dence at the Governor's mahagony. 
 
 I can recall, when in 1880, was mooted the question 
 
 oi what might have been, two centuries at^o, at oUicial 
 
 dinners in the Castle St. Louis, the social status of the 
 
 most illustrious colonist of the period, Charles LeMoyiw, 
 
 13 
 
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 — 194 — 
 
 ci'('}it«'cl a I'liron by Louis XIV, it was found iiui»OH- 
 sihli! to |(rodu('<) any rtscovd e.stiibli.shiiiy the jdace 
 a»si<,MU!d to liiiii liy virtiKi (»!' Iiis royal |iaU'iit. 
 
 Thus has I't'inainod in almyanco the ticklish ([uestion 
 \v1h;11u!1' Chark's Colnioit' (iianl, tlui lineal (h'si^ondant 
 ofllu^ iJiiroii dc Loni^ut'iiil, so j^iaciously rccoj^fni/ed as 
 a liaron l»y Hit jMaJcsty, ihci (4)ni't'n, oiij^ht to take 
 jiivci^duncL' on state occasions f)!' Canadian ki«}j;hts, &c. 
 
 The " jii'riodoriiiuh living, last women and ^^anddin^f" 
 nciicially style(| in Canailian annals— the ]>i<,'ot icj^inie 
 is lietler known to us in this ies])ect. Fraiuiuet and 
 olhei conteni|M»iaiy chroniclers have left livcdy accounts 
 of social customs, without for<,'ettiny; those fashionable 
 routs and charmini^ prfifs fioiijxTs of wiiich the I titcii- 
 ilnnec was the cluef theatre before tlie coiujuest. There 
 yet how(!V(;r remained several decadl^s undescril>ed. 
 M. lie (lasjie has biidj^ed over a lari^e ]tortion of the 
 Idruud. 
 
 Whilst the M('iii()li-/< bring out in icliel' several imjior- 
 tant historical incidents, they also furnish a nund)er of 
 light, gossiity })ii,ues, and familiar anecilotes showing the 
 inn«!r-life and domestic ways of those at tlu' toj» of the 
 social lailder. 
 
 M. de (}as|)e has a haii[)y manner of setting forth 
 some of those airy nothings. I append an example in 
 point ; though, translated in a diiferent idiom, it neces- 
 sarily loses much of its freshness and charm. 
 
 One regrets that the old Laird of 8t. Jean I*ort-Joly 
 has not furnished more reminiscen(;es of the jtrotracted 
 existence vouchsafed to him and comjirising the admi- 
 nistration of so many Knglish ( Jovernors : Llaldimand, 
 Lord Dorchester, General I'rescott, Sir J. C/oape >her- 
 brooke, the Duke of Eichmond, the Earl of Dalhousie, 
 Lords Aylmer and Gosford, Lord Durham, Sir John 
 Colborne, Lord Bagot, Earl Cathcart, Lord Elgin, Sir 
 Edmund W, Head, Lord Monck. 
 
 The following anecdotes relate to a serious trouble 
 between one of our most beloved administrators, Lord 
 
195 — 
 
 Dorcluistcr, smiiiimi'il in 177'), the " Siividur MrCiiiicula " 
 and tlu! (;leik of tlio wtnitluir. His Kxct'llciicy liiul 
 n'tiiint!(l the .services of uii estiiiialtle old caiitain of 
 luilitiii (daptiiiii Goiiiii, of Stc;. Anne de In iV'-rade) to 
 
 drive him one hitter winter iliiv, 
 
 I 
 
 soon notUHMi, say.1 
 
 Captain Gouin, that His KxcelK'ney's nose had heeonie 
 ]>erfe('tly white from tht^ intense cold. 'I'he Governor's 
 nose was a iiiarv(dl(»ns one as to si/e ; 1 may he alloW(Ml 
 to venture sm tar without ilisrc-^iied to his memory. 
 His Lordship, a thoiiin<,di ;j;entlemiin, as eointe(ais to a 
 jteasant as he would iiave Itecn to a kin;^, spoke Krenoh 
 like one of us, jind was (piite eommunieiitive. 
 
 " Your KxeellencN, " says 1, " pardon tin; liherty I 
 take, but your nose is fi'ozen to a crisp. " 
 
 — " What then is to he done ? " replied his I^adship, 
 raisiuLt his hand to his nnfortuniitc; nose. 
 
 "Weill Hum I iJo you see, iin>it ^rV'/«'>vt/," retorted 
 Ga})tain Gouin, "so fur, my experieiu;e has hecn limited 
 to dealiny with Canadian noses ; an Knudishnose mi^ht 
 jiossilily iiMjuire a dilVerent treatment." 
 
 — " What would you do t(» thaw a (Canadian nose ? " 
 asked Lord Dorchester. 
 
 " A Canadian nose, your Hxcellency, is inured to 
 hardship, and we treat it acconlingly." 
 
 — " Just sujipose," retorted tlie saviour of Canada, 
 " that you are ))rescrihing for a Canadian and n(»t for 
 an English nose." 
 
 " Very well, your Excellency, hut an other dilliculty 
 may arise. Englishmen are not all jirivileged to own a 
 Governor's nose, and therefore^ proper respect and con- 
 sideration is due. — " 
 
 — " D — your eyes ! " ejaculated the agonizing Gover- 
 nor, " due respect and consideration ho hfinged ! Don't 
 you see, my nnlucky nose will soon be dropping off !" 
 
 " That remedy is inexpensive and close at hand," 
 retorted the scared militia officer. " T have jtlenty under 
 mv cariole. Snow ! " Kuh well I " 
 
 ry 
 
 . jiii -'J 
 
^ 
 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 i' 
 
 
 'iifl 
 
 — 19(1 - 
 
 t.ENEUAL UOBp:iir I'KKtSCOTT, LT.-COVKKNOK AT 
 l/UKHKC, 17U0. 
 
 Iiii 
 
 it 
 
 f: 
 
 i 
 
 
 Occasionally, tlie (liy;nitarie.s luprcseuting liiitaiii on 
 our shores seem, in early times, to have ]ilayfully laid 
 aside ttflicial reserve, miii<,'lin<^ with the French colon- 
 ists, through curiosity or possibly to jutlj^e by them- 
 selves what the latter thou<,'ht of their new En<,'lish 
 masters. 
 
 Some of these familiar interviews with Kin;j; (leorge's 
 new subjects, were not without a spice of fun. 
 
 " (ieneral I'rescott, says M. de tlaspt^, was much 
 liked by the French-Canadians, and not uufrequently, 
 sought other light than what he received from his 
 entouraye, naich, in the end, to the disgust of the 
 latter. 1 knew him in my youth: he was a diminutive 
 old man — simple in his manners and dressed in winter 
 as if he longed to imitate that famous personage of the 
 Ai'uhiaii ^sights, Sultan Aaroon. 
 
 A Beauport farmer, in 1796, conveying to Quebec a 
 load of fire-Mood, met on the ice on the River St. Charles 
 an elderly man wrapped up in a great coat, the worse 
 of usage, and wearing a martin cap anything but new ; 
 his red, bleared eyes were watery. Jean-Baptiste took 
 compassion on the woe-begone wayfarer, who seemed 
 tired and said ; " Vou look fatigued, ^?^rf, my vehicle 
 is not very gnuul, but you will fare better on top of 
 ]uy load than trudging in this heavy snow." 
 
 The wayfarer readily assented and took his seat on 
 the load, when a lengthy conversation was exchanged 
 betw een him and the kind-hearted farmer. 
 
 On the sleigh reaching the foot of Palace Hill, the 
 farmer was I'ather sirprised to see that his new 
 acquaintance, without ajiparent regard for his horse, did 
 not dismount, but concluded that the poor old fellow 
 was (piite exhausted by fatigue and that after all, his 
 mare, being a powerful beast, would not mind this 
 additional light weight. 
 
 
 ■i"' ■■■■■• ' 
 
 ^ik-if 
 
— 197 — 
 
 " Guard! turn out! " roared the sentry on duty, on 
 the sled^'e passing the city i^'ate. The elderly uiuu raised 
 his cap. Jt'an-lhipfistc looked round, sa .v no military 
 niiin in the neighborhood and also raised his red tuque, 
 saying, " Civility must be returned." The farmer's 
 sleigh then continued, t'nrough Fabricjue street, its ascent 
 towards the wood market, which in thosc^ days stood on 
 the square opposite the Jiasiliea, conveying on his load 
 his new aci|uaintance. 
 
 "Guard! Turn out!" sung out the sentry at the 
 entrance to the; old Military .lesuits Uarracks (removml 
 iji ltS77.) The aged man saluttid the guard and also 
 returned the respectl'ul salutation of several citizens 
 standing by; J(<i it-linpfiste again raisiMl liis fmine, 
 bowing both to the guard iMul the citi/< us, apparently 
 quite pleased to note the progress good manners had 
 made in the city since his last visit. 
 
 Finally, he stojiped his marc, when his new acquain- 
 tance, with alacrity, descended from the load of wood, 
 thanked him civilly for his kindness and slipped a coin 
 in his mitten ; he had nearly disajtpeai'ed in the; distance 
 when some one ran and met the wdodman, askiiig him 
 liow much the Governor had ]iaid him for the ride. 
 
 " What Governor ? " brus([uely Hi\>\\iid Jcan-linptitite, 
 " I am not to be fooled in that way ! " 
 
 — " L(jok in your mitten ! " was the answer. 
 
 lie did so and pulled out, amazed, a gold coin, 
 remarking'. "To think T was all the time under the 
 impression of having done merely a charital>le turn. 
 Never will I judge of men by their a]>i»earance after 
 this " ! 
 
 f. 
 
 
 
,'^ I' 
 
 % 
 
 !*'»ii 
 
 [From the Star Jubilee Xumber,] 
 
 qi:ei:x victoiiia's .irniLRK-is;;;, i8st. 
 
 LOOKENt; 1!ACK, 
 
 ! ! ' 
 
 1 i . 
 
 ■f 
 
 Dark days wen; on us in June, ISiC, .still darker 
 days clcisc at hand ; civic dissension, tierce, ])()litical 
 agitation were rainj'ant ; a seer might have discovered 
 at the end oi' the gloomy vista — hideous scaffolds. The 
 month had o]»ened with increasing alarm ; an indistinct 
 dread of coming calamities jierviuled the minds of the 
 British poi)ula.tion; an unreasoning frenzy seenie(l to 
 have taken ])ossession of the erst loyal and ]>eace-loving 
 French peasant. Eestless village politicians, stumj) 
 orators from the cities, each Sunday after service, 
 wrought him to wild transports. Kabid journals fanned 
 the Hame ; one voice alone above the din was heard, 
 nay, « agerly listened to : the siren voice of the great 
 tribune Louis .Tose]ih Pajtineau. Alas 1 that its stirring 
 and patriotic appeals, thundered forth for years, on the 
 floor of parliament, should ultimately have lured to an 
 early grave many brave s])iritsl 
 
 Strife stalked through the land ; ujirisings were 
 imminent in the Montreal district; the Quebec section 
 more distant from the focus of trouble, though less 
 deeply agitated, was far from remaining ])assive, 
 
 A mass meeting had been announced to take place, 
 on the 24tli June — the day of the nationtil festival, 
 St. Jean Ba]>tiste's day — at St. Thomas (Montmagny), 
 in the green arbor of Cajjtain Faucher's beautifid maple 
 grove, known as Le Bois de Boulogne. The orator of 
 the day, Mr. Tapiueau, came tlu-re armed with all his 
 
— 109 — 
 
 tliinuler : colonial grievances of three generations. Some 
 hundreds of alert young French Canadian horsemen, 
 neat in their home-spun coats, mounted on their Xor- 
 man ponies and armed with their long duck-guns, sur- 
 rounded the banquet tables festooned with maple leaves, 
 and spread al fresco, with abundance of good rustic 
 fare, but bereft of all dutiable wine and liquors. Tlw 
 sparce French colony, forgotten a century previous on 
 the shores of the St. Lawrence, had resolved to give a 
 lesson to Old England, kill oif her export track', and 
 thus (h'v u]) this source of mercantile ])rolitI There 
 were unfriendly lips which whisjiered that tlie Bois de 
 Boulogne reformers would have difficulty in kecjting 
 u]) to fever-heat their jiatriotism on the national bever- 
 age, spruce-beer. Tlie wearers of liome-spun were to 
 receive important accessions to their ranks, l)y the 
 arrival in the city of Quebec of the Montreal members 
 of ])arliament, habited also in home-s])un — says the 
 historian of the period, Kobert Christie — for the meeting 
 of parliament, which took pLice on the <Sth August. 
 This was a humorous incident in a very serious drama. 
 When the last putV of smoke from the chasseurs' fow- 
 ling-] >ieces had cleared a\\ay, the dictator, accompanied 
 by ])rominent patriotcs, Dr. (later Sir) E. 1*. Tacbi', 
 Messrs. L(^4ourneau, Tetu, Vallde, and otliers, drove 
 down in open carriages, to meet, at Kamouraska, other 
 active sympathisers. The writer, an eye-witness, vividly 
 recalls the whole scene (1). 
 
 Four days ]irevious to this festival, on tlie 20tli 
 June, 1837, tliere was lying cold in death, in his 
 turreted castle, at Windsor, the late sovereign of tlu^ 
 realm, King William IV. Fifty years ])revious, as 
 Puke of Clarence, he had landed in our midst on 
 the 14tli August, 1787, from the frigate Piydsus, a 
 roistering midshijtman. The City still retained the 
 
 ^i 
 
 
 ■■'■ 'iK-'l 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 ■;..d::H.H 
 
 ^ 
 
 r-r* 
 
 (1) Vide Explorations of Jonathan Ohlhuck, i>i>. 121-31. 
 

 — 200 — 
 
 I I 
 
 ]! 
 
 meniory of the jiractical j<ikes ])]ayed by the royal 
 mitldy, with his rollicking niessniaU's, in our streets 
 after night-fall. At live o'clock on that niorning of 
 June, 18o7, the Archltishoj) of Canterbury and other 
 noble state messengers were knocking at the gate of 
 Kensington I'alace and awakening from her sweet 
 slumbers a gentle girl of eighteen summers, to announee 
 to lier that lii-uceforth she was Queen of England. So 
 she has continued for the last half century; God bless 
 her! 
 
 T.et us hie back home and recall Quebec, at the dawn 
 of 1 
 
 ler ausiJicious 
 
 reign, its as|'ect, style of building, 
 mode oi' travel and status, ])olitical, intellectual and 
 social. The suburl)s of the city and the portion also 
 
 witl 
 
 liu the walls were cut U]i with vacan 
 
 It lot.^ 
 
 some 
 
 allbi'diug iiasture to cows. Innumerable one-stoi'y, 
 cheajt, wo<jden tenements lined the streets. The great 
 iires of May and June, lS4r>, and of 14th October, 1800, 
 made a clean sweeji of some a,500 : the era of niodeiii 
 cut-stone dwellings liad, however, sprung u]»ab(jut 184(1. 
 
 i.et us glance at oui' medi;eval Levis Kerrv, of 18: 
 
 ii 
 
 a. half do/en ui flat boats, imjiroved scows, ])ro])elled by 
 patl(lle-w heels, through a shaft, round which revolved, 
 in the summer months, four jaded, sweltiTiug horses. 
 This tread-mill exercist' lasted to 1845. With the elib 
 tide and a biisk westerly bieeze, the horse-boat, such 
 was its name, in crossing fror\i Levis, instead of landing 
 its jiassengers at the Finlay Market Place, Lower Town, 
 often diifted down to the Island of Orleans, where it 
 awaited for the Hood to waft it back to the city, much 
 to the di.sgust of belated travellers. Jvan-Baidlste 
 
 Would occasionally give utterance to an energetic t<acre : 
 1'he wintei' travel from (^^uebec to M(jntreal was ]»er- 
 formed by the Blue and Eed rival lines of stages, with 
 relays of horses every fifteen miles. It took two day.'s 
 Avith good winter roads to reach ^loutreal; — of course 
 a much longer tinie during heavv snow storms. 
 
 ,fc;i 
 
 Wt' 
 
 i!»' 
 
•Mi 
 
 — 201 — 
 
 The shriek of the raihviiy wliistle in 185:5 scared 
 uway, Me think, forever, the lied and Blue lines no) tie 
 steeds. The wayside stables and inns have been closed. 
 Xo telegra]ihs, nor railways, nor ocean steamers in those 
 days, though our Jioi/al Willioin, in 1S;)3, had, the 
 lirst shdwn how the ncean eould be forded, with steam 
 alone (1). The model (if the i>ioneer steamer can yet 
 
 ■^:^ 
 
 (I) As 11 Qiit'liect'i' I felt proud ulicii juiltlishiii^' in 1:^76, 
 (^1 KiiHc Past and I'ui:si:\t, to liavf an opjiortiuiity of ;.'iving 
 full iiiirtifulars nt tho pinnc^M' of Ocran Steam Xavigation 
 built, within a low at-ri-s from my homo, in IS.'Jl, 
 
 f'iile ]<\K 'JSrt-TO and j). 450, for its Custom Ilouso IiOirister 
 •',nd other details. 
 
 The suliject was sulise(|uently ahly taken u|> liy .las. Steven- 
 son, President Literary and Historieai Society. (>ueliee : one 
 of his ."uceessors, in the Presidential Chair, Areliihald Camp- 
 holl, of Tliornhill, j)repaied an elaboiate lecture, on the 
 suhjoet, whieh was pid>lishe<l in the Traii.san/ i'mi n o\' t]n- society 
 and which acoompanieil to England the model of the h'ni/al 
 Wii/iKDi, when it was honored, at the ,i.'reat Xaval Kxliiliitioii, 
 at Cliclsea, with a Diploma, hearing the ^i<:nature of 11. H. II. 
 the Prince of Wales. Capt. Fredei'i(dv C. Wurtole, the active 
 librarian of the Literary and Historical Society, not only wrote 
 several excellent articles in tho jtress, to vindicate (^uehec'^s 
 claim to piiority in ocean steam navigation, Imt .also an 
 elahorate pamjihlot, emhodying the whole evidence in the 
 case ; otliers also took up tho euilgels for (^uohee. 
 
 Lat<'rly Mr. Sandford Fleming, tlio ominont scientist and 
 jiast-Presideiit ol' the i{f)yal Society of ( 'anada. brought the 
 subject befoie the Canadian Institntt^ of Toronto, and suc- 
 (M'oded in procuring a liron/e talilet. to lie ei'o'ted under tlu^ 
 auspices of the (iovt^rnmont, in th<' Parliamentary Library, at 
 Ottawa, commemorating this glorious incident of (Juobec 
 history. It boars tlie following inscription : 
 
 OIiMATirRi-: Of THi: Siiir.) 
 
 //( iK'Hour of I he men hij ir/mne (■iiffrinisc, cuKtuh/e diit/ skill 
 the '• Rni/al VViUiiim, '" thr first vessel la crass the A/hnilie hy 
 steam power, was ir/ml/i/ rdiislriicteil in dnunhi (iml iKirii/ated 
 hi Kiii/liniil in lS;i3, t/te j)ioneer of llmsr iiiiijlitu jln'ts of uceaii 
 steamers In/ irhieli passeiii/crs and merciiuiidise oj' <dl natioiis 
 are how eouvei/ed on ereri/ sea t/iroiti/fioiil the world, 
 
 " Ordered by tho Parliament of Canada, .lunc- 13-1"), 1894." 
 
 
 
 ■i:;. 
 
 iM-M 
 
— 202 — 
 
 f 
 
 i >. 
 
 i 'I. i 
 
 be seen in the rooms of the Literary and >Iistorical 
 Hociety, at Quebec. 
 
 Ships from sea were announced all the way from 
 Kimouski, to the signal service on the Citadel of Que- 
 bec, ]»y means of l)alls hoistisd to lofty poles, erected f)u 
 the highest points along the sea shore. 
 
 Banking facilities were merely nominal at that period ; 
 some monetary institutions had hastened to forward 
 their specie to be stored in the casemates of the Citadel, 
 at <^Miebec, safe against " Canadian rebels and Yankee 
 sym]iatliizers," as the phrase then ran. Several Banks 
 suspended sitecie payments, in 1837; on the 20th day 
 of June, La Hanqvc (hi Pcnple, soiue of whosi^ directors 
 had betiu gaohnl for having, it was said, aftbrdixl aid to 
 the rebels, jilacardeil a notice, that it was i)re[)ar(Hl to 
 resume s])ecie payments, when the other banks did the 
 same. The ei'ooked lanes of (^)uebec were lit with dim 
 oil himj)s and Ca])tain Binguet's drowsy, (»ld city- watch, 
 called out the time or weather. " Twelve o'clock, " 
 " Starry night, " as the case miglit be, after nightfall 
 and occasionally, like more modern watchmen, were 
 conspicious by their absence when a row occured. 
 Queliec decimated ])y the cholera ])lague of l<So2 and 
 1834, scarcely numl)ered 34,000 souls. The insurrec- 
 tion of 18.">7-38 with its alarms, bore good fruits, the 
 blood of the li(,'rv, earnest patriots had not been shed in 
 vain. 
 
 A stei'ii Waterloo veteran. Sir John Colborne, had 
 ruthlessly stemmed the tide of pojtular ferment; an 
 imjterial statesman of recognized ability, the earl of 
 Durham investigated its causes and ja'escribed the 
 remedy, with the prescience of a seer. The union of 
 the two provinces, U])])er and Lower Canada, in 1841, 
 though at best a makeshift, was the harbinger of vast 
 changes and manifest progress ; jirimary and elementary 
 education received a powerful im]iulse. Some of our 
 leading French writers have traced with great felicity 
 to that period the marvellous awakening of thought and 
 
 if J 
 
 % 
 
 S^il 
 
— 203 — 
 
 intellect aiudiig the French element, which fdund an 
 outlet in literature and history, etc. Our municipal, 
 judicial and registry S3'.steins were mciulded. "Through 
 the means of a well divised scheme of canals, the navi- 
 gation of the St. Lawrence was facilitated uj) lo the 
 great lakes, and thus has heen o])ened out to the ]>ro- 
 ducts of the West, that natural highway over which 
 they floated to Eurojjeau markets. " A network of 
 railways and telegra]»h lines, uniting with one another 
 the great commercial and agricultuial centres of the 
 two jirovinces, was being jierfectcd; the gaps in our 
 forests, through which rushed the iron horse, woiddsoon 
 be filled hy hardy settlers. In 18r>4, a grand reform 
 dawned on commerce, industry and agriculture : the 
 abolition of the feudal land tenure. The province had 
 outgrown the old order of. things. Feudalism, instead 
 of being, as in the infancy of the colony, a protection 
 to the censitairc, had b(H'ome a restraint ujion 
 his daily transactions ; ca]>italists refused to invest. 
 For half a century, it had caused heart burnings : a 
 statesman at last sprang up, the late L. T. iJrummond, 
 strong enough, though himself a seignior, to carry 
 through Farliament, with the aid of Sir Francis Hincks, 
 a measure of coiupensatiou, which in the end was 
 accepted by all. In 1Si)'2, tin; Hincks-Morin IMinistry 
 had helped the establishment of a line of ocean steamers 
 between Liver])ool and Quebec. T'le year 18o4 was 
 memorable in maritime aifairs, as marking the birth of 
 the Allan Line of ocean steamers in Canadian waters; 
 Government granted them first to carry the English 
 and Canadian miiil, an annual subsidy of £24,000 
 sterling, increased to £52,000 and then to £104,(100 
 for a weekly mail; reduced however, in 1873, to 
 £26,000 sterling. The first steamshi]< of the Allan 
 Line, nniler contract with Government for nuiils, lei't 
 Liverpool for Quebec, in ISoO. This same year Her 
 Majesty, on address of Parliament, selected Ottawa as 
 the seat of Government. A great, and, as many believe, 
 
 if 
 
 ' ill 
 
 
 \'^' 
 
 4, 
 
 .'^ ,v 
 
 
 1i?f 
 
— 204 — 
 
 a much needed niodificiitioii in our judiciary system 
 was introduced in Parlinment, in 1857, by the late Sir 
 George E. Cartier: the decentralization of our law 
 courts. Twenty ^judicial disti'icts were created for Lower 
 Canada, with each a resident judge, staff of Court House 
 officials, lawyers, etc. ; the Norman peasant of that 
 recent period had the luxury of cheap litigation brought 
 to his own door. Was it really a boon ? 
 
 On the 24th August, l.SC.O, H. II. 1{. the Prince of 
 Wales inaugurated the ojtening of that grand National 
 work, the Victoria IJridge, at Montreal. On the 10th 
 August, 1804, delegates front the T'rilish American 
 colonies assembled at Quebec, in solemn congress, to 
 discuss the basis of a Confederation f»l' the Provinces. 
 The l>ritish Parliainent, on the 8th ^Mai'ch, 1867, sanc- 
 tioned tlie Coid'ederatiou .\c(, and Confederation was 
 jiroelaimcd on the 1st July following. Jt opened uj) 
 undreamed of vistas of niiUeriid ]irogress for the united 
 colonies and gave a new life and sejiarate organi/nti(»n 
 to each [)iovince, our own lieconiing agiiin, as in 1791, 
 the Province of Quebec. On ihe 1st October, 1874, 
 the lioman Catholic Ep)isco])acy of Canada commemor- 
 ated by an inniiensi; asse]nl>lag(! at (Quebec, of the 
 highest Church dignitaries of the wlioi'! continent, the 
 erection two centuries previous, on Isl October, 1G74, 
 of the first bis]io])ric in New France, Hisho[i Laval's 
 vast diocese, extending in vcritv from Hudson Bav to 
 the Gidf of ]Mexica, friia the .Vtlnntic to the Pacific 
 Ocean. Sixty-four l)is]ioprics had sprung u]) since; 
 one and all were; reitrest'iited bv their head or bv 
 delegates, in the grand (\)uebt'C conclave, jiresided over 
 by Pisliop Laval's esteemed successor, Archljishop 
 Tasehereau, recently raised, by His Holiness the Pope, 
 to the dignit}' of a Eoiuan Cardinal ; the city was 
 illuminated and presented a most brilliant pageant. 
 Quebec, like the rest of the Dominion, hailed with 
 delight the completion of the Canadian Pacific Piailway, 
 a worthy outcome of Confederation ; one of the most 
 
 Vr-1^' 
 
 i M 4 
 
— -205 — 
 
 j^igiiutic uudertaking.s iu tlu; wIioIl; world, coiiceiveil, 
 engineered and built by energetic Seutclunen, aided by 
 Dominion money and backed l)y one of their own race, 
 greater than them all, Sir John A. Macdonald. It may 
 not be amiss to close this hasty retros|)ective sketch 
 with a notice of the develojtment of the sciences and 
 intellectual luirsuits, as evidenced in the foundation of 
 flourishing colleges and universities, witiiout omitting 
 the ])raise\vorthy ellbrts of ouv late Vice-Roy, the 
 Mar(|uis of Lome, iu the creation of the Royal Society 
 of Canada foi' the promotion of science and literature. 
 
 In this glimpse (»f the past, it seems dilhcult to forget 
 the state of education, in 1837 ; and itis development 
 during the half century which followed ; let us even 
 start earlier. History mentions as the pioneer «jf 
 teachers in New France, the Franciscan Fiiar Pacificiue 
 du Plessis, who, in 1616, taught the luiHau children 
 on the spot where Three-Rivers was afterwards founded 
 their catechism, and reading and writing as well. 
 About the same time Father Jos. Le Canm, opened a 
 school at Tadoussac. The Franciscan Friars had landed 
 at Quebec, in 1615, but the ca]»ture of the }»lace, in 
 1629, by the Kerkes, drove them seemingly back to 
 Fi'ance, as well as the Jesuits, who luul landed there in 
 1 625. 
 
 In 1632, Father Le Jeune wrote that he was busy 
 at Quebec, teaching the young idea to shoot, to wit : a 
 small Indianboyand a diminutive Kthiopian — un prfit 
 sauvage et un petit nnjre. That his scholars from two 
 in 1632, were raised totwi'uty in the followiiiL; year. 
 
 In 1637, tiie Jesuits, ov rather a young meiu1)ei' of 
 the order, Rene Rohault, sttn (jf the man[uis de Guina- 
 che, l)egan the erection, on a lot of ground facing the 
 c'd Quel)ec market-place, in the u]i])er tdwn, of the 
 Jesuits' College, the crumbling, thougli solid walls, of 
 which, succumbed iu 1877, to the jiower of dynamite. In 
 1663, liishoi) Laval had founded Le Grand Scull iiairc 
 of Quebec, for theological students ; tive years later, in 
 
 ■^•if 
 
 It ! - 
 
 ,M 
 
 1|) 
 
 
 
 
 J.ll ' 
 
I 
 
 ITT" 
 
 .•In 
 
 
 — L'OO — 
 
 1068, ha built Lc Pi tit Sdni'nuure for classical studies. 
 He iilso Cuumlod u School of Arts aiul Agriculture, etc., 
 and a mod(d school to supply teachers, under the green 
 groves of St. Joachim hiild by his suc(!essors to this 
 day. The Krancis(;an Friars nfturned to Canada in 1G70, 
 where they did good servuje t(t education, es]tecially 
 id'ter the closing of the school of the Hrothers (Jharon. 
 At the time of the treaty of the cession of Canada, in 
 170)), Canada's educational outlit was indeed scanty, 
 nothing scarcely, beyond tlit! <.^)U('bec and ThreivKivers 
 Convents, the (,)ueb(!C iiiid Montreal seminaries and a 
 few schools, at both jilacis, uudtir clerical control. The 
 ousting of the Jesuits from their possessions caused the 
 closinj' of manv (educational resoi'ts, intiMided for the 
 poorer classes. In 1787, the attention ol" the (Governor 
 of the colony, Lord Dorchestei', was drawn to this subject. 
 A parliamentary committee rejtorted, two years later, 
 HI I78'.t, in favor of a university, under a ]irinci])al and 
 four ]>rofessors, with an ehnnentary free school in each 
 ])arish (jr village, and a superior free school for each 
 county, in which bookkeeping, grammar, mensuration, 
 navigation, land surveying and practical mathematics 
 wonUl be taught. Theology was left out of the course ; 
 the king through his viceroy, to l)e the visitor ex- 
 officio. A B(jard of Governors was to be created, 
 formed of the judges, bisho])s, Protestant and Roman 
 Catholic, and twenty other directors of both per- 
 suasions. It was contemplated to use some of the 
 revenues of the Jesuits' estates, in addition to private 
 bequests, in order to maintain this Tiniversity — which 
 was to be located in the Jesuits' college. It was hoped 
 that the Library Association, which liad sprung up in 
 1771>, would also (;ast its lot with the new institution (1). 
 The university according to its charter was to be non- 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 (1) CUAUVKAU 
 
 57-63. 
 
 L'lnstruction Publique au Canada pp. 
 
— L'07 — 
 
 .sectarian. This absence of |ii'ecluniinant religiuns leach- 
 ing' killed the jivojeet, as it did, fifty years later, tlie 
 l{i)ijid instil at toil, for the jinnaoflo)! of riltn'iifion, 
 founded in l.SOl. The cliarter, intended as a L,fiiarantee 
 to holli Protestants and Jfonian (Jatlutlics, met with 
 determined o|i|)ositi()n from Jiishop Unhert, whilst his 
 eoadjiitalor, the ticiy liisho]) of ("apse, MonseiuiuMir 
 Bailly, sided a.yainst him. (Smith's History of Canada.) 
 In 18U1, Sir IJ. S. Milnes, in his ojiening address to 
 I'arliament, invited ihe J louse of Assembly to enact a 
 law aji]iro])ria(inn' some ]tortioii <pf the ])ul»li(! domain to 
 the suj)|)ort of jtublic instruction, the act was entitled : 
 All Act to cstahlish frca .schools urul to prouiotf c<lu- 
 cafioii. A Corporation was created under this law, 
 styled the " lioi/ol Iiist'itiition, for the jironiotion ol 
 knowkidife." It was to be under the (Jovcrnor-Cieneral's 
 exclusive control. His Excellency was charj^rd with 
 the ja'eparation of its constitution and by-laws, naming 
 of teachens, etc. Tn iSUii, sixteen townshijis were set 
 aside and also a further grant of -J-0,(Kli) acres ol' land, 
 the jiroceeds of which to be dividt.-d between two semi- 
 naries, to be erected, one at Quebec, the other, at Mon- 
 treal, The whole matter, however, remained in abeyance!, 
 owing to troublous times, and the war of 1812, 1814, 
 1818^ On the 8th Octol)er, of that year, the V^*^*// 
 InMitutwn was regularly organized by letters ])atent. 
 The Anglican Bishop was named President. It was 
 decided to jilace the schools under the surveillance of 
 the clergymen of each locality and in phices where there 
 existed persons of different persuasions, the pastor of 
 each persuasion was held to look after the welfare of 
 the children belonging to his church. In 1834, it be- 
 came apparent that, as a school system, tin? Iloyal Insti- 
 tution was a failure ; there were but 23 schools in opera- 
 tion, 398 pupils were admitted fre« of charge and G'.K) 
 paid three shillings and four pence ]ier month for 
 schooling to the teacher, who also received a snudl 
 stipend from Government. During a jieriod of 40 
 
 
 
I 
 
 w 
 
 4 
 
 t > 
 
 1 1 
 
 — 208 — 
 
 yours, tlu! K(»yiil Institution, aocioriUiiLf to Dr. Mcijli'ur, 
 hull hut limited success ; it hutl opuiicil l»ut 84 schools, 
 the grcutcr uunihifr of which huil (lisu|)|)eurcd ln.'fort! 
 the introduction of the Educationul Act of 1841. Kle- 
 nuMitury educution en<^u<,'ed the uttciition of Sir Charles 
 15u-,'ot, 'in 1843 ; of Lord Metculf, in 1845 ; of the Karl 
 of Kl^'in, in l84'.»-'r)0 ; of Morin, Lufontuine, Hiiu-ks, 
 Vijuer ; euch Cabinet intioduced moditicutions ami 
 iui|)rovenu'iits in the system. In 1852, insjiectors of 
 schools weri! named, a new subdivision of the Trovince 
 for school purposes took pluce ; superintendents of 
 jiublic instruction had been aitjjointed. Dr. MtMlleur 
 was th(! lirst, a ujost (dlicient oilicer ; his successor was 
 the Honorable 1*. d. 0. Chuuveau, an able oiliciul and 
 eleyunt writer. 
 
 The 1321 schools of 1836 have n(t\v increused to 
 5154 and the ;>(),00() pujtils of thatyjur ure represented 
 now by 250,549, tauj^ht by 7,541 school-masters and 
 mistresses, accordinj,' to the latest oHicial returns. 
 
 The Province has doubled its population, its resources, 
 its wealth, and with its vast facilities for educating its 
 youth — the country's future hope — may we not indulge 
 in the golden dreams, put forth on a public occasion, 
 by one of Canada's most gifted friends : "Like a virgin 
 goddess in a primaeval world, Canada still walks in 
 unconscious beauty among her golden woods, and along 
 the margin of her trackless streams, catching but broken 
 glances of her radiant nuijesty, as mirrored on their 
 surface, and scarcely dreams as yet of the glorious 
 future awaiting her in the Olympus of nations;" so 
 spoke the Earl of Duiteriu, at Delfast, on the 11th 
 June, 1872. 
 
 Queoec, June, 1S87. 
 
 1;* 
 
 
 /•'• 
 
TlIK liKAVKI! (U]\, AT MOXTIIKAL 0). 
 1780-1824. 
 
 " THE LOKO.S (IK TMK I.AKKS AND I'OIiKSTS AUK OOXK " 
 
 Ainoiiti; th(! (loiiizetis of jtronritvssivo and luijileni 
 Mount Itoyal lliero are doiibLless yot t(j bn found some 
 rare .survivors of the tirnus \vlu;n the rich, sturdy and 
 hos|)ital)le old Nor- Westers, to use the words of Wiish- 
 inj^ton Trvin;,', " A.e/-f(( (X /oiv/^iy sivay over the n'lufrt/, 
 hoiuidless forests of the Camidas, dliuost equal to that 
 of the East India (Jouipaiiy ooer tlu; ooluptuoas clhiws 
 ami matjnificetit retilnis of the Orient." 
 
 These were the pahny days when the Lords of the 
 lakes and forests, witli their stroiii,', social instincts, 
 founded the famous Beaver Clal>, where for nearly 
 forty years, during the winter months, a sumptuous 
 fortnijjhtly banquet enlivened with toasts and songs, 
 gathered in their spacious hall, the bulk of the wealth, 
 commercial enterprise and inteUigence of Montreal, 
 together with any distinguished traveller from other 
 climes, sojourning at the time in i-he city. 
 
 The Beaver Club, says the Hon. L. II. Masson, (2) 
 created in 1785, was the outcome of the coalition of 
 
 h\ 
 
 i:^n 
 
 ■'.•v 
 
 (1) There was in addition a Suinmor Club for tin? Captains 
 of tiio fur vessels, who in sonif instances were honorary 
 lueiiibers. The historian II. II. Miles, mentions also, a >ron- 
 treal Club of much earlier formation, dating as far hack as 
 1760: the Gi-cy Beard Society >ir Club, composed of Englisli- 
 mcn settled in Canada, after 1759. 
 
 (2) I owe to t'le e,Kcellent volume " Los Bourgeois dc la 
 Compagnie du Nord-Ouest" recently published l»y the lion. 
 L. R. Masson, a great portion of my data in this article. 
 
 J4 
 
 
 
I NI 
 
 ffir':' 
 
 — L'lU — 
 
 i 
 
 f 
 
 1 i 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 Caniuliiiii fiiUMpiisc. ussfKiiutiid uiidcr iIk! naiiu! of tlio 
 ('niu/itiiii/ of till' X(n'tli. Wcxt, l(» scciin' a iii<»ii(i|ioly, if 
 jiossiMc, of llic fiilmloiis wcaltli, tin' fiii' tradi; (if i'h* 
 N(»rlli West t(!rrit(iry olVt'itMl to a <i\vid (tonijumy, able 
 to I'oiitvol it tliroii<,'li its thousaiKJs of fnij>penrn and 
 I'lu/iii/eiirs, IocmIcmI in its iiMiiiiUL'ridilc foils und jiosts, 
 spn-ad tliroii^'li tlit' wcstt-ni wilds iind tiiicklcss |iliiins 
 antllakcs (»f tlin Nortli. 'Tis tniu : iiiiotlici' powfi'fiil 
 monopoly t^xisli'dtlific! undt'raniinitt'rialcliiirtcr.obliiiiu'd 
 in London, a ccntiiiy jirtivions: tlic Hudson I'ny Co. 
 TIk! InintinLi; grounds, tlioii;^'li tliiiv covcnMl nunrlv 
 
 Mil 
 
 If 
 
 II contiiu'nt, It suLMiis, wcic too niinow (or two niono- 
 
 ili's: tlici't! was not enoiiLiii tdltow room, 
 
 apiiarentlv 
 
 Ih 
 
 Soon a deadly fufd sjirani; ujt lictwi-cn tlic two juiwor- 
 
 f.d 
 
 asso(!iati(tiis w liosc rt'sonr(!('s anil 
 
 foil 
 
 owcrs Wert) 
 
 marslialled hy two chiefs, men of nioie than firdinary 
 ability and entsr^'y : Sir Alexander MeKen/ie and 
 Thomas l)oiit,das, Kai'l of Selkirk. 
 
 The violent rivalry lietweeii the two companies, 
 eulniinated in a battle royal nnder the <inus of Fort 
 Donohis, at Assindioia, on the l<)th -hine, I.SIG, in whieli 
 the Governor of the Hudson Uay Co.,]Mr. Semple, who 
 had suoeeeded to Mr. MaeI)onnell met his death, with 
 many of his soldiers, at the hands of the Metis, led on, 
 it was averred, by the agents of the Xorth West Co. 
 This brought on a memorable trial where the jury 
 returned a verdict of " n(tt proven. 
 
 Let us revert to the exquisiti^ fortniyhtly enterti 
 
 un- 
 
 ments, from J)ecemb(;r to A]»ril, of the famed lieaver 
 Clid), our oldest Canadian Clul) (1). 
 
 (1) Throo eelol)iato(l cIuIjs (Iourislic<liit (^uelieo, loiij: l)crore 
 (ho Stiidacnuii and St. James" Chil) were tlioiight of. The 
 first was forineil, in (^iioboc, almiit tlie heginnini; ot'tliis cvu- 
 tiny. It was originally ealleil, says LanilKU't, the Beet' Steak 
 (Jlul), \vliicli name it soon changed lor that oi' the Barons" 
 Club. Itoonsisted of twenty-one members, "who are cliiefiy 
 tlie prinei})al merchants in tlio colony, and are styled barons. 
 As the members ilrnp ott', their places are supplied l)y knights 
 elect, wlio arc not installed as barons luitil there is a sufti- 
 
 'l'*"'. 
 
 41 
 
— 211 — 
 
 Tim nvi^riiial iiKiUiitcrs, we ai(! t(»l(l, in'iiily iill Scutcli- 
 iiRMi, iimulu'i't'(l iiinettjcn ; llicir wj'ultli.iMlucatinii, s|nrit 
 of t'litfrpiist' iiiul iiitt'lli<,M'ii('.' iiiiule tlicm iin|)(iiiHiit 
 i'ai'toj's in the sdcitil iind cniiiiiiciciiil wdild ul' ( "iiiiadu : 
 iiUKstly iill ri'.si(l«'(l al (ir iiiNir Mdiitical : tlicy wciu 
 kiKiwii uiiioii^^^t tlif Ki'ciicii I'li'iiiciit, ill MdiitiL'al, us 
 " //«.s Jicni'ijcols (III Xoi'd.Diu'sl." 
 
 iiiia;j;iiiatinn can dcjiict llm iiiiiftccn niauiiatcs, spur* 
 in;,' nil tlicir manly lut-asts tlio (.'(ini|!)iny's Lfnr^iMins and 
 lar<'(' '■(dd inrdal, with tlic motto Furfitmli' in ilitiicHl- 
 tirs, tiicrcon cni^ravi.'d — cosily seated at llicir nialioyany, 
 over tlu'ir walnuts and wine, discnssint; tlie Inisiiiess 
 prospects of the comiiin; season, together with the liard- 
 sliips and jxjrils encountered liy them in forest and on 
 lake, with occiisionally spicy anecdotes ahont their 
 hardy voyaj^cnrs and factors, and now and then a sly 
 wink oxchan<,'ed ahoiit some heaiitifnl rocalioiitas or 
 other, seen in their dreams or in their travids, for wo 
 know tli(f sturdy Xoi'-Wisfrrs, were not all .Josephs. 
 
 dent niunl)or to jmy tor the ontiM-tainmont vvliioli is given on 
 that occasion." .F. Laml icrt, < hiring' the winter of I S07, at tended 
 one of tlie l)anquots of installation, which was given in tlie 
 Tnion Ifotel (now Mr. Morgan's euiporinin, facing the I'hicc 
 (I'-Vrincs.) The Hon. Mr. Dnnn, tlie frcsidi-nt of the Province, 
 and .Vchninistratoi', during tlu^ahscnce of Sir Uoltci'tS. Millies, 
 attended as the oldest haron. The (Jhief .Fiistice and all tlu; 
 jii'incijial ottiocis of the government, civil and military, were 
 present. This entertainment cost 2'i^) guineas. " The Baron's 
 t'luh, says W. Henderson, was a sort of /'/// t'/iil), — all 'I'ories 
 to the hackhone. It was a very select affair, an<l of no long 
 duration. Among tlie meinhcrs, if my memory serves nie 
 right, were .lohn Coltman, (Jeorge Hamilton, Sir .lolni Cald- 
 well, Sir <ieorg(i Pownall, H. W. Iivlaiid, (ii'iirgf ileriot, 
 (Postmaster ami author), iiuthew Bell, Gillicrt Ainslie, .\ngus 
 Shaw. (Notes of W. Henderson.) 
 
 The other club went under the apin-opriate name of •' ."^olier 
 Cluh '' — liiciis a lion /iiruuih perhaps : it flourished aliout 
 ISIl ; we believeoneof the By-laws enacted tiiat the mcinlH'rs 
 were expected to get fi</kf at least once a year. (J/is/oricul 
 ami iiporlinij notes on Quebec, IXS'J.) 
 
 »!'J!ij! 
 
 .>'i 
 
 :l 
 
 &L^ 
 

 — 212 — 
 
 How many intelligent, niunly fellows had joined in 
 good cheer, those fortnightly meetings, each winter- 
 season ? At that same table had sat, in 1810, the clever 
 Earl of Selkirk, worming out their inward thoughts and 
 schemes, before turning savagely against them ! He 
 <lietl in 1.S20. Later on Lt. (Sir) John Franklin, had 
 jiledged in a foaming Itumper the health of the clul), 
 whilst the northern blast was howling over the brow of 
 tlie neighl)oring Mount Koyal : — alas, to yield up, later, 
 his noble sjiirit at the call ol' duty to a still wilder blast 
 on the arctic shores, in 1848, the heroic fellow ! 
 
 How many others have sat together at the festive 
 board : Inimful of life, buoyant with ho])e, heedless of 
 forest jierils : McGill the founder of MiiGill College, 
 Benjamin and Joseph Frobisher, Sir Alexander McKen- 
 zie, Simon McTavisli, Roderick jMcKeuzie, his son 
 Charles, Chs. J. V>. Chaboillez, Simon and Alexander 
 Frasir, James Forsyth, John liichardson, John Gregory 
 N. ^lontour, K. Grant, W. McCJilvray, Peter Pangman, 
 John lioss, Peter Stuart, Duncan McGilvray, William 
 Hallowell, Angus Shaw, Wm. McKiiy, John McDonald, 
 Alex. ]\Icl)ougall, Alex. Mackay, Hugh McGillis, Alex. 
 King, jr., James McKenzie, Desrivicres, Moffatt, Gilles- 
 pie, Frs. Ant. Larocque, Pierre de Rocheblave, John 
 Duncan Cami)bell, John Mure, Alex. Ellice, -folin 
 Willis, James Leith, 1). Thompson, John Tlionias, 
 Itoderick Walker and a host of others. 
 
 The Beaver Club closed its doors, a very few years 
 after the al)Sorption of the North West Co., by the 
 Hudson Bay Co., in 1821. 
 
 A few riule old cujjs and ])iecesof solid plate crop up 
 occasionally to tell their tale as silent witnesses of 
 the })ast. McTiivish's Castle — at the foot of the mount- 
 ain, with a ghost in it as all respectable old castles are 
 ex])ected to have, has made room, for another eminent 
 Scotchman's mansion, Sir Hugh Allan's ! 
 
 liurnside Hall has disappeared. The Lords of the 
 Lakes ((.)id Forests are gone ! 
 
 «.» 
 
 ' ■':! ■ 
 
.ll'DCK ADAM MAIUXE (1). 
 1734-92. 
 
 :;(,;,;: 
 
 It i,s our task, a pleasant one, to introduce to the 
 notice of our I'oader.s, under the above heacUiif;;, an 
 important personage of (iMiebee in days gone-by, in fact, 
 a man who filled a very high position under early 
 English rule in Canada. Judge Adam Mabane, born at 
 Kdinburgh, in Scotland, about 17;)4, after enjoying the 
 advantages of a University oui'se, had successfully 
 passed an examination as a ])hysician. History exhibits 
 him asadvantageously known to the garrison of Quebec, 
 as a successlul medical practitioner from the date of 
 liis arrival, shortly after the Comiuest. In those days, 
 legal training and commanding talents did not croj> up 
 every day, among the heterogenous I'niou rayf of Brigdr. 
 CJeneral .lames Murray, the (!oV(;rnor; when in 1764, 
 it was judged expedient to sul)stitute to the military 
 Hijinie, which hat I existed for four years, regular judicial 
 tril>unals, the sagacity, uprightness, extensive legal and 
 fi'ueral infornuition of Dr. Mabane, readily jiointed 
 
 hi 
 
 m oi 
 
 it to the re)»resentative of Britain as a most 
 
 likely Judge to preside ovei' the new Courts under 
 cttnsideration. This prefenntMit, however, was neither 
 
 sou 
 
 iht f. 
 
 or, nor desired 
 
 but I'ather sliunnt 
 
 hv 
 
 the 
 
 learned but retiring Ksculapius, whose whole time was 
 absorJKid by professional duties. It fact, the luerative 
 and then lofty jxtsition ot -ludge, was thrust on Dr. 
 jMabane ; of this, there seems no loom for doubt, despite 
 all he could d(t to the contrarv. In order to under- 
 
 (I) I.e juije Aihiiii Mahanc — Ehule TIist(jri<ine. — A. C'Vi? .f- 
 Cie., 18S]". 
 
 ■U! ■ i 
 
 ■if I 
 
r:.:pt!'- 
 
 — 214 — 
 
 stand fully the position of Ciiuadian affiiirs, in 1764, it 
 may not be out of ])lace to remember that two antago- 
 nistic parties existed ; first, the French, whoso laws, 
 language, religion, though })laced UTider the ffigis of a 
 solemn treaty, were extremely distasteful to the bureau- 
 cracy and new settlers : those who styled themselves, 
 the the King's old subjects, the conquerors, who sought 
 in the new colony homes and allluence for their Pro- 
 testant sons and daughters and for themselves, honors 
 and jjusition. The French colonists were known as the 
 King's we?'' subjects; they constituted the majority, 
 the immense majority. The other i)arty much less 
 numerous, occupied all the avenues to oitice, the 
 King's tried, loyal old siihjeds. The anglification of the 
 French element, was the studied scheme of the ])oli- 
 ticians of tlu; (hiy. Various were the plans suggested ; 
 some crude in the extreme, to kill otf the French 
 nationality and make all (Janada homogenous by the 
 introduction of the parliamentary, munlci]ial .and agra- 
 rian institutions of England. 
 
 Itilid not seem to liave struck these reformers that the 
 time to make Canada homogeiuuis as to laws, language, 
 t!v:c., would have been when the victor dictated the articles 
 of the capitulation of (>>uebec, subsequently ratified liy 
 that of Montreal and finally recognized in the treaty of 
 Versailles, of Idth February, 176.".. 
 
 Had Canada in 17on been an English colony crushed 
 by the nierceless heel of French soldiery, it is not 
 unlikely the French Monarch of the ]ieriod would have 
 dealt with its laws, customs and nationality, in the 
 same manner Louis XIV, wrote to his Canadian agent, 
 de Courcelles to deal with the lieretical inhabitants of 
 New Voik, in 168'.i — //' ever he hud the chance of 
 dohiij so li/f cttnqiKKt : disperse them. England, in 
 I7r)'.>, had l»een generous to the vanquished ; but what- 
 ever may have been her motive, rights, immunities and 
 privileges had been granted by treaty to French Canada 
 — whicli she could neivcr ignore, recall, nor withhold. 
 
 
— 215 — 
 
 Judge Mahane, as one of the Iciiders among the 
 dominant race, was often viewed by the sensitive, sullen 
 or downtrodden French party, as iDi A nglais ; therefore 
 an enemy, still the upright, imi)artial and unswerving 
 position he assumed on many of the burning ([uestions 
 of the hour, made him distasteful to the British party ; 
 it ended in his downfall and dismissal from the seat of 
 justice. To a high-minded, sensitive man, accustomed 
 to the sweets of office, the change, though liorne 
 silently — proudly shall we say— was gall and worm- 
 wood. Eetiring to his lovely rustic home in Sillery, he 
 lived for a few friends — such as General llaldimand 
 and General liiedesel, his familiars. He had also, 
 perhaps, dearer friends, his books, and his family circle 
 who idolized him. Even the green glades and enchanting 
 landscape of Woodtield (Samos as it was then called) 
 failed at times to bring joy and ))eace to the ill-used, 
 able, once powerful judge ; like his ])redecessor Bisho]» 
 Dosquet, the former pr(jprietor of Samos, he too pined 
 thei'e, drooped and longed for a lelease from his 
 earthly tenement. One bleak December morning, whilst 
 a rising storm swept over the ghides of his beautiful 
 home and the hoary ]>ines and old oaks of Woodtield 
 sighed to the breath of the blast, the venerable jutige, 
 unmindful of his advanced age, sallied forth as was 
 customary with him, on foot towards the city, across a 
 path then existing on the Plains of Abraham ; the 
 blinding snow-Hakes had hidden the ]>ath. Wearied 
 and exhausted he jiloddcd on, until he lost his way and 
 was met and taken home, chilled aiul nearly s])eechless. 
 Iniiammation of the lungs set in ; on the iJrd January, 
 17'.J2, all Quebec learned with concern of the death of 
 old Judge Adam Mabane. We congi'atulate the author 
 of this excellent biograi>hy for the research ami al)iliLy 
 disjilayed, and trust the .Vltbe Louis Hois, from his 
 cosv studio, at Maskinonyv, will add others to the 
 remarkable historical sketches due of late yi-ars to his 
 prrdific pen. 
 
 
 I:; 
 
 % 
 
 ■ !' t 
 
 m 
 

 A DFJEUXEll A LA FOUIICIIETTE, AT M. MAHMIEK'S, 
 
 IN PAIIIS. 
 
 i ,, 
 
 A liidiuiit light m the Hterary horizon of Fiance is 
 qiicnelied : the Academician Mannier, the friend ol 
 Chateaubriand, of Thiers, of Raniean de Saint-l'^re, is 
 no more. 
 
 A calilegram ai)i)rised his many admirers and warm 
 friends, in Queljec, of his demise, at Paris, on tlie 7th 
 October, 1<S92, at the advanced age of So years. 
 Xavier Marmier, tlie renowned traveller and brilliarit 
 litterafev.r, was born at Tontarlier, Department of 
 Doubs, on the 24th June, 1809. His education care- 
 fully watched over, was aciiuired in a [novincial town ; 
 his first effusions graced the columns of a journal pub- 
 lished at Besaneon. 
 
 A lover of literature and an ardent and successful 
 student of men and manners in distant lands, Xavier 
 Marmier, at an early age set (,x\t to realizes the dream 
 of his youth, foreign travel ; visiting Switzerland and 
 Holland, before settbng in Paris, where issued, in 1830, 
 his Ei^qnisses Poet'Kim's. His ultimate knowledge of 
 the German, Eussian, ami Scandinavian languages 
 readily ])r()cured him the editorship of an imjiortant 
 perioilical, La Revue Germuiiique. in 18o2, we find 
 liim in Germany. 
 
 In I806-08, he was sent at the Government's 
 ex))ense, to make arcilni'ological researches through the 
 northern ]>arts (if Europe; so successful was he, that in 
 later years, this pleasant mission In-ought him the 
 cordon of the Legion of Honour ; he became famous as 
 a learned, genial and })olished writer. M. Marmigr 
 next directed his wanclering footstej)S to Jiussia, the 
 
 t t 
 
 ^... 
 
 I ,(ii' 
 
— 217 — 
 
 ?. rd 
 
 East, Algiers and America, garnering every wheie a 
 ricli store of knowledge. In 1838, he was appointed 
 to the chair of foreign literature, at lleunes, and recalled, 
 two years later, to Paris, viz : in 1840, where he con- 
 tinued until 184G, in charge of the Library of I'ublic 
 Instruction ; he became subsequently librarian of the 
 Library of Ste. Genevieve, 
 
 On the 19th ^lay, 1870, he was elected to the French 
 Academy to replace an eminent sdAHmt, M. de Pon- 
 gerville, deceased. In 1879, as Chancellor of the Aca- 
 demy, the duty devolved on him of pronouncing the 
 academical e'loge of the great statesman and hisloviaii, 
 j\I. Thiers, late President of the French Pepublic. 
 
 A busy and jirolonged literary career, 18:')0-I892, 
 furnitshed the indefatiuable, keen-witted traveller rare 
 opportunities to indite books and for adding volume to 
 volume, until the yearly, increasing series represented 
 nearly a small library, of delightful and instructive 
 reading, be it said. (1) 
 
 Various, indeed, were the experiences of this many- 
 sided author. 
 
 One is wafted in his wake from the " tlowcry biuiks 
 of the Seine," so sweetly ftung by Madame Deshoulieres, 
 to the grim battlefields of the Empire, across the Ixirder, 
 
 
 (1) (Faicics d'Xacier Marmier. I.ctti'os.sui'l'Irl.amle. Lettres 
 siir lii Kussie. lli.stoire ile la littomturo eii Daneiuiirk et en 
 Sue<le. Histoirede Suede etdii Diinemark. Dii l?liiiia-,i Nil. 
 Lettros sill' rAmerii(ue. Lettves sur I'Algerie. l.(^:^ VoyairoiU's 
 Noiiveau-x. I^ettres sur l'Adi'iati(juo et le Moutenegin. Dm 
 Danube an Caucase. IJn ete au lionl de la Ualtique. Sou- 
 venirs de Voyage. Chants du Nord. Lettres .«iui' le Nord. J,es 
 Kiances du Spit/burg. Les Ilasards de la Vii>. En Alsace. 
 <ia/ida. llelene et Suzanne. Memoiies d'un ()r[)lieliii. Sous 
 les sapins. De I'Est a I'Ouest. En .\iuerifiue et en Europe. 
 L'Arbre de Xoel. Les voyages du Nil, a la roclieielie de 
 1' Ideal. Robert Bruce, connnenton reeoiuiuei't un IJovaume. 
 En pays lointains. Nouveaux reeits de Voyage. Contes jiopu- 
 laires de dilierents pays. Nouvelles du Nord. Legendes des 
 Plantes. 
 
 '1^ 
 
 II 
 
1 
 
 V 
 
 — 21.S — 
 
 in tho realms of the Hapsburgs, catching, as one lingers 
 under the ruins of a legend-haunted castle frowning 
 over the rippling waters of the blue Danube or rushing 
 Khine, the weird light of other days ; or one ponders 
 musingly over the splendid creations of Goethe and 
 Schiller in the Vaterland. Anon, one climbs with the 
 tiri'less voi/a<jeur, the desolate steppes of Russia ; or, 
 later, journeys with him through the arid desert of 
 Arabia ; or foHows him through the jungles of India ; 
 or the icy coast of La]»land, 
 
 The scene changes and you hurry through soft, 
 Italian climes, to face Rome's Imperial or Clerical mas- 
 ters, mayhap to admire Greek heroism at Marathon, or 
 to listen to the entrancing discourse of Rlato or Socrates, 
 under the ])ortico of the temple of Minerva, at the 
 entrance of the Pineufj ; every where through Mr, 
 Marmier's writtings, shrewd common sense, manly 
 utterances, elaborate research — not unfre([uently, impas- 
 sioned (docjuence. 
 
 Multitudinous indeed are tlie vistas and tlie countries 
 of which the genial sage of the Rue St. Thomas 
 d'Aqvin has left such glowing ])en-pictures. 
 
 One ))ortion of the adventurous traveller's wanderings 
 interest us more specially : his voyage to America, in 
 1850, and sojourn at (^)ueb(;('. 
 
 In some sym])athetic remarks scattered through one 
 of his late works, he alludes to several Canadian liftd- 
 Tdfrurs, with whose writings he had become acquainted. 
 He thus speaks of his old li>uebec friend, the late lion. 
 P. J. O. Cliauveau, the doyen of French-Canadian 
 litUiv.teurx, recently deceased. 
 
 " I can recall at the time he was writing his earliest 
 ptoelry," siiys Marn)ier, " the delightful moments I sjient 
 in his comj)auy and in that of some of his other Quebec 
 friends. 
 
 " I was then, as I am still now, oidy an obscure 
 traveller in this common-]»lace world. But I had come 
 from Fi'ance ; wherefore, 1 met with a fraternal greeting. 
 
 
 !.;»J 
 
— 219 — 
 
 *' What a cliariiiing fjuitlf to meet on tliose fair shores 
 of the St. Lawrence, which Voltaire styles " Wild 
 Lands " ! What romantic rambles we took ronnd Chani- 
 ])lain's city, to the Isle of Orleans, to the Falls of Mont- 
 morency, to tlie villiige of Lorette! At eventide we used 
 to assemble nnder a hos])itable roof, where the dis- 
 oonrse ran, not on ambitions re]»nblics, not on the 
 ingenions theories of Darwin, bnt on the dainty scenery 
 which we had enjoyed dnring the day, discnssing its 
 history and its poetry, Defore closing, the yonthfnl 
 daughter of the house, sometimes sang a popular air — 
 not LaMarsellhiixe ; Oh, no I but L(f Claire Fotitdhtr. 
 O the ha])py time ' " 
 
 Mr. Marmier was familiar with the writings of 
 Canadian writers and knew jiersonally several of tlaun. 
 We find in the same volume, the following mention : — 
 " Les exeellentes o'uvres historicpies de AIM. Garneau, 
 Ferland, Faillon, Tasse, Casgrain, Laverdiere, lledard, 
 Tnrcotte ; les curieuses dissertations de MM. lielconrt, 
 Marconx, Lacombe ct I'c^titot snr les dialectes dt^ 
 ]tlnsieurs tribues indiennes ; les etudes botanni(jues de 
 !M. I'Abbt'' Brnnet et les etudes ornithologiques de M. 
 J. M. Le Moine ; les Romans Canadii'us de MM. 1'. 
 Chanveau, Tache, Gerin, de Gaspe, Joseph Marmette ; 
 les chansons populaires du Canada, ]iubliees avec Icur 
 mnsique par AL Gagnon ; les chants nouveaux de M. 
 Suite ; les chants Canadiens de i\I. Poisson ; les chiints 
 religieux de M. TJouthier; les idylles de M. rAl)l)e 
 Gingras ; les odes nationales de M. Octave Crema/ie et 
 le charmant reeueil de M. Frc'ehette, couronne eomme 
 nn livre du jtays de France, par I'Aeademie Francaise. 
 A cette exeellente collection, il fiiudrait njouter deux 
 petits volumes fort instructifs: Notes sur !i' Canada, 
 ]iar i\r. I'aul de Ca/es, Literun/ She<i/ffft, LhttjvnUive an 
 Canada, ])ar M. P. l>ender." (A la Maisoii. La Jifft- 
 rature Frav{'aise an Canada, ])ar X. Marmier, 188;!, 
 p. 272.) 
 
 
p 
 
 : 
 
 
 — 220 — 
 
 The incident ^vhich forms the heading to this ^taper 
 occurred, during a sojourn, alas ! too short, I was 
 making in Paris, a few years back. It is noted in my 
 dairy, under date of " Tliursday, 11th August, 1881." 
 
 After paying my respects to the eminent Oriental 
 scholar, Leon de R(jsny, M'ho had named me a Delegate, 
 at (^)uel)ec, of tlie Socidtd d'Ethnoyraphie, of which he 
 was I'resident, I hastened to call on the respected 
 patnni of Canadians, Xavier Marmier, with whom I 
 had previously corresponded, and who had sent me his 
 ]iortrait by a mutual friend, M. Kauclicr de Saint-Mau- 
 rice, of Quebec, 
 
 The same cordial greeting extended to (i>uebeeeis 
 accredited to jNIr. Marmiei, awaited me, 1 am hapjty to 
 say, at his residence. No. 1 Rue SaJnl -Thomas il'Aqii'iii. 
 
 1 can well recollect his demure oUI housekeeper, 
 Mademoiselle Annette, showing me up jtolitely to lier 
 master's sanctum, a vast libiary in tw(j compartments, 
 (itt fi'oi.fi'nhiie, literaly crowded with books (1), After 
 i'n(|uiring about his Quebec friends, Mr. C'hauveau, 
 Abbe (.'asgrain and a few others, the academician's 
 ctiuversiition diverted to recent works publislied in 
 Canada; he interrupted my replies, by asking me to 
 follow Jiim into the adjoining wing of the lilnary, 
 saying lie wished to introdu(!e me to some old friends. 
 
 '\}. 
 
 I ,*!»-! 
 
 ( I ) *' ^liiraiior wiis a irroat Ixmk coUoctoi', and leaves i»oliin(l 
 liiiii a i'f)lossal lihi'ai'y. WIkmi he IxM'aine too fceiile to walk, 
 Ills liath-cliaii' might have hem seen daily on the (^uai Voltaire 
 and other hookworm resorts, whither he repaired to amuse 
 liiiiiselihy lookingat theseeond-hand hookstalls. His strange 
 ligtnv, with his long white looks and ascetie east of counte- 
 nance was familiar to every hody in the neighhorhood. A 
 more aniiahl(Mnan could not he found. ( >f I'are simplicity, 
 he was the sworn enemy of noise and puffing, and lived a 
 secluded life, surrotnided hy his hooks, which he loved as a 
 misei- loves his hoanl. I'or the last twenty years he was a 
 vegetarian, feeding only on eggs and salad, washed down with 
 a little wine and water. It was perhaps this sobriety which 
 helpe<l him to attain the ripe age of M, tor physically he 
 
— 221 — ' 
 
 .Tud^'c of my surprise, wlion, on his jiointing to a sliolf 
 in the. liltrnry, my eyes lit nn the titles of several of my 
 own works, neatly bound, which, it seems, he had 
 himself ordered from Quebec, with other Canadian 
 publications. 
 
 After a most cordial iiiterview, the silvery-haired 
 sdijittif, a handsome old man, invited mo to a Di'jcn. 
 nor d lit Ftni relief fr, as he styled it, on the ensuiuL;' 
 Thursday to meet with some (»f his I'aris friends, several 
 leadin<f gentleman from Canada, then visiting Paris. 
 I gladly accepted, jjostixjiiing any other engagement I 
 might liave on that day to the ])leasure I anticipated at 
 such a renm'on. The Di'jonicr a la Foiirchctte, was 
 fixed for 11.30, A. M., and reminded me, oidy that it 
 was for an earlier hour of the day, of a rcchrreln' 
 English hnuiheoti. Punctually, on the apjiointed day, a 
 sunny August forenoon, I attended. ()ur kind host 
 exjiressed his concern that the summer vacation had 
 taken to the Pyranees and to Trouville, some of the 
 friends he had counted on to meet the invites from the 
 shores of the St. Lawrence — among others, AI. Rameau 
 de .Saint-Pcre, the author of " La France aux Coloni(is " : 
 the names of the otluu's, have since escaped my memory. 
 I was hapi)y to meet two compatriots, the Hon. J. A. 
 
 ■r'' 
 
 was not a Horculos. Losing his wife and daugiitcr at an early 
 dato, lie lived alone. 
 
 " One of his keenest sorrows was tlio demolition of tlie 
 house, in the line Saint Thomas d'A<juin, wliere ho had r<'sided 
 40 years, and wlien ho was tbrcL'd to remove to the Hue ile 
 Babylono it seemed to liim as if lie were removing into the 
 world from which no traveller returns. .\nd lie was not fa" 
 wrong, tor death soon followed. That siicii a man should 
 eschew all pomp and vanity was natural, llenee iiohody i-; 
 stn'prised that in his will he oi'dains tliat there sliall lie no 
 official invitations, no military honors, no decorations, and no 
 speeches at his funeral, whicii is to be that of the humblest 
 pauper. After tiie church service his body will be conveyed 
 to I'ontarlier, his native town, and buried with the same 
 austere simplicity." 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 
•>•;■) 
 
 ! f 
 
 h ),■ 
 
 Cliiipleau, Olio of oiiv leaditi<,' Cabinet Ministers, and a 
 bi'illianl young Miunibuv ni' our Provincial Pailianuiiit, 
 M. Kauiilier (lu Saint-Manrict,' ; l)oth had Ikhmi sojourn- 
 ing in tli(! gay ('ai>ital of France a few \\eei\s. We were 
 all introdncinl to the Due de I/;vi-Mire]ioix, a wealthy 
 Paris hanker, also a stirrii?g ligure in the political 
 wnrld of tilt! day ; the Duke was a desciendaut IVoin the 
 chivalrous General de Li'-vi, Montcalm's right arm in 
 till' (^rushing cani]iaign at Quebec, in IToK. 
 
 Our I'arele Infline alVordiMl ample scope for the con- 
 versational powtu's of oui' el(Mpieut fri(;ud, Ml'. (Jliajdeau, 
 and for the ready repartee nf Mr. Faucher de Saint- 
 Maurice. Tiie bulk of the dialogue was bornt! Iiy our 
 genial (Mitertaiuer anil tht; Duke. Both l)elonge<l to 
 dillerent schools in ]M»liti(!s, The Duke was lU; ardent 
 rejiublican, a pillar to iht^ nmv regime, inaugurated at 
 the downhill of Naiioleon HI, whilst Mr. Marmier was 
 ii ro\n\<,t lc(jif I mist (> el iuon<irchlsfr, u steailfast friend 
 of the Chui'(;h. It was rc^freshiug to see with what /est 
 and freeddni these bright, pcdished, elderly gentlemen, 
 discussed the burning questions (»f the ilay, the attitude 
 of the Chui'ch towards the State, the ])olicy of (laiu- 
 betta, then the hero of the hour in fickle Paris. It was 
 •dfca rovldut, or rather a fnfilbnlc tie hoiifi moti^ and 
 (vaustic repli(!s, in which decorum guided tin; shaft of 
 wit. 
 
 When a Canadian topic was mooted, we Canadians 
 invariably put in our oars. Mr. Chapleau, as usual, 
 nuide some capital hits : M. Fauchcn- de Saint-Maurice, 
 brought into ]ilay his wit and erudition. 
 
 The talk, necessarily, with the Duke reverted to the 
 ]»ast — " I low was Canada, lost to France ? " — " and saved 
 by (Chatham to Canadians " — I added. I \\as amazed at 
 the hazy notions the wealthy Paris banker entertained 
 of the career of his great aiKH'stor, Jirigadier General de 
 Levi, who tri me had ever ajijteared as the most level- 
 headed warrior France ever sent to defend her long 
 
 '\*M 
 
 I 
 
■2'2:i 
 
 iit'^^lectcil cnlniiy; ill tUot, in the art of Wiir iiiid in i^nf)! 
 ju<l;:,'iiuMit, Mijievi(H' to Alonlculni liiinscli'. 
 
 Tim enteitiiiiiiut'iit IusUmI from 11.80 a. Jii. to L* ]>. in. 
 t'X(liiisit('ly iir(']taivtl, ulnni(laiitly jirovidml with liyht 
 French and Khcnisli wines, closinn' with the classir y* tit 
 currr (hi ('li.ai'hr.ase — ihc piniKsc-ciifc ulilnjc — <»r Fn-nch 
 ileje lines a ht foiiirliittn. 
 
 JJeibri! l)rt!akin,«f \\\), mine host took" na; asido askin.u' 
 mu various ([uestiims, how I hail louiid tho interior of 
 Xorinandy, whii'h I iiiid just visiteil, in (|Uesr. of I'istres, 
 near Kouen, fntm wht'iu;o my. Fiench ancestors had 
 saih'd two liuuih'ed and twenty years jirevious for 
 Canada. I re])hed, 1 was ehiirmiHl with my trip, and 
 that I had a seeiuid iiilL;rima,ec on liand, to the hanks 
 of the Tweed, from whicli my njateriml Scotch am-es- 
 tor.s sprauj.;, in which I hoped to reali/.e ii (h'eam of my 
 youth and view Al)h()tsft)rd, Sir Waltei' Scott's pictu- 
 res([ue manor. Mr. Miirmier then ])resentiHl me with 
 two of his works, on "The Wizard of the North." 
 
 Ever since, J have kcjit up ii rejiiidar corres]iondence 
 with the ilhistrious Academician. On tins (hiy, alas ! 
 tin; cahl(! ilashes across the Atlantic tidings of his 
 demise. (1) 
 
 (I) " Li' (iaii/ois states thiit lion. Mr. Fiilins Hiirli Com- 
 inissioner for (.'ana<la, at Paris, plaooil a floral wreatli on tlio 
 cofHn oi'tlie late Mr. Xavior ^^arlni^M•, on lielialf of the IFon. 
 .1. A. (Miapleau. Marinicr was a sinccii' fiicml of Froneli 
 Canada. .\ (I('|)iitation of the St. .lean Baptiste Socii'ty of 
 Paris attended his I'nneral. 
 
 •' Mr. >rariuior was an IIono)'ary Fellow of the Royal Society 
 of Canada, and bequeathed to it a sot of his works." 
 
 " H(^ leaves many i)e(inests to the |i(ior. One of the luost 
 I'ui'ious clauses in his testan^'Ut is the foUowinir : 
 
 •• In nioniory ol the happy nioineiUs which I have pas>cd 
 in tho midst of the second-hand hookselleis on the <|Uays of 
 the Seine, moments which I reckon auion.i: tho mostaf-Ut^eahle 
 ot my existence, I bequeath to these honest people a sum ot 
 one thousand fi'ancs. I <lesire<l that this )noncy shall be 
 sjient by them in a jovial banquet during which they will bo 
 
 '»(! = ; 
 
 ■ ''' ' 
 
 f 
 
 '■i ^-V Ii 
 
 ifcilL^ui 
 
w 
 
 224 
 
 iiMc to iimiisp tliemsHlvGs while thinking of inc. It will l>o 
 my tllullk^s tor tho iiuiiiy hourrt which I have iiitollcctually 
 oiijoyf.'d in the conrso of my iilmost daily visits to tiio Ixjok- 
 stalls which cxteiiil from tho I'ontRoyal to tin* I'oiit Saint- 
 Mith.tl." 
 
 " yiv. Marmicr was a ^oodraniuteKr, ami one of bis favorite 
 aiK'olotes was one ill which tho Marquis FiihsiCarrueci h;iui<'il 
 as tlie ht'io. Tlu' two, on one of thoir walks on tho honlc- 
 vai'<ls, tiirnt'd into a scooiid-hund l)ooksho|). Liliri dipiMMl at 
 once into a liox of musty volumes, turneil f)ver a U'w pages, 
 ami saifl to the l)OoksoIlor, " What is tlie |irico of this hox '.' " 
 " Sixty fiaiios. " •' Very well, send them homo to ine. " Ho 
 sold them at ;i(),()(l() Iranes, for tlioy were first editions of 
 some sixteenth century Italian ehr<micdcs." — I'tirifi t'orren- 
 l>on<hiicf'. 
 
 (^leboc, October Ttli, 18'J2. 
 
 ■'^.r-*' 
 
[From The Wok, I2lth Nov., ls'.t:!.| 
 
 FIIKXCII IX A IIIIITISII (OLOXV. 
 
 
 *::! 
 
 " LKS KIATS DK .IKlt.SKV VA' I-\ LANtiLH riiWCAlHt:. 
 
 Under tlie uImivu sug,<,'i'stivu ('iii»ti(tii, M, Kauulu'i' do 
 Siiiiit-Miiurice, F. K. S. C, liii>< uddcd an otluM' in liis 
 inten'stiii}4' ami (»lt\^antly written volumes dii (Jiinadinii 
 history ami othurs kindred siil)JL'cts ; llie sal'e-<,'iiardiiiL( 
 of the French tongue in Canada, M. Faucher evidently 
 thinks a live issue. Dear indeed, to evcuy nationality 
 is its laiij^uaj^e, even in places where, throu^di lapse of 
 time, isolation or political exie'cTicy, it has became cor- 
 rupted from its pristine purity. .Jersey and (riiernsey 
 are no exceptions. The industrious islanders, tliouj,di 
 staunch and loyal subjects of liritain, and, as protestants, 
 one with her in faith, have not l)y any means forifot ten 
 or eschewed the langua,i,'o of their forefathers in old 
 France. They are still, as Ansted says. " Normans, 
 but Normans of the old school, though a Jerseyman 
 would not like to be called a Norman. 
 
 A few years aj,'o they jilainly showed their earnest 
 attachment to Norman customs, lon<4' since obsolete 
 elsewhere, by resuscitating' the famous " CUinwur de 
 ILiro" of the days of CharleiiKC'iie, to obstruct a 
 scheme of public improvement. 
 
 Mr. Faueher's book ji^oes to show bow they havt; very 
 recently evinced their ])artiality, between the two 
 sjioken lan,L;uayes of the islands, for tlnit of their neai' 
 nei<»hl)or, France ; he does not, however, allude to the 
 not very distant epoch, after the barbarous raid in the 
 
 15 
 
 
::,;!|i 
 
 lifl 
 
 — 226 — 
 
 ! ( 
 
 Channel Islands of Ectbuspieri'o'.s sans cidotfe>^, when the 
 very name of a Fienchnian was obnoxious. 
 
 W(! lind here textually re[»roduced in Mr. Faucher's 
 l)ook a lively debate which took pla(?e on the IGth 
 of February, 1893, in the Legislative Chamber of the 
 " Etats de Jersey," jiresided over by " 11 C. Mallet 
 de Carteret, Lieut. ]>ailli." It originated from a discus- 
 sion of the jirovisions of a bdl introduced to remove 
 doubts as to the right of the members to address the 
 Asseml)ly in Knglisli, inasmuch as a very con.sideral>le 
 ])oition of the islanders, using English daily, and in 
 many cases exclusively, had declared that it is per- 
 missible for any member of the " I'ltats " to address 
 the House in English. 
 
 Somi^ of the arguments urged by the Legislative 
 wisdom of Jersey, in solemn conclave assembleil, were 
 of a rather singtdar nature, and the debate itself not 
 very decorous, although several judges and high othcials 
 were jiresent. A learned member. Judge Falle, speaking 
 from an experience of thirty years, and whilst recog- 
 ni/ing the advantage of duality of language, avers that 
 the Legislature has several times declared that the 
 members had not the right to use English in debate, 
 and clos(!S by proposing a resolution to the effect that 
 the " Etats, " wjiilst thoy are ])rou(l of the i»rotection 
 accorded to the islaiul by }[er Majesty Queen Victoria 
 and her predecessors during so many centuries, and 
 ilesire to reiterate their unalterable loyalty to the 
 throne, feel that this sentinunit is iuit impaired by the 
 thought that they consider the idiom l)equeat]i(id to 
 them by their forefathers too precious a legacy to allo\\' 
 it to be su])erseded or set aside, and " that only in 
 the event of Jersey having to choose betw(!en giving 
 up tlie French language or the protection of England 
 would they consent to accept the first alternative." 
 
 Judge Falle's amendment was canied on a division 
 of 20 against I'd. 
 
 %^ 
 
— 227 — 
 
 The English spoken in Jersey is far purer than the 
 French, which among the uueilucated amounts to a 
 species of patois and still the legislative wisdom of the 
 island, by a large majority of votes, upheld the French ; 
 their loyalty is above suspicion. Mr, Faucher recalls 
 with evident satisfaction the encouraging words uttered 
 at Montreal and Quebec, in favor of the French idiom, 
 the language of Voltaire, Racine, Bossuet, Chateau- 
 briand, by the illustrious statesmen connected with 
 tlie administration of Canada — Lords Dutferiti, Lome, 
 Lausdowne, witliout forgetting our late adnunistrator, 
 the Earl of Derby. The little work of Mr. Faucher 
 challenges investigation at the hands of everv candid, 
 reader. 
 
 it i 
 
 Quebec, Nov. 10. IS'J.3. 
 
 ■i,, 
 
 ,.:) 
 
 
 ' i < 
 
 
 ; S 
 
 II 
 
I 
 
 OLD CAXADIAX MAXOnS-MADAMK 1)E nKlirV-1789. 
 
 To the restless j)lo(lJev of this progressive age as v'ell 
 as to the thoughtful student of the past, a kaleidoscopic 
 glimpse of th'> old order of things, in feudal Canada, 
 under some of their picturesque aspects, may not he 
 unwelcome. Under this inspiration, it would seem, 
 was given to the pul)li(', in a review lately jiublished at 
 Quebec, La Keruiesxe, a rather striking letter from its 
 truthfulness and also a dainty poetical elfusion, writ- 
 ten some sixty years ago, by the clever chatelaine of a 
 seigniorial manor not many miles from Montreal, 
 Madame de JJercy. 
 
 *■ 
 
 
 Few indeed are the traces of the former oppressive 
 feudal tenure of Canada, its seigneurs, its manors ; 
 Lewis T. Drummond, himself a seigneur, grapi)led with 
 and after protracted ojiposition, succeeded in strangling, 
 the ogre, in 1854, with the assistance of great leaders 
 of public opinion: Sir Louis Hippolyte Lafontaiue, Sir 
 George I'jtienue Cartier, Sir Francis llincks and other 
 distinguished members of our ])arliament. 
 
 It may therefore, not be out of ])lace, to recall, what 
 a Canadian seigneur and a Canadian manor meant, prior 
 to that aus]tieious date. 
 
 Canadians owed feudalism on their soil to Cardinal 
 de liiohelieu, as set forth in the charter of the company 
 ot Hundred associates, in 1G27. So says Francis I'ark- 
 man, a high authority on similar points : 
 
 " It was an oftslioot of the toudalism of France, modified 
 by tlie lapse of centuries, and t'lutlier modified by the royal 
 will.'* " Canadian feudalism was made to serve a double 
 end.'' 'J'he Old lieijhne in Canada, Paikuian, pp, 243. 4-5. 
 
 1tl 
 
 
 
— 220 — 
 
 It mildly retiected French aristocracy and supplied 
 agents to distribute lands. It differed from French, 
 feudalism, the censitaire or tenant was not bound to the 
 lord of the manor by military service : " the royal 
 governor called out the militia and set over it what 
 officers he jJeased ". The settler's lot on Canadian soil, 
 was far above, in degree of comfort and importance, 
 that of the French jieasaut. He styled ]nmf^clf hdblfaut ; 
 he had come to laihliev le p(i>/'^, was proud of the title 
 as it distinguished him, he being a jiermanent, from 
 the transient trader, who arrived in the colnnv with the 
 spring ships and returned to France in the autumn, and 
 was perliajts only a government ritlicial. Vast land 
 gnints oi' seiguioriL-s, were made to distinguished settlers 
 or French oflicers, on the express condition of fealty and 
 homage to the king, or his rejm'sentative at the chateau 
 St. Louis, at Quebec and, also, on the ex]ircss under- 
 taking of tliems(!lves, clearing nv conceding to settlers to 
 be cleared, the lands patented to them by the crown, 
 under penalty of forfeiture of jiatoit, a not uufrequcnt 
 occuiTence. 
 
 Thus these laige tracts of land were jircvcnted from 
 beconnu" waste. Canadian seinneurs, as a rule were 
 not wealthy, th(jugh several, through their thrift and 
 intelligence! were ]irosperous. Among others may be 
 noted, JJerthelot, ])roi)rietor of the Comte de St. Laurent 
 on the island of Orleans, facing Queliec; Jacques 
 Le V)v\\ a Montreal trader, who accumulated wealth, 
 some (iOOO livres, wherewith, he ])urchase<l his ]>iiteut 
 of nol)ility ; Kobineau, the owner of the Barony of 
 Fortneuf, near Quebec ; the younger Charles Le 
 Moyne, later on. Baron de Longxumil, and whose title 
 has been lately revived by our gracious Sovereign. Of 
 the younger Chai'les Le Moyne, Fronteuac the Cbtvernor 
 says: " Son fort et sa maisiui nous domu'ut une idee 
 des chateaux de France fortific's. " His fort was of 
 stone and Hanked with four towers. It was ni-arly 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
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 .1) 
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 J. ' ; 
 
 r • 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 
 
 ? 
 
 .. ' t 
 
 
 i. 
 
 ■ ■* # 
 
 W i '■ 
 
 t\ 
 
 
 »1 
 
 
 ^: 
 
 Itr 
 
 'll 
 
 Wftthi 
 
 ■b' 
 
 4 
 
 
 R 
 
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 n 
 
I' 1 1' I 
 
 — 230 — 
 
 opposite Montreal on the south shore." {llie OUl Regime, 
 Parkman j). 2G2.) 
 
 Parkman traces in sombre colours, the career of several 
 of these (jentilhommes fran^uis and retired half-pay 
 officers, who unable to keep up in lavish expenditure 
 with the same class, basking in royal sunshine, at the 
 Louvre (jr at Viasailles, cast their lot in Canadian wilds 
 — where the absence of suitable careers for tlieir sons 
 and a handica]»p('d trade compelled them and their 
 numerous ol'i'siiring to struggle witli want ; many of 
 them unfortunately taught to l(jok down on honest toil 
 as derogatory, one is reminded of a similar worthy class 
 of J>ritish half-]iay olVicers, eking out in the ])!ist a scanty 
 livelihood, at AVoodstock, Sinicoe, London, Out., or in 
 the eastern townslii].s of the ])iovince of (^)iu'li(.'C. 
 
 In dwelling on the brilliant (jarcer of the Longueuil, 
 Mr. Parkman traces so grajthic iiii account f)f the French 
 genlill'Oiiniif, that I hojie 1 will be ])ar(loued for (put- 
 ting it. " ( )lliers U'arned the same les.soii, at a later day, 
 ada])ting themselves to sciil iind situation, took root, grew 
 and became more Canadian than French. As jiopulaticju 
 increased, their sf'igniories begiin to yield aj>]»reciable 
 returns, and their leserved domains becanu' worth culti- 
 vating. A future dawned upon thcMU ; they saw in hope 
 their names, their seignorial estat(\s, their nuinor houses, 
 their t(,'naiitry ]>assiiig to their ehildi'en's children. The 
 beggared noble of tin- early time, became a sturdy, 
 country gentleman; ]»ooi' but not wretched; iguftrant 
 of book •, except possibly a few scra])S of rusty latin, 
 ])icked u]) in a .lesuit school; hardy as the hai'diest 
 woodsman, yet never forgetting his ([uality of (jcntil- 
 homme; sciu]>ulously wealing his badge, the sword, 
 and cojtyiug as well as he could the fashions of the 
 court, which flowed on his vision across the sea in all 
 the efl'ulgence of Versailles, and beamed with reflected 
 ray from the Chateau, at Quebec. He was at home'" 
 among the Indians, ami nevermore at home than when, 
 a "uu in his haiul and a crucifix on his breast, he took 
 
 "V, 
 
— 231 — 
 
 the war path with a crew of painted saviige.s and French- 
 men almost as wild, and pounced like a lynx from the 
 forest, on some lovely farm and outlying hamlet of New 
 England. How New England hated him, let her rec(»rd.s 
 tell. The reddest l)lood streaks on her old annals mark 
 the track of tlie Canadian i/cntllkomrne." 
 
 In order to complete the taltleau of this fearful era of 
 our border warfare, the Jioston historian, with his usual 
 felicity of ex])ression, has in liis last work, (1) narrated, 
 the bloody raids on Canadian houses and humlets of 
 Rogers and his scalping liatigers, assisted by New 
 Englanders — bloodthirsty avengers. 
 
 
 r 
 
 I 
 
 
 * 
 * * 
 
 Let us float down the stream of time a century and 
 more, aiul catch a glini])se of the Canadian seigneur of 
 later days. The midnight, bloody raid on New England 
 hamhits, has lost its charm for the sturdy, country 
 (jetifdliomme ; its ghastly memories rest in the tnmit 
 of Hertel de l-iouville,Courleman('he and otliei' worriotirs, 
 though the (iji])iessive rites and exclusive usages of 
 early times remain. Tlie cenn and rente, are still 
 brought to the manor, at St. Martin's I);iy, with the 
 noisy capons ; the banal mill, the seignorial dove-cot, 
 the hated corvt't , forced labour, the exclusive (froit 
 de chaste et de pe'chc, are still enforced ; the raised, 
 cushioned seignorial ]H!W facing the altar, still awaits 
 each Sunday, its honored occujiant, who claims the 
 first, or at least the second, s]»rinkle nf holy watei' and 
 slice of holy bi'cad, from the parish jaiesl antl lieadle. 
 The Laird's manor is still re])uilt in stoni' and nujitai'; 
 stone being aluindant and linu', home-made, not being 
 as of yore, imjxated in ships, eipially so. One invariable 
 
 \ . 
 
 
 
 (1) A Half Century of Conltict. 
 
 :^m. 
 
 : , "' i 
 
 ' " ' ' r 
 
 13 
 
 m-^mSm 
 
 mij 1 
 
 Wk 
 
 Mi 
 
 '^rjUflni 
 
 1^1 
 
m\'- 
 
 I ' 
 
 .) o o 
 SOS 
 
 feature of the past is omitted in the structure ; the 
 loop-holes for musquetry, in case of Indian assault and 
 siege. Danger to human life has ceased, as every fort 
 is garrisoned l»y British troo]is, and as the ferocious 
 Iroquois, has been forced to bury his hatchet forever. 
 The Canadian seignior, neglected, jeered at by France, 
 in 1757, has aceejjted cheerfully the inevitable 
 and unlike the desertcid Acadian, has sworn without 
 reservation, fealty to his new masters, who in return, 
 kave sworn to jjrotect liim. 
 
 We find a striking instance of this aus})icious change 
 in the readiness of the Canadian seigniors to rush to 
 arms and save their homes and altars, from foreign 
 invasion, in l77o-6. 
 
 In the severest season of th(» year, in ]\Iarc]i, 1776 — 
 three seigniors headed their retainers, and atteni])ted to 
 jKtur succor into Quebec, blockaded l)y Xew England 
 soldiery, but defended by a brave leader of men, Guy 
 Carleton — Ca])ts. de Ijeaujeu, Seignior of Cran(^- Island, 
 1'. (}., de Gas])(5, seignior of St. Jean I'ort-Joly and 
 Couillard, seignior of St. Thomas, I*. Q., aided by Lieut. 
 L'oss, late of thi; 7Mth Tlighliinders. 
 
 A MODERN M.\NOR. 
 
 Let us hear a gifted writer, the abbe H. R. Cas- 
 grain, describe a modern Seignorial Manor, that of 
 the Hon. Marc Paschal de Sales Laterriere, wliich he 
 visited, at Kboulements, fifteen miles west of Murray 
 Bay, P. Q. 
 
 THE UE SALES MANOIt, ON THE EOWEH ST. LAWRENCE. 
 
 " An im{)osing avenue leatls up to the Manor fes- 
 tooned up to the eaves, with graceful climbing plants; 
 it i»eeps out from a grove of lofty trees. 'Tis an exten- 
 sive stone-structure, adorned with two pavilions. Its 
 solid, thick walls, in the old Canadian style, would 
 
 fx 
 
 ■*♦? 
 
 
— 233 — 
 
 not ill-befit the bastions of a fortress " were they built 
 as a pidtection a<^aiust Indian sur})i'ises. " Facing the 
 ])oi'tico, a handsome garden, of goodly extent and cul- 
 tivated with care ; in rear, a deep lavine, embedding 
 a rivulet, which turns the seignorial grist-mill ; the 
 latter, situate a few feet to the left, at the base of the 
 great hill. Its dam furnishes a sheet of lim])id water, 
 fringed with alder bushes and young beech ; myriads 
 of lively trout frisk there, lieyond, tlie eye rests 
 pleasantly on a cultivated valley, which rises gently t<> 
 the foot of the mountain-ranges. At one corner of the 
 garden, on the brink of a preciiiice from whence comes 
 the murmur of a little wiiterliill, there is a small clia]iel, 
 half-hidden under a mass of verdure ; it is dedicated 
 to the Virgin. A great family grief renders the spot 
 sacred ; the untimely death of the seignor's eldest ^^on, 
 by the bursting of an old French cannon, long since 
 condemned," but fired off, possibly, l)y tlie manor 
 childien on great fete days, *SV. Jca n-Bajdisfr, i^c, ^.'Vc. 
 Here comes, daily, the jiious, sorrowing nuither, to 
 olfer uj) a ])rayer in memory of her lirst-born cut oil" in 
 liis ])rime. 
 
 Where ends the garden, l)egin the CJiCinlns Perdus, 
 the Stray Paths in the ]iark. A truly Canadian land- 
 sca]ie in all its wildness : rocks, hills, valleys, steep 
 declivities, gentle slojtes, jirecijtices, witli the unceasing 
 roar of the rivulet which Ilirts and whimjjcrs through 
 the park; dashed into rajiids, walerfalls, silvery sheets 
 of foam gleaming liere and tliere, through the curtain 
 of green woods. 
 
 The Stray Paths, carefully rakt'd„ wander in every 
 direction, athwart the ))ark : a nuize of u]is and downs, 
 curves, leading straight to rustic seats; then, receding, 
 and opening up unexpected vistas. It takes close t(»an 
 hour to saunter through. 
 
 Here a lofty i)lateau, discloses beneath you, through 
 forest, clearings a glimpse of the St. Lawrence and of 
 the Isle-aux-Coudrcs ; the green isle from this i>oint, 
 
 
 T^n 
 
 
 '4i! 
 
 ■^m' 
 -M 
 
w 
 
 — 234 — 
 
 M < 
 i 
 
 looks like a dinner tabki laid out with white ]tlates for 
 the guests : the neat houses of the islanders, tleck- 
 ing the shore. There, at a jioint known as the 
 " Observatory ", yawns at your feet, a deep crevice in 
 the soil, where! the stream rushes past in a cascade. 
 Just descc^nd the narrow, tortuous ])ath, which leads 
 down to the dark abyss ; wliip the pool with rod and 
 llv, and vou will fill vour creel with dozens of si)eckled 
 beauties. Several names ai'e cut in the bark of the 
 surrounding trees; I read, the initials of (Sir) E. P. 
 Taehe and (Lady) S. Taclie, with the date 1830. 
 
 Further on, you meet a vale planted with fruit trees, 
 where wild violets and daisys are mirrored in sunshine, 
 in the wavidets (jf the crystal Itrook ; tht! latter seems 
 as if it wished to tarry a whih; in its course, to catch 
 the song of biids and the hum of grass-hoppers. This 
 liapjiy valley — so congenial t(» the I'everie ofa student, 
 is styled at the manor; " Le Vallon des (Jhaiaps 
 Elyses," the Vale of the Elysean Fields. This is the 
 only locality, in this section of Canada, adds the abbt'! 
 where T heard the chirp of this noisy sununcr visitant, 
 the grass-hoi)per." 
 
 Let us now ascend, rt-sting our wearied legs, ai'ter 
 such long and laborious i'and)les up to the gallery of the 
 Citad(d. Here, a loud, an iuvoluntai'y exclamation is 
 heard: admiration mixed with surprise! 
 
 I'^ir away, in the distance eastward, the boundless 
 e.\[)anse of our majestic Hood and its many isles, the 
 whole with the blue .Alleuliiiny Mountains as a liack- 
 ground ". To complete this felicitous picture^ of a sunny, 
 nu)dern Seignoriiil Manor, the abbe adds his own 
 pleasant r(nneml)rance, of the interesting confabs and 
 walks be iiijoyed at tiie gloiimiug, with his re3])ected, 
 aged and cidtui'cd iViend, the Hon. Marc. Paschal de 
 Sales Laterriere, the Laird of the ^Manor, who, he says, 
 on festive occasions, ordered out the seignorial coach, 
 drawn by a favorite white mare — " une blanche hacpie 
 
 \ 
 
 Ih 
 

 235 
 
 ;■.' ) 
 
 iii^e " 
 
 bcarnit,' 
 
 till' fiiiiiily crest, " Tiovicz en avuvt" 
 reoalliiiif some of his foniier ri.'ailiii,<i.s, it reinindctl hiin, 
 of u (jcnt'dhomme, of the era of Louis XIV. 
 
 MADAMK I)E P.EItCY. 
 
 Ainelie ruuet (Maduiiui Von ^lulliit.' licrcy), tjhk'st 
 dau<jhter of the Hon. Loiii.s Aiitoiiie I'anet, u Justice 
 of the Court of Queen's lieneh, at ^VToutreiil, was Itoru 
 at Quebec, on tlie 27th January, 1780. 
 
 Educated at the T/rsuh'nes Convent, of that city, she 
 ])erfected lier knowledge of literature, under tlie eye of 
 her learned father, who in addition to French, tau^^ht 
 her Italian, Latin and fJreek, tn^ether with niaihe- 
 inatics, with an insioht in j.liilosdjihical works. The 
 charm of Miss I'anel's conversation, her accnnijtlish- 
 inents, her musical talents and kindly dis]iosition 
 endeai'ed her to a lai;L;e (drcle oi' friends. SeNcial of 
 them li'aders in the social circles of the day. We may 
 meJition the antiquary Jaec^ues Vij^er — the lion. Denis 
 Benjamin Vi^u'ei', Chevalier de Kstimonville, Sir James 
 Stuart, his talented brother -Andrew, lion. Louis .roseph 
 Pajnneau, the learned Ileiu'i lleney; in I'ecent years, 
 Judo-(>, l>aliy, himself a rijie scholar. 
 
 j\Iiss I'anet selected as her partner for life, ii man, 
 in every respi'ct, worthy of her : William Von ]\L)11 de 
 Bercy. She follow tnl his fortunes and resided a short 
 time, at Amhersthurg, jirevious to their taking ]iosses- 
 sion of the Seignorial Mauoi', near ^Lmtreal, — a wild 
 spot at that jieriod, but which her bar]), her books and 
 her literary tastes soon tian.«forme(l into a <];ay, attrac- 
 tive sa/o/i. Faraway from social circles, l)ut not foiuoiu-ii ; 
 there, she ,s])ent Ion*; and useful days ; there she died, 
 on the L'fth March, 18(>2, at the advanced age of 
 73 years, much reuretted. This manv-sided, gifted 
 wonum, by her conciliatory manners had won the heart 
 of her husband's tenants in their dsiily intercourse at 
 the Manor, Amidst household duties, at times toleiably 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 5* 
 
 m 
 
1 ^ ■ 
 
 
 — 1':!') — 
 
 irksome, Madainc de Jk-rcy, found lime to indite 
 poetical eil'iisions and in'o.se writings of considerable 
 merit, tliongh few so far have a]t]»eared in print. It is 
 one of her letters, writtcin to a lady friend somi' sixty 
 years ago, we shall attenqit to translate, though it seems 
 impossible to render into another idiom, her terse, 
 elegant French, especially remarkable for its simi)licity. 
 It recallsthose (iuain(,gushing,masterly epistles ]\Iadanio 
 de Sevigne addressed to her daughter, Madame de 
 Grignan. Miidanujde liercy is a favouril)le tyjie of the 
 cultui'ed, Canadian Seigneur('sse of other days. 
 
 D'Aillehoiist, 10 Nov. is:j;j. 
 
 My dioak, 
 
 '' A jiiii't ol' wliat takes ))l!ie(! wln'ii the Sei;:iii>ri!il rontx 
 coiiu^ ill, whicli iii'i'drdiiij.' to a ijood old (!ii>toin, is at the last 
 hour " a la (|iiouf dii loiip "', 1 liavi- to 1k' t:oiistaiitly on tho 
 move find to let you see my occupations, 1 will detail each 
 liionotonoiis day's work. [ rise at dayhroak, to drive our 
 liaiids froai round the stove, which they cherish miudi inoro 
 than their woi'k. I then skim tiie iiiilk. i^ook their hreaktast, 
 make my own collee : a favorite fancy of mine. ! like to have 
 this hevei'iijze to my tasti' ; of course, I then drink it. Not 
 liavin;: anyone to talk to duriiiL' hreakfast, 1 read from Saint 
 Auimstin, two pages '• (.)n grace. " 1 failed to take in their 
 whoI(^ meaning. 1 was at my last bite and was closing the 
 (inal passage of tie' volume, when two huhilauls, made th(Mr 
 apiiearaiice with their rents. I was n(>xt busy sampling their 
 wheat, to make sure it was (h-y and clean, in one word, good, 
 sound and merchantable wheat. (Where are the noisy cajjons?) 
 Afterwai'ds, and without loosing sight of them, I watched them 
 measuring and storing it in the granary. 
 
 '• On re-entering the liousc, 1 made an entry of the trans- 
 action in two h'egisters, and wrote out for them a receipt. I 
 • lelayed the ccnsitdires a few minutes, (juestioning them in 
 order to liml out. ifi)ossible. if they had liought orsold lands, 
 unknown to the .«eignior. 'I'hns 1 discovered that both had 
 sinned against tlu! law ot LihIs el Veitlen. Bearing in mind 
 wliat they admitted liaving done, I rated thtmi roundly on 
 the score ; they left. '' Well, said I to myself, some more 
 business dispatched ! " 
 
 " As dinner follows closely on the heelsof breakfast, in the 
 country, I looked after otlier trifling details. That done. I 
 decked myself with my hood and subofs and left to ascertain 
 how one of my farm hands — an " enfant dii sol " to use a 
 
 r I. 
 
 ».' 
 
 ihi' 
 
 »'^ 
 
i \luh 
 
 — 237 — 
 
 )i<)|mlar (sxprossion, was i)rogios9iug with the thraHhiiij^ of 
 tlio grain. I urgoil him on ami then made fiure tliat another 
 farm hand was caulliing properly tho stahli-, a safeguard for 
 tho cattle, against the cold wt-athor, closing in, 
 
 " In Canaila, says b'rs. Varkman, thesc! jtayiuonts, 
 known as c<;ns d rente wure strangely divoi'se in 
 amount and kind * * * A connnon cliaigi; at Montreal 
 was half a sou and half a jtint of wheat lor each arpent. 
 Tho rale usually fluctuated in the early times, between 
 half a sou and two sous, s<» that a farm of one hundred 
 and sixty arjtents Mould jiay from four to sixteen francs, 
 of which a {lart would he in money and the rest in live- 
 capons, wheat, I'ggs, or all three together, in jtursuance 
 of contracts as amusing in iht'ir ])r(;cision as they were 
 Ijewildering in their variety. Live capons estimated at 
 twenty sous each, thotigh soinetinu's not worth ten, 
 form a conspicious feature in these agreements, so that 
 on pay day, the seignior's harn-yard ))ie3ented iin ani- 
 mated scene. 
 
 Later, in the history of the colony, grants were at a 
 somewhat higher rate. Payment was commonly made 
 on St. Martin's day, when there was a general muster 
 of tenants at the seignorial mansion, with a, ])rodigi(ius 
 consumption of tobacco and a corresponding retail of 
 neighborhood gossi]>, joined to the outcry of tlie captive 
 fowls bundled together for delivery, "with legs tied, 
 but throats at full liberty." 
 
 A more considerable, but a very uncertain soui'ce of 
 income to the seignior were tlic l(>(h ct ce}itc-<, or muta- 
 tion tines. The land of the censitaire passed freely to 
 his heirs; but if he sold it, a twelfth of the ]mrchase 
 money must be [)aid to the seignor." (77'.'' ()!■/ Rei/lute, 
 rarkman, pp. 249-50.) 
 
 (.)n returning fro.n my ramlilo, ther" oame two sugar 
 makers " sucriers ; " su(;li is tiic name given to the woods- 
 men wlio boil tli(» mai)le sap into sugar. They wanteil to l.-ase 
 some sugar Ijusluss. Tliose liad been previously occuj)i(.'d by 
 other parties. It was uncertain wiietiier tlie late occupants 
 wished to return the same to the seignior. In all fairness this 
 
 i 
 
 -v 
 
 m 
 
 .} 
 
 '■M 
 
 f I 
 
L'MS — 
 
 liiul to 1)0 iiKiuii't'il into. Tin- aii|ilicaiits i\\A so, and gavo luo 
 lint ('(|iiivo(\al replies. To makf siiin, I rclcirt'il tln-iu tf) our 
 t'orrrtt ran;,'"'!' ; lu>, prinlcnt man. stMit tliom l.jKrk to mo. No 
 liariraiii \va>< mail'', ami two loii^ Iioihn wfi'n tliiH lost. 
 
 " 1 am woniml ami botluTfil. What is worso, I lia\<' to 
 iiihalu tilt" rmni's of tol)ac(!o smokn ; tenant aii'l Icssim', witli 
 wlio II 1 iinist (leal, ai'ct ('ach \v(>il>lo>l to a pipo, insc|iai'al)Ie 
 (•ompaiiif)iis. I sat down tirod out. Evontiially, I collt'ctfil 
 my tlioii^'lits ; tlio lattiTtoJl me it is wron;: to tlins >ook rest. 
 1 tln'iidii'w ni'ai' my writiiiu'-di'sk and sat t(( ilral't a Petition 
 to tlie House ol' .\ssemlily, ol'wliicli i.. , liusKand iiad scrililded 
 on paper six lines in Hiijilisii, and my ln'otlier, tlwee lint^s in 
 Ficneli — in Iiierojilypliies I 1 put in orijer, as best I could, 
 those disconlant f>iements. At tho foot ol' tins petition, the 
 woi'ds " As appoars hy the annexed Plan '" tell nie my woi'k 
 is not yet done. Doulitloss my hiisi)and ilrow the plan iM-forc' 
 he left; a second oopy is wanted for the Li^gislativo Council 
 and a third, fop the (iovornor. I sat to cjopy tho plan and 
 then cleaned it up. I was ^jettinc; on widl, when it uegan to 
 ;^et dark, ."soon 1 faile(l to see any moi'e. 
 
 1 then put-liy my compass and l)iiish,ordiM'ed a horse to he 
 hitched to th<' carioie, as I ha<l to moot a [>arty lioforo it got 
 dark, a (luartei' of a league away, (iot r»!ady ; threw a wrap 
 over my shoulders — when! Wii'at? * * * I felt faint. Wiiat 
 <lid it mean V Hum! 1 recollected that, hard pushed as I had 
 Iieen all <lay, 1 had forgotten to eat any<linner * * * Hut,tlu' 
 vehicle is at the door. 1 will dine when I return. 
 
 " I liave returned and dined otl', a cu]p of tea, with no 
 otiier company hut my own. I take up " ."^aint Augustin, '" 
 hut the liook liad so mixed up my ideas in the morning, that 
 I layed it down ami picked up a newspaper, ^^y eye wantlered 
 over the a<lvertisint: column of " Houses to Let" and " oljjects 
 lost." 
 
 "Tea and reading alik(^ short; 1 got through hoth. At 
 last (this was in Novenilx-r), came the moment to draw closer 
 to the house stove. I settled ther<'. Ihit this diil not answer. 
 I felt I must cheer up, and made three imdancholy attempts 
 to sing the coinplaiiili' of poor Mary, (^ueen of .Scots; this 
 came to an end. lleic I am, atttnnpting to weary you with tho 
 tale of my tlaily household duties. 
 
 It will at least help to (sxplain to you, how hungering and 
 thirsting to see you, 1 must decline an invitation which would 
 satisfy the craingsv of this double desire." — (Tiik Can'adiav 
 
 VOR'K.) 
 
 m 
 
^m 
 
 CIIIIISTMAS ANI> ITS rKSTIVITIKS. 
 
 "•Ill ('liii-iim> Kvi- tilt' l)C'lIs wtMt' rung 
 • )ii f'liri-tiiiiis Kvc tlic mass was >siiiii! } 
 Tliut only ni;,'lit in all tin! yt'Jir, 
 Saw till' >ti)liMl piii'st I lie clialicc I'oar. 
 Till' (lainsci ijoiiiii'il lid' Ui'i'tii' sliccn ; 
 'i'lii' liiiU wa-- ilii'>>i'il with liDJly iriccn." 
 
 M.\i;mi:i..\, 
 
 All hail Id tlu'c. ! (Iciif old (.'lii'islnitis Kvc nl'oiii' vdulli, 
 with thy sweet, imrorgottcu iiirindiifs, the loii^-lodked 
 I'or ini'fise ih' iiiinuit, with it.s llniniii^f tii]ieis, ^ii'ecii 
 iiivlu'S and its grave, iiis|»ivijig ehui'eh iniisir, witiioiit 
 on)iltiii,n' the exciting homeward drive, over wjiitei^ed 
 stU'cts and niooii-lit snow, the siini|ituous niiihiight 
 rejtast — Ic rccelllon tie Xoi'l — iiiid nil the e.\]iccted 
 gifts of the morrow! All hail to thee ! 
 
 Other climes may rejoice in other, griiiuU-r ways of 
 solemnizing thy glories, but nowhere dnc- yoiir yearly 
 adv(!nt gladden more hearts than in < ' '^'anadiaii 
 land. And still to the stmlent, yon do e..iin', as a 
 juysterions niiisqneradev, veiled nnder a strange guise, 
 clad jiartially in raiment borrowed fmrn a distant, very 
 distant and misty era. 
 
 Our modern Christmas customs are interANovcn with 
 jiagan rites and ceremonies ; there can be no doidtt on 
 this jjoint. 
 
 " Uy such an amalgamation," says the ' I'.ook of 
 Days,' "no festival of the Christian year was more 
 thoroughly characterized than Christmas; the I'eslivi- 
 ties of "which originally derived from the Ifoinan saturn- 
 alia had afterwards l)een intermingled w ith the cere- 
 monies observed by the JJritish Druids sit the jieriod of 
 the winter-solstice, and at a sid^sequent period became 
 iucoriiorated with the grim mythology of the ancient 
 
 
 111 
 
 h''U 
 
 

 — 2-tO — 
 
 Saxons. Two popular observances beloiif^iiig to Chris- 
 tians are more sjiecially derived from the worship of 
 our ]iagan ancestors : the hanging up of the mistletoe 
 and the burnin<f of the vule l(»g." 
 
 As regards the former of these practices, it is well 
 known that in the religion of the Druids, the mistletoe 
 was regai'ded with the utmost veneration, though the 
 reverene(^ which they paid to it seems to have been 
 restricted to the plant when found growing on the oak, 
 tlie favonrit(! tree (,i their divinity, Teutanes, who 
 apjiears to have l)een the same as the l*henician god, 
 l)aid, or the sun, worshipjied under so many dilt'erent 
 names by the pagan nations of antic^uity. At the period 
 of the winter-solstice a great festival was celeln-ated iu 
 
 his li' lour When the sacred aimiversary 
 
 arrivcu the ancient Dritons, accompanied by their priests, 
 the Druids, sallied forth » 1th great pomp and rejoicings 
 to gather the mystic parasite, which, in addition to the 
 reliijious reverence with which it was regarded, was 
 believetl to possess wonilrous curative jjowers. When 
 llie oak was reached on which the mistletoe grew, two 
 white bulls were bound to the tree, and the chief 
 Druid, clothed in whiti; (the emblem of ])urity), 
 aseended, and, with golden knife, cut the sacred plant, 
 whicli was caught by another priest iu the folds of his 
 robe. The ])iills, and al io human victims, were sacri- 
 Heed, and various festivities followed. The mistlctije 
 thus gathered was (bvided into small portions and dis- 
 triliuted unu)Ug the ])eo])l(>, who hung up the sprays 
 
 over the entrances to their dwellings, as 
 and shelter to the svlvan deities durin<: 
 
 a propitiation 
 
 tl 
 
 i(! seaso 
 
 n of 
 
 frost and cold. The rites in connection with the mistletoe 
 were retained throughout the Roman dominion in 
 Britain, and also for a long period under the sovereignty 
 of the Jutes, the Saxons and the Au'jlcs." 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 V ■ .1 
 
 'li 
 
— 241 ~ 
 
 Each year the revolving wheel of time brii.^s round 
 a festival dear to Christian nations : Christmas day. 
 Since the fifth century, by common consent, its date 
 is fixed for the 25th December; various the displays 
 and usages wliich mark the auspicious datt; in different 
 countries. 
 
 In merry old England, the Lord of Misrule then for 
 the time asserts liis boisterous sway, among the young, 
 whilst their demure elders loiti-; on the dav as one 
 sacred to family meetings. 
 
 The "hoi»efuls" count, as a certainty, on a liberal 
 allowance of plum-jiudding, nuts and niince-pie, to be 
 followed l,>y gauu3s, music, conjuring, sna[)-dragon, 
 wlulst the yule ciog is lilazing on the liearth and the 
 ])arlour hung with holly, invites the coy maidens to 
 trust themselves for a moment under tlie mistletoe 
 bough 
 
 Of old, the good time used even to invade, in a 
 eons[)icuous manner, those revered seats of learning 
 
 Tin-; Boar's 1 1 had (Xakoi,. (I) 
 
 (Su)i</ at QHeeiCn Colleyc, Oxford.) 
 
 The lioar's head in hand hear I, 
 Beih'i'kod with hays and rosemary ; 
 And I i»ray yon, my masters, ho jticny, 
 
 Qitijt > „v in convic'j. 
 
 C^.i'.i aj>ri dt'J'ero 
 
 Ihddenn laiidcs dfimiiio. 
 
 Tlie l)oaf's heail, as [ nuderstand, 
 Is tho rarest disli in all tiiis land, 
 Which thus hedecked with a gay garland 
 
 Let iix serrirc lunitico. 
 
 Caput apri d'j'i'rn 
 
 Iteddi-ns laiidci d'Hiiim'. 
 
 (1) *' The Boar's head is the syinlml o\ i • lin, tlie old Norsk 
 deity, and the circle is the symbol of tiie Sun. It is not an 
 orangt', an ai)i)le, or a lejiion, tlioiigli either was nsed syni- 
 
 Ixdically (Karl IHind'.^- pajier^, i>>i FJliic ideaa ';/' llu' Kdda.) 
 
 10 
 
 Iff' 
 ! 
 
w 
 
 — 242 — 
 
 Our stewai'tl hath provided this 
 In lionor of tlie kiiij; ot Bliss 
 Wliich on this <hiy to he served is 
 hi Reijinensi Afrio. 
 (Jajnit ajiri dej'cro 
 ReddeuH Jaiides domino. 
 
 Oxf'oi'<l and Cambridge, when', the; wassailers pom- 
 pously inti'odneed the grim boar's head, bearing in its 
 extended jaws an ajijilc or a lemon, to the famons, very- 
 old health : 
 
 Cajiiif .ij>n's dej't'ru 
 
 h'rddro I nudes Data in". 
 The bore's liead in liando hrynge f, 
 Witii garlands gay and rostMuary. 
 I liray you still sing merely. 
 
 Qui ei^ti^ in conciriti. 
 
 The i)ore's heail, I undtM'stande, 
 Is the (ihet'e servyee in this land 
 Locke whei'ever it 1)6 fande. 
 Servile en in eniilic" ! 
 
 Be glail both man and lasse, 
 For this hath ordayned our Stewarde, 
 To ehcei'o you all this Christmasse 
 With bore's liead with mustarde. 
 
 — (Chrisfwas Candles by H'iinl:i/n de Worde, 1521.) 
 
 A delightful legend in England shed its glamour over 
 Christmas: the legend of the miraeulous th(»rn-tree of 
 Glastonliury Abl)ey, in Somersetshire, " wliich tree 
 always l)lows on Christmas Day." It had s]>ronted from 
 the staff of St. Joseph of Arimathea, a dry hawthorn- 
 stick, stuck l)V him on a liill, where the saintly gentle- 
 man and his weary ccmijianions had rested; tluit thorn, 
 however, had been grubb(!tl up in the time of tlie civil 
 wars, but others hail been niised horn it in the lawns. 
 
 In Scotland, the Lord of Misrule made room for the 
 Abbot of Unreason, until tlie year 151 o, wlien, it seems, 
 this important potentate was dethroned by act of par- 
 liament. 
 
 '1 
 
 ■ 
 
 1 
 
 L 
 
 1, ' 
 
 \ 
 
 'a. 
 
 \f' 
 
 ■«»♦ ' 
 
 t ! 
 
— 243 — 
 
 Tlie Church of Rome, the Chineli of England, the 
 Greek Church, all uuite in celeln-atiiig the festival of 
 the birth (»f Christ — Du'.s Xatalis — "Noel", as the 
 French style it. 
 
 In England, one day was deenunl iiisutficient ; tlie 
 joyful time was enlarged; it Ikj^mii on Halloween and 
 ended with Candlemas Day. 
 
 In the country ])arts <»f old France, the peasantry 
 solemnized the iete with iiiiinerous, sim[)le lays. Some 
 of these touchinu; carols and ti'aditions came o\er, from 
 old France to New France, two and a-half centuries ago, 
 and llourish here to this day. 
 
 That charming old traveller ami graceful writer, 
 Xavier Marniier, of the French Academy, relates some 
 of the modes of keeping Christmas in the foreign lands 
 he visited, after his return from Canada in ISoO. Under 
 his hosjiitable roof it was iny ]irivilege to he recently 
 entertainetl. Beginning with his native province, /". 
 Franche-Comtt!, Mr. ^Marmier alludes to antique, simple 
 Christmas lays — /es vieux Noels — composed by the 
 rude mountaineers and sung at night-fall. '•These were 
 followed in my youth, " says he, " by tales of su])er- 
 natural occurrences on Christmas Eve. " 
 
 On that marvellous night a boulder on the moun- 
 tain lu'ow, shajted like a jiyramid, turned thrice on its 
 base during Midnight Mass, when the ])riest recited the 
 genealogy of the Saviour. 
 
 On that same night domestic animals were gifteil 
 with sjteech ; when the farmers entered their stables 
 they told them, in doleful accents, how they had been 
 cruelly used, h.df-starved and illtrcated ; ([uite a 
 revelation for the masters, in some cases. 
 
 On Christmas Eve the sands (tf the sea-sboiv, htfty 
 mountain-ridges and deep valleys opened out and 
 revealed to the starry he;ivens treasures concealed in 
 their depths. 
 
 On that identical night the graves cast U]) the 
 departed ; the old village pastor, dead for years, awoke 
 
 
 
 ^■':^^:'^.ni 
 
 ,. ^1 
 
 p 
 
 
 !ii? 
 
 I. •' 
 
nm. 
 
 h^u 
 
 i;! : 
 
 t 
 
 . h-'i.. 
 
 I' ,( 
 
 '}■ . 
 
 — 244 — 
 
 from his loii|i; sleep, rose in their midst, beckoned them 
 to follow him, and, all to meet round the cemetery- 
 cross, to join in reciting the prayers of the nativity. 
 This over, each one indulged in a glance at the hamlet 
 of which he was once an inmate, surveyed liis former 
 dwelling, then all vanished ; the silent grave reclaimed 
 its tenants. " I v/as then Um y(»ung, " he adtls, " to 
 attemjit climbing (lie mountain-l»i'ow to witness such 
 thrilling s])ectacles. My father owned no stables ; the 
 only domestic animal we possessed was a tortoise-shell 
 cat which had not a word to say. " 
 
 " 1 can recollect the Swedish Christmas; it is named 
 Julnat, that is, the night of the wheel, because at 
 that season of the year the sun's \\heel turns towards 
 tile winter solstice. This name is an old Scandinavian 
 designation, dating as far liack as tla; ])agan era ; but 
 at i)resent the Christian holiday is observed in a Chris- 
 tian-like way, and recalls many ])leasant memories. 
 Julnat is an idle time for the diet; the law courts are 
 closed ; business ceases, to allow families to re-unite 
 fi'om afu'. The thoroughfares resound with the tiidcle 
 of sleigh-bells and noise of vehicles bringing home 
 youths and maidens to the patei'ual roof. It is a Itrisk 
 time for nuitch-making, family re- unions and pleasant 
 sur])rises ; an aged coujile will be dejiloring the absence 
 of a cherished son from the family group, when possibly 
 a jingle of bells is heard at the house door, and joyful 
 accents ]»roclaim the arrival of the looked-for guest, 
 who possibly has braved the wintry blast to take his 
 share at the Julnat. 
 
 Then is the time of the verdant Christmas tree 
 exj)osed to view on a lofty table, bright with ilanung 
 tapers, typefying the celesti.fil light, which has sja'ead 
 from the manger, at Uethlehem, to the whole M'orld. Tt 
 is studdwl with the offerings selected by the good 
 house-wife for her guests ; the eve of the Julnat the 
 dwellings in cities and villages are aglow with lightetl 
 ta[ier,s. hung on the Christmas tree. Tiie poorest Swede 
 
— 245 — 
 
 must own a tree, even if he can atfoi-d but one taper. 
 The festival lasts several days ; the farm animals even 
 benefit by it ; that day they are entitled to an extra 
 ration, whilst a sheaf of wheat is fastened to the barn 
 roof for the wee birdies to ] leck at, lest food should fail 
 them ill the dreary winter. " — (L'Arhre de Noel.) 
 In England, Cook Kobin is not forgotten at Christmas. 
 
 " Amidst the freezing sleot and snow, 
 Tlie timid roMii comes; 
 [n |>ity drive him iKit away, 
 But scatter out yoiu' crumbs. 
 
 An>l leave your door upou the latch 
 
 For wJKimsoever comes ; 
 The {)0.;<'er they, more welcouie give, 
 
 And scatter out your crumbs. 
 
 All have to si)are, none are too poor, 
 
 When want with winter comes ; 
 The loaf is never all your own. 
 
 Then scatter out voui' crumbs. 
 
 };;■■! 
 
 
 
 '-m 
 
 '\ 
 
 ■ < ■ « ■ f 
 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 a 
 
 L 
 
 Soon winter falls upon yotu' Hie, 
 
 The day of reckoning comes : 
 Against your sins, by high decree. 
 
 Are weighed those scattered crumbs." 
 
 Al.FUED CltOWQUILU 
 
 " Hci'e comes holly that is so gent, 
 To please all men is his intent, 
 Alleluia ! 
 
 ,^■■1 
 
 Ivy is soft and meek of speech, 
 Ivy is green, with colours bright." 
 
 The Christmas holly, mistletoe, and ivy, sacred to 
 Druidical worship, recalls another relic of similar origin, 
 but handed down much modified, in fact, at present, 
 nearly obsolete in French Canada. — La I(;N()Lf:K. 
 
 %. 
 
 "'■i 
 
 
— 246 — 
 
 iifpilp: 
 
 1: jf 
 i 
 
 Practised until some years back, in some of the 
 oldest settlements on the Saint Laurence, it consisted 
 in u serenade l)y a band of juvenile masqueraders, 
 knocking at doors and windows, Avith music and song, 
 and begging for offerings, generally eatables, for the 
 ])Oor, with threats of revenge if gifts were refused. The 
 benevolent custom degenerated, however, in drinking 
 bouts ; the offerings diverted from the original (jl)ject 
 were exchanged foi' refreshments, not all of the IJlue 
 liibbon type. 
 
 A ])iece of jiork, with tlie tail adhering. La Cili(iNl^:E, 
 was the traditional olVering ex[)ected. 
 
 La loNdii:]': has its legends in |)rose and in verse, 
 and closed the Christmas time just before the new year 
 began. The curious will Hiid an outline of these legends 
 in the Edda, or sacred Ijook of the Scandinavians. The 
 mistletoe ]ilayed an unenviable ]iart in connection with 
 the Scandinavian giuls, Odin and his kind wife, Friga. 
 Their t-oUeague IJalder, the god of ])oetry and elo<iuence, 
 was su])]»osed to have losl his lil'e thiough the }»erfi- 
 dious conduct of another dcui/en of Olymjius, named 
 Loake. 
 
 We tind in J\lr, (lagiion's precious store-house of 
 Canadian songs, tliis legend, or song, (juoted thus, page 
 240, as sung liy the mas(|Ueradeis : 
 
 •' JimiJoHr Ic nnnlve I'l /a ina'i/res.se 
 Et tons U'.s <Tc-iis <le ia maison. 
 Nous avons fait lUX' [iroiuesse 
 Dc v'nir voiis voir line f'ois I'an, 
 
 Une fois I'aii <'e n'fst pas jiraiurchose 
 
 Q'un, pt'tit inorceaii do Chignoe 
 
 " Vn i)otit morceaii do Chigncc, 
 Si vons vonlez 
 
 ])iti'S 110U,--It.' ! 
 
 Nous prcnilrons la fille aiiieo ' 
 Nous y feroiis chaufiiM" los picds. 
 La Ignol(''(3 ! La Ignoloche ! 
 Pour aiottre ilu laid dans ma poclie ! 
 
 «.» 
 
 ••t 
 
— 247 — 
 
 Nous no demandoiis pas gramrdiose, 
 
 Pour Tarriveo, 
 Vingt-cinq on trent(^ pieds de Cliignoe 
 
 iSi vous voulez. 
 
 Nous sommes cinq on six bons (holes, 
 Et si noti'o chant no vous iihiit pas 
 Nous ferons (hi t'eu dans Ics bois 
 
 Etant a I'ouibro ; 
 On enton(h'a chanter I'coucou 
 
 Et la coulombi' ! '" 
 
 Christinas luolodios, snnn' of them, cdinpijsL'd by 
 great inaster.s, lill an inijiortaiit ^ipace in Komaii Catholic 
 liymn l»ooks. To M. Ernest Gagiiou, the painstaking 
 collector of Cluinsn)i,s Populaires da C((,}nuJa, I am 
 indebted for the fonowiiig " C.VNTIQUE I'oPULAlliE DU 
 Canad\-Fka.N(;ais," set to music by him, the words of 
 which are ascribed to the eminent French IJoman 
 Catholic divine, Flt^cluer : 
 
 
 CANTKjrK I'dlM-r.AIRK DL" ca\a1).\-ki:a\(;ais. 
 
 I. 
 
 Dans cotto ('^tablr. 
 Que .h'sus est charmant ! 
 
 Qu'il est aiiuable, 
 Dans son abaissement ! 
 Que d'attraits m la ibis ! 
 Tons It's palais des lois 
 N'ont rien ile comparable 
 Aux beautes que Je vois 
 
 Dans cette (['table. 
 
 II. 
 
 
 Que sa pr(''senc(^ 
 Parait bien en ce jour 
 
 Malgre Teuiancc, 
 On I'a reduit Tainnur ! 
 L'esclave est rarheti'', 
 Et tout renier doiiipt(';, 
 Fait voir qu'a sa naissance 
 Hien n'est si redoute 
 
 Que sa presence. 
 
 ?* 1 
 
 
 ■ i 
 
 % 
 
 -: 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 aff 
 
 * i 
 
 ■) 
 
 |:^^||^ 
 
 AliS 
 
 p^jMgBi 
 
 BSM'^ 
 
 fi'WoBi 
 
 
 fWg^ 
 
 
 -i^^ 
 
 ™lt 
 
r 
 
 — 248 — 
 
 III. 
 
 Plus do inisore : 
 J('Sii.s, s'offnint ijour nous 
 
 D'un Dieu sevore 
 Appiiiso le couri'oux. 
 Pom- sauvor le pecheur, 
 11 nait dans la doideur, 
 Pouvaitil, ce hon Pcro, 
 Unir k sa grandeur 
 
 Plus do inisoro. 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 ■ 1 1 
 
 S'il est sensible, 
 Ce n'ost <iii'a nos inalheurs } 
 
 Le froid horrible 
 Ne (Uiuse iwint ses pleurs. 
 Ai)res tant de bieni'aits, 
 Notre cieur, aux attraits 
 D'un amour si visible, 
 Doit ceder desorniais, 
 S'il est sensible. 
 
 V. 
 
 Que je vous aime ! 
 Peut-on voir vos a{>})as 
 
 Beaute supreme, 
 Et ne vous aimer jjas 1 
 Ah I que I'on est heureux 
 De l)rulor do oes teux 
 Dont vous briilez vous-meme 
 Ce sont la tous mes vreux ; 
 
 Que je vous aime I 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 Mi 
 
 
 M 
 
 t 
 
 ^< 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 \ 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 i 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 I 
 
 h 
 
 i 
 
 
— 249 — 
 
 Pis Christina,-: Day ! 
 
 To one aif other 
 
 I liear men nay 
 
 Alas! my Brother, 
 Its winds blow better, 
 
 Our Christmas suns 
 No lonj,'er glitter 
 
 As I'ornu'r ones ! 
 If this be so, 
 
 Then let us borrow 
 From long ago 
 
 Suroeaso of sorrow ; 
 Let (lead Yules lend 
 
 Their bright reflection- 
 L't fond friends blend 
 
 Their recollections — 
 Let Love revive 
 
 .loy's ashen embers, 
 Foi' Love is Life 
 
 Since Love remembers, 
 
 i\i.>'i.l. 
 
 •'■I 
 
 ■•t 
 
 Eaiu, of Duffkkix. 
 
 m 
 
 I'" ■■! 
 
>*4 
 
 XKW VKAirs DAY IX OI.DKX TIMK 
 
 " Siilut, lieiiu jour ilore, PremitT <le ran ! 
 'roujoiirs, (|Uiiiiil tu piU'iiis, daiis iiii joyciix <'Iaii 
 
 Nous saliioiis ta liiciivcuue ; 
 (^cst toi ciiii vicns smirirt' aux ciifaiits si joyt'ux, 
 (i>iii vicns lucttif en secret, "laiis Iciu's lu'ireaiix soveiix 
 
 iMille jollets lie totlto sortt' ! 
 
 " Lis (^ll^hcci'oisis, W. C'llAI'MAN."' 
 
 Tlic (1) l.st of Jaiiiiiuv, luilil ill till' Rniiiiiii Cnlliolic 
 Clnircli as u ^loat I'estival, is alsci obsctvcd as a trast in 
 tlie (.'Inii'cli of En,!j,lan(l. Frnin time inimcmitriiil it has, 
 in Canada, meant a nu'iiv-ineetinn tni' all ; a spurial 
 gala (lay i'of the la(li(.'s [o rcceivti visitors ; a date pas- 
 sing- dear to tlie younu, in view ol'tlie gilts and ]il('asant 
 stu'prist^s it invariably had in store. 
 
 In some jirovinees ol' old Fianee it went niider tlie 
 po](nlar and a]>|iroiiria(e nameof /^r Jom-i/rs Etmnicti, 
 
 (\) " Altlioiiuii tliero was a genei'al ii()|)ular ru;iaril to the 
 
 1st ol' Januaiv, as tlie l)eirinniMir of tlic vpar, tlie aiic 
 
 lent 
 
 .re\vi>li year, wliieli opened witli tln^ 2 )tli ol Maicli, eontimied 
 long to liiive a leiral position in Ciiristian oountrlos. In Eng- 
 land, it was not till 1752 that the 1st of January became the 
 
 ony; been of the i)opulai', 
 
 initial day of the legal, as it had h 
 
 year. ]jelore that time it w.is customary to set down dates 
 between the 1st of -lanuaiy and tlie 24th ot ]\rareh inclusive, 
 thus: .lanuary .'inth. ir)4S_4',t; meaning, that i)oi)ularly the 
 year was !t)4".i, hut legally 1()4S. In Siotland the desirable 
 change was made by a decree of .lanuis VI, in privy council, 
 in the year 1(300. It was ellected in I'lance, in latU; in Hol- 
 land, Protestant Germany and Russia, in 1700 ; and in .'^\veden, 
 in I7')3" liodk of Datjs, 
 
i (*;' 
 
 — 251 — 
 
 the J)ay of Gifts. Prnvidcncc, in thoir eyes, seemed to 
 hiive selected it, in blciiik .fanuiuy, the severest month 
 in the year, to Itrin^' to the domestic circle, with touch- 
 iny I'eliLjious obscrvancii, a M'arm gleam ftf sunshine 
 
 " In the fpiaint drawings which illuminate tin; Catholic, 
 missals in the; Middle Ages, January, says Ih-ady, "is 
 represented hy the figure of a man clad in white, as the 
 tyix; (»f the snow usually on the gi'ounil at that season, 
 and lilowing on his fingers as descriptive of the culd ; 
 under his left arm he holds a l)illet of wnod, and near 
 liim, stands the ligiire of the sign A(iuarius, into which 
 watery endtlem in thi' zodiac the sun enters on the 10th 
 of this month." 
 
 It was Xunia iNtniphilius who named this month 
 danuarius, in honour of danus, the rugaii deity suji- 
 ]iosed to jtreside (tvi-r doors — tyiielying the opening and 
 closing of the vear. danus could look into two direc- 
 tions at once ; the douMe faceil, typical nld villain, 
 honoured among the ancients, is not without his icpre- 
 sentatives among the moderns. 
 
 Scanning through the weird gallery of the ]iast, the 
 F<ist'i, of our native city, give us ])ack the ipiaiut 
 figures ol'our CJallic ancestors, as they nuived round on 
 this festive day. 
 
 Without venturing to assert that the family side- 
 hoard on New Year's Day grnaned under such ]>yra- 
 miils of crocl'ir/nolhs, iced yiifcidix dud honhoHs, such 
 an anay of wine ilecanters and /hjucar ilasks, as was 
 customaiy in tlu; hey-day ol our youth — when ]'due 
 Kibhonmen, alas I wei'i! curiosities — we can positively 
 atUrm that relialile, written I'ccords remain of how 
 things were managed in the " ruck city " in the good 
 olden time. 
 
 Several entries occur in the private journ; 1 ni the 
 Jesuits, recently puhlishe(l, thrf)wing light on the 
 customs of New Yeai's Day and its jiresents, I'urnish- 
 ing a gratifying picture of the cordiality which reigned 
 among the inhabitants of New France. Let us open 
 
 .1 1 
 
 i^!,. 
 
 V 
 
 '4' 
 
 m 
 
1 
 
 — 25l' — 
 
 the quaint vnlunio and veacl un uxlnict, (1) tiikinj^ us 
 liiii'k to tlitj <listaiit cvii when u Kniiiiit (irand CrnsH <tt" 
 .Ic'iiKsalcni, ^^alliint Charles Ifiiault de MDUtnia^ny, 
 held his Cdiirt, in Cliftiaiihun's Fort, uL (^)uel»ee, as th(! 
 Wdithy re])i'esentativG of his sifvene ^rajesty, Louis 
 Qnatovze. 
 
 These extracts will lniii^Lj us face to fai'e with seveial 
 (if tin; notabilities of the |»eri(Kl. The lloveiiior's visit 
 over, the first W(! shall iiuu't on 1st January, 1041), is 
 Dr. Kohert GiU'ard, an inmate of Quebec, a cultured 
 ]trof('ssional man frfini Perche, Fiance, srimunir of 
 
 (I) ".lauuary 1st, l()4(), tlic soMiers wont to salutf llic 
 (lovcrnnr witli tlicii' films ; the iiilialiitiuits jjrcsciited thcii' 
 coiiij liinoiits ie. a Ixuly. He was lirfoit-liaiid with us, and 
 came lici'c at scivcu o'clock to wish iis, a liapjiy Now Yoar, 
 addiossiiif: caoli ol' tlio Fatiiors ow alter aiinthor. I icturnod 
 ills visit after Mass. (Anotiier time wo must he hclorcliand 
 witii liiin). M. Gilhii'd also came to seo us. The Hospital nims 
 sent us a letter of coiupliiuttnt early in the morninj;; the 
 Ursulines also, with heautit'id |)i'esents : wax candles, rosa- 
 I'ies, ii crucili.v, and, at dinner, two excellent pigeon j)ies. I 
 sent them two imau'es (in enauitd) ol' St. Junatius and of .^t. 
 F. Xavier. Wo pive to M. (iitfard th.^ " Life ofoin- Lm'd," hy 
 V. Bonnet; to M. des (Miatfiets, alittlo volinno of " Drex(dlius 
 on Eternity"; to M. Boindon, a telescoi)o and compass; 
 and to others, i-cdiipiaries, rosaries, medals, images, Sec. Wo 
 gave a crucili.x to the wom.in who washt^s the chiu'ch linen, a 
 hottlo of rum to Ahraha:u. and foui- handkerchiefs to his 
 wife ; some hooks of (hivotion to others and two handker- 
 chiefs to Holtert Ilache ; he asked for more and we gave them 
 to him. 
 
 " I went to see M. tiiffard. M. Couillard and Mademoiselle 
 de Repentigny. The T'^rsnlines sent to hog 1 would couk; and 
 soo them hefore the end of the day. I went and paid my 
 compliments also to Madame de la Peltrie, who had sent ns 
 prest-nts. 
 
 " At honui I gavo to our Fathers and Brothers what I 
 thought they woidd like hest. 1 had given boforeliand to F. 
 de Quen, for Sillery, all he chose to take from my room and a 
 choice i)resent for Fatlier Masse — Jtsuits^ Jonnuil, p. 24. 
 
 
 ••I 
 
— 2 
 
 ■r.> 
 
 A 9 ^ 
 
 'n'iiii|i()it, in viitiic ol' II Ltiiiiit il.ititii^' as t'ai' Itack as 
 
 l()o4 ; liis solid r»('aii|)(ii'l nuiiidr si-t'tiis id have Immmi 
 less nttViictivti thai wiiiUT lliaii city lilt- in (Jiiclu'c. 
 He is now trndj^in;^ ovci' the siiowv nIiti'Is towards 
 the .lesiiit,-^ Colli'^c (tlic old .IcsuiN l>ariacks rai/cd ill 
 l^fT'S), facin,!,' tiuf Hasili(!a ; let us wish liini tlif com- 
 )>lini('nts of the scasun ! \]r is lollowcd liy duchcreaii 
 (k'S Chatelcls, the factor ot the fur-conipanv ; hoth will 
 rt'ci'ivc ]ilt'asant sonvi'iiirs, Nrw ^'('aI■'s nifis IVnni the 
 
 learned jii'ofessors at the ( 
 
 'o|l('L!(' 
 
 Another visitor is in view, .Ichaii or .Iran iloiird 
 
 on. 
 
 Miivii nf, land snrvcyor (1), (•n<iini'er, e\|iloi'('i', a siniics of 
 adiniralile (Jrirhton, wlat Irfl hi^ suinaine to that 
 li'ailing' thoroiinhfarc, St. .lohn's ^trci't. Mo-t aiqiro- 
 jiriate ]iresents await him : a 
 
 lt'V< 
 
 SCO] 
 
 le ami a coiii- 
 
 »a«s. 
 
 1 
 
 Other ealh'rs of less iniporlaiii'e, socially, are yratiticd 
 
 with pet !f^< presents, — rosaries, medals, images, etc. 
 
 Kven the laundress of the eollenc is remeinhcred. 
 
 That siiady (2) old salt, the King's jiilot, Ahraham 
 ^Martin (lit I'J'Jcossais, who hei|iieathed his name lo his 
 (Juidiec estate, the histcjiie jilaiiis of Ahrahain, eonics 
 in for creature comforts and eari'ies away a llanoii, 
 jirobably of tlie " roal stingo, from St. l)oniiiign, hy 
 dingo," a bottle of FreiKjli rum, and his wife, six iiand- 
 kcrehiefs. llobert Haehe, the greedy lldlow, i-- not 
 satisfied with ree^-iving two handkerchiefs, l)Ut " asks 
 for and gets more." 
 
 Louifi C'ouillard (3) who, the year jai'vious, hail 
 munifieiently givi-n the site nn which \\a> built the 
 Basilica minor, also Mile de IJein'iitigny, (4) waited 
 
 '>m 
 
 
 «!< 
 
 (1) Boui'ilon was chief ciiiriiiefr ol' tlie ('(jlony. 
 
 (li) Tlierc is in the Journal iles Jesuifes an awkward ciitiy 
 Inr his fair I'aiue ; seciiiingiy he wa> not a .Iosc|)li. 
 
 (M) C'ouillanl was soii-iulaw ol' tli<' tiist -ottlrr, Ilc'-l.i-it, 
 
 (4) ]\[ailt'mi)isclK' do lic|jeiitigiiy was <laii.^litor ol l.c (iar- 
 dour dv Reiu'Utigny. commander of the lieet. 
 
 ::!( 
 
 ' ■■ I 
 
 
II 
 
 ii ,: 
 
 \i w: 
 
 ft! , ,■! 
 
 — 254 — 
 
 until tlie luivei'L'iui Futhors calliul on them, us well as 
 tliiit .aceoniplishcd, charitable iind elegant French widow, 
 Madame de la Peltrie, the founder of the; Ursuline Con- 
 vent, in 1()31». 
 
 To a Silleryonian, it is ]ileasant to notice also a 
 renienibran(;e in store for that good Father Masse, who, 
 litr nioi'e than two and a half cciiiturii^s, enjoys the long 
 rest under the nave of his littli' cluirch, at the spot 
 marked hv his monument, at Sillery Cove. Xo other 
 New Year's day, however, will dawn f<n' the devoted 
 missionary ; six months more only of sul>lunarv exis- 
 teneci arc vouchsafed him in his Sillery mission, wliere 
 be expired among his tawny neophytes on the 12th 
 May, 164G. 
 
 Among the hallowed, primitive Xew Year's Day 
 customs, ]ier])etuateil in some corners of French Canada, 
 is that known as La Benedictiuu Paternelle — the 
 Father's blessing on his children ; it was generally deli- 
 vered in the morning after Abiss. 
 
 Not always after High Mass. In some families, the 
 touching observance took place much sooner. The his- 
 torian of Montcalm and Levis, abbe Casgrain, has relateil 
 how the Xew Year was ushered in for the young ho])e- 
 fuls, in the family circle of his late father, the Honble 
 Chs. Eugene Casgrain, at Iliviere-Ouelle, V. Q. " At 
 early morn', says he, our mother woke us \\\), attired us 
 in our Sundays best suit, and gathered us all together, 
 with the house serxants following, in the ])arlor: she 
 then thrust open the bed room door of our father, who 
 from his couch, invoked a lilessing on all of us ranged 
 kneeling round him, whilst emotion used to bring tears 
 to the eyes of our dear mother. Our father in an impres- 
 sive manner accompanied his Messing Avitli a few words 
 to us, raising his hands heavenwards. Of course the 
 crowniuL!' part of the cei'cmonv, was thi- distrilmtion of 
 the Xew Year's gifts which he kept concealed behind 
 liini ". — (Mciaoire de Fu.nulle, p. 20G.) 
 
 1 
 
— 255 — 
 
 linauiiiiitiun reverting t(j the. days (if mitisioimrv zeal' 
 and religious fervour, long, long ago, readily conjures a. 
 striking ])ictnre of this touching old custdui. 
 
 History tells of thnt nol)le tyjieof a Christimi geiitle- 
 nian, Pierre Boucher, (Jovi-rnor of Three-Kiveis in 
 165.'), the father of a worthy family of fifteen clnldreii — 
 (he died in 1717, at the age of ninety-five) — lilessing 
 on Xew Year's Diiy tlu! knecding grouji of sons and 
 daughters, listening, all in rnyit silence, tu the words 
 
 of wisdom and 
 man. 
 
 :iudness 
 
 fa Hi 
 
 n<> 
 
 Iroin 
 
 tl 
 
 Hist 
 
 or' 
 
 al 
 
 th 
 
 le venen 
 
 .th 
 
 ible 
 
 •ac 
 
 y also connects his name witti anntlier |ii 
 tice, observed anuualh, on the anniversarv of the old 
 })atriarcii's death, — the reading, in the j»resence of the 
 assemljlod family, all kneeling, of his last will, styled, 
 " The Legacy of Grand-Father lioucher." We shall, we 
 hope, he forgiven for giving a few lines of this beauti- 
 ful, spiritual Testament; each memlier of the noble (1) 
 |iatriar(Oi's family is addressed in turn, whilst the wisest 
 couns(ds mingle with the etfusi<tiis of paternal affection. 
 Like another Tobias, giving his dying blessing, he con- 
 cludes, saying to all : "Love one another sincerely for 
 the love of (rod ; remember that you will one day be 
 called, like me, to a])pear before Gotl to render an 
 account of your actions; hence, do nothing of which 
 you will later have to rejient." 
 
 " I do not leave you great riches, but what I leave 
 has been honestly ac(|uired. I would willingly have 
 left vou more, but (lod is the master oi' all things, 
 
 " I have no enemy to my knowledge. 
 
 iiilli 
 
 
 '\*, 
 
 • ■'1 . 
 
 (1) Uovci'uor I'iori'e iioucher, sci^rucur do IJouciici'villo, 
 near Montreal, the ancsetor of our late I'li-iiiicr linn. .M. <In 
 I'.ouclu'rville, had hcfii cnnoVilcd l>y the King of Franee for 
 his hi'avoiy and for the sei'vioos ho lunl rondi.u'cd in </anada. 
 lie is known to scitMK-o l>y an intorostini: work jmblisho.I in 
 tho natural history and iiatuial losouivfs ol 
 
 on 
 
 Cnnaila. 
 
 ?ilii 
 
w 
 
 Ml' 
 
 — 2oG-- 
 
 " I have dniio what lay in luy jiower to live without 
 re]ii'uach ; do the same 1 " 
 
 His closinii words to his loviny wifir, and dear chihh'eu 
 are e<|ually tendt-r and touching. 
 
 * * 
 
 A century will I'oll ovei' and the cust<tnis of the 
 ausjiicious visitintf day will still continue, though in a 
 niodified inrni. 
 
 1 )oul)tl(.'ss, at the gloomy chjse of the old regime, 
 when the infamous IJigot and his godless crew held 
 high carnival, at Que])ec, the paternal hlessing and the 
 traditional religious observances on Xew Year's Day 
 Were on the wane. 
 
 Ganrbling, hoodUng and jirotligacy in high jilaces 
 overshadoweil the land ; trenci'al Montcalm's eorres- 
 jiondence, recently ])ublished, ]ininis out to other joys, 
 other observances at that ]ieriod, though the crowning 
 ]ileasure of the first week in January was not oniitted 
 
 — fii'cr le Gateau — the family evening reunion, at 
 
 bean 
 
 Kim.l 
 
 ]iil.hauy, t(i draw 
 
 th( 
 
 pea 
 
 and 
 
 tl 
 
 10 
 
 o 
 
 ut of th 
 
 colossal .htur (h's Jiois cake. 
 
 Tn January, 1758, (General de Montcalm writes to 
 the ('hevalici' de Levis : " Grand souper an jialais, j'y 
 eu CO 
 reine 
 
 mine de raison la. feve, et Madame Pean fut ma 
 M(nifcaliii and Lech, Casgrain, Vol. 1, p. 
 
 A supper, and a grand oiu', took i)lace that night at 
 the liuendant's [lalace. Montcalm drew the magic 
 l»ean ; he was the king and selected the fascinating 
 
 I' 
 
 ean as 
 
 hi^ 
 
 (jueen. 
 
 A thoughtful, droojjing Xew Year's day was at hand 
 for the following year; the uony, deserted l)y France, 
 expected a hostile fleet round Pointe-Levi with the 
 ri'turn of si)ring. A more gloomv and exciting 
 XfW Year's Dav must have been for besieged and 
 
 Hi • 
 
 *.» 
 
 »*l 
 
— 257 — 
 
 blockaded Quebec, the 1st January, 1776, sixteen 
 years later, when, stark, stiff and frozen, the corpse of 
 BrigadiGi- General Richard Montgomery, borne by a 
 militray escort through the street of the city, was 
 deposited in Gobert's house, on St. Louis street, and 
 the besieged Mere making arrangements to burv their 
 own and the enemy's dead. 
 
 * 
 * * 
 
 Another commendable custom jjcculiar to New Year's 
 Day was La Quete de U Enfant- Jesus, — the collection 
 for the Infant Jesus ; for ye.'us it obtained in the coun- 
 try parts of the Province of Quebec, though it is now 
 obsolete, or nearly so. It Avas managed by the parish 
 priest, driven round l)y the senior church warden, ov by 
 the beadle. The gifts gathered were .listributed among 
 the p(jor. 
 
 In this benevolent, Christian-like excursion amidst 
 the li. C. parishioners, strange to say, had In-en merged 
 the hoary, druidical institution of La Lj)iolee, which, 
 though described elsewhere, warrants us in adding a 
 few remarks. " Christianity, " says Mr. J. C. Tacbe, 
 in acce[)ting this druidical usage, had sanctitied it by 
 charity, just as it liad allowed the Moili/a-s to subsist, 
 by crowning them with a cross. " 'Tis probable those 
 singular lines : 
 
 " Nous pi'cndrons la fille ainee, 
 Nous y leroiis cluuittor les pidls. " 
 
 were a veiled allusion to tlie liuniaii sacrifices which 
 marked llie ancient Gallic rites. It recalls the song of 
 Velleda, in the J/a/7/y;'.s' of ('lialeaubriand ; "Teutates 
 " re(|uin;s blood... on the iirst day of the century... his 
 " voice has been heard m the druidical oaks! " 
 
 This traditional custom of riDining the ii/noleo-was 
 kept up in the city and district of Montreal, until about 
 
 17 
 
 
 ., w 
 
 
 mM 
 
 lb'- 
 
 
 ipr 
 
 
 
 I^^SvW' 
 
 
 s'^WBB 
 
 ^ai^ft'li 
 
 
 ■■ ffiWW 
 
 
 
 (M 
 
 l»T'| 
 
 m^:^Mi 
 
W-. 
 
 
 i U ' ■ 
 
 
 — 258 — 
 
 Ti I'* ■ 
 
 li ' 
 
 
 I860, Avlien the Mayor, on Xew Year's eve, issued per- 
 mits to lads to rini the Ljnolee, so as to protect them 
 from arrest by tliti yiolice. This precautionary measure 
 did not always jjrove efl'eetual in ]ircventin<f (Hsorder ; 
 when rival Ignolevx met, some of them unde,r the 
 influence of the "ardent", would get uj) a fight ; the 
 victors adding to their ston; of gifts l)y despoiling the 
 vamiuished, of theirs. 
 
 The I(juohk> which took ])lac(^ in ('anada on N(;w 
 Year's eve was hept u]) in some iiruvinces in France 
 on the 1st diinr.aiy itself. 
 
 Itiglit well can we remember, miu'c than fifty years 
 ago, the obsoi'vances of the day in oui' youtli, at St. 
 Tlioniiis, now Mi)ntmagny ; the ]yraniidolV'/vx'//(\'/;(io//c'.s 
 on a tiil)le in tlie ante-rodni, to be served out by the 
 courteous housemaid t<i llie jolly young villagers calling 
 shortly after day-bi'eak, and disithaiging round the 
 house to wake u]) the inmates, their long duck-guns, 
 whieh wei'e answered hy tlie ringing of all the house 
 bells, whilst wv. biys (my lirolher and self) awoke from 
 our slumliers, enjoyeii the surprise of uneonseious and 
 unadvised t(.wn visitors, siicuding the holiday un(k'r 
 our ])a.rent's hospitable roof, scared by the loiul, unex- 
 pected artillery discharges. 
 
 ]')Ut, alas I Ihe ([uaiiit druidieal Jijiioici' has had 
 its day, and the eharitalile Quito de VEnfant-Ji'sus 
 has followed. 
 
 
 »»?,;* ^ 
 
 * 
 * * 
 
 ]n closing these glinijises (4' a ])leasant past, 
 one other feature remains unrecoi'ded, — the /•Jirrunes 
 of the news])aper carrier's address on Xew Year's Day. 
 He, also, the csi^i'iujlc (riiniin, counted on and got his 
 offerings, demurely ])ocketin! '"nnumeralile small coins 
 of the realm, his tinu'-luaKUii ,1 jicrcjuisites. 
 
 The ]iractice, however, cannot have originated pre- 
 vious ta the vear 17G4, when those enlightened Scotch- 
 
— 259 — 
 
 men. Brown .and Giliuore, printed, at Quebeo, the first 
 City newsjiapur, the Qnchvc Giizaiti', tliouj^h tlu; eustctni 
 ontlivud tliu V(>n('ral»l(i news-sheet, wIul-Ii expired in 
 1874, aged 110 years. 
 
 A diligent searclior oi' old records, Benjamin Suite, 
 the historian of Three- Rivers, not many years hack, 
 collected in a fragrant lii»U([ni'L specimens of the most 
 striiving Xi'W Year's Day elfiisious, mori' oi' less jioeti- 
 cal, th(; majority without signatni'e of wiiier. Among 
 otlufrs, the one headed, " I'Jfi'cii n^'x <lii gurron qui parte 
 l((. (I'dtcf/c (le Qiiclmc, <ni..r [h'tifiiiues, Ij; hw J<t}U'i'i', 
 1778, " doing high honnige to thr " Saviour of Canada " 
 (Lord Dorchester) is (piite touching. In a suoseijuent 
 one, even Sir Frederick Hddimaml, nn fiivorite with 
 the French Canadians, especially with thuse of the 
 Du Calvet stripe, is therein styled, Le Soloiaoii dil 
 Nor (J ! 
 
 Enough '. The Fi'ench Canadian Tiirnassus has paid 
 a merited tribute to this day of tlie yeai', al)ove all 
 others, anspicit)ns for tlie young ; Civ'mazie, Freciiette, 
 LeMay, Lenoir, ( Jarneau, Falu'c, F)nies, Chnu. veau, Suite, 
 Chajiinan ; nor has it been foigotten liy i'^vau ^IcC;dl, 
 John lieade, (>. W. Wickstead and other sweet singers 
 in Canadian land. — (Doiniitloio III, luf rated Montldij.) 
 
 
 
 \ :5f.H'i^ 
 
 \^ 
 
" ON Till-: oiiKiix or somk populai! oaths." 
 
 A TAPER 1!EAU I'.EFOIIP: THE AMERICAN FOLK-LORE 
 SOCIETY, MONTREAL BRANCH. 
 
 On more than ony occasion, the peculiar expletives 
 nsed in French Canadn, ostcnsihly to i,nve ein])]ia.sis to 
 thoughts expressed, have seemed to me fit subjects for 
 study. 
 
 Their close resemljlaiice to similar expressions, 
 resorted to, in several de]iartmeiits in France, seemingly 
 point to a common, though distant origin. 
 
 I ])urpose hen; submitting a few of the best known 
 common forms. 
 
 Unquestionably many of these expletives ov jurons, 
 conjure uj) ideas of lack of reverence for the name or 
 for the attril)utes of the Deity. 
 
 A french writer of some note, Laredan Larchey, in 
 a learned disquisition on the subject, strives to show 
 that in reality no disres])ect is meant to the Almighty, 
 uhose name or divine attributes singularly distorted, 
 are thus taken in vain Ijy persons, in some cases, of 
 strong religious jmiclivities. " Heaven, he says, has 
 been ever called on to witness occurrences, which 
 challenge astonishment or cause indignation." This 
 ■would also a])])ly to Canada, as illustrated by the daily 
 exclamations heard in common parlance "Ah! moii 
 Dieu !" Boiife Divine ! &c., and similar terms used 
 by devout sons of the Church. In either case, no 
 disrespect is nu\ant to the Almighty. Among French as 
 Avell as among English military men, swearing on every 
 trivial occasion was formerlv so common, that it was 
 
 'tJUi 
 
— 261 — 
 
 i!;] 
 
 •■■; I 
 
 it 4* 
 
 considered as quite the proper thing. A >vitty French 
 author asserted that " God Dam" dtait le fowls de la 
 lanijue aiKjlaise" — the root of the English language ! 
 whilst the Vicomte de I'arny, an elegant writer, coin- 
 p(»s..Ml a poem in four cantos, bearing that profane title. 
 Long before and after the liritish soldiers " swore so 
 dreadfully in Flanders"; long ])efore and after Cain- 
 bi'onne uttered ills nialodoi'ous, y'u/'O/i., on the Field of 
 Waterlow — though, it must be confessed in extenuation, 
 the incidents of the day were ugly enough to Tnake any 
 of Xai)oleon's virillcs luoiistachcs swear most emphati- 
 cally — swearing was intlulged in all over Europe. 
 
 Uefore veutiuiiig to wunpare the ex[)letives of old 
 with tliost! used l)y X(;w France, I may be allowed to 
 quote, a jieeuliar, cliirpy oath, in favoi among the 
 Voi/di/curs d('s P(i;/K d'J'Jii Tfmd : " Tors uioii (hue au 
 hout (I'nn j>l<ji'et " / IFow the twisting of (tne stud's at 
 the eiul of a feuce-iail was to Ik; done, was ever a jiuzzlc 
 to nu'. 1 coul'l, however, imagine a raftsman, or 
 Conrrur - df - hoLx, wishing to lie imiiressive, sand- 
 wicliiug liis l)r(»ken fivneli dialogue, \sitli such words as 
 " MiUr ToiDierviS ! " iu imitation ol' the Dn adei' and 
 lihjlzcn. \u use ill the A'aterlaiid. 
 
 Let us examine some french _/''n'(>?i.s' / 
 
 " Jarnion" uttered by a blasjihemoiis uubelieviM'iu 
 God, is derived i'roiu Jurn'i {']('■ lenie) and D'lcii . — Je 
 reiiie Dltni : I deny (loil. 'i'o esca])e the charge of 
 impiety, persons, altered it iodii ruihleu or Jarnicoioi). ; 
 the origin of this exjiletive is ipiaiutly I'elated. 
 
 T'is said lleiu'i IV, had eoiitraetetl the perverse habit 
 of repeating " / dcii;/ (rod ". Father V. Coton, his 
 confessor, had pointed out to him the inqiropriety of 
 such language, to which the king replied, that with the 
 exception of God's name, none other was so fatuiliar to 
 him as that of Father Coton. 
 
 — Well, Sire, readily retorted the pious Father, say 
 " I dciiij Cofun, " hence Ji'rnifolun. 
 
 
 
 !■' 
 
 
 '•', t 
 
 
 ^, 
 
 5r. 
 

 — 262 — 
 
 Many of these jurons were bonowed from I'ritanny 
 others, from Provence, Lunguedoc, Normandy. 
 
 The juron, " pt?' le sang da Christ, " was abridged 
 to Sdcristi, to evade the punishment wliich tlie law 
 had in store for impious ])ersons ; the french writer 
 previously ([noted knew a very ])ious woman, who 
 when astonished or startled, exclaimed " Haprlsfi, " 
 adding, lunvever, as a correctif, " Saprlsti la Hose " 
 associating with it thatemblem of innocence and purety. 
 
 Similar scrui)ules converted " Parle sang de D'leu" 
 into " Par la sambleu " Palsambleu and other varia- 
 tions " Ventredieii " originally meant " Pai'U ventre 
 de D'lev, " from which spraiig " Ventrehleu. " 
 
 " Ventre-saint-gris" must be an alteration of ventre 
 saint du Christ. 
 
 " Par le corps de Dieu " gave " Cordieu " and 
 " Corhleu " ; everywhere, subteifuges to escape penal 
 enactments ! 
 
 " Tu dieu " is supposed to be a weak echo of " Par 
 le ventre de Dieu" abridged first in " ventredieu " and 
 " ventrehleu ". 
 
 " Le sacrd nam de Dieu " says Mr. Laredon Larchey, 
 furnished many expletives ; amongst others, " Sacrd 
 nam, " " Cre nom " and " Nohi de Dieu, " " JS^om 
 d'un nom, nom d'une }npe, " nom. d'un petit hon- 
 homme," was an irreverent allusion to Jesus as an 
 infant. " Xoni d\in petit honltonime de hois " alluded 
 to popular sculptures representing our Saviour, borne by 
 his mother, hewn out of wood. From " Par le sacrd 
 nom de Dieu," proceed the abbreviations " Sacredieu" 
 " Credieu," " Sacvehleu, " " Crehleu, " " Saperbleu". 
 T'is difficult to find the origin of " Sahre de hois ". Mr. 
 Laredon Larchey has for it a far-fetched exjilanation. 
 Canadian ears are tickleil with Ihe following bequeathed 
 by their Gallic foretixthers. Parhleu ? Sacrehleu ! 
 Sacrelotte ! Sai^erlotte and even Saperlipopette, in- 
 dulged in by Enphueists. One mild form of juron, 
 
 m \ 
 
 %!'^;' 
 
 V. 
 
— 263 — 
 
 which I first recollect liearing from the lips of a saintly 
 old Cur<(, I lhou,t,'ht ([uite picturesque : " Sac-d- 
 papur ; " the erudite Mr. Laredon Larchey connects it 
 with the i.eriod, ^\•hen lawyers, in France, carried their 
 briefs to court, in bags. It miglit be worth while to 
 ti'ace the origin of the most fashionable expletives in 
 J^nglish Canada and beyond the border. 
 
 ■ ( 
 
 \l 
 
 m 
 
 •If 
 
 ■ t'^ 
 
 
 .♦« 
 
 ■■'t 
 
 >h 
 
Till-: IIUKOXS OF LOm-TTK AND TIIK IIKItO OF 
 ClIATFAUCUAV. 
 
 
 ^\ 
 
 1lt» - 
 
 1«4 
 
 L : 
 
 In <,'lanciii,u over the contents of niy portfolio, I 
 
 discovered tlui folio win*,', heiiring the signutnre of a 
 
 well-known student of Canadian history at (,)uebee, 
 Mr. T. J 5. 15.'dar(l. 
 
 It is asciai) of history in French tonchin" the Huron 
 
 It/ n 
 
 Indians visited in Scjiiendier, ISOM, by Their Excel- 
 lencies Lord and Laily Aberdeen, the reci]iients of a 
 loyal address of these sons of the forest. 
 
 " The incident, adds Mr. In'dard, took ]>lace in 1S13. 
 
 (^uel)ec youths were ninsterinn' to defend their homes 
 from invasion under the doubU; insjiiration of religion 
 and patriotism; llu> Knj^lish (Joxernment had called on 
 them, and the Indians, tolerably numerous at that 
 datt', also aijjiealed to, had warmly resjionded." 
 
 Col. de .Salaberrv, who won laurels in that campaign, 
 on consultation with the authorities, had returned to 
 their cnu]* to inform llif Jlurons that the Govermnent 
 had cojiie to the conclusion of retaining them as a 
 corps (h reserve, in case (Quebec should be invaded by 
 the Kennebec road. 
 
 Hut in spite of this, Jose])h and Stanislas Vincent, 
 two well-known Indian warriors, begged loudly to be 
 allowed to serve aetivel}' in the Canadian Voltl- 
 rjeiirs. 
 
 At the battle of Chateauguay, where oOO Canadians 
 performed the ghjrious feat of defeating an enemy 7,000 
 or 8,000 strong, the brothers Vincent swam across the 
 river, in hot ])ursuit of the Hying foe. But the two 
 heroes, full of pluck and fight, whilst the engagement 
 
v:. 
 
 — 2G5 — 
 
 lasted, had rather misty ideas of the iuexorahle niihtiuy 
 code, and the battle over, made for homo, without 
 asking by " yonr leave." Tliis Ihigrant breach of disci- 
 pline could not l)e overlooked and a letter from jMr. Dc 
 8alal)crry, sr., to his brave son, the Colonel, is still 
 extant, siiowing how the pardon of the delincpients was 
 procured : 
 
 [ Translulioi.] 
 
 f 
 
 
 ,M 
 
 " Boanjiort, 4th Doroiiilicr, \^\'.]. 
 
 " My Son, — .Ins(^pli iiiid Stixnislas X'iiicriit of your i'e,i.'iiiit'nt 
 rotui'nod to I.orcttc on tlic L'nd ncccnilicr iii<t., and hui'iicd 
 to nicid lue. full ot rciiict iind ri'iicntinir nl' tin- hrcach of dis- 
 cipline of wliieli tlicy were ^riiiity ; they iiiivc no cxciiso to 
 otl'cr except to siiy tliat evil advice aloin; caused tiioni to 
 connnit sucli an act of folly. 'I"li(>y woi'(> told that tlic other 
 Indian nations served in war, as Indians oidy, not as if they 
 were soldiers eidisted to do so; that tiiey ought to have 
 turntMl a deaf ear to sucli counsels, liut tiiat youth ha< not 
 the experience of age ; that tliey appeal to nie, as tlie fatiier 
 of the greatest wai'rior tlu^ lMii;h~li King possesses, and hope 
 I will ohtain foigiveness foi' thein. I rejilied, I would appeal 
 to your kind heai't, and was persuaded y<iu ^Vl)ul<l grant tiieir 
 prayer, as a iirave man is ahvays rnei'ciful to tiiose who suhuiit 
 and repent. I heseech you, then, to forgive them, seeing 
 how they I'epent an<l liave t-ntire conlldeuce in you. I'rolia'iily 
 my own pi'ayer w\\\ he lor nuicii in this par<lon, l)ut thei'c is 
 an adilitional i'(>ason for c!en\eni'y : the great chief also called 
 on me and in his own and in tiicname ol' the otlier chiefs, he 
 asked nie to intei'ceile in favor of their young men, telling 
 nie liow nuicli the nation loves and adu'ires you, 'tiie (iKi:AT 
 AV'arkiok.' 
 
 " his. S.\i.aiu:ri;v. 
 
 
 Bi 
 
 .1 
 
 Mr. Bodard, wlm eollectt'd tliis iiiciiU'iif from tlic lips 
 of an aged Jlurou chid' in 1S70, fnniishes as follows 
 the names of the Htiron br;i\i's, who to pcrpetuiiic ilieir 
 gratitntle for the Hero of Cliatcauguay, coutrilnu-il to 
 the monument erected that yrar to (.'ol. l)e Salaln'iiy, 
 at Beanport, at which celdnation it was my privilege 
 to be present. 
 
 ,- 1 
 
 ft't. ' 
 
WF^ 
 
 vy;. 
 
 
 I 
 
 ' < 
 
 — 2GG — 
 
 Names c»f the Huroiis of Lorottu, subscriVjcrs to 
 De Salaberrv moniinioiil : 
 
 Paul Taiiouuknchk, Chief, 
 HoNouf; IIoSeniioSkn, 
 Mai:ui(;k Saueniikss, 
 Louis Tsodokkaiiina, 
 Stan islas Ts( »N( intalina, 
 
 Anor-IMIK OnoLADKT, 
 MAlil.OlItK TSOIIAIIKSSKN, 
 
 Tnos. iVA8i;Ni»0Tiiir, 
 
 ALFIIKD OsIvANONTON, 
 
 JosKi'ii GoNZAtiUK IIodklantonSanukn, 
 
 MAlItlCK AllM()Li;X, 
 
 Antoinh TsinontSahces, 
 
 Nof; HoDKHATEItl, 
 
 Antoinh TiokSknk, 
 
 J. liTK. Aksenjiauoniias, 
 
 rRAN(,!0IS TeKIONDE, 
 FUANVOIS Ti[a8idet, 
 WlLEUlU OlUTE, 
 
 rAi:L TsaSeniiohi. 
 
 Quebec, Nov., 1S93. 
 
 ill 
 
 «.♦ 
 
 W.' 
 
TIIK WILD lldWKIIS ItorXI) (^I'l'liKd. (D 
 
 ■ 1 ' 
 
 ; . I 
 
 il 
 
 OUR MAY WILD I'l.oWKKS. 
 
 ■I 
 
 " Oft ill tlio woods Wf IfiiijL' ili'laycd 
 When horns wi-vv miiuilcs all too brief, 
 For nutiiro kiu-w no soiiiul of fiiicf ; 
 ]hit ovt'i'lu'ail till' lirt'i'/.os plivycd, 
 And in tln^ <huik jri'uss at our knco, 
 Show jtoui'ls of our grocn foiost sua, 
 The star-\vliit*i ilowurs of ti'i[)lc' leaf, 
 Which love around tho brooks to be 
 Within tho birch an<l niaiiK' .sluule. 
 
 — (Louu Loknk's roem on Quebec.) 
 
 I have been asked to state whnt are the first wild 
 flowers, notieeable in spring, at Silleiy, aud around 
 Quebec generally. 
 
 Ajnil snows have scar(.'i'ly (lisa]»]teared, ere the Wil- 
 low with its golden catkins is in IjIouui. 
 
 " The first j;ilt thing 
 Decked with the earliest pearls of spring.'' 
 
 In the neighborhood of warm s])rings, vegetation is 
 of course more ra])itl than elsewhere. 
 
 (1) These familiar and concise notes are based on a valuable 
 paper on the Wii.u Fi.owkhs of Qikiii;c, delivered before the 
 Literary and Historical Socie/i/ of Quebec, by Samuel Sturton 
 and recorded in its Tranxacliona. 
 
 They have had the advantage of nivision and additions by 
 a lover of flowers, George M. Fairchilil,,jr., of Kavensclitie, 
 Cape Rouge, P. Q. 
 
 Uit 
 
 is 
 
 m[ '1.. 
 
 
 it 
 

 i| ^lili' 
 
 — 2G8 — 
 
 Tlioso which are commonly called the first fiowers 
 of Sitriiig, are the May-ilower, the Symplocarpus or 
 Skinilr Cabuage, the Hejiatira, the Sfiriiig Beauty, In- 
 dian Turnip or Jack-in-the-])ulpit, and Dog-toothed 
 violet. 
 
 The ^lay-llower or trailing arl)utus (Epigtea (1) re- 
 gions) is a trailing evergreen, with rusty hairs and 
 pinlvish, wliitt' ilowers, wliich aie sweet sci'uted. It 
 groM's on sandy .>nils, bi'iiealh I'ine trees; it occurs in 
 the Goniin wood, at ^Montmorency Falls and on tlie 
 north shore of tlie l-^laiid oi Orleans. 
 
 (1) ]\li'. St. C'yr, F. H. S. (',., noficed tlio rollnwinir, on tlio 
 Ttli May, 1SS4, 'in full Mooiu, at the Island of i trleuiis : 
 
 Ffejiaticii trilnlja, <"liaix. Livi'r i.fai. 
 
 J'ciitai'ia <lii)l ; lia. L. JUltcr <'ir-s. 
 
 Asiirimi ( 'an; <lciis(', ((IJD/.icuiiirc) Wild liiiiL'fi'. 
 
 Trilliniii cr'/tiiin, L. Deadly Xiglitsliade. 
 
 '^iij)sella hui'saiKistoris, Moencli. ('P)ours<'.) Slie])l)er<ls 
 Purse. 
 
 San'jruinaria Caiiadfiisis. L. (SaTiu-draiion.) ]ll()o<l Koot. 
 
 Coiyliis aniericana. Walt. (Xoisrttirr.) ilazid Nut. 
 
 Ely ihroniuui aiiu'iicaiiuin, Siiiitii. (Aildoux.) Dog Toothed 
 violet. 
 
 (,'arez ro^-ca. Sclik'uii!'. K'o.-i- Sodu'e. 
 
 On til-; IMth May, in the Honiin Won I, in Klooui : 
 
 EpijXica ri'))rns, 1,. 'irailiiiL' Arhutus. 
 
 Ainus ineana, WilM. (.\rlni'.} lilack Alder 
 
 Alnus sei'i'iilata, Wild, (.\'dni'.) SniooLii Alder. 
 
 lV)j)ulus tienuiloides, M ielix. ('I'ivnil)l( .) 'rreuil'lin:^ T'oplai" 
 
 AfU'i' I'uhruni, L. (Plaiiie.; S\vain[i Maple. 
 
 Taraxueimi deie> leonis, J)eaf. (|)entde lion.) J^andclion. 
 
 <»ntiie ITjlli May, an ex'-uision to tiie south-^^■est of Island 
 of t'l'loans ,yave as I'esuUs ; 
 
 Aralia trifolia. (!rey. (I'( tit 'iinsen.i.'.) Wdd Sai'sapai'iUa. 
 Viola lilanda.WiUil. (A'iolelte.) j'.land N'iolet. 
 Shei»liei'(lia Canadensis, Xiitlall. 
 Tlialietru.n dioiciim, !.•. (Pii^auion.) Meadow Ktio. 
 'i'lialietiuni jiui-purasoons. J). e'. Tall iMer.dow Rue. 
 lleputica acutiloba, D. C Acute Leaved IJ'er leaf. 
 
 ■ K 
 
 »,« - 
 
— 2G9 — 
 
 iFF 
 
 % 
 
 Mr. J^iirchild writes me as follows : 
 
 " The llnrn at Cap Ivougo, f 'resccnt Cove, and the river 
 beach <luriii,i; ]\[ay ami June, is the ncliest and most varied 
 of anj' that I iiave ever found in so limited an area. Tiie St. 
 Lawrence liver hrings upon lier current, seeds from the far 
 Western hikes and rivers, and casts them upon the warm 
 and slieltering heach where thry germinate and llowei'. A 
 walk from (.'resent ('ovc to <.'ap Rouge village at the end of 
 May reveals a hank i'ringed with a [irol'usion of wild flowers 
 indeseiihably beautiful in their many colors and forms. In 
 a walk of not over a mile 1 gathered thii ty-seven distinct 
 varieties, and this at the end of May. My list i'or this month 
 is as follows. J give the common English name : 
 
 Pussy Willows, 
 Alder Catkins, 
 Skunk Cabbage, 
 Jack-in-'hepulpit, 
 
 Wild I'oire, 
 
 '-'olumliine, 
 
 Purple Flowered Clematis, 
 
 Elder, 
 
 On the 2.']rd May, on Levis heights, in bloom : 
 
 Mitella dij)hylla, L. Mitre Wort. 
 
 Trillium erythrooarpum, ?k[i(!haux. Wlrte Nightshade. 
 Cerastium vulgatmn, L. ("!ii<'kwee(l, 
 
 Lonicera ciliata, Muhl. (Chevrefeuille.) Twin Flowered 
 Honeysuckle. 
 
 Caltha palustris, L. (Populage.) ^^arsh Marigold. 
 Fragaria virginiana, Ehrliart. (FraisitM'.) Wild Stra\vb( I'ly. 
 Coptis trif()!ia, Salisb. (Savouyane.) (fold Thread. 
 Viola cueuUata, .\iton, (Violette bleue.) JMue Violet. 
 Viola pubescens, Aiton. (Violette jaune.) Yellow Violet. 
 Acta-a spicata, L. var. alba Bigidow. lianeberiy. 
 
 On the '27th May, 18S4, at La ( 'anardiere. also in bloom : 
 
 Strei)topus roseiis. Michx. (IJaisinette, rognons de eoij.) 
 Twist Foot. 
 
 Viburnum lantanoides, IVricliT:. (Bois d'oriL'iial.) lloblile 
 Bush. 
 
 Acta-a spicata, L. var. lubra, Mielix. (Fain ile eouleuvre. 
 Eain Keri'y. 
 
 Kibes i>r<)stratum, L'llei'. (<!adelie -auvage.) Wild <'uiTant. 
 
 Tiarella oordifolia, L, Bishops ('a|i. 
 
 \ nelaneliier Canadeiisi^:, Tori-ey it (iray. Siial flower, 
 (^'elites poires.) Wild I'oire. 
 
 Rubiis trilloi'us, Uichardsun. Wild blacklierry. 
 
 Cornus (Janadeiisis, L. (<'oruouiller ; croipiette.) Low 
 dog-wood. 
 
 — Courrier da Canui/K, 10th, l.lth and SdthMay, IS'^4. 
 
 /v' 
 
 !ii 
 
 ^i 
 
( f 
 
 — 27(1 — 
 
 Wild (iiiij;or, 
 I'lirplo 'rrilliinn, 
 Wliitn Tiillinin, 
 Spriiifr I'.ciuity, 
 DoLT-Tootlifil Violet, 
 bluish Miiriirnld, 
 Wood \'i()!ct, 
 AViiil<' Violet, 
 Yellow Violet, 
 Blue field Violet, 
 WiM ilvaointh, 
 
 P.hiek AM.-i, 
 
 Wdd rium, 
 
 Wild (JheiTV, 
 
 Choke Ciieri'V, 
 
 J'xdl AVoi't (lai'^'e), 
 
 IJell Wort (small), , 
 
 TiOiise Wort, 
 
 Pink Mo(!eiissin Flower, 
 
 ^^■llow " 
 
 White " " 
 
 The Skunk Cahl 
 
 )iiw, a heaii 
 
 liful 
 
 'iwei', thus ('a 
 
 lied 
 
 I aiiciiuiit of its Inuci siuell, j.;".n\vs in a very wet 
 
 01 
 
 iiieudow 
 
 It 
 
 IS m shape liR-e u ceil 
 
 llinou se;i sliell. with 
 
 (lark ]iur])le sjidIs sdineN'.iial ri-ssetiihiiiiL,' tortoise slmll; 
 the hall'-Iiurieii lloucr ajiptjai's to spviui;' ready I'ormed 
 
 Mlt 
 
 the t'arth, the llowers in the fall ar 
 
 (.! suee(>ei 
 
 led 
 
 h\' a, mass o 
 
 f red 
 
 'niil. 
 
 Th 
 
 [eiraiiea. is a. 
 
 pr 
 
 :itV little llowel', aMieariuLT 
 
 direc'tl}' alter or alnmsi liei'uit 
 It is ;i lowiv- 
 
 1 
 he snow has disa|ii)eure( 
 
 i'liWiiii'' iilaii 
 
 I, tl 
 
 u' leave 
 
 sill 
 
 inn'in'4 dii'ellv IVoin the ifVf>\\] 
 
 an 
 
 1. 
 
 md llowers 
 d the flowtM's 
 f all shades 
 
 e () 
 
 api.eannu' helore the new leaves ; ijiey ai' 
 ol' color, ]ii;!k, l)lue and while At the Island of Orleans 
 they are lound iieai' the ferry ; and at Toint Levis, near 
 the (uji]iei'i railway station. 
 
 Nor 
 
 must we omit mention of our Mav Trillium:- 
 
 Coluinhines, 1 )('!j,' tooth X'iolels, ]\Iarsh Marytfolds — the 
 I'uekhean, the rnihir'ni S""siHj'iilri and (r niiiiii flora 
 till' Wild diuL,'-!' plant, the Siitil'K'ind. Trlfvl'ia, the 
 
 Drill 
 
 icl 
 
 i( fc 
 
 the Ladies' Slipper () 
 
 n'ciii- 
 
 two varieties, of 
 
 which the most lieautil'ul i~ the Shov.y Ladies' Slipjier, 
 wliirh L'rows in the swamp hetweeii the Ste. Foye and 
 Little liM\er L'oa.ds. Sueh an' some of the geius \\ uieh 
 Flora in ]\Liy dro]'s alonu her scented paths aniuiid our 
 
 eity ; 
 store 
 
 line 
 
 ulv, 
 
 .VI 
 
 mu:.t, 1 
 
 lave o 
 
 ther lloi'al trihutes in 
 
 .More than Irilt' a centurv 1 
 
 lae 
 
 tl 
 
 le st udv ot the \VU( 
 
 I 
 
 flowers round <^iuebee, was in hi<:h favor; our city 
 ladies, insjiired hy the nohle "xumple of Lady Dal- 
 
housie, wife of His Kxct'llency, the Marl of Dallioiisit' 
 and her friend tlie linn. Mrs. William Slirjij.anl, of 
 Woodlield, took a lively interest in this fascinating 
 jiovtion of the venvtable kiii^ddtn. TIk? Tni.n^nrtiiDhsoi 
 the Literary and Historical Suciety l)ear testimony to 
 the efVorts of the'se two cultured ladies to jiojailarize 
 here the study of botany, iiatcr on, (nic could mcci iu_ 
 ]\Iav, botanvzine' narlics from ihe cilv, collcctiii"' the 
 prettiest flowers of >>te. Foyc and SilU'iy, under the 
 direction oj' an enthusiastic uld bolanist. Mi'. S. Stur- 
 ton (1), to wliom (^>uel)i'eers aic indelili'd foran intei'cst- 
 iii'j' iiaiiei' on our wild flower-. 
 
 i 
 
 ir 
 
 f , 
 
 ^1 
 
 ;■; 
 
 ^■ ''i 
 
 
 II 
 
 on; .irxF. \VII.1> fL()Wi:i; 
 
 " Liki' treasures oi' ,-ilvi'i' am! .:.'n!(l." 
 
 In ^lay hist, 1 pointed out aceordiuLi; to reipie>t, but 
 in a very succinct manner, s(nne (»f the Spring flowers 
 noticeable round <^MIellec. 1 haAc >-\\\rr h:iii iiu opport- 
 unity (jf witnessini;-, on a late \is:t to Lake Kinns- 
 niere and the Chelsea ^lonntain neai' Ottawa, ('2) how 
 much climate or locality h;i> to do with the size ami 
 lustre of some jilants. ()ii looking;' o\ef tli'' list I 
 [)ublislied, 1 was surprised to liiid I had ouii'ted mi'U- 
 
 (1) Mr. Shirlon iriis: l'r"l'r'<.sttr uj' lii,/<(iii/, in an Ardilrnii/ 
 J'nr ;;'iiiiti/ /mlics in (Jiidiec. 
 
 (!') On f/if-i/h Mill/, i'^S-t. (if (I jiic-nir ijin II Inj tin (til, lira 
 Fichl Xalnvnl isls (Jliili,ul Dr.. I. d. Ifiiriwit' s '■linriiiiiiij m.^^tii: 
 L'h!i/c. 
 
 
— 272 — 
 
 tion of a ])l.'int well known to Quebecers, the blood 
 root (Sdngniiiaria), a diniunitive llower of frequent 
 occurrence, near the city, and barc.-ly waiting for the 
 departure of llie snow to push through its stem, on 
 wliich a pure white inverted cap soon appears. 
 
 " My Juno list of wild flowers about Quebec is as follows, 
 'says ^Ir. Fuiicliild " : 
 
 •say 
 
 Bunch Bony, 
 
 Waysido Plantain, 
 
 Jowol Wood, 
 
 Yellow Wood Sorel, 
 
 Purple Flowering Kaspberry 
 
 Common Mallow, 
 
 Blue Flax, 
 
 Labrador Tea, 
 
 Blaok Snak<' Hoot, 
 
 Early Wild Hosi-, 
 
 Blue Eyod (irass. 
 
 Food Flax, 
 
 Cliicoroo, 
 
 Dog Daisy, 
 
 Wild Sweot Clover, 
 
 Wiiitorgroon, 
 
 Blue Flag, 
 
 Poison Ivy, 
 
 WildSarsaparilla, 
 
 Hodge Nettl(!, 
 
 Parti'idgo Borry, 
 
 Dwnri Blouberry, 
 
 lilaoic Mustard, 
 
 Couunon Wild Mustard 
 
 White Hawthorne, 
 
 Sumac, 
 
 Palo laurel, 
 
 Small (Jranberry, 
 
 ]Mulloin, 
 
 False Spikenard, 
 
 Milkweed, 
 
 Wild Clematis 
 
 Mr. Fairchild, mentions also the following 
 
 Wil.l Apple, 
 Sliad flow(>r. 
 Wild Forgot-me-not, 
 Pitcher Plant, 
 
 Bass Woo, I. 
 Bustard Maple, 
 AVild Vetch, 
 Beach Poa, 
 ^loadow Uuo, 
 Thieo boavo<l (linsong 
 
 Wild Strawberry, 
 Dandelion, 
 Twisted Stalk, 
 White Clover, 
 Clintonia, 
 Hazel Nut, 
 Trailing Arbutus, 
 Trembling Poi)lar, 
 Baneberry, 
 Wild Currant, 
 
 Twin Flowered Honeysuckle, W^ild Goosel)orry, 
 
 1 am aware that there are omissions in tliis list, some of 
 which are supiiliod, howevei', by those named by Mr. 
 Sturtou occuring aljout Spencer Wood antl the Gomin Road. 
 
 G. M, Faiucuu.u, .hi. 
 
 4,1 '.' 
 
-(O 
 
 mi 
 
 Cs' 1 
 
 M;ai:\i) ok tiik rii.ooi)-i:ooT 
 
 (SiiiiKuiiiiiriu Caninli'iisi;.) 
 
 In tho iliiwiiiiig of tlio sumiiK.'!', 
 
 * .Mid til'' I'oi'i'st bow'rs, 
 Sat ii wood-tlinisli gaily singing, 
 To his iiiato, \vliil(! softly sjiringing, 
 
 List'ning canns the llow'rs. 
 
 ^MiU'mnrs on tlio rostK-ss water, 
 
 In its I'ippling flow ; 
 Wliili* from tret'-tops Ijonding over, 
 Nodding to tin- tiiitlifnl lover, 
 
 Shadows come and go. 
 
 H: : 
 
 
 Mi 
 
 ]Iark ! a Ibott'all in tiie bracken, — 
 
 And a wailing eiy, 
 On the silenee sharply ringing, 
 Terror to the woodland bringing. 
 By its agony. 
 
 * Tis from ln-r, the loved, — the gentle, 
 
 Drawn through fear au<l pain ; 
 Wliile her mate is ealliiig, calling, 
 List'ning for the answer falling, 
 Ne'er to sound iigain. 
 
 Sore the tender breast is woinided, 
 
 By the hunter's dart ; 
 She will soon I'or aye lie slet-ping, 
 And the llowers o'er her weeping. 
 
 That they thus nuist part. 
 
 Bear her from the mossy sludter — 
 
 Fioui tJKi peaceful ni'st ; 
 Let her soii eyes, now fast closing, 
 All life's light and lustre losing, 
 
 On her lover rest. 
 
 Lay her deep among tin- Icallets, 
 
 (hi the l)reast of ICartli ; 
 Pray the ^!other, all Life-giving, 
 That the lost one, death out-living, 
 
 Have a second birth. 
 
 18 
 
 s 
 
 t"' 
 
 ' -fj? 
 
 .. i^ 
 
 
 "■'■'V 
 
 
 H 
 
r 
 
 i 
 
 
 — 274 — 
 
 Anfl the loaves tiirne<l darker, darker, 
 
 ijk<! to lilood in line, 
 On tli<^ grave ot lier wlio perished ; 
 Ami till' flow'rs lier incin'ry cherisliod, 
 
 That licr stoi'y knew. 
 
 Lon;,' witliiii tlic fori'st quiet, 
 
 Was a s(mjj;-iiiOiUi iieard, 
 Ever f'aintei', fainter growing, 
 Till again spring blossoms l)lowing, 
 
 Thi-n a new life stirred. 
 
 And the spii'it ol the niourneil one, 
 
 Came in Ibrm so fair, — 
 PtU'c and white — a lit ting token 
 Of tlic JK'art ail hriiist'd and liroken 
 
 Tiiat liad wit! 
 
 I th 
 
 iri'cil t HiTt 
 
 And tiie eliildi'cii eall ii Blood-root, 
 
 When in smnnu'r lioui's, 
 I'loni till' l(','ivi'> its I'oots ihcy siiikIit, 
 AVhilc they at its red drops wouilcr, 
 
 When so white its llow'is. 
 
 A. (J 
 
 Wiirri: 
 
 Toronto. 
 
 Tliat lovL'ly liaiiin.u cNcrLriicn, h'pninu rejn ,is — i) 
 'Max lliiv(i' — (itinlil il iioi In liavf li;id a. i'ulkT iiolii-c- 
 
 lli 
 
 (■ einblcin < 
 
 ,r N 
 
 n\a S(,'(iiia, its tli( 
 
 .Miiilc I.(af i.^ uf 
 
 Canada? .1 inif dm^s iiKiut'd vevel in 
 
 an 11 (! 
 
 loral 
 
 treiibtin^s. 
 
 Tl 
 
 lis Year, dW 
 
 ilio; In llu; abs;L;in.(.: id' 
 
 a >ei)li;ii- 
 
 iiio- sun, ht'veial ]\iay llov.cis will proldiio' tliciv exist- 
 
 Jliiimi jtirlii, I '(lo-'l'doth 
 
 unce 
 
 ar iiilii dune, 
 
 I. iv'C 
 
 Violets, I.adii'.s' Slijipciv, Kalniiiis, .Sniiiacin. 
 
 I love in cai'ly .Itine 'n satinter iindci llu^oivi'ii doiufs 
 ()l nature to i-atrli llie iiielody ot" the iiaiiii at siinsot, 
 " to listen In ilic lii>tliliL; umsic oi' ioa\es, to W;it<'li tin; 
 
 ferns uiiiollinu' their I'in! 
 
 OS aiu 
 
 1 to cnlli't't tlu' J 
 
 iKJSses 
 
 untl the lichen 
 
 ;\\relei' >iill, lor a. lover 
 
 ol llowei's 
 
 and Avild sceneiy, to add ilie liaditional Sjnino- visit ol' 
 tlie -fini I'cni-idad nuns of IM^nt's rA.^/r^n/, at Chai'les- 
 bniiiu, so ihiilliiiuK" deseiilxd ill Iv!ib\'s "Cliieiid'Or" 
 
:^iij 
 
 novel, 01" else, to Wiuuler on the moist shores of Lake 
 Calvaire, at St. Aii<,nistin, — to gather in, at its first 
 a]»pearaiice, tlni big pimd-lily, amidst tangled acjuatic 
 ])lants, styh^l l)y the Canadian ]ieasant " hair of drowned 
 men". " ('Iwcriij- de uoyc's", Ijecausc; the most expint 
 
 s\v 
 
 'iiiimer WDuld fail tit e\tri(>ate himself from the 
 
 ir 
 
 deadly 
 
 emi)rai'<' 
 
 Let us h'Mi' Air. Slmtoii discdiirso on the .rune llora 
 
 round (.Mifl 
 
 ice 
 
 II' we uiiw stidll (iM the (lijiiiin Fioad, 
 
 \vt3 shall tind ginwiiig uu cithfi' sid.', th(! lUinehheriy 
 ((hrniis ((I ii(i(h:iti<i>: ) whii'li m:iy idso he found on the 
 outskirts (tf (■v(>ry \V(i..(l. Tliis tldut-r may tracli us that 
 tilings a,re not what thi'vapp'.'ar, Inr ihat wliieli cvrry oug 
 cxeept a, hotanist, would eall a Howe;, is no tlowci' at all : 
 il is ai: involuci' of four whili' Ii-avcs, iusiiU^ of whieli is 
 
 iii'di while llowcrs, ui>x\ ciicli il'iWi'r 
 iii'iiv, and the hi'^d of 
 
 a lu'au IM small. l;t(m 
 
 ilni'''il nito a 
 
 in the fall is m; 
 
 flowoi's inioa liuurh ol' l^'i'iies ; the olaut is oul 
 
 \ a lew 
 
 inches 
 
 high 
 In ditclu 
 
 s (_'V(M'vw!n-iv ina\' now li lonii'i ili • l>i'ool 
 
 linn.' S]»ei'ilwcll, a strong growing ]i|;int wiMi tlii;',k 
 
 ■ihinv 1 
 
 I'avcs, iieariiiLi' snikt's ol lihu* llowcr; 
 
 Till' Thynui-leavet^i Speedwcdl will in)\\ he lound in 
 
 the H(ddf 
 
 Tl 
 
 H'. i)IUl'-OVlMl-n'l';l,^s is a \"l 
 
 ■r\- (k'Ueate II 
 
 iW'r iJToU'- 
 
 ing in Wfi iniiidows : tlu Icivos arc grass-like, and it 
 luis an unilx'l of very pretty hlue llowci's which opeu 
 and wither in a day, su ceiM.'ding eai.'li oth-r for some 
 time, in tin.! same umliel. 
 
 In the bogs, tlu; LabiMijnr tea is now putting firth ha 
 blossoms of luiiv \\hite : llie leaves arc recurved and 
 covered licnealh with ni.sty (Jowi! : it 'iri^ws \n a g.iod- 
 si/ed bush, anci its white lidx^-ei's t'orin ,i p)ea<iiig ciiii- 
 trast to the decji rose of tic Kalmia erowing iiy its side. 
 The 1 
 
 eaves arc useu 
 
 as a sub.4it;ite tor tea and lor 
 
 imps 
 
 and possess some uareolic ]iropcrties. 
 
 The ( )xalis Striela, with yellow llowcrs, in jilaighed 
 fields, and the < )xa!is aeetosella, witli white and purple 
 
 I 
 
 ,'fc,, 
 
 ■■■:fcl;l 
 
 
t!i^'. 
 
 L'TG — 
 
 flowers, in the woods, may almost be calleii our sensi- 
 tive jilants ; tlii'y shut uji their lei-Ves and <^i) to sleep 
 at ni;;lit, aial oii the a]»|(roach of rain. These jilants 
 are used in ICurope to ;^iv(! an aeid llaNour to soup. 
 (Jxalie Aeid and Salt of Soircl were formerly made 
 from them ; now they are made from su^ar. 
 
 Linna.'Us, \\hosc enthusiasm f(ir llowci's was sueh 
 thiit he went down Ujion his knees ;ind thanked (iod 
 that he Iiad lived to see a furze bush in i'uU liower, has 
 j^iven his name to run" lovely twin-tlower (Linna-a 
 liorealis) wliieh is now in full l)loom ; the llowers are 
 twins upon on<i stalk, IVom which they lian<f as roseate 
 bells ; the interior of the corolla is filleil wilh ilown.and 
 the tlowei's sti'ew the eurth with lavish jirofuseness and 
 scent the air all around. 
 
 i have often been led to the discovery of these 
 llowers from tlir^ir I'ich ]ierl'unu'. In the month of. June, 
 the Kaywort, a composite tlower with yellow heads, and 
 aI)out oiK'-iind-a-half to two feet high, aliounds in wet 
 places liy the side of running sti'eanis. Tlie Anemone, 
 So fanK)Us in Plnglish song', is ])rinci]ially represented 
 by Anemone I'ennsylvanica ; it gro\,s in masses on 
 wet banks, the leaves arc in whorls and the white 
 ilowers measure from one to one and a half inches 
 across slight observation will reveal the fact that the 
 ilower has not b(»th se])als and i)etals; M'hen such is 
 the case it is always customaiy to say that the jietala 
 are ^vanting, and the Ihnver is regarded as consisting of 
 colored se])als. 
 
 The Corydalis grows ]ilentifully on recently cleared 
 land, amid the charred stumj)S of trees, and often on 
 the sides of gravel pits. In June it is in full bloom, 
 growing about two feet high, with beautifully cut 
 leaves and a panicled raceine of white, yellow and red 
 llowers." The want ofs]iac(i i)recluiles descri])tion of 
 numy other wild llowers jieculiar to June — Smilacina 
 Kacemosa, Solomon's Seal, the Pitcher I'lant, (Sarra- 
 cenia Purpurea, &:c.) The Forget-me-not (Myosotis 
 
1277 
 
 Piilnstris), is liixuriiitit at Lako Calvaire — the, (Icr- 
 niaiidcr S|i(!('(1\vl.'IK tound at roiiitf Levis — the 
 ((KiKitliiTa Puniila — a kind of small Mveiiiiij^- I'riiiivosc 
 — tlu! I'yrola liotuinlit'olia-coiiiiiioii round lS|)i)iicer 
 Wood — the Jsland of Orleans; the Sileiie liitlala, or 
 Blad(h'r (.\unpion — tlu? sweet scent(!d Yellow Mellilot 
 — the White \'iinow — Uk; I'miudla — the I'erforated 
 St. John's Woit, liinious for rierinau maidens wishing 
 to draw iuiijni'v of niaii'iai'e or death durinti; the coniinj? 
 year. 
 
 Juno 2, ISSJ. 
 
 Til 
 
 
 ijir!? 
 
 
 n 
 
 uri; .iULV wiLii ri.iiwEits. (1) 
 
 " 'riicre is a lesson in oacli tiowor, 
 A stoi'y in eacii stit'iuu iiud bower ; 
 On every herl> on wlii(^li y^ni treail 
 Are written words wiiit^ii riirlitiy I'oad 
 Will Icatl from eartli's fragrant sod 
 To hojjc and holiness, and God. 
 
 Al.t.AX Cl'.\XI\OIIAM. 
 
 Tlui short sketch of" Our June Wild Flowers," 
 closed v.itii an allusion to the jierforated 8t. John's 
 
 (1) Our correspondent f'om Havensoliffe differs from Mi'. 
 Sturton. 
 
 " r must, says Mr. F., take issue with ^fr. Stui'ton as to the 
 at>undan(H^ of wild tlowrrs in.Iuly. My ohservation is that of all 
 our months of vegrtation -'ily is the least prolilic in varieties 
 of wild ilowers. Mv I' ' for .luly is singularly limited. It is 
 true that some of ne ilowers linger into early July, t>ut 
 
 they are on the de me. 
 
 Smooth Sweet (Jecillv, 
 
 Cat Mint, 
 
 May Weed, 
 
 Blue Weed, 
 
 Purple Fringed Orchis. 
 
 Wihl Mint, 
 
 rii.' Weed, 
 Yellow Wat.'r Lily, 
 Wood Nettle, 
 Lamhs (^uurtei', 
 Purslane. 
 
— 27S — 
 
 Wort, " fiiiiiuus for miiidciis wi.sliiii,!4 to draw iiui^ury 
 of miirriiii,'e or death in tlu! foiniii<f year." I oinilted, 
 howuver, tlirou^li lack of .s])iice, soiiu! of tlio most 
 tom'liiii<i lines cvci' ])C'iiniMl on this ( rC'"'niun custom of 
 •ialhcrinu this hcrh (in the e\i' of St. John : to atone 
 for this iMoi'e than viiniul .sin, hit this sweet efl'u.siou 
 now <4o forth : — 
 
 lk(;hni) or tiik st. .n»iiss' vvdht. 
 
 " Tlic vnuiii; iiiaifl ~li)lc tliiDii^li tlir ('ott;i''(' dooi', 
 
 .\ii.l MiisIkmI M> si 
 
 ic soiiL'ht tlic 11 
 
 l:nit 
 
 1)1 pOUlM' 
 
 'I'liitii silviT ;;lii\\-\vcnin, ( » Ifinl me tliy li,i.'li 
 
 J nuist giitln'i- tlic mystic St. .lolm's woit In iiiirlit — 
 
 Tlic womlcil'iil liPili whose leal' iiuist di'cidc 
 
 It' the ('(Miiiiij; ycai' shall make iiic a, Inidc 
 
 And 1 lie :.di)\v-\vni 111 caiiu^ 
 
 With its silvciT tlaiiic, 
 
 .And siiiirklcd iind shone 
 
 'riirdiiLTli the iii.:.'ht ol' St. .lohii : 
 "^Vliilc it simile 1)11 the jdaiit as it hl(imne<l in its priile, 
 And snciii h.is the ymiii;.' maid her lo\cd<ii()t tied. 
 
 With uoi.- 
 
 (less trcai 
 
 To her chaiiihcr she 
 
 Wheic the s|i 
 ]!lo())ll here. 1 
 
 ■tral 
 
 iiiioii her wliite beams sIk.mI 
 
 iliiiini lie!-e, thnu | ilaiit nf |(()\ver, 
 To deck the yipiiii^' hride in hi'i' hrid:il limu'; 
 
 1* plant oi' power, 
 
 lead, th, 
 
 But it di()]>|)ed its 1 
 And du' 1 the mute 
 And a witlii'icd wreath on the jiroiind it li 
 
 111 of I III voiceless llowei', 
 
 And 
 
 pale on iicr hier t he youiiu' in 
 
 lid lav 
 
 •y. 
 
 when ;i year lia'l pas-ed away, 
 And the ,!_dow-\\()rin came 
 With its silvery llanie, 
 .'\nil sparkle(l and shone 
 
 T 
 
 irouL'h tne n: 
 
 th 
 
 .'ht of St. Jolm 
 
 Ami tlii'y closed the cold l' rave o'l^r the maid's cold clay 
 (hi the d;iv that w.as meant lor lier hridal day." 
 
 11 
 
 (iw would it U( 
 
 ) !() ri;ii Si. .lolm's Wort, on the eve 
 of that day dear to Queliec, the maple and the beaver : 
 La *S/. Ji'dii liiijil'islc, or elst' to select that still more 
 widely atisjiitdons djiy (Ist July) sin-red to otir luxsoent 
 enrpire, jtassing dear to all Caiia<ia, Jhnnluiou IJujj. 
 

 T can recall anions many pleasant ilay-dreanis, au 
 lioiir siicnt on one <if uur l)uniini(.ii Days care- 
 lessly lloi'i inj,' over the calm ho.som ol" Kclio j»ay, on 
 Lake St. Charles, in a hirch caiioe iiiijielletl Ity the 
 vigorous, emhrowiied arm of old Sioui, luul glidiiiL; 
 n(ji,seless under a sidtry thoiinh serene sky, amiilst the 
 yellow and white watei-lilirs throiin;h the narrows 
 towai'ds the cool retreats ol' the s|)eekli'(l trout. Xo 
 sound, excejjt the nvnijc ripjile en used liy our frail 
 canoe, hlendinjj; witii the warble ol' the hermit-thrush, 
 iti the overhanuinn' woods, or the occasional screecli of 
 a Kiii;4lislier, siiiini;' meditatim^'ly on a dry twig, oi' the 
 dismal moan ol a loiui llnatiuL;' over ihi' ri|i]iling surface 
 of tlu' placid wali'i's. It was iuderil the time to repeat 
 witji Idow ilt : 
 
 m 
 
 ■ : " ; 
 
 ■ % 
 
 ' ' 'H 
 
 1 
 
 . ?J 
 
 ''i"is MiiiuntM' — joyous siimiiK'r time ! 
 In noisy towns no nioro iiiiitli'; 
 The ciirtli is I'lili <»t' I'li'liant tliiuL's, 
 (U'yiciimin;: lloucrs und i^luncing wings 
 iir.'uity ioiiljoy on ovriy siilr." 
 
 And such Iii'in'ht, ulor 
 
 loll- 
 
 ^(ililen lilies expanding 
 
 their corollas and lloating to the surface, i'i;minding you 
 of Felicia lleiiian's jilii'.s. 
 
 ( I lii'iiutilul lliou art 
 
 Thou s(Mi1ipIiii 
 
 I'-iikc ii 
 
 n<l >liiii'iv river Queen, 
 
 Crowning tjp' ijepllis as wiili tiie light serent 
 
 ( )l a piu'e hi'art ! 
 
 Bright i.ily of the Wiive, 
 Rising with IVai'less graee witii evei'v swell, 
 TliDU seeni'st as if a spirit iiiecl<iy ln'ave 
 
 JJwolt in thv cell.'' 
 
 Ere we hegiu tlie eiinmcualion of tiie most stricking 
 ofour.Iuly Wild i-'iowers, let us a^ain horrow from 
 Mr. 8turton. — " At no other jieriinl dl' ilie year is the 
 earth clothed witli.-c rich a covering as in didy; every 
 mountain, meadow, l>og, and piece of water, now teems 
 "svith b(!autilul llowers, and his liearl must he cidd 
 indeed that has never warmed w ith love for the Creator, 
 
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 IMAGE EVALUATION 
 TEST TARGET (MT-3) 
 
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 Photographic 
 
 Sciences 
 Corporation 
 
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 23 WEST MAIN STREET 
 
 WEBSTER, NY. 14S80 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 — 280 — 
 
 amid such scenes of beauty and joy, when surrounded 
 by such resplendent beauty. I can liken it to nothing 
 except the trees laden with dangling jewels in the story 
 of Aladin : and who does not perceive that the jewels 
 are more splendid hanging from a tree than if thrown 
 into a heap, I believe Sir David Brewster is right, that 
 diamonds arc unopened Inids ; at any rate I mean to 
 believe it, if nobody else will." 
 
 IV 
 
 " Evorywhero about us <aro they glowing 
 Some like stars, to tell us spring is come ; 
 
 Others their blue eyes with tears overflowing, 
 Stand like lluth amid the golden corn." 
 
 Longfellow. 
 
 In oar last, Ave were induced to preface our sketch 
 of July Wild Flowers, with a few familiar remarks 
 and quotations calculated to exhibit them v/ith the 
 graces which poesy can lend ; let us now mention by 
 name some of the most striking members of this fair 
 sisterhood. We shall award the first place to Ferns, one 
 of the crowning glories of the Gomin woods. Bijou 
 marsh, etc., in July. 
 
 Our native Ferns— over forty varieties — belong to a 
 very numerous class, comjjrising more than 3,000 
 species. There were, however, but 180 known to the 
 great Swedish botanist Linnteus, the friend of the 
 savant and botanist 1 lerr Peter Kalm, to whom Mr. W. 
 Kirby in Le Chien d'Or, novel introduces us so 
 pleasantly, when Kalm visited Quebec, in 17^8 — the 
 guest of Governor La Galisonniere, at the Chateau St. 
 Louis. 
 
 Linnreus' classification of the Ferns, with some 
 modern improvements, still prevails. 
 
— 281 
 
 We learn that the taste for cultivating Ferns began 
 at ]*erlin, about the year 1820 ; the Germans then can 
 claim the honor of tirrt introducing them to ]irominent 
 public notice. Leipsic, Vienna, lirussels, and subse- 
 quently England followed suit, when Joh\i Smith, then 
 curator of the Kew liotanic Gardens, soon gathered 
 there a collection which had few equals. Canadian 
 Ferns are noticeable for their gracefulness and diversity, 
 not for their si/e, — like some of the gigantic Australian 
 Tr(!e-Ferns. 
 
 Not wishing to scare the young student by an array 
 of jaw-breaking latin words, we will give the popular 
 names of the lu-st known Canadian Ferns (Vom Paxton's 
 Hand Book of Cantulhi.n Ferns — a small manual 
 issued from the press of Middleton i^' Dawson, Quebec, 
 in 18G8, by John Taxton, then gardener to Mrs. James 
 Gibb, at Woodneld. 
 
 ]. Adder's Tongue Fern. 23. Polypody, Common. 
 
 ']. lii ''hcii. Common. 24. " Thiee-lirauchcd. 
 
 3. ^: Ider Feni, " 2'>. " Woodland. 
 
 4. " " Sleniler. 20. " Winged. 
 
 5. Beech '' 27. Kock Bmke, rurplo. 
 
 6. Buckler Fern, Terminal. 2S. " Slender. 
 
 7. " " Prickly. 29. Rattlesnake Fern. 
 
 8. " " Holly-leaved. 30. Royal " 
 
 9. " " Sweet-scent'd 31. Spleen Wort, Common. 
 
 10. Chain " Common. 32. " Silvery. 
 
 11. Cinnamon" 33. " Green. 
 
 12. Clayton's In terrup ted 34. " Black-stalked. 
 
 
 Flowering Fern. 
 
 35. 
 
 " Narrow 
 
 ■iVond'd 
 
 13. 
 
 Gossamer Fern. 
 
 3(j. 
 
 Shi(,'ld Fern, Common. 
 
 14. 
 
 Heart's Tongue " 
 
 37. 
 
 I'ern Swamp. 
 
 
 15. 
 
 Hair '< 
 
 38. 
 
 " Crested. 
 
 
 16. 
 
 Lady " 
 
 39. 
 
 " MarL'iiial-fiui 
 
 ted. 
 
 17. 
 
 Moonwort, Common, 
 
 40. 
 
 " Now York. 
 
 
 18. 
 
 " Tall. 
 
 41. 
 
 (toldie's Fern. 
 
 
 19. 
 
 " Dwarf. 
 
 42. 
 
 Sensitive " 
 
 
 20. 
 
 Maiden hair. 
 
 43. 
 
 Wood " 
 
 
 21. 
 
 Ostrich Fern. 
 
 44. 
 
 Walking " 
 
 
 22. 
 
 Oak " 
 
 45. 
 
 Woolv " 
 
 
 Amateurs would doubtless, — by consult iu'j; some of 
 the experienced landscaj^e-gardeners at Cataraqui, Ben- 
 
 i; 
 
 if' 
 
 ii 
 
 
 -. , \ 
 
 ■■t:i 
 
 %M 
 
— 282 — 
 
 more, Beauvoir, Marchraout, Hamwood, &c,, — acquire 
 most valuable hiuts how to identify, cultivate, and where 
 to find the above fronded plants. 
 
 Before closing these concise remarks, we may state 
 that Ferns are cultivated in diverse ways : 
 
 1" From their s])ures, or seeds, deposited in pots with 
 earth in a damp, still, warm atmosphere. 
 
 2" In artificial Ivockeries, made out of " massive 
 fraffments of old mossy rocks, &c.," placed near a steep 
 bank, if possible, and well shaded from the south by 
 trees. It re(|uires of course some art, in order to give to 
 these structures the needed ruggedness of outline, &c., 
 to imilate nature. 
 
 3" I5y forming out of tree-stumps and damp mould 
 a Iiootery with a suitably shaded asjiect, against the 
 wall if possible, — a cherished home for several varieties 
 of Feins. 
 
 4" The most interesting method for growing Ferns 
 in dwellings is in the Wardian Case, whether in tlie 
 soil or with miniature roekwork introduced, — a most 
 attractive ornament for the tlrawing-room, <;s{)ecially 
 during those fro-ty UKUiths in which King Hie ins reigns 
 su|ireme and scowls at jturfci'irs and ))leasiire grounds. 
 
 The Wardian tJas(! is susce]»tible of assuming any 
 sha|K^ or size ; it was invented about LSoO, Ity an 
 enthusiastic Lomlou wiiidow-gaideuer — X. W. Ward. 
 
 Mr. I'axtou's Ilaii'l liook (■ontains anijdc details on 
 all tluise points. Kockeries, Ivooteries, Wanlian Cases, 
 have now l»ei'n introducH'd with success lor stiveral 
 years, at theSillery and Sle. Foyc Villas, and at Mr. Ily. 
 Atkinson's residence at Ktcheiuiii. 
 
 •Inly is the mouih to seek in swampy grounds the 
 Puriile-lMiiiged ()rcliis, the sjiikc of which resembles 
 a stalely hyacinth ; tin; siikly Ifciiltane growing one 
 or two ieet high, with its veineil tlnwei', soiuiiwhat like 
 that of the Potato — in the Cove Fielils and often on 
 the (ilacis; that medicinal ])lant, the Hemlock, the 
 fatal juice of which filled the fatal cup of Socrates, a 
 
— 283 — 
 
 tall plant like Parsley with a s])otted stem ; the Willow 
 Herb, callec' in Canada tht Fire Weed, a splendid 
 plant " g^o^'. ing from two to six feet high, branching 
 out like a little tree and bearing splendid pink flowers " ; 
 " the seed pods of which, " says Mr. Stnrton, " are 
 full of cottony down, which acts as sails to the seeds 
 and enables the wind tr) bear them far away so that 
 its flower lias spreud over the whole North tem[»erate 
 zone and encircles the eiirth as a girdle." 
 
 Look out in July for the " poisonous Dogbane " with 
 its milky juice and tough bark, and its elegant pinkish 
 white bell-shajied corolla. This jnetly but redoutable 
 plant grows in abuudaiici', 'tis said, on the Gouiin Koad 
 and the Isle of Orleans ; the Jhtlllxirda rej)nns is a 
 creei»ing ]ilant m ilh pretty white llowers. " The Suc- 
 cory, a blue composite tlower, is now eummon by r(jad- 
 sides and elsewhere ; this ]ilant, knitwn to our peasants 
 as Chicort'e, ])ossesses economical value ; the roots 
 washed, roasted, aiul ground are sold as a substitute for 
 coflee ; the young shoots in early spring make good 
 salad, especiiilly when forced like sea-kale;. 
 
 The true rartridge-buiry i- a pn^tly creeiting ever- 
 green ]»lant gr()\\in<,f in the woods ; the k-avt-s are small, 
 thick and shining; it has two ]a''jlty white; flowers 
 rising from one ovary, so that tin; two llowers only 
 make one berry, the two eyes of which still show where 
 the flowers were. As the leaf is pretty and it has 
 always either elegant white ih'wers or beautiful bril- 
 liant red berries, it might be iniroduced for cultivation 
 as a house plant, allowing it to hang down the sides of 
 the pot. 
 
 The Chimaphila,a luaut oftln. sub-ordi-r Tyrola, is now 
 in ilower in tlu! woods; it i.-. oiie of our most lii-antiful 
 flowers and well deserving of iicing cultivated, as well 
 as imitated in wax work. Ibit alas ! i iind I must cut 
 short the enthusiastic discour.-e of niv yuiile to our dulv 
 Wild Flowers, in order not to tresjiass too much, on the 
 space allotted in this paper. 1 have only time to jot 
 
 ! ',,.1, 
 
 : .1^ 
 
 . ^ 
 
 u^imn. 
 
 .M I 
 

 u ■ 
 
 'i ■■ 
 
 * If 
 
 — 284 — 
 
 down tlie names of other summer beauties, such as our 
 Yellow Canadian Lily, n;. /re gaudy even than Solomon 
 in all his glory, the ^lullein, the (ihost Flower, Indian 
 Pipe, the wild Asparagus, the Lysiinachia Stricta, tho 
 wild Chamomile, the Forget-me-nfit, the Arrow Head, 
 IJlue Iris, white and yellow Water-Lilies, Rudheck's 
 Suuilover, i^'c, i^c, an endless array of summer bloom 
 and fragrance. 
 
 Earnest votary of Flora, y»ray, follow Mr. Sturton's 
 advice and devote a spare day or more, in sultry duly, 
 to viewing our wild llowers, in their native haunts, 
 without forgetting to eall on that fascinating family, 
 the Ferns, and you are sure to 11 nd them, as Miss Mai- 
 denhair tells yon : — 
 
 " In tlio cool and quiet iionkn, 
 
 By the side of riiiinin.ir brooks ; 
 In tlio forest's green retreat' 
 
 With tlu' branches over liead, 
 Nestling at the old tree's I'eet, 
 
 Choose wo there our mossy bed. 
 
 H,.,. 
 
 On tall cliffs that woo the breeze, 
 Where no human f'oot-stei) presses. 
 
 An<l no »!ye oiu' beauty sees, 
 There we wave our maiden tresses." 
 
 Sillery, IstJulv, 18S4. 
 
 'l 
 
 < 
 
 'if': 
 
 * !.■>' 
 
 li » 
 
 
 
 
 OUIl AUGUST WILD FLOWERS. 
 
 " In August, says Mr. Sturton, we jterceive that the 
 year has reached its prime and that every week, as it 
 l)asses, tells of the fall of the year. The yellow flowers 
 begin to strive for the mastery in color, for there is a 
 
 ■V- .i. 
 
— 2So — 
 
 beautiful gvacUitiou of color acconliuj,' to the latitude of 
 the |ilace ami season of the yciir : in the tropics and 
 during suininer-tinie in teiupeiate climes, red ilowers 
 most al)ound ; in soniewliat high latitudes and the 
 colder seasons of tein]ierate clinics, yellow jiredoininates, 
 and then in high latitudes and cold climates ami seasons, 
 the wliite. The knowledge of many of these simjile laws 
 adds much to the interest of the study of nature, and 
 nature is all beautiful and full of life. iJooks are lifeless 
 things, dried Ilowers are only for the botanist; give lue 
 flowers, real living Ilowers full of life and joy. 
 
 " The month of August, says Mr. Fiiirohild, is full of promise 
 of ourGohU'ii St'ptcnilji'r. Evoiv wayside is l)riglit with vari- 
 coloreil astt'rs ami gol<U>ii-rnds, and along our water-courses 
 the gentians and i'eatliery headed seeds of the clematis vine 
 are pretty to look ui»on. My August list is as follows : 
 
 Hawk Wiied, 
 
 Hog Weed, 
 
 Kattlesnake Root. 
 
 White Asters, "j 
 
 Purple .\st((rs, -great variety, 
 
 Blue Asters, J 
 
 rJolden Kods, (great variety) 
 
 ]\rusk Mallow, 
 
 Fringed (tenti.in, 
 
 Closed (lentian. 
 
 Sedges, 
 
 Willi ^lorning Glory. 
 
 In the bogs we may now find the Sundew. 
 
 " I owe no grudge to any one unless it be to the gen- 
 tleman who tries to drain the Goinin bog, for if he 
 succeeds all my Ilowers are gone ; I do not wish him 
 any ill, but I often wish in my heart he may Ije ballled 
 in all his attempts to drain that jtrecious 1; »g. The 
 Sundew is a singular little llower; the leaves are of 
 brownish green, hairy and covered with a secretion 
 like dew ; the naked scape bears a one-sided raceme of 
 Ilowers. 
 
 The Lobelia Cardinalis, one of our most splendid 
 flowers, is now in full bloom near Luke St. Charles ; it 
 grows from two to four feet high ; the leaves are 
 lanceolate-obloug, the Ilowers are of a deep-red, very 
 showy. In England I reg;inled them in the fall as 
 the pride of my garden, having them planteil in my 
 
 m;-;! 
 
 m' 
 
 ;ij^ 
 
 r-vM 
 
 
w 
 
 ^ 
 
 .1.4,, 
 ■'1.' 
 
 •;'■,:■■ 
 
 •i i 
 
 — 28G — 
 
 centre bed opposite the arbour, wliore we often spent 
 many pleasant hours. 
 
 Of all the ilowers of the Fall, the fiinged Gentian is 
 the most lovely. I shall never forget the first time I 
 saw a largo bed of it fully open in the sunshine, at the 
 Isle of (3rleans : the soft bright azure lilue, the beau- 
 tiful fringe, the immense Tuass of flowers and the unex- 
 ])ected way in which 1 suddenly came upon them, fdled 
 me with surjjrise and delight ; I was not aware of my 
 ecstacies till they were commented upuu. " 
 
 TO TIIK FllINCED (IKNTIAN. 
 
 Thou blossom Krij^lit with autumn dew, 
 Ami colored with tho heaven's own l)lue, 
 That opeiiost when tho ((uiet lijrht, 
 Succeeds tho keen and frosty night. 
 
 Thou comost not when violets lean, 
 
 O'ei' wandering hiooks and springs unseen, 
 
 Or coluniliines in piiriile dressi-d, 
 
 Xod o'er the ground-hird's hidiUm nest. 
 
 Thou waiiest late, and comest alone, 
 When woods are h.u'e, and birds are ilown, 
 And frost, and shortiMiiiig days jportend, 
 The aged year is ni>ar its end. 
 
 Then doth tliy swe^t, and (|uiet eye. 
 I.ook tlii'ough its fringfs to the sky, 
 r.hie— Mile- as il tiiat sky l.-t fall' 
 A flower fmui its ocrulean wall. 
 
 I would th.'it thus, when I siiall see 
 The hour of death dra\v near to nie 
 lidjn' iilo.-soming witiiin my heart, 
 ^lay look to Heaven as I (h^jiart. 
 
 Wll.MAM (.'ri.r.KX BltYAXT. 
 
 '.He'. 
 
— 287 — 
 
 These Gentians must be seen where they <,'Vow, lo 
 win the admiration tlieir beiinty deserves. The I'itcher 
 riant and many of our wilil Howers whieh are sold in 
 the market, are jujor, dried, withered s})eciinens enm- 
 pared with the same as seen growing in Iheir own 
 localities. 
 
 The flowers which especially char.icterize the flora of 
 this ])art of North Anieiica aiv, now in full l)looni. The 
 Yellow Solidii^os or (loldcn rod, may he seen on 
 ]\Iountain Hill and every luidLte-rnw ami way-side. 
 
 The Michaelmas Daisy with its blue, while, and 
 tinted flowers crowds every vacant place ; these look 
 very beautiful in the fields, l»ut they balUe every effort 
 to group them into an elegant boU([ue{. ; they are loose 
 and untidy, and yet they are. very beautiful as they 
 grow. Wc have many varieties both of (lolden Kod 
 and Michaelmas Daisy. 
 
 The Sph'diiflH'i-i ()!■ Ladies' Tres.-es, is a very sweel 
 scented Orchis, with while lb wers j.jii.'cd as a spiral 
 round the flower stalk ; I have found tbem near New 
 Liver])ool (luchemiu) and the oulskiits of the (loiuin 
 Wood, but tiiis is one of those plants which is apt lo 
 change its habit f;om year to year. 
 
 The ]iuipk! Eu].;itorium is a coarse, slrong-giowiug 
 ]')lant, two or three i'cvt \\\<*h ; in low wet grounds its 
 cornposUe flov/eis forju large purple heudstbat are more 
 renunkable than lumutiful. A while Kupatorium (1u;j u- 
 torium jvrioliatuni) may lie found in tla^ same lo(Mli!y 
 a little later in the season ; this is a more sleuth r jikuit 
 than the last. 
 
 The Snake's Head is ;i ■•Irwiig ginw iu- j^kint ; the 
 flowersare white, sligblly lintt-d ; ibi y aie ainiost c'.wsi d 
 and inflated, the iusi(b' is vt-ry wodliv ; llie lloweis aie 
 very closidy crowded logi'tber. 
 
 In s( nie ])arts of the Island (i.T < )i|i aus) tin.' bu.>hes 
 are richly oruanienttd witli the iSiaeied IJimiweed, a 
 beautiful climbing jdant of the ciaivolvulus fanuly ; ilie 
 flowers are large, very delicate and beau.lifully tinted ; 
 
 mil 
 
 \r 
 
 )$v.» 
 
 ^^i] 
 
1 ; 
 
 Kl >- ' 
 
 w 
 
 
 ' F^. 
 
 
 
 : ■■•:.'( 
 
 •» I. 
 
 I ' ■ 
 
 
 — 288 — 
 
 it is our most liuinlsoino climlKii'. Tliis fatiiily in furci;,'!! 
 climes iiu'ludcs niiniy viilniiWe nu'tlicimil pliints, as the 
 ►Swi!iiiii(»iiy, .riiliiji, &('. 
 
 [n ditches we sh;ill soon lintl the Touch-ino-not, a 
 siHitted, yelhtw tlower, soinetirmis culled (at (J»iit!hec) the 
 (Jaiiuiy llower, though vciy enoiuMJiisly, ff)r thiit iiiinie 
 buh)ii,u;s to the Troin'ohi nt ca luii'icnsi'. The heatitit'ul 
 i,'i'e(!ii leaves and l)ri<j;ht yellow CiOinricuxe. llnwei's of 
 the Touch-me-not, form a jdeasint,' contrast and jrivean 
 attractive a]>]K'arance t(» diLchcs, whiitli otlierwist; would 
 not be vciy temjttiny. If the seeds and llowius of this 
 ]ilant are examined they will he fouml to resemble the 
 Balsam, to which family they belong,'. 
 
 The Narl)alns, oi' llattlesnakeroot is a tall jdant, gen- 
 erally found associated with the (iolden Rod and 
 ^lichacdmas Daisies. 
 
 In the f:ill, seeds and fruit form a very attractive 
 study, numy of our beiries licing more handsome than 
 the (lowers they have succeeded : I may instance the 
 brilliant red and snow white berries of the Actia, the 
 deejt blue of the (Jlintonia, the t^visted stem, and the 
 netted, veined berries of the Smilacinas." 
 
 I'iVE LITTLE WHITE IIEAUS. 
 
 Five littlo white heads peeped out of tlje mold, 
 
 When tlie dew was damp and tlie ni^ilit was cold ; 
 
 And they crowded their way thion<.'h the soil with pride, 
 
 " llunaii ! We are -.'oiiig to he mushrooms ! " they cried. 
 
 But the sun came up, and the sun shone down 
 And the little whitt- heads were shriveled and brown ; 
 Long were their faces, their pride had a tall — 
 They were nothing but toad-stools, after all. 
 
 — Walter Learned, in St. Nicholas. 
 
 
 
 ■1' 
 
L>80 
 
 WILD CUUKiil'SIS. 
 
 '.'i 
 
 • yii 
 
 A sea of Moasoms, ^.'oMcii as tlit' ulow 
 
 (►findiniii^; sinilinlit on a wiml rookt'd liay, 
 Bciioatli tlio lirci'Zi- <»f this ran> aiituiiin day 
 
 Ilt^aves in soft imdiilatioii to ainl iro; 
 
 Lik(! iiisciioi'. float iiij: o'ri' tin' inarsli Ix'low, 
 Coim! IVa.iiiaiit odois of tlic latiMuowii hay ; 
 IJcyoiid, ill lianiioiiy oljirci-n aiitl >;ray, 
 
 Tlie taiM'iing taiaaraoks towor iti stately row. 
 
 Ami wadinji through th<' shiininerinji waves with song 
 r|>oii his lips, a t'air-hairt'd y<iiith I sfc, 
 Wlio swings otl tht' sallVon lilossoin Itolls ; 
 
 Back roil tlie ytvirs — a uioliun'holy throng — 
 And I Ix'hc'ld in s(!a-,!,'irt Si(tily 
 Thoocritus umid tho asphodels! 
 
 CmSTDN ScOLLAIiD. 
 
 •V V 
 
 19 
 
 Ir^i 
 
 
CIIAMl'LAIN'S TOMi;. 
 
 1 ' 
 
 1 
 
 " A NUT von ANTIQUAi:li;.S TO CKACK." 
 
 Uiuler this sngj^ostivu liciidiny, tliuri! wow puMisliud 
 in our liisUtric cily, in LSlJlj, suvunil lively, li'unit'<l 
 (lls{iuisiti(tns, with tlio nl)ji!ct, ii itraise worthy one, 
 assuredly, of (l('tt!rniinin,L,' the spot \vhen', in ii scittilcre 
 pii liiciillci', were dejiosited tlu; jireeious reiniiiiis of the 
 foun(h;r of (.^uelKM-, Samuel de L'hiiin|iliiiii, (Kiceased as 
 well all know, in the Fort ISaiiit- Louis, on Christmas 
 Day, ICo'.. 
 
 The ]iul)lie discussion, for a time an acrimonious one, 
 was eoniincil to the AMm's Laverdiere and (.'ast^n'ain, 
 on one side; on th(! other, to Mr. Stanislas Drajieau, 
 a j)ainstakin<f C^uehec journalist. (He died March, IS'.Kl). 
 
 Some recent excavations (tf the city enj^ineer, ]\Ir. 
 U'Donnell, in connection with the city water-works, 
 esjiecially those in Sous-le-Fort street, at the imme- 
 diate foot of Breakneck steps, had siirung the mine of 
 imti(|uarian curiosity. 
 
 A subterranean vault, it was uryed, had been exhu- 
 med by Mr. O'Donnell, eontaininn; a fraynuMitary, in- 
 complete but conclusive proof, in the way of an inscri])- 
 tion, inilicatiiiL; it as the " scpulere jiaiticulier." alluded 
 to in the dociiuKUits : such was the conclusion arrived 
 at by Messrs. La veriliere and Casurain: a brother of the 
 craft, however, complained that his share in this glorious 
 discovery had been, in a measure, ignored. 
 
 He further urged that the conclusion arrived at 
 seemed to him ])remature and required further confir- 
 mation. Laverdiere and Casgrain, however, carried the 
 day. For nine years at least, the belief b<?came pretty 
 
901 
 
 gentji'iil that ClruM|iliiiu had l)ooii buried iit the foot of 
 tho Hruakiicck .stcits, iit Iht; inisteni point of Litth'. 
 Chiim|ihiiii street. Cidtiireil foreij,'ii tourists, used fil 
 tlie lo(.'iil inlliieiiee they eoiUd coiniiiiiiid to |trol»e, hy ])er- 
 soiiiil itispiH'tioii, this worrying,' seei'et (»f the past ; some, 
 tho most intrepid amoii;L,' them, wlieii iiol too portly, 
 tried to sipiee/.e themselves down Ihi.' narrow trap 
 leadi 
 
 in<,' to llii' (limniiitivi' ilireuhineum undfr Sous-Ie- 
 Fort sirei't, to study, on the spot, tht! mysterious inseriji- 
 tion and I'opy it. 
 
 Slcndrr toiiii>is mii^ht Im- niakin;^' the attempt yet, 
 had not one ol' the ^[I'liteilhs ol' ISilil, th" Alih.' ( 'aNi^rjiin, 
 on tlie 4lli XoviMnltiT, 1S7"», maidy and t'airly conu! 
 out in ]ii'ini in the Ojt'i ii'ntti I'lililiijin', withiirw docu- 
 
 ments (ihl;iinc( 
 
 1 hv 1 
 
 urn since 
 
 isr.i 
 
 I, ea-^Unu niueli iloiiltt 
 
 on his i>revious puMi-hcd o]iinion. In tins i-.sne ol' iht; 
 Montreal j(»urnal the Ahlie ('as^q:ain, after alludini,' to 
 the i>ultlication liy th" i'rinee Sn.iely ol' IJoNtoiiofan 
 Knulish annotated tran.d.il ion of ilit.' vovii'^i's of (.'ii.tm- 
 plain, slates that the puiili'InTs Imve applied to jiim for 
 further infci'ination in ihcir task of annotalin^i,' the 
 passage of Li's (Khci-cx di' <'li'i m/iliii n, ivJiitiiiM- to his 
 death ajid last resting!; plaee ; that in order to layhefoni 
 them every doeunuMil hearing on the suliji-et, the Ahlit' 
 has thought jirojier to give puhlieity to certain docu- 
 ments which have come into his possession since tho 
 ]ml»lieation of his brocliiur, in 18(10, VOpluloii Puhll- 
 qnc, -Ith XovemhiM", 1875.) 'I'he Abbe ('asgrain lays 
 particular stress on a document discovered hy Iiimself 
 and his friend, Abbe Laverdiere, among the historical 
 papers biiijueathed to the Laval I'niversity by G. !>. Fari- 
 bault, I'ast-l'resident of the Literary and Historical 
 Society, and bearing dati^ Idth Fid)i'uary, 1G4-'..). liydint 
 of])atient researches Mr. Casgrain discovered in the 
 archives of the (Jnurt-House other documents explana- 
 tory of the tirst, and by which he makes out that the 
 ('hapellt' lie Cliainphiiii was situatcsd on the site of the 
 present Post OtUoe, in the yard in rear of the same. 
 
 : * 
 
 ■3. 
 
 .*f 
 
i-^'^:;.^ 
 
 ■■■•,"■■■* 
 
 It 
 
 fei 
 
 I / > 
 
 \i 
 
 
 IT 
 
 1-t 
 
 202 
 
 Tlu! Abln', without being too ]M).sitive, candidly confesses 
 that ihi'si! new docunuMits are of a. nature to seriously 
 impugn the position that he. and tlui Ahbi' Lavcrdiere 
 had assumed in placing' the tomb of Champlain in Sous- 
 le-F<iit street, in 1800. 
 
 Future auti(|uaries dealing with the arcaiui of Stada- 
 cona won't lind the occupation a sinecure. 
 
 Till! whereabouts of (Jliamjilain's twmb I there indeed 
 remains a hard nut to eraciv I 
 
 .Much esteemed tourist don't get discouraged. iJring 
 tlu! srjuifcre jtarfu'alU't' from JSous-hi-Fort sti't-et, if 
 you so fancy it. Place it in the yarti of the I'ost Ohice. 
 You can find texts and authorities tor each assumiition. 
 Be conti'ut to aild : 
 
 "Grammatici certant; atihuc sub judice, lis est." 
 
 Sillory, Au<?ust, ISSu. 
 
 The question has been since al)ly debated l)y Dr. N. 
 E. Dionnc, F. IJ. S. C. and in an elaborate paper read 
 before the Litcrnrij iitid Hldoricai Society of (Quebec, 
 on the 12th April, 1883, by Ur. J. Harper, M. A. F. 
 E. I. S. ; the erudite lecturer selected for Ohainplain's 
 Tomb, the declevity on Mountain Hill, to the east, 
 L)Wer down than the site of Prescott Gate, where until 
 1057, had existed the first cemetery of Quebec, given 
 up that year, on account of the springs of water tiltering 
 throu<'h the soil. 
 
 An other Richmond entered the held in March last, 
 an industrious searcher of old plans and deeds, Mr. 
 Thos. O'Leary, In a correspondence over his signature 
 in the (^aehec Dull// Teler/raph of the 21st March last, 
 Mr. O'Leary says: " I believe I can substantiate with 
 reasonable })roof : — 
 
 That the tower of the Basilica on Buade street is 
 built on the site of Ohami)lain's Chapel, and over the 
 tomb in which his body was placed. 
 
 ■♦•I 
 
— 298 — 
 
 That b(»th the chajiels of " Our Lady of Sorrows", 
 and St. Joseph, as wtdl as the arched walls dividinj:,' the 
 centre from the sid(! aisles, are tlie orifjinal ones of the 
 church begun in 1G47 and cnns('crate<l in IGGG. 
 
 That the church first began at the choir end and was 
 extended from time to time u]» to Champlain's Chapel, 
 Avhich thus became a ]»art of the church. 
 
 Thiit it was to have it still bear some distinctive mark 
 from the remaii ler of the churcli thiit the tower was 
 erected over it, thus accounting for the latter's uniisual 
 position. 
 
 That a ceinot(;ry existed at two distinct periods along- 
 side the church on Uuade street, the first on the ground 
 now occupied 1)V the side aisle or " Holy Family 
 Chajiel. " 
 
 That this eeuK^tery was closed not later than 25 or 
 30 years after Champlain's death, when the bodies were 
 taken uj) and removed. 
 
 And that tlie (Jhureh of X.-D. de Kecouverance was 
 on the ])resent site of Buad(^ street. 
 
 In conclusion 1 would say that if Cham])Iaiii's tond) 
 or a trace of it is to be found it will l)e within the four 
 walls and under the chapel of St. Joseph. I would also 
 add that if any of your readers should go into the 
 Basilica they will notice that at first glance the cha])els 
 of " Our Lady of Soirow " and St. Jose])!! ap])ear alike, 
 but such is not the case, the former l)eing some four 
 feet greater in width but of less depth than St. Joseph's, 
 whilst it is almost square." 
 
 Tnos. O'Leaky. 
 
 Quebec, March 17, 1894. 
 
 ^. V 
 
 ii i ' 
 
 '.UW 
 
 
 
mm^ 
 
 ■uu 
 
 ■ ■m 
 
 .'.;■)>;;■ 
 
 r > 
 
 ''ri'^'M 
 
 ii 
 
 TIIK CIIAMPLAIX )10NUMEXT. 
 
 " The long-deferred ytrojoct of a momunent to the 
 founder of Quebec, Siiuiuel de Cluimjilain, is again 
 coming to tlie front, tliis time with better jiiospcct of 
 succ(iss. The idea, however, is not a new one. It 
 originated nenrlv twel\e years l»aek, and then took form 
 as the outcome of a general meeting of the Literary 
 and Ifistofical Soeirfi/ of Qndx'c, as appears by the 
 following extract, ]>iig(! U, Travsacflons ]»rinted in 
 1880. 
 
 " GevtraJ mouthltj meethuj of the Literary and 
 ITidovical Society, held on the %th April, 1870, touch- 
 ing the erection of a statue or nionv nwnt to Sahiuel 
 de Charu'plalii, the founder of Quehcc. " 
 
 At the general monthly meeting, held the 9th A])ril, 
 1879, the President, J. M. LcAloine, introduced in the 
 following terms the la'oject of erecting a monument or 
 statue to the founder of the city, Samuel de Champlain : 
 " Gentlenuxn, 1 am, I thiid<, merely echoing the senti- 
 ments of the four hundred members of this society, 
 I might, ])erhaps, add, of all Quebec, in pressing on 
 your attention the ]»ropriety of commemorating by 
 some outward sign — let me say the word at once — by a 
 suitable monument or statue in one of our public places 
 the nami'. of the illustrious founder of our city, Samuel 
 de Champlain. As a discover,a. geographer, an undaunted 
 leader, a num of h'tters, a Christian gentleman, the 
 founder and first Governor of Quebec must ever live in 
 American annals. Eevered and immortal will be his 
 name ! Close on thirty years of his adventurous career 
 were spent either at the " Abitation de Kebec, " in the 
 lower-town or on the frowning cliff of old Stadacona 
 
\ ■■}{ 
 
 — 295 — 
 
 where stood his famous Fort St. Louis. To enlist your 
 sympathy in this patriotic cause, I need merely mention 
 the subject. At the present moment, our younger 
 sister-city, Montreal, founded in 1642, thirty-four 
 years later than Quebec, is taking the necessary steps, 
 with the aid of citizens of all origins to have erected 
 within two years a monument and statue to its valiant 
 founder, Chomedey de Maisoinieuve. It is time 
 Quebecers should wake up also to a sense of duty — 
 the pleasant duty of keeping green and fragrant the 
 memory of its venerated first Governor, and if it should 
 be the province of any society in particular, by its con- 
 nection with history to favor any such project T think 
 the pleasant task by right belongs to the Literary and 
 Historical Society of Quebec. " 
 
 j\Ioved by Dr. W. Boswell, seconded by James 
 Stevenson, Esij. 
 
 " That the society approves of the above." 
 
 Erecting monuments to historical personages is a 
 very expensive undertaking. T'is not to be accomplished 
 in a day or a year, Scott's superb shaft, on I'rince street, 
 Edinljurgh, cost 880,000. Quebec can afford no such 
 costly stonebust; some place at 1?10,000 ; some at 
 !i'20,000 the probable cost of the monument to our 
 founder. Jlut whatever the structure may be, let us 
 hope it will be worthy of Cham])lain — worthy of 
 Quebec. 
 
 A difhculty, perhaps not unsurmountable, may arise 
 as to the selection of the site for this memorial, from 
 the existence of a clause in the deed of purchase by the 
 City Council, from the Provincial Crovernment, of that 
 portion of the Jesuit estate facing the Basilica, on 
 which the future City Hall is likely to be built. 
 
 Under the terms of the deed, three statues are to be 
 erected on this lot, of whieh Cham])lain's will form one. 
 
 The most fitting place for a monument to the founder 
 of the city is undoubtedly the spot where stood his 
 official residence, known as the historic Fort Saint 
 
•m 
 
 tiir'- 
 
 'h 
 
 m:' 
 
 ,' ''{■■ . 
 
 
 
 — 296 — 
 
 Louis, now Dufferin Terrace ; an additional reason 
 in favor of this selection might bo adduced from 
 the fact that one of the learned antiquaries, the 
 Kevd. abbe H. K. Casgrain, engaged in discussing the 
 ])roblem of the whorealjonts of Chamjilain's tomb, is of 
 opinion that the illustrious first governor's ashes repose 
 on this site, in the space in rear of the i)resent City 
 Post Otiice." 
 
 I ronuiin, dear Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient, 
 
 Quebec, 12th December, 18',)(). 
 
 J, ]\I. LeMoixe. 
 
 (Q. Marning Chronicle.) 
 
 lilf I ' ' 
 
 w:- 
 
 i ff c 
 
 The ])roject, more than once brought forward by the 
 L'devary and H'tdorlcal Soclcfij of Quebec, warmly 
 advocated by the Press and leading citizens of every 
 nationality, is now, we are ha])py to say, in a fair way 
 of being magnificently carried out. Ere three summers 
 shall have cast their sunshine o'er the brow of the his- 
 toric city, a suitable monument to Samuel de Cham- 
 plain, its illustrious founder, will raise its lofty shaft in 
 our midst. 
 
 An earnest a])))eal has been recently nuide and 
 res{)onded to by all classes, for contributions to erect 
 this monument on a site at once the most commanding 
 in the city, and also more directly associated with the 
 high office of its first (lovernor, that of the old Fort 
 St. Louis, now Duflerin Terrace. 
 
 The call for funds was not confined to our citizens 
 and I'ightly so. 
 
 Champlain did even more than found Quebec. 
 
 Is Chamjilain not the father of New Fiance also ? 
 
 Without running counter to history, might he not be 
 
t-.'M 
 
 — 297 — 
 
 reckoned as well, the original founder of the Royal 
 Mount. 
 
 In IGIO, on his third ascent of the St. Lawrence, he 
 reached the spot, where the great commercial metro- 
 ])olis, j\Iontreal, now ])roudly stands, selected a lot of 
 gronn<l for a settlement and called it La Place IIoyale; 
 his next duty was to enclose it with a wall four feet 
 high and thirty feet long. 
 
 He, it was also, who namffd the ]iicttires([U(! island 
 which stands scntiy over tht; jiort of Montreal, Ste. 
 Helene, in honor of his youthful and accomidished 
 sj)OUse, Helene Lnulle. 
 
 Chamjilain can alsd claim the credit of having, the 
 first, ascended the course of the dark Ottawa ; he was 
 the first exjilorer of Ontiirio ; th(! first to locate perma- 
 n(nit settlements, at several ])oints (in the St. Lawrence : 
 Tadoussac, (Quebec, Three -liivers, Surel, Montii'iil : 
 hence, why he is styled the father of New France. 
 
 His crowning glory was indubitably the selection of 
 the lofty ])romoiitory of Quebec, as a fortress, tiie key 
 to the M-lioie country. As a strategetic j)oint, none have 
 ever challenged his seledion. 
 
 A fortilied, impregnable fort from the river-front 
 meant security to the nascent colony. Canadians t»f all 
 origins have lieeii invited to d -ojierate to the t-rection 
 of a nionuTuent, Mhose coMjiletion must redound to the 
 credit of all Canada, whilst it will add to the number 
 of land-mnrks, which interest travellers visiting Quebec. 
 
 In order to meet the re(iniremeiits of tlie jirojected 
 column, which is intended to inclucU' a statue of the 
 famous discoverer, geographer and leader, it is com- 
 puted that 830, UOO judiciously ajijilied, would sullice, 
 of which (»ne half, is expected to be raised in the city 
 of Qnel)ec, itself. 
 
 At a public meeting, ))resided over by His Wor- 
 ship, the Mayor, Joseph Fivinont, two Committees were 
 
 . ■ i i 
 
 •l ■ 
 
 f 
 
 .- (•" 
 . i 
 
 
 
 
 
 > J 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 
 Pi 
 
 
 Wmi 
 
 tJiH 
 
 mwi 
 
' ■4': 
 
 — 208 — 
 
 named : one a very important one, an Advisory Com- 
 mittee to select the design and site of the intended 
 monument and also an Executive Committee, to carry 
 out the building operations. Subjoined is a list of the 
 office bearers chosen and of the members of the Advisory 
 Committee on selection of design and site. We learn 
 from the indefatigable Chairman of the monument Com- 
 mittee, Hon. Judge Chauveau that 817,000 have 
 alreadv been subscribed. 
 
 inr 
 
 
 CIIAMPLAIN MONUMENT 
 
 I'ATKON 
 
 His ironor the Lioiitenant-Governor 
 
 HOXOUAIIV rUESIDKXT 
 
 Tho Prime Minister of the province of Quebec 
 
 IIOXOKAUY VinK-I'RESIDEXT 
 
 The Miiyor of Quebec 
 
 
 ACTIF PRESIDENT 
 
 Honorable Judge Chauveau 
 
 VICK-I'RESIDEN'T.S 
 
 Jas. M. LeMoino, F. R. S. C irerbert ^[oleswortli Price 
 
 RECORDING SECRETARIES 
 
 Luclovic Brunei — E. T. D. Chambers 
 
 OORRESPONDIXr, SECRETARIES 
 
 Doctor N. E. Dionno — Fivcl. Wurtcle — N. OUvier 
 
 TREASURERS 
 
 J. C. Moore, Manager, ^[orchants Bank — P. G. Lafrance, 
 Manager, Bancjue Nationale 
 
— 299 — 
 
 ADVISORY COMMITTEE 
 
 On selection of deniijn and site of monument 
 
 Very Revd. Dfan Xorinan 
 
 Hoii, D. A. Ross 
 
 Hon. .Tii(l;.'e Irvine 
 
 lion. II. a. Joly <Ie LotMniere 
 
 Jolin J. Foote 
 
 Hon. (J. A. P. rollotier 
 
 Hon. .Tudgi^ Ciisiinlt 
 
 Hon. Jiidgo Routhior 
 
 Hon. Judge Bosse 
 
 MonseigncMir llainel, V. G. 
 
 Revd M. Faguy 
 
 Rev. M. Belangor 
 
 Hon. P. (larneau 
 
 Hon. Jos. Shelly n 
 Hon. Jean Blancliet 
 Hon. Francjois Langelier 
 Andrew Thomson 
 Ths. Beckett 
 John T. Ross 
 John Brcakey 
 Hon. E. Reuiillard 
 Jules Tessier. il. P. P. 
 Lc chevalier Baillairge 
 E. E. Tache 
 S. Lesagc 
 Le Recorder Dery 
 
 Hjij 
 
 
 
 
r 
 
 !'!' ' 
 
 
 r-:. 
 
 
 (HATKAU rilONTKXAC. 
 
 I' J ■' 
 
 Oftlicfiiinnus odificf's, wliH'li in llic ]iiist have crowned 
 the lofty ciuic, to whicli, ( >ui'-({ovcrnor (leneral, the 
 Karl of DurliaiM, in 1838, added a .superb terrace, 
 more than trebled in extent, l)y one of his sucee.ssor.s, 
 the J'larl of DulVerin, in 1S78, a full history apjiears 
 p]i. ()G-OG ill P'lrhi r<'s(jiic (Jiwhic. 
 
 I shall ("online myself to a eoneiso mention of the 
 spot, whore the C. 1'. Railway otlieials have erected at 
 a cost of more than .^i^aOd.OOO a ])alalial hotel (tpeiied 
 out to the travelling ])ublic on the LSth November, 
 1893. 
 
 So many graphic descri])tions of it have ai)peared in 
 the daily jiress, that it seem's sn])ei'tluous to enlarge on 
 them. The followimr excerpt is from the Montreal 
 Dolhj WUiiesH of 18th May, 1S(I3. 
 
 " Viewed, especiiilly from the river, the Chateau-Fron- 
 tenac forms one of the most strikinu objects in the land- 
 scape of the old city, with whose feudal asjiect its style 
 of architecture harmonizes so delightfully. The build- 
 ing, in fact, looks like nne of those (I) old feudal cas- 
 tles, which are nowhere to Ik; seen except in Euro])e, or 
 in the piigcis illustrated by a Dore or a Castelli. Even 
 the ])reci[)ice is not wanting, for it is erected almost on 
 the Very edge of the great cliff upon which so large a 
 portion of Quebec is built, and which a little to the 
 westward culminates in Cajie Diamond and its crown- 
 ing glory, the famous citadel, that has won for the old 
 
 W ) 
 
 (1) The design is borrowed ^'rora three antique French 
 cliateaux on the Loire, modernised to suit the time. 
 
 LIE! t >- ■ 
 
 
 W' 
 
— :iO) — 
 
 ]»lao(' the jintiitl ritli! of tlio " (iil)r,ilt;ir of AmcriiM." 
 ])i<lt'ucl, it is liiii'iUy |i()s>il)lt' to (Miiu'riviMifii iiioro aciiiil 
 or (umnn.'iiidinjLi; siti; tlian tin' (nu' it oocupios, and look- 
 ing u\) from tlu^ river, wliich, neiirly '200 fet-t lu;lo\v, 
 rushes onwaril to the, sea, it set-nis (o cling liki; an 
 eavilo's nest lo th*^ side of the great rocks al»(»vc, anl to 
 fittingly conijilete its luilitaiy antl picturcsiiue aiipi'ai'- 
 ance. And then the ground ui»ou N\hich it stamls i.s 
 historic, and invi stcd as such with a dei-ji and abiding 
 interest for the world at large. \Vh''i'e Quelti'c'.s new 
 palace hotel now rears its stately la'oportions, once stood 
 tht! old Chateau or Castle (jf St. I.ouis, the very men- 
 tion of whosi; name recalls so m uiy ihrilling memories, 
 carryi\ig the mind ha^.k to the very infancy of the 
 colony, and reanimating, .so to say, tlie illustrious dead, 
 Jac([ues Carliei', DeMontmagny, D'AillehoiHt, I.aijarn?, 
 Frontenac, Laval, Talon, IJegon, Tracy, LaCralissouniere, 
 Saint-Castin, Iberville, LaSalle, doliette, LaVerendi'ye, 
 Minitcalm, Levis, liougainville, WoHe, Murray, Xelson, 
 Cook, Cham])lain, llaldimand, Arnold, Montgomery, 
 Carleton, Richnutnd, I'resccttt, Dorchester, (."raig, Dal- 
 housie, Aylmer, Durham, etc. One by one their gliostly 
 figures rise u[) before the mind's eye in the presence of 
 the splendid pile, which to-day replaces the old Castle 
 of St. Louis, and which has been so a|)])ro])riately called 
 the " Chateau-Frontenac," after the sturdy old French 
 governor, who, over two hundred years ago, from the 
 same sj»ot hurled his defiance at tlie English invader, 
 telhng rhip's envoy that he would answer his master's 
 impertinent summons to surrender, " by the mouths of 
 his cannon," Hawkins has glowingly sketched the 
 glories of the ancient Castle of St. Louis. He says : 
 
 " The history of the ancient castle of St. Louis, or Fort ot 
 Quebec, for above two centuries tlie seat of government in 
 the province atfords subjects ^if great an<l stirring interest dur- 
 ing tlie several periods. The hall of the old 'Fort, during the 
 weakness of the colony was often a scene of terror and des- 
 pair at the inroads of the persevering ami ferocious Iroquois, 
 who, having passed, or overthrown, all the French outposts, 
 
 ' 1 
 
 i 
 
 * 
 
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 more than once tliroatonod tlic Fort itsolf, and massacrod 
 somi! i'rit'mlly Imlians witliin si;,'ht of its walls. At a later 
 tM'a, when, inidor the protection of the Frcncli kings, the 
 province iiad acquired tht* iiidinicnts of military strenj,'th 
 ami power, the (.'astle of St. Louis was reniarkaltle as liaving 
 l)een the site whence the Frcnoli governors e.xerciseil an 
 inunense sovoriMgnty, extending irosn the (iulf of St. Law- 
 rence, along the shores of that nohle river, its niagnilicent 
 lakes, and down the course of the MissiHsi[>i to its outlet 
 below New Orleans. The banner which lir^t strciinuMl from 
 the battlements of Quelx'c, was displayed from a chain of 
 forts, whicih protected the settlements through the vast 
 extent of country I keeping the Knglisli colonies in constant 
 alarm, and securing the lidclity of tlic Indian nations. During 
 this jieriod the council chambt-r of thi> Castle was the scene 
 of many a midnight vigil — many a long deiil)eration and 
 deep-laid project — to frci^ the continent from tlie intrusion 
 of the ancient rival of France, and assert tiiroughont thi^ 
 sui)i'emacy of the tiallic lily. At another era, sulise(|Ucnt to 
 th(! stn-render of (Quebec; to tiie I'ritisii arms, and until the 
 recognitinn of tiie independfiice ol' the I'nited States, the 
 extent of cmjiire ol' the govei'nment, of wliich the castle of 
 (Quebec, was the [irincipal seat, compreluMidiMl the whole 
 American continent north of .Mexico. It is ast' ni^irui- to 
 reflect for a moment, to liow small, and, as to size, couipaia- 
 tively insignilicant an island in the Atlantic oceiui, 'bi- iiigan- 
 tic teri'itor}' was once suliject.'" 
 
 " Till! Swc'di.sli siiviiut, Krtlin, IIk; disciple of Liniiieiis, 
 ^vhu visitcnl Quebec, and the Cliiiteuii St, Louis about 
 1748, also (haws a charininii i)ictin'(! of tin! resilience of 
 the governors of New France, and the regal state they 
 maintained, but it was left to that marvellous word- 
 painter, " Adirondack " Murray, to reanimate the scene 
 in a way that literally curdles the blood. Writing to 
 the " Jioston Herald ", from Quebec in 1887, after 
 spending the evening on Diilferin Terrace, he .said : 
 
 ''The silence of the place grows weird, the glamoin* of the 
 old past is on me, and I see micanny sights. Is not that man, 
 the man in the angle there, Champlain ? Sundy it is he, the 
 very same man who crossed the ocean twenty times, who shot 
 the Iroquois chief near 'ficontleroga, on Lake Champlain, who 
 founded this city 1250 years agf»y au<l whoso dust is under the 
 altar there in the great basilica? And who are these coming 
 this way? Surely this is he, the brave old Lord de Frontenac, 
 the old blufF saviour of Canada? My Lord, I greet you ! This 
 
 )■ ,. 
 
— '^0'^ — 
 
 city beloiij».s to you and ('lmiu|>laiii. Sco, iIh'ic ;.'iii's FiUVal, 
 iiiubitiiuis prii'st, ainl ln-ttcr ■^i-liolar, who roiniili-il tlic ^icat 
 college yoii'lnr, lintoit' .lolni Harvard Id't liis gilt to Icttrrs in 
 Mussacinistitts ! Sf(!, old Froiitonut! IVowiis at liini. And who 
 is he in thf angle of tiie iiro.iieiiude, gazing soiitiiward '.' 
 LaSallo? IniM-edibli' ! Wliyjiis lut ly slccp-i lii'iii-ath thclliw- 
 era of a Texan jiraiiir. Mniitealui and Wolle aim in arm! 
 Brave ea|>tains, you liglil no more. Look ! looji ! Those two in 
 tiie deep shadows of that old <dni. tiiat gill and young Hiigiish 
 niidily then-. Hy hi-avciis, that is Nelson, my l.ord of i'rafal- 
 gar, iliiting with the hively Mary Siin|is(ni! My (iod, this 
 
 ground is haunted, ^nid tiie dead of i 
 
 lew alio 1)1 
 
 d V 
 
 aliee a 
 
 lii< 
 
 are here. I'll gel me to tlie yaeht (Tiie •• < 'liamplain "; and 
 
 say my prayers. 
 
 I'.esI 
 
 new 1 
 
 lie, this is a ghostly sjx)! ill truth. 
 
 " Tli(! old, or oi'i^iiiiil (Jiistic ol'St. Louis, (lilt iii<,' hack 
 to 1(520, iiiid whose foniidalioiis euii yet lie .seen under 
 iJurt'ei'iii 'l\'i'i'iu;e, was destroyed in ls;)4 hy a lire, 
 which only s|iai'eil the wiml;', or m-w easije, erected iiy 
 Sir VrcilericU llaldiniaiid, the Kn^lish ( !(i\eriinr-( ien- 
 
 liral, in 17S4. It 
 
 IS U].i)ll the site of tilt 
 
 latl 
 
 •r, and ]iarL 
 
 ol' the old Lower (ioveiiioi's oaideiithal the new hotel, 
 which is now rapiilly ai.|iroaeliin,v; coiiijilrtioii, has hecn 
 erected. During the work of deiiioIishiuLt ihe old hiiild- 
 ino- which was used i'ni' inaiiv Vears a> the Laval iiui- 
 mill scIkjoI, a vaulted room was laid liare, whii-h had 
 evidently been the jiowder-ina.ua/iju' of the (dd fort. 
 
 As will be .seen, the situation ol iln' new hnhd, is 
 not only most interest inn', liistorieally speaking, luii is 
 jirobubly one ol' the liiiest and most saliiiirious in the 
 "whulc world. Kvcry visitor to old (^Miebec knows with 
 Avliat pleasure the eye rests ujion the glorious jiaiio- 
 raina that unrolls itself to the sight from Diillerin 
 Terrace. The beauty fif the J>ay of Naples is much 
 jiraised ; but it is dotilitful if it surpasses in any resjieet, 
 the diversiliehl vi(.!W from (Jiiebi'c's majestie and famous 
 promenade, wiiile history speaks in trumjiet tones from 
 almost everv object embraceil within the wide raiiue of 
 visioii. The noble e.xiianse of water lielow, tlu! opposing 
 heights of Levis, also battleiuent-crowned, tlu; Island 
 of Orleans si)arkling like a jewel on the bosom of the 
 mighty river, the foaming cataract of Montmorency, the 
 
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 ^m 
 
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— :',04 — 
 
 (listiint liiiiu'"' '>r tin' Liimcntian innnii^aiiis ami tlu) 
 warlike lock nf Ciiia* 1 'iiiiiKiinl, willi its diiulciii uf 
 Willis iiiid tiiwci'.s — iill coiiilmic t(i iiiiikt! u\> nim oi' the 
 l^raiidcst sctiH's iiiiaj,Hiial)lt'. liitu the iiiasdiivy ulii»vi! 
 the " iinrtc cncliric. " has hucii carcl'iilly K't in l)y tliu 
 buiMci's, llid I'lii'iiius (iM sti>iu', iiiaikeij with ii ;,'ilt 
 ciii.-<s, ovci' wliicli iiiir antiniiai'ii.'s have so luiin' jiii/zlfil 
 their hraiiis, and which llic l.iic Sei^vaiit TlKimpsnii, in 
 his " DiiU'V, 17'>'.» tu is;!!), " siM'uks lA' ;[<. hiiviiin; hecii 
 tniiiul nil St'|il('inlM'r ITtli, 17.S4, when ihe luiiit'i's at the 
 ChaU'aii were Icvidliii,:;' the yard, and as haxiny; heen 
 placed, liy his (iider, " in tlu; cheek (tf the j,'alt' nt' the 
 new hidldinu (Chatean Ilaldiniaud), in ordei' to convey 
 to i)(p>lerity the anliiinily of ihe ('hatean St. liOuis. " 
 (Jver llu' oiittin ol' this stone, with its Maltese cross 
 enclosuil within a shi(dd, and its haU-(dl'aced date of 
 iri47, then; has heen nnicli controvtd'sy — some even 
 lii'etendin,^f to trace it. to the suii|Mised existenijc in 
 (.^Miebec of a jiriory of the Kni;j;ht.s of St. .John or Malta 
 diirinj,' the Frunch n\ninie ; bnt, whatever may In; the 
 truth about if, it is not the less u consjiicuous and 
 interestin'' feature of the new C. I'. 11. hotel." 
 
 THE I'OWDKR MAGAZINE OF FOIIT ST. LOUIS. 
 
 Under this caption, Mr. Puniest Gagnon, secretary of 
 the Board of Works, contributeil a .scholarly article to 
 the Courrler da Canw/it, furnishin^f curious details 
 anent the origin, various nsos and transformations of 
 this ancient structure, \vhich the pick and shovel of the 
 workmen engaged in razing the Cluifeau IfahliriKind, 
 all at once brought in the light of day, and which 
 was the subject of controversy in the Quebec press. 
 These solid casemates erected two centuries previous, 
 
 m 
 
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 ~ :i05 — 
 
 wero liifldcdi ft»v iiu)re than nno huiulrcd years, from 
 jiublic j,'a/,u liy tlui ()V(!r.sliailu\vin<,' t'(lilice sacred to 
 the iiK'inory on.Jovenior Frudeiick Jlaldiinaiid ; iti lieu 
 thorcdf, ii(»\v stamls llu! liirivtiid suiUli-wt'.stt'rly wiiij,' 
 of tlie llnffl Chatcmi-FronfoKit'. 
 
 The "friiri u!d mai^MziiU', was allndod to ir 'le Diary 
 of John Tii(»initsoii, Uvorsuur of I'uhlic Works.at (.Juul)ec, 
 in 17S4. 
 
 It stajids out very ennapicuous in the ]ilan (h'awn by 
 Villeneuve in l()S4, 
 
 Let us hear Mi'. (Ja^nion. " In July, 1G85, the Mai'- 
 ([uis of Denonvillu, who had succeeded to M. da la 
 liarre, as Governor in Canada, arrived in (,)uel) -c, and 
 took posst'ssion, with his wife, of St. Louis Castle. 
 
 The Fort and the Clidtcaa were both in a dejilorablu 
 state. 
 
 The year of liis arrival, the new jrovernor, hiid con- 
 structed outside of the I'ort erected by M. de Mont- 
 nuigny, a short distance from the ])resent PesCanierea 
 street, the ])Owder niauazine razed in IH\}'2 — conse- 
 quently nearly two hundred yeai's old. 
 
 In a letter dated 2Uth Aut^nist, 1085, ^I. de DiMion- 
 ville declares that he is buildinii; this ma^aziiu:! without 
 authority. He was acting thus, on account of the 
 iniininent and extrenu; danger there was, in st(»riiig 
 j)owder, inside of the cJmtiuiAi then in a ruijions state 
 and in which there was such a mass of woodwork that 
 it was constantly in danger of destruction by tire. 
 
 The nuigazine was divided into two compartments : 
 one, for the powder l»elonging to the foi'l ; the other, to 
 contain that owiu'd ])y the; residents. This division was 
 visible, a few months ago (I8'.i2j, when the old castle 
 Haldimand was Iming demolished. 
 
 l[(;re is the text of the letter addressed by M. de 
 Denonville, to the french minister, on the 20th August, 
 1G85, on this subject. 
 
 "All our (Government) powder is stored in a separate 
 
 building beyond M. de Meulle's house, in the centre of 
 
 20 
 
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 — 306 — 
 
 a field, at the mercy of the first tramp who may take 
 in his head, to set fire to it. 
 
 Tliere is a portion in this im]iroperly styled chafcav, 
 which could easily be set in a blaze. I cannot under- 
 stand how the pcdjile could remain quiet, under such a 
 state of things 
 
 I must crave forgiveness, sir, for erecting a magazine 
 as ]icr subjnined model, without having apjirized you of 
 it and obtained your consent : a thing 1 will not rejicat, 
 uidess a siniiliU' diinger should arise. It will cost the 
 King a trille over twelve hundred crowns. The Inten- 
 dant accejited th(^ lowest tender, according to sjiecitlca- 
 tions ]ire]iared In Villeueuve, the Enginci-r you gave 
 me : attention will be ]<-dk\ that the masonry lie solid; 
 I think you will ap]irove of the site selected, which is 
 eoveri'd by the fort, itself a ] oor defence. 1 would have 
 j'laced it williin the foit walls, to savi' the King'^ money 
 had there been loom. You wili ])t'rceive that 1 intend 
 to divide it into two com])aitments, so that the citizens 
 can dejosit their ])owdei' 'without cianmunicating with 
 the King's ammunition." 
 
 "When, in IG'Jo, count Frontenac ordered Fort St, 
 liouis to 111' enlarged and re-built, the new Malls were 
 prolonged beyond the " jtowder magaziiu'," which thus 
 became encloseil within the interior of the fort, as 
 a])])ears liy a des]«atch to the minister, sent by Frontenac 
 and Champigiiy, dated 4tli November, 1693. 
 
 " As for the interior of the i'ort, it had been com- 
 menced the previous autumn, on the su]»])osition, that 
 this was the ]ilace, where funds destined to the forti- 
 fications, ought to be ai)]ilied, not only to secure the 
 powder magazine, erected outside of the fort, in an 
 exposed situation, but also because the whole walls 
 were going to decay, Sec. " 
 
 ^Vllen (llaldimand Castle was built 1784-87), the 
 •' powder magazine " became an outhouse, of the new 
 building and it was used for different pur])oses, accord- 
 
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 •I'i 
 
 307 — 
 
 inii' to tlie requirements of the niiiin l)nil(ling, which it 
 iidjoiiied. 
 
 The vaulted roof of the hoary freiK'h structure, must 
 have re-echoed uuiny musical strains, many joyous 
 accents, silcncied for ever, in tlie period eomiirised 
 from 1787 and 18:54, wluni thr nearly unique desti- 
 nation of llaldiinand Castle, was to ri'ceive within its 
 stately ehamliers, iho raid\ and fashion (»f (^>iU'l)ec, 
 invited to the otlieial entcrtaiiiiiicnis ^ivcu l)y the 
 Governors. 
 
 We all know that the Cattle St. liouis (tin; second 
 one erc'oted by Frontenae, 1094-1)8, and enlar<,'eil of one 
 storv, 18U0- 1 2, was ilcstroycd bv tiiv on the l';Jrd 
 
 J 
 
 inuarv 
 
 .7 ' 
 
 1834. 
 
 Theii' Kxcellencies, Lord and Lady Aylmer, witli 
 their staif removed to I l;d(Umand Castle. Thr " ]io\vdcr 
 Ma^'azine," erected by M. di' Denonville, oiitsiile of the 
 walls of Fort St. Lonis, llius became close to the source 
 of honors occuj)ied by the (iovernor ! 
 
 A plan, bearin,^ date 185;), exhibits the ,i,n'onnd-tloor 
 of Castle llaldimand, te-nanted by the dej^artments of 
 I'ublic AVorks and Crown Lands of the United Pro- 
 vinces ; and the " powder ]\Ia;.ia/ine," in the occn]iation of 
 the archives of the Provincial S(>cretary. This was its last 
 otlieial sta.ye. When m 1857, tlie Laval Normal school 
 was installed in the old llaldinmnd ('astle, the ]\Iaf,M- 
 zine was converted into a kitchen: Sic traimit gloria 
 
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 COX(;i!KSS OF TIIK FOlll-STKY A8S0CIATI0X, 
 
 HICM) AT QUKHKC, 2S"l)-5'riI SKl'TEMltEU, IS'JO. 
 
 Undoubtcilly few subjects are of move lasting im])or- 
 tance tn Canadians, tlian tlu; ]ireservation or restoration 
 of their forests and vast timber limits; noiie^ probably 
 more lust sight of in the yiast, Quebec had reason to 
 feel a legitimate jiridu in learning that it had been 
 selected, for th(i annual meeting (if the distinguished 
 scientists, Avho re])resent the American Forestry Asso- 
 ciation. It owes this distinction, to one of its most 
 worthy sons — the Hon. H. G. Jolyde Lotbiniere — now 
 recognised as the Father of Arboriculture in Canada. 
 The opening Congress is thus alluded to in the Quebec 
 Morning Clivonicle : 
 
 "The Hon. H. (i. -Joly de Lotbinikke is a far-seeing 
 man, and through his efforts, that very useful institu- 
 tion, " The American Forestry Association," of which 
 he is the valued Firat Vice-l'resident, has been invited 
 to hold its annual summer session in the city of Quebec. 
 The Government of the piovince has kindly jdaced its 
 ample rooms, in the Parliament l)uildings, at the disposal 
 of this body of learned and jiatriotic men. The Govern- 
 ment, as well as the city, lias]ilaced a sum of money at 
 the disjiosal of the Ifeeeption Committee, which will 
 entertain the visitors in good style. I'resident Beaver, 
 Governor of I'ennsvlvania, willljc imable to accomoanv 
 his fellows, but the gathering will lie large and repre- 
 sentative. There will be also, a good many delegates. 
 AVe hope to see the botly number at least a hundred 
 strong, liut the ja-obabilities are that more may be pre- 
 sent. Mr. JoLV has received already fourteen very valu- 
 able papers, but he expects to receive fully as uuiuy 
 
 \fj'\ 
 
 "¥■' 
 
1i 
 
 — 309 — 
 
 more. Tho meetintis will run fmm Tiuisday, the '2nd 
 September, to Friday, the 5th. The public will have 
 every o|>i)<)rtuuity of listening to the [)aper.s, and hear- 
 ing the renlark^5 thereon. Yesterday, there was a meeting 
 of the Citizens' Reception Committee, utidcr the I're- 
 sideney of James M.VGriiKUiiOX Lk Moini:, Es^., in Mr. 
 Joly's otlice. 
 
 The form which the entertainment of our visitors 
 will take, will likely be a tri]» round the harboui', and a 
 sail to La. r>onn(' Ste. Anne. Mr. T.vcJiif; will read a 
 memoir on our system of Crown Lands biases .md dis- 
 tributicm, and addresses will lie dulivert-d by ]\Icssrs. 
 Jor,v, Lh ]\IoiN!-: and Fi;f;.M0XT. " 
 
 Tlu* i'ollowing is a list of tlio mcniliei's of tlic reception 
 ooiniiiitti'f : — I. ^^. L('^[(^in(^ i)rosiili'Ut : il. <f. •Inly, s(H'1'(»- 
 tary : Cnloiu'l LaiidiT, Colonel Foi-sytli, Mt>ssi's. Archihiild 
 Caiiipliell, E. E. Tiiciii", .Iiilcs TcssiiT, S. Lcsiitrc, Win. IJttlf, 
 Aujrusto Duimis, lion. Colonel Rliodi's, R. li. Doliell, Israel 
 Tiirt«R, T. Beckett, David Bell. tlon. F. I.angelier, Hon. Jolui 
 Hearn, tho Jlayor of (Quebec, Hon. Charles Lan.L'eliei', F/Abbe 
 Latlainin(>, Ernest I'aeaml, R. Tui'iiei', 'L'iio.^. Chapais, Dr. Bol- 
 (hu;, H. ]\I. Price, l)r. (ieorge Stewart, \'ictor Ciiateauvc-rt, .V. 
 H. Furni.ss, E. A. Barnard, 
 
 Forest priiservatiun and tn-c rf-idautingare not only 
 frought for us, with inunense comnu'rcial im]tortance, 
 they also a])peal tenderly to some of the l)est fcolings 
 of the iujuate of a rural home, as well as to those of 
 the holiday ramliler in our solemn woods. Who can 
 see a. forest and fail to l)e impressetl, with its solitary, 
 silent grandeur. 
 
 Truly, has it been said " as one looks upon the 
 " ureen-robed seiuitors of Miuhtv woods," it is not ditli- 
 cult to realise to some extent, the feeling which ])roni|ited 
 the ancients to associate them with the worshii) of the 
 Deity; and we can almost forgive the (}i'eeks for believ- 
 ing that the woods were })eopled with Gods." 
 
 " Time will not nund)er tho hours 
 
 We'll spend in the woods 
 
 Whore no sorrow intrudes 
 
 With the streams and tho birds and the flowers. " 
 
 Ar-EXAXDi:R McFjAchlan. 
 
 
 
 *' 
 
 Tl 8 
 
 .1 
 
 ;'K: i 
 
 'l-'i I 
 
UK 
 
 
 — 310 — 
 
 More than once, in my sporting cxcnrsions, in our 
 ilense Lanrentian ran<^es, I too liave felt that peculiar 
 pleasure in the ])athle.ss woods, " that makes us " love 
 not man the less, but nature more." Without Ijeing a 
 scientist, I longed to cordially greet an association 
 of scientists, M'liose kindly mission, was to discuss in 
 our ])resence, the best nii tliods to ])reserve our forests, 
 and to plant trees, reailily consenting, at the meeting 
 of the Quebec eiti/ens, to act as Chairnum of the 
 lieception Committee of citizens. 
 
 The following is ii lisl of the members and delegates 
 in attendance at th<.f meeting : 
 
 Proriiici'd/' (Jiiclii'r Hon. II. (i. .Idly <le I^otliinitTo, J. ^I. 
 
 LeMoiiit\ Will, Little, F. X. Pt-rreault, jMlmniid A. Biiniard, 
 lion. Vj..]. ri'iee. lion. D. A Ivoss, KieliiU'd TtiriiLM', L. A. KoM- 
 talllo, 1"]. E. Taelie. Deputy (Jonunissioner, <'i'<i\vn Lands; If. 
 ]X lloorc, Hon. Louis lieaiihieii, W..I. lioss, W.P. (rriH'noiigli, 
 rortneui'; (Je()i';j;c Moorf, ArtiliiLald <'am|iLfll, Ulrie liartlie. 
 
 I'roi'iiiri' of Ontdrli) Hmi. AichiLald Lliu', Toi'mito ; J)i: 
 
 P. II. I'iryce, Toronto; I Inn. A. White, Toronto; .lolin Craig, 
 Toronto. 
 
 Maim Hon. (ledriie V. Talliol, Portlaml. 
 
 MaasdcluiHtHs J. J). W. Fi-eiieh, Bo.st(ni ; .lohn ^L Wood, 
 
 Soiecrville : X. T. Kidder. Milton. 
 
 Kcir-JIavipsliire J. B. Ilarrisnn, Franklin Falls. 
 
 New-York. — (iieneral Jas. Grant Wilson, Xew-Vork. 
 
 Pcniisiilvdiiia Tlios. .1. Edge, ILirrishtirg ; Dr. II. M. 
 
 Fisher. I'hiladcljiliia ; (>eorge !•". Ileston, Newtown; T. J. 
 Edge, Ilai'risliuig : 'lirs. I'rinton C(ixe, Pliiladid[iliia. 
 
 Ohio. — Prolcssof Win. H. La/enl>y, < 'olnnil)Us. 
 
 Colorado. — Colonel \]. T. Ensiirn, Colorado Spriiiiis. 
 
 Florida.-. Mrs. W. J. Keyser, '.MUt-ni. 
 
 Dislrld of Cohimbu.s. — Mr. ami .Mrs. B. E. Fernow, Wayh- 
 injiton. 
 
 h 
 
 Some twenty members of the Paris Alpine Cluh, were 
 present at tlie idose of the Congress : 
 
 Jlessis. Dainant, Seeretary of the Conneil of State, at Purls, 
 President of the Committee : Baratte, Bourgaut, Coindre, of 
 Lyons ; V. Chevillard. .In Ige (jayot, W. (lirardot, A.(iontard, 
 ftiienee, V. de la Honpliero, I.eger, Lorenti, Professor at 
 Lyons ; E. Hegnanlt, llaveneau, Professor at the Xormal 
 School, Paris ; A. IJoehe, Lyons ; ^Marcel liouge, Kouget ; A. 
 Salles,Etlitor of the Reinic Fran<;u(se, Paris ; Thnvien, ineiuber 
 of the (Jeographic Society of Paris. 
 
li\ 
 
 — 311 — 
 
 Words of Welcome addiiessed by the Chairman of 
 THE Citizens' Reception Committee. 
 
 /. M. LeMoine. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : — 
 
 To dav ouulit !(» .stiind as a red-li-tter day in 
 
 our 
 
 uniii 
 
 Quebec welcomes here, in C(tiiclave, one may safely 
 
 assert, the lunst noted scieiitists in Sviviculture, of tl 
 
 Avhole eoiitiniMi 
 
 t, tl 
 
 le aceree 
 
 lited 
 
 rejirosentatives o 
 
 f tl 
 
 Aiiiei'lcan Forest rij Asi^ochitioiniml dele;j;ates from the 
 leadin,n' States of tln! iieii^liboriii^- I{e]iultlic and of 
 Canada. 
 
 Needless, to say how much the citizens of Quebec 
 
 d on the Ancient (Aiiiital of 
 
 appreciate the honor conferred on tne Ancient Capital ot 
 this ])roviiu'e, by its selection for tlui annual summer 
 meeting- of the learned Congress hei'c asseml)led. 
 
 Needless an}' eneouiiuni on the nbjecL of this asseni- 
 blai;e ; it commends itself to the attention of the whole 
 continent; it takes in every s[)ot, wlu^re, by God's 
 bounty, a tree can yrow I 
 
 It is our felicity this day, to extend the i'i<^ht liand 
 of good feliowshij) to, and commune with, gift mI writers 
 and specialists, who have come to us from afar — several 
 not ■without inconvenience and some fatigue — the 
 bearers of a message^ of good will, seeking to pi'oclaim 
 to the American world (for theii' utt(.'ran('e duly chro- 
 nicled by the i»ress, will reach far beyond the bound- 
 aries of this province), the results of conscientious 
 studies and mature expeiience, as to the liest modes 
 resorted to, in France, in (lermany and elsewhei'c, of 
 restoring decaying, in many cases alas I ruined forests : 
 a momentous question indeed for the jiresent, and of 
 deep, very deep import for the ftitnre ; and if sjieaking 
 for our own land, what would rural Canada be 
 without fuel during the inexorable chills of January 
 
 '■■'l^; 
 
 >h:. 
 
 In ' 
 
I^^ ' 
 
 ^ 
 
 V 
 
 — 312 — 
 
 and February ? "What an impoverisliod exchequer will 
 ours be, should the day over come, when our teaming 
 foi'cst crown-liinds, entirely denuded of timber, cease to 
 oiler attraction and investment to the cnjiitidist and to 
 the exporter of timber ? .lust imiigine the desjiair of the 
 Canadian ])easant, located far from coal deposits and 
 fuel sup])iies, — in the back ranges of this ])i'ovince, 
 "vvhen havinu sated his insane ardor for cuttimj; down 
 every forest tree without re-jilanting any, and gained a 
 comjilete victory nver his enen)y, the standing, live 
 tree, lie is C(im]ielUMl to liid adieu for ever to his jilea- 
 sant home, for hudc of I'uel to heat it I 
 
 T'rod forbid we should over see that day! 
 
 How many thousands of young trt'os are ruthlessly 
 sacrificed eacii year, on the national holiday (the 24tli 
 June), for its decoration, instead of Hags and bunting, 
 on our streets ? Why not sjiare the l(jvely maple saplings 
 and put U]i g;iy Hags only ? I have my doubts whether 
 Si. 'lean Jiaptisfc ! looks down from above, C(»m](la- 
 cently, on this M'anton destruction of the fair orna- 
 ments implanted ]>y nature, in this portion of his 
 flourishing northern domain. 
 
 We have viewed trees and forests under their utili- 
 tarian, their commercial as]iect, as such claiming the 
 serious attention of the legislator as well as of the 
 patriot ; there is an other point attractive to the 
 lover of trees, shall 1 call it, a teiulei', captivating 
 phase, of the very practical, far ivaching subject of 
 forestry ; seeing so many ladies present, I thiidv I may, 
 safely count on their jiowerful su[)i)ort ; women, as if by 
 instinct, devine, love, admire evcny thing which is grace- 
 ful in nature; the varied jdants, the rainbow tints of 
 flowers, the gmnd trees, to which spring-tide lends a 
 wealth of i)erfumeor of foliage. A tree or a grove, you 
 all know, may not oidy aiibrd in summer a retreat, 
 cool and shady, a healthy atmosphere to breathe ; to the 
 student, it may recall a striking, memorable iuciilent in 
 
 : %i^u. 
 
 M' 
 
— 313 — 
 
 liistory. For the ancients soinu trees, some ;;Toves were 
 sucicil, endowed with proplK'tic voices. 
 
 Dodoiia was not the only forest, where oaks had 
 tongui's, full of inciininy, occasionally, of alarming; 
 ] orient ; and, me thinks, on a siuuiy .Inne morn, or on 
 a jiensive moon-lit Septiimher eve, my fancy, in it3 
 exnberant moments, could gather from a cherished 
 centennial Kim which stands sentry over my d\.ellin,Lr, 
 j»lea.-ant, mysterious whisju'rini^s, when stirivd hy mid- 
 summer /ephirs ; iierrhance on [\\v morrow, when the 
 angry voici^ of the siorm was heaid, it would creak and 
 groan aloud, as if in j ,iin I 
 
 A mouutiiiti [line, an emerald cluster of majdes, in 
 their ja'otid leal' and jtroteetivt' shadow, oft give per- 
 eimial vigor to a rivulel, whose eiyslallim' watin's 
 bring health and gladness to a whole village. Cut down 
 that tree ; root out the cluster and ten chances to one, 
 the living rivulet will tlry u|i. 
 
 Shade-trees in our green j'astures, jtrovide a grateful 
 shelter to the lowing kiiu'. during August's sultry days. 
 
 Tiees have yet other sweet memories. 
 
 A verdant majile, a graceful far-i.'Xiianding, feadiery 
 Elm, a gigantic, sturdy beech, maybe dear to the family 
 circle: percliance the one or the other dates from the 
 natal hour of the first-born. 
 
 '' Wliiit does he plant who plants a tree, 
 
 Ifo plants onol shade and tender ruin, 
 
 And seed and bud o1' days te he, 
 
 And years that fade and Hush a^'ain : 
 
 Ho plants the glory of the {ilain ; 
 
 He plants the forest's heritage ; 
 
 Tlio harvest of coining ago ; 
 
 Tlie joy that unhorn i-yes will sc(> — 
 
 These things he plants who plants a tree." 
 
 The Heart of the Tree-~\l. C. Buxnkr. 
 
 d 
 
 
 
 .,fii 
 
 ■m 
 
 
 >l 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, jux'ts have sung " the vener- 
 able brotherhood of ohl trees," is this why we ought to 
 cherish and protect the trees of our homes ? And in 
 
 
 

 
 — 314 — 
 
 asking the qnostion, am I not echoing the sentiments 
 of many here present ? I duurly love the trees of my 
 rustic home. Truly, I know, on God's earth, no more 
 noble object than a majestic oak, a wide-sjireading elm, 
 a lith, green, graceful maple, a luxuriant silver-birch, 
 
 " most beautiful offorost trees, the lady of the woods " 
 
 an umbrageous, centennial white jiiue, alive with the 
 rustle of summer /ejihyrs and tuneful with the voice of 
 bii'ds. 
 
 Well miglit a French poet write : 
 
 " Quel livro viiut un nrbic au.u'usto (U tout on tlcurs? 
 I/liouiine I'iiit I'li six iiiois uu livn.' ct ilcs mcillcui's. 
 Dieu nn't cent aiis A tUirt; lui c:liC'ne "' 
 
 Y'es, indeed, it, takes a. man six months, somcitimes 
 less, to write a l)ook, even a good one ! It takes Omni- 
 ]jotenc(i (Uie liundi'ed years to raise an oak' I 
 
 Friends, we shall treasure the lesson yon come to 
 teacli, that a tree is not to ])e considered as an enemy. 
 
 AVe shall henceforth learn, to prott^ct and clu'risji, not 
 only the graeid'ul sliade tre(;si,f our lawns, but also their 
 " venerable brotherhood " in the dark, silent woods. The 
 care, the water wi^ shall bi.'slow on some of them, they 
 will return in many ways: ivstoi'ing tin; failing sources 
 of diminished streams — !'■ itilizing aridtiacts of c(juntry 
 previously held as usi'less — supjilying material which 
 will semi a. glow of heat tbi'ough our homes ; wealth 
 in our colfers through the Ai'gosies of commerce ; 
 health and gladness to oui' children, nestled at eventide 
 under their cool foliage. Such, gentlenuni, we take to 
 be the teachings of your ]iatriotie association. 
 
 Many of you, havi' no doubt, discovered since your 
 ariival in our midst, more tli.iii one ))oint of dissimi- 
 larity between our climate and the ](rodueaons of our 
 soil and your own. Ours are not the concentratetl suns 
 and gorgeous vegetation of Florida, California, Virginia, 
 the Carolinas, etc. 
 
 I'P 
 
? 
 
 — 315 — 
 
 ■ V " i 
 
 We liave no native, orango groves brimniing, eacli 
 year, with golden and ambrosial frnit. 
 
 Our great forests won't give you the shade of the 
 magnoha, tlie blossom of the sassafras, and you would 
 look, there, in vain, for the white eor(jlla of the Catal])a, 
 'Nov will you find growing wild there, the ])ine-ai)])le. 
 the citron and the tig-tree. 
 
 Our climate, however, severe at times, is bracinLt and 
 healthy. Xo malaria here, rest assured ! 
 
 The sons of the soil,are a sturdy race; like yourselves, 
 a race of free men. 
 
 Our ])oi»ulati(;ii, a ('(inerete of many uiitionalitios 
 made uj), blending the Saxon, the (Jaul, the Scot and 
 the Celt ! 
 
 I shall not enlarge on the special claims our storied 
 town may have on vour attenlion. When the ice of 
 reserve will lia\e melted, after a few days of sojourn 
 among us, you will lie better able to take; in the old 
 "rock city" and its iiictures([ue surroundings, leading 
 you back in the dim ]);ist, more than three and a half 
 centuries, to the advent nwd wintt'r-(juarters on our 
 shores of Euro[)eaiis, as early as Ljoo. 
 
 May wo not thank you in advance for the useful 
 lesson in store ibr us Canadians! The tree henceforth 
 will I'ank as the friend of tlie tiller of the soil, not as 
 his (uiemv; and in the words if a sweet singer of an 
 other land, we shall ])roclaim, aloud and fearlesly wiien 
 the occasion may re([uire: 
 
 " WOOUM.VN SPAlfK I'lIAT TUEE ! " 
 
 
 :. 
 
 •*i 
 
 :U 
 
 ■'* , 
 
 ♦I 
 
 I 
 
 Gentlemen, in the nauK; of the citizens of Quebec, 
 you are welcome, thrice weici.uie ' " 
 
 
 h. 
 
 I '■ 
 • : I 
 
 
w 
 
 
 
 TlIK AMKUICAN F()UESTUY ASSOCIATION'S NAVAL PH.. 
 GJilMAGE TO LA lioNNE STE. ANNE. 
 
 I •; f, 
 i' 
 
 Oil beard ss. Druid, 5tli Septornbcr, 1800. 
 
 " ( )n tlif hosoin n\' ii livor 
 Wln-M'c the SUM uiiloosod his i|nivei' 
 StcaiiK'fl II vessel lij;ht ami irer ; 
 Moi'iiin;.' ih'w- lfn|is liim.u' likf iimnim 
 Oil the )>i'i<,'lir i'ohls of her hiiniier, 
 And tlie /(^phyrs rose to fan lier 
 Softly to the nuliaiit sea.'' 
 
 0)111! of (»uv sweet ]M'nsive Scptemlier suns, niter 
 rc'iicated aiteiiiiits, has at last sueeessl'iilly slriiL,fi4lcMl 
 tlii'ouj^li tlie dense, dark, ,l;ivv elniids, hankeil ii]p in 
 the east. .\ liuht rain last niulit has nia'le the retnnias 
 and !M()riiiii,L;-(llnries ('.\|iand and " ojie their eyes" 
 jr)yl'til]y — after many days of tlioueht. A loved hand 
 is eulliiiLf tlie fairest flowers in the parlcri'ds of Sjiencer 
 (iraiii^e, to l)iiild two ^ii^antie UoiKjiK'fs for the entertain- 
 ment of this day 
 
 From tlie romantic ]>inlieiis of St. Peter street, comes 
 the sound of the sturdy, steamer Druhl winding his 
 horn, or rather his shnll whisth' : a sij^mal to higgards 
 
 to hurry on hoard ; to start, sharp Id a m for 
 
 th(! adventurous voyaj^e. 
 
 We have readied at last, jiast Lord Dufferin's grand 
 terrace, looming out 182 feet over the Queen's 
 wliarf ; and find in attendance, as oft we bef(»re found, 
 fre.sh and jolly, at his post, when the city or Govern- 
 ment tenders civilities per mure, the Commodore of 
 the Canadian navy, — our friend — J. V. Gregory. 
 
 There stands the burly commander of the Hiron- 
 delle, chirpy, full of jokes and good humor. " Have a 
 cigar," to Forester from distant Colorado. " Hope you 
 
 •^:[ 
 
 1 ^^U- 
 
1 
 
 ■ * (1 
 
 p 
 
 — 317 — 
 
 had rosy dreiim.s ? " to soiiu^ blooming,' diiiasel from the 
 
 far Wi'st and so (tii, stt on. 
 
 Finally, he disa|i]K'ars down tluf coni]ianion stejis, 
 
 leadin^f a fair New Yorker, unxious to deposit below 
 
 her wrap and i)aras(jl ; liic Commodore in the mciiii- 
 
 time enlivens the pleasant hour with a snaleh of an (jM 
 
 sea ditty : 
 
 " A lifo on tho ocoaii-wavf, 
 A home on the rolling flcop." 
 
 Cheers res]»nnd from the main cabin to the forecastle, 
 atid a broad smile pervades tin- manly and jtlacid eou/i- 
 tenanee of Lieut. .1. ]I. W. Threed, one of our quests, 
 a naval otiicer of the h'v^ ironclad licllfropJioii, at rest 
 on her anchor's a few caldes len.uth to the south of the 
 Queen's wharf. There was /est, hope, contentment all 
 rcjund, and no mistake, 
 
 Never was the most excitin<,' Arctic voyiiL;e, recorded 
 in naval aiuials, undertaken under more favorable 
 ausjiices. 
 
 One hundred ventursome pilgiims were seeking to 
 reach by sea the remote, hallowed shore of La ]ii)inie 
 Salntc-AuDe. Vv\v, 'tis true, had any gi'cat ailment, 
 for which relief would be asked. No crutches I — not 
 one brought alony I 
 
 No, not even the illustrious navigators, (Jook and 
 ]jougainville, one hundred and huty-onq years ago, 
 felt more eager to breast the dangers of the deep when 
 they sought one another, on the broad St. Lawrence, 
 than our light-hearted Forestry-folks, bent on exjjloring 
 the mysteriijs of the cnf<' de Bcuvprc and the sacred 
 shrine. Glory was the insjiiring idea in tlie ))reast 
 of the two great sea captains ; a prize ludd out worthy 
 of them, the coni[Uest or loss (if Canada, oui' dear 
 country. For the Foresters, goodfellowship, ])leasure 
 and instruction, the only jirize hehl forth, but that, in 
 glowing colors ! 
 
 What is after all glory ! The furrow left on Lau- 
 rentian waves, in 1759, by the old Centurion or the 
 
 
 
; 1':: 
 
 
 — 318 — 
 
 
 Afahinfc, (1) was not <lef|»('i', less evanescent, than 
 that itiijiiinted by iht; )iii(Mlt'-\vhe('l.s of dur .sliiinich, 
 though nut a very lle(!t j^veyhuiinil, the Dinid. " The 
 jiaths of i^loiy," iihis ! where (hi (hey h'ad to ? 
 
 On came, (jvor the «,'an;,'way the ni.sh of {^Miests : a 
 sur<Miij4; emwd (if eiitliiisiastie Kmcsters ; a few from 
 golden ('ahfdrnia, some and aihiiired ones fmm (hstant 
 Ohio and Cdhtraihi ; a. bevy from thej^reen mountains 
 (if Vermont, Maine and -.lihnlarly Massachnsetts, whilst 
 Wii>lniiut(in s(!nta r(']in-:.'iitalive hddy : — scientists and 
 thitd<ei's; — l'hilad(d|ih! i, the city of hrntherly hive, 
 claime(l the Secictary to the Asscciatimi, the activ(! 
 I)i. Fisher, and also a hriiiht, enthusiiistic, handsomo 
 oratdr, Mrs. (iedrm' T. W'esldii, tlie s|iniis(! (if a Xewton 
 jihysician. lldW well she did discdiirsel On rushed, at 
 their heels, a ^ay and iidisy cdrps df French /llfcriih'urs 
 from old France, twenty ddd niemliers df the fanidu.s 
 Al]iin(! ('lull, bright with yreen liail,t,'es, face fiLildW 
 with fun, witli an (u^casinnal tiu<^'e of sadness. " IfdW 
 
 the (1 1 La J!rJlt' Fnnnr could evei' have jiarted 
 
 withdul a jirolon^ed stru,u:,<i;le, with ('<' licdii CaiKuJa, 
 mow. than a hundred years a^d ? " " C'cs^ iin fult 
 iiccniiipU, I'l'ijretfdhh'," said one, " mais ciifni c'cst 
 falfV 
 
 This is no time for ropiniuL; and Voijae hi GaUre! 
 Consjiicuous anudst the crowd stands the tall, di^ifnitied 
 (Tdvernor and Inmefactdr (if thi^ l>ahama Islands, 
 Sir Ambvdse Shea, cduversin.u' with the "genial CJen- 
 eral J. Grant Wilson, II. S. A. On and (in they 
 come, until the deck fore and alt was Cdverod with 
 Foresters and their hosts, male and female; (lek\yates 
 from the sister Province, and bright ones, from Ontario ; 
 talkative foreign Constds, some full of importance, in 
 fact thinking' themselves nearly Ambassadors of Euro- 
 
 (1) Both vessels conspicuous at Quebec during the great 
 
— 310 — 
 
 |ieaii Towers; city ntlicials, wuriliily jiresidcd nvei Ity 
 till! riD-Miiynr, II(»ii. .Inliii Ilt'iiiii ; spt'ck and siuiii 
 new iiiciidtcrs (if tlu' I'rnviiicial ('abiiict, willi their 
 eldiniciit, alert )Freiiiier, the iiinviiii; s|)ii'it linn. II. (I. 
 .Inly de Lnthinieii; fnllnw in;,' hiisklv ihr ;,'ay cavalcade. 
 " ij't ^'n the haw ser " saii^' nut niir hustlin;,' captain, witli 
 an aluiiHlance nt' mdd nn his nnilniiii, and the l)riii<l 
 shot past the llilhrd/ilKiii, the ('mntiln and the pretty, 
 liny Thritsji, hemin;^' the lla^t,' "'" <li«^ yuuthl'id ri'iiico 
 Georj^e, under a lull head nf steam. 
 
 A IV'W minutes nmre, the steamer, aniiil channel was 
 c(l[iin,ti' in tnwaids, the L^rassy heaehis nl iVnuipnit, 
 where the scream nC the irnii hni'se has this sjiiing 
 dl'owiied the inarnl'the cannon and tin' shnut nl' victory 
 which ]\Iontcalm's (Jrenadieis and the Caiiailian militia 
 echot d on this strand on the 111 si duly, 1750, when 
 Wolff's llinhjanilers and the hrave I'.iitish ( lieiiadii I'S 
 weic cont'iuntetl hy the inacces.-'ihlu heij^hls ot Alonlnio- 
 I'eiicy. 
 
 lOXci'liSION OF i'lIK I'MlJI'SiltV ASMU'IAI.ION. 
 
 " The oxcni'sioii nttcrc'l to tlir niciiilxTs nl' tlie .\iiiciican 
 Forcsti'v Associiition t(ml\ |ilii<'<' yt'stcril'iy iiy stfaniiT Ihuld 
 to St. Aiiiic <le I>fiiii]ir('-, imd was i\ (IcIi.L'iitlul .-iU'C('>.s. Tin? 
 inenihers of the Aliiiiic Clul) of Fiani'i-, now in towiijiiccrpti'd 
 tlie invitution to join the exoui'sionists. 
 
 Amoiifist tlicsf present were noticrd Sir Aniliroise Shea, 
 Govi'rnor of tJaliiiinii islands; .1. Hrycc, M. P., South Alter- 
 dcrn ; (i(>n. (i. Wifsoii, New Yoi'k ; 11. L. dc ^■i!ll'l!lo^in and 
 P. du N'illcinorin, Paris : lion. 11. ^rfrcicr, Ilon.< 'iiarlcs l,an- 
 gt'lier, Hon. Geo. I)niianud, lion. 11, Arclianiliatdt, Hon. II. 
 (i. .loiy do Lothinicrcaiiil Miik'..Io1v, >r. f>. .lojv de Lotliiniorc, 
 and J'! H. (•asf.'rain,M.r. 
 
 I'lircifi-i/ Assofidfi'iH : — Mcssi's. J. !>. W. i''ioncii, I'oston ; 
 N. G. Kidder, Milton, Mass. : ]\I. A. liiiic, Deputy ^Minister of 
 Agriculturf, Ontario; Aulni-y Wliite, i)eputy Mniistor of 
 Crown Lands, Ontario I V>. E. Fernow, Chiidofthe Forestry 
 Division, Wasliinfrton, and Mis. Fcinow ; Mr. and Mrs. Edge 
 and Mrs.tiL'O. T. Weston, Newton, Pa. ; .1. Craig, of tlie Dom- 
 inion Experimental Farm ; rroles.>-or Ea/A'nl.)y,Coliimiius,(,»lii() ; 
 George Moore, Hon. lu A. Koljitaille, Edgar T. Ensign, ami 
 Mrs. Ensign, Colorado Springs ; H. \\. Moore, Hon. J. K, 
 
 •t! , 
 
 t! < \i 
 
 ''4 
 
 •'■'': 't 
 
 
 ■J ! 
 If 
 
 1 » 
 
 %]^ 
 
— 320 — 
 
 Ward, anil ^frs. War<l, Win. Little, J. X. Peri-aiilt, ^^ontl•eal ; 
 J. M. r.oMoine uml Miss LeMoine ; Dr. T. A. Hnois, (Jntario ; 
 E. A. Barnard, Mrs. Sandiiold Macdonald, Miss Barnard ami 
 Miss Richard, Ai'thahaska ; W. Gerald Ross, QiielxKi ; Arehy. 
 Cainpliell, (iiiel)ec ; X. M. Craig, Dr. II. M. Fislior, Philailol- 
 phia ; Mrs. Cox, J. B. Charloson, Superintendent of Forest 
 Hangers. 
 
 The City Council ofQuohec was represented by Alderman 
 llearn, Pro-Mayoi", 1*. (iagnon, .1. IT. Oignae, Kaine, Dr. Fiset 
 and Dr. .Iolic(eur. Utiiers jiresent were Mr. 'laAehereau, Dr. 
 l[ar])ei' and Mrs. Ilarjier, Mr. Si;li\vartz, Consul for Swei'den 
 antl Norway, and Mrs. Sclnviirtz. 1'. Cote, X. P., T. O'Brien, 
 diaries Do^uise, Alex. Clement, Mr. and Mrs. ( )rtz, Mr. and 
 Mrs. St. (icorge Bosweil, S. Sylvestre, J. A. W. Lebel, Aug. 
 Edge, ITlric Bartheaml Mrs. iJai'the. 
 
 A <ielightful time was spt-nt at St. Anne's, whore about an 
 liour was spent, and tlien on tlie retui'ii trij), a magnificent 
 luncheon was served, and admirable speeciies an<l aildr(^sses 
 were made by the \hn^, -John ileain, Hon. Mr. Joly, Hon. 
 Mr. Mercier, Mfssrs. Fernow, I'ii. Villemorin, Darnaut, Dr. 
 Brvee, Mr. Blue, 3[r. (rreirorv, Mrs. Geo. T. Weston, Gen, 
 Wilson, Hon. .1. K. Ward, 'Mr". J. X. I'errault and others. 
 
 — {Morniiiii Chronicle, (ith September, 1800, 
 
 I, 
 J 
 
 TWO .MHMOIJIAL TUEKS. 
 
 A voiy ]»l('asiint incident took ])liice on the return 
 of tlie Aiiicricaii Forestry Association fnjui tlie enjoy- 
 ahle excursion, <jn board tlie steamer " Druid," tendered 
 l»y the city, on tlie 5lli instant. Hon. Mr. Jol}' de 
 Lotliiniere, on leavinj^^ the steamer, summoned all 
 ]iresent to aecompany him to the Parliament l>uildings, 
 to fulfil, as he aptly stated, ji duly as ]>leasant as it was 
 sacred — imposed l)y a communication just received 
 that day from Tennessee, U. S. " I shall read," said 
 he, "to the ladies and L^entlcmen ])resent, a d(di»>htful 
 letter just ])ut in my hands." Anioiiif those attendin<^ 
 vcQ notice the Pro-Mayor, Hon. duhn llearn ; the 
 Chairman of the Citizens Committee, J. M. LeMoine, 
 F. K. 8. C. ; J)r. John Harper ami jMrs. Harper, Archi- 
 bald Cam])hell, of Thoridiill ; Lt.-Col. dos. Forsyth. G. 
 Joly de Lotbiniere, barrister; J. U. Gre.yory, Dr. 
 Fisher, of rhiladel[)hia, Secretary to Forestry Asso- 
 
 
 W' 
 
 M 
 
— ;32i — 
 
 ciation ; B. E. Feriiow, Superintendent of State Fores- 
 try, Washington, and ^Ir.s. Fernow ; Mrs. ( ten. T. 
 Weston, Philadelphia; W. Little, Hon. J. K. Ward, 
 Mr, White and Mr. Blue;, Ontario ; (leo. Moore, Mon- 
 treal, dorist; Professor Lazenhy, Ohio; Col. and Mrs. 
 Ensign, Coniniissioncr of Forestry for Colorado. 
 
 Mrs. Weston, amidst loud cheers, was invited ])v 
 Hon. Mr. Joly de Lothiniere, to |»lant the saereil tree, 
 to be dedif.f ted to Lord Dufferin, as retinested by the 
 letter received. It was done accordingly ; each incMuber 
 coiitril)Uting a shovelful of earth. 
 
 On opening the jiackage, it was found to conlain 
 another hickory tree, which it was unanimously deoitled 
 to plant as a nu-yiorialtree of the meeting of the .Viner- 
 ican Forestry Congress, at Quebec, of which Mr. Kernow 
 was the elo(|uent ex})onent in our city. Mrs. l''ernow 
 was asked to p>erform the agreeable duty and jdanted 
 the denizen of Gen. Jackson's grove accunliugly, amidst 
 re[)eated cheers — all hats off, when tin,' President of the 
 Citizen's Receptiou, Mi'. LeMoine, proposed the follow- 
 
 ing ,sei 
 
 nuMit 
 
 " Ma\ this young tree flourish and expand, until the 
 dews of heaven j;ut forth its luxuriant foliage eachyciir, 
 on the return of the leat'y ni'iulhs ! may it be tuneful 
 with the song of birds ' " 
 
 After three rousing cheers and a tiger from those 
 present, a general shaking of hands took place and this 
 closed the ]»roceediiigs of the Amt.'rican Forestry Asso- 
 ciation at (Quebec for the year IS'.M). 
 
 We append a co]iy of the letter, wliich was read, on 
 the jilanting of each tree : 
 
 <' Niolivillc, Ti'iiii., An;.'. 2«, \m\ 
 
 IIOU. H. (i. .Tdl.V I)K LOTIUXli.Ki;, 
 
 Vice-rrf'sidt'iit, AiinTiean Fnrostry .Association, 
 (^iicln^c, < 'aiKiila. 
 
 Dear Sir, — 1 havi' tliis day i'xim'-ssimI to you a llit-koiy 
 Tree from the Ilennitage, the homo of Cli'iicral Andrew 
 
 2X 
 
 . ! »i 
 
 I* 
 
 
 ^% 
 
 
 -..>i 
 

 — 322 — 
 
 Jackson. This tree is from (JeneralJackson's favorite grove, 
 still flourishing in front of the Hermitage. Tho Hickory was 
 (ionoral .Tackson's favorite tree, iionce tho name given him 
 " Old Hickory " by his personal friends to signify tlie 
 strength and Himness of his character. We st.'nd you this 
 troe from a historic and sacred Tennessee grove, with a 
 request that you i)lant and dedicat** it to Lord Duflerin, 
 Canada's former Governor, who rei)resented a peojjle whom 
 we respect and earnestly desire to cultivate warm and 
 friendly relations with for all time. 
 
 With best ami kindest wishes, 
 
 1 am, Dear Sir, 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 Your obedieftt servant, 
 
 Thomas F. Wriciit, 
 Vice-President A. F. Assn., Tenn. 
 
 X. ]] 1 beg to hand you a piece of walnut from a log of 
 
 (ien. .lackson's old cabin home, yet standuig in tlic rear of 
 the Hermitage (jrove. " 
 
 
 
 
'■lij 
 
 ^ :'^i| 
 
 ' i:m 
 
 i v 
 
 i'l 
 
 P^RT II 
 
 m 
 
 *•;''! 
 
 
 LECTURES AND ADDRESSES. 
 
 t 
 
 H5 
 
n 
 
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GLIMPSES OF QUEBEC 
 
 DIKING THE 
 
 LAST TEX YEARS OF FREXCIl D03IINATI0N 
 
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 1749-59 
 
 A PAI'KR HRAl) nKFOIlK THK "UTKRAKY AND iriSTOniOAI. SOCIETY," 
 3l'(l DEC, ]871t, BY Tin-: PKKSIDKNT, J. M. I.eMOlN'K. 
 
 ^m 
 
 Ladies axu (fKNTLEMKN, 
 
 1 
 
 Had my nljjecl been merely to jilease youi' fancy and 
 eaptivato your imaL;inatioii liy exhibiting those noble 
 tvaiU of individual bravery, tlioso exam}de,s< if sacrifice 
 of self tor lo\e of country, those hair-breadth escapes 
 by Hood and held, of which our annals abound, closin,L,' 
 my narrative with the grand spi'ctacle of the triumphal 
 march of civilization over Indian ferocity in its most 
 repellant forms, it is nut the era of expiring French 
 power, at Quebec, T should have searched for material. 
 
 My eyes would have reverted to those lirave old 
 times of Chamjtlain — d'lberville — de Froutenac — Dol- 
 lard des Ormeanx — lU'ebd'uf — Mile tie Vercheres, &c. 
 
 However, the dark days which henilded the loss of 
 Canada to France, are ni»t without theii' interest. To 
 thestudent of history, they are pregnant with tt;acliings ; 
 every where you reatl the bitter lesson, which in all 
 
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 — 32G — 
 
 ii"es Kinf's ami Commoners have had to learn ; evevv 
 where breaks forth the inexorable logic taught by the 
 violation of the eternal laws of moral rectitude and civic 
 duty. 
 
 1749. 
 
 ;t!f 
 
 1 
 
 Let ns then view Quebec such as a celebrated tourist 
 found it in 1749 ; ten years later we will witness the 
 falling asunder of a stately, l)ut insecure edifice, the 
 French domination in North America. 
 
 On the "jth August, 1749, a distinguished traveller, 
 recommended by royalty (1) — accredited l)y academies 
 and universities — Professor Kalni, the friend of Lin- 
 nieus, landed in tlie Lower Tkwu. His a])i)roach had 
 not been unheraldeil, nor uncNpectcd ; advices from 
 Versailles having i)re\ iously reached tlie Governor of 
 Canada. On ste]i])ing on shore from the " canopied " 
 tateau, jirovided for liini by the Baron of Longueuil, 
 (iovernor of ^Montreal, Major de Sernionville, the ollicer 
 to whose care he had been committed, led him forth- 
 with to the i)alace (if llie Marquis de La Galissonniere, 
 the (Jovernoi-General of Canada, who, he says, received 
 hini witli " extraoi'dinaiy goochicss." His Excellency at 
 tha; time, th(! recogni/eil ])atn)n of literature and of the 
 arts, in New France, in anti(.'ipation of the I'rofessor's 
 arrival, had ordered ajiariinents to be got ready for the 
 illustrious stranger, wlio was introduced to an intelligent 
 guide. Dr. (iuulthier, I'oyal jiliysician, and also an able 
 botanist. Kalm, henceforth, will be an honored, nay, 
 a not uidVeijuent guest at the Chateau St. Louis, yonder, 
 (hiring liis stay in Quebec. 
 
 Tlic Professor (ells how clieerfuUy lie })aid to the 
 crew, C(jm]iriseil of six rowers, tlie usual fee ov 'poiir- 
 hoire to escajie the traditional " ducking" to which all 
 travellers (Mithout excepting the G(jvernor-Geneial) 
 
 (1 The Kings of l<'raiice and of Sweilen. 
 
r'' 'i 
 'I 
 
 '^'27 
 
 yvcve otherwise subjected to, on their first visit to 
 Quebec or Montreal. 
 
 i\. num of mark was the Swedish botanist and philn- 
 sojiher, not oidy by lii.s position amonij European navanfi^, 
 but also as bein;4 the sj)eeial (1) envoy f)f the Royal 
 Academy of Sciences, at Stockholm, and as the re])re- 
 sontative of the three Universities of Aobo, Lunil and 
 Ujisala, who had sup])lied the greater portion (jf the 
 funds necessary to carry out his soientific mission, 
 which lasteil neai'ly four yeais. I'rovided with pass- 
 l)orts and recomrnenilations to the Swedish Ministers 
 at the Courts of London, Paris, ]\Ia(h'id, the llatfue, wi? 
 find Peter Kalm sailin<f from Ujisala, on the 1 Oth 
 October, 1747, accompanied In' Lars Vunnsti'a'Ui — an 
 assistant, skilful as a bntanist, a gardener and an artist. 
 
 The disciple of LiniuBus, after having successively 
 visited Norway, came to England ; and after s]iending 
 some tinu- there, he crossed the Atlantic, viewing New 
 Yoi'k and Pennsylvania, and Unally Canada, noting 
 down, day l)y <lay, in his journal, countries — men — 
 manners — animals — trees — ])lants — ores — minerals, i^c, 
 with aecui'aey and in detail. His travels an; the subject- 
 matter of two large volumes, illustrated with plat(!S, 
 nui])s. Sec, and li'anslated into English, at London, in 
 1771. 
 
 ■ tl li 
 
 (1) I'ai'on Sten Cliarles Hiolke, of Finliind, liad jiroposed 
 to the lioyal Ao!i(l(ony oC Scu-ium's, at StockliDlm, tn s(Miil an 
 al)le man to tlic Xintheni ports of Silii'iia ami Iceland, as 
 localities which iwo partlj' undiT th(\ same latitmle with 
 Sweth'u; antl to make there such observations, and collec- 
 tions of seeds and plants, as would improve the Swedish 
 husbandry, L'aideniiiL'. nianut'actures. arts and sciences. 
 Pi'otV'ssei' Liiiniciis tiioiiiilil that a journry tln'oiiuii North 
 America would be yet ol a moi'c extensive utility, tiie plants 
 of Ameri(>a being then but little known. Kalni's mission to 
 America, iiowever, was due tn the initiative of Count 'I'ossin, 
 a nol)lenian of merit, on his becoming President of tlie Royal 
 Academy ; to the learned l)Otanist hinna'iis : and to tho 
 infiuence of the Prince lioyal, subsequently King of Swrdcn, 
 and then Chancellor of the University of Upsala. 
 
 j« I 
 
 4 
 
 
— 328 — 
 
 It ; 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, with your jiermission, we 
 .sluiU follow the adventnious footsteps of Professor 
 Ivalm, in our streets, and round our old city, one 
 hundred and thirty years ago, and take n(»te of what 
 his cieerone, Dr. (laulthicr, may tell him ahout the " old 
 rock," its inhabitants, customs, &c. Kalm, on his way 
 to the Clifitcau St. Louis, had to ascend ^lountain Hill. 
 Shall we n(it have a word to say about this, to us 
 veiy famihar thorouglifare ? Wliv called jMouutain 
 Hill ? 
 
 When (Quebec was founded, and for years afterwards, 
 a very rugged foot])ath led from the strand under Cape 
 Diamond to the lofty area above, where the great 
 Indian Chii-f Donacona no doul)t used to bag grouse and 
 hai'es by do/ens, in the day of Jacriuos-Cartici'. On the 
 27tli Novemlur, 1G2I3, the descent to the I-ower Town 
 had been o]ieued nut and made more jiractieable ; we 
 would i]na<iine it must have inidergone another levell- 
 ing to admit of the ascent of the first horse, who paced 
 the streets of Quebec, the stud ]iresemed fiom France, 
 as a gift to His Excelk-ncy, Chark-s Huault, de Mout- 
 nuigny, in 164S. Thougli horned cattle exist(;d in the 
 colony as early as lG2o, oxen were for the first time 
 nsed to plough, on the 27th Ajiril, 1(128. Cham])lain's 
 habitation stood in the Lower Town, on the site where 
 the little Church of yotre-Daine-tlc-lK-Vivtolvt' was 
 subsequently erectdl. The iii'st Eurojiean settler in the 
 U]i]ter Town was a Parisian apothecaiy, by name Louis 
 Hebert, who in K'llT, set to clearing some hand for 
 agricultural pui'poses, where now stand the liasilica 
 and tlu! Seminary, and that area, of ground extending 
 from Sainte-Kamille Street to the Hotel-Dieu. Hebert 
 built himself a tenement, the historian Laverdiere 
 thinks, were the Archbishoji's Palace now stands. He 
 also erected a mill (a wind-mill ju'obably) on that point 
 of Saint-Josejth Street w Inch conncicts with Saint-Fran- 
 (jois and Saint-Flavien Strciets. Hel)ert's house and his 
 neighbt)r, (iuillaume Couillard's (the foundations of 
 
 ^V^ 
 
 «M.' 
 
— 329 — 
 
 whicli were disco vcivd, in 1806, by the Abbe Liivenlieve 
 in the Seminary Garden, in rear und facing the entrance 
 to the old wing of the Seminary) seem to have been the 
 first structures raised in the Ujtper-Town. Mountain 
 Hill, Cofe L<unoiift((jne, took its name according to 
 some writeis, frtmi f)ne Lamontagne, located in the 
 neighborhood ; according to others, from its being the 
 ascent to the mountain on Avhich is sits our jiictn- 
 res(iue town. 
 
 ]Iow mauv yallaut French Vice-Iloys ? How niaiiv 
 jiroud English Ciovernors and Admirals have ascended 
 this st(H']» hill, from the era of Cham])lain t<i that of 
 Peter Kalin and liis learned and aconnijdisheil lYiend 
 Admiial de La (lalis.sonniere, tla^ vietcir of ]i(i(ir Hyng 
 in the Mediteiranean ; from the lighting time of 1 7-'U, 
 when de ])iiugainville, de A'anclain, I >iirell, Sanndi'rs, 
 (.'(M)k, ralliser, Jervis anclmred tla.ii' .shi|is-(if-war in 
 oiu' ]iort,totlu; auspicious day, when the Lord (if Lorne 
 and tlu' royal Lady by his sidi; were escorted by nwv 
 citi/en-sol(liers to their (|uai't<'rs on (,'a])(^ Diamond ? 
 
 If it should be su[ierthujus to vctrac.'e the moile of 
 rece]ition e.\tended to the envoys of I (owning Strei-t in 
 our day, ]iossibly. many of you. wouM not bi' a\er>c to 
 seeing lifted from the ]iast tlic \cil of yeais, mid recall- 
 ing some of tlu! jiagcants, with which the colony gi'i'eted 
 the judud nifn'((nis<cs and count.-, who asctMidc-d ]\bnin- 
 tain Hill, accr.'dited representatives of the (I mud 
 Monnnuic, who swayed innvtial !•' ranee. 
 
 Sliall We tlien accum]iany the I'l'ot'es.sor down ^loun- 
 tain Hill and witness the pre})arations niadi; rin the 
 leith August, 1740, for tla^ reeejitiiiU of tlie new ( Gov- 
 ernor, the Murqii'ix (If Lii Jiukjh i- ri . wiut is to rcplai'e 
 Aiuirul (Je L<i (rdlissDnii ><' w. 
 
 " About eight o'clock, says Kalm, the chief jieople 
 in town assendded at the house of ^Ir. de A'auihvui!, 
 who had lately been nominated (ii»\i'rnor of Tmis- 
 
 liiviircs, i\\\(\ lived in the Lower Town 
 
 Tinther came likewise the Marquis de L;i (lalissonniere, 
 
 
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 — 3;;() — 
 
 wIkj hild lill now ])L'l!ll (fOV01'll()I-( JuiH'lill 
 
 lie was ucc(jiniiiinied by the jtcoplu lieloiigitii,' to thi.' 
 (iovcn'iininnt. I was likowiso invited to see this festi- 
 vity. At half an hour after eight, the new (Jovernoi- 
 (ieneral went from the ship into a barge, eovered with 
 rt'd cloth, n|ion which a signal with cannons was given 
 from the ranijarts, for all the Ik'Hs in the town to be 
 set a-ringing. All the |(eo|ile of distinction went down 
 to the shore to salute the (lovci'iior, who, alighting 
 from the barge, was received by (he Mnvqv'ix ih' La 
 (hdissoiiynih'e. After they had saluted each othei', the 
 Comiuandant (tf the Town addressed i1h> Xew (iover- 
 nor-Clcneral in a very elegant sjmmh.'Ii, which he answered 
 very concisely : aftiM' which all the cannons on the 
 ram])arts gave a giMieral salute. The whole street, U]i to 
 the Cathedral, Mas lined with men in ai'iris, chielly 
 drawn out fi'om among the Burghesses. The (lovernoi' 
 Genei'al then walked towards the Cathedral drfssed in 
 u suit of red, with abundance of yold lace;. His servants 
 went before him in green, carrying iire-arms on their 
 shoulders. On his ari'ival at the Cathedral he was 
 receiveil by the liishop of Canada and the whole Clergy 
 assembled. The Tjishop was arrayed in his I'ontilical 
 liobes, and had a long gilt tiara on his head and a great 
 crozier of massy silvtir in his hand (1). Aftei'tln^ Bishoji 
 had addi'es.setl a short speech to the (lovernor-' Jeneral, 
 a I'riest brought a, silver (/lucilix on a long stick (two 
 I'rifsts with lighted tiijiersin their hands going on each 
 side of it) to bi' kissed by the Govei'uor. Tlie I)isho]> 
 and tlu' Priests then went through the long walk uj) to 
 the choir. The servants of tlie (loNcrnor-Genc'ral fol- 
 lowed witii I heir hats on, and arms on their shoulders. 
 At last, caiui' the (loveinor-( ieneral aixl his suite, and 
 after them a crowd of ]K'0]ile. A' (he beginning of the 
 choir, the Governor-General and the Ucncral dc La 
 
 (1) Travol.s of P. Kuhn in Xoi'tli America, \'(»L II, p. 30O. 
 
 
 
 •W-' 
 
'i 
 
 .1 .> 1 
 ooi 
 
 GdJlssotiniirc ,st(»]i]u'(i lufoit) a cliiiir covovod with ivd 
 cl(ttli, and stiMid tln'ic (lurin<; tin; whole tiiiu! of (1k> 
 ctdehratiou ol' []\v. Mass, which was (udcbnilcd by the 
 I'.isho]) himself. From tlu' Church he went to the 
 Palace, where the pcntlemen (tf note in town after- 
 wards went to ]iay their respects to him. The I'elij^ioiis 
 of the difleieiit orders, with their res]>ective siijieriors, 
 likewise came to liim, to ttjstify their joy on account of 
 his ha]i]iy arrival. Among the nnmlier that came to 
 visit hiiH, none staid to dine hut tliosethat were inviteil 
 before hand, amou,L;' wliieh I had the honor t(t be. The 
 entertainment lasted very hiiig, and was elegant as the 
 occasion reiiuiifd." 
 
 in earlier times, the military ami religious display 
 A\as lilended \\\[]\ an aroUia of literature and elalM>rate 
 indian oratory, cond)iniug jirose and jioetry. 
 
 Our excellent friend, Francis I'arkman, will tell us 
 Mhat took ])\\H".', on the ai'rival, on the 28th -hdy, 
 1(358, of the Viscount D'Argeiison, the tJovernor of the 
 colony. " When Argenson arrived to assume the 
 governnuMit, a curious greeting had awaited him. The 
 Jesuits asked him to dine; vesjiers followed tlu; i'e[)ast ; 
 antl then they i'i>nducte(l liini into a hall where the 
 boys of their school — disLiuised, one as the (Jenius of 
 New l''rance, one as tlii' (icnius of the FfU'est, find othei's 
 as ln<liairs of various friendly tiibes — madehiui sjieecht«s 
 by turn, in ]irose and in ver>e. First, I'iern^ du (^)u^'t, 
 who jilayeil the (lenius of New ]''rance, jiresented his 
 Indian retinue to the (ioveiuor in a complimentary 
 harangue. Then four other buys, pei'somiting French 
 colonists, made him four iliitteriug addresses, in French 
 verse. Charles l)enis, (he- -'(l as a Huron, I'nlldwrd, 
 bewailing the ruin of liis people, and appealing to 
 Argi'uson I'lji' aid. dean Francois Ijourdon, in tlie 
 character of an Algomiuiu, next advanced on the plat- 
 form, boasted his ccuirage, and declared thai he was 
 ashamed to cry like the llunm. The Genius of the 
 Forest now a])pearetl, with a lelinue of wild Indians 
 
 
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;32 
 
 from the interior, who beiii^' unnhle to sj)eak French, 
 iuldres.sed the (Governor in their native tongues, which 
 the (leniiis jirocet'chnl to inU^pret. Two other l)oys in 
 the chariicter of |»risoii('i'.s Just e.seaj)e(l from the Iro(|uois 
 then came forward im]ih)rini,' aid in jiiteous accents 
 and in conclusion the wlioh' troop of Indians from far 
 and neai' laid their boW3 and arrows at the feet of 
 Argcnsnn, and hailed him as their chief 
 
 Jiesides these mock Indians, a crowil of genuine 
 savages had gathi-red at (hiehec trt greet the new 
 " Onf)nthio," On the next day, at his own cost, as he 
 writes to a friend, he gave them a feast, consisting of 
 seven large kettlesful of Indian coin, ]ieas, jirunes, 
 sturgeon, ei-ls and fat, which they devoured, he says, 
 after having first sung nu^. a song, after their fashion." 
 
 Oil the long list of lanious X'iceroys, under French 
 or Knglisli rule, in (.'auada, we know of hut (uie who 
 eould liav(! stood, undisiuayed, this avaliiiu'he of 
 addresses and (Uiitoiy, ready with a hapjiy reply t 
 each. Need I name liiin ? he, the hest friend of <,|uebe' 
 
 Probably one of the most gorgeous disjilays on record, 
 was tliiit attending the arrival of the great iMartpiis of 
 Tracy, in IGG'i. He came with a brilliant staif, a crowd 
 of young nobles; and aocoiu]iaiiieil liy two hundred 
 soldiers, to bi; followed by a thousand luore of the 
 dashing regiment of Caiignan-Salieies. He sailed up 
 the St. Lawrenci', and, oM the thirtieth ol' .hine, ll>G.3, 
 anchored iu the basin of <^'uebee. The broad, white 
 standard, blazoned with ilu; arms of France, jiroclaimed 
 the representative ofroyalty; and I'oint-Levi and Cape 
 Diamond and thi; distant Cape Tourinente. I'oared back 
 the Miuntl of th(! saluting cannon. ^VU (.Quebec was 
 on the ram])arts or at the landing jilace, and all eyes 
 were strained at the twd vessels as they slowly emptied 
 their crowded decks into the boats alongside. The lioats 
 at length drew near, and the lieutenant-general and his 
 suite landed on the quay with a pomp such as Quebec 
 had never seen before. 
 
 
— xvs — 
 
 '■\1 
 
 III 
 
 Tracy was ii volcnm of si.\ty-t\vo, jmrtly ami tall, 
 " ont' nfilit' laij^'i'st iin'ii 1 t'\L'r .saw," writes MoiIht 
 Mary; liut he wa.s sallnw with disease, lor lever IuhI 
 .seiz(!(l iiim, ami it liail t'areil ill witli liiiii (»n the long 
 voyai^o. Tlie Chevalier de (."iiauinont walked at his 
 side, and y<Jini,n- nobles surrounded him, <,'()i|;e()us in 
 Inoo and ril)lions, and luajestiiin leojiine wi;;s. Twenty- 
 four ejuards in the Kine's livery led the way, foll(iwe(l 
 by four pants and six valets (I) and thus, while the 
 Fri.'nc'hnien shouted and tiie Indiaiis stared, the au;^ust 
 ])rot'ossion threaded the streets of the Lower Town, and 
 cliiuiM'd the st(;e]i pathway that scaled the cliffs ahovi?. 
 Jh'eathiiiL; hard, they reached the to|i, passed on the 
 left the dila]iitlated walls of the fort and the shed of 
 niin;ij;led wood and masonry which then liore the n:iim' 
 of the (,'a>l!e of St. l>ouis ; jtassod on tla; riulit the old 
 liouse of Couillard and the site of Laxal's lu'W •eiuinary, 
 and soon reached tlie s([uaro betwixt the .It!>-uits eol- 
 h'e(! and the (Jathe(lrah 
 
 The bells were rin<4ing in a phreiisy of welcome. 
 Laval in jiontiticals, surrouiahid ' \ priissts and -lesuits, 
 stood waiting U. receive tlu; depuiN I' the i\ing, and as 
 he greeted Tracy and olVered him the holy water, he 
 looked with anxious curi(.)sity lo sci' what manner of 
 man he was. The signs were a us] licious. Tin; deport- 
 ment of the lieutenant-general left nothing to desire. 
 A pr'ie-D'u'u had Ix.'cn ]ilaced for him, lie tlecline(l it. 
 They olVered him a cnshion, but he would not have it, 
 and hivered as he was, he knelt on tlu' bare ]ui\'ement 
 with a devotion that edified every ludiolder. Te Dcum 
 was sung and a day of rejoicing followed." CI) 
 
 In our day, we can recall liul one page;iul at all 
 equal: the roar of cann<in, \-c., atleiuling the advent of 
 the great Earl of Durham, l)Ut tlu're Mere noticeable 
 
 (1) '' His constant attemlunoc nlu-u he weat iiliroii'l,"' suys 
 More Juchorciui. 
 
 (2) The Old Reijime in Canada, ]). 177-0. 
 
 1 
 
 
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 fewer " jiriests," fewer "Jesuits," iuid less " kneeling " 
 in the jirocession in I808. 
 
 Line-of-biittle sliips — .stately frigates, twelve in num- 
 ber : the Mdhilnir — TFiistliitjs — Corinvallin — Incon- 
 stant — Hei'cules — Pique — ('luirijhdls — Peed — Vestal 
 — Medea — Dee — and Andromache escorted to our 
 shores, the able, i)roud, luunane, (1) unlucky Vice-Koy 
 and High Commissioner, with his clever advisers, the 
 Turtons, liullers, Wakefield-;, Ilansomes, Derbyshires, 
 JJuidvins, cam innltis uliis. 
 
 On the 21st August, 1740, Kalm was ju'esent at an 
 interview of deli-gates from three of the Indian nations 
 of Canada, the Anics, Micmacs and Hurons witli the 
 French Governor dl' (^hic)»ec. The Anies (Oneidas) 
 didegates — four in uundter — were the only survivors 
 (two exce])ted) of a bund of tifty Indians who had 
 rcci'iitly "ambushed" near Montreal, where they went 
 in (juest of iiluuder and luul been killed by the French. 
 The Hurons were id(.'ntical with those then settled at 
 India,n Lorette : we are told that they delivered their 
 harangues, seated on chairs, round His Excellency who 
 was seated, Avhilst the Micmacs, "sat (in the gnjund 
 like Lajtlanders." Kalm describes the Hurons as " tall, 
 robust people, well shajied and of a copjier colour. 
 They have short black hair wich is shaved on the fore- 
 head, from one ear to the other. None of them wear 
 hats or caps. Some have earrings, others not. Many of 
 them have the face painted all over with vermilion ; 
 others have only strokes of it on the forehead and near 
 the ears, and some ]iaint their hair with vermilion. Eed 
 is the color they chielly make use of in painting them- 
 selves ; but 1 have likewise seen some who had daubed 
 their liices with a black colour. Many of them have 
 
 (1) I use the term .idviserlly, for liad he followed out the 
 Colborne policy and gibetted the " Bermuda exiles, " he 
 would have had one sin less to atone for, at the hands of 
 Lord Brougham and other merciless enemies in England. 
 
 W- 
 
 w 
 
335 
 
 
 figures on the face, ami on the wliole body, which are 
 
 stained into the skin, so as to be indelible 
 
 These (igures are eonnnonly black; some have a snake 
 jiainted on each cheek, some liaA'e several crrtsses, sumo 
 an arrow, othei's the sun, oi' anything else their imagi- 
 nation leads them to." (Vol. " 11, p. 320.) What an 
 oliservant man, tlie Swedish Professor seems to nave 
 been ! 
 
 These Indian C(jinu'ils, \\ith tlieir wanijium belts 
 fantastic, airy and grotes(jue cosMimesof the chiefs, \-c., 
 have ninu' than once been trying to tlie gravity of 
 Eui'opeans — wliutlier Frencli or JMiglisli. I'rofessor Diis- 
 sieii.v, iirobably on the authority of Charlevoix, gives 
 some humorous incidents which ha])i)ened at tlie grand 
 Indian C(tuncils held in 1700 and 1701, at ^Montrual. 
 
 "Tlie Algon(iuin chief, says he, a winsome and brave 
 young warrior proud of his victories on the Iroipiois, 
 had done his hair in a ridge like the cond) nf a cock, 
 with a scarlet jdume, eri'ct on the crest and hanging 
 over bi hind 
 
 Another chief of note aud wit, wore on liis pate the 
 skin of the head of a young bullock, with the horns 
 i'allin<f over his ears 
 
 An Outagami chief had smeared his face with red 
 paint, and 1' .•' on his head an old pou(J n'e and dmiv- 
 dered p' .'■.(que, which gave him a hideous, but mirth- 
 pri^vuking apjiearance. Wislung to honor the French 
 Governor with a French bow, he rennjved his wig : tliis 
 caused an explosion of laughter among the French, 
 without interfering with his own gravity ; he then 
 demurely rejtlaced his wig and got through with his 
 harangue." (1) 
 
 One is reminded of the interview of one of our Vice- 
 Roys with the great Chief (Teter liasket possibly ?) of 
 
 
 :|i:M 
 
 (1) Le Canada suns la Domination FrauQaise. L. Dusf-iowx, 
 p. 95. 
 
 m 
 

 
 f.- 1. 
 
 — 336 — 
 
 the K(;stig(»uch(! Indians in our own day. His Excellency 
 hud listened with nun'k('(l attention to one-half of the 
 stjleniu sin,^-song address of his duky, loyal suhject, 
 who was decked with armlets, feathers and medals, 
 when on closer examination he spied, attached to his 
 nose, ears and other jiortions of his person, Ijright silver 
 labels, (washed ashore from a wrecked vessel,) ticketeil 
 " Ili-M "— " lii;,VXDV "— " ( Ux "— " WmsivY "— " 1»0IIT " 
 — .SiiKliuv." The si^ht was too niuch i'wu for the gra- 
 vity of an English Viee-Koy : a loud <iiiit'aw ensued 
 anionu the giiliernatorial party, much to the dist,nist 
 anil chagrin of the swartliy son of the forest, who 
 haughtily withdrew. 
 
 Let us have the Professor's opinion on other matters. 
 We saw previously that the im])ortation of the first 
 horse from France took place in 1 o48 ; it may not he 
 ami>.-< to say that some years later (KiGo-TO) several 
 horses had been sent out as gratuities by the French 
 Kill"' to enciUirafn- French olUcers and a Itetter class of 
 Colonists, to settle in Canada (1). 
 
 Professor Kalni, in 1749, speaking of horses, says : 
 " All the hordes in Canada ai'e sti'(tiig, \vell nuide, swift, 
 as tall as the horses of our cavali'V, and of a breed 
 imported from France. The inhabitants have the custom 
 ct docking the tails of these horses, which is rather 
 hard upon them here, as they caimot defend themselves 
 against the nunu'rous swarms of gnats, gad Hies, and 
 liovse Hies. They put the horses one befi/re the other in 
 their carts, which has jirobably occasioned the docking 
 ol their tails, as the horses would hurt the eyes of 
 those l)ehirid thcju by moving their tails l)ackwards and 
 torwards. " Well now ! shall we make the avowal ? A 
 grave doubt h(jvers over us. Did the Professor ever 
 drive a tandem ? 
 
 "The Covei'uor-Gcneral and a few of the chief 
 
 I ; yim\ 
 
 (1) See Appendix, verho "Houses." 
 
 i. r 
 
— 337 
 
 t k\ 
 
 people in town liave coaches, the rest make use of open 
 horse-chairs." 
 
 Could this be the traditional calesche which mir 
 American tourists style " roc^kinj^f chairs ? " " It is," he 
 continues, "a ^iceneral conijjlaint, that the country peo- 
 ple begin to keep the many horses, l)y which meaus 
 the cows are kept short of food in winter. The cows 
 have likewise been imported from France and are of the 
 
 size of our common Swedisli cows 
 
 The beef and veal at Quebec 
 
 is reckoned fatter and more jtalatalde than at Montrisal. 
 Some look upon the salty pastures below Quebe(;as the 
 cause of this ditference. In Canada, the oxen draw with 
 the horns, but in the English colonies they draw with 
 their withers as horses do. " Those " horses, oxen, cows," 
 and other cattle kindly loaned by Europe to Cana<latwo 
 centuries ago, are now returning by scores, (1) fat and 
 im]iroved ! ! ! 
 
 Let us now see what Kalm has to say of a very 
 valuable iind time-honored industry; ship!)uilding, in 
 17-i9. We ([Uote : "They were now building several 
 ships Ixdow (iuel)ec, for the king's account. However, 
 before my dejiarture, an order arrived from France 
 prohibiting the further building of ships of war, e.\ee])t 
 those which were already on the stocks, because they 
 had found that the ships built of American oak do not 
 last as long as those built of European oak. Xear 
 Quebec is found very little oak, and what grows there 
 is not fit for use, being very small, therefore they are 
 obliged to fetch their tind)erfVom those ]iarts of Canada 
 which border upon Xew Englanil, IJut all the North 
 American oaks have the ([uality of lasting longer and 
 withstanding putrifaction b(;tter, the farther north they 
 irrow and vice vrsa. The timber from the contines of 
 
 -m 
 
 i 
 
 i„ 
 
 (1) .'>^ee Appendix, Kerho 
 TLK TO El'koim;." 
 
 Exi'OKTATION (»|- CaVAUIAV C'aT- 
 
 :^ 
 
it"l , 
 
 ' > 
 
 
 — 338 — 
 
 New England is LroDglit in floats or rafts on the river 
 near those parts and near the Lake St. Pierre, whicli 
 falls into the great river St. Lawrence." 
 
 The French had built (1) shijis at Quebec nearly a 
 century before Kalni's visit. Colbert had authorized 
 the Inteiidant Talon to oiler bounties; a ship was on 
 the stocks in 1607. Doubtless, when Kahu left Qu(!ljec 
 in the fall of 1749, tlu; shii»-rig'hts wei'e actively 
 ("Ugaged on the hull of the King's slii]) " L'Origual," (2) 
 which, in October of 17o(i, broke her liack on being 
 launched at Diamond llarljor. Slii])biii]ding, however, 
 was dou.btUss checked by the instructions sent out by 
 the l""r(n(h Couil, and seenis tohavt; IkuI but a. jireca- 
 rious existence under Urilidi rule until !<Sl)0. When 
 Kalni visited (^)uebec, in 174'.», it w;is the seaport of all 
 Canada : "Hiere wei'c thirteen great and small vessels 
 in the haibour, and they expected more." In our day, 
 we ha\'e s(ien ihirteep, l:uudre(l sijuare-rigued \-essels 
 registered as the iii'i'i\-als of the year ! 
 
 What a charnnng picture Uerr Kalm ili'aws of the 
 (bivt'rnor-lieiu'ral of New l""rariCe — the ?»far([uis de 
 La CJalissonniere. This uolileman, by his " surprising 
 
 si'' 
 ) 
 
 (1) See ;iii)icn(!i\, ri;rl)o ■' Snii'-iaii.uiNi; at (jci-aiKc cxukk 
 Fi!i:.vr[i r)(iMi\ATi<)X." 
 
 (li) 'I'lie .(//(///f, ;i suiiill literai'v journal, imlilislioil within 
 tho walls of the S(Miiinary ol' (iut^hec;, iiii'lci' date of j'JtJi 
 January, IS78, eontains extiart.-. IVom tho onl Voliiiae of the 
 ,1'iuriiul (le.s J^sui/c.i. (Iiie of these extracts runs thus: 
 "(ictoher. 17r..(t, King's .slii]) " [.'Orignal," huilt at Quehoc, 
 was lost in launehiin.; at ('ape Diauioml."' 
 
 Wo likewise road in tlio lirst Volume ofymith's Hi.sfnn/ af 
 Caiiad((, page '2'2\: " < )ot. (ITriO) This year, a ship of tho lino, 
 a seventy-four, was huilt at <iuel)oc, hut was lost, having 
 brnk(>n her hack in getting olF tho stocks at Cape Diamond." 
 
 Tho last timliei's ol'this old wreck wore removed from the 
 river channel in Xovemlioi', isyy, hy Captain (iigncro's 
 ((iovernment) Lifting Jlaige. 3[any fragments have heention- 
 vortod into walking sticks and toys of various designs. A 
 soloction of those well preserved Canadian oak planks has 
 been ])rosented to, and graciously acct'i)tod hy, Ji. K. JI. 
 rriucess Louise, to pannel a room in her English liome. 
 
339 — 
 
 knowl('(l<,'e in all l)ranches of science," lias quite capti- 
 vated the jihilusopher. " Xt.'Ver,'' say.s Kalni, " has 
 natural histdvy had a njreater jivomoter in this country, 
 and it is even doul)tfid whether it uill ever have his 
 e({ual here." A statesman, an orator, a ^nvat sea 
 ca])tain, a niathenialiciaii, a botanist, a traveller,a nalu- 
 ralist : sncli, the ^Martinis, lie knew about "trees. 
 
 ilants, earths, stm 
 
 les, (ires, animals, geoj^raphy, aj^ri- 
 
 culture, Sec, wi'itini^ (h)\vn all tin- accounts hn had 
 received; wlun'eby, he soon aci|nired ai'kn(t\vl('di,'(.' of 
 the most distant parts of America." He was an objcut 
 of wonder to all wlio ciinic in contac! witli him. ''Some 
 
 of the inh;diitant- 
 
 •lieved lie had a lavii-rnat ural 
 
 knowledge of things," and when, naiv.'ly snys lv;dm, 
 he begiiii to s]ieak with nic on natural history and of 
 the niethoil of Irurniii^L; and of L'mplnyinu' it to lui.-c tlie 
 state of the country, I imagined I saw our uieat Lin- 
 n;eus uniler a new form." " Xever was there a b.'tter 
 statesman than he ; and noboily can take b'-ile'r nie.i- 
 sures and choose more jirouer iiie'ans for improviiiji' 
 a country and increa.sin^; its Widfare. Canada was 
 liardly ac'iuainted with the treasure it jiosscssed in the 
 ])erson of this nobleman, when it lost hijii ; tlie Iviny 
 wauled liis services at home." Thus, oiip hundrrd and 
 thirty years aj^'o, discoursed the learned l*r(i'r Kalin ot 
 th(i most acco:nj>lished Freuidi Governor, Ver.siilles 
 eversent to (^iielu'c, Michel P)arrin, ^larquisde La (lalis- 
 sonniere. Ladies and (ientlemen, can we not liud a 
 parallel in our day ? In Kalm's portraiture, has any 
 one failed to recognize Frederick Tem])le ILdiiilton 
 lUackwood, Ivrrl of Diifferin, that accom[ilished states- 
 man, versatile orator, munitii'eiit friend of education, 
 enlightened and sincere benefactor of (Quebec, our late 
 
 ( 
 
 rovernoi', 
 
 al)sent. 
 
 \o also 
 
 bee 
 
 cause his sovereiuri 
 
 wanted his services at home." ilave 
 
 We ton 
 
 It-n 1 
 
 lis 
 
 o[ien-handed hospitalities, his genial, ever kind (Jountess ? 
 Is there any harm in waftinu; a grateful renuunbrance 
 to the absent friend of our country ? (Applc/uj'c.) 
 
 n 
 
 • I « 
 
 ]\ 
 
 III II 
 
 ■i':'; 
 
-. !♦ 
 
 f,-. I. 
 
 
 — 340 — 
 
 Kalm's descri[)ti(jn of the j)ul)lic editices ia worthy 
 of not(.'. 
 
 " The I'tiliice (Chattaii Saint Louis), is situated on 
 the M'est or steepest side of the mountain, just aljove 
 the lower eity. It is nrit ]tro]ierly a pahice, l)Ut a large 
 building of stone, two stories high, extending north and 
 south. On the west side of it is a eourt-yavd, surrounded 
 partly with a wall, and partly with house?. On the 
 east side, or towards the river, is a gallery as long as 
 the whole l)nilding, andahout two fathoms broad, ])aved 
 with smooth Hags, and included on the outsides by iron 
 rails, from whence tlui city and the river exhibit a 
 charming jn'o'^jicct. This gallery serves as a very 
 agreeable walk after dinner, and those who come to 
 speak willi the governor-general wait here till he is at 
 leisure. The jialaee is the lodging of the governor- 
 general of Canada, and a nnmber of soldiers mount the 
 guard bef(jre it, both at the gate and in the court-yard ; 
 and ^\•h('n the govei'iior, or the bishop, comes in or goes 
 out, they must all apjiear in arms and beat the drum. 
 The governor-general has his own cha|)el where he hears 
 prayers ; however, he often goes to ]\Iass at the church 
 of the Jii'colh'fs, which is very near the jtalace." 
 
 The Castle St. Lewis, built by Cham])lain in 1G24, 
 was much improved and enlarged by the wing, still 
 existing, erected in 1784 by Governor JIaldimand. The 
 old Chdteau was destroyed by fire on 23rd Jamiary, 
 1834. On its lofty site and far beyond, is jierched our 
 incom]»arable, world-renowned Boidecard : the IJullerin 
 Terrace. 
 
 " The Churches in this town are seven or eight in 
 number, and all built of stone. 
 
 The Cathedral Church is on the right hand coming 
 from the Lower to the Ui)per town, somewhat beyond 
 the liishop's house. The people were now at present 
 employed in ornamenting it. On its west side is a round 
 stee])le with two divisions, in the lower of which are 
 two bells. The pulpit and some other parts within the 
 
 U 
 
— 341 — 
 
 churcli are fjilt. The seats are very fine." (Tlii.s churcli, 
 now a r>asalica ^Miiior, was beyiin in 16-47 — destroyed 
 by bomb shells during the siege of 1759 and rebuilt.) 
 
 " The Jesuits' Church is built in the form of a cross, 
 and has a round steeitle. This is the only church that 
 has a clock 
 
 This little church, of which tlui corner-stone was laid 
 by the Clovcrnor General, th(; Manjuis de Tracy, on 
 31st May, lOGG, existed until 1807. The oldest inhab- 
 itant can yet reciill, IVnni meinorv, the spot where it 
 stood, even if \\'e harl not the ('xccllent diawing made 
 of it w ilh a dozen of other Quebec views, by an oiticer 
 in Wolfe's fleet, Caiilain Richard Short. It stood on the 
 site recently occn]»ied by the shambk'S, in the Ui>])er 
 Town, facing llic Clarendon Hotel. Captain Short's 
 pencil bears again testimony to the exactitude, even in 
 minute things, of Kalm's dt-scrijitions : his Quebec 
 horses, harnessed oiu' ln'fori' tln' other to carts. You see 
 in front of the church, in Captain Shoil's sketch, three 
 good sized horses diiiwing aliea\ily laden two A\heeled 
 cart, harnessed one before the otlier. The elmi'eh was 
 also used, unli! 1807, as a place of worslii|i [\<\- Protes- 
 tants. Vm careful not to conibund the Jesuits' Cliui'ch 
 M-ith the small cbajn'l in tliti interior of their college 
 (the old Jesuit Darracks) contiguous thereto. This latter 
 cha]iel had lieen couiinenced on tlu; 11th July, llioO. 
 The Seminary Cluijiel, and I'rsulines Church, after the 
 destruction Viy shot and shell, in 17511, of the large R. 
 C. Cathedral, were used fdi'aliim? as [larisli-churches. 
 From beneath the chief altar of the desuits' Chui'ch 
 was removed, on the 14(h May, 1S()7, the small leaden 
 box containing the heart of the fouudt-r of the I'rsu- 
 lines' (."onvent, ]\Iadanie t\r la Teltrie, pre\ioiis]y dejio- 
 siteil there in accordance with the terms of her Last 
 Will. 
 
 You can see, Ladies and Centlenieu, tliat tin* pick- 
 axe and nuittnck of the " hii ndc nairc" wlm iubbed our 
 citv-walls of their stones, and demolished the -Jesuits' 
 
 '■J 
 
 k. 
 
 'A 
 
 
I.yfr' 
 
 , »'' 
 
 — 342 — 
 
 C()11(';j:o and city •ffiti'.s, wore busily employed Vnv^ 
 iH'inre 1871. 
 
 TliL'i'c! arc lew here ]ire,seiit, I will ventxire to say, 
 "vvlio, ill their daily ^\■alk iij) or down Fal)ri([ue Street, 
 do not miss this hoiiry and familiar land mark, the 
 -lesnit.s' Colleue. When its renaival was recently 
 decreed, for a lon^f time it resisted the united assaults 
 f)f hammer and ])iek-axe, and yielded, iinally, to the 
 terrific jKtwer (if dynamit(! alone. 
 
 The Jesuits' College, older than Harvard College, at 
 Boston, takes one back to the dawn of Canadian his- 
 tory. Though a considerable sum had been granted to 
 foster Jesuit estalilishment at Quebec, by a young 
 Fi'ench nobleman, Ixene de Itohault, son of the Martjuis 
 de Camiichc, as early as 1GU6, it was on the 18th 
 ^larch, 1 OIlT, only, that the grouiid to build on, " twelve 
 arpents of land, in the vicinity of Fort St. Louis: " were 
 granted to the Jesuit Fathers. In the early times, wc 
 hud this famous seat of learning jJaying a prominent 
 part in all ])ublic jiagcants: its amiual examinations 
 and distributions of prizes called together the dUh:. of 
 Quebec society. The leading ])upils had, in poetry and 
 in verse, congratulated Governor D'Argenson on his 
 arrival in 1658. On the 2nd July, 1606, a ]»ublic 
 examinatio'.i on loLjic brouuht out with <>reat advantage 
 two uujst ]i7omising youths, the famous Louis Jolliet, 
 who later on joined Fathei' ^Marquette in his discovery 
 of the Mississippi, and a Three-Livers youth, I'ierre 
 de Franchexille, who intended to enter Holy Orders. 
 The leai'ued Intendant Talon was an examiner ; he was 
 remaikcd for the erudition his latin ([uestions displayed. 
 Memory likes to revert toth<3 times when the illustrions 
 ]?ossuet was undergoing his latin examinations at 
 Navarre, with the Great Conde as his examiner : 
 France's first sacred orator confronted by her most 
 illustrious general. 
 
 How many thrilling memories were recalled by this 
 grim old structure ? L'nder its venerable roof, oft' had 
 
 
^343 — 
 
 met, the jiioiit'ev-inissioiiiiries of New Fiance, the Imml 
 of inavtyrs, tlie vvoniaplifrH, (liscovcivv.s, saiUDits and 
 historians of this hiarncd (inlcr: Dulhran, do (^)uon, 
 Druillcttes, iJaiiiid, ile la Jirosso, do Cril'inonl, do Carlioil, 
 Brolxoul', Lallonianl, dnuucs, (h; Xian?, Ifaimhoault, 
 .\ll)an(d, Chaiinunint, l)al>lnn, IMi'imrd, LoJouno, Masso, 
 \'iniMnt, iianucn.iiu, Cliarlovoix, (1) and ci'uwds of 
 others, ilcro, thoy ussemblod to rocoivt! tiioir orders, 
 to com^iaro notes, niayliai), to discuss tlio news of the 
 (U'ath or of the suei'oss of some of theii' indetatiyalilo 
 ox]ilo!vi's of the Lfroat West,; liow the " i^ood word" 
 iiad t)een fearlessly curried to the distant shores of lake 
 Huron, to the Ixujouti and ]ierfuiued ui'oves f)f Florida, 
 or to the trackless and IVo/.en reiiions of Hudson's Day. 
 
 Ladi(!S and Gentlennni, need I aiM anything- more 
 on a snhject (2) whieli the oenius of Francis I'arkmau 
 has surrounded with so much sunshine i 
 
 Later on, when Franei; had su|i]iressed the order of 
 the Jesuits, and when her lily hanner had disappeared 
 from our midst, the colle,u,'e and its _u,'rounds were 
 appropriated to other uses — alas ! less congenial. 
 
 The r(dl of the F'n,ti;lish drum and the sharji " word 
 of command " of a British adjutant or of his drill ser- 
 geant, for a century and more, re-sounded in the halls, 
 in which latin orisons were formerly suni; ; and in the 
 classic grounds, and grassy court, (••) canopied hy those 
 stately oaks and elms, which (Uir sires yetremend)er — 
 to which the good Fathers retreated in sweet seclnsion, 
 to " sav " their liirviarics and tell their lioads, miyht 
 have heen heard the coarse joke of the guard-room and 
 the coarser oath of the troojier. 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 
 ;|i.t 
 
 (1) Fauchcr (le Siiint-M.-uirice. 
 
 (2) TiiK Jk.siits i.v NoiiTU America. By Frs. Parkman, 
 Boston, ISfiT. 
 
 (;]) A intnnoi'ablo Indian Council was hold in the court of 
 tlie .results' College, on i>lst August, I GOO. 
 
 -I 
 

 I i- 
 
 — 344 — 
 
 It litul been first usuil us a " inugazine for tho army 
 oniitractor's jmnisloiis, in 17G1. " On the 4tli June, 
 176ii, His Ex(;ellenoy (ieneral James Mnri'ay had it 
 surveyed and apiiroprialed lor (jiiarlers and harracks 
 for the troojis, all excK^tt some apartments ; the court 
 and ifarden was useil as a drill and parade .ground until 
 tlu! (lejiailiire of Albion's soldiers in ISTl. 
 
 How sin,nular, how sad tu think that this I(»ved, this 
 glorious relic of the French n'ljime, entire even to the 
 Jesuit College - arms, curved in stones oviir its chief 
 entrance, should have reiuained sacred and intact during 
 th»' century of o(X'upation by Knglish sohliery — (there 
 is (ividently little of the Vandal or Communist al)out 
 tli(! troojier who took th(i word of command from 
 Wolfe, Wellington or W'olseley) — and that its destruc- 
 tion should have been deci'et d so soon as iIh; British 
 legions, by their de]iarttn'e, in 1871, had virtually 
 lianded it over to the French Province of Quebec? 
 
 The discoveiy on the 2Slh August, 1878, of human 
 remains beneath the lloor tif this building — jiresumed 
 to be those of some of the early missionaric'S — induced 
 the authorities to institute a careful search during its 
 demolition. I'hese lioues and others exhunieil on the 
 olst August, and on the bst antl 'Jlh September, 1878, 
 Avere pronounced liy two mendjcrs of the faeidty, iJrs. 
 Hubert Larue and Chs. \\. Lemieux, both Professors of 
 tlu! T.aval Univei'sity, (who signed a certilicate to that 
 efl'ect) to be the remains of three (1) persons of the male 
 
 (!) >[r. Fiiuclicr <le Saint Miiurici' liaviug l)eon cliargod by 
 tlie rreiiiit'i', lion. .Mi. •loly, to watcli tiitV I'xi'uvations and 
 noto till' (li.si'ovt'rie>, in a luniinnus roi)ort, sums uj) tho whole 
 case. From this iloi'umcnt, among nthur tliinjis, we gloan 
 that tho remains of tho thr(!0 iiersons of male sex are 
 those of: 
 
 J' I'en^ Francois du IV'ron, who dicil at Fort St. Louys 
 (t'hamhiy) 10th Noveiulicr, lOH;'), and was conveyed to (Quebec 
 ibi' burial. 
 
 2' I'ei'o -lean dc Quen, the discoverer of Lake Saint John, 
 Avho died at Quebec onSth October, lOoD, iron, the olFects of 
 
 "^4' 
 
— ;;45 — 
 
 ft 
 
 sex and of thrrc (1) ]ii'r,soiis of the feiiiiile sex. Some 
 silver aiul ('o])|iei' coins were also luiind, \\lii('h with 
 tliese mouhlerinf^ remains of hnmanity, were (k-jMLsitcil, 
 nndcr lock ami key in a wooden box ; and, in Sciitcm- 
 Ijer 1S78, the •\vliolc was pliiei'd in a small Imt snh- 
 staneial stone slniclnri', in tlu; cdnrt of the .l('>uit 
 BaiTaeks, known us tho " Ifej^dniental Ara^aziiic, " 
 ]iendinf^' their delivery f(»r ]i('rnian('nt disposal tn L'ev. 
 Pere Sachcz, Superior of (he Jesuits ( )i'der in <^Mieliec. 
 
 In May, IS"'.*, on o]ienin<'' this nui.ua/ine, it was 
 found that tla^ Ncnerahli^ hones, luix and all had disaji- 
 ])eared, the slajih' ef the jiailloek on the ddor haviiiL,' 
 been forced, jiy whom and for what imrpose, the rol)- 
 bery ? There is the jiuzzle. 
 
 Walk on. Ladies ami (ienllemen, and view with the 
 Trofes>()i''s eyes the adjoiiiinu )iublic edilice, which 
 stood here in 17-l'.i, the lit'collet Convent, "a spacious 
 buiidiiiL;'," says Kalm, " I wo .stories hi,L;;h, with ;i lari^e 
 (jrchard and kitchen •'•arden." 
 
 
 a t'l'Vt'i' oontiiu'tc'il ill attfinliiiL' on sonn' of tin' |i;is-fiii:''rs 
 tironiilit liei'i' tliat summer liy tin' Fri'iicli ^liip SnlnZ-Amlr^. 
 
 3 [''rrrc .Iciiii LicL'fois, scalpcil :.",)tli May, ]»■')'>. hy tho 
 A.LMiiers at Sillcry — the historian Fcrlaml assij.'ns as tlir jiro- 
 bahh' >i)ot. the hull] on wiiicli thi- late Lifiiti'iiantfiovmioi' 
 Ciiioii huill liis Mansion " ( 'Irrmont " now oo<'U|ii(l liy <'ol. 
 Fei'(h 'I'uriiKiill). The remains of tliis missionai'y. wlicn 
 excavated, were Iieadh'ss- whii-li exactly ai-'fees with the 
 entry in tlie ./('.v»//x' Jhhiiki/. May, lii."'i. which state- ijiat 
 -lean I,ieLM'f)is was st'aljied : liis liead cut oH'antl left at Sil- 
 lcry, while his miitilateil liody, <liscovei cd the )iext <hiy by 
 tlu^ Al::on(|uin>. the allies of the l-"reiich, was hroii'.'ht to Sillery 
 fpiNihalily to ih(^ .lesuits" resideiiee, the same solid old struc- 
 ture clo.-e to the foimihition> of the .lesuits' chapel and 
 laominient at the foot ol' the r- illeiy llill, whicii many hero 
 have s*»en), I'roin wheiici^ it \vas conveyed tn the Lf)Wer'^o^v^ 
 in a lioat ami oseoiied to the .Ie>uits' (.'ollege, with the 
 eeremonies of tlio II. ' '. ( 'hmch. 
 
 (1 ) 'Ihroe Nuns of iIk^ J[otel-l>ieu Convi-nt, aocordiii;.' to 
 authorities quoted hy Mr. I'aucher, wi're hiiried in the vault 
 W(ii-'eati)o\' the .lesuits' Chaptd. The sister-hood had heen 
 allowed the use of a win.i: of the .lesuits' College, where they 
 
— 84 G — 
 
 'I'll 
 
 
 Its Chiircli (ir (,'liii|»('l wiis, in Sciilciiiln'i', 1700, ilo.s- 
 IroytMl liy lire; two t'vc-witiicssos (•!' t lit; conllii.i^M'iitinii, 
 I'liilippc Aiiln'i't !)(!( !iis|)'' ;iii(l n('|i\ity Coiiiiiiissury- 
 (jc'iit;iiil .raiiKt.s 'riimiijiSDii, the lii'sl, in Iiis Mciiiolrcs, 
 tli(! st'cdiid, in Iiis unp'iblislit'd Dkh''/, liiivc; vividly 
 jMMtiiiycd the iiccidcnt. TIk! (.'liiu'di iacrd \]\r llinniuul 
 tlif old (.'liAtciin ; it foi'incil |'iiil ol'tln^ lurollct (Jonvi'iit, 
 "ii vast i|iiadninv,iilai' iMiiidinLi, with a coui't and a wrll 
 stoi'ki'd oiciiaiil " on ( iardcn stivrt ; ii was occasionally 
 ustjd lit) ii .state |»i'isoii. 'riic. lliii^ncnot and a,Liitator, 
 I'ici'iv. l)n(Jalvf(, sjicnt some dicaiy days in its cidls in 
 177'.'-S.".; and dnrin^' tlK- siitnnicr df 177('i, a younj,' 
 volunti-cr undci' liciicdicl Arnold, dolm .Iiis^ph ITciiry, 
 [\y\u) liscil to licconic a distiii^uislifd I'cnnsylvania 
 .Indn'c) was inininicd in lids nnjiiastcry, at'lcji' his arrest 
 by the liiilish, at tin- nnsncccssl'nl attack in the Lower 
 Town, in Saiill-an-Matidot street, on iMst I)eeend)er, 
 1775, as he ,L;ra]'hi(;al!y ndates in his Mi'mo'wx. It wa.s 
 a monastery of the order of Saint-Francis. Tlie Provin- 
 cial, in IT'Ju, a well known, witty, jovial and eccentric 
 
 removed after Mio coi)fliii.fr;vtion of the 7tli June, 17:')"), wliicli 
 (U'stroy<»'l tln'ir liositital. 
 
 4 MiTe Marie .^^artlH• l)fsi'oi'lH's de Saint-Fraiu/ois-Xavier, 
 !i youn^ woman ol'lJ'^ years, w!io siiccoui'umI to small pox on 
 tlie K'ltli AuLMist. 17 ■)■)'. 
 
 ;■)' J/r)v (Ic rHiifant-.Ic-iiis, who (wpirod on the I2tli -May, 
 
 1 "■''''• 
 
 !') Mere de Saint<'-Moiii(|U(\ who dieil in -Inly. 17.")0, the 
 
 victim nl' her devotion in niinisterin.u to the decim.ited crow 
 
 of the ship IJ.npard, sinik in the i)ort hy order ot'Oovernnient, 
 
 to arrest the spread of the jiestilential disease wiiicdi hatl 
 
 rageil on the i)assage out. Mr. Faucher closes his ahl(! repor* 
 
 with a sujiixestion that a monument ou.irht to he raised. 
 
 coiiimeniorali' the l.aliors and devotion of the Jesuits, in 
 
 ilenuded area on whi(!ii stooil their \'eneralile Co' 
 
 Ji'clation lie CO (/iii s'e.-if /xis.ie lors i/es Foiiilli - .v y 
 
 ordre dti Gouccrnttntitt dans line partie den /<■( finns di 
 
 CoLi.Kuio DEs .Ir.surrKs iJr Qnther, iir6c4dtc de certain, .. 'djseri'u- 
 
 (ion.i par VwciiKK u\'. ^xisT-Mwiiic.K. (juibec. t'. JJurvt lu 
 
 _187'.». 
 
I 
 
 — :U7 — 
 
 rli^^^f I 
 
 ]i('rs(ma,i;(', l-'atluM' Fi'lix l^'I't'i'iv, Iiiid more tliim oiu'c 
 (lined iiiiil willed His lldVal Ili;^diiu',ss, rriiice l^hvaid, 
 tlir t'atlici' lit' (lur (Jiaciiuis Sovcrei},'!!, wlieii slaliniicd 
 in oni\u:arris(iii in ITIM-I, with Ins ivi^'iincnt (lie Tlli 
 Fnsilccrs. 
 
 Tlie liV'cdllcl (Jliuicli Mils ii)si» 
 
 a sat 
 
 red 
 
 am 
 
 1 last 
 
 ri'stin,!;' i>la('(^ for tlie illustrious dead. Of the six French 
 CJovernors who eN].ired at (.^Miehec, t'oin' sle]it within its 
 silent vaults, until the translation, in ITiHi, of their 
 
 ashes lo the \aults of the liasilica, vi/ 
 
 (1) 
 
 'ronteiiae 
 
 (2) det.'aliieres, (I!) ^'andreni|, (-1) de la .Ion(|uiero. 
 Govenioi' de Mi'.-y had heen hurled in the Ilotcl-Dieu 
 Chaind, anil tlii! lirsL (ioveiiioi', de Chanijilain, 'tis 
 yenerallv lielioved, was interied near the ('ha'eini Saint 
 
 ^Otll> 
 
 in a " sejiulei'i' ]iai'ticulier," near the siiol 
 
 1U)W 
 
 sunnoun 
 
 ted li 
 
 V his Imst, )ienatli the soil, on whieli, in 
 
 1871, was erected the new I'o.n Olli 
 
 ee 
 
 In thes(; days of " niinin;^- furor " one would like ti 
 acconij-any the Professor, in the exiilorations he made 
 
 I 
 
 The lollowiu^' iiisi^riptioii was on the eofKu-plate : 
 
 (1) Cnuiit Frontciiiic — *' Cy fiyt le limit et Puissant Sei- 
 jirneiir, Louis <lo Biwule, Cmnte ile Frontenue, flnuvonieiu'- 
 (loueral di" in Xoiiveile-Fi'imce. Mort h <iii(?hee, le liS iioveiii- 
 hre Itl'.lX." — ( IJis/. nj' CiDiinIa, Siiii/li Vol. f., p.\:VA:) 
 
 (2) <iov. do Ciiiiii'ies Cy <,'yst lliuitet I'uis.siint Sei;j;nour, 
 
 Hector do C^aliieres, Cln'valiei' do Saint-Louis, (Jouvernour et 
 LiouteniiiitOeneral de hi Nouveih'-Fruuce, decede le IM mai 
 
 my.ir—ihi,!., i>. us.) 
 
 (.':!) (lov. de VaudrtMiil._Cy ^'vst iraut ot Puissant Soijrneur, 
 Mossire Pliilij)pe ]!i;.'aiid. MaKjuis de Vaudri'uil, (iiand 
 Croix do I'Onh'e ^Militairo do Saint Louis, (iotiveruoiu' et 
 Lieutcnant-rjenoi'al do tmito hi Xouvellod'ninoe, deoedo lo 
 dixieino ootohro I7-!"i.'' — (//</'/.,/'. i'JU.) 
 
 (4) JL de la .loiKiuioie — '• T'y i(|)Oso lo corps i]v Messiro 
 Jacijuos-PioiTC d(^ TalFauell, >Iai(|uis do la Joiuiuiore, Jiaiou 
 de Casteluau, Soiiineur de IIai'darsina<;nas et aiitres lieux, 
 Commaudoiir de I'Urdre Koyal ot Miiitiuro ilo Saint-Louis, 
 Chef d'Escadro des Armeos Xavalos, Ooiivornour et Lieute- 
 nant-General pour le Koy en touto la NouvoUo-l'ianoe, trrres 
 et passes de la Louisiano. Decode a Quebec, le 17 niai 17")L', a 
 six heures et demlo du soir. aye de 07 ans." — (lbiiL,j>. 222.) 
 
 xtfi 
 
 ''■a 
 
 h 
 
iK; (II 
 
 ..vlffr. 
 
 348 — 
 
 in Septeiiibor, 1749, on the North Shore of the St. Law- 
 rence, in the sail-boat kindly jirovided f(»r him and his 
 friends. Si. Joachim, retite-lliviuvo, St, I'anl's Bay, 
 Ebonlemcnts, Murray Ifay (then known as Mai Daie), 
 are snccessively surveyed with Dr. Gaulthier; Bay 
 St. Paul is examined with the eye of science. 
 
 Se])teniber 2, 1740 — "This morniufr, he says, we 
 went to see the silver or lead veins. They lay a little 
 on the South-side of the mills beloii[,'in<,' to the jiriests 
 
 " He conjectures, adds (J. llof^er, that all 
 
 " the Hat ground lit St. Tanl was formerly the bottom of 
 " a river, as a •j.ivnt ]iart (tfthe ]iliints which are to be met 
 " with, are marine, such as ^ulays-wort, sea-mil wort, 
 " and seaside ]tease ; but when he asked the inhabitauLS 
 " whether they found shells in the yround by digging' 
 
 for wells, thev alwavs answered in the negative. 
 
 lit 
 
 received the same answer fmm those who lived in 
 the low iields, directly north of Quebec. Now, the 
 worthy and h'arned I'rolVssor had been ill-inf(»rmed. 
 
 as from the Montmorencv to near 
 
 Iv th 
 
 -oiU're ot 
 
 th 
 
 " St. Charles, then; is to b( 
 
 SI 
 
 ich shells, to the i;' 
 
 een layer u]ion Jayei 
 
 if 
 
 vv 
 
 astouisiiment ot ever\' stranger 
 
 at all g(jologieally interested cither by study or by 
 ]m)fession. At Blount bilac, in l>eau])ort, and at ^larl 
 
 V 
 
 inu, in T.oictte, mai'iut 
 
 shell 
 
 s are oljtamable m 
 
 " cavt-loa(b 
 
 oil lia\i! bai 
 
 In.lii 
 
 1 th(! I'liifessor's ojiiiiion on riovernors. 
 
 A\'011i 
 
 Ills, )iuiiiu; iniuinngs, siii|!s, nouses, hordes, nnnes, 
 d voii like to know what he tbouuht of the \oung 
 
 ladies of (j)uebe(> one buiidi'ed and tliiity years ago : one 
 would fancy those he saw did not belong to the (1) 
 
 F. r. o. 
 
 -the i 
 
 )l))) ilC S(>CU'f(' ( 
 
 severity of his remarks. 
 
 )t' tlie ]ieriod, from the 
 
 Their fault, h 
 
 a\' 
 
 is ibat thev think too wi 
 
 tl 
 
 lemseives 
 
 lV( 
 
 It 
 
 OW( 
 
 \'er, the daughters ol i)eo[ 
 
 ■11 of 
 lie of all 
 
 (1) F. F. Q. First Fiuuillies of (iueboc. 
 
-Ui ' 
 
 Hiii 
 
 — 349 — 
 
 ranks, without exce])tioii, go to market, and cany lioine 
 what thov have boiiyht. They rise as soon and go to 
 bed as late, as any of the people in the lioiise, I have 
 been assured that, in general, their fortunes arc not 
 considerable; which are rendered still more scarce by 
 the number of cliildren, and the small revenues in a 
 house. The girls, at Montreal, are very much disjjleased 
 that those, at Quehcc, get husliands sooner than they. 
 The reason of tins is, that many young gentlemen who 
 come ovev from Fnuice with the ships, ai'c cajitivated 
 by the ladies, at (^nchrc and mai'ry them ; but us these 
 gentlemen seldom go up to Monlrnal., the gii'ls there 
 are not (jflen so lnippy as those of the former place." 
 
 " The ladies in (Jantida are generally of two kinds ; 
 some come ovci' ivom France and the rest, natives. Tlie 
 former jiossess llic politeness jieeulinr to tln' Frcuck 
 nation ; t.luj latter may be divided into those of Quchre 
 and Montreal. The iirst of these are eipnil to tlie French 
 ladies in good l)reeding, having the advantage of i'rc- 
 (piently conversing with the Fmich genllcmc'u and 
 ladies, who come every summer willi the king's sh'ps, 
 and stay several weeks, at Qnehec, lint scddorn go to 
 Montreal. The ladies of this List ]»lace arc accused by 
 the /"/v/nc/^ of jiartaking too much of the ])ridi' nf the 
 In(lians, and of being much wanting in French, good 
 breeding. What 1 have mentioned above of their 
 dressing their head too assiduously, is the ca^e witli all 
 the ladies througlmut CanAvla. ()n those days when 
 they pay or receive visits, they dress so gayly, that 
 one IS almost induced to think their ])arcnts ])ossessed 
 the greatest dignities in the slate. The French nan, 
 who considci'cd things in their true light, complained 
 very much that a great jiart of the ladies in CaiKtda 
 had got into the ])ernicious custom of ttdving too much 
 care of their dress, and S(iuandering all iLeir fortunes 
 and more, upon it, instead of sparing something for 
 future times. They are no less attentive to know the 
 newest fashions j and they laugh at each other, when 
 
 'm 
 
 J 
 
 
 ;' ! 
 
 "i J' 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 _r1 
 
 i 
 
— 350 — 
 
 they are not dressed to eacli othei''.s fancy." He adds, 
 " The hidies at Quehec are not very industrious. A 
 oirl (if eighteen is reckoned very ytonrly off, if slie 
 cannot enumerate at least twenty hjvers. These young 
 Ladies, especially those of ;i higher rank, get up at 
 st;vcn and dress till nine, drinking tlu-ir colfce at the 
 same time. Wlien they arc drtjssed, they jilace tliem- 
 selves near a window (liat opens intd the street, 
 take u]» suiiie needle-wnrk, iind sew a stitch now and 
 tluMi ; hut turn their eyes into the street most of the 
 time. Wlien a ydung-fellow conies in, whether they are 
 acquainted with luni nr not, tliey immediately set asidt; 
 their wurk, sit down hy liini, and hrgin tn ehat, laugh, 
 joke, and invent donhli'-cithnul I'i'H ; and this is I'eckened 
 very witty. 
 
 li) this nia,nnev they fuMjuently ]iiiss lln; whole d;iy, 
 h'aving tlurir mothers to do all the liusiuess in the 
 house. In Montreal, tin- girls mv. not quite so volatile, 
 much ntori^ industrious. Tluiy are always at their 
 needle-w ovd, or doing some neces;2ary business in the 
 lioiise. They are likewisi^ cheerfn! and eontcnl : and 
 nobodv ean sav tliev want either wit or charms " (I). 
 
 ILeri!, we must end our jievegiinations with the 
 learned Sweile, and hid adieu to our genial Cicerone, 
 rro!'e>siii' Kalm, witli all his (p.iaint thor.gh shri-wd, 
 e.-^liiiiiUes of Canadian aifaii's. 
 
 1759 
 
 Prepare, now for other, dark', far less ]tleasaiit 
 scenes, 'i'lie Itright sky ot' old Studacona will i'ai)idly 
 lower; leaden clouis, pi'egna.nt with storms aro hovei- 
 [uil over head, ''"le simplicity of Ciirlv davs in n'ettinu' 
 ol>solete. \'ice, gilded vice Haunts in the juilaee. daunt 
 fimine is preying on the vitals of the [)eoi)le. 'Tis so, at 
 
 (1) Kahu's Travels, Vol. 1 1, p. 400-2. 
 
 'S 
 
 Kl^- 
 
 .« i 
 
 <«*) 
 
— 851 — 
 
 Vei'.sailk'S ; 'ti.s so, at (^hu,'l)ec. Lust, sellislnicss, i'ii])in(.', 
 ])ul)lic jilundcv every where — exceiit ainoiit,' tlie siiuill 
 jiarty (if the Ifonnetes Gciis : (1) a carnival nl' pleasure, 
 to b(! followetl hy the voice of wailing ami l>y the roll 
 of the inulUeii druin. 
 
 In 1748, the evil genius of Now France, " La I'oni- 
 ]MX(hi\[v'^ pi'Dli'ijc" Francois Uigot, thirteenth and last 
 Jnteiidant, laul lauded at (^)ueliec. 
 
 Ijorn in (.iuyenne, of a i'aniilly di.--tinguisheil at the 
 bar, Bigot, ]>ru)V to coming to Canada had occupied the 
 high ]iost of Tnti'inhini in r,iiui^ian;i. In stat uiv, lie was 
 small, hut well fmnied; — ai-live, full of jilud;, fund 
 of disjilay and pleasuic — an inveterate gamldei'. Had 
 he confined his ojieratiiiu^ merely to trading, his cf>m- 
 luercial ventures \\dnld have caMted little blame, Ira- 
 ding ha,ving been a practice indu'ged in by several oilur 
 Idgh colonial oflii;ial>. ilis ., alary was totally inadei|Uate 
 to till! impoilauce of his ollice, and (piite insullieient ti) 
 m>'ei the exjMMnlilure his exalted positinu led ilim intd. 
 His s[ieculalio)is, his Ncnality, tlu! extmtidns ]irac!ised 
 on the cnmmuin'ty by his heartle-s minions : thi-; is 
 wdiat has surrounded his memmy with ett'iiial inftmy 
 and made is iiaiiif a liy-WDi'd for sciirii. 
 
 There exisli'il, at (^luidirc, a rin'/ c(,mpii,-(M! nf tin; 
 Intendant's si'crctary, Descheiiaux ; of tlu' (.'ommissaiy 
 (JeUiMMl of Supplies, Cadet ; of the 'I'ow n-Major, Ungues 
 I'ean ; of ihe 'IVeasuii r-( ieiiei'id, lmb;rt. I'/an was the 
 (.'hief and Jligot the Gh'eat t'hief of this nefarious asso- 
 ciation. Jietween l)igot and I'eau, another l:id< existed. 
 I'ean's favor at Court lay in the charms el' his wife. 
 ]\L»danie IV'an, 'iicc ^\ngeli(|ne lie IMidoises, was A(jun,L:, 
 jiretty, witty and fetching ; a lliieiil ami agiveable 
 8]ieaker, in fict so cajitivatiug that I'lMiHdis Digdt was 
 entirely ruled by her tluring all his stay at (Juei)tH'. At 
 
 m 
 
 I* S ! 
 1 i- 
 
 Hi 
 
 :^:1l 
 
 (!) Moiitcfilm, do Vatidivuil, do Lnii;.nioiiil, do Bniisraiii 
 villo, Lat'oiiie, do Boaujoii, Taelio, dc l-ory, do .St. Ours and 
 othor< constitLitod this iiarty of lionorabK' men. 
 
 ... ^ 
 
 Iw^ ^ 
 
 . C^ 
 
I wWn- 
 
 I'.wiPljL';" 
 
 352 
 
 hev house in St. Louis street, he spent his evenino-s ; 
 there, he was sought and found in May, ITT^O, liy Col. 
 de Bougainville returning from Paris, the hearer of the 
 des]iatches, ainiouncing tlie coming struggle. 
 
 Would you like some of the iten-}ihotogra]}hs which 
 a clever French contemporary (I) has left of tlie corrupt 
 enfoii ra(je of the magnilicent intendant : here are a 
 few : 
 
 " Ih. ssard Deschenaux, • the son of a ]>oor col)hler, 
 was horn at Quehcc. A notaiy who ]»oar(led with 
 i)cscheiiaux, senior, had taught his son to read. Natu- 
 rally (iiiii'k and intelligent, young Desclienaux made 
 ra]»id ])rogress and had soon something to do in the 
 ollic4i of Intendant. Jloccjuart where I'.igot hamd him 
 and succecided in having him appointed chirk in the 
 Colonial Olliee at (iuehec. Industrious, hut at heart a 
 sycophant, Ity dint of cringing he won tlie good graces 
 of Ih'got, wlio soou jmt uidimited trust in him, to that 
 degree as to do nothing without Deschenaux's aid; hut 
 Deschenaux was vain, ambitious, haughty and over- 
 hearing and of such inordinate greed, that he was in 
 the hal)it of hoasting ' that to get rich, he would even 
 loh a church.' 
 
 " Cadet was the son of a butcher; in his youth he 
 was employed to mind the cattle (.'f a Charlesbourg 
 peasant ; he next set u[) as a butcher and made money. 
 His savings, he invested into trade ; his intriguing 
 sjiirit brought him to the notice of the Intendant 
 IIoC([uart, who gave him contracts to supply meat for 
 the army. Deschenaux soon discovered that Cadet 
 could l)e useful to him; he made him his friend and 
 lost no ojtporlunity to recommend him to the Intendant. 
 He was accordingly often employed to buy the supplies 
 for the subsistance ^^' the troops. In verity, there were 
 few men more active more imlustrious, more competent 
 
 ■ » 
 
 (1) Momoires sur lea affairers du Canada, 1749-60. 
 
— 353 — 
 
 to drive a bargain. The King required his services 
 and secured them, by liaving Cadet named Commissary- 
 General, Ho had his redeeming points ; was ojjen- 
 handed in his dealings ; of a kindly nature and lavish 
 even to excess." 
 
 The worthy Commissary-General, like Tean, was 
 blessed with a charming wife, whom I'anet's Diary 
 styles " La Belle Amazone Aventuriere. " Trobalily, 
 like her worthy spouse, of low extraction ; " elle 
 n'etait pas sortie de la cuisse de Juiiiter, " to use a 
 familiar French saw. 
 
 She certainly was not like C.esar's wife " above sus- 
 picion. " Madame Cadet, later on, transferred her 
 allegiance from the rich butcher Cadet, to one " Sieur 
 Josej)!! lluflio " ; l)Ut let us draw the veil of obli- 
 vion over the shortcomings of another age. 
 
 " Capt. Ungues Tean, Chevalier de la Livaudicre, 
 was Town-Major of Quebec, aide-Major dcs Troupes." 
 He was not long in discovering that with an Intendant 
 like Bigot, he could dare anything. Had he not, without 
 any trouble, netted on grain 50,000 half crowns ? A 
 large quantity of wheat was re(|uired for Government ; 
 he was charged with the buying of it. There was a fat 
 job in store for the Town-Major. How was his master 
 the Intendant to manage the matter for him ? Ijigot 
 was a man of resource, who never forgot his friends. 
 First, he provided IV'an with a large sum out of the 
 Treasury to buy the wheat as low as possible for cash; 
 and then, his com])la'siint council passed an order or 
 Ordonnance fixing the ])rice of grain much higher than 
 that at which Pi'an had purchased. The Town-Major 
 charged it to Government at the rate fixed by the 
 Ordonnance ; the margin left him a handsome profit. 
 He thought he would next try his hand at building 
 coasting crafts, which Ik; could manage to keep con- 
 stantly in commission for Government ; this, also, was 
 lucrative. Other devices, however, were resorted to ; 
 a secret partnership was entered into between Cadet 
 23 
 
 1] 
 
 ■HI 
 
 ■ : t ? 
 
 1 ( 
 
 fl '. 
 
m 
 
 — 354 — 
 
 and a person named Clavory, who sliovtly after become 
 store-keeper at Quebec. Cadet was to jtiircbase wlieat 
 in the parishes, liave it ground at a mill he had leased; 
 i)ie Hour to be sent abroad, secretly. I'ean, too, had a 
 lar<.'e warehouse built, at I5eaumont, s(»mo say. Cargoes 
 of '4 rain weri^ thus secretly ship])e(l to foreign ])orts in 
 defiance of the law. J'reard, the Com])troller-(jeneral, 
 for a consi(U'ration winked at these mal-jiraetices, and 
 from a poor man when he landed in Canada, he returned 
 to France in aflluent circumstances. 
 
 The crowninu; ]»iece of knavery was tin; erection of a 
 vast sho]) and warehouse's near to the Intendant's 
 Palace. . Clavery had charge of this establishment, 
 where a small retail business was carried on as a blind. 
 
 The real object was to monopolize the trade in jirovi- 
 sions and concentrate it here. Clavery Nvas clerk to 
 Est^be, Royal store-kee]ier at (^)uebec. Tn this ware- 
 house were accumulattid all such ]irovisions and sup- 
 ])lies as wen; wanted iirmually, and ordered from France 
 for the King's stores at (Quebec. 
 
 It was the })ractice of the Intendant to send each 
 summer the reipusitions tf) Paris. Bigot took care to 
 order from France less su})])lies than wci'e re([uire(l, so 
 as to have an excuse to order the remainder in times of 
 want, at Queltec, The orders were sent to Clavery's 
 warehouse, where the same goods were sold twice over, 
 at increased rates. .Soon the peojde saw through the 
 deceit, and this repository of fiaud was called, in con- 
 sequence, L(i Fiipoiinc. " The Knave." 
 
 Want of s])ace jirevents me from crowding in ])hotos 
 of the other a(;complished rogues, banded together for 
 pul)!ic robbery duiing the expiring years of French 
 domination in Canada. 
 
 It is singular to note how many low-boru (1) para- 
 sites and flatterers surrounded Bigot. 
 
 »r P\ 
 
 %I m 
 
 (1) Servants, hujuiiis and nobodies were nametl store- 
 keepers, " ^'»j' /ynf^cfnjce et leur hassesse nej'uretit point tin 
 obstacle", say the Mdmnires, 1749-60. 
 
 LL 
 
— 355 — 
 
 In 1755, the wheat liaivi-st Inivin^ faiU'd, and the- 
 jiroducc of fi)nue',r years haviiiLj l)eeu carried out of 
 Canada or else, stored iu the niaj^azine of Bitot's riu;^, 
 tlie i)eo])le of Canada were redneed to starvation : in 
 many instamws they had to subsist on horse tlesh and 
 decayed codlish. Instead of havinLj recourse! to the 
 wlieat stored here, tlie Tntiindant's niinious led him to 
 believe tliat wheat was not so s''arce as the peasantry 
 ])ret(!nded, tli it the jieasants ivfu>i'(l to sell it, merely 
 in anticipation of t)l)tii,ininn' still hi;4hL'r r.ites ; that the 
 Intendant, they ai;nued, ou,L;ht, to issue orders for domi- 
 ciliary visits in the rural districts; and levy a tax on 
 eatth inhabitant of the country, for the maintenance of 
 the residents in tlu^ city, and of the ti'oops. 
 
 Statements were made out, shewin;,' tlu^ rations 
 required to i)revent tlu^ ])eo[)le from tlyiniif of hun^\.'r. 
 Cadet was charged with the raising of this vexatious 
 impost. In a very short tinm, he and his cliM'ks had 
 overrun the country, aii]»ropriating more wheat than 
 "vvas necessary. Some of the unfortunate ])ea3ants, who 
 saw in the loss of their seed wheat starvation and 
 d(!ath, loudly complained. A few eidled at the Inten- 
 dant's I'alace, but the heartless Deschenaux, the Inten- 
 dant's Secretary, was ever on the watch and hail them 
 questioned by his emplo;/e's, and when the object of 
 their visit was discovered, they were ushered into the 
 presence of Deschenaux, who insulted them and threat- 
 ened to have them imprisoned for thus ])resuming to 
 comjtlaiu to the Intendant. Bigot was afterwards 
 advised of their visit, and when they appeared before 
 him, they were so maltreated and 1)ullied that they left, 
 happy at believing that they had not been thrown into 
 prison : soon, none dared complain. Bread was get- 
 ting scarcer everyday. The Intendant had named per- 
 S(ms to distribute the liread at the baker's shop, the 
 flour being furnished by (lovernment. The peoi)le 
 crowded the bakeries on the days fixeil ; the loaves 
 were taken by violence ; mothers of families used to 
 
 'I 
 
 H 
 
 7' 5 » 
 
 [| 
 
 U i 
 
 Hi 
 
 •V! 
 
 ..■I 
 
 
^ 
 
 
 356 
 
 coinpliiin that they could not get uiiy; tliey used occa- 
 siouiilly If) iH'sii'ge the luteudaut iit his I'aLice with 
 their l.nneiitiitioiis iin<l jtrayers, l»ut it wiis of no 
 avail; tlie Intendant was suivoumled by a crowd of 
 tlalterei's, wlio on retiiinu, yorued from his luxurious 
 board, couM uol understand how the jiO(n' could die of 
 huuger. 
 
 Land of my i'atliers I'ljclainied from barl)arism at the 
 co-it of so much blood — so much treasure ; bountifully 
 ])rovidetl with nobles, jiriests, soldiers, fortifications 
 lay the Great Louis ; sedulously, j'atcrnally watched 
 over by Colliert and Talon : to what de[)th of despair, 
 sh:dl we say, degradation art thou sunk ! 
 
 Proud ohl city, have yuu then no more deftuiders to 
 put forth, in your supreme hour of woe and desertion ! 
 Has then that dauntless race of Gentlhlioinnics Cdiia- 
 ilieits, the d'lberville, Ste. Jlelene, de Kouville, de 
 Becancourt, de lie]ientigny, disap[)eared without leav- 
 ing any successors ! 
 
 And you stern old de Frontenac, you who replied so 
 effectually to the invader through the mouth of your 
 cannon, is your martial spirit quenched for ever, in 
 that loved fortress in which rest your venerated remains, 
 you who at one time (1089) were ready, at the head of 
 your Kegulars and lighting Canadians, (1) to carry out 
 
 (1) " He (de Callicres), says Parkman, laid before the King 
 a plan, which had, at least, the recommoiKhitions of boldness 
 and cheapness. Tliis was to conquer New York witli tlie 
 forces ah'cady in<Janada, aided only by two ships of war. The 
 blow, he argued, should be struck at once, and the English 
 taken by siu'prise. A thousand regulars and six hundred 
 Canadian Militia should pass Lake (Uianiplain and Lake 
 George, in canoes and bateaux, cross to the Hudson, and 
 capture Albany, where they would seize all the river craft, 
 and descend the Hudson to the town of Mew York, which, 
 as Callieres states, had then about two hundred houses and 
 four hundred fighting men. The two ships were to cruise at 
 the mouth of the Harbour, and wait the arrival of the troops, 
 which was to bo made known to them by concerted signals, 
 whereupon they were to enter and aid in the attack. The 
 
 ■; 1 
 
 , i 
 
 • 
 
 ' 'Ml. 
 
 i i 
 
 
 h 
 
— 357 — 
 
 the rash schoinc hatched by de Coiircollos ; tho onu- 
 quost of \o\v York iiiid destruction of the chief settle- 
 nieiits in New England involving the disjiersionof more 
 than eighteen thousand peojde, in the same manner a 
 Bi'itish Commander sixty-six years later, (in 175")) tore 
 from their homes the peacealde Acadians of Grand- 
 Pre. (I) 
 
 T could cidarge to any (ixtent the gloomy picture 
 Avhich the history of this dro(i])ing ]H'riod discloses. Two 
 skilful novelists, the one in the iMiglisli language, Wm. 
 Kirhy (2), i.f Niagara, the other in th^ French, 
 Joseph ^larmette (8) of (Quebec, have women two 
 graphic and stirring historical ruiuances, (»ut of the 
 materials whicli the career of the Intcndant iiiijot and 
 
 S 
 
 ,' 
 
 wholo exppflition, In- thon^lit, ini^lit !)(» ficcomplHln^il in a 
 moutli ; so that l)y thi^ on<l of ( ictolior, tlic King wouM he 
 
 niiistcr of tlu! country 
 
 It will bi^ well to oliservo what wero the iiisti'iu'tions of the 
 Kinj,' towai'ils tln> colony which ho proiiosod to con(|iK'i'. Tlu-y 
 WQVi'. as follows : It any <,^atlii)lics wore i'onml in New York, 
 they miiiht l>e left nnilisturlu'd, jji'oviih'il tlcit tlicv tonic an 
 oath of allcj^ianci; to tho Kinu. ( Hliccrs, ami otiiiT i)i'rs()ns 
 who ha<l the means of paving ransons, wore to l)c thrown into 
 prison. All lamls in the colony, except those of Catholics 
 swearing allegiance, wero to l)o taken from the owners, and 
 granted under feudal tenure to the French olKcers and 
 soldiers. All projjorty, iiul)lic or private was to l)c seized, a 
 portion ol it given to the grantees of the land, and tin.' rest 
 sohl on account of the King. ]Meciianics and other workmen 
 might, at tho discretion of tho commanding otlicer, be kept 
 as i)risonors to work at fortifications und do other laljor. Tho 
 rest of the Englisli and Dutch inhabitants, men, women, and 
 children were to \h- carried out of tlu' cftlony. antl dispersed 
 in New England, Pi-nnsylvania or otiier ))laces. in such a 
 manner, that they could not combine in any attempt to 
 recovei" their profxn'ty and their country. And that tlie con- 
 quest might l)e perfectly secure, the nearest settlements of 
 Now England wei'e tf) be destroyed, ami those more remote, 
 
 laid vnider contribution ((,'rnint Frontiuac and Xeic France 
 
 under Louis X/T, [>, 187-9.) 
 
 (1) See Api)endix, rer/^o " CoMjiKST i\ Nlw Yoiiic." 
 
 (2) The Ciuen d'Ur, a Lkgexd ov (iCEUEC. 
 
 (3) L'lXTENDANT BuiOT. 
 
 . 1 
 
 1 ■? 
 
 H, 
 
m.. 
 
 — 358 — 
 
 the dcsortioii of tlie colony in its hnnr of trial, by Franco, 
 so abundantly su])ply. One redouniing iralt, one 
 ila.sh of sunshine lights U]i the last hour of Fiench 
 domination ; the devotion of the Canadian militia 
 towards their oblivious mother-country; their dauntless 
 courage, at the ]ieau])ort engagement, after the battle 
 of the Plains, 13 Sept., 1759— and at the battle of Ste. 
 Foye, on the 29th A])ri], 1700, a day glorious to French 
 arms, l)ut at best, a bootless victory. 
 
 Ladies and ( lentlemen. — You were told at the opening 
 of this address, that the carnival of rif)tous dissi])ation, 
 gambling and ]>ublic jilundcn', kejit \\\) for ten years at 
 Bigot's luxui'ious ])alac(', on the baid\s of the; St Char- 
 les, by his pampered minions and low-born ^larasites 
 " would close with the wail of anguish and the roll of 
 the mullled drum. " Von shall uoL bave long to wait. 
 
 Tlie Morning of the 13th Septemboi', 1 75'.), has 
 dawned ; a.n astounding rumour tills the air ; the 
 c'ti/ens of (^hiebec re[»eat with bated breath : Wolfe's 
 
 AR.MV IS .VT TlIK CITV CATES 
 
 llai'k ! What means this deafening roar of artillery, 
 this hissing oi' shot and shell, these rolling, murderous 
 volleys of musketry in the direelion of the heights of 
 Abraham ? 
 
 Hark ! to these loud cheers, liritish cheers mixed 
 with the disc/urdant yells of those savage warriors, 
 Fraser's Highlanders ! The fate of a continent has just 
 l)een decided. Tlie genius of William I'itt has trium- 
 phed, though victor)' was l)ought at a dear ])rice. 
 
 H(!re comes from St. Louis Gate (I) on his way to 
 
 (1) In jvci'i'ptiiiiz tlio C/iiVeaii St. Louis as the spot where 
 Moiitiuiliii cxitircd, uc still wisli to leave tlie question an 
 open one. Di<l .^lo^t^•ahll e.\[iii'<' at the Chateau'? inuler 
 Dr. Arnoux" loof, ? at tlie (reneial Hospital ? as averreil by 
 Capt. John Kikix, or possibly, uiuhM- his own roof, on the 
 Ramparts, near Hope Gate ? this point is not yet clearetl up. 
 See (lls(|iiisition hi Alltum du Tmiristc " Oii est inert Mont- 
 calm ? " 
 
— 359 — 
 
 'I! 
 
 the Clidfedu, pale, Imt .(liumtle.s;^, on a black cliar<,'(!r, 
 supported by two {,Moiiiiiliui'.s, one at each side ol' his 
 hors(!, a Gonoral-Oliicer wearintf the uniform, which won 
 at Fontijuoy, won at Laufuldt, as well as at tlui (1) 
 MonongaliL'la and at (2) Carillon. A bloody trail crim- 
 sons the Grande Al We, St. Louis street, on that ^doomy 
 Scijtembcr tiay. !My friends, 'tis the life-blood of a hero. 
 Dro]) in reverential silciu^', f)n tli(! moistrncid earth (:>) 
 a symj)ath('tie tear : Kraui.'c's chivalrous leader, the 
 victor on many Vjattle-tndds, has returiuid from his last 
 cam])aign ! 
 
 " Oil ! moil DIcu ! moil Dic/n ! Ic iiitirquls e>if htv" 
 is n'])eated liy many voices, notably l)y sonic women as 
 the death-strick(!n l)ut intrepid ,ifeneral ejHdes past, to 
 which ho courteously replies, trying to (piiet their fears, 
 " that he was not seriously hurt and not to distress 
 themselves f)n his account." " Cc n'cst rien ! ce n'cst 
 rlen I ne vans uljlhjez 'pas pour mol, men honnes 
 atiiiex." 
 
 You have all heard the aeciount of the deatli-bed 
 scene, oi his tender solicitude for the good name of 
 France, of his dying injunctions to J)e Jlamesay, the 
 King's lieutenant in charge of thc^ (Quebec Garrison, and 
 to the Colonel of the Koussillon liegiineut. " Gtnifh',- 
 men, to your keeping J continend the honor of France. 
 Endeavour to seen re the retreat of my array fo-uajhi 
 beyond Cape- Jio aye; as for niysiJf [shall pxiss the 
 niyht u'ltJi. God, and prepare for death " ! 
 
 " At nine o'clock in the evening of that 14th of -Se])- 
 tember (IToO), a funeral cortege, issuing i'unn the 
 castle, winds its way through the dark and (jbstructed 
 
 4 
 
 I' 
 
 
 ■^■1i 
 
 (!) On the 9th July, 17">5, Do Beaiijeu won this ttrillianf; 
 victory. 
 
 (2) The 8th July, IT.'jS, lijis heeii rcmli'red mcninrahle hy 
 Montcalm, liis re^'ulars ami Canadian Militia, at Carillon. 
 
 (3) We are told a liyht shower of rain fell on tho morning 
 of the 13th September, 175'J. 
 
fjrr 
 
 — 300 — 
 
 stroots to tins little cliurch of the Ursulinos. With 
 iho licavy troful (if tho collin-lteurcrs ki-ep time the 
 muiismed f(M)tstu})s of tlio inilitaiy liscnit ; do liiiiiiesay 
 and the ofticers of tho <,'ani.soii following to thoir resting 
 })l(ic(' the liftlt!,ss vciniiin.s of llKtir illustrious conmiiinder- 
 in-ehii'f. No niartial |ioin)» was displayt'd around that 
 liiiinhlc liicr, liut the hero who had idlordcd at his dying 
 hour ihe sulijiiuo spi'dach; of a Christian yielding up 
 his soul lo (iod in the most admirable sentiments of 
 faith an<l resignation, was not laid in uneonseerated 
 ground. No l)urial rite could he more solemn than 
 that hurried evening service iierformed by torchlight 
 nnder the dela]»idatcd roof of a sacred asylum, where 
 the soil liad been iirst laid l.iare l)y one of the rude 
 engines of war, a l)orub sludl. (1) The grave tones of 
 the priests murmuring th(! Liheva me, Ihinlnc, were 
 resjionded to by the sighs and tears of consecrated 
 virgins, henceforth tlie guardiiins of the precious dejiosit, 
 M'hich, but for inevitable fate, would have been reserved 
 to honour some jiroud mausoleum. With gloomy forc- 
 br)dings and bitter thoughts do liamesay and his com- 
 panions in arms withdrew in silence. 
 
 \ few citizens had gathered ; — in and among the rest, 
 one led by the hand his little daughter, who, looking 
 into the grave, saw and remendjered, more than three- 
 fourths of a century later, the rough wooden box, which 
 was all the ruined city could allord to enclose the 
 renmins of her defendei'." (2) 
 
 The skull of the Mar(]uis of Montcalm, exhnmed in 
 the ])resence of the Hi' v. Alibe Miiguire, almoner, in 
 183o, many here jiresent, 1 am sure, huA^e seen in a 
 casket, reverently exjiosed in the room of the ])resent 
 almoner of the Ui'sulines Convent, abbe Ls. George 
 LeMoine. 
 
 (1) 8ee Appendix. 
 
 {'!) " Gliini^ses of the Ursulines Monastry. " 
 
 
 h 
 
 
— Ml — 
 
 Ladies and Gutitlomen, I sliall closo this brief suin- 
 mary <if the final stni^'ghf of FnMich anus, with the 
 synijiathetic, sentiments uttered l»y a United States 
 •writer, endeared to us hy sciveral •,M'a}ihi(! sketches of 
 Canadian Life, W. I). Howells, KtUtnr of the Atlaut'tc 
 Moiitlil;/ a famed novelist: 
 
 "That Strang'*! (.'ohtny of ]iri(;sts and soldiers, of 
 martyrs and heroes, of which, (Quebec was the eaiiital, 
 willinji; to jn^iish for an allejj;iane(! to whirh the motlui' 
 country was indiifercnt, and tiyhtin^' aj^'iiinst the 
 armies with whieh Knuliiiid was pri'iuired to outnumlter 
 the whole Ciinadiaii ]Mi|)ulation, is a maf^nitintnt spec- 
 tacle ; and ^Montcalm layin,!; down his life to lose 
 Quebec, is not less alfeetinj^ than Wolfe dyiiii,' to cjirn 
 her. The heart o]ieiis towards the soldier who reciteil, 
 on the eve of his costly victory, the " ' VAv<^y in a 
 Country Churchyard,' which he would lather have 
 written than ])eat the French to-morrow ; " but it aches 
 for the defeated Ljenend, who, htu't to death, answcretl 
 when told lif»w ln'ief histimuwas, "Somuehlh(^ bettei'; 
 then 1 shall not live to see the surrender of (Quebec." 
 
 ( t\ 
 
 1" 
 
 ,1 
 
 
I'lrrr^ 
 
 urn 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 HORSES. 
 
 " L'un flos premiers soins du Moiiarqun fut d'y fiiire passer 
 (au Canada), a ses I'rais, dcs eliovaux, tant pour facilitcr aux 
 colons li's travaux do I'agnculture, (jiui pour procurfr lour 
 coniiuoditt' particulicre, attondu quo jus(.juo-1m ils Ji'avaiont 
 jMi uiar(dior f|u'a rai<lt do raquott'^s poudanf I'hivor. Lo 10 
 juill<>t l()f>J on d(''l)!ir(jua f' (^nohiM! douzi^ ohovaux, los jn'o- 
 mio' .s onvoyes do France par lo Koi. II otait naturol (pie los 
 sauvages, a qui oes animaux otaiont ontiereinent inconnus, 
 toaoiirnassont une .irrando surjiriso on voyant cos or/i/nanx 
 (U France: o'ost ainsi qu'ils los api)olaiont, j.ar oomparaison 
 avoc oos aniniau.v. du pays, u'avant jias de mots dans lour 
 languc jiour los designer. Co qu'ils aduiiraiont snrtout, c'etait 
 qu'ils I'ussont si traitahlos ot si docdos sous la main ile lours 
 oavaliors, qui los t'aisaiont inarohor a lour I'antaisio (1) Sa 
 Majesto a. oncoro env<\vo dos clievaux, ocrivait on 1607 la 
 More Mai'io do I'lnoarnation, ot on nous a doinio poui' notre 
 pai't doux Indies junionts ot un crlu'vaJ, tant pour la ohari'ue 
 que poni' h' <'liarii)i. (2) " L'annee 1070, li' Roi onvoya 
 pareillcuient un otalon ct dou/.o juiuentx, ot k-s lit distribuor 
 aux gontilshoaimes du pays, los plus zelos pour la culture des 
 terres : une juraent a .\r. Talon, d(iux juuirnts i'l ^f, do Ciiam- 
 bly avoc un etalon, une A Y . do Sored, une a M. do Conti'o- 
 ctcur. inie a M. dc Saiiit-iHus. un^' a M. do \'arenne, deux 
 juments a M. do r.achesnayi', un>' a ^^. d.o T.atouidio, une a 
 AI, do Ropjutigny, <'nHn la douziemo a M Lo Rer. 
 
 Voici los eouditions auxqurlles lo Roi I'aisait ccs sortos de 
 dons aux part'ouliovs : Is dovai-'ut los nourrii- pendant trois 
 ans : et si par lour I'aute, qui-lipTun df eos animaux viMiait a 
 mourir, oelui a qui il avait ('U- donne etait oliliL'e do iiaycr au 
 recevoiu' du Roi la sonuiu' flc doux cents livrcs. Dans I'autre 
 cas, il pouvait lo viMidro apres los Irois ans expires, ainsi que 
 los poulains qu'il aurait pu avoir; inai"! avoc charge au l>out 
 dc' trois ans, do dormer au i'oec\ep" lU' Sa .Mitj( sto lui poulain 
 
 (1) nchition il<- lilii.'.. p. 2"i..lc.niM;il lics .l.Viiilos. la.iaillct li'.ij.j. 
 U) LoltifS do Muiii' uu I'luciiraalion, lettre Tiic, |i. lUl. 
 

 d'un an pour chaquo cheval, ou la sommo <le cent livros. II 
 etait i)ai'<'illemont onlonne quo, lorsqiic ces poiilains que le 
 Hoi i'aisait elovcr et nourrirscsraient }iarveiius a leur troLsiome 
 annee, on les (listriliucraiont a d'autres particulicrs, et tou- 
 Jours aux lueiuos conditions. (1) Coraiiie on h; voit, cos condi- 
 tions ni' |iouvaicnt vtm jiius avantagcuscs aux particulic rs, 
 ni au l)ays on ,1:01161 a! ; aussi Collxn't, (jui avait tant a ciour 
 de voir tlourir la colonio, ocrivait a M. Talon, le 11 t'evrier 
 1671 : " .le tiondrai la main a ce qu'il soit envoye en Canada 
 des cavalos ot dos anossos, afin do miiltiplior ces osjiocos si 
 nocossaires a la I'omniodito dos haliitauts. (li)" De tons les 
 aniinaux donn'stifjuos omoyos par Ic Koi dans la Xouvollo- 
 Franco, loschovuux I'uront, on otlot, ccux qui s'y nuiltipliorciit 
 lo ]ilus, (juoicjuo le nombrc dos avitros y augmontat d'une 
 nianiore otoniianto. (8) —{llistoire de la Colonic Franoaise en 
 Canada, Faillon, Vol. HI, p. 222.) 
 
 EXrOUTATIOX OF CANADIAN C'ATTLF Tt.» ElJHoi'E. 
 
 According to tlio statistics lurni-^lu'd liy ^Ir. Molvicliran, 
 V. S,, ami (iovoriiiui'iit Iiisju'ctor of live stock, tlio total slii[)- 
 ments for IS79 from ^Montn-al and (Juobec from the; opening 
 to the cliise of navigation, us compnrod with the two precetl- 
 ing voars, are as follows : 
 
 IST'J. 187.>. 1S77. 
 
 Cattle L>f.sL>:; i^.f),-).-) r,,',)40 
 
 Sh.'op 7^,7'.i2 -!i,LV)(1 <,»;.■,()() 
 
 Hogs 4^71") 2,U7S l.ln 
 
 The groat majority of animal- shipped iVtim <^Ufliec were 
 tV)i'warde(l hy rail from iloiitreiil. and large as the inerrased 
 shipnn uts of cattle, sheoj) ami hogs this year are over ls7>i 
 and iS77, the ox]iorts next year will doubth.'ss show a still 
 larger increase as compaifil with those of 1S79. — {Queber 
 Mc'rciirn. 'J8lh Nov., \'<1'.K) 
 
 ,Mr. .T. A. ''o'ltiire, veterinai'y iirgeon, tlo'iilllcor in charge 
 ol the l'oi)itd-fV i catth; (jiiaraiitino, fiirni-lies tin- ioUowing 
 
 (1) Archivo? .Ic 111 .>[,.rin('. vol. (':iiiii.lii. T. IT, de li'-Ti' u liiT'i, S'l aou li>7o. 
 (L') /'.I'/., li'tlns .!.■ Ci.llii'n a M. I'aloii, 11 IV'vricr MTI. 
 (.1) Itoliilioti (lu liii.s, ji. ,-!. 
 
5fr 
 
 
 — 364 — 
 
 fi^'urcs ro^'arding the Cinadiiui Cattle Trade during tlio season 
 of 1S79. TJie total number of live stock shipped, at Montreal 
 was 17,101 head of cattle ; 59,907 sheep, and 'AAOS hogs. From 
 this port the shipments were 4,00() hca<l of cattle, 17,274 
 shet!p, and ISs jiogs : or a grand total from the two shipping 
 ports of 21,1 12 hcail of cattle ; 77,IISl sheep an<l OjOAti hogs. 
 The estimated value of this live stock is, cattle. !?2,1 11,200 ; 
 sheej), S77l,SlU; and hogs, !?.')2,720 ; or a graiul total of 
 $2,9;j'),7.')0. Tiie valui- of the forage expo, ted with this stock 
 for food, averaging the trip of each steamship at ten days, is 
 placed at .S92,r)90; and the estimated sums paid to tlie vai'ious 
 
 steamsliip lines foi' freight is $")S.j,90U {(Jaebcc Mcrcuri/, 24th 
 
 Nov., 1879.) 
 
 SlIIP-BUILDlXCi AT QTRliHC UNDFR F!;EX(;ir 
 DuMlNATiUX. 
 
 " ha consti'uction <les vaissiMux etait luie autre branehe 
 d'industrie (jU(\ Louis XIV avait iY c(eur d'introduire on 
 Canada ; et dans ee desst^in. il cut soin d'\' faire passer tons 
 les ouvriers necessaii'es, ainsi (pie d'autres. i>our pr('>[iartU' des 
 hois propres a cette eonstruetion et les transportei-cn ]-' ranee. 
 Pen a|Mes son ai'rivee eu Caiiadii, M. Talou ilonna tons ses 
 soins a un ohjet de si grande impoilance. " II taut couper 
 des l)i)is de toute sorte, lit-on dans la Helatinn de IHGT, qui 
 se ti'Oiivent par tout le Canada, et qui donm-nt facilitc aux 
 Franijais et aux auti-i's, (pii viennent s'v haliitui'r, de s'y loger 
 des leur arrivee. 11 fait faire des matures, dentil envoiecette 
 annee des essais a La liochelie itoiu' servir a la iuarine. II 
 s'est apJ»lique,dc^ jdus, aux lii>is propres a la construction des 
 vaisseaux, dont I'epreuve a ete faite en ce pays par la ijatisse 
 d'une liarcpie, qui se trouve d<' hon service, I't d"un gros vais- 
 seaii tout prct a etre mis a I'eau (1)." Dans Tctat de la 
 depensi du IJoi ])our i'annee I(i71, nous lisons cet article 
 remarquahie : " (^uarante miih' livres [lOur etre employees a 
 la construction des vaisseaux ipii se font en ( aiiada, c<imme 
 aussi a la coiq)e et a la facjon des hois (Mivoyes de ee pays pour 
 les const ructions (jui se ibnt dans les ]iorts du royaume (2). 
 Le premier (U> ces vaiss{>aux. auxipiels on lra\aillait I'annee 
 1072, devait etr(» du poids (h\ (juatre a cimi cents tonneaux ; 
 et, dans le meme temps, on se disposait a en construiic un 
 
 (1) Hi'liition Uc Mitii, I). ;- 
 (-1 Ai('lii\cs (le la Mar 
 liuk's, 1071, lul. IH. 
 
 inc. Rt'giftio (lo.-^ ilt'pt'chcs dc CoUxTt pour les 
 
— 365 — 
 
 \ 
 
 autre plus considerable onpon-, dnnt tons les materiaux 
 etaient deja prt''ts(l). L'un do ces Viritimoiits etaiit oiiliii 
 aclieve, on dcmanda ail Hoi iju'il vouliit liion U; laissi'r dans 
 la colonio, c.v (|iii poiirtant n'cMit ]ias lion (2). " J/is/niru de 
 la Colonic Frcnioainc en CaiimJa, Faillon, Vol. Ill, p. lioti. 
 
 mi 
 
 in 
 
 THE OONQrKST (>!■■ NEW YORK. 
 
 " Louis XIV," says Piukniaii, •' oomniandod that ciirlitiMMi 
 thousand unoil'ondinLr poisons slioiild ho stripprd of all thoy 
 jiossossod, and oast out to tlio nieroy of the wildornoss. Tho 
 atrocity of tlic jilan is niatohod liy its folly. Tin' Kinir izave 
 explicit ordors, luit ho ;:avo ni'itliorsiiii)s, nor men, cuoul'Ii to 
 iiccomiilish thoiu ; and tiio Dutch farinors, ^'oadcd to ilc-por- 
 ation, would have cut his sixtoeii hiindied soldiers to 
 pieces." (•'!) 
 
 ^1 
 
 THE DEATH OF .MONTCALM. 
 
 (From Lt.-Col. Beatson's Xotos, " Tin-: Plains ok Aiu;aii am.") 
 
 ;Montcai.m, eonsiiiciious in front of the left wiuir of liis lint!, 
 and Woi,KE,at the head of tho L'Sth Uoginient and the Loiiis- 
 
 (1) Rplation (IclCiT'J, p. U. 
 
 (•_') Archivt's (If l;i Mariiir. Kcfii.^tri' ilcs 'li'|irL'lR'>, aniic'i'.>; M7I ct M7"). 
 Lcttrc ilii 111 iiini liiTii a M. dc rroiitciiac 
 
 (^!) Mi'iiKiif' iiniir SI rrir d' lii'ilriirtiiin it MnnnliKr /,> Citnitr !(■• l-'ruiitriiitf 
 Kiif I' Eiilri iii-i"' ill- III i\iiiirrlli - )'iii-l:.7 jiiih lr,S:i, 
 
 " Si iiariiiy les lialiifaiits dc la X.iiivi-ili'-^'urk il .-i' trouvc ili's l 'atlmliiiiics 
 lie la lidi'litL' ili'r^tiucl- il cidyc .<r iMHivoir a.--iMirci'. il iiDUira les laissiT (iaiis 
 Irur;^ llalJitatiull^, aprrs k'lir avuir I'ait pi-cstvr pcrmciil ilc liiicdiU' :i .Sa 
 
 Ma,ic.-I('' II liiiuriii aiissi franliT. s'il Ic .iiiu'c a pruiMi-. ilcs 
 
 urii.-aii.-' ct aiitrcs f-'cii,-^ lit' r^'Tvici' iirMTssains pmii- la ciiltiirc ilrs t»'n'r.<, ini 
 
 pciiir tra\ ailliT ail. \ lortitiratii'Ms. I'll i|iia lit" ill' iirisiiiiiiicrs . . . , 
 
 II taut rrtriiir I'll piisoii les ufliriVi'> rl Irs priiii'iiiaiix lia liitaiil.-. ili'.-ipu'ls on 
 liiuirra ri'lin . i\v> ranrmis. A rr.-'^iinl ili' tons Irs autn- rlraiitri'i'.- In u.r ,,iii 
 ■iir mint pun Fi-iiii'n ii). lliillliui'.-. IrlMliii'S I't riilimt.-, ."^a .Majrsli' trmiM' a pro- 
 pus i|ii"ils siiii'iil mis liors dr la Ciiluiiir I'l I'livuvi'S a la Nuiivi'lk'-Aiif^li'lriTL', 
 ilia I'ciisyh anil', nil I'li d'aiiti-i's I'lidruils iiii'il jiiKcra a piopii;!, par mir mi 
 liar trrri'. I'lisriiililf mi M''parriiitiil , li' tmit siii\aiit qiTil li' trmivi'ia plu 'lir 
 IMiur li'S dissipt'r I't I'liiiK-rhii .lu'i'ii -i' ri'iiiii-.-ant il- nc pni^-cnl dniiuir i.cra- 
 t^iiiii a ill's I'litri'pri.-i-'s riiiiiro I'rtti' Ciiliiiiii'. II riiMivcra in F.:iiirr Ir- l-iaiirai.s 
 tiD-'ilils qu'il pmirra trmisi'r.ft partii'iilii'ri'iiiciit i-ciix dr la |{i'lit;iiiii fn'-rVn- 
 (liiL'-lti't'oruu'i; (//"./"' /i"'f).—(Nijw \ork('id. !»ijrs. IX, lliL'.) 
 
 Villv. — A' l{i>:i (I III llnlirilll , ~ Jllill ItW'.l ,' /. Miilintrr U /hnulivillr, no llio 
 
 ihite ; Il Minixtfi- n Frniiti mir, im' iin' iliitr ; nnlfe i/ii Itnii ii ViimliiuH, 
 iiiiiiii ilittt' ; II' llou nil Sill"' di: III I'tiiliiiii rr, iiii iii" diiti- ; Ctiaini)ii/iiu >tii 
 Miniatrc, 1(3 Nov., ltj«9. 
 

 nr.G 
 
 boui'f^ Ort'iiiulicM's, towanl-^ tin- riglit of tlio British line, must 
 have li('(>ii nearly oi)|>osito toeaeh otiier iit tlie coinnienceinent 
 of the hattlo, wliieh was most severe in tliat part of the held : 
 and, hy a singular eoincidence, earh of th(>se heroic lead<M\s 
 had hium twien wounded dui'ing tiie hrief ('onlliet hi'i'oi'e he 
 reiM^ived his last an<l fatal wouml. 
 
 P.ut the valiant Frenchman, regardless of pain, relaxed riot 
 his etlorts to I'ally his broken liattalions in their iuu'ried 
 retreat towards the city until lie was shot through the loins, 
 wlieii witliin a lew hundred yards of St. Louis (iate. And so 
 invineihli! was liis I'ortitiide that not even th(> sevei'ity of tliis 
 moi'tal stroke; eould abate his gallant spirit or alter liis intro- 
 2)id bearing. Suiijiorted l)y two grenadiers — one on eai;h sitle 
 of his horse, he re-entei'ed tlie city : and in reply to some 
 \vomen who, on seeing l)loo(l tlow I'roiii liis wounds as he I'odo 
 down St. Louis Street, on iiis way to the t'iiateau, exclaimed 
 Oli.iiHiii Dicit ! hidti J)i(:ii ! Ic .]f((riji(is esl lite! (courteously 
 assured tliem that be wa> not seriously hurt, and begged of 
 them not to distrrss theii:selv(\s on his account. — C'e n'est 
 rich I cc n'est rii:ii I Sc. vaiis ai/lii/cz jxts jxixr mu'i, mcs honnes 
 arnica. (I) 
 
 Tiie last woi'ils of Woi.ri;, nnpiM'ishably enshrined in the 
 jiages of History, still (wcite, after the lapse of a lU'iitury, 
 the livelie.-;t admiration and sympathy : and similar interest 
 may, jierhaps, 
 of the elosin 
 opponent. 
 
 Montcalm, wlien his wounds had been examined, enquired 
 whether they were mortal ; and being ;'.nswered in the ailir- 
 mative, said, / a/// ,7/a(/ "/' /7 .• /low loii/j can f survive.' — 'Ten 
 or tirclve hours, pcrliaps less, was tin; reply. So muck lite 
 bclhr, rej'oine(l he ; _/'(//• then ] sluill iiol live to see the sur- 
 nndi r of Qiicl)cc ('J). 
 
 " I'.eing afterwards visited by M. de Ramezay — who, with 
 " the title o\' LicuiciKint-ilii-Roi, eonunanded the garrison — 
 " and the Commandant de Koussillon, ho said to them, 
 " (iciillcmcn, to i/our hcpimj I connncnd the honour of France, 
 " Kmteuroiir to siicurc the rclrcat of my arini/ fo-nii/ht bei/'unl 
 " Cap-/'on</c : a- J'nv ini/sclj', I shall past the )iiijht with God, 
 " and prepare for dcath,'^ 
 
 )e awakened by the following luiet narrative 
 scene in the eventful career of his great 
 
 (1) Tiir thc-Jc iiiirliiuhirs I iim iiiilibtcil to my tVipinl yiv. (•. 1!. Fiiriliault, 
 a uciilli'miiii woll kimwii in <':iniiilii for liis rcsciirchcH into tlio liistory of 
 tlio Colony : who.-o infoniiation on the sulijcct was ili'rivcd from liis niudi 
 rt'siicctid I'ollow-citi/.cn \\w lion. .John Malcolm Krascr. ifandson of one of 
 WuI.I'k's otliccrs, anil nnw (IS'iS) one of tln' oldest inhabitants of (^iiclipi- ; 
 wlicic, in his fhihlhooii ami youth, he hail tlii' facts, as a hove narrated, often 
 desrrilied to him hy an elderly woman who, when about ciBhteen years of 
 aire, was an eye-witness of the scene. It. S. B. 
 
 ('!) Ukatson's Nuriil iiimI MUitunj M> itu/lrn <if Gndt Jirllitln : IT'.'d. 
 
Copy ot'tlio Epitaph prt'inui'd liy the Acadoiuy of Insorij)- 
 tions at I'nais, i'nv tin' Maripiis of Moiitialiii's tnnil) ; Icavo 
 was asl«M.l Ijy the Froiicli (lovi'iiiinciit to have the marble 
 tablet, oil which it was insciib(>il. sent out to (Jiiehec, an<l 
 granted l>y the Eiiirlish Governint'ut. ( Vhle ]^'i/!iall^ I'id's 
 j.rtltr, ]0//i Aj'rif, IT'd.) 'I'liis iuncri[itiun, for some cause or 
 othei", never I'caehed (^uebee. 
 
 El'lTAIMf, 
 
 Ilii' .iiicct . 
 I'tHKiui' in ipi'l'c iilmmiii victiinis, 
 
 LuitovTcrs .iiisKiMirs nic .monh ai.m do/.ox, 
 
 Miin-liio Siiiicli \'cniiii. l!:iru (iai ri:ici, 
 
 Oiitiiii.- S:iiHti Luiiii\iri Cciiiiiiirniliiti)!'. 
 
 Legal II ^-tit'iicrii lip ]';\cirii iimii ii:illiruruiu ; 
 
 Ecn'jrius ft ('ivi>i'l Milos, 
 
 Niilliii? rci iij'l'>t:-iis iir:iliTi|iiiiiii \crM' liiiulis, 
 
 liitri'iiici Iclii'i, el lilrris i'.\<'iilt<i : 
 
 Otnni's Milifiit' j-'railus pcri-niitimia ilccura ciiicn^iis, 
 
 Oiiiniiim Di'lli Aitimn, ti'iriiMjriiin. ili-iTiiniiniiii fiiiaru?, 
 
 Ill Italia, ill l:<<ii('iiiia. in (icriiKinia 
 
 liiix iiiilnstrin.'^. 
 
 Mnnduta filii ita .<(mii|i(i- Kmns lit iiia.iuiiljiip par lialjerL'tur, 
 
 Jam clarur' iirriciilis 
 
 All tiitanilain (.'aiiailciiHi'ni I'lnvinciain ini.--;ii.-i, 
 
 Parva iiiilitnin nninii llu^tiuni i-opia?^ nun sinu'l icimlit, 
 
 Pruimnnacula c-cpit \ iri- aniii:-i|iii' instrlu■ti^<inla. 
 
 Al(/r(iri.-, iiicilia". vivilianini. lalmiis patirn^, 
 
 Siiis iiiiici' pnispii-idis. iniiiniiicir .-iii, 
 
 Iliistis arcr. victdi' iiianr^iii'ttis. 
 
 Fortunain \ irtutc viiii.ni iimiiiain iici'ilia fl cclci-ilali' (■oiiipi'iisa\ it : 
 
 Iini'iilK'ns Colniiia' fat iini ot I'oiicilio it nianii p<'r iiilailrii'iinimn .<ii.<tiniiit, 
 
 Tanili'iii in^'inlciu K.\i-icitniii iMii'i' .-ircniiu ct amlaci. 
 
 Clas<('iii(iur iiiiini liclldnini iiidIc ;rravcni, 
 
 Multiplici pnidrntia iliii linlitirat us, 
 
 Vi pcitiii('tii.« ail iliiiiii'iiniluni, 
 
 In prima arii', in prinio cunllictii \ iilnrratu.-', 
 
 Ki'liiriiiiii i|iiaiii .-cmpcr ri.lacrat iiinitrns, 
 
 ^lau'iii) suoruiu dcsiilrrin. ik'c siiii.' liii.-tiuiii imrroro. 
 
 Extiiirliis est 
 
 Ilii'Xiv. Sept., A. P. MPni.ix, iidat. Xl.vill. 
 
 ;\Ioilali s nptimi iliiris rxuviiis in rxnivata liiliiKi, 
 
 Qiium L'ldlnis iii'llii;ii,~ ik'riilciis ili-siliciisinif lU'linloriit, 
 
 tialli lii^'cnlcs ili'pii.-iii'riint , 
 
 Ht Kciiorusn' liostiiiiii tiilri (■(iiiiiiicnilarimt. 
 
 iji 
 
 77, 
 
 ' .i/,iii"i 
 
 / Iiefi!'<>' r for ITiiL'. 
 
 1 
 
 ;* 
 
gr 
 
 IXAlTil'liAL ADDIIKSS 
 
 OF J. M. LiiMOlNK, I'ltESIDKXT nV TIIH LITEIJ VUV 
 msTOlilCAL SOCIKTV, liKLlVF.Ui:!) OX 2oTI[ 
 
 NuvHMiu;];, 1881. 
 
 AND 
 
 Subject: '^ KDIXIUMKIH.— I{()CHX,— VOIIK." 
 
 (ILIMI'SKS, IMPRESSIONS AND CONTRASTS. 
 
 xi:i>riN 151 i?<; II. 
 
 ' Such ilii-iky j,'i-:mil(Mivcl(itlii'il tlir lu'isjlit, 
 Where the liUfic cistlc holil!; its state, 
 
 Anil ill! till- steep ^lcll>e ilnwti, 
 AVIiiise ridfry liMck heaves tu the sky 
 I'ileil deep and massy, ehise :ii;d hiirh 
 
 Mine own romantie town." 
 
 {Miirnii'iii.) 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, 
 
 As President, it is my duty, a ])l('as;iiit one, rest 
 assured, to opeu this eveuiuy, ourauuual wiuter-coursG 
 of lectures. On more occasions tlinii one, your indul- 
 gence has made me forgot my repugnance to address a 
 public meeting. ^lore than once, instead of being 
 reminded of my shortcomings, I have found myself 
 surrounded in these rooms, by friendly faces, greeted 
 by cheerful, encouraging looks. In lieu of presenting 
 you historical tohleaux of the early, shall I say with 
 the late Lord Elgin, " the heroic times of Canada," as oft' 
 1 have done, I shall to-night ask your attention and 
 beckon you to follow nu-, far from our Canadian 
 home. We shall indulge in a rumble, short though it be, 
 over a foreign, but not unfriendly, land, in that haunted, 
 
\ 
 
 
 — 369 — 
 
 olden world from whence s])rang our fathers. With 
 y(air i»ermission, we shall dwell for a few moments on 
 the ]ierformances, follow the foot-prints, treasure up the 
 exjierienee of those who have })receede(l us ; if ])Ossiljle, 
 benefit by their wisdom, endeavour to Icai'n from tluMU, 
 let us hope, some not us(dess lessons. A liniittid but 
 agreec'ble sojouni abroad, wliicli brouifht me, on many 
 points, to tliink still hiulua' of my own ciuintry, has also 
 made nuirn nianifisst to me than it was hitlierto how 
 many useful hints, how many teachin,i;s, the records, 
 till! mouutuiMits, the siiii;ht-> of other cities can furnish. 
 It is my intention t(» select lur our study to-ni^lit three 
 conspicuous I ities of Europi-, in order to seek for con- 
 trasts if any, biitwccn them and nui' own ancient town. 
 In the course of my wanderiuus in KiiLjland, France, 
 Scotland, Ireland, IJidgium, Holland, Scv., nn sites, by 
 their historical ■'>niiri'iiirf>, edifices, monuments, and 
 scenery, have attracted me more than Kdinl)urti;h, 
 Pioueu and York ; thoufifli of course, 1 have met with 
 cities more wealthy, more extensive, more poi)ulons. In 
 fact, there are strikiuLj analonics, as wcH as unmistaka- 
 ble })oints of contrast, between these aniii[ue towns and 
 the ca])ital of this Province, our own pictnres([ue city. 
 A ^udance at KdinburLih, Itouen, ^'ork, mny point out 
 how the hand of man (;an increase th'' ailvanta^cs, add 
 lustre to the charms wliich nature has conferred and 
 make of a citv, " a thinLf of beautv and a iov for (^ver." 
 Possibly, we may tind that wealth and po{)ulation in 
 cities. How tliroui;h various, sometimes unrevcaled 
 channels ; that true ]»ro^ivss does not mean a wanton 
 destruction of the externals of a revered ]»ast; that 
 whilst a progressive (;ommunity is ex])ected to throw 
 open wide its portals to the fi-rtilisinn' wave of commer- 
 cial activity, it can lie hel])ed to achieve importance, 
 prosperity, nay fame, by preserving intact, for coming 
 generations, as sacred heirhtoms, the m(»numents of its 
 history, the landmarks of its patriotic struggles, the 
 sacred remains, in verity, of its former self. Let 
 2-t 
 
 '1 
 
 .1' 
 
 "'-i! 
 ill 
 
 ii 
 
f^, 
 
 — 370 — 
 
 us begin ])V a sliort sketch of tlie "Modern Alliens," 
 the Queen City of the North, Eihnburgli, wliose (juaint 
 old, iind beautiful new, toMU arii familiar t(» many i)re- 
 sent here to-night, it was my good fortune to view 
 the Scotch ca]iital under circuunstances which must 
 e%'er leave in my mind an imin'ession as lasting as it 
 was ]il('iisant. 1 saw it triumjihant, most gaudy, in 
 lull holiday attire; its streets, its S(|uares, its jjarksand 
 public edilices, decked with much Ijunting, the gayest 
 of Hags, tloriil designs, triumjihal arches, festive wreaths 
 in the broad light of day, whilst by night the ])agt;ant's 
 sjilcndor was ,!azzling with Jhush's (1) electric light 
 and myriads ofgaslam]is: all this in anticipati(jn of 
 the advent of royalty, to grace the gri-at niitioiial JMili- 
 tary lieview. I'roudly dcjildyed, with streaming ban- 
 ners, under the walls of llolyrood, the histori" jialace 
 of the royal 8tuarts, stood, as if aniiiiateil with but 
 onc! heart, one imitulsc, 4:!,iH)0 Scdtch Yulunteers ; 
 many regiments in the pictuicsiiue mountaineers cos- 
 tume ; a body ol' nu-n as to ])liysi([ue, martial-bearing, 
 manly beauty, unsni'passed, 1 dare to say, rn any }ioint 
 of the globe. They stood erect, calm, as c'aim, 1 Mould 
 fain believe, as tlun'r fathers had stood on another his- 
 toric S]iot, I had just visited three days jirevious, at 
 ]lougonuint, on the vast jilain of J^russels ; except that 
 instead of the freu/y of battle lighting up their eye, no 
 othci' I'renzy stirred them, but that of loyalty to that 
 " illustrious Sovereign and gracious I-ady, " to use the 
 elo(iuent and recent woids of President Arthur at 
 YorktoMU, our gentle (^ueen, who for the first time, I 
 then had a chance of seeing. Among Victoria's 250,- 
 000,000 of sulijects, nt)ne 1 felt could exceed in devo- 
 tion the stalwait volunteers of " Auld Scotia, " who 
 from every city every hamlet of the little Scotch world 
 had, as if a pil)roch had sount'nd on the hills, mustered 
 from all directions on the 25th August last. 
 
 (1) Brush's Electric Light, was tlion, on trial, in Etlinburgh. 
 
 V.'' 
 
~ 371 — 
 
 Is his loyalty to liis sdvercij,'!! a imvt of the Scotch- 
 man's strength, one of the clcineuls which lielps him 
 on, the world over, in life's hard slruggle ? 
 
 It is not only in distant jiorlions ol' the iJritish 
 Einjiire we lind the Scot In the I'nmt in the Held uf 
 thought or mart of cDmmerec ; nuinw n Hominion testifies 
 al.io to tliat I'act. I hi»ii(! I may not give od'cnee even 
 ill this jieriod of njiheaval, when th<.' tide of po])ular 
 J'ights is surging so high, in saying, en p(i,s.s(i.iit, a word 
 in favor of successful loyalty. (LoikI (ipi>!aiisc.) 
 
 That August weel; was indee(l u hustling, busy one 
 for all Kdinhui'gli The iron-horse had ju.st l:inde(l my 
 daughter and myself, late at night, after the long ride 
 from Knstoii S(|uare Kailway -^liiliou, l/indon, under 
 the shaihiw of the gorgiioiis monumeiil erc'ijted on 
 Princes street, in 1 S-t-t, at tin; cost of S8i»,(in0 to the 
 man in Scottish literature, 1 reveretl tlu; most : Sir 
 Walter Scott. The tirst sunbeam brought me across 
 the street, on rny bedroom window, llie e\(iuisite 
 tracery of this lofty and gi'a(>eful shaft. 
 
 P^very object round me seemed to re])eat the name 
 and bespeak the renown of the famous minsti'td, the 
 " Ariostoof tlie Xorlli " : Waverley Aronuineiit, Waver- 
 ley Hotel, Waverly Giirden, Waverley Station, Waver- 
 ley Market. Jn fact it loolced as if the lirst to greet 
 me was the iminortal author of Waverley, •' from his 
 monument seated on a rock, in his niclu', wrapped in a 
 slie])herd's ]daid, with a book and pen in his liaiid, 
 resting on his knee and his favorite d(jg, Maida, lying 
 at his f 'et - d looking up wistfully at his master ; " all 
 so well .j..v.a'd on the marlde. 
 
 There was jioesy, genius, ]iatriotism, confronting me, 
 iu the streets, in the air, above, below; all around me 
 Scott's fame overshadowed, ]iermeated, glorilieil the 
 land. (Applause.) I was too full of Waverley lore, 
 of Lockhart's life-like ])ortraiture of Sir Walter, to bo 
 easily satisfied. An Edinbuigh barrister, distantly con- 
 nected with Scott's family, Mr. TTiomas Scott, procured 
 
 1 
 
 % 
 
r 
 
 w 
 
 o — o 
 
 mv. Ill) I'lifirc to Scott's town hoiisi; in (Jantlu street 
 (now owned liy Scotcli Mei'cliiiuts) and on my stutinj^ 
 I liiul conu; all the way from <"aiia(la, a pil;4iim to the 
 land ol' Scott and liunis, I was |iei'mitted, thanks to 
 my cieentne, to invade the saneliim of (;ommei'ce and 
 to jiiy int(t a sanctum to me miii'li nmre holy. I was 
 introduceij inio lla; very room in which so much of 
 Scott's lilei'Miy lalior w.is iierformtjil ; the courteous 
 nierchiint i'eliriu,Li' fi'om the tabh.', I was alloW(.'d U) sit 
 in the very s])ot, at the identical table (the furniture 
 liavingbeen ndiyiously jiresi-rved), where in June, IS 14, 
 occurred the now fimous sceiu; of the '' unwearied 
 hand " ANhieh had that niyjit startled W'iUiani .Menzies 
 and his Jolly iellow-studi'tits, convivially enifayed, so 
 e'raphically recalled hy Lockhart. (1) The elevated 
 window in the yai'd oj. posit e, throu,uh which th(! stu- 
 dents loolced in, on Sir Walter writin^ij; at the table 
 Avliere T now sat, is still the same. ]\Iy eye scanned it 
 closely, measuring the distance and the extent of the 
 diminutive grass ]»lot, in the little court adjoining 
 Scott's " den " as Lockhart stvles it. 
 
 (1) " irappeuin.u to pass throufili E(linl)Ut'i.'li, in Juno, 1S14, 
 I (IIikmI line (lay witli tin' trtMitleman in (luestion (now the 
 JIonoriiMc^ Williiini .M(Mi/.ic<, one of tlio Supreme .Tu'lf^es at 
 till' Capo of (jooiI lloprj, wlioso resilience was then in <ieorge 
 Street, situutt'd vei'y near to, Jiml at rijxht angles with Castle 
 Street. It was a i)arty of very young i)er.si)ns, most of tiiem, 
 like Menzies untl myself, destined for the Bar of Sootland, all 
 gay and thoughtless, enjoying the fii'st Hash of nianliood, with 
 little I'enirmlirance of the yi'sterday, or care of the morrow. 
 Whi'U my companion's worthy father and uncle, after set'ing 
 two or thi'ce hot ties go I'ound, lei't tin.' juvmiles to themselves, 
 the weather being hot, we adjourned to a library, which had 
 one large window looking northwards. After carousing hero 
 for an hoiu" or more, 1 obsciveil that a shade had come over 
 the aspect of my frii'nd, who happened to bo placed imme- 
 diately opj)Osite to myseli and said something that intimated 
 a fear of his being unwell. " No," said he, " I shall be well 
 eiiougli presently, if yoti will only let me sit where you are, 
 and take my chair; for there is a confounded hand in sight 
 ol' me, here, which Jias otteu bothered me before and now it 
 
 4 
 
— ara — 
 
 Alas! hnw maiiv chan<n',s in the Ediiihiirnh wmUl 
 during' these sixty-seven intervcnini,' years (1814-81) 
 and Scott's Tueniory is still fi'a,L,naiit, nay, .ureiMier and 
 fresher each year! In this iron aye of utiliterianisni, 
 layiiii,' aside the intellectual iis|)(u:tof the <[iiestion, hnw 
 much in hard cash havi' Scutt's wi'itinys Ijcmmi worth 
 yeaily to the land of his l»irth ? My ol»lii,du^ cicerone 
 called my attention to Muschat'.s cairn, near Ifolyrood, 
 as well as to tla^ ruins fif St. Anthony's chaiiel ; we 
 ramhlcd on foot throuuh the south-hack of (Jannonijate 
 andCowuate todrass .Market, iiassiny through into Cow- 
 gate, what was once the ahode of prelates and nohles, 
 now, of lah()urers and old furniture brokers ; close by, 
 had been enacted the Torteous mob tra.L^cdy ; John 
 Knox's old l'i!-hi<iiu'd teneiuent and the nei;;hb(U'ing 
 closes wer(! not forgotten. The cru.'^h in Edinburgh was 
 such — not a bed to be hud in the hotels — unless 
 bespoken Weeks ]ii'evious, that we canii! to the ciuiclu- 
 sion to rundown liy train, som(? thii'ty-seven mih^s, and 
 rest under the slia'iow of Meh-ose .\l»bey, until the 
 Volunteers and the numbei'less strangers, attracteil l;)y 
 th<' review >houM have left. The little town of M(dro>e 
 
 ale 
 
 Mil, 
 
 all 
 ith 
 
 ()\V. 
 
 ■ing 
 
 w'ont let me (ill luy jila-s witli ii l'od'I will." I rosr to cliiuif;e 
 }tliices with iiim iioci)rilin,!ily, aiiil lie pointcil dut tn iiui this 
 hand wliich, like the writiuir of B(,'lsh,i/.ziu's wall, ilisturiied 
 his hour of hilaiity. '' Since wo sat down,'" he sai<l, " I havo 
 licfiii watchiu,:: it ; it fascinates my eye ; it lu'voi- stops : page 
 after page is tinislied ami thrown on th.il hi>a]> of MS., ami 
 still it tioes on lUiweariod, an<l so it will lie till i;undles arc 
 brought in, and God knows how lon,L.' alter that. It i> the 
 same every ni,i.'ht — and I can'not sl.ind a siu'ht of it when I 
 am nntat my hooks." — "Some stupid, do^t^ed rnuirnssin.i: clerk 
 ]irol)al)ly,'' e.xclaimed mys<,ll', or some other uiddy youth in 
 our society. "No, hoys," said our host, "' 1 well know what 
 hand it is" — " t'is Widter Scott's." This was the hand that, 
 in the evonin<:s of three summer weeks, wrote thc^ two last 
 volumes of Waverley. Would that all who that niirht watched 
 it, hail pi'olited hy its example of diliu'eiiof! as ^\'illial^ Men- 
 zies"! (Ldck/iur/ i Lije <>/ !<ir Walter iicotl, Vol, IV, pp. 
 28-9, American Editvm.) 
 
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 is but an hour by train from the Scotch capital ; and at 
 4 p. m. on that day, we were confortably ensconsed in 
 the George and Abbotsford Hotel, in view of the lofty, 
 broken minarets of Melrose Abbey, so sweetly sung in 
 the Lay of the Last Minstrel. We did not even wait 
 for the pale moon to shed her pale light over the weird, 
 time-honored cloister of St. Mary : 
 
 " If thou woulfl'st view fair Melrose aright 
 
 Go visit it by the pale moonlight ; 
 
 For the gay heaiiis of lightsome day 
 
 Gild, but to Hout, the ruins grey. 
 
 WiuMi the broken arches are black in night. 
 
 And eaeh shafted oriel glimmers white ; 
 
 When the cold light's uncertain shower 
 
 Streams on the ruined central tower; 
 
 When buttress and buttress, alternately, 
 
 Seem framed of ebon and ivory ; 
 
 When silver edges the imagery, 
 
 And the scrolls that teach thee to live and die ; 
 
 When distant Tweed is heard to rave, 
 
 An»l the owlet to hoot o'er the dead man's grave 
 
 Then go — but go alone the while — 
 
 Then view St. David's ruined pile ; 
 
 And, home returning, soothly swear, 
 
 Was never scene so sad and iair ! " 
 
 Here is what our iutolligeut guide tells us : — " ]Mel- 
 rose Abbey, now thr pioperty of the Duke of Buccleuch, 
 was founded in Hob by David 1. It was granted by 
 royal charter to th(3 Cistercian order of monks, wliich 
 had a short time previously been instituted in Franco. 
 The monastery at ]\It'lrose was a mother church to all 
 Cistercian order in Scotland. In the retreat from Scot- 
 land of Edward IT, in 1322, the English wreaked their 
 vengeance on religions houses, and they desjioiled the 
 fair shrine of M(ilrose. In order to repair the abbey, 
 King liobert made a giant to the abb(^t of ^lelrose of 
 £2,000 (1) for rebuilding the church of St. Mary. It 
 is to this destruction of the church that is due the 
 
 (1) Equal to about £50,000 of our money. 
 
— 375 — 
 
 exceeding beauty of the view, for when the church was 
 restored, the Gothic stylo of architecture had reached 
 its finest development. The original church must 
 have been a rude erection, when the whole monastery 
 was built in ten years, for work was not done at rail- 
 way speed in those days, but it would not be easy to 
 say how many years were required to build the one 
 whose very ruins delight every eye. 
 
 In the year 1384, <he English, under Richard II, 
 made an inroad to Scotland, and on their return the 
 King lodged one night in the Abbey, and set tire to it 
 in the morning. He made several grants to the Al)bey 
 afterwards, which leads us to hope that his majesty 
 repented the ungratuful and sacrilegeous act. It may 
 be that the cliancel of the church was destroyed at that 
 time, for the style of architecture there is the ]»er|)endi- 
 cular (lothic, which commenced in the reign of liichurd 
 II. The stone used in this part of the building is 
 diiferent from that in the transepts. The transepts may 
 well be considered as the oldest ])ortion of what now 
 conijjrises Melrose Abbey. The monastery at Mehxtsc 
 was destroyed in 1545 by the Earl of Iletford. There 
 is a tradition that the English, on their way back to 
 England at that time, had actually passeil the monas- 
 teries of Melrose and Dryburg, when the bells at one 
 of these places were rung to express the joy of the 
 inmates. The English, hearing the sound, wtn'e not slow 
 to come back, when the joy was changed into mourninij. 
 The Scottish Ileformatiou following shortly after, tiie 
 Abbey never recovered from the destruction perpetrated 
 at that time. 
 
 After the Keformation, James Douglas, coinmendator, 
 took down a great part of the ruin to build houses. Thtj 
 date on one of the M'indows in 1590. The statues were 
 demolished in 1640; and for a long ])eriod the Abbey 
 was used as a quarry by the ])eople of Melrose. It is said 
 that there is not an old house in the town, but has, in its 
 walls, a stone from the Abbey. Since the Abbey came 
 
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 W, 
 
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 Kif- 
 
 — 376 — 
 
 into the possession of the Buccleuch family, every thing 
 has been done, and is being done, to keep the ruin 
 from further decay. The monastery buildings, were all 
 on the North side of the church ; it took a wall a mile 
 in circuit to enclose them. The rules of the Cistercian 
 order were very strict, and for a long period were rigidly 
 enforced. When a time of laxity came, there were 
 vigorous efforts made to return to the strictness of disci- 
 pline and holiness of life inculcated at the first. But 
 v/ealth flowed into the monastery. The nobles, stimu- 
 lated by the royal example, hea]>ed benefits upon it ; 
 and the Moi)l:<i, like Jeshurun of old, waxed fat, and 
 kicked off the restraints of godly discipline, and holiness 
 of life was forgotten " so said our guide. 
 
 The shafts of satyre were aimed at them, as may be 
 gathered from an old popular ballad. 
 
 " The monks of Melrose made glide kail 
 On Friday when they fastod ; 
 Kor wanted they gudo beef and ale, 
 As lung's their neighbours' lasted." 
 
 " Meh'ose Abbey, like all other churches of the older 
 times, stands due east and west. From the west 
 entrance to the Abbey until the organ screen is reached, 
 little of the original structure remains, excepting the 
 side chai)els, which formed the outer ])ortion of the 
 south side. The first three of these chapels have been 
 roofless for geuerations, the separating walls have also 
 entirely disappeared. The roof over the fourth and fifth 
 are still entire. What remains of the organ screen, 
 crosses the nave on a line with the division of the fifth 
 and sixth chapels, and from thence to the transept, the 
 church is ijuite roofed over from north to south. The 
 aisles, north and south, are covered by the original 
 ground-roof. The roof over the nave and a piece of 
 common masonry on the north side, reaching to and 
 supporting the roof, were both erected in 1618, when 
 
 
 
 
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— 377 — 
 
 that part of the ruin was fitted up for a Presbyterian 
 place of worship. It continued to be used as such, 
 until 1810. The first six of the chapels in the south 
 aisle have been used since the Reformation as places of 
 sepulture by families of note in the neighbourhood. In 
 the seventh, are carved representations of the heads of 
 David I, and of his Queen Matilda. Standing upright 
 in the eighth, is .in ancient kneeling stone, on one side 
 of which is the likeness of four horse-shoes : and on 
 the top an inscription in Saxon characters. It reads 
 thus — 
 
 Orate Pro 
 Animri Krat. 
 Petre AEKaRii. 
 " Pray for the soul of brotlier Peter, the treasurer." 
 
 The cliarni of Melrose Abbey lies as much in the 
 exijuisite dtdicacy of the carving, and the beauty of the 
 various jiarts, as in the graciiful symmetry and united 
 grandeur of tlie entire structure. The must ])erfect 
 specimuu of carving is jironounccd by connaisseurs to 
 be that on the capital of tlie pillar which bounds the 
 south aisle on the east, separating the aile from the 
 nave. This carving r(']tre.s"nts the leaf of the curly 
 greens, or kale; and is so delicate and beautiful as to 
 resemble the finest lace. The pillar on which appears 
 this specimen of monastic taste and skill, rises on the 
 north side to another ca])ital, at the spring of the lofty 
 and beautiful arch, which, with three others, supjtorted 
 tlie central tower. From the south transejit, Avhere 
 this carving is generally best seen, can also be observed 
 a small round window, high in tlie wall of the north 
 transo]it. This window, of whicih the tracery is quite 
 entire, is said to represent the Crown of Thorns," but 
 we must interrupt our glib cicerone. It is sujiposed 
 that there were originally sixteen altars in the Abbey. 
 In this corner lies, according to the " Lay of the Last 
 Minstrel," the grave of the famous Wizard Michael 
 
 
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 — 378 — 
 
 Scott. The -ave next to it is believed to bo that of 
 Sir Ilali)h Ivers, one of the English commanders slain 
 at the battle of Ancrum River. Beyond a footpath at 
 the heail of these graves, on the north-east side of a 
 heap of fragments, is a stone which was a favorite 
 seat with Sir Walter Scott, when he came to feast 
 on the grand and varied beauty of the scene. Under 
 the floor of the chancel rejiose the ashes of many 
 of the illustrious dead. Alexander II was buried 
 here, as was also Wahlevus, the second abbot of the 
 monastery. The body of Douglas, the; dark knight of 
 Liddesdale, otherwise called the Fit wvr of Chivalry, 
 who was slain by a kinsman while hunting in Kttrich 
 Forest during the reign (jf David II, was brought hero 
 for interment, after having lain one night in Lindean 
 Kirk. James, Karl Douglas, slain by irotsj)ur (Earl 
 Percy) at the biittle of <)tterl)urn in 1388, was also 
 interred here withgrmit military pomp and every honor 
 that could be paid l)y the abbot and monks. The 
 English s])oik'd the toml)s of the Douglases in 1544, 
 and for this they sulTered st;vere retribution at Ancrum 
 Mhir in the following year. Hut the chief deposit in 
 the Altbey, and that ^)\^or which the ruin may well be 
 considered a fitting and a])[)iopriiite monument, is the 
 " Heart of Robert the Rruce." In the King's last letter 
 to his son, written about a month before his death, he 
 commanded that his heart l)e l)uried in Melrose Aljbey. 
 ButsubsequeJitly to that he wished rather that it might 
 be sent to Talestine and l)uvie(l in the Holy Sepulchre. 
 Sir James Douglass, entrusted with the sacred deposit, 
 set sail with a numerous and s[»lendid retinue. In Spain 
 he encountered the Saracens ; and being too brave to 
 retreat, he was overpowred by numbers and fell. The 
 body was recovered and brought bacik for burial ; .and 
 the heart of the Master he loved and served so well was 
 interred, agreeablv with the former wish of the Kinsr, 
 under the High Altar of Melrose Abbev. The chancel 
 
— 379 — 
 
 is lighted by three beautiful windows ; the one to the 
 €ast is that of which Sir Walter Scott has thus written : 
 
 '•' The moon on tlie east oriel shono 
 
 Through slender shafts of shapely stone, 
 
 By foliaged tracery conil)ine(l : 
 
 Thou woulclst have thought some fairy's hand, 
 
 Twixt poplars straight, the ozier wand 
 
 In many a freakish knot had twined ; 
 
 Tiien franiod a spell, wlien the work was done. 
 
 And 
 
 tlio willow wreaths to stone.' 
 
 The cloisters are much aihnircd for the chasteness 
 and beauty of the ciirviu^. Tlic cloister door is that by 
 which the aged monk in the " Lay " is saitl to have 
 brought Sir William of Deloraine when he came at the 
 recjuest of the Lady of I'uccleuch to take the book 
 from the grave of the wizard. In the Gothic, nature 
 alone was imitated; hence the endless variety and 
 beauty of the designs. In the ornamented frei/.e, run- 
 ning along al)ovu the fal^e (Jothic arches on the east 
 wall, no two of the orujimciital figures are alike; it is 
 thus described by Lockbiirt. " There is one cluister in 
 particular, along the whole length of wliich there runs 
 a cornice of (hjwcis iUid pliiuls, entirely unrivalled, to 
 my nund by anything elsewlnn'e extant. I do not say 
 in Gothic architecture merely, but in any architecture 
 whatever. Eoses and lilies, und thistles, and ferns, and 
 heaths, in all their varie lies, nnd oak leaves and ash 
 leaves, and a thousand beautiful shapes besides, are 
 chiselled with such inimitable truth, and such grace of 
 nature, that the finest botanist in the world could not 
 desire a better hortus siccus, so far as they go." It is 
 said that the stones of the lloor in front of the seats on 
 the east cover the ashes of many of tlie departed. 
 
 " The pillared aichos over their head — 
 Beneath their feet, the hones of tlie dead." 
 
 It would be difficult indeed, to say whereabouts in 
 the Abbey, the dead have not been buried. Tom 
 
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 — 380 — 
 
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 Purdie's tomb, in the churchyard, near the Abbey must 
 not be forgotten ; here on a large red tombstone erected 
 by Sir Walter, can be read the inscription to his loyal 
 Woodforester, who died on the 29th Oct., 1829. (1) 
 
 >'i' 
 
 (1) On the west side is inscribed : 
 
 IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE FAITHFUL 
 AND ATTACHED SERVICES 
 
 OF 
 
 TWENTY-TWO YEARS ; 
 
 AND IX SORROW 
 
 FOR THE LOSS OF A HUMBLE 
 
 BUT SINCERE FRIEND, 
 
 THIS STONE WAS ERECTED 
 
 BY 
 
 SIR WALTER SCOTT, Baut., 
 OF ABBOTSFORD. 
 
 The inscription on the east side runs thus — 
 
 HERE LIES THE BODY 
 
 OF 
 
 THOMAS r U R D I E , 
 
 WOOD FORESTER, 
 
 AT ABBOTSFORD, 
 
 WHO DIED 2«)TH OCTOBER 
 
 1829, 
 AGED SIXTY-TWO YEARS. 
 
 " THOU HAST BEEN FAITIIPCLL 
 OVER A FEW TniN(JS ; 
 
 I WILL MAKE THEE RULER 
 
 OVER MANY TIFINGS 
 
 tt 
 
 MATTHEW CHAP. XXV. V. 21 st. 
 
— 381 — 
 
 T'is indeed a grand old shrine for pilgrims of every 
 nation, though a ruin. Let us reciiU its pulniy days of 
 yore. 
 
 " Imagine the roofs of Meli use Abbey, its flying but- 
 tresses and gothic pinnacles all entire ; the tower whole, 
 surmounted by its open balustrade, and reverberating 
 with it-, harmonious chimes of bells ; imagine tiie win- 
 dows jierfect, and filled, with their many cctloured glass, 
 — and you have before you, whiit was in former ages 
 an object af unliounded reverence and admiration, to 
 the brave — the good and the true land which Ihuce had 
 rescued from the hands of the destroyer ; the land which 
 Wallace had trod " — the land dear to many here to- 
 night " auld Scotland." {Loud applause.) 
 
 We took an q\m\\\ carriage at the Geoirft', to reach 
 from Melrose to Abbotsford, a ver}' beautiful drive of 
 three miles, following the windings of the Tweed, Sir 
 Walter's cherished Tweed, through an undulating, 
 pastoral country. Owing to a dej)ression in the land 
 and an intervening grove of trees, Abbotsford is not 
 seen except when you arrive close l)y ; there it sits, 
 graceful and ])icturesquD, on a terrace facing the Tweed. 
 The Alansion, as we all know, was built up at diifereut 
 times, and more in accordance with Scott's fancies than 
 any regular i)lan. After waiting some time for the 
 return of the porter, absent escoiting a ])arty of Ameri- 
 can tourists, through the Castle, our turn came. It was 
 shall I confess it, with most indescribable fe<;lings, I 
 ascended the stone steps of the narrow staircase, lead- 
 ing to the once busy haunt of th(Hight above. Curiosity, 
 joy, regret, each seemed successively to claim mastery 
 over my mind. Often had I heard it stated that Abbots- 
 ford does not come up to the ideal embalmed in Lock- 
 hart's pages. It may be so, for some ; especially for 
 those accustomed to the quasi-regal design of many 
 mansions of the Plutocracy in the old and in the new 
 world. I cannot say I experienced any disappoint- 
 ment, especially when I looked out on the rushing 
 
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 Tweed, from the main window in the Library, from 
 which commanding jioint I could watch the circling 
 eddies, (the river was swollen ])y the rain of the pre- 
 vious night) and hear the murmur of the silvery stream. 
 The closing scene of Scott's lif(^ so tiiiiderly recalled by 
 his biographer and friend, John (libson Lockhart, I 
 mostly fancied I could see it. " About half past one 
 p. m., on the 21st September, (18:i2,) Sir Walter 
 breathed his last, in the jtreseniH! of all his children. It 
 was u beautiful day, so warm that every wimlow was 
 wide ojien, and so ])erfectly still, that the sound, of all 
 others most delicious to his ear, the gentle rij)ple of the 
 Tweed over its pebbles, was distinctly audible as we 
 knelt around his bed, and his eldest son kissed and 
 closed his eyes. " 
 
 I must proceed — The tjxternal walls of Abbotsford 
 are adorned with juany old car^^ed stones which have 
 figured at one time in very different situations. On one 
 al)ove the visitors entrance can be traced the inscrip- 
 tion, •' Ye Sutors of Selkirk, " and the whole building 
 nuvy be called a comjiound of the Gothic with the cas- 
 ttdlated, and will ever be admired as a realisation of the 
 poet's thought lather than a structure of so much stone 
 and lime. To enable strangers to see the interior with- 
 out disturbing the privacy of the family, the late Mr. 
 Hope Scott built more rooms towards the west, and 
 arranged that visitors should enter by the old Hall ; so 
 that the Stiidy, Library, Drawing-Room, Armoury and 
 Entrance Hall, are now given up at certain seasons of 
 the vear for the gratification of the thousands of stran- 
 gers who come from all parts of the earth to visit this 
 shrine. 
 
 The rumour circulated by the press, that Abbotsford 
 had recently passed from the possession of its present 
 owner, Mr. Maxwell Scott, to that of Baron Albert 
 Grant, of Lombard street, London, is incorrect. I have 
 as my authority the Baron's own word. The Entrance 
 Hall was the first part of the honse which was shewn 
 
— :;83 — 
 
 us. "The iloor is laid with bhjck and whitn iimible, the, 
 walls lined with old oak panels from Dunfciinline 
 Ahbey, and the groined roof paintt^d to corn;si)ond. 
 Konnd the cornicu there is a line of armorial shields of 
 the families who ke])t the benders, sueh iis the Douglases, 
 Kerrs, Scotts, Tiirnlndls, ]\Iaxw('lls, C'hisholms, Ellints 
 and Armstrongs; and all ronnd the walls arc hung coats 
 of mail, ])icccs ot* armour, and curiosities, or as Jiiirns 
 would have j)ut it, 
 
 " A foutli o'auld n'\c,k nackets, 
 Hiisty iron caps ami iiii;.'liii^' tackots 
 WoiiM k('f[i tlie Lothians tlircf in jackets 
 A towjuon giiiil." 
 
 Among sjn'cial things pointed out, arc the keys of the 
 old Tolbooth of Edinburgh, known as the " Heart of 
 Midlothian;" a clock which behjnged to Marie Antoi- 
 nette ; and a suit of chtthes at one time woiii by Sir 
 Walter, c(jnsisting of a broad skirted gi'een coat, ])laiil- 
 trousers, heavy shoes, and broatl-brinuued hat. Froui 
 this we ])assed into the armoury, which runs across the 
 house, and forms a sort of ante-room between the dining 
 and drawing-room. It contains some curious colfers 
 and interesting ])ieces of armour, such as the breast- 
 plate of James IV, Eob IJoy's gun. Montrose's sword, 
 Claverhouse's pistols, James VI's hunting bottle, liobert 
 Bruce's candlestick. Queen Mary's offering box, i^'c., as 
 well as some specimens of Indian wea])ons. The Draw- 
 ing-room is a moderate-sized room, with two windows 
 looking toward the Tweed, covered with a c[uaint Chinese 
 paper. In one corner stands a beautiful tortoiseshell 
 cabinet, which is said to have Itelonged to Queen Mary ; 
 and on the walls are hung Ilaeburn's full-lenght portrait 
 of Sir Walter, and portraits of Lady Scott and daughter. 
 There are also a frame of fine water-colour drawing 
 by Turner, and a curious ])aintingof the head of Queen 
 Mary after execution. Next comes the library, the 
 largest room of the suite about 50 by 30 feet, and con- 
 
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 — 384 
 
 
 
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 ttiiniiif,' ahout 20,000 volumes. Tlu' roof i,5 deeply 
 gruiiuul aiui einbosseil with roses and other onieinents 
 copii'd from Melrose Abbey and Itosliii Cha])el and iu 
 an oak niche at the east end stands Chantrey's bust of 
 tiie I'oet. Above tlus fire-plaoe hanus a full-lt;n;,dit ]tor- 
 trait of Sir Walter's eldest son, jjainted l»y Sir William 
 Allan. T\V(i richly-(!arved chairs, from the ]*»orj^hese 
 Talace at Konie, and other interest inj,' |ii4jees of furniture, 
 mostly j)resent,s to Sir Walter, are arranged round the 
 walls; a circular table in a recess contains many curious 
 relics, such as Napoleon's writing,' jtortfolio, snulf boxes, 
 &c. The Study is a smaller room, next the Library, also 
 filled with books in oak cases, and iu one corner in tho 
 stair leadiuj,' up to Sir Walter's bed room, arranged so 
 that he could slip down (piictly in the mornin<^s, and 
 have his day's work finished before his visitors came 
 down to breakfast. In the centre stands the writing 
 table and leather covered arm chair which he used in 
 writing, the most interesting relies in the house. In a 
 small recess there is another object of peculiar interest 
 — the bronze castof his head, taken after death, llegret- 
 ting that the rules of the house restrict visitors to 
 merely seeing these rooms, with my companion we 
 Mantlered al)out the garden, gathered some ivy, and 
 then drove to Scott's last home — where we read in St. 
 Mary's aisle of I )r} burgh Abbey, the inscrii)tion on his 
 tomb. Dry burgh Abbey, as the name implies, was 
 founded on the site of a druidical temple, where chris- 
 tian missionaries lived over thirteen centuries ago. The 
 founders were Hugo de Morville and his wife Beatrix 
 do r»eauchamp, in the year 1150. 
 
 lleturning to Melrose, I paid a second visit to the 
 Abl>ey ; we then took train, for Edinburgh, which we 
 reached early. Of all the interesting spots I visited in 
 the metropolis of Scotland, none were more so than 
 Edinburgh castle; the guide, an old sergeant well up in 
 Scottish lore, received us at the gate : we followed in 
 the wake of some Scotch volunteers. An old draw- 
 
 
_ 385 — 
 
 bridge, l)atteries for tho dofeiioe of which will lie 
 ol)S(!rved on each ilank, crosses u dry/ow^, now form- 
 ing a (uijtital " lives court" for tho use of the garrison. 
 Turning to the right, tho first object of interest as 
 we trod tlie rock-o'\ ershadow( il " covert way," was au 
 ancient gateway, within which the groves where the 
 portcullis descended and the fittings for massive gates 
 may be seen. Tho structure ovtjr the gateway was 
 fornmrly a State Prison, having had distinguished 
 l>risoners, such as the Munjuis of Argyic, inunured in 
 it ; and was last used as a ]»rison about eighty years 
 ago. The two hounds sculptured over the gateway 
 recall the time when the J)\d<e of Oordon was Goveriu)r, 
 at the period of the llevoliuion. Tlie Argyle Battery on 
 the right, the Armoury, with storage for 30,000 stand 
 of arms, down a roadway in front, and the oflicers* 
 (piarters, occu])ying the lesser height on tiu; west of 
 the rock, present no special feature of interest. We 
 followed a causeway leading jiast these buildings, 
 entering the citadel by a steep road on the left leading 
 under a gateway. In the palace court there is tho small 
 apartment in which the Uegalia, the ancient " honours" 
 of Scotland, are shown, and the octagonal njom, with 
 panelled and inscribed walls, within which Mary, tiueeu 
 of Scots gave birth to James " First and Sixth." From 
 tho window of the latter room a magnificent view to 
 the south-east is obtained. The crown jewels, have 
 been well described by Scott and by Lockhart. 
 *' Leaving the courtyard, on the right is seen the Half 
 Moon Battery, with the clock and gun by which the 
 audible one o'clock signal is fired dailv from the ram- 
 parts. Ascending a few ste])s, the summit is reached, 
 called the King's Bastion, on which is placed the ancient 
 cannon called Mons Meg. " Mauv legendary stories 
 of this piece of ordnance exist, but the presence of an 
 almost identical gun called Mad Meg at the corner of 
 Friday Market, in the city of Ghent, gives support to 
 the Flemish origin of the gun found here." Her Majesty 
 25 
 
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 — 386 — 
 
 the Queen being that day expected to arrive at Holy- 
 rood, AN'heu the volunteers review was to take place on 
 the morrow, we were not admitted to visit the interior 
 of this historic \n\e ; our ol)liging friend, Mr. Scott, 
 pointed out to us in front of the ])a]ace a fully carved 
 fountain, a restoration of a like structure at Linlithgow 
 Palace, and presenting effigies of historical ])ersonages 
 frojn early times. The handsome railing extending on 
 both sides were erected round the I'alace on the visit 
 of George IV, in 1822. 
 
 In the interior our friend described the historic rooms 
 of the I'alace. " They are to the left, and consist of 
 the Picture Gallery or Throne Poom, with jiorlraits of 
 Scottish kings, historic and legendary, from ooO P. C. ; 
 of Queen Mary's Ped-Pnom, Su])per Pooni, IMivate 
 Poom, Lord l>arnley's Poom, iW'. "The rooms and 
 stair-cases are highly interesting, but the furniture 
 shown is of very doubtful anthenlicity. The Abbey is 
 only now I'ejm.'sented by the ruined nave, some i^artsof 
 which, notably the western doorway and tower, and the 
 intertwined arcade on the north wall, are of considerable 
 interest architecturally. The contents of the rooms 
 and Abbey are numbered and catalogued." We wan- 
 dered around the Queen's Drive, seeing thus the greatest 
 extent of the Eoyal Park. By walking over the 
 Eadical Poad, whence a singularly interesting view of 
 the city is obtained, and thence clambering u]) one or 
 other of the well-marked footpaths to the summit of 
 Arthur Seat, 822 feet above the levelof the sea, a great 
 enjoyment is in store. On completing the circuit of 
 the hill, and reaching again the level of Ilolyrood, the 
 site of Muschat's Cairn, famous in the Hcarf of M'ullo- 
 thian — was seen. On the si)ur of rock overhanging 
 St. Margaret's Loch, St Anthony's Well, a perennial 
 spring issues from below a large stone, and St. Mar- 
 garet's Well, in the hillside. The Scott monument on 
 Princes street — the most superb thoroughfare in the 
 city — is an o[)en Gothic canopy or Eleonor Cross. Many 
 
 'Jr 
 
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— 387 — 
 
 m 
 
 of the details of the inonuineut are copied from tlie 
 ruins of Melrose Abbey. An internal stair admits to 
 four galleries at difVeient levels, from the hin;host of 
 whicli (180 feet from the street level,) a i)artieularly 
 interestinfj; view of Edinburgh is obtained. In the 
 niches an; a large number <.f statues rejircsenting 
 characters in the Waverh^y n(i\els ; the best in pi tint 
 of artistic ]io\ver being that of Diiina Vernon, by (ieorge 
 I.fiwsftn, a Scottish sculjitor residing in London. This 
 figui'c is on the out-ide niclie of the soutli-easl i>ier. 
 Under the canopy is Sir dohn Steell's marble statvie of 
 Scott, having his bivorite dog " Miiida " Iteside him, 
 A cast from this statue was recently made In' Sir Jolin 
 Steell for the Central Park in New York. Xt'xt to this 
 monument, stands a luonze statue to Adam ])lack, 
 jmblisher, antl once, Lord I'rovost and member of 
 ParliamcMit for the city. 
 
 This is the work of John Hutchinson, 1'. S. A. A few 
 yards farther west, is seen Christoplu;r North's, a l)ronze 
 statue in which Sir dohn Steell has re]»rotluced with 
 great success the noble leonine jiresence of I'rofessor 
 Wilson. Opposite this, a glimce may be given to a 
 figure of St. Andrew, the " I'atron Saint " of Scotland, 
 placed over the doorway of the North Ih'itish Insurance 
 Oilice. The large building with Doric pillars and a 
 noble octostyle jiortico is the Royal Institution, giving 
 accomnn)dation to the Koyal Society of Edinlturgh, tlie 
 Schot)l of Art, the Sculi)ture Gallery, and the Museum 
 of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Over the 
 front is a colossal seated statue of Queen Victoria, in her 
 robes, with orb and sceptre, tlu; work of Sir John Steel. 
 In rear of this building stands another (Grecian tem[)le, 
 with ])illars of the Tonic order, containing the National 
 Gallery of Scotland, and the rooms of the Jvoyal Scitttish 
 Academy, whose annual exhibition is held from Feb- 
 ruary to May. In the ^Museum of Antiipn'ties are a 
 number of rare Scottish remains, endn-aeing some 
 remarkable native gold anil silver ornaments, — the 
 
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 famous Crozier of St, Fillan." The Quigrich or Crozier 
 of St. Fillan, so intimately connected with the devotion 
 of the great King liubert Bruce, had an additional 
 interest for me, when 1 read its history so eloquently 
 told in a memoir by a Scotch savant and antiquary, 
 John Stuart L. L.D., late Secretary to the Society of 
 Anticjuarians of Scotland — how it was discovered in the 
 Dewar family of Ontario — identified and jMjinted out 
 in the Canadian Joutnial of Toronto, in 1859, by 
 Professor Daniel Wilson of that city — our illustrious 
 countryman ! It cost the Society SGOO. Our attention 
 was next drawn to stones with "Ogham" and Runic 
 inscriptions ; amongst the more interesting modern relics 
 may l)e reckoned Jenny Geddes' stool, flung at the head 
 of the Dean of Edinburgh, when Ki)isco])acy was sought 
 to be reintroduced, in 1037; John Knox's pulpit ; the 
 "Alaiden" or Scottish guillotine, by which the Regent 
 Morton, the Marquis of Argyle, and many others, were 
 executed during the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- 
 turies ; the Thumbikins ; the Solemn League ami Cove- 
 nant ; and some other remains of the social manners of 
 last century. Thanks to the well-informed Treasurer of 
 the Museum Mr. D. Douglas, I was enabled to nuike 
 a tolerably minute survey of the Museum of the anti- 
 quaries of Scotland. 
 
 The " National Gallery " possesses a valuable series 
 of grand examples of William Etty, a magnificent Gains- 
 borough, the Hon. Mrs. Graham, Lord Lynedoch's 
 young wife, whose early death caused her husband to 
 seek his fate in the battle-field, but who won renown 
 instead in the Peninsular Wars — several fine Raeburns, 
 David Roberts' " Rome, " Sir J. Noel Paton's " Oberon 
 and Titania " pictures, and many fine specimens of 
 ancient and modern art. Flaxman's statue of Burns, 
 Lawson's tevra-cotta Bard, and some models in wax by 
 Michael Angelo, are amongst the sculptures of the gal- 
 lery. A glance on the left shows Sir John Steel's mar- 
 ble statue of Allan Ramsay, author of " The Gentle 
 
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 — 389 — 
 
 Shepherd, " whose octogonal house, now called Earn- 
 say Lodge, may be observed on the height behind, being 
 the house nearest the Castle, Opposite the statue is a 
 good example of Venetian architecture in the ornate 
 building of the Life Association of Scotland, and along- 
 side this building is the elegant frontage of the New 
 Club, along Princes street, the picturesque ontlin(>s of 
 the Castle are more and more unfolded, the last glimpse 
 as the west end of Princes street is reached, being the 
 ungainly bulk of the N"e\\ Barracks, built in 1796. At 
 the west end of Princes street is seen the sitting bronze 
 statue of Sir James Simjison, the " Great Messiah of 
 Midwifery, " as Gerald Massey called hira. This statue 
 is by William Bi'odie, R. S, A. Beyond it, is St. John's 
 Episcopal Church, built in 1818, of a late Gothic style, 
 and filled with good painted glass windows. On the 
 sward in front is a memorial, consisting of an Ionic 
 cross, with medallions, of the late Dean Ilamsay, who 
 was for many years incumbent of that church, but is 
 best known for his " lieminiscences of Scottisli Life 
 and Character. " In the valley below stands the Church 
 and Churchyard of St. Cuthbert's or West Kirk Parish. 
 This is a very ])lain edifice, built a century iigo, at the 
 very bathos of art in Scotland, but occupying a site 
 where a ])lace of worship has stood for at least ten cen- 
 turies. There are a number of interesting tombs here, 
 with a good mural tablet in relievo, in memory of Dr. 
 David Dickson, minister of the ])arisli for forty roars, 
 Napier of ]\Ierehiston, (inventor of Logarithms) and De 
 Quincey, the opium-eater are buried here. In front of 
 the Caledoiuan Railway Station is the Sinclair Foun- 
 tain, much abused as an ol)stru('ti(m to the street. It 
 was built by Miss Catherine Sinclair, one of the six 
 daughters of Sir John Sinclair of Ulbser of the " Statis- 
 tical Account, " herself well known as an authoress. 
 Charlotte Square, is noticeable as containing the fine 
 Dome of St. George's, one of the City Parish Churches ; 
 and yet more as the site of the Scottish National Memo- 
 
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 rial to the Prince-Consort. The equestrian figure, the 
 I)anels illustrating great events in the I'rincu's life, and 
 the emblematic and heraldic ornaments, are by Sir John 
 Steel. The sculptor prejiared the entire design, but ])ro- 
 posed that other artists should be associated with him 
 in the subsidiary groups. The group on the left front 
 of the statue, representing Labour, was modelled by 
 George McCalluin, a young sctdptor of great promise, 
 and on his death was carried out by D. W. Stevenson, 
 A.li.S. A. " Learning and Silence " are from tlie design of 
 Mr. Stevenson the " Services " were pn'i)ared by Clark 
 Stanton, A. U.S.A. ; and the otlier front grouj), showing 
 the nobility offering their houiagi!, is 1)V W. Ih'odie, li. 
 S.A. The ]iedestal of red granite is conijiosed of remark- 
 ably line blocks. Tlu! laroer jtanels show the Marriage 
 of the Queen, and tlie oi)ei)iug of the Great Kxliiljition 
 of 1851, both giving portraits of many eminent meu ; 
 and the lesser jtanels illusti'ate the domestic and arti.stic 
 features of tlie Trince's career. Leaving Charlotte 
 Square by the east, and proceeiling along (Jeorge street, 
 we find, at the intersection of Castle street, Sir John 
 Steel's bronze statue, on a red granite base, of Dr. Chal- 
 mers, one of the most prominent leaders of the Disrup- 
 tion, in 184;!, and Moderator of the first General Assem- 
 bly of the Free Church of Scotland. Turning aside to 
 the left for a mom(!!it, the house Xo. oO, Castle street 
 may be seen, in which Sir Walter Scott lived and 
 wrote many of his works. Coming to Frederick sti(>et, 
 the intersection shows Chantrey's bronze statue of Wil- 
 liam Pitt, on a freestone biise." 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, T have ])ointed out U) you a 
 few of the leading features of this beautiful caj>ital, 
 which many think, as to )»icturesquen(!ss of ])osition 
 and scenery, casts in the shade, even brilliant, uni(pie 
 Paris. Perliaps the noblest of all views of Edinburgh is 
 that obtained ^vhen saiUngup the wide estuary of Frith 
 of Forth to the ] tort of Leith or Granton. " To see it 
 from the water, throned ou crags ", and lying beautiful 
 
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— 391 — 
 
 
 13 
 th 
 
 it 
 tul 
 
 under the calm light of a summer evening is to get a 
 full foretaste of that tlelight which closer inspection is 
 sure to enhance. 
 
 If the traveller ap])roaches from the south by the 
 East Coast of the JMJiiland route, the train skirts the 
 base of Arthur's Seat, and gives, before entering the 
 city, furtive peei)s at old Holyrood Paliice and Cha])el. 
 Passing through a tunnel, cut in the sdlid rock of the 
 Calton Hill, the passenger, on emerging, sees liigh on 
 the north side the castellated buildings of the Jail, the 
 house of the Governor, with a fine round tower, (lecu- 
 pyiug the summit of a high cliff which beetles above 
 the track. Approaching from the south by the West 
 Coast route, the rear view of the Castle is seen on 
 entering the station, while, if the visitor approaches 
 from the west, the train passing thioiigh th(3 line gardens 
 of I'rinees Street luis the abrupt cliff of the CJastle 
 overhanging it. Each approach opens ui) characteristic 
 features of the city, showing some of its rugged, rocky, 
 pi(;tures(pie outlines." It was my liai)py lot to see the 
 "Modern Athens" iluring August's leafy month, sum- 
 mer's crowning glory ; how mueh I would have liked 
 to view it in winter's white garl) and ramble round 
 with such a word-painter as Alexander Smith, whose 
 chromo will close this sketcli : — " Edinluugh is com- 
 jilete in its storied beauty whether beneath the autumn 
 sun, or white and silent winter snow. We have just 
 come in; surely it never looked so fair before. What a 
 poem is that Princes street ! The puppets of the busy 
 and nuiny-colored hour move about on its pavement ; 
 their interest how slight, their pursuits how trivial ? 
 while there, across the ravine, Tinuj has i)iled u|) the 
 Old Town ridge on ridge, giav as a rockv coast washed 
 and worn with the foam of centuries ; picked and 
 jagged by ])ictures(pui gable and roof; windowed from 
 basement to cape, th(i whole surmounted by St. (iiles' 
 airy crown. The new is there looking at the old. Two 
 
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 Times are brought face to face, yet separated by a 
 thousand years. Wonderful on winter nights, when the 
 gully is filled with darkness, and out of it rises against 
 the sombre, blue and frosty stars, that undistinguishable 
 mass or bulwark of gloom, pierced and quivering with 
 innumerable lights. There is nothing in Europe to 
 match that, I think. Could you but roll a river down 
 the valley, it would !ie sublime, finer still, to place 
 oneself a littlo beyond the Burns Monument, and look 
 towards the Castle. It is more astonishing than an 
 eastern dream. A city rises up before you, painted by 
 Fire on Night ; high in air, a bridge of lights leaps the 
 chasm ; a few emerald lamps, like glow-worms, are 
 moving silently about in the railway station beneath ; 
 a solitary crimson one is at rest. 
 
 That ridged and chimneyed mass of blackness with 
 splendor bursting out at every pore is the wonderful 
 Old Town, where Scottish history mainly transacted 
 itself, while on the other side the modern Princes street 
 is blazing through all its length. During the day the 
 Castle looks down upon the street as if out of another 
 world, stern, with all its })eacefulness, its garniture of 
 trees, its slope of gi'ass. The rock is dingy enough in 
 color, but after a shower its licliens laugh out green in 
 the returning sun, while the rainbow is brightening on 
 the lowering sky beyond. How deep the shadow of the 
 Castle at noon over the gardens at its feet, where the 
 children play ! How grand when its giant bulk and 
 towery crown blacken against the sunset ! Fyir, too, 
 the New Town, sloping to the sea. From George street, 
 which crowns the ridge, the eye is led down sweeping 
 streets of cold, stately architecture, to the white 
 gleaming villas and woods that fill the lower ground 
 and fringe the shore ; to the bright azure belt of the 
 Forth, with its smoking steamer or its creeping sail ; 
 beyond, to the Lomonds of Fife, soft, blue, and flecked 
 with fleeting shadows in the keen, clear light of spring, 
 
— 393 — 
 
 dark purple in summer-heat, tarnished gold in the 
 autumn haze : and higher still, just distinguishable on 
 the paler sky, the crest of some distant peak, cariyinf 
 the imagination aAvay into the illimitable world. Resid- 
 ence m Edinburgh is an education in itself. Its beauty 
 refines one like being in love. It is perennial like a play 
 of Shakespeare." (Prolonged applause.) 
 
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 ROUEIV. 
 
 " Quiiint oM town of toil and triirtic, 
 (juaint old town of art and song." 
 
 Let US sliit't the sconu iiiitl vetiture on a sliurt ramble 
 ihi'ough the lii^hways ami byways ofa very aiitifiiiated 
 very enterprising French town, the oa]tital lirst of 
 the duchy, next of the jirovince of Normandy, on the 
 left bank of the Seine — Konen. A city of 102,470 souls 
 only, Rouen has made a name for herself as a maini- 
 facturing eentre. Her cotton and calico prints, known 
 as JioKeunenes, her sugar-refineries, eonfectionaries, 
 soaj) factories, tanneries ; her iron, copper, and lead 
 foundei'ies ; leather works, cutlery, dyeing establish- 
 ments, &c., have M'on for her the proud surname of the 
 j^Tanehester of France. Her port, thanks to dredging 
 operations, in the lower Seine, offers facilities to the 
 large ships of every nation; extensive indeed are her 
 e.\]inrts to, and imports from, England, Algiers, Senegal, 
 S]»ain, Fortugal, Italy, America,. Her ship])ing inward 
 and outward in the year 187o, represents a tonnage of 
 537,017 tons, divided between o,467 ocean ships ; 
 whilst her coasting trade inward and outward for the 
 same period, kept em])loyed 5,01 o vessels, that is a 
 tonnage of 720, o32 tons; a French line of steamers 
 from liouen to Canada, is talked of for next summer. 
 Soon, we shall have a direct, a monied interest in the 
 old French town. 
 
 The capital of Normandy, now the shire-town of the 
 (.Ujxwtenu'iit of Seine-Tnferieure, can boast of an Arch- 
 bishoj) (at present the talented Cardinal de Bonnechose), 
 a Court of Appeals, Avhilst the third army -corps and the 
 second military division, have their head-quarters at 
 
 
— 395 — 
 
 at 
 
 Rouen. Very iinjtortiint educational, scientific and 
 industrial establishments centre here. Chairs of theoloi^y ; 
 medical and i)harnuiceutical schools ; the Lycie Cor- 
 nel He : branches in fact ofthe ylc(('/<''/H/e [fnivers'ttdive 
 of Caen, toi^'ether with Government or departmental 
 courses of agriculture and rural economy ; municiiml 
 schools of ])ainting, guilds of trades and commerce; ii 
 national academy of sciences, helles Icftn's and arts ; a 
 free school for commerce and trades ; agricultural and 
 horticultural associations; societies of natural sciences, 
 medicine and ])iblio]ihi;ists ; famous cattle fail's; a 
 society for Normandy annals ; a chamber of agriculture ; 
 even to a commissiou of aiitiiiunrics named by tlic state. 
 This, it must be confessed, is a t(derably large outfit for a 
 town of merely lUL^470 souls. It will not have esca])ed 
 your attt'ution that the ?\ranchfster of France, as the 
 liouennais ])roudJy style their beloved city, rcjcjices in 
 a society for the ])romotion of the study of Xorman 
 anticjuities and Xoi'mjiu history, a proof, if any were 
 needed, that in JJouen, culture and commerce are U(jt 
 deemed fdcs. liouen from the latin liofhoiiiu<jU!< 
 (Talace of Koth u\ \^'nu>) ditcs very far back. The 
 tiiue was when IJoucn scntiu'ls mounted guard in its 
 sti'cets: In the tiftli ceiituvy, it was overi'un by the 
 Barbiiriiius, wlio disloilged tli" lioiuau legions. In 844, 
 Ave read of the Northern Vikings, or Normans ascend- 
 ing the Seine in their galleys and ]iillaging the city. 
 Later on, it became the French capital of the English 
 Sovereigns until English ])ower received a check, in 
 1430, through the instrumentality of the heroic Maid of 
 Orleans. Joan of Arc, to wliom a fountain and statue 
 were erected in 1755 on one of tlie s(}uares of liouen, 
 now known as La Place de la Pucdle, a site adjoining 
 to the spot on which she was luirnt in 1431. English 
 sway disap])eared from French soil merely in 1450, 
 Avlien was fought the kittle of Formiguy. However, 
 renowned as a manufacturing town, K<tueu nevcn- forgot 
 what cities as well as men owe to themselves : reverence 
 
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 for the monuments of a great past. With the exception 
 of Paris, no city on Fiench soil has ]»reserved more 
 curious moiiuraonts or more interesting vestiges of its 
 early times : her superb churches are tlie admiration 
 of all Euro])e. The Cathedral of Notre Dame, Saint- 
 Ouun, Saint- Aladou, Saint-Gervais, Saint-CSodard, Saint- 
 Patrico, Saint- Vincent, are all in one wiiy or other 
 remarkal)le edifices. 
 
 The Cathedral of PiOUEN. — It was erected on tlie 
 site of a church previously dtistroyed by fire in the year 
 1200, from funds provided jjy John Lackland; the 
 chief portion of the building dates from the first years 
 of the XIII century, though some ])arts such as the 
 base of the northern tower are older and belonged to 
 the structure destroyed in 1200. This grand old temple 
 of worship is 408 feet (13G metres) long, 100 feet broad, 
 the transept is 162 feet in length. It contains twenty- 
 five chapels; there are in it, 130 windows, on designs 
 most varied, marvellously beautiful, some of then dating 
 back to the 13th century. It would require a volume 
 to ilescribe this maf'nificent Cathedral. The choir, 108 
 feet long, contained formerly the toml)s of Kichard 
 Cceur-de-Lion, of his brother Henry Court-Mantel, of 
 tlusir uncle William and of the famous Duke of liedford; 
 these tombs, mutilated, it is said, in 1562 by the 
 Calvinists, disappeared when the choir was rebuilt in 
 1836. Searches made in 1836, brought to light the 
 heart and a statue of Ikicbiird ; and in 1862, the heart 
 of the King Charles V. Funen-al inscriptions and tombs 
 are still numerous in the Cathedral of Rouen. In the 
 clidpelle (la petit Sai nt- Roma in may be seen the tomb 
 of Kollo, first Duke of Normandy; the remains of Wil- 
 liam, the son and successor of Duku Hollo, lie in the 
 Chapdle Sainte-Aniie. In another chapel, under an 
 arcade, is the reclining statue of a bishop, whose soul, 
 under the symbol of a child, is escorted to heaven by 
 angels with outspread wings; this is the sarcophagus 
 of Archbishop Maurice, who died in 1235. There are 
 
— 307 — 
 
 three or four otlur tomlis in tlie chapel of the Holy 
 Virt,'iii, of '^Wiii Iteiiuty : one to I'ierro de IJri'zi', Comte 
 (hi Miuilevrier, killed iit the hiitth; of MoiUlilery, in 
 1405. To his ^ruiulsoii, Louis (K; IWvzt', ii neat s('j)iilchre 
 was l)uiU by his widow, the hcantiful Diana of I'oilit'is. 
 A splenih'd funereal nioniunent was raised Ix^twecin the 
 years 1518 and 1525 In the two Cardinals d'Anihoise 
 in this eatluMlral ; two tini; li^iires in hhmk niarhle, in 
 a kneeling altitude, with hareht-ad and hands crosssed, 
 stand on the black niarlile tnml); numerous other 
 maunolea attract the attention of the visitor. 
 
 Saint-(!hI{Vais. —Towards tlu; north-west extremity 
 of the city, the church of Saiut-Gervais is i'ull of interest 
 for the anti([uary. Erected doulitless on the sit(f of the 
 cha]>el, where the Archbishop Saint- Victor placed the 
 relics of 8aint-(iervais, which he had received from 
 Ambrosius, it has been several times rebuilt. In the 
 chrypt under the choir, rest the remains uf the two first 
 archbishojis of Kouen — Saint ^lellon and Saint Avitien. 
 Here, prior to being interred iu the Abbey of Saint 
 Stephen, at Caen, was brought from Nantes, in 10S7, 
 the body of William the Concpieror; a stone bench runs 
 round the crypt. The walls a])pear to be of Koman 
 construction ; it is the oldest christian monument of 
 Normandy. 
 
 Saint-Godaud. — This fime is in the ogival style of 
 architecture, of the sixteenth century, excejit the spire, 
 which is low and ornamented with ionic pillars ; the 
 latter portion is more modern. Those r)f its stained 
 glass windows who have escaped destruction, date of 
 the sixteenth century, and were, it is siiid, designed 
 from the cartoons of Iia])hai'l and his pupil, Francois 
 Penni ; the coloring of these ornate windows is sur- 
 passingly bright, of a limpid, rosy, red wine hue, and 
 so strikingly beautiful that they gave rise to the pnjverb ; 
 " Red like the glass windows of Saint Godard." 
 
 Saint-Maclou. — This temple of worship on the 
 street de la Ripuhlique, is a charming example of the 
 
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 florid <,'otliio .style; it was hiiilt, in 143(;, on pliiiis fur- 
 iiislied liy riurrc Kobin. 'I'lii* inaiii IVoiit is iviiiarkublo 
 for ihc. li^litiu'ss ami (inisli of its Heiiliitiucs ; (ivi; doors 
 led to the interior ; two linvi! been coniU'iiinnd and 
 closod. The centn! door is .surniountcd by a l.nsso- 
 nUeco, wJiicb lii^urcs the Jii(l;,'tn('Mt Day. Views and 
 alle^iories from Siiriiitiire or Un- bv((s of the Saints |)ro- 
 fiisL'ly deck the jiannel ; and similar allei^'orieal subjects 
 are represented on the other doors. Saint Mac'lou is 
 consjiicuons for its seiiijitiiicd, admirable '.•juin.'h iloors. 
 
 Saint-OuI'^N. — This Clmreh is worthy of being C(jin- 
 jiarc'd to the most famous Cathedrals ; it was begun in 
 1318. Its i'aeadc is crowned liy an ogival galleiy, con- 
 taining (deven statues; iiuioiig others, those of Arch- 
 liisju)|is Flavins and Ainbcrl ; of Kicliard I, Duke of 
 Normandy; ofJiichard 11 ; of William the Norman ; 
 of Henri ' 1, of Kngland, and of Richard (uur-dc-J/unh. 
 The mai: tower, li4(') led high, is a model of strength 
 and (degance. 
 
 Von will, ! trust, foi'bi.'ar my bringing under your 
 notice all these medieval churches. Of the many to 
 me new and ]»leasing olijects i saw, none were more 
 striking than those si)eaking relics of a dim, religious, 
 but not forgotten past. 
 
 Three statues are met with in IIougii ; one to Boiel- 
 J)ieu, the com]ioser ; au(tther to Pierre Corneille, the 
 tragedian ; a third, an etjutistrian statue in bronze to 
 Napoleon 1 ; it commemorates a visit of the P2mperor to 
 Koueii, and exhibits him in the act of conferring the 
 ribbon of the Legion of Honor on an emplotjd in a i'ac- 
 tory. The tower of Joan d'Arc deserves also mention. 
 It is the remains of the dungeon once attached to the 
 castle of a warlike French Sovereign, IMnlippe Augnsto. 
 For the visitors, it has a double interest, as being one 
 of the oldest monuments of the ancient military archi- 
 tecture of France, a miniature of the tower of the 
 Louvre, built under the same Prince. It also recalls a 
 painful but honorable souvenir of the dauntless Maid of 
 

 399 
 
 OrlcniiH : in the lirsl story <>f this tx)W(.'r, she hiul unco 
 to stand and cniilVont those deadly instniniciitH of 
 t(iitin«! used in the niidilh' aj^es to extort coiilcssions. 
 
 We had also lively jdeasiire in inspedinj,' in iho res- 
 t(»red jiart of an old cloister, the h'lau'ii Museum of 
 Natural History, ol' anti(|uitie'' of ]in cious ii(»rcelain, 
 X'c., some l-JOO sjieeimeiis of ext|ui.>ite Mare frcm 
 Sevics, Di'esdyn.Nevers, Moustiers, Strasl)our<,f, ]|(»lland, 
 without forjiettiii^f the moHt eurious and uni([Ue old 
 blue ehina violin, ont^ of the maivels of Kouen. This 
 Inst mr:seuin is \<\u\\\u wt^ Ww M user ('em m hiiir, vwcAvd 
 in 18()4. A Lirievous wron^f I would he iierjietratinj,' 
 on the (juaint eajiital of Normandy did I omit nu'iciny 
 its time]iieee and its towxr, La 'four -de la Gi'omc Ilin- 
 h>(jf. This structure, a S(iuare, of simple (Jotiiie style, 
 accoriling to the inHcri)iti(<n at the foot of the staircase, 
 seems to have been erected between i;i89 and 1398. 
 In this tower is hun^' the historic silver bell — hi rloc/ic 
 d'aiyeut ; thus named, because accordin*,' to a venerable 
 tradition, jiieces of silver were drojipetl in the smelting' 
 pot. The jjcll has indeed a silvery tone, but no other 
 silver is connected with it exce]it what was raised from 
 the j)eo]ile io jiay for it. It recalls Norman times, and 
 like William the Concjueror's curfew-bell, it tolls every 
 night at nine o'clock for bed time. It is set in motion 
 again on election days, ])eals out its loud chiiues at 
 night, as a tire alarm. The city Hall unites among 
 other treasures of art, extensive collections of sculptures 
 and ])aintings ; here the French, Khanish, Dutch, Italian 
 and Spanish masters are well re]iresented. 
 
 Let us hurry on ; from Rue de hi Grouse Iforloge, 
 the street of the great clock, one reaches that gorgeous 
 pile, known as the Court J louse, Pahiis de Jui^tice. 
 Commenced in 1499, it is now the most stately edifice 
 as a Court House, in France. The architecture is that 
 known as ogival of the transition period, between that 
 and the Renaissance. It has been gradually altered 
 in size and ornamentation by successive French Sov- 
 
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 ereigns, Louis XII and others, to its present dimensions 
 and Iteauty. The facade to the South, is one hundred 
 and ninety-five feet in length and is unii^ue in archi- 
 tectural design. The exquisite octogonal tower in the 
 centre, angular pillars, surmounted by dais and statues, 
 the elaborate sculptures, encircling the windows, the 
 series of arcades, which form a gallery on tin; whole 
 length of the upper part, the leaden railing which sets 
 off the roof, everything in fact is in excellent taste. 
 The statues chiselled by Lebrun represent Louis XIII, 
 Ann of Brittany, Cardinal George d'Amboise, the 
 gallant Monarch Francis I, Justice, a ploughman, a 
 Monk, an artist, in fact all the classes which had a hand 
 in building the edifice. Time precludes us from enter- 
 ing into fuller particulars, but you have enough to judge 
 of the style and state of ])reservation of old and modern 
 monuments and buildings in the ancient town of llouen. 
 Two handsome bridges, one a light suspension ))ridge, 
 erected in 1836 ; the other, a solid stone structure built 
 in 1813, and some of whose arches rest on the lie 
 Lacroix, connect the tuo portions of this thriving town, 
 divided by the Seine. The city proper stands within 
 an arch of a circle formed by a belt of boulevards 
 opened in 1770, on the site of the old ditches. From 
 the neighbouring heights of Bonsecours and Cantleleu, 
 a full view is obtained of the spires of Rouen, its houses, 
 public edifices ; as well, as of the placid course of the 
 Seine, dotted with verdant isles, stately shijts, smoking, 
 swift steamers ; lin jd with broad, regular quays, in 
 view of the lofty chimnies of workshops, amidst a fertile 
 valley crowned by green and distant hills. 
 
 Ladies and tfcntleman, we have tarried long enough 
 contemplating the attractive, though artificial beauties 
 of cities; with your leave, we will take train for Pout 
 de VAvche, near llouen. I am })anting for a glimpse of 
 the'country, its tran([uil, pastoral, green fields. Let us 
 light in the centre of an old Nornum village and see 
 whether it resembles our own French villages. We are 
 
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 — 401 — 
 
 at Pitres (1), once the seat of royalty, now a modest, 
 rustic commune — the quiet home of an industrious 
 peasantry. There it lies basking in the scorcliing rays 
 of an August sun, under the shadow of lofty hills, at 
 the junction of the lovely valleys of the Seine, the 
 Eure, and the Andelle rivers ; the highest of those hills 
 goes l)y the name of the Hill of the two Lovers, la cote 
 des deux amants. Later on we shall learn why. From 
 a diminutive railway station, the highway, constructed 
 of coble stones, runs over a little bridge, along hedges, 
 rugged stone-walls, and pastures to the small but emi- 
 nently historic village church. In more respects than 
 one, the landscape reminds you of Canada, except that 
 the iuliabitants look poorer, ruder in their ways, less 
 educated, than our peasants. Here, a one-story farm 
 house; next to it, a barn with a thatched roof; close 
 by, men in coarse blue or gray blouses, (no mowing- 
 machines here) reaping the harvest, with the same 
 primitive sickle, used for hundreds of years by their 
 sires ; the women, in white ccdiiies gautfrdes, ca[)S, 
 sabots, mantelets, leading the worlc-horses to the wheat 
 fields or barn. 
 
 The meadows and pasture lands adjoining the farm 
 houses are in general well jtrovided with shade-trees, 
 such as they are. Unfortunately, the uniform mutilation 
 of the tree, by cutting away all its branches down to 
 short stumps, in order to make charcoal and fagots, 
 gives it a heart-broken, hide-bound aspect. Sortdy 
 beset and lanky, the tree looks like a gigantic, closed 
 umbrella, ciowned by a leafy cap with a fringe of green 
 leaves descending to a few feet from tlie soil. We 
 noticed these painful dt'fovmities not only iu Xormandy, 
 but even quite close to Paris ; one has to go to England 
 to see ])ro[)er respect shown to parks and trees. Xor- 
 mandy however, as a set-off, interested us l»y its mag- 
 
 (1) The popultitiou of Pitres is about 1000 souls. 
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 nificent breed of draught and heavy cart-horses : they 
 are generally grey or \vhite. One occasionally meets 
 Avith these sjdendid specimens of the equine race, in 
 Paris and in England ; they fetch 2500 francs, about 
 £100, each. They were more active and handsome, 
 than the Flemish horses, we saw on the quays of Ant- 
 werp. The huge Antwerj) dray and truck horses look 
 like moderate-sized ele]ihants. Let us resume our 
 revicAV of Pitres. The little church was dela])idated ; 
 its churchyard neglected, over run with rank grass, 
 very much alas ! like some of our oAvn. In rear or in 
 front of the dwellings, the old style vegetable and floAver 
 Ijeds : sun-flow(a's, roses, carnations, pojiies, margue- 
 rites, ])ionies, sweat-briar. A trim little garden led up 
 to the 2>Teshyicre or manse; within, we found ii charm- 
 ing, hospitable, enlightened, white-haired curd. What 
 a i)leasant welcome awaited us, Canadians, when Me 
 prest nted our letters of introduction ! 
 
 We found ourselves bound to accept, tlie cordial 
 invitation of Monsicvr le Cnrd, to jiartake with him, of 
 what he was pleased to style his i)oor, country fare. 
 " I'itres, is too distant from Kouen, said he, for me to 
 have ahvays on hand fresh meat, but if you can make 
 up your mind to eat a Norman hare, I shall have a 
 young and fat one killed." Having readily assented to 
 his offer, we letired M'ith our worthy hr)st to his garden ; 
 cxamiiu'd the Hower-beds, jilantations, pear and apple 
 trees, as well as a sjiecies of coarse vines cultivated in 
 Normandy. Soon Marie, the extremely active and very 
 talkative old vumagcre, made her apjiearancc, saying 
 that Je (h'jcvner was ready " such as it was," she added 
 with a sigh. Travel and exercise had indeed sharj)ened 
 our ap])etite ; my travelling companion and myself, we 
 did ample justice, iirst, to the 'pota<jc or sou]) ; next, to 
 the juicy, roasted hare ; then, to the Gruyere cheese, 
 which was ex([uisite; after that came a little dish of 
 hlanquette ; then apples, plums, pears followed ; Nor- 
 man cider a delicious beverage, brimming over in silver 
 
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 mugs; then some prime old Bordeaux was ])assod 
 round; a cup of divine Mocha cotfee came next; 
 SAveatnieats, and a ^Je^i^ verve cV eau-de-vie pale et 
 vieille (that is a tea spoonful of old cognac in dainty- 
 Sevres glasses) closed the feast. The pousse-caffd, which 
 had to be swallowed en trinquant a la mode de la 
 NoriMindie (that is, glasses had to meet:) all this for 
 a Norman C«)'e receiving from the State but 900 francs 
 per annum, seemed to us marvels of hospitality, .s'twir- 
 faire and taste. The Abbe was not only hospitable, but 
 a travelled, scholarly gentleman ; he detailed to us the 
 annals of Pitres, whose history he had written. After 
 exhausting his entiuiries about Canada, its customs ; 
 whether the English oppressed the French ? its i>opu- 
 lation, commerce, literature, &c., it was our turn to put 
 questions about our host's own Normandy ; A\hat traces, 
 if any, still existed of the Norman invasion in the 0th 
 century ? What was the history of the little parish 
 church, which we were told, dated back more than o!ie 
 thousand years ? Why the neighbouring mountain was 
 called the " Hill of the Two Lovers ? " Our host replied : 
 " For more than twenty years I have had charge of 
 this parish. With a view of restoring the crumbling 
 walls of our historic chapel, I have devoted my spare 
 evenings to compiling the history of Pitres, though the 
 fund is still small, ])roceedi!ig from the sale of the 
 work. You will, no doubt, be startled on learning that, 
 a thousand years ago, the King of France had a royal 
 castle in this unpretending handet. Pitres, at its dawn 
 was a Koman military post, a royal residence under 
 our Merovingian dynasty, the site of a palace, and a 
 fortress for the Princes of the second race. The lapse 
 of years would doubtless have converted Pitres into an 
 important city, but an unforeseen event altered its 
 destinies : the inroads of the Northmen in the ninth cen- 
 tury destroyed its commerce, and in conse(iuence of the 
 forts and structures built to stoj) these barbarians, at 
 Pont de I'Arche, the life and activity of Pitres, centered 
 
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 at Poji^ (7r; I'Arche. T'is a lonj,' story. It was specially 
 a prince of the Carloviiigian race, Charles, the Bald, 
 who gave to I'itres lustre in days of yore, Pitres was 
 famous for its mint and coinage, and it is more than 
 likely it Mas on this account, Charles, the Bald 
 ]ml)lished there, in 864, the law known as the EtJitsde 
 Plti'c's, concerning coinage. Pitres was also selected by 
 Charles, the liald as the meeting ]»lace of the Diets or 
 National Assemblies known as " Councils of Pitres. " 
 In SGl-2, in the identical little chnrcli yonder, which I 
 have undertaken to restore, the French King, Charles 
 the Bald, held his States General, at which were ])re.sent 
 the Archbisho])s of llouen, Keims, and Sens, the Bishops 
 of Paris, Evreux, Coutances, Soissons, Senlis, Tuur- 
 uay, Chalons-sur-Saone, Laon, ]\Ieaux, Troyes, Autun, 
 Lisieux, Seez, Beauvais. In 8C4, a still larger Council 
 met there, some iifty Archbishops and Bishops. But I 
 must refer you to my work on Pitres, for full parti- 
 culars. As to the name of the Hill, the origin is both 
 romantic and tragic. Long, long ago, a proud Baron of 
 Pitres, had a beautiful daughter : a youth whose birth 
 was not noble, had saved her life at a boar hunt, and 
 claimed her baud. The Baron adding cruelty to pride, 
 assented, ja-ovided the youth should, unassisted, and 
 without resting, carry his intended to the top of yonder 
 hill ; he won his suit, but dropped dead on reaching 
 the toj). 
 
 " Of palpitation of the heart, " my companion sug- 
 gested : 
 
 Whether the youth was too weak or his uiamorata 
 too weighty, our host could not say. After such a catas- 
 trophe, Mademoiselle doubtless retireii to a cloister ! 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, — I liave described, such as 
 Ave found it, a village in Normandy. Pitres, you may 
 not be aware, had special attractions for us. j\Iore than 
 two hundred years ago, an adventurous gentleman from 
 Pttres landed on our shores and became a Canadian 
 Seigneur ; I am one of his lineal descendants. Let us 
 
405 — 
 
 recross that rebellious, unquiet English channel, a terror 
 to all those un])rovided with such commodities as " sea 
 legs." Nor will it be to that great Ba]>ylon of fog, bustle, 
 wealth, intellect, fashion, popidation and s(iualid poverty, 
 London ; nor is it to those marvellous and smoky hives 
 of human industry, commerce or shipping, Leeds, Man- 
 chester, Shefheld, Liverjiool, that we will direct our 
 steps. Oh! no. \Vc shall from Euston Square Station 
 talce train in the fleetest of English railways, the Flying 
 Scotchman, oc'ior Euro and allow tlie steed that never 
 tires, to waft us at the rate of a mile per minute or so, 
 over hill and dale, across lawn and hedgerow, high 
 above house-top, high above river, througli lotig, dark 
 tunnels like Lefroy's, into the most noted cathedral-town 
 of Merrie Englmul. Come, we shall ])enetrate within 
 those famous walls of York, bristling with the memories 
 of siege and battle, within those grey, lofty midieval 
 city gates (bars as they call them) from whose towers 
 more than one nol Neman's, highwayman's or murder- 
 er's head, ghastly and grining, looked down on the 
 gladdened or sorrowing crowd l)elow. If a sight of 
 famous old York has been to you as from our early 
 years, it was to me, a ho]ie, a dream, too good .scarely 
 to be a reality, come we shall ascend and ramble round 
 these circuitous walls, ]»ortcullis and bastions ; follow 
 in the wake of an old friend by many hererememl)ered. 
 Major F. Lees, formerly an ollicer in our garrison, now 
 a resident of a city as i>icturesque as our own : York. 
 We shall next go and inspect the boary aisles of its 
 superb old jMinster, whose grim, weather-stained sjtires 
 catch the eye from afar. Tlios(^ marl)le sarco]iagi, dimmed 
 with the dust of centuries, those ebjquent mural inscrip- 
 tions, those erect or recumbent figures of kings, of 
 warriors fierce, of patriots and statesmen, of white- 
 bearded bishops, of pious or ]>roud abbots, that sombre, 
 subterranean cryjtt of the Minster, old even a thousand 
 years ago, think you they have no dark secrets to tell, 
 
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 no thrilling tale of heroism, war, love, treason, devotion, 
 to recount ? " (Loud applause.) 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, — That unfailling monitor, 
 (the clock) reminds me I have trespassed beyond the 
 traditional hour allotted to lecturers ; — we shall 
 reserve for another evening our ramble in York when 
 all here present are invited to attend without further 
 invitation." 
 
 Mr. LeMoine, who was frequently applauded during 
 the delivery of his lecture, which occupied one hour 
 and thirty minutes, then sat down and Prof. John 
 Harper, Ij. A., rector of the High School, moved a 
 hearty vote (jf thanks for the very enjoyable literary 
 treat which the President liad furnished. The Hon. G, 
 Ouimet, Superintendent of Education, seconded the 
 motion in a neat speech, {Morning Chronicle, 2Sth 
 Nov. 1881.; 
 
I 
 
 YORK. (1) 
 
 Queen Marjaret : — " Welcome, my Loi'(l,to tliis bravo town of 
 York. " — K. llcnry VI, pt, o, Scene 2. 
 
 Ladies and Gkntlemex, 
 
 When last we met in these rooms, you were kind 
 enougli to accom])iiuy me iu ii nipid excursion through 
 Edinburgh, the beautiful, the land of Scott and Hums, 
 of ill-starred Queen Mary, of stern John Knox. We 
 then eomnutted ourselves to the well known mercies of 
 the P^nglish channel, from Xew Haven to Dieppe, the 
 busy little sea-port, once dear to Jacques Gartier ; we 
 next rambled round the Manchester of France, thrifty, 
 anti([ue liouen ; finally, if you recollect, we settled 
 down to a Norman luncheon, at I'itres, near iloueu. 
 
 We shall now with your ])ermission retrace our steps 
 to Albion's shores " the land of the IJrave and the 
 Free," and take train for the classic, historical cathedral 
 town of York ; though befoi'e entering it you will allow 
 me to say a few words of that Eden of England, the 
 lakeland of Cund)erland and Westmoreland. 
 
 In visiting Hi'itain it is there you must go, in order 
 to woe nature in some of her coyest, most seductive, 
 most tender aspects. Wliat a contrast for one, 
 fresh from the festive wooils, singing waterfalls, tran- 
 quil, moonlit lakes of Cuml»erland, to go and contimi- 
 plate the solemn grandeur of Y^ork Minster, to feel the 
 hushed, death-like silence of its sombre crypt, to 
 
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 111 
 
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 (1) The portion of this adih'css relating to York was 
 delivered on the 21st December, 1881. 
 
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 realise the awe engendered by the sound of one's foot- 
 Htejjs, rei>oated through this jiopulous city of the dead, 
 in the surrounding vauUs ! 
 
 Windermere, Ambleside, Grasmere, Coniston, Ulls- 
 water, Derwentwater, Keswick, had just then revealed 
 to my dazzled view their wonderous landscapes, some of 
 their entr.inciug scenery. The Trosaeks, of Scotliind, 
 I could imayiue, might beat Lakeland, by the height, 
 the boldness of their i)eaks, the extent of their land- 
 locked firths, but in jticturesque beauty, never! Stirring 
 sights had crowdtid on me, at Grasmere, sweetly sung 
 by Felicia liemans (1) and by Harriet Martineau ; I 
 had stooil at the foot of Wordsworth's grave, culled a 
 sprig of ivy from his thickly-festooned house-gable, at 
 Eydal Mount, gazed at the tomb of Hartley Coleridge 
 in the little rustic churchyard, at Grasmere, close to its 
 Aviiimpering liurn. 
 
 On a wooded knoll, I had viewed Greta Hall, for 
 years Southey's pleasant retreat close to Crosthwa^the 
 Church, at Kesswick, where repose his remains, the 
 resort now of pilgrims from most distant lands. Greta 
 Hall, was pointed out to us, when oiir carriage rumbled 
 over Greta Bridge : a pretty, limpid stream, our good 
 friends across the sea, call it a river ! 
 
 Memory had brought me in communion with those 
 sweet singers, now sleeping jieacably amidst the 
 
 <! 
 
 (J) Mrs. Ilein.ans thus writes of Grasinore Valley : 
 
 " vale and lake, within yon mountain urn, 
 Smiling so tranciuilly, and yet so deep ! 
 Oft' doth your <h'oamy loveliness retiu-n, 
 Colouring the tender shadows of my sleep 
 With light Elysian ; for the hues that steep 
 Your shores in melting lustre, seem to float 
 On the golden clouds tVom spirit lantls remote ; 
 Isles the blest | and in our memory heep 
 The place with holiest harmonies ! 
 
409 
 
 heather-crowned hills and bree/y dells of Iheir native 
 
 land : 
 
 " Bards sublime 
 Whose distant footsteps echo 
 Through the corridors of Time," 
 
 The scenes, the haunts in which these ethereal beings, 
 had once moved, instinct with life, still echoing their 
 songs, their joys, their home-sorrows, their world- 
 wide fame, I had dwelt among them, taken possessicm 
 of them ; as it were been subjugated by their own 
 romantic atm()si)here. T'would be hard, my friends, 
 even for one not to the manner born, to feel insensible 
 to the witchery of such associations, to seal his soul 
 against the softening intiuence exhaled from those homes 
 so charmingly sung by Mrs. Hemans : 
 
 " Tlie stately TFomes of England, 
 IIow beautiful they stand 
 Amidst their tall ancestral trees, 
 O'er all the itleasant land ! " 
 
 For a lover of the country, one who for years has 
 revelled in the sweet intimacy of .stately trees and 
 fragrant flowers, t'is harder still to a]ii)roach, or, once 
 enjoyed, to cjuit unmoved some of these hos])itable 
 english manors (it was our good ffntune to enter more 
 than one) fidl of cheery, family memories ; basking in 
 vernal l)loom, res]ilendent with sunshine and foliage ; 
 adorned, such as Englislimen now know, with vel- 
 vety lawn, cricket and tennis grounds, drives, jjonds, 
 hedges, far-outspreading oaks graceful elms, venerable 
 yews, and that sujierl) deuizm of English paiks, the 
 cop})er-beach, imported, t'is said, in IWitain l)y the 
 Normans. Of this tridy gorgeous tree, I saw some 
 excellent rejiresentatives. among other spots, at two 
 country seats, which will long remain green in my 
 memory : Kothay-Holnie, next to Canon Bell's pictu- 
 resque dAvelling (some here may remember hearing last 
 summer this eloquent divine at Quebec) at xVmbleside, 
 
 
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— 410 — 
 
 the smnincr rosidunco of Lt. Col. Godfrey Rhodes and, 
 at Acoiiib Park, York, tlie leafy manor of Majcjr Frank 
 Lees, late of the 25th Qneen's Own liorderers. 
 
 After leaving the train at Lakeside station (Newby 
 Bridj,'e)at Windermere, anciently called Wynandermere, 
 tlie largest of those sheets of water, as Wordsworth has 
 it : 
 
 '' Wooded Wiiiandermoro, tlio rivor Lako," 
 
 we ascended in the llailway f(!rry steam launch, the 
 Qimen oj thf Lake, to the fast (^xpandinj,' town of 
 Ambleside, oncn a Iioman post; Ambleside, the " villaj^e 
 of I'iiie droves," 1 n.ight add, from my own observa- 
 tion, of the rooks and roaring ghylls and waterfalls. 
 Swifty indeed did we sweiip over Winihn'iuere's clear 
 cool, ]t(!llucid, th'o to the swimmer, ti'eaclieroiis waves ; 
 a ]iortion of the ti'ijt, the mist descending from Lass- 
 wade and Ilelvellyn and other tovverinLi; hills, drenched 
 us ; the remainder of the voyage, our tiny steamer, 
 was touched by the last jocund rays of the setting sun ; 
 soon we saw Loowood aiul IJowness Bay iu their per- 
 ennial, sylvan beauty, doubtless. Just as they were on 
 that serene morning of May, 1825, which witnessed 
 Canning's, Scott's, Southey's, Wordsworth's and Wil- 
 son's memorable regatta, under the guitlance of the 
 " Admiral " Christopher North. By virtue of the 
 word-painting of that glorious oUl master, among the 
 Heet, graceful yatchs, furrowing the lake at sunset, I 
 almost fancied I could conjure before my mind's eye, 
 the Emma, the Nautilus, the GazaUe, the Osprtoj, the 
 Gornet and other " felicitous, white-winged creatures" 
 innnortalised by the eloquent Professor on that auspi- 
 cious occasion. 
 
 It was fresh from the enjoyment of this blithe, fairy 
 land, this dainty, lake scenery that the impressive spect- 
 acle and hallowed witi'oi/jvs of i[uaint, solemn, medieval 
 York came trooping on my eager gaze." 
 
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 — 411 — 
 
 YOllK — EBoiiAncM. 
 
 " York, York, for my monie, 
 Of all the Cities that over I aci^, 
 For iiu'rry pastime and coin|)aiiio, 
 Except the City of London. " 
 
 York, jm)l)iil»ly the most ancient city in Jiritiiin, uiul 
 according to historians, a tlourisliing place two thonsaml 
 years ago, is the capital of the largcist county in England, 
 Yorkshire, and the most celebrated town of the Xorth 
 of England. A city of (i(),()()0 souls, it stands on hoth 
 sides of the little river Ouse, which winds its way to 
 the ITumlier. 
 
 Like great liondon, Yoik boasts of a inaguilicent Lord 
 Mayor ; Ijke ('anterbury, it iecls hai)py in owning an 
 archbishop ; like Quebec, it is proud, very proud of ita 
 historical souvenirs and monunu^nts, its walls, bastions 
 and gates, except that in Y'ork, he who would dare hint 
 at the removal of its gates and city walls, might con- 
 sider himself lucky, if he. should escape " hanging. " 
 
 York lies about midway between London and Edin- 
 burgh, being lUS miles from Loiulou, and I'Ol miles 
 from Edinburgh. Its ik^v Ifailway Station, built on a 
 curve, in the Italian styh; of architecture, is the hand- 
 somest Station in England and the largest, being 800 
 feet in length ; that is 102 feet longer tluiu the great 
 Midland Station, next to the Charing Cross Staticin, in 
 London. It has a lofty vaulti'ddome, elegantly designed 
 and decorated with jjlue ulass. 148 Eailway trains 
 rush daily through this superb structure, of which the 
 city is justly ])roud. Like many other ancient towns, 
 York's annals blend the legendary with the historical 
 element. 
 
 Geoffrey of Monmouth, attiibutes its foundation to 
 Ebraucus, a King in ]*>ritain, about the time that David 
 reigned in Judtea, Ebraucus, called it after his own 
 name, Caeur-Ebrauc, the city of Ebraucus. A thou- 
 sand years later, it was known to the Ilomans as Ebo- 
 
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 — 412 
 
 rncum. Commontntors aro not nj^rood as to liow tho 
 iijiniu MILS chiin^'iid to York. Iti J)()iiies<liiy Hook it i.s 
 written ]MHir\vic ; this is .sujjposud to nu'im a town on 
 the Uro, which name the river Onse hears at its upper 
 l>nrt. Worsae says, the liritons called York, Eaukuoic; 
 the An<,d()-8a.\ons, Eoi'oiiwic, .and the Danes, Jorvik : 
 which seems to furnish tlu; derivation of York. York 
 for centuries was a tlourishinj.; Jtonian city, and the 
 foundation of Roman York ]trol)altly dates from tho 
 year 70, when A^nicnla l)y the subjuj,'ation of the I5ri- 
 j,';intes, completed the coii([uest of the northern f»art of 
 llritain. "This illustrious commaTider, we are told, 
 made this city one of th(! chief stations on his line of 
 nunvh to the north, whero he; (!ommenced l)uil(lin<,' the 
 chain of forts, aftt^rwards completed hy Hadrian, and 
 called the I'icts \Vall. In A. 1). 140, wlu n the wall of 
 Antinonus was built, I'tohMuy mentions Khoracum, as 
 being the head-quarters of tlie sixth lej^don. — " Le<fio 
 Sexta Victrix " — traces of whose occu])ation and resid- 
 ence in the city are found continuingdurinj^'a ]teriod of 
 three centuries. In A. 1). 280, Severus, then Emj)eror, 
 arrived iit Eboracurn, accom]»anied by his sons Cara- 
 calla and Gela, to repel the iueursiijus of the Caledo- 
 nians. 
 
 The latter was left in York (then, jnobably, the chief 
 city of the whole province of Britain) to administer 
 justice, aided l)y I'apinianus, one of the ablest lawyers 
 f)f ancient Rome. Severus, after his retmn from a cam- 
 ])ai,i,ni tiyainst tlu; I'icts, died in York on February 4th, 
 A. D. UIO. This })eriod was perha])S, the time of its 
 greatest splendor. Eboracurn was at that [»eriod distin- 
 guished by the presence of the throe most learned jurists 
 in the Koman Emjiire : ripianus, I'aulus, aud the more 
 celebrated rapinianus, the I'apiniau Prefect, who was 
 afterwards put to death in liome for refusing to pro- 
 nounce an oration exculpating Caracalla from blame 
 for the murder of his brother Geta. The imperial palace 
 is supposed to have occuiaed the site, commenciHg near 
 
 1^^: 
 
.«413 — 
 
 Christ Church uiul cxtc'iulinir down Oofxh'ain ,';ii(t.-, St. 
 Atidrcw.s ^iitc, ami Ihrouyh I'xiihirn, to AMwiirk ; (Jhrist 
 Church licin;,' callt'tl in all ancient charters " /v'a'/t'.s/<( 
 Sanrtd' Triiiltalln in Ciir'ni Itnjh." 
 
 Tho hody of Sevcrus wjis burned near York, iind the 
 ashes conveye(l to ]{oiue in iin urn of itorphyry. Tho 
 ])lact^ where the funcnal ohse(juies were iterloi'ineil was 
 prohahly one of thrt;e eminences, a niih' and a half to 
 the west of tlie city, near tlie villa^'e of IIolj^Mto, com- 
 moidy known by the ajt]Kdlation of Severus's Hills, 
 close to Acoiiib. How ofttiU liaNe 1 ilrivenjtast the s|)ot, 
 in 'Tuly, Au,i,nist, and .September last, on returninj,' from 
 an antiijuarian ramble, throuj^di the ruins of Clifford's 
 Tower, throu^di the moss-mantled nMnains of St Mary's 
 Abbey, oi' of tlu; MnItan<,Milai' Tower, or alonj^; some of 
 the narrow, crooked lanes of York which with the 
 heights of Scarborough, reminded me strangely of dear 
 old Quebec. Let us jirocecd: 
 
 " On the division of the reman Empire, between 
 Galerins and Constantius Chlorus, Britain fell to the 
 share of the latter, who fixed his residence in York, 
 where he died tw^o years after his arrival, A. D. 306. 
 The body of this Emperor, like that of Severus, was 
 burned, and the ashes carried to Rome. His successor, 
 Constantine the Great, was immediately jiroclaimed 
 Emi>eror l)y the army, at \''ork, where he was at the 
 
 time of his father's death Constantine immediately 
 
 left for Gaul, and with him the history of York, during 
 the Koman occupation, which had lasted nearly 400 
 years, ceases to be important, as the troojjs were gra- 
 dually withdrawn." 
 
 The extent of the Ancient City of Eboracum has 
 been distinctly traced. It was entirely on the left bank 
 of the Ouse, and formed a rectangular town enclosed 
 by a wall with a ramjtart mound of earth on the river 
 side, and perhaps, a fosse without. It may not be out 
 of place to repeat that the old city wall has been reli- 
 giously preserved, as well as the City Gates or Bars as 
 
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 — 414 — 
 
 they style them, and that tliongh the wants of com- 
 merce or the utiletarianism of the age, have heen 
 attended to, he would indeed be a bold man, who would 
 dare suggest the removal of those sacred walls and grim 
 Gates of York, which each year attract to the city thou- 
 sand and thousands of visitors from all jiarts of Europe 
 and America. 
 
 I subjoin here a giai)hic sketch of York : 
 
 " Not weak, however, are the visible and tangible 
 proofs of Roman occupation, for though there is no 
 great gate still standing as at Lincolu, there is probably 
 no English city so full of fragments of wall, of pave- 
 ments, and of monuments to the invaders. About 
 seventy acres of the centre of the jn'esent city, enclosing 
 a rectangle of about 550, by 650 yards, formed no 
 doubt the Roman camp, in the middle of which, again 
 stood the rnetorium, afterwards the imperial i)alace, 
 the site of which is near the present Christ Church. Of 
 their monuments now above ground the " multangular 
 tower " near St. Leonard's Hospital, which is a ten- 
 wided building forming an angle of the Roman wall, is 
 far the most interesting, esjiecially as it still bears on 
 its inside some roughly scratched legionary inscrip- 
 tions. In the hosjyitium of the abbey church, too, there 
 are a fine pavement representing the seasons and various 
 altars. The long Saxon occupation which followed Avas, 
 as is well known, sadly interrupted by the Danes. It 
 was near here that Ragnar Lodbrok was so imjioliti- 
 cally cast into a pit full of snakes, an act which was 
 bitterly revenged. In Y'^ork, too, Siward, sick to death 
 and feeling his strength begin to pass away from him, 
 determined to die in harness, and sat uj) to do so clothed 
 in armour and with a spear erect in his failing hand. 
 York was in fact, at one time almost wholly ])opulated 
 by the Danes, and plenty of proof of their occupation 
 may be found in the numerous " thorpes " in and 
 about the city. 
 
415 — 
 
 It took two years {U'ter the conquest lor the Normans, 
 to come in force before York, but when they eame they 
 left their mark, for a short, shar]j batth' outside the 
 walls made William, who commanded in jiersou, master 
 of the city and castle which he fortified strongly. The 
 Danish inhabitants, however did not take kindly to 
 their Norman cousins, to whom they were bad neigh- 
 bours, and whom they cruelly annoyed from the cover 
 afforded them by the Forest of Galires, which extended 
 right U}) to the city M'alls. William had to come back 
 the next year to strengthen his garrison, but in 1070 
 the townsmen, aided by an imjiorted army of Danes 
 seized and sacked the castle with terrible slaughter, not 
 a Norman escaping. The Conqueror's savage oath on 
 hearing the news is matter of history, as is how he kept 
 it. Just after Canir-de- Lion's coronation the castle was 
 again the scene of a gruesome tragedy, for a number of 
 landless knights and other liroken men deep in debt to 
 the Jews seized the o])i)ortunity of the scan^ begun in 
 Westminster Hall to try to wipe out old scores l)y tire 
 and sword. 1 hey burned the " starrs," and ])enning up 
 the Jews in the castle, were about to murder and ])lunder 
 them in detail, when most of their victims with des- 
 perate courage forestalled them by burning their 
 projierty and killing their families and themselves. 
 With so many blooily menuuies hanging round the 
 castle there is little wonder that, like the Tower of 
 London, it had its ghost. It wns a curious one creep- 
 ing out under the door of a }»orch in the Cliff(»id's 
 Tower, in the form of a scroll of pajier (was it a " starr " ?) 
 then turning into a monkey, aiul then into a turkey- 
 cock, as may be read at lenght by all curious as to 
 demouology and witchcraft, in Sir John llcresby's 
 memoirs. One can hardly touch on the noticeable things 
 which haj)pened at York in later years, for except Lon- 
 don proliably no city has had such a succession of stir- 
 ring incidents. Its walls twice gave Ijreathing time to 
 the unlucky second Edward, after his defeats at Bun-. 
 
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416 — 
 
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 nockbuni in 1314 by the Bruce and in 1322. His son 
 miirried Philippii of Hainault in the minster here, the 
 marriage festivities of the two children being celebrated 
 with the profus(ist magnificence for three weeks, if we 
 believe Froissart, but were sadly marred at their finish 
 by a bloody quarrel between the little bride's followers 
 and the citizens, in which about eight hundred men 
 were killed. Later on Philippa, no longer a child, 
 brought here the Bruce, taken prisoner by her at 
 Neville's Cross ; and in the next century tlie city saw 
 the, to citizens almost incredible sight of a prelate 
 beheaded, for a Scrope, who was than Archbishop of 
 York, having meddled with one of the Percies plots, 
 suftered in a field near Clementhorpe, Half a century 
 later saw llichard Plantagenet's head stuck on Mickle- 
 
 gate liar. 
 
 " So York may overlook tlie town of York," 
 
 to l)e taken down reverently next year when the tables 
 were turned at Towton. When the Wars of the roses 
 were over, more pleasant things happened here. Henry 
 VII, soon after his coronation had a right royal recep- 
 tion at York, with Pageants innumerable, and galleries 
 across the streets, whence " sweet cake, wafers, and 
 comfits in quantity like hailstones," were thrown, in 
 humble imitation of the Carnival at Venice. Lambert 
 Simnel sought help from York in vain, for the citizens 
 were loyal, and later on were rewarded for their loyalty 
 by the ])leasant sight to north country eyes of the 
 liacke.d and arrow-])ierced corjjse of James of Scotland, 
 sent here after Flodden. Next we catch a glimpse of 
 Wolsey, named Archbishop of York, but never resident 
 here or even installed, for the king prudently stoi)ped 
 the installation very shortly before the day fixed for 
 the ceremony by having him arrested for high treason. 
 E)h route from Scotland to his pleasant English inher- 
 itance, James I stayed here some little time, and with 
 
— 417 — 
 
 II 
 
 his own happy knack for making liirasolf ridiculous, 
 signalised his stay by taking a childish liking for a local 
 kind of cake called " main bread," and by characteris- 
 tically endeavouring to thrust it down the throats of 
 the inhabitants by specially ordering its manufacture, 
 and by anathematising the still popular " spice bread," 
 almost as violently as he did toVjacco. The beginning 
 of Charles I's troubles found him at York, for he went 
 there to meet the Covenanters in lG39,and held a great 
 Council of his peel's there in 1640. Two years later 
 he returned, and, worried almost to death for want of 
 funds and friends, was driven to stint his table and to 
 copy despatches with his own hand for want of a trust- 
 worthy secretary. The lioyal palace was on the site of 
 St. Mary's xVbbey, and by a grim irony of fate was 
 afterwards turned into a blind school, while the printing 
 ottice, whence the whole country was flooded with Roy- 
 alist tracts and pamphlets, was in St. William's College. 
 In 1G44, the city was besieged by the Parliamentarian 
 army of 40,000 men, the siege being temporarily raised 
 by the arrival of Prince Rupert, who issued from the 
 gates of York a few days after, only, as every one 
 knows, to be cut uj) root and branch on Marston Moor, 
 the city and castle being surrendered a few weeks later. 
 On the religious life and the church work of York, 
 volumes might well be written. Perhaps the best 
 known miracle play in England was that of the Coi'pus 
 Christi Guild here, as we find it recommended by a 
 worthy friar minor, Wm. Melton, styled " Professor 
 of Holy Pageantry." There was also the guild of Our 
 Lord's Prayer, to commemorate a miracle play on that 
 subject; and some idea of the number of the trade guilds 
 may be gleaned from the fact that in 1415 ninety-six 
 crafts Joined in procession, exhibiting fifty-four distinct 
 pageants, and carrying bla/iug torches. Tlie Minstei'is 
 the pride of the north of England, liurned no less than 
 five times— in 741, 1069, 1080, 1829 and 1840— it 
 has, phoMiix-like, risen again, and is now perhaps one 
 27 
 
 
 
 ' \ 
 
 II 
 
 i 
 
 li' 
 
— 418 
 
 
 of the finest places of worship in England. Its chapter- 
 house, which still bears the truthful, if boasting, inscrip- 
 tion of " ut rosa flos florum sic domus ista doniorum," 
 and its great east window, with its original painted 
 glass, are certainly unequalled ; while the vestry rooms 
 holds antiquarian treasures of the highest interest. Of 
 the numerous churches the visitor shoidd note Christ 
 Church, which stands in the " Kings Court, plausibly 
 surmised to mean the imperial Roman palace ; and there 
 is Saxon or norman work in St. Helen, Stonegate, St. 
 Margaret, Walmgate, St. Lawrence, and St. Mary the 
 Younger; nor should All Saints Pavement, with its 
 octagonal lantern, through Avhich shone the beacon 
 which heli)e(l weary wanderers to find their way home 
 when lost in the great Forest of Galtres, or All Saints, 
 North-street, with its " bede " window M'ith scenes 
 from the lastjudgment and quotations from a local ])oem 
 called the " Prick of Conscience," be ])assed over." 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen. J n th(! distinguished audience 
 here present, I am reminded of two distinct classes of 
 listeners : the first, comjiosed of cultivated, travelled 
 persons, who probably know as much, more ])erliaps, 
 than 1 could tell them of famous old York : they con- 
 stitute, however the minnrity — an enlightened power- 
 full minority, if you like. The other class, the 
 most numerous, have not yet seen York ; may 
 never see it, but long to do so, and initil they do, they 
 will I think, beckon me on to tell what I know about 
 the good city ; they compose the majority. Instead 
 therefore of merely hurrying though the interesting 
 sights and scenes so familiar to the minority, I have 
 drawn copiously from the notes and sketches, so care- 
 fully, S(j ably prepared by the litterati of York, for the 
 esjiecial benefit, of the distinguished visitors attracted 
 there in September last, by the Jubilee of the British 
 Association. We shall therefore, with your leave first, 
 pay a visit to the venerable Minster of York and saunter 
 
 ■ A 'fi 
 
— 419 — 
 
 through its sounding aisle, aided by these notes and 
 sketches. 
 
 York Minster. — Antiquaries like to trace the ori- 
 gin of this splendid Cathedral to the little wooden 
 oratory, which on Easter Sunday, 12th A])ril 627, stood, 
 on the spot, were now stands the Minster, and in which 
 oratory was baptized by Paulinus, Edwin, King of 
 Northumbria. Shortly after Edwin commenced to build 
 a larger church of stone, dedicated to St. Peter. Edwin's 
 stone chu.ch was sub.se([uently destroyed. li£ 636, 
 Oswald, restored the Minster. In 669, Archbisho]) 
 Wilfred repaired this fine Temple of worship, covered 
 the roof with lead and put glass in the window's. In 
 741, the Minster was nearly burnt to the ground. In 
 769, Albert, archbishop of York, assisted by the learned 
 Alcuin, rebuilt the cathedral in the finest style of Saxon 
 architecture. It was again destroyed l)y fire at the 
 time of the Norman conquest, and rebuilt on a larger 
 scale in the Norman style by Archbishop Thomas. In 
 1137, fire again played havoc with the church ; it was 
 restored in 1171, by Archbishop Roger; such is a brief 
 glance at its early history. The ])resent structure dates 
 from 1215, and is due to archbishop Walter-de-Grey, 
 eager tc build a cathedral on a grand style : the chief 
 parts of the Minster date, as follows : 
 
 The Nave and West Front 1291—1345 
 
 " Western Towers 1430—1470 
 
 " Central Tower 1400—1420 
 
 " North Transept 1228—1240 
 
 " South " 1230—1256 
 
 " Chapter House 1300—1330 
 
 " Choir Screen 1475—1485 
 
 1373-14)0 
 
 " Lady Chapel or Presbytery. 1363—1473 
 " Crypt (the two portions)... 1070— 1170' 
 
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— 420 — 
 
 
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 The styles of architecture re])resented are : 
 
 Saxon. — Some fragments in the Crypt. 
 
 Xormdii. — The Crypt, wliere may l^e seen parts of 
 the Norman Chancel. Parts of the central Tower. 
 
 Early English. — North and Suuth Transepts, 
 
 Decorated. — North and Cliai)ter Ilonse. 
 
 Perpenilicular. — The Lady Chapel, the Choir, the 
 Central and Western Towers. 
 
 On the 2nd Feljruary, 1829, Jonathan Martin, an 
 insime man, set lire to the choir: the building was 
 restored V)y a national subscri|)tion at a cost of j£iJ5,000, 
 and the cathedral was re-()])ened f(jr worshij) on the Gth 
 May, 1832. On the 20th May, 184U, through the care- 
 lesness of a workman, the Minstcu' again suffered from 
 fire. The South- West bell tower together with the roof 
 of the nave, were destroyed. A second subscription was 
 set ((U foot and the damages re])aired at a cost of 
 £23,000. " York Cathedral is build in the form of a 
 cross. Its length is 524 feet and its extreme breadth, 
 north to south, 250 feet. Its special features are the 
 dignity and massive grandeur of the whole, whether 
 viewed from the exterior or interior. In the heiglit of 
 the roofs, both nave and choir, York exceeds every 
 other English cathedral. The west front is considered a 
 marvel of architectural excellence ; its two towers have 
 on each side perpendicular windows, and rise to the 
 height of 202 feet, surmounted with lofty pinnacles. 
 The west window, which is of two divisions of four 
 lights each, is an unrivalled specimen of the leafy 
 tracery that marks the style of the middle of the four- 
 teenth century. Underneath is the great west entrance, 
 consisting of an outer arch, deeply recessed, the mould- 
 ings of which contain details of exquisite delicacy, and 
 figures representing the liistory of Adam and Eve. It is 
 subdivided in the centre M'ith two doorways support- 
 ing a circle filled with tracery. 
 
 The north transept contains an elegant window known 
 as the " Five sisters." From the base springs an arcade 
 
 w 
 
^ 
 
 — 421 — 
 
 of trefoil arches, the whole forniiiif,' perhaps the most 
 beautiful specimen of early English architecture in 
 Great Britain. This transept is 2(J4 feet in length, and 
 104 feet in breadth. The choir on both north and south 
 sides is divided into two parts by projections in the 
 form of small transepts, which rise above the aisles, 
 and are ])ierced by long narrow Avindows on all their 
 sides. At the east end is the Great Window or " Wall 
 of Glass," consisting of nine lights, and measuring 77 
 feet in height by 32 feet in width. It is the largest 
 Avindow in England, perhaps in the world. 
 
 Tinae ])reeliuk's me from enlarging on the beauty and 
 massive grandeur (if this celebrated fane. I have seen 
 several remarkable churclies : Kofre-Darii.e, at Paris — 
 the cathedral and churclu's of Kouen — Salntc-Giidvle, 
 at Brussels; the magnificent old cathedral at Antwerp; 
 the cathedral at Ely, with its gorgeous stained glass 
 windows and jewel-inlaid reredos ; historic St. Pauls ; 
 matchless Westminster Abbey, but with the exception 
 of the latter, I visited no medieval temjjle of worshij), 
 where I cared to linger longer than in the Minster of 
 York. 
 
 After the Minster, ]»robably the most curious ol>jects 
 to be viewed in York, are the well pi'eserved ruins of 
 the beautiful St. ]\Iary's Abliey, in and round the 
 elegantly kept gardens of the Pliilosophical Socictij — 
 adjacent to the hamlsonie new bridge over the Ouse — 
 Lendal Bridge The Abbey, a Benedictine M(»nasterv, 
 once in ])oint of wealth and inlluciiee, the most inijtor- 
 tant in the Xorth of England, was founded in 1078, 
 by Stephen, a monk of Whitby. Six other monasteries 
 were attached to it. The Lord Abbot, with he of the 
 Abbey of Selby, were the only mitred abbots north of 
 the Trent, wIkj l»y virtue of their rank were summoned 
 as Lords of Parliament. The first Priory was destroyed 
 by fire and its reconstruction which lasted twenty-four 
 years, began in 1270 : the present ruins arc the remains 
 of this building ; at the Keformation it shared the fate 
 
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— 422 — 
 
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 of other lelipoiis houses and vas surrendered to the 
 CroAvn in 1540, by William Dcjnt, the last abbot ; the 
 clear rental at the time being £1650 — equal to about 
 S80,000 of our money. 
 
 It was then, says an old chronicler, occu])ied l)y 50 
 monks and perha]is, by 150 servants. One of the most 
 remarkable ])ortions of the monastery, I visited, was 
 the Hofipitivtn or Guest-Hall; the lower-story said to 
 have been the refectory, is of stone. Tho. ujijier-story is 
 now used as a museum of Egyjitian and lioman anti- 
 ([uities : one's attentifiu is invariably directed to the 
 hair of a Ilonian lady ; some maintain, of a British 
 ])rincess, 1 5 or 1 G years of age, which was nearly j)erfcct 
 when discovered in a stone coflin, lined with another 
 of lead ami iilled in with gypsum, hi the hair are two 
 fine pins of ])oIished jet. Sjjeciniens (jf valualjJe Samiau 
 ware are also stored here ; in the lowei- room, are some 
 remarkable I'oman altars and ])rol)ably the most uni([ue 
 collection of IJoman coflins in the world, stone and 
 lead cofhns, soldiers' graves, Eoman baths, &c. The 
 collin of the lady who owned the hair is conspicuous. 
 
 The museum of the Yorkshire Pli'dosoph'ical Society 
 Avith its collection of statues, minerals, birds, &c., next 
 cdaimed my attention ; in continuing our walk, we 
 reached York Castle, which now, in an area covering 
 about four acres, comprises the Prison, the Assize Court, 
 and Clifford's Tower, built on the site of the old castle, 
 which was founded by \Yilliam the Concjueroi after 
 his attack on York, in 106S. It was for centuries the 
 residence of the High Sheriffs of the county ; it took 
 its nam(i from Francis Clifford, Eaii of Cumberland, 
 who in 1542 put it in a state of defense. We were 
 told of many curious legends, and historical incidents 
 connected with the old pile : here, was confined Walter 
 Calverley the hero of the " Yorkshire Tragedy, " in 
 1604, Eugene Aram, in 1759, the poet James Mont- 
 gomery, in 1795-6, for alleged political libels in his 
 iieM'spaper, whilst that accomplished highwayman. 
 
— 423 — 
 
 Dick Turpin was imprisoned in the neighbourhood. I 
 devoted one whole morning walking round the Walls 
 of York ; they are provided, in the inside with a boarded 
 walk, high in the air and are (jne of the most striking 
 features of York; they are very ancient; the exact 
 date of their erection is uid<nown, some ]M»rtions are 
 supposed to have been built on the foundations of the 
 Itoman Wall, one angle of which was the singular 
 structure, well preserved and known from its ten angles 
 as the Multangular Tower, one of the barriers of Ebo- 
 racum at the time of its occu])ation by the Komans. 
 
 I can only direct your attention as we hurry on, to 
 the lofty, medieval city Gates, or JJars of which tliere 
 are four princijud ones and two smaller. Aleikel liar 
 is the largest and most interesting. It consist.-i of a 
 square tower built over a circular arch, with endjuttliid 
 turrets at the angles surmounted by stone figures ; the 
 arch is stated to be Xorman. The arms of England 
 and of old France quarterly, l»et\veen two shields sur- 
 mounted by canopies, and containing thosi; of th<! city 
 of York, are sculjitured upon shields against the front. 
 The Duke of York's head, after his execution, in 14G0, 
 was fixed here. 
 
 I might mention also Bootham Bar, Monk I5ar, 
 Wolmgate Bar, Fishergate Bar, Victoria Bar; the latter, 
 a modern gate. 
 
 FcM' cities of <)0,000 can exhibit such an array of 
 churches. In addition to the Minster, there are twenty- 
 five other temples of worship ; in olden times, their 
 were forty churches. 
 
 " The ways to grace, in York, as ]\Iark Twain said 
 of Montreal, are numerous, " t'\v(mld be hard foi' a 
 boy to throw a stone therii, without risk of breaking a 
 church window. 
 
 Modern York might be summed up as tollows : 
 
 " Even those who are the last suscej)tible of im])res- 
 sions cannot fail to be struck with admiration when, 
 emerging from the Eailway Station, the first view of 
 
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 — 424 — 
 
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 the city of York bursts upon the spectator. I3efore 
 him the river Ouse flows placidly on, and stretching 
 from its banks are seen the beautiful and undulating 
 gardens of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, rich in 
 architectural remains of de])arted ages. To the left the 
 ruins of St. Mary's Abbey intermingled with the rich 
 foliage of the surrounding trees, and 
 
 Boyoml, in lofty majesty 
 
 The Minster's towors arise on high, 
 
 Fit temi)le of the Deity ! 
 
 Further to the right are dotted the spires of old Ebor's 
 many churches, whilst its ancient Malls, as they stretch 
 to the river's brink, form an interesting foreground to 
 the whole, and complete u picture of singular beauty. 
 The city of York is situated in the centre of a rich 
 agricultural district, and called the Vale of York. 
 
 " Though not a numufacturing town, there are nume- 
 rous large establishments, where some hundreds of 
 hands are employed, such as iron-foundries, comb, glass, 
 cigar, match, nail, and confectionary manufactories, the 
 latter of which finds a market for its famed jiroducts in all 
 parts of the United Kingdom. York returns two mem- 
 bers to Parliament, and the Municipal Govennnent of 
 the city is entrusted to a Corporation consisting of a 
 Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Councillors. There are also 
 a liccorder, Sheriff', and Town Clerk. Its Cathedral and 
 numerous churches necessarily render the clerical ele- 
 ment conspicuous ; whilst, as the head-quarters of the 
 Northern Military District, the army takes a prominent 
 position in the society of the city and county. Few 
 cities have greater opportunities of sociability and 
 enjoyment than York. It has its Yorkshire Gentlemen's 
 Cricket Club, its Tennis Courts, its splendid river for 
 boating excursions, its Regattas, its Military Reviews, 
 its Polo Matches, and its tournaments. It boasts a 
 Eacecourse unequalled in the country, and it is the 
 chief resort of many a keen sportsman, who as the 
 
— 425 — 
 
 season comes round, attaches himself to the fur-fanicd 
 York and Ainsty Hunt. Charming too are those winter 
 gatherin<i;s (in that noMe suite of rooms, the York 
 Assembly Kooms) the Union Hunt l>all, the County 
 Ball, the Yeomanry ]}all, when from five to eight hun- 
 dred of the dite join in the giddy dance. And for 
 those who have a religious tendency, there is the Mins- 
 ter with its well-regulated daily services, its magnificent 
 organs, and its afternoon anthem. Nor are its citizens 
 devoid of energy and enter])rise. Especially during the 
 last ten years, York has kept pace M-ith towns of grcattn' 
 wealth and larger jiojiulatiou. It has its Daily Xews- 
 Ytayav (2'Iie YorJv Ddilij IfcrdUl); its I'ine Arts Insti- 
 tution; its rhil()S0])hical Society ; its School of Art; its 
 Museum ; its Hospital ; its Dispensary ; its Clubs ; its 
 Corn Exchange ; its Diocesan Training Institution; its 
 Friendly Societies' Hall ; its Public Library ; its Maso- 
 nic Hall ; its Mechanic Institute; its Fever Hospital; 
 its Tramways; its IJithi Volunteers; its Artillery Vol- 
 unteers ; its New Walk and Es])lana(le, extending a 
 mile either way from the centre of the city on tlie lianks 
 of the Ouse; and it has its numerous educational estab- 
 lishments, such as the Eoyal College? of St. Petei', 
 which was originally founded by Queen Mary in 1557, 
 and endowed out of the estates of the dissolved Hos- 
 pital of St. Mary the Virgin, and is under the control 
 of the Dean and Cha])ter. And noticing those institu- 
 tions which are connected with its more remote history, 
 we may sum up the whole l)y saying it jiossesses 
 Ancient Guilds, Almshouses, Hospitals and Schools, 
 endowed for the maintenance of the aged, the su]iiiort 
 of the infirm, and the fi'co education of the young." 
 
 I shall now venture to say a few words aljout the 
 famous Congress of Science, which gave York additional 
 lustre in Sejttember last. The Pn-itish Association for 
 the promotion of science, originated in 1831, and held its 
 first meeting, attended by 353 persons, at York, in 
 September of that year. 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 i'« 
 
 
 .M- 
 
42U — 
 
 r ■ 
 
 1 , 
 
 .^i 
 
 !'»' < 
 
 'I' -«-1 
 
 Sir Piivld lirewster is cn^ditod with tlio first ]tid)lic 
 sugf^cstion of till; Association. Ho was warmly sup- 
 yiortud by ])hilosojthL'rs, sm;li as Davy, JJ 'el, Bab- 
 bafi[e, Muri'iiison, Biicklaiul, and otht3r3 cmj. j dovoted 
 to the iiitcrosts of sciontilu; research. The su^'<,'o,st()d 
 formation of tho British Association was ])ro|ioinided 
 by Sir David to the ^'orkshirc riiilosophical Society 
 through its S(!cretary, the late Professor I'hilips. It 
 was cordially suj)]»orted by the leading men of science 
 at the time; the British Association held its first miiet- 
 ing, al York, on the 27th S(!]itember, 1h;!1. Jls object 
 was then stat(i<l to be " to give a stronger inij)iils(> and 
 a more systematic direction to scientific impiiry; to 
 promote the intercourse (if those wlio cuUivate science 
 in different parts of th(! Kmpire witli oim; auothiir and 
 with fiireign iihilusopliers; and to ol)tain a more general 
 attention to the obj(ict of science, and therc' tvaldfany 
 disadvantages of a public kind which impec? nrogress." 
 
 The Association was intended to be ; : to that 
 
 which for eight years ]iri!vions, vi/ in 1823, had existed 
 in Gi^rmany. In ISol, Earl Fit/william was its first 
 President, whilst, on the occasion of its fiftietli anniver- 
 sary in September last, it was jiresided by a well known 
 Piritish w/t'ft//^, Sir John l.ubbock; as the jjresidential 
 honors last for each incumbent but one year. Sir John 
 TiUbl)ock, was re]ilaced by a Londf)n Professor, Dr. 
 Siemens, witli whom it was my gdod fortuni; to become 
 accpniinted ; next suujuier the Association is ox]iected 
 to meet, under him, at Southam]iton. It has l)een 
 stated that ste])s will then be taken to induce the 
 Association to hold in Canada, in ISSo, its annual 
 mt'eting; assuredly the iirst ailvent on our shores of 
 a bodv numberiui' three or four thousand of the leadinsr 
 scientists in the world will b(» in our annals a Ked- 
 letter day, (Loud apphutse). 
 
 To my accidental presence in York, I owe the plea- 
 sure of having seen or listened to many of the leading 
 scientists of the age : Huxley, Owen, Lubbock, 
 
 
 i:4 
 
 ■ h 
 
■ 
 
 Ml 
 
 ml 
 of 
 
 "g 
 ■d- 
 
 — 427 — 
 
 Sieiiu'iis, Newton, Jinniscy, Thomson, Herbert, Spencer, 
 Hooker, Clroves, Car]ienter, 8]iottis\voode, Flowers, Asa 
 Gray, Marsli, Whitney, and scores of other bright stars 
 in the world of science. 
 
 And to tlu; hcnior (tf boinj,' I'resident of the Literary 
 and Historical Society of Quebec, I found myself 
 indebted for an associates member's ticket and a reserved 
 seat, close to those veterans of science ; let me tell you 
 that in such a vast apartment as tlu! York Kxhibitiun 
 Room, in which close on ;-),00() jiersons were seated, a 
 reserved seat was (|uite an a]i])r(!cialile }»iec(s of good luck. 
 
 The facilities all'orded by the York jiress, as W(dl as 
 tlm jirinted directions, /*ro«7Mrrr,s' and journals of each 
 days ]»roceedin<,'s, placed at my (lisj)osal anijile infor- 
 mation, to which you aie welcome, touching the 
 Association's aims, ]irogrcss and results. 
 
 " Estinuiting its success by the number of members 
 and associates attending its m(!etings, the Uritish Asso- 
 ciation, we find, lias made rajiid strides since the year 
 1831, when ll <• were ."53 ]»t'rsons i^resent in the 
 theatre of the \..ii> litre Museum. In liS34, wh'n the 
 association met at Edinburgh, under the ])resi(le'iicy of 
 Sir T. M. Brisbane, 1). (J. L., there was a total* mem- 
 bership of 1,208. Three years later the association met 
 at Liverpool, tin; Earl of Uuilington presiding, when 
 those in attendance numbeicd 1,840. This number was 
 increased to 2,400 at Newcastle-on-Tyne, in the follow- 
 ing year, when the chair was occu])ied by the Duke of 
 Northundjcrland. 
 
 Then followed a falling off to 1,438 at Birmingham 
 in 1839, when the Ilev. W. Vernon Hfircourt took the 
 chair; and a still further reduction, at Olasgow, in 1840, 
 (the IMarquis of Breadalbaiie presiding), wIkju ihcix- 
 were l,3r'3 i^ersons in attendance. In the subsequent 
 years the diminution in numbers was most marked, 
 only 891 persons journeying to Plymouth to attend the 
 meeting under the ])residency of the Kev. W. Whewell, 
 F. R. S. Then there came another leap at Manchester 
 
 ;:|-;il; 
 
 1! 
 
 
 «i 'i 
 
 ^11 
 
tk, 
 
 "1 
 
 M'-^ 
 
 ':!■[ 
 Li 
 
 Si 
 
 — 428 — 
 
 in 1842, w'lien Lord Francis J^^gerton, ])resi(l(!d, and liad 
 the ideasnro of being surrounded by a coni|>any nnni- 
 bering 1,.'315. From Mancliester the Association went 
 over to the Sister Isle and met, at Cork, nnchsr the chair- 
 manshij) of the Earl of Rosse, F. II. S., after which it 
 returned to the ])lace of its nativity, where the Itev. G. 
 I'eacfick, D.I)., filled the presidential chair. From 184r) 
 to 1855, 'the chair was occupied by Sir John 1\ W. 
 Herscheli, Sir Koderick MiU'chison, Sir llobcat Inglis, 
 the Maniuis of Norlhanqiton, the Kev. T. li. llobinson. 
 D.l)., Sir David Urewster, Mr. (1. B. Airy (Astronomer 
 Eoyal,) Lieut. (Jeneral Sabine, the Farl f)f llairowby, 
 and the Duke of Argyll. During these years the 
 .')l*('ndance varied consideral»Iy, from 715 in 1851 to 
 2,133 in 1855. 
 
 UntU'r tlie iiresideiu'y of Lrofessor Dau])eny, M. D., 
 at Cheltenham, in 1850, the meetings were attendeilby 
 1,115; ])Mt that number was ab»u»st doul)led, in 1857, 
 at Dublin, when there weie 2,02-i members and asso- 
 ciates present. Notwithstaniling the })i'esene(^ of the 
 I'rinee Consort, at (he Aberdeen meeting, in 1858, there 
 was a falling oil: 1,()1)8, in number. It ran u]» again to 
 2,564 at Oxford in tin; fallowing year, when the chair 
 was occupied by Lord 'A'lottisley. At IManehestt^r, in 
 18G1, and Neweastle-on-'i'yne, in ISIni, the two most 
 successful meetings of flu; association in regard to 
 nundiers have been lield. Dr. William Faii'liairn, F. L'. 
 S., at (he former, and Sir W. (!. Armstrong, at the latter 
 tdwn, had the honour of pi'esiding t)V(!r 3,1 Mi) and 3,335 
 persons res]>ectively. Since that time the, number have 
 not varied greatly from year to year, but have main- 
 tained a coniparativi'ly steady balance between 1,850 
 and 2,802, with the exception h(twever, of I'lymouth 
 in 1877, whei; thei'e weri^ only 1,217 ])ersons present, 
 and Sheffield in 187i>, when the attenilanee numbered 
 1,404 only. During these years the jiresidential chair 
 was occnjiied, anmngst others, by Dr. Jfichard Owen, 
 D.C.L. ; the Kev. rrofcssor Willis; Sir Charles Lyell, 
 
._ 429 — 
 
 Bart.; Trofessov J. riiillips, LL. I)., &c. ; Mr. Justice 
 Groves, the Duke ul' IWiccleucli, ])r. Joseph JJ. Hooker, 
 l*rof(!Ssor (1. G. Stok(!s, I'lofessor Huxley, Sir W. Thom- 
 son, Dr. \V. li. Ciirpi'Mter, I'njfessor A. Winiiuusou, Mr. 
 W, S|iotis\voo(le, LL. D., t&c, (jiresideut ofthe RdViil 
 Society), Professor (I. -L Alhuun, LT . D., V. II. S., ^c. 
 
 Aniouj^' llios(( eii|;er to I'cuchfr hoiumaj,'e to seienta', iis 
 well us to i'liilil toWiU'tls their (nstiii,nuish(!(l visitors tin; 
 pleasiiut duties of hospitiility, tiio /iltcmtl, historiiius 
 and aiiti(iuariaus (jf the town, took a ])ronjiuent part. 
 York, was diiscrihul, sketched and discussffd, in llie 
 ])ress, in the leading Fiii|.,disli Iteviews and ^LiL;a/ines, 
 under eveiy asjject. Foremost niiijht he mentioned the 
 learned Canon IJainc, and Mr. Kdwin Goadhy, who 
 l'urnish(!d most (dahorate and s(;h()larly (hiscriptions of 
 tlu! fa!U(nis old town. The leading' -lournal, the York 
 Herald, enlar<fed its spa(H; from (iight slieets to sixteen : 
 each morning, it containetl most interesting historical 
 data on V(trk, and a copious sumnuiry of the daily jiro- 
 ceedings of the IJritish Ass(»ciation, as well as (ixcei'pts 
 of the i*apers and Kssays read hy leaiiied Professors. 
 
 Each department of science, had its section, its ]tre- 
 sid(int, its separate meeting place, (!very day from 10 
 A.. M., during that h^stive week. In addition to the 
 rnetitings of the sections, three grand littu'ary soln'cs were 
 held at the York Kxhihition Jiooms, for which tickets 
 costing two sovereigns were issuiid. More than 2,0(10 
 cultured outsiders had heen attracted hy I'.k! Juhilee of 
 the British Association ; the city was alive v.ilh bustle 
 and thronged with British Pi'ofessors, old and young; 
 {<(tV(intN fi'om France, Geiinany, America,, even from 
 Jajjan : the display lastecl oue wh(il(( week and was 
 enlivened l)y social gatherings, " At homes, " gai'dcn 
 ])arties, excursions to S(^arl)orough, Castle Howard, 
 Helmsley Castle, Pievaulx Ahhey, and other historic 
 spots' in the neighltouihood. 
 
 I attended as many, as I could of the nunMiing sittings 
 and some of the literary and scientific suirc'as in the 
 
 li 
 
 
 
 ■f I 
 
 ■ft: '' 
 
 ,t 
 
430 
 
 I'" ' 
 
 >-' 
 
 
 Exhibition Eooms. History, Geography, Geology^ 
 Chemistry, Paleonthology, Botany, Zoology, Elec- 
 tricity, Trade, Statistics, each had one or more elo- 
 quent exponents. Of all the eminent men I saw or 
 listened to, the " veteran of science, " as his confreres 
 took pleasure in styling him, white-haired, genial old 
 Eichard Owen and Professor Huxley, attracted most 
 my attention. Though I did not feel myself called on 
 to accept at once the bright, but uncertain light of Evo- 
 lution, how could I fail being struck with the lucidity 
 of exposition, the marvellous flow of oratory, the glow 
 of science, at the easy and constant command of Pro- 
 fessor Huxley : a born orator ? 
 
 The subjects which engaged the attention of the 
 Association were of a most varied i^ature and touched 
 nearly every department of science. 
 
 Many were very novel ; some, rather abstruse ; 
 several, though seemingly of paramount interest to 
 savants, apparently, not practical for the million, I 
 subjoin a few by way of illustration : 
 
 Dr, S, Houghton read a ])aper : On the Efeds of 
 Gulf Streams upon Clhuate." 
 
 The new President Dr, C, W. Siemens " On some 
 Applications of Electric Energy to Horticultural and 
 Agricultural Purposes" and gave out as the result of 
 his experiments that the growth of plants and flowers can 
 be greatly stimulated by giving them by night, Electric 
 light ; this novel theory attracted much attention. A, W. 
 Bennett : spoke " On the colours of Spring Flotuers."^ 
 
 Professor R. W. Atkinson read a communication 
 intituled : "Brewing in Japan." 
 
 Professor J, Prestwich, held forth : " On the causes 
 of Volcanic action." 
 
 Dr, Beddoe : " On the stature of the Inhabitants of 
 Hungary." 
 
 Wm, E, A, Axon : " On Corn and Cattle." 
 
 Wm, Westgarth, of London : " On a general Bank- 
 ing Law for the United Kingdam." 
 
 
_ 431 — 
 
 J. E. Dawson, struck a symyuitlietic cord, when lie 
 stood u]) and held forth : " 0)i the economical effects of 
 using cheap gas for (jas-meters with a descriptioji of 
 the Apparatus for producing it" 
 
 E. Pickwell, treated: " Of Continuous Door-Locks 
 and Foot-Boards for Railway Carriages." 
 
 Professor Seely : " On the Evolution of the Plesiau- 
 sorus." 
 
 Professor Thorpe : " On Chemical action hetw'een 
 Solids." 
 
 The Papers on Geology and Geograjthy were ])arti- 
 cularly interesting, 
 
 A scientist from our side of the water, Professor 
 0. 0. Marsh, ol Yale College, in a remarkable ])a])er, 
 held forth on the characteristics of the Archmopteryx, 
 an extinct spicies, a Jurassic Bird, half serpent, half 
 Bird ; of which three s[)ecimens only wore known to 
 exist : one, at Philadeljjhia, an other, at Munich, a 
 third, in the British Museum : his exi»lanations of the 
 structure of this gigantic individual of the genus 
 Strnthyonidae seemed to rivet the attention of the 
 European savants. I felt inclined to say " Welldone " 
 America ! when Professor ]\Iarsh sat down amidst hearty 
 applause, A Paris Professor, Cyparissos Stei)hanos 
 di>.coursed in French on an abstruse mathematical 
 question: '' Sur les faisceaux de forme biquadratique 
 binaire ayant une meme Jacobienne." 
 
 Professeur Halpen : " Sur une classe d'dquations 
 diffdrentielles li n^aires." 
 
 T, E, Clark, B. S. C, : " On glacial Section at York." 
 
 Ladies and G jntlemen. — Our varied, our jaunty little 
 excursion from home must now draw to a close. 
 
 The time has come for me to bid adieu to the pleasant, 
 hospitable, cultured old land beyond the sea, and to 
 commit myself to the safe-keeping of Capt. Dutton and 
 his good ship " Sardinian." Westward Ho ' will now be 
 our motto. 
 
 Though I have revelled, whilst abroad in many im- 
 
 y I J. 
 
 
 
l! 
 
 
 Hi: ■. 
 
 
 ■t. 
 
 1^' 
 
 — 432 — 
 
 posing sights, let me tell yon, I felt happy, in again 
 turning my face to my native shores, not in the least 
 downhearted with our own Canada. 
 
 Magnificent, striking sjiectacles I have indeed wit- 
 nessed, in England, Scotland, IreLuid, France, Bel- 
 ginm, *S:c., but whether from the picturesque ruins of 
 Scarborough Castle; from Arthur's Seat; or looking 
 across the si)arkling watei's of Moville Bay, from the 
 sublime, though delapidated walls of Green Castle, 
 Donegal; or contemjilating gaudy Paris, and the historic 
 heights of ]M(»uttuartre from the lofty summit of the 
 Colonne de la BantiUe ; or from the top of the lion- 
 crownod Mound on Waterloo ])lain, compassing, at one 
 glance, a famous battlefield of the i)ast, no where, have 
 mv eves been feasted with a nobler view than you can 
 any day obtain from thu brow of Ca[)e DiauKuid or 
 from the world-renowned terrace Quebec owes to our 
 regretted late (Tovernor-General ; and aft(U' scanning 
 and with our own comparing, the institutions, the 
 aspirations, the freedom, civil, religious and political 
 of other peoples, without envying them their glory, 
 their wisdom, their greatness, Imt on the contrary taking 
 fidl note of the same, I felt proud of the strides our 
 country was making in the raceof improvement, expan- 
 sion and ])rogres8 ; ])rouder still of the recognition Canada 
 which its wealth of mines, i)hos]ihates, asbestos, 
 pastures and wheat fields, was ra])idly gaining in Europe 
 (applause) ; full of hojie in our future, I felt on round- 
 ing Pointe-Levi, inclined to repeat the impassioned 
 utterances of that true friend to (Quebec, Lord Dufferin, 
 when addressing a meeting, at Bidfast, on the 11th 
 June, 1872. (Prolonged applause.) 
 
 v.:-:] 
 
— 433 — 
 
 MEETIXGS OF THK ASSOCIATIOV SIN'CE ITS FORMATION. 
 
 The following list of dates and places of meeting, and presi- 
 dents of the British Association from its creation 
 in 1831, may be interesting: 
 
 Where held. 
 
 Presidents. 
 
 18:il 
 is:i2 
 
 is:u 
 18:;:, 
 1h;{(| 
 IW 
 
 ISMH 
 
 mi.) 
 
 18J() 
 1S41 
 1842 
 
 isi;{ 
 
 IHM 
 
 1840 
 
 1841! 
 
 1847 
 
 1848 
 
 184iii 
 
 18.-,(l, 
 
 1851 
 
 I8r,2| 
 
 18-),V 
 
 18;-it 
 
 1855^ 
 
 Isr.TI 
 
 18581 
 185i) 
 181)11 
 181)1 1 
 18()2 
 IStW 
 18ti4 
 18t)5 
 181)11 
 181)7 
 181)8 
 IHtJit 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 lH7(i 
 1877 
 1878 
 187!t 
 18811 
 
 iKX) 
 12',i8 
 
 rm 
 
 1840 
 24(M) 
 
 i4;is 
 
 i;55:{ 
 
 s:i] 
 
 i;{i5 
 
 i(Vi('i 
 
 li)7!l 
 
 S57 
 
 i a tt 
 
 
 — ^ O 
 
 i ij 3 •" '• 
 
 York Knrl Fitzwilliain. D.C.L I 35;j 
 
 Oxford Kov. W. I'.ucklund, F.R.S |.... 
 
 Ciimbridpcc Rev. A Sedgwick, F.lt.S. 
 
 Kdiiihurgh Sir T. M. nrishiine. D.C.L. 
 
 Duljlin Hev. Prov. I.loyd, LL.D... 
 
 IJri.stol Miirquis of Liinsdownc . . . 
 
 Liverpool Kjirl of liiirlin^'ton, F.U.S. 
 
 N'ewcnstle-ou-Tyne . Duke of Xortliiiiiiberliiiid. 
 
 Hinninurlmm Uev. \\\ \'i'riioii lliircoiirt 
 
 (iliisKow Miinniisof Hri'iidiiHmno. . . 
 
 Plymouth Kev. \V. Wliewell, F.K..S. . 
 
 .Miinohester Lord Frimeis KKcrton 
 
 Cork KurlofRos.se, F.U.fj 
 
 York Rev. (!. Peacoek.D.D 
 
 Cambriilse Sir .John F. ^V. Herschell . 
 
 Southampton Sir 1{. [. Mun-liison 
 
 O.xford Sir R. H. IiikMs 12ti(t 
 
 Swansea .Manjuis of .Vorthampton.. irjil 
 
 Rirmin^hani Rev. T. R. Rohiiison, l>.D 1()71 
 
 Edinljuri;h Sir Uavid IJri'wster, K.II 1241 
 
 rp.s\vi(!h (J. B. .Airy, Ksq., .Vstron. Royal. "Id 
 
 Belfast Lt.-(Jen. Sabine, F.R.S IIOH 
 
 Hull \V. Hopkins, Ksii., F.R.S S7t)| 
 
 Liverpool Karl ot llarrowby, F.R.S 1H(I2' 
 
 (ibLsgow Dukeof Argyll, F.R.S 2i:;;i| 
 
 Cheltenham Profe.ssor Daiibeny, M.D 1115 
 
 Dublin Rev. Ilumphy. Lloyil. U.D 2(^21 
 
 Leeds Ried. Owen, M.I).. D.C.L IHIk: 
 
 Aberdeen II. R. II. Prinee Consort 25i)4 
 
 O.xford Lord Wrollesley, .M.A liWit 
 
 •Manchester Wm. Fairbairn. LL.D.,F. R. .S. . l.il.SO 
 
 Cambridge Rev. Prof. Willis, M.A ]1]()1 
 
 Neweastle-on-Tync. Sir W. O. Armstrong. C.R 'X\:i') 
 
 Hath SirC. Lyell, liart.,M.P :2sii2 
 
 UirminKham Prof. .7. Piiillips, M.A.,LL.D. . . I'.t!i7 
 
 Nottingham W. R. (Jrove, (^.C. F.R.S S.'m 
 
 Dundee Duke of I'.nerleuidi. lv.<".l! 2144 
 
 Xorwieh Dr.l. 1). Hooker, F.R.S 2iHi4 
 
 E.xeter Prof, i i. C. Stokes, D.C.L ]<>>■, 
 
 Liverpool Prof. T. llii.xley, L.L.D 2.178 
 
 Kdinl)urgh Prof. Sir W. 'rhoniuson, LL.D. . 2V'C> 
 
 Brighton Dr W. Carpenter, LL.D..F 
 
 F.l 
 
 Bradford Dr A 
 
 Belfast Prof. 
 
 - '• 3 
 
 Bristol Sir .1 
 
 <llasgow Prof. 
 
 Plymouth Prof. 
 
 Dublin Wm. 
 
 iShellield Prof. 
 
 Swansea 
 
 R.S 
 
 F.ti.S i25;« 
 
 . W. Williamson, F.R.S....'1<W3 
 .1. 'Kyndall, LL.D. .F.R.S VX 
 lliiwksliaw,C.K..F.R.S .. 2J4S 
 T. Aiiilrews, .M.D. .F.R.S .2771 
 A. Thomson, M.l>., F.R.S. .12 
 Siiottiswoode, M.A.,F.H.S 257s 
 <i..l. Allnnin,M.D..F.R.S.;1404 
 
 115 
 
 A. C. Ramsey, LL.D., F.R.S. . 
 
 707 
 
 iMi:{ 
 los5 
 
 020 
 1085 
 
 oo;! 
 
 1HH2 
 
 2311 
 
 Km 
 
 20] 5 
 liHl 
 2782 I 
 1001 , 
 3. '44 
 
 hm 
 
 ,31)40 
 2'.M)5 
 2227 
 24011 
 2013 
 2042 
 1031 
 ;!0'.M) 
 
 2575 
 
 20 
 
 108 
 
 4;i.5 
 
 018 
 
 it5() 
 
 15115 
 
 1540 
 
 12.3.5 
 
 1440 
 
 1.5i)5 
 
 081 
 
 sso 
 
 0S5 
 
 208 
 
 275 
 
 151t 
 
 .345 
 
 .301 
 
 304 
 
 205 
 
 liiO 
 
 480 
 
 734 
 
 507 
 
 1)18 
 
 li84 
 
 1241 
 
 1111 
 
 1203 
 
 li;08 
 
 128H 
 
 1501 
 
 1750 
 
 17.30 
 
 10 10 
 
 1022 
 
 1572 
 
 1472 
 
 21)40 
 
 12*5 
 
 2120 
 
 li;.3;5 
 
 1070 
 
 1151 
 
 2-".07 
 
 i»;o 
 
 3023 
 
 1002 
 
 12iiS 
 
 1128 
 
 2015 
 
 725 
 
 1425 
 
 1030 
 
 81>lt 
 
 731 
 
 u. 
 
 V 
 
 * 
 
 1 ' 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 m. 
 
II . 
 
 "ir 
 
 [From Quebec Morning CJironicle.] 
 
 BRIGHTON, SCAIIKOROUGII, VERSAILLES, AND THE 
 LION MOUNT OF WATERLOO. 
 
 INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 
 
 EEAU BKFOKE THE LITERAKY AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF QUEBEC, 
 27th NOVEMBER, 18S2, BY J. M. LEMOINE, F. R. S. C. 
 
 ■^i 
 
 fS^- 1 
 
 ;■>:•, 
 
 " The -svinter course of Lectures was opened with 
 ^clut last niyht at the rooms of the Literary and Histo- 
 rical Society, by the President, J. M. LeMoine, We are 
 enabled to-day to give his interesting lecture. His sub- 
 ject was " Eeminiscenses of Travel " in which he dealt 
 with Brighton, Scarbro', Versailles, and the field of 
 Waterloo." 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, 
 
 " I feel grateful, for the presence, this night, in this 
 room, of such a numerous and distinguished assemblage, 
 at the opening of our winter course of lectures. May I 
 gather from the circumstance an indication, if not a 
 proof of an increasing interest in and sympathy with 
 the efforts of this Society to promote culture, by pro- 
 viding intellectual amusement for its members. 
 
 My special line of studies had naturally induced me 
 to select for this occasion a subject calculated to fur- 
 ther more immediately one of the chief object contem- 
 plated by this Institution, the prosecution of resear- 
 ches bearing on American and Canadian annals. Some 
 material had already, with this view, been garnered 
 
I» 
 
 — 435 — 
 
 from ati extensive collection of rare and old maps and 
 charts, delineating on sea and land the line of travel of 
 the early discoverers of America. I soon found the 
 matter vaster even than I had anticipated; in fiict^ 
 requiring much more time than is at ray disposal. 
 Trusting to your forgiveness, I have departed from my 
 old and beaten track and shall this evening, with your 
 permission, place at your disposal, a few exceri)ts from 
 a Diary of Travel, I kept during a two month absence 
 from home in July and August, 1881. To many here 
 present, what I have to say, I ween, can have no 
 novelty. It may possibly serve to refresh the memory 
 of those sightseers, who have preceeded me and prepare 
 the minds of those who may come after me. 
 
 Let us then first view King George IV's Elysium. 
 
 BUIGIITON. 
 
 As a fashionable sea-bathing resort, where the upper 
 tendom of London disport themselves in sickness as 
 well as in health. I saw no spot more patronised, 
 more gorgeously and effectually equipped for j)leasure 
 and health, than the lovely town of Brighton on the 
 Southern coast of England. 
 
 Brighton, with a population of 103,281 souls, and an 
 annual influx of over 50,000 tourists and visitors, was 
 an obscure fishing- village down to 1753, in tin; county 
 of Sussex. 'Tis now famous through all England. 
 Brighton's original name was Brighthelmston, from 
 Brighthelm, an Anglo-Saxon Bishop, M'ho is reputed to 
 have founded it in ihe 10th century, and tan, a town. 
 Local histories tell us that the llomans had a settlement 
 here, as proved by the numerous coins and other anti- 
 quities of the Roman period which have been found 
 from time to time. The lord of the soil in the 11th 
 century was the great Earl Godwin, the father of the 
 last Anglo-Saxon King, Harold, who, as you know, lost 
 his Kingdom and his life at the battle of Hastings 
 (14th Oct., 10o6,) 
 
 m 
 
 Pi 
 
 I2 
 
 
 m 
 
 i 
 
IHHw^' 
 
 p;.; 
 
 
 
 .1 ,;;. ; ■ 
 
 i '^ .' 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 ^^- 'M 
 
 [-•■■< 
 
 — 436 — 
 
 From its jiroxiniity to London, 'tis indeed a welcome 
 haven (if ro]»ose — a sanitoriiDn for the wearied Lon- 
 doner, lonjfing for the Snnday or holiday, to tear him- 
 self from the fi;reat ISabylon of wealth, sqnalov, trade, 
 intellect and smoke. 
 
 The 3 p. m., ex])res3 train from the London Bridge, 
 or Victoria liailway station, rushes yon in one hour and 
 twenty minutes past rows of suburban brick cottages, 
 leafy old manors, ivy-mantled chapels, medieval 
 churches, under lofty viaducts, over the fifty-one inter- 
 vening miles between the metropolis and the loved sea- 
 side resort. 
 
 For a western traveller like me, never enamoured 
 of the English style of railway-travel and baggage- 
 checking system, judge of n)y thankfulness on my 
 emerging safe and unharmed from the dark, sooty, 
 underground tunnel, the Clayton tunnel, near Croydon : 
 Croydon, where only a few days previous had been 
 brought the mangled remains of poor old Mr. Gould. 
 His murderer, Lefroy, whose name was in every mouth, 
 was then yet unconvicted, unhung, unrepresented in 
 Madam Toussaud's Chamber of Horrors, which I was 
 soon to visit. These small locked railway compart- 
 ments, they may be a British institution, but the 
 country has other, has better institutions than this. 
 Possibly when some future Lefroy will have chloro- 
 formed or garotted a peer of the realm, a Lord Mayor, 
 a Bishop, or even a Railway Director — the torch of 
 enquiry will light up this question, and unprotected 
 passengers per rail will cease to be promiscuously 
 locked up in solitary railway compartments with garot- 
 ters and murderers. Croydon has a population of 5S,- 
 000 inhabitants; it was formerly the country residence 
 of the Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 At 4.30 p. m. I found myself on the ste])s of the 
 Grand Hotel, at Brighton, sniding the salt sea air and 
 gazing at the vast sunlit, sparkling bay, fringed with 
 countless bathing houses, studded by whole fleets of 
 
— 437 — 
 
 sailing and row boats, while the grey, level sands and 
 Esplanade above were densely packed with bathers 
 and pleasure-seekers of both sexes. Bath chairs, in 
 which lounged rheumatic old dowagers with fans, 
 vigorously fanning their withered, though still ruddy 
 English cheeks, wldlst sturdy porters wheeled their 
 Bath chairs across the Esplanade, and chaises iilled with 
 rosy children, drawn by mules, donkeys, or goats, with 
 here and tliere a velocipede, whirred ])ast. 
 
 How lively the scene and sweet the sounds, when 
 the moon's beams slumbers on the murmuring surf, 
 and a city bnud, from the new West Pier, sends forth 
 during the stillness of the evening, its soft strains! This 
 promenade each evening is much frequentetl ; the band 
 plays until ten, and "God Save the Queen" is the 
 signal for a general break u}>. 
 
 The city has a high reputation for its healthy climate 
 and its invigorating sea-breezes. "Thackery, in The 
 Kcwcomes, called it " Merry Doctor Brighton," and 
 sj)orting novels arc full of references to the hunting 
 which is famous in the neighlxirhood. Well-known 
 packs of harries and fox-hounds meet almost daily 
 during the winter months at points within easy reach 
 of Brighton. The young gentlenuMi of England can hunt 
 and flirt to their hearts' content from the opening of 
 cub-hunting until the last fox lias been killed; for there 
 are balls, routs, concerts, receptions, all the time. 
 Brighton is a gay place for the poor scions of noble 
 houses on the look-out for heiresses ; a choice hunting 
 ground for pemiiless adventurers on the watch for rich 
 widows : modern D'Orsays and Beau Brummels find 
 pleasant occupation here at the clubs and in society ; 
 while generals without regiments and parvenus with 
 country estates and houses in town pose in the sun at 
 the most popular hour of the day for doing the three- 
 mile drive by the sea. One day, at the fashionable 
 season of the year, not long since, I stood at the door 
 of the Old Ship, and it seemed to me as if Hyde Park, 
 
 lit 
 
 4 ? .' 
 
 
 ii 
 
 5 i 
 
 !*■ 
 
\f 
 
 — 438 — 
 
 hi 
 
 g 
 
 Regent street, and Mayfair, had just been emptied, 
 carriages, horses, servants, and all, into the King's 
 Road ; cabinet ministers and their wives, peers and 
 peeresses, journalists, artists, members of Pai'liament, 
 actors, ambassadors from foreign courts, operatic singers ; 
 a motley crowd, moving along as ifengagtid in a formal 
 procession en route for some stately rendcz-vous." 
 
 I find in my diaiy the following foot note, which 
 may interest the ladies. " One does occasionally meet 
 with M'hat one might be inclined to style, over-powering 
 toilettes, in these thronged sea-side resorts. On our way 
 from Brighton tf) Antwtn'p, in the ci'owd of Kuglish 
 travellers who besicycd with us the table d'hote, in the 
 sumptuous hotel dn (rrand Lahourenr, at Antwer]), I 
 shall not easily forget the sensation cU'uted by the 
 appearance of an testhetic .Damozel, apparelled in the 
 most advanced style. 
 
 In order to stand revealed as a blooming llebe, or a 
 full-blown Helen, 'tis not sutlicient for a plain girl to 
 don cathedral-grey colors and shades dear to the great 
 Oscar, with a string of blue beads round her neck, and 
 a sunlloM-er, lily, or chrysanthemum in her belt, tight- 
 fitting sleeves and big puffs at the elbows and shoul- 
 ders ; hail', cut short and frizzled to look like the grilled 
 quills of a ]iorcuimie 1 The sunflower did indeed cause 
 a sensation, but, assuredly, she did not seem what men 
 like to call 'a pretty creiiture.' 
 
 My next neighbor at table, a polite Parisian Avith 
 whom I ha])pened to be conversing, evidently startled 
 by the strange ajiparition of this aesthetic Venus, turned 
 up in hori'or the white of his eyes, and leaning over to 
 me, close to my ear, his agonized feelings found vent 
 in one exj.ression — one only " Mais, c'est afreux ! !' " 
 
 Brighton, the " Queen of the Southern watering 
 place — as she is styled — has indeed, many attractive 
 sights, none more so than her spacious beach, her 
 grand a(piarium — " the largest fresh and salt water 
 aquarium in the world ", you are told, and the gor- 
 
— 439 — 
 
 geous pavilion, near the oM Steyne square, dating from 
 1783, tlie Marine Villa of the Prince of Wales, later 
 on, George IV. 
 
 What gave rise to it, it seems, was a visit this gay 
 Lothario paid to his uncle and aunt, the Duke and 
 Duchess of Cumberland, in 1782. Young I'rince George 
 was so charmed during a sojourn there of eleven days, 
 with the " tisher village," that he determined to have a 
 nuirine villa at Brighton ; nay, it cost over £2r>0,()()0 
 sterling of English ta\-i)ayers money to complete and 
 decorate tliis Alhamhra, this costly eastern dream of 
 an English Prince. The building was first known as the 
 Rotunda, when owned by its Royal Founder, the; Prince 
 of Wales. It was styled in 1824, the I'avilion ; William 
 IV added the northern and southern gateways. " 
 
 I can recall on a bright duly morning, winding my 
 way in the Pavilion grounds to visit this striking, 
 fairy-like abode. Suite after suite of lofty, circular, 
 oval or square rooms, ornamented with tapestry and 
 chandeliers of exquisite workmanshiji ; the most costly 
 of chandeliers is that hung in the lianquetting Room. 
 This lustre has ipiite a story. 
 
 It had been intended, in 1814, as a gift, Ijy the 
 English Government to the Em})eior of China, with the 
 object of o])ening u]) commercial relations with the 
 Brother of tlie Sun and ]\Ioon. The Euglisli. ambassador, 
 Lord Macartney, failing in his negotiations, the chande- 
 delier, which had cost £2,000 sterling, was brought 
 back to England and placed in the Brighton Pavilion 
 by the Prince Regent. 
 
 There it remained till William IV and (^ueen Ade- 
 laide occupied the Pavilion, when His Majesty, we are 
 told, ordercil its removiil, not however from any want 
 of appreciation of its beauty, but from a superstitious 
 belief in dreams. Queen Adelaide having dreamed that 
 the chandelier had fallen down and crushed some of the 
 attendants upon the Court, Her Royal husliand had it 
 removed, fearing that some of the supports which held 
 
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 r 
 
 ' "■ .;'?' '' 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
W. V 
 
 — 440 — 
 
 i't J' -M 
 
 I (; 
 
 IriS 
 
 it, would givo wny and that a fatal accidouc might 
 occur. 
 
 For several years the chandelier lay stored away in a 
 workslidp in St. James ])lace, lirighton, but on Queen 
 Victoria using the Piivilion as a marine residence, it 
 was restored to its original ])osition, being again removed 
 when the Pavilion was dismantled, on Her Majesty 
 giving up iJiighton for Usborni'. The chandelier Avas 
 removed with the other fittings to Buckingham I'alace, 
 where it remained till 18G4, when it was again 
 restonid as now seen. To this brief sketch of the 
 great chandelier and its vicissitudes may be added the 
 fact, that the vessel which brough it back from China 
 Avas wrecked on her homeward voyage. 
 
 Space ])recludes my dwelling on all the eastern 
 splendor of the Koyal Pavilion, its s])acious vestibule, 
 Chinese corridcjr, excjuisite music room, sumptuous 
 banquetting Hall, gaudy drawing room, etc. 
 
 As to the banquetting roojn and its arched, embla- 
 zoned dome, no word ])ainting can ])roduce a faithful 
 portraiture. What particidarly struck me, was a cornice 
 of a most elegant form, ornamented at the top with the 
 leaf of the Chinese lily, and at the bottom with pendant 
 trefoils and bells ; the centres of the arches were pierced 
 with oblong, stained windows bordered with gold and 
 pearl and the lozenge-shaped panes were embellished 
 with Chinese devices and myth(jlogical animals. The 
 domed ceiling re])resents an Eastern sky against which 
 a gigantic ])alm tree rears its broad and luxuriant head. 
 
 ilY. 
 
 ,1 
 
 and, mingled with its s]ireading foliagi 
 hangs in clusters in every stage of de\ 
 the o])ening blossom to the ripeui'io (') 
 resplendent, -waving leaves 11 
 dragon, carrying in its claws the ipendo 
 already spoken of, and from the Imii antlrs of the cor- 
 nice issue, in full flight, as if alarmed \ the dragon, 
 four sidendidl}* carved and brilliantly painted figures... 
 each supporting a lustre corresponding in elegance and 
 
 e 
 om 
 'he 
 
 nst ''ry 
 chanuelier 
 
 ;* . I 
 

 — 441 — 
 
 not iuforior in brilliancy to the largo chandoliur in the 
 centre. Snch in the description dinneil in my oar by my 
 Brighton ciceronno ; bnt oiiongh of tins gilt, shall wo 
 say, tawdry pageant of a distant, but prolMgato era. 
 ^Vllat has history to write anent the master of this 
 Eastern Pagoda? How much Hordcaux, Ihirgundy, 
 Clos Vougeot and old Cognac has boon (lUiillod, under 
 the rays which of yore descended from that same chan- 
 delier by that handsome, gay, witty, l)Ut godless Prince, 
 that heartless voluptuary and his heartless wassailers ? 
 And when sauntering over those grounds with their 
 gravelly walks ami stately trees, ])ast the marl)le statue 
 of that worthy Mayoi' of Brighton, knighted by the 
 Queen, in 187o, Sir Cordy Purrows, my tlioughts 
 reverted to the scene so thrillingly nscalled l>y the great 
 satirist of England — tlu; " first gentlemen ol' Europe " 
 looking a])])rovingly on the disgrace ofa grey-haired and 
 great nobleman, the Duke of Norfolk, I asked myself, 
 where now are the once envied, but now " defunct 
 revelers wlu) boxed and gambled, and draidv and drove 
 witli King George." 'Tis true the Master of Carlton 
 House, at one time consorted with men like Burke, 
 Pitt, Sheridan, Fox. 'Tis certain that, in 1823, he was 
 on his visit to Scotland, championed by that " royal 
 cavalier " and wondrous writer, Walter Scott, but the 
 gilt and velvet ci shioned halls of the iirighton Alham- 
 bra, th(> Potnnda, more than one eclujed the coarse 
 ribaldry of horse jockeys, buflbons, ]>rocurers, tailors, 
 boxers, fencing, masters," to the disgust no doubt of 
 poor, deserted Queen Caroline, and evtni of pretty Mrs. 
 Fitzherbert. These were the ])almy days of th(! "fii'st 
 gentleman of Europe" — alas! And was it iu»t natural, 
 even had the growing town not concealed the view of the 
 sea, from the Pavilion, that accustomed to a pure social 
 atmosphere, our spotless sovereign, in 1844, should have 
 bid adieu to George TV's, Marine Villa, his patit 
 Trianon, at Brighton ! 
 
 ^1 
 
 'I 
 
 ■I 
 
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 iii 
 

 
 'i^<< 
 
 'i'' 
 
 f ! I 
 
 — 442 — 
 
 SCARliOKOUGH. 
 
 " The gazing seaman here entranced stands, 
 Wliile, fair unfolding from her concave slope, 
 He Scarborough views. The sandy pediment 
 First, gently raised above tlie wat'ry plain. 
 Embraces wide the waves ; tlie lower domes 
 Next lift their heads ; then swiftly roof o'er roof. 
 Witli many a weary step, the streets arise, 
 Te.ititudinous, till half o'ercome the cliff, 
 A swollii'g fabric, dear to heaven, aspires, 
 !^^ajestic even in ruin •»••*» 
 But see yon citadel, with heavy walls, 
 That rise still prouder on the mountain's peak. 
 From EiuMis, Boreas, and th(> kindred storms. 
 Shielding the favored iiaven." 
 
 (Mark Foster) 
 
 My lectilloctious of tliis famous snnmieT retreat will 
 ever retain a fresh ])liice in my memory from being 
 connected willi a very agreeable excursion to Scarbor- 
 ougL, when attending at York, in September, IS.Sl, the 
 meetings of the Britisli Association, whose iiftieth anni- 
 versary was solemnized with so much eclat. 
 
 If Bi'in'hton is reckoned the J?outhern (hieen of 
 English watering places, Scarborough is justly ))roud of 
 the title she l)eais, of the Northern Qiieen of Watering 
 Places. " Ni'stling in the recess of a lovely bay, with a 
 coast extending to Flamborough TIead; ja'esenting an 
 almost boundless extent of ocean ; constantly bearing 
 on its waters fleets of vessels jiassing to and fro; pos- 
 sessing an extensive beach of smooth and (irm sands, 
 sloping down to theseii with rocks and deejtly indented 
 bavs, gradually risinu; t^\■o hundred feet from the very 
 shore in successive tiers of we luh'ained streets, in *he 
 form of an amphitheatre on the concave surface, as it 
 were of a send-circular bay ; the veuc rab!e walls of 
 Scarborough Castle adorning the summit of a promon- 
 tory three hundred feet high, forming the Eiisteru 
 a])ex " ; its sj)lendid iron bridges four hundred feet in 
 length, the numerous hshing and pleasure boats and 
 
— U[ 
 
 steamers, its sands crowded with a joyous company, 
 riding, driving, walking or bathing; all these features 
 combine to make the ])lace exceedingly attractive. 
 
 On alighting from the train on the outskirts of the 
 town I was ])articularly struck with the comniauding 
 appearance of Oliver's Mount (wrongly, it is said, con- 
 nected Avith Old Ironsides.) It rises six hundred feet 
 above the level of the sea. Leaving aside for lack of 
 time the saline and mineral springs, celebrated as far 
 back as 1G20, I hastened to pay my respects to the 
 hoary ruins of its giim oM furtres — Scarborough Castle. 
 The Jioniaus once occupied the lofty ])romontory where 
 the castU' was subseipicntly liuilt l)y Llie Earl of Albe- 
 marle in the year 11 80. The castle was taken in 1.'512. 
 It had been repeatedly besieged in 15oG. " When the 
 rebellion broke out, it was held for the King by Sir 
 Hugh Clioluieley. In Feljniary, IG-i-l, the town was 
 stormed by the Parliamentary forces under Sir John 
 Meldrum, but the fortress held out, and only cai)itul- 
 ated after a most gallant defence with all the honors of 
 war. jNfauy of Sir Hugh's oflicers and soldiers were in 
 so weak a coMditi(ju that they hiid to Ijc brought out in 
 sheets; others were helped (»ut Ijetween two men; and 
 all of them were unable; to march. I-ady Cliolmeley 
 was with her husb;iud during the siege, and greatly 
 assisted in the defence, nursing, tending and feeih'ug 
 the sick and di'essiiig the wounds of the wounded. So 
 impressed were the Parliamentary leaders with the 
 importance of the position, that they ordered a < lay of 
 thanksgiving for tin; caj/ituliition of the forti'ess. In 
 1G48, it had to unrlergo a, second siege." This rare 
 little bit of history, disclosii.'g the Florence Nightingale 
 of the period. Lady Cliolmeley, as a heroine, I mention 
 for the especial information of my lady lu'arers. It 
 gave me much more iut'^rest in the veneralile, storm- 
 beaten fort, than the information which my guide 
 imparted, viz: that " in IGGG, George Fox, the founder 
 of the Society of F'riends, was conHned here." 
 
 
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 li -^ 
 
 
 

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 ,1. !.(;■■ ;;■ 
 
 mix. 
 
 IM 
 
 — 444 — 
 
 From these airy heights, of Custle Cliff, I descended 
 leisurely, musing on what my newly-disf*f>vered heroine, 
 Lady Cholmeley, might be like, occasionally gazing 
 seaward, where huge ships were tossing like cockle 
 shells on the troubled bosom of the German Ocean ; I 
 walked across the stone bridge, which replaced the 
 draw-bridge of the castel, removed in 1826, and was 
 soon confortably seated in the ample hall of the leading 
 hostelry. This costly structure, also known as the 
 Grand Hotel, the sea front of which is ten stories high, 
 is reputed one of the largest hotels in Ei.;j;-land; 'tis 
 certainly very roomy, elegant and ]ticturos(|ii;lv located. 
 
 In connection with the Bill of faro of vhese sumptuous 
 hotels, there is one feature at which ]>rillat-Savarin 
 would fall in ecstacies ; tliat is the fish course : fried 
 soles, delicate, tiny shrimps, exquisite M'liit(,'-bait, 
 luscious Lockfyne herrings and such turbot ! I found 
 I knew not what a good herring was until, I feasted on 
 a fat one, fresh from the heather-scented locks of old 
 Scotia. 
 
 No wonder a successful Londoner longs to grasp the 
 envied position of an Alderman, so that his turbot exis- 
 tence nuiy commence; the whole thing M'as made clear 
 to me. 
 
 There is less glitter in the large hotels beyond the 
 sea, than in those on our side, perhaps more comfort ; 
 no where did I see anything to came up for si)leudor 
 with our " Windsor. " 
 
 The most popular plad.'S of amusement at Scarbo- 
 rough (re the Spa, The A(|uarium, the Museum. The 
 ne' pa comprises a range of buildings opened, in 1880 
 by the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress of London — 
 the Lord Mayor of York and tlie j\layor of Scarborough. 
 It includes a vast hall capaljle of seating 3,000 ])ersons, 
 a spacious ])romenade, a jtrcftty theatre, a restaurant, 
 billiard, reading and reception rooms. The S])a is the 
 centre of fashionable life in the "season" which here 
 closes earlier than at Brighton ; the variety and bril- 
 
— 445 — 
 
 liancy of the toilettes; the ever-moving panorama of 
 new faces on the great jjromenade ; the nobility of the 
 land, occasionally mixing with the nobility of com- 
 merce ; the subdned "good form," ways of tliis English 
 ftishionable crowd, so different from the gay, noisy 
 votaries of fashion, I had met at some of the French 
 watering places, or on the Boulevards Italiens, left a 
 pleasurable, a lasting im])ression on my mind. 
 
 On tlu; south cliff of tlie Spa, there are numerous, 
 ornate dwellings ; most conspicuous, the Prince of 
 Wales' Terrace. I ascended there by means of the life 
 or elevator, an easy and much used mode nf communi- 
 cation between this lofty ridge and the jironuniade 
 below ; the view and the elevator reminded me power- 
 fully of our Up})er and Lower Town and of our Quebec 
 elevator. 
 
 Scarborough is famous for its saline springs, its piers 
 jetting far out in the sea and which afford to the dis- 
 ciples of fashion many ])leasant tefe-a-tcte. The town is 
 separated in two ])arts by a valley, but co'inected ])y two 
 bridges which obviate the necessity of descent of the one 
 bill and ascent of the other. A lofty situation, rugged 
 scenery and historical souvenirs, in my ojunion a\\aid 
 it the palm over her luxurious, nntre ancient and more 
 wealthy rival, Brighton, the holiday resort of great 
 London. 
 
 VEUS.VILLES. 
 
 1 ) 
 
 * 
 
 : f 
 
 I * 
 
 
 " ''P:^ 
 
 Let us bid adieu to the white cliffs of old Ensfland, 
 the Island-home of a free people, of a privileged, exclu- 
 sive but educated nobility, tracing back to William the 
 Norman, the seat of learning as well as the paradise 
 of wealth, civilization and commerce. 
 
 Let us steer f(jr Dieppe, l{(jueu, the sunny Ixudvs 
 of the Seine, for brilliant, gay I'aiis. 
 
 Here we are comfortably housed in the Hotel Binda, 
 Rue (hi I'J'JclieJIe, closv to the Avenue Je V Opera not 
 very far fnjm the royal Louvre, the Champs-Elysees, 
 
 r 1 
 
( ' 
 
 hu 
 
 — 446 — 
 
 the Seine and its fourteen bridges. Oh ! how long we 
 would like to tarry here, that is provided any one could 
 guarantee us that a Nihilist, Socialist or Communist 
 mob might not rise in the night and burn us to a cinder 
 in the smoking ruins of the capital ! 
 
 Adieu ! then for the present grim historic Louvre, 
 with your inexhaustible treasures of art, &c. Adieu 
 for a few hours, lofty tapering, sculptured medieval 
 church spires ! Adieu green, solemn groves of .the Bois 
 de Boulogne only now recuperating from the wholesale 
 devastations inflicted, in 1871, by those enemies from 
 within, more merciles by far than the Prussians, the 
 Paris Commune ! 
 
 However varied and powerful the attraction of Paris, 
 there has been for us, from our earliest youth another 
 spot, which in our day-dreams we used to picture to 
 ourselves as a vista of those oriental palaces of which 
 we had read in the " Arabian Nights, " such marvelous 
 tales : that is the summer palace, parks and hunting 
 grounds of French Kings, from Louis XIII downwards, 
 gaudy, inimitable Versailles. And yet how obscure 
 its beginnings ! History makes mention of a certain 
 Hugo de Versaliis, a contemporary of the first Cape- 
 tian Kings, who owned a seignorial manor, on the 
 very site where the famous palace now stands. Little 
 could be have foreseen that the day would come when 
 the solitude round his hunting lodge, in the narrow 
 valley of Versailles would echo to the brilliant fetes 
 given to the crowned heads of Europe by the greatest 
 sovereign of the liourbon race of Kings, and that the 
 hunting carols of proud nobles as well as the " clairon 
 du rol " the accents of eloquent prelates like Bossuet 
 and M« iUon, the boisterous songs of the banquet, of 
 the godless wassailers of Louis XV and his Pompa- 
 dours and Dubarrys would on a future day replace the 
 sweet chimes of the Aiigelus, at the little priory church 
 of Saint-Julien, close by. 
 
— 447 ~ 
 
 In days of yore, Baron Hugo, and later on, his des- 
 cendants on returning from their expeditions to Spain 
 against the Moors, or from repelling the Northmen, 
 used to tarry for a 'vvhile at his Manor ; and after 
 returning thanks to Saint Julien, for the success of 
 their arms, they would organize a hunt in the deep, 
 virgin forest of Versailles, where nature has had to dis- 
 ap})ear before art. 
 
 A few centuries back, when the seigniory of Ver- 
 sailles was owned by Martial deLeomenie, it is recorded 
 how the unsuspecting seignior, in order to escajjc the 
 St. Bartholemew massacre, had made a gift of his lands 
 to Gondi, Marechal de lietz, who had undertaken to 
 obtain protection for him ; and how the infamous Mar- 
 shal having had him murdered on the 28th August, the 
 feast of Saint Julien, he had himself proclaimed Seignior 
 and took under the dais, the honored place of his victim. 
 History in the past reeks with accounts of similar foul 
 deeds. 
 
 It was Louis XIII, who, in 1634, caused his archi- 
 tect, Jacques Lemercier, to erect, on an eminence 
 crowned by a mill, where after the toilsome hunt he 
 was in the habit of finding a too modest place of rest, 
 the chateau of which his son Louis XIV, out of regard 
 to his royal parent, ] (reserved a part, that included in 
 the Cour de Marhre (Marble Court), and which the 
 talented Mansart sat like a curious gem, in the splendid 
 casket, erected by his genius. 
 
 Louis XIII, A'as in the habit of spending the sum- 
 mer at Versailles and the rest of the year at the Castle 
 of Saint-Germain, where he expired on the 14th March, 
 1643. 
 
 Louis XIV, born at St. Germain, on the 5th Septem- 
 ber, 1638, came for the first time to visit his father's 
 Chateau, at Versailles, on the 1 8th April, 1651, since, 
 which period he frequently returned to hunt there ; 
 he had also, 'tis said, taken a dislike to St. Germain, as 
 it commanded a view of the tower of St. Denis, the 
 
 'f' 
 
 ■I! 
 
 "i 
 
 m 
 
 11 : 
 
 
 
 

 — 448 — 
 
 9' 
 
 4' 
 
 
 royal burying place. The first entertainment given at 
 Versailles by the King took place in 1G64, Moliere, 
 attached to the royal household as valet de chamhre, 
 as he was styled, with his troop of actors had selected 
 as a comic piece Les Plaidm de Vile EnchanUe, of 
 which ]>enserade and President de Peregny had com- 
 posed the recitative in verse, whilst Lulli had composed 
 the music and directed the ballet scene, and an Italian 
 named Varini took charge of the decorations and pyro- 
 technic display, Moliere had also acted at the first fete 
 his Princesse d'Elide and Les Fiieheuo:. The grand 
 receptions and regal ontertainments continued at Ver- 
 sailles, where the King was having important works 
 carried on by his archit(3cts, Levau, Dorbay, and Man- 
 sart. It was on the 6th May, 108 2, that the Great 
 Louis removed his household gods to Versailles. 
 
 The highest talent of every order had been enlisted 
 by the monarch to design and decorate the royal demesne 
 and castle, where flocked the wits, great writers, illus- 
 trious divines, as well as the court favorites, the de la 
 Sabliere, Montespan, Maintenon et alim. From those 
 various grou]is arose like, an ambrosial atmosphere, 
 towards the Grand Monarqiie, the dangerous fumes of 
 flattery, sometimes, of shameless servility. Was he not 
 the King, who, on ascending the throne, had told his 
 Parliament " I'Etat, c'est moi ? "— " The State, 'tis I." 
 He, too, on viewing his costly pet creation, could say, 
 " Versailles, 'tis I." Versailles was indeed Louis XIV 
 all over. Those sculptured groups : those noble paintings 
 of memorable events comijassed by him ; those series of 
 victories due to French courage, French l)loo(l, French 
 devotion ; those thunderbolts of war, Conde, Turenne, 
 Villars, itc, put forward by him, surrounding him, 
 looking up to liirn as the sun of the ])lanet where they 
 revolved, far away beneath him, sometimes forgotten 
 or in disgrace : all spoke at Versailles of the great Louis. 
 Happy were they to be admitted in his Council Cham- 
 ber, reception or banquetting room to sing the praise of 
 
— 449 — 
 
 the august monarch, let us add, of the selfish, spoilt 
 Sultan of glittering Versailles. 
 
 It was a happy idea which insinred Louis Philippe, 
 in 1832, to repeople, with the names, glory and sou- 
 venirs of the great men, who in the past had lit up this 
 evanescent pageantry, by gathering there, the portraits 
 of these worthies, the views of the battles they had 
 fought for their country. Thanks to l'hilip})e Cham- 
 pagne, Lebrun, Puget, Ary-Scheit'er, Paul Delaroohe, 
 Horace Vernet, the Mitsde historlque de VersaiUes, 
 formed of selections from the Louvre and other public 
 galleries bring yoii face to face with the famous writers 
 and artists of the past, as well as with the warriors 
 whose fame is the patrimony of the nation : Vendome, 
 Schomberg, La Feuillade, Luxembourg, Villeroy, Tour- 
 ville, d'Estrdes, Catinat, Vauban, Richelieu, liiron, 
 Villars, Turenne, Condd, as well as the Generals of the 
 Republic and Em])ire, The Palace Chapel, a tasteful 
 edifice, dates from 1699. The interior is remarkable for 
 its gorgeous old French decorative style*; the exterior 
 is adorned with twenty-eight statues of apostles and 
 saints. Over the entrance of the door is the royal gal- 
 lery, above which Jouvenet painted, in 1709, a Descent 
 of the Holy Ghost, It took the ]minter, Charles de la 
 Fosse, four months to paint the Resurrection, over the 
 High Altar. The decorations of the altar and of the side 
 chapels are striking. 
 
 Saint Simon, in connection with the King's devotions 
 at the Royal Chapel, tells a little joke, which Major 
 Brissac, who commanded the King's Guards, played on 
 the fiishionoble and pretty cUuotes of the i)eriod. The 
 beau sexe vomid the palace were in the habit of crowding 
 the chapel seats on Sunday afternoons, bringing with, 
 them handsome little tai)ers to throw light on the text 
 of their prayer books, as well as on their pretty faces, 
 so that each might be recognized. It was easy to know 
 whether the King would attend by the presence of the 
 Guards, who preceded the entrance of Royalty, lirissac 
 29 
 
 I 
 
 1 i 
 
,li- 
 
 
 ■if; 
 
 ]'l^ ■ 
 
 ■''''. 
 
 
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 'J 
 
 — 450 — 
 
 on one occasion, in order to test the point whether it 
 Avas piety or vanity wiiich brought the fair ones to 
 cliurch in such numbers, rose, and brandishing his 
 hdton, gave the word of command — " Guards, with- 
 draw, the Iving wont be here to-day ! " This caused a 
 murmur among the ladies ; the tapers were extinguished 
 and the owners left, all except some truly pious ones 
 who remained in church. The seats being vacated, 
 Brissac recalled the guards, on the entrance of Eoyalty. 
 On leaving, Louis XIV, enquired from Brissac the 
 reason why the chapel was so deserted that day, and 
 being told the practical joke practised on his admirers, 
 he joined the court in a hearty laugh ; but Saint Simon 
 adds, that Major Brissac, though an intrepid soldier, 
 scarcely dared to face alone his fair enemies, craignant, 
 he adds, <l'etre MranijU par elles, lest they should 
 strangle him. 
 
 The Palace itself comprises more than one hundred 
 apartments ; had the Great Louis, like l*ygmalion, 
 feared secret poisoning, he could, like him have diver- 
 sified ad irijinitum his sleeping arrangements. 
 
 Striking battle scenes, naval engagements on canvass, 
 life-size pictures of the French sovereigns, their great 
 generals, admirals, men of science, letters, till the 
 ,salh dcs Croisadcs, salle des Spectacles, salle des 
 Bois de France, salle des Guerriers cdihres, gale- 
 ries des Batailles and a hundred others. We took 
 S[)ecial interest in Marie Antoinette's boudoir, etc., with 
 the old furniture still there ; the secret staircase, through 
 which she escaj)ed from the mob is shown. Louis XIV's 
 great dining-table, still stands in the centre of the 
 royal banquetting room, and a large marble wine cooler 
 remains, near the wall, to tell the tale of other days. 
 
 " The town of Versailles, the capital of the Seine-et- 
 Oise department, with 49,850 inhabitants, owes its 
 origin to Louis XIV. The site was hardly favourable 
 for a town, and still less so for a park, as the water for 
 its ornamental ponds had to be conveyed to it from a 
 
 fK>' 
 
451 — 
 
 great distance at a vast expense. The town was called 
 by Voltaire, I'ahime dea despenses, its palace and park 
 having cost the treasury of Louis XIV, the enormous 
 sum of 1,000 million francs. The accounts handed 
 down to ns regarding the erection of this sum{)tuous 
 palace and the laying out of its grounds almost Ijorder 
 on the fabulous. Thus no fewer than 3d, 000 men and 
 6,000 horses are said to have been employed at one 
 time in forming the terraces of the garden, levelling the 
 park, and constructing a road to it from I'iuis and an 
 aqueduct from Mainteuon, a distance of thirty-one miles 
 from Versailles, 
 
 This aqueduct was intended to bring the water of the 
 river Eure to Versailles, but was discontinued owing 
 to the great mortality among the soldiers employed ; 
 and the breaking out of the war, in 1688, ]»re vented the 
 resumption of the works. The Avaterworks of Marly 
 were afterwards constructed, and a further sujijily of 
 water obtained from the ])onds on the platewu between 
 Versailles and Eambouillet. After 1682, Versailles 
 became the permanent headquarters of the court, and is 
 therefore intimately associated with the history of that 
 period. It witnessed the zenith and the decadence of 
 the prosperity of Louis XIV ; and under his successors 
 the magnificent pile of the " grand monarque " became 
 the scene of the disreputal)le Pompadour and Du Barry, 
 domination. It was at the meetiu" of the Estates held 
 here, in 1789 that the " Tiers Etat " took the memor- 
 able step, the first on the way to the Kevolution, of 
 forming itself into a separate body, the Assemblee 
 Rationale. A few months later the unfortunate Louis 
 XVI saw the Palace of Versailles sacked by a I'arisian 
 mob, which included many thousand repulsive women 
 and since that period it has remained uninhabited. 
 During the Eevolution (1789) it narrowly escaped 
 being sold. Napoleon neglected it, owing to the great 
 expense which its repair would have entailed, and the 
 Bourbons on their restoration merely prevented it from 
 
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 rlli W. ■' 'f 
 

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 ,;■'■' 
 
 — 452 — 
 
 falling to decay and erected the pavilion on the sonth 
 side. Louis Philijipe at length restored the building, 
 and converted part of it into an historical picture 
 gallery." 
 
 From 19th Sopteml)er, 1870, to 6th March, 1871, 
 the palace was the headquarters of the King of l^russia, 
 pnd a great part of the edifice was then used as a mili- 
 tary hos])ita], the pictures having been carefully covered 
 to ])rotect them from injury. An imj)ressive .scene 
 took place here on the 18th January, 1871, when the 
 Prussian Monarch, with the unanimous consent of the 
 German States, was saluted as iMuperor of Germany. 
 T(i describe minutely all the events which occurred at 
 Versailles during the above ])eriod would be to write a 
 history of the Franco-Pi'ussian war. The house Xo. 1, 
 Boulevard du Roi (which was pointed out to us) was 
 the scene of the negotiations between Prince Jiismark 
 and Jules Favre on the 23rd-24th, 2Gth-28th January, 
 1871, which decided the terras for the capitulation of 
 I'aris and the preliminaries of peace. After the depart- 
 m-e of the German troops (12th March, 1871), Versailles 
 became the seat of the French Government, and it was 
 from here that Marshal MaclMahon directed the struggle 
 against the fierce outbreak of the Commune. It was not 
 till 1879 that the Government and the Chambers tran- 
 sferred their headquarters to Paris. 
 
 The town itself contains little to interest travellers. 
 The great attractions are the palace and its picture 
 gallery. 
 
 The gardens at the back of the Palace of Versailles, 
 with their park and ornamental sheets of Avater, are 
 nearly in the same condition as \vhen laid out by Le 
 Notre, the most famous landscape gardener of the period. 
 Le Notre and his geometrical and artificial style have 
 seen their day long since. Trees are now permitted to 
 branch out such as nature intended them ; no modern 
 landscape-gardener would attempt to torture their 
 
 t 
 
 -■■i 
 
 'f*m 
 
— 4.33 — 
 
 flexible boughs into resembling Grecian vases, startled 
 fawns, or long-tailed jjencocks. 
 
 The grounds are interesting on account of their 
 quaint, solemn old-fashioned appearance, which har- 
 monises admirably with the heavy and formal architec- 
 ture of the Palace, and is in perfect keeping with the 
 notions of art which prevailed in the time of Louis 
 
 XIV. Here and there you notice marble statues and 
 vases cojiied from some celebrated originals ; groups of 
 animals in bronze, standing sentry over lawns ; in 
 bosquda ; or amid crystal basins of gushing water. 
 
 One of the; greatest sights is the playing of the 
 GvandcH Eaux : this generally takes jilacc on the lirst 
 Sunday of every m(jnth from May to October, attract- 
 ing crowds of visitors ; the jet of some is about 74 feet 
 in height. About one half-mile to the north-west of the 
 terrace of the palace, a hand some villa of one story, in 
 the form (jf a horse-shoe, was erected by Louis XIV, 
 from j)lans by Mansart, for Madame de Maintenou. We 
 found some of the apartinimts richly furnished and 
 decorated with paintings Ity Mignard, LeBrun and Vou- 
 cher. In one room we noticed fine malachite vases — 
 given, we were told, by Alexander I, of Kussia to Xapo- 
 leon ; also portraits of Naj)oleon I, Henri IV, Louis 
 
 XV. It was in the ])rincii)al salon of this villa, that 
 the famous trial of Marshal Bazaine took place in 1 873, 
 Our guide brought us next to an adjacent building — 
 the Afust'e deti Voiturcs, being a collection of most 
 ponderous, gilt state carriages from tlie time of the first 
 Emperor up to the ba])tisiii of the Prince Imjierial in 
 185G. Among some very massive specimens, is shown 
 a gorgeous carriage of Napoli^on I — uie one which 
 Marshal Soult brought over t(j England in 1838, and 
 cut such a figure in at the coronation of the Queen. A 
 little to the north-east of the building, is the Petit Trai- 
 non, erected by Louis XV for Madame Du Barry, a 
 miniature of a chateau standing amidst gardens, trees 
 and an artificial lake ; these lovely grounds were in the 
 
 
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 — 454 — 
 
 l)ust a favourite resort of Mario AntoiTiette, the 
 i)ii chess of Orleans and Marie lioui.so. What various 
 memories do they not recall, alas ! How many joyful, 
 how many sorrowful tlujughts have brooded over this 
 little realm of Fairyland now so silent, so deserted ! 
 
 THE LION MOUNT OF THE WATERLOO PLAIN. 
 
 Takinf,' train at the Shit'ton duMidi, at Brussels, we 
 soon reached ]haine I'Alleud, twelve miles from there 
 a small villa<,'e adjoinin<( that of Waterloo, the hotel 
 omnibus landed us in half an hour, in the heart of the 
 ■world-famous batth.-tield, when; on a Sunday in June, 
 181'), was decided the fate of Europe. Tlie Plain of 
 Waterloo, once so jaofusely soaked with french blood, 
 and formerly visiied chiclly l)y Ijiglishmeu, is now 
 daily scanned and studied by Frenchmen since the 
 publication of Victor Hugo's thrilling romance — " Les 
 Miserables," in which it is so masterly descriljed. This 
 vast undulating expanse, clothed in June, 1815, we are 
 told, with waiving, luxuriant harvests of wheat and 
 barley, has much altered in aspect since that jjcriod ; 
 you all know the exclamation of the Iron Duke on 
 revisiting the scene of his former triumph with the 
 Prince llegent : " They have changed my battle field." 
 After bolting our bread and chjese, and hicrc da Lou- 
 vahi, a delightful bciverage, wo left the Hotel du 
 Musde with others, and in a few minutes reached the 
 flight of steps which lead to the summit of the Waterloo 
 Mount, in height one hundred and fifty feet, and half a 
 mile in circumference, crowned by a huge gilt lion 
 conspicuously visible from Braine I'Alleud, in fact all 
 over the Plain of Waterloo. 
 
 'Tis not my intention to attempt a description of the 
 ever memorable struggle, which on the 18th June, 
 sixty-seven years ago, changed the map of the world by 
 relegating to the rock of St. Helena, the great disturber 
 and enslaver of nations ; the story fills a thousand 
 
 m 
 
— 455 — 
 
 voluMios. Siborno, Major Uasil Jackson Hall, Col. Our- 
 wood, Major Beamish on onti liand, and from a different 
 stand jiuint, Napoleon Bonaparte, Montliolon, Las Oase.s, 
 O'Meara, Thiers, General Groolman, recently Victor 
 Hugo and fifty others have had tlicir tale to tell; and 
 still " says Joniini " never was a battle so confusedly 
 described as that of Waterloo. I shall niendy ask you 
 to ascend with me to the airy platform around the Bel- 
 gian Lion, er(!cted, in 1836, on the (sminerice wIkm'C the 
 Prince of Omnge was wounded and where took place 
 some of the bloodiest carnage on the day of the battle, 
 at the latter end. 
 
 Any one who chooses, may acquire an accurate 
 knowledge of the position of the contending armies on 
 the field of Waterloo, by consulting the numerous 
 works, photographic views, mai)S, (stc, sold at the 
 Hotel (III MiiHi'e; there is s|)ecially one volume to be 
 purchased on the sjiot, which has more than ordinary 
 guarantees of reliability in its favor ; it is intituled 
 " A Voice from Waterloo," and consists of a careful 
 narrative by an eye-witness of the battle and an actor 
 in the scene, Sergeant-Major E. Cotton of the 7th 
 Hussars, This brave and intellig(Mit oth(;er, as chief 
 guide to the field of Waterloo, devoted a lifetime, one 
 might say, in collecting and sifting information alforded 
 by writers as well as distinguished British and French 
 ohicers, who had served at Waterloo and returned 
 subsequently to survey and study the ground. Ser- 
 geant-Major Cotton lived fourteen years at Mont St. 
 Jean, died there on the 24th June, 1849, and was 
 interred in the historic garden of Hougomont, painfully 
 famous as being the spot where 1,5U0 men within 
 a-half hour were cut down and lie low, equally well 
 remembered on account of the heroic bravery disi)layed 
 there by British as well as by French troops. 
 
 My friend, Mr, Pilkington, has been kind enough to 
 draw with chalk and mark with red, blue and yellow 
 paper, the Allied and French forces on this board, 'tis a 
 
 \^' 
 
 I'll 
 
 ii 
 
 it 
 
 i 
 
w:. 
 
 If 
 
 T 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 — 456 — 
 
 rough sketch from Sergeant-Major Cotton's map of the 
 Field of Waterloo, at sunset on the 18th Juno, 1815. 
 There lies the slate-covered little church of Braine 
 I'Alleud, where we just left our train from Brussels, to 
 which the highway, a rough road lined with cobble 
 stones, leads. 
 
 There is Hougomont — Hvgo-mons for antiquarians, 
 founded some centuries back by Hugo, Sir de Som- 
 meril, once a castle, now a farm-liouse only, inhabited 
 by a gardener, a descendant of Willem Von Kylsom, 
 who had charge of it in 1815. At that period it was in 
 the possession of a M. de Lunneville, a descendant of 
 Arrazola Deouate, once viceroy of Naples. In 1849, 
 the castle belonged to Counii; llobiano. 
 
 There is La Ilaye Sainte, rested at 2 p. m, on that 
 day, from the Allies; there is the farm of La Belle 
 Alliance, where Welhngton and Blucher met at the 
 dusk of the evening to congratulate one another on 
 their mutual success. Blucher suggested in consequence 
 that the battle should be named the battle of Xa Belle 
 Alliance, but Waterloo prevailed for the English, 
 whilst the Erench called it Le Cornhat du Mont St. 
 Jean; at Mont St. Jean, Wellington, Z(< i)tfc rZe Vilain- 
 to'n, stood for '.iome ti)ue in the early part of the fight, 
 and tlier..', the headquarters of the wounded and hospi- 
 tals Avere located. I have often been struck with the 
 lumiui*us expand of the disposition of the French and 
 allied foTc^s given by Victor Hugo, "Those," says he, 
 " who wish to form a distinct idea of the battle of 
 Waterloo, need only imagine a capital A laid on the 
 ground (tlius A). The left leg of the A isNivelles road, 
 the right one, tbe Genappe road, while the string of the 
 A is the broken w y running from Ohaim to Braine 
 I'Alleud. The top of the A is Mont St. Jean, were 
 Welhngton is. the lel't lower ])oint is Hougomont, where 
 Eeille is with Jerome Bonaparte, the right lower point 
 is La Belle Alliance, where Napoleon is ; a little below 
 the point where the string of the A meets and cuts the 
 
if 
 
 — 457 — 
 
 right leg is La Haye Sainte ; and in the centre of this 
 string is the exact spot where the battle was conchided. 
 
 It is here that the Lion is placed 
 
 The triangle comprised at the top of the A between the 
 two legs and the string, is the plateau of Mont St. 
 Jean, the dispute for this plateau was the whole battle. 
 
 Behind the point of the A, behind the plateau of 
 Mont St. Jean, is the forest of Soignies. As for the plan 
 itself, imagine a vast undulating ground ; each ascent 
 commands the next ascent and all the undulations 
 ascend te Mont St. Jean, where they form the forest," 
 
 The great word-painter, Victor Hugo, describes thus 
 the Hongomont farm, buildings, chapel and historic 
 well : — " The farm buildings border the court-yard on 
 the south, and a piece of the Northern Gate, broken by 
 the French, bangs from the wall. It consists of four 
 planks nailed on two cross beams, and the scars of the 
 attack may still be distinguished on it. The Xorthern 
 Gate, which was broken down by the French, and in 
 which a jjiece has been let in to replace the panel hang- 
 ing to the wall, stands half oi)en, at the extremity of 
 the yard ; it is cut square in a wall which is stone at 
 the bottom, brick at the top, which closes the yard at 
 the north side. It is a simple gate, such as may be 
 seen in all farm -yards, "with two large folding doors 
 made of rustic planks ; beyond it are fields. The dis- 
 pute for this entrance was furious ; for a long time all 
 sorts of marks of bloody hands could be seen on the 
 side-post of the gate The stonn of the fight still lurks 
 in the court-yard; horror is visible thrrc ; t'nc incidi'uts 
 of the fearful struggle are ])etrili('d there; people are 
 petrified there ; people nre living and dying in it ; it 
 
 was only yesterday Men massacred each other in 
 
 tlie chapel, and the interior, which has grown quiet 
 ag:dn, is strange. Mass lias not been said in it since 
 the carnage, ])ut the altar has been Irft, an altar of 
 coarse wood supported by a foundaticju of rough stone. 
 
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 458 
 
 Foiu" white-washed walls, a door opposite the altar, two 
 small arched windows, a large wooden crucifix, a square 
 air hole stopped up with hay ; in a corner, on the 
 ground, an old window sash witli the panes all broken. 
 Such is the chajjel. Near the altar is a wooden statue 
 of St. Amie, belonging to the ir)th century ; the head 
 of the Infant Saviour has lieen carried away by a shot. 
 The French, masters for a moment of the chapel, and 
 then dislodged, set fire to it. The fiaines filled the 
 building and it became a furnace ; the door burnt, the 
 flooring ])urnt, but the wooden Christ was not burnt ; 
 the five nibbled away the feet, of which tlie blackened 
 stuin])s can now bo seen, and then sto[)ped. It was a 
 
 miracle, say the country people 
 
 On leaving the chapel you see a well on your left 
 hand. As there are two wells in this yard you ask 
 yourself why this one has no bucket and windlass ? 
 Because water is no longer drawn from it. Why is it 
 not drawn ? I'ecause it is full of skeletons. The last 
 man who drew water from this well was a man called 
 Willem van Kylsum ; he was a peasant who lived at 
 Hougomont, and was gardener there. On June 18th, 
 1815, his family took flight and concealed themselves 
 in the Avoods. The forest round the Ablicy of Villers 
 sheltered for several ilays and nights the dispersed, 
 luckless country ])eople. Even at the ])resent day certain 
 vestiges, such as old burnt trnnics of ti'ees mark the 
 Sjiot of these ]}nor encanipmcnls among the thickets. 
 Willem van Kylsoni remained at Hougomont ' to take 
 care of the chateau,' and concealed himself in a cellar. 
 The English discovered him there : he ■ as dragged 
 from his lurking ])lac(\ and the frighteniHl man was 
 forceil by blows with the ilat of a sabre to wait on the 
 combattants. They were thirsty and this Willem 
 brought them drink, and it was from this well he drew 
 the water. Many drank there for the last time, and 
 this well, from which so many dead men drank, was 
 
 
— 459 
 
 'destined to die, too. After the action the corpses were 
 hastily interred ; death has a way of its own of haras- 
 sing victory, and it causes pestilence to follow glory. 
 Typhus is an annexe of triumph. This well was deep 
 and was converted into a tonih. Three hundred dead 
 were thrown into it, perhaps with too much haste. 
 Were they all dead ? the legend says no ; and it seems 
 that on the night following the burial, weak voices 
 were heard calling from the well." 
 
 It was on the 15th August that I visited the Plain of 
 Waterloo ; the llelds were then shorn of their harvest. 
 The battle of Wattjrlno, as you all know, was fought on 
 a Sunday, the 18th Juno, 1815; the night previous a 
 drenching storm had rendered the roads and ])laiu 
 impassable for heavy artillery trains. Napoleon was 
 above all an artillerist, and he had then to wait until 
 the sun had hardened the mud and soaked up the rain 
 pools, the first gun was iired at twenty-fi\e minutes to 
 12 noon. At the beginning of the campaign, it is stated 
 that the Duke of WL'llington's allied army was com- 
 posed of about 105,000 men, of which 35,000 wei'c 
 British, with lUG guns, the I'russian army consisted of 
 115,000 soldiers, artillery: ol2 guns, whilst Napok^on 
 on rejoining his army at Avesnes, on the 13th June, 
 reckoned his force at 12l',400 men and 350 guns. The 
 combattants in the field on the 18tli June, numbered 
 less ; tlie allied (Engli.-rh, Belgian, &c.,) army is (pioted 
 at 67,601 men and 156 guns, and late in the afternoon 
 the Prussians arrived mustering 51,944 men and 104 
 guns. 
 
 The French force is giveti as 71,947 men and 246 
 guns; the first detachment of Prussians .ome 15,904 
 men and 44 guns arrived on the field at 4.45 p. 'n., the 
 second ciirps, 13,336 and 30 guns, made their ap]iear- 
 ance at 5.45 p. m., and the third detachment nundjer- 
 ing 22,700 and 24 guns, came up at 7.45 p. m. The 
 engagement seems to have lasteil from 11.35 a. m. to 
 8.15 p. m., eight hours and a-half, so that the whole 
 
 :i'ii 
 
 
 If 
 
— 460 — 
 
 rMl 
 
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 W> 
 
 brunt of the fight from 11.35 a. m. to 4.45 p. ni. fell to 
 the Duke's army, until the arrival of the Prussians. 
 
 And Ardennes waves above them her green leaves, 
 
 Dewy with nature's tear-drops, as they pass 
 
 Grieving, if aught inanimate e'ver grieves, 
 
 Over the unreturning braves — alas I 
 
 Ere evening to be trodden like the grass 
 
 Which now beneath them, but above shall grow 
 
 In its next verdure, where this fiery mass 
 
 Of living valour, rolling on the foe 
 
 And burning with high hope, shall moulder cold and low. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, I think by this time, I must 
 have wearied your patience, I find I have been doing 
 more than merely taking a walk with you from the 
 Hotel du Musde, to the lofty platform, round the Gilt 
 Lion, and before we close, allow me to jjoiut out to you, 
 among the actors of the famous plain of Waterloo, 
 many proud names familiar, later on, to Quebec ears, 
 and who at those grand military parades, in those fes- 
 tive times when we had a large garrison, our fathers 
 used to meet and admire on our own historic Plains of 
 Abraham, such as His Grace the Duke of Eichmond 
 and his three sons, Lord Charles, Lord John George and 
 Lord William Pitt Lennox, denizens of Quebec in 
 1818-9, all actively serving at Waterloo ; Sir James 
 Kempt, one of our Governors-General, Sir John Col- 
 borne (Lord Seaton) our administrator. Sir James 
 McDonnell, one of the heroes of Hougoruont, Com- 
 mander of our Garrison in 18o8. They were all 
 Waterloo men, with exception of the Duke of Rich- 
 mond, wiin, though present on tlie field of Waterloo, 
 came there as a nou-combattant. (Repeated applause.) 
 
'I HE BIRDS OF QUEBEC. 
 
 5r,( J\ 
 
 A POPULAR. LECTURE DELIVERED liEFORE THE NATURAL 
 
 IlISTORV SOCIETY, AT MONTREAL, 
 
 12rH MARCH, 1891. 
 
 f.l 
 
 Illustrated hy Specimens. 
 
 TAUT I. 
 
 Mr. President, Ladles and Gentlemen : 
 
 With your permission we shall spend a social hour, 
 and hold confab with the friends of your youth and of 
 mine — the birds. Nor need you doubt me when I tell 
 you that it is not in the spirit of exact science, but 
 rather with the freedom of an old acquaintance that I 
 shall to-night introduce to you some of the most 
 notable species found near your city. 
 
 Do not expect a highly scientific discourse on ornitho- 
 logy : stray jottings, rambles amongst birds and books 
 — that is all I can promise you to night. 
 
 That branch of zoology which treats of birds is 
 denominated ornithology. It is Ijcyoud a doubt that 
 this department of the animal kingdtjm attracted the 
 attention of mankind in the remotest ages ; several 
 birds, as you are aware, are indicated by name and 
 their peculiarities alluiled to in Holy Writ. Mention is 
 frequently made in the earliest and best of books, the 
 Bible, of the soaring eagle, the dismal raven, the tiny 
 sparrow, the grave-looking owl, the migratory stork. 
 
 
 
 ■'•5 
 
 »ii.. 
 
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 — 462 — 
 
 The care taken of the Prophet Elijah by our sable and 
 far-seeing friend, the raven, you all remember reading 
 of. 
 
 The dove and the raven were both lionored with 
 important missions by that distinguished and most suc- 
 cessful navigator, Capt. Noah. Vou know how much 
 the ibis was petted, nay honored, in Egypt; the white 
 ibis was in special veneration in Thebes, had the run 
 of the city. The stork was sung by Herodotus, the 
 swan by Virgil and by a host of other poets : Aristo- 
 phanes,some twenty-three hundred years ago, celebrated 
 not only the croaking of frogs, but also the melody of 
 birds. 
 
 It was reserved to one of the loftiest minds of anti- 
 quity, Aristotle of Stagyra, to furnish the world with 
 the earliest methodical information on /oology. This 
 great man was the first to observe and attem])t to 
 explain the organization of animated nature. Hifi 
 treatise will ever be regarded as one of the masterpieces 
 of antiquity. The generation of animals, their ha})its, 
 their organs, the mechanism of their functions, their 
 ressemblances and differences are therein discussed 
 with astonishing clearness and sagacity. Aristotle may 
 be reckoned as having established a solid basis for 
 natural history, and his piincipal divisions of the 
 animal kingdom are so well founded that almost all of 
 them are still sid)stantially admitted. In arranging facts 
 he careftdly goes back to causes from general results. 
 
 We next come to the llouian, Pliny the Elder, born 
 A. D. 23, who died, as you may have read, in the year 
 79 of our era, from the noxious fumes of Vesuvius 
 during the eruption which, it is said, destroyed Her- 
 culaneum. Having the charge of a Eoman fleet, he had, 
 in attempting to succor some of the unfortunate inhab- 
 itants, ventured too near the scene of the calamity. He 
 died during the following night. I presume some of 
 you have perused the very interesting letter recording 
 
 I 
 
— 463 — 
 
 'fnaHfiir-i.'iaag-' 
 
 the event, written by I'liny, the Younger, the nephew 
 and ado])ted son of the itonian naturalist. 
 
 As a laborious, but not always reliable conii»iler, you 
 have heard of Aldr(jvandus, born about 1535. I said 
 not always reliable. To illustrate this latter point I shall 
 now quote IVoni the 1st vol. Canadian Naturalist, an 
 extract ])uri)orting to describe one of our most l»eautiful 
 winter visitors, the IJcheniian Chatterer, or Waxwing. 
 A specimen is in your museum. I was once fortunate 
 enough to -nare three very fine birds of this species, 
 this is the only time 1 saw them round my house, at 
 S])encer Grange. I kept them all winter in my aviary, 
 and they soon became so bloated, so uncommonly portly 
 from good eating, that they M'ere struck down by apo- 
 plexy, and one after the other died. I need not tell you 
 the sorrow such a catastrophe brought to my family 
 circle. 
 
 " That the Bohemian Chatterer was known to the 
 ancients there can be little doubt, but a great deal of 
 obscurity prevails as to the names by which it was dis- 
 tinguished. Some have taken it to be the Incendiaria 
 avis of riiny (book x., c. 13), the inausj)icious bird, on 
 account of which appearance liome more than once 
 underwent lustration, but more es])ecially in the consul- 
 ship of L. Cassius and C. Marius, when the a])parition 
 of a great owl ^Buho) was added to the horrors of the 
 year. ( )thers have supposed that it was the bird of the 
 Hercynian forest (book x., c. 47), whose feathers shone 
 in the night like Hre. Aldrovandus, mIio collected the 
 opinions on this j)oint, has taken some pains to show 
 that it could be neither the one nor the other. The 
 worthy Italian gravely assures his readers that its 
 feathers do not shine in the night, for he says he kept 
 one alive for three montlis, and observed it at all hours 
 (qudvis noctis hard conteviplatus sum.''\) 
 
 Here is the mysterious stranger who apitcars to have 
 startled antiquity. See how silky his plumage ! mark 
 the waxlike tips of his wings ! this is no doubt the 
 
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 — 464 — 
 
 portion which was supposed to shine at night. Be 
 careful, however, not to confound him witli the Cedar 
 or Cherry Bird, our summer visitor. He resembles 
 him much in plumage, but is twice his size. 
 
 Nor should we omit the names of Eedi, Swam- 
 merdam, Willoughby, John Ray, and especially of 
 Fiancis JJacon, amongst the laborious tillers of the soil 
 of natural history. 
 
 Next to Aristotle and Pliny ranks the great botanist 
 and naturalist Linnieus, who devoted a lifetime to 
 reforming and re-arranging the history of all natural 
 productions, and lived to see his method triumphant 
 and almost universally received. Nor was he a mere 
 noraenclator ; his vast genius led him to tiike the most 
 elevated views of nature. He penetrated with a glace 
 into causes which were the least obvious on the 
 surface. Order, irecisiou, clearness, exactitude of des- 
 cription and accurate knowledge of relations in detail 
 distinguish his wcrks. He it was who sent to Amer- 
 ica, to Quebec, the learned Peter Kalra, Every guide- 
 book reminds you of the amusing account Kalm wrote 
 of Quebec and Montreal society, in 1749 ; what a fine 
 fellow Count de la Galissonniere, the Governor-General 
 in those days, appeared to the Swedish traveller ; — how 
 our respected grandmothers chatted, frolicked, dressed, 
 danced ; — how well he related all he saw, and some 
 things he did not see. 
 
 We are led next to consider the brilliant career of a 
 French naturalist, an elegant writer and profound philo- 
 sopher, Buifon, Possessed of a vast fortune, moving 
 in the highest circles of a nation famous for its civili- 
 zation and learning, Buffou, during half a century, from 
 his clidfeaa of Mcjntbard ; promulgated his canons to 
 the scientilic world. He tells us he spent forty years 
 in his study, perfecting and rounding the sentences of 
 his immortal works, but when beai'ng in mind the 
 life-like sketches of biids written by Button's successors 
 and coutradictors,the Held-uaturalists of the newer school, 
 
 I. • I. 
 
 
 m 
 
j j B fc ' ; M wa r".-.t>.- 
 
 Tti.::^:. 
 
 465 — 
 
 such as ^Mexander Wilson, Audubon, Chas. Bona])ai'te, 
 one is inclined to regret that tlie sedentary pliilosoplier 
 should have spent so much time in doors, describing his 
 favorites, instead of ransacking the woods, the fields, 
 the sea-shore, to see for himself, like Audubon and 
 Wilson and other more recent lield-naturalists, how 
 God's creatiu'es lived, loved, sang and died. 
 
 The natural sciences have had in tlio United States 
 as well as in Canada, rude beginnings. Catesby (1731), 
 Edwards ; Forster (1771), Tennant (1787), Latliam, 
 Peale, liartram (1791), might l)e considered the 
 pioneers of tliis i)ranch of study in the American 
 Union. Vieillot's French illustrated work, ])ublish»jd 
 in France in 1807, on the birds of San Domingo and 
 North America, drew the eyes of iMiropeau savants 
 towards the American fauna. Until 1827, Wilson's 
 treatise on the birds of Pennsylvania and N"ew Jersey 
 was the sole authority. That year Audubon com- 
 menced his lifelike drawings of American birds, which, 
 with their biography, he completed twelve years later, 
 in 1839. An octavo and more complete edition of the 
 work was issued between 1840 and 1844. 
 
 In 1832, Nuttall published that portion of his 
 manual descriptive of the land birds of the United 
 States and Canada. The j)art relating to winter birds 
 appeared in 1834. In 1841), a second edition was put 
 forth. In 1858, appeared the celebrated ninth volume 
 of " Pacific Kailroad Reports," a robust quarto of 1,000 
 pages, which revolutionized American ornithology. 
 Several thousand specimens, furnished by the diit'erent 
 surveying parties, accompanied by their I'eports and 
 notes, had been sent to the Smithsonian Institution and 
 placed in the hands of its assistant-secretary, Spencer 
 K. Baird, who with the able assistance of John Cassin 
 and George N. Lawrence, revised the M'hole subject, 
 reconstructing classes, orders and families, christening 
 new species, setting forth in this splendid volume the 
 entire avi-fauna of America, north of Mexico, and 
 30 
 
— 4GG — 
 
 ,1 "■' 
 
 
 !..: 
 
 U ;■ 
 
 I'- 
 
 III 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 biin<,'iiig up the list of birds doscribcd to 744. Important 
 additions have since been made to this hst by the 
 h^ained \h\ Elliott Coiics, a surgeon in tlui f.'nitcd 
 Stat(!s army, by li. llidgway and others, so that Ameri- 
 can ornitholdgy, from the time of Alexander Wilson 
 (1814) to 1887, shows the following progressive in- 
 crease : — 
 
 ]S14_Wilson 2S;} 
 
 1S3S — Bunapiiite 471 
 
 1840— Browor 4\>l 
 
 1844_Au(hihnii AOC) 
 
 18f,S_Biur<l ITS 
 
 1S74 — (Joiujs 778 
 
 l88I_lJi(l;,nvav i»30 
 
 1SS2— Cones..'. 88S 
 
 188',_CVmos 'M)'2 
 
 ]SS(;_A.O. [I. Com '.»(')() 
 
 1SS7— Cones %U 
 
 1887— Kidgwuy 1,028 
 
 " This list, " remarks Mr. Chaml)erlain, " reijuires 
 some ex]ilanation, for the a]>])aient increase has not been 
 wlioliy due to the discovery of new sjiecies, as might 
 be inferred. A jtortion of the increase is due to the 
 extension of the t<rritorial limits endmiced under the 
 tc^'iu ' North America ' M-hen used for ornithological 
 liuijioses. " LoMer California, Greenland and Guade- 
 haijie were included in some and excluded in other lists." 
 
 1 )f)ubtless several here present would like to hear 
 more about the leading ornithologists on the continent. 
 
 WcYv 1 merely to be guided by brilliant scholarship 
 I should point out as /aci/e /^riitceps the erudite Dr. 
 Elliott Coues, unrivalled as a Hellenist. 
 
 I however think myself safe in adopting Mr. Cham- 
 berlain's estimate concerning these savants and Mould 
 set foith the six eminent Mriters whose names follow 
 as likely to hold the possible relative rank in the future : 
 
 Allen 
 
 Meii'iam 
 
 Ridgway 
 
 Coues 
 
 Brewster 
 
 Bendire. 
 
 In a recent latter from Mr. Chamberlain, from Har- 
 vard University, to which he is attached, Mr. Cham- 
 
— 407 — 
 
 berlain ex])rc'ssert his opinion lliat Mr. Allen is reckoned 
 the very iil)le.st of Anufricun ornithologists. \\v will 
 })rol)ably, he thiiil<s stand at tlie heiid of them, in llie 
 future, " A most diligent iiml careful student," his jHisi- 
 tion in the American Museum in New York, gives him 
 unusual faeiliti(!S. Dr. Mcrriam, he says, is rapidly 
 advancing, and his exceptioujd opportunities, with his 
 ability iind eneigy, will doid»tless soon ])lace him by 
 the side of Allan. Ifidgway and ('ones must always l)e 
 counted among those who have advanced Americiin 
 ornilhi)logy to its pn^sent high | osiliou. Tiie works that 
 are being pre[>ared by l*>rewster and JJendire backeil 
 by their past records, will cause them to be r;iid<ed by 
 the side of llidgway and Coues, if not by the side of 
 Merriam. 
 
 " Nothing of late years ", writes IMr. McThvrath, " has 
 hajipenetl so well calculated to advance the interest of 
 this subject as the result of a meeting wliicli was held 
 in the Museiun of Natural J listory, in the Central park, 
 New York, inSe])tembt!r, 1(S<S3. The meeting was com- 
 posed of a few of the leading amateur and ])rofessional 
 ornithologists or North America. There were jiresent 
 one from Ontario, one from New Brunswick, and about 
 twenty from different states in the Union. The meeting 
 was a most enjoyable one, as it brought together many 
 who were known to each other by correspondence, and 
 yet had never pei'sonnally met. It renuvined in session 
 for three days, \\ith Dr. Cones as chairman and Mr. E. 
 P. Bicknell as secretary. The prcjceedings resulted in 
 the formation of an 
 
 AMERICAN OUNITIIOLOGIST'S UNION, 
 
 now familiary known as the A. 0. U., with a constitu- 
 tion and by-laws similar to those of the British asstjcia- 
 tion of similar nature. J. A. Allen of Cambridge Mass., 
 was elected president and Dr. C. Merriam, of Locust 
 Grove, N. Y., secretary. Committees were formed to. 
 
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 WEBSTER, NY. 14580 
 
 (716) 872-4503 
 
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 report on llie following subjects at the next meeting : 
 Nomencliiture and classification, migration, osteology, 
 on the desirability or otherwise of encouraging the 
 English sparrow, and on distribution of species. At the 
 close it was decided, in consideration of the importance 
 of the i»r<)ceedings and of the enjoyment they had 
 aflbrded, to have nil those present photographed in a 
 grou]), which was subsequently carried out successfully 
 by Bogardus of Broadway," (I am indebted to Montague 
 Chamberlain for a photo of this groups of savants, in 
 Mhich I can easily recognize som.e familiar faces.) The 
 American Ornilhologists' union founded an organ — a 
 well edited quarterly — The Anl; while the organ of 
 the British association is named llie Ibis, both highly 
 valued ])ublications. 
 
 The earliest ornithological record in Canada, I 
 mis/ht say, possibly in America, occurs in Jacques 
 Cartier's Voyages up the (Julf of St. Lawrence, In 
 Chapters II, III, VI, V^ll, XII, of the narrative of his 
 first voyage, hi 1584, and Chapter I, of his second 
 voyage in 153o, as well as an entry in the log of 
 Eoberval's first pilot, Jean Alphonse, in 1542, mention 
 is made of the myriads of gannets, gulls, guillemots, 
 puffins, eider-ducks, cormorants and other sea fowl 
 nesting on the bird rocks and on the desolate isles off 
 the Labrador coast. Jacques Cartier goes so far as to 
 say that " the whole French navy might be freighted 
 with these noisy denizens of that wild region without 
 any apparent diminution in their number," (Cap. I — 2, 
 Voyage) Eeliable modern naturalists. Dr. Henry 
 Bryant of Boston — visiting the bird-rocks in 1860, and 
 Charles A. Cory, in 1878, confirm these statements of 
 early discoverers as to the number and species of birds 
 to be found in the lower St. Lawrence. The Jesuit, le 
 Jeune, in the Relations des J^suites, for 1632, dwells 
 on the multitude of aquatic birds infesting Ile-auoc-Oies, 
 (county of Montmagny), aud frequenting the shores of 
 our noble river. Friar Gabriel Sagard Theodat that 
 
 "'!; 
 

 — 469 — 
 
 same year furnished in his Grand Voyuije an pays des 
 Ilarofis, a list of Canadian birds. In 163G, ho notices 
 among other things, some of the lea<ling species, such as 
 jay, eagle, crane, etc., and has left us a lovely piece of 
 word-painting in his glowing description of the humm- 
 ing bird. It was too quaint, too fascinating not to be 
 preserved. Yon will lind it reproduced, jiage 217 of my 
 " Album du Touriste." In 1GG3, Pierre Boucher, gover- 
 nor of Tlu'ee Rivers, in an agreeably written memoir, 
 addressed oji the 8th October, 1663, to Minister Colbert, 
 dejiicted tlie birds, mammals, fislies, etc., of New France. 
 This memoir has been recently reprinted by a lineal 
 descendiint of the learned and venerable Governor, the 
 late Kdward F. (linuchcr) Montizambert, in his lifetime, 
 law-clerk to tlie Senate of Canada and fatlier of Col. 
 Charles and iJr. Frederick Montizambert, ot Quebec. 
 In vobnne I, of Baron la irontan's " Voyages to North 
 Anif (;.". ' imbli.shed in France in 1703, there oc^curs an 
 annotate' '..ist of tlie Fowls or Birds that Frequent 
 the South Couniries of Canada," and also a second 
 " List of the Birds of the Nortii Countries of Canada." 
 Father Charlevoix in 1725, devotes a few pages uf his 
 V(duminous history to the Canadian Fauna. Peter 
 Kalm, the Swedish savant, the friend of Governor La 
 Galissouniere and guest at his Chateau St. Louis, at 
 Quebec, in 1749, in an edition of his travels republished 
 in Lond(»n in 1770-71, gives ]>lates of American birds 
 and m;immals. Thomas Jell'erys, geographer to H. If. H. 
 the Prince of Wales, in an elaborate lolio volume, issued 
 in London in 1700, devoted a few pages to 
 
 
 m 
 
 THE AVI-FAUNA 01^ CANADA. 
 
 The year 1831 gave us Swainson's and Richardson's 
 standard work on the birds of the tir countries : Fauna 
 Borcali - Aiiict'icana. In 1853 Hon. G. W. Alhm, 
 of Toronto, furnished a list of the land-birds wintering 
 
 in the neighborhood of Toronto. 
 
 In 1867, a committee 
 
 1 ', 
 
 %l 
 
h 
 
 — 470 — 
 
 
 
 
 m' 
 
 M 
 
 
 ^::.^- 
 
 of Canadian naturalists, Messrs, Billings, Barnston, 
 Hall, Vennor and D'Urban, founded in Montreal a 
 monthly magazine, the Canadian Naturalist and 
 Geologist. This valuable store - house of many good 
 things flourished for twelve years ; it is still of daily 
 reference. Three years later, in I80O, I published at 
 Quebec, under the title " Ornithologie du Canada, " in 
 two V(»luines, the first French work pidilished in Canada 
 on Canadian birds. Professor Wni. Jlincks, of Kingston 
 furnished, in 18G6, a list of Canadian birds observed 
 by Mr. Thos. Mclhvraith, round Hamilton. In 18G8, 
 an industrious entomologist, the liev, Abl)e Iduis Pro- 
 vencher, started at Quel)ec a monthly ]>ublication : Le 
 NaturaUsfe Caiiadien, which he kejtt nj) with a legis- 
 lative subsidy for fourteen years. Canadian birds often 
 found a corner in it, thought not a large; one. In 1883, 
 Mr. C. E. Dionne, the taxidermist of the Laval Univer- 
 sity, brought out a useful vohime LeK (fiseuvx du 
 Canada. Six years later, in 1889, he su]>i)lemented it 
 with a " Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Province de 
 Qu(5bec. " We owe to M(>ssrs. J. A. Mordeu, of Hyde 
 Park, London, Out., and W. E. Saunders, also of Lon- 
 don, Ont., carefully |)re])ared notes on the feathered 
 tribes of Western Canada, whilst an erudite Fellow of 
 the Royal society of Canada, Dr. J. Bernard (iilj)in, of 
 Nova Scotia, drew attention to the birds of prey of his 
 native jjrovince. 
 
 In 1881, V/illiam Couper ])ublished in Montreal a 
 valuable little monthly journal. The Canadian Sport- 
 sman and Naturalist, to which for three years, our lead- 
 ing field-naturalists and amateurs generally contributed 
 useful notes and observations. Amongst other valu- 
 able records, it contains Mr. Ernest T. Wintele's list 
 of birds observed round Montreal, with spicy discussions 
 and correspondence, over the signature of Dr. J. H. 
 Gamier, Mr. Lett and the Rev. Vincent Clementi. In 
 1886, that veteran field-naturalist, Thomas Mclhvraith, 
 of Hamilton, Ont., published his excellent treaties : The 
 
— 471 — 
 
 Birds of Ontario. (1) The book was favorably reviewed 
 in the Auk, by the eminent Dr. Elliott Cones, who 
 unhesitatingly placed Mr. Mcllwraith " in the first 
 place in his ownfield. " I have j)reviously dwelt on the 
 invaluable works on the Canadian fauna by Mr. Cham- 
 berlain (2), one of the founders of the American Orni- 
 thological Unitm Clul). I would be guilty of an injustice 
 were I to fail noticing the numerous contributions to 
 the daily ])ress from a keen Quobec field-naturalist. 
 John T. Neilson, who has utilized tlie rare facilities his 
 outdoor occupations as land survi^yor allord him, to 
 study the bird world. 
 
 Canadian ornithology is also indebted to the late Dr. 
 T. J). Cottle, of Wootlstock, Ontario, for a " List of 
 Birds found in Upper Canada,' in 1859 ; to H. Had- 
 field, ' liirds of Canada observed near Kingston during 
 the Spring of 1858 ; ' to A. Murray, ' Contributions to 
 the Natural History of the Hudson Buy Company's 
 Territories,' 1858; to Professor J. 11. Willis,' List of 
 Birds of Nova Scotia, 1858; 1870, to J. F. Whitcaves, 
 Notes on Canadian Birds; 1873, to A. L. Adams, 
 " Field and Forest Ilambles, with Notes and Observa- 
 tions on the Natural History of Eastern Canada ; ' to 
 Dr. J. H. Gamier, of Lucknow ; to Prof. Macoun, of 
 Ottawa; to Prof. J. I. Bell, Kingston; to Ernest E. 
 Thompson, Toronto ; toW. Dunlop and Charles Hughes, 
 of Montreal; to W. A. D. Lees, A. G., Kingston; to 
 John Fannin, Victoria, B. C. ; to W. L. Scott and 
 George R. White, Ottawa ; to Harold Gilbert and James 
 W. Banks, St. John, N. B. ; to Prof. A. H. Mackay, 
 Pictou ; to Napoleon A. Coineau, of Natascpdian ; to 
 
 (1) Re-edited in 1894, with elaborate notes ; a standard 
 work for the avifauna of Ontario, elegantly printed and 
 illustrated by Wm. Briggs, Toronto. 
 
 (2) In 1887, Montague Chamberlain, of St. John, N. B., 
 publishad his useful Catalogue of Canadian Birds, and in 
 1888, his elaborate work, A Systematic Table of Canadian 
 Birds. 
 
 ifs 
 
 ii 
 
 m 
 lit 
 
— 472 
 
 
 1} 
 
 Eev. Duncan Anderson, of New Liverpool, , Q., and to 
 others whose names escape me. The Bulletin of the 
 Nat^iral History Society of Neiu BruriHvnch, the 
 Transactions of the Ottawa Field Naturalists Club 
 have also proved useful auxiliaries to the cause of the 
 natural sciences. 
 
 Sucl', gentlemen, are some of the material available 
 to students of Canadian bird-life. Such, I may add, is 
 the ornithological outfit of our vast Poininion, for prose- 
 cuting research in this attractive branch of human know- 
 let Ige. Far from me the desire to underrate what has 
 been accomplished ; but let us not delu<le ourselves and 
 imagine for an instant that we can compare witii our 
 progressive neighbors beyond the border. True, they 
 had \\A\\ from the State. Specialists were attached to 
 their great surveying exi)editions, re])orting direct to 
 specialists in Washington. Natural history in Canada 
 has liad few of these external advantages, so that, as a 
 trustworthy writer tells ns, a large amount of field-work 
 is yet to be done here before any thing like a complete 
 account of the birds of Canada can be proiluced." 
 
 $r 
 
 f> ■ 
 
 i^v. 
 
 TART II. 
 
 Linmeus in his Systeiaa Xatura'. divides the class of 
 birds into six orders, Blumenback makes out nine 
 orders ; Cuvier, six ; Vieillot, five ; Vigors, five ; Tem- 
 minek, in his Manvel d'Ovmthologie, sixteen ; Agassiz 
 and Gould, in a more recent work, recognize only four 
 orders. 
 
 The Smithsonian Institution Report of 1858, divides 
 the birds into six orders. 
 
 I Raptores, Birds of Prey, 
 
 II Seansores, Climbing Birds, 
 
 III Incessores, Perching Birds, 
 
 IV ''lasores. Dusting Birds, 
 
 V Grallatores, Wading Birds, 
 
 VI Natatores, Web-footed Birds. 
 
— 473 — 
 
 ■B 
 
 Each of these orders might co?jiprise in our fauua : 
 I order, 36; II, 18; III, 110; IV, 15; V, 42 ; VI, 
 69. Canada, not eml»racing all the productions, cliiuate 
 and temperature which the American Unioti does, 
 cannot l)e expected to unite all the varieties of birds to 
 be found in the United States. The Canadian Fauna is, 
 nevertheless, very beautiful and varied in its features, 
 inclucling a numerous collection of birds tif prey. 
 The web-footed order are also well represented liere. 
 The woodpecker family comprises some brilliuntly 
 habited individuals ; but the most numerous and varied 
 in ]tlumage are the r»nT'h(>rs or singing birds. The 
 species of birds visiting amnially the Province of 
 Quebec do not quite reach 3(l0. jVIcIlwraith in his list 
 com])ul(.'s tlu' birds of Ontario, at 302 spccit'*. Dionue's 
 catalogue of birds for the Province of (^)Meb('c limits (»ur 
 avi-fauna to 273 sjx'cimens. Chandicrluin, in his syste- 
 matic tables of Canadian birds, counts 557 specie- tor 
 the whole JJominion. As to classification and nomencla- 
 ture, auiutcurs Would have to unlearn ajijiaicntly a deal 
 taught them by (dd writers. Since liiiird bronuht (jut, 
 in 1858, his elaborate rej'ort, what changes and impro- 
 vements have taken plaoe in the nomenclature and clas- 
 sification of the fcjathered tribe in Anu-rica. His serene 
 majesty Aquila Canadensis (1) has had to take a back 
 
 fi ! 
 
 n 
 
 i i 
 
 \x 
 
 (1 ) "In most of the older aysteuis it was customary to place 
 the l)ir<ls ofproy lirst on tlie list, in consideration of their 
 great size and strength, the jioble eagle occupying a place in 
 the foremost ranks. Better ac(|uaintance nith these birds 
 shows us thut they do not possess the noble qualities attri- 
 buted to them, that they are slovenly and irregular in their 
 habits, often gorging themselves with carrion and remaining 
 for days in a state of dozing stupidity till the calls of hunger 
 again force them in search of things new and old. 
 
 I think it was Professor Lilgeborg, of Upsala, who first 
 advocated the view that the birds entitled to the highest 
 rank sliould be those which are possessed of the greatest 
 amount of nervous irritability, and have all birdlike peculiar- 
 ities most fully developed. When we consider that these 
 
 ' ( 
 
 :, i 
 
"<"', 
 
 474 — 
 
 1 <■; 
 
 m ■ 
 
 seat in the order of precedence in the bird-world, his 
 honored place being fdled by the thrush family : the 
 jaunty robin-red-breast, or his sweet musical cousin, 
 the wood thrush. But even his celestial morning sym- 
 phonies failed to protect him, the Orpheus of our woods, 
 from the onslaught of modern systematists. lie " was 
 not sufliciently typified," they proclaimed, and, presto, 
 Orplit'us had to retire, when a very unmusical, cheer- 
 less fellow, a member of the grebe clan, rushes to the 
 front, and looks as if he had come to stay. (Lditghter 
 oiul iipjilausc.) 
 
 " You arc correct, says Mr. Clmmborlain, in assuming that 
 tl»e (irohes aro considorotl tlio louost torms of birds ami are 
 placed first in a systi'inaticarrangeunMit trt Ijo consistent with 
 tlio jirinciplc of evolution. The " AnKM-ican School of (Jrni- 
 thologists " as some of them delight to call themselves, are 
 of lhet'xtr(!me type of evolutionists. They treat all inatttu'con- 
 nectiul with it as though evolution was a proven fact instead 
 of an hyj)Othesis. 
 
 Acting more under the inspiration of this, they place the 
 Grehes first because they consider that all birds were origin- 
 ally of a similar stage of developemont. .lust how a Thrush 
 grew from a Grebe is not quite clear to me, but these scien- 
 tific gentlemen say they see it quite clearly. 
 
 The Eagles were formerly placetl first because the syste- 
 matists of an earlier age consid'ered them the most highly 
 
 m^ 
 
 f 
 
 M 
 
 m 
 
 ^M 
 
 peculiaritifs inclu<le swimming on the water, hopi)ing on the 
 ground, perching on trees, hopping nimbly from branch to 
 branch, and making their presence known by their character- 
 istic and melodious voices, we readiiy see the justice of 
 giving the first place to the passeros or perching birds, all of 
 which liave a much higher organization than the birds of 
 prey. This arrangement is adopted generally by both Dr. 
 Coues and Mr. Ridgway, yet they dittf r slightly in detail, one 
 giving the first place to our familiar garden songster, the 
 robin, and the other to the wood-thrush, a handsome bird of 
 shy and retiring habits, seldom seen except in its favorite 
 haunts in the bush." — Tiios McIi.witAir, in 1*^85. 
 
 Alas ! the reasonable wish of the learned author of The 
 Birds of Ontario appears as far as ever from fulfilment. The 
 robin and the wood-thrush have to give up their place to the 
 grebe. 
 
— 475 — 
 
 , 
 
 developod — the highest typo of l)ird, or the type of the most 
 perfect V)ird. There is a great diversity of opinion among 
 scientists, as to the rehvtion of tlie different families of bir<ls. 
 The variety of opinion is very groat, and the diffei-enco of 
 those opinions is very wi<lo. A hurning question is whore shall 
 the Falconidiv be placoil ? To which other family is it most 
 closely related ? All Naturalists think the present classifica- 
 tion is purely artificial and are continually making investiga- 
 tions with the liope of finally discovering the natural so(|Uouoe. 
 Already considerable ailvance has i)oen made from Cuvior's 
 system, yet each step seoms to emphasise the pure artilicial- 
 lity of the jjresent arrangement. But most ornithologists 
 have accepted the theory that, as at |)resont known, the 
 Trush family are the most highly developed, though Seebohni, 
 one of the greatest of English authorities, clings to tho Cuvi- 
 arian system and jtlaces tho Birds of Prey first, explaining 
 however that lie does so, because theCuviarian systoiu is tho 
 best known and l)ecause the natural otiior system has not 
 yet been discovered. 1 am inclined to agree with him. There 
 would have been wisdom in retaining the old until tiie new 
 had be»!n perfected and so have saveil the continual changing 
 which the present state of affairs involve. Each student finds 
 a little l)it of additional knowloilge and at once tries to 
 make the entire system conform to it, to the ultra confusion 
 of system."— (Ae/to- 2Wi March, 1891). 
 
 Classification is one of tlio most important portions 
 of ornithology. A new light has dawned on this science 
 since the learned researches of Dr. Thos. Jirewer, of 
 Boston, anil other American and European savants 
 who have applied oology to the classification of s])ecies ; 
 thus, several rare hawks, in different plumage, have 
 been recognized by their eggs. The eggs of owls, in.stead 
 of being elliptical like, those of the generality of birds, 
 are spherical. Eggs are also identified by their markings, 
 lines, spots, stripes, or by the absence of them, like 
 the eggs of some of the thrushes. 
 
 Before we examine the contents of the collection 
 before us, let me point out one particular respecting 
 the birds of prey : the female In general is nearly 
 one-third larger than the male. 
 
 I shall content myself with familiarizing you with 
 some of the specimens. Let us select a few out of each 
 order. 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 u ' 
 
— 476 — 
 
 THE GOLDEN OR CANADIAN EAGLfi. 
 
 
 m: 
 
 '% '■ 
 
 m '■ 
 
 m 
 
 ^ 
 
 iv- 
 
 The great naturulist, Linnii'us, awards to the Golden 
 eagle tlie eognoiiien " Canadensis, " a name passing 
 sweet to our ear. 
 
 Naturalists now recognize on this continent three 
 species of eagles, the golden or Canadian, the bald, and 
 the sea eagle, the latter being riistoi'ed in ('ones' Club 
 list, 2nd edition, after having been dro))ped from the 
 first. Let us at once note the removal of another 
 species from the works of modern ornitliologists : the 
 majestic eagle once only met and captured by Audu- 
 bon, to which he awarded the glorious name of the 
 father of American Indejjendcncc, by calling in the 
 " Bird of Washington." It is now athnitted that instead 
 of being a distinct sjiecies, it was merely an overgrown 
 specimen of one of the three species now recogni/cd. 
 
 Tlic golden eagle, though rarer then in the X(;w I^ng- 
 land States, is fiir from l)eing common round Ciuiibec. The 
 finding an eagle's or a humming bird's nest marks an 
 epoch in the life of a naturalist, " Although [)Owerfnl 
 in iliglit," says Audubon, " it has not the speed of mfiny 
 hawks, nor even of the white-lieaded eagle. It cannot, 
 like the latter, ]>ursue and seize on the wing the prey it 
 lonf's for, but is oblii^ed to <dide down 'hrough the air 
 for a certain height to insure the snccv,'ss of its enter- 
 prise. The keenness of its eye, however, makes u]) for 
 the defect, and enables it to spy at a great distance the 
 objects on which it preys, and it seldom misses its aim, 
 as it tails with the swiftness of a meteor towards the 
 spot on which they are concealed. When at a great 
 height in the air, its gyrations are uncommonly beauti- 
 ful, being slow and of wide circuit, and becoming the 
 majesty of the king of birds. It often continues them 
 for hours at a time, with apparently the greatest ease." 
 " The notes of this species are sharp and harsh, resem- 
 bling at times the barking of a dog, especially about the 
 breeding season, when the birds become extremely 
 
 Si 'I 
 
— 477 — 
 
 noisy and turbulent, Hying more swiftly than at other 
 times, alif^hting more fiecjuently and evincin<j;a fn'tful- 
 ness which is not so observable after tlieir ej,'gs are laid." 
 
 Samuels add : " The <j[olden eayle usually constructs 
 its nests on the sides of steep, rocky crags, where its 
 materials are coarsely heajjcd together on a projecting 
 shelf of rock. These consist of large sticks loosely 
 arranged. In rare instances, they .are said to have been 
 built on trees in the Western States, where rocky dill's 
 are not to be met with. The eggs are usually three in 
 number, sometimes two or only (me. Mr. Audulxm 
 describes them as measuring "three and a half inches 
 in length by two and a iuilf in breadth, the shell thick 
 and stnooth, dull white brushed over the undefined 
 patches of brown, which are most numerous at tiie large 
 end." 
 
 Bull'on, Audubon, Alexander Wilson, MacGilvray, 
 have each written most elaborate descriptions of this 
 royal bird, though Button's, with its graceful imagery, 
 is more picturesque than exact. MacGilvray writes : 
 " Many years after having ascended to the summit of 
 one of the lofty mountains in the forest of Harris, in 
 search of plants (for I had by this time become a 
 botanist), I stood to admire the glorious scene that ])re- 
 sented itself, and enjoy the most intense of all delights, 
 that of communion in the wilderness with the God of 
 the Universe. I was on a narrow ridge of rock, covered 
 with the Silene Acaulis, whose lovely pink blossoms 
 were strewn around ; on one side was a rocky slope, 
 the resort of the ptarmigan ; on the other a rugged pre- 
 cipice, in the crevices of which had sprung up luxuriant 
 tufts of Rhodiola rosea. 
 
 Before me, in the west, was the craggy island of 
 Scarp ; toward the south, stretched the rugged coast of 
 Harris, margined on the headlands with a line of white 
 foam, and away to the dim horizon spread out the vast 
 expanse of the Atlantic Ocean, with the lovely isles of 
 St. Kilda on the ej^treme verge. The sun, descending 
 
 ;i 
 
 
 1 :i 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 m 
 
 :i'. ri 
 
— 478 — 
 
 i.V^',' 
 
 
 ^:J*^' 
 
 
 ».■ 
 
 
 in tho clt'iir sky, threw u ;,'li.stoiiin,i,' path of lij,'ht ovor 
 thi) watirs, and tin<,'0(l tho occiin hiizo with puritle. 
 Suddenly there arose over tlio Atlantit! a nuis.s of lij^dit, 
 tliin Vii|)or, wliich apiJroached with a jjiinitle l)reeze, 
 rolling' and s]»rea(hn<,' around, and exliibitin<,' tho most 
 Iteautiful ehanjje of tint. Wlien I hail j,'azetl until the 
 fadini,' li<,dit reminded me that my home for the nii|;ht 
 was four miles distant, 1 iiiiproaclied the (nine of the 
 ]ireeiiii(M' and bent over it, when from the distance of a 
 few yards beneath a j^'oldeii e;iL,de launched forth into 
 the air. The seime, already sulilime, was by the lli<,d»t 
 of the eii<,de rendered still more so, and as 1 ga/ed ujxin 
 the huge bird sailinjj; sti!iidily away beneath my feet, 
 while the now dense masses of cloud rolleil miijestieally 
 overhead, I exeliiimed idoud, " lieautiful I " The <,n'eat 
 Clod of heaven and earth, myself, Jlis jn-rverse but 
 iidoring subject, and the eaj,de, His beautiful but uniai- 
 durinjf creatuiv, were all in tlu^ universe of my inuigi- 
 natioii. Scenes like these might soften tlu; obdurate, 
 elevate the grovelling, convince the self-willed and 
 unbelieving, and blend with universal nature the spirits 
 that had breathed the chilling air of selfishnes. Verily, 
 it is good for (»ne to ascend a lofty mountain, but he 
 must go alone, and if he be there, in the solemn still- 
 ness of midnight, as I have Vicen, he will descend a 
 better and wiser man. lieautiful truly, it is to see the 
 eagle sweeping aloft the hillside, sailing from one 
 mountain to another, or soaring aloft in its circling 
 flight until it seems to float in the thin white cirri, like 
 the inhabitant of another world looking down upon 
 our rebel earth us if desirous to visit it, but afraid to 
 come within its contaminating influence." 
 
 There is more than one trait in this graphic por- 
 traiture to remind one of the prince of American natu- 
 ralists, John James Audubon. Not to me was vouch- 
 safed, like to the gifted MacGilvray, the felicity of 
 viewing in his favorite haunts, the king of birds — the 
 royal eagle, soaring o'er the " cloud-capped peaks " of 
 
- 479 — 
 
 oM Scotia, thoiiji,'h oncf 1 it'iiu'inber beiiii^ turtiiimto 
 eiioiijj;li to ft'iist iiiiiM! own eyes on the imi'iilc! licutlior 
 of tlio land of Scott. Fond muniory — tluit nndying 
 memory of youn<,'('i', of l»iin;litt'r days — l)iin<,'s to mind a 
 siioctticlc, nearly us ^aand, certainly as much luized, 
 witnessed many lonji,' years a^jo, when Murray I'ay 
 was hut a sjiaise, ohscure seashore hamlet at its west 
 end, of a half dozen of |»uny, whitewashed cottages — 
 when the sturdy old sti^anuir " Sagucnav," then coin- 
 manded hy Capt. IJcne Siiuard, landid weekly on the 
 beach (no wharf in those iiriniitivi' days) a jolly sfpuul 
 of tourists longing for the ((uiet elysium of I'ointe-a- 
 I'ic and Caji-a-l'Aile — alas ! so hackneyed in the jire- 
 sent tinii!. I can recall one of those magniticent birds, 
 one sultry, hazy, duly afternoon, in slow-measured, 
 " majestic gyrations, such as become the king of birds," 
 swecjiing ])a8t nearly out of sight, over our jiioneer 
 steamer, to tla; amazement of all beholders, wintiuwiug 
 his circuitous, wides))read course, under the distant, 
 leafy, blue and green "turban of the Laurentides." 
 straight towards Cajie Tourment, where mayhai» awaited 
 him his lofty eyrie, his hungry, callous brood. 
 
 Eagles, the Golden and the Jialdare rather abundant 
 all along the northern range of our lofty capes. ]\Iy 
 intercourse with the JJird of Jove has been less ou tlie 
 mountain-brow, where he ap[)ears at more advantage, 
 than in ca]jtivity, where he loses, if not his ferocity and 
 indomitable courage, at least much of that }troud, 
 baronial spirit of other days. In 1804, a coasting craft, 
 wood-laden, brought to Quebec a pair of adult eagles, 
 the Golden Eagle ; they were in spring, in nuptial plu- 
 mage, of course very bright, not a feather plucked or, 
 rntiled, or displaced. I became their purchaser. They 
 had just been tn iqied at St. Urbain, near St. Paul's 
 Bay, county of CharlevoiA, under a large wicker crate, 
 such as those used to im])ort from Europe glass and 
 crockery ware. As follows, had been the mode of cap- 
 ture ; the crate was partially raised at one end, by a 
 
 
 I 
 
 1 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 ■ ' 
 'i 
 
 H 
 
 if ,»■ 
 

 M': 
 
 m 
 
 — 480 — 
 
 
 It' ' 
 
 
 device known to bird-catcliers as a fi<,nu'e-four trap, to 
 which a .string was tied and held at the otlier end by a 
 boy am ished in the neij^lilxtrhond. As a decoy, a hen 
 and chickens were procured ; the hen fastened in front 
 of the crate, with a string, allowing her to retreat for 
 shelter under the crate, when danger threatened. 
 
 The Eagles (iu» less than four were successively 
 caught) circling high in the air soon spied the hen and 
 her broud, and after h(jvering round to see whether the 
 coast was clearj they descendi^d with " the swiftness of 
 a meteor," lit on tlie ground and rnshetl after Dame 
 Partlett, who retreated under the jn'otecting crate, fol- 
 lowed by her merciless ]tursuers, when the boy in am- 
 bush drew the ])eg of the tigure-f(iur and Aqvihi had to 
 throw up the sjionge. 
 
 These two Eagles I kept during thirteen months in a 
 chicken-coop. The January crdd seemed not to effect 
 them ; hunger failed to quench their indomitable fero- 
 city. I amply verifieil what Audubon states aljout 
 their ability to go several days without footl, as well 
 as the noise, like a dog's bark, which they indulged in, 
 at the ma ''ng season. 
 
 Finally, fearing some accident should occur to children 
 venturing too close to the eagles' quarters, I reluctantly 
 jiarted with them to a British officer, Captain Hook, of 
 the 54th, then returning to London. I heard subse- 
 quently that one of these birds had attained a great size, 
 uncommon l)eauty of plumage, and, had, from a lover 
 of birds, the honor of a detailed description in the 
 London Field. 
 
 At least twenty varieties of the hawk family visit 
 our latitudes ; here is the delicately-spotted Goshawk, 
 identical with the European si)ecies : the breast is of a 
 lovely ash colour, with most delicate markings ; there 
 is the Rough-legged Buzzard ; there, the March Hawk ; 
 there is another species with large expanse of wing, 
 that is the Broad- winged Hawk, not so large as the 
 Goshawk, and of plumage less bright ; then, comes the 
 
 K .' 
 
 ■i » 
 
— 481 — 
 
 Sharp-shinned; next, the Pigeon Hawk, and, hvstly, 
 the little Sparrow Hawk, with its elegant, ciuuanion- 
 colonred back and black bands on its tail. Here is a 
 fjimous individiial, the great Duck Hawk, Bidld- 
 headed Hawk, as some style him, who is no other 
 than the celebrated Peregrine Falcon of the days 
 of chivalry ; he is tolerably common in Canada 
 West; one was shot at Charlesbourg, near Quebec 
 some years l>ack. The limits of my discourse prevent 
 me from quoting, for your benefit, the elegant and 
 gra])hic descrijttions of the Peregrine and his fearless 
 compeers, sketched by Audul)on. Shall we leave 
 this lierce band of day-robbers, and investigate the 
 doings of those formidable midnight raiders, the Owls ? 
 How grave, how (jmuiscient they look, with their 
 rolling, shining, yellow eyes, their soft plumage and 
 their warm fur-leggings, im])ervious to cold the most 
 intense ! There, he sits on his perch, the dignified 
 patriarch of the tribe : the Great Cinerous Owl ; 
 look at him well ; he is not an every-day visitor by 
 any means, the largest of the owls ; he even exceeds 
 in size that white and tierce marauder, the Snowy Owl, 
 the Great Northern Hunter, as he is aptly styled ; 
 you may know, he is freipiently shot in the surrounding 
 country during the winter months. Nature has adapted 
 wonderfully these birds to the climates they inhabit. 
 They hunt by day as well as by night, and in tlui 
 soft moonlight you can scarcely hear the muttled sound 
 of their wings when ])ursuing hares or other small 
 animals. Of the ferocity of the Snowy Owl, lUKpies- 
 tionable proofs exist. The attack of a Snowy Owl, 
 rendered desperate by hunger, on a Roman Catho- 
 lic missionary, is amusingly related in a Journal of 
 Travel on the Labrador coast. The Rev, Father was 
 so astounded at the daring of the bird of Minerva that 
 he sought his safety in flight. Of the Virginian, or 
 Great Horned Owl, there are, according to Baird, five 
 varieties — Atlunticus, Magellariicus, Pacijicus, Arc- 
 31 
 
 < 1 
 
 11 
 
 il 
 

 — 482 — 
 
 M *■ i 
 
 B- 
 
 
 
 
 I' '' 
 
 
 ',} 
 
 i 
 
 ■•I 
 
 ficus, Virgi7iianui^ ; Athtnticus and Virgiuianus 
 alone visit us. This bird is often caught in the steel 
 tra))S baited for foxes ; the ferocious attitude and 
 indomitable courage he exhiliits, when ajiproached by 
 dog or man, is wonderful to behold ; he snaps his 
 powerfid beak, rolls his bright eyes, and erects his 
 feathers, the very emblem of concentrated rage. I 
 have not heard of any successful effort to domesticate 
 the great Horned Owl. The Barn Owl, highly valued 
 in some countries as a destroyer of rats and mice, does 
 not inhabit Quebec, excejit as an "accidental "(I). 
 
 I shall now ])lace before you in a row, according to 
 tliL'ir si/e, the Owls that visit us ; you notice the 
 • fraduation from the (Jreat Cinereous, the size of a 
 large Turkey, to the littlo Saw-Whut, a sweetly jtretty, 
 tiny fellow, not much bigger than a Snow-ljunting. 
 What an interesting grou]) of wiseacres they all seem ? 
 Legislators or City Councillors in coiu-lavo discussing 
 the im})osition of a new tax witliout raising too great a 
 row ! 
 
 Yon see here some fair representatives of the web- 
 footed Order of Birds. 
 
 First amongst them, conspicuous for the brilliancy of 
 his plumage, note the Wood or Summer Duck, Anas 
 fS'jf«)/tsa ; xponna means a bride, from the gay colours of 
 the individual probably. Here is the ^lallard, the Dusky 
 Duck, th(i Gadwall, the American Widgeon, the Green- 
 winged Teal, the Shoveller, the Canvass-back, the Bed- 
 head, the Scaup, the Ruddy, the Pied, the Velvet, the 
 Surf Diu'k, the Scoter, the Eider, the (lolden-eye, the 
 Harlequin, the Long-tailed, the Tufted, the Bed-breasted 
 Merganser, the Hooded Merganser and the Goosander. 
 What a noble looking diver the great Loon seems, with 
 his sjieckled robe of white and black ? But amongst this 
 splenditl array of water-fowl, as I previously said, the 
 
 (1) Mr. Mcllwraitli mentions two specimens, captured in 
 Ontario. — Jiirds of Ontario, 2nd Edition, p. 223. 
 
— 483 — 
 
 ham Isomest IS t le Wood Duck, wlm builds in trees at 
 bord at Lake trie, and other places : he is indeed 
 Jacil princeps. Those feathered, slim gentry mounted 
 on stilts, you recognize as pertaining to the tiibe of the 
 Waders; the IJittern you all have seen ; many of voiv 
 may not have viewed before this j.rettv little species, 
 called the Least Uittern. 
 
 There stands next, the Xight Heron, or Qua Bird • 
 have you ever observed how those two Ion- feathers 
 which grow out of the back of his hea.l, ?it in one 
 another as in a groove ? You may have ivad, in Charle- 
 voix and 'oucher, that two varieties of Cranes visite<l 
 Canada, the \\ lute and the Brown Crane. LinnaMi. 
 and leniminck have christened <.ne of the si.ecic^. 
 Grux t.nuulens,,; and still the Crane is a Western 
 bird, and ought nr,t to visit our arctic latitudes 
 except possibly when it migrates fn.m Florida to the 
 Arctic wilds, for the incubation of its e-gs an.l rearin<.' 
 ot the young. An island, once dear to sportsmen, thirty-- 
 SIX miles lower than Quebec, bears the name of Crane 
 island, \ouhave not forgotten the mention Horace 
 makes of the migrating Crane, Gniem Uilvenaut And 
 shall 1 relate to you the nice story Herodotus tells of 
 the manner in which the death of Ibycus, the poet was 
 avenged by a ilock of Cranes? You will th.'u un.l.r- 
 stand why the muse-loving Greeks had such a vene.a- 
 tion tor Cranes ; 
 
 "The lyric, Ibycus of Ehegium, went to dispute at 
 the Olympic Games the prize of poetry : he came on 
 toot, with no other com]ianion than his Ivre, on which 
 iie occasionally struck a few soul-stirriiig notes. At 
 
 the close of his journey, m 
 
 forest. T 
 
 wo men rushed out of the 
 
 using, he lost his way in the 
 
 him. The i»oet fell to tl 
 :lance towards the settin 
 
 wof»d and struck 
 
 he saw a flock of Cranes sailino' i^ast : ' W 
 
 elloi 
 
 make kno^vn the ass 
 
 le earth, and cast an exj.irin^^ 
 sun. At that awful moment^ 
 'inyed trav- 
 
 said he, in an expiring breath, ' behold me '— 
 
 issins. of Ibycus \ \ The brigands 
 
 
 
 ■I 
 
 
 Itj |J 
 
 

 — 484 — 
 
 't"; 
 
 
 W^^ 
 
 V':'i '■;■ 
 
 H'y 
 
 
 :] 
 
 
 lau<,'h«'d at these words, stripped their victim and dis- 
 appeared. 
 
 " The next day, the games began at Olympia : no 
 Ibycus ap})eared. The ])eople murmured at the absence 
 of the bard ; his rivals commenced to sing. At that 
 moment a man arrived in hot liaste bearing a broken 
 lyre, all bloody, and pronouncing the name of Ibycus. 
 It was the bard's lyre, found that morning close to the 
 cor])se of the jwet. A loud and deep wail was then 
 heard in tlie amphitheatre : the people dejilored the 
 premature end of the young favourite of the muses ; 
 but the multitude is as easily moved to sorrow as it is 
 to forget, and the games procei;ded, the memory of 
 Ibycus fading away. Night was closing in and would 
 soon interrupt the amusemouts of the crowd, when a 
 flock of cranes flew over the arena ; their loud ncttes 
 attracted general attention : two of the crowd, in a 
 conspicuous spot, repeated to one another, in a jocular 
 way, " There go the Cranes of Ibycus ! " This sin- 
 gular remark was overhead by others : the sarcastic 
 tone in which it was uttered, and the repulsive 
 appearance of the utterers : all conspired to create sus- 
 picion. The murderers were arrested, questioned sei)a- 
 rately, confessed their crime, and were then and there 
 executed; so that the avenging mission confided by 
 the dying poet to the feathered strangers was faithfully 
 discharged." 
 
 You are aware that the most numerous order of birds, 
 by far, is the Passeres. It would require a great many 
 evenings to initiate you into their habits and history. 
 I will consequently merely direct your attention to 
 those now before you wearing the gaudiest uniforms. 
 There, you will remark the brightest of Canadians birds, 
 the Scarlet Tanager; how gracefully his black wings 
 set on the surrounding red ! Hot weather alone attracts 
 him over the Canadian border from the scented Mag- 
 'jroves of Louisiana and Florida. That sprightly- 
 
 • iig individual with an olive-coloured back and 
 
 :'^*' 
 
 •I 
 
— 485 — 
 
 wings, a white breast and long-rounded tail-feathers 
 tipped with white outwardly, is the Cuckoo ; his shrill 
 note is occasionally heard in hedges round your city. 
 Unlike his European congener, his habits as a parent 
 are unim[)eachable ; you never catch him depositing 
 eggs in other birds' nests, foundlings at other indivi- 
 duals' dnors ; this shabby, unnatural practice may suit 
 his Cockney Cousin, or our Cow-pen bird ; but dandy, 
 merry Cuckoo is too excellent a gentleman, too kind- 
 hearted a fellow, to desert his offspring. We have two 
 Cuckoos in Canada, the Yellow-billed and the Black- 
 billed. Next to him you notice a bird encased in a sleek, 
 lustrous, black doublet, with gold and crimson shoul- 
 der-straps, a rillenuuiin uniform amongst the feathered 
 tribe : that is the Red-winged Starling : is he not a 
 jaunty, military-looking son of song ? sporting c^p'iuleftes, 
 he ought to stand well with the ladies ; diMibtless his 
 name of Field Officer is due to their admiration of his 
 gaudv tunic. Tliere sits Robin Redbreast. What nice 
 anecdotes I could toll you about him. my fimiliar friend, 
 who returns each spring to lu'stle in a bnsliy evergreen 
 under my library window, notwitlistanding several 
 murderous raids made in the vii'inity, in the dead of 
 night, by some marauding grimalkin. 
 
 Allow mo to introduce to yon a biave, iuilouiilable 
 bird, the King-Rird (Tyrant fly-catcher) ; the Fri-nob 
 Canadian pt-asantry call him Tri-tri, from his rajiid, 
 querulous note; schoolboys know him as the Crow- 
 beater. Observe the little (jrange tuft of feathers in the 
 centre of his toji-knot. Next to him you notice a bird 
 with a beak notched lik(! a Falcon : take my word for 
 it, that is a sanguinary villain. Naturalists call him 
 " The Shrike ", or Butcher liiiil, from the remorseless 
 manner in which he deals with small birds, whom he 
 impales on thorns and tears to pieces : I W(tmler how 
 he can rest at night after such enormities. Mi'. Shrike, 
 you are a vile fellow ! Tliat grey, rough-coated bird is a 
 Canada Jfiy ; the lumberers and woodmen, who see 
 
 11 
 
 i 
 

 — 486 — 
 
 
 
 
 My, 
 m ': ■ 
 
 ,,4f;-'. 
 
 ^.I 
 
 4* . ; ' 
 
 him in winter ruinaging around their camp, call him 
 Whlslcey thick ; he is addicted to stealing the scraps 
 of meat, so say his enemies. 
 
 There, is a bird whom all of you recognise, the 
 Kingfisher, lielted Kingfisher, on account of the rust- 
 coloured badge encircling his throat and breast. To 
 heathen mythology he is known as Alccilo Alcyone. 
 Alcyone was the daughter of yKolus : being a ])erft'ct 
 model of conjugal fidelity, she was rewardeil, at her 
 death, by being metaniorjdiosed into a bird, and the 
 heathen god, lier father, wlu)in T shrewdly susi)ect to 
 have been in Icagiu^ witli tht; clerk of tlie Aveather, 
 arranged matters so that in midsunnner, a succession of 
 so many cabns took i)lace that our ex))ert fish-catcher 
 could build her nest on the heaving busom of the ocean, 
 and rear her young undisturbed. This was, tn say the 
 least, a great j»rivilege. Hence the origin of halcyon 
 days — days of ])eace and ])rolouged security. I can 
 guarantee this fact, on the faith of haafheninyfholoyy, 
 but no further ! 
 
 One of our most musical grou])S amongst our native 
 birds, are the Thrushes : several varieties are now dis- 
 plaved before you. 
 
 That band of long- winged individuals, you of course 
 recognise as the swalhjws of which five varieties visit our 
 ja-ovince. The Black Chimney Swallow, or Swift, who 
 di()])s down our cliinmoys to build his nest, forms part 
 of every Canadian rural home : but as we never see 
 him build Ijut in chimneys, the question arises, where 
 did he build before the erection of chimneys ? 
 
 THE TANACtEU 
 
 Of the four varieties of this beautiful bird inhabiting 
 the United States, one favors us with a call, attracted 
 ai)parently by our trojihical summer heats and by the 
 accompanying abundant insect life, on which they 
 chiefiy dejiend for their daily food. 
 
 The Scarlet Tanager — let us describe him in a few 
 words : the adult male in his full nuptial jduraage, on 
 
 il 
 
— 487 
 
 a biijj;ht May morning, Hitting here and there among 
 the pink and white apide-blossoms of our orcluird.s, or 
 ])eering at you from the green domes of our deej), nor- 
 thern forests, or disjiorting liimself in quest of insects 
 amid the jiurfume-exhaling lilac groves, is one (»f the 
 most gorgeous vistas of bird-life vouchsafed to an 
 appreciative naturalist, Vet, alas ! the " encrimsoned 
 body, ccjutrastiug with wings and tail as black as night," 
 makes the luvely bird " oidy too cimspicuous an object, 
 the never failing bait to the greed of the mere cnllcctor 
 
 of, or deal(!r in bird skins " These birds ai'(! famcid 
 
 for their beaut v and viirietv of their CdloratidU, l)cin"; 
 among those most frci|U('utIy exhibittnl in tlw! show- 
 cases of bird-stuffers and milliners, as wcdl as on the 
 headgear of fashionable ladies " (Cones.) 
 
 The Sinirlet TanagtM', is a])out the size of a snow- 
 bunting. Its Itill is notched at the tip, strong ami 
 turgid, capable of masticating fruit as well as insects : 
 its tail and win*'s are black ; back and bodv, of a bright 
 scarlet ; he builds in thick woods, or in an orchard on 
 the horizontal limb of some low tree or sapling : a 
 losely fashioned structure, built with rootlets, twigs 
 and leaves, more neatly and comi)actly lined with finer 
 materials of similar kinds, " The eggs, from three to 
 five in number, are of a pale dull-greenish blue, more 
 or less profusely and heavily .spotted with reddish- 
 browu and violet." — (Stearns.) Like many other gaily- 
 dressed things, the Tanager's personal appearance is 
 more attractive than what he has to say, his song 
 being of no remarkable etfect, and his ordinary call- 
 uotes decidedly unmelodious. The bird feeds consi- 
 derably upon berries and other small fruits, as \\ell as 
 Vipon beetles and large-winged insects and their larvie. 
 The dress of the male is not perfect until after the first 
 year. Doctor Alexander X, Ko.ss adds " that it thrives 
 ■well in captivity and makes a l)eautiful pet." 
 
 What marvellous stories were once poured into our 
 youthful ears, by old chasseurs and foresters ! tales of a 
 
 il 
 
 u 
 
488 — 
 
 li'' ! 
 
 \\% " 
 
 >■ 
 
 
 mysterious, radiant, sylph-like bird, such as old Governor 
 IMerre Boucher described in Canada, in 1663 " rouge 
 comme du feu " (fiery red) seen occasionally during the 
 " leafy months " in remote, hard wfiod forests, les bois 
 francs, well styled Le Roi, the King of birds ? Nor 
 shall I forg(!t meeting the beauteous stranger on a 
 Queen's birth (fay, sunning his scarlet mantle in the 
 verdant groves of liideau Hall, Ottawa. There seemed 
 to be quite a number of these showy creatures in the 
 neighborhood. I can well understand the enthusiastic 
 admiration of Elliott Coiies for this dear friend of his 
 early days. 
 
 " I hold, says the learned Doctor, this bird in parti- 
 cular, almost superstitious recollection, as the very first 
 of all the feathered tribe to stir within me those emo- 
 tions that have never ceased to stimulate and gratify 
 my love for birds. More years have passed than I care 
 to remember since a little child was strolling through 
 an orchard one bright morning in June, filled with mute 
 wonder at beauties felt, but neither questioned, nor 
 understood. A shout from an older companion — " There 
 goes a Scarlet Tanager " — and the child was straining 
 eager, wistful eyes after something that had flashed 
 upon his senses for a nu)ment, as if from anotiier world ; 
 it seemed so blight, so beautiful, so strange. " What is a 
 Scarlet Tanagor ? " mused the child, whose consciousness 
 had flown with the wonderful apitarition, on wings of 
 ecstacy ; but the bees hummed on, the scent of flowers 
 floated by, the sunbeam ]iassed across the greensward, 
 and there Mas no re|ily, nothing but tlie echo of a mute 
 ajij-eal to nature, stirring the very depths with an inward 
 thrill. That night the vision came again in dreamland, 
 where the stiongest things are truest and known the 
 best ; the child was startled by a ball of fire, and fanned 
 to rest again by a sable wing. The wax was soft then, 
 and the impress grew indelible, nor would I blur it if I 
 coidd — not though the flight of years have born sad 
 answers to reiterated questionings — not though the 
 
— 489 — 
 
 >vings of hope are tipped with lead and brush the very 
 rCo ^f soaring in scented sunlight " 
 
 * 
 
 * * 
 
 There are upwards of forty nests of birds round me • 
 one pulni tree, next to my library window, contains the 
 nests of no less than two pairs of Chipping ]]unti, .! 
 that cwrpy httle fellow who comes onVhe very houst 
 steps to pick up crumbs. Close to it stands a small 
 soft-ma,,Ie ree : a |.air of Black-cup Titmice had Tee 
 industriously scoo,>ing a hole out of the decayed heart 
 ofi.e tree for a week. From the habits of this hM 
 ^^blcl., Tjnusume, is better known to you under th. 
 name of C'M..?.., none do I prefer t^see build!n.; 
 about my garden : the quantity of insects it destrovs in 
 
 ao r.'?f ;i ^°""^' ^'^ ''""^^ I'l-odigious. About two 
 acies fiom this spot, another family of Chickadees seem 
 
 i ,! i"*" 7^¥'"j f«'' -^ l"«^tiou ticket. Wilson's Snow- 
 
 h ding the cradle of his children as the Song Sj.arrow 
 Lobins nests and Yellow Birds' nests are in course of 
 construction all over the premises : the an-de of a 
 s vucture used last winter as a snow-slide has been 
 taken possession of by a pair of Robins. 
 
 THE TlinU.SlI FAMILY. 
 
 intiin^'t^f' ^T '^yj'^}^^'^ l^oyhood I was on the most 
 intin a e footing w.h the head of these accomi,Iished 
 vocalists, Robin Kedbreast, it was at a comparative late 
 period I was accidently introduced to the other mem' 
 bersofthis comely and musical familv. In 1860 a 
 learned Boston naturalist, Dr. Henry" Brvinf kLI 
 teased, called on me, on his way t^^ak^in'oni ! 
 logical exp oration of Labrador; he was the bearer to 
 me of a letter of introduction from an eminent Wash- 
 
 

 — 400 — 
 
 Tl' • 
 
 i 
 
 I- 
 
 
 ington imturalist. It was then the early part of May, 
 and the first wave of bird-life was rushing in. In tiie 
 spaee of an lionr's walk with the learned professor in 
 the Siliery wood, I was agreeal)ly introdueed by him to 
 a whdlc bevy of songsters, whost; wild minstrelsy, each 
 day tinkled in my ears, l)nt whose names were to me 
 unknown. lie, it was, who jxtinted out to me the 
 din'tTenct! in the song and jilumage, between tlie Hermit 
 Thrush and Wilson's Tiirush or Veery, ])oth species 
 then making tlie tojis of the Sillery J\Ia])les and Silver 
 Birch ticH's voral witli their " wood notes wild." 
 
 Dr. Biyant said tliat he doubted whetlier tlie Wood 
 Thrusli came so far east as (^ueliec,that the Ijinls I heard, 
 were the Hermit and Wilson's Thrusli; that I cnuld 
 easily see by i^omjiariug them with the specinu'iis in :ny 
 collection that they had noi, on their l)reast those dis- 
 tinct, dark, oval-shaped markings, but lines and paler 
 peni'illings. The Ked-start ami the Ked-eyed Fly- 
 catcher or Vireo came next under our notice : my old 
 friend Vireo, who sings incessantly from ^lay to .Se)»- 
 tend>er. Ever since Di'. Bryant's visit, I have each 
 spring, about the loth April, watched for the return of 
 the Hermit Thrush on my domain; itslicjuid, ilute-like 
 notes, esi)ecially before rain, were one <jf the sweetest 
 strains I have ever heard. In fact, I came then to the 
 conclusion that the Hernnt Thrush was the musician 
 ^vhich the Canadian ])easants styled Ln Flufe, the llute, 
 whilst its congener went niuler the expressive name 
 Lc Jfavthois — the Oboe. Dr. Bryant then iiointed out 
 to me the difference which existed in the general 
 plumage and the markings on the breast of both thrushes, 
 and Stearns in his Kev- England Bivl-Llfe, in very 
 few words, shows how easily the four leading varieties 
 may be distinguished by the cohn* (»f the upper parts 
 alone. 
 
 •' The Wood Thrush is tawny, turning to olive on the 
 rump. The Hermit is olive, turning to tawny on the 
 rump. The Olive-backed is entirely olive. The Veery 
 
— 4U1 
 
 is entirely tawny." Ti»e Thrush fiiiiiily has scircly por- 
 jilexoil former ()rnitli()l(i<,'i.st.s, hut lliilgwuy, Steunis, 
 Baird and Coues have h;ft few jtoints now to he eieared 
 up. In 1871, l>urrou«i;lis wrote, "lam acquainted with 
 scarcely any writer on ornitholo<^y wliost; head is not 
 muddled on the suhjeet of our three prevailinif sitn^'- 
 thrusht'S, eoiifoundinij; eithertludr h<,'ures or their souj^s. 
 A writer in the AfUmtic (for \)w., iS't.S) i^Maveiy tells 
 us the Wood Thrush is sometimes enllcd the Hermit, 
 and then after deserihin<i the son,n' of the I[ermil with 
 <i;reat tenacity and correctness, eonly ascriltes it to tin' 
 Vecrv. The new Cvcloiiiedia, fresh from the stiidv of 
 Audiilion, says the Hermit's smiil; (U)iisists of a siuLjh; 
 plaintive note, and that the \'eery's resembles that of 
 the Wood 'I'lnu'sh. These observations deserve to lio 
 preserved M'ith that of tlu! author of" Out-door I'apers," 
 who tells us the thrill of the TIaii'-bird (Frl ii;/il/ia 
 Soc'iari>^) is produci'd Ity the bird thitteriiie' its wings 
 upon its sides ". In Mr. r>urrou;^li's striking ehaiiter. 
 " 1)1 the Ileinlockx, " We are made ac([uainted with the 
 entrancing concerts of the Wooil-Thrush, the Hermit 
 Thrush and the Dlackburnian Waibler. 
 
 " Whilst sitting on tlin soi't-oushioned log. tasting the 
 pungent, acidulous wood -sorol (( fxatis acr/eUasa) tlu^ blossoms 
 of which, large an<l j>ink-veineil, rise everywhere above the 
 moss, a rufus colored bird flies quietly past, and, alighting on a 
 low limb a few ro<ls off, salutes nie with " Whew ! Wiiew! or 
 Whoit! Whoit! "alinostasyou would whistle for your dog. I see 
 by his impulsive, graceful movements, and his diinly-sj)eckled 
 breast that it is a thrush. Presently he utters a few soft, mellow, 
 flute-like notes, one of the simplest expressions of melody to 
 be heard, and semis away, ami I see it is the Veery or Wilson 
 Thrush. He is the least of the tiirushes in size, being about 
 that of the common Blue-binl, and he may be distinguished 
 trom his relatives l)y the dimness of the spots upon his l»r(;ast. 
 The Wood-Thrush has very clear, ilistinct oval spots on a 
 white ground ; in the Hermit, the sjiots run more into lines, 
 on a ground of a faint bluish white ; in the Veery, the marks 
 are almost obsolete, and a few rods off his breast presents 
 only a dull yellowish appearence. To get a good view of him 
 you have only to sit down in his haunts, as in such cases he 
 seems equally anxious to get a good view of you. 
 
 II 
 
I 
 
 
 ^J- 
 
 7. 
 
 
 
 t^ 
 
 i^ 
 
 i"'<< 
 
 . 1 
 
 ■Si ■••1 
 
 — 102—. 
 
 From thoHo tall hemlocks procoetlH a very tine insoot-liko 
 warble, aixl occasionally 1 hpo a spray tromblc, or catch the 
 flit of a wiiiji. I watch and watch till »ny ln'a<l grows ilizzy 
 and my nock is in dang(M' of norinanont displaccraont, and 
 still do not got a good view. I'resontly tho bird darts, or, as 
 it soomii, falls ilown a ftnv foot in pursuit of a fly or a moth, 
 and I sHo the wholu of it, but in tho dim light am undecidtMl. 
 It is for s\ich oniorgencics that I have brought my gun. A 
 bird in tho hand is worth half a dozen in tho inish, even for 
 ornithologi(!al |)urposes ; and no sure and rapid progress can 
 be ma<l(^ in the study without taking life, without i)rociU'ing 
 s|H!cimeus. TIk^ bird is a warbler, plainly enough, from his 
 habits and maimer; but what kind of warbler? Look on binj 
 and nam • him : a deep, orange or flame-colored throat and 
 breast; tiie same color showing also in a line over the «>ye 
 and in his crown ; !iaek, variegated black and white. The 
 feiiiali- is less marked and brilliant. The Orunge-throated 
 Warbl'M- would seem to be his right name, his cliaraetoristie 
 cogiiomeii ; but no, ho is destined to wear the name of some 
 di>c(ivorer, perhaps the lirst wiio rr)biied liis iiestoi' rilled liim 
 of his mat<>, — IJlaekburu ; heiiee, Hlackburnian \V'arl)ler. Tho 
 burn seems appropriate eiiougii for in these dark evergi-eens 
 his throat and breast sliow like flame 
 
 " Hver siiiiM! I eiitt-red tho woods, even whilst listening to 
 tiii> lesser songst<'rs, or contempliitiiig tlie silent foi'ins about 
 me. a strain has reached iny ear from out the depiiisoftho 
 forest that to me is tiie finest sound in nature, the song of 
 the IIer:iiit-Thriish. I often hear him tluis a long way off, 
 sometimes, oviT a (piaiter of a mile away, when only tho 
 stronger an<l more perfmit parts of his music, reach mo ; and 
 tiirough the general chorus of wrens and warl>lers I detect 
 this sound rising pure and serene, as if a spirit from some 
 remote height were slowly chanting a divine afcompaniment. 
 This song appeals to till' sentiment of the beautiful in me, 
 ami suggests a serene religii)us beatitude as no othei' sound 
 in nature does. It is jierhaps more of an evi-ning tiiau a 
 nioriiiiig hymn, though I hear it at all liours of the day. It is 
 very simph', and I can hardly tell the secret of its charm. 
 *' .Sjieial, sjiheral!" he seems to say; "0 holy, holy! 
 clear away, clear away ! clear up, clear up ! '' interspersed 
 with tlie finest trills and the most delicate preludes. It is 
 not a i)roud, gorgeous strain like the Tanagor's or the Gros- 
 beak's; suggesting no passion or emotion, nothing personal, 
 but seems to be the voice of that calm, sweet solemnity one 
 attains to in his best moments. 
 
 " It realizes a peace and a deep solemn Joy that only the 
 flnest souls may know. A few nights ago I ascend(><l a moun- 
 tain to see the world by moonlight ; and when near the 
 summit, the Hermit commenced his evening hymn a few rods 
 
— 403 — 
 
 from int>. I.ist«-nii)g to thin Htrain nn the lono mountain, with 
 th« lull inonn jii.st loiimlod from the lioii/on, the iiom|> ot 
 your oitit't* luul the priilo of your civilization soemod trivial 
 und cheap." 
 
 IImw (tfk'ii, too, liiive I not listened to tlie ctlu'rciil, 
 flutf-liku tinkle of tliu Orpliens of our Ueup woods, ti\. 
 Hermit Tlirush, honiewjinl Maftedfroni the j^'reen domes 
 of Spencer Wood, iit dewy morn, when the sun-^'od 
 sutfiised with |iiiri)le and <j;old tjie nodding pimiiicles of 
 my dear old I'ines and spreading,' Khns, or at the eluse 
 of those gor^'eous Hunstit!?, with wiiich sjtring consoles 
 us for uur danuary st(»rnis I And yet, have I not too hiM'n 
 told, thai " in Canada tiiere were no song-hirds ! " 
 
 TIIK I'lHST SWALLOW OK THE 8KAS0N. 
 
 To the lovers of birds, and the nwmher is sure to 
 increase where ever the social, wintiinj^ or mysteridus 
 ways of the feathered race get to he bettcir known, there 
 is an individual whose annual re - appearance is 
 associated with more particular dates; under this head- 
 ing, one likes to count that ileet, tireless wanderer by 
 land and sea, the Swallow. 
 
 When the vernal, ujiward flow of the sap has ceased 
 in our hardwood forests; when winter-haunted groves, 
 pastures and moors are just donning their dainty, 
 emerald tints under the jocund rays of an April sun ; 
 when the daisy, the violet, the crocus, the hepatica are 
 longing to send forth their Idossoms and fragrance ; 
 when the aml)ient air is buoyant with the hum of 
 insect-life, when the liossignol, the Eobin, the Hermit- 
 Thrush let drop from the swelling, odoriferous maple- 
 tops or feathery pines, their gushing, soft or metallic 
 roundelays, when, in fact, festive Nature seems all 
 aglow with returning spring, there dawns, for us an 
 auspicious date, to every Briton passing dear — St. 
 George's Day, of April, the 28rd. It is then that for the 
 denizens of picturesque, albeit cold Quebec, arrive 
 
wi 
 
 
 I::: ■ 
 
 lit- 
 
 { ■ 
 
 — 494 — 
 
 circliii.y and twittering over tboir liends, a most welcome 
 henild of recurring lieat and sunsliine, the first Swallo\v 
 in sjaing. 'Tis true, a raw, east wind or piofuse warmth 
 may retard or accelerate the advent of the exjiected 
 visitor, who comes to set u])housekee])ing, after winter- 
 ing in Bermuda, Florida or the sunny Sduth. Observers, 
 one and all, look out for the garrulous, winged messen- 
 ger at that date; no less than others, the writer of those 
 lines, wIk), years ago, hail ]>re]iar(jd an airy birth 1 for 
 Hirvvdo'x ho]M!ful brood. SelddUi in fad, has the ofty 
 structure, the Swallow house (which the village {car- 
 penter, ])ious man, when erecting, decorated with a 
 church steejile), failed to I'eceive each recurring 2ord of 
 April the visit of the yearly-increasing colony of swal- 
 lows, which seems to have been attracteil to his hi(jh 
 church for several seasons. 
 
 Dr. Elliot Coiies sums U]i thus, the Tuigration, habits 
 and liy]>ernation of the Swallow tribe, ever a mystery 
 since the days of I'ontopjiidan, Uishop of I'psal : " Ijeing 
 insectivorous ])irds that take their lavv on the wing, 
 swallows necessarily migrate through the cold and tem- 
 jterate zones of the Northern hemisjihere. Their reces- 
 sion from the North is urged as well by the delicacy of 
 their organization and their susceptibility to cold, as by 
 the periodical failure of the soui'ces of their food-su])ply. 
 The jirowess of their jiinion is equal to the emergency 
 of the longest journeys ; no birds, wliatsoever, ily lietter 
 or farther than some of the Swallows do; and their 
 movements are pre-eminent in the ([ualities of ease, of 
 sjjced, and of regularity. These facts arc matters of 
 common knowledge ; the comings of Swallows have 
 passed into [iroverb, and their hiave-takings been 
 rehearsed in folk-lore among the signs of the waning 
 times. SwalloMS have long been held for weather- 
 prophets ; and with reason enough in the quick res- 
 ponse of their organization to the influence of the atmos- 
 pheric changes. Swallows have figured in augurv : 
 their appearance has been noted among auspicia ; and 
 
 i 
 
 vt' s 
 
— 495 — 
 
 truly, their Higlit i.s baioinetric for they scar in clear 
 wfiriu days and skim the surface of the <;ronnd in 
 heavy, falling M-eather, pei'haj.H neither ahvavs, nor 
 entn'ely, in the wake of winged insects on which thev 
 ].rey. 
 
 These mercurial birds are also therinometric ; thev 
 are gauges of teni])erature, if less precise than the 
 column of Ihe fluid metal itself. Tt takes but a few warm 
 days even in our mid-winters, to send Swallows troop- 
 ing Xorthward from the orange and tlio cypress of the 
 •South; and the uncertain days when cajirieious yoiuu' 
 spring ])ours delicious balm on the wounds of winter^ 
 are sure to lure some Swallows, on beyond their usual 
 bounds, like skirmishers tjn-own out before the oiu-ome 
 of the host of occupation. There is concert, too, in the 
 cam]>aigns of the Swallows ; they act as if by consulta- 
 tion, and carry out agreement under leadership. One 
 may witness in the autumn more i.articularly, before 
 the Swallows leave us, that they gather in noisv th(.u- 
 sands still uncertain of the future movements, eager for 
 the couiu'il to determine their line of march, '^^ivat 
 throngs fly aimlessly about with incessant twitterin-.' 
 or string along the lines of telenraph, the eaves of 
 houses, or the combs of cliffs. In all their talk and 
 ai'gument their restlessness and great concern, we see 
 Low weighty is the subject that occui.ies their 'minds ; 
 we may fancy all the levity and impulse of the younger 
 heads, their lack of sober judgment, tin; incessant tn[.- 
 pancy with which they urge their novel schemes, and, 
 we may well believe, their de]jarture is delayed li'v tlu;' 
 wiser tongues of those taught by ex].erience to inak.; 
 haste slowly. Days pass, sometimes in animated dt-bate, 
 till delay becomes daniierous 
 
 The gathering dissolves, th 
 
 breath is wasted now, the Swallows 1 
 
 wratl 
 
 wher 
 
 eely felt 
 
 smews are strung, no 
 
 lavi^ escaped its 
 
 1 and are gone to a winter's revelry in the land 
 
 is scar- 
 
 ■e winter's hand is weakened till its touch 
 
 Swalh 
 
 •ws are prodigious, phe- 
 
496 — 
 
 !'■ 
 
 
 1V- 
 
 hi 
 
 w 
 
 m-: 
 
 
 il ''■' 
 
 nomenal and problematical." Though we know that in 
 certain seasons " myriads of the Swallows are at play in 
 the air in Mexico, in the West Indies and in Central 
 America," there are many points to be cleared up about 
 their habits and migration. 
 
 It was gravely asserted centuries ago, and it has been 
 steadily reiterated at intervals ever since, that Swallows 
 plunge into the mud, become torpid and hibernate like 
 frogs. " Learned bodies like the French Academy in 
 Paris, and the Royal Society of London, have discussed 
 the matter, printed the evidence in their olHcials publi- 
 cations, and looked as wise after as before their niediat- 
 tions on the subject." It would take us far beyond my 
 limits to describe fully the peculiar habits, conjugal 
 fidelity, annual migrations and various nesting-places 
 of the several varieties of Swallows who visit us ; the 
 Bank Swallow, the Barn Swallow, the Cliff and Eaves 
 Swallow, the jtretty Social Swallow, known as the 
 White Bellied, and the noisy Purple Martin, which 
 nested for a century and more in the lofty eaves of the 
 old Jesuit College at Quebec. Alas ! no more : those 
 possibly noticed there by Judge John Joseph Henry 
 as stated in his letter to Alexander Wilson. With the 
 inquisitive French cobbler, who tied a collar to a Swal- 
 low's neck in the fall, on which the following query 
 was inscribed, we too, oji trying a similar experiment, 
 might, who knows, get a reply in the spring ? 
 
 " Ilirondelle, 
 
 Si fidele, 
 
 Dis-inoi, I'hiver, oil vas-tu ? 
 
 " Dans Athenes, 
 
 Chez Antoine, 
 
 Pourquoi t'en informes-tu ? " 
 
— 497 — 
 
 THE SNOWBIRD OR SNOW-FLAKE, 
 
 K 
 
 {Pleotrophanes Xivalis.) 
 
 It would be about as easy to dej.ict a Canadian 
 wniter, without its snow-drifts, as it were to imardne 
 the fleecy plains and solitary uplands of Canada in 
 winter without their annual visitors, the Snow-buntincr 
 better known to our youth under the apnroi)riafe 
 name of Snowbird. 
 
 In Xew England it is styled the Snow-flake- "it 
 comes and goes with these beautiful crystallizations' as if 
 Itself one of them, and comes at times only less thickly 
 The Snow-bird is the harbinger and, sometimes, the fol- 
 lower of the storm. It seens to revel, to live on snow 
 antl rejoices in the northern blast, uttering, overhead 
 with expanded wing, its merry call " jn-eete-preete " 
 reserving, as travellers tell us, a sweet, ])leasant son'r 
 for Its summer haunts, in the far-north, wJiere it buildl 
 Its warm, compact nest on the ground, or in the fissures 
 of rocks on the coast of Greenland, &c." The Snow-bird 
 IS part and parcel of Canada. It tvpifies the C(juntry 
 just as much as the traditional Beaver, n^ccntlv 
 abstracted, as an emblem, from Jean-Baptiste by the 
 Scotch descendants of the earl of Sterling, on whose 
 arms it figured as early as 1632— according to Dou-Tlass 
 Jirvmner. ° 
 
 Thousands of these hardy, migrants, borne aloft on 
 the breath of the March storms, come each s])iin<r wiiirl 
 ing round the heights of Charlesbourg, or laundi their 
 serried squadrons over the breezy uplands of the lovelv 
 isle facing Quebec, the Isle of Orleans ; one Islander 
 alone last spring, t.j my knowledge, having snared more 
 than one hundred dozen for the Quebec, Montreal and 
 United States markets. 
 
 The merry, robust " Oiseau Blanc " is indeed the 
 national bird of French Canada : it succesfully inspired 
 
 I 
 
ii: 
 
 
 
 
 '■it 
 
 
 It'/-''- 
 
 
 a 
 
 i 
 
 
 iij 
 
 
 *! 
 
 '1 
 
 m 
 
 ir 
 
 \tu 
 
 
 i. / 
 
 -S 
 
 I'' 
 
 i> 
 
 — 498 — 
 
 the lays of more than one of its native poets. In his 
 early and jioetical youth the respected Historian of 
 Canada, F. X. Garneau, found in the Snow-bird a con- 
 genial subject for an ode, one of his best pieces, and 
 the Laureate Frechette is indebted to his pindaric effu- 
 sion " L'Oiseau Blanc" for a large portion of the laurel- 
 crown awarded him by the " Forty Immortals " of the 
 French Academy. 
 
 Had I, like Garneau and Frechette, been gifted Mith 
 a spark of the poetic fire, I, too, might have been 
 temjtted to immortalize in song this dear friend of my 
 youth. Right well can I recall those, alas ! distant, 
 those enchanted, early days, whose winters were colder ! 
 sunshine brighter ! snow-drifts higher ! than those of 
 these degenerate times ! Eight well do I remeniljer 
 Montmagny (St. Thomas as it was then called) and its 
 vast meadows, pearing out under the rays of a March 
 sun, swarming with Snow-birds, Shorelarks, and occa- 
 sionally some Lapland Longspurs, feeding there in the 
 early morning or with the descending shadows of eve. 
 Those far-stretching fields facing the Manor House to 
 the north, how oft at sunset have I not stalked over 
 them, bearing home to my aviary the numerous captives 
 found fluttering in my horse-hair snares, listening as I 
 sauntered along to the low, continuous warble of my 
 feathered frienels, taking their evening meal ! 
 
 With what zest boyhood can recall those animated, 
 Ueecy clouds of Ijirds darting across whitened fields or 
 hovering in a graceful cluster over distant tree-tops, and 
 defying ^^'ith their glossy wintry plumage the icy blast 
 of the north. Mitliinks, I can yet recall on a bright 
 April morning, a myriad of these hardy little fellows 
 dropping from the summit of a large Elm, a shade tree 
 in the pasturage ; and lighting, like a fall of snow, on the 
 meadow, to pick up grass seed, or grain forgotten from 
 the previous summer! With the ornithologist Minot, I 
 am quite prepared to recognize the Snowflake as " the 
 most picturesque of our winter birds, which often 
 
 ' ,\.. 
 
^. 
 
 ■ 
 
 — 490 — 
 
 enlivens an otherwise dreary scene, especially when 
 Hying, for they then seem almost like an animated 
 storm. 
 
 There exists a great variety of color in the i.luma<^e 
 of hese birds; some, the males perhaps, ai-e more 
 white than the rest ; some, nearly all white. In others 
 black and a warm brown is noticeable, mixed with 
 white. 
 
 "The black dorsal area is mixed with brown and 
 white, the feet are black, but the bill is mostlv or 
 entirely yellowish ". Tliongh they seldom perch on ti-ees 
 and are not fond of thickets, buti.rcferthe open coiintrv' 
 1 have seen flocks light more than once on lar.e trees' 
 elms and others, in the midst of pasture-lands at St' 
 1 nomas, county (jf Montmaguy. 
 
 The eggs, live in number^ vary in their coloration 
 markings and size The Snow-Iiunting all disappear 
 trom the neighborhood of Quebec, with the middle or 
 end of April and retire probably to the Arctic rcnons 
 to build, though we are told that Audubon fuimd a 
 bnow-bird s nest in the White Mountains and Mavnard 
 certihes to the presence of a Hock of these birds at 
 Mont ivatahdin, in Maine, earlv in August, 18G0 
 
 The Snow-Eunting, common to the c.intinen'ts of 
 America and Europe, occurs in vast Hocks in Scotland 
 Ji^ngland, iiussia and even in Siberia. ' 
 
 Eouud Quebec, it comes as a regular fall and sprin.r 
 migrant : hke tlie passenger pigeon, its numbers have 
 sadly decreased of late years. 
 
 That broad-mouthed,"'long-winged, short-legged, dark 
 bird, with white badges on its wings, is the Xi..-ht 
 Hawk, or Goat Sucker, Capri nmUj us. You, no doii^bt 
 are aware why he is so persistently called Goat-Sucker 
 hy naturalists ; it is because he never in his life sucked 
 a goat, n3ver dreamed of it. It is one of those 
 outrageous fabrications invented by ignorance to tilch 
 a poor bird of his good name, and which took root only 
 because it was oft repeated. In the days of Olaus 
 
m 
 
 t- 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 V' ' 
 
 ^u- , 
 
 ( . i'.': 
 
 
 
 — 500 — 
 
 Maj^iuis, ]>isliop of Upsal, iu Sweden, few daved to 
 doubt l)ut that Sw^allows, instead of going to Senegal 
 and tlie Gdld coast, to spend their Christmas and Piaster 
 holidays, dived Ijefore winter into the bosom of lakes, 
 and hybernated under the ice till si»ring, with no gayer 
 companions than a few meditative trout or gudgeon. 
 This was anotlier absurd theory, but which had many 
 great names to prop it up. The lieverend Gilbert 
 White, in his Tfistory of Selhoi'iir, a nicer book than 
 which you could not read, eloquently demonstrated 
 how absurd, how impossible such a thing could take 
 place. 
 
 You recognize at one glance that little fairy, dipped 
 in a sunl)eam, begennned with opals, rubys, and living 
 sapphires ; it is the Ruljy-throated Humming Bird. 
 One species (1) only freciueuts our ])rovince thougli it 
 constitutes a numerous family in South America and 
 in the West Indies. How often in the dewy morn have 
 you not noticed the little sylph, ecstatic with delight, 
 hovering over the honeysuckle and bright geranium 
 blossoms, and inserting in their expanded corollas his 
 forked tongue in search of insects and honey ? Xeed I 
 dwell at length on all his loveliness, his incomparable 
 beauty, M'hen you can refer to the glowing descriptions 
 which two great masters, Audnbon and Buffon, have 
 left, Audubon's especially ? In spite of his finished 
 
 (1) J. F. Whiteaves F. K. S. C. writes, apprising me of the 
 atlilitions made to he Ottawa Museum during tiie last six 
 years by Professor Macoun, F. K. S. C. ; *' our series of birds for 
 British Cohiinbia, the N. W. Territories and Manitoba is as 
 nearly completi! as that of the east. Thus we have native 
 examples of all the Hvo Canatlian hummiug-l)irds and of all 
 tlio owls, but the Barn owl, if that is truly Canadian — includ- 
 ing the Burrowing owl of the N. VV. T. and the Pigmy owl of 
 Vancouver Island." 
 
 J. F. Whiteaves. 
 
 This is a good news, for Canadian ornithologists, whilst it 
 reflects creditably, on Professor Macoun and his able staft. 
 
~ 501 _- 
 
 ele-ance of diction the sedentary i.hilosoj.lier, J5uffon 
 must yield the pahn to tlie naturahst Vho studied 
 God . emjtures on the mountains, prairies, sea shores 
 plains, fields and forests of our continent 
 
 liftl'Z ^'^'^ '" !"'' '' '"'^ '' "^''^^ gor^eously-hahited 
 little son^rsier, who pays us a welcome visit in J.dv 
 ills azure mantle has hestowed on him the name of 
 Inchgo J ,rd. Uuflon calls him " Le Ministre," prc,hal,Iv 
 because he was. like the French Ministers of States 
 robed HI hue: our own Cabinet Ministers, as vou 
 know, on the visit of the Prinee of Walrs in iNGij 
 chose blue fur their rjraudn fnuic ofjlch'lfe. Xevei' 
 •shall I for.,t„ue bright July morninn'\valkim4- in my 
 garden, shortly after sunrise. In the centre there stuod 
 an old aj.ple tree, bcarin- ],ink and white buds and ^.ivrn 
 leaves; close to it my children liad grown a very lame 
 
 ro^wV'^T"'^""^^'"^ ''''''^y cxpandinao 
 lie oil, of day, whose rays stivam.d through the over- 
 hanging canoj.y of .lew-spangk-d blossoms/ In the f,.rk 
 ot the apple tree a pair of Ifnbins had built their clay- 
 cemented nest, in win,],, protected by soft hay, rested 
 
 r'<'!v'H V'l/'r' '^'^-^^^'^"' ^^I'i^^t the nude Kobin 
 ua c. 10 ing for 1, h.s morning hymn from the topmost 
 bunch of a neiglibor.ng red oak. 1 was in the act of 
 peenng ni the nest, when my eye was arrested l)y the 
 resplendent colors of an azure bird nestling in tlu' .un 
 shme on the saffron leaves of thesunHoweiC The bri-dit 
 uess of the sj.ectacle before me was such, its contests 
 so sinking, that T paused in mute aston shment a so 
 much splendor Was it a realm of dream-land ^e^d 
 out before me! a vision painted by a fairy.' It Mas 
 my friends, the Indigo Bird of Canada, in his full 
 miptial plumage, seen amidst the bright but every 
 day spectacle of a Canadian landscai.e ^ ' 
 
 JV hat a charmhig musician, the Vireo or Eed-eyed 
 ^1} Ca Cher, during his protracted stay from May to 
 September? scarcely visible to the naked eyed amidst 
 the green boughs of a lofty elm, he warbles fort h 
 
 !' 
 
— 502 — 
 
 U 
 
 
 u^' 
 
 love-ditty from sunrise to sunset ? I was watching 
 eagerly, this sjiring, for the return from the South of 
 the 8ii'cct, Sv'O't Cavada hinf, the white-throated 
 Sjiarrow, whose clear, shrill clarion resounds even in 
 the dejith of night ! Will he accomjiany this spring 
 his congener, the Song Sparrow, the Rossi fpwl,\\hh its 
 simple, soft melody, so dear to every Canadian heart ? 
 
 llave any of you ever notic(!d the liedstart darting, 
 like an arrow, after the small Hies, then relighting on 
 the twig, uttering his shrill Incrcus'iiKj note, very 
 similar to that of the pretty summer-Yellow bird, also 
 one of the fly-catchers, as you are aware ; a family 
 most numerous, and if not generally gifted Mith song, 
 at least rejoicing in a, very bright livery. The Hedstait, the 
 male bird, is easily known Ity his black plumage ; when 
 he is Hying, he discloses the under jiortions of his wings, 
 which appear of bright maize. The female is more of an 
 olive hue, and does not resemble at all her mate: they 
 In'eeil all round Moutreid and Quebec, and stoj) here 
 about three months. It is needless for me to fui'nish 
 you witli a very lengthy description of the Bli(e Jrnj : 
 you are all acquainted with Ins cerulean plumage and 
 harsh note, esjtecially before rain. 
 
 I must not, however, forget to point out to you that 
 richly-dressed individual, wearing black and orange 
 badges: that is the I'altiniore Oriole. He visits chielly 
 the jMontreal district and ^Vest('rn Canada. lUack and 
 oranue, did I sav ? whv that was the otlicial livery of a 
 great English landowner of IMaryland, in the days when 
 democracy amongst our neighbours was not. We have 
 it on the authority of Alexander AVilson, no mean 
 authority, as you know, that this brilliant July visitor 
 took its name from Lord Baltimore, on whose estates a 
 Meat number of Orioles were to be seen. The Baltimore 
 Oriole is a tolerably good musician. You can see how 
 brilliant are the colors of these Canada birds now exhi- 
 bited to you ! 
 
— 503 — 
 
 [\\- 
 
 1 think you will agi'ee with me in saying that few 
 countries can furnish a grouj) of brighter ones than 
 those now exposed to view, and composed of Canadian 
 birds only : — Hermit Thrush, Purpe Finch, Canadian 
 Cold Finch, Wood Duck, CJolden - winged Wood- 
 pecker, or Rain Fowl ; Blue Jay ; Field Ollicer ; Mary- 
 land Vellow-Throat; Wax- Wing; Indigo Bird ; Kuby- 
 Tliroated Humming Bird ; Scarlet Tanager ; l»altiniore 
 Oriole ; Meadow Lark ; Bine GrosJ>eak ; (Jardinal 
 Grosbeak ; Bose-breasted Grosbeak aud Towhe Bunting. 
 
 As for song, we may safely assert, with the same 
 Alexander Wilson, that the Fauna of America can 
 conijM'tc with that of Kurope. Tru(!, we have not the 
 Skylark, nor the lUackbird; and our Robin, although 
 similar to him in note aud habits, is still his inferior 
 in song ; but we have the Wood Thrush, with its 
 double-tongued Ihite notes, the Hermit Thrush, the 
 Brown Thrush, the gingling, I'oystering Bolxdink, the 
 Canadian Goldfinch, whose war])le reminds you of the 
 Canary. The far-famed European Nightingale has cer- 
 tainly nu;t with a worthy rival in the American Mock- 
 Ing-Bird, whose extraordhiary musical powers have 
 been so grai)lilcally delineated by John James Audulton. 
 
 To those inclined to underrate the song of amerlcan 
 Birds, compared to that of European species 1 would 
 recommend the perusal of an able paper, by John l>ur- 
 rougs — to be found p. 121, in one of his fascinating 
 bird-books : Fi'iEsii Fields. 
 
 Mr. Chairman, ladies aud gentlemen, I must ciavo 
 your forgiveness for trespassing so long on your atten- 
 tion. The study of Bird-life, has ever been a favorite 
 one with me since my early youth ; I thiidv It calcu- 
 hited to infuse sunshine and elevating ideas, in the 
 minds of both old and young. One word more and 1 
 have done. 
 
 We have to admit that the study of natural histoiy 
 in our country has not been prosecuted with the same 
 vigor as have other departments of science. The out- 
 

 — 504 — 
 
 
 ii.t 
 
 i: 
 
 !*'■;■ ^ 
 
 C- 
 
 Idnk ini«,'lit be brighter. The diirk doiuls of ]ivojutlice 
 Lover iibove I the upas of iii<lilference still lingers 
 below, l)linhting and nipping in the bud, ])ln,ss(;m.s 
 giving jivoinise of fiiir fi'uit. In my humble ojiinion, 
 Avhiit is wanted is a well e(iui])ped National ^luseum 
 worthy (if the l)((mini()n, eilhev at Ottawa, (1) nv in ynur 
 prosperous, ever-e\]ianding eity with some of our 
 millionnaires to breathe in the movement the lireath of 
 lif(!, by the endowment of a chiiir of Zoology. Your 
 magniii(!ent city (^lontival) has taught other cities that 
 a rae(! of progressive, generous men have taken root in 
 the soil, alive to the noble duties wliieh tlie responsi- 
 bility and stewardshi]! of wealth impose. Of such may 
 you well feel ])roud; on such may I rest some sanguine 
 hopes I " ( PvoloiKjcd (tjtplnKsc.) 
 
 "Sir William Dawson, in ja'escnting the thanks of 
 the audience to the lef'tuicr, which lunl been moved 
 liy the lion. Senator Mui']ihy, seconded by Mr. .1. S. 
 Shearer, completely endorsed all that he had said res- 
 ]»ecting a chair of zoology and a national museum, and 
 lio])e(l the day would arrive when they would be realized. 
 The renuirks of Sir William were warmly to the })oint 
 and as warndy received by the audience, which then 
 adjourned. {Montreal Witnef^», loth March, IS'.H.) 
 
 I' 
 
 P- 
 
 J'' 
 
 m - 
 
 
 (1) Since these words were uttered, the Natural History 
 Museum under the (!liarj,'e of the Geological survey has taken 
 vast strides. T'is melancholy however to think that this 
 valuable collection, is .stored in a building which is not lire- 
 proof. 
 
EiniATA. 
 
 Page 70, 
 " 111, 
 " 112, 
 
 a 
 (I 
 '( 
 (I 
 (( 
 « 
 
 •'< ns, 
 " m, 
 
 IGf), 
 ]69, 
 231, 
 239, 
 241, 
 346, 
 494, 
 
 490, 
 
 iMh hno, roa.I " si.e " instead of " ho " 
 4 1, " u .^^jj.^. , of«j,;i,;" 
 
 ^-!i' ''"''' ''^'''' '' '''^'- " '"-^toati of " 1S71 " 
 
 iitche.1 ". ''"••**^^'''''-'<' ' instead of " Fare- 
 
 OtJ, lino, roa.l " truthful " instead of "youthful " 
 
 12th line, read " 1781-84 " instead of " 1 779 81 " 
 9th hne after the word " hirth "take off Le ''l'" 
 and place it to then-ord " oftv " in H.nirfi i- 
 
£■> 
 
 I . 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 R V 
 
 ^^;'5^ 
 
 I 
 
 (I- 
 
 'it ' .' ■ 
 
 !• 
 
 
 B 
 
 st,V 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A..tho,.-s Wn..ks»En,li.sl. and Fn.„.,. . 
 
 I'ag...s 
 
 I'akt [. 
 Q'l'^l'ec aiHl its Environs 
 
 '^I'-'Conntry-snus around' q;;;:;,;:;.; ''5 
 
 imps iidb,.,. (),„,l , ,., •• i>l 
 
 ,;; Kpi».^. or\,.. ;;,;;:;;';,,.:',:-•■■• '-- ..-, 
 
 Jh(! Wai-o(175<» "I'H'M .,f, 
 
 ^Jontcalm on Ifors,. Fiosl, ">' 
 
 -Vontcahu aiKl J.^vis '>'> 
 
 Social LiCn in Canada orV.'i'i '>'^ 
 
 iJio DcatJi of Wolf,. N-' 
 
 ACliapteronranadiiurXol'uity! ^^ 
 
 M. -u,s «tn,et and its Stono.l UZZ. ,;'? 
 
 L.u.,^;^an.nan History^ 
 
 Materials for Ca.iadian Hisjorv ' *' 
 
 A Canadian AntiqMa,y_Al.l>e'liois '^" 
 
 Canadian Historical Xovo]. '^"^ 
 
 F. X. Garneau—asapoot. ...","."'. ''^^ 
 
 -A i)Ieasini,' incident ii. n,,. !. ''>•"> 
 
 <^«nc.,,., ,„„,„,„,' ;',;:;:;::;■:;• ;'.«-;''^- n-v.*... „., 
 
 P- A. DoGa'^n.v. << r- .• ' detractors i-., 
 
 ou.e.„s:,::,.LJi:;;;:;;:::-f'''".-or™,„,,,^ 
 
 <^ueon Victoria's Jul.ileo J S'^7^-"'r ■■■;■■ ''•'^ 
 
 '''' ^'^'^'-^'— r.ooking Lack i9g 
 

 ij^iv 
 
 f^^. 
 
 
 I*- ' 
 
 — 508 — 
 
 Pages. 
 
 riio Beaver Club, at Montreal, 1785-1824 209 
 
 Judge Adam Mabane, 1734-92 213 
 
 A D('^j(Mnier a la Fourchette, at Mr. Marniier's, in Paris... 216 
 
 French in a British Colony — Jersey 225 
 
 Old Canadian Manors — Madame <le Borcy — 17S9 228 
 
 Christmas and its Festivities 239 
 
 New Year's Day in Olden Time 250 
 
 Folk-Loro paper road at Montreal : " On some 2>c<^tdiar 
 
 forms of oaths " 255 
 
 Tlie llurons of Loretto and the Hero of Chateauguay .... 2^4 
 
 The Wild Flowers round Qiielioc 2t)7 
 
 The Tomb of Cliamplaiii 290 
 
 A projected nionunuMit to tlio FouncK-r of Quebec 295 
 
 The site of the " Chateau Frontenac " 3U0 
 
 The Powder ^Magazine of Fort St-Louis 304 
 
 The American Congress of Foresti'v, at Quebec 308 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 w ■ 
 
 Part If. 
 
 Lccfiircs. . I (hlresses. 
 
 Glimpses of Quebec, 1749— V.) — " yl/i inaugural address 
 
 before Literary and Historical S'icietjj — 1.'^79 325 
 
 Edinburgh — York — Rouen, reviewed 368 
 
 Brighton, Scarborough, Voi'siiilles, The Field of "Waterloo. 434 
 
 Lecture on Canadian Birds, delivered at ^lontreal in 1S91. 461 
 
 !, 
 
 1 , 
 , r 
 
 v\ 
 
 w 
 
V 
 
 
 mmm and fishing in the province of i)1'ebec 
 
 CLOWE (a^E^vfSJONS. 
 
 i/ 
 
 I 
 
 HUNTING 
 
 1. Moosonndcnrilioti.— from 1st Fcliruiii-v to l^^t Scpteraber. 
 ^. Deer,— troiu Ist Jiinuiiry to 1st OctoliiT. 
 
 7yo//, oc lien- irlt/i dopx or hi/ inrxiix of 
 
 N. li. — Till' hllllthlij at lllnnsr. ciiri 
 
 finrtriti, friips, ,t'r. , !i iirn/i iliilii/. 
 
 .V.><»i,> {irlntemiuior !i„i:,i,i) kill ii i-iaht. durinn mir *erM',/i\ liiinlui,,, to 
 /.■III or tnkr nil ri -nnli ^sjir li<i. iiri-rioiiili, nhlninnl a i„rm it fro,,, ihi- I'om- 
 mii^ionir ijj I rmi^n Liuvhlm- that purpose-more, tlmn 2 moo,,', 2 cnriljou 
 
 After thrfii-xt ten ilinm of the eloxr xenxon. uU rnlbi-nux nml xtenmhont 
 comimiuei iird Diibhv carriers are /orlnildeii to ewrii the irhole or u„i, „nrt 
 
 litVl I ,1 "' '■""■' '""""^v''"'-''"'," <»] 'leer, wilh.nt hriu,, iu,l/,orneil 
 
 tlierito liji tlie iiinnnsioiier oj Croirii l.itinh. 
 
 3. Heaver, iiiinlv, otter, martin, |iekHti,-From l,«t April to l.st Xovombcr. 
 ^. Iliire,— trom 1st I'eliruiiry to 1st November. ui<-ui-»-i. 
 
 Jicr hier),-lromlst Alaytolst Apnifollowin!?. "'-^"liilu anu 
 
 ^' ,Vi''°KT"''i''r''T'''-,''i'''.''-''","'' '.'"•'■''',"'' -*■'■"'" '-f Ffbruary to 1st Sept. 
 ^' ''a\"t'!vil:y'lo'I^^lsiSnl!e;:'^'^""'' '"^"^'" ^•""''-'- ""'l -11)- 
 
 N. li.—Anil at onii time of the i/e,ir, from the uliove meiitioiie,/ hhuh 
 between one hour, liter „iinx,'t iiml one hour l.etore ni„n-ixe. ft ix olxo forhi, Jen 
 to k-e^-D exposed, dnrnii, xiich pn.hihited hourx. lure,, or deeoiix ,le ' 
 n ,.„»-''^'*"'-i?'Vf''V'"'"'^ part of the Province to tlie East and North of the 
 counties ot I el eehasse and Montmorency, (he inliabitants mav,at alsoas Z, s 
 mentLned'in No?7.^' I>">-pose of procuring food, shoot any of the birds 
 
 ». Birds known as perchers. such as swallows, kins birds, warblers (hvit- 
 ehers, woodpeckers, wliippoorwills, finches, (somr-sparrows. redbir s 
 indw) birds, .Vc.,) c(,vy-b|intmi;s. titmice, -oldtinches, -rives, (rolin)' 
 woodthruclies, Xe ) k.n.dets. bobolinks, irrakles, sro^beaks, 1, ., m in-' 
 of 'tlie'r'; ''?■•;'"''' ^t';••':■^'""' ''''tfl^'s falcons, hawks and ot le ! r fs 
 oftlie lalcoiiKliu, Willi pigeons, kin^'-lisliers, crows, ravens, waxwin-s 
 
 Mai^ht'lst 8:!feber:'' '""'""'' '"'"''■""' ""'' ^'-■'""^'-'■■•^'"> '^t 
 O. It iMorbichlen to take nests or egi?s of wild birds.-at any time of the 
 
 ^l- J5— I'ine of Sl' to .-rloo.ur imprisonment in default of pavmcnt 
 
 A.- perxoii irhn ,x not do,nie,h d in the I'ronlurp „, Q,„ /„ ,.. ;,„,• /,( ih„t of 
 
 Oafurioeiin,i,t„n,, tune. Ininl in thlx I>,-or!„ee u-ithnnt hnrlni. pr,,",,, 
 
 obtained a lieeiixe to thot .jleet trom the I'omiaissionerof r,:,i,-n Landx Sueh 
 
 permit IS not tiiaixfenible. < i.'.ui ix. .^uen. 
 
"..tj < 
 
 t'«l 
 
 MK 
 
 Mr 
 
 
 FISHING 
 
 1. Salmon (angling),— from L">th AiiKUSt to l?t Februnry. 
 
 12. Oiiiinanichi',— from I'Uh SojitombtT to l?f ]>ecetnbor. 
 
 :t. Siicckled tront, Uuhnu font nKili")— I'roiti l.-^t Oi'tulit'i- to Ist May. 
 
 •I. Largo grey trout, liinpe, touludi, land-locked salmon,— iroin l")th Octo- 
 
 lior to 1st December. 
 n. Pickerel,— from Vi Auril to ITith May. 
 <l. 15ass,— Irom l(»th May to Ist July. 
 7. Ma!'kinonK<'', — from 2rit\i May to 1st July. 
 W. Whitefish,— from Ifltii October to 1st December. 
 
 Fine of $') to $20, or imprisonment in default of payment. 
 
 N. 15.— AuKling only by hand, (with book and line), is permitted for 
 taking tish in the lakes and rivets under control of the (ioverninent of the 
 Province of Quebec. 
 
 N" purxdii, ir/io !h not iloiiilcilpd In tin: I'lni'tiKi of (jnehee, ran, itt iiny 
 tliiii^tixli in the lakiK nr ricrx iiHih'r rniiti'ol III' till- (lnvi rmiDiit of this I'ro- 
 vliirv, not iiitniiUii nnilir linm , n-illionl hiirinn iiri-rionnhi ohtaineii a inrinit 
 to Ihnt etf'i ct frniii, thf t'onimi/ixioni r oj ('rown l.nuiln. Such i» rniit ii ontu 
 valid for the time, jtluee anil fiemoni therein indiinted. 
 
 Dki'akt.mkxt of Crown Lands, 
 
 tiuebec, August, ISW. 
 
 JO. E. TAeilE, 
 
 Axslslant-l'oinnii>!ntoncr of I'ron'n Lmnis. 
 
 J Ast of fivers and laken on which fhe Jlshiiiij pririleijcs are 
 
 still disposahic. 
 
 f 
 
 4\l 
 
 \*i> 
 
 Xortli sliore of tho gulf and river St. Lawrence, county of 
 Saguenay : — 
 
 Salmon, St. Paul, Xabitipi, Meeatina (Little), Mecatina 
 (Great), Kereapoui, Xataganiioii, Darl)y, Coacouclion, AVasiie- 
 cootai, < )lomonoshecboo, Miisquarro, Little Musquarro, Kek- 
 ashka. Little Natasqiian, (loynisli, loss six miles of the west 
 shore, Xabisihi, Washeeshoo, Little and ( Ireat Iloniaine, Miii- 
 gan, St. John, Magpie, Sheldrake, Manitoii, the ten last 
 named to I)egin six miles from the gulf shore, Pigou, Trout, 
 !Moisic, the ujiper part, Moisie, Eau-doree, Moisic Rouge, 
 !Moisic Xepoesis, Des Jlapides, Aux Foins, Marguerite, Baie 
 des Koehers, Calumet, Pentecote, Aux Anglais, Amedee, Ala 
 Chasse, Becscie, [Manicouagan, Toiidnoostook, Outarde, Papi- 
 nachois, Eorsimis, Boucher, Laliherte, Ahnepi, partof, Colom- 
 hier, Blanche, Sault-au-Cochon, Petit Escoumains, Escou- 
 mains, Portneuf, from the rear line of the seignior\i(, Sault-au- 
 Mouton, river ami lakes Aux Canards, Des Koehers. 
 
 .ft; 
 
 I 
 'l 
 
 ii-i ■