IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ii^ 12.8 Urn ^^* •^ m to J .:! 114 S* 140 1.4 22 1= 1.6 V] <^ /^ * /. y /!^ Photographic Sciences Corporation V ^^ ^^ i\ \ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^/ 12X lex aox 24X 28X 32X ails du idifier une (lage rrata to pelure. n 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Nova Scotia Public Archives The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. 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WiiKN' Vcroad the livo-; of iliose iik'U wlm liavo cxorci.-od romiirk- ablc iiillilPiJfi4()ii u;iti(>ii:il iiilair^, we caiiiiot tkil to ho iiiipre.s.sod by their iiinv<(l(|||e(l iii4llstn', iis well as by iheir versalility of uniiiis. Not content with luoilerate .success in some particular (lejiartnioiit of ac- tivity, men of vast miiuls have. Ijneii ever ambilioii.s to rise far above the onliuMry level of luiman iiiiellect, and daz/.le the world by the variety and perfeetion of their accomjjlishmcnls. It would seem as if there need be uo deliuito limit to the rany:e or capacity of true ;:cniii3. Wii'.ui we iiave hardly ceased adniirin;; the ability with wliich an em- inent statesman has iruided his country tiironu'li a ti-yinu: crisis, wo may be called njion to y \i»t ilI)()V(! I'.V lIlO n as if I'llilN. II ciu- sis. wo I ill an . in liie brilliant period of Rome's history. The elder Cato, Cicero and Sallust were also emiuent statesmen and men of letters ; but (lie names of these and others need not be recalled to the memory of the student of classic literature. Let us no^f come down to later times, when the empire of Rome had been shattered into fraf!;ments, and new nationalities and states were in process of formation throiijrhout Europe. Charlemagne, em- phaticiilly a man of action, liad liis hours of study, whether in the camp or court, and is said to have formed his courtiers into an academy, with the view of interestinjj; them in literary pursuit!. Alfred of Eng- land, a truly great man, was not only an eminent statesman and law- giver, but a scholar and author of high attainments, Itaviiig translated Boethius on tiie Consolations of Philosophy, and written other works in Suxon. To the princes and nobles of Europe must be awarded the praise of having fostered poetical literature in those ages wlien learn- ing was confined to the clergy, and printing had not been invented to spread knowledge and create a love of letters among tlie masses. Many of tlie Troubadours were knights and men of noble birth, who sang the praises of some fair lady, or told in stirring strain of chival- rous deeds ; it was, in fact, one of the rules of chivalry that the nobles should keep open house for all the wandering followers of war and minstrelsy. Richard CuMir de Lion is generally remembered for his heroic deeds ; but he was also famous in his day for his wit and elo- quence in song. The illustrious Florentine family, the Medici, have ever associated their name with the patronage of urt and literature. Machiavel, the author of that curious work, '• the I'rince," which has 80 long aii'orded a prolific theme for political essayists, was an exceed- ingly astute statesman, who did good service for his country during his public career. Previous to the sixteenth century, the principal olficcB of the state in England had been generally iilled by men fainous in war or in the church ; but during the reign of Elizabeth, there appeared for the tirst time the professional j)oliti(!ian. He did not belong to the church — ho was not connected with the leading nobility ; but he was highly edu- cated, and sought in public life that preferment which was not attain- able, so far as he was concerned, by any other avenue. Prominent among these nien was one who, with all his weaknesses, occupies a place in the estimation of his countrymen which few Englishmen have ever held. No man in ancient or modern times can be brought for- ward as a ni' e striking illustration of the versatility of commanding gcnins than the illustrious Bacon. As a lawyer, he will be ever famous for his labours in arranging and reforming the laws of England ; as a statesman, he took a conspicuous part in bringing about the union of Scotland and England — a measure which all Englishmen and Scotch- men will now willingly confess has conduced greatly to the interests of both sections; as an historian he will be known for his clear and succinct history of the icign of Henry VH. ; as a philosopher he towers above all who have preceded him. He was the author of many admir- able treatises which, in themselves, would have entitled him to fame ; but his ablest work was the Novum Organumy in which, to quote T i B^r t Kmi mtlmm i w www 118 STEWAnX 3 LITEKART Macaulay, we .nust especially admire " the vast capacity of that intel- lect which, without effort, tukca in ut ouce all the domains of science, all the past, the present and the future, all tlic errors of two thousand years, all the encouraging signs of the passing times, all the bright hopes of the coining age." Bacon has given us, in a few emphatic words, the advantages which men, in or out of public life, derive from literary studies. " Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and tvise men xise them; for they teacli not their own use : that is a wisdom without them, aiid won by observation. Read not to con- tradict, nor to believe, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and di- gested. Rmdin'j maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writ- ing an exact man : and therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory ; if he confer little, have a present wit ; and if he read little, have much cunning to seem that he doth not. Histories make men wise, poets witty, th« njathematics subtle, natural philosophy deep, morals grave, logic and Rhetoric able to contend." Tlie name of Sir Thomas'More must ever be associated with those of the most eminent defenders of the privileges of Parliament ; and when we read his life, it is difficult to understand how a man, so well versed in the secrets of the human heart and in the science of practical politics, could ever have framed a system of government like that in Utopia. Sir AValter Raleigh, the courtier, the statesman, the soldier, the explorer and navigator — a remarkable man in a remarkable age— the age of Shakspeare and of Spenser — found solace during a long im- prisonment in writing his great work, the History of the World, and was also the author of several poems possessing undoubted merit. James I. of England, who was guilty of no more monstrous crime during a long reign, conspicuous for the exhibition of his vices and weaknesses, than the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh, was himself a very voluminous autlior, as may be seen from the list of works enumer- ated in " Royal and 'oble Authors," by Horace Walpole ; but nobody now-a-days remembers the titles of any of his productions, except, perhaps, his Counterblast against tobacco. The successor of James, the ill-fated Charles I., was one of the most elegant and forcible writers of his time, as well as an extremely liberal patron of the fine arts. But we pass on to refer to a statesman who occupied a very conspicuous position during his reign and that of his son, the "gay monarch." Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, exem- plified forcibly the truth of the maxim, " put not your trust in princes." Those who survey his character by the light of the present, when the passions and jealousies of the times in which he lived have passed away, will acknowledge that, waating though ho may have been in the highest attributes of a statesman, yet he stood far above the corrupt and unprincipled politicians who were too often the favourites of the court. Clarendon's political downfall, fortunately for posterity, en- abled him to cultivate historical studies and eventually write the his- tory of the rebellion— a history remarkable for its clear and compre- hensive narrative, and its admirable portraiture of character. Aadison must be quoted as a memorable example of a man who QDABTERLT MA6AZIXK. 119 attained to a high position in the councils of his country, purely on account of his distinction as a man of letters. Before the time of the eminent essayist, pltilosophcr and wit, literature simply furnished a means of recreation for men during the infcrvals of leisure ; but the revolution of 1688 increased the power of the press, and gave men of letters great influence in the state. With the extension of the power of Parliament it became indispensable to influence public opinion ; and the only way that could be done was by thc-distribution of able pam- phlets and essays, since there was then no daily press as now to send broadcast over the United Kingdom verbatim reports of the Par- liamentary debates. Swift's talents as a satirist were constantly called into play, not only on the Whig, but also on the Tory side of politics ; And, no doubt, if it had not been for the peculiar character of his pro- fession, he would have attained a higher position than his friends were able to confer upon him. Addison's wit, however, was not caustio like that of the stern dean ; and strong as were his political opinions, he never sullied his pen by diatribes c^eulated to wound the personal feelings of his opponents. His wit was of that genial cast which never excited the enmity even of those against whom it might be levelled. Contemporary with the great English essayist was Lord Bolingbroke who, it is said, esteemed it an honour to be styled the Alcibiades of England. Bold, unscrupulous, reckless, possessed of unrivalled orft> torical powers, he attained to the highest offices of the state ; but his restlessness and love of intrigue led (as has been the case with so many other eminent statesmen) to his political downfall. His political writ- ings attracted much attention in their day ; but their interest has passed away with the events that called them forth : and now, like his works on mental philosophy, they are only known to the deep student, who may have occasion to look into the history of the times in which the great statesman lived. Wanting as his productions are in solidity and breadth of knowledge, yet their style is admirable for its clearness, fluency and liveliness, and had its effect in improving the public writ^ ing of his own as well as subsequent times. Edmund Burke stands pre-eminent among a brilliant phalanx of orators and statesmen, who adorned parliament during the latter part of the eighteenth century. His literary productions attest the wide range of his philosophical mind ; but none of them are so valuable as his public addresses, which are remarkable for their philosophical and constitutional wisdom, as well as for their richness of language. It was said of Burke that he often cleared the benches in his later days, by reflning when '' others thought of dining ;" but the very elaboratioa of his oratorical efforts has rendered them more valuable to posterity than the comparatively superficial productions of his compeers. Among the great intellects who were contemporary with Burke was Sheridan, the statesman, orator, wit and dramatist. In Sheridan we see a re« markable illustration of the eccentricities of genius. His life was a continual struggle with bailiffs, and he died deserted by his friends. Yet after his death his countrymen, forgetting his weaknesses and only remembering his brilliant talents, gave him a place in that famous old Abbey where lie the remains of so many of England's illustrioui dead. 120 STBWAnXS LITERABT It is very conclusive evidence of the intellectual progress of the present century that so niiiny men have distinguished themselves, not only in politics, but in science and literature. No public man, cer- taiidy of these later times, ex.liibited greater versatility of genius than Lord Brougiiam. J^ikc Lord Bacon, he was a man of wonderful energy, who seemed capable of grasping and making himself master of every branch of knowledge. History, politics, biography, theology, .science, were all iiandled by this extraordinary man with equal vigour and ability. Like IJacon, he associated his name with law reform ; for it is well known that as Lord Chancellor he performed the remark- able judicial feat of clearing the Court of Ciiancery of every cause that had been heard before him. Ilis efforts, in his later years, to promote science and philanthropy, gave additional force to his (daims to be con- sidered among the benefactors of his race. Great minds like Bacon and Brougham resemble magnificent comets — only making their ap- pearance at distant intervals of time, and awing us by their splendour. Before we refer to the immediate j)resent, we must recall the nameo oi other distinguished men wlio, within a very few years, have passed away. To Lord Macaulay must be conceded the first place among the historians and essayists of the present age ; his reputation, indeed, ih letters has entirely oversliaJowcd the ability which he displayed in parliamentary and official duties. Lord Norinanby was also the au- thor, in his early manhood, of a number of novels which were exceed- ingly popular in their day, although they, like his disquisitions ou political topics, are now almost forgotten. The late Lord Campbell, devoted his intervals of leisure to tlic lives of the Lord Chancellors and Chief Justices of England — both of which distinguished positions he himself filled with dignity and ability. Another distinguished statesman, too soon deceased, Sir George Cornwall Lewis, was the author of numerous philosophical, historical and critical works, ex- hibiting research and perspicuity, although wanting in originality and imagination. The noble woman who graces the throne of Britain has herself come down into the republic of letters, and in a simple, pleasing style has given additional evidence of the tenderness of her heart, and her' deep sense of the beautiful in nature. Among the peers that surround her throne, we also meet with many who have devoted not a little at- tention to the cultivation of literature. The Duke of Argyll has been well known as an able controversialist, as well as for his zeal in all matters relating to social progress. The Earl of Derby has found leisure, amid the many political and social duties devolving upon him, to write a translation of the Iliad of Homer, which is remarkable for its comprehension of the spirit of the great original. His eminent po- litical opponent. Earl Russell, is quite a voluminous author, especially in biography. The astute ex-Premier, Disraeli, is the writer of a num- ber of political novels which have never been ecjualled in their peculiar line, and show that he might have elevated himself to a literary throne, if he had not thrown himself into the busy political arena. His politi- cal rival, Gladstone, has also made his mark in literature ; one of his latest works. Homer and the Homeric age, exhibiting the high stand- QCARTERLT MXOAZIICE. Itl :arcl of his classical knowlcrlge.* Lord Lylton is equally eminent aa ])oot, ilramatiHt and novelist, and proved himselt'an able adminifitrator during liis connection with the {rovernment of England. Richard Moncton IMilnes, now Lord Ilougiiton, lias secured for himself an honourahle position both in politics and literature. One of the most eminent lawyers of the empire, Sir Roundcll Palmer, has written a vol imc of hymns, entitled the liook of Praise — hardly the subject one would expect a member of the legal profession to .lelect. Mr. King- lake, the author of a fascinating volume of travels, Ecilhen, and a very attractive, if not always impartial, histoiy of the Crimean war, was long in parliament. If we go across the Channel, we find that in no country has literature exercised, nowhere does it now exercise, more influence than in France. There, literattirc and statesmanship have been long closely allied : there, is the aristocracy of intellect placed above the mere aristocracy of family. No honours that the stale can confer are refused to the man of talent. We have no space at present, however, to go through the whole list of eminent statesmen and men of letters during the past century, and shall, therefore, only refer to a few names. Chateaubriand took an important part in public affairs as a diplomatist and statesman ; but the impartial verdict of his countrymen has long since decided that he was a very unsafe, unstable political guide ; and he is now only re- membered as the author of works which, if not always chaste and ac- • curate in style, were characterized by great brilliancy and remarkable imnginative power. Thiers, the historian of the French revolution, took a prominent position in public life, from 1830 to 1848. Guizot remained connected with politics until the revolution of 1848. His histories of the civilization of Europe and the English revolution, and his essays on Shakspeare, will be familiar to many of my readers, as they have bean translated into English and widely circulated. Lam- artine, so eminent as a poet and historian, took a prominent part in the revolution of 1848, and was a member of the Provisional govern- iiicnt that was then formed. The present Emperor is himself known to the literary world by a life of Ciiisar, which shows a perfect insight into the character of the great Roman. To those I have just mentioned may be added Victor Hugo, Arago, Barante, Gamier Pages, Walewski, Thierry, and many others, distinguished as journalists, poets, historians and statesmen. The press is a great power in France. No doubt, the fact that every public writer appends his name to his productions has much to do with giving him personal influence, and eventually political position. Be this as it may,, journalism is very influential in France. How exceedingly its power is feared, can be judged from the numerous restrictions which the government has felt itself compelled, time and again, to impose upon it. Leaving Europe and coming to the United States — for the writer will only refer in this article to those countries with whose history and public men his readers are most familiar — wo will be struck by the • Tfic Premier has very recently contributed a serici of interesting papcra to • " Good Words," edited by Rev. Dr. Norman McLeod. 122 stkwabt'b literart fact that men of lettcrH by no mcauH take that Icadinj^ position in po- litical afTairH that we would expect in a country where tlie press is so powerful. It must he remembered, however, that it is only within a very short period that the American Republic has had a literature of its own. The absence of a large class of professional literary men — ex- cepting of course journalists — may be easily accoimtcd for by the fact of the splendid career open to enterprise in a new country. So manj undertakings and speculations, leading to the acquisition of wealth, are open to men of action, that there has been hardly room, until recently, for the purely literary man. Within a very few years, however, the Unit- ed States has been able to present a noble array of talent : — Bancroft, Prescott, Motley, in history ; Longfellow, Whittier, Bryant, in poetry ; Cooper, Irving and Holmes, in general literature ; besides very many others, almost as eminent in the same or other departments of leU ters. With the acquisition of wealth, intellectual tastes have been developed, and a literature, essentially American, has grown np. The statesmen of the early days of the Republic were men of highly culti- vated minds, who found in tiie pursuit of letters agreeable rest from the absorbing public vnreu which naturally weighed down those who were engaged in building up a great state. Franklin, a patriot in the real sense of the term, was a man c*' science — a moral and political philosopher of a high order. Jefferson's attainments were of a very superior standard, and his public writings exhibit a purity and concise- ness of styl"? that have been rarely surpassed by the best English politi- cal writers. ,Tohn Quincy Adams — the son of that John Adams who was called by Jefferson, " the column of Congress, the pillar of support to the Declaration of Independence, and its ablest advocate and defend- er," — was an active pamphleteer and contributor to the periodical liter- ature of his country. It is unfortunately too true that men of con- spicuous talent do not now possess the influence they should in the arena of politics, and that they have too often to yield to the reckless, noisy demagogue. We must agree, however, with a distinguished British. American statesman,* whose terrible death is still so fresh in our memory : — " It needs no argument to prove that in this reading and writing age-' the age of the press,' as it has been called — power must be wherever true intelligence is, and where most intelligence, most power. If England conquers India by intellect and bravery, she can retain it only at the price of re-educating India ; if a Czar Peter and a Czarina Catherine add vast realms to the Russian Empire, they, too, must send out the schoolmasters to put up the fences, and break in the wild cattle they 'lave caught ; if a United States reaches the rank of first powers, it must at the same time send its best writers as ambastador$ of its interior civilization. To this end Benjamin Franklin, Irving, Everett, Paulding, Bancroft, Motley and Marsh have been selected with the true instinct of mental independence, to represent the new country at the old courts of Christendom; while Payne, Gooderich, Hawthorne, Mitchell, and other literary men, have filled important consular offices, by the dictation of the same sentiment of intellectual m t •The Mental Outfit of the New Dominion : by T. D. McGee. Montreal, 18«7. QUABTEBLT MAOAZimC. 12S self-assertion." No doubt, in the course of time, the man of lofty pntriotism and true iutcUcctual power will obtain his proper position iu the American republic. Civilization is ever progressive, and ignor- ance, even in a country of pure democrracy and uuivorsul sutTrage, must recede before the irresistible forces of intellect and knowledge. In the Provinces constituting the Dominion of Canada, we have been all leading so active a life that few individuals have had time to devote to tlie pursuit of literature. The people of these new countries have had a great work to do, and the ability and energy they have brought to its accomplishment are attested by the present wealth and prosperi- ty of this section of the British Empire. The development of their Buperabundaitt resources still demands their best energies ; but it should not be forgotten that if they are ever to attain national greatness, it must bo by improving their intellectual as well as material condition. When all classes have had such active work to do, it is not strange that the number of public men who have been distinguished for their literary ability should be very few. It is true, journalists* have exer- cised, and are now exercising, a very considerable influence in the administration of public affairs ; and they must continue to do so under our system of free government. The literary class in the Provinces, apart from journalism, has hitherto been extremely insignificant — in- deed it can bo hardly said to have had an existence. Judge Ilalibur- ton, " Sam Slick," was one of the few men who pursued purely literary studies in connection with politics and law. Mr. McGeo was undoubt- edly the most prominent example of the statesman and man of letters combined in one individual. His public addresses always exhibited that copious illustration and depth of thought which proved the high standard of his intellectual attainments, and the extremely wide range of his reading. During his career in Canada, this able writer and orator did a great deal, by means of lectures before literary societies, to encourage literature, and set au example to the other public men of the Dominion which they might well imitate. With the fine oratorical powers BO many of them possess, all of us must feel that they could assist materially in developing intellectual tastes in these new countries. Our people naturally look to our public men as the leaders in &I1 matters of public importance ; and certainly they could not employ their talents more profitably than in stimulating a love for letters. Mr. Howe is auother colonial statesman who possesses a well-culti- vated intellect, and invests every subject that he handles with illustrar lions drawn from a persevering course of study. Like Mr. UcGee, Mr. Howe has written several poems which, although few in number, and only found floating through the columns of the colonial press, possess a rhythmical flow and purity of style that cannot fail to please. * Among the prominent public men of the Dominion who have been, or are still associated with the public press, may be mentioned : Hon. George Brown, of the Toronto Globe; Hon. W. McDougali, C. B., Minister of Public Work«; Hon. J. Cauchon, President of the Senate; Hon. J. Howe, President of the Privy Council ; Hon. C. Tapper, C. B., M. P. ; Hon. J. McCully, Senator; Hon. W. i-nnand, M. L. C, Premier of Nova Scotia; B. Chamberlin, M. P., of the Montreal Gazettt ; S. H. Macdonald, M. P., of the Halifax Oitiatn, Ac. V> «M-i»fc*t-. H-'iltlLliu-^. !„ ,."> .' II4 ai:^WAIlt'8 LITCRAXT The present premier of Quebe.-, M. Cli.iiivenn, is tlic niitlior of several litcrury protliictions, which nr; favourably itnown nmong liis country- men, and rjivc promise of much excellence in the future, if he cnn *ind lime to devote to the promjtion of letters.* Wc might refer to many other men who now o.:civy 1 ""minent positions in the provinces, and constantly give us e'.oquc;;^ ovidMices of the high cultivation of their minds; l)ut as we h" ..iily .0 deal here with those who are kbown in the field of aut'iors'iip, wc must pass them by with the ex- pression of the regret that they have not connected their names, in »O0ie enduring form, with the literature of the New Dominion just springing into vigorous life. When wc look at the number of our colleges and schools — at the condition of our free and enlightened press — at the increasing interest Id all matters of social, moral and intellectual improvement, — we have conclusive evidence that the development of a colonial literature is only the work of time. It would indeed be a sad mistake if our people ircre taught to consider the mere acquisition of wealth the most laud- •Ho object of their ambition. In communities like our own, there is 80 nctimes a disposition to over-rate the practical and under-estimate the intellectual. In the opinion of some persons, such a superior edu- cation as is afforded by our uniTcrsities is unnecessary except for the professional man. According to them, anyone in business should not have an idea beyond the counting-room or the ledger. Fortunately, stich fallacious opinions are fast disappearing with the intellectual de- velopment of the country, and it would be superfluous to attempt to show their absurdity at the present time. It must be admitted on all sides — indeed it is a truiim — that the politician, whether drawn from the learned professions or from the counting-room, is useful to his country in proportion to his literary attainments. The men who are most thoroughly versed in historical learning and political economy — who have gathered inspiration from the masterpieces of classical liter- ature, and drank deeply " from the well of English undefiled," — must certainly do much to raise the standard of oratory, and give that intel- lectual elevation and dignity to the profession of politics in which it is too often found wanting throughout America. • If the reader wUhes to obtain «omo inforination %» to the state of colonial literature, he should go througli Morgan's Jiibliothtca Canadtn$i$. A PARTING. yew, simple, farewell words !— no tear, no sigh, — No burning kiss, no lingering embrace, — No passionate tows of truth, defying fate, Expressed the love our hearts had learnad too late : An eager, questioning glance,— a calm, pale face,— Hands quivsring ia quick clasp,— low, tremulous : «' Good-bye. mmm ■Wisrilfff^m%>ttfi"-V(i^tg-