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Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

1980

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1 2 3

No. 6. ;

INFORMATION FOR THE ELECTORS.

CANADA

UNDEB

THE NATIONAL POLICY.

' i\m

On Karch Tth, 1878, Sir John Macdonald, in the House of
CJommons, moved the following resolution : Resolved, — That this
House is of opinion that the welfare of Canada requires the
adoption of a National Po'icy, which, by a judicious readjustment
of the tariff, will benefit the agricultural, the mining, the manu-
fiioturing, and other interests of the Dominion ; that such a policy
will retain in Canada thousands of our fellow-countrymen now
obliged to expatriate themselves in search of the employment
denied them at home ; will restore prosperity to our struggling
industries now so sadly depressed ; will prevent Canada ftrom
being a sacrifice market ; will encourage and develope an active
inter-provincial trade, and moving (as it ought to do) in the
direction of a reciprocity of tariffs with our neighbors, so far as
the varied interests of Canada may demand, will greatly tend to
procure for this country eventually a reciprocity of trade."

In the following year he was returned to power on that plat-
fjprm. Twelve years have passed. What has been the result ?

If!

In the first place the plan was as broad as the Dominion itself.
It was truly national. It has benefited every part of the country.
The coal mines of Nova Scotia and of British Columbia have alike
felt the beneficial results. The tov/n population evci-y who re has
increased. Cities like Toronto, Montreal, St. John, Quebec,
Ottawa, have been compelled to annex large areas of territory.
Towns have been incorporated in every province to a larger de-
gree than in any previous period in the history of this country.
New towns have sprung up in various quarters. The assessed
wealth of thirty-five citre? and towns has more than doubled in
the past twelve yeare. " > ; ^ i -,>-. -r.x, -^i . - - - .,.„- ^ ,

The condition of the artisans and labourers has been so greatly
improved that Sir Charles Dilke, an English free trader and a
close observer, says that with the exception of the wage earners
in Victoria, Australia (a colony which has had Protection for
many years), the wago-earners of Canada are the best off in the
world. He says, " Wages have risen since Confederation ; hours
of work have been reduced and the necessaries of life are, on the
whole, with the exception of rent, lower than they were before."
He further says, "The grovfth in wealth of the Dominion by
every test that can be applied has been rapid since Confederatio.i,
but more rapid since the adoption of the protective tariff policy
than it was before." clv.co.i^i

Let us apply some of these tests in order to see to what extent
the prophecy of Sir John Macdonald, in 1878, has been ftflfilled.

In 1878 Canada had 6,143 miles of railway. In 1890 'she had
13,988. - V.,..: ;^- .' _ - ,;^^.i?<7 v;; Af-jiaiiO:* 'ft^iJ.'fc'-«c»*is?Ji>3stt;!Rf^iR

' In 1818 she employed 23,li02,551 tons of shipping in the coast-
ing trade and in the ti*ltnsport of her exports and imports by sea
and on the great lakes. In 1890 Canaida, in the same sei vice,
employed 41;2 13,215 tons of shipping. ^itt?c3<*r0i»v6>&#dj»fjo KsjDoj
' in 1878 the letter^ and post cards carried by the Postpffice
Department numbered 50,840,000. In 1890 they nunVbered
100,000,000. :i'\s^l iiJM(iiim^l>li6^»9m<y3imtt0itifiimv^

In 1878 the deposits in the chartered banks and in the various
savings banks in the, Dominion were $88,995,126. In 1890 they ;
amounted to $197,895,452. iui w ' '» f.:, ;>*»*** 'Jt

In 1878, the money oiniers received arid sent out by the Money-
Order Branch of the.Ppst OflSce Department amounted to $t,l'80^
000 i iB 1890, thoy amoanted to $11,907,862.

■ '
'II

In 1878, tbe,ba8ines8 of the countrj required anote circulation
of $29,786j^8Q5; in 1890, it required a note oirculatijn of $47,417,-

In 1878, the four per cent, bonds of Canada were six below par;
the quotation for January 14th, 1891, shows they were on that
date nine above par... - ........ «? r,. "d finw;^!

In 1878, the production of coal in Canada was 1,152,783 tons j
in 1890, it was nearly 3,000,000. : rur'^.f^-j-ni^ a^hd -r^-'^fit ^o#^

In 1878, the value of exported Canadian-made cheese was ,
$3,997,521 ; and during the whole period of Liberal rule this im-
portant industry had stood still. In 1890. the value of exported
cheese was $9,372,212, the highest in any year, and greater than
that of the United States, as it has been for three years past.

In 1878, the exports of cattle amounted to $1,152,334, and of
sheep to $699,337. In 1890, the exports of cattle were $6,949,-
417, and of sheep, $1,234,347.

In 1878, the exports of manufactures of wood, including sawn
lumber, staves, shingles, box-shooks &c., were $13,908,629 in
value ; in 1890, these exports were valued at $20,659,348.

In 1878, the exports of home manufactures, including manu-
factures of wood as above, were $18,182,647 ; in 1890, they were
$25,630,003.

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The extent to which the National Policy has developed the
manufactures of the country is partly seen in the fact that the
import of raw materials for manufacturing purposes, in 1879, was
$5,342,912, and in 1890 it had risen to over $16,000,000. '^> ^

Pig iron is at the basis of so many industries that it is a good
index of the development of all industries of a certain class. In
1879, the pig iron entered for home consumption was 15,504 tons,
which, with the quantity manufactured within the Dominion,
was sufficient to meet all demands. In 1890, the import of pig
iron for home consumption was 87,613 tons, and the amount
manufactured within the country was nearlj^ 25,000 tons. This
is an increase of more than four times the amount used in 1879,
and is the measure of the development that has taken place in
this important class of manuikctures.

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The agricnltiiral interesta oi iIiIk conntry, as prophesied by Sir:!
John in ISTS, have benefited largely by the National Policy. The »vv
increase in the town population, already referied to, has given
an increased number of consumers for the near home market. .„ :
At the same time the chances of varied employment have taken
many from the farma, who would otherwise have been rivals of „ .
the farmers. With the increase in agricultural machinery, there iii.^
would have been a plethora of agricultural labor, leading to great?.?
distress, had not the ilSTaitional Policy provided new openings foi^j
farmers' sons. tc^

The general result of the tarijQf may be seen in the proportion '
of produce of Canadian farms taken by Great Britain, which in
the market of ultimate consumption ; and by the United States, ^^.r^,^
which is a market of convenience, during the period of Confedera--)o;-

tion.

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In 1868 the pei'centage of all the farm products taken by Eng-;a-M
land was 34.31, as against 60.36 taken by the United States. Inxef..
1890 the English market for our products had become so de-z'ch
veloped that over 60 per cent, of our surplus products seeking £x1u^
foreign markets were taken there, only 36 per cent, going to thepot:;
United States, Mmiii^^m^^i.nm-i-

With respect to inter-provincial trade, there is considerables
difficulty in providing the figures, but it is a well known fact, >jil7
taken from the Trade and Navigation returns of the various pro*^ ,,-• r
vinces now constituting the Dominion, that before Confederation £
the value of interchange of products between the Provirceof. «,-
Canada and the other provincee^ amounted to less than $2,000,000 n^i
a yeai\ That interchange is now estimated at $80,000,000.; ■%
Whether that estimate is a correct one, it is a fact that notwith* o<l'-:
standing the great development of railway transport between the ro;'
provinces, the coasting trade of Canada requires over two tons of Siu.
shipping to one ton in 1876. It is also a fact that before a eom-;^I
mittee of the United States Senate, United States merchants gave' >/>
evidence showing the enongiQi^^ iiierea^e of, direct intejr-pi-o?l
vincial trade. • .. ■ • ■ ■ - ^ • . . -. ^ . ■^■- --.;•* '-.' -. "'v^- r - r »' 'to

With respect to the efiect of the National Policy upon the],
movement of population to the United States, two facts arer/^xL'
pre8§i)ited;;-T^vjrr,3 .?'j«,^T;.c?ir/. J.o OOQVi d-Jija m OOri o* Usipa ia&i^^

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1st — ^The fkot that fttrmeiH ol JDttkota are streaming Bcrom the
border into Manitoba; and, ^ vd ylftyiAii i]«^?sj«)ir5?rt -^vesJ ,BI^9i ni crioV

2nd — ^The returns of the census of the State of Massachusotts '
for 1885 show that during the period of 1880-86 the " exodua" ^
from Ontario and Quebec (chiefly the latter) averaged 1,772 per*- '^'
sons annually, against an annual average of 3,273 persons in the ''
period of 1870-80. In other words, the movement outwf.rd wais
reduced almost one-half.- '"^^"•^^-"-'-^'M^ »" «'^"if.»-'^"^ '^ iS-^s^:. . , .iiL aI-^i^s'-j'^'

With respect to the general efl'ect of the railway policy of tfii**''
Government — the direct outcome of the National Policy — it maji^;^^
be summed up by giving three facts : — . ^ t '^^ "*

Ist — ^The tons of freight carried have increased from f J tonir'
per inhabitant carried in 1876 to nearly 4 tens per inhabitant car- ;" '
riedinl890. ^^'^^

2nd — The average charge per ton per mile on freight traffic has" ' ''■
been reduced until Canada has now a lower charge than England^
Germany, Belgium, France, Holland and the United States. Th0 '"^'
Boyal Commission on Eailways gave Canada's charge at the sum '^^.^
of ninety-three one-hundredths of a cent per ton per mile, against '
one cent and four mills for the United States, the lowest of the; ^
countries mentioned. >m^^'^ ^eJmU

3r> /he saving effected every year, for the fanner and for all
who usi ailways as ti-ansporting agents, is equal to the net ia- ""^ '
terest paid on the whole public debt of Canada annuall^i

That prosperity has attended the National Policy may furthei^
be seen in the condition of life insurance, which an eminent
writer has declared to be the best test of all as to the prosperity
of the people. The life insurances in force in 1879 were $86,-
250,000. In 1889 they were nearly $232,000,000. But that is
not the whole story. When the country is in a depressed state ^^^
life insurances are dropped, or as it is termed, become " lapsed.'''^ *i

For the thi-ee yeai* 1877, 1879 and 1878 the average per yeai^F-^^
of " lapsed " was $703.31 in every $1,000 eflfected;- -- - ^'^^ -i- Timm

For the three years 1887, 1888 and 1889 the average per yea*'^^^'
of " Lapsed" was $347.05 in every $1000 effected. - '^* - ^^y^mn

During the former period the people were too poor to Iceep upi^'
their life insurances and consequently had to let them drop to aM' '^
extent equal to $700 in each $1000 of insurance effected. In "

mo'ii a^R&':

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ISSt-SQ psriod the people were able to keep up their insurance
80 well that only $34*7 In each $1000 lapsed. In 1881 -89 period
the lapses were less than half what they were in 1877-79. ""7

Theie results have been produced not only without an addi-
tion to the geneial cost of living, but with a decided decrease in
thecostof living."* ••"''"•"' ^' '*-- *^'"- ...w..^., -

Sir Eichard Cartwright says that he admits the enormous in-
crease in the activities of the country in every branch of indue-
try. But he declares that it would have been greater if the policy
of his Party had been continued. Facts are against his assertions.
During the period he bad charge, the exports of animals and
their products grew less, being $14,243,000 in 1873 and $14,018,-
000 in 1878. The total exports of Canada in 1873 were $89,-
789,900 and in 1878, $79,323,600.

The exports of the products of the Mines in 1873 were $6,471,-
000 and in 1878 they were $2,816,347.

The exports of the products of our forests in 1873 were $28,-
586,000 and in 1878 they were $19,511,500.

The imports in 1873 for home consumption were $127,514,000,
and in 1878 they were $91,200,000, without any National Policy
to reduce imports. 7'f\\,,

The note circulation in 1873 was $41,830,302.

Business of all kiijds had so shrunk under Sir Eichard's man-
agement that in 1878 the note circulation was $29,786,805, or ^
over $11,000,000 less than in 1873. ^ '''''"■'

The shipping employed steadily decreased and in the years of
Sir Richard's regime reached the lowest point it ever reached in
the history of this country. *^ .- ^ * • „ , r .,

The production of coal declined. Fire insurance felt the bane-
ful influence. Life insurance stood still. - ,' ^ , t= --:i

The only increases during Sir Eichard's regime were in the
business failures recorded, and in the percentage of over due
notes in the banks. »' v ... « .>7/r ,|'

In view of these facts it is evident that Sir Eichard has no
warrant for his assertion that a continuance of his regime would
have given greater prosperity to the people of Canada than the
National Policy has given. The facts all point in the other
direction. .. ^

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The National Policy still further embraces the development of
GaLada'ti external trade by means of fast sailing steamship iiaes.
Arrangements have been entered into for this purpose, and when
these are completed and in successful operation, the National
Policy will have its complete development and the prophecy of
Sir John Macdonald in 1878 will be fultilled in its every parti-
cular. ^, \ . . . ,i .^ j.,^ „ ^ * ft ,1 » ^v.«« h ^ <k ri wJtcJ f> sftrioin » nr-

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.wouA jjQ^ CANADA APPEAKS TO OUTSIDEES. .^^^ ~..j

Sir George Baden Powell, a warm friend of this country, who
has studied the condition on the spot, in the Fortnightly Review for
January, 1891, remarks: — "It is said that with the time comes
the man, and Canada certainly produced at this crisis the saga-
cious Sir John A. Macdonald, who with a national policy, which
meets with wholesome criticism and opposition, has, with the
aid of such able lieutenants as Sir Charles Tupper, on the whole
satisfied the bulk of Canadians, and certainly given evidence of
the strength of the rapidly growing conviction that to the north
of the United States are found all the elements necessary to the
existence of a prosperous, industrial and self-contained people."- -.:

Mr. Longstaff. an eminent English statistician, in a work en-
titled " Studies in Statistics," just published, gives the conclusion
he reaches from a study of Canada on the spot, and from a com-
parison of the statistics for the past few years with those of an
earlier date : — " The Canadians are undoubtedly an energetic
people ; they have overcome great difficulties in the past, both
political and physical ; they have made progress in all directions *
and never did the future of Canada appear so brilliant as at this
moment. Their present political difficulties are but the result of
the impetuous energy of the people, and the tact of their prime
minister, one of the greatest living statesmer:. Sir John A. *
Macdonald, may be trusted." ^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^

In 1880, Mr. Anderson, an English writer in the Contemporary
Review, after studying the doleful story of Canada's condition, as
told by the statistics, which covered the period of the Cartwright
regime, declared that Canada was " in the slack between two tides"
—the two tides being, the " stately flow of English national life,

I i

itnd the yonthfnl, tamnltnous and energotio national life oi^ the
United States." The contrast between Mr. Anderson's description
of 1880, when Canada'n movement for the then preceding six
or seven years had been backwards, and Mr. Longstaff 's descrip-
tion of 1891, when Canada is presented as possessing a national
life brimming with hope and purpose, is the contrast between
Sir John A. Macdonald's leadership and Sir Bichard Cai'twright's,
between Liberal-Conservative rale and Beform rule.

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Fiffini