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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 4tra reproduit en un seul cliche, il est filmA i partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche i droite, et de haut an bas, en prenant la nombre d'imeges nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 Railroad Correspondence* No. 1613. My Lord— Government House, Halifax, May 2, 1850. 1 liave the honor to enclose, for Yom Lordship's consideration, a Resolu- tion adopted by the Legislative Council of this Province on the subject of the pro- jected Railroad from Hahlax to Quebec. The j.eople of this Province are very anxioijs that some great public work should be immediately commenced, and 1 be- to ThnHt Xn!: hT I P?;'r''"u°" J? ?'" ^''''' P''^^'^ °» '^^ ^Ist March, 1849, enacting that 1 should be lawful for Her Majesty to cause Five Commissioners to be appointed for establishing and constructing such Railroad from Halifax to the boundary line of INew-brunswick, to meet a Railroad from Lower Canada through the Province of New urunswick; and also giving power to the Governor, by and with the advice of the Lxecutiye Council, to vest in Her Majesty ten miles of the Crown Land on each side of the line, for the beiieht of the Railroad, and co raise funds for the construction tfiereof ; and last y that the Railroad should be under such rules and regulations as sha he established by Her Majesty's Government. A pledge has likewise been given Z?JlTJ,rT' Thousand Pounds, sterling, to pay ^he interest on the cS to 1)6 expended for the accomplishment of this Work. c v^.^^nai The opinion is very strongly entertained here my Lord, that the construction of this Railroad would be one of the most efTectual means of defending these possessions of Her Majesty, and would assist in preserving the connection with each other, and the Mother Country, and would develope the resources, invigorate Trade and Commerce and promote the permanent prosperity and happiness of Her Majesty's subjects in these portionsof the Realm. j j j i have, &;c. The Right Hon. E.,«L G„.v, &c. &c. &c. '^'""'"^ '' "*''''=^- Doivning Street, Wth June, 1850. No. 224 Sir — . R w ^ 'f ■'' ^? '''^knowledge your despatch, No. 168, of the 2d ultimo, enclosing a Resolution of the Legislative Council, that an Address be presented to yourself re^ questing you again to call the attention of Her Majesty's Government to t subje'ct of the proposed Railrord from Halifax to Quebec. •' 2d. Her Majesty's Government have not failed to give their best attention to a sub- ject in which so deep an interest is taken by the inhabitants of Nova-Scotia: but I am bound to state that they are not prepared to submit to Parliament any measure for raising he ?vi^Pn".ipf f Y^ . ■ '" ^^"^^'•"'^t'P"' considering the great amount and pressure of the exigencies which continue to weigh on the Imperial Treasury. 1 have, Sic. f:^„. ^ ^. , -_ (Signed) GREV. Liieuiciiuui-Uovernoi' Sir John Harvey. ~ No. No. 190. Government House, 29t/i August, 1 850. My Lord — 1 . .AT T"":"' ^°''^s'''P 's ''»^^'3rR» from the Correspondence which has passed between the North Amencan Governments and the Colonial Office, that forsome ti ne Kwa s'^ '"^""''^ '" ^"'^ ^^ "'" ^'''^''' °^ '''"'" Provinces in the j.romotion of 2. So long as hopes were entertained that Her Majesty's Government would aid in the construction of the Line between Halifax and QiebL, public .^t "ntion wa co " centrated upon that. As the prospects of ,ts accomplishment became less definite, and assured other projects either local or inter-colonial were discussed, and Resolutions or Laws, having relation to these were passed during the recent Sessions of most of the Colonial Legislatures. r ^- ^■''':,^^"'f':"^/i°" °f the Electric Telegraph which now not only connects Hali- fax with the Chief lovvns of New Brunswick and the State of Maine, but forms tlie most important link in the chain of communication. between the old \.'orld and the new, and the success which has attended that appropriation of the public funds have attracted public attention to the practicability and importance of placing a Rail Road beside the Telegraph. ^ r f & '^^^^ ^ludu 4. This would give to Nova-Scotia and New Brunswick a noble highway through their lerritory— connect them hy Railway with all the principal Cities of this Continent, and secure to the Port selected ior the Eastern terminus, commercial advantages, with which no seaport within the Republic could ever successfully compete. a. While these views were pressing upon the minds of the leading men in the Pro- vinces, the subject was taken up in the State of Maine, and a Convention, to which the Colonists were invited, was called to meet at Portland on the 31st of July. 6. Ihe proceedings ot thai Convention I liavc uuw the honor to enclose CNo 1 ) together with the reports made by the Delegates who attended from Nova-Scotia' to the communities or committees by which they were severally appointed, (No 2 ) ' 7. On the re.urn of those Delegates, the public mind in Nova-Scotia became very highly excited, particularly in Halifax, and those Counties through which the Road would pass. 8. Under these circumstances, my Government were required to deal with the ques- tion thus raised, and to decide whether they would stand aloof from this movement and allow a great Highway, which in peace would be a thoroughfare of Nations, and in war might be of vast importance to be constructed and controlled by Forei^ni Capi- tahsts, or should at once grasp the enterprize, and by the aid of the public fluids and credit, discharge, towards the Country, the highest and most legitimate functions of a vigorous Executive. The latter determination was arrived at, and the oi)portunitv was afibrded to declare their policy, at a public meeting held in the Metropolis on the •24th instant, the proceedings of which will be found reported in the papers transmitted by this mail. 9. This movement, which meets my t^ntire approbation, has been received with great satisfection by all parties. The address of the City Council, with ray answer (No. 3,) 1 have the honor to enclose. ' 10. The details of this measure have yet to be adjusted, and it may be necessary to send to England some Members of my Government to communicate more at large wiih Your Lordship in reference to them. 11. in the meantime, 1 should be glad to be informed whether, upon such pledges as have been regarded as satisfactory in other Colonies, being given, Her Majesty's Government would be disposed to aid Nova-Scotia with its guarantee of such funds as 890516 I 3 as she may find it necessary to borrow in England, in order to construct thJ, RnoJ I hese would not exceed £300,000 Sterling, and w;uld proba Wy ^secured not ol 1 on the general Revenues of the Province, but upon the road itself ' "°* °"'^ 1^. ^such a guarantee would enable the Province to enter thp marknf «„ .u u tern^, and cfTect a large saving in the accomplish^^^^^^^ on the best IJ. Ihe Revenue of Nova-Scotia is about £80,000 Sterling-her debt but £87 M^ Sterling, of winch £47,892 s represented bv Provincp Pinnr o„ T.,k- k ^^}^^''^-^ paid. The permancnt'and i"dispens "ble clwgera^c abou'^^^d^ '^ about £40,000 Sterling of Surpl.ls Revenue a'-vaWble for ^HcfZ^^^^^ i Revenue has increased £4400 Sterling within the nresenf vonr 'y?*^'"^"^^- ^ ne . whole will be probably £10,000 StcrHn' P'""" >car-the increase on the melu tl!ov'will"7' "' !/''"^'^'P^^«' ♦'•« legislature sustains the policy of the Govern- MiiitJ'f r'l^ '"■^' !""''' ^M *'^'^ ^^' "" ""'•^3' communication of the decision of Her j feqi!r?d. ^"^•'^'^""^^"^ °" »'- point, and of the terms and nature of the securities I have, &c. The Right Honorable Earl Grev, &c. &c. &c. ^'"'^"''^^ '^- "^^^'^V^- No. 232. SIR— (Copy.) downing Street, 2\st September, 1850. subject of .h'y^iS if„f If c„°;;CH"n-fa'/?,; p' ;,'"/?"i,"."'- »■■ "■« express my cnlire approbation of r/e r°e of tto ? TIIh '' '" *'"""'• ' !'"'' "> jourself a„d ,ho Provincial Aclminis.raSTo this iK«a„, .LZt^'""""' «''"" ^i' ^?i'KoTtr*Sirbt=S:B 'r?;^=^-^^^^ .heir advisia, U.eguara„t':,?at'S^^:'lll;;*rrl£X^l'.''' ""^ "^ 1 have, &c. Lieut. Governor Sir John Harvef, &c. &c. &c. ^^'^""^^^ ^^^^^' No 204. Mr Lord- Government Bouse, Halifax, October 25th, 1850. of your Lordlhi^wtmunlTi^^ \^»". -"federation of the contents what they owe tS public fST;«!Llh'^^^^^^ ^^'''."S deemed it to consist with F -"'"'' ^''''c''*5«9!^ei, very unequivocaily expressed throughout the ilie Provlncfi,) and to their views of the great interests involved, to seek to present these views to Her Majesty's Government, in as phiin and forcible a manner as may be consistent w'lh the deep respect with which all decisions by your Lordship have been and will at all times bo received by them, they have accordingly resolved on delegating one of their body to proceed to England, in the hope that your Lordship will admit their Delegate to an audience, and will afford him every facility in bringing the views which he is charged to advocate, under the consideration of Her Majesty's Government as to your Lordship may seem fit Permit me, therefore, to present to your Lordship the Honorable Joseph Howe, a member of my Council, and a gentleman well qualified, in my judgment, to afford to your Lordship and to Her Majesty's Government, the fullest information and the most correct views of the state of public feeling in Nova Scotia. The deep importance attached throughout the Province to the subject of Mr. Howe's mission, will, 1 doubt not, plead my excuse from any deviation from "existing regulations which may attend this mode of communication with your Lordship ; and I do not doubl that on this, as on some other points, Mr Howe's local information, experience, and sound judgment, will be found useful and acceptable. It IS Mr Howe's present intention (should circumstances not induce hiin to alter it) to return to Nova Scotia before the meeting of the Legislature, in the hope of enabling nie to convey to tliat body, at their meeting, some definite information as to the prospect of being able to obtain the necessary funds from London capitalists, either with or witiiout the aid of Her Majesty's Government. As the latter alternative, however, will involve a diffl'ienco of from £16,000 to £20,000 a year, in the amount of in- terest to be paid by the Colony, 1 feel satisfied that your Lordship will be disposed to promote any well-considered measure by which so large a saving may be efiected, with- out risk to the Imperial Government. 1 have &c, (Signed) J. HARVEV. The Right Hon. Earl Grey, kc. &c. Sec. 5, , .S7o«;!e Street, November 25th, 1850. My Lord, — Having, at the interview with which I was honoured on the 18th instant, received your Lordship's instructions to place before you, in official form, the argu- ments on which, as Representative from the Province of Nova Scotia, I base my ap- plication for i.ie guarantee of the Imperial Government, in aid of the public works projected by the Government of that Colony, I beg leave, with all respect, to call your Lordship's attention to the following statement and observations. Regarding the period as rapidly approaching, if it has not actually arrived, when Rail- roads must be laid down through her most advanced and prosperous counties, east and west, Nova Scotia is called to" decide, with the experience of the world before her, upon the measures to be adopted to secure "or her people, at the least expense, with the slightest risk, and in the shortest time, these great modern improvements. Her people have been accustomed to free roads ; no toll bars exist in the Province. Her roads, made at the public expense, belong to the country, and are emphatically the Queen's highways. In the few instances where she has deviated from this policy, in respect to bridges or ferries, the cost and the inconveniences of monoply have tested its value. Railways are highroads of an improved construction. They are as essential to our advancement and prosperity now, as common roads were in the olden time. The service which the Government has performed for a hundred years in respect to the common roads, which probably measures 8,500 miles, we believe it to be capable of performing willing and anx\ous that they should "'^"'^ '"•'J°"'J' "'^^^ H"'cal parties, are •he toll. „„„ „i,l, relir™ o I e dW iTd " "rr,!'?,.' °"f ""r"'"""" ''S-'^" . tciu 10 bear it. If il,e traffic of the m ,, ,„ ISij. I '"'' °' '°''' >"' "re con- revenuo to the opening; of teiv i„c' TIV. A '?''°'' V? "■°"'"' "I'l''^ "'^ ""pl"» Were a Uailroad tXVSrocte'l h^ Nov % ° r ?" f ""' ™" "' '™»P»"a'i»n. traffic alone, ,ve should po,™a„sd'cd tohv'? ? ■ ' 'l', ""' ='«<"»""""«ion of internal ^r^;;;^i;:/;;j5r:;[r^i„''^ ^^^^"*t« -'--^ -*-« rican Continent, aid^makingHalJ: "ommoi t^Z'lTS T'ft ^^'' Steamer, which d.d not touch at Ualifax, could thenceforward com n. 1 • A™?"'=a'l ante hgence, and the rapid transit of passengers wrhoJewhch 5 d' '" ^"""'^ °^ ally'rvS Tsts^'^^^^^'' ''' InesfseUne mearuJ^^tlOo'.iles, that usu- From Halifax to Galway is Dublin to Holyhead Holyhead to London Dublin to the S. W. Coast of Ireland, Halifax to St. John St. John to Waterville Waterville to New York 263 120 266 200 410 Miles. 2,130 63 2,193 1,259 Kf :»: rot'^'\°.' ri'r ff !»?l'??.-»"-J2-..''.an ,he preSntL parage, route would thereforP aavp in fho '•".""^r, wouia require but 36 hours. This .h.^.ki^ ' ° ^^^ communication between Europe and America, 66 hours hoqrstoeveryiiHHvidual, inall timoto come, who passed between the two Conti. "^Sm* o ^ sea-nsks to life and praperty being diminished by one-third of the whote. llic States lying east of New-York will be benentted in a ratio corrospondine with theu relative distances from that city. A merchant travelling from Ixindon to Port- Ann' "■?* only wastes 66 hours in going to New- York, but must turn back and travel fM)0 miles ou the route to Halifax besides, which will require 13 hours more. It js clear then, that when the lino across Ireland is completed, and that from Hali- tax to Waterville, (from thence the lines are continuous all over the United States) this route may defy competition. No business man will travel by a route which leaves him 66 or 69 hours behind time, which gives to others dealing in the same articles, and entering the same markets, with the same information, such very decided advan- tages. •' No person travelling for pleasure will waste 56 hours, at some peril, on the ocean, Where there IS nothing to see, who can, in perfect security, run over the same distance Dy^land, with a cultivated country and a succession of towns and villages to relieve ♦hur' Americans assembled at the Portland Convention pledged themselves to make Jhis line through the Territory of Maine. Capitalists and Contractors in that Country profess ttteir readiness to complete the whole through the British Provinces, provided Ac g ot Incorporation are given to them, with liberal grants of Land, and Money in uuuition. •' be donJ''"°"''^'''°"' ^^^ Government of Nova-Scotia are reluctant to permit this to They are unwilling to surrender that which must become for ever the great hieh- way between the Capital of Nova-Scotla and her Eastern Counties, to th^e manage- ment and control of foreign Capitalists. ^ *i.J']f^ ^^^^'^'^'^ "^° ^u' '"^^ ^°'"^' "^l^^^^y s°""d provincial and sound national policy, that that portion of what must become a great highway of Nations, which lies within the lerritories of Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, should be kept under British con- trol ; and they believe that the security and defence of the Maritime Provinces are involved in adherence to that policy. They believe that the honour of the Crown is concerned in this question, to an ex- tent which calls upon them to pledge the entire credit and resources of the Province that It may not be tarnished. Having done this, they believe that the Imperial Go' vernment ought to take at least sufficient interest in the question to enable them to enter the English Money Market on the best terms, and effect a large savin<^ in the expenditure required. ^ " Money is worth, I'n the United States and in the British Provinces, 6 per cent. Suppose this Railroad to be constructed by American or provincial cap talis ts it is evident that our portion of it, which will cost £800,000 sLling, must av £48 000 steding, or £60,000 currency, over and above its working expensis ^ ^ ' VVith the Imperial guarantee, we can obtain the funds required at 3J percent re- ducing die annual interest to £28,000 sterling, or £35,000 cirrency. * ^ ' The Government of Nova Scotia believe, that if British capital, so much of which flows into foj-eign States, where it is always insecure, and in times of trial is ou^d to have invariaily s rengthened our enemies, can be safely invested in the Queen's dom^ nions the Imperial Government should take an interest in its legitimate emdoyment: aiid they are quite prepared to invest an equal sum to that now required in buEg a Line through the western counties of Nova Scotia, whenever the eastern pays it wofk! ing expengea and interest on the sum expended* ^ ^ aJ^Z ^''^''^ that, even if the Province could raise this amount of capital, to with- draw so large a sum from the ordinary channels of circulation, where it is benefioiallv employedf; two C'onti- t ho whole, indiiig with in to Port- and travel from Hali- ;d States), hicii leaves ie articles, led advan- tho ocean, ne distance to relieve ;s to make at Country , provided Money in mit this to ;rcat high- B manage- mal policy, ies within British con- vinces are to an ex- Province, perial Go- i tliem to ng in the per cent, lists, it is y £48,900 ' cent., re- ef which s found to !n's domi- jloyment ; building a its work- to with- jnefioiall ingpioyed 2£=S2ipHS5SS:S be productive of internal improvement, the reply, thbugh courteous St o^tLn^^^ An impression prevails n the Lower Provinces thit nithnr f..,n! *i • °"V P^' sence in Canada df noblemen generali; st^ „7higK^•„"tt o^'^fil*^^^^^ at home, or from the sensitive irritability with whiclall parties resorHo opt v^^^^^^^^^ .n that province, more weight is given to^epresentations affect ngl^er ntefest 7,^^^^^ £2'V»0 fv'°"-""". '^' ""T""' ?'""'^^- ^°^^ Scotians, compelled o'saScc £22,000 a year in the completion of a national work, by the refusal of tl,l 1.^ -^ Government to gn : .tee to the capitalists of England VeLer^ in this oan^^an not fail to contrasr t.e relative position in which they are placed by that refusaf T?m they may not copy the evil examples by which a larger share of fraternaUonLvier^ nn will appear to them to have been secured, shall be m^y sincere ndan^ouspryer '"^ The Canadas, seeking Responsible Government in the French mode resort?d f; ir med insurrections, which it cost England 4 or £5000,000 to suppress Tmm.di.t.Iv mSi'!t"^"i!''"u ^''°''"'/''P^!:*'"'P«*«^'" those rebellions, every regiment that TSpvdt) T^'V!.''''".!"'^" ^•"'"'•^ «^^837 andl839would hLb^";Jtoff Iepld^h^. ^•^'''^"1'^^'"'^.*° their allegiance, and denounced the Uels Thev renr^^?;^f ^ u '' ^^' ^"h surplus revenue already available to secure the Pa- rent State from risk, they are refused the gurantee for half that amount! In s direct interest in the Ijoundary nuestion Not ;,n „rr„ ,f k -i "°"*""^- »"p *•««* no did not hesitate to tender her means and sot ^n Z. f" T.'' ""f" "'""«"*'• :y«' ^^e nantod o„ ,hc continent a7Um moment an^ whiH. T. ""^ '"^"' """"imity. much have failed to have drawn it in to her bosso"n K 'n v .r" '^T'T'^' ^""'^ "°' fought tender their co operation to make fertnt nntio-^^IM '" '"''''''° "''r ^'""'^ ''"*" I submit, wiih all deferince, my L^d vvhH or .To ^ ^ '""'^i """?' ''"'""'• '-"'^J prompt to vindicate, sImuTd LradvisiJuo ret Sovereign, whoso honor she was probable construction of ^h a w^rk n n"r v '"■',^'^\""? ^'"^ »^'i"> ""concern the Ject to foreign influe"cc and conTroi ^^ '""^''' ^^ '"'''«" ^''"P''"'' «« ''^ »"'^- wh?:::;t,:,r,l;iSxt:of;:3 whocanten and neglect ap'pea'r on the other "ide 5 ^^ '^ ''""' '""" '''^'' 'J"^^"'"^ '-""^ ^'"'''ness Dc^l'IS'^^li^Sr' sS!rSs? St' ^ «^^1 !;?;; ^'I'^'^'^y --'-^ *>- Nova Scotia and New Brnsvvick 5'''"" '^'^""trol 350 mile, of Kaihvay through troK'RS:;'^;PTlf^^ ^"f ^^"g- Government con- all the convulsions If 1 848- S Belgium T^"''"'^ "".^ overpowered ; and through When the mob of Mn^tr.J ■ ^ S'"" ''^« remained tranquil and secure. was in t'helr ^T^':^:::^^:Zit "•P*''-'' ^^' ^^^"'- ^' ''- ^'-'- Telegraph in ?h"a,: coSr" °' ""'"^ "»'»'''"»"• ""J "°M-ce in ,l,e„, a. „„,« general diS„,\:at;l'ltx::s;,;7L'^rrdtiirjr jr*r"^' t^-"^ f™'" - "■= plowed. ^ •'^ ' ^"'^ ^^"' *'>''*^ n>"ch stock in payment, if em- sjon!'^ ^;^Xi:f s;^ ttlr rSiiirHi:^^ rr^ '^^ ^t-^^^^^ 'y --«■ Rail, if this were laid, but the doouiS of th?l • ^"^''^' ^^^^""^ ^y ^ea, travel by for want of facilities,\vould bf^e aZ? the^^^^^^^^^ vvho rarely go south or westf be let in on the western and southern lines ^'" '"^ ^""''^ ^™^"*-'^" "^"road, 5th. Ihe national importance of controllinff ihi«i R^iUr^.A , -ii • j embark m it. The Electric Telegraph acisf N^v-T^n ?• ^'" "''^"'' Americans to than American Merchants and spfcuTaorr'n cotton ^^^^^^^ '''"' ''?.T'''' ^""'P'eted, any price. In peace and war the command of TJ^ \ '"''" '"'""'^ ^^'^ ^""g^t it ai great influence.*^ No single a ocL foTin ,hl , ^°'^»«^^ P'oposed would give them they built the trunk line^'tLy Sd ul im. 2 ^^^^'u' T "''^ ^'^''^ ^^ ™"«h. U employment of their own Snitldlerito^theS '^' ^/l^'^'^:. The constant and no Nova-Scotian, or Inhabitam o New Brinsw fk'? t^/P^'^^'^^'^^timems ; Lord I'hice of New eHfioii may l.avo chan'cd its nsnorf Nnv-. << 11' • Jlnt the (Micstion has cliaii"o(l its asncrt VVI.n«lwv„ r- j •!■«.. pcopiu anticipate, in conrKJcnt .•..li.uw,. ..„.,. ,i,J.Jl; .'.".-'}^ "' J^"va-&cotia, which her ntios of ^ — become history of tho N..V World; by ■tiu;'cHci;;;;;rK;;:c:nd'"~"^^^*"'"p""''*^''''^''" '^' I W«.il.i giv.au i.n,...,..s to ,!.., social and • . r , ^^^ St/," N^^ people anticipate, in confident reliance ni.on tbeir'o /, rrso , ,..«^ i ''^ ^ rrovidonce. Ciivc then bo,!,, .„d the f ,nk! no XouX oi ^';;..;';' ''" ^''T'' a source of prospciity to the Province toits nnrnrZ f (.ountry must becon Hut, my Lord, it may be ui-rod that the I'arent State has nnnv rr.l„„- . , she may be embarrassed bv other claims of a similar llln re, rffbi^s'nntcd aT n itting the soundness of the objection, I rospectfully si.Imi , h- I gr"'»t':d. Ad- •ri.e JJritisIi (unernment has already establi I'ed X^ 'c In f ^ '""J"*?' would claim the benefit. Tl. Grafts to Canac^ tv^been^ ^ ;';St.!^tf^°l^ UUn a La V was passed by Parliament, guaranteeing the interest fermired 1 ^' 1 for t e pub be works of the VVest Indies aT.d the Maufitius, incltd n^^R way '"'" But we humbly conceive that no general rule of this kind ou-ht ?o -i m K ■^";. v the exceptions to which I have referred did nnf r.vUf r,' J? ''"' *° ^W' <^^en if does not , lace a Light floironve^ltd^^^^^^^^^^ m JtUa^traTr •' of England English Town. Jt^does not build a Jockyari in' TryTou ^ uoMnTe"; Colol7 In i;i,„ ■ """""""'"g seas, ana is ttiereiore occupied for natinnql nhipr'"^"^ ^'' ^'-'^l'-''^^' ^-^ S-e an impetus 'to our Coast"! in diT wSlndll'''Vr'" ^f ^.'T'?^° "°^ ^^'r' ^"^ S'^^"' ^« '^'''^^- f*^""^^- Colonists io. h.vi^nv.f \ ^!'^">'. '■'.''"^"•^^ the spirit which overlooked pecuniary considera- .ons in ^ ew of great principles of national honour and humanity. But by that very So ter In!r '' '™'' "•"'i'' t^-*" ^^""'d n'^kc this Railroad.-Their commerce with oi™ . ?1 "T ^'^^^"f'.V deranged by the change, and the consumption of Fish, tlioir great staple, largely diminished. II money is no object • 'on the national honor is at stake in the West Indies, why should It be in British A. .ica ? Jf the emancipation of 800,000 Blacks is a n3 obligation JO be redeemed at the cost of £20,000,000, surely a territory, which now contains double the number of Whites, attached British subjects, and vvhich will u\Z mately contain ten times that number, is worth risking a million or two to preserve. I It ZTn f \T "'.^.'•'''»^«.,^"d America my Lord, also place Nova Scotia in ■ t 1 Hri^ nnv l''"' " ''""" V- ?'^''' ^'""'^"' ''"■^ "«t aimed at our industry, but at B.itish naval supremacy. Yet they sul.icct us to an unfair competition upon the sea, as galling as is the mineral and metallic monopoly upon the land lor every quintal offish a Frenchman catches his Government pays 'lim 10 francs or 8s. 4d. sterling, and every man and boy employed receives 50 Hancs for everv voyage besides. lor every ton of shipping an American employs in the Fishery his Government pays him 20s. per ton. Nova-Scotia juts into the seas which the French and American fishermen, thus stimulated, occupy. If she were a French Province or an American State, not only would she participate in those bounties but she would fit out and own, in addition to her present fleet, at least 1000 fishing craft, which now comci from foreign ports into the waters by which she is surrounded, and subject her people to a species of competition in which the advantages are all on one side Ihe manner in which Nova-Scotia has extended her fisheries in the face of this competition; the hardy race she has reared upon her sea coast; the value of craft employed, and of export furnished, speak volumes for the enterprise and industry of her people. Yet every Nova-Scotian fisherman toils with this conviction daily im- pressed upon his mind :— If 1 were a Frenchman my profits would be secure. I would be in a position equal to that of an American ; far superior to that of a Colonist If I was an American, 1 would have a bounty sufiicient to cover the risk of my outfit, and besides have a boundless free iiiarket for the sale of my fish, extending from Maine to Calijornia, which is now half-closed to me by nearly prohibitory duties!" Ihe British Government could break down these bounties at once, by equalizing them. 1 he Mother Country owes it to her Northern Provinces to try the experiment. It they cannot be removed by negotiation. But suppose she does uot;_suppose that having done my best to draw attention to the claims of those I have the honour to re- present, 1 return to them without hope, how long will hi/rh sniritpd men end"re - por- tion in which their loyalty subjects their mines to monopofy— their fisheries to unnatural competition — 12 competition and in which cold indifference to public improvement or national secur- ity, is the only response they meet when they make to the Imperial authorities a pro- position calculated to keep alive their national enthusiasm, while developing their in- ternal resources ? The idea of a great inter-colonial Railroad to unite the British American Provinces, originated with Lord Durham. In the confident belief that this work was to be re- garded as one of national importance, Nova-Scotia paid towards the survey of the line nearly £8000. The anticipation that the completion of this great work, in connexion with a scheme of colonization, would redress many of the evils and inequalities under which the Provinces labour, for some time buoyed up the spirits of the |)eople, and the disappointment is keenly felt in proportion as hopes were sanguine, if then the Bri- tish Liovernmont has abandoned the policy to which, perhaps too hastily, we assumed that it was pledged ; if tlio Empire will make no roads through its territories (and the legions of Britain might be worse employed) ; surely it cannot be less than madness to permit Foreigners to make them; and it must be sound Statemanship to aid the Co- lonial Governments, whenever they will assume the responsibility of constructing and controlling the great highways, no less necessary for internal improvement than for national defence. If the Pioad across Nova-Scotia is commenced, the sp'rits of the Colonists will revive. If extended to Portland, it will " prepare the way," to employ your Lordship's own language, " for the execution of the line to Quebec, and it will contribute to the same end, namely, that of rendering Halifax the great port of communication between the two Continents of Europe and America." 1 have said that the Railroad across Nova-Scotia will be the common trunk for the Quebec and Portland lines, whenever these are made. The former cannot be con- structed by the Colonists, unless the British Government .make liberal contributions. The line to Portland will be made either witli British or Ameriean Capital. If by the latter, then, my Lord, it is worth while to inquire in what position the British Govern- ment will stand, should they ever attempt to realize Lord Durham's magnificent con- ception, and find that the first link in the great chain of inter-communication is already in possession of their enemies ? The Americans at this moment are putting forth their utmost skill to compete with our ocean Steamers. When the Railroad is constructed across Nova-Scotia and Now Brunswick, their boats must start from and return to Halifax, or the competition will be at an end. A rivalry, honourable to both nations, may still continue ; but, however the odds may turn, at least we shall have the satisfaction to reflect, that the inevitable result of that competition is to build up a noble maritime city within Her Majesty's dominions. The British Government now pays, for the conveyance of the North American Mails between England and New York, £145,000 sterling per annum. By this ar- rangement, 1107 miles of sea are traversed more than are necessary. The correspon- dence of all Europe with all America is delayed fifty-six hours beyond the time which will be actually required for its conveyance, when the Railroads across Ireland and Nova-Scotia are completed. One set of these British Mail Steamers pass by our own Provinces, and to the mor- tification of their inhabitants, carry their letters, and even the public despatches of their Government, to the Lnited States, to be sent back some 800 miles, if they come by land ; at least 500, if sent by sea. While the nearest land to Europe is British Territory, — while a harbour, almost matchless for security and capacity, invites Englishmen to build up within the Empire a fitting rival to the great commercial cities which were rising beyond it, your Lordship will readily comprehend the depth and earnestness of our impatience to be rescued from itional secuf- lorities a pro- ling their in- :an Provinces, vas to be re- (?y of the line in connexion ualities. under ?oj)le, and the then the Bri- , we assumed [)rics (and the [han madnoss to aid the Co- istructing and iient than for 3ts will revive. ordship's own te to the same hetvvecn tiie trunk for the nnot be con- contributions, al. If by the ritish Govern- gnificent con- tion is alreadj' compete with otia and New mpetition will the odds may J result of that iminions. "th American By this ar- 'he correspon- Je time which 1 Ireland and id to the mor- 3espatches of if they come rbour, almost in the Empire your Lordship o be rescued from 13 from a ,r ;; on which wounds our pride as British subjects, and is calculated rapidly to genera ihe belief, that the commanding position of our country in either not under- stood, or our interests but lightly valued. My Lord,.! do not touch the question of Emigration and Colonization, because I have already trespassed largely upon your Lordship's patience, and because 1 do not wish to encumber the subject. There is another reason, my Lord. I do not desire to enter incidentally upon a field which has yielded so many crops of fallacies, but which properly cultivated, may yet bear noble fruit. I wish to examine what may have been recently said c;nd writen in England, on this important subject, before ex- pressing my opinion. This only I may say, that if the British Islands have surplus labour, there is room for it all in the North American Provinces ; and that the honour and the interests of England are deeply concerned in planting that labour in the right place. I am aware, my Lord, that it is the fashion in certain quarters, to speak of the fra- ternal feelings which, henceforward, are to mutually animate the population of Great Britain and of the United States. I wish 1 could credit the reality of their existence ; but I must believe the evidence of my own senses. A hw years ago 1 spent the 4th of July at Albany. The ceremonies of the day were imposing. In one of the largest public halls of the City, an immense body of persons were assembled :— English, Irish, and Scotch faces were neither few nor far between. In the presence of that breathless audience, the old Bill of Indictment against England, the Declaration of Independence, was read, and at every clause each young American knit his brows, and every Briton hung his head with shame. Then followed the oration of the day, in which every nation, eminent for arts, or arms, or civilization, received its meed of praise, but England. She was held up as the universal oppressor and scourge of the whole earth, — whose passage down the stream of time was marked by blood and usurpntion, — whose certain wreck, amidst the troubled waves, was but the inevitable retribution atlendaniun a course so ruthless. As the orator closed, the young Americans knit their brows again ; and the recent Emigrants, I fear, carried away by the spirit of the scene, cast aside their allegiance to the land of their fathers. Had this scene, my Lord, occurred in a single town, it would have made but a slight impression ; but on that very day, it was acted with more or less of skill and exagge- ration, in every Town and Village of the Republic. It has been repeated on every 4th of July since. It will be repeated every year to the end of time. And so long as that ceremony turns upon England, every twelve month, the concentrated hatred of Repub- lican America, it cannot be a question of indifference, whether the Emigrants who de- sire to leave the Mother Country, should settle within or beyond the boundaries of the Empire. There is, my Lord, another view of this question, that is pregnant with materials for reflection, and that should task the statesmanship of England, independently of it, though deserving to be glanced at in this connexion. 1 have said that the North American Provinces lie between two mighty nations, yet belong in fact, to neither. This branch of the subject is wide, and may be variously illustrated. — Perhaps, before leaving Eng- land, 1 may call your Lordship's attention to it again. For the present I confine my- self to a single illustration. Whatever may be the decision of Her Majesty's Government upon this claim, which, on the part of the Province I represent, 1 have endeavoured respectfully to press upon your Lordship's notice, 1 believe, and every one of my Countrymen will believe, that if presented to the magnanimous and enlightened Assembly where we are not repre- sented, by a hw Nova-Scotians, whose hearts were in the enterprise ; whose know- ledge of the position and requirements of British America was minute and various; whose zeal for the integrity of the Empire, and the honor of the Crown, could not be qiiestioned, the House of Commons would not permit them to plead in vain. 4 But, I 14 But, my Lord, we have no such privilege. We daily see our friends or acquaint- ance across the frontier, not only distinguishing themselves in the State Lecislatures which guard their municipal interests, but enriching the national councils with the varied eloquence and knowledge drawn from every portion of the Union. From the national councils of his Country, the British American is shut out. Every day he is beginning to feel the contrast more keenly. I was not at the recent Portland Conven- tion. hut the Colonists who did attend, astonished the Americans by their general bearing, ability and eloquence. ^ ^ But when these men separated, it was with the depresssing conviction in the hearts of our people, that one set would be heard, perhaps, on the floors of Congiess the week after, or be conveyed in national ships to Foreign Embassies ; while the other could never lift their voices in the British Parliament, not aspire to higher employment than their several Provinces could bestow. Let us then, my Lord, at least feel, that il thus exc uded, vye have but to present a claim or a case worthy of consideration to Have It dealt with m a fair and even generous spirit. The vvarrior of old, whose place was vacant in the pageant, was yet present in the hearts of the people. So let it be with us, my Lord. If the seats vvhich many whom 1 have left behind me, could occupy with honour to themselves, and advantage to the Empire, are still vacant in the national councils, let Nova-Scotia at least be consoled by the reflection that her past history pleads for her on every fitting occasion. I have, &c. Th« »:„>,. n V r^ P c o (Signed; JOSEPH HOWE. Ihe Kight Hon. Earl G.'iey, &c. &c. &c. „ - 5, Sloane Street, January 16, 185L u «r , A7 !" *^'^ ^^"^'" ^^'"'^'^ * ^'"^^ ^^^ ^°"™'" f" address to your Lordship on the 25th JNovembcr, I argued the case of Nova-Scotia on its own merits, and ventured to claim the guarantee of the Imperial Government in aid of her public works upon grounds which affected her material interests, her pride, her enterprise, and steadfast loyalty to the British Crown. The immediate consideration of that Letter I did not desire, because, while pre paring It, 1 was quite conscious that if the single fssue raised, were to be decided by Her Majesty's Government upon the merits or claims of Nova-Scotia alone, the Cabi net would have but a very inadequate statement of the reasons which ought to secure (and the Province I repiesent but a slender chance of obtaining) a favorable decision Ihe interest which the Mother Country has in the elevation of North America in the increase of her population, the developement of her resources, the otcn nation of her wild lands, the extension of her commerce, and of her means of easy internal and external commuuication, I believe too far transcend the interest, grc-t as that is which the several Provinces feel in these very important questions. ' Should the aid of the I'arent State be refused, the Northern Provinces would still but with less rapidity, complete their public works. Though not an emigrant landed on their shores, the population they have would live in plenty, and double every twenty years. Should they change their political relations, the worst that could befal them would be association with their Anglo-Saxon Neighbours, or an independent position moderately secure, and full of future promise. But England cannot affbrd to descend from the high position which she occupies among the Nations of the earth. Having lost one-half of a mighty Continent, won by the valour auu enterprise of a aoble ancestry, she can a3 little afford to confess, in the '< or arqiiaint- ) Legislatures tcils with the n. From the 'ery day he is tland Conven- their general 1 in the hearts Congress the 'Iiile the other ;r employment ast feel, that isideration, to present in the li many whom antagc to the be consoled ision. H HOWE. / 16, 1851. Lordship on and ventured works, upon md steadtast , while pre- ! decided by le, the Cabi- ght to secuce )le decision. America, in tcnpation of internal and as that is, 1 would still, jrant landed jvery twenty befal them, ent positioij, he occupies tinent, won > confess, in the 15 the presence of all the world, her inability to wisely rule the other half, and preserve the attachment of ,ts inhabitants besides there are within her own p^pulouf cS and upon the surface of her highly cultivated Rural Districts, certain eWls/d LorS and burthens with whjch U behoves her, as a good economist, and as a wise enter' pnsmg, and Christian Nation, energetically to deal. For more than a inonth 1 have surveyed, with intense earnestness, the wide circle of her Colonial Dependencies, and studied in Parliamentary and Official Papers, for some assured prospect of relief Irom these evils and disorders^ I have examined ;ith cSe the policy c. the present and of past Governments, and the plans and suggestions of public writers and associations; and have invaiiably turned to the North American Provinces with the conviction that they present, at this moment, the most available and d.vorsihed resources for the relief of England-the noblest field for the further devolopement of her industry, philanthropy and power. In oOl-ring suggestions to the Ministers of the Crown, I feel, my Lord the distance which divides me, ,n rank and intelligence, from those 1 would presume to counsel; cni^ l\T T 7'-"' ' ^-P," '*'"' '^'y ^"''^ g'^« «°'"'^ ^^^'S''t ^« th*^ position 1 oc cupj, and to the training which my mind has received. If 1 understand the questions to be approached better than many persons of far higher attamments-if I feel more acutely their commanding importance, it is because being a native ol North America, I have travelled much overthe Provinces, and minded bpTlr ['r'Sl '■."'"1^ years, with all classes of their Inhabitants ; and being a Mem- ber of Her Majesty's Council in the Province 1 represent, J am bound by my oath to offer my advice, through the channels established by the Constitution, to my Sove- eign, in matters of State which 1 believe to involve the honour of the Crown Ld the integrity and prosperity of the Empire. nJkJrIn'' T^'^T'''' ^"' '"' '"'P'"' "'P'^"^ '''"^ labour-to extend her home to r^m ~h ■ ^'^POo'^-'-t^'^^-to empty her poor houses-to reform her convicts- to diminish crime-to fill up the wa.te places of ihe Empire, and to give the great mass of her population a share of Real Estate, and an interest in Property, I beUeve It to be pre-eminently the mission and the duty of this great Country at the present The period is favourable. The removal of impolitic restrictions has lessened to some extent the pressure upon the public finances, and given to the people that measure of relief which affords time for refiection upon the means by which the still existing ures- sure upon industry may be further relieved. In a Colonial point of view, the peffi s a^so favorable. 1 hanks to the policy which the present Cabinet have carried ^ouTtle North American Provinces are relieved, so far as free Countries ever can be, from in- ternal dissensions. Invested with controul over their own affairs and resources, they have now the leisure, as they assuredly have a sincere desire, to consult with their brethren on this side of the Atlantic on common measures of mutual advantage. I If "Jk m7u ^^V ^^ '"'J'^'' ^'"'^ anticipate great benefit from the co-operation and aid of the Mother Country m promoting their public works, they are not unmindful of their duty to consider the peculiar questions in which this Country feels an interest- and to take care that while availing themselves of the credit of England, no perma^ nent addition is made to her public burthens. ^ Ihe subjects of Colonization and Emigration have been most elaborately discussed. Jhe R'ri?iT l' ^r'f '" ""'^■'^ '^"'''' V'^ 'P^^^^'' ^'^'''^ >° this they all agree, that MthTli M ? •'''' '•" '"^"^^'\" these subjects second to none tlit has ever been £ ,„ffl -^.^ "u-u- ^"u '^"^ °' •2"°*^"''" ^'^^^^ 'l^he enumeration of a few facts will bo sufficient to exhibit the grounds of this belief. The Statistical Returns of 1860 will, 1 have no doubt, show a state of things much more favorahlp, hut sf.ll J f... ^ot foundeTuL'^fft'^'^V^i^^^^ conclusions at which I have" arrived: " Th;^e kre authorky^ ' ^' them stated in Official Documents and works of approved 16 In Ireland the lives of the population have for years been dependent upon ths growth of a single vegetable. But when it grew, as was stated by the late Charles Buller uncontradicted in the House of Commons, c n an average there were 2,000,000 persons who, in that Island, were unemployed for thirty weeks in the year. To what extent famine and emigration have since diminished the numbers, I have no means of accurately judging ; butit appears, in 1848, besides the £10,000,000 granted by Par- liament lor the relief of Irish distress, and Provisions sent from other Countries, £1,216,679 were raised in Ireland for the support to the Poor, and that l,437,19i, or nearly 1 out of 6 of the entire population, received relief. In Scotland, where the population is only 2,620,000 a fifth more than that of British America, £645,334 were expended for the relief of the poor in 1818, more than was spent by the four British Provinces on their Civil Government, roads, education, lights, interest on debts, and all other services put together ; 227,647 persons were relieved, the amount expended on each being £2 7s. 9d. a sum r|uite sufficient to have paid, in a regularly appointed Steamboat, the passage of each recipient to British America. In England, in the same year, £6,180,765 were raised for the relief of the poor, or l.s. lOcl. in the pound on £67,300,587. The number aided was 1,876,541, or about i out of every 11 persons occupying this garden of the world. The sum paid for each was even higher than in Scotland, being £3 5s. lOd. per head, more than sufficient to have paid the passage to North America from Liverpool or Southampton. 1 turn to the workhouses of England, and find that in 1849 there were in these re- ceptacles, 30,158 boys and 26,165 girls, of whom 8,264 were fit for service. In Ire- land under 18, there were 60,514 boys and 66,285 girls, the agereeate in the two Countries being 185,122. Turning to the Criminal Calendar it appears that in 1848 there were committed S^^f".^^^'" England, 30,349; in Scotland, 4,900 ; and in Ireland, 38,522, making 73,771 in all ; of whom 6,298 were transported, and 37,373 imprisoned. 1 find that in 1849 you maintained in Ireland a Constabulary of 12,828 men besides horses, at a cost, taking the preceding year as a guide, of £562,506 10s. In England and Wales you employed 9,829 Policemen (including the London Police) at a cost of £579,327 4s. 8(/. From Scotland I have no return.— But taking the above facts to guide us, it appears that, for mere purposes of internal repression, and the arrest of Criminals, to say nothing of Beadles and innumerable Parish Officers, you maintained, m addition to your Army, a civic force double in number the entire Army of the United States, at a cost (Scotland not being included) of £1,141,833 14s. 8rf. Think you, my Lord, that when a Republican points exultingly to the returns, and contrasts these statistics of poverty and crime with the comparative abundance and inno- cence of his own Country, and which he attributes to his own peculiar institutions, that a British Colonist does not turn, with astonishment at the apathy of England to the millions of square miles of fertile territory which surround him; to the noble rivers, and lakes, and forests by which the scenery is diversified ; to the exhaustlcss Fisheries and to the motive power, rushing from a thousand hills into the sea, and with which all the Steam Engines of Britain cannot compete ? Driven to attribute to British and Irish statesmen a want of courage and forecaste to make these great sources available to maintain our brethren and protect their morals or to suspect the latter of being more idle, degraded and criminal than their conduct abroad would warrant, we gladJy escape from the apprehension of doing general injus- tice, by laying the blame on our rulers. May it be the elevated determination of Her Majesty s Advisers to relieve us from the dilemma by wiping out this national reproach, set of economists propose to remedy this state of things by restraints upon nature, which are simply impossible, and would be wicked if they were not ; another large political party desire to feed the people by a return to protection, and the revival ot class interests, with all their delusions and hostilities ; a third look hopefully for- ./ iiward ideni upon the the late Charles were 2,000,000 year. To what ve no means of granted by Far- ther Countries, ;t 1,457,191, or n that of British more than was lucation, lights, s were relieved, t have paid, in a America. r of the poor, or 541, or about i n paid for each an sufficient to 1. ire in these re- irvice. In Ire- ne in the two 'ere committed 38,522, making 28 men besides (. Jn England :e) at a cost of above facts to I the arrest of ou maintained, r of the United e returns, and lance and inno- ar institutions, f England, to le noble rivers, iticss Fisheries d with which ! and forecaste ;t their morals, their conduct general injus- ination of Her lonal reproach, estraints upon not ; another ;nd the revival hopefully for- ward IT ward tt)the further developement of domestic industry in accordance with the principle! of free trade. '^ All my sympathies are with the latter ; but while hostile tariffs exist in most of the populous States of Europe and America, I would aid them by the creation of new markets within the Queen's dominions, by the judicious location of those who are a biirden, upon the fertile lands of the empire, that they may become customers to those who remain at home. One writer, whose book 1 have read recently, objects to this because he says that if any part of the population is displaced, young people will marry, ' and increase the niimbers until the vacuum is filled up. The young ought certainly not to object to this, or the old either. It his theory be sound, it answers the objections of those who fear too great diminution of numbers by emigration ; and Colonization would still have this advantage, that it would strengthen the transatlantic Provinces, and make more customers for Britain and Ireland, even should their population remain the same. But It may be said there is but one enlightened mode of Colonization, and, under the patronage of the Covcrnment and of associated Companies, that is being very ex- tensively tried in our southern and eastern possessions. Of the Wakefield theory 1 would speak with all respect; of the combined efforts of pub ic-spirited individuals, 1 would be the last todisaprove ; the judicious arrangements made by the Government Commissioners, for the selection of Emigrants, the ventila- tion and seeiinty of ships, and the distribution of labour, and which 1 have carefully ex- amined, challenge in most of their details, my entire sanction. I do not wish to check the progress, in these valuable Colonies, of associated enter- prise ; 1 do not desire to restrict the growth of population within them, or to supersede the functions of the Board of Land and Emigration ; I wish these rising communities UoU speed, and success to all those who take an interest in them. ^ But 1 turn from them to the xNorth American field, perhaps because 1 know it best, -)ut assuredly because f believe that to people and strengthen it will secure political ad- vantages of the very highest importance, and because I apprehend that the Eastern Colonies, however they may prosper and improve, will offer but homoepathetic remedies for the internal maladies of England. In t\yenty-two years from 1825 to 1816 inclusive, only 124,272 persons went from the United Kingdom to the Australian Colonies and New Zealand. In the same pe- riod, 710,410 went to the United States, lo strengthen a foreign and rival power, to entrench themselves behind a hostile tariff and to become consumers of American nianufactures, and of foreign productions, seaborne in American bottoms : they and the count ess generation that has already sprung from their loins, unconscious of regard for British interests and of allegiance to the Crown of England. In twenty-two years 124,272 settlers have gone to Australia and New Zealand: about half the number on the poor-rate of Scotland in 1848, not a t, nth-part of the paupers relieved in Ireland, or one in fourteen of those who v ere supported by Eng- land s lieavily taxed industry in that single year ; not more I apprehend than died of famine in a single county of Irdand from 1846 to 1850 ; and less by 60,000, than the numlior of the young people who were in the workiiouses of England and Ireland in Valuable as these Eastern Colonies may be, respectable as may have been the efforts to improve them, it is manifest that whether we regard them as extensive fields for colonization, or as industrial aids for the removal of pressure on the resources of the Unned Kingdom, the belief, however fondly indulged, is but a delusion and a snare. .r.^T n ^^ '"*° ^ calculation of the expense, to show what this emigration has cost the Government and people of England, I could prove this by pregnant illustra- tions. But two or three simple facts are patent, and lie upon the surface. ^ Australia IS Scotchman, who embarks for the Eastern 0^10.1167^17. ^'"« '^'""3"' '"shman, or for 120 or 150 days, while he is tossinTabou n iJ|e„. ' T"'^'""^ ^^ ««'"«»>^d/ passage to North America is about 40 • and when U ^''° '^^' ^'''^ ^^^'^^ wh.ch I hope to have your Lordship's countenance and ulfr^"* • "' '°'"f''^'« ^ for the North American Provinces mav Ti^K \r o ^^I^P^V' emigrants embarkine or 10 days, and Canada in jrTl.re.Venio^rn.".'"'^^ and New-iirunswick in 8 vernment, to the Emigrant, or the CaSSt to fvh '''^'. '°/''' ^^''' " ^° «'»« Go- The cost of a passageSo the West rarefy exceeds l^L ^'°'"? ' ^^^'"'■' ^^O. 10* if Steamships for the poor are empfojed '"'' '"'^ ^' '"^^''^ *° ^2 JvitS^i^^rK:^^^^^^^^^ BHton or Irishman Canada for £20^ in New Brunswick r^^^^^^^^^^^ p"nZ ""? 1^"'^'^' /"'i ^*^ ' '" ^^^ver is grown to the acre than in h^Lst nirts of 1 1, S ? fT''" /J'^"'''"''^^ "'"''^ ^^heat andinNova.Scotiafor£10 where fromlh ^"^'^'^ ^"''•ei^ 10..; to Europe, the wealth of tl e M Jries^ T'""'"'' *''« P^«^i™"y gation. land is now in many secSs and vviU '' *»r and rapid growth of navi- part of Her Majesty's CoS;ua"Domin1ol "" ^''"'"^ '" ^"' '''^ ^^'"^"^'^ «« "^ -"^ flow f 'iir :^;n?i^l^!;:^S^— ;^i^^^^ S- ^"^'i^'> capital must if t7vork?lsSr;;i„Te;':^ the t;^'S ''' VV^^^V^ ^'-"- ^- '-^ f-v pounds, in Nova-Scotia, o^- a™gI^'ULerin t i 1^ °J ^.^"■.^«""'^''-''"?, or on the vVharve.s Brunswick, he can save af much aT i " , ; oH is t ss.te "^d'h^'r '^"^^ "^^ ^'^^^ religious services and the Lan of ed^^^^^^^^^^^ Bufa'll Sr' '''"•'''^t^' f''°°'^' ^°' to an extent, and of an order, of which few persons wh^ h. '""'' '" ^P""*.^ ^"«"ca. vinces have any correct idea.' Novalo 1,^ i„st n 'e s divSed""'?^ '''' ^'°- Coun ,es, with their Magistracy. Sessions, Court Houses Ja Is S " . '^^^'^^^ complete county organization. "" nouses. Jails, Representatives, and towns there are Churches of ome if"^ ot of tl th I "^'"l" .^ ^^^'^ ^^ t''^ «hire British people. Every pLt of the CortrvU. ^T"^^^^^^ ^'''^^^ the all the iSrgL- and mosf o'f the smaller streLs " '' '""^ '°^'^^' ^°*^ ^"^S«^ «P^« Hotrafdl- J'n'atS':f^ttr;^ll" ^^^'^ ^^ ^ «'^'« - every The same may be S/ene allf of th?.! "'"'pP ^"' '"''"'.^f" ''^^' '^"'^ ^»d cypher civilizing influences Vheemii-int wto n' -"'"r ' ^' ^''^^^^ "°>hing for these dinary tlxes, which are verySr . wl ! '"' ""^'P.'^^. ^aws and pays his or- for Jo have' his lOo'a^rlT^f ifnJ bL^t."" '° ' P""^'P^'^°" '" ^''^ '"' -^ may growth oHomtt^td^lTcfe^^s^'r^ '^ ^-«^ - the North American Provinces wir/3 mercantie manna. Tried by this test, the dominions. '"' ""'" ''""'' comparison with any other portion of the Queen's The West India Colonies, the Australian group, including New Zealand, the African Colonies u England. The I, Irishman, or i by somebody The average re complete to ints embarking ruiiswick in 8 is to the Go- Debtor, £20. reduced to £2 n or Irishman 100 acres of In Western 40 ; in Lower )s more wheat for £12 105.; the proximity •ovvth of navi- lable as in any 1 capital must go out they Bs besides, if few pounds, the wharves rests of New the civiliza- schools, for th America, 3d the Pro- o seventeen itatives, and iieet, assess af the shire divide the bridges span e in every and cypher, ig for these ays his or- I, and may und in the lis test, the he Queen's the African Colonies 19 Fq°I^"!!" a"?^o® ^^^} ''"^'^"' ^ ^^^ Mauritius and Ceylon, owned collectively in la^ but 2,128 vessels, or 42,610 tons of shipping. The North America gr"u7 ii cludmg Canada, Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswickf Newfoundland, and Princf Edward kland, owned m that year 5,119 vessels, measuring 393,822 tons o/Lse N?va rf.e"rorT683.'" '°""'^' ^^^'^^^' ""' '" ""™^'' "'°'' "'^" »''« °'^'' four ^t togt But it may be asserted that the climate of North America is rigorous and severe Ihe answer we North Americans give to this objection is simple. * Do mc ?ho honoS'r to glance my Lord, at the hemisphere which contains three quarters of the OUl World and d.vidm^ the northern countries from the south, the rigorous climate fron, I e wa m and enervatmg satisfy yourself in which reside at this moment the doSicvi m™ the p.th of manhood, the seats of connnerce, the centres of intelligenco lo nr s of Srer^Ltr'ft "' •?'"' '" 'f''''' ''"^^^'^ '-'"^ do„.inion!::assuredl • Tn thJ nortlitrn half. And yet it was not always so. The southern and eastern noitions blessed with fertility, and containing the cradle of our race, filled up C aJd rZi ortr^V theTr"%'""?l'- ^"'.^^ ^'^'''^'''^•- -^'^ potlattn all no t,. Is, he bracing climate did its work, as it will ever do, and in physical endu- mSains^ "''"'' '"''^^' '^' ""'"^ '^'^'''^ ^''« «"P«"0"'y whicVto^uS hour it Eiftion -ind L Y^"'« C"";'"ent «f North America was lost to England at the ThL is a ;rea Sh Y^^^ ' ^'''' '"^'^"'fif^^"^ «'"1 almost worthless provinces remain. Britain vm r f 'nrH^h" • T' ^^'^^''^'^^y Prevail, may be a fatal mistake. Great ind takiC h^ pvf Pi" T^i ^''^''' °^""' "P *° ^'"^ '""'"«»* «"« ''^Jf the continent ; for slavery or for growing cotton and tobacco, but the best for raisin^ men inrl T^ZlLTf' T^'r' ^° '^' constitution of the norther. Europ an? t^e inos aTd secm^ ''"'^^ "^'^"'^'^ ' '"^ '" ^'""^s else being equal, the m^ost impregnX tn ^Z ^in?.f '^ "t* f.""^ r"'?!" *'^'". '"'" "'!"''''• '^'^« first British emigration all went to the southern half of the continent, the northern portion, for 160 years behii occupied by Irench hunters, traders and Indians. The British dTd not begin to se df in Nova-Scot,a till 1749, nor in Canada till 1763. Prior to the ftmer Sd m" 'h- "f y','jfnnnP-"Pu"'ff'°" "^ '^^,000, Connecticut 100,000. l^cKf Philade " phia had 18,000 inhabitants before an Englishman had buiit a hou / in hSv • Maine had 2,485 enrolled militia-men before a British settlemenVvvas formed in t'ha Provmce of New-Brunswick. The other States were proportionately advaS Eefo e Englishmen turned their attention to the Northern Provinces at all. ' Ihe permanent occupation of Halifax, and the loyalist emigration from the old^r Provinces, gave them their first impetus. But your Lordshirwill perS that in th. race of improvemeijt, the old thirteen States had a long startrThe^ had three mS hons of Britons and their descendants to begin with at the Revolutbn Rnf. T hundres occupied the Provinces to which /wish So call a tentirn t the comnLr ment of the war, only a few thousands at its close. Your Lordsh p will 1 trus rea w'aUh otekn wS Bo. ,h.^?°'°,"' P"?"'""""' > flourishing commerce, and much the nece»swir„rSe' M^.To^li'^'A^"" ''?™ -"'^T "^l""'; Tb<= e>icitement and o-her, and, so ,ar as .he, chose ,„ have or co^d obSnta/id; o™ Spfomat ^ISS all a« the word. The Northern Provinces had seperate Governments half-paternal des- potisms, which repressed rather than encouraged enterprise. They had often host!Jl tarriff, no bond of union, and, down to the alvent of Mr. Huskis*,^, and 'm thcnS to the finaUepeal of the navigation laws, were cramped in all their commerS ente^ prises by the restrictive policy of England. "'"^ t-ommeruai entet- In other rcsoects the Southern States had the advantage. From the moment thai their Independence was recognized, they enjoyed the absolute control oveMh"ir .W nal affairs. Your Lordship, who has had the most ample opportunit/of est maTnJ the repressing influence of the old Colonial system, and, hapJSy for us, have sweptS away, can readily fancy what advantages iur neighUnirs^ derived f^m e4mpdon of To uZySlTrT""^ '". '•'' r"""'^ ?*■ ^'^P^"'y- The national Government ot the United States early saw the value and importance of emigration. Thev bought up ndian lands, extended their acknowledged frontiers, by purchase or succS dpomacy surveyed their territory, and prepared for Colonization. The States or pub^ he associations within them borrowed millions from England opened roads, laTd off lots and advertised them in every part of Europe by every fair and often by the unfLir mean^ puffing and exaggeration. The General Government skilfully seconded or mher suggested this po icy.-They framed constitutions suited to tb4 new se tlements • invested them with modified forms of self goverment from the momenTtlat hTmosi mple materia s for organization were accumulated; and formed them into new State m T5'5 p"''/'°", !," *j*' .^'''°"'' ^°""^''«' whenever they numbered 40,000. W hat did England do during all this time ? Almost nothing : she was too much occupi- ed with European wars and diplomacy. Wasting millions in subsidizing foreign Princes, T^y [v1 ?!fr"^^"-"'"r'„''^ ^.""S into a Canadian lake would scarcely raise the ide What did we do in the Provinces to fill up the northern territory ? What couJd ve do ?-Dow„ to 1815 we wer« engrossed by the wars of England; our commence being cramped by the insecurity of our coasts and harbours.-Down to the prom S on of Lo d John Russell's memorable despatch of the 16th of October, 1839, and to which full effect has been given in the Continential Provinces by the p;esent Cabiner we were engaged in harrassing contests with successive Governors and Secretar es of .State, for the right to manage our internal affairs. ^'cmnes oi This struggle is over, and we now have the leisure and the means to devote to the great questions of colonization and intern-^', improvement-to examine our external our Untish brethern on the imperfect state of those relations, and of the best app o. pmtion that can be made of their surplus labour, and of our surplus land, for ourTl tual advantage, that the poor may be fed, the waste places filled up, and this gJSat Empire strengthened and preserved. ^ ^ " n,.^7Jl"'?i,''^ '^f"^^'- ^^hat interest have the people of England in this inquiry ? I 3n!n.rf '"' ^"J' •""?>' J.^'Jg^'ent, they have an interest far more impoaant and profound than even the Colonists themselves. toVlZT'l\'''T'' '^'^ '''° sides of the American frontier is a national disgrace i^ngland. it has been so recorded in her parliamenrary papers, by Lord Durham by Lord Sydenham, and by other Governors and Commissionei-s. ^ "^^'^ ^^'^^^^' tinn nn'h'' T.^ ^ /'^aveller, from Hull to Buckingham, but has impressed this convic- tion on her 1 terature. We do not blush at the contrast on our own account; we could not relieve it by a single shade beyond what has been accomplished. We have done our best under the circumstances in which we have been placed, as I have already Shown by reference to our social and commercial progress; but we regret it because subjects 4 -paternal dei« I often hostile id from thence mercial enter- moment that er their inter- of estimating have swept it )m e-emption the southern i latter should I Government They bought or successful Itates, or pub- s, laid offlots, unfair means led, or rather settlements ; that the most 3 new States, to,ooo. much occupi- reign Princes, :ely raise the What could ir commerce promulgation and to which Cabinet, we secretaries of Jevote to the 3ur external consult with best appro* for our mu- i this great inquiry ? I portant and nal disgrace •rd Durham, this convic- t; we could e have done lave already : It t}ec3U3e subjects 21 subjects us to the imputation of an inforiorify that wo do not fvc], and makes us doubt whether British Statesmen will, in the time to come, deal with our half of the Ame- rican Continent moic wisely than they have in times past. It is clearly then the interest and the duty of England to wipe out this nr'tional stain, and to re-assure her friends in North America, by removing the disadvantages under which they labour, and redressing the inequalities which they feel. Having, however imperfectly, endeavoured to show that as a mere question of eco- nomy, of relief to her municipal and national finances, no less than of religious obli- gation, it is the duty of England to turn her attention to North America, permit me now for a moment to direct your Lordship's attention to the territory which it behoves the people of these United Kingdoms to occupy, organize, and retain. Glance my Lord, at the map, and you will perceive that Great Britain owns, on the contment of North America, with the adjacent Islands, 4,000,000 of square miles of territory. All the States of Euroj)e, including Great Britain measure but3,708,87L Allowing 292,129 square miles for inland lakes of greater extent than exist on this continent, the lands jou own areas l)road as the whole of Europe. If we take the round numl)er of 4,000,000, and reduce tiie miles to acres, we have about 90 acres for every man, woman, and child, in the United Kingdoms. Now suppose you spare us two millions of people, you will be relieved of that n imiier, who now, driven by destitution into the unions or to crime, swell the p( ""^ ""val would ,„ako .. contest doubt u I for a time l.o^rJi^'^^ ^^^ "V" ^"''^"'' States, iupposc tho L'ni.ccf States to extenn.HZon' II ^ •"''•""'"'> ' ''""»«'«-'• «» other half of the ContuiPnt of the li,i» Jf . ' ^''^' '""•'' «" «*«e«sion ovct the Great Untain witho,.; a ^ll^L t rAtbntic or'tK '•;" "f ^"'''/^ """ ' '"^^^ 0Wm, 'vithout a ton of coal for In-t steamers n7 n "'" ^'"■' ''"^ "°"''' ^•«" ^^' 60U0 . .ssels which the Northern pLul ' ' ^ ^P'^' ^" "^^P^'"" « 8'''P •• with tho the fishermen who lit th L^er dd d"to"tSr "'"' ^''"' '''" »hei/erews. and Whose arseuals and outposts woZTh.'n 1.1 . ^. .'"^''^^e strength of the enemy, if Newfoundland and ^ V^sn fd i h„l '"T.'^ 1^^° ""'i^'^ "^-'^'^ '° "^"g'^"''; ^^^^ doubtful.-The picture L ocmJ^^^^^^^^^^^ \' '"''"'T'^' ^^'»^'' '» extremal, mntel^ interwoven are tlu) n eS ,o whid f L"" '°"^"' "'" '"^ ^''"^ ''«^^ i"''" atten.ion, with the ioreis„^Xrof he Em, ire r'^"'""'*^ '° '^''" ^«'" WJ.hip's trat.ons, because 1 desire now to show n«, ' r • '^^ ""' ^'" '"'" comparativr ,,( ,8- America n.ay not only ite rt^.^d Z 'T , •'"'^r"""' "''^ "'^ "'« '''•^""'^es ol .\orth the Ilon.e Government i^, times of .Se " "'"" °' ^^"' '"' '^"'^^^ ^^^ P^-'^^c upon «arti;'s^:,;^e,i!::tirrZ:; ^f^^fi:"^" /^^^ '^-'- ^« «-• some portion of the who boast that they m e ,K w ' '""^'f ^^'"'''■«' «"'• «wn. Ijow fevrKnglishmen house bis castiran^V^ ;;';rrbu;'fr:r:r"''"t An Knglishman'c^ltS fo^v there are who may no brdriven out nr tv' f ''"'^1 "'?"" '"^ «^^" ««i'- "ovv when the lease falls in. ' ""' '"''''' *'""'" ^^^''^^ '^veiled with the ground, arJ^eltl^i'.ed rt'So'"^"""' '"' ^''^ P-P"«'°" °^ '««: kind of com ciples ; to reflect, that with 3^1^^^^?? , ''i^'' developement of political pria- tuajjr #'fll nd, and soiriti liiiids defoiice- Jt'iitas I am in lary and naval Uniuni States, niinatf. But 'ion ovtT the now ; imagine conlci call her lip : with the ir crews, and f the cnem)', England; even is oxtreraol/ w how inti- jr Lordhhip'a i.irativ." ^1 's- :es 04 .'.orth ressurc upon irtion of the i^nglishnien, nan calls his 1 soil. How the ground, ed Kingdom hy agricul- le and ma- rland Pea- it, food and in extent, )eopIe were their heads, ts oftheo- i acquired ? these three home stead ., i r , ■K). . diacoutent, ea dusv, hatred ol tho mr.rr l.i« u, 7 "P-^- '" Vfr'^h of (Ipprca- liberality and kindness, u.llTssurediriH Zn efii/;'^^ ^"^'^"••■' '•^"'1""'-'* ''y The standing unny a^d the ' I S Toi/s iIT " ''"'""""^ "» "'« ""il-itudo. But.eveniftheycoLlforeVr ihcmSo^^^^^^^^ ''"•'P "T'" '^T" f"' '• «imo. ort:;::^^:::lf!rj^:;^:;i^^^^ of tM, cond.ion Englishman whose kindred club .od t".ci mu kl nt u! \ '"r \"' "'" '''^•""^" '^ enemy at Q.ecnstown, have a hi of ho iZd tl oi; f. 1^ ^^ ^r ^'u'^r' "■". '^''^^ '»'« at least the option of ownershiu anrf nr.Ln "»<^'V'"' «"/""J,'ht for. Lot tl,«m have Such a policAvould irconS^ iv. Th^ ^"'^^" '" ^°"^'«> the,., ov.. the people. It uJld si^cT "rLrian, 1? r' r"'':'^'>"'"'^ pern.anor,,!^ relir tors.^'h.e poor man^vL awl S^ ^ ''""' ?"'r'"^''' "'•« ""'"'"-^ "' i'^'^P" =i;^:^srh^&;s£Sr^^^ doSsi;; '-Llh s;!^'^:.;; it S''"r '^ '^ -•'- Ki„g- this result need ho e, t r aincd Th^r^^^" '""", '"''" T"' ^'« ''PPrehcasioas of jand, in con.fort and sec" i y, who w l^e T .n' '^IT "", " ^'T ""'^''" ^'^ '- home, with all its endearing'^'associrt/ons fcrr^.s Sf. t I'.rh.; ^'H ^'"^^''T^''^'" will ever attract around it the higher and more wp I. v i 'f'i'"t---ihe seat of empire market will retain every a-ricultu Lt Thi ..n7^ ^ '• The value of the home The accumulated capit.^l S[4 an/m^^^^ '""1'"'^ ''"'''°>''^'' "P"" '^^' '^"J- facturing centres, wi 1 go orTeXg L^Til eid{:f " "" '".''^ '.^"'""H-rcial and manu- are relic^vcd from the pressure of Sio Bos Ls ' f'^'"" '"'' '". moruon a s they their fortunes abroad, will be continuS retS- ho.i^^ ''."^" '"Hnuved refinement, and higher civilization, whi^hllrb"! ,7',;°^ ever pre-emmently retain. Massachusetts, New York and P,".! ^'m"'^' ^'" the.r c ties, and grow in wealth and population, thoIth-Sf th fuT^' '''I' '"''^''S'-^ nublic invite their people to emigrati and Sei.^ ''ch lands of the Re- laws which proteetVm would oVra^emorp^ The natural so much greater. ^ -^ '"^'^®' ^^'' "^^ the attractions are ari^*'^r:gX^;tl:''ir;^??:;i^'^"-^-^ ^'^^ -" -turany Let us first sel what the preset tsyremoradlr hi "Tv '° '" '^. '! °"^ ' a system, cost now : ' ^ ^ °' ""'^' ^''^ P"'^''^ est; >lishments, without ^"^^"^ ^'^^^^' England Scotland Constabulary, t^'f'^j ' iiiUgland Convicts at home and abroad ^'^^''"^ Emigration, 1849 (exclusive of cabin passengers) paid from Private or Parochial Funds ^ ^ '^ ^ raid by Government £6,180,765 544,334 1,216,679 579,327 562,506 378,000 1,500,000 228,300 £11,189,911 The 24 The cost of prisons, or that proportion of thern which might be saved if the criminal calendar were less, m.ght fa.rly be added to the amount. The prison at York «"« h. i!?irn. r •''' "" "'-"'"'-i^-a sum large enough, the inspector observer, .• to build foi each prisoner a separate mansion, a stable, and coach-house." A lar-e nro- porlion of the cost of trials might also be added ; and as twelve jurymen must have bfin summoned to try most of the 43,671 persons convicted in 1848, the waste of valuaWe time would form no inconsiderable item, if it were. vdiuaoie The loss of property stolen by those whom poverty first made criminal, no economist can estimate ; and no human skill can calculate the value of lives and property des- troyed in agrarian outrages, when wretchedness has deepened to despair. My plan ot Colonization and Emigration is extremely simple. It embraces — ^ Ocean Steamers for the poor as well as the rich • rhe preparation cfthe Wild Lands of North America for settlement ,' and Public Works to employ the people. JJZT r°P"^^"'f ^'V' ^^"'is'' Government should pay the passage ofanybody to Amc ica. I do not, therefore, require to combat the argument upon this point vvitb n 1 I ^'""I'f' o»^''s "f Land Emigration usually meet crude schemes, pressed with- out much knowledge or reflection. 1 he people mu'st ^ ,y their own jiassages ; but the Uoveriiment, or some national association, or public company to be organized for that pur- pose, must protect them from the casualties that beset them now, tnd secure for them cheapness, speed, and certainty of departure and arrival. If this is done, by the em- ployment of stcam-ships of proper construction, all the miseries of the long voyage, with ns sure concom.tants-d,«ease and death ; and all the waste of rime and%neans, wait- ing foi the sailing of merchant ships on this side of the Atlantic, and for friends and conyeyances on the other, would be obviated by this simple provision. A bounty to Hall the extent of that now given for carrying the mails, would provide the ocean- omnibuses for the poor. Or, if Government, by direct aid to nublic works, or by the interposition of Imperial credit, to enable the Colonies to construct ther^, were to create a labour market, and open lands for settlement along a railway line of 635 miles, these ships might be provided by private enterprise. By reference to the published Report of tiie Commissioners for 1847, your Lordshio will perceive that in that year of famine and disease, 17,445 British subjects diedZ the passage to Canada and New-Brunswick, in quarantine, or in the hospitals, to say noLiing of those who perished by ..e contagion which was diffused over the provincial cities and settlements. An equal number, there is too much reason to apprehend died on the passage to or in the United States. In ordinary seasons the mortality wil of course be much less and in ail may be diminished by the more stringent provisions since enforced by Parliament. But bad harvests, commercial depressions, with their inevitable tendency to drive off large portions of a dense population, should be ant - 2t fri.n?H r'''f r"''J-^''°^''/ '"'F masses of emigrants, thrown into sea- poits fiom delay, fraud, cupidity, and misdirection. No previous care can prevent dis- ease from breaking out ni crowded ships, that are forty ov fifty days at sea to say no- thing of the penis of collision and shipwreck. . y no Mark the effects produced upon the poorer classes of this Country. Emigration is not to them what it might be made -a cheerful excursion in search of land! employ- ment or fortune :_Itis a forlorn hope in which a very large portion perish, in years of -•'mine arid distress, and very considerable numbers in ordinary seasons, even with the best regulations that Parliament can provide. The remedy for ail this— simple, sure, and not very expensive—is the ocean omnibus. b eam-ships may be constructed to carry at least 1000 passengers, with quite as much comfort as is now secured in a first-class Railway Carriage, and with space enough for I ifrherriminai n at York cost observes, •» to ' A large pro- nust have be«n ste of valuable I, no economist property des- ir. t,' and Public of any body to lis point with , pressed with- sages; but the 3d for that pur- jcure for them ?, by the em- l voyage, with means, wait- )r friends and A bounty to le the ocean- ks, or by the lem, were to ' line of 635 ^'our Lordship bjects died on pitals, to say the provincial apprehend, mortality will ?nt provisions IS, with their )uld be anti- wn into sea- 1 prevent dis- a, to say no- Imigration is and, employ- h, in years of 'en with the ean omnibus. ith quite as ipace enough for 25 ^^^^^:^ol^^y!t a^ tE^;^ari;:r "' ^'-r '• on certain appointed days, emigrant^ would kLv whe e aKht^^^V'l'^''",' 43 davs as .he average sailing passage ft™ £ngk„d ,„ A^rici t^^lV "n""""^ 299,498 Emigrants left Great Britain and Ireland for Amcrici in lilAQ a in Canada and nTw B i^swick alon2 in 847 ' ^°^':'-""'^"t of England exponded dead, £124,762 Sterlirg'Tl'ete^n iSs, wheZTeVt^.i^td ^"v G^'"^^ ^''= or by a pnvate association, would save all this in fulu e R stS^^^ tolonialT'"' would disappear; and from the moment that there was a certWv ^°'°"'^'>'^^^s would arrive in health, however poor, the Colonists would prepaid tiJir ndsTnl'"'"'' their arms to receive them. "'" t^'^P'^e uieir lands and open The saving of expense and time on our side of thp Aflnnti,. ».^..u i i • were wanted, IVom clspe ,e Quei-ec ' ' ° " f'"'"" '''""''" ""-J' to extend the labour market. The mom^t tin? K t!^ f Government a pound convenient points, and early in the ^,80^ -'•''- ^ ^ ' - ^'migrants, at showing the number and descrlnHon Iff^^^ autunin or winter sessions, returns, wi,,,ipi„g, „i,„ ,^:'„f.rrCaS'i°!: 'Z':J;'z^ ^-^j ,r„t' cn„rge ui auu umd out as apprentices. ~ "' r-'-parea to take Proprietors. 26 Proprietors of large unimproved tracts would soon, by similar PTPrtJnn , j t- j , agencies, prepare tliem for occupation. ^ exertion and kindred All this may be done by the employment of Steam Shins for thf nnn, . ^ u . confident, might be drawn into the public service wihont - v*^ ' ^""f ^^^y^ * ^"^ . fit be objected that to so employ then^vonld d h^^ LT the de„^^^^^^^^^ r" ^?""''^' lansu-erno; but, on the contlaiy, there vvould l^^n nnl^ i^ 1 '-^'''^^ ^^^'^^^^ British and Colonial tonnage to /arryon the Commercr nH R^ Hicrcasing demand for this healthy emigration would create! ^"'"merco and Reciprocal exchanges that But, my Lord, 1 am anxious to see these cheap steamers on nn„,i,« they may bring English, Irish, and Scotchmen, a^^d tlit^ doscenrh uf ^'"""^• '^^' time, back to the land of their fathers to treiH tl 1 . "f^scenda nts, from time to revive the recollections of ea y liCt; conte^^ "^^°7 ^>^'"°^^«. «' of England, and contrast tlH.m^venv^^.rt^iose^f he lu^^^^^^^^^ '''^ g'«"^« ennobling pleasure cannot be indulged in now bu at' a .oi? '^ ','' ^Tf ' "'• ^his enjoyment the great body of the Queen's Sl^ial subjects ^^^ "^'^^^ ^'•°'" '^« Keduce the passage to 10 days, and the cost to £5, and thousands will .om here every summer, to return with their hearts warmed towS hoir rT: ' .T^"*"" to teach their children to understand the policy of e" 4nT and to r ^ ^T^'^"' stitutions. ' -^ i-iiaianci, and to reverence her In- So far, my Lord, you will perceive that I have sugeested nothing, «.h;.K tj • volve Her Majesty's Government in heavy expense ;irthecontrfrrh r^'^'^ T even the cost of emigrant steamers would"" be more ha made u» Sir I '" ' 1^^' tion ofexpencein the naval service, retrenchment of thp .nV f i ' ' ^'^ ^ ^'^^"«- tine, or by the relief which a heal hy s/slrof emtratTonlvnn^^^^ '^':'^^^"- some, if not all the branches of the pu'blic' service whSowco£n OOo'ooo fv ^° It would require but a slight calculation to show that the plant n^of ST T^'"^e British subjects in the North American Provinces, whe e the du^f on R^A ""'"'"r "^ tures ranges from G\ to 12i per cent.; and in the UnS S-^.^^vT ''' "lanufac- 15 to 100 per cent., would amount to more than the wile sum w^ed' T""^'' £°1! these steamers. ^""^ wanted to establish To illustrate this 1 have made a selection from the United State.' T.r\(r e articles in which British manufacturers feel a deep interest l/ . !l T',^^ *''-''"^^'° and branches of manufacture, upon whWh the dTtielrWa ScoHa''' \l^ '"'^^ exceptions, do not range higher than 6\ per cent. ^^o^a-Scotia, with very few Bntiah Manufactures which pay \b per cent in the United States. Tow, hemp or flax, manufactured. Steel in bars, cast or shear. Tin plates, tin-foil, tin in sheets. Zinc or spelter. That pay 20 per cent. Acids of every description. Articles used in tanning or dveine Blankets. " ^ Blank books, bound or unbound. Caps, gloves, leggings, mits, socks, stock- jngs, wove shirts and draws. Chocolate. Copperas and vitrol. Copper rods, bolts, nails and spikes, copper bottoms, copper in sheets and platesf Dressed furs. Glue. Gunpowder. Hats, or hat bodies of wool. {Oils used in painting. [Lamp-black. Leather. Linens of all kinds. Litharge. Malt. Manufiictures offlax. Manufactures of hemp. Marble, unmanufactured. Mineral and bituminous substances. Medicinal drugs. 'Metals, unmanufactured. Musical 27 ion and kindred ; and they, 1 am to the Country. Sailing Vessels, ing demand for exchanges that 't account : that > from time to >ry hallows, or phs and glories eside us. This lebars from its will come over iritish brethren, I'erence her In- hich would in- i belicv; that ler by a reduc- lei aiid quaran- once give to 0,000 sterling. If a million of itish manufac- it ranges from d to establish riff, of certain s 110 articles with very few lead n\ pipes, tnccs. Musical instruments of all kinds. Needles of all kinds. Paints, dry or ground. Paper-hangings. Tiles and bricks. Periodicals. Putty. Quills. Saddlery. Salts. Sheathing paper. Skins, tanned and dressed. Spermaceti candles and tapers. Steel. Stereotype-plates, type-metal, types. Tallow candles. Thread laces. Velvet. White and red lead. Window glass of all kinds. That pay 25 per cent. Buttons and button moulds of all kinds. Baizes, flannels, floor-cloths. Cables and cordage. Cotton laces, insertings and braids. Floss silks. All manufactures of hair of coarse dcscrip tions. Cotton Manufactures. Manufactures of mohair. Silk manufactures. Manufactures of worsted. Mats and matting. Slates. Woollen and worsted yarn. That pay 30 per cent. Ale, beer, and porter. q, , Manufactures of Argentine or German sil- ManufactL Indian Rubber manufactures. Fur caps, hats, muffs, tippets. Carpets, carpetting, hearth-rugs. Carriages, and parts of carriages. Cheese. Clothing of every description. Coach and harness furniture. Coal and Coke. Combs. Confectionary. Corks. Cutlery of all kinds. Jewellery. Toy^. Earthen, china, and stone-ware. Manufactures of gold. Artificial feathers and flowers. Umbrella materials. Cabinet and household furniture. Stained glass. Glass and procelain manufactures. Iron in bars or blooms, or other forms. Iron-casting's. Japaned wares. Manufactures of cotton, linen, silk, wool, or worsted, if embroidered. Marble manufactured. Manufactures of paper, or papier mache. Manufactures of wood. Muskets, rifles, and other fire arms. Ochres. Oil-cloths. Plated and gilt-ware of all kinds. Playing cards. Soap. That pay 4:0 per cent. ver. Manufactures of expensive woods. Tobacco manufactures. Alabastar and spar ornaments. . Sweetmeats. Preserved meats, fish, and fruits. That pay 100 per cent. Musical Articles worn by men, women, or children of whatever material composed, made ur in whole or in part by hand. Perfumes. Manufactures of grass, straw, or palm-leaf. Beads. r j ■ • , , . Hair manufactures of finer descriptions, f S'gSm '^' '"^ "'^'' '^'"''' ^'''^^'"^ t\nt''!^-t\u'^ ""If^^ ^^ ^''^^ ?^ ^^'^ ^"'''^» '-"'d British Colonial staples and produc- IS Idgh^^ldeTaipIy."""^ °'^"^" "^'^""'^^^"^^^ """^'^ ^^^^ ^^'-'-- -dTwh?ch ntiv,t\, ,c, - "" -'■- " -^ rvipaining topic, inu lormation of Public Works, of annroved Jin^' ^'%'""""^ of strengthening the Empire,-developing the resourcVof the Pro- mces,-and as an aid to more rapid and systematic CoIouiLtion Ha^ng 28 Having, my Lord, in my former letter, entered lar/^elv upon this hranrh of tlm „«„« ral subject I need noc repeat what that paper containlTverXHlit°I J^^^^^^^^^ dences of the fevensh longing and intense anxiety with which all SesXeProvT^^ ces look forward to the establishment of those great lines of inter-co onial Za f tal communication, which are not only to bindTs toSer aTd secur^ »« ^^^"r v^ Provinces great commercial advantages, but whi h vv^u d ;ScheTstean?boafs"^ duce the Atlantic to a British Channel, and continue the Strand in a fewTears^^^^^^^ ihJtullur^^ ""''"' ''^'^'' communication Nova-Scotia will make, and amply secure the Brnish Government from loss, should the advantage of its cred t be Sve^ We TV 1 do morn-we will prepare our lands, collect returns, appoin an agen f"; each county and repeal our taxes on Emigrants ; offering, on thi best terms l",ome to all 1 he ability of Nova-Scotia to fulfil any obligations she may incur to the Jmnerial Go- vernment, may be estimated by referenci to ifer past progress'and present fiZSc^n Montgomery Martin, in his late work, estimates the value of the Province in move- aWe and immoveable property, at £20,700,000- Without counting SlandTTnd p operty upon vvh.ch labour has not been expended, we rate it at icfeoToOOO t£s loya nr a"d thei'r"d ""'7' '^ '^n^ "i!'"^"^ "^ ^ '^^ ^'— ^^ of' Emigrants and p/rourC^oml^iS: 'hrfSy r'ef^/^edr"'^"" °^ ''''''"'' '' evidence^f a pros- Within the twenty years from 1826 to 1846 the population more thin ,\c.„h\.A »i tonnage rising, in the last ten years of this period. f^oiJ, 96,996314, 3 ot' 1 he exports rose in the twenty years from £267,277 to £831 071 Ihe Revenue of Nova Scotia is chieflv raised fmm lmnr^rfo' ♦! ' d i Mines, and the Sale of Crown Lands!'^ l^ri^oTo X "tl'x tcot^ tS Z t' sessed taxe^, except Poor and County Rates raised by locafasses mentr ' is t;:r;Lt';sJt ^f^id?/^,;'"'^^^^'^- «- -^ -'- ^-^- ^'•-" ^oods venuo^durmg the past year of £15,000 which will reduce the liab I £ ?o £90 efi 13. Id. No part o this debt is due out of the Province—Province Notes wSi rf culate and are sustauied by the demand for them to pay duties ?epVesent£^ 864 of the whole which bears no interest. Of the balance, £40,000 i^ durrdepositors in r cent. The holders of Stock certificates coverine covering the Savings Rank, who receive 4 per the remainder receive 5 per cent. The public property held by the Government in the City of Halifax alone xvonid The income from all sources fluctuates between £90,000 and £1 10 000 Thn npr £7^00 ,^^1-^'' °" Jhf r'"""' '^^'"'^ »" ^^'^- Majesty by the S.ist Ri I ^are' £7,500 sterling. The balance is expended in maintaining olher branches of fhecfvn Government in openu.g and repairing Roads, and promoTing Education We should make the mterest of the loan we now require a first charge on this sur plus, m the event of the Railroad not vielding tolls suffiH-^nt which ^-d^in^v T experience of our neighbours, we do not apprlhend. ' ' '^^ ^ ^^Xhb f,m inch of the gene- brings fresh evi» les in the Provin- ial andcontinen- I to the British steamboats, re- !W years to Lake 3 world advance, nd amply secure be given. We agent for each s, a home to all o objections to garrison-duty, o which in war ent the expense he Imperial Go- ut financial con- vince, in move- wild lands and )00,000. This Emigrants and ence of a pros- m doubled, the )43 tons. loyalty on the mo tax, or as- s. British Goods 3, to £105,643 ise of the Re- 3s to £90,643 cs, which cir- iit £59,864 of depositors in cates covering alone, would us revenue to 0. The per- Mst Bill, are Gs of the Civil ! on this sur- by the This dging 20 This surplus must steadily increase, because, while population and revenue ^ill probably double within the next twenty years, as it has done, almost without emigration or railroads, during the past twenty, the expenses of the Civil Goveru- mentwill be but very slightly augmented. The revenue could be, and if necessary would be, promptly increased, by raising the ttd vaiorem duty, re-adjusting specific duties, or if even that were necessary to sus- tnia our credit with the Mother Country, by a resort to a legacy, income, or property o Zil®o?c?^""™^."^ °^ Nova-Scotia, (exclusive of lands in Cape Breton) still retains 3,982,388 acres of ungranted Crown Lands. These, if required, could also be pledged, or the net amount of sales of lands along the line could be paid over from time to time in liquidation of the loan. ■ The whole amount required is £800,000— The City of Halifax being pledged to the Provincial Government to pay the interest on £100,000 the whole amount that would therefore be chargeable on all sources of Provincial Revenue, the tolls on the Railroad included, would be £24,500. Although having no authority to speak for the other Colonies, I may observe, the Pro- vince of i\ew Brunswick, which lies between Nova Scotia and Canada has in addition to her ordinary sources of Revenue 1 ] ,000,000 of acres of ungranted lands. She mifrht pledge to Her Majestys Government the proceeds of as many millions of acres of these lands along the lines to be opened, as might be necessarv, in addition to the i)led£Tc of Her public funds to secure this country from the loss. The Troops might be employed, and settled ,n this Province also. The lands pledged could be sold to Emigrants,- the British Mails nnd Soldiers would be transported at fair price' and the amounts might be carried to the credit of the loans. 1 believe that New Brunswick could, if moderately aided, ultimately make her great lines, absorb and provide farms for mil- lions of Lmigrants,— increasing the home market for British Goods by the annual lamount of their consumption,— and in a very few years, pay any Loan she may require to contract, v.'ithout costing England a farthing. The resources of Canada are well known to your Lordship. Her interest in these great works cannot be exaggerated, and must be ereatly en- hanced by the approaching removal of the seat of Government to Quebec -They would bring her productions to the seaboard at all seasons of the year • connect her by lines ot communication with all the other Provinces, and with the Mother Country preparing the way for a great industrial, if not a political union, of which the Citadel of Quebec would ultimately form the centre. That her Government would second any policy by which this might be accomplished, there is no reason to doubt My Lord, there is one topic of extreme delicacy, perha])s, and vet, so far as mv own Pi Hinco is concerned, 1 will venture to touch it without hosita'tion. Some of th^ British Colonies aspire to obtain notoriety, just now, by spurning from their bosoms the criminals of Lngland, without modestly remembering that some of them, at least owe thoir original prosperity to such Emigrants, and that "thousands are annually temp- ted or driven into crime in this country, by the absence of employment, and by the li- sisdess pressure which the slightest derangement in this highly artificial state of society creates I believe that among the 43,000 persons convicted in this country in 1848 some thousands were more to be pitied than condemned. If such persons, organized and disciplined were empoyed upon the Publie Works of North America, as Ims been suggested, 1 bcheve that they would ultimately be restored to society, and that the Go- vernment would oe immediately relieved from serious embarrassment. 1 do not shrink from the responsibility of making the suggestion, nor will I shrink from my share of the esponsib.lity of carrying ,t out. The people 1 represent, my Lord, are^ generally a religious people ; who know Miat our Saviour had none of the sensitiveness mlnifested 8 at 30 at the Cape. He found some virtue in the ooor woman th-.* oii .u u and extreme distress, or of those whose cZlLt in c ^^'« superinduced by povert/ »e„, had beea e^eu-W; rN^tlrS cXli'l'Sw Sr.r„o^a"?^- if an appropriate choice were made of some localilv alon» a Tr.V?^f„ ° u- I"!''' misbehaved; sohtary confinement in the Colonial PenitentiariL worw h. 1 . ^ pnate punishment if they deserted or committed anrnew 0^.^ if f^^^^^^ nary rate of wages to compensate for any risk it might run. and would besides ult ' mately secure customers for wild lands, and many uleful selllers ^'" In conclusion, my Lord, permit me to crave your indulgence for thp Ipn^th «f .1 • communication, which would be an unpardonable intrusion^ ";:„ yiuLrd J. p's time if the topics to be discussed were less numerous and important. ^o'^'^sJiip s time I have, &c. The Right Hon. Earl Grev, &c. &c. &c. ^^'^"'^^ '^^^P" "^WE. (Copy.) Mv Lord— ^ ^^°^"^ ^^^^^^' ^^^^ February, 185L Adverting to the point raised by Your Lordship yesterdav I hasten to f..r nish an explanation, which I trust may be satisfactory. ^ y^^'^'^^^y' ' ^^ten to fur- a rTSI^^' ^""^-^'^ot'^ "™^J^«s. with the Guarantee of the British Government a Rail Road across her Territory, and that an extension through the other Provinces for national or mter-colonial objects becomes immediately or remotely desirable, ehher t the Governments of Canada or New Brunswick, by the British G^rnment or by a„v Colonial or British Company under their patronage, the question is, would Nova Scot"a chim^ to retain the revenues of that which might be the most profitable part of a long .^uJ"""^- ^T!^' whatever her geographical advantages may be, desires to make them subservient to common Imperial and Provincialinterests, and will be pTe oared t^ share the revenues of her Railroad, as she does those of her Telegrapl upofeS Fmciples. with the other Provinces, or with Companies by whicf th^y.' Z^ bfrepe! The I world condeni' of Heaven who loyed on a larae 'acific — i should believe that if a ced by povert/ ourse of punish- to such atrial, B in which they id controlled by itary organiza- :e commands if certain if they d be an appro- if a portion of he men might i they laboured, line, with seed of service had iai Governmept ! Colony where ly and the ordi- i besides ulti- 3 length of this jordship's time H HOWE. 'uary, 1851. hasten to fur- Government, : Provinces for ible, either by ent, or by any i Nova Scotia irt of a loD2 make them 3 prepared to pon equitable lay be repre- The I 31 which pass over a common ine, are shared bv milea^rp nn,1 th^\ ^ messages, checked and the balances paid over every week^^^ ^' """""^ ''*^°""' '^ I thmk I naay go even further and say, that should our portion of the line nav frnm excess of local traffic, and that through New Brunswick be leWnrnfit^hfJ i5 ^^^'J^""^ jvould not only lend to her Sister Province any eSwhichSf^^^^^^^^^^ I^S take her debentures up and give her the aid if her public revenues rahei than ?h ^ even a temporary demand should be made upon the Imperil Treasury 1 have &c. The Right Hon. Eak. Gkkv, &c. &c. &c. ^^^^"'^^ ^^^^'^^^ "^^E" Sir— 5, Shane Street, London, Uth Feby. 1861, Governor, ^^^uV^: XlS 3:tZS t i:^ jJrtThlr, "' '!i\I'--""'- however anxious I may be, on pubL and p:lnarg ou°nt toTet'lte"'" "^ P"" it will be satisfactory to His Excellency to be informed hat,^wharver mav h. th decision of the Government and Parliament, I shall be preoared to snhmSf t? sitions of part es of the highest resnectabilitl anH mnet P'fP^^^^ *° ^"Tit the propo- complete any Rail Roads we reqSr^etakny the S"^ connexions, who will ante'e, in payment, bearinglnte'rest It 5 pe? cent. "" ^^^entures, without guar- I have, &c. Wm. H. Keating, Esq. ^^'^ned) JOSEPH HOWE. Sir— Downing Street, March 10, 1851, communicatJ t?you S'llil'^lf^i.^ ^°"' *^^^ ^^^ - «^ length enabled to assistance towards "he conZction of th^ ^ =^ '.^^"'^T'"' °" *^« application for contained in your Let'teroHe 25th ^N^^^^^^^^ {'''^"gh ^- Scotia, LoSGrerWeTtr?' ^^^^ ^''-^P-^ "^^^^^^^^ with threxS imp rtance fotTn?: to'Thrr"?' .by^ His Lordship Ld Colleagues"' S" pire at large, of p 0^^^ IV.nl^^r ?°"''.' "^''I'^^/ interested, but to the Em- munication mav riS?„V'!.l'=?."?!fr*'°° P^ « ^^'J^^J by which a line of com- the Provinces of Nova- r which have been sug- object have undergone the most attentive con- 32 It appears from Sir John Harvey's Despatch of August 29, J 850, as well as from your letters and the verbal communications you have made to LoH Grey that S Provmc.al Government of Nova-Scotia, fully relying on the concurrence o/t'he Legis- lature IS desirous of undertakmg the construction of that part of the projected line which vvould pass through that Province, and proposes to obtain for that purpose a loan of £800 000, which IS the estimated expense of the work. The assistance which Lord Grev ui!- derstands you to apply for on behalf of the Province is, that the payment of the interest of a oan to thi^ amount should be guaranteed by the Imperial Parliament, the effect of which would be that the money might be raised on terms much more favorable than would be otherwise required by the lenders. I am directed to inform you that Her Majesty's Government are prepared to recom- mend to Parliament that this guarantee should be granted, or that the money required tocitd to''st?"'^ °" ^'''^ '^°»d'*>«ns which J will now In the first place, as Her Majesty's Government are of opinion that they would not bcjusti/iod in askiii- Parliament to allow the crCditof this country to be pledged for any ob|(ct not of great importance to the British Empire as a whole (and thoy^'do not consKlrr that the projected Railway would answer this description, unless it should establish a line of communication between the three British Provinces) it must be dis- tinctly understood that the work is not to be commenced, nor is any part of the loan for tiie interest on which the British Treasury is to be responsible, to be raised, until arrangements are made with the Provinces of Canada and New Brunswick, by which the construction of a line of Railway passing wholly through British Territory, from Halifax to Quebec or Montreal, shall be provided for to the satisfaction of Her Majes- ty's Government. In order that such arrangements may be made. Her Majesty's Government will undertake to recommend to Parliament that the like assistance shall be rendered to these Provinces as to Nova Scotia, in obtaining Loans for the construction of their respective portions of the work. If it should appear that by leaving each Province to make that part of the line passing through its own Territory, the proportion of the whole cost of the work which vvould fall upon any one Province, would exceed its proportion of the advantage to be gained by it, then the question is to remain open for future consideration, whether some contribution should not be made by the other Provinces towards that part of the line; but it is to be clearly understood that the whole cost of the line is to be provided for by Loans raised by the Provinces in such proportions as may be agreed upon, with the guarantee of the Imperial Parlia- ment. The manner in which the profits to be derived from the Railway when completed are to be divided between the Provinces will also remain for future' consideration. ^ Vou will observe that I have stated that the line is to pass entirely thiou'^h British Territory; but Her Majesty's Government do not require that the line shiill neces- sarily be that recommended by Major Robinson and Captain Henderson. If the ojiinion which is entertained by many persons well qualified to form a judg- ment, is correct, that a shorter and better lino" may be found through New-Brunswick, It will of course be preferred, and there will be sufficient time for determining this ques- tion while the earlier part of the line is in progress. It is also to be understood that Her Majesty's Government will by no means object to its forming part of the plan which may be determined upon, that it should include a provision for establishing a communication between the projected Railway and the Railways of the United States. Any deviation from the line recommended by Major Robinson and CaptaiyJienderson, must, however, be subject to the approval of Her Majesty's Government: It will further be required that the several Provincial Legislatures should pass laws making I well as from jrev, that the ! of the Legis- ;tcd line which loan of £800,. Lord Grey un- of the interest ont, the effect favorable than ired to recom- loney required will now h I will ey would not e pledged for \ tlipy do not iloss it should t must be dis- t of the loan, raised, until ck, by which jrritory, froja of Her Majes- eminent will rendered to tion of their 1 Province to irtion of the d exceed its remain open by the other )od that the Provinces in lerial Parlia- n completed leration. ough British shall neces- brm a judg- ^-Brunswick, ing this ques- Jerstood that of the plan stablishing a nited States. ^Ilaudersoi), Id pass laws making 33 jcs.y by laws not in force; L/d also U^VpZlnt tS sldl'te'i"'^ T."''^^" to continue in force till the debt shall be ex ingSed) sXic n n ^Tf ^°u' *"''" nient of the interest and sinking fund nf f l.« i« ^ sulticient to provide for the pay- charging the above priofdaimsr ' t" v f h T ^^^t tt t'".)"'"'' f'' '''' the money raised under the guarantee of t Jim,. • "?,^'^^?'"^3' t'l'it the expenditure of the superfntendance oiS^!So^;;':,^i;f luluZ'^'V''^' P''-"^^ "°^«' armed with sufficient power to secure lu Z L V • ^^'^f ^^J' ^ Government and their intended obierf Tl.! r • "Ppl'cation of the funds so raised to The right of sending Troops W except for the above purpose, must likewise be secured ' ' ''' "'''"S ^^e line at reasonable rates of the British Nortl aT an IW^^^ 'mmediately direct the Gove^nor-Gcneral nors of New Brunswic k d Nova sS w[rni'','lT''i "r'' ^''^i^i-/enant-Gover. ject under the consideration ol ^irio ,00.^^1^x0 .nv, C '^''T'^ '" '""? ^'"^ ^"'- should be prepared to join in r ■vl., r^f ^ l^^-xecutiyo Councils, in order that if they the detai!s\,f he rrX' 1 - ; i i 'ir^^ ^"^" f '''^ °" ^'"^ terms proposed of the Legislatures o im d f 1 n nl ' "'^ '."^''■^ '"''J^ '•« «c3ttled, and the sanction peMo:b;r:h:;\t^^i;^.;^;-;-^ - ^-^i-enN i/i^P- twcen the Mother Conniry ainl ^.e Colnn / I 'i ^ "' l»^7"''"->' relations be- as these questions lune liul.? i^v ,Sw 1^ ^'^ considered, but thev should be further adverted to fn this I.^tter! ^"^'''^-^'=«''^^' '^ '^ "-^^ necessary that 1 am directed to add that Lord Grev tllilllv^ It iin.„.,.r, ,1 betakenbyrierMa^.sty'sGovornn;:nttot: g" r^^^^^ sels for the accommodation of Emi-iants of the hunri.lpr .In! 1 ^^ Steam Ves- jccts to which you have called his au.'ntion. '"'"' '''"'"'' '^ '^"^ ^^^ »''« '^^- If there should be a demand for such vpned for the occuo inn nfLifl . ^^^^''^^^^ «"d a cannot fail to lead to an extension nni.Lvnn'^^^ these circumstances conveyance of Emigrams'oX" Provides '"' "^ ^'" '"^^"^ "°^ '^'^'^'^ ''' ^''^ bet&:^tt^rt;uc;i::n^ofsri?;r^^ risk of^serious inco^veni^n e ,".ht b tarV. l.^l^sl'th ''^ ^''^\f"' ^""'^"«»« «" take any steps with a view to tim adoiS. of rhi! ' ^^ ''■°"^' ""' ^"^ ^'«P««^d to plication froin the Colonial Len shtures " suggestion, unless on a distinct ap- Her Majesty's Govern nien t tsTe.eVcdo t '''"'^ '' '"^^^' for the employment of a moderate nurnbe of ^ ' "^f'^'^'T arrangements I am, &c. (Signed) B. HAWES. 34 6, Shane Street, March, I2ih 1851. SIR,— I have the honor to acknowledge your letter of the 10th March, conveying to me, by direction of Earl Grey the decision of Her Majesty's Government on the questions raised in my letters of the 26th ot November and 16th of January. I beg you to assure his Lordship of the satisfaction with which 1 have read that communication, and of the sincerity of the belief which 1 entertain that the Governments of the North American Provinces will cheerfully, and to the full extent of their means exert themselves to secure upon the terms proposed, the completion of the great national highway, for the construction of which Her Majesty's Government are prepared to propose to Parliament to advance the funds, or pledge the N.itio lal credit. Should anything occur to delay a general arrangement, (which 1 do not apprehend,) beyond the period when Nova Scotia, may be prej)ari'd to execute her part of the lino for local or other purposes, it will be time enough then to sul.mit whether that portion of the work which will run through her Territory should not he commenced, either with or without the aid of llcr Majesty's Government. As the rapid sale and settlement of the waste lands of the three Provinces will now become very desirable, in order that their annual Revenues may be increased, and the Country on both sides of the Railroad settled as the work proceeds ^ hope to be able in a few days, to submit a plan by which these objects may be attained by an organized association, acting under the countenance of the Imperial and Colonial Governments, but without any aid from their public resources. I have, &c. B. Hawe8, Esquire. (Signed) JOSEPH HOWE. m S;r,- 5, Shane Street, London, \3th March, 1851. 1 had the honor to report to you on the 14th February. On the evening of that day a debate occurred in the House of Lords, which you will find in the News- papers I now enclose. In that House there appeared to be but one opinion as to the importance of the North American Provinces, and upon the soundness of the policy of aiding them to complete their public works. The personal references to myself will convey to His Excellency the best evidence that I can offer as to the mode in which my public duties have been discharged. Prior to the occurrence of that Debate 1 had been honored with two very interesting interviews by Lord Stanley. On the 13th 1 had addressed to Earl Grey the letter a copy of which is enclosed. On the 21st of February, 1 was honored by Ea^-l Grey with the perusal of the draft of a communication, which His Lordship proposed lo address to me, and by an ap- pointment for the following day, to adjust any points which might be raised by an ex- amination of that draft. On the 22d of February, the Cabinet resigned, and no. fur- ther progress could be made in the negotiation until their acceptance of the Seals again on the 3rd of March. 1 have now the honor to enclose a copy of a letter addressed to me on the 10th inst. by Mr. Haves, in which the Lieutenant-Governor will be gratified to perceive that my I » mission has resulted in the determination of Her Majesty's nnvprnrnpn^^yTrnpngp tn II Parliament to advance or guarantee the funds which may be require^PJ^ne^W^ I 1 North American Provinces, to make a Rail Road from Halifax to Quebec or Montreal, I I including a line of connection across New-Brunswick with the Rail Road lines of the llUnited States. 1 c/», 12//i 1861. IPHHOWE. very interesting I have reason to helieve, that if the pressure of public hasiness will permit, i r>pie8 ot this latter will he transmitted to His Excellency the Governor-Gcuo.-al, and to rhc Lieutenant-Governors of Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, by this Mail. You will perceive that all our great Lines arc to be provided for, the Provinces through which they pass pledging their Revenues to the Imperial Government, which will advance or guarantee the funds rttpiired at the lowest rate of interest. This cannot be higher than 4, and will pioljahly not exceed 3^ per cent. No American or Colonial Company seeking funds in the money market -ere, could obtain even a moderate .amount at less than 6 per cent. 1 could make contracts for completing our own line, in sections of 60 miles, paying the parties in our Provincial Debentures at 5 per cent, but from all the information 1 can gather, even tlio Provincial Government could not depend on obtaining any large amount of funds at a less rale of interest than what Canada pays for the last loan eirectcd here, which is 6 per cent. The value to us, then, of the Imperial Guarantee, cannot oven bo over-estimated. \ou will perceive that Her Majesty's Government leaves the Provincial Govern- nients free to select a shorter and more profitable line than that chosen I)y Major Ko- binson, if one can be found. As regards constrtiction and ma igemcnt, we are not to Ijc unduly controlled ; tin imperial Commission being limited to such necessary jurisdiction as may prevent ilii; appropriation of the funds raised to objects not contemplated by Parliament. You will also observe that the Provincial Governments arc left fice to make the most they can of the Lands through which the Rail Roads are to pass. My present impres- sion is, that by making a judicious use of these, Colonization may be carried on ex- tensively in connexion with the Rail Roads, so that as many people may be added to »he population of each Province as will swell its annual consumption and revenue bevond the charges which may be assumed for the construction of the lines. If this can e done, and I believe it may, we may strengthen the Provincoe, and perma- nently advance and improve them, adding lo their wealth and population, flanking the Railway lines with thousands of industrious people— and giving the Provinces, in a few years, a i elevation which we are all anxious that they should'attain. To carry out this policy there must be mutual co-operation betv/een men of in- fluence here and in the Provinces, acting with the general concurrence of the Im- perial and Colonial Governments. The ground has, I trust, been prepared for such organization— and I shall spend the rest of the month in drawing together those interests and influences on which the Northern Provinces may most securely rely to aid them in filling up their waste lands and completing their public improvements. My present intention is to leaveEngland by the boat of the 5th April, and I cannot anticipate that anything will occur to occasion further delay. I regret that it has not been possible to bring these matters into a shape to be passed upon by the Legislature during the present Session— but, on reflection, it will perhaps appear to His Excellency better that questions of such deep importance should hv gravely propounded to the country for its deliberate decision, thyn that they should have been hurried through, or hastily rejected in the last Session of an evnirin.- Parliament. I ^g^^^ ^^, ^ ^ W. H. KK.X1.0. Esq. ^''^"^'^ ^^^^^^^ «^^^^'^- gjj^__ Downing Street, 14/A March, 1851. ;n„ .u . K^^""^ received your Despatch, No. 204, of the 25th October last, inforhi- ing me that the members of your Executive Council had deputed one of their own body 36 Halifax and Queboc Hailvvay nd I av« now . "" "'" '"^J"'' "'' "'« P'oJ^^'^^ l>aM>ing copy of a Dosp^Zh^M ^^y^ \^' ^'" ''IT' '"^•'•"=*">ii «o ^you the a'ccom- of British f/orth An.crica, in ttcnci ur J wK i'' '''''• , 'I- "" V"'""«r-C.-neral bet... written by my direc ioVto Mr Zn T • ' ^°"r Vl'" *""^ ''' ^«"«^ *^'"«h has of Her Majesty's (Joy •« ^^o he ^.H ""'1'^^' •^"' ^^H''?"'-"!"" "^ «»'« view, necessary for tie proposerrd^nrkin^™;'^'^^^^^^^^ '^ '° '^^ '-P-' '»'« fu"« ""''^rtaken with advantage, part of the Inhabitints Jc^^Z^i^Nj^l^Z:!^':, 'tf'" ^ '''T''' ''' "" ^'- and a. the people of Nova-Scotia have ..ce^tTrrnifested '^ '°^'"''"''' '''^P"^^'^''' Mornbor ol" the CJcn^n- L t o ]N^ v^ Sco i^^^^ ^ d^^ ""'"'^""."S *° ',"'' ^'' ""^^-' * ceived from that {rentlenuu , and o the nswe ZTT ' ''"" H"'^'^ ' ''^^^ '«■ '•..■turned to him. V„ur Lordship u" I oreeive Tom M ^"' ^^ "Y '^''■^''^''°"' ''^^n made by Mr. JJowe, on belual ^t ' We o7 Sov^ ^^T' '^'V ^'" r?"^^'* ;i;^=s;rt-=^ extensive and pe feet svstem of i"hn.?' n '^ ,'• ', '"''• ^^^'^'^^ completed the most Her Majesty's C om nn e t aro o o."i i n't'!;';'"" "'''"-"'^ '"'^'^ '" l^' ^^°''''- ^Ithouglv pledging tli credit of Tl B t ll 1 e ry or nS'of'f"'" ""^''\ ? '", °'^'^'-^'^^ '" tl.ey regard the work now in c on en , la ^as Td /r ike ^."e^V '^^ ^'^' "•' ^^'""•''^' 01 so much importance to the ^vlK,lr ' Fn nL '''''"§. C''^^ the Saint Lawrence Canals) i^.rlian,enttlu,tso ca sisn^J. stnU^'^^ '' '"'•'"'^'^^ "'''" ^" recommending to any n,ode of a fo.c^^ '^^u f^^ 'sL n o whi l'7" T''t f ''^'''^'''"'^'^ "or is there I.earsonthe whole "olt'CroUi ^^^ ^"^f^*-^?' '''^''^'^ ^P" of so much real service to the C^bnllira^thatfhlc isM^w^^^^^^^^^^^ ''' ^^"^^ ^•- tot^SL!lw-r^--— ^^^ that I >. I 37 and population, and that the coLscquen nc ease in hafr f '" '° '»»«'.'; advance in vvoalth for then, to Hiovo the Mother Country sc^^r^.^d Zo ""T Y'" .'"""••«'• " P""i'''« wise 1„ nracticable, from charges now^oZ bv i o^L "l^'r''^ '''"" ^°"'^ °"'"^- another Despatch of this date I havo in? 7 °",«^count of these Colonies. In ilor Majesty's GovLnm^nt? he B i", "S.lsC.^ ""^' "/ ^'-.i-'^'-ntd' capable of doing so, to take upon thZelves no onlvlh ' ''''"rf "' ^''"^ ''«^o'"« ment, but a ponion at all events of hose ^,1^ f "?r"''' "^ '''''' ^''^'^ ^'°^«"^- pointcd out to you, that the British nImJ a • d""* '''^'^ Protection ; and 1 have i.ave "ovv reached sS a s'a^rinh^."rnrJ^'"?K^ Provi.u;es, and especially Canada' is called upon to provllVnTe r aetun'^ ol'^ht to'L"^' '^7^^.' '"!' ''^'^'^ *^' ^'''""^nt struction of the p'roposod Ra wLy would 'r.fv°? m'^"^'^ diminished. The con- object. By opening new Di^^icXr settCS m "'". to promote this important would be creafed during thrpo'rl ^u*^ ''^•''•'' ^Z'"'"'"'' '»'• l«l'or which increase the wealth and m^DuIatfon of fl p°' ' '^^ ^'''•^"'^''^ '^^"^^r cannot fail to easy communication LtSth^rtwrpnTn"'?' ''^''^' ^^-f^-r^i a rapid and greater mutual support and as, stance than th^" '''"" -'^ ^"^""^ '° '^^^h other far which they may be exposed ^""^ "^''^ ^*"' '" «"^ ^''^^"'fy or danger to to Mr'SL';rS^thTlrt::iltS^^^^^^ -hich has been addressed the construction of the proposerRi way ZT I- ^''"' '° '^'' P'«^'"^'«« *«vvards /or opening a complete ^ne^f commuSl from wTr^'"' T. P^'^'"" ^'^'"g '"^de is.necessary. therefore, to ascertain whScan.lf-^ ^i""^'" ""■ ^""^r^^I- »t join with Nova-Scotia in raising tL CaS reo";? //" New-Brunswick are ready to posed, and if so, in what proportion each P ovin^' U ^^ " ^"'^^ '" '^° •"«»»«' P'O" pense incurred. The question whetSer it Sbf advmbLTAr'P""'''^ ^"' '^'-^- join m the construction of the projected Ranvvav if tl !„ k ^/l""^" *'^° Provinces tu sistanca of Parliament, to raise'thi required St at ^a low '1^ '?'"^''' ^^ '"^^ «- for the consideration of their respective Legislatu es • but so f it '"'"''''*' '« "«« of forming a judgment upon the subject, I sSd anticinat. tl 7.^ ^- ^'T *''° '"^^n" be m favor of doing so. I infer that this is probable n J? f^^ '^V' "^^^'^'^on would the actual state of public opinion on this suWecUn'th. P ''•^'°"' ''.^^' ^ '>«^« learnt of which I take of their interest in the worr"'Tholhr '"'"','. ''"''" ^'°'" ^''^ view would be much room for doubt"ngwhXr\heS^ ^'^'''^ '^'' »here culation, to a Company looking to traffic onlv for hi ^ would pay as a mercantile spe- ferent when it is regar^ded as f pubTc unde falin " '^T"«'-^*'°". ^^e case is veryd^if- various indirect advantages whi?h cannot fa 1 to a°rise7o th.T"' • '" .'''' ^''^^'' ^^« such improved means of communication mZKl-j . Provinces from possessing additional value which wouTd be coSeron a vasr^t^ Tf" f ^''^ ^^7 g'^^^ now comparatively worthless. This "a source of Ln^^^^^^ whfch are in general accrue to the constructors of Raiiw. vf • ^ • ^'°"'. '^^'''^ ""^ advantage can appropriated by individuals onTecom^^^^^^^^ ''^''''^' ««•' has lon| bee^ IS not one of the least impo tant itet^s of th"^' ivnif ?°T"^' '^^ P^''^'''''^^ °f 'and takings ; but where, as in parts of Canada -.n^V^ ^^ i"'^"''''*^^ '" s»ch under- territory to be traversed by^a Raitav is srilhl^''''^-'""^^'^'^' ^ ^re^' P^rt of the hy the public, the increased vS given to i hi t^-^P"?'^' '"^ ^''^ '^"'^ '"'''>' '^^ «o'd render it advantageous to cons tuctTRanwav ^,h f 'J"' '■';2^^''"' a-^^^^siWe. may inore at first than%y the woSng expense?^' ''°"^^ ''^^ *'^^^ '^"°' '^P^^'^^ tod^ &.^ If these considerations shouldindnre the T .„:.. ^. r , , wuiuiiie in undertaking the projected RailJ^V^i.""/"'" " ^"^ ^^''^^'^ Provinces to - ».. each ..„ 4 ^^cr^sr^iiX ;aTa"5tt;..,;;.:rs'/„ arrangement 36 arrangement various questions of great difficulty and importance will require to be con- sidered. For instance, it is probable that when the line is completed, the traffic will be far more remunerative at the two extremities than in the more central portion of it ; while at the same time the expense of construction would, from the nature of the Country be precisely higher where the traffic returns would be the lowest ; so that if each Province were required to pay for the formation of the line through its own Territory and to receive the returns from the traffic through the same, it would follow, that while the expense to New-Brunswick would be the greatest, its receipts would be the smallest.. On the other hand, as I have just observed, one of the most important sources of profit from the construction of such a Railway as that now in contemplation would arise from the sale of land of which the value would be increased by the work ; and it appears from the papers before me, that New Brunswick would probably derive a greater profit from that source than the two Sister Provinces. — Whether the result upon the whole would be, that each Province, considering tlicse various circumstances, ought to take upon itself the construction of the Railway through its own Territory, or whether, on the contrary, any one should be a-^sisted by the others, is a point on which I have not the means of forming a judgment; and 1 would suggest to you that the best course, with a view of arriving at some practical result, would be, that a deputation from the Executive Councils of the two Lower Provinces should proceed to the seat of Goverumeut in Canada, in order to confer with your Lordship and with your Council for the purpose of coming to some agreement upon the subject, which, after being approved by the Legislatures of the several Provinces, might be submitted for the sanction of Parlia- ment. 6. It does not appear to me that if such a Conference should be held, it need occu- py any very great length of time, or that muoh difficulty would arise in coming to art arrangement for the construction and working of the projected Railway, by which the expense of the undertaking on the one hand, and the advantages to be derived from it on the other, might be fairly apportioned between the different Provinces. Hereafter I may probably be enabled to offer some suggestions as to the manner in which this might be accomplished ; but at present I have only to add, that I shall transmit copies of this Despatch to Sir Edmund Head and to Sir John Harvey, with instructions to them to communicate with your Lordship without delay on the important subject t* which it relates ; and it will give me the highest satisfaction if the result ot these Communications should be the undertaking of a work, which, if completed, cannot, I believe, fail to add greatly to the prosperity of the British Provinces in North America, and at the same time to give additional strength to the ties which connect them with each other and with the British Empire. 1 am, &c. (Signed) GREY. The Right Hon. the Earl of Elgin and Kincardine. :^* [uire to be con- e traffic will be on of it ; while >f the Country 9 that if each own Territory ow, that while )e the smallest., ources of profit )uld arise from md it appears 1 greater profit pon the whole ought to take or whether, on lich I have not le best course, ation from the ofGoverumeut for the purpose proved by the ion of Parlia- , it need occu- coming to art , by which the lerived from it !S. Hereafter in which this ransmit copies instructions to ant subject t^ esult ot these ted, cannot, I Votth America, ;ct them with GREY. 39 Siu,— ^^ S^oane Street, LoiHlon,\th April, -[m\. .ho IJeut. Gov'n'r *'" '"'"'' '° "''''' *° ^°" '"^' ^"'^' ^'^I^^^' <"- ^'-^ -^--ation of .^'^r^SwTl CZ ^17 f '' r" l""'^ "^^^^"''' ' -"'^' ''^^^ J«ft i" the Steam- ■ ieave England vi ho t o Icin. Nov! ^ 7' ""Sh/.occas,.,,, 1 thought it best not to The way having be nrpS^X°"^,';"^^™"^« «''°"'d I'f correspondingly increased. connexions which I decerned dSb el tllT,'^^^ '^'' '^"^''r ''"'^ '"'•'"'"S ^he that while, by accendn " thp „'„! ' a i '''"" ^"^ P-'^P^rod to shew His Excellency vernment,'Ne\v Brswicfwou?dobnb,"t'' '^i^^^f^lim^oshlonoUhe British Go^ with her mvn fesores! woulS osf 'he ^^'2?tl^•' ^"'■'' ''1' """^ *'"'*" '^"''^' »-^« JZt r:::u^:::|;;;ir:"Si;t'hl ;-:^.P^7-e<^-y-lf to propose, or the ex- cise policy to people, 1 ^o .^ u-^ii::^^'^:i:'z:::'''' --.y whieh,itis thi7;:^.:;h^!;r;^;^:;f^^^^^^';^^;^ -ch importance to to aid the Provinces, are not less frorXtlnnhl^' "'' ^T^'^-^^'" is content incumbered Estates in the Motler Count v THp f-""" *" !•''" Proprietors of the per cent fbr 22 years, whicKn;^E'L I' ;^^ G X^l^^d'^ '^ I hose who wish us to make our Rnilrm,le xvWh a J '.•^"'6'"."" pnncipal and interest, .hat we should give our deLntures redeemabl. ^.'9''" "'"^'''^ o^j contractors, propose ter cent. If we did this t is .mitrd'ear tl-a^^l^^^ M ^T'' " -^ '^"'""g '''''''''' ^'^ ^ sacrifice, paying in inteU; a/on \' u^' aTly S rthe'whor"'' "" ""-— T by either mode, and then haviuL^ to remv tl.I .J^- . • ,^^''«'« «»'0"nt borrowed such an operation might piwe^o^hr&n^^^^^^ ''''"^''- "^^^'«^'«'- P'-««t'''l'lo been pressing this J^ic" Spon the P^ov S^^ who appear So have Portland, it would, n my judLnnLt m w ^L^, L ^^T'"''^ '''^^ ''^'^ ^^ of one such experiment oug ^to ^suff ct t ?of ^Not^ a '"^"7"'" ^■^l"^''""- should convey a significan^varninVtoXheP^o^^ ^ ""'"" ■"-»-^-" ^^•^s?co^sri;;r^;^£z/^.^^ p^^ ■r^::f • 's ^^^f ^ <'-p ^-ost Oebentures to enable then, to ..o n,7 Thee ! Ife ' m *^"'^'^^"^ ^\ '^^'SV' ^'"'"""^ "f" of the highest mercantile character "thus drcribes tL vlr.-n/r'/"'^; '^ ^'c.ulcMnan ket, ol the credit of the first Citv in BrS A.» ' ' ^''" f''"''"" '"""''T «'««•- nrsti^ityin BiUish America, unsupported by the Provincial or ^rl 40 or Imperial Government. « 1 understand that the agents of Blackwn,«l «. r'« /a - can Contractors) who accepted as part payment of tC work on tr^ t ^ "'"; Atlantic Railroad, £125,000 6 ner cerfi P tv Jivr ! i u ? ^* Lawrence and lately in London ^t the price of £70 per £^00 °^ij""^^^« ^^^^s at par, sold them gingf I believe, from 10 ?o 15 jeaJJ."^ £100.-They mature at vanous dates, avera- ^f^JDn f.\Sr rhTfe wLr™^ ensrsr^'Tx/aS*- '° -t'"' and what i, m„st CO.. Aem, without the aid oT.hi B i' i^^ Gmontn, ^Tdlf S pn.c.pxtanc, may occasion to cich. Province/w^ll nlti;„a^d;i?^^ m': tffi Zidtatt7dr Pd^'r'^" V'^' poiic/imposed; hlif rt";;r o Tsy ^nd succe ll comS^ T" ?'" ^PP'-^^iatio" of her exertions, fbr the I,/ u .^"*^'^^^^r' completion of her internal improvements, in the event of no common action bemg attainable in reapect tb national or inter-colonial lines Looking to the developement of her internal resources alone, Nova-Scotia must hiv,. a common trunk line of Railroad, extending in a northerly direc irfrom he ' S w branching east to the Pictou Coal AJines, and west to he> mostnomi Im.T Rm- n '• a arge portion of the trade of which nov^ flows across tlirBfofc^^'''' H^fS interest is to make these lines without delay, should any thine retard anoint// ii enterprize. She may make fifteen, perhaps thirty miles^nd tlien r„ ea t c " ^^st" ■' circumstances may determine ; or she may complete the trunk and continue t ^. ch es, for the accommodation of her own trade a-id people bv rp^nlar 3 If "' /'^."^"- Entertaining these opinions. I could not leave'^En^an/; f, p ovidiS'r'in' dependent execution of our own internal improvements, under anv and eve^v nlliK " contigency. 1 shall be prepared, therefor, to submit to Hi7 Excelirr.n? ^ v '^ by which any am.ount of funds which we may reqdre can be obtained o^ Propositions cial credit alone, at 5 and 6 per cent, from Bankl '^nd illd idu "of tC hi"he!;";'es" pec ability, who will dispose of our Debentures on the most favourabe terms--, ndl" shall also be prepared to submit the offers of capitalists, and contractors who lav7nnd, one third of all the Railroads in the United Kingdom and who w H coml e workit plans at their own expense lodge Thirty thousand pounds in the ProvS Trerurv "^ I have, &c., VVm. H. Kka™., &,,., Deny. Secy. ^*'^°''^ JOSEPH HOWE. * I i * I & Co. (Anien- t Lawrence and par, sold them us dates, avera- ste, or cupidity h interest upon enormous sacri- ids to complete [joining States, — and if, while io increased, as er timid states- advocate a did- acrifices which ruction to them Jnlightoncd po- generous spirit i not appear to irtions, for the tof no common otia must have lier capital, and ^ural Districts, iy. Her clear 1 inter-colonial ;ast or west as ue thr branch- afe gradations, ling for the in- every possible ', projiositions n our Provin- : highest res- terms — and i ho have made plete working il Treasury as !s (should the of the 10th of be completed a HOWE.