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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmte i des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grond pour Atre reprodult en un seui clichA, 11 est filmA A partir de I'angia supArleur geuche, de gauche A droite, et de haut an bee, en prenant la nombre d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammas suivants illustrant le mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 UARGER STOCK THAN ANY SEED HOUSE IH OlESTERH ONTARIO. FIELD, GARDEN AND FLOWER Over 1000 varieties to select from, imported from the most reliable growers in England, France, Germany, Italy, etc., or grown for us in Canada under our own personal supervision. All kinds of Summer or Winter Flowering Bulbs for the amateur or professional florist. Send for our Bulb Catalogue ; published about the 1st September of each year. Greenhouse and Bedding Plants, a large and select assortment, including some of the latest novelties. Our celebrated •• Lion Brand " of Pure Bone Meal is known as the best fertilizer for all kinds of crops. Try it. Also the "Lily Brand" and Freeman's Flower Fertilizers for house plants. The Langstrath Hive (dove-tailed) the warmest and neatest hive manufactured. Section Boxes, Knives, Comb and Section Found- ations, Smokers, Extractors, Self-Hivers, Drone Traps, Honey Labels, etc., etc. We invite you to call and see our Trial Grounds, where we test about seven hundred varieties of Field, Garden and Flower Seeds, thereby protecting our customers against fraud. JOHN S. PEARCE&CO. LONDON, - CjPLlsrjPi.DjPL. 1 'r THE Farmer's Hand Book AND GUIDE. COMPILED AND EDITED BY John §. Peiai?ge ^ go., London, Ontario. EnteiU'd afrnrditiu to Atl of Parliament of i 'a taut a, hi tin Vcar ls:i'i, I, if John S. I'earvid'Co., in tin njfirr afthf Minishv nj Ainivnlltnu. LONDON, ONT.: J<.o\i)ON Prixtin(» and LiTiKMJHAi'nrNtJ Vn. mn. index:. Introdiiclion Tlu! KclipscH » FcHtivals Woi^htH and Measures Interesting TablcH Table of VVaKcH Table of Weights Table of Value of Fodders t'eriods of DiKCstion — Hules for Farmers Gain in Cattle Animal Peculiarities Weather Signs CooIinK KtFects of Ice Facts Worth KnowinK Table of Gestation Weights of Cord wood Amount of Oil in SeedH Thing's to Try Choice of Apples Symptoms or Disease How to Measure Corn in a Crib How Grain Will Shrink How to Mix Paints — How to Dress Sheep Skins Number of Shrubs for an Acre (Quantity of Seed for an Acre House Plants and Their Care How to Cutivate Tobacco lianKuaijre of Flowers How to Test Guano How to Destroy the Codling Moth ... Fungous Diseases of Fruits — Spray inK Fruit Trees How to Keep Bees Simple Remedies Kmer^encies Veterinary Breeding Tables of Live Stock Cash Diary Cash Monthly Totals liivc Stock Account Live Stock Memoranda .. Dairy Account Dairy Memoranda ... The Government of Canada The Provincial Cabinets fiCgal Hints Bank Holidays Tariff Discrimination Mammoth Cheese Hudson's Bay Company First Country to Form a Itepublic ... Killed in Various Wars Boycotting — Bachelors — vl'Isthetics tJheese Pounds Sterling Advantages of Selecting and Buying Good Seed Grain> Origin of Pawnbroker's Sign Postal Information Freezing Mixtures Interest Tables ... — Patft: 1 2 2 » ... ' 4 a 6 6 7 7 8 8 I» 9 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 i:i 13 14 U i.j, k; l(i 17 17 18 . . 18. 10 •JO, 21 •w 2:1 24 tp 20 *20 to 31 . 32, SKI 34 to o7 . .58, r>o 00 to 64 6;» 00 to 7S . 71) to 82 83 . . 8;}, 84 8o to 8J» 90 00 90 91 91 9t 92 92 93 93 93 94. 95 !N) to liii) 100 101 to 103 Slice! year! I port! Iter 6 THE- Farn^cp's H^^Kl Book jPi.3SriD GUIDE. - o COMPILED AND EDITED BY JOHN S. PBARCE & CO., LONDON.ONT. () ^INTRODUCTION*^ The importance of keeping a correct account of his business- transactions and farm work is not appreciated, nor the attention given to it by farmers and dairymen that there should be. Asa matter of economy and satisfaction, it would pay farmers tive- hundredfold to devote more or less time to this work. If farmers, as a rule, did more head work, and used a pen and ])encil more, they would be better and richer men. If you cannot do this work yourself, get your son or daughter to do it for you and pay them for their time ; it will be the most satisfactory and interesting investment you ever matle. It will induce thought ; it will increase your knowledge of doing business ; it will give you food for thought: it will give you positive proofs and help you to either confirm or change your own opinions along certain lines : it will put you in the way to understand your own business, and is the only way in which farming can and may be made profitable and dignified. In no way can a farmer, his son or daughter, be more profitably employed. If you, as a farmer, want or expect to take the social and intelligent position which the nature of your calling entitles you to take, you must do more thinking and figuring and less work. Should this little work receive the attention and meet with the success we think it deserves, we shall continue its publication from ^ year to year, and we promise that it will increase in value and im- portance as the years advance. Yours faithfully, JOHN 5. PEARCE & CO. itered accordine: to Act of Parliament of Canada, in the year 181U, by .lohn S. Pearce & Company, in the ofHce of the Minister of Agriculture. TIIK hWHMHIi'S If AS It lUKtK. ECLIPSES IN 1894. In the year 1S0( there will he two eclipses <»f the sun and two of the moon. I. A I'AKTiAL KciJi'HK OK TiiK Moux, Makcii 2Iht. Viwihle in the early morning in the ('entral and Western portions of America. II. An ANNirr.Ait Kclh-sk of the Six, Ai'HIi. .Vrii. Visible throughout Asia. III. A PARTIAL Ii)('MPHP: OF THE MOOX, SEI-rKMHEU 14TII. N'iHihie in America and Western Kurope. IV. A TOTAL Eclipse OF THE Srx, SErrEMHEH 2STH. Visihle in the Central and Eastern portions of Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean. The planet Mercury will cross the sun's disc on November 10th, uiaking the external contact at lOh. 55m. 4()s. a. m.. Eastern Standard time; central at Ih. Hlih. 2^8. p. m., and last or external t;onta• 20 Queen's Birthday » 24 Corpus Christi " 24 Ascension of Queen Vhtoria June 20 St. John Bai»tist Day " 24 St. Peter and St. Pai'l Day » 29 Dominion Day July 1 Michaelmas Day Septem r 29 All Saints' Day November 1 Princ^e OF Wales' Birthday " 9 St. Andrew's Day " -^0 First Sunday in Advent » 2 Conception " 8 St. Thomas Day " 21 Christmas Day " 25 Tiih: r.[if.vi:/rs ii.\Sh luutK. '.\ MEASURES AND WEIGHTS. To Find the Number of Acres in a Body of Land. Iti'LK Multiply the length by th«> width in rods, ansite sidt's of a pieee of land are of un- e<|Ual length, add thetn together and take one-half for the mean length or width. Bulk of One Ton of Different Substances. '2^\ cubic feet of san cords: of pitch pine, J) 1-7 cords ; of hard coal, Wl tons : of soft coal, ."> tons. Temperature for the Rising of Cream. The temperature of the surrounding air has a great effect upon the time rejjuired for the rising of cream. Kxperiments have de- monstrated that with th« thermometer at SO degrees all the cream will rise in 10 hours: at 77 degrees in 12 hours ; at (58 degrees in 18 hours : at ."lO degrees in 'M hours ; at f.'> degrees in l.'J ho\u's. General Grass Seeding for Mowing. f Mover. Timothy. Red Top. : Together f«)r one a Onions .57 Turnips 5.5 Apples, green M Dried Apples 24 Dried Peaches 'Xi Corn Meal 48 Bran 20 Malt ;« Stone Coal 80 Charcoal 22 Salt «K Lime, unslucked 8(t Plastering Hair 8 4 cubic inches; a gallon. 231 cubic inches; a box 13x13 inches, and 12J inches deep, contains a bushel, or 2,l.54'{ cubic inches. Tllh: I'MtMinVS HASH li(KiK. INTERESTING TABLES, TAHI.K HMOWINti TIIK \Mul NT «)K II W nl< ITH I'.t/I IN AI.KNT I'KK DAY. lil-.t^r tl{l-:i» l«Y KACII HKI l-OI'M>H OK I.IVK WKIUHT OK AM.MAI>: W«)iking Horses .'{.(ISIIih. Oxfii 2.1(1 " Flattening Oxjmi 5.(M» .. • when fat I.(H) .. Mllcli Cow.s tioni 2.25 to 2.40 •> I>iy Cows 2.12 . Y«)iing (ii-iJwinK Cattle :{.(iH •• Steers 2 HI •< i»igs \vm « Sheej» :t.(J() " Various Experiments Give the Following Results : A Horse will cronsiinie as nmrk 21 . \\ iiter. . . \.\ .. \\\ .. \\ .. 11 .. u .. II . . 2« . . 40 . . 71 . . T.i .. 71 U 75 75 . . 70 vSulid .Miiltur. Fish, average. ... 20 Blood 20 . Apples IS Pears IS . Peaches 20 ('arrots VA Beets V.i . Milk 13 . Ovsters J8 . Cabbage S . Turnips 7 Water Melon 5 Cucumber 3 Butter K^ . Water, SO SO S2 S2 St) S7 87 H7 87 J>2 m 05 1)7 17 TAHI.K SIIOWIN(i TIIK eOMI'AK ATI VK DIKKKKKXCK HKTWKK.V tiOol) HAY AKTICl.KS MK.NTIO.VKO HKLOW. AS KOOI> KOU STOCK HEIN(i TIIK KKSrr.T OK KXI'KIUMKNTS. x 101) POl NDS OF HAY ARK KQl'AL TO: 275 lbs. Green Indian ('orn. AN II TIIK 40t) " IMover. 442 " Hye Straw. mi " Wheat Straw. ItU " Oat Straw. ISO " Barley Straw. 153 '. Pea Straw. 200 » Buckwheat Straw. 400 " Corn Stalks, dried. 201 Kiw Potatoes. 175 ' Boiled Potatoes. aio " Mangel Wurzel. 504 . Turnips. 300 '■ Carrots. 51 lbs . Bye. 54 >f Barley. M\ n Wheat. 5$) .. Oats. 45 Peas and Beans, mixed.. tJ4 n Buckwheat. 57 Indian Corn. OS n Acorns. 105 .. Wheat Bran. 100 ,. Rve. I(i7 " Wheat, Pea and Oat Chaff. 170 ' Hye and Barley, mixed. .50 - Linseed Cake. TIIK FMiMKirs ll.Wh BOOK TAIiLK SH()WIN(i THK \VA(JKS F()l< DAYS AT (JIVKN HATKS Pi:i{ MONTH. IK jd. Rate. I }j(ll •-1 v: sr J; 2 :{ 4 ^ , s »1 10 11 12i \\\ U 15 10 17 IK 10 2<» 21 22 2H 21 25 2(5 .'A \.m 2.15 2.00 M.2:{ :i.77 i.:n 4. 85 5.:w 5.1>2 ((. 10 7.00 7.5^1 K.OS S.02 0.15 0.00 10. 2H 10.77 ll.:il 11. H5 12..'W 12.J»2 Ki.KJ 1(00 $15 .5S 1.15 i.7:i 2.:n 2.«« M.Mt 1..15 S).H\ 10.4(5 11.1? 11." 12.52 \'.U)^\ 15.011 1.5.(50 l(5.:C) 17.00 .(50 i.:{s 2.0s 2.77 :5. 1(5 1.15 1..S5 5.51 (5.2:5 (5.02 7.(52 S.:il 0.00 ') <;<> 10. II .(,s 11.77 12. id 1:5.1." i:{s- 11. 5 1 I5.'j;{ 15.lt' 1(5.()2 I7.:il I8.(H) .7:5 1.1(5 2.IJ» 2.J»2 :i.(55 i.:5s .5.12 .5.85 (5.58 i:m 8.04 S.77 \\:*\ 10.2:5 10.0(5 Il.(5<) 12.12 |:<.I5 i:^,-.s I 1.(52 I.5.:i5 1(5.08 :'5.8i 17.55 18.27 M>.(H» :5, 'X I, 5, (5. (5, 7. 8. J». 10. 10. 11. 12. 1:5 'J. u. 15. 1(5. 1(5, 17, 18. 10, 20, 1 1 51 :5i 08 85 (52 :58 15 irj (5S» 1(5 2:5 $21 I 2 \i I J 5 (5. 7. 8. 8. J I. IN) II), 77 11, 51112, :5l!!2, Ms'i:{, $22 $2:5 $21 $25 85 (52 :58 15 5)2 (50 |!5 2:5 00 II 1.5 10 1(5 17 18 M) 20 81 (52 12 2:5 01 85 (55 1(5 27 08 88 (50 .'»() :5i|il, 12 12, J 12 1:5, 7:5! 1 1 51 1.5 :5.5,l(5, I.5il0 J.'(5I7, 77' 18 I. 2 \. 5. 5. (5. 7. 8. 5). 10. II. 8.'. 00 »l :w 2:5 08 5)2 77i (52! 1(5 :5I .58 :58 10 20 11(21 00,22 1.77 2.15.5 :5.5I 1. 12 .5.:5I (5.10 7.O81 7.0(5| 8.85' 0.7:5 15 10.(52; 00 IL.'jO' 8,5 1 2.: 58 I5S) i:{.27! 51 11.15 :i.s' 15.01 j 2:5 1.5.02, 08 I(t.8l' 02 17.(55) 77 I8..5S 02 15). 1(5 1(5 20.:55 :{| 21.2:5 15 22.12 III) 2:5.1 K); .02 1.85 2.77 :5.(55) I.(j2 .5. .5 1 (5.1(5 <.:58 8.:5i 0.2:5 10.15 11.08 12.00 12.5)2 1:5.8.5 1 1.7V 1.5.(50 1(5.02 17.51 18. 10 io.:{8 2o.:5i 21.2:5 22.15 2:5.118 21.00 1.02 2.88 :{.85 1.81 5.77 (5.7:5 7.150 8.05 0.(52 I()..">8 11.51 12.50 i:(. 1(5 11.12 I.5.:{8 1 (5.: 55 i7.;5i 18.27 I!). 2:5 20.15) 21.15 22.12 2:5.08 2 5. 01 25.(M) TABLE OF WEIGHTS. Showing e.stiniated number of poumis ol Baihrd Wire i((|iiii'('d tt) fence space or distance.s mentioned, with one, tw<». or three lines of wire, hnsed upon ejuh | omid of wire measiirinjjf one rod (12i feel). I LINK. 2 MNKS. 'A LINKS. I Square Acre .5(IH 1 Side of a Scjuare Acre. .... 12H 1 S(juare Half-acre :^(5 1 Square Mile 12H> 1 Side of a Square Mile :i20 1 Rod in Length 1 KK) Rods in Length ICO lbs. 100 Feet in Lenetl (5 I-H5 " 101 \ 25A 72 25(50 (510 •} 2(H) 12' lbs-. 1.52 lbs :i8 108 :58I0 <.N5() H :{(K) 18 :i ,(5 " Liquid Grafting Wax. One pound of common resin is melted and one ounce of beef tallow is well stirred in it. When it is cooled a little, 8 ounces of alcohol are stirred in and will make a mass like honey. This wax applied to a graft hardens in a short time and is impervious to the ■weather. 6 THL l\\HMi:irs HAM) HOOK. Comparative Table of the Value of Various Fodders, Grain, etc., as Feed and as Fertilizers. hescriptioi: of food. rTiinothy 1st bloom I Oats and Tares !;, I White Clover J* 1 A Isike Clover S Red Clover \Mixed Hay I Lari^e Kiisilage Corn I Potatoes I Fodder Beets ; Sugar Beets I Beets Pulp from diffusion. I Carrots I Swedish Turnips Rye Barley Oats Indian Corn /Buckwheat I Peas • Tares I Horse Beans VWhite Beans ^Linseed I (Cotton Seed Meal i Linseed Cake i Wheat Bran I Middlings i Spent Gi'ains * Malt Germs I Oigest- .Sugar. ' ible ' Protein, Lbs. X „ o a I J Z [ 2 ^' OS 5! I I Natural . ■ Skimmed Whey Winter W^heat.. Barley Oats Winter Hye Tares Peas Horse Beans Indian Corn Clover Haulms. Dried Meat ').8 3:^.2 33.!» •A-2 1 38.1 40.0 U.O 20.t) lO.O \r,A 3.3 lO.H 9.0 (57.4 63.fl .V).7 «!2.1 '.M).0 52..") ;4r).8 \45A) i48.8 1<).(> 27.4 .37.3 4.5.9 .50.9 10.(5 42.2 4.0 , 4.2 I 4.4 32.(5 ,3(5.2 34.2 29.8 29.0 34.0 ]?4 '> m.7 25.0 6 \ \ 6 s ' s Digest- o » c ible. I'at. 1c t«2 SCO ll 0) s .bs. -3 > 1 "5 f- 5 1^ ^•5 > o 0.23 ! 17 0.17 1 0.17 i (t.l9 1 0.20 I 0.0(5 0.11 0.05 I 0.08 0.02 I 0.0(5 0-05 0-34 0.32 0-28 0-32 0-.30 0-27 0-2:1 0-23 025 0-10 0-14 7.1 8.1 1(».0 l(j.2 7.7 5.7 0.9 2.0 1.1 0.9 0.4 1.2 1.2 10.(5 9.2 10.7 9.3 9.5 20.8 2.5.3 22.7 26.1 18.7 30.5 019 24.9 0-23 0.2(5 0-0(5 0-22 0.02 ((03 0.03 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.13 11.2 17.9 3.(5 20.7 4.0 4.1 0.8 1.5 2.1 1.7 1.1 3 8 3.G (5.1 1.(5 4.7 72. 8 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.2(5 0.20 0.15 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.27 (1.23 0.27 (».24 0.24 0.52 0.(54 0.57 0.(5(5 0.47 0.77 0.(53 0.28 0.45 0.09 0..')2 0.10 0.11 0.02 0.04 0.(N> 0.05 0.03 0.10 0.(K) 0.1(5 (».04 0.12 1.80 2.2 1.(5 2.4 2.2 L5 1.(5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.9 2.3 .5.3 (5.0 1.7 1.9 2.8 1.4 2.9 .33.7 9.8 8.8 3.0 4.0 0.4 2.0 4.0 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.(5 0.5 0.5 0.(5 0.(5 1.0 12.0 (».07 0.04 0.08 0.07 ((.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 (1.01 iO.OI ().(M5 ,0.07 ().1(5 0.18 0.0(5 0.(M5 (».09 0.(t5 0.09 0.02 ().30 0.27 0.0!) 0.12 02 0.0(5 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 : 0.48 0.42 0.50 0..5(» 0.44 0.40 0.11 0.17 0.0» 0.12 0.04 0.10 0.(K) I 0.(57 0.(52 0.71 0.74 I 0.(50 0.85 ; 0.9(i ' 0.85 I 1.00 I 1..59 i 1.21 '■ 1.0J> ' 0.60 ;0.83 '. 0.17 ; 0.80 I 0.24 0.17 10.06 0.24 i 0.28 I 0.26 0.20 0.27 0.28 0.3(5 0.25 0.28 2.16 9.00 8.40 10.00 10.00 8.80 8.00 2.20 3.40 1.80 2.40 0.80 2.00 1.80 1.3.40 12.40 14.20 14.80 '12.00 17.00 1 19.20 1 17.00 20.00 i 31.80 24.20 21.80 12.00 16.(50 3.40 1(5.00 4.80 .3.40 1.20 4.80 5.60 5.?0 4.00 5.40 .5.60 7.2(» .5.00 ,5.60 43.20 8.34 I 8.74 I 9.(50 I 9.12 ! (5.21 I 1.41 I l.(»9 ! i.:w 0.52 0.89 1.00 7..50 5.(>5 I 6.48 5.46 (5.9(5 11.95 13.49 13.78 15.46 12.JI2 24.55 17.05 12.69 9.81 2.5(2 2.21 2.20 2.22 2.52 3.80 7.18 4.0J> 3.(59 5.02 8.06 17.91 17.14 19.60 19.12 17.76 14.21 ■4.'8i 2.89 .3.78 1.32 2.89 2.80 20.90 18.05 20.68 20.26 18.96 28.95 32.69 ;{0.78 '»5.46 44.71 48.75 :W.85 24.69 26.41 6.32 .31.40 7.04 7.00 7.82 7.7« 7.80 12..58 9.69 10.89 10.02 13.66 This table is mainly republished from Jules Crevat's Book. The feeding values are taken from the average market prices in this province paid for hay, at ,$9.(K) a ton. The fertilizing values are estimated according to the wholesale prices of similar fertili- zers in the market, but suppose that no particle of the animal droppings is wasted. Common Grafting Wax. An excellent wax for grafting is made of equal parts of resin, beeswax, and tallow, melted together. The whole is stirred until pasty, when it is well worked by the hands, moistened with linseed oil. After it has been drawn and molded some time until it becomes tough, it is made into rolls in warm water and set away for use. Strips of cotton cloth dipped in the melted wax and made into a ball make the best bands for grafting and budding. % THE FARMER'S IIA\/} HOOK. 7 Nutrients in Food and Time of Digestion quired to digest them:- articles of food, and the time re- Article. i^i'"*;j °^ Arno""'' of nigestion. Nutrirnciii. Rice, boiled """I- ^^•"- Per Ceiu. Soup, Barley, boiled 1 .j,, '* Apples, sweet, mellow, raw. 1 'un ;,\ Tapioca, boiled .J *^'* 1<> Barley, boiled T, Milk, boiled r. Liver, beef, fresh, broiled •> Eggs, fresh, raw T, Milk, raw 2 15 - Turkey, domestic, roasted... ....!^y "^ HO ' (^ake, sponge •> SO Beans, boiled •> U^^ Parsnips, boiled o --jo ^' Cabbage, head, boiltd •*> ;^> 7 Oysters, fresh, raw "^ 55 Beef, roasted ^ ' .J. Mutton, fresh, roasted s ^n Soup, Bean, boiled J^ ^" Chicken Soup, boiled ' •-{ Dumpling, Apple, boiled ^ [^ Oysters, fresh, roasted .* ;i ]5 Pork, roasted :-{ J5 ., j Sausage, fresh, broiled 3 •>[) Oysters, fresh, stewed, H ^) Cheese, old, raw ;i ;-{() Oyster Soup, boiled S HO Bread, wheat, fresh, baked H 20 m Turnips, flat, boiled h :^) V Potatoes, Irish, boiled H i:^ i*.* Eggs, fresh, hard boiled 8 HO Green Corn and Beans, boiled H 45 Beets, boiled ;^ 45 Poultry, roasted 2 45 27 ^J»Jfar :i iH) 90 Veal, roasted 4 00 .,- Pish,boiled 2 ■• • 20 ('ucumbers, raw 2 Butter 2 HO jkj Rules for Farmers. 1. Do not over-crop yourself; or, in other words, do not undertake more than you can accomplish with ease 2. Have a regular system in all you do, and'do everythir- with a clear understanding as to result and effect. ^ f^»,f •!*• -^^^P ^°"r L";"?s well up to a good standard by a proper fert hzing and a judicious rotation of profitable crops. ^ keptin^ooS cTdit^n. ^"°^ ^'°^^' ""^ ^^^ ^« '^ ^^^'^^ «-^ ^^-^ is hnotL '''''•1® ^^T"^ farm papers, together with a few standard farm books written bv practical men, whodeal only in facts. ". Send and get our Seed Catalogue. THE FAItMEirS HANI) HOOK. Gain in Cattle. It takes eleven pounds of milk to add one pound of live weight to a calf : and an ox that weighs one thousand three hundred pounds will consun)e twenty-two pounds of hay in twenty-four hours to keen from losing weight. If he is to fatten, he must have just twice that quantity, when he will gain two pounds a day. Thus one poimd live weight is e(|ual to eleven pounds good hay. To obtain ^i) cents a hundred for his hay, a farmer must sell fat steers at .$5.50 per hundred pounds. Three atnl a half pounds of milk are sa,'u\ to be equal to one pound of meat ; and if we estimate a cow to give but4,()(X) pounds of milk in a year, her product would be e pounds of meat, which would re<|uire a steer.under ordinary feed- ing, four years to produce ; so that the cow produces as much re- turn from her food in one year as a steer does in four years. Animal Peculiarities. Tortoises and turtles have no teeth. All animals which chew the cud have cloven feet. Both mandibles of the parrot's beak are movable, but most birds are able to move only one. The horse has no eyebrows. The appearance of much white in the eye of a horse indicates a vicious nature. The stork is partial to kittens as an article of food, and finds them an easy and wholesome prey ; and the cats reciprocate by a love for young storks. The frog, owing to its peculiar structure, cannot breathe with the mouth open, and if it were forcibly kept open the animal would die of suffocation. Whalebone is foimd in the mouth of the whalebone whale, where it forms the substitute for the teeth, of which otherwise the animal is destitute. Pigs are poor swimmers, their forelegs being set closely under them, and when they fall into the water they sometimes cut their throats with the sharp points of their cloven feet. The eyes of hares are never closed, as they are unprovided with eyelids. Instead thereof, they have a thin membrane which covers the eye when asleep, and probably also when at rest. The deer is furnished with supplementary breathing places in addition to the nostrils, and this would appear to be an extraor- dinary provision of nature giving the beast of the chase a freer respiration. Fishes swallow their food hastily and without mastication, be- cause they are obliged unceasingly to open and close the jaws for the purpose of respiration, and cannot long retain food in the mouth when quite shut. The faculty the chameleon has of changing its color has been attributed to the protective instinct of the animal, by which it seeks to render itself less observable by enemies by assuming the color of the bed on which it lies. The hump on the back of the dromedary is an accumulation of a peculiar species of fat, which is a store of nourishment bene- flciently provided against the day of want, to which the animal is often exposed. The dromedary, or camel, can exist for a long period upon this lump without any other food. THE FAHMh'irs If AM) HOOK. 9 he 18 THE WEATHER SIGNS. Rl'LES FOR GENEKAI. I'SE. The Farmers' Club of the American Institute has issued the following rules for foretelling the weather. If farmers and others whose business is out of doors and depends upon the weather will study them closely, they will be able to guess the weather more accurately than most of the weather prophets :— 1. When the temperature falls suddenly there is a storm forming south of you. 2. When the temperature rises suddenly there is a storm forming north of you. H. The wind always blows from a region of fair weather to- wards a region where a storm is forn)ing. 4. Cirrus clouds always move from a region where a storm is in progress to a reign of fair weather. ft. Cumulus clouds always n)ove from a region of fair weather to a region where a storm is forming. (). Where cirrus clouds are moving rapidly from the north or north-east there will be rain inside of twenty-four hours, no matter how cold it is. 7. When cirrus clouds are moving rapidly froni the south or south-east there will be a cold rain-storm on the morrow, if it be in summer, and if it be in winter there will be a snow-storm. 8. The wind r-lways blows in a circle aiound a storm, and when it blows from the north, the heaviest rain is east of you : if it blows from the south, the heaviest rain is west of you : if it blows from the east, the heaviest rain is south: if it blows from the west, the heaviest rain is north of you. 0. The wind never blows unless rain or snow is falling within 1,<)0() miles of you. 10. Whenever heavy, white frost occurs, a storm is forming within 1,000 miles north or north-west of you. Cooling Effects of Ice. One pound of ice put into one pound of water at a heat of 174 degrees will make two pounds of water at 32 degrees. Thus 112 degrees of heat have been absorbed during the melting of the ice. This is called the latent heat of water. Thus, one pound of ice will in melting cool one poiuul of water one hundred and forty-two degrees. Or 10 lbs. of water 11} degrees. 10 lbs. of milk from (iO to 45 deeri'ees. To cool l,Oin lbs. of milk from (50 to 45 degrees, use 1(10 lbs. of ice. Facts Worth Knowing. That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk. That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washable fabrics. That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boiling water for a minute. That fresh meat, beginning to sour, will sweeten if placed out of doors in the cool air over night. That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for use again by stirring in a little soda. 10 THE FARMER'S HAND ROOK. CALENDAR FOR DETERMINING THE PERIOD OF GESTATION. The average duration of pregnancy is, with mares, 48^ weeks, or 340 days (extremes, i^Tt and 412 days) ; cows, 40^ weeks, or 2811 days (extremes, 264 and J1(KJ days) ; ewes and she-goats, 22 weeks, or 15t) days (extremes ,146 and 157 days); sows, 16 weeks, or 112 days (extremes, 100 and IHJi days) ; bitches, 9 weeks, or 6:^ to 65 days ; cats, 8 weeks, cr 46 to (JO days. Hens sit 19 to 21, generally 21 days ; turkeys and pea-fowls, 2(J to 29 days ; geese, 28 to 23 days ; ducks, 28 to ifl days ; pigeons, 18 days from last egg ; canaries, 13 days from steady sitting. The following table will greatly facilitate reckoning the prob- able time of birth : — FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF HEAT IN FARM ANIMALS. ANIMAL. 'Duration of Heat. If not impregnat- ed, heat recurs after. After coming in, heat recurs in. Mare ...\ Heat continues i . . . 1 1 to6days;the 1 8 to 10 days. Oto 14 days. Cow... 16 *• 2!) " 2S " 42 t< Ewe . . ' maximum 24 to | ... m hours. I 17 " 20 " 42 '• 185* ti Sow... 20 "40 •' 42 " 56 (( The time whirh it i« customary to allow between lambiiitc and tlie next service. Foals . . Asses. Calves Suitable Age for Weaning. . 12 to 16 weeks. Lambs 12 to 16 weeks 12 " 16 " Kids 8 " 10 " .10 '• 12 " Pigs 6 •• 8 " Weights of Cordwood. Lbs. t-arbon. One cord of Hickory 4,468 100 Hard Maple 2,864 58 Beech 3,2:il 64 Ash 3,449 79 „ Birch 2,368 49 Pitch Pine 1,903 4:^ Canada Pine 1,870 42 „ Yellow Oak 2,920 61 White Oak 1,870 81 " Lombardy Poplar. .. . 1,775 41 Red Oak 3,255 70 Amount of Oil in Seeds. The amount of oil in seeds is calculated at :— Kind of Seed. Per ct. OIL Kind of Seed. Per ct. Oil. Bitter almond 55 Meadow hay 8i Barley 2h Oat Btraw 4 Clover hay 5 Oats 64 Hemp seed 19 Rape seed 55 Indian corn 7 Sweet almond 47 Linseed 17 Kind of seed. Per ct. Oil. Turnip seed 45 White mustard .37 Wheat bran I Wheat straw 3 Wheat flour 3 THE FARMEH'S HAND BOOK. 11 Things to Try. Try popcorn for nausen. Try cranberries for malaria. Try a sun-bath for rheumatism. Try ginger ale for stomach cramps. Try clam broth for a weak stomach. Try cranberry poultice for erysipelas. Try a wet towel to the back of the neck when sleepless. Try eating fresh radishes and yellow turnips for gravel. Try buttermilk for removal of freckles, tan and butternut stains. Try eating onions and horse radishes to relieve dropsical swel- lings. Try taking your cod liver oil in tomato catsup, if you want to make it palatable. Try hard cider — a wine-glass th^ee times a day- for ague and rheumatism. Try taking a nap in the afternoon if you are going to be out late in the evening. Try breathing the fumes of turpentine or caibolic acid to remove whooping cough. Try a cloth wrung out from cold water put about the neck at night for sore throat. Try snuffing powdered borax up the nostrils for catarrhal "cold in the head." Try walking with your hands behind you if you find yourself becoming bent forward. Try a silk handkerchief over the face when obliged to go against a cold piercing wind. ' Try planting sunflowers in your garden if compelled to live in a malarial district. Mr. Downlng's Choice of Apples. Apples are the most valuable of fruits, and the varieties named V)eIow are all good for family use. A tree or two of each kind, well cared for, will give a supply from July to June, and a month or two longer with a little extra pains :— Rhode Island Greening. Melon. Sutton Beauty. Baldwin. Grimes's Golden Pippin. Jonathan. Northern Spy. Newton Pippin. Lady's Sweet. Red Russet. For those who raise especially for market, varieties should be selected that succeed best in the locality, which may be ascer- tained by inquiry of those who make orcharding a business and know the kinds most in demand in the markets they supply. Ex- perienced growers for market say that a few sorts rather than many, give the most profit. For small gardens a few varieties grown as dwarfs on the paradise stock will supply a moderate family during the summer and autumn, for culinary uses and eating; Nos. 1, 3, 0, 7, 8 and 9 are good varieties for this purpose. Winter apples can generally be purchased more readily than summer and fall kinds. 1. Early Harvest. 12. 2. Red Astrachan. 18. 8. Fanny. 14. 4. Primate. 15. .5. Jersey Sweet. 16. 6. Porter. 17. 7. Peach-Pond Sweet. 18. 8. Fall Pippin. 19. 9. Mother. 20. 10. Hubbardston Nonsuch. 21. 11. Blenheim Pippin. 12 Tllh: IWIi.MIJirs 1[AM> HOOK. Premonitory Symptoms of the Contagious and Eruptive Diseases. The following are the premonitory symptoms of some con- tagioiiH diseases : ('/iir/xrn-/*o.r. Fever, occasionally chills, vomiting, pains in the hack and legs, and rarely convulsions. The emotion usually developing within twenty-four hours after the onset of these symptoms, and generally appearing first upon the trunk,either on the hack or on the chest. l>i/>hUi('rin. — Chills, fever, aching pains in the hack and limbs. In chililren there may be convulsions at the onset. Sore throat and ditticulty in swallowing are usually early symptoms. Enlarge- ment of the glands of the neck and a fetid breath are later symptoms. Measles. The early symptoms are those of a feverish cold. Shiverings, coryza, sneezinv. running at the nose, redness of the eyes and lids, eyes painfi.t to light, and cough generally sets in within twenty-four hours. Nausea, vomiting and headache are also symptoms frennently present. Mnm/>s. Fever, pain and swelling just below the ear. This swelling increases so that thepatient is unable to open the mouth, and speech and swallowing become difficult. Occasionally this disease is very severe and characterized by high fever, delirium and great prostration. Scnrlrf Frrcr. Fever, vomiting, and in children convulsions. The face flushed, the tongue furred, and tlie throat congested and sore. The rash usually develops on the second day, appearing firi^t on the neck and chest. .S'mf»//-/'(>.r. — In adults a chill, and in chiMren a convulsion are common initial symptoms. Intense headache, severe pain in the b.ick and vomiting are constant features. Delirium is frequently present. Tjipliuid Fi'rrr. (Constant and severe headache, delirium, vomiting, diarrhcea, bleeding from the nose, p«in in the back .nnd limbs are the symptoms most often present at the onset of this d isen 'Je. WhufiiiKf (\n('ili. Tiie early symptoms are those of an ordinary cold, slight fever, running at the nose, and a dry barking tough, u'sually of a spasmodic charai'ier. l^ater on, the coughing Ht begins with a series of short coughs, ending with a deep inspira- tion producing the "whoop" so characteristic of tlie disease. How to Measure Corn in a Crib, Hay in a Mow, etc. This rule will apply to a crib of any kind. Two cubic- feet of sound, dry corn in the ear will make a bushel shelled. To get the • luaiitity of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear, measure the length, breadth and height of the crib, inside of the rail : multiply the length by the breadth and the product by the height: then divide the proiuct by two, and you have the number of bushels in the crib. To find the number of bushels of apples, potatoes, etc , in bin, muUinly the length, V -eadth and thickness together, and this pro- duct by S. and point off one figure in the product for decimals. To find the amount of hay in a mow, allow 512 cubic feet for a ton, and it will come out very nearly correct. THE FAHMinrS HAM) HOOK 18 How Grain Will Shrink. Farmers rarely gain by keeping their grain after it is fit for market, when the shrinkage is taken into account. Wheat, from the time it is threshed, will shrink two (juarts to the bushel or six per cent, in six months, in the most favorable circumstances. Hence, it follows that ninety-four cents a bushel for wheat when first threshed in August is as good, taking into account the shrink age alone, as one dollar in the following February. Corn shrinks much more from the time it is first husked. One hundred bushels of ears, as they come from the field in November, will be reduced to not far from eighty. So that forty cents a bushel or corn in the ear as it conies ticm the field is hs good as fifty in March, shrinkage only being taken into account. In the case of potatoes taking those that rot and are other- wise lost together with the shrinkage, there is but little doubt that between Oct'^ber and June the loss to the owner who holds them is not less than thirty-three per cent. This estimate is taken on the basis of interest at 7 per cent., and takes no account of loss by vermin. How to Mix Paints. The following table, the source of which the Journal of Chemistry is unable to trace at this moment, though it vouches for its trustworthiness, will be found serviceable, especially for an^a- teurs, as showing how simple pigments are to be mixed for producing compound colors: Buff.— Mix white, vellow ochre, and red. Chestnut. -Red, black, and yellow. Claret. -Red, umber, and black. Copper. -Red, yellow, and black. Dove. -White, vermillion, blue, and vellow. Drab.— White, yellow ochre, red, and black. Fawn. -White, yellow, and red. Flesh.— White, yellow ochre, and vermillion. French Gray.— White, Prussian blue, and lake. Gray.— White lead and black. Gold. — White, stone ochre, and red. Green Bronze. — Chrome green, black, and yellow. Olive.— Yellow, blue, black, and white. Oranoe. -Yellow and red. Peach.— White and vermillion. Pink.- -White, vermillion, and lake. Purple.— Violet, with more red and white. VioLK r. -Red, blue and white. In the combination of colors required to produce a desired tint, the first-named color is always the principal ingredient, and the others follow in the order of their importance. Thus, in mixing a limestone tint, white is the principal ingredient, and red the color of which the least is needed. The exact proportions of each color must be determined by experiment with a small quantity. It is best to have the ptincipal ingredient thick, and add to it the other paints thinner. Sheep Skins. A "Subscriber" asks for a recipe for dressing sheep skins or any other kind of skins, so as the hair will not fall off.— One part of arsenic to ten parts of alum, applied to the under surface of skins, will "cure them" and prevent hair falling. 14 TUE FAHMHirS HAM) HOOK. Number of Shrubs or Plants for an Acre of Ground. JJittt. aim ft. No. of Plant h. '^ inches by 3 inches 6JM{,9(«> 4 inches by t inches 31)2,040 inches by 6 inches 174,240 W inches by 9 inches .... 77,440 1 foot by 1 foot 4:i,5e0 l.\ feet by U feet Itt.JJfiO 2'feet by 1 feet 21,78) 2 feet by 2 feet 10,890 2." feet by 2.^ feet 0,980 3 "feet by 1 foot 14,520 3 feet by 2 feet 7,260 8 feet by 3 feet.. 4,^^) 3.^ feet by 3.\ feet 3,.555 4 feet by 1 foot 10,890 4 feet by 2 feet 5,445 4 feet by 3 feet 3,6:« 4 feet by 4 feet 2,722 , 4^ feet by 4.\ feet. 2,151 5'feet by 1 foot 8,712 5 feet by 2 feat 4,:ijB 5 feet by 3 feet 2,904 5 feet bv 4 feet 2,178 5 feet by 5 feet 1,712 5.\ feet by 5^ feet 1,417 Dlfit. n/tarf. \o. of l*la Ofeet by « feet 1 fi.^ feet by fii feet 1 7 feet by 7 feet 8 feet by 8 feet 9 feet by 9 feet 10 feet by 10 feet U feet by 11 feet 12 feet by 12 feet 13 feet by 13 feet 14 feet by 14 feet 15 feet by 15 feet 10 feet by 1« f eet 1(H feet by lO.i feet 17 feet by 17 feet.. 18 feet by 18 feet 19 feet by 19 feet 2f) feet by 20 feet 25 feet by 25 feet ») feet by 30 feet 33 feet by :^^ feet 40 feet by 40 feet 50 feet by 50 feet Of) feet by 60 feet 06 feet by 66 feet ntH. ,210 ,031 881 680 5:i7 4:^5 'm) »)2 257 222 19:^ 170 KM) 150 VM 120 108 69 48 40 27 17 12 10 Quantity of Seed Required to Plant an Acre. '!{) quarts Reans, pole, Lima ( by 4 feet. 10 •• Beans, Carolina, prolific, etc., 4 by 3 feet. 10 .. Corn, sugar. 8 .. Corn, field. 3 M Cucumber, in hills. 21) '< Flax, broadcast. (i M Grass, timothy with clover. 10 .. Grass, timothy without clover. 25 ■• Grass, orchard. 20 >' Grass, red top or heads. 28 •- Grass, blue. 20 • Grass, rye. 2 " Pumpkin, in hillsS by 8 feet. 8,000 Asparagus plants, 4 by lA feet. 25,000 Celery plants, 4 by h foot. 17,o00 Pepper plants, 2i by 1 foot. 3.800 Tomato plants. 2.5 bushels Barley. U 2' ItoU 3 8 Beans, in drills 2^ feet. Peas, in drills, short varieties. Peas, in drills, tall varieties. Peas, broadcast. Potatoes Rye, broadcast. Rye, drilled. Wheat, in drills. Wheat, broadcast. 12 ounces Cabbage, outside, for trans- planting. 4 >i Cabbage, sown in frames. 1! li 8 ounces Celery seed. 3 i> Tomatoes, in frames. 8 .. Tomatoes, seed in hills, 3 by 3 feet i» pounds Beets and mangold, drills, 2.V feet. Broom corn in drills. I. Carrot, in drills, 2.J feet. M Clover, white Dutch. t. Clover, Lucerne. I. Clover, Alsiko. I. Clover, large red with timo- thy. Clover, large red, without timothy. M Corn, salad, drill, 10 inches. t. Lettuce, in rows, 2A feet. •I Lawn grass. 1. Melons, water, in hills, 8 by 8 feet. i> Melons, citrons, in hills 4 by 4 feet. M Onions, in beds for sets. Onion8,inrowsforlarge bulbs .. Parsnip, in drills, 2i feet. .. Parsley, in drills, 2 feet. !• Radish, in drills, 2 feet. n Squash, bush, in hills, 4 by 4 feet. II Turnips, in drills, 2 feet. •• Turnips, broadcast. 12 4 13 10 G 12 It; 25 3 35 3 50 7 5 4 10 3 3 3 Readers of the Farmer's Hand Book should not fail to send for a copy of our Bulb Catalogue ; issued in August of each and every year. THh: FMiMHIVS NASI) ItOOK 15 HOUSE PLANTS AND THEIR CARE. 17 12 10 by by Eor kry Hlternal vigilance is the price «)f siiccess in the cultivation of flowers. In the preparation of the soil it is best to seek that which is neither too light and sandy nor too heavy and clayey. The former dries out too (|uickly, and the plants suffer for want of moisture, while the latter is apt to become sodden and sour, and the plants are drowned. The working roots of nearly all plants are tine and tender, even more tender than the fresh new upper growth, and they are easily injured or destroyed. On the other hand, if they are kept in a healthy growing condition, we are certain that we will have a good healthy top growth as a natural result. Transplanting. In transplanting from the garden, it is a good plan to cut around the plants three or four weeks before the time to take them up. This will cut olT the long feeding roots, and cause the plant to throw out a new set of fine working loots, which when removed to the pots will go on growing, and there will be hardly any checking of the growth. If the top growth has been verv rank it had better be shortened in, so that the tops and roots will be evenly balanced. They should be put in the shade for the first few days after transplanting ; meanwhile they should be watered sparingly. This will apply to a large number of varieties, such as geraniums, heliotropes, etc. Separate Sets of Plants for Winter and Summer. The better way is to have a separate set of plants for winter use ; these should be kept in pots all summer, and can be plunged into a bed of coal ashes or coarse sand in some partly sheltered situation ; these should be allowed to bloom but little during the summer, thereby saving their strength for their winter's work. Re-pot in September into one-sized larger pots, trimming into a good shape. They are then ready for the window. Watering Plants. In watering house plants it is a good plan to water only when dry ; when the surface does not show the true condition of the soil, the weight will, and by experience we will learn which are the thirsty ones, and those should have their wants well supplied. We must also be guided by the condition of the room and the tempera- ture of the atmosphere. Our rule is to water daily, but much more sparingly on damp, cloudy days. Frequent overhead sprinklings, using a Goldman's or Scollay's Sprinkler, are very beneficial to almost all plants, with the exception of the ornamental-leaved varieties of begonias, especially those of the Rex family. How to Keep Our Plants Free from Insects. To keep our plants free from insects reijuires constant watch- fulness. If we are faithful in our work, and take the first that make their appearance, it is comparatively easy. We have used sulpho-tobacco soap and soluble fir tree oil and" found them both very effective. By dissolving in water according to direction, they can be applied to the most tender plants without injury to the foliage, using either Goldman's or Scollay's Sprinkler to apply it with. IH THE FMiMHH'S HAS It HOOK. To Root Cuttings. The moHt successful way to root cuttings is to put them thickly in a saucer of clean river or lake sand, keeping the sand constantly wet, as once drying up will spoil the lot. Set the dish in a hright sunny window close to the glass. Experience will soon teach us the proper condition of the wood from which to make the cuttings. In soft wooded plants the young growth is used when it is in a brittle state ; that is, when it will readily break if bent over with the thumb and finger. Rose cuttings are taken from plants just pushing their buds for blooming ; they then actjuire a ripeness suit- able for rooting. After the cuttings are rooted, they should be potted separately into small pots and kept shaded for a few days. Temperature. In regard to the temperature, it is next to impossible to keep twenty or thirty different varieties of plants in the same tempera- ture and have them all do well. We all know that in a room the temperature near the floor is much lower than that near the ceiling. The difference is much greater than one would at first thought suppose. Now, by taking advantage of this, by placing such plants as thrive best where it is cool near the floor, and those requiring the most heat higher up, we may succeed in growing some of both classes in the same window. Tobacco — To Cultivate. To raise tobacco, select a sheltered situation, where the young plants can receive the full force of the sun ; burn over the surface of the ground early in spring (new land is best), rake it well, and sow the seeds ; have a dry, mellow, rich soil, and after a shower, when the plants have got leaves the size of a quarter-dol- lar, transplant as you would cabbage plants, three and one-half feet apart, and weed out carefully afterward. Break off the suck- ers from the foot-stalks, as they appear; also the tops of the plants when they are well advanced, say about three feet high, ex- cept those designated for seed, which should be the largest and best plants. The ripeness of tobacco is known by small dusky spots appearing on the leaves. The plants should then be cut near the roots on the morning of a day of sunshine, and should lie singly to wither. When sufficiently withered, gather them care- fully together, and hang them up under cover to cure and prepare for market. How Deep in the Ground to Plant Corn. The following is the result of an experiment with Indian corn. That which was planted at the depth of : I inch, sprout appeared in 8 days. 1 inch, sprout appeared in 8^ U inch, sprout appeared in 9i 2"inches, sprout appeared in 10 » 2.\ inches, sprout appeared in 11^ » 3 inches, sprout appeared in 12 Hi inches, sprout appeared in 13 /> 4 inches, sprout appeared in 13A « The more shallow the seed was covered with earth, the more rapidly the sprout made its appearance, and the stronger afterward was the stalk. The deeper the seed lay, the longer it remained before it came to the surface. Four inches was two deep for the maize, and also too deep for smaller kernels. 77/ /v' FMiMHH'S f/.W/t HOOK 17 Language of Flowers. KLOWKHS. HENTIMKNTS. AcHcia (vonceah'd love. Almond Hope. Apple-HloHSom Preference. Arbutus, Trailing Welcome. Bell Flower Gratitude. Box ('Onstancy. Calla Lily Feminine beauty. Cedar I live for thee. China Aster. I will think of it. Chrysanthemum, Rose I love. Clover, lied Industry. Corn Riches. Cowslip, American You are my divinity. Daffodil Chivalry. Dahlia Forever thine. Daisy, Garden I partake your sentiments. Daisy, White Innocence. Daisy, Wild I will think of it. Elm, American Patriotism. Forget-me-not True love. Fuschia, Scarlet Taste. Geranium, Apple Present preference. Geranium, Ivy Your hand for the next dante. Geranium, Hose Preference. Gillyflower Lasting Iwauty. Golden Rod Encouragement. Hawthorn Hope. Heliotrope, Peruvian I love you; Devotion. Honeysuckle Bond of love. Horse-chestnut Luxury. Hyacinth Jealousy, Mmt Virtue. Morning Glory Coquetry. Myrtle Love. Oats Music. Orange Generosity. Pansy Think of me. Pink Pure affection. Pink, Red Pure, ardent love. Rose, Moss Superior merit. Rose, Tea Always lovely. Rose, White I am worthy of you. Snowball Winter. Tuberose Dangerous pleasures. Verbena Sensibility. Violet, Blue Love. Violet, White Modesty. ,',' Guano — Test for its Purity. The weight affords the easiest test for the purity of guano. A bushel of pure Peruvian guano, according to most autnori ties, should 'weigh almost exactly seventy pounds. If heavier than seventy- three pounds, it is adulterated with clay, sand, marl, or some other impurity. 18 THE FA It mi: US jjAxn hook. TO DESTROY THE OODLING MOTH. Prof, (yuok if'wes illiiHtriition and ilesciiptinn of the codling moth, ais followH : The inith, F and (J, is accurately representtMl in the picturo in form and Ni/e. The main color is gray, flecked with darker dots and hars, and with a characteristic copper-colored Hpotat the end of its frixit wings. Ttiizi sput will always enable one to distinguish the moth. In May, about two weeks after the blossoms appear, the fenuile moth commences to lay eggs in the calyx of the blossoms, K. These soon hatch, when the minute larva (shown full grown, K) eats into the apple and feeds upon the pidp around the core, filling the space with its fecal Hlth. The whitish larva- attain their full growth in about four weeks. This period will be lengthened by cold, and shortened by heat. When mature, the larva leaves the apple, which may have fallen to the groumd, and seeks a secluded place in which to spin its cocoon, I, and pupate. The pupa or chrysalis, 1), is much like those of other moths. The pupa' of the .June and July larva' are found in the cocoons soon after the latter are formed, while those of the autumn larva' do not pupate till spring, but pass the winter as larva' in the cocoons. The eggd of the second brood are laid in .July, August and September. The larva' feed in autumn and often till mid-winter, while, as just stated, they do not pupate till spring. Professor (Jook prefers London purple to Paris green because it is cheaper and easier to mix in the water. The mixture is as follows : I mix the powder one pound to 1(M> gallons of water. It is best to wet the powder thoroughly and make a paste before putting into the vessel of water, that it may all mix, and not form lumps. Always keep the liquid well stirred. One common pail of the li(iuid will suffice for the largest tree. For a large orchard a common l>arrel should be used, drawn in a wagon. I prefer to have th»B barrel stand on end, with a close movable float with two holes through it, one for the pipe or hose from the pump, and the other for a stirrer. If very large orchards are to be treated, a good force pump should be fastened to the barrel. This ai)paratus is manufactured by John S. Pearce & Co., London, Ont. Write for particulars. The spray may be caused by a fine perforated nozzle or a graduating nozzle. The finer it is the less liquid will be re(iuired. The important thing is to scatter the spray on all the fruit, and get just as little on as possible. The larva is killed by eating the poison, and we find that the faintest trace suffices for the purpose. The danger from this practic ^ I have found to be nothing at all. Of course we should not turn stock into an orchard till a heavy rain has washed the poison from all herbage under the trees. Fungous Disease of the Grape. Powdery Mildew on the Grape causes the greatest injury on the Pacific Coast, where it is known to all vine growers as Oidium. Remedies.— Sulphur is an infallible remedy. To protect the flowers and young fruit from the mildew, applications of sulphur should be made when they are forming. After this dustings at intervals of two weeks will hold the fungus in check. Whenever possible the sulphur should be applied during hot sunshine, as the fumes which destroy the spores of the mildew are given off rapidly at this time. 77/ a; I'Airyh'irs j/.i\h luxtK. lit The Peach. Peach Curl ocfurH in nearly all parts of the Inltetl States. an of potassium be given mornmg anil evening, in half a pint of water. THE HORSE, A Farmer's Horse. -One of the most important wants of the farmer is a horse that will answer all the diversified purposes of farm life. It is easy enough for a drayman to procure a horse that will suit him- a heavy, slow-moving, docile horse is all that he requires, and such horses are bred all over the country. The professional man, wanting a light, active horse, weighing about IjOOt) lbs., able to go a mile in three minutes, and with considerable style, is able to procure it from almost any establishment for breeding roadsters. Any one desiring a first-class carriage horse can also be served, for carriage horses are bred upon many farms. A farmer does not want simply a roadster, a carriage horse, or a draught horse ; he wants the qualities of all these different horses combined in one animal. The farmer wants a horse that is able to haul the heaviest loads on the farm or in going to market, and the same animal must be fast enough to answer the demands of business or pleasure. The small farmers in this country do not keep more than three or four horses. A farmer with from 100 to 200 acres will keep from three to six horses. A farmer does not keep a horse to work on the farm, another to drive upon the road; not at all— his horses are for work or pleasure indifferently. The horses of this country answer this description of the general purpose horse to a certain extent, but are deficient in weight. Horses that weigh under 1200 lbs. are not the best draught horses in the world. Our agricultural machinery is usually too much for a team of two horses weighing under 2400 lbs. Sulky ploughs, pulverizers, and harvesters very often require more than two horses to operate them successfully. Our farmers are already awake to the defects of our horse stock, and efforts are made in all directions to improve our horses. The means adopted is the introduction of a class of heavier horses. Examination op Horses.— Stand in front of a horse, to see how his limbs are formed, the width of his chest, the depth and fulness of his bosom, all anomalies of position in his fore legs being carefully registered. Examine the mouth for age. At 4 years old tushes appear ; at 5 years he has a full mouth, tushes' top and bottom, corner teeth shelly ; at 6, marks disappear in the two centrals, inside or posterior wall of the corner teeth is lower than the anterior wall or front of the teeth ; at 7, two more marks disappear in the two laterals, corner teeth level : at 8, marks disappear in the corner teeth ; he is level-mouthed at 9 years old. The eye is next observed. For ophthalmia, cataract, &c., quite a vet.'s question. Feel the crest for condition — firm and muscular. Examine the poll for poll-evil, the withers for fistula and as to character, fine withers (high or low, as the case may be, and in SV) TUK FAltMEirS HAS!) BOOK. keeping with the class) or undue coarseness. Shoulders for inudL-utarlty, length and obliquity, also proportion of parts. Seapula and humerus : The humerus in a valuable horse is never by any ch mce horizontal, neither is the scapula short and upright. The forearm or radius (the humerus is the true arm) long, massive, mu-jcular— powerful forearms. Knees the indices of stability. G jjJ icnetis always have a well-deHned, centrally situate trapezium bjne, deep and long. Short cannons, flat tendons -broad, firm, and tia.t>. No splints, no gum. P<^sberaa free from ringbone, no windgalls at the joint. Sesamoid bones at the upper posterior portion of the fetlock fully developed. Feet moderate in size, frogs clean, sole gently concaved. No side bones or flat feet. B ick muscular, moderate in length, loins nicely sprung, and muscular. Top of the quarter long, muscular, horizontal in the blood horse, oblique in all other classes, more or less ; but positive droop and short at the top is both unsightly and indicating lack of quality. Body deep, fore and back ribs long and low, well coupled. To get a good view of the contour of the horse, stand three or four paces back, observe the muscularity of his haunches, the position of his stifle, and proceed down his thighs and second thighs, which should be let down well iuto ^hehock. Hocks clean, prominent OS calcis or point of the hock, and broad both above and below. The metatarsals or hind cannons short, flat and straight. Hind pasterns moderately long. Feet sound, soles con- cave, medium frogs. Now stand behind the horse and view his Sep 1 7 14 Kwo •J I Weeks N'v25 Dec 2 )) 1(( 2:^ 2(t Jan 1 8 15 22 20 Feb 2 9 16 25 Sow l(i Weeks Oi;t2() m Nov 2 9 lU 2(> 20 Dec 3 10 17 21 27 Jan :{ 10 17 20 Mar 3 1 26 10 Feb 2 2i; 17 9 28 24 16 Oct 2 26! 20 slApr 2i 2(i 151 9 i Mar 5 22 29 Novl 7 14 21 28 10 1 23 j 25 i May 2 1 9 16 23 12 19 22 28 Apr 4 11 18 *0:. ?^T?, •%'-."•■ ..£*;'<§:<^ Take care of the calves and the cattle will take care of themselves. i^ CASH DIARY O-A-SH HEOH5I-VE3D B'OIt FHOIDTJOBl SOX;.33. Tan, X'kce- TAlil-ES. IlAV AND Fkeu. Grain. Fruit. POUl.TRY and Eggs, Sundry. Ac'ts. TOTAJ Receivi •WWifOBO^^ »-»«»'.<-» ■ 's^/^-lv^.' V-rfK wJWSv%a>»^»*f^vJgi4»M'rtmgT»«i1i>» HT 1.1tfni<|iMjiiimii-iiH I.-, !l 1 2 4 5 tt 7 8 » 10 11 12 18 14 15 111 17 IS 1!) 20 21 22 28 24 25 2(5 27 28 2t) :i() 81 Total, ^i.SS«Mtv Bcaciis . .\aat u : ^■ t Tmt , r m ~ i ?rn\ T-J ^:vvx 3aias^ ■«^,«^ TOTAI FOR JANUARY. 35 IIOUSE- SUNDRV Imple- Seeds, Ui^u^HM^^' I'AiiOR mentsand Seed Grain, hold ^undrv ^^^^'H Repairs. &c. Expenses. I^-^»^knse.s. Special Ac'ts. i*< yi i ■ I iwtww.-. TOI AL Cash Paid Out. 1 2 4 5 () 7 8 9 ^0 i.l 12 13 L4 Lo 16 17 H8 10 <) 22 ^l [25 26 27 [28 2J) :;35aBaE3Knrs!rsKr5srs!ti-.r:i •,...■•»»«:: aft I'KH. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 \) 10 11 12 13 14 15 1« 17 18 19 2() 21 22 23 24 25 2() '>' !5 2S 2i> CASH" DIARY O-A-SH ReCET.-V-EX) IFOIt FKODTUOH SOI.ID. Vk(;k- I'Alil.KS. Hay AM) Fkeu. Grain. Fruit. Poultry AND EOGS. Sundry, Ac'ts. Total Cash "'KI!. ECEIVEI). 1 2 :h 4 Wm 5 ■ () 7 S I) m' m^ 43 14 15 1(5 H17 9ll8 ^U) P'-O m .L .21 >>*- ■>•> To' AL, tatf fc m .1 ■ « ■ » run ■! ■ i ir i* TrrTTiir H --ir-T^- 3.a ■" 1 1 ■mii mmfr-m-u. »..> — — „■, — ••■•Triiit^ «Ttrar.7.ririrv-rn-7-rarrr.rimirW7'.'ma LL, FOR FEBRUARY. 37 O-A-SH F.A.IID OtJT for. SUNDRV KM'KNSKS. Total Imple- Seeds, House- Cash Jt'EI!. La1!0R. ments and Seed drain, hold RECEIVE] '■1 Repairs. &c. KXI'KNSKS J ""■'■"-""--" -■..-,.-■,. 1 2 8 » 4 5 ■|(5 B ^ « H^> Ipo fll H2 V^ 14 15 1(5 17 18 M^ W'>i) ff ' ■^Si 21 Si'EtlAL Ac'ts. Total Cash Paid (Jut. « •>•> 128 i2J) IL, ^— +- •S8 CASH DIARY Mar. 1 2 3 4 o 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2P 27 28 20 3t» 31 Total, Vege- tables. Hay AND Feed. Grain. Fruit. Poultry AND Eggs. Sundry. Ac'ts. Total Cash Receiveiii •i'-~- 1- -in r~ FOR MARCH. 3U O.A.SH: I'.A.IID OXTT IFOR. Total Cash ReceiveiiB Mar. Lahor. Imple- Seeds, House- ments and Seed Grain, hold Sundry Special Repairs. &c. EXI'KNSRS. EXI'ENSES. Ac' IS. Total Cash Paid Out, 8 4 5 () 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ;«) 31 Ial, 40 Al'R. 1 2 'A 4 ^ o 7 8 9 10 11 12 IH 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 23 26 27 28 29 CASH DIARY C-A-SH REOB3X-VB3I3 IFOH FKOIDXTOEJ SOIjID. Yege- TAUI.ES. Hay AND Fkeu. Grain. Fruit. Poultry ANI> Egc.s. Sundry. Ac'ts. Total Cash Received. Air. 2 A 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 14 15 1() 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2(5 Total, 41 FOR APRIL O-A-SH FJ^XTD OTJT I^OR. Al'R. Imple- Seeds, IIousr- Lahor. ments and Seed (irain, hold Repairs. etc. Em'F.nsk.s. Sundry KxrKNSKS. Sl'F.CIAI. Ac" IS. (> 7 8 i) 10 11 12 18 14 15 1() 17 18 19 2() 21 22 23 24 25 2(5 27 28 2J) Total Cash I'AID ()U --.-- : AL, 42 CASH DIARY G.A.3T3: HEJCEI-VBJr) B'Oia FROIDTJOE] SOXjU. May ^''^^"'''^■ ^^^' tables. Hay and Feed. Poultry Grain. Fruit. and Eggs. Sundry Ac'ts. Total Cash Received. May 1 f"'^'"' 1 2 2 3 - * 3 4 4 ') 5 (i 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 U 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 • 10 17 17 18 18 19 10 20 • 20 21 ' 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 26 25 26 ■' 26 27 27 28 28 29 ' 2J) 30 m 31 1 31 Total, — — — i— ....4^.- fi ■' ■■"■ f--- tal, ssssswcKFS3rr.-K3.-s: .o— .. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2J) •SO 31 FORjyjAY. 48 May. Labor. Imple- Seeds, IIousE- ments and Seed (Jrain, hold Repairs. etc. Expenses. Sundry Expenses. Special Ac'ts. TO'IAL Cash Paid Our. PAL, 44 |(inj:. CASH DIARY C.A.SII ]RECEIVB3ID IFOIt FHOIDTJCEI SoXiXi. Nkck- I AIM-KS. 11 AY AM) I'KKI). CiUAIN. KkI'IT. I'Otll.TRY AND l-".c;(;s. Sundry Ac' IS. Total Cash KK('KI\ KD. I o mm A 4 ») (i 7 8 i) 10 11 12 VA U 15 IH 17 18 11) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2J) ») 25 2(i 27 2S H,() TOIAL, 'AI., FOR JUNE. O-a-SH :e*.A-iid Otjt i^o». Imple- Seeds, IIoi'sk- ^ June. Laiu^k. im-nls ami Seed Ciain, hold T'I'M'KV Repairs. etc. Exi-knsks. *'''^'''"'>^^'->'- 3 4 5 () 7 S u m 11 12 1.S 14 15 10 17 18 U) •JH) 21 22 28 24 V) Sl>F.< IA(, Ac" IS. 'I'ol AI, Cash 'AID On I. r= }; 25 2(i 27 2S 20 :^0 'AI., 10 Jui.v. CASH DIARY O.^SXX KEJCICI-VB33I> FOR FrOIDTJCH SoiilD. Vf(;k- iAHI.KS. IlAV AND Kkf.d. Ckain. I'Kun. i'oiii i ky and I"]('.t;s, StIN'DKY Ac'ts. ToTAr. Cash Kkckivkd. 1 2 H 4 6 tf 7 8 e 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 IJ) 20 21 22 23 ^ 23 26 27 28 29 :« 31 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 h\ 17 18 lU 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 2cS 20 M Total, '» > Tl i 'lil . H rtf t)TAL, FOR JULY. ^ TOIAI, Cash . Hay AND Feed. Grain. Fruit. POUI-IRY AN' I) Kocis. Sundry Ac'ts. To'lAL Cash Aug. Received. 1 2 3 4 5 ({ 7 8 10 11 12 • 13 14 15 10 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 V.4 TOTAI, Ital, 40 FOR AUGUST. C-A-SH I*.A.I3D OXJT IFOR. Aug. LATiOR. Imple- Seeds, IIOUSE- nienls and Seed Orain, hold Repairs. &c. Expknsks. Sundry exi'knsks, Special Ac'ts. Total Cash Paid Oi!T. ::i-*='-.- 2 3 4 5 (5 7 8 10 11 12 18 14 15 10 17 18 11) 20 21 22 23 24 Ital, 50 Sia> i-. CASH DIARY O-A-Sh: Veof:- TAIIl.F.S. E-EOEI-VED IFOR FHOlDXrCEi SOIiX). 1 1 AY AND Grain. Fruit. Fkku. Poui.i UY j^„j,r„,,.. ,^^^' AC'TS. Total Cash RECEIVKI). 1 2 3 4 w O 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 12 13 n 15 10 17 18 U) 20 21 22 23 24 25 Jii 27 28 29 Total, lAL. 1 FOR SEPTEMBER. 0-A.sia: F.A.I.TD OxjT iroR. Total •Mlb. Cash '«e>. Speciai Af'r.s. 1 2 * 8 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 • 1 ^^^ ", I 20 \ 1 22 \l 51 ToTAt. Cash Paid Out. 20 Si 52 Ocr. CASH DIARY O-A-sh: K-EOESi-vEr) :e'o:r Fiioidtjobs Sox.r), :3SX! Yege- TAlil.RS. Hay Poultry AND Grain. Fruit. AND Feed. E(j(;.s. Sundry. Ac'rs. Total Cash Received. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1) 10 11 12 m 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 2t) 31 22 2;^ 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total, |TAL, TO'I'AI. Cash Received. Oc ' 1 • 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 » 18 14 15 10 17 18 11) • 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 FOR OCTOBER. O-AuSH :f».a.iid Otto? for. ihi Labor. Imple- ments and Repairs. Seeds, Seed (J rain, &c. HOUSR- HOIJ) EXI'KNSES. Sundry Expenses, Special Ac'ts. Total Cash Paid Out. |TAL, ■- ^ iSttaSKSr^ ■ 'A ■^aHBHHHHiWMMI CASH DIARY O-A-SH HE30E5I-VE3r> B'OH I*I103DTJCJB3 SOXjID. Nov, Veok- I'Alil.ES. II A « AND Feeu. Grain. Fruit, Poultry ANO Eggs. Sundry, Ac'ts. Total Cash Received. 2 H 4 5 6 7 8 U 10 11 12 18 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 ;^ Total, loTAL, Total Cash Received. Nov, FOR NOVEMBER. no Imple- Seeds, IIouse- Lai!Or. nients and Seed(irain, hold Repairs. &c. Exf-enses. IFOR. SUNDRV Expenses, Sl'EClAI. Ar'Ts. Total Cash I'AiD Out, 2 H 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 l«)TAL, 4»»a iVt CASH DIARY 0-A.SII I^EOEJI-V-EJID B-OIt FH03DTJ0BI SOIilD. Dec. Bun-RU. Hay AND Feeu. Grain. Fruit. Poultry AND Eggs. Sundry. Ac'rs. Total Cash Received. 1 2 3 4 o 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 3C» 31 Total, i Dkc. Lahor. FOR DECEMBER. Imple- Seeds, HousE- mt-nts and Seed Cr.iin, iioi.d ^UNDKY Repairs. etc. Expenses. *'^^''»''^'^''-^- 57 Speciai, Ac'ts. Total Cash Paid Out. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 24 25 2() 27 28 29 30 31 fOTAL 38 CASH SUMMARY OF MONTHLY TOTALS FOR YEAR. Carry the totals from the previous months here, and you have your years. Mos. Vece TAHI.KS. IlAY AND Kekd. Grain. Fruit. roui.TRY AND Sundry Ac'ts. TOIAI, Cash Keckivef). Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total iis^ =s-s^ B|B»-, ars. TOIAI, Cash KECKIVEt). CASH SUMMARY OF MONTHLY TOTALS FOR YEAR. Carry the totals ft-om the previous months here, and you have your years. Imple- Seeds, MorsK- Mos. LAliOR. mentsand Seed (irain, hold Sundry S|'K( iai. Repairs. etc. E.\I'K.nsi.s. '''^^•'K^'^ks. A.iily deliv- ery of Milk .It Cheese Factory or Cre.imerj'. Remarks. EB. () 8 i) 10 11 12 18 14 1(> 17 IH 1» 2(> 21 'h) 2:^ 21 25 2(J SI 2.S 21) ;jo :il Total ■;- •,■!>■:-.:- > DAIRY ACCOUNT. 07 •^■-"'-'- "■"'■""■ O '75 o >l ^ Eli. * O IC ?^U l-H <*. Butter. Made. Used. SohK Cmeesk l^aily deliv- ery of Milk at Cheese Factory or Creamery. Remarks. H 4 5 |3 7 8 9 io 11 12 13 14 L5 Hi 17 jl8 |lO 20 |21 |22 [2:^ 24 25 20 '27 28 29 PAL, (W DAIRY ACCOUNT. Mar. No. of Cows. Daily Milk. Butter. ClIKKSK. Daily deliv- ery of Milk :it Cheese Factory cjr Rkmarks. 1 Made. Used. Sold. Ap Creamery. 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 4 1 3 3 1 4 6 1 i 5 7 1 6 8 1 7 !) ■ - 1 8 10 ^H 9 11 1 10 12 1 11 i:^ 1 12 11 1 13 15 I 14 10 1 15 17 . 1 16 18 1 17 19 1 18 2() 1 19 21 » 1 20 22 I 21 28 • 1 22 2+ I 23 25 • I 24 2(5 ■ 25 27 .1 26 28 1 27 2i) I 28 30 iH 29 30 Total. rrAi.. DAIRY ACCOUNT. 01) lARKS. Apr. O U5 as Butter. Made. Used. Sold. Cheese. Daily deliv- ery of Milk at Cheese Factory or Creamery Remarks. is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 rrAi., 4. 4== 70 DAIRY ACCOUNT. May. o (^ Butter. Made. Used. Sold, Cheese. Daily deliv- ery of Milk at Cheese Factory or Creamery. Remarks. 2 o 1 •5 4 1 5 1 « 7 i 8 1^; 9 If 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 14 15 1 1 i 16 j * " ! 17 4* 18 i 19 i 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 *. Total, )TAI.. rtrtHsvVetwrmr 71 DAIRY ACCOUNT. KS IlTNE. No. of Cows. Daily Milk. >. . Butter. Cheese. Daily deliv- ery of Milk at fheesc Factory or Creamery Made. Used. Sold. Remarks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 - \ 1 9 • 10 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 20 21 22 23 1 25 26 It 27 28 29 30 )TAI., n DAIRY ACCOUNT. July. Butter. Made. Used. Sold. Chekse. Daily deliv- ery of Milk at Cheese Factory or Creamery. Remarks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Total, ! ....„i.. ■^ :..4-..::i;..-..:U:4=-^^,v^i;ix "lAL, ! 5l l -.HW|WM r Bfc.--!fi-v*w, • Skpt. 6 § S .- 2 3 BUTTEK. Made. Used. Sold. Cheese. Daily deliv- ery of Milk at Cheese Factory or Creamery. Remarks, Oct. 1 2 ':• \ 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 f TO'I AL, AL, 2 \ 4 H 1) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 DAIRY ACCOUNT. 76 Oct. C u5 ^ BUTTKR. Made. Used. .Sold. ClIKESE. Dailydeliv- ery c.f Milk at (.'lieese FactDry or Crewmcry. Remarks. AL, s.TSisssivlfe-ir:ST»^-— frrrtri-rrs-'SrrTr^ i,^-. 7f{ Nov. o u5 6% DAIRY ACCOUNT. >, . Butter. ^^ QS Made. Used. Sold. Cheese. Daily deliv- ery of Milk at Cheese Factory or Creamery. Remarks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 l.i It 15 1« 17 IS IS) 20 21 2:^ 24 25 2(; 27 2S 2J) .•JO TOIAI,, DAIRY ACCOUNT. / / I)KC 1 2 3 4 5 8 7 8 10 11 12 IH 14 15 1() 17 18 lU 20 21 22 2;^ 24 25 26 27 28 •3) :{o O t; Butter. Made. Used. Sold. CllRESK. Daily ileliv- eiy uf MilU at C^heese Kactoiy or Creamery. Kf.makk.s. )l Al., m-MM m t i ?H 78 Mos. Jan. Feb, Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. DAIRY ACCOUNT SUMMARY. J< Butter. -Matle. Used. Sold. CilEESK, Daily deliv- ery (if Milk at Cheese Factory or Creaiiierj-. Rkmarks. ToiAf,, 70 DAIRY MEMORANDA. iRKS. 80 MEMORANDA. r-!i-.T--Br-'f-i7ffvfflmww?inrintrr- armaariir?:i.-r-i~------- - SI MEMORANDA. 82 MEMORANDA. THE FARMER'S HAND BOOK. 8:-5 THE GOVERNMENT OF CANADA. Governor-General.— His H^xcellency The Right Honourahie Sir John C. Hamilton-Gordon, Eakl ok Ahkhdekn. CABINKT. Sir J. S. D. Thompson, First Minister, Minister of Justice and Attorney-General of Ganada. Hon. Mackenzie Bowell, Minister of Trade and ( ■oninierce. Sir Adolphe P. Garon, Postmaster-General. Hon. John Gostigan. Secretary of State. Hon. G. E. Foster. Minister of' Finance. Sir G. H. Tupper. Minister of Marine and Fisheries. Hon. John G. Haggart, Minister of Railways, Hon. J. A. Ouimet, Minister of Public Works. Hon. J. G. Patterson, Minister of Militia and Defence. Hon. Thomas M. Daly, Minister of the Interior. Hon. A. R. Angers. Minister of Agriculture. Hon. W. B. Ives, President of the Council. Hon. Frank Smith, Minister without Portfolio, Hon. John Garling, Minister without Portfolio. Members of the (lorcvinncnt not in ffir Ctihincf. Hon. J. J. Gurran, Solicitor-(ieneral. Hon. N. Glarke Wallace, (Comptroller of Customs. Hon. J. F. Wood. Gomjjtroller of Inland Revenue. THE PROVINCIAL CABINETS. PROVINCE OF ONTARIO. Lieutenant-Governor. — Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. (i. A. Kiikpatrick. EXECUTIVK COUNCII.. Attorney-General— Sir Oliver Mowat. (commissioner of Grown Lands Hon. A. S. Hardy. Commissioner of Public Works Hon. C. F. I^raser. Secretary Hon. J. M. (ilibson. Treasurer Hon. Richard Harconrt. Minister of Education Hon. (i. W. Ross. Minister of Agriculture and Registrar Hon. .lohn Dryden. Without Portfolio- Hon. E. H. Hronson. PROVINCE OF (^CEBEC. Lieutenant-Governor. His Honor Hon. Joseph Adolphe ( hapleau. EXECl'TIVE COUN( IL. lion. L. O. Taillon, Premier and President of Council. lion. liOiiis Beaubien, CJommissioner of vVgriculture and Colonization. Hon. E. .1. Flynn, (Commissioner of Crown Lands. „ T. (Uiase-Casgrain, Attorney-(ieneral. » (J. A. Nantel, Commissioner of Public Works. » .J. S. Hall, Treasurer. ,/ L. P. Pelletier, Secretary and Registrar. Thomas C. Chapais, without Portfolio. " John Mcintosh, without Portfolio. 81 THE FARMER'S HAS!) BOOK. PROVINCE OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Lieutenant-Governor. EXECUTTVE COUNCIL. Premier and Attorney-General— Hon. A.Blair. Provincial Secretary -Hon. J. Mitchell. Surveyor-General Hon. L. J. Tweedie. ('hief Commis. Public Works -Hon. Hy. R. Ennnerson. Solicitor-General— Hon. A. S. White. .Member of C'ouncil Hon. Hy. A. Connell. Member of Council —Hon. C. H. Labillois. PROVINC E OF NOVA SCOTIA. Lieutenant-Governor. —His Honor Malachy Bowes Daly. EXECl'TIVE COUNCIL. President of Council and Prov. Secretary— Hon. W. S. Fielding. Attorney-General Hon. J. W\ Longley. ConL of "Works and Mines Hon. Chas. E. Church. Member without office Hon. Thomas .Johnson. Geo. H. Murray. I, „ .< >• Colin F. Mclsaac. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Lieutenant-Governor. Hon. Edgar Dewdney. *\' EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. President Hon. C. E. Pooley. Premier. Attorney-Gen. and Clerk of Executive (Council — Hon. Theo. Davie. Chief ('Ommissioner of Lands and Works Hon. F. (i, Vernon. Min. of Fin. in Agriculture— Hon. .T. H, Turner. M. of Ed. k: Immigration, Prov. Sec. k, Min. of Mines Hon. .las. Baker. PROVINCE OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. liieutenant-Governor. J. S. Carvell, Esq. EXE( UTIVE COUNCIL. Attorney-CJeneral Hon. Fred'k Peters. (Commissioner of Public Works Hon. Jas. R. McLean. Provincial Secretary \' Treasurer Hon. A. Macmillan. Member of Council Hon. 1). Farciuharson. Alex. Laird. „ ', " Peter Sinclair. » -- " .Jas. W. Richards. „ •> " Thomas Kickhanu /- /; " George Forbes. PROVINCE OF MANITOBA. liieritenant-Governor Hon. .lohn C^. Schultz. EXECUTIVE C(3UNCIL. Premier, President of the ('ouncil. Minister of Agriculture, and Immigration and Railway Commissioner Hon. Thomas Green way. Attorney-General Hon. Cliiford Sefton. Minister of Public Works Hon. Robert Watson. Provincial Secretary John D. Cameron. Provincial Treasurer Hon. D. H. McMillan. THE FARMEirs HAM) HOOK. 85 NORTH-WEST TERRITORIES. Lieutenant-Governor Hon. Charles H. Mcintosh. Executive Committee —Frederick "William (iordon Haultuin, John Ryerson Neff, Thomas Tweed, Hilliard Mitchell. Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed. Assistant Indian Commissioner A. E. Forget. LEGAL HINTS. Farmers' Law. In a deed to agricultural property the boundaries should be clearly determined. The (juestion, What does the farmer get? is •answered by these boundaries, and the deed to a farm always includes the dwelling houses, barns and other improvements there- on belonging to the grantor, even though these are not mentioned. It also conveys all the fences standing on the farm, but all might not think it also included the fencing-stutt", posts, rails, etc., which had once been used in the fence, but had been taken down and piled up for future use again in the same place. But new fencing matei'al just bought, and never attached to the soil, would not pass. sSo piles of hop poles, stored away, if once used on the land, and intended to be again so used, have been considered a part of it, but loose boards or scaffold poles, merely laid across the h^^nms of a barn and never fastened to it, would not be, and the seller of the farm might take them away. Standing trees, of course, also pass as part of the land ; so do trees blown down or cut down, and still left in the woods where they fell, but not if cut and corded up for sale ; the wood has then become personal property. If there be any manure in the barnyard or in the composed heap on the field, ready for immediate use, the buyer, ordinarily, in the absence of any contrary agreements, takes that also as be- longing to the farm, though it might not be so if the owner had previously sold it to some other party, and had collected it together in a heap by itself, for such an act might be a technical severance from the soil, and so convert real into personal estate ; and even a lessee of a farm could take away the manure made on the place while he was in occupation. Growing crops also pass by the deed of a farm unless they are expressly reserved, and when it is not Intended to convey those it should be so stated in the deed itself ; a mere oral agreement to that effect would not be valid in law. Another mode is to stipulate that possession is not to be given until some future day, in which case the crops or manures may be removed before that time. An adjoining road is, to its middle, owned by the farmer whose land is bounded by it, unless there are reservations to the contrary in the deeds through which he derives title, or unless the local laws vest the road absolutely in the Crown or municipality. But his ownership is subject to the right of the public to the use of the road. If a tree grows so as to come over the land of a neighbor, the latter may cut away the parts which so come over, for he owns his land and all that is above or below it. He may cut every branch or twig which comes over his land, but he cannot touch the fruit which falls to the land. The owner;of the tree may enter peaceably upon the land of the neighbor and take up the branches and fruit. H« THh: FAHMIJH'S HAXI) HOOK. Currency and Legal Tender. The denominations are dollars, cents and mills. Gold, silver^ copper and bronze coins are authorized. (lold coins of the stand- ard of fineness of the coins of the United Kingdom, and bearing the same proportion in weight to the British sovereign which $5.0) bear to $k8lli, pass current for five dollars. Silver coins are legal tender to the extent of .$I().(M). (Copper or bronze coins to the extent of twenty-five cents. Dominion notes may be issued to the amount of $20,(KK),(M)0. The Receiver-General must always hold in gold or in gold and Cixn- ai I set^ariti's guaranteed by the Governmentof the United King- dom an amoimt equal to twenty-five per cent, of these notes. Fifteen per cent, must always be held in gold. For the other seventy-five per cent. Dominion debentures must be held. These notes are a legal tender throughout Canada except at the offices where they are payable. Descent of Property. Manitoba. — Intestacy. — If any intestate shall die, leaving a widow and child or children, one-third of his real and personal estate shall go to his widow and the remaining two-thirds to his child or children in equal shares. If no issue, his whole real and personal estate shall go to his widow ; and if no widow or issue, the whole shall go to his father : if no father, to mother. Neic lirunsivick.— The real estate of persons dying intestate descends, subject to the widow's dower, to the children of intestate or their legal representatives, and in case there be no children of the intestate, then to the next of kindred and their representatives, including those of the half-blood and their representatives. The personal estate iss divided as follows :— One-third to the widow, and the residue in equal portions to and amongst the children and such persons as legally represent them. Any child receiving any advancement of real estate in the life-time of the in- test-* te in excess of his share of the real estate shall have the value of such excess taken into account in the distribution of the person- ality. If there be no children nor any legal representatives of them, one moiety shall be allowed to the widow, and the residue be distributed ecjually among the next of kindred of the intestate in equal degree and those who legally represent them, but there shall be no representation among collaterals after the brothers* and sisters' children. If there be no widow, it shall be divided equally amongst the children, etc. The debts of intestate have to be paid first before any division is made. Nova Scotia. — The real and personal estate of a person who shall die intestate shall be distributed as follows: — Realty. — To his children in equal shares, and in case of decease of any to such as shall legally represent them ; if no child living at time of his death, to his other lineal descendants ; if no issue, one-half to his father, one-half to widow ; if no widow, all to father ; if no issue, nor father, one-half to widow, and other half in equal shares to mother, brothers and sisters, and children of deceased brothers or sisters by right of representation ; if no widow, whole to mother, brothers and sisters and children of deceased brothers and sisters by right of representation ; if none of above named then to his next of kin in equal degree. Personalty : — To the widow, wearing 77/ /i' FAIiMh'/rs JLWn nooK. ST apparel, etc., for heiself and minor tliildren, and necessary snsten- ance for ninety days and for such tnrtlier periods as judge may direct; wearing apparel of deceased to value not excee -^ ^ y Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 '^TtT MAIN STRUT «VIKTIR,N.V. 14SM (7U)S73-4S03 N ;V ^ :i'ir.i-i^ng. The general rule is that the Pander haH a dear title against everyone but the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has no right to demand property of others found on his premises. Such proprietor may make regulations in regard to lost property which will bind his employees, but they cannot bind the public. The finder has been held to stand in the place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail in an action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff had originally found, but subse- quently lost. The police have no special rights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred by statute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner or finder. They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep an article against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain an article against the owner. Interest. Throughout Canada, when no rate is stipiilated for, the rate is six per cent. Parties may stipulate for a higher rate, ('ompound interest is not allowed unless there is a special agreement to that effect. In Nora Scotiit, a creditor whose debt does not carry interest, who comes in and establishes the same before the judge in cham- bers, is entitled to interest from the date of the judgment or order out of any assets which miiy remain after satisfying the costs of the cause or matter, the debts established and the interest of such debts as by law carry interest. Where there is an order for an account of legacies, interest runs at five per cent, per annum from the end of one year after the testator's death, unless otherwise ordered, or unless otherwise directed by the will. Where the security is real estate or chattels real, the parties may stipulate in writing for seven per cent, interest ; and, when the security con- sists only of personal security or personal responsibility, ten per cent, may be stipulated for bj' parties in like manner as above. General Legal Information. An employer is not compelled to furnish an employe with a reason for his dismissal where he gives him sufficient legal notice. A person knowingly giving a false character to an applicant for a situation is liable to an action. Waste land by the side of a road does not belong to the ad- joining free-holder, except when he owns to the middle of the road. If it is a public road, the statute of the Province vests the title in the municipality or the Crown. A person may be arrested for debt and held to bail : (1) When he is about to abscond from the Province, with intent to defraud his creditors. (2) When he is guilty of secretion of his property with like intent. A real estate purchase or sale is always subject to any registered liens against it which may exist at the time of transfer. Therefore the records should be searched by an intending piu*chaser. No party to a contract should draw his own agreement ; a solicitor should do it. on THE IWiniEirs HAM) HOOK BANK HOLIDAYS. ONTARIO, NEW BHUNSVVK^K AND NOVA SCOTIA. New Year's Day, (Jood Friday, Master Monday, Queen's Birthday, Dominion Day, Christmas Day. miKBKC. -New Year's Day, Epiphany, Ash Wednesday, Good Friday, Faster Monday* Ascension, All Saints', Conception, (-hrist- inas Dny, Queen's Birthday, Dominion Day. Also, any day appointed hv the (iovernor-Cieneral for general fast or thanksgiving. Tariff Discrimination. The statement is sometimes made by opponents of the National Policy, that it discriminates against (ireat Britain and in favor of the linited States, inasmuch as the average tluty on imports from Great Britain is higher than the average duty on imports from the United States. Thus, in the flscal yt^ar ended June :{(>th, 18J)2, <'rinada hrcMight from the Mother Land goods to the value of ij{H,:ns,4:i), upon which duties to the amount of ,$»,07 1,20(1 were collected, or an average of nearly 22 jier cent. ; whereas, upon an importation of .$"»:{, I :{7,.">72 from the United States, the dutio.s levied were only }j?7.Hl l,(MM», or about 15 per cent., the apparent difference in favor of trade with the neighnoring Republic being 7 per cent. But this difference has always existed, ecpially under a revenue as under a protective tariff, and it arises from two causes : (1) the pre- ponder/iince of free raw material supplied from the United States, and (2) the production in that country of goods not obtainable in Great Britain, and which, in the interest of ('anadian consumers, are made subject to a comparatively low revenue customs tax. I'nder the old fiscal system, which prevailed from 1H7I-S), the differ- ence in the average rate of duty upon imports from (ireat Britain and from the United States wjis greater than now. In 1H7S, ('anada bought goods to the value of .$:{7,H1,1S() from Britain, upon which were levied duties to the amount of $((,4l.^.))Sr>, or close upon 18 per cent. ; whereas upon an importation of .$IH,(j:il,7.'fl) from the United States in the same year the duties were only .$i,71M,."iJM>, or less than 1(1 per cent. ___\. __ The Mammoth Cheese. ('anada's wonderfid cheese, which formed part of the pyrnmid of ('anadian dairy products at the World's Fair. (Jhicago, was manufactured at the Dominion Experimental Dairy Station, Perth, Lanark Countv, Ontario, under the supervision of Pi-of. James W. Robertson, Dominion Dairy Commissioner. Thecjuan- tity of milk used in making it was 207,200 pounds, which is e(|ual to the milk for one day in September of ten thousand cows. Mr. J. A. Ruddick, of the I)airy Commissioner's Staff , was the cheese- maker, assisted by representatives from twelve adjacent cheese factories. The cheese weighed hrenty-tiro ihuunoud littundft net. It was incased in the mold or hoop of steel in which it was pressed, and a pressure of more than /to fnnuirrd tons was applied to make it perfectly solid. It measures tivrntu-eight feet in circumference by kIv fi'vi in height. It has been sold to "Liptons." a large pro- vision firm in England, who will exhibit it extensively throughout the country, and, by so doing, doubtless render a service to ('anada In advertising this important and grawing industry. 77/ A' FAHMK/i'S HAM) HOOK. 01 The Hudson's Bay Company Was started in 1070 by means of a charter granted to Prince Rupert and seventeen other noblemen and gentlemen by Charles 11. The original corporation was known as the "(iovernor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson's Bay," This charter secured to them the absolute ptopri(rtoii>hip, sul or- dinate sovereignty, and exclusive traffic of an undefined territory which, under the name of Rupert's Land, comprised all the regions discovered, or to be discovered, within the entrance of Hudson's Strait. In 1821 Hudson's Bay C/ompany and the Northwest Fur Company of Montreal (see Avicriran Fur Trade), amalgamated, obtaining a license to hold for twenty-one years the nu)ncpoly of trade in the vast regions lying to the tvest and northwest of the first-named company's grant. In IHliH udson's Bay HCompnny ac(|uired the sole ri^^ for itself, and obtained a new license for twenty-one years. This expired in IH'iU nnd was not renewed, and the district covered by that license has since been open to all. The license to trade did not affect the original possessions of the ct ni- pany, which it retained until IHtiO, when they were transferred \o the British Government for ^HViliHA), and in ISTOthey were incor- porated with the Dominion of Canada. The loss of territorial control has not, however, in the least affected the Htidson's Bay Company as a trading community. Its organization is still com- plete. It has various posts which have from time to time been erected around the central one. at distances varying from about 2(N) to 5(N) miles. These settlements are supplied with goods, which are given to the Indians in the fall in payment for i>uch furs as they obtain during the winter. These are transmitted in the spring to the central post, andfrom thence either to F^ngland or to ('anada. If to the former, they are sold at auction. The First Country to Form a Republic. The Israelites (1425 1284 n. ('.)may be said to have been the first republic, when they had no king, nor any heavenly-appointed ruler like Moses or Joshua. The second republic was founded by the Thebans, when (1140 b. r.) weary of a royal government, they converted the monarchical government into a republic, placing at the head a proctor, who incurred the penalty of death if he did not resign his office at the end of three years. Next comes Athens, which changed the form of government after the death of C'odrus, whose merits rendered him so much the object of veneration that the Athenians considered no man worthy to succeed him as king, and therefore established a republic (1052 n. v.). Killed in Various Wars. According to a computation jirst issued by an eminent statis- tician, the cost in human life of the wars of the last forty years has been 2.25.3.000 souls. The (Crimean war cost 75(Ml(N) men ; the Italian war (18.5J)) 45,000; the Danish war (IHOf), .3,000; the American civil war- the Northern States, 280,(K)0. the Southern States, 520,(KM) ; the Austro-Prussian war, 45,(l(K); the Franco-German war— France, 155,(KX); (Jermany, 60,000; theTurco-Russian war, 2.50,(00; theSouth African wars, 3(),000; the Afghan war, 25,000; the Mexican and Cochin-Chinese expeditions, 65,000; and the Bulgaro-Servian insur- rection, 25,000. This list does not include mortality from sickness. 1)2 THE FAHMEirS HAND BOOK. Agnosticism. According to Herbert Spencer, a celebrated teacher of that school, agnosticism is the l>eliet thct the existence of a personal Deity can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind, or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by psychical or physical data to warrant a positive conclusion. The words "agnosticism" and "agnostic" are derived from the Greek, signifying simply "not to know." Boycotting. The origin of the term " Boycotting " was as follows :— A Cap- tain Boycott was the agent of a land owner in Ireland. His policy proved to be distasteful and offensive to the tenants, and such was their feeling in the matter that they asked the landlord to remove him. This was refused, and in retaliation the tenants and their friends refused to work for or under Boycott. They would not harvest his crops, and they made an agreement among themselves that none of them or theirs should assist or work for him in the harvest. His crops were endangered when relief arrived in the Eerson of certain Ulster men, who, under the protection of troops, arvested the crops of Boycott. The defensive league of the tenantry was much more powerful and effective than might be supposed from the single instance of the combination referred to above. The ramifications of their compact were very numerous and e^ctensive. For example, if anyone had dealings with Boycott or those who represented him. then no one was to have any deal- ings with that person. If a man worked for Boycott, he was looked upon by his old friends and neighbors as a stranger— no one would sell to or buy of him, no one was to know him. The effect of this agreement when carried to this extent was just what its authors proposed, ai d "Boycotting" has become a very forcible phrase. Bachelors. At some period of its history the legislation of almost all coun- tries has imposed penalties on unmarried men or bachelors, on the principle that every citizen is bound to rear up children to the state. The Hebrews regarded marriage as a duty, and interpreted strictly the command, "Be fruitful and multiply." By the laws of Lycurgus criminal proceedings were authorized in Sparta not only against those who did not marry, but also against those who married so late in life as to render the procreation of healthy children unlikely. The laws of Solon also treated celibacy as a crime. From an early period penalties and disabilities were im- posed on unmarried men and women in Rome : and by the laws called Ia!.x' Julia ef Papio Pappo'tt no unmarried person could take a legacy, whether a portion or the whole of the possessions of a deceased person, unless he got married within a prescribed time from the testator's death. Childless married persons, from the ages of twenty-five to sixty in males, and twenty to fifty in females, according to one of the provisions of this law forfeited one-half of any inheritance or legacy which might be bequeathed to them. There are numerous instances of additional or higher taxes being imposed on bachelors and spinsters in Great Britain, but probably more with a view to the revenue than with any other object. THE FARMEirS HAM) HOOK. flS >Csthetics. Is a term invented about the middle of the last century by Baumgarten, a Professor of Philosophy in the I'niversity of Frankfort-on-the-Oder. to denote the science of the BeautifuU particularly of art, as the most perfect manifestation of the beautiful. Notwithstanding the fact that the Beautiful was a favorite subject of contemplation among the ancients, Baumgarten is held to be the first who considered the subject from the true scientific point of view, and therefore entitled to be called the founder oi the philosophy of art. All sensuous apprehension, not in one form or manifestation only, but in every possible form or manifestation, was included in his view of the subject, and this conception he expressed by the word .Esthetics, from the Greek aisthanomai, I feel— indicating not absolute nor subjective know- ledge of things, but such as is conditioned subjectively by the play of our sensibilities. Beauty was, with Baumgarten, the result of the highest and purest a»sthetic perception, to the realization of which the finer portion of our nature aspires, and to trace which, through the whole sphere of art, was the work of jrsthetic philosophy. Cheese, When First Spoken of. The Hebrew word for ••cheese" is (ihaUthv. This occurs in two passages. Genesis xviii., S, and Exodus iii., 8, where it is trans- lated •' milk " in the English version. If the proper translation h id been made, we should have cheesy mentioned as early as h. v. IWK However, the same Hebrew word occurs in 1 Samuel xvii. IS, where it is duly rendered •'cheese." The passage runs: "And carry these ten cheeses unto the captain of their thousand." The date of the event to which the words (pioted refer is given as KKCi n. v. An indirect reference to this commodity is also made in a passage of Job (x., 10), ''Has thou not poured me out as milk and curdled me like cheese ? " There is some doubt as to the date to be assigned to Job ; but the authorized version places it at h. v. 1520, and if this be accepted, this poKsoge gives the earliest mention of Cheese. Many classical allusions to cheese conld be quoted, but they are all of a later date than those in Holy Writ. The Origin of the "Widow's Cap." The custom of wearing widows' caps is derived from the Romans. Widows were obliged to wear weeds for ten months, and were forbidden to marry for one year. The wearing of caps pro- bably originated in the custom of covering the head in time of mourning and shaving off the hair. Pounds Sterling. In England money is ch irtered by the word "sterling," because in the time of Richard Ctpur de Lion money coined in the east part of Germany became, on account of its purity, in especial request in England, and was called Easterling money, as all the inhabitants of that part of Germany were called Easterlings. Soon after that time some of those people, who were skilled in coining, were sent for and went to London to bring the coin to perfection. That was the foundation of the practice of designating English amounts "sterling." 01 TlIK h'ARMEirS HAM) HOOK. Advantages of a Selection and Buying Good Seeds and Seed Grains. HY .lOHN 8. PEARCK, OK LONDON. The majority of farmers do not pay the attention they should to the changing of seed grains, selection of seeds, nor to the pur- chase of new and improved varieties. The loss to themselves and to the country from this cause alone is immense. Indeed, I (luestion if it is not much greater than the annual loss to the country through the miserably poor butter that is made through- out the country and that we hear so much about. There is » large class of farmers throughout the country whose whole aim and ambition is to get in a large acreage of crop every year, losing sight of the importance of increasing the yield per acre through better cultivation and a selection and purchase of new seeds. I venture the aasertion that if this class of farmers would only exhaust their surplus energy that they now expend on getting in a big acreage of crop— if they would direct this anxiety and energy towards an increase m the yield per acre, and put in one-third to one-half less acres, they would be a great deal netter otf at the end of five years. Good and thorough cultivation must go hand in hand with new and improved varieties of seed grains. It is no use buying new and improved seeds and sowing them on an old worn-out and badly cultivated Held or farm, any more than putting a high, well-bred animal of any kind in the hands of a poor and indifferent feeder and stockman, or one who does not understand the care and handling of stock. Roth the seeds and the stock would soon be useless under such treatment. This is, to a large extent, the cause of the failure of many who try both new seeds and high- bred stock. Both have been improved and brought up to what they are by selection, hybridizing or breeding and careful attention, and liigh cultivation or feeding and handling. Another trouble with a large class of farmers is that they are too penurious about buying good and expensive seeds, and stand in their own light to their own injury by so doing. They seem to begrudge the money for such seeds, forgetting what it costs to bring out such new varieties. And just here I want to point out, and I wish my readers to take to heart and bear in mind, that good seeds cannot always be judged by size, weight or color, though these require- ments are necessary to a handsome sample. A good seed is one that will produce a healthy, typical plant, and to do this must have been produced by just such a plant. That "like produces like ' and *' blood will tell," is quite as true and applicable in plant life as with animals. Good seeds cannot be sold cheaply, as the grower has to srive them patient and expensive labor, and probably years of valuable time. To produce this healthy, typical plant, he has to keep the strains uniform and true to name with one concen- trated end in view, namely, that of endeavoring to place it on a still higher plane of purity, vigor and perfection. These qualities in seeds are only prodticed by specialists who have concentrated their time and energy in persistent looking after and studying the growth, habits, etc., of the plants and seeds under test and im- provement by them. Though the cost of these may be many times greater than that of ordinary seeds, vet their value may be tenfold. There is another larire class of farmers, while they are anxious and would like to try the new and expensive varieties of thk fahmkh's ham) hook. JK> seeds, won't do so, but wait till some neighbor, whohus had a little more enterprise than they, has more than he nei'ds lor his own use, and then they are ready to try the new sort. This is just where they make a great mistake. They are allowing their enter- prising neighbor to get the rrravi and they are content with the ** akini-tnilk." Supposing I, as a seedsman, were to adopt this policy ; where would I be, or what would the wide-awake, intelli- gent farmer and gardener think of my mode of doing business? He would soon say, " Vou are behind the times, and I nmst find some other dealer to supply me with seeds." Then there is another view of the question— as an investment. Farmers are too slow in this mattei and don't view the matter from an intelligent point, or as a financier or investor would. Supposing a farmer buys a bushel of new seed wheat for which he pays $4. The change of seed and new variety, with strong vitality and vigorous growth, will increase his yield, we will suppose, 7 to 10 bushels p«*r acre. This increase per acre will pay for the bushel of seed and 25 per cent, on the investment, to say nothing about the extra value of the product of this bushel of wheat, which maybe fifty cents to one dollar per bushel. We know of a customer of ours who invested two years ago in a peck of Red Clawson wheat, for which he paid, after a good deal of haggling, $2.25. This year he has threshed 270 bushels from the product of his peck, and has sold his crop at a handsome profit over market price. I leave those who read to draw their own con- clusion. I remarked at the commencement of this article that farmers did not pay the attention they should to the changing and selection of seed grains. This is sadly neglected by a very large class of farmers. Of the benefits from changing seed grains I need not speak, as every intelligent reader of this ])aper must know ; if not, try the effects of a change of seed from one kind of soil to another. But there is another point to which I wish to call special attention, and that is the selection of your seed grains, and sowing clean seed. Selection, if carefully followed up, along with hand- picking, would give some very pleasing and surprising results to any one who will take the trouble to follow it up for a few years. It will repay all who take the care and trouble. There is one point more in connection with the selection of seed grains that farmers are very negligent about, and that is sowing filthy versus clean seed. Whatever you do, sow clean seed. Cockle and chess are more than worthless. If a man sows wheat he will reap wheat twentyfold. If he sows chess he will reap chess a hundredfold. This fact is patent to all intelligent farmers, and I am sure that all the intelligent readers of the Farmer's Advocate will not question this statement, yet I find the old theory of wheat producing chess about as hard to eradicate as it is to get all the chess out of the seed whe&t.— Fn nil er^s Aduocntv. Origin of Pawnbroker's Sign. It is generally held that the three golden balls used by pawn- brokers as a sign were adopted from the armorial bearings of the Medici family of Italy by the Lombard merchants, among whoin were several representatives of that family. Thissign was used in London in very early times by some of those merchants who had emigrated from Italy and established the first money-lending establisment in England. 06 rUhJ FAHMHli'S llASh HOOK. 11 i POSTAL INFORMATION. Letter Rates, &.c. 6'a«fM/a.- Letters posted in ('anada, addressed to any place within the Dominion, !{ cents per ok. If unpaid, such letters can- not be forwarded, but wili be sent to the Dead Letter OflHce. If partially prepaid, the letter will be forwarded to its destination and double the deficiency charged on delivery. Letters mailed at any office for delivery at or from the same office, provided that the office is not one at which free delivery by letter carriers is established, are charged 1 rent per ok., and must be at least partially prepaid ; otherwise they are sent to the Dead Letter Office. Letters of this nature mailed at and for delivery from an office at which there i.s a free delivery by letter carriers are liable to 2 cents per ounce. All postage must be prepaid by Postage Htamps. Po8/ CardM. -From any place in ('anada to any other place in (/anada or to the Tnited States, 1 cent each. Hritish and Foreign, 2 cents each. United A' i//[///owi.— Postage on Letters, 5 cents per \ oz., whether by Canadian or New York Steamers. If sent unpaid, double postage will be charged. yeirfonndtnnif. — Letters, 'A cents per ox. Newspapers, from office of publication for subscribers, free. Other matter same rates, etc., as to United Kingdom. Hernindn. -Letters, 5 cents per .\ oz. Newspapers and printed matter generally, 1 cent per 2 oz. United Stntrft. The rate on letters to the United States is the same as in Canada, and at least one rate must be prepaid. Registration of Letters. Persons posting letters containing value should be careful to re(|uire them to be Registered, and to obtain from the Postmaster a certificate of receipt for Registration. The charge for Registration (use Registration Stamp), in addition to the Postage, is, on all (^lasses of matter, five cents. Both the Postage charge and Registration fee should, in all cases, be prepaid by stamp. Registered Letter stamps have been issued of the denomination of 5 cents, which may be obtained at anyr Stamp Agency. Registration Stamps cannot be used in payment of postage. Registration is not an absolute guarantee against the mis- carriage or loss of a Letter ; but a Registered Letter can be traced where an Unregistered Letter can not, and the posting and delivery or non-delivery can lie proven. Book Post, &C. A BooK Packet may contain any number of separate liooks. Limit of weight for domestic post, a lbs. (unless consisting of a single book, in which case a weight of 7 lV>s. is allowed) ; for foreign post, 4 lbs. Limit of size, two feet in length, or one foot in width or depth. Book Packets must be open at both ends or both sixUs^ and must not contain any letter or sealed inclosure. The rate on Book Packets between any two places in C'anada is 1 cent per 4 oz.. which must be prepaid by stamps. The rate to Great Britain and the United States is 1 cent per 2ozs. THE FAN M Kirs HASH liiXtK. i»; Rates of Postage on Letters and Newspapers for Foreign Places. The rates on lott-erH antl iH'W8|m|M'rH for all partH of tln» worhl (Hee exception for rnitei! StateH and Newfoundland) are Ti cents per J oz., for letterH, and 1 rent per '1 ozh., for papers. Miscellaneous Matter. MiHcellaneous matter, deHcribed as under, may pass between filareH in the Dominion of ('anada upon prepayment of the rales ndicated below. The regulations of the Hritish Post Oflicedo not admit of the transmiHsion by mail to the Tnited Kingdom ((»r other countries beyond the sea) of miscellaneous matter as such ; but a great part of the matter referred to under that bead may l»e forwarded to the I'nited Kingdom by Hook Post: - On all pamphlets, occasional publications, print c cents additional if registered). No letter .uust be inclosed ; if any discovered, the amount paid will be forfeited, and the parcel charged at unpaid letter rates. Nr !)arci>I mm i exceed 5 lbs. in weight, and must be prej^vid by sta>.ips. F! re-glasses and spectacles may be sent by mail when properly pui i4|> and prepaid by parcel post or as Uft h-class matter. Parcel Post With the United Kingdom, Newfoundland, and Other British Colonies and Foreign Countries. Closed parcels may be exchanged with the fJnited Kingdom, Newfoundland, and most foreign countries and British colonies under the following regulations : — 1. The dimensions of a parcel must not exceed 2 feet in length by 1 foot in width or depth. 2. A parcel must not contain any explosive, combustible, or dangerous articles, nor any article of a jierishable or fragile char- acter, nor liquids or matters likely to injure other parcels or mail transmissions. 3. All parcels must be securely and substantially packed and closed. 4. Each parcel must be plainly directed, an Total ; $4502 15 One dollar per week saved and deposited will, in 1 vear, amount to 5' " 10 15 20 25 Amount deposited in 25 years $12^00 (K) Increase by interest 1264 5J^ $ «< 53 75 2JM 71 071 IK) 1154 o:i 1773 15 2504 5:^ Total .$25(W 53 per SHORT RULES FOR CASTING INTEREST. For finding the interest on any principal for any number of days, the answer in each case being in cents. Separate the two right-band figures to express it in dollars and cents : Four Per Cent. —Multiply the principal by the number of days to run ; separate the right-hand figure from the product, and divide by 9. Five Per Cent. -Multiply by number of davs, and divide by 72. Eight Per ('ent. -Multiply by number of days, and divide by 45. Nine Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days; separate right-hand figure and divide bv 4. Ten Per ('ent.- -Multiply ny number of days, and divide by 'M. Twelve Ph:r Cent. -Multiply by number of days ; separate right-hand figure and divide by 3. J rrr nu Till-: FAUMKIVH HAM) HOOK. V' \ Fifteen Per Cent. Multiplyby number of days, and divide by 24. Eighteen Per Cent.— Multiply by number of days ; separate right hand figure and divide by 2. T WENT Y Per Cent.— Mult ij)ly by number of days, and divide by 18. A short way for reckoning interest on odd days, at any rate per cent,, is as follows : Multiply the principal by the number of days, and for ({ per cent., divide by (JO; for 7 per cent., by 51 ; for 8 per cent., by 45 ; for J) per cent., by 40 ; for 10 per cent., by 3(i; for 12 per cent., by SO. SIX PER CENT. INTEREST. Days.| $1 1 2 8 4 5 (S 7 8 10 11 12 l.'i 14 15 1« 17 IH 19 20 '^() 40 1 (JO 1 m 1 90 1 93 ") 1(N) 2 2IM) 3 300 5 Mos. 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 o 2 (J 3 7 4 8 4 9 5 10 5 11 (S 12 (( $3 $4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 ! 5 3 I 5 7 ! 10 10 ! 15 1 2 3 4 5 (J 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 5 (( 8 9 11 12 II 15 17 18 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 ($ (> 7 13 20 2 4 fi 8 10 12 11 l(i 18 20 22 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 2 2 3 i 8 8 l(i 25 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 25 28 30 2 2 2 2 2 .3 4 « (S 9 9 10 20 30 3 9 12 15 18 21 21 27 :io 33 m $7 $8 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 •> '> 2 2 •> 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 '> 3 3 1 5 5 7 8 7 8 10 12 11 12 12 13 23 2(5 35 3!) $9 I $10 4 7 11 14 18 21 25 2S 32 35 :^ 42 1 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 ; 2 i 3 3 3 3 4 (t 9 9 13 U 15 4 5 8 9 12 14 1(j 18 20 23 24 27 28 32 32 m m W 10 45 44 50 18 54 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 ') 2 2 2 : 2 2 2 2 i ~y 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 10 1(» 15 15 I(( :^) :« 44 49 o 10 15 20 25 30 :^5 40 45 50 55 00 $20: $30 I 1 1 1 2 2 2 ! 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 ! 5 I (J I (i ({ 7 10 13 20 21 31) 31 :«^ m 99 10 20 30 4(» 50 00 70 80 )M)1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 (i 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 15 2(» 30 31 44 46 49 99 48 00 1(» 20 15 :^) 45 (K) 75 90 05 2(» 50 2 ({52 802 $40 $50 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 •■» I 7 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 13 20 20 :^) 41 5J) 01 66 1 :^2 1 97 20 40 60 80 (K) 20 40 m 80 (M) 20 40 1 3 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 16 25 '^\ 49 52 74 76 82 1 (U 2 47 25 50 75 0() 25 50 75 00 25 50 75 00 77/ A' FAlfMIJirS II AM) HOOK. lOS SEVEN PER(U^]NT. INTEREST. CAUTI.ATKD IN DOLLARS, TENTS AXI) MILLS. I'ltlXriPAL. 1 week. 1 mo. '.i mos. (J nios. I year. $ c. m. .$ c. i m. 1 $ c. 111. $ c. i in. $ c. in Cents. m 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 70 1 4 i) 1 2 2 4 4 9 80 1 5 1 4 2 H 5 6 go 1 5 1 (; 3 1 () 3 Dolls. 1 (» 1 a 1 7 3 5 7 2 3 ] 2 3 5 7 14 3 4 1 7 5 2 10 5 21 4 5 2 3 7 (> U 28 5 7 2 9 8 7 17 .") :i") (» 6 8 3 5 10 5 21 42 7 9 4 1 12 2 21 ."> 49 8 1 1 4 7 U 2S .K! 1 2 5 2 15 7 31 5 m 10 1 3 5 8 17 5 35 70 20 2 7 11 7 :^ 70 1 40 80 4 17 5 52 5 1 5 2 10 40 5 4 2:^ 3 70 1 40 2 80 50 7 26 2 87 5 1 75 3 50 60 8 1 35 1 5 2 10 4 20 70 4 40 8 1 22 5 2 45 4 90 80 10 8 46 1 1 40 2 80 5 ()0 90 12 1 52 5 1 57 5 3 15 () 30 100 13 5 58 3 1 75 3 50 7 2(K) 26 9 1 16 7 3 50 7 14 300 40 4 1 75 5 25 10 .V) 21 400 53 8 2 33 3 7 14 28 500 67 3 2 91 7 8 75 17 50 35 600 m 7 3 50 10 50 (» 21 42 700 94 2 4 8 .3 12 25 24 50 49 800 1 7 4 4 66 7 14 28 5(( JKK) 1 21 2 5 41 7 1(J 25 32 50 (» m 1000 1 34 5 8:^ 3 17 r^) 35 7(» VVAUK S TABLE FOR DAYS AND HOURS AT GIVEN KATES I'Elt WEEK. Rate. .$3 $3i $4 $4^ $5 $5^ $6 $ri $7 .$7A $8 $9 $10 $11 $12 1 5 6 7 8 8 9 .10 .11 .12 .13 .13 .15 .17 .18 .20 W2 .10 .12 .13 .15 .17 .18 .20 .22 .23 .25 .27 .:«) .33 .37 .40 2 3 .15 .18 .20 .23 .25, .28 .:^o .3:^ 35 .38 .40 .45 .50 .oi) .(50 i ^ .20 .2:^ .27 .JJO .33 .37 .40 .4:^ .47 .50 Sii .60 .(57 .73 .80 • o .25 .2^) .:« .38 .42] .m .50 .54 ..58 .m .67 ./jj .8;^ .92 1.00 6 .30 .^5 .40 .45 .50 .55 .60 .65 .70 .75 .80 M) l.(K) 1.10 1.20 7 .35 .41 .47 ..53 .58 .64 .70 .76 .82 .88 .93 1.05 1.17 1.28 1.40 8 .4() .47 .53 .(50 .67 .73 .80 .87 .93 l.(M) 1.07 1.20 !.:« 1.47 1.(50 9 .45 .5:i .60 .(« .75 .83 .90 .98 1.05 1.13 1.20 l.X) 1.50 1 .(55 1.80 a 1 .."iO .58 .({7 .75 .83 .92 l.(M) 1.08 1.17 1.25 1.:^^ 1.50 1.(57 1.8.3 2.(10 58 .> l.(K) 1.17 1.33 1.50 l.({7 1.8.3 2.00 2.17 2M.i 2.50 2.67 AM) 3.:i:{ 3.(57 4.00 jn 3^.;-^) 1.75;2.(X) 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.0U 4.50 5.00 .5.50 6.00 ^.00 2.3:^2.67 3.(X) 3.33 3.67 4.00 VSS 4.67 5.(K) 5.33 6.00 (5.(57 7.:i3 8.00 o 2.50 2.923.33 3.75 4.17 4.58 5.00 5.42 5.8:^ 6.25 P.67 7.50 8.:^^ 9.17 10.00 yf/tUl. IT PAYT0X|SE:THEK? ^P' j