IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

W-

L^,

1.0

I.I

■16

11^

12.2
2.0

i.8

1.25 1.4

1.6

►

'^y ''>

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

I 716) 872-4503

Cr'-c

fr' /^..

c?-

CIHM/ICMH

Microfiche

Series.

CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques

1980

Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques

The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.

D
D
D

Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur

Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagde

Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e

Cover title missing/

Le titre de couverture manque

□ Coloured maps/
Cartes gdographiques en couleur

Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
ere de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)

Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur

Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents

r~7| Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion

I ^ I along interior margin/

La reliure serr^e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intdrieure

Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas dt6 filmdes.

Additional comments:/
Commentaires suppl6mentaires:

L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mdthode normale de filmage
sont indiquds ci-dessous.

□ Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur

I ~/ Pages damaged/
I y I Pages endommag6es

□ Pages restored and/or laminated/
Pages restaurdes et/ou pellicul6es

[zi

Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
Pages d^colordes, tachet^es ou piqu6es

I I Pages detached/

Pages ddtachdes

Showthrough/
Transparence

Quality of prir

Qualitd indgale de I'impression'

I I Showthrough/

I I Quality of print varies/

□ includes supplementary material/
Comprend du materiel supplementaire

□ Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible

Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont 6X6 film6es d nouveau de fapon d
obtenir la meilieure image possible.

This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/

Ce document est film6 au taux de reduction indiqu6 ci-dessous.

10X

14X

18X

22X

26X

30X

12X

16X

20X

a4x

28X

32X

ails

tdifier

une

nage

The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:

National Library of Canada

The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.

L'exemplaire filmd fut reproduit grdce d la
gdn^rositd de:

Bibliothdque nationale du Canada

Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettcit^ de l'exemplaire filmd, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat d«
filmage.

Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.

The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —*- (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.

Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprim^e sont filmds en commengant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second
plat, seloin le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires
originaux sont film6s en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impressiion ou d'illustration et en terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.

Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la
dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbole — ^- signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbole V signifie "FIN".

I\A ,.8, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:

Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre
filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduiic en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir
de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, e- prenant le nombre
d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m6thode.

rrata

jelure.

32X

Efl

''^

GIANTS AND PIGMIES:

C'l

^GEOLOGICAL.)

EARTH'S ORDER OF FORMATION AND LIFE,

AND

IkUm OF THE TWO RECORDS.

REVISED AND OORREGTED, WITH SYNOPTIOAL TABLE.

BT THK

* REV. DAVID HONEYMAN, D. C. L.,

F.S.A., F.R.S.C., F.S.Sc. (hon.) Land., Honorary Member
of the Oeoloffistn' Association, London, <kc.

OTJRAT?OIl OF THE I^ROVINCIAIj ]VIUSEXJM»

AND

■^\ :■

I>ROVINOIAI-. GtKOIjOGHSX.

HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA:
Museum and BoolcsellerSk,

• 1887.

,'</

K»

TO THE RIGHT HONORABLE SIR JOHN DOUGLAS
SUTHERLAND (THE MARQUIS OF LORNE,)

KNIGHT OF THE MOST ANCIENT AND MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE THISTLE,

KNIGHT GRAND CROSB OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED ORDBR OF

ST. MICHAEL AND ST. GEORGE,

(LATE) GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF CANADA AND VICE-ADMIRAL OF
THE SAME, Etc., Etc.,

FOUNDER AND PATRON OF THE ROTAL SOCIETy OF CANADA.
BT HIS OBLIGED AND IIUHBLB SSRVAKT,

THE AUTHOR.

r'i^nr^JLCE.

THE articles contained in this volume originated with a suggestiotl
made by the Rev. Robert Murray, Editor of the " Presbyterian
Witness." It was expected at first, that the series would be confined
to subjects in Provincial Geology. As we" proceeded our scope
expanded and developed, from Local to General. It became world-
wide and led to the consideration of subjects of general and deepest
interest. Our series commenced in the " P. W."of December 25, 1885,
continued weekly in 1886, and ended in February 19, 1887. They are
therefore 61 in number. The author has been solicited to publish
them in a volume.

We are urider great obligations to Mr. Murray for the interest he
has taken in our articles, and the assistance given in the correction
of the Press. Notes have been added and a Synoptical Table.

,*,

» ■

,,,,■■1?

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

1, Yoii seem to wish mo to give your readers some account
of certain giants that once lived in Cape Breton. Well, there
have been giants in this Island, and pigmies too. I propose to
tell you of both, setting the very great age of the latter over
against the great size of the former. I shall give the latter the
precedence. Those of which I shall write, lived, died, and
were buried at Mira, near Louisbourg. Their remains which
have come undor my notice and occupy their place in our
Provincial Museum, were collected by Mr. Hugh Fletcher, of
the Geological Survey of Canada, and Rev. Mr. Sutherland of
Gabarus. The rocks in which they are found are of the same
age as the rocks which are found in Wales, called the " Upper
Lingula I'lags " Salter. Prof. Hall, who has examined the col-
lection, agrees with this view of age. Trans. 1886-7. The
** Lower Lingula Flags," are the sepulchres of what are generally
believed to be the oldest inhabitants of our world. The name
is well applied to our Cape Breton sepulchres. Mr. Sutherland's
pigmies are Lingulellae. These are shells which have received
names according to their form (Lat. Lingua, a tongue, Lingula,
a little tongue, Lingulella, a very little tongue.) Lingulidae is a
cosmopolitan family. It seems also to pervade time from
" Primordial " to the present. In the Museum we have species
belonging to different periods and countries. From the Indian
Seas and the Fisheries Exhibition we have Lingula anatina.

Mr. Fletcher's pigmies are trilobites. These too are cos-
mopolitan. In geological formations from the " Primordial " to
the " Coal Period," they are found throughout the world.
Since the last period they have ceased to exist. If we had
not the " testimony of the rocks " we would not have known
that this crustacean family of " Giants and Pigmies " had ever

B GIANTS AND PlO^lftft.

existed. The Miia species wo know of are pigmies, their
names are Atjnndiis and Olc.nus (alniu>). The two are
nssoiiialed in Mira as in Wales and Norway. Either when
tJoad or living the Mira pigmies seem to have met witli a
disaster before burial. They are in fragments. They are so
abundant ns to form thin limestones. They must have swarmed
in Mira waters, in the approximate beginning of life. Another
name that has been given to this OlrmiS is spharaplit/iafinus
ulatm. Besides being alatus (winged) it is splier ophthalmm
(round eyed). With the aid of a magnifying glass we can
see those round and compound eyes among the fragments, aa
■well as the so-called wings.

In sunshine these little eyes are bright and brilliant like
the eyes of a dragon fly. They toil us that the waters in
which they lived were pellucid, and that the sun shone at Mira
then, as I have seen it sliine, when it rose above the waters of
the Atlantic, while I was sitting at Louisbourg Point.

2. Nearly 25 years ago when 1 made my dalmt in Halifax
as a lecturer on Geology, and had the Ivlitor of the Preshi/-
terian Witness as one of my hearers, 1 di^scribed the trilobites
of Arisaig, N. S , with their brilliant eyes, now for the first
time exposed to the light of the sun, which they had beheld ages
ago. At the close of my lecture Mr. Mackay of Tilt Cove
Copper Mine, Newfoundland, exhibited three "Giant" trilobites
from Placentiit Bay. TIk'sc were Giants compared with the
Arisaig trilobites, while the latter are much larger than the
trilobites of Mira describc<l in No. 1. One of the Newfound-
hmd trilobites in our Museum measures 10x7 inches. This is
about fifty times the size of the Cape Breton pigmies. These
uro known as Ptiradoxides — /.ara'Ioxns signifiss wonderful.
They are of "Primordial age." Barrande, the great French
Palaeontologist, so characterized the age of the Paradoxides
of Bohemia. In Wales where the same oleniis is found,
Paradoxides also occurs in the " Lower lingula flags." This
shows that the Paradoxides lived before olenus. The New-
foundland giant trilobites are to be regarded as older than the
pigmies of Mira. They lived^ died and were buried before

Iho latter appeared in primeval waters. Thoy — the very first
of God's creatures — lived in the place now occujjied by the
Cambrian rocks of Placontia P»ay. At Saint John, New Hruns-
wiclc, similar giants have been disinterred by Mr. Matthew.
He reports the discovery of Puradoxides as larfje as Paradox-
ides davidis of St. David's, Wales. Our Colonial waters were
thus distinguished as a huhltat of theyir^;^ '* i/n'inordial" cveatuirs
that lived in Earth's great waters.* Among the primordials of
New lirunswiek we find a pigmy to which you have been
already introd\iced. Associated with the Mira olenus, we
observed af/nostuft, so called on account of its singular charac-
ter. The fjeniis apjjoars with Paradtjwides as well as olcnics.
It survives the former, but disappears with the latter. In the
" Silurian Period " the Paradoxides are not to be found.
They only belong to the Upper Cambrian Period of Geo-
iogicf'.i History.

3. With the Lower Sihvrian Period, Nova Scotia comee
to tlie front. Another race of Gi;"nts appears in our waters. ""
The new giants are trilobites which we have referred to the •
gevus asa/dms (signifying obscure). The individual of which
^ve have a characteristic fragment in our Museum, by whif^h we
are enabled to judge of character, and dimension has been named
Amphiis ditmarsine. Its specific name (Ditmars) is familiar at
Clementsport, Annapolis County. f The size of its caudal (tail)
shield is 6x6 inches. . This seems to indicate a trilobite much
iarger than the hirgeti paradoxides. In the Trenton lime-
stones of Ottawa giant trilobites are found in great numbers.
In this period they culminated. They still appear in the
subsequent Hudson Peiiod, and then become extinct. Our
giant(s) lived on tltc side of the Bay of Fumly, opposite the
tombs of the Saint John primordial race. He seems to have
met with a violent death before he was interred in the
leruginous clays or iron deposit of Moose River. His remains

* Some will make exception in favour o( Eozoon, No. 17.

t Prof. Hall is doubtful about this trilo^i^" being an Ataphus, we therefore
udd (?)

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

1,1,

i!'.

i! I

have then heen petrified and encased in niagnetyte (magnetic,
iron ore). With the culmination of this harmless race,
there appears another race of giants of a widely different
character f cephalopoda). The horse shoe crab of the
seas of Maine and other seas may he compared to the
former. The Giant Squid of Newfoundland ArrhiieutJiis
harveil ) is representative of the latter. That the comparison
is not unapt, I appeal first to testimony. Dana says in his
Text Book : In Trenton Period " shells of ccphalopods were
especially common under the form of a straight or curved horn
with transverse partitions." The straight ones were called
Orthoceras, a straight horn, — one kind had a shell 12 or 15
feet long and nearly 1 foot in diameter. In the Museum there
are two specimens of \uiusually large dimensions. The
cephalopod that could carry this complete shell must have been
of large and formidable proportions. The unhappy Asaphus
ditmarsice, tyrannus, or gi.ias in the clutch of the monster
and being torn to pieces by his hawk's bill, was certainly to
be pitied.

4. Approximately contemporaneous with the Giant trilo-
bite of Moose Eiver Ave have* the Lingulce of Nova Scotia.
They are of larger size than the early Cape Bretoners, and of
greater variety and beauty. Now is evidently their period of
culr:)ination, as subsequently, we have only one or two species,
aiid these are of inferior si7c. They abounded at Arisaig on
Northumberland Strait in the Co. of Antigonish, at Wentworth,
Intercolonial Railway, in the Co. of Colchester and at Barney's
River and Sutheiland's River, Co. of Pictou. The sepulchres of
these inhabitants of early Silurian Seas are to be found in the
mountains and on the banks of the inland rivers as well as on
the sea border. It is cause of astonishment to many — the
rmdiiig of sea-sheiis inland and on the mountains. The
geologist considers their occurrence in these diversified positions
as a matter of course, and as convincing evidence that these
places of sepulture were portions of the bottom of the seas in
which the limjula or other marine inhabitants once lived. The
lingulce of Barney's River and Sutherland's River as well as

■J

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

magnetic,
ess race, !
different
of tlie
1 to the
'fJiiteidhis
)mparison
ys in his
ods were
ved horn
?re called
12 or 15
um there
IS. The
lave been
Asaphus
monster
rtainly to

iant trilo-
ba Scotia.
3, and of
period of
o species,
risaig on
jntworth,
Barney's
ilchres of
id in the
ell as on
any — the
s. The
positions
lat these
J seas in
5d. The
! well as

individuals at Arisaig, as they are disinterred, have a very
singular appearance. They roll at out feet shaped like bullets
or plums. They are mummies around which envelopes have
been formed by the concretion of portions of their clayey
sepulchres. These require only a gentle tap of the hammer to
reveal the lingulu of elegant form, black and pearly, often
beautifully iridescent. Their first disclosure never fails to
astonish. In the same cemeteries are tiilobites of other genera
Phacops and Cahjmene, bright eyed and rolled up like a
hedgehog, or diste.aded as overtaken by their last enemy.
Associated are beautiful turbinated corals of the order Adinozoa
(sea anemone) and species, Petraia forresteri, Salter, and corals
and graptolites of the order Hydrozoa (hydra). The last are
beautiful and slender saio-like forms which are peculiar to the
Lower Silurian period with one or two exceptions, which occur
in the Upper Silurian. Prof. James Hall also considers these
to be of. Lower Silurian age. Trans, I. N. S. 1886-7.

We are now ushered into the upper period. Li Nova
Scotia, Arisaig and the East River of Pictou are the principal
cemeteries of the Upper Silurian inhabitants. The remains
disinterred in these localities, but especially the former, show
that now was the culmination of the Cephalopods in Nova
Scotia as well as of its Silurian life. About 25 years ago I
found at Springville, East River, the largest orthoceras yet
found in Nova Scotia. This was exhibited at the London
Exhibition of 1862, and left there. Although unusually large
it was much inferior to the orthoceras of the Trenton lime-
stone, and does not take the place of a giant. I have already
named the Squid as a representative of this Family. I would
now compare the orthoceras with the familiar nautilus. If
the one were coiled it would closely resemble the other. At
Arisaig the teras (horn) presents a great variety of form. In
addition to the plain Orthoceras we have ornate forms, large
and small, and Cyrtoceras, Omoceras, Ascoceras and Ammon-
oceras. We have also trilobites, Calymene as in the previous
period but larger in size, Phacops or Dalmanltes and Homo-
lonotue, large and small, young and old, &c., of several species.

GIANTS AND PIOMIES.

Here the remains of the several families are mixed up in
•wonderful confusion.

'.,■• Victims, tyrants, small and great, '

4 . .^ . Partake the same repose,

And tliere in peace the fossils mix

Of those who once were foes.

6. Prof. Sedgwick, of Cainbiidgc, nametl a G'ological
Formation Nvith which his name is asso>!iatcd, ('amhiian I'rom
Cumbria or Cambria in Wales. To the lower part of this
Formation, the rocks of our Gold Fiohls belong (with the
excepion of the Granites) as fiio determined by Dr. Selvvyn*
The Primordial or Para'loxidas sepulchres of Newfoundhmd
and New Brunswick belong to the upper part. Sir Roderick
Murcbison's name is familiar as the author of " Siluria " and
the "Silurian System," so named by him after the "Silnres"
the ancient inhal)itants of Wales. The rocks of Mira, Mooso
River, Wentworth, 1. C, R., Barney's liiver, Sutherland's
River, East River and Arisaig, to which attention has been
directed in preceding No 's belong to tlie " Silurian Systen."

Tlie name of Hugh Miller the Cromarty mason and his
" Old Red Sandstone " ar<i household words. Few of the
readers of the Preshi/tenan Witness are unfamiliar with the
name. Those who have read the " Old Red Sandstuue" arc
familiar with the names and appearance of the tishes : 1.
Cotrosteus. 2. Pterichtli i/s. 3. Cepliidaapu. 4. OJiiroh'pis.
5. Holnpttjchm^, (Jr., and the Crii-tacean Seraphim. The
readers of his "Footprints of the Creator" are acipiainted
with the Fish, Aden/lepis (of Stromness). Many of the lishes
are almost " Pigmaean,'' some are of moderate size, others are
large, gigantic, all arc singular in appearance, arnl clad in
coats of mail.

Our niuseum has scales of Holnpti/diiiis like, '* oyster-
shells," once mistaken for such, from Dura den in Scotland

* We consider the granites to be of " Archaean Ages." No. 8. While we regard
the Argillites and Quirtzite^ of the Uold Fields as being of Lower Can<briivn age, the
Gold and its associ-ito minerals, Arscnopyritc, &c., may be of Upper Caiiil)rian or
Lower Silurian ajjos, having been introduceJ subsequently while the rocka were
bring iw-tcdinorphoscd, and previous to the Lower Carboniferous Period. Vld. Trans.
Institute of Natural Science 1830-7.

GIAyTS AND PIGMIES.

xed

up m

Oiolo;,'ical
)iiiui from
lit of tliis
(with the
St'lvvyn*
foundland
r Roderick
uria " and
"Silures"
ira, Moose
Jtheilaiid's
has been
1 System."
u and his
Liw of the
"ith the
ituiie " arc
ishe.'S : 1.
Chivolcpis.
iiiii. The
u'unainted
tho lishes
others are
id clad in

"oyster-
Scotland

lilc we reffard
riiu) age, tho
Cambrian or
rocki were
Vid. Ttans.

(Nos. 1 and 2 above) arc represented not from Scotland, but
by specimens from an Old Red Sandstone Cemetery at
Restigouche River, New IJrnnswick. These are from the
collections of Mr. Ford presented by Dr. Sehvyn, director of
the Geological Survey of Canada. Oiants of the Old Red
Sandstone are the Crustacean Seniphim (so called) and the
Asteroh'[hs, of Strom ness. The fragments of the Crustacean of
Miller's collections in the hands of Agassiz airangcu thems'lvea
into a giant-form somewhat resembling a lobster, 4 A feet in
length. Prof. Huxley has described and figured this giant
and given it the name Pteryrjoius amjlints. The museum in
Dundee has the greatest nuiiiber of fragments, and a complete
giant in a flngstone from Ralrudjery, Forfarshire. AVe have
seen some large lobsters. One five feet in length from snout
to tail would certainly astonish. ^ small specimen has been
found at the Restigouche cemetery associated with the
Pterlclithys. It is to be remarked that the form of the
Crustacenn, and that of the fish liave some resemblance. Both
have wing-like ( Ptcro ^ paddles, projecting from either side of
the head. The bodies of tho Pferichihijs without the paddles
are puzzling to those who see them for the first time. Hugh
Miller likened them to turtles. Gesner regarded the Restigouche
ones as turtles. Until I saw the figures of Pterit'Jithijs inilleH,
Ag. in Miller's " Old Red Sandstone," I considered a small
specimen that I found in the stone dyke around tho " Standing
Stones of Stennis " as a sort of a crab. I would observe thai
these " stones' are regarded as a Druidical Temple. They are at
Loch Stennis in Orkney, not far from Stromness, Vvl. Miller's
"Old Red Sandstone." I visited the Orkneys and collected
Old Red Sandstone Fishes at Stromness and Orphir in 1842.

6, In the "Foot-prints of the Creator" Miller observes
"(?ew. Asterolepu" " It is from the star-like tubercles by which
the cerebral plates were fretted that M. Eichwald bestowed on
the creature its generic name. The fish \yas carnivorous in its
^abits. The size of the Asterolepis must, in the larger speci-
mens, have been very great. This oldest of Scottish fishes —
this earliest born of the Ganoids yet known — was at least as

■;«■:

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

■' J

bulky as a large porpoise. Thus in the not unimportant cir-
cumstance of sizo, instead of taking their places agreeably to
the demands of the development hypothesis among the sprats,
stickle backs, and minnows of their class, they took their place
among its huge basking sharks, gigantic sturgeons and bulky
sword fishes. They were giants, not dwarfs."

Fishes have been found in the Huron Shale of Canada, the
upper member of the Devonian System in Ohio (Old Red
Sandstone) "which are closely allied to Coccosteus, hut very
much larger, having a length of 15 or 18 feet, while
Coccosteus was only as many inches in length. This has been
named by Dr. Newberry, Dinichthys. He has given the name
Titanichthys to another found by Mr. Terrell in the same
shales, about two years since, which he describes as a Placoderm
fish still more gigantic than the Dinichtlrys. The largest
cranium of the* latter is about 3 feet broad across the occiput
while the former has a breadth of about 4 feet."

The Geological Formation that succeeds the Old Red Sand-
stone or Devonian is the Carboniferous or Coal-bearing. In this
we recognize three divisions, lower and middle and upper, some
style the whole as Permo-Carboniferous and others call the
upper division Permian (Perm in Russia). In the Lower we
have Phillipsia, the last of our trilohites. Antigonish and
Hants limestones have furnished these. Prof. How found
first the Hants specimens, and they have been called Phihpsia
Howi. I found the Antigonish specimen. They are of small
size. It is an interesting circumstance that Prof. How sent
one of the first specimens to me at the Great London Exhi-
bition of 1862. If I remember rightly Professor Phillips of
Oxford was the first visitor to whom I showed it. He M'as
agreeably surprised to find that his namesake existed in the
Lower Carboniferous Limestone as in Great Britain. The finding
of the same trilobite in the Ohio Lower Carboniferous Lime-
stone, Antigonish, was a little singular. Sheriff Hill, of
Antigonish, was my companion on the occasion. Looking at
the limestones, observing their colour, fossils and relative
position, I said to the Sheriff, I must find a Phillipsia here.

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

Before I left I found one — Prof. How's specimen, and this is
in the Museum. One great reason of our success in finding
certain creatures in certain rocks is we go expecting to find
them. I could multiply examples. This is not " hap-hazard "
work. . Although trihihites disappear at this stage, Cephalopoda
still appear and c ntin«'G onward. In the limestones of East
River, Pictou, we find Orthoceras of small size. — In the
corresponding limestones of Great Britain gigantic Ortlioceras
are found which have heen described as "thick as a man's
leg." Those that 1 have seen from the neighbourhood of
Edinburgh are not much inferior in size to the Trenton Lime-
stone Giants of No. 3. In our limestones of Windsor and
Brookfield we find an advance among the Ccphalopods, which
we call Nautilus. Here we have two species. Mr. J. F.
I^'alconer, of Acadia Mines, has presented to the Museum a
beautiful specimen ot the BrookfieW limestone, which is used
as a flux in reducing the iron oree of Londonderry. The
specimen is portable, yet it contains the shells of twelve
Nautili. This indicates clearly that this cephalopod abounded
in Nova Scotia waters in the time that preceded the formation
of our coal-beds. Their frequent appearance ^n the face of the
deep, navigating the waters or basking in the warm sunshine
tended to enliven the solitude that then prevailed. ""^

We have now the successors of the Old Red Sandstone
Vertebrates of Restigouche, Fi.«he8 — in Nova Scotia, For a
worthy successor of the Asterolepig we will have to go to
Cape Breton, iu our next.

*J, In the Carboniferous limestones of Baddeck, Cape
Breton, the remain^ of a giant were disinterred by the late
Wm. Kidston and consigned to the late Wm. Barnes, mining
engineer, who was engaged by the commissioners of the Nova
Sootian Government to make a geological collection for the
Exposition Universelle de Paris, 1867. The relic is now in
our Museum, and is regarded as one of the interesting speci-

* The species are Nautilus A vonensii, Dawson, Aud Nautilus Brookfkldi,
Hone3'm»n. Trnrn, I. N. S. 1886-7.

OIANTS AVn PIOMTES;

mons in o\ir collections. It was very nnich atlinired in PanX

as a uninvie fossil. Its nanw is G i/racanthrts magnificus. It

is so called us it is considered to bo a fish spine ol magnificent

profiortions, and having a gyratory sculpture. The class of

fishes to which our irtonster Wlongs has as a representative the

Port Jackson Shark of New South Wales. Tlie Sptnax-

acantliiiis or Acanthias vnhjarli*, spine dog-fish, is another

representative. In a marirj collection that I nr;ide at Moville^

Ireland, when rctunting from the Fisheries Exhibition of

London, I have what is considered to l)e a large spine which

a fisherman gave me from a large dogfish, that he had just

caught. Tlie position it occufMed was in front of the first.

dorsal fin. This spine is recurved and measures 2*4 inches

Our Gijracanfhtis is S2 inches in length. The butt end of the

one is 3 of an inch across ; of the otlier 2 inches. Our giant

must have been from 14 to 20 feet in length — much larger

than the largest Gcsfraeion plullij)ii of New South Wales, of

the Fisheries Exhibition. The finding of a mate would bo a

grand discovery ^luch more of his Old IJed Sandstone

ancestor. The distance between Baddeck and Restigouche

would be easily traversed by our Cape Er^Honers. Hortoik

Bluff on the south side of Mines Basin has produced beautiful

" Ichthi/odorultte» — Fossil fish spears," as fossils of i\\e Acanthus

class are sometimes called. They are, however, much inferior

in size to our Gijracantlnts majnificus.

Si,. It seems now to. be in the order of Nature for us to go to
Wentworth, Intercolonial Railway. Having reached the station^
we make a Geological and Topographical reconnaif^ance. We are
on the north side of tlie Cobequid Mmmtains. To the south
rises Folly Mountain fori, d of Crystalline Archaean (gr. Arch»
the Beginning) rocks. the side of the mountain and in,

the middle of these rocks < the beautiful Folly Lake, with
its diatomaceous deposit and fresh water sponges, discovered by
A. H. McKay, F. S. Sc. London. Trans. I. N.S., 1884. On the
south of these are the Uj-per Silurian metamorphic rocks with
the Iron deposits of Londonderry Mines. At Wentworth we
have the Lower Silurian with ita PhoUdops cinciiinatiensi*

Tn
assi

GIANTS AND PIGMIE8.

Hall, Lingulcn, Oraptolites (moiioprionidoan and diprionidean),
Trilohites, and aasociutes of No. 4, dUcovered by myself and
assistant, Andrew Jack, in 1872.*

Turning to the west of the station we cone to Pnrdy's
Sandstone Quarry. In the flags we see a fern indicating
vegetation. We observe rain-prints. Robinson Crusoe like, we
sue foot-prints in the sand (stone.) We look at thc^m wonderingly.
Some are deep but distinct, — here the sand has been soft.
Others are not so deep, and surronndcl with rain-prints. Yet
others are more slight, but slill distinct on sun-cracked sand.
Similar appearances may now be observed around Truro,
Kentville, &c., in the deposits of *' marsh mud." The foot-
steps are not pigmean. Tiiey are made by the feet of
reptiles of considerable sizes. Similar foot-prints have r)een
named Smiropus (lizard-foot) The print of a crcf-odile or
alligator's foot might be so named, as they too are " oaurians "
or of the lizard class. Farther west, at Kiver Phillip, other
flagstones were quarried on which wero numerous Saurian
foot-prints. Some of these were of monstrous size — the tracks
of giants. In our Museum, in addition to the Wentworth
foot-prints, we have two slabs from River Philip of a very
interesting character. One has a doul>le row of foot-prints
with the trail of a tail intervening, showing that the animal was
a lizard (?) The other has a print on a fern-frond, showing a
fern as lying in its way when the Saurian was taking its walk.

At the time when these creatures lived and moved, the
Cobequid range of mountains was a long island about 5 or 6
miles wide, having the seas of the Lower Carboniferous Period
reaching to the vicinity of the site of the Iron Works on the
south and to the sepulchres of the Silurian pigmies on the
north. 'The coal of Cumberland and Pictou had then no
existence, and Prince Edward Island was yet of the future.

0, My late friend, Prof. Jukes, in his introduction to a
Geological paper, thus remarked, ** Demosthenes, when asked
what were the requisites for an orator, replied. Action ! action !

^ Prof. Hall agrees with me on the question ot Age (Hudvon River or Cinoin'.ifttl,
U. 8.).

0IAKT8 AND noMttff.

i;|

I I' ,

action ! So the requisites for a Geologist are — Travel ! tra/el !
travel ! I dare say our readers are beginning already to con-
eider that " travel " is a requisite for the Geologist, as I have
in previous pages given them a little experience of this. ^ We
Y'onld now take them to Scotland — to the banks of the
Findhorn and Clune C^narry, Morayshire, \vhere we find Lady
Gonlon Gumming of Altyre at work, and Agassiz examining
and naming fossil, Old Kcd Sandstone, fishes — about 184 1. The
chief of these are what he calls Placoids and Ganoids. The
Chit'olepiscutiimiwjiaeis a prominent fish of the ganoids. They
have been so called on account of the form of their shining bony
scales. Their tails are formed like those of sharks or sturgeons,
and are different from the tails of herrings or codfish. The
colour of the scales is grey (silvery), brown or black according:
to the character of the deposit in which they are imbedded.
The grey limestone bed of Clune Quarry has preserved their
original silvery colour, giving them the appearance of fishes
recently dead instead of ages long gone. Another character-
istic of these ganoid fishes is that their teeth have a structure
closely resembling thai of the early amphibians (reptiles).
From this we would go to the banks of the Rhine ; to the
coal fields of Saarbruck, vhich have long been coveted by the
French nation, and where at last they met with dire disasters
in deadly encounter with the Germans in the Franco-German
war. Here too are entomb<^d ganoid fishes ( amhliipterns ) in
sarcophatji of ironstone. These ichthyolites when opened reveal
the ganoids in a state of wonderful completeness, with brown
Colour. — Returning to our own neighl)ourhood, we have a place
of ganoid se{)ulture, across the border in Albert Count}', New
Brnnswick. Here are fishes in considerable number. They
are generally of small size. Occasionally, however, there are
some, like *' Saul among the people." The small ones are known
by the name of palaeoniscus. Their size is from 2^ to 3
inches in length. The larger ganoids measure about 9
inches. They arc in the bituminous shales that accompany
the mineral Albertite, and are consequently black and
lustrous. Perfect specimens are not very common. They
are more or less fragmentary. In Morristown Township,

'C(I>KT8 AND PI0MIB8.

1»

Aiitigonish County, scales of like colour occur in the bituminous
shales. At rforton IJiuff, Kings County, the black shales have
also black ganoid scales. Here I fonu«l the right side of a
lower jaw, 1^ inch in length, with 4 conical teeth. Each
of these rises, about the 20th of an inch, above -the jaw.
This is much larger than 'the jaw oi ^ pahieoniscus. The IJony
I'ike, of the Canadian Lakes, of which wo had several line
specimens at the Fisheries Exhibition, is a modern representa-
tive of the Ganoid Fishes.

10. In the year .1859 the late Dr. Forrester and I
•examined the marvellous section of the Carboniferous forma-
tion on the South Joggins Shore, Cumberland County. We
•admired its grandeur and phenomena of structure — with ita
remains of ancietit vegetation, its coal seams and fossil trees, S>^
'illaria, Lepido hndrri, Oalamodendra, Sfifjmaria and Calamites
•exposed in a beautiful and instructive manner by the action of
the great tides of the Bay of Fundy, Certain coal looking
'beds were foand to be composed of small imvias^'ils (anthracoHiaJ
and minute crustaceans (It'perdUia ) We proceeded to collect
iportable specimens from this interesting locality. In Acadian
Geolofjy we found an admirable and detailed account of the
section. The occurrence of a reptile found by Lyell and
Dan-son in 1849 was regarded as of special interest, and
Teptilian remains were sought for. As we afterwards found we
■were on the wrong track and much below anything but foofc-
.prints, the sepulchres being in newer strata or beds and not
scattered aroun<l, but deposited in a sort ot uiiiS (sigillaria). On
sitting down to rest on rocks at some distance apart, I observed
•lying before me a piece of black Icperditia shale wif,h something
shining on its side. With the aid of my knife I exposed a
large conical tooth of reptilian aspect. We then proceeded
•onward, and came to a point where we found the remains of a
Sigillarm (tree-) lying prostrate, having fallen ^.om the cliff.
In this I observed vegetable debris with a carpolite — fossil
nut — what is called a trigowKarpum. I was Sivtisfied with
my success. I afterwards found that the tooth was of a
ganoid fish, Rhizodus, and that the Sigillaria having the nut

GIANTS AND PIOMIES.

':i!i:

was one of the group that contained the roptilo referred ta
So that both speciinena are of unugual interest. The rcptilo
was described by Professor Owen and named Dendrerj^eton
(tree reptile) aradianfnm }. In the Museum we have a
restoration of it bj Waterhinise Hawkins, — the size of it is
about 2 feet 9 inches. The hirgest amphibian of its form that
we now have in Nova Scotia is the violet Salamander, wlloso
Jength is 6 to 7 inches. The reptile seems to have been a
lizard.

If you look into Lyell's Elements of Geology, Dawson's
Acadian Geology and Dana's Manual and Text Book of
Geology you will see erect columns, which represent trees in
position, the greater part of them are Sitji/lana ; many of
them may be sepulchres of reptiles. At the time when the
creatures found their way into tiiem, they seem to have been
hollow.

Our Rhizodus tooth is conical, recirrveJ, stout, its length
is 1 1 inch, its root is | inch wide. From this it has its
name— r/ii2a a root and odiis a tooth. The tooth of our
Ilorton Bluff ganoid is pigmean compared with it. Its pro-
portions approximate those of the great Holopfi/chius of the
Scotch Old Eed Sandstone and Carboniferous formations.

Prof. Marsh of Yale College found two large vertebrae ai
the Joggins, and published a description of them in 1862.
In this he referred them to the enaliosaurs or sea-lizards, and
nimed their original owner Eo-saurus, — Dawn-lizard — aca
dianua. Thus Nova Scotia at this early period had the pre-
cursor of those great sea monsters which culminated at a later
period, the Jurassic.

11, Before my first visit to the Joggins I had collected
specimens on the north side of the Pictou coal field.
At Deacon McKay's mine. New Glasgow, I found singular
teeth in clay slate that had fallen from the roof of the
mine. With the teeth were small spines and ganoid scales of
various forms and sizes, — some of them large and beautiful. At
Patrick's mine on the south-west side of the same coal field I
found similar teeth, subsequently. From a mine next McKay's

!;i!

liMi

CIATTTS AND riUMIES.

I received from a miner another kind of a tooth. Of the first
I collected about 30 of various sizes. Tliewe are shark's teeth — '
hijhodont. Tlu»y are called />//>/w/«i* — (d«mble tooth). Each
tooth is double. One single is upri<^ht, the otlicr curv^is bn';k-
ward ; a short cusp is between ; the root is largo. The teelb
are lancelate and crenulated ; llio largest trmth is formidable.
When I showed it to Professor l^liiliips at the London Exhibi-
tion of 18G2, he was astonished at its size and remarked that
it was much larger than the tooth of the British Diplodtta.
Our sharks of the Coal Period must have been formidable.
The ganoids, whose scales accMiipany the teeth, when once
<;aught by the Diplodm, waxq doomed. The odd tooth is about
I of. an inch in leiiglh ; it is conical, recurved and striated.

In this field we have also an amphibian, a frog whose name
18 Buphctes planiceps. This was found by Sir J. William
Dawson, and described m Aca'fian Geology. This frog was a
giant when compared with the existing race of Nova Scotia
(frogs ; it was even much larger than the fiogs of the West
Indies. The specimens of those in our Provirniial Museum are
•certainly not pigmies, as they astonish visitors by their dimen-
sions. The Bajjheteti, too, has teeth wliich ccfuld hold on to a
palaeoniscus, although clad in ganoid coat of mail, tdr it in
(pieces and nmke a meal of it. At the London Exiiibition oi
1862 there was a live frog exhibited in a block of English coal,
and said io have been found in it. It was the subject of dis-
-cussion in the newspapers. It died during the controversy.
Visitors seeing our 30 feet Pictou coal column^ expected to see
the wonderful frog in it. If the Baphetes had been alive, and
■exhibited in our coal column it would have astonished and con-
vinced t^e most incredulous " without centrov-erey " as trae and
jiot false.

12. We would yet look at a few individuals whicli we
'have passed in our previous examinations.

There is -the foot-print of a large Sauropus. This deep
ampression was found by J. M. Jones, "F. L. S., in the Carbonifer-
ous formation of Parrsboro*. Then a plaster cast in the Webster
.colleclion of a row of ioot-jprints found by Mr. Harding at

.,1

*'?i

I-

OIANTR AND PIOMira.

■M

\ ■ J;i !

Horton Bluff, and two kintls of fnot-prints on clny plate, fonnc?
by myself in the same locality, ami next p large fllal) with foot-
prints crossing and' re-crosainj? from the (jtiarry of the late
"E. N. JJ. McLolan ir> the car1)oniforons sandstone of Great*
Iliver, soiUh ot the Londonderry Iron MineSi

Visiting Cape Bpeton, reptilian foot-prints are seen at the
Sydney Coal Mines.

At the Schooner Pond wo * * a Carbon if eroits giant
whose name ia Ilajilophh'Jnuht. '' ^•. 'c was exhibited at;
L'Exposition Universelfe de Pai iti67. Tliis astonished'
geologists as much as did that of the other Cape Breton giant,.
(Mijracatitlin» ma[inijicm. Its specific name was harnesii, so
named after his di.scoverer^ Mr. Barnes, M. E. Since then ho
has received another specific name, Lonrjijii">nia — lon>(j winried.
What he is known by is a long irim; having some resemblance
to the wing of a Dnigon-fly ; this is 3 inches in length. It
ia extended on a piece of slat^e — on a part of it lies a-
fossil fern. Tlie whole insect must have measured across the
wings G or 7 inches. This was certainly a giant among insects.
If it were as voracious as the dragon-fly, it must hare inspirec^
terror among his puny neighbours. This was not the first ofc
this cl'ass of insects, if Geologists are correct in assigning »
Devonian age to certain rocks associated with the Archaeaiv
and Primordial rocks of St. John, N. B.,. which cotitain plants,
and were formerly regarded as Carboniferous. These rocks are
found to contain, in like manner, wings of insectc of much
Mualler dimensions, Htiploplilehimn hamesii, or Longipennis,.
Scudder is in the Pirovincift-l Museum.

19L ^6 seem to have been alV>gebher forge tfid of our
neighbour Island — Prince Edward's. Not so,, fbr until now it?
has failed to put in an appearance. Prince EdWard Island'
formation is post-Carboiiiferous, if we except its basal rocks^
which may be Carboniferous or Permian — the age subsequent
to the Carboniferous. Vide Table;

The chief formation of the Island is Triaseic. Now that it
has appeared, it comes to the front with a notable giant as its-
representative. Its uaine is Bathygnathus, so called on account

11!"^ I

OUNTS AND PKIMIKH.

of the dopth of its jaw. It is farther known a« Bnr"nliit —
northern. I heliove its remains were found in New London.
I have seen an<l exnnnnod thorn in the Museum of the Amorican
Academy of Natural S<;ionce8, l^hilaih-lphia. The relic is its
lower jaw and some of its fonnitlahlo teeth. A very good pic-
ture of it by Loidy, with description, is in our Provincial
Museum. It occupies a place amonjij the Dinosaurs — the
teirible saurians, or lizards. Other remains of this race aio
the tracks in the Gninecticut sandstones in the Museum of the
Iioston Natural History Society. They were formerly con-
sidered to be the footprints of gigantic birds. From the now
known characters of the Dinosaurs, which walked generally
erect as bij^eds, these trucks are Ijelieved to be reptilian —
Dinosaurian.

We would now proceed to the South-west of England.
{Vile Table at the end of the volume.) Sailing up the Bristol
Channel wo come to the mouth of the river Severn and land
on the western extremity of the M<'ndip Hills. We then
proceed eastward along these hills until we reach the towns of
Frome and Shepton-Mallet. The Mountain or Lower Carbonifer-
ous limestones largely enter into the constitution of the Hills
associated with these. Succeeding, we have the Triassic and the
Liassic formations, or Prince Edward Island formation and
another succeeding it called the Liassic. Jurassic is another
name given to it. Lias is equivalent to Layers (of rock).
Jurassic is from the Juras (Alps) where it is largely developed.
In tlie region we are now investigating there seems to be
intermediate betweeti the Lias proper and the Keupor division
of the Triassic— a series called " Rhaetic." A part of this is
called the White Lias. On the Continent it is called Ivfra-lian.
We now have established Geological relations between the
"Old Country" and the "New." Now for a search in the
cemeteries. In the first layer of the Lower or Hlue Lias, which
comes next to the White Lias, th ^re are no fossils ; in the next
bottom Blue beds, finely lamin. ted, are (1) Insect-limestone,
then marl ; (2) Insect-limestone, marl ; (3) Insect-limestone,
three more thin layers, close grained ; (4) Insect-limestone,
marl ; (5) Insect-limestone. This indicates insect life in great

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

I ,• '

^^^'

; li

abundance on the old Mentlip Island and its Rhaotic
shores — plenty of food for insect-eaters, Coleoptera — beetles,
(fee. What else have we here ? A tiny tootti -not Hsh
lunth, not reptile tooth — of a mammal — an insect-eater, a
microlestes, a little thief — a pigmy mammal — one of the firf t. of
mammals. Here we have a molar tooth of microlestes aiitujnus.
In 1847 several teeth of the simie kind were found in a bone-
deposit between the Keuper and Lias formations in Wurtcmberg,
Germany, by M. Plieninger of Stuttgart. Prof. Emmons also
discovered another insect-eating mammal in North Carolina
Triassic, U. S., a jaw-bone of Dromathenum sylvedre. Prof.
Owen compares this animal with the mi/rmecobhis of Australia.
Near Shepton-Mallet, Mr, Moore, F, G. S., discovered a
large reptile — Scelidosaurus — which lived during the Rhaetic
Period, a giant Dinosaur akin to the Prince Edward Islander.

" Whitby's nuns • * • «
Told ^ « • » ^
How, of thousand snakes, each one
Was changed into a coil of s> .ne
When holy Hilda prayed ;
Themselves, within their holy bound,
Their stony folds had often found."

-SgoU.

Our guide, Mr. Moore, now shows us the so called " Petrified
unakes" in their earliest sepulchre, not far above the "Insect
limestone" of No. 13. Here wo have Ammonites planorhis.
We have seen nothing approaching to it among the Ci^i)halo-
pods since we were in Arisaig, Nova Scutia. Science has
dispelled the legendary delusion, and proved that the
Ammonite is the shell of a Cephalopod — like a nautilus. We
80011 find Ammonites planorlns " abundant," and associated
■with it Penfacrinites, stone-lilies, sometimes called '' Saint
Cuthbert's beads."

" On a rock, by Lindisfarne,
Saint Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame
The sea-born beads that bear his name,
Such t lies had Whitby's fishers told.
And (aid they might his shape behold,
And hear his anvil sound ;
A deadened clang— a huge dim form
Seen but, and heard, when gathering storm
And night were closing round."

^^H

OIANT»* AND PIGMIES.

Although wo liave not previously alluded to the occurrence
of Crinoids (like lilies), it is by no means their earliest appear
anco. In the Silurian of Arisaig they abound, and even in
earlier periods. In periods later than the Silurian, e. g., in
the Mountain Limestone of Great Britain they are in very
great abundance — giving character and beauty to many marbles.

Some of the most beautiful forms brought up from the
depths of the sea by II. M. S. Challenger expedition and
others, are the Crinoids. See the plates in publications of
Expedition. Our guide introduces us also to the Foramenifer
and the Saurian.

15. In my last I introduced the Ammonite. "We found
Ammonites 2-)lanorhU at the Mendips and Ammonites communis
and others in Poetry and Nature, at Whitby on the north-east
coast of England and County of Yorkshire. This is the
northern terminus of the Liassic formation in England. At
Lyme Regis in the west of the south coast is the southern
terminus. The Mendips are an intermediate locality. All
along the line Ammonites may be collected. We now propose
a trip along the south coast from Lyme Regis to Dover.

At our starting point we find abundance of Ammonites,
similar to those of Whitby, the Mendips and other intermediate
localities, especially in rail way cuttings. When we reach
Portland we come to a notable locality, a region of Giants.
Here Ammonites giganteus abounds. Col. Akers (Major-
General), R. E., tells me that when he was superintending the
work of fortification there, he saw Ammonites disentombed,
having a diameter of from 3 to 4 feet — being as large as a
cart-wheel. In the Natural History Museum, South Kensing-
ton, in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn street, and
in the Museum of the Geological Society, London, magnificent
specimens are readily seen. In our own Provincial Museum
there is a young and portable specimen which is 1 foot in its
gr'eatest diameter and 2 feet 9 inches in circumference. The
enormous size of these Cephalopods again reminds us of the
great squids of Newfoundland. One of the latter, on its way to
New York Aquarium, was examined by us some years ago on

><•■ '"• *

aiANTS AND PIGMIES.

'1'-

board of the steamer Cortes. It nearly filled a molasses
puncheon. An exquisite model of this monster was suspended
overhead in the front of the United States Department, Inter-
national Fisheries Exhibition. About the mid<llo of the same
department was another model of a kindred monster, the
Octopus, with its writhing snake-like arras. It was impossible
to look even at these without a shudder. Proceeding on our
way we call a halt at Folkestone, at the Strait of Dover. Here
in the Gault, Lower Cretaceous (chalk) formation, there is
abundance of Ammonites, These are generally of small size —
many are pigmean, literally the size of a pin head. We have
worn for many years in our scarf-pin, an Ammointos splcndens
half an inch in diameter. In the so called " Folkestone pud-
dings" in our Museum are many of them. Modern repre-
sentatives of small Cephalopods are the little Spinila laevis
(shell) which we have, collected on the shores of Sable Island,
near the edge of the Gulf Stream, around the New Hebrides,
and in the Indian Ocean. This is found in all the warmer
seas. Associated with the Ammonites are the shells of other
Cephalopods. These have names appropriate to their forms,
e. (/., Scaphites (boat shaped), Hamites (hook), Bacculites
(staff), Belemnites (dart). We will meet with similar forms
of corresponding age in the sequel.

Walking towards Dover we come to Shakespeare's Cliff.
Here we see an Ammonite, recently disentombed from the
chalky cliffs by the action of the sea. Wo are sorry to leave
it to the merciless destroyer. It would take a strong man to
carry it. We are consoled, however, by findiiig specimens of
other interesting remains of the Chalk Period. These are to
be found in our Museum collections, side by side with a
tolerably large Ammonites no'iosus, which we purchased from
a workman at the chalk-pits ot Lewes.

10, In a farther search for Ammonites we cross the Strait
of Dover, and proceed to Provence, the south-east department
of Fmnce. We search the Liassic formation under the guid-
ance of M. M. Lory and Hebert, members of the Socic^t^
Geologique de France, and Professors of Geology in Gronoble

OrANTS AND PIGMIES.

ffnrT the Sbrbonne, Paris, respectively. We find this foTmatioi>
in the Basin of the Rhone between this river and the Var with
many localities, having A^^^K)nites with sii«h distinguished'
names as Murchisoni and Piirkinsonj, t^'C, and fascinating
names as Calypsa, Circe, Nilssoni^ &c., with these are associated
Bacculites and Beleninites, This formation enters very largely
into the constitntion oi the several Alps, High, Low, Maritime,.
Jurassic and Khaetian. In the High Alps du Brian9onnais,.
Lory gives as elevations of this forn>ation,. Mount Christoul,.
8872 feet; Mount Joux, 8170 feet; Ponsonniere, 8310 feet;:
Chaberton, 10,148 feet. The Amnwnites and their associate*
disentombed from these beds, unmistakably indicate that
during the Liassi^c Period o-f the Earth's History the strata
were in process of formation in the depths of the sea. When
and how they came to occupy their present Alpine position wo-
shall afterwards indicate.— We go to- still loftie-r mountains,,
the Hin>alayas. In the high passes of these- mountains at a
heigh, of 16,200 feet above the sea level, we are informed
that Captain Alexander Gerard discovered Ammonites, similar
to the liassic species. This is 6>000 feet higher than the
elevation of Mount Chaberton of the Alps. — Coming to our owa
Dominion we find among the Jurassic coal bearing rocks of the
Queen Charlotte Islands in the Pacific, Ammonites collected
by the late Mr. Richardson and Dr. G. M. Dawson of the-
Geological Survey. Associated with these are Scaphites,
Haiuites, T Trilites, Belemnites and Nautilus. These have-
been named and compared with the Cephalopods of the Alps^
by Mr. Whiteaves of the Geological Survey of Canada. They
resemble in names and beauty of preservation the Lower Chalk
Cephalopods of Folkestone (N^o. 15). Our Halifax " inteera
during the expedition of 1883 collected^ among otht. curios,**
some fine speci'.»ens of Ammonites placenta and Baccidite»
@vatus. Some of the Ammonites are of large size and greafc
beauty, resplendent in pearly " sheen," like a polished Nautilus.
The Bacculites are fragnwintary, but have the same pearly
lustre. This Cephalopod may be regarded as an uncoiled and
straightened Ammonite — straight as t. walking stick. AH
these> like their English^ European aud Asiatic cangeuers^

!■:■■

I 1

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

iiifiii

1 ,r: ;||!

liil

j w

were tenants of the deep in the respective periods of Geologi-
cal History to which they have been assigned. The localities
where they are found were then, therefore, all sultmarine. The
Rocky Mountain range is considered to have been then merely
represented by a range of low islands extending through the
wide waste of waters. . -. ,■.-.■,

1'7. With the "Foraraenifer," of the Lias formation, Mr.
Moore introduces us to a very important sub-division of the
Animal Kingdom. These rank among the lowest creaturea ;
but although apparently structureless, many of them form tests
(shells) which are remarkable on account of their beauty.
These are often perforated by microscopic foramens (holes) by
which the inmate had external communication. Many of the
tests resemble the nautilus, whence they were once regarded
as cpphalopods ; others have something the shape of coins.
Some of them are small ; others | an inch or more in diameter.
They are called num.midl.na or nummidites (numtmis — a coin).
Although our Liassic Zone is not regarded as the first of the
appearance of foramenifers, it is yet remarkable on account of
the large proportion which are identical with those now existing
in all seas, according to the observations of H. M. S. Challenger
and other expeditions. Prof. T, Rupert Jones now (since the
death of Dr. Carpenter) the highest authority on Foramenifera,
identified these Foramenifera for Mr, Moore. In his "Distribu-
tion of Foramenifera in Time," he shows that sixteen " recent "
forms are found in the " Liassic." The largest of these are
pigmean. Still it is maintained by Sir J, Williaipi Dawson,
Dr. Carpenter and Prof. Jones, that the first and oldest of
Foramenifera lived in the Archaean Period. Prof. Jones says
of Eozoon (dawn animal): " In the * Cambrian ' of Bohemia
and the * Laurentian ' of Canada we have Eozoon of as high
etructure as any of the hyaline (glassy) forms, in patches several
square inches in size, forming together aggregations of con-
fiiderable dimensions," This is certainly a giant among Fora-
menifers.

The great microscopist Ehrenberg first found Foramenifera in
tlie Chalk of Meudon, south of Paris. Since then examina-

GIANTS AND FIOMIES. 29

ti'ons of the Chalk have revealed thom to such an extent that it
18 considered as largely composed of the tests of these tiny
creatures, The thought is overwhelming, that the Chalk Downs
of England and France owe to these their very existence.

Sir C. Wyville Thompson, comparing the character of the
Foramenifer deposits at the bottom of the ocean, brought up
everywhere by the dredge, with that of the constitution of the
Chalk, came to the conclusion that the present was in certain
rcvspects a continuation of the Tertiary — Chalk Period. In
Prof. Jones' Tabular View of the Range of Foramenifera, in
Time, we find that of 54 existing species there are 39 in the
Cretaceous, 16 in the Lias.^ic, 11 in the Triassic and 6 in the
Carboniferous. Six species — Fusulina, Dentalina, Nodosana,
Valvulina, Saccammina — existing in the seas of the Carboni-
ferous Period, still are found at the bottom of the ocean, pre-
sumably the testa of living Foramenifers. The longe'st direct
line of descent — Protozoan, Protoplasmic.

18, I made an intimate acquaintance with the Fora-
menifera and other "subjects" of the Paris Basin in 1867,
when I was Executive Commissioner of Nova Scotia, at L'
Exposition Universelle. The Socict(5 Geologique de France, of
which I was a member, had its Retinion for the year in and
around Paris. We M'ent, under the direction of Edouard de
Verneuil, to Pont Ste. Maxence. In our examination of the
Geology of the district, special attention was directed to the
Nummulites. Here they are seen forming a conglomerate of
considerable thickness. Their extension to the Alps was a
subject of discussion as well as their place in the Paris Basin.
I missed the meetings in Paris itself. Subsequently, however,
I carried out the programme. — At Porte de Versailles I fo-jnd
the nummulites between the Great lower limestone (calcaire
grossier inferieur) and the underlying clays." Among the
specimens that I collected are two nummulites, having the
interior filled entirely or partially with the green mineral
glauconite. This is regarded as illustrating the mineralization
of the Eozoon Canadense. Going to the south side of the
Basin, I examined the geology of Meudon. Hero was

'.■mifm

JP O^ANtS AND rtoMieS.

Elirenberg's Chalk with foramenifcra and layers of flint witli
echini (sea urchins). Above the Chalk was the Limestone of
Porte de Versailles. I had the remarkable good fortune of find-
Sng a grand slii>, exposing a fine specimen of the great Nautilus
•of which I had found two fragments in the preceding locality.
The entire Nautiltts (Janicua is 2 feet 1 inch in circumference.
This is about 3 inches larger than our largest Nautilus pom-
gjilius in the Museum, These with the associate Echini found
Sn both localities with the mineral glauconile identified the
two limestones. In the same limestones are abundance '".
species and numbers of a gasteropod Cerithium of small size
— one species stands out from the rest as Cerithitim gigan-
ieuni. The nunimulites at Meudon come between the Chalk
ami the Lower Limestone, and arc therefore of Eocene age
«(diiwn of the new). Vide Table.

Foramenlfera — mHiola--iwy in size, were found in the
Geutilly Quarries, outwde of Paris, foiming limestone called
•Calcaire iniliulites.

19. In addition to the Numniulites of the "Petra" of
I*ont Ste. Maxence, we have others at the base of the Olau-
"conite or Calcaire inferieur of Porte d« V«rsailles, or between
it and a thick bed of clay. The very extensive excavation of
this bed shows the extent of its use. Abundance of shark's
teeth were found among the numraulites. At Meudon I also
found nummwiites of larger size than the preceding between
the Chalk and the glauconites in a thin bed of marl. French
.j^eologists call these beds *^ NummuWqiie inferienr^^ (lower).
This implies a superieur (upper). These distinctions are
important, as we shall see, when we come to " mountain
'elevation." In our Museum collection there are nummulites
from Brackleshani, England, opposite the Isle of Wight.
These seem to be contemporaries of our Paris nummulitefs
anferioT or superior. England is their western limit of occur-
rence. From th e would now follow them to their eastera
limit. The Pyrt. s between France and Spain have their
tiummuline peaks. In the Alps of Brianconnais and Savoy
We have peaks of equal, and greater altitude than those of the

DIAKTS Akb HOMIKS.

Lias M'lth Ammonites, noticed in No. 16. I translate Prof.
Lory's description of these from Bulletin de la Societe
Oeologique de France 1862. "The nunimulite grits f«rm a
wild range, whose aspect is altogether peculiar. Of this the
principal summits are, on the south of the valley of Mauriennne,
the Aiguilles d'Arves, 11, .37;') feet (3500 metres), the peaks of
Goleou 11,144 feet, and of the Trois Eveches 10,140 feet.
On the north the summits of the Grand Coin and the peak of
Cheval Noir 9,201 feet (2830 metres), with whi' h this nunv
mulitiquo band terminates abruptly between Saint Jean de
iJelleville and the hill of the Madeleine."

At L. Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867, the special
building in the Champ de Mars which contained the exhiluts
of the Compagnie Universelle de Canal Maritime de Suez was
daily crowded with visitors. The extensive display, Geologi-^
cal and Palseentological, was to me peculiarly interesting. The
chief collection included the following : 1. Nummulites and
nummulitic limestone from the summit rocks and ditt'cient
parts of the chain Mokattam. 2. Nummulitic limestone with
large nummulites from the mountains on the right side of the
Nile, opposite Minieh. The Mokattam mountains begin near
Cairo and extend to about 20 miles from the Isthmus of Suez.
They attain to an elevation of about 800 feet above the Nile,
The town of Minieh is about 190 miles south of Cairo.

Messrs. Bauerraan and C. le Nevo Foster in their Geological
Reconnaissance made in Arabia Petrea in the spring of 1868
(Quarterly Journal of Geological Society) gives us the elevation
of Mokattam and a section of a Quarry at the back of the tombs
of the Caliphs behind Old (Jairo, in which is *' A bluish gray
limestone with Nautili and large nummulites ; this is 48 feet
thick." This association of Nautili and nummulites reminds
of the Calcaire grossier infcrieur of Meudon and Porte de
Versailles — the large nummulites, more especially the former.
The Egyptian nummulites measure 2\ inches in diameter— the
nummulites of Meudon 1 inch, of Porte de Versailles ^ an inch.
They belong to separate sjwcies, and ' are known by diHereut
names.

GIANTS AND PIOMIES.

.'■ At the Centennial Exhibition, Philadelphia, 1876, I received
in exchange from the commissioner of the Egyptian "Depart-
ment, specimens of fossiliferous limestones having nummnlites.
Travellers have noticed the existence of nummulites in the
stones of the CJreat Pyramid. It is supposed that these came from
the qnarrien vhich produced our specimen. This illustrates
the nummuline dominance in Egypt. Some years ago the Rev.
J. Eraser Campbell, the missionary to India of the Canadian
Presbyterian Church, presented to the Museum a magnificent
Ciypeaster from the vicinity of the Pyramids. In the Canal
Company's collections were large petrified oitrsins (sea urchins)
found at the Pyramids of Gizeh. In the Calcaire grassier
inferienr of Porte de Versailles and Meudon I found abundance
of the echini (sea urchins), Pyjoriiichus ciivleri and Echino-
lampus similus associated with the Nautilus and Nummulites.
These points of resemblance and differeiK are noteworthy.

20. We are still in Egypt. Its geology is of peculiar
interest for other reasons than those adduced in our preceding
No. 19. We will proceed to demonstrate why. Under the
guidance of Dr. Companyo Fils, physician of the first Suez
Canal Company, and with a good map of Egypt, published
during the late Egyptian war, wc shall proceed to investigate.
We begin at the first cataract of the Nile. Here we have the
famous quarries of Assouan, Syene, the Island of Philoe, with
the Temple of Isis and the Isle of Elephantine. The familiar
Syenite and Syenitic, rock appellatives, oiginate here. If
the Canadian voyageurs of the late expedition had been Geolo-
gists, the rocks of and around the cataract would have forcibly
reminded them of home.

Our " Archaean " granites, granitic Syenites and other
Syenitic rocks correspond essentially with those of Egypt, as the
Egyptian centennial specimens testify when compared with our
collection from the " typical rocks " at Arisaig, or the correspond-
ing rocks in the Cobequids or the mountains of Cape Breton.
The term by which we indicate tlie age of our Syenites, &g.,
Archaean {arche, the beginning) is synonymous with the term
Primitive used by our Egyptian director. The granites, &c.,

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

are roprosented in the Suez Canal collection. 1. By " a
characteristic specimen composed of quartz, fehlspar ami mica,
showing in a separate form the constituents of granite : from
the left side of the Nile opposite the Tslc of Philoe." Granites
of Assouan and Philoe, red and grey, 7 specimens. In
addition are pieces of Pompey's Pillar of the statue of Rhamses
in the valley of Gassen (Goshen), of a monument of Persepolis,
of the obelisk of Luxor now in the Place do la Concorde,
Paris. 2. Ainpliibole (Hornblendic rock), from a bed of the
first catanict which extends across the cataract from Assouan
toths Isle of Piiiloe, 2 specimens of the Amphibole, which dips
into tho Nile at vhe entrance of the port of Assouan, 3.
Porithyry, from the quarries of Assouan (Temple of Dendereh)
and the bed of the first cataract. The extent of the quarries
must be very great to have produced the building stones of the
numerous and great buildings, the monoliths of the great
monuments and the blocks for the colossal sculptures. The
next geological formation to which our director introduces is
the Cretaceous. He takes us to Mokattam which we have
alri'ady signalized by its nnmmulites. He characterizes it as
"calcaires crayeux.". In it he finds a "fossil crab." The
valley of Gessen (Goshen) is another locality where this
formation is pointed out as chalk marl. It appears to coalesce
with the succeeding, Eocene. Bauerman expresses the opinion
that there is no marked division betwec n the two, (Cretaceous
and Eocene.)

A collection from Mount Lebanon in Palestine, presented
to the Museum S(mie years ago by Dr. McHattie, now of
Antigua, points out this as also a locality. This collection
consists of crimidea (St. Cuthbert's Beads) and numerous
spines of the Echinus (sea urchin) Cidaris olkmformis^ so
called from the form of its spines, and a Scajdntc. In our
collections froiii the chalk of England, we have an allied cidaris
with club-shaped spines approximating to olive-forms. The
geological sequence here represented is certainly very irregular.
The •' Break in succession " is enormous. Between the Archaean
and the Cretaceous, there should intervene, in order to com-
plete the succession, all the formations that have been referred
3

m ntANTS AND PIOMIES.

to in tlui preceding Nos,, as far at least as the Cretaceous of
Folkt'stone. According to Cnin[)an}(), with tlie oxcej)ti()n of
the Archaean and the Cretaceous, all the formations in I'-gypt
arc Cciiozoic — new life. — I wish this to bo l)orne in niind.
Vide Table.

IJauernian's summary section is as follows : — 1. (tncissic
and granites, (Anhaeaii). 2. Triassic rocks, (Palaeozoic). 3.
Cretaceous (Mesozic). 4. Eocene, (( 'enozoir). 5. Miocene. 6.
Gypsu.ii.-i and Conglomerates. 7. JJai.sed beaciies and miliolitic
limestoiKi. 8. Alluvium and dosert drift. Volcanic rocks of
two periods. This section fills up the " Break in succession"
partUtlly \\\{\\ snpposcAl Triassk, Fu/c' Table. Compare Hull's
Palestine iSeries, No. 54.

21. The geology of Egypt, as illustrated l)y Conipanyo
and Biiuerman, seems to be beautifully and comi>lete!y illus
trative of the oldest written Geological Itccord extant, the
Biblical. We demonstrate this. In Gen. chap, i., 1, 2, we
have the '* Archaean," or the granitic, syeuitic, t^tc, the
*' I'rimitive " of (Jonipanyo. Verse 3 is " Pre-Cambrian,"
prccetUng the Trilubitic of Nos. 1 and. 2 of this series of
articles. Verse 9 introduces us to the Eocene Period, and
other following verses to the subsequent formations up to the
Cene, — the New. IJetwecn verses 3 and 9 we have the grand
*' Break in succession" of preceding No. 20. Vide Table. Wo
have thus local geology for general — part for the whole. Still
another aspect is this. It makes Egyptian Geology representa-
tive, as it seems to be, K/c/^^ conung Nos, of the gei.ilogy of
" Orhis Vtterihus Ncjfus," — the world known to. the Ancients.
In the record we have at least time re]>resented iilling up the
Geological Break, the so-called 'First' and 'Second' days.
We are now called upon to make a few observations " On
Time," — which we would call "Divine mea.surem(>nt." The
Record informs us that "in six days God made Heaven and
Earth, the sea and all that in them is." The same Pecord
tells us that they were all made in "One Day," Genesis chap,
ii., verse 4 : *' In the day that the Lord God made the earth
and heavens," — literally, in Jehovah Elohim's day of making,

tJlANTS AND PIGMIES.

Oic Karth and Heavens. In Psal. xc, vorse 4, Mosbs says,
" For a tliousand years in tliy sij^'lit, liko yesterday when it is
past or a watch in the nij^'ht, — or vice verna. Antlciyatittg
cardlling, the apnsth^ IVter says, second Epistle, chap, iii., 8,
" (.)ne ihiy with the Lord as a thou>'and years, and a thoiisand
yours as one day." We ini<,dit snhstitute % thousand tliousaiid
(1,000,000) or any nnniher of years that the facts of Science
may rociuire. The sanctions of the DecalogHo recjuiro definite
measurement a week — seven days.

22. ^^ resume our search for Nummnlites, goinf? east^
"ward to India. In Seindo we find a range of mountains with
Nummnlites on their summits. At the close of the Scinde
var, 1847, Cnpt. Vicary was sent hy Sir Charles Najjier to
make a geologicil reconnaissance of the country. In this he
made the interesting discovery that Nummulitic rocks consti-
tuted the summit ridge of the Ilala range of ruountains. This
exalted position is about 1300 feet above the sea level. His
investigations were communicated to the Geological Society
by Sir Roderick I. Murchison. Also Persia, in the Western
Himalayas (the region of Cashmere) at a height of 16,500
feet (Dana). Some of -the nummulitic limestones of India
Diake beautiful ornaments, A friend. Dr. Niven, formerly in
the East India Company's service, gave me a beautiful speci-
men. It is a brownish marble ; the nummnlites are cut ia
-every direction showiug different phases of nummulitic struc-
ture. This is said to have come from Scinde.

Richthof^:n found the nummulitic formation in the Philip-
pine Islands, Java and Luzon, and also in Japan. The seas o£,
the luimmu'itic i)eriod thus extended from Java to the south
of r'i<;land. How and when these nummulites were brought
into the elevated subacriai positions, where we now find them,
will be a subject of enquiry in No. 27. We now revert to
the "Saurians" of No. 14. Tlie Saurians here, that come
first in order, are En-alio-saurs (in sea lizards). These have
already been noticed in No. 10, when we mentioned the
Eosaurus (the dawji lizard) of Prof. Marsh. These monsters

GIANTS AND PIOMIBfl.

BOW appear in unquestionable chnractpr niul in formidable
numbers. Wo single oift representntives, the Ichthyosaurus
(fish lizard) and riesiosaurus (near the lizard). Of both we
have associated in our Museum with Ammonites — so called
•* snake stones " and Kncrinites — so called St. Cuthl^ert's beads^
Tertebrae and teeth, which I purchased from a collector in
Ipswich. The vertebrae of both are biconcave. The teeth of
the Ichthyosaurs are short, stout, conical and striated ; of the
•I'losiosaura the teeth are large, long, conical and recurved. Of
these each had a large number. The form of the Icht,hyosauru.s
is Crocodilian, the head is largo but the neck is short, and
whale like flippers have the place of the feet of the latter. The
body of the Plesiosaur resembles the other, only the neck is
long — swan-like, the head is small — lizard-like. On the walls
of our Museum arc the splendid engravings of Hawkins's
** Great Sea Dragons." These are of fossil skeletons of the
British Museum and other collections. The almost complete
Ichthyosaurus is about 30 feet in length. Their eyes were of
great size — the strength and the form of their fli[)pers rendered
them agile and formidable. They must have been scourges of
the seas of the period. The Plesiosaurs found in the same
sepulchres must have been also formidable. They are supposed
to have lived in estuaries or shallow waters. Their long necks
which had 30 or 40 vertebrae with their lizard-like head would
seem to have afforded facilities for securing food in air as
well as water. We have seen restored Plesiosaurs having a
Pterosaur or Pterodactyle caught in its flight vainly struggling
to escape destruction. Some species of Plesiosaurs are from
20 to 30 feet long. Remains of more than 50 species of
Enaliosaups are found in the Jurassic rocks (Dana).

23. Whitby and Lyme Regis are noted as the sepulchres
of Enaliosaurs. One remarkable fact in connection with their
distribution is, their occurrence in the high latitudes. Sir
Edward Belcher found vertebrae of Ichthyosaurus at Exmouth
Island, lat. 77° 12' N., long. 96' W. Sir Leopold McClintock
found them in Prince Patrick's Island, lat. 76° 90' N., long.
117° 20' W., and also Ammonites. Capt. Sherard Osborne

OIAirrS AMD riOMIBS.

«lso found brokftn vertebrae of an Ichthyosaurus, 150 feot up
Iienclezvou8 Hi)', the N. W. extreme of Bathurst Ishintl.
Prof. Haughton observes in his appendix to McClintock's Nar-
rative of the Lady Franklin Expedition, ** Hut what are we to
say as to the question of Temperature? It was certainly
necessary for an ammonite to have a sea free from ice, on
which to float and bask in the pale rnys of the Arctic Sun J
and therefore I claim a temperature for those seas at h-ast
similar to that which now prevails in tli€ Ihitish Islands ; and
I may add that the ammonite from its haljits was essentially
dependent on the temperature of the air as well as that of
the water."

I ^ould now take you to a locality where there is a remark-
able assemblage of these and other monsters which will ^et
ijlaim our attention. If they were living we would rather not
visit them, but as they are only lifelike, w<j can behold and
admire them, I shall never forget the occasion of my first
visit to this remarkable locality. In the memorable year 186'J,
I was invited to accompany the Geologist^s Association in their
visit to the Crystal Palace, Sydenham. After examining the
•wondrous structure and its contents, -our party inspected its
beautiful surroundings. Suddenly (to me) we came upou
•a bewildering spectacle — .i geological — bewildering, because
unnatural. Here we had a Carboniferous series. Limestone?^
■Coal measures with ceal seams, faulfee and usual phenomena
■above the London Tertiaries. I had scarcely discov* id that
the whole was artificial when I heard my name calh . by the
President, Prof. Tennant, with the request that as the repre-
sentative of Nova Scotia and tlye exhibitor of the great
(Pictou) Coal Column, I should give a short lecture on the
representation of a coal field befctfe us. After this we were
'Conducted to what is called the Island. Here was subject of
greater marvel and astonish nent. A menagerie of monsters.
In this No. I will only give a list from proceedings of Geol.
Assoc, London :

Labyrinthodon and DicynodoB of the Permian and Triassic Period^ .
Ichtbyosaucus, Plesiosaucus, Tjel&osaurus and Ptecocfkctyl of th£
Siiassic.

GIANTS AVD PIGMrES.

Meg'ilosaunis of the Oolitic. (The preceding and this are com-
prehended in the Jurassic). . :. ,
It,'uanodon8 and Hyalosanrns of the Wealden.
Mososaiinis of tlie Chalk Period.
Palacotheriiun and Anoplotherium of the Tertiary.
Stag and Irish Elk Megatherinm of the Quaternary Period.

These restorations which are well executed were done
under the superintendence of Prof. Owen and Waterhouse
Hawkins. The whole, geoloii;ical and palaeontolo<Tical, was an
educational project of II. E. H. Prince Albert. Each and all
of these Giants, not already noticed, will come under review
at the proper periods in the sequel.

24;. Tn 1883 we revisited this int':>restin(i[ spot and
renewed our acquaintance with its inhal)itants. "We found the
geological portion neglected, dilapidated and obscured. The
haunt of mor-ters had become wild with overgrown vegetation,
and therefore more natunil. The lapse of twenty-one yeans
had also told oX\ the monsters, and they are therefore the
worse of the wear. We would revert to them in their prime
(in 1862). Tlien as now, the most prominent is the Ljuanodon
.^fnnfel/i (Owen). It is so called as its teeth very much
resemble those of Iguana, a reptile now inhabiting the West
Indies and Central America. In our Museum we have two-
stuffed specimens. Tlie teeth of these have been compared
with the beautiful figures of the teeth of the Iguanodon in
Buckland's ]>ridgewater Treatise. The resemblance is suffi-
ciently striking. The restored Iguanodon, in form, resembles
iguana. Its proportioup however, are colossal. We have the
ingenious and enthusiastic restorer — small in stature — on <i
ladder aloft on the monster's sides describing this and hia
other works with which' he is surrounded. Like the Iguana,
its back is bristly. The bristles are large and formidable as
befitting the proportions of the giant. We suggest to Hawkins
a ride on its back— a grin and a shake of the head. The
President and I get a look into the insitle. It is capacioua
My friend informs me that after the work of restoration was
completed, H. R. H. Prince Albert and a party of 18 or 1^
dined in the interior bikI found sufficient accamiuodation. It

GIANTS AND PIC. MIES.

is named mantclU. In 1822, about 64 years ago, ^Frs. ^rantoll
found the first tooth imbedded in a mass of coarse conglomerate
wliich had been brought as ' road m<'tal ' from one of the
quarries of the Weahlen formation of Tilgate Forest. Sub-
sequently, other teeth and fragmentary remains were found.
In 1834 Mr. Hensted found in the Kentish-rag quarries of the
Lower (Ireensand formation of Maidstone, a connected series
of V)one8 of a young individual en«bedded in stone in a con-
fused manner, flattened and distorted. We are sorry to say
that sul)sequent discoveries have brought our Iguanodon Into
disrepute. In 1878 a remarkable discovery was made in
Belgium of a deposit containing twenty three huge Iguanndons.
Three years were subs(?qMently spent in extracting them and
associate fishes, and reptiles. After seven years' labour two
huge entire skeletons have been set up in the Court j-ard of
the Museum at Brussels. One is the Lpumodon MantclH,
whose height is more than 10 feet, — its total length measured
along the back is about 20 feet. In its erect position it
occupies 12 feet horizontal s[)ace. Its companion is still
larger. The Ljuanodoii lii'rni.xmrtroms is about 15 feet in
lieight, — measured along the back it is over 30 feet in length.
In its erect position it covers nearly 24 feet of horizontal
space. Thus after the space of more than 60 years the true
character of these Wealden giants has been fully revealed. Its
appearance, when erect, 's Kangaroudike.

At the Centennial Exhibition, IMiilaikdphia, Mr. Hawkins
erected a restoration of the Hadrosauvus Foulldi, whose
remains had been found in the Cretaceous beds of New Jersey.
This closely resembles the Iguanodon. It was about 28 feet
in length. It was jilaced in the English Department, and
towered over the passage between it and the Canadian Depart-
ment. It was a reproduction of the restoration, with the
original remains, which lie had erected in the Museum of
the American Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
America excels in IMnosaurs. Prof. Marsh is entitled to the
lionor of making known the largest number. More than thirty
genera have b«jen described.

'>■

/(rl ■

Pt|' GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

25. The next of our Saurians in geological order are the
■winged Saurians (Pteropaurs or Pterodactyls). The Bat is a
Pterodactyl, but not a Pterosaur. It is a mammal, while our
present subjects are reptiles. Some of them are, in size, like
common bats, pigmean. The restored ones on the Geological
Island are eagledike in their dimensions ; the spread of their
wings was probably 10 feet. They have heads, in some cases,
e. (J., the Crassirontrts equal to the length of the body. Tho
mouth is armed with formidable teeth. In Kansas some have
been found double the size of the largest European, 20 to 25
feet. Those on the Island perched upon a rocky projection
with wings folded or partially expanded, were uncouth and
monstrous. They were of Liassic and Cretaceous age. The
next order of Saurians were of the Upper Chalk ; they are
named RIososaurs — IVIeuse — Saurians. They were so named,
as the first one discovered was the Mitsosaurus Hofmanni.
This was found at Maestricht, on the River Meuse in Belgium.
The head, of which there is a beautiful figure in Buckland's
Bridgewater Treatise, was there discovered. The cast of
nearly an entire skull was presented to the British Museum by
Cuvier, wlio published details of the animal in his great work,
Ossentens Fossiles. They were great snake like reptiles, —
measuring from 15 to 75 feet in length. Their swimming
appliances were four paddles. The head of the Belgian was
about 4 feet in length. Hence their mouths were of enormous
size. Their jaws were constructed something like those of the
Boa Constrictor. They were thus enabled to swallow whole,
animals of large size. The mouth was filled with formidable
teeth. Some of these measure above the jaw an inch and
two-tenths ; with the root, two inches and eight-tenths, being
shaped like the teeth of the Ichthyosaurus, but larger in size.
The American rocks have furnished the largest of these and
forty species. The question of the existence of Sea Serpents
would have been readily solved in those days.

In 1862 a specimen was secured for the British Museum of
unusual interest. One hundred pounds sterling was said to
have been paid for it. It was a slab of limestone from
Solenhofen with a very singular fossil. It had wing-foathcrs

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

and claws, and other parts like a bird, and a tail like a reptile,
with two rows of feathers on opposite sides, coalescing at the
end. It had not the rudder shaped bone — which is common
to birds. Different opinions were entertained in reference to
its character. Some considered it to be a reptile, having a
very great affinity to a bird. Others supposed it to be a bird
with reptilian characters. Professor Owen read a paper before
the Royal Society, which settled the matter. It was demon-
strated to be a bird, and ihe name Ardiaeopterix niacrura was
given to it. The Professor's celebrated opponent M-as reported
to hold a view different from that he entertained. A grand
discussion was anticipated. The meeting was packed with
expectants. The two principals agreed. The meeting was a
quiet one. Many were disappointed. So my well informed
friend told me.

Another specimen found in 1879 is now in the Berlin
Museum. From this we find that this bird had from 10 to 12
teeth in the upper jaw and 3 or more in the lower jaw, as well
as a long lizard like tail, observed in the first and three free
digits in each manus armed with claws. The first of birds
was certainly a remarkable form. We have had fishes with
rei)tilian affinities and reptiles wjih bird affinities. It is but
reasonable that we should have the first bird with something
of the reptile. Among the grand discoveries of Prof. 0. C.
Marsh we have birds with teeth, and hence called Oilont-
ormthes. In his magnificent monograph on these, hb gives a
graphic description and beautiful restoration of the Hesperoniis
regalis ^ size. This is a. toothed bird of the Chalk (Cretaceous)
Period, related to the great Northern Diver (Loon) or Penguin.
An unusually large loon in the Museum is 37 inches along the
back. Marsh's Hesperm'nis regalis is 54 inches. A Penguin
in our collection is 22 inches in height. The Hesperornis is
38 iiiches. So that it surpasses both in size. It has 66
recurved teeth in the lower jaw and 28 in the upper. It was
ah aquatic bird, and is considered to be the immediate successor
of the Archaeopteryx.' Prof. Marsh observes : *' Its nearest
land of rest was a succession of low islands that mark the
present position of the Rocky Mountains."

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

26. Tn find around the Paris Basin Sir Charles T-yell
madi^ a <lepartiirc in geological noinpnclature when he intro-
duced thrt terms Eocene — dawn of the new ; Miocene — less
new ; Pliocene — more new. Tlicse divisions were founded on
the mnrf. or less pn^portion of fossils analogous and identical
with shells now existing. These terms have been adopted, and
are generally used in geology. French geologists, however,
question " L'exactitude de ces lois," and regard the division
as purely nominal and equivalent to that which divides the
Tertiary formations into inf(M-ior, middle and upper, We have
used the Lyellian nomenclature occasionally in preceding Nos.
As we are now farther to examine the Paris Basin, we give
the above explanation, Wo niay have occasion to use French
divisions in preference, as we have already sometimes done.
As we now intend to direct attention to the great physical
changes which supervened. The nummulitic formations call
for special consideration. We first, directed attention to their
occurrence at Pont Ste. Maxence ; second,' at the outside of
Porte de Versailles, and third, at Meudon between the Chalk
and the Lower Limestone. Higher in the P»asin above what
is called the *' Sables de Beau champ," ^F. Ilebert places another
nummulitic formation which is called supcrienr, making the
preceding inferie.iir. We would indicate the position of this
upper numnndite zone. In No. 18 we had got as far up in
the Paris Basin as the " Calcairo nnlliolites" of the Centilly
quarries. The next stage upward is " Sables de Beauchamp,"
(the Sands of Beauchamp,) and then come the upper nunimulites
in question. We go to the " Gare du Nord," the station of
the Northern Pailway by which on former occasions we went
to Pont Ste. Maxence. We only take return tickets to the
Herblay and Beauchamp Station. Reaching our destination
we look around us and observe wlwt seems to be a quarry
some distance to the right — wo walk to it and find it to be an
old quarry. There is a bed of llmtstone of some thickness and
nn accumulation of rubbish, largely sand. Li this we find
abundance of shells, Cerithla and Melania of certain species.
This is the sand — Sables do Beauchamp — still it is not in
position (in situ) and therefore , not altogether satisfactory.

CfTANTS AKD PIGMIE?,.

43;

Lyoll
J intro-

— less
1('(1 on
'Mitical
'il, fiiul
wever,
ivision
es the
e have
"iff Xos.

^'e ohserve another quarry in the middle of a field. We wend
onr way thither, and are much gratified with the spectncle of a
fine exposure of rocks — the qi'.arrj' men at work and every-
thin<jr fresh and clean. On the top, as at the other quarry, is tk
considerahle thickness of soil ahove a bed of limestone and
another solid stratum (bed) beneath. A thin bed of sand ia
observed between the two solid strata. We descend tho'
quarry. With our pick we bring out the sand with its multi-
tude of Cerltliia, Mftlant'a, &o., — all as fresh as if on the
seashore. The underlying bed is found to be g7'es, of which-
the causeway stones of Paris are ma<le. lliese are seen ready,
fo the pavier at the top of the quarry. We consider that wo
have made two important discoveries, snJiks and r//r.s\ The
nummulites are not found here associated with the Sables do'
Beauchamp. llT. Hebert, however, reports saiuls as occurring'
elsewhere having the characteristic shells of these sands afe
Diablerets, Nice, Biarritz, (i'c, with overlying nummulites
(superieur). We have thus indicated their position in the
I'aris Basin. These investigations were iu themselves very
interesting. Tliey are of very great interest and importance in-
their relation to the formation of the moimtain systems ii>
which we have found the nummulites forming so prominent »
part. The representative system is that of the Pyrenees. '•

It is subject of contention with geologists, whether the
elevations took plact; after the formation of the lower or upper
nummulitic deposits of the Paris Basin. We are disposed to
agree with Elie de Beaumont, Hebert and others, in holding^
the latter view, and in considering the middle or upper Eocene
to bo the Period when the (nummulitic) Cretaceous and
Jurassic formation of Europe, Africa and Asia attained to
their lofty positions as well as humble, subaiirial.

We regard this as esscntialhj the great mountain forming-
" Period of the Earth's history in both Eastern and WeMerrh
Ihmispheres" and regard the past as " liefore the mountains
were settled, before the hills were brought forth. While as
yet Ho had not made the earth nor the fields (open places^
xiargin} aor the highest part (chiel pact^ margin) oi tko dusll

GIANTS AND PIQMIES.

of the world." Prov. viii. 25, 26. (Wisdom). Before the
mountains were brought forth. Ps. xc. verse 7. (Moses). In
like manner we view the Period of the Earth's History which
we have reached, as that when God said, ** Let the waters
under the heaven be gathered together into one place, and let
the diy appear." And God called the dry, Earth, and the
gathering together of the waters called he Seas. Gen. i. 9, 10.
(Moses). According to P'.lie de Beaumont, the principal chiin
of the Alps (and Himalayas) attained to their highest ele-
vation somewhat later, ^. e., at the close of the Tertiary Period
or Upper Miocene, or Quaternary (glacial).

2*7. We return to Egypt and look at the Cretaceo-
nummulitic heights of Mokattam with new interest. We can
now answer the question, *' When were these elevated 1 In
the Middle Eocene Period, according to Beaumont. How
were they elevated 1 By the contraction of the Earth's crust
consequent on the secular cooling of the globe. In preceding
observations mention was made of an interesting collection of
cretaceous fossils of Mount Lebanon, received from Dr.
McHdftie, formerly missionary at Damascus. No. 20. Since
then we have found in Nature, April 22, 1886, "Across the
Jordan," by Gottlieb Schumacher, C. E, ^p'iewed. In this
we find the Geology of the district com^ .^red with that of
*' Central France." The limestones are described as '* Cretaceo-
eocene" and "Cretaceo nummulitic." Vide Table. The move-
ment and denudation of the strata took place in the " Miocene
epoch." The last observation differs from our own to the
extent that the age of the *' Sables de Fontainebleau" differs from
that of the "Babies de Beauchamp." This difi'erence will
be better understood after the Geology of Montmartre in
Paris is described in nexi .STo. In the same part of Nature,
April, we have an account of a very interesting Paper by
Starkie Gardner, read before the Geologists' Association, April
2. In Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, Vol. IX.,
No. 6. An inquiry as to the Geological period at which
grasses first commenced to assume a preponderating position in
vegetation. Their value and importance at the present day

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

4»

was first sketched. The conclusion arrived at was that there
'/ns no great deveJopment of grasses until the close of the
Kocene, Avhile the Miocene beds nil over Europe arc crowded
with them, page 574. Tins surely corresponds with the order
of the Biblical Record, Gen. i., verses 11 and 12: Let the
Earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, &c. We are
again in Paris. Its Eocene formation is now becoming familiar
to us. We would now examine the high places of communism
in the North of Paris — Buttes Montmartre, Buttes Chaumont
and Pere la Chaise. Hero we have, in the last, t Necropolis of
the present ; in the first a Necropolis of the past, and in the
middle a place which was once notorious for its ugliness, with
its excavations, the dens of robbers and haunts of vice. In
Pere la Chaise lie entombed the mightiest and the lowliest of
" la Belle France." Montmartre is celebrated as the tomb of
Earth's earliest mammals. Buttes Chaumont is now remark-
able for beauty and grandeur. Its heights and Hollows, its
grottoes loAv and lofty, the latter with their ceilings adorned
with great stalactites and refreshed in summer heat with
artificial waterfalls, its serpentine streams and tortuous path-
ways, contribute to form one of the most attractive resorts of
pleasure-seekers and tourists. The same Geological formation,
middle Eocene, nearly comprehent's all the three. Pere la
Chaise in its newly opened graved reveals beds of gypsum
marls. The cliffs and rocks of Buttes Chaumont are formed
largely of limestones with Calcaires de Brie. Gypseous marls,
clays and gypsum constitute the heights of Montmartr*^ '^apped
with Sables de Fontainebleau of Lower Miocene age.
Beaumont's elevation of the Isle of AVight, Montmartre, &c.,
Rcems to correspond with that of Lebanon, according to
Schumacher. The Isle of Wight, Montmartre and Lebanon
would be simultaneously clothed with grass, <fec., according to
Starkie Gardner's observations. We will have occasion to
make further remarks on Eocene and Miocene vegetation, in
the sequel.

28. Wo are at the foot of Montmartre — making a recon-
naissance of it. It appears smooth, comparatively, all round.

(JlANTS A^J) PIGMIES.

I ii

No rocks appear outcropping. We must fieo them if tlipy are
to b(J found. In an obsc.i'o and unsanitari/ corner at its base,
in the vicinity of old houses, we observe something like rocks,
picking our steps we reach them. Our pick shows them to
be gypsum, — ttive Phister of Paris. This is perfectly satis-
factory, we know our geological position, we are on the same
horizon as we were in the vineyards of Herblay near Bt-au^
champ. Wo arc geologically a/>(9re the Sables de Beauchamp,
and the " npper Nummuiites," the Calcaire (limestone) de
Saint Ouen, the marnes (marls) with plwladomija ludensis, and
the Travertin de Chanipigny. .Standing at the foot of Mont-
martre we stand geologically higher than if we stood on the
lofty nummulitic Peaks of the Pyrenees, the Alps or the
Himalayas (Vide preceding Nos.) AVe now climb the hill in
search of other deposits overlying the gypsum. High up we
find clay or marl exposed by a recent rainfall. In this we
have a prize^-a bed of pigmean oysters. These measure from
i;^ to 1| inches in width and 1^ to 1| inches in height. They
have unusually long Inlls, and hence are called odrca lonfjiro^-
tris. The stratum of clay is about 3 feet thick. We have
missed what comes between this and the gypsum. The
missing is well developed at Buttes Ch-mmont. It is called
Calcaires de Brie Meulieres. Tb.is supplies trie Buhrstones —
millstones, so much prized by flour millers of Canada and
elsewhere. Thtise millstones are replete with Charae, aquatic
plantti which have all the simplicity of ahjae. They emit a
fetid effluvium which is said to cause the malaria of the
Ct'.mpagna of Rome, where these plants al)ound. The Calcaires
de Brie is "a fresh water formation." Higher up the hill,
above the oyster bed, we find a yellow marl which is full of
the casts of sea-shells having Cyre/na convexa, Natica eras-
scdiim. These wi^' the oyster shell marls are "so-called"
Sables de Fontainebleau. The gypsum which constitutes the
principal rock of Montmartre is a hydrous sulphate of lime,
i. e., it contains a certain quantity of water. It can be
scratched with the finger-nail. Its texture is crystalline
lamillar, fibrous, granular, saccharoid, &c. Its colour is gen-
erally white — of this was mad the original "plaster of Paris."

GIANTS AND PIOMIES.

1 1.'

Ronietimos it is coloured with oxide of iron, which stains it
jellow. The gypsum is vSonietiines mixed with lime, marl and
clay. Ordinarily three beds of gy[)siim are distinguished
sop.irated from ea(;h othtM* by white, yellow or greenish marls.
The upper bed contains the greatest number of animal remains.
A few fresh-water shells have lieen found in it, such as
Lyiiuiara, Plannrhis, Ci/c/ostouiii. It is most hirgely developed
about Paris, Montmartre, Pantin, Ivry, and in the ilepartment
of Seme and Marne and about Chiiteau-Thiery. Animal
remains of course presuppose the existence of animals. When
did these animals come into being ] Our geology cannot fix a
datt' ; how long they lived and when they died are also unscr*
tainties. Many of the animals were veg'tarians. In the
economy of nature the food supply generally anticipates the
consumer. Tlie written record of Creation reveals this

ariangement.

The Geological seems to indicate the same.

29, In our rambles around Paris we often looked at a
lofty iron tower of considerable height, which wo found out to
1)e the celelmited Artesian well of Grenelle — from which is
derived a very considerable part of the water 8U}t[)ly of the
city. The supply from ordinary sources being inadequate,
M. Arago, the Astronomer and (icologist, in consultation with
other Geologists, came to the conclusion that owing to the
character of the Formations of the Paris IJasin and their
arrangement, a store of water might uiulerlio tlie city at a
gre;it depth. They inferred the existence of the Lower
Cretaceous Greensands under the Chalk. This outcropped at
the edges of the Paris Basin umlerlying the Chalk at distances
of GO or 80 miles, e. g., in the Champagne district. It was
supposed that if this should extend under Paris, the distant
rainfalls might thereby be brought so as to be reached by the
Artesian process of boring. He therefore urged the govern-
ment to make the attenipt. This was about the year 1834.
The work was then commenced. Eight years were spent in
boring ; difficulties, discouragements and delays protracted the
W(irk. Arago's influence, uowever, prevailed. At length in
1841 this scientitic auto da fe triumphed. At the depth of

■%-..

GIANTS AND PIOMIES.

179S feet the Greonsand (Lower Cretaceous) saturated with
Water was reacheil, the boring rods sunk a few rods, a shock
was felt, accompanied by a whizzing sound. A jet of water
spouted to the h'ight of 118 feet, and diacharged 600 gallons
per minute. Subsecjuently a like well was made at Paasy,
having a depth of 1923 feet. It discharges 5,582,000 gallons
a day. A plentiful supply of water, having a temperature of
82 Fahrenheit, from the Greensand of the basin, was thus
secured. We now go to what is called the " London Basin."
Formations co-temi)orary with those of Paris, constitute the
rock system of this basin. The *' London Clay " here clncHy
occupies the place of the Clays, Limestones, Sands and Ores
of the other basin to which attention has already been directed.
It overlies the Chalk and Greensauds in the same way. The
latter occur at from 15 to 30 miles distance from Lon<lon. The
clays are therefore considered also to be of Eocene (dawn of
the; new) age. London has many Artesian wells, furnishing
its chief water supply. I only specify two. One supplies the
fountains of Trafalgar-square ; another is in the Horticultural
Gardens, South Kensington, supplying the Ponds and other
requirements of the Great EKhibitions. The colossal statue
of H. K. H. Prince Albert is near this well. These wella
penetrate the London Clay : the underlying Chalk is ** riddled "
with them. As at Paris the Lower Cretaceous Greensand
btlow chiefly supplies the water. The unsurpassed sewer
system of the city is under great obligations to the London clay
formation, and so i(- the underground (city) Railway.

The Lsland of Sheppey at the mouth of the Thames is
formed of the London Clay. Although I have not had an
opportunity of examining this locality it seems quite familiar
to me, from conversations with my late lamented friend, Prof.
Teunant, and the interesting conversaziones at Highgate in the
great museum of the late Dr. Bowerbanks. Here were stored
up a large and interesting collection of the fossil " Tropical
fruits of Sheppey," which the Doctor delighted in describing
to us, his interested listeners. These descriptions are recorded
in his book "On the fossil fruits of the London Clay." The
same clay has produced the remains of the Corijpliodon eocenus

G1ANT8 AND PI0MJE8.

— a vegetarian, an eater of tropical fruits, his teeth tell us
that this was liis character. Owen says " He resemhled the
Tapir. In size the ancient Ikitish Tapiroid quadruped must
have surpassed the largest Tapir of South America or Sumatra,
by one-third. The i-emains of this Coryphodon were dredged
up from the bottom of the sea between St. Osyth nnd Harwich
on the Essex coast. There is no doubt aa to the fossil having
been originally imbedded in the Eocene tertiary formation of
the Harwich coast." We will indicate hia old sphere of actiou
in another No. (36). •

80. At the Fisheries Exhibition preparations were b^ing
made for an international fete in celebration of the " Silver
Wedding of Her Majesty's eldest daughter, the Crown Princess
of Germany." We then received an invitation from Sir .lames
Maitland to visit his celebrated Howieton Fisheries near
Stirling, Scotland. There was some difficulty in the way of
deciding whether to remain at the Exhibition and witness the
fete, or to take a pleasure trip to the *' Land o' Cakes." I had
been present at many great fetes, but I had not been in my
native land for 17 years. I therefore accepted the Scottish
Knight's kind invitation. Accordingly, at the appointed time,
or rather before it, as it is my wonr, I was at Euston Stpvire
Railway Station. Here were twenty gentlemen, — English,
Scotch, Irish, Canadian, Australasian, American, French, Nor-
wegian, Swedish. Two palace cars are engaged. The arrange-
ments for our comfort and enjoyment provided by our noVde
host are princely, beginning, middle and end. I would here
observe before starting that I have already gone along the road
between London and Liverpool five times in daylight observing
the geology with a good geological map : so that I can indicate
the formations as they occur at any time — day or night. I
would farther notice that in the Nos. proceeding as far as 18,
v.*8 have been generally "ascending" as Geologists term it,
going from the older to the newer. Vide Table. As we proceed
from London to Liverpool we are " descending " or reversing
the order. We start on the London Clay. At the Williston
junction of the city and London and Liverpool railway we

GIANTS Afro PlOMrES.

come to the Chalk. We hnve liglit enough to soc this. With
inooiiliyht we pass through the Cretncrous. lieforo reaching
Rugby, of educntional nml ecclesiastical fame, vre conio to the
.Jurassit;. The layers of rock distinctly show this. Wo have
come to the Antrnonites (snake stones) and Encrinites (St.
Cuthl)ert's Beads) of So. 14. An extensive; inuseiini collection
presented by the late Mr. Wesley, marble worker, illustrates
these formations. Farther on, we have Triassic, Permian and
Carboniferous in varying order all the way to Liverpool. We
now take a short sleep ; at daybreak, we raise our blind and
find that we are at Kendal. Our map informs us thi t we have
passed the boundary of tlie formations on which wo had
entered b.fore we wei to sleep. We are now going through
the Siliu'ian and Cambrian formations o( Westmoreland and
(Juml)erland coiTcsponding with Nos. 2, 1, 3, ' 4, and on
"ascending " we pass through Carboniferous limestone, Permian
and Triassic of the latter, and reach Carlyle. The New Ked
Sandstone or Triassic through which We have passed is remark-
able for its Gypsum: and Rocksalt. This led the earlier
Geologists of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton into error l^y which
they connected 'le Gypsums of Nova Scotia in all cases with
its Triassic. Other Sandstones of the Carboniferous forn)ation,
especially in Cape Breton, in association with its Gypsums
were thereby referred to the New Red Sandstone or Triassic.
It was afterwards proved that our great beds of Gypsum m
Nova Scotia and Cape Breton were of Lower Carboniferous
ago, and that only certain small quantities of Gypsum as at
Blomidon and Five Islands were of Triassic age. We brcikfast
at Carlisle.

31, We leave Carlisle, cross the border, and are in
Scotland. We recall to mind the first time when we crossed
the border, in 1843. We were travelling to Carlisle iu the old
mail coach, and sitting beside the driver. liefore crossing the
line, he said to me, *' You are in Scotland." Immediately
after, " You are in England." Now, however, no one indi-
cated the exact line. It would have been no easy matter to do
80, as we could not even make out the names of the stations

!. '

•tllAWrS Al»D PlOMlM.

as we passeil. Gretna GroPi we certainly noticed, celebrated
for its runaway marriages. "We stop at " Ecclefecheu." We
step out on tire platfor:n and stand on " Old Scotia " after an
intervai of 17 years. A thrill pervades otrr nervouH system-^
nia<Tnetic. Ecclefechen is celel)rat«'d as the Vjirthplace of, at
least, one giant — in literature — Thomas Carlylc. We now
career thiougli Lockerbie, Motfat ai^l Leadhills. The Geologi-
cal Formation is Lower Silnrian. Moffat rocks are known to
us by their (>raptolites. They resemble the Nova Scotian of
Arisaig and WcntworLh in the C()l>equid Mountains (4, 8) at
Isle Royal, (Quebec, and the Utica Slates above the Trenton
Limestone at Ottawa. We Hnd this by comparing specimens
from Moffat and all these localities, in our Museum. We cross
the Clyde, not far from its source. We traverse Carboniferous
Limestone and Coal-fii'Mf, and arrive at Stirling, the junction
of the Car1)omferous and old Red Sandstone. We intermit
Our Geology. Carriages are waiting us to take us to Howii'ton.
We drive throtigh Stirling amid no sm.idl excitement in the
quiet old town. We pass through Iknnockburn, noticing by
the way the place where the burner of JJruce was stationed.
We reach Ilowieton and receive a hearty welcome from Sir
James Maitland. Each of us is accommodated with a bedroom.
Shaking off the dust of our journey we meet in the drawing
room, and are intruduced to Lady Maitland and lady friends.
A dejeuner is prepared for us on the lawn. We recline around
and dispose of tire feast. Sir James and the coinmandant of
Stirling Castle, arrayed in a **garb of old Gaul," preceded us
for the inspection of his long series of extensive artificial ponds
for fi^4i breeding. Tiiese are all connectied. The first series
contain young salmon and trout which have reached their thi-rd
year. Here was a beautiful and interesting spectacle. The
attendants Were called with a supply of food. It was thrown
into the pond. Before, not a fish was to be seen ; now, all
was life — the fishes leaping oat of the water in all directiops
to catch the food ere it fell into the water. A scoop net was
used to catch soa^e of them. Such beauties in size and form !
We went from .pond to pond and at last reached the hatcheries
at the foot of a liiil f4:om which flowed a beautiful cool stream

OIANTS AND PIGMIES.

I :'■

deeply shaded with the woods. This flowed into the troughs
having their eggs, the overflow going to the ponds. After &
thorough examination of the Fisheries we adjourned to a part
where excavations were in progress in extension of the ponds
Here Lady Maitland and other ladies had a collation all ready
for action. We were quickly seated and sumptuously treated.
We afterwards took a parting look of the ponds. It was not
a place to be hastily quitted. At night we were set down to a
banquet where We feasted oif viands and speeches until we
separated for the night. 1 supp-lement, with the remarks made
by J. Barker Duncan in a Paper read before the Scotch Fisheries
Improvement Association in November, 1844, Howieton Fishery.
" This Fishery belongs to Sir James Maitland, Stirling. It wa»
commenced in 1873. From year to year it has extended and
perfected, so as to have gained a world-wide reputation as a
fish-breeding establishment. Upwards of ten millions of trout
ova are now annually incubated at this fishery. Last season
no less than 90,000 yearling trout were delivered from it to all
parts of Great Britain and Ireland. Yearlings are recom-
mended to its customers as the size for general purposes ; they
are strong enough to find their food, thus avoiding the princi-
pal cause of mortality among fry, starvation. Two-year-olds
are recommended where coarse fish or large trout already exist
in the water. — Bulletin of the United States Fuh Commission,
1885. Two cotisignments of trout ova and one of salmon were
also forwarded successfally to New Zealand, Lochleven trcut
is the specialty of the fishery. American brook trout and
common trout are also extensively cultivated. Every twenty-
four hours about one million gallons of water flow through the
pond system which secures thorough aeration."

92. Still in Howieton. In
we take a look at the Geology of
elevated ground. The botany
greatest profusion, and full bloom
rocks are outcropping — they are
volcanic. Other rocks are also
Arc they Carboniferous like these

the morning before breakfast
the district. We go to the
is lovely, lihododendra in
all around ] oti the road side
crystalline rocks — trappean,
seen—they are sandstones,
traversed to the Ea«t on our

OlAWTS ATn) PICMIT!!!.

"\vny to Stirling ? Our geological map, Mumhison and Geikis's,
inform U3 that they belong to division C. They are therefore
Upper Old Red Sandstone, or Dure Den Yellow Sandstones,
etc., of the Kingdom of Fife. They are therefore our " Native
Eocks," and the Trappean correspond with those which
furnished the Scotch Pebbks, plowed up iu our fields, which
we delighted in collecting in boyhood. It appears then, that
the adaptation of Kuwieton to its Fisheries, is deprived largely
from its intrusive — igneous — Dolerites. W« are hailed by
other members of our party, Dr. Day and otherc, who are
collecting plants. After dejeuner, we mount catriagee to visiA
Stirling Castle. We come to Bannockburn ; we call a halt to
examine a stone called the Bore-stone, which was pointed out
to us on the preceding day, as where the Bruce stood on that
memorable day, in the year 1314 — 569 years ago, when with
30,000 men he overthrew tbe host of Edward II., king of
England, numbering 100,000, and sectired Scotland's freedom.
We stand on the etone and examine it. The stone is probably
a slab of Old Red Sandstone. We did not chip a piece of it
with OUT hammer — ^^an act of self-denial. Not many of our
party had sympathetic feelings. Amid excitement and cheering
of boys, who enjoy and scramble for the largetse of pennies
and half-pennies, we drive up the old town and enter Stirling
Castle. Entering the square, we enquire for the commandant,
Sir James Maitland's companion of the preceding day, who
willingly takes U6 in charge. We have no difficulty with
door-keepers — all is free. We ai'e taken to the officers' mess
room, at the top of the Castle, where the general visitors have
no admission — we climb through a narrow way to the roof, and
view the glorious panorama, a scene in extent of beauty and
grandeur not to be surpassed. Of course, we examined the
Palace and rooms ; we have now no distinct recollection, as we
were more impressed with the exterior than the interior. The
only room which we can bring up before us, is the Douglas
'room, where the Douglas was murdered by the King, and
where mementoes are sold to visitors, of which we purchased
•one. The only object of great interest in it to us, is John
IKnox's rude oaken ^pulpit, which we, of coursq, mounted, as we

{RE-

GIANTS AND PraHTEiT.

had done when a studont, another of his pulpits in our alma^
mater, St. Andrews. The Trappcan eminence on which the
Castle is built was not unnoticed. The rocks were inaccessible
from where we stood. Its grotesque sculptures in bold relief
on its walls in the square were subjects of ren>ark, and niade"
no favourable impression of the moral character of the age
when the Castle was erected. The style ®f architecture is
"Renaissance." The foundation rocks outcrop in the square-
Having visited other places of interest connected with tho
Castle or otherwise, our party sei)arated, some returning to
London, others to Howieton. Having partaken of an early
dinner, — some of us return to Stirling. We then proceeded to-.
Crla«gow and the month of the Clyde to visit our friends. A.
week later found us early in the morning at the border of the
London Basin, the Chalk of the Williston Junction, and finally
at Euaton Square on the London Clay. When members of our
pirty again met at the Exhibition all agreed in expressing
greatest esteem for Sir James and Lady Maitland, and in
admiration of the Howieton Fisheries. Afe the International
Fisheries Exhibition in Edinburgh, in 1882^ Sir Jafnes Miiitland
received a gold medal for fish culture apparatus, and a silver
medal for live salmonuiw. The Socrcte d' Acolin>ation, of
Paris, also awarded him its gold medal. If our party were
called upon to act as Jurors, we would certainly award them,
the highest honors.

i ^ m

33. Iw our last No., we gave due prominence to the
" Bore-stone " of Banuoekburn. We are reminded of another
remarkable stone, the Scotch " Stone of Destiny." When we
visited Westminster Abbev our attention was directed to the
"Coronation Throne." In it we observed thLs historical stone.
King Edward the First, when he invaded Scotland^ found it
in the Abbey of Scone. It was then enshi-ined in a chair or
throne, on which the Kings of the Scots were wont to be
crowned. Its legend was, that it was the pillow on which.
Jacob reposed when he ''aw the vision of the angels ascending,
and descending the ladder, and that it was brought over by
Scota, that daughter of Pharaoh from whom the Scots line of

0IANT8 AND PIQMIES.

moTinrchs was (.lescenflcd . It was regarded as the " palladium
of Scotland." A prophetic couplet announced that wherever
it might be placed there would the Scots be supreme.

" Ni (allat fatuni Scoti, quocunque locatum
Invenient lapidein, regiiare tenenter ibidem."

This prophecy seemed to have a fulfilment when the monarchs
of the House of Stewart sat on it to be crowned in WestminstKr
Abbe}' as monarchs of Great Britain. It *s said to be a block
of limestone. A chip with a hammer might reveal whether it
is of Cretaceo-eocene limestone of Uethel, or Carboniferous
limestone of Scotland, or even Ireland, and effectually dispose
of the legend of its history. It is not likely, however, that it
will be subjected to this process. When we went to Scotland
we descended in the London Clay, and reached the bottom of
it when we arrived at Williston Junction, as if we had gone
down the Artesian Well at the Fisheries Exhibition, and
certainly much more easily, (as the latter mode of descent is of
course impracticable) and we as certainly came up when we
returned to London. We propose to make a similar descent
and ascent to make you accustomed to such geological processes.
Our next descent in the London Clay thus occurs : The
Executive Committee, of the Fisheries F'xhibition, have invited
us to a pleasant excursion up the Thames, above Maidenhead,
as far as Medmenham Abbey. They h? invited Foreign and
Colonial Commissioners, and others. Ai . le time appointed,
we assemble at the Paddington Station, of the Great Western
Railway, on the London Clay. Thence we proceed by railway
to the Taplow Station. Carriages are in waiting to take us to
Maidenhead. I am accommodated with three others. One is
a fellow-excursionist to Howieton, another is Lindley Sarabourne,
the '' artist of Pitncli" the third is the pyrotechnist of the
Crystal Palace^ three very pleasant companions. We arrive at
the Tharans at Maidenhead, and have passed through (down)
the London Clay and reach the Chalk. We are also in the
neighborhood of Eton. We are to have a Reception at
Maidenhead on our return. A steam-launch is waiting to
receive us. It is gaily decorated with international flags flying

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

f ' i'ilr

from stem to stern. The name of our boat is the Beatrice.
A smaller launch accompanies to supply sufficient accommoda-
tion, and for other purposes, another JBeutrice — a big and a little.

34. We sail up the TJiames lock by lock, stage by stage,
admiring the beautiful scenery on either side and before us.
"While we are in the locks, with the water rising to the level
above, our attention is directed by Dr. Day and jNIr. Kamsay
of New South Wales, to beautiful specimens of fresh water
sponges — spongillae — which they are collecting from the si(Tes
of the locks. We are interrupted in our admiration of the
scenery by the invitation to luncheon. However, if we should
miss any beautiful sight, we may make up for the loss on our
return. We pass Cliveden, a residence of the Duke of West-
minster, and at length reach Medmenham Abl>ey. Referring
to Dickens' Dictionary of the Thames, we find that we are
60^ miles from London by the river, or lOi miles from jSIaiden-
head. We are in Buckinghamshire. The monks of Medmen-
ham had for their motto, •' Fay ce qiie voud'as" as it appears
over a door way at the Abbey. A free translation of this is,
Do-as-you-like. The accessibility of the Abbey, the loveliness
of its surroundings, and its interesting historical associations,
make this a favourite resort of tourists, pleasure seekers, excur-
sionists and picnic parties. These appreciate the hospitable
look of the motto, and accept of the gracious invitation to
make themselves fi*ee and easy, probably mora so than the
ancient proprietors of the Abbey %\v aid have done. Our
excursion party was certainly no exception. Except an
ancient archway and a single pillar of the church there
is little of the ancient abbey to be found in the present
edifice. It stands in so beautiful position and commamls
such lovely views, that its present artificial appearance
will be readily forgiven. On entering the Fisheries Exhi--
bition a picture — an oil painting of considerable interest
— attracts attention. The subject is the Monks of Med-
menham fishing on the Abbey point. There are fine roach
swims all the way up this reach. Returning Ave came to
Cliveden. As the Duke of Westminster had kindly given us

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

permission to visit and view the mansion and grounds, we
landed and availed ourselves of our privileges. Ascending the
beautiful covert way, arched with trees, at the top we behold
the extensive array of terraces and gardens. After a walk
through the gardens and on the terraces, and a survey of the
panorama of the Thames as far as Windsor Castle and beyond,
we enter the mansion. Attention is directed to the splendid
pavement of Staffordshire tiles in the entrance hall, Minton's
present to the late Duchess of Sutherland in return for
patronage andencouragement of the celebrated potteries. The
library is inspected and art treasures admired, especially the
ancestral and other family sculptures and paintings of historic
interest. A number of aspirants ascend to the top. We are
contented and satisfied with what we can see Avith less effort.
A German professor and I direct our attention to the geology
of the heights. Amid the profuse vegetation we observe a
corner having an outcrop, showing Chalk with flints. We are
in the Cretaceous formation underlying the London Clay and
other beds. "We reach the foot of the covert way on the side
of the Thames and wait for the gathering of our party. His
Grace apologizes for his absence, and regrets his inability to
entertain us oersonallv.

36. We have assembled once more. We are in,i.;ed to
partake of a little refresliment after our arduous work (?)
Looking around to see that all is right, we observe first of all
our gaily decorated big " Beatrice " ready for our embarkation
— little " Beatrice " has mysteriously disappeared. Looking
over our party, its numbers are diminished. Their presence
seems to be required in advance. Certain knowing ones
decline to fvnswer inquiries. It appears that our movements
have been watched from the opposite bank of the river. Two
gentlemen appear and politely request us to arrange ourselves
in a group beside our launch. Here we are English, Scotch,
Irish, Bufisian, Austrian, French, German, Dutch, American,
Austral^oian, Canadian, Swedish, Norwegian, Chinese and
Japanese, &c. Being brought to order, a photographer points
towards us his Camera. This over, we embark and make a

6ff

GIANT8 AND PIGMIES.

start — still a hindrance. The photographers having •etablished
themselves on the opposite side of the river, politely request
that our launch lie across tlio river, which it nearly spans.
Arranged, we are called to order. In an instant the picture is
taken. Two beautiful photographs with the lovely scenery up
the river, in the background. Precious mementoes of our
pleasant excursion and international intercourse and companion-
ship. We sail down the Thames admiring the ever interesting
and changing scenery. The graceful swans and other aquatic
birds engage our attention and the passing gondolas, boats and
Cinoes with their pleasure-seeking or utilitarian parties. We
, pass through the lock obstructions., and at length reach Maii'en-
head. At Skindle's Hotel the Executive have provided a
sumptuous dinner. We are introduced to the mayor of
Maidenhead who appears in his robes to give us a welcome
reception. We e'.t down to dinner— the mayor presiding.
After the feast we have speeches. It is now dark — the
shrubbery in the front of the hotel is lighted up with Chinese
lanterns. Barges are moored in the river in front. Our com-
panion, the pyrotechnist of the Crystal Palace, coranieijces
operations, and for more than half an hour he displays the
wonders of his art illuminating the beautiful scenery of the
Thame.:' with unsurpassable brilliancy and splendour. Our
delightful excursion terminates, we enter our carriages and
return to iU°. Taplow railway station ; we ** ascend " the London
Clay and reach the Paddington station, and finally our home.
It was pretty late or rather early, but then we have given a
good account of ourselves. On the following morning we
received in a befitting manner the condolence of our friends
•and colleagues, with regrets that we had had such bad weather,
as it had rained steadily and heavily — in London.

Halifax, June 23rd, 1888.

I have just received a circular from the Geologists' Association,
/ London, inviting me to an " Excursion to Pinner and Reckmansworth
on Saturday afternoon, June 26." Directions given: Leave Baker
Street Station (Metropolitan Extension) by the 1.59 p. m. train, due
at Pinner at 2.34. Time 35 minutes. Walking from Pinner to
Reckmansworth along the line in course of construction there will be

OIANTS AIW> PIGMIES.

50.

fonnd, fii-st, London Clay ; second, Woolwich and Reading Befls ;
third, Chalk. The second beds may or may not be wanting, else-
where. As I am an Honorary Member (since 1882) I recei invi-
tations to all excursions..

36. We propose to avail ourselves of another Fishery^
Exhibition Excursion in order to make a farther advance
upward in our geology and at the same time to add a>
possible charm to details, which to some m«y be requisite.
This excursion preceded the last in order of time. Geological
sequence which we regard of first consequence, calls for thia
transposition. Vide Table. The- invitation is to the Executive
of the Fisheries Exhibition and Foreign and Colonial Com-
missioners from "^A Committee of Norfolk and Norwich
gentlemen interested in Inland Fisheries, for a day's excursion
on part of the rivers and broads of Norfolk, W. Oldham
Chambers, Secretary." According to directions we assemble ajb
the Liverpool Street Railway Station at 7 a. m. As on previous
excursions we start on the London Clay ; proceeding onward
we continue in the same formation until we reach Harwich.
This is not the first time that we have gone thus far. In
1862 Professor Tennant and I visited Harwich, and then sailed
up the harbour and river to Ipswich. A fossil turtle in our
museum, dredged from the London Clay of Harwich Harbour^
was then secured. This was one of a number which were
offered for sale by a collector. Professor Tennant purchased a
larger one. The largest specimens were too ponderous. My
specimen is concretionary. They are found in stones which are-
dredged for the manufacture of Roman cement. Our c- icretion
is perforated by the Mollusc saxt'cava, like many of the stones
dredged in our own harbour and coast. This locality is
Tv^markable as the habitat of the CortjpTiodon eocenns, our first,
fruu-oating mammal of a previous note (29). In the proceedings
of the Geologists' Association of London just received, our
attention is directed by E. T. Newton to Croydon, on the south
side of the London Clay. Our present position is on the north
side. In this other locality in the estuarine beds a bone of
CorypUodon was also found. In the search for other remains £^

0IA.NT3 AND PIGMIES.

leg-bone of a large bird has been found (a tibio-tarsus). This,
when perfect, is supposed to have been 23 inches in length. It
has been compared with DInornis crasms, one of the recent
gigantic birds of New Zealand. Attention will be directed to
our museum collection of these in a future number. It is also
compared with another gigantic eocene bird, found and des-
cribed b}' M. Hebert in 1855. It was found in the Eocene
" plastic clay " of Meudon, and named Oasfomis parisiensis.
The Croydon bird has been called Gastornia Klaasseni in honor
of its discoverer, Mr. Klaassen. They are supposed to have
been wading and swimming birds. Dr. Victor Lemoine, from
an examination of numerous remains, has been led to conclude
— that gastornis probably attained to a height of eight feet.
Sir Richard Owen has described three bird's remains of very
great interest from the London Clay. The bird has been
named Argillornis (clay bird) longipennis (long winged). It
was a fish-eating (serrated or tooth-billed) bird larger than the
Albatross.

37. Reaching Ipswich, wo had reached what is called the
Crag (Suffolk and Norfolk) ; the Pliocene, which lies above the
London Clay. This is its proper geological position. Proceed-
ing we descend into the London Clay, and then again into the
Chalk. Advancing we approach Norwich, we then ascend
from the Chalk into the Crag without meeting the London
Clay. It is missing, making a " break in succession." We
reach Norwich. Here Ave have a great accession to our
numbers. The mayor of Norwich and other gentlemen who
invited, gave us a hearty welcome. It is a gala day. Flags
and Welcome to Norwich greet us. A special takes us to
Wroxhani. A luncheon is provided, of which we partake.
We then go to the Bridge and River Bure, where a fleet of
steam launches are in waiting. We embark. Ours is the
Caledonia. The owners are with us, Messrs. Harvard & Son,
of Norwich. The founder of Harvard College, Mass., was a
relative. We are in the Bridge Broad. As we happen to be
the farthest up in the river we are about the last in starting.
The mayor's launch leads the way. Coming to Wroxhatn

GIANTS AND PI0MIE8.

Broad, where we have plenty of room, the Caledonia offers a
tow-line to one, and then another ; the last will be first. Mr.
Towse, our leader, stands beside the engineer and stoker urging
to increasing speed. The most noteworthy spot we come to is
St. Benets' Abbey, situated on the left bank of the river, about
10 miles from our starting point : "Once upon a time, it must
have been a mighty building, covering much ground, as its
scattered ruins testify. Now nought reminds us of its founder,
aeneible King Canute, ( Vide Canute and his courtiers on the
seashore) but a fine archway with some contiguous walls, upon
which a windmill has been erected, but which is now itself in
ruins, and two massive parallel walls standing about 200 yards
to the eastward ; also there are two arched doorways and
strong walls in the house by the river side whoso cool recesses
speak of ancient days," (C. Davies). This having been duly
inspected we return in the same style as before. The mayor's
launch only is beyond, and etiquette forbids ; we slacken our
speed. •' It is somewhat difficult to analyse the charm which
the " Broad " Districts of Norfolk and Suffolk has for those
who have once made its acquaintance, in the only way in
which an intimate knowledge of it can bo gained. In a
journey through it by rail, you see nothing but its flatness I
walk along its roads you see the dullest side of it j but take to
its water-highways, and the glamour of it steals over yon, if
you have aught of the love of nature, the angler, or the artist
in you, One reason may be that the rivers are highways.
From them you view things as from a different standpoint j
along them flows a current of life difliering from that on either
rail or road. Houses are few and far between ; within the
circle of your sight there is neither house nor man visible. A
grey church tower, a windmill, or the dark brown sail of a
wherry in the distance breaks the sense of utter loneliness,
but the scene is wild enough to enchain the imagination of
many. Long miles of sinuous gleapiing river, marshes gay
with innumerable flowering plants, white sheets of water
bordered with swaying reeds ; yachts or wherries, boats, fish,
fowl and rare birds and plants, and exquisite little bits to paint
and sketch : iheie are the elements out of which a pleftsant

OlAKtS Aift) PtOMIfeS.

lioliday may be made. From Yarmoutli, looking inland, tlirtfd
main water-highways radiate. The chief is the Yaro, flowing
from the westward ; then comes the Bure, flowing from the
"north-westward, and having her Inrga ttibutiries, the Ant and
ihe Thurne, flowing from the northward. From the south-
west come the clear waters of the Waveney. All these rivers
are navigable for considerable distances, aiid on the Bure and
its tributaries the greater number of the Broads are situate.
These Broads are large siiallow lakes connected with the rivers,
and are most of them navigable. Flat marshes follow the lines
of the rivers, and while higher and well wooded ground rises
near the upper positions of the rivers, near the sea the country
is perfectly flat, and vessels sailing on all three rivers are
visible at the simo time. There are no impediments to navr*
gation of any consequence, so it may be imagined what a
■*' happy hunting ground " this is to the boat'sailor, the
"naturalist and the angler. See Davis' Haiulbook of the Rivers
and Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk, with map presented to the
Foreign and Colonial Commissioners of the great I. F. E. by
the publisher.

38. The exit of these waters is at Yarmouth. At the
•distance of 20 wiles by water there is an ebb and flow. This
strange country is not heyoml the possibility of a sudden visit
from the sea. No ! these light-coloured mounds in the dis-
tance are the sea banks of sand, only held together by scanty
marram grasses. These sandhills form a very curious barrier
between the salt and fresh water. Ikeaches have been made
in them by the sea from time to time, notably in the winter of
1791 when a very high tide made several gaps, and threatened
to overwhelm the marshes inland. The whole district is
included in the " Crag formation " of Geology and Miocene
and Pliocene (Lyell) which precede the Glacial. Its material
is generally loose and incoherent. The want of solidity in its
strata, which are sands and clays, accounts for the flatnevss
which we have seen to be characteristic of the region. We
dhall have occasion, at the proper time, to return to these
peculiar formations of Norfolk trnd Suffolk (45)^ At the close

OIAKTS AKt) PtaUlEti.

of our deli;,'lUful sail on the river Buro and its Droads wo find
ourselves in Wroxliam, and the closing scene of our visit. In
the long and wide tent where we had our luncheon in the
morning a anniptuous dinner covers the table. We take our
seats in prescribed order. (.)ur sail has prepared us to do
justice to tht viands. P'ish (of the IJroavls) have a prominent
place in the Bill of P'are, as fishes hove in all our I. F, E.
dinners. The indefatigable and ingenious Secretary, W.
Oldham Chambers, presents each guest with *' a Bill of Fare "
in the form of a Pike (fish) of the Broads which we are to
take to our homes as a souvenir of our \iAt. We cat and
talk, having a member of the Executive on the right and a
brother commissioner on the left. The talk all around makes
as much noise as in a spinning mill. A select trio of gentle-
men vocali.sts is provided to give relish to the entertainment.
They certainly performed their part well. Godfrey's band or
H. R. H. the Duke of Edinburgh's piper, however, would have
commanded more attention. After dinner came a sufficient
number of toasts and complimentary speeches. The hour of
departure arrived. Our special train speeds on towards London,
leaving our entertainers and others at Norwich and Ipswich.
Amid all the stir we cannot help thinking about the Geology
of the way, especially that of Ipswich, which as you know we
have already visited under more favourable circumstances.
Here the so called " Red-Crag " is lound resting on the London
Clay, being seen in interesting sections on the sea coast at
Walton on Naze. Here the fossils of the formation arc
collected in abundance. Theae show that the formation is
marine. The admirable museum at Ipswich is rich in these
fossils. We secured a small collection of representatives; we
specify the gasteropod Fuaus contrarms (a reversed variety),
found in the Mediterranean and on the coast of Spain
(Woodward). In our Museum we have a considerable col-
lection of the fossils of Walton on Naze, containing many
Fusua contrarius — large and small — old and young, presented
by the Prince of Mantua and Montferrat. Ipswich was the
birthplace of Cardinal Wolsey. In the Challenger dredgings
presented to the Museum by the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,

GIANTS AND PI0MIB8.

we found a groat many tiny sheila of the Bhi»p3 of Fnum
contrurius, a Pteropod, not Gaateropod. Arriving at London
wo reached our centre at an early hour — wearied, but highly
grutifie*! with the day's excursion.

39a i'rora London we would go to China. Our Museum
•collections enable us to perform this feat The contriVjutor is
Mr. John Graham, now of China, formerly of Halifax. We
would examine them in geological order. We have first
granites and coal. * According to the analogy of Egyptian
Geology wo regard the granites as of Archaean age, and the
coal as of doubtful age. Our first account of the granites
received from Mr. Graham was rather startling. He informed
us that there was a bridge in China having in its structure
blocks of graAite 75 feet in length. As he was informed that
I was rather incredulous ho had a photograph taken, which is
now in the Museum ; he also sent me specimens of granite.
This bridge is certainly in analogy with the structures of
Ancient Egypt. How the stones were brought into their
present position is certainly a Chinese puzzle. Our other
collections are fn^m the Island of Formosa. They are fossils —
one part of thorn are casts of shells in limestone. Their
general aspect is that of the fossils of the " Calcaire grossier
inferieur" of Paris. I regard them as of Eocene age. The
occurrence of nummulites in the Philippines and Japan seems
to harmonise with this view. The other fossils are flora and
mammalia of presumably later ages, to which we will subse-
quently direct special attention. Having made these observa-
tions we return to Montmartre, Paris. In No. 29, I referred
to the mammalian remains found in this locality. These
were discovered, disinterred, examined and described by the
* immortal Cuvier." The names of two are Palaeotherium
magnum and minus. They have been noticed in the menagerie
of the Sydenham Island. In Geological treatises they are
often figured. A recent discovery, however, shows that
Palaeotherium magnum, is not altogether what it was supposed
to be. According to the restoration it resembled a rhinoceros
without a horn and as large as a horse. It was considered to

GIANTS AND PIOMIBfl.

resemble the tnpir. Tho short and stout neck was astiigned to
it on account of the vertebrae of the nock being compressed
in the original skeleton. Tho discovery referred to was niadfl
in a plaster ([uarry at Vitry-sur-Seine. Here was foun<l an
almost entire skeleton embedded in gypsum and marl, which
shows tl'.at the Palaeotherhim magnum^ instoatl of being bulky
and massive, was a very slender animal, with an extremely
graceful carriage, a neck longer than in tho horse, and a general
contour, much tho same as that of the Llama. We quote the
description from Nature, Feb. 12th, 1874. A picture illustrates
tho description : It had a height a little less than that of a
middle sized horse. Three toes are found on each of tho feet;
the head, much like that of the tapir, had probably tho rudi-
ment of a trunk : tlie former has a third trochanter. The
dentary system is composed, in each jaw, of six incisors, two
canines and fourteen molars, these latter corresponiling with
the same teeth in the rhinoceros. Like its congeners of which
a dozen species are at present known, it was herbivorous, and
without doubt lived in large herds. Tho specimen is in the
Museum of Natural History, Paris.

40. Of the other mammals associated in life and death
with tho Palueotherea, we notice the Annplotheres, comtintne
and scciinil avium. We give Owen's description of the first (3.)
(This too is on the geological island) "It was 8 feet long
including the tail or 4^ feet without the tail. The body was
about as long as that of a common ass, but less elevated above
the ground, the withers being probably little more than 3 feet.
The long and powerful tail must have formed the chief pecu-
liarity in the living animal's outward form. This must have
been of the same service to it in swimming as the tail of the
otter. Its small, equable and well-opposed upper incisors would
indicate that it cropped grass like a horse. This, one of the
earliest hoofed quadrupeds introduced upon the surface of the
earth, presents in comparison with living species, no indications
of inferior or rudimental character in any known part of its
organization. With regard to dentition it not only possessed
iucisora and canines in both jaws, but these teeth were so

.1* ■

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

eqnally developed that they form one unbroken series with the
premolars and true molars, which character is now maniicsted
only in the human species." (4). Another mammal found at
Montniartre is the Xiphiodoen (jrarife. Its form was light and
graceful, and somewhat resembled that of a stHg. (5). Another
is Cliaerop<yUnnus Cucien. This too is found at Montmartre.
Tliis quadruped must have resembled the Peccary of South
America. It was the earliest form of the hog-triV)e (Owen),
In the "Formation of Anvergne " there have been found a
great number of the bones of mammals. Among these have
been recognised (6). Cainothere, (7). Ampliistra^juhid elerjans,
Pomelj (8). Microtliere, (9). Hijaenodon. In the Basain do
Mayence are recognized the mammals (10). Hippdherinni
rp'aciU ; allied to the horse, (11). Acrotherium ( rhlnonems
incisivux). The two last localities, although at a distance from
Paris, are geologically very near. Transferring them thus to
Montmartre, they can lnII be accommodated between the gypsums
and marls, and the oyster beds^ &c., of the fables de Fontaine
bleau of the summit ; as they do not range geologically higher
than the Calcaires de Ikie Meulieres (Burhstones) of Ikittes
Chaumont. This grand assemblage of mamn>al3 of various
character and perfect organization constitutes, certainly, r^
mighty (Almighty) step in advance of preceding periods. The
Flora and Fauna seem adnurably to illustrate the written
Record: "And Got! said, let the earth bring forth grass, the
herb yielding seed after its kind and the fruit tree yielding
fruit whose seed is in itself upon I'lO earth, and it was so."^
Gen. i 11. "And God said, let the earth bring forth the living
creature after his kind, Behemoth and creeping thing and beast
of the earth after his kind, and it was so." Verses 24 and 25.

41, Itt a preceding No. (27) I refeiTed to- the Isle of
Wight in connection with the elevation of Mount Lebanon
and Montmartre. Its geology may also be correlated with that
of the Paris and Londtm Basin?. Its formatiuns are the Wealden^
Cretaceous, lower and upper, Eocene, lower and upper.
Osborne, the residence of Her Majesty the Queen, is (»n the
Eocene fof naation. Having correlated the geology with that of

CftAiW'S AND MtfMtES.

ihe 'Paris Basin, we propose now to correlate the Ancient
Inhabitants. Sir Richard Owen will enable us to do so. We
"will inspect thera in the order which he has given us : 1.
Mtxcacns eocejitis. The remains of a monkey were found in a
•deposit of -th-e Eocene Peri(xl at Kyson, England. This is
•allied to tiie Gibraltar monkey. 2. Didelphis (? )^ GolcheBter,
Owen. 3. Bideiphis gypsoriim, Cnvier. Owen says, Cuvier
'demonstrated thut there was entombed in the g\'psum of Paris
an animal (opossum) whose genus at the present day is confined
to St uth America and tiic soirthern J)art3 of Xorth America.
Well might Cuvier exclaim, when the delicate but clear lines
of the parts ii« -sought became manifest, "Que ces lineamens
aont precieux !" How precious are these lineaments ! 4.
Coryphod«n mcemii? (Ctfri/fihe, a point; oih s, a tooth). The
Temains of this pachyJemi, as we have al "eady noticed in a
preceding No. (35) were fcmnd in the Eocem Clays of Harwich
and Croydon. It is allied to the Tapir, " w4iose most common
food is vegetable, and consists of wild fruits, buds and shoofs.
The abundance and variety of the fossil remains of fruits,
most of them of a -tropical character, which have been obtained
ironi the same deposits of Eocene Clay (London Clay) as that
which has yielded the Remains of Cory^hodon, indicate the
extent and nature of those dark and dense primsBval forests in
which the Coryphodon obtained its subsistence." 5. Lopliicxlon.
'6. Lophwdon mintmas, Dwarf Lophiodon. This was found
in the Eocene Clay of Brac4ilesliam. In this clay were found the
Is ummulites idready noticed (19). 7. Palae»t/ieniini magnum.
This has already been noticed among the mammals of Mont-
martre and elsewhere. Teeth h ive also been found in the fresh
water eocene marl at Seafi«ld in the Isle ©f V/ight. 8. Paleo-
■therium meMum—^middle. sized. Remains of tiiis Palaeothere,
named medium by Cuvier, wei"c found in Binstead, Isle of
Wight. 9. Palaentherinm craitenm. This was found in the
■same locality. 10. Palaeothermm minus. Of this elegant
species the fresh water eocene deposits of the Isle of Wight
■have furnished several specimens, mora entire and better pre-
served than those of the larger Palaeotheres.

GIANTS AJTD PrOMIHa.

42. List of Eocene mammals continued. 11. Cliae^
ropotamaa Cnvieri, This member of the hog family was also
found in the Isle of Wight as well as at Montmartre. 12.
Hjiracotherium hporinum. 13. Hyi'aeoiheriiim cunkulua.
The first was found at Heme Bay. The form and structure
of the molar teeth determine this interesting genus to belong
to the same natural family of the hog-tribe as the Cliaerupota-
mils. The second is from the Eocene Clay at Kyson. 14.
Anoplothermm commune. This also existed in the eocene of
the Isle of Wight as well as at Montmartre. Jt5. LHchobune
eervinnm. This, too, was found in the eocene marl oi Binstead
Itile of Wight. Cuvier considered that this mammal resembled
the young musk-deer. The cotemporaneous existenee of these
mammals in Paris, the Isle of Wight and England (Londoi*
Clay) seems to indicate that the Isle of Wight and England
then were parts of th« continent of Ettrope. The land
mammals of England doubtless could roam at krge over
Europe, Africa and Asia. We liare noticed representative
land mammals of the so-called Eocene Period. We now
come to look for sea mammals of the same period, which
one record tells us did exist, as well as fowls, which we have
already noticed. Gen. i , 20, 21, 22. We find the Delphini-
dae, Dol[thins, Porpoises — of the Order Ceiacea — Whales —
occurring in the " Calcaire gi'ossier " of the Department of
Maine and Loire. Cuvier in bis Ossemens fossiles, 1823,
describes " Un Daupbin voisin de I'epaulard et de giobiceps."
A Dolphin related to the Phocejia oira (grampus) and the
Pkocena melas (black fish). Owen &ays that this Delphinus
had 17 teeth in each alveolar series of the upper jaw. The
Phocena Orca or Gktdiatoi; exhibited in the Norwegian depart-
ment of tl>e Fisheries Exhibition was certainly a monster, and
the Ca'ing whale or black fish is certainly not a pigmy. Schools
of them are often seen in our own waters. The tail and
flippers of one killed in Dublin Bay, N. 8., are in our Museum,
Each measures 3 feet. Of this the lower jaw has 10 teeth on
either side. Cuvier's whale seems to have been an approxi-
mate cotemporo»'y with the Coryphodon eocenu$ of England,
and the Coryphodon eocenus aikl the Qtrypfiodon oweni of

<nANT8 AND PTOMIES.

France. "With the last are associated the Gastornis parisiensis,
Hebert "a gigantic bird whose proportions imist have sur-
f)a8sed those of the ostrich." We wish the fact of the occur-
rence of the whale at this period to be particularly noted, as
it may be referred to in a future No. (44.) Owen in his list
mentions also the following whales • (^) Balaerunlon afflnis,
{3) Balaenodon d^nita, (4 J Balaenodon emarginata, (5 j
Balaenodon gihbosa, (6) Balaeno'ion phymloides. Most of
ithese whales are found in tiie Miocene Crag of Suffolk and
Norfolk, but there is little doubt that they were washed out
■of the underlyingjeocene clay. — Owen. •> > '• .

43. (!•)• We hare found the "Sable de Fontainebleau"
•occupying the summit of Buttee Montmartre. (2). Else-
where -the ■*' Calcaire de lieauee " rests immediately on the
Sands of Fontainebleau. After the Lintestone of Beauce, which
is a fresh water formation, (3) are "cla-ys with millstone
or buhrstone " liaving Chora medicaginula. (4). Succeeding
.there is another limestone with Helices, snail shells — a lake-
iormed limestone. We now come to th« " Upper Miocene."
{5). The first bed -of this period is a marine " Mollasse " near
Utzigen, east of Berne, in Switzerland. In this ai« nrixed
teeth of fisl^s and bones of mammals such as Hyena, Elephant
and Ehiuoceros. These mammals of fe^v^^itzerland send us back
to Formosa — in China, where Hyenas, Elephants and Rhinpceros
appear as cotempcffaries. Sir E. Owen tells us of their occur-
rence here. Mr. Graham's collections tell us a part of the
same story. With the marine shells of Eocene (?) age, already
noticed, we have iossil flora resembling cuZawi/e*, bat evidently
different from those of the Carboniferous period. They are
probably Eocene flora, pre-mammalian. Accompanying these,
'were(l) apart »f the lower jaw of a Ruminant, having por-
tions of .two teeth. (-). A tooth of anotlier mammal of large
si^e. This is nearJy entire. Wishing to have the opinion of
Owen, as he had examined and ^lescribed other mammal
remains from Formosa, I sr^nt them to the British Museum
last winter. As Sir Richard Owen has retired from the
Museum, Mr. Davies axamiued them and pronounced the jaw

arA5TS AWD PIOMTES.

to be "Bovine," ox-like, and the tooth to be that of an-
" Elephant species." The arranfjeinent of the enamel ridfjes in-
the dentine resenables that of the teeth of the Indian Elephant
generally, as we find by comparing with onr specimens of
Elephant teeth in the Mnseum. In the Quarterly tToiirnal of
the Geological Society, Vol. XXVI., No 3,. is a paper "Oni
Fossil remains of Mammals found in China." By Prof. Owen.
The mammals described are from Formosa. They are (l)i
t^te.fiodbn m'nmsi's. The author considers this Pachydepni to be-
allied to the mammoth. (2). Stegodon oruntalu consi(h'red'
to be allied to the mastodon and elephant. (5). Ihjcenof
sinensis. (4). Rhineceros sinensis. (5). Tapinis- -''nensis.
(6). Chalieotherium sinsnsis. The Chalicotherium sivaiense is-
characterized by Dr. Falconer as " one of the most remarkable-
aberrant pachyderms that have been met With, closely allied
to Anoplotheriura, but yet having a closer aflR^nity with
Rhinoceros." Owen says " the extent of the range of Chali-
cotherium over the great division of dry land to which that
4orm seems to have been lestricted was considerable — from
France to China. In tracing it in this direction the species
appear to have lived on, nearer to the present period, as they
were located eastward. Land- at the eastern limits of the great
Europe.\.i-Asiatic tract, and now forming China, may have been,
exempt or much longer exempt (since it became fit to be trod
by Tapirs and Anoplotheroids) from those alternate elevations:
and depressions which have destroyed, modified or covered the
western miocene land with deposits of pliocene or post-pliocene-
age." The fossils examined by Owen were found in Chinese-
drug shops. Fossils form part of the materia me^liea' of the-
Chinese.

44r. ^^n our way from Formosa to France we take another
look at Egypt. In the miocene (?) fbrmation here, we have also-
mammal remains. Those that come under our notice are few
in number, but they appear to be of a representative character.
In the Suez Canal collections we find two, having a few mam-
malian fragments. The collection of M. A. Baudoin includes,
(^l). The jaw of. a, Aiigpopotamus., (2). The condyle of th»

OIA.NTS AND PIGMIES.

jaw of a Hippopotamus. (3). The tooth of a Hippopotamus.
(4). The tooth of a young Hippopotamus. (5). The molar
of a ruminant. (6). A veitebra. (7 ami 8^. Debris of
different bones. In- the collection of M. L Degousee there
are, (1) The fragment of the humerus of a ruminant, a species
of goat. (2 and 3). Fragments of Hippopotamus. (4).
Kemains of a Camel. The last three were found at Chalouf
by Dr. Terrier. Notes on these collections thus read : " Atten-
tion is directed to a group of fossil bones of large antediluvian
animals collected on the plateau of Tou-^soum and on the bank
of Chalouf el Terraba, the greater part undetermined. How-
ever, we distinguish an upper jaw with a tooth perfectly
preserved, several portions of a sternum, a part d'omoplate, the
head of a femur of the left sMe, v.pper parts of a tibia, the
upper extremity of i humerus, vertebrae of different regions, a
metatarsal bone and some fragments of ribs." " Hippopotamus
is now confined to the rivers of the middle and south of Africa.
It formerly found its way into Egypt by the Nile, but has long
disappeared from that country." Cuv. and Lat.

We return to France. Geologists distinguish after the
" Mollasse, a green calcareous grit and conglomerates, Marine
de Suisse" of No. 43, " Mollasse de la Morefe." (2). " Faluns
(rocks abounding in shells) et Mollasse de Bordeaux et de
Dax." (3). Falun de Touraine. There is nothing remarkable
about the two first. The third commands attention by its
remarkable group of mammals. These are, (1) Dinotherium.
(2) Mastodon. (3^) Rhinoceros. (4) Hippopotamus, land
mammals, Walrus, Seal, Dolphins, Sea-Mammals and Sharks.
Buckland gives us a picture of the lower jaw of Dinotherium
gujanteum. Its length with the tusk is 4J feet — -the tusk is
1 foot 3 inches. He also pictures a lower and part of the
upper jaw of Dinotherium mediuin. This lower jaw and tusk
measures 3 feet ; the tusk is less than a foot. The animal waa
elephantine, and probably had a proboscis. It difff'red from
all the other elephantine animals in having the tusks in the
lower jaws, bent abruptly downwards. Buckland gives a
restoration of the Dinotherium gi<iantcum. It resembles
generally an elephant reclining beside a lake, with pond lilies

;. I

•I

I \

GIANTS AMD PIGMIES.

and other aquatic plants, its probable food. Associated with
it, is the mabtodon, another member of the same family. It is
called mastochm on account of the nipple-shaped tubercles
ariangod in pairs on the crown of the molar teeth. The two
incisors of the upper jaws formed long curved tusks as in the
elephants. This seems to be the first appearance of this
pachyderm. We shall again and again have occasion to refer
to mastodon in the sequel. Hippopotamus is here met with as
in Ejypt, and of the same character, very similar to the sea-
horse of the Upper Nile. These had the Rhinoceros as an
associate similar to the Rliiuoceroa africanus. Europe and
Africa seem to conform at this time in the character of its
Pachyderms. The Walrus, Seal and Dolphin were European
cotemporaries. The mode of occurrence of the Cetacea seems
to be decidedly antagonistic to the " iheory of Whale Evolu-
tion," which considers them to liave been originally land
mammals who took to the deep and underwent a process of
devolution by which they were transformed, to their existing
constitution. Prof. Flowers of the British Museum is the
chief advocate of this theory. He kindly invited me to his
Lecture on this subject delivered in the Royal Institution
during the Fisheriei^ Exhibition. I must confess that I was
taken by surprise, as the subject was altogether new to me and
incomprehensible. We have indicated a great difficulty in the
way of the acceptance of this theory, viz., the question of
cotemporaneity, if not precedence, to the Coryphodon eocemis,
vide No. 42 and the Biblical Record.

f ■^

45. Geological sequence necessitates a return to Suffolk
and Norfolk, to the crags of Pliocene age. Vide our trip to
the Broads of Norfolk. (Nos. 36, 37, 38). At Southwold in
Suffolk we have " mastodon in crag." This mastodon is a
species auip.istidens ; narrow toothed. It is a third less in
size than the mastodon glganteus or ohioticus, and much lower
in the legs. We will be able to judge of the dimensions of
the one when we meet with the other on the west side
of the Atlantic. (No. 54). We have already referred to the
sea-shells of the Norwich Crag. Another striking character-

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

istic of the formation is its Coprolites, from which phosphatic
fertilizers are manufactured. These are properly the fossil
excrements of carniKora, Ichthyosauri, <fec., and fossil bones of
the same. From these were derived vertebrae of ichthyosauri
described in a preceding No. (22). Shark's teeth abound,
especially those of Carcharodon wegalodon. Their name indi-
cates their size — (shark-tooth — great tooth). A very singular
fossil in the deposit is the Getiotolite, the petrified ear- bone of
a whale. The analysis of this fossil by Prof. Henslow led to
the discovery of the phosphatic character of" the so-called
Coprolites. Thus originated the profitable industry of phos-
phate fertilizers — a valuable appliance for the agriculturist.
Crossing over to Antwerp, the capital of Belgium, we find
the same formation, the Crag d'Anvers of the French geologists.
Sections of this are not found, as in Suffolk, but excavations of
a few feet in depth exhibit it in the city and environs. It is
distinguished by the same sea-shells as the Crag of Suffolk,
e. g., Fusua contrarl.us, Valuta lamherti, &c. There is also
the Norwich Crag, associated with that of Suffolk. French
geologists correlate with the Crag of Norwich, the Calcaire de
Girgenti : its thickness is from 200 to 300 metres. The shells
are 70 per cent., recent shells, the most remarkable for size and
abundance is Peden Jacohaeus. Mountain elevation — System
of the Alps. We translate, " The Alps are not the effect of
one only, and unique elevation, but the work of several " —
such as our own Cobequid Mountains, on a small scale. *' It
is believed that that which raised the Pyrenees and the
Apennines has had an influence on the chain of the Alps in
certain countries, as in Switzerland. But generally geologists
distinguish only two principal elovatory movements, the one
of which the direction is North 26° East, that of the Western
Alps, the other which has formed the principal chain runs
East 16° North, and extends without interruption to Valais in'
Austria. The elevation of the Western Alps appears to have
been effected between the Miocene and Pliocene periods, while
that of the principal chain might have been later, before the
formation of the Quaternary, Post-Pliocene or Pleistocene,
(Glacial)."

'§

0IANT8 A\n PiaMIBS.

46. At Clacton in Suffolk, on the shore is a post-pliocene
formation overlying the Crag. It is a " fresh-water deposit,
containing shells and mammalian remains." This or a similar
deposit may have produced an elephant's tooth which I pur-
chased from a collector in Ipswich. This tooth is in a state of
decay and with difficulty held together until it was saturated
with gelatine. It is in the museum. " When Cuvier first
Announced the presence of remains of Elephants, Rhinoceroses
and Hippopotamuses in the superficial unstratified deposits of
continental Europe, ho was reminded of the elephants that
were introduced into Italy in the Roman wars and afterwards
more abundantly, with the strange quadrupeds of conquered
tropical countries, in the Roman triumphs and games of the
amphitheatre." He therefore appealed with peculiar satisfaction
to the discovery of similar fossils in the British Isles, to the
origin of which the hypothesis of Roman or other foreign
introduction within the historical period could not be made
applicable. When Sir Hans Sloane disinterred an elephant's
fossil tusk out of gravel, 1 1 feet below the surface in Gray's
Inn Lane, and obtained molars from the county of Northamp-
ton, some considered them to have belonged to the identical
elephant which Caesar was said to have brought over to
Fngland. Dr. Buckland observed that the remains of these
Elephants are usually accompanied in England, as on the conti-
nent, by the bones of the Rhinoceros and Hippopotamus,
animals which could never have been attached to Roman armies.
The naturalists, Neville and Molineux, made known the exist-
ence of fossil molar teeth of elephants in the county of Cavun,
Ireland, where the armies of Caesar never set foot. When the
remains are compared with corresponding parts of the Indian
and African eleplmuts the dissimularity is very obvious. Owen
figures and compares the lower jaw of a young mammoth dis-
interred from a Pleistocene bed near Yarmouth in the county of
Norfolk, with that of a young Asiatic elephant, clearly showing
the difference. Woodward, in his Geology of Norfolk, sup-
poses that upwards of 2000 grinders of the mammoth have
been dredged up by the fishermen of Happisburg in the space
of 13 years. The oyster-bed was discovered here in 1820, and

«IANT8 AND PIOMIEfl.

T»

dwrmg the first twelve months, huHrlreds of the moTnr teeth of
Minmmoths wer<; landed in strange association with the edible-
mollusca. Remaina of the mammoth are hardly less numerous,
in Suffolk, aloni,' the coast, and at Sutton. The village of
Walton, near Harwich, is famoMs for the abundance of these-
fossils, which lie along the base of the sea-cliffs, mixed with
hones of species of horse, ox and deer. A very distinctive-
feature of the Elephas prlmigenlua (mammoth) is the tusks.
These have an extensive doublte cwrvature. One of the finest
tusks of a I'ritish mammoth was found at Ilford. It measured
12 foot 6 inches in length along the outward curvature. A
tusk frnm a brick-field at Kingsland, of which there is a model
in the miweum of the Geclogical Society of London, measures.
9 feet 10 inches along tha outer curve. Another, from the
drift near Happisburg, dredged up in 182&, measured nine feet
six inches, and weighed ninety seven pounds. Others have
been found weighing from one hundred to one hundred and
sixty pounds each. The more bulky bones of Walton seem
early to have attracted the attention of the curious. Lambaid
in his Dictionary says that " In Queen Elizabeth's time bones
were found of a man, whose skul'l would contain five pecks, and
one of his teeth as big as a man's fist, and weighed ten oiincefl.**"
The remains of mammoths have everywhere been the prolifio/
source of the traditions and histories of Giants and sometimes
of Saints : Lu».,ovicus Vives relates that a molar tooth, bigger
than a fist was shown to him as one of St. Christophe/s teeth and
was kept in a church that bears his name."^ — Owen's Fossil
Mammals.

47. The remains of the great mammoth have been noticed
as occurriiig in Europe and the Uritish Isles, iu superficial
deposits to which have been gi>"en the names — Post-pliocene-
Pleistocene, Quaternary, Diluvium, &o. They are found in still
greater abundance in the same formation in the higher latitudes
of Europe, Asia and America, from the L^iver Lena to Behring'a
Straits. They range from latitude, 40* to 70'. No authentic
cases of remains have been found in tropical latitudes or in
the southdn hemisphere. Siberia seems to have been thft

OTATn?S A WD PIOMIES.

•I

favourite haunt of these monsters, if we are to judge from their
superabundant remains. Here their tusks are so abundant as
to form " Ivory mines," seemingly, practically inexhaustible.
Hedoustroem in his *' Survey of the Laechow Islands on the
north-eastern coast of Siberia, remarks that the first of these
islands is little more than one mass of these bones ; and that
although the Siberian traders have been in the habit of bringing
over large cargoes of tusks for upwards of sixty years, yet there
appears to be no sensible diminution." " It is contended that
the number of Elephants, now living on the globe is greatly
inferior to the number of those whose bones are lemaining ia
Siberia." Almost the whole of the ivory work made in Russia
is from fossil ivory. It is also used in England. In conse-
quence of its abundance it is much cheaper than the ivory of
Africa and India. It becomes sooner yellow by the influence
of the weather or heat, and is a little more brittle than the latter,
and seems to be, in this respect, inferior. Tusks of Siberian ivory
have been cited, as weighing two hundred pounds. Owen says
that there is reason to believe that skeletons more or less entire
have been recovered in Britain. That the animal — entire — has
been found in Siberia, is a notable fact. The story of its
discovery is as follows " Ossip Schumachoff, a Tungusian chief
hunter and collector of fossil ivory who had migrated in 1799
to the peninsula of Tamust at the mouth of the River Lena, one
day perceived amongst the blocks of ice, a shapeless mass not at
all resembling tiio large pieces of floating wood which are
commonly found ther«. To observe it nearer, he landed,
climbed up a rock and examined this new object on all sides but
■without fbeing able to discover what it was. The following year
he perceived that the mass was more disengaged from the
blocks of ice, and had two projecting parts, but was still unable
to make out its nature. Towards the end of the following
summer (1801) the entire side of the animal and one of his
tusks, were quite free from the ice. On his return to the
borders of Lake Gncoul, he communicated this extraordinary
discovery to his wife and some of his friends ; but the way in
which they considered the matter filled him with grief. The old
men related, on the occasion, their having heard tlicir fathers

f".-

CflANTB AND PIOMIEg.

any, that a sfmiliar monster had been formerly seen rn the same
peninsula, and that aJl the fnniily of the person who discovered
it died soon afterwards. The mammoth was, in consequence,
tinanimously considered as an augury of future calamity, and the
Tungnsian chief was so much idarmed, that he fell serionsly ill ;
but becoming convalescent, his first idea was the profit which he
might obtain by selling the tusks of the aninml, which were of
extraordinary size and beauty. He ordered that the place
where the mammoth ^'as found, should be carefully concealed,
and that strangers should, under difl'eront pretexts, be diverted
from it, at the same time charging trustworthy people to watch
that the treasure was not carried uif. But the summer of 1802,
which was less warm and more windy than common, caused the
mammoth to remain buiied in the ice, which had scarcely
melted at all. At length, toAvards the end the fifth year,
(1803), the ardent wishes of Schumachoff were huppily gratified;
for the part of the ice between the earth and the mammoth
melted more rapidly than the rest, the plane of itn support
became inclined, and the enormous mass fell by its own weight
on a bank of sand. Of this, two Tungusians, who accompanied
me were witnesses. In the month of March, 1804, Schumachoff
came to his mammoth, and having cut off his tnsks, he exchanged
them with the merchant Bultanoff for goods of the value of
fifty roubles, £S stg. Schumachoff related the history of the
discovery to Mr. Adams, Naturalist's Library, Mammalia, Vol.
v., 1837, •' Elephant of the Lena."

48. Two years afterwards or the seventh after the dis-
covery of the mammoth, I (Mr. Adams) fortunately traversed
these distant and desert regions, and I congratulate myself in
being able lo prove a fact which seems so improbable. I found
the mammoth still in the same place but altogether mutilated.
There wao no obstacle to prevent approach to the carcase of the
mammoth ', the proprietor who was my guide, was content with
his profit from the tusks and the Jakutski of the neighbourhood
had cut off" the flesh with which they fed the dogs during the
Bcarcity. Wild beasts, such as white bears, wolves, Avolverines
and foxes also fed upon it, and the tracea of their footstepfl

I-

78 m4Ht8 kHt pi^mM.

'wore seen atonml. The skeleton almost entirely cleared of flesh
Teinuined whole, with the exception of one fore-leg. [Note. —
Thia has been restored in plaster of Puria from the other side.]
The spine from the head to the os eocejjgi*, [Xote. — This is an
•error, as of the twentyeij^ht or thirty caudal vertebroo, only
•eight are remaining ] One sc.ipula, the Iwsin and the three
extremities, were still hold together by lij^aments and by parts
of dry skin. The head was covereil with a dry skin^ one of
the cars being \vcll preserved, [N'ote. — The ears are not well
jareserved, but may perhaps have suffered in so k)ng a carriage,]
was furnished with a tuft of hair. All these parts have
necessarily been injured in transporting them eleven thousand
verts, (seven thousand three hundred and thirty miles.) Yet
the eyes have been preserved, and the pupil of the left eye can
atill be perceived, [I^ote. — A dried substance is visible, but it
ia not certain whether it is the pupil of the eye,] the point of
the lower lip has been gnawed, uml the upjier one having been
tlestroyed the teeth could be perceived. The brain was still in
the cranium, but appeared dried up. The parts least injured
•are one fore-^foot and one hind'foot ; they are covered with skin
and have the sole still attached. According to the assertion of
the Tungusian chief, the animal was so fat and well fed that
its belly hung down below the joints of the knees. This
mammoth was a male with a long mane on the neck, but with-
out tail or proboscis, [IVute. — The places of the insertion of the
muscles of the proboscis are visible on the skull; it was
probably devoured as well as the end of the tail.] The skin of
which I possess three-fourths, is of a dark gray colour, covered
•with a reddish wool and black hairs. The dampness of the spot
where the animal had lain so long, had in some degree destroyed
the hair. The entire carcase, of which I collected the bones on
the spot is nine feet four inches high, sixteen feet four inches
long, from the point of the nose to the end of the tail without
including the tusks which are a toise and a half (3 feet 6 inches)
in length, (9 feet 6 inches measuring along the curve. The
distance from the base of the root to the tusk to the point, is 3
feet 7 inches). The two togethei* weighed three hundred and
sixty pounds avoirdupois , the liead alone without the tusks

OUNT!:> AND PtOUtM.

Woij^lis four huntlretl and fourteen pourula nVolnlnpolB. The
principal ohject of my caro was to anparate the bones, to ai range
thorn, anil put them up safely, which was ilono with particular
attention. I Irail the satisfaction to find the others scapula,
which had remained not fir olf. I next detached the skin of
the side on whicii the animal had lain, which was W(dl preserved.
This skin was of such extraordinary weight that ten persona
found great difficulty in transporting it to the shore. After
this, I dug the ground in different places to ascertain whether
any of its bones were buried, but principally to collect all the
hair which the white boars, Sic, had trod into the ground
while devouring the flesh. Although this was difficult from the
want of proper instruments, I succeeded in collecting more
than thirty-six pounds of hair. In a few days the work waa
c unpleted, and I found myself in possession of a treasure
which amply recompensed me for the fatigues and dangers of
the journey ami the considerable expenses of the enterprise.
The lusks were re purchased at Irkutsk and the whole trans-
ported to 8t. Petersburg. The skeleton is now mounted in the
museum of the Metropolitan Academy. There is a good figure
of it in the volume from which we have taken the description.
Copies may be seen in Geological Text Books. There ia a
beautiful picture of it in our museum by Mr. Harris, R. A. C.

49. Mr. Adams gives the following information regarding
the situa of the frozen mammoth : " The place where I found
the mammoth is about 60 paces distant from the shore, and
nearly 100 paces from the escarpu.ent of the ice from which it
had fallen. This escarpment occupies exactly the middle
between the two points of the Peninsula. The escarpment of
ice was thirty-five to forty toises high (240 feet), and according
to the report of the Tungusians, the animal was, when they first
saw it, seven toises (45 feet) below the surface of the ice." The
skin being covered with thick hair induces Cuvier to consider
*' that it was the inhabitant of a cold region." Owen remarks :
The molar teeth of the Elephants possess a highly complicated,
and a very peculiar structure, and there are no other quadrupeds
that derive so great a proportion of their food from the woody

■.a

aiAHTS AND PI0MTB3.

V--

fibre of the br&nches of trees. The elephants tear down and
crunch the branches, the vertical enamel-plates of their huge
grinders enabling thcni to pound the tough vegetable tissue and
fit it for deglutition. Now, if we find in an extinct elephant
the same principle of construction of the molar teeth, but with
-augmented complexity arising from a greater number of the
triturating plates and a greater proportion of the dense enamel,
the inference ia plain that the ligneous fibre must have entered
in a larger proportion into the fooa of such extinct species. This
food could be had in sufficient quantity as high as the 60'
latitude parallel. •' In the extreme points of Lapland, in 70°
north latitude, pines att ,in to the height of 60 feet," Limlley's
Introduction to Botany. Lyell observes : " That as in our own
times, the nortliern animals migrate, so the Siberian Elephant
and Rhinoceros may have wandered towards the north in
summer. In .laking such excursions during the heat of that
brief season the mammoths would be arrested, when the Rein-
deer and Musk-ox would still proceed northward. Fn the diift
and fresh water dcpo.>its and caves of what he calls, ' Newer
Pliocene age,' " Sir Richard Owen enumerates 27 land and 5 sea
mammals in the one and 37 land mammals in the other (caves).
Of these 16 land mammals are common to both. In the
" alluvium," he finds, 20 land animals and 3 marine. Of these
11 land and 3 marine are in the post-plioceae. AH these are
British. Associated with the mammoths are such oriental
mammals as Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros and Hyaena. We
have already seen Rhinoceros and Hyaena in Formosa ;
Hippopotamus and Hyaena in Egypt, and Hyoenodon, Hippo-
potamus and Rhinoceros in France as well as aiastodon and
mammoth. The same author gives mastodon auguetideng,
elephas primijenhis, rhinoceros tichorhinus^ in his Pliocei. j-
Fluvio-marine crag, list of wiammals. To this, however, he
appends the note, " Probably from overlying Blue Clay "
(Pleistocene).

60. We now take a closer look at the associaies of the
Elf phant fn Britain which Dean Buckland dissociates from the
Roman Invasions aa very i' likely f(4lower8 of armiea. The

niANTS AND PIGMIES.

first of these 18 the Rhinoceros. We would note localities where
this pachyderui has beei^ found. Owen informcus thatthe first
notice of remains referable to the Rhinoceros occurs in a rare old
tract : Ghartham News, or a brief relation of some strange
bones lately dug up in the grounds of Mr. John Somner of
Canterbury, etc, printed for Garthwait in 1669. An upper
molar of the remains described and speculated upon in this
t"ict, belonged to lihitioceros tichorhinus or the two horned
Rhinoceros, the formation to which it belongs is *.* upper
miocene," newer pliocene, or pleistocene (Synonyms). Other
remains are a portion of the skull, also figured by Owen. They
were found in the post-pliocene b"ick earth of Kent, Surrey and
Essex which have yielded a rich harvest of great extinct pachy-
derms. Cuvier concludes from a certain peciUiarity of structure
that this Rhinoceros had more formidable nasal weapons than
any of the known existing species, having two horns. Dr.
Buckland had specimens of the skulls and other bones of the
same species which were found on the banks of the Avon at
Lawford !iear Rugby. The most complete skeletons have been
found in caverns or cavernous fissures, e. g., a cave near Weiks-
worth, Derbyshire, and the Cave, Kent's Hole, Torquay.
Another species — loptorhinus, has been found at Clacton, Essex.
The remains of this have been very abundant. There were
discovered remains in the iresh water pliocene deposits, already
noticed by John Brown, F. G. S. Owen farther observes :
This peculiar form of Pachyderm appears to have been confined
from its first introduction into our planet, to the same great
natural division of the diy land — the Old W'^'-'d of the
Geogra[)hers — to which the existing representatives of that form
are still peculiar. The next of the associates of mamnoth,
which we would briefly notice is the Hinpopolanius major.
Remains of this pachyderm have been found Mn the same
deposits that yielded the remains of Rhinoceros. They have
been found in Walton, Essex, at Chartham, at Brentford, at
Clacton, in the Kirkdale Cave and the Aire River, Lancashire.
Fossil remains of Hippopotamtis major have been found in
considerable abundance in the fresh ^sater formation that over-
lies the Norwich Crag on the eastern coast of Norfolk. Associated
6

^^ 1

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

■with those we have another interesting pachyderm, the Fossil
Horse, Eqnus curoidens (curved tooth). We have already
noticed the Eocene Hippothere in Mayence, France. We shall
again meet with Eqitus ciirvp/ens in the Western Hemisphere.
A formidable enemy of the mammoth was the (Ireat Cave Bear
— vrsus spi'Jaeus. We know this monster particularly as the
Cave Bear of France. Of this there are vertebrae and other
remains in our museum. These were a gift of my hite lamented
friend and confrere of the Soci^te Geologique de France, the
Marquis de Kaincourt. Of that Cuvier says *' The size of it
must have equalled that of a large horse " It is considered to
have surpassed in size all existing bears, even the Arctic or the
great white bear, with the possible exception of the Grizzly
Bear of America. lelis Cat us, the ancestor of our domestic cat
and Mas muncuhis, the mouse, which differs only from our
common mouse by a slight superiority of size, were British
contemporaries of the mammoth.

61. I have yet to direct attention to two worthy associates
of the mammoth in Great Britain, known as Cervus Elpphas,
and Megaceros Hibernlcus, The former known as the Red
Deer, and the latter as the Great Irish Elk, make their appear-
ance With the mammoth in the Newer Pliocene drift (Pleistocene)
and fresh water deposits, and also in caves. The Red Deer sur-
vived the other two, and is to be found in the " Alhivium."
Owen observes : " The chain of evidence of the existence of this
species of deer in Britain, from the pliocene tertiary period to
the present time, seems to be unbroken. This, at least, is
certain that a deer, undistinguishable by the character of its
enduring remains from Cervus Ehplios, co-existed with the
Megweros, the spelaean (cave) Hyaena, the ticliorhine Rhinoceros
and the Mammoth, and has survived as a species, those
influences which appear to have caused the extinction of its
gigantic associates." The late Dr. Warren, Curate of St. Paul's,
Halifax, lent to the Museum a largo and interesting fragment of
ar antler of this doer species, found at Brighton. Mrs. Warren
afterwards kindly presented it as a memorial of her husband.
It measures in length eighteen inches. Its circumference at

tnAT<rrs asd pigmies.

tTie insertion into the skull is eight inches. In other parts,
•seven, six, five inches. Tl>e lower branches are brok-en off; it
terminates at the third. It Ims evidently been shed, not broken
-off. The nienagcriij of the Crystal Palace Island has a restora-
tion. Its gigantic companion, M^ffacros Iliheniicus, is also
restored in the same collection. See list in No. 23. In several
inuseums -of London, e.g., Royal College of Snrgeoiis, and
Museum of Ntitural History, Kensington, and Museums olf
©ublin, etc., the Great Irish Elk is a prominent member. I
had previously regarded our Moose as the largest of the Deet
family. In presence of the skeleton of its extinct ancestor, it
assumes niockrate proportions. A skeleton figured by Owen,
has height of 10 feet 4 inches. 'J'lie span of its palmated
antlers from the extreme tip^^ is 8 feet. It is from tiiese that
lie has his name Megaceros, and his surpassing height. Its
Sleight from the ground to the top of the longest dorsal spine is
•6 feet. The corresponding height of the moose is about 5 feet,
-or 5 feet € inches. They seem to have abounded in Ireland.
The first tolerably perfect skeleton was found in th-e Isle of
Man, and was presented by the Duke of Athol to the Edin-
'burgh Musuera Cuvier's figure in •*' Ossemens Fossiles " is
■taken from an -engraving of this skeleton furnished by Professor
Jamieson. He named it Cervns Metjaceros. Tlie name
Meyaceroe Hilwrniens, oi'iginally applied by Dr. Carte, of
Dublin, is regarded as tl>e proper name. The shell- marl* of
5l»thcannon has produced abundance of remains. They are
jfound in bogs, but not in tl>e peat itself. Owen says the
following account of the situation of remains given by Mr.
James Kelly, -dated Downpatri<:k, Dec. 22nd, 1725, is most
instructive .id precise. "For the first three feet we met
with a fuzzy kind of earth, that we call moss, proper to make
'turf for fuel ; then we find a stratum of gravel about half a
foot ; under which, for about three feet more kindly moss, that
would niak-e a more excellent fuel ; this is mixed with timber
■so rotten as to be easily <int with the spade, under this for a
•depth of three inches, we find leaves for the most part oaken
that appear fair to the eye, but will not boar a touch. Under
1,his is a stratum of blue clay, half a ioot thick, fully mixed

CrtANTS AND PIOHIES;

with shells (Li/mnaea), then appears the right marl, two or
three feet deep ; among this marl, and often at the bottom of
it, are found great horns, ^vhich we call Elk-horns, We have
also found shanks, ami other bones of these beasts in the same
place." Total depth of deposit i» 10 op 11 feet.

52. Another gigantic monster of the Sydenham Island is
tlie Megatherium (great beast). This is very conspicuous ; he
appears as making an effort to climb a tree. Possibly he has
other intentions. His great size, weight and clumsiness, are not
at all adapted for tree-climbing — yet- a bear often performs the
feat. The latter, however, has an adaptation of limb which
has been denied to the Megalhere. We will yet find out his
probable object in taking his present position. Mr. Hawkins
kindly takes us to see the skeletons of the giants in
the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. Having
examined them with wonder and interest, he takes me to
his workshop in a vault of the building. Here he is at work
on the remains of another monster, a Gli/ptodon, attempting,
from a confused pile of fragments, to restore the original. He
shows me the teeth. They are exquisitely sculptured. From
these the creature has received its name. We now examine an
iron-frame work, which is partially covered on its top with a
tcsselated coat composed of the ornamented scutes, of which
the pile is chiefly composed. It looks somewhat like the cara-
pace of a tortoise. The enthusiast has a great work to
accomplish in selecting the proper scute from the confusion of
the pile to apply to its neighbor scute before the work can be
perfected. Its feet are not in position, nor its wonderfully
formed tail. This is solid and knobbed like an Indiar^ war-
club. The work was successfully completed. The Glyptodon
davipes (club-fo<)ted) is now one of the wonders of the greai
museum of the E, C. S., London. It measures about 9 feet in
length. A picture of Glypfodon is in Dana's Text Book. The
Megatherium and the Gli/pfodon are extinct animals of South
America. Scutes of the latter were early found among tho
bones of the former, and gave rife to the belief, which Buckland
and others entertained, that the Megatlnrium was protected by

ttlANTS AND PIGMIES. 89

« coat of armor like an armadillo. These, accordingly, enter
«mong the illustrations of the Meijatherium in the second
volume of his Bridgewater Treatise. AV^hile the coat of the
Ohjptodon htLA &omQ resenahlance to that of the armadillo, it
•was rigid, and had not the i)liability which the eleven banda
(undecemclHctns) of the latter afforded. We have a specimen
of the armadillo in the museum, which is certainly a pigmy
<3ompared with the Gli/pfo'hm. This, too, came from Soutk
America. At the Exposition Univorselle de Paris, 1867, we
«aw in the department of Venezuela, Argentine Republic, a
■collection of remains of Metjatherinm and Glyptodon. They
•seemed to belong to several individuals of both. I attempted
to secure some specimens. It was expected that they would be
purchased by some of the great museums of the Continent.
The Commissioner, like Mr. Hawkins, would not give me evea
-a scute, lest it should be missed out of the restored carapace.

53. Tl^e Megatherium is considered to be allied to vthe
«loth. It was a vegetarian. In Dana's Manual there 's a
figure of a skeleton in the British Museum. He gives its
length as 18 feet. Buekland'sX'/"'"'^ 1 is of "a nearly perfect;
•skeleton m the museum at Madrid. His fi<jttre 2 are the
"bones of a pelvis discovered near Buenos Ayres. This is in
the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons. From these
•we find that the breadth of tlie pelvis was about 5 feet. The
same was the breadth across the shoulders. Colossal strength
is thus indicated as well as size. His tail is not simply an
•appendage. It is evidently intended for support. His fore
feet are in length about two feet and a half each ; they are pro-
'vide^ with strong claws — four each. The " Island Megathern "
has selected a tree, having (hypothetieally) a plentiful supply
•of his favonte food. As it is high beyond his reach — it must
"be brought down. Having cleared away the soil from the
roots of the tree, he is erecting himself. His hind legs and
tail are now a tri{x»d ; he grasps the tree in his arms. It '\%
moved backwards and forwards until its roots give way. It
ialls with a crash, the animal feasts while the foliage lasts,
^o it is supposed. When we first visited the British Museum

OFANTS AND PI019TES.

m..

V /

after our arrival in London in 1862, we, without loss of tfmev
made our way to the upper galleries where the fossil mammals
and other organic remains were to be founds One of the prin-
cipal objects that arrested our attention, was the gigantic-
mjistodon — Mastodon ohioticn^ — the American Mastodon.
Owen figures this as a representative mastodon^ and the figure-
has been- copied in all geological text-lwoks (Darva, etc.,) which
treat of mastodon. In co<inection he remaHis : "The almost
complete skeleton of the mafetodon gignntcus (ohioticns) so
well known to the public as the " Missouri Leviathan," when-
exhibited, with a most grotesquely distorted and exaggerated'
ooUoca'ion ef the bones, in 184'2 and 1843- Jn the Egyptian^
Hall, Piccadilly, but now mountiMl, in strict accordance with its'
natural proportions in the l)ritish Museum, has enubled me to*
present in- the subjoineil cut, as perfect a restoration of the-
mastodon as that of the mammoth (of St. Petersburgh), given-
at Dhe head of the preceding section." I regarded and exam-
ined this grant with much interest, as it reminded nre of home
and a race of giants that once lived in Cape Breton, of which-
a tooth in my collections were in the Exhibition at South
Kensington, and photographs of a thigh bone preserved in the
museum of the Mechanics Institute, Halifax. No. 1.

We now return from our wanderings in P'oreign Countries..
"Wo might have returned sooner if the requirements of Geology
only had been consulted, but "Giants and Pigmies " have kept
us abroad, and may again engage us in foreign travel. Prior
to our departure, we hud ascendbd geologically in Nova Scotia
to the top of the Triassic Formation and PHncc Edward Island'
Dinosaurian Period. See No. 13". Kncountering a " break in-
succession," Vid. Table. Geological sequence sent us ovot to-
England, France, Egypt, and" other foreign countries. We
completed the succession when we reached the Glacial Period;
No. 45. Tlien the geology of Nova Scotia- is of surpassing
interest, exceeding that of either England' or France. Vid.
Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Natural' Science^
1879 to 1887.

In connection with the geology of E^jnt, and certain illus*
trotive applications in Nos. 19>20,2l,.I would now briefly

GIANTS AND FIOMIES.

refer to recent investigations in the " Geology of Palestine,"
recorded in a memoir on the Physical Geology and Geography
of Arabia, Petraea, Palestine, and adjoining distiicts. By
Edward Hull, F. R. S,, (under the auspices of the Committee
of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1886). I arrange oV)serva-
tions in the form of a section which can readily bo compared
with my own of th»} " Suez Canal " and Bauerman's of Nos.
just referred to. My information is derived from a review of the
above memoir in Nature, April 29th, 1886. (I was too late in
receiving this at Halifax to give it with the others). Prof.
Hull gives the information as follows : 1. Archaean, Crys-
talline Rocks ; 2. Carboniferous ; 3. Cretaceous ; 4. Ter-
tiary (Eocene, Miocene, Pliocene) ; 5. Post Tertiary (post
pliocene). I would notice that the " break in succession "
of our " Suez Canal," section is here partially filled by
"Carboniferous." In Bauerman's section it was occupied
by " Triassic." Vid. No. 20 and Table. It is probable that
the two terms are applied to the same formation.

54. Geologists, however, are of opinion that tlie American
Mastodon is of Post Glacial Age, that it was contemporary
with the American Mammoth, both being of pleistocene age
and of the Champlain Period. We have heretofore as a
matter of course, referred our Cape Breton giant to this Period.
On certain geologic il considerations we have been led to regard
him as contemporary with the Europeans. No. 44. The only
authentic remains that we have of these Capo Breton mastodons
are in our Provincial Museum. These are a femur (thigh bone)
and a molar tooth. The one was found about forty years ago
at Middle River, about nine miles from its mouth. It was
plowed up on the intervale of Walker's farm. Its discovery
caused considerable excitement. Admiral Dundonald and. Dr.
Gesner visited and explored the spot with the expectation of
making farther discoveries of remains of the giant — without
success. Fortunately the femur was deposited in the mus'ium
of the Halifax Mechanics' Institute, and is now a gem in our
Provincial Museum. Its dimensions are ; leuf^th, 3 feet 10

aiANTS AND PIGMIES.

i|!

!•■

' x

inches ; breailth at the top, 1 foot 6 inches ; girth in tho
middle, 1 foot 8 inches; above and below, 1 foot 11 inches >
at the knee, 2 feet 1 inch. These proportions seem to indicate
a mastodon equal in size to Dr. Warren's celebrated skeleton in
Boston, wliich was found in a marsh near Newburgh, New
York. This has a height of 11 feet, {;nd a length to the base
of the tail, 17 feet, 1 found in the Mechanics' Institute
Museum tusks, which were supposed to be parts of the mastodon
tusks. They are tusks of Walrus. If there existed any
doubt regarding the identification of the femur as that of c
Mastodon, the discovery of a mastodon grinder having ^harao-
teristic " nipple ridges," seemed to dispose of the doubt. This
tooth was found at Haddeck on the side of the IJras d'Or. The
locality is about 9 miles distant from the former bed of the
femur. From this, we infer the existence of, at least, two
mastodons in Cape I'reton ; the owner of the tooth must have
been of smaller size than the owner of the femur. The tooth
resembles in size and form, teeth of the mastodon of the
British Museum, and it is probable that the owner was of the
same size. I compared them in 1862. Description : size of
crown 4| X 3 inches; number of ridges with conical promi-
nences more or less united in the transverse direction of the
tooth, three. Thickness of enamel ^^ inch. It has two
transverse fangs ; at the back of the longest is a nerve hole,
which is half an inch M'lde, and one inch and seven tenths
deep. The shape of the crown is sub-rhomboidal ; its four
sides measure 12 inches. It was a fortunate thing that Dr.
Kier, of Princetown, Prince Edward Island, secured the speci-
men and delivered it from the hands of those Avho did not
appreciate its value. It is said to have been in good preservation
when found, but the blacksmith's hammer and vice had ]>roken
a part of the end ridge, and much of the enamel had been
broken off, orly about one half now remains. The enamel is
jet black on the outside, and wliite within. It seems to have
been partially worn off the ridges during the life-time of the
owner. Its bony part is perfectly sound. Dr. Kier kindly gave
mo the tooth. It is now in our Museum. How the Mastodons
got into the Island of Cape Breton I cannot understand. The

OIANTM AND PIOMIBS.

t»

Strait of Canso seems on insuperable obstacle in the way of
their migration from the south. If Cape lireton was partially
connected with the mainland, the difficulty would disappear. I
have supposed that tiiis was the case in the pliocene period,
and that the Strait was opened by glacial action. The absence
(?) of remains of Mastodon in Nova Scotia, has been credited to
the glacial action in Nova Scotia, from which Cape Breton
8een)8 to have been largely exempt. The Mastodon has its
specific name ohioticns as Ohio in the United States is regarded
as the home of the species. The same friend gave me, along
with the tooth of the Mastodon, the tooth of a horse, which
has the appearance of a fossil. It resembles one of the teeth
of the Eqnus fossiliH or curvidens, which we find associated
with the Mastodon and Mannnoth in the pliocene Q.n^\ 2yleistocene.

65. The next mammal to which we would direct attention
is marine. A whale, to which the name Beluga has been given.
The species is doubtful. It is probably the same as Vermontari'i
(of Vermont). The skeleton of which wo have the greater
part in our museum, was found at Jacquet River in the Bay
Chaleur, New Brunswick, in a cutting of the Intercolonial
Railway, when it was in course of construction. I subsequently
visited the locality and found a bed of clay several feet below
the surface, similar to the clay found in the vertebrae. In
the bed I found abundance of shells, showing that the clay
had been formed at the bottom (»f the sea, where the Beluga
liad been imbedded. The shells are identical with these, found
in other cuttings of the I. C. R. in New Brunswick, and at the
Levis Junction, also in the sands of Montreal, and other
deposits of the Champlain (post glacial) period. It is interest-
ing to observe that Beluga has been an inhabitant of the waters
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from the time when our fossil
Beluga li,ved to the present. I directed attention to this fact
at the Fisheries Exhibition, and at Professor Flowers' lecture
on the Evolution of the Whale at the Royal Institution,
London. In our Canadian Depaitment.of the I. F. E., I
exhibited characteristic parts of our fossil Beluga with associated
fossils. In our collection we had a magnificent stuffed specimen

GIANTS AND PI0MIB8.

■

of the White Whale. ** Beluga delphiriap ferns" from the Gulf
of St. Lawrence, prepared by Mr. Gregory, of tlie Marine and
Fishery ])t'parttnent, Quebec. Suspended over liead in the
United States Department, was a beautiful j^a/»ic'r marhe model
of the same marine mammal, as natural as in life. Our museum
collections show that Land and Marine mammals with fishes —
"Giants and Pij^Miiies " lived and died in the United States in
these eventful times to which we have directed attention. Our
collections from Sutrolk — " Norwich Crag," etc., correspond in
a striking manner with the phosphate beds of Soiith Carolina,
while the contents of both deposits are applied to the use of
Agriculture. From the latter, wo have large fragments of
teeth (molars) of the mammoth, which has been named Elephas
Americanus. These show proportions equal, at least, to those
of the Lena mammoth — Elephas pn'mu/enius. There is also
the fragment of the tooth of a mastodon, much larger than of
our Cape Breton. It is probably equal in size to the tooth of
the former proprietor of our femur. There is also a part of a
tusk of an elephant of apparently small size. There is also
the tooth of Eqnus fosdHs {cunmlens). Other teeth there are,
whose ownership we have been unable to determine. Mammals
of the sea (whales) have left vertebrae about the same size as
of our Beluga. One vertebra belonged to a whale of larger
size. For this, and a large scapula of a mammal, I am indebted
to Mr. Macpherson, ship-builder. This vertebra measures,
length 7 inches, ends 7x6. It certainly represents a whale
of large size, how large it may be difficult to estimate. There
ore other interesting relics of cetacea that call for notice.
These are cetiotolitea, or fossil ear bones of whales. I found
one of those in a cargo at Cunard's, and directed attention to
the fact in connection with their occurrence among the so-called
coprolites of the Suffolk Crag, and Prof. Henslow's consequent
discovery of the value of coprolites as material for the manu-
facture of Superphosphate of Lime as a fertilizer. Still other
characteristic fossils are the teeth of Carcharodon merjalodont
Shark's teeth of enormous size, and therefore so named. We
have a good collection of shark's remains from the Phosphatic
deposits of England, chiefly presenter] by the late Mr. H. Poole»

GIANTS A5D PIOMIER.

91t

an(T others which I procure<l nt Ipswich. ^Vniong those are-
teeth of CarrharoiJon meijalofhm. The Inrfrest is not hirger
than the medium size of the South Carulinft collection. The-
largest of the English are 3 inches from end of root to apex p
the American 5 inches. With the last we have associate*! teeth
of Sinaller species — j)igmaean teeth, not larger than the tenth-
of an inch. Large Shark's teeth are also found in calcareou*
deposits of Malta. Of these we have also specimens.

66. With the exception of a few of the largest Carcha-
rodon ma/nlodmi (teeth), which were prtsentec^ by Southern
States friends, our collections were derived from cargoes, bound
for England, the vessels having to con^e to Halifax for repairs^
The first and best cargo was that of the barqwe Northiinibrian^
which was unloaded on Bennett's wharf, in order that the ship-
might be pepniped. The cargo v/as in the rough, having bceni
taken out of tlie sea and put on board by negroes. From the
captain and mate I received the molars of mammoth and
mastodon. Other specimens I collected by daily visits to the-
cargo on the wharf. I thei-eby got together a fairly representa-
tive collection. On cue of ray visits I vas surprised by finding-
a flint spear head, of good shape, when looking fur fossils.
Tills had other evidence of having been assoeinted with
Cardiarodhn megufodon besides its position in the cargo and its
coat of clay. The bases of Ralnni are firmly attached to both,
showing that both had occupied a submarine position. I con-
nected the two then, and they have continued so until the
present. This conjunction was perplexing. The queries arose ?
When did the two become associated in the deposit 1 And by^
what means ? The conelusron at which I arrived is this, thafe
the spear h«ad had been originally in a surface deposit which*
overlay the phosphatic bed, and that the sea had subsequently*
washed this with other contents of the superficial deposit
among the fossils beneath. At the American Archfeologisb
Conventidn, held during the Centennial Exhibition, Phila.^
1876, I submitted the tooth and spear-head Avith my perplexities
and conclusion. It was agreed that the conclusion at which I
had arrived was the proper one. I have in my glacial investiw

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

^"a

llitt

M
1.8

M. IIIIII.6

<?.

-m j^'

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

«■

^<h'-

r «j

<Sg

0IA.NT8 AND PIOMIBS.

gaUons searched diligently for manufactured stone implements
without success. In newer superfi'iial deposits I find thera
often enough in "N'ova Scotia. They are often found in Indian
graves, if we are to believe the old labels on museum specimens.
"We have a fine collection of arrow-heads made of jasper, quartz,
and porphyrite, with abundance of beautiful chips presented
by Mr. Anderson, of Lunenburg. These were found at
Bockman's Beach in the same county, with needles, etc, made
of native copper. The place was evidently an arrow-maker's
camp. We have similar collections from Covnwallis and
Antigonish. We certainly do not regard these as of very great
antii^uity, although prehistoric. Another interesting collection
of stone arrow-heads and chips with a sharp and polished horn-
bleudic (jade like) chisel was presented by "W. H. Reynolds
from British Columbia. These are from a battle field of which
the present races of Indians have no knowledge. They
accompany human skulls, the most of which are too much
decomposed for handling. Some large pieces, however, are in
the collection, having many teeth in place. These certainly
indicate comparatively recent age. All the arrow-heads of our
collections resemble European implements or the stone age.

57. In the Reunion of the Society Geologiqiie de France,
1867 — at Pte. Ste. Maxence, already referred to, our director
took out of a superficial deposit some pieces of flint, and com-
pared them with wrought flints of Abbeville. This reminiscence
brings up another of 1862. The discovery of flint implements
at Abbeville, in France, and their bearing upon the Antiquity
of Man, was a subject of much discussion with Geologists and
and Geological Societies. Some believed that they were of
preadamic age ; others post-adamic. Some even suggested the
possibility of recent fabrication. In connection with the last
eupposition Prof. Tennant had just made a curious discovery.
A certain character from Yorkshire commonly called Fossil
Willie, and Flint Jack, frequented his shop with specimens
for disposal. On one occasion he introduced me to him. Some
of his specimens were flint arrow-heads. Our friend Tennant
was a very shrewd man. Something or other caused him to

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

make the curt remark — you made thesa. Jack was caught and
had to confess that he did make them. For a consideration he
showed the Professor how he made them. His tool was what
was called a " gate-hasp." The specimens made were taken by
the professor to a collector of stone implements — he was in
rapture at the sight of the arrow-heads, could tell all about
them, assigning them even to the proper period. He was
shocked when informed that they were only a day or two old.
Subsequently Jack made a full confession, which was published
in a pamphlet. From this it appeared that for a number of
years he had manufactured and sold flint implements to
museums and collectors in Great Britain and Ireland. In regard
to fossils he said that he found it easier to make them than to
find them. He was thus paid for his impositions. After his
confession his former purchasers in many cases paid him to
distinguish the fictitious from the genuine. He also sold as
very rare and valuiible ammonites — snake-stones, (so-called)
with snakes' heads — fabricated. After his confession and
-exhibitions of handicraft, Prof. Tennant paid him to attend a
meeting of the Geologists' association, when he showed his
skill in making to order, arrow-heads of as good forms as those
of the " stone age." The Prof, himself seemed to regard the
Abbeville specimens as of the same character as 'flint Jack's
productions, Prof. Prestwich first brought under notice the
flint implements, discovered by M. Boucher de Perthes, at
Abbeville, in the Diluvium of the Somme, and Sir Charles
Lyell was his associate in the advocacy of their preadamic
character, and their consequent evidence of the " Antiquity of
Man." Prestwich and Lyell, frQui an examination of the
deposits in which the flint implements were found, and their
relations to the under lying chalk, deduced certain conclusions
in reference to the character and age of the deposits Avhich
would refer the implements and their makers to newer Miocene,
or older Pliocene periods. Mr. Taylor, F. G. S., made subse-
quent, more elaborate, and exhaustive examinations of the same
region with the aid of the Engineer-in-Chief of the Northern
Railway and his staff", which led him to conclusions altogether
at variance with those of Prestwich and Lyell. These appear

m:^

OIASTS AMI) PIGMIES.

in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society This
•shows at least that the views maintained by Sir Charles Lyell
in reference to the " Antiquity of Man," are not unquestioned.
The character of the deposits, in short, of ** superficial deposits "
in general, often renders exact and unquestionable observation
very difficult. It was suggested by Dr. Falconer that as the
aips and downs, and violent changes in countries, which had
complicated superficial geology had not extended to the regions
of the Nile and Ganges, we might expect that investigation in
the latter may afford more satisfactory data for reliable conclu-
sions. In a late number of " Nature " vve find discoveries made
•on the Nile very much akin to our own Nova Scotian,

68. We now come to examine another race af Giants,
which has become extinct in comparatively recent times. In
the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, "among the remnants of
Tradescant's collections still preserved, there are the bill and
foot of the Dodo — Didns inept us, Linn., a bird no longer in
existence. It was first seen by the Dutch, \vhen they landed
on L'isle de France, at that time uninhabited, immediately after
the discovery of a passage to the East Indies by the Cape of
Good Hope. It was of large size and singular form, its wings
short like those of the ostrich, and wholly incapalle of sustain-
ing its heavy body, even for a short flight. ^* The death of a
species," says Lyell, " is so remarkable an event in Natural
History that it deserves commemoration." The remains of the
last specimen of Dodo which had been permitted bo rot in the
Ashmolean Museum, were cast away by the consent of the
vice-chancellor and other curators assembled on the 8th day of
January, 1775. A painting now in the British Museum was
made from the living, by George Edwards, who lived between
1698 and 1773.

A traveller from Australia brought to England a piece of
bone of doubtful character. It might be supposed to have
belonged to a mammal of bovine character, It was taken to
the celebrated comparative Anatomist of the Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons, Prof. Owen. He recognized it as
the bone of a bird of gigantic proportion.s. Bcnes were found

OlANTS AVD PlOMIfia.

in New Zealand (whence the specimen came) of the same
character as the fragment. These, wlien put together, revealed
the skeleton of an ostrich like bird of the proportions supposed.
To this was given the name Diiiomis gigantcus. Of this wo
saw a fine specimen in the New Zealand court of tlie Centennial
Exhibition.

As we would expect, Sir Julius Haast of the Museum of
Canterbury, Christ Church, the Commissioner of New Zealand,
had a fine display of skeletons at the Colonial and Indian
Exhibition, and also the egg of a moa, the last of the giants.
The first skeleton with tiie specimen hone is now in the museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons. Other museums on both
sides of the Atlantic have been enriched by tlie generosity of
Sir Julius. Our own museum has the greater part of a skeleton
of Dinornis (jiganteus, and an almost whole skeleton of Divornie
cassuarnis, the smallest of the giants, with leg bones of
Dinornis elephantopus, Dinornis rlidiformis, Dinornis rheides.
The race became extinct at no distant time. Tiiey were proba-
bly destroyed by the Maories.

At the Paris Exhibition, 18G7, there were exhibited in the
Venezuala department of the Argentine Republic two eggs
(shells) of the gigantic ^pgornis of Madagascar. Each was
over a foot in diameter. Plaster casts of similar eggs are to be
seen in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. The
eggs of the ^)?yom^'s would not bo pigmaean beside the Roc's
egg of Sinbad's Adventures in the " Thousand and One Nights,"
of the Arabian Story Teller..

69. The earliest authentic record we have of the existence
of giants of the human race, is the Biblical. In Genesis,
chapter vi., verse 4, we read: "The Nephilim were in the
earth in those days," that is in the post-glacial and pre-diluvian
period. In the post-diluvial we have other Nephilim. AVe
read in Numbers, chapter xiii., verse 32, of " men of stature,"
verse 33. The Nephilim, sons of 'anak, of the Nephilim. In
Deut, chapter ii,, verse 10, we have "the Emim, a people
great and many, and tall as the 'anakim." Verses 20, 21, '* The
Zanizummin, a people great and many, and tall as the 'anakim."

,{.11 ■■!■

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

In Dent. 2 : 11, we have '* Og, king of Bashan, of the remnant
of the Rephaim.' Some old authors have connected the last
with the Titans of Greek and Roman mythology. The pre-
diluvial Nepliilim may have frequented the caves of Europe in
which the last of the niammotlis are found, and they may
have been the " mound-builders " of America. We are farther
informed that " there are none of the 'anakim left only in Gaza,
Gath, Ashdod," of Philistia. From Gath stalks forth Goliath,
the champion of the army of the Philistines. He is the first
whose height is given, six cubits and a span, i. e., about 9 feet
9 inches, lie had two sons and a brother, who were also
"men of stature." In later history we notice other giants.
Pliny says : " The tallest man that hath been seen in our days
was one named Gabara who, in the days of Clavidius the late
Emperor, was brought out of Arabia. He was 9 feet 9 inches"
Josephus mentions a Jew Eleazar whom the Emperor Vitellius
sent to Rome. He was 10 feet 2 inches. Becanus saw a man
nearly 10 feet in height. In the reign of James the First,
there was a man named John Middleton, who was over 9 feet
high. Dr. Plot, in his History of Staffordshire, tells of a man
whose heiglit was 9 feet 3 inches. His hand Irom the carjnis
to the end of the middle finger was 17 inches in length, and
the breadth of his palms 8| inches. At I'Exposition de Paris,
1867, we saw Chang, the Chinese giant, walking about in the
Champ de Mars. He towered head and shoulders above the
surrounding multitude. Many others might be named. We
would end the list with the stalwart Cape liretoner, Angus
McAskill, whose height is said to have been 7 feet 9 inches,
and his strength very great. One of his feats caused decrepitude
and a premature end.

FICTION.

60. The term Giant is of Greek origin. In the mythology
of Greece and Rome we read of the Titans (Rephaim ?) making
war with the Gods, suffering defeat and condign punishment.
Their relations, the gigantes (giants) incensed thereat, in turn
made war with Jupiter in order to dethrone him. In alarm he
called the other gods to his assistance. The giants in their

GIANTS AND PIGMIES.

warfare hurled rocks of vast magnitude ; some of these fell
into the sea and became islands ; others falling on the land
became huge mountains. They attempted to scale the heaven
by piling Mount Ossa on Mount Pelion. The gods were
frightened. Some of them fled to Egypt and assumed the
shapes of animals. Jupiter, by the advice of Minerva, sum-
moned Hercules to his aid. He then hurled at them his
thunderbolts. Hercules rendered effective assistance with his
club. The giants were defeated. Some were crushed under
mountains, others were buried in the sea.

*,>,,■.

TANGIER GIANT. '^^

la Tangier toun aa I've been tanld,
There lived intil the time of auld,
A giant stout and big,
The stateliest and the dourest carl,
That e'er on this side of the warl,
Hm wallop'd bane or leg.

#■

His horse was a mammoth. On this he careered up and
down the earth. Riding toward the North Pole he stuck fast
in the Arctic ice, and so ended his career.

MORAU

From this dour giant yoH may see.

How little michty limb and thie, ; V

The human race bestead.

A wee bit man wi' muckle sense,

Is better than a carl immense, : v

Wi' nonsense in his head.

«, \ By Wm. Tennant, (late)

St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, ( Prof, of Oriental Languages,

Scotland, 1835. T author of " Anster Fair," and

7 other Poems.

'It

FICTION.

61, To find the proper Pigmy we must again have recourse
to Greek mythology. This tells us of their existence, their
country, their habits, occupations, and disasters. We are
informed by some that the Pygmaioi were a nation of dwarfs
in the extreme parts of India. Others affirm that they lived

GIANTS, AND PIGMIES.

in Ethiopia. Some say that they were no more than one foot
high, and that they built their houses with egg shelh.
Aristotle says that they lived in holes under the earth, and
that they came out in the harvest time with hatchets to cut the
grain, as if it were a forest. They rode on goats and lambs of
proportionable stature, to make war upon certain birds, called
cranes (Gr. Geranoi), which came yearly from Scythia to
plunder them. The latter were originally governed by Oerana,
a princess who was changed into a crane, for boasting that she
was tairer than Juno. The battles of the " Pigmies and
Cranes " were disastrous to the former. The Pigmies were
exterminated. These wars are pictorially represented on ancient
vases, and they are often referred to by classical writers. Thus
Homer, in his Iliad, Book in., lines 3, 4, 5, 6, compares the
mustering of the Greeks to battle against Troy :

* * * * * " As when the Cranes
Fleeing the wintery storms, send forth on high.
Their dissonant clamours, while o'er the ocean stream.
They steer their course and on their pinions bear.
Battle and death to the Pigmaean race. — Derh^s Translation.

MORAL.

" Pigmies are pigmies still, though perched on Alps,
And pyramids art pyramids in vales." — Pope.

foot

lells.

and

J the

DS of

died

* to

ana,

she

and

were

sient

Dhus

the

SYNOPTICAL TABLE

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS,

TO ILLUSTRATE

C3-I-a.3>TTS -iL-lsTHD P^IO-^vdlZES.'

Special.

Hova Scotia and
New Brunstoick.

15. Recent.
14. Champlain.
13. Glacial.

7. Triassic.
6. Permian ?
5. Carboniferous.
4. Old Red Sandstone 4.
or
Devonian.
3. Silurian.
2. Cambrian.
1. Archaean.

General.

Special.

Egypt. Palentine.
Bible.

15.

Recent.

15.

Recent. \

Champlain. \pieui.

14.

Diluvial, l

13.

Glacial. j tocene

13.

* • » 1

12.

g» Pliocene. t)

12.

Pliocene.

11.

;:g Miocene. 2

11.

Miocene.

■

10.

g Eocene. g

10.

Eocene.

5^ Cretaceous, g;

Cretaceo- ^

■

■^ Jurassic. 5§'
Triassic.

a
o

Triassic {Egypt)
(Bauerman.)

Permian.

CO •

' /

Carboniferous

Old Red Sandstone

(Palest.)

or
Devonian.

(Hull.)
"Nature."

Silurian.

Cambrian.

Archaean.