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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. r errata d to It e pelure, ;on A n 1 2 3 32X 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ ^* ■^v. V < ANEW Geographical, Hmorical, and Commercial G R A M M A Ri A N "D ■ ■ ., PRESENT STATE O F T H E S E V E R A L - . KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD, ^ ^ CONTAINING, I. The Figures, Motions, and Diftances of the Planets, acciirding to the Newtonian Syftem, and the latcft Ohfcrvations. II. A general View of theEarth confldered as a Planet ; with feverai ufeful Geogra- phical Definitions and Problems. III. The grand Divifions of the Globe into Land and Water, Continents andlflands. IV. Tlic Situation and Extent of Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, and Co- lonies. V. Their Climate, Air, Soil, vegetable Produtftions, Metals, Minerals, natural Curiofities, Seas, Rivers, Bays, Capes, Promontories, and Lakes. Vi. The Birds and Beafts peculiar to earh Country. VII. Obfeorations on the Changes that have been any where obferved upon the Face of Nature, fince the moft early Periods of Hiftory. VIII. The Hiftory and Origin of Nations i their Forms of Government, Religion, Laws, Revenues, Taxes, naval and mili- tary Strength, Orders of Kni jrhthood, Sec. IX. The Genius, Manners, Cultoms, and Habits of the People. X. Their Language, Learning, Arts, Scl* ences, ManufaAures, and Commerce. XI. The chief Cities, StruA&res, Ruins, ?.nd artificial Ci. -.jfitics. XH. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings and Diftances of principal Places trom, London. ' TO WHICH ARE AOPED, I. A Geographical I^fDEX, with the N^mes of Places \alphabetically arranged. II. A Table of the Coins of all Nations, and their. Viilue in English Money. III. A Chronological Table of remarkable Events from the Creation to the prefent Time. By WILLIAM GUTHRIE, Efq. The Astronomical Part by James Ferguson, F.R.S, ILLUSTRATRD WITH ^ A CORRECT SET OF MAPS, Engraved by Mr, Kitchin, Geographer. The THIRTEENTH EDITION, Corrcdtcd. LONDON, Printed for C h a r l e s D i l l y, in the Poultry ; and G. G. J, iiu^l J. Robinson, ia i'ater-noiUr Row* , . MDCCXCII, ^\o m ■— — * I vr a ? 1- fl A •t ,1^'\ Vi T .VM\ ^u .yr>^- -»i T^ •>" .\ V '. ^ > . (i 1 •n. Ai^'.-/ •ix ■*. ( ,i-v. Av i; kv .'V .>.<> 1 : ^\n ;^ ♦ ' ' » ^l ^.-^•4 .L,i •«*«>" »iv^. J^i^'-x ^ «r -^^ f ADVERTISEMENT. rHE many Editions through ivhich this work hath pajjidy and the rapidity of the Jale, are Jirong andjujicient evidences oj the approbation of the Public, and of their con'uiclion of its utility and excellence. ^he Proprietors, thus encouraged, have fpared no expence, that this new Edition fiould every way deferve the general countenance and ejieein, in receiving every fuitable correction and improvement. Since the lafl improved Edition, in 1783, fever al valuable accounts of travels and Voyages have been pub^ lijhed, which have confiderably added to the flock of GeO" graphical knowledge, Thefe have been carefully perufed, and from them, many inter efling particulars are now added to the defcriptions of RuJJia, Poland, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, the Two Sicilies, the Eciji Indies, and other countries. As this work is hijlorical as well as geographical, the perpetual flu5luation of States and of human affairs, hath rendered fome con fider able additions and alterations necejary alfo in the Hijlorical part , Such have been made in this Edition -, and the hijlory of tach kingdom is brought down to the prefent time, with a particular en * largement on that of our own, fince the lafi peace, iird the eflablijkment of the Thirteen United States tf America, 127S5G As Great * [ iv ] Great improvements have been made alfo in the Cbro^ nological part of the work, the origin of Nations ^ th*; noble ajid military Orders of Knighthood^ &c. &c. To make room for introducing iieiD articles, and mo- dern difcov cries from approved authorities, fo necejfary to render the ivork more perfeSl; fome parts of it which appeared too difjufe have been abridged, and others lefs important have been omitted. Indeed alterations and cor re 61 ions every inhere occur. The additioJis are too numerous to be here dijiinBly fpecified. Though the bulk of the lajl improved Edition exceeded the preceding one, by Eighty pages, this which is now tendered to the Public ex^ ceeds the former full Eighty pages morc^^A proof that great pains and attention have been employed to give the work a juji and continued claim to general notice and approbation. May, 1785. In this new Edition, many important corrections, and great improvements have been made, refpeBing the Geography, Population, &c. of the North American States, — Two new Maps are alfo given -, one for the bet- ter illujiration of the Seven tffiited Provinces and the Netherlands — the other of Switzerland with its allies. -rrt- ♦^ f ■T 0£lober, 1790 . ',' * t 'U'-..' ; iyw. .••1. .. <). * iij !-• . i ,'■ - ; ' , '\ / ' ' _• " ri, 4 i, . hi., , :;r., ; , ..: .. ■ •.J4, .w! ;;(;.: -, ' ■■ -■■ ** U- !►' THE t ^• T II E PREFACE. 'if TO 71 nv.m finccrely intcrefted In the welfare of foclety and of his country, it mull he. p:irtlcularly aj^recublc to reflect on tiic rapid progrcfs, and general diirufion of learnings and civility, whifli, within the prefcnt a^'^e, have taken place in Great Britain. Wh.itever maybe the cafe in fomc other kingdoms of Europe, we, in this iil.uul, may boait ot our fuperiority to thofc il- liberal prejudices, which not only crarap the genius, but four the temper of man, and dillurb all agreeable inteneourfe of fociety. Among us, learning is no longer confined within the Schools of the philofophers, or the courts of the great ; but, like all the greatcil iulviuitages which heaven has bellowed on mankind, it is become us univerfal as it is ufefu!. This general diffufion of Icnowlcdge is one elTecfl: of that happy conflitution of government, which, towards the clofe of the laft century, was; confirmed to us, and which conllltutes the pecuUar glory of this nation. In other countries, the great body of the people poflefs little wealth, have little power, and confequently meet with little refpecl ; in Great Brit. ■ ^ the people are opulent, linve great iniluence, aiKi claim, of courfe, a proper fliare of atten- tion. To their iniprovement^ therefore, men of letters have lately direded their {Indies ; as the great body of the people, nolefs than the dignified, the learned, or the wealthy few,have an acknowleged title to be amufed and inflru6ted. Books have been divcited of the terms of the fchools, reduced from that fize which fuited only the purfes of the rich, and the avocations of the lludious, and are adapted to prefons of more ordinary fortunes, whofc attachment to other pur- fuits adii^itted of little leifure forthofe of knowledge. It is to books of this kind more than to the works of our Bacons, our Lockes, and our Newtons, that the generality of our countrymen own that fupeiior improvement, which diftinguidies thenx Iroai the lower -^i .^i. ! 6- PREFACE. tanks of men in ail other countries. To promote and advance this improvement, is the principal defign of our prefcnt undertaking. No fubjecSl appears more intercfting than that we have cholcn, and none Teems capable of being handled in a manner that may render it more generally ufeful. The krwwledge of the world, and of its inhabitants, though not the fublimeft purfuit of mankind, it muft be allowed is that which moft nearly intcrcfts them, and to which their aoilities are bed adapted. And books of Geography, which dcfcribe the fituation, extent, foil, and productions of kingdoms ; the genius, manners, religion, government, commerce, fciences, and arts of all the in- habitants upon earth, promife the bed ailiftance for attaining this •knowledge. ,,,,... ■ The Compendiurn of Geography, we now offer to the Public, differs in many particulars from other books on that fubje«!:\. Be- fides exhibiting an eafy, diilin^l:, and fyflematic account of the theory and practice of what may be called Natural Geography, the Author has attempted to render the following performance an in- structive, thou;jh compendious, detail of the general hiftory of the world. The chaiider of nations depends on a combination of a great many circtimftances, which icciprocally affeft each other. There 13 a nearer connc^Tlion between the learning, the commerce, the government, &c- of a date, than moft people feem to appre- hend. In a work of this kind, which pretends to include moral, or political, as well as natural geography, no one of thefe objetls fliouM pafs unnoticed. The oniinion of any one of them would, in reality, deprive us of a branch of knowledge, not only interefting in itfclf, l)ut which is abfolutely ncceflary for enabling us to form an adequafc^nd comprchenGve notion of the fubjed: in general. We have thought It neceflary, therefore, to add a new article to this work, which comprehends the hiftory and prefent ftate of learning, in the feveral countries we dcfcribe, with the characters of fuch ptirfoffis as have been moft eminent in the various departments of letters and phiJofophy. This fubject will, on a little reflection, appear aitogethef rcquifite, when we confider the powerful influence of learning upon the manners, government, and general character of nntionsi" Thefe objects, indeed, till of late, feldom found a place in geographical performances ; and even where they have h$en imrodttced, are by no means handled in an entertaining or ... ,, , . inftxuCtivc PREFACE. f^ in(lru beyond the iimlti ol'modcrn diuiis, wc have thouj^hi it necc.Tliry, for the I'atisfaction otUich readers as are unacquainted w'-th cladical icainincj, to begin our hiilorioal Intro- .duftioa wiili the •.-..note agiTof antuiuity. JJy infwitlngan account of ihe. ancient world in a b-ok of :\ "ography, wc aiFord a!i oppor- tunity to the read^T, of cinparin;; to-clher not only the inannerb, go\ernment, and aid oi dlilcrent nations, as they now appear, but as th;;y ful^fiiled in ancient agos; wluch exhibiting a general map, as it were, of tfic hillory of mankind, residers our work more com- plete than any gf:!5;^raph leal treatifc extant. In the execution of our defij^n, we have all alonj; endeavoured to obferve order and perfplcuity. Klej^ance we have facrificed to Vrcvity : happy to catch the Icadinj^ features which diflinp^uifli the 'charaifllcrs of nations, and by a few Rroke.s to hit ofl, though not completely to fuiilh, the pidurc of mankind in ancient ajid modern tirrfes., ■ • - ' •'; ••'■•■. > "What has enabled us to comprife fo many fubjc(fls within the 'narrow bounds of this work, is the omiihtni of many immaterial rircumttai{cea, wliich are recorded inother pt-rformauccsof the fame kind and of all thole fabulous accounts or dcfcriptions which, to the difgrace of the human undcrflandtng, fwell the works of gco- j?;r?.phers 5 thoup^h the falfity of them, both from their own nature 'and the concurring teftimony of the mod inlightcned and bell in- ;^ formed travellers and hiftorians, be long fince detedled. ,;.• As to particular parts of the work, we have been more or lefs .diiiufc, accQrding to their importance to v.s as men, and as fubjecU ^oi Great iiriuin. Our own country, in both refpeds, deferved •^thc grcatefl fhaxc of our attention. Great Britain, though (lie 'cannot boaft of a more luxriant foil or happier climate than many .. other countries, hns advantages of another and fuperior kind, which make herVac delight, the envy, and the millrefs of the ' world : thefe are, the equity of.her laws, the freedom of her poli- ' tleal conititutlon, and the fthoderatlon of her religious fyftem. ^ With regard fo the Britifl; empire' we have therefore been fingu- ■ tarly copioue. ' i:> *» li K Neid v.r P I\ E F A C E. 9 N\\tti) Crc.it niit.jiii, \\c have been m-ift p;\rncu!.ir u['on the other itatcs of i-urupc ; aiiJ ul\v;iy;5 in picportioii as they prd'cnt us with the l.;r^cU licl^l loi ulcful rclleclion. Jjy coDpaiin^- toi'c-- ther oui- accounts ol the European nations, the important fyilcm cS practical icnouleiij^e is inculcated, and a thoufand arcniments will •appear \,\ favour of a mild religion, a free i;(jveriuncnt, and an ex- tended, unrdlialntd commerce. Europe having occupied fo large a part of our vclume, A Ha next cliamsonr attention •, which however, thou>:;h in fonie rcfpecls the moll famous quarter of the world, offers, when compared tci r.uropc, extremely little for onr entertainment or inlhuction. In Afia, a Itiong attachment to ancient cuiloms, and the wei^jit of tyrannical power, bears down the aclive genius of man, and pre- vents that variety in manncrsand characler, which dillinguiflicb the European nations. In Africa the human mind feems degraded below its natural ilatc. To dw ell long upon the manners of this country, a country fo immerfed in ruilenefs and barbarity, befides that it couhiAfford little inllruclion, would be difgufting to every lover of n^i^ind** Add to this, that the inhabitants of Africa, deprived of'all arts and fciences, without which the human mind remains torpid and inadive, difeover no great variety in manners or cbaiacler. A gloomy famenefs almofl every where prevails ! and the tiifilng dillindions which are difcovered among them, feem r.itherto arifc from an excefs of brutality on the one hand, than from any per- ceptible approaches towards refinement on the other. But though thefe quarters of the globe are treated Icfs extenfivcly than Europe, their is no diilrid of them, however barren or iavagr.-, entirely omitted. , , .- , -. . .' America, whether confulered as an Immenfe continent, inha- bited by an endlefs variety of different people, or as a country inti- mately conneded with Europe by the ties of commerce rind govern- ment, deferves very particular attention. The bold dilcovery, and barbarous conqueil of this New World, and the manners and pre- judices of the original inhabitants, are objeOs which, together with the defcriptibn of the country, defcrvcdly occui^y no fmali Dure of this performance. 8 v .. ' ' In lO .?. PREFACE. In treating of fuch a variety of fubje£ls, feme Icfs obvious par- ticulars, no doubt, mud efcape our notice. But If our general plan be good, and the outlines and chief figures Iketchcd with truth atd judgment, the candour of the learned, we hope, will excufe inlperfe£tions which are unavoidable in a work of this extenfive kind. ^„ . .; > > •■.:.,:) ■ iii;^ We cannot, without exceeding the bounds of a Preface, infift upon the other parts of our plan. The Maps, which are executed with care, by the befl: informed artifts in thefe kingdoms, will, vrc hope, afford fatisfaclioif. 'J 'he fcience of natural geography, for want of proper encouragement from thdfe who are alone capa- ble of giving it, ftill remains in a very imperfed ftate j and the , exaA divifions and extent of countries, for want of geometrical furveys, are far from being well afcertained. This coufidcration has induced us to adopt the moft unexceptionable of Templeman's Tables, which, if they give not the exadell account, afford at leait « general idea of this fubje£t ; which is all indeed we can attain> until the geographical fcience arrives at greater perfection. ^ - - Sif'd*- • • ■ "■" "'■ ■' . .^ , — , , ( J DIRECTIONS for placing the MAP S. POLAND, LITHUANIA, and {557 \" «fct ^/ The WORLD, To /rent the Title, - The SPHERE, page 8 EUROPE, 59 P]ENMARK, SWEDEN, and >^ NORWAY, 6i V RUSSIA in Europe, 116 V SCOTLAND, 148 ^ ENGLAND and WALES, 198 ^IRELAND, — 417 ^ FRANCE, 445 SEVEN UNITED PROVIN- ^ CES & NETHERLANDS, 473 ^ GERMANY, 490 PRUSSIA, — SWITZERLAND, i SPAIN and PORTUGAL, cSi ITALY, r— J97. TURKEY in Europe, and -Hungary, ■■■ ASIA, EAST INDIES, AFRICA, 626 678 726 777 822 839 NORTH AMERICA, WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, < The Amount of the funds. To front Page — -^ ^90 \f^ ' ' ■■• r *1 .w^ T^ Sifder is defirtdi9 heat the Sack before he places the Maps* - k if^ %"■ .i-ii •■>^ CON* CONTENTS. I N T R O D U C T I P ' PART I. Of JJlranomical Geography, OLAR Syftcm SOLAR Syftcm ■■ P?^ Table of the Diameters, Periods* &c. cf the Several Planers in the Solar Syftem -■' ■ -^ Stars and Conflellations ■ ^- Copernicuu and other Sy(lem& ■■< — — Comets ■ ' ■ Dddriue of the Sphere ■■ — "— »— •- Globe . . - .. . problems performed by the Globe Geographical Obfervattons Natural Divifions of the Earth "Winds and Tides *— Maps and Cardinal Points — PART II. Of the Origin »f Laws^ Government^ mnd Commtreem PART III. Of the Origin and Pragrrfs of Religion, Of the natural and political parts of EUROPE t 7 8 9 >7 31 2J Its Situation Boundaries, grand Divifions, and Hiflor/ Denmark ■ ■ £ail and Wcfl Greenland, and Iceland . Norway ■ ■ ' .. . ' • Denmark Proper ■ . ■ » « •• L.ipland ■■ . ■ Sweden — — ,— — .i— . — — . ^ Mufcovy, or the Ruffian Empire . . ■ Scotland, and the Hebrides, Orkneys, &c. * England ■ ■. ■ ■ . ■ ■ Wales • I ■■ ■■ ■ ' > lilc of Man, Ifle of Wight, Jerfey, Guernfeys, &c. Irance « - '■ ■ ■ United Netherlands, or Holland -t^ m^ r AuOrian and French Netherlands — — <• Germany ■ ■ ' ■« — Pruffia -— ■ Bohemia mu . ■ ■ .. , ^ Hungary ■ Tranfylvani^, Sclavonia, and Croatia .■ .■ Poland and Lithuania i. . . /v* ,, > Switzerland ■ — ■ ,; >- Portugal — ■■■ -.i._ Italy I /(. 59 6o 6t 63 68 75 9J 99 116^ 148 198 4"i 4«7 44$ 471 48} 490 p» 5^7 529 S-H 537 564 589 597 626 632 Turkey in Europe, the ancient Greece « .■» ■ , . Tuikiih lllands in the Levant, being part of ancient Greece lit Other European Iflands are defcribcd with the Countries to whicti they rcfpettively belong. ASIA. Its Situation, Boundaries, Grand Dirifions, and Hlftory — 635 Of Turkey, in AlU — . .— .^ ^.i— . 639 Tartar/ CONTENTS. t I J. ■ *>'I».— 1. -. .-.>■ .-1. ■^fc^l^M^i INTRODUCTION. PART I. Of Astronomical Geography?'* SECT. I. THE fcience of Geography cannot be completely underftood without confidering the earth as a planet, or as a body movinjj round another at a confiderable diftance from it. But the fdence which treats of the planets, and other heavenly bodic?, is called Astronomy* Hence the neceflity of beginning this work with an account of Aftfonomy, or of the heavenly bodies. Of thefe, tKe mofl confpiciious is that glo* rious luminary the Sun, the fountain of light and heat to the feveral pla» nets which move round it: and which, fogether with the fun, compofe what aftronomers have called the Solar Syftem. The way, or path, irt which the planets move round the fun, is called their Orbit; and it is now fully proved by aftronomers, that there are fix planets, which ttiove round the fun, each in its own orbit. The names of thefe, according td their nearnefs to the centre, or middle goint of the fun, are Mercury^ Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, arid Saturn. The two firft, beraule they move within the orbit of the earth (being nearer the fun) are called in/erzor planctsy or, perhaps more properly, /w/^r/Vr or ///«^r planets ; the three laft, moving without the orbit of the earth, are called /«/»rri<»r, or^ perhaps more properly, exterior or outer planets. If we ;can form a no- tion of the manner in which any one of thefe planets, fuppofe oiir earthy moves rdund the fun, We can eafily conceive the maftn.r m which all the reft do it. We fliall only therefore particularly cbnflder the tnbtion of the earth, or planet on which we live, leaving that of the Others to bfe coUefted from a table, which we Ihall fet down With fUch explicatiouft sA may render it intefligible to the meaneft capacity. The earti upon which we live, was long confidered as one large ex* tcnfive plane. The heavens above it, in which th» fun, mooii, and ftars appeared to move daily from eaft to weft, were conceived to be at no great diftance from it, and to be only defigned for the ufe or ornamettt of our earth : feveral reafons, however, occurred, which rendered this opl* nion improbable ; it is needlefs to mention themt becaufe We have no# a fufficient proof of the figure of the earth, from the voyages of manv na- vijjators who have aftually failed round it : as from that of Magellan** fliip, which was the firft that furrounded the globe, failing eaft from a port in Europe in '519. and returning to the fame^ after a voyage of 1 1 24 days, without apparently alteriilg his direftion, ahy more than a fly W0il4 appear to do in moving round a ball of wax. The roundnefs of the earth being thoroughly eftabliftied, a way was thereby naturally opcn«d for thedifcovery of its motion.. Fw while S; ^ wai 1 INTRODUCTION. i i ! ■ i i ivas crtfifidcrcd as a plane, mankind had an obfcure notion of its btfinj* fiipported, like a fcalToldijig, tin pillars, though they could not tell what fupported thefe. But the figure of a globe h much better adapted to mo* tion. This is confirmed by conftdering, that, if th? earth did not move round the fun, not only the fun, but all flie (I'arsand planets, muft move round the earth. Now, as ptiilofop^iers, by reckonings founded on th« fiu-eft obfervations, have been abJe to gueft pretty nearly at the di every body that kiK)wsthe firft elements of mathematics can meafure the height of a fttepie, or any objedl placed on it ; itappeared that, if we conceived the heavenly bodies to move round tfie earth, \»e muff fuppofe them endowed with a motion or velocity fo immenfe as to exceed all conception; 'whereas all the appearances in nature may be as well explained by imagin- ing the earth fo move round the fun in the fpace of a year, and to turn on Its own axis once in 24. hours. To f6rm a conception of thefe two motions of the earth, tre may ima- gine a ball moving on a billiard-tabJe or bowling-green : the ball pro- ceeds forwards upon the green'or tabk, not by Aiding along like a pl&rte lipon wood, or flate upon rce, but by turning round its own axis, which Js an imaginary line drawn through the centle or middle of the ball, and ending on its furfare in two points, called its poles. Conceiving the matter then in this way, and that the earth in the fpace of 24 hours, 'moves fi-om weft to eafl, the inhabitants on the ftnface df it, like men on jlhe deck of a (hip, who are infenfible of their own motion, and think that the banks move from them in a cunti-ary direftfon, will conceive that the fun and ftars move from eaft to weft in the fame time of 24 hours, in Vhich they, ak>ng with the eaith, move from weft to eaft. This daily or diurnal motion df the earth being oiKe clearly conceived, will enable us eafily to foi-m a notion of its annual or yearly motion round the fan. For as that luminary feems to have a daily motion round our earth, which isreally bccafioncd by the daily motion of the earth round its axis, fo, in the itourfe of a year, he feems to have an annual motion in the heavens, and to rife and fet in different pouits of them, which is really occafioned by the daily motiOTi of the earth in its orbit or path round the fun, which it completes in" the time of a year. Now as to the firft of thefe motions we owe the difPerence of day and night, fo to the fecond we are indebted for tlie difference in the length of the days and nights, and in the feafons ot the year. Thus much being faid with regard to the motion of the earth, which the fmaOeft refleftion may lead us to apply to the other planets, we muft obfefve, before exhibiting our table, that, bcfides the fix planets already Jnentioned, which move round the fun, there are other ten bodies vt^hich move round three of thefe, hi the fame manner as tliey do round the fnn ; And of thefe our earth has one, called the moon» Jupiter has four, and Saturn has five. Thefe ai e all called moons, from their agreeing with our moon, which Was firft attended toi and fomc times they are called fccttndary planets, becaufe they feem to be attendants of the Earth, J»pi- fer, aiKl Saturn, alx>ut which they move, and which are called /ri« j Thefe. «re but two obfervations more, ncceflary for underftandlng the following table. They are thefe : we have already faid that the annual Jttpttm^thearthOcurioned ths diverfity of.fcaioos* SDt thisWrnrHi not tNTRODUCTlOl^i hftt happert, wereAhe axis of the earth exa6lly parallel, or in a line with the axis of its orbit; becaiife then the fame parts, of the earth would be turned towards the fun in every diurnal revolution ;vvhich would de- prive manltind of the grateful viciflitudes of the feafons, arifiiig ffom the difference in length of the days and the nights. This therefore is not the cafe — the axis ofthe earth is inclined to the plane of the earth's orbit^ which we may conceive by fuppofing a fpindlie put rhrough a ball, with one end of it touching the ground; if we move the ball diredfly forwards, while one end of the fpindle continues to touch the ground, and the Other points towards fomc quarter of the heavens, we may form a notion of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orbit, from the inclination of the fpindle to the ground. The fame obfervation applies to fome of the other planets, as may be feen from the table* The only thirig that now remains, is to confider what is meant by the mean J'-Jiance^ ofthe planets from the fun. In order to underfland which, We muft learn that the orbit, or path which a planet defcribes, were it to be marked out, would ^not be quite round or circular, but in the fliape of a figure called ail ellipfij, which, thbugh refembling a circle, is longer that broad. Hence the fame planet is not always at the fame diftance from the furi, and the mean diftance of it is, that which is exadly betwixt its greateft and lead diftance. Here follows the table. A TABLE of the Diameters, Periods, &c» df the feveifal Planets In the Solar Syftem. I'S Mcuudiltuncts from the fun,' So 0,3: ss* Names 'Is as determintd' Annual Diurnal ?^. ^1 S-S: ■ of the planets. scters is h Miles. from obfcrval- tions of the jjeriods round the rotation on its %\ 5' 3 tranfit of Ve- nut in 1761, fun. axis. nof bit. d. li. m. Sun 990,000 y. d. h. 25 6 3,818 8«» 0' Mercury 3,oco 3<5,84l,468 87 23 unkttown 109,699 uiiktiown unknown Venus 7,906' 68,891,486 az4 17 14 8 8oj29J 43 75* Earth 7.979 9,^.17.1,000 IOC I 00 68>243 1,042 «3'' 29! Moon 2,r8o ditto 100 29 12 44 22,29c 9t 2® 10 Mars .^,400 145,014,148 I .^at 17 24 40 i5.a87 c" 0' Jupiter 94,coo 494,95o;976 II 314 18 9vS6 29,083 25,920 'b*^ 6' Saturn 78,000 907^956,130 r9 167 6 uhlihoWn 22,IOI unkflotrii tinknowi The reader havinjr bbtained an idea of the foJar fyftem frorii this table^ and the previous obfervations neceflai-y for imderftanding it, hiuft next turn his refledion to what Sre called thefxtdjian, "ivhich comprehend the luminaries above oui" heads that have not been explained. The fixed ftar'» are diftinguiflied by the naked eye fiom the planets, by being lefs bright and luminous, and by continually exhibiting that appearance which Ui; call the twinkling of the ftars. This arifcs from their being fo extremely fmall, that the interpofition df the leaft body, of which there are niany conftantly flor\ting in the air, deprives us of the fight of them ; when the interpoftd l)ody changes its place, we again fee the ftar, and this fuc^ ceflion being perpetual, occafionc the twinkling. But a mdre rcitiark* able property of the fixed ftars, and that from which they have obtained Bi their »■ . - . r / ■ • . . .■ ... ■ ■ v i i a I 1' ii.; I 4 INTRODUCTION; their name, is their never changing their fitiiation, uirh regard to e?.ch mher, as the planets, from xx-hat wt have aheady faid, miift evidently b: always changing theirs. The flars wliirh are nearell to us feem largeft, And are therefore called of the iirft masmitude. Thofe of the fecond mag- hitndc appear Ifrfs, being r't a greater di (lance; and fd proceeding on to the fixth magnitude, which includes all thf fixed (lars that are vifible without A telcfcope. As to their number^ though in a clear winter's night, with« out moonlhine, they feem to be innumerablt-, which is owing to their ftrong fparkling, and our looking at them in a confufed manner; yet when the whole firmament is divided, as it has been done by the ancients, into figns and conrttllations, th.e number that csiu be fecn at a time, by the bare eye, is not above a thouland. Since the introdudion of telefcopes, indeed, the nuinber of the fixed flars has been jv.rtlv confidercd as im- nienlb; became the gieater p£rfe<^lion we arrive at in our^lafles, the more ftars always appear to us. Mr. riamfleed, late royal aftofiomer at Greenwich, has given \is a catnlogue of about 3000 liars, which is th6 moft complete that has hitherto appeared. The immenfe diftance of the fixed flars from our eaith, and one another, is of all confiderations the mod proper for raifing our ideas of the works of God. For notwithftanding the great extent of the earth's orbit or path (which is at leafl 162 nnllions of miles in diameter) round the fun, the diftancc of a fixed rtar is not fejifi* bly aflfefted by it; fo that the ftar does not appear to be any nearer i(s when the earth is in that part of its orbit nearefl the fiar, than it feemed to be when the earth was at the mofldilb.nt part of its orbit, or 162 millions of miles fai'ther removed froifi the fame liar. The liar nearcft us, and con* (cqucntly the largeft in appearance, is the dog ftar, or Siriua. Modern difcovcries make it probable that each of thefe fixed flars is a fun, having worlds devolving round it^ as onriun.has the earth and other planets re- volving round him. Now the dog-ftar appears 27,000 times lefs than the fun, and, as the diftance of the ftars muf^ be greater in proportion as they ieem lefs, mathematicians have computed thediflance of Sirius from us to be two billions and two hundred thoufand millions of miles. The motiou. of light, therefore, which, though fo quick as to be commonly thought indantarieous, takes up more time in travelling from the ftars to us than we do 111 making a Weft India voyage. A found would not arrive to us from thence in 50,000 years ; which, next to light, is confidered as th« <]uickeft body we are acquainted \Vith. And a caiirion ball flying at tiic rate of 480 miles an houi-, would not reach us in 700)000 years* The ftars b^ingat fuch immenfe diftancesfrom the iun, cannot poflibly feceive from him fo ftronga li^ht as they Ieem to have; nor any bright- jiefs fufikient to make them vifible to Us. For the fun's rays muft be fo fcatteredand dilfipated before they reach fuch remote obje<5i:9, that they ran never be tianfmitted back to our eyes, fo as to render theic objerts vifible by refleftion. The ftars therefore ihinc with their own native and "unborrowed luftre, as the fun does j and fince each particular ftar, as well as the fun, is confined to a particular portion of fpace, it is plaiii that the ftars are of the fame nature with the fun. It is no way probable that the Almighty, who always ai^s With Infinite .wifdom, and does nothing in vain, fiiould create ia many glorious funs, fit forfo many important purpofes, and place them at fuch. diftances from one another, AVithout proper objefts near enough to be benefited by their intiucnces. Whoever imagines that they were created only to give ^Vfaint glimmering light to the inhabitants of thir globe, rtiuft have a veryifilpef- INTRODUCTION I final knowledge of aftronomy*, and a mean opinion ofthe Divine Wifdom; lifice, by Ai infinitely kfs excition of creating power, the Deity couUl have given our earth innch moie light by one fingje additional moon, Infleadtlienof one fun and one world only in the univerfe, as the un- fkiifiil in aftionomy imagine, rl'tit fcience difcovei-s to us fuch an incon- cfivable niihiLerof funs, I'yftems, and worlds, difpcrfcd throi^gh boundleft fpace, that if our fun, with all the planets, moons, and comets belonging to it, were annihilated, they would be no more miHed by an eye that could take in the whole creation, than a grain of fand from the fea fhore : the fpace thty ] offtfs being comparativtly lb fmall, that it would frarcely bea fenfi» ble blank in the univerft, although Saturn, the outermoft of our planets, levolves about the fun in an orbit of 4S84 millions of miles In circumfc-r rence, and fome of oiw comets make excurfions upwards of ten thoufand niillionsofniiles beyond Saturn's orbit; and yet, nt that amazing diftancfi they are incomparably nearer to the fun than to any of the (tars ; as is evi- dent from their keeping clear of the attracting power of all the ftars, an4 returning periodically by virtue of the fun*s attravhj*^hit certainly ^jiay reprefent, with a very little help from the fancv, * Efpecially fincc thei** are many ftars which arc not v> >le wichfiitt the aHiftancc of » good tclefcope; and therefore, iuftciAd of eiving light t« this world, they c^n qnly. by Hnbya(c\i(aftr«nevicr^ * «> »> < > < t ;i! I? INTRODUCTION. 'I if ! ''' But the conftcUations io general have prefcrved the names which yytvfi given them by the ancit'Dta ; ai)d they are n.rkonfd 21 northi-rn^ and iz Jbut hern \ hwi Iht n oderns have increafed the number of the northern to 34, and of the fouthcrn to ^i. Befide the(e, there are 12 Jigm or con- Itellations in the Zodiac, as it is called, from a Greek word fignifying ai^ animal, becaufe each.of thefe 12 rcprefents fome animal. This is a great circle which divjdes the heav.ens into two equal parts, of which we Oiall fpeak hereafter. In the mtan time, we Ihall conclude this fc<5tion with fin account of the rife, progrefs, and revolutions in alb onomy. Mankind muft have made a very confiderable improvement in obfcrving the motions of the heavenly bodies, before they could fo far difengagei themfelyes from the prejudices of fenfe and popular opinion, as to believe that the earth, upon which we live, was not fixed and immoveable. We Jind accordingly that Thales, the Milefian, who, about 580 years before Chrift, firft taught aftronomy in Europe, had gone fo far in this lubjeft as to calculate eclipfes, or intcrpofitioiis of the moon between the ertrth and the fun, or of the earth between the fun and riie moon (the nature of which may be eafily untlerllooci, from what we have already obfeived). l*ythagoras, a Greek philofophtr, flouriflied about 50 year^ after Thales, and was no doubt equally well acquainted with the motion of the heavenly bodies. This led Pythagoras to conceive an idea, which there is no rca- fon to believe had ever been thought of before, namely, that the earth it' ielf was in rnotion, and that the fun was at red. He found that it was impoffible, in any other way, to give a cpnfiftent account of the heavenly njotions. The fyftem, however, was fo extitmcly oppofite to all the pre- judices of fenfe and opinion, that it never made great progrefs, nor was ever iv^dely difFufled in the ancient world. The philofophers of antiquity, des- pairing of being able to overcome ignorance by region, fet themfelves to ^dapt the one to the other, and to form a reconciliation between •^hem. This was the cafe with Ptolemy, an Egyptian pl.ilofopher, who flouriflied 338 ytfars before Chrift. He fuppofed with the vulgar, who meafure every thing by themfelves, that the earth was fixed immoveably in the Centre of the univerfe, and that the feven planets, confidering the moon a$ one of the prinf\aries, were placed near to it; above them was the fir- i:nament of ^xed ftars, then the cryllalline orbs, then the jvimum mobile, and, laft of all, the coelum empyrium, or heaven of heavens. All thefe Vaft orbs he fuppofed to move round the earth opce in 24 hours ; and be- ^des that, in certain ftated and periodical times. To account for thefe mo- tions, he was obliged to conc(|ive a number of circles, called excentrics. ^nd epicycles, crofl(ng and interftring with one another. This fyftem was_ iiniverfally maintained by the Peripatetic phijofophevs, who were t^he moft confiderable fe6t ii; Europe from the time of Ptolemy to the revival o^ learning in the fixteenth century. ' /Lt length, Copernicus, a native of Poland, a bold and original genius^ adopted the Pythagorean, oj- true fyftem of the univerfe; and publifliedit to the wixrld \n the year i 530. This dodrine had heen fo long ia obfcu- rity, that the reftorer of it was confidered as the inventor ; and the fyftem obtained the. name gf the Copernicau philofophy, ihough pnly revived by that great man, Europe, however, was ftill immerfed in ignorance ; and the general ^deasof the world were . >t able to keep pace with thofe of a refined phi- " phy. This occafioned Copernicus to have a few abettors, but many ' ' ' opponenw," fofop INTRODUCTION. f ©ppcncnts. Tycho Brahe, in particular, a noble Dane, fenfible of the defers of the Ptolemaic fyftem, but unwilling to acknowledge the motion of the earth, endeavoured, about is^O, to eltablilh a new lyftem of his own, which was dill more perplexed and eMbarafled than that of Ptolemy, It allows a monthly motion to the moon round the earth, as the centre of its orbit ; and it makes the fun to be the centre of the orbits of Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. The fun, however, withallthe planets, is fuppofed to be whirled round the earth, in a year, and even once in the 24. hours. Thisfyftem, notwithdanding its abfurdity, met with its advocates. Longoirtontanus, and others, fo far refined upon it, as to admit the diurnal motion of the eaith, though they infilled th'Jt it had np annual motion. About this time, after a darknefs of a great many ages, the /irft dawn of learning and tafte began to appear in Europe. Learned men indiffe-' rent countries began to cultivate agronomy. Galileo, a Florentine, alx)uc the year 1610, introduced the ufe of telefiopet!, which difcovered new arguments in fupport of the motion of the earth, and confirmed the old ones. Ihe fury and bigotry of the clergy, indeed, had almod checked this tiou* rifliingbud: Galileo was obliged to renounce theCopernican fyflem, as « damnable herefy. The happy reformation in religion, however, placed the one half of Euiope beyond the reach of the papalthunder. It taughc mankind, that the fen ptu res were not given for explaining fyftems of natu- ral philofophy, but for a much rtoblcr purpofe, to make us juft, virtuous, and humane ; that, infteadof oppofipgthe word of God, wliich, infpeaking^ of natural things, fuits itfelf to the prejudices of weak mortals, we employ- ed our faculties in a manner highly agreeable to God himlelf, Jn tracing the nature of his works, which,' the more they are confidered, atford us the grcatei" reafgn to admire his glorious attributes of power, wifdom, and goodnefs. From this time, therefore, noble difcuveries were made in all the branches of aflronomy. The motions of the heavenly bodies were not only clearly explained, but the general law of nature, according to which they moved, was difcovered and illuftrated by the immortal Newton. This law is called Grai>ity ov Aft>afiiony and \s the fame hy which any body falls to the ground, when difengaged from what fupported it. It has been demonflrated, that this fame law, which keeps the fea ia its channel, and the various bodies which cover the furface of this earth from flying off into the air, operates throughout the univerfe, keeps th§ planets in their orbits, and prefcrves the whole fabric of nature from cou^ ^ufion and 4ilorder *. SECT, * Befides the planets and ft^rs mentioned above, we perceive, in the expanfe oc the univerfe, many other bodies belonging to the fyftem ct the fun, that feem to have piuch more irregular inotionr<. Thefe are the comets, that, dcfcending from the fur diilant parts of the fyftem with great rapidity, furprize us with their fingular appear- ance of a train or tail, which uccoippanies them, become vilible to us in the lower parts of their orbits, and, after a (hort flay, go oiT again to vaft diilances, and difap^ tear. Though feme of the ancients had more juft notions of them, yet the opinioa aving prevailed, that they were only meteors gencrj^tcd in the air, like to thoft: wa fee in it every night, and in ^ few moments vanifliing, no care was taken to oLferve or record their phxnoq^ena accurately, till of late. Hence this part of atlronomy 14 very impcrfe«a. The general dodrine is, that they w"e foJid, compatil bodies, like other planets, and regulated by the faitje laws of gravity, fo aa to ddcribe cqu 1 areas in proportional times by radii drawi to the common centre. They move about the fun in very eccentric ellipfes, and arc of much greater denfity than the eartli ; for feme of ^^T}^ af ^ heated in 9vt;r^ period to i'^ch a degree ^s would vi^^if^ or diifij^utc any Tub-. fi4 itiU)<;« il ? H ■ M I y I N T R O D U C T IC N. -I . • ' ^ •* 8 E C T. II. Of the Do^rine of the Sphere. HAVING, in the foregoing Seftion, treated of the universe in ge- neral, in which the earth l^as been confjdercd as a planet, we now proceed to the Doftrinc of the Sphere, which ought always to be premif* ed bcforp that of the Globe or ea.th, as we (h-illfee in the next Sc<5lion. In handling this fubjeft, we Ihall confider the earth as at reft, and th^ heavenly bodies, as performin^^ their revolutions around it. This method cannot lead the reader into any miftake, fincewehaveprevioufly explained, the tru^ fydeoi of the univerfe, from which it appears, that it is the rr.?/ morion of^thc earth, which occafions the apparent motion of the heavenly bodies. It is befides attended with this advantage, that it perfetftly agrees with the information of our fenfes, which always leads us to conceive the matter in this way. The imagination therefore is not put on theftretch; the id^a is eafy and familiar, and in delivering the elements of (izience,' this obje£k cannot he too much attended to. N. B, In order more clearly to comprehend what follows, the readeif snay occaiipnally turn H^s eye to the figure of the artificial fphere on the bppofite page. J he ancients ebferved, that all the ilars turned (in appearance) round the earth, from eafl to weft, in twenty-four hours; that the circleiT which they defcribed in thofc rpvolutioni>, were pai-aliel to each other, but not of the fan^e magnitude ; thofe pafTing over th? middle ol the earth being the largefl of all, while the reu diminifhed in proport tion to iljeir dif tance from) it. They alfo obfei ved, that there were tw(> »■ I - | l < I ' ' ■■ ' ■ . I ■! I . , I . ., I. Ill , I ■ ■ I. . , ilance JinofVA to us. Sir Ifaac Newton computed the heat of the comet that appeared jn the year 1680, when neareft to the Am, to be aooo times hotter than red-hot iron, and thar, bei'g thus heated, it muft retain its heat till it comes round again, although )ts period fbould be more than ao,o90 years ; a^d it is computed to be ooly 575. k is believed that there are at lead zi comers belonging, to 0^- fyftcm, moving in all maq- ner of diredions; and all thofc which have been obfervel haye movea through the ctherial regions, and the orbits of the planets, without fufTcring the leaft fenfible refif^- mnce in their niotions, ^yhich fufliclently proves thitt the pjanets do not move in folid «rbs. Of all the comets, the periods of three only are known with any degree of cer- tainty, being found to return at intervals of 75, 129, and 57^ years; j(,n4 Qf,tbefe,tha^ which appeared in 1680 is the moil remarkable. This comet, at its grcateii diftancc, is fibout II thoufand ^^ nulliont of miles from the fun, while its leaft diftancc from the centre of the fiin is about 496'thoufand miles; within lefs than one third paft of tho fun's i^emidiameter from his fur^ce. |n that part of its orbit which is neaceft the fun, - it ^ies with ^he aniazing velocity of 880,000 miles in an hour ; and the fun, t^» f«en frpm it, appears loo degrees m breadth, confequently 40,000 times larger than it appei^s to us. The afto'niihing difiance that this ^omct run» out into empty fpace, naturaUy,fuggefts to oi|r imagination, the vaft diiUnce between our f^n ^ndthe neareft of the nx£d Itar^, f>f whofe at^radlions all the eome^s n^uft keep clear, to retuni periodically and go round tfie fun. Dr. Halley, to whom every part of aftronomy, bt}t this in, a particular maur aer, is highly indcbtad, has joined his Jabours to thofe of the grea( lit' Il'aac Newton on this fabjeCl. Our wrth was out of the way, when this comet laft palTcd near her orbit }~ 'uut it requires a more perfect knowledge of tltc t))otion of the coinet, tp be able to judee }f it will always pafs by us with fp Httje cffeiSt ; for it may be l:^ere obfcrved, that the comet, in one part of its orbit, approaches very near to the orbit of oiu^ earth : fo that ^li foniq revolutions, it may appear near enough to h^ve very cohflderable, if not fatal effc(2sui)onit. S^eJNewtpOj Hailey, Gregory, Jteill, Mac l»awin, X>erhiMn» fergufon, jjncj Whiiton, - |ioints ij.^ 1 \ V «'£k^ ... t cal or po ' . ■,..'■ ■^■"•v •'■''"■ .. ' '-\".« • an '" ■ ■ •-.(....■. « ."*.-'• . • di( ■ '■' ■ ' "■'..•'' ■'•■'-, '« ■ ' tr ' ■ ' ■ :-.b"-.'w. . * ... eai •(> • ' -v" • • • • • E. •■•; > "• ■ ■".. mr -■•■■■ • •■• , ■■ • . .»•.••. Mr • *, '■■ '■■•..■. , •-. • •;, '< th« th< • ■• ', ■• ' • ^ *-'■ cei > ■ ■■ *• . ■'■• ■■■.•■■ pr( Tr ■ ' l» '.''■* . * ' , Af • ■ ■' ' . ■• ' ', . ^■■ ''V- " .- ■-,. .,..., .' ' '; rnc th( it fid ■ ••••■-'-•■ • !^.:,^.^:,,l/.,.-\.p-f ;, • : T( • ■ • ^.. :■ , -A'/ . i^^..•• dil . . • /• ' / T- '- - ' - . rf" . ,,'-!'' zo .,.•.-' V. ■' ? ;■ ■'•' h( pic ■V. •' '.■■■'. " . . cal an • -- wa * . / ^ -* • foi to ^2 ' ho t , i * he _ .r • »j * IS _^.v-.. ... , ,- '■ •.■■■ \ . .» .' T 1 ■ '. * * i.' ■ ■ ■ , ^r ■- . # T ■♦• INTRODUCTION. f ,. ■*y points in the heavens, which always prefei'ved the fame fituition. Thele p'^iiits they termed celeftial poles, bccaufc the heavens fcemed to turn round them. In order to imitate thefc motions, they invented what is called the irtlHc al Sphere^ through the centre ot which they drew a wire or iron rod, called an /r s whofe extremities are fixed to the immoveable points called Poic They fnrther obferved, that on the 20th of March, and 23d of September, the cirrlc def ribed by the fua was at an equal diftance from both of the pf^les. f'hi*' circle, therffc»re, muft ylivide the earth into two equal parts, and on this ac< ount was called the Equator or Equalier. It was alio ^ ^lled the EquinoSiial Lincy becaul'c the fun, wheu moving in it, makes the days and nights of rqual length all over the world. Having alfo obferved that from the 21ft of June to the ud of December, the fun advanced every day towards a certain point ; and having arrived there, returned towards that from whence it fet out, from the 2id of De- cember to the 21ft of June : they fixed thefe pohifu which they called Sal^ Jiice^y becaufe the direft motion of the fun was flopped at them ; and rc- prefented the bounds of the fun's motion, by two circles, which they nametf Troprcsy becaufe the fun no fooner arrived there, than he turned t>ack« Aflronomers obferving the motion of the fun, found its quantity, at a mean rate, to be nearly a degree (or the 360th part) of a great ciixile ia the heavens, every 24 hours. This great circle is called the Kciptii\ and it palTes through certain conflellations, diflinguiflied by the names of ani* mals, in a zone called the Zodiac, It touches the trppic of Cancer on one fide, and that of Capricorn on the other, and cuts the equattor obliquely. To exprefs this motion, they fuppofed two points in the heavens equally- diftant from, and parallel to, this circle, which they call the PaIcs of the zodiac, which, turning with the heavens, by means of their axis, defcribet he /wo polar cireUs, In the artificial fphere, the equlnodtfal, the two tro- pics, and two polar circles, are cut at right angles by two other circles called Co/uresy which ferve to mark the points of the folftices, equinoxes, and poles of the zodiac. The ancients ajfo obferwd, that when the fun was in any point of his courfe, all the people inhabiting directly north and fouth, as far as the poles, have noon at the fame time. This gave occafion to imagine a circle palling through thf poles of the world, which they call 9 Meridian, and which is immoveable in the artificial fphere, as well as the horizon ; which is another circle reprefenting the bounds betwixt the two hemifpheres, or half fpheres, viz^ that which is above it, ^id that whidb js below it, . • '^ ^v/>; SECT." "in. ''.-.■■.• '''.:-.- : ' The Dodtrine of the Globe naturally follows that of the Sphere* BY the Doftrine of the Globe is nieant th? reprel^ntatiun of the diflfi?rent places and countries, on the face of the earth, upon xn artificial glqb? or ball. Now the manner in which geographer? have re-, prefented .the fituation of one place upop this earth with regard to another, or with regard to the earth in general, has been by transferring the circle* of the fphere tq the artificial globe; and this is the only method they could employ. This will be abundantly obvious from an example. After f hat circle ii> (he beaveas, vyl>icl^ is called the MU^or, yt^^ )ui,Qwn to aflrct» l^omcrni i ru i wiaa i K On *' -fl "J lO I N T R O D t5 G T I 0\N; nomers, there was nothing more eafy than to transfer it to the earth, hy which the fituation.of places was determined, accoiding as they lay on oiic fide of the eqtiator or another. The fame may be oDferved of the other circles of the fphere above mentioned. The reader, having obtained aiv idea of the principle upon which the Doftrine of the GJpbp is founded^ may proceed to confider this dc;(^rine itfelf, or, in other wwds, the de-" icription of our earth, as repjefentcd by the artificial ^iobe. FifiURE OF Tnii EARTH.] Though in Ipeaking of the earth, along with. the othtr planets, it was fufficient to confider it as a fpherical or glob>ilar body ; yet it has been difcovered, that this is not its true iigure, a^id that the earth, thongK nearly a fphere or ball, is not perfe6kly.w. This mat- ter occationt^ great difputc between the pbilofophers of the laft age, among whom fir Ifaac Newton, and Caifmi, a French aflronomer, were the heads of two different parties. Sir Ifaac demonftratpd, from mathematical prin- ciples, that the earth was an obtate fpiyrey or that it was flatted at the poles, or north and fouth points, and jutted out towards the equator; fo that a Jine, drawn through the centre of the earth, and pafhng through the poles, which is called a diameter, would not be folong a^ the line drawn through the fame centre, and paffing through tl>e eafl and weft points; The French phiiofopher aflerted quite the contrary. But the matter was put to atrial by the French king in 1 7 36, who fent out a company of philofophers to- wards the north pole, and likewife towards the cquatoi-, in order to mca- fure a degree, or the three hundred and fixtieth part of a great circle, ii^ thefe different parts ; and from their report, the opinion of fir Ifaac New- ton was confirmed beyond dii|X]te. Since that time, therefore, the earth bas always been confidered as more flat towards the poles than towards th^ fquator. The reafon of this figure may be eafily undei ftood, if the reader JFiilly comprehends what we formerly obferved, with rpgard to thp earth's motion. For if we fix a ball of clay on a fpindle, and \i'hirl it round, we Ihall fmA that it will jut out or projc(5l toward^ the middle, and fiattei^ towards the poles. Now this is exactly the cafe, ^vith regard to our earth, only that its axis, reprefentcd by the fpindle, is imaginary. But though fhe earth be not properly fpherical, the difFertnce from that figure is 1q fmaJl, that it may be reprefented by a globe or ball without any fenitble ^rror. ClRCXTMfERENCE AKD DIAMETER OF THE EART«,] In the genCr^^l ^able which we have exhibited, page 3, the diameter of the globe is given, according Xo the .befl obfcrvations : fo that its circumference is 25,038 ^nglifh miles. This circumference is conceived, Igr the conveniency of ineafuring, to be divided into three hundred and fixty parts or degrees, ^rh degree containing fixty geographical milrs, or fixty-nine Englifli xniies and a half. Thefe degrees are in the fame manner conceived to he ^ivided each into fixty minutes.. Axis and poi.es of the earth.] The axb of the earth is that ima- ginary line, pali^ng through its centre, on' which it is fuppofcd to turn round once in twenty-four hours. The extreme points of this line are failed the Poles of th? earth ; one in the north and the pther in the fouth, which are exactly unde^ the two ppints of the heavens called the North and South Poles, ^he knowledge of thefe poles li of great ufe to the geographer, in determining the diflance and fituation of places ; for th^ poles marked as it were the ends of the earth, which is divided in the ifiiiddle by the equatijir j fo that the nearer 9fle a(Pprqj^che4 to th^ jpoles, • • . • . _ ■ ' .••-.. ... ^^ :l INTRO DUCT I G N. II, the farther he rem-jves from the equator; and contrariwiie, in removine from the poles, you approach the equator. Circles of the globe.] Thefe ai'e commonly divided into the ^r^a/^r and k'J'er. A great circle is that whofe plane pafles through the centre of the earth, and divides it into two equal parts or hemifpheres, A lefler circle is that which, being parallel to a greater, cannot pafs through the centre of the earth, nor divide it into two equal parts. The greater cifr cles are fix in number, the lefler only four. Eqjtator.] The firft great circle we Ihall fpeak of is the Equator^ which we have had occafion to hint at already. It is called fometimes the EquhioHal, the rtrafon of which we have explained; and . by navigators it is alfo called the Line^ becaufe, according to their rude notions, tbev believed it to be a great line drawn upon the fea from eaft to weft, di- viding the earth into the northern and Ibuthern hemifpheres, and which they were aftually to pafs in failing from the; one into the other, The poles of this circle are the fame with thofe of the world. It pafle;; through the eaft and weft points of the world, and, as has been already mentioned, divides it into the northern and fouthern hemifpheres. It is divided into three hundred and fixty degrees ; the ufe of which will foon appear. Horizon.! This great circle is reprefented by a broad circular piece of wood, encompafling the globe, and dividing it into the upper and lower hemifpherts. Geographers very properly diftinguiifli the horizon into the . fenjlble and rationaL i'he firft may bbxonceived to be made by any great plane on the furface of the fea, which fccms to divide the heavens into two. hemifpheres, the one above, the other below the level of the eiarth. Thi» circle determines the rifing or fetting of the fun and ftars, in any particu- lar place ; for when they begin to appear above the eaftern edge, we fay they rile, and when they go beneath the weftern, we fay they are fet. It appears then that each place has its own lenfible horizon. The other ho- rizon, called the rational, encompafles the globe exactly in the middle* Its poles, (that is, two points in its axis, each ninety degrees diftantfron^ its plane, as thoQ; of all circles are) are called the Zenith and ^adir ; the, firit exaftly above our heads, and the other diredJkly under our feet. The broad wooden circle, which rcprefents it on the globe, has feveral circlea^ drawn upon it : of thefe the innermoft is that exhibiting the numbei; o^ ^iegreesof the twelve figns of the Zodiac (of which hereafter), viz. thirty: to each fign. Next to this, you have the names of thefe figns. Next ta' this, the days of the month according to the old ftylc, and then according ^0 the new ftyle. Befides thefe, there is a circle reprefenting the thirty- iwo rhumbs, or points of the mariner's compafs. The ule of all thefe, will be explained afterwards. Meridian.] This circle is reprefented by the hrafi ring^ on which the globe hangs and turns. It is divided into three hundred and fixty degrees, and cuts the equator at right angles ; fo that, counting from the equator each way to the poles of the world, it contains four times ninety degrees, and divides the earth into the eaftern and weftern hemifpheres. This fircie is called the meridian ; becaufe when the fun comes to the fouth part of it, it is then meridies or mid-day, and then the fun has its greateft alti- tude for that. day, which is therefore called its meridian altitude. Novf ?« the fun is never in its meridian altitude at two places, eaft or weft of ^nc ajio^her a^ th^ f^a\c t^tjM?, cj^ch o( thefe plf^ei niuft have its own me- ' ■ ' • ridiaa. tz I N T k O D U C T I O N. i rl. Hdian. There are commrtnly marked 6n the globe twenty -four men- 4ians, one through every fifteen degrees of the equator. Zodiac] The zodiac is a broad circle, which cuts the equator oblique- ly ; in which the twelve (igris above mentroned aie reprefented. In the middle of this circle is fuppofed another called the Ecliptic^ from which the fan never deviates in his annual cnurfe, and in which he advances thirty Agrees eveiy month; The twelve (igns are, I. a. S- Anes cv* Taurtis « Gemini ii Cancer gs Leo a Virgo tTR March April INIay Tvme Auguft 7. Libra ^ — 8. Scorpio nx 9. Sagittarius / 10. Capricorn Vf 1 1 . Aquarius :r 1 2.' Pifres A. — September ' Odtober November ' December January February. CoJ.URES.] If you imagine two great circles paffing both through the poles of the world, and one of them through the equinoftial points Aries' a«d Libra, and the other through the folllitial points Cancer and Capri- corn, thefe are called the Colurcs, the one the Equinoftial, the other the • Solftiiial Colnre. Thefe divide the ecliptic into four equal parts or quar- tei-s, which are denominated according to the points which thefe pals through, via. the four cardinal points, and are the firil: points of Aries, ■ Libra, Cancer, and 'Capricorn j and thefe are all the great circles. Tropics.] If you fuppofe two circles drawn parallel to the equinoints, thtfe are called the Polar Ciicles, The nor-» \ them is called thtuir^n; becaufe the north pole is near the conf^ellation ' rf the Bear; the fouthern, the AntarHicy becaufe oppo(ite to the former. And thefe are the four leffer circles. Befides thefe ten circles now de-t* Icribed, which are always drawn on the globe, there are fevcral othere, Mtrhich are only fuppofed to be drawn on it. Thefe will be explained as they become ncceffary, left the reader Ihould be difgufted w th too many defi- ' Aitions at the fame lime, without feeing the purpofefor which they ferve. ' The main defign then of all thefe circles being to exhibit the rcfpe<5tive fituation of places on the earth, we'fliall proceed to confider more parti- cularly how that is effcfttd by them. It was found e^fier to diftinguifh places by the quarters of the earth, in which they lay, than by their diftance from anv one point. Thus, after it was difcovered that the eijuator divicled the c^rtK into two parts, called the Northern and Southern hemifpheres, it was eaiy to fee that all places on the globe might be diftinguiftied, ac-,. cording as they lay on the north or fouth fide of the equator. Befides, aitw the four lefTer circles wehsive mentioned came to be known, it was' found that the earth, by mean?, of them, might be divided into five por-» ^ tlons, and confequently that the places on its uirface might be diftinguiflied " according as they lay in one or other of thefe portions, which are called Zones, from the Greek word {wmi, which fignifies a girdle ; being broad fpaces, like fwathes, girding the earth about. That part of the earth be-? »wpcn xHat Tropics was 9iiUc4 by th^ ancients tl\e Xorrid pr Burnt 'Zom^ I N T R O D U e T i O N. n becaufe they conceived, that, being continually expofed to the perfiendt- Fular or d\vt€t rays of the fun, it was rendered uh'inhabitabk, and con- tained nothing but parched and fandy defarts. This notion, however, has long fmce been refuted. It is found that the long nights, great dew|^ regular rains and breezes, which prevail almoft throughout the t»*rria zone» render the earth not only habitable, but fo fruitful, that in tnany places they have two harvefts hi a^year; all forts of fpices and drugs ai^e* almoft folely produced there; and it furnifties more perfeft metals, precious ftones, and pearls, than all the reft of the earth together. In flioit, the countries of Africa, Afia, and America, which lie under this zooe, are in all refpefts the moft fertile and luxuriant upoft earth. The two temperate xones are comprifed between the tropics and polar cir- cles. They are called temperate, becaufe meeting the rays of the fun ob- liquely, they enjoy, a moderate degree of heat. The two frlgul zonet lie between the polar circles and the poles, or rather are inclofed within the polat* circles. They are called the Frigid or Frozen, "becaufe moft part of the year it is extremely cold there, and every thing is frozen fo long as the fun IS under the horizon, or but a little above it. However, thefe zones are not quite uninhabitable, though much lefs fit for living in than the torrid. ' None of all thefe zones are thoroughly difcovered by the Europeans^ Our knowledge of the fouthern temperate zone is very fcanty ; we know iittle of the northern frigid zone ; and ftill lefs of the fouthein fiigid ztone. The northern, temperate, and torrid zones, are thofe we are beft acquainted w^ith. Climates.] But the divifions of the earth into hemifpheres and zone*, though it may be of advantage in letting us know in what quarter of the earth any place lies, is not fufficiently minute for giving us a notion of the diftanccs between one place and another. This however is ftill more ne- ceffary ; becaufe it is of more importance to mankind, to know the fituations of places with regard to one aiiotlier, than with regard to the earth itfelf. The firft ftep taken for determining this matter, was to divide the eaith into what are called Climates. It was obferved, that the day was always twelve, hours long on the equator, and that the longed day increased ia proportion as we advanced north or fouth on either fide of it. The ancient* therefore determined how far any place was north oi fouth of the equator, or what is called the Latitude of the place, from the greateft length of the day from that place. This made them conceive a number of circles parallel to the equator, which bounded the length of the day at ditierent diftancts from the equator. And as they called the fpace contained between thefe circles, Climates, becaufe they declined from the equator towards the pole^ fo the circles themfelves may be called Climatlcal Parallels, This, there- fore, was a new divifion of the earth, more minute than that of zones, and ftill continues in- ufe } though, as we ftiall flicw, the defign which firft in- troduced it may be better anfwered in another way. There are 30 cli- mates between the eauator and either pole. In the firft 24, thedays increafe by half hours ; but in the remaining fix, between the polar circle and the |>oIes, the days increafe by months. This the' r< ader will be convinced ofj Vrhcn he becomes acquainted with the ufe of the globe: in the mean tiiffle ^e Ihall infert a" table, which will ferve to ftiew in what climate any coun- try lies, (uppofing the length of the day, and the diftance of the place frofia tfcs equator, to be known. ...;,: I "■•^*--''*«^p-**.. ■ . V .:v ly : .t>n»>|.i9rfir\ xiii:, •.. ,, .,•,■, ,■.„.> ■*-•] :, 1 Latitude D. M Breadth. M, 8 25 8 ' 49 16 54 n II »3 »7 .i% 26 27 28 29 112 T 2; 16 *s 23 50 30 ^5 36 28 6N.1 22 56 8 1461 1663 64 1864 1965 aoo; 21 22 24 66 66 66 '2567 4S 29 0} OC 69 73 78 84 37 29 58 18 25 22 06 49 21 47 06 20 28 3' 21 48 37 30 05 Loftg.b. H. M. mtttes of Cduhtrin and remarkaMe Places fituatcd in every Climate north of the Equator. 8 7 *5 6 36 12 30 »3 13 30 2 1 I I I 4 54 »S I. within the firft Climate lie the Gold and Silver Coaft in Africa; Malacca in the Eaft-Indies; Cay- enne and Surinam in Terra Firma, S. America. II. Here lie Abyfllriia in Africa ; Siam, Madras, and! Pondicherry, in the Eaftlndies; Straits of Darien,- between N. and S America; Tobago, the Granades, St. Vincent, and Barbadoes, in* the Weft-Indies. III. ContainsMecca in Arabia ; Bombay, part of Ben* fil, in the Eaft*Indies; Canton in Cliina; Mexico,^ ay of Campeachy, in North America; 'Jamaica, Hifpaniola, St. Chriftopher's, Antigua, Martinico, and Guadalupe, in th^ Weft-Indies. 14 IV. Egypt, and the Canary Iflands, In Africa; Delhi, capital of the Mogul Empire in Afia ; Oulf of Mexi-' CO, and Eaft Florida, in North America; the Ha-. vanna, in the Weft-Indies. ^ • 4 30 ^' ®>^f ^^t*""* *" Spain, part of the Mediterranean fea, the Barbary coaft, in Africa; Jerulalem, Ifoahan, capital of Perfia; Nahkin in China; Calitbrnifl, New Mexico, Weft Florida, Georgia, and the Ca- rolinas, in North America. VI. LIft)on, in Portugal ; Madrid, in Spain ; Minorca^ Sardinia, and part of Greece, in the Mediterranean; Afia Minor ; part of the Cafpian Sea ; Samarcand, in Great Tartary; Pekin, in Chiha; Corea, and Japan ; Wiiliamlbtirgh, in Virginia ; Maryland, and Philadelphia, in North America. 4 7 'S 3^ VII. Northern provinces of Spain; fouthern ditto of France ; Turin, Genoa, and Rome, in Italy ; Con- ftantinople, and the Black Sea, in Turkey ; the Caf- pian Scu, and part of Tartary; New Yoik, Bbfton m New England, Noith America. Vni. Paris,Vienna, capital of Germany; ^ew Scotland, Newfoundland; ana Canada, ih North Amerita. 30 IX. I^ondon, Flanders, Prague, Drefden; Cracow, m Poland ; fouthern provinces of Ruflia ; part of Tar- tary ; north part of Newfoundhnd. X. Dublin, York, Holland, Hanover, and Tartary; Warfdw, in Poland; Labrador, and NeW South Wales, in North America. 4 XI. Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Mofcow, cap. of Ruflia, XII. South part of Sweden ; Toboifki, cap. of Siberia. 3 c Xm. Orkney lOei, Stockholm, capitAl of Sweden. - XIV. Bergen, in Nqrway; Pcterlburgh, in Ruflia. 30 XV. Hudfon^ Straits, North Amerioc. XVL Siberia, and the South part of Weft Oxeenland: 30 XVIL Drontheim, in Nqrway. XVm. Part of Finland, in Ruffia. . 30 XIX. Archangel on the White Sea, RtilBt. XX. Hecla, in Iceland. 30 XXL Northern paru of Rufllia 4nd Siberia. XXII. New North Wales, in North America* 30 XXIIL Datis's Straits, in North America. XXIV. Samoieda. 3a 57 29 16 16 «7 10 52 29 20 7 57 44 43 32 22 19 M 8 1 '7 18 18 '9 '9 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 *3 H 1 Month 2 Months 4 Months 5 Months 6 Months XXV. South t>art of Laphfnd. XXVI. Weft Greenland;. Months XXVn. ZcmblaAuftralis. XXVin. Zembla Borealis. XXIX. Spttlbcrgen or Eaft Greenland. XXX. Urknown. I N T R d D U C T I O N. »i s I; Samarcand. The dtftance of plsrces from the equator, or ^huz h called their La^ tifuJt\ is ealily nitfafiired On the globe, by means of the meridian above defcribe«i. For we have only to bring the place, whofe latitude we wopM know, to the meridian, where the degree of latitude is markedi and it will be exa(?lly over the place. Now this is the manner alluded to, by which the diftaiice of places, from the equator, is moft projjerly diftinguiftled ; but it could not be adopted «ntil the figute and circumference of Ihic earth were known, after which it was eafy to determine rhe number of miles in each }6oth part or degree of this circumference, and confequently know the latitude or places. As latitude is leckoned from the cquatonto- wards the poles, it is either northern or fouthern, and the nearer the poles the greater the latitude ; and no place can have more than 90 d<^iiees of latitude, becaufe the poles, where they terminate, are at that diftaoce from the equator. Pai ALLELS OF LATITUDE,] Thfough every degree of Latitude, or more properly through every particular place on the earth, geographei's fuppofe a (Circle to be drawn, which they call a paiallel of latitude. Tbe interfeftion of this circle, with the meridian of any place, Ihews the true fituation of that place. Longitude.] The Longitude cf a plare is its (ituation with regard tti its meridian, and confequently reckoi^ed towards the ea(l or wcllc in reckoning the longitude there is no particular fpot from M^hich «c CMght to fet oiit preferably to another ; but, for the advantage of a general rwe, the meridian of Ferro, the moft wefterly of the Canary Iflands, was oonfi« dered as the firfl meridian in moft of the globes and maps, andthe longknde of places was reckAied to be fo many degrees eaft or weft of the meridiaa of Ferro. Thefe degrees are marked on the equator. No place can hawe more than 1 80 degrees of longitiidc, becaufe, the circumfci-cnce of ^le globe being 360 diegrees, no place can be moved from another above Indf thil diftance; but many foreign geographei's very improperly redcon tiie km* gitude quite round the globe. The degrees of longitude are n<* equal Kke thofe of latitude, but diminifti fn propoition as the meridkns incline, nr their diftance contrafb in approaching the pole. Hente in 60 degrees df latitude, a degree of longitude is but half the quantity of a ^k^ree on t& equator, and fo of the reft. The number of miles containi:d m a degnrie of longitude, in each parallel of latitude, Ire fet down in the taMc in dk following page. • < » Longitude and Latitude frouK'D.] To find the Longitode aial Latitude of any place, therefore, ^nx, need only bring that place to the brazen Meridian, and we fliall find the degree of longitude marked on the equator, and the degree of latitude on the meridian. So that to find- die difference between the latitude or longitude of two places, we have onfcf to compare the degrees of ei^er, thus foufld, with one another, and the reduftion of ihefe degrees into miles, sjCoording to the table given bdow, find, remembering that everyfdigree of longitude at the eqthimr, andeveiy degree of latitude all over the globe,^ is equal to 60 geographk-. niHes, ^ J694 Englrlh, we ftiall be ab&e ^ca6tly to determine the diftance betWec^ any places on the globe. i DftTANCE OF PlACES MEikSuHED.] Thfc diftancc of places which He i^ an oblique direftion, |. e. neither dirc6lly fouth, north, eaft, nor weft, from one another, may be meafured in a readier way, by extending the a»m- pafles froin'the one to the other, and then applying them to the equator. Foi i^iftaace, extend thecompafles from Guinea in Africa, to Brazil in America, ti INTRODUCTION* America, and then apply them to the equator, and you will find the di'A faiice to be 2; degrees, which, at 60 miles to a degree, makes the diilaAce I300 miks. .. •• -. ,, ... . ., . , ."•- • * " ' ~ ;. '■■ '• ' ' - -■ ■••^■- A y---^-:!^^ -A 'B.-L.E \i:\.-ii-:. .'■ " ■ "' .»V ^.^■^•.,. .,!••■' ■•■•■'• . t^V' .^, >. ' ■ ■•''■*;■' ■''^ .'■. v; s H E W I ^ a ■ r'' :. ; . ..*•: in eacli The Number of JVllles contained in a Degree of Longitude, Parallel of Latitude from the Equator. • ■.■-. ' / ■ 2-c 1^ • 8i i«5 1 5 : = ^s , ' . 1 . ■ = x.^ ; . JiSSLcS » 5 S «« 9 96 '■'?■*; \ "'^ ■ 31 5 5 ts «« 14-1 - ♦ 43 6. S « Ml - 0, 29 04 2 5 9 94 * . - 32 s 88 ,.■ 62 28 17 3 5 9 9* .;. i • 33 5 '^ 32 ' "•'-../ 63 27 2 + 4 5 9 86 .; li 34 4 9 74 .'l.. •• ' ■ ;' 64 26 30 5 5 9 77 ,• -.i- . 35 4 9 '5 v; ' .'■. ,,".- ■ 6: 25 ^,6 6 5 9 67 36 4 8 54 ,* , ^ . 66 24 4» 7 5 9 56 "/.- «, ■ ■ ;^ • ^2 ^ 7 9* # tl ^3 45 8 5 9 40 • 38 4 7 28 68 22 48 9 5 9 20 '•• . ". ^ 39 4 6 62 69 21 5' 10 5 9 08 ■ ' '» 40 4 6 00 70 20 5^ " 5 8 89 -*'!,' 41 4 5 28 7' '9 54 li 5 8 68 *•< 42 4 + 25 7« 18 55 ^3 5 8 46 r * 43 4 3 38 73 17 54 »4 S 8 22 ■ r 44 4 3 i6 ) ; ■ . 74 16 53 '1 ^ 8 00 ^^■f*. . V 45 4 2 43 , '■ '■■■ *>» 75 »5 52: 7 60 46 4 1 68 76 «4 5' »7 5 7 V> ( 47 4 I 00 .*••'•{.. -.. 1 . 77 '3 50 .8 s 7 04 V 4.8 4 D 15 »■ 78 12 48 >9 5 6 73 \ix.:^. 49 3 9 36 '■y'pu " Z9 II 45 20 5 6 38 ■ i SO 3 8 57 80 10 42 21 5 6 00 5« 3 7 73 * 81 9 38 ^ 5 5 63 *i ■ 52 3 7 00 — •:.■> ' •' '. 82 08 35 23 5 5 23 . . ■• ' ■«. 53 3' 5 18 ' :•'/ 83 07 32 24. 5- f 81 .• 1 ''V 54 3 ; 1^ 84 06 28 »5 5^ f 38 ■ ■_■. . ' v, ,^^.; 55 3- \ 4« 8? 05 23 26 lyd |. 00 ..r,. '; .... 56 3. ^ 15 ♦ 86 04 18 K 5: J 44 • • 1 i 57 3- E 67 fl 03 '4 aS s: \ 00 . "A ; - ., v 58 3 r 79 ^.h (. 2 09 29 s> s 48 59 3« 3 90 89 OJ 05 ^° f! ^6 1 60 3( 3 00 90 oc CO ''' . ■ , Qw. Km lASt ':'-bti^*im i,f- .1 i •>-» t» I %.. .', -/^^ I N T R O D U C'T 1 O N. 17 Quadrant of Altitude.] In order to fupply the place of the corr- palics in this oj^eration, there is commaiily a pliant narrow plate of brafs, i'crewed on the brazen meridian, which containb 90 degrees, or on€.quar- ttr of the circumference of the globe, by means of which the diftances and bearings of places are meafnrcd without the trouble of firft extending the compalles between them, and then applying the fame to the equator. This plate is called the Quadrant of Altitude. , j H0U15 Circle.] This is a fmall brafs circle fixed on the brazen meri-. dian, divided into 24 hours, and having an index moveable round the axis of the globe. • PROBLEMS PERFORMED BY THE GLOBE. ,. PH — 1 .-• ''^^ rt CO )1 29 04 )2 28 17 >3 *7 2 + >4 26 30 1: 25 i6 24 4» '2 ^3 45 >8 22 48 9 21 5« 20 52 I '9 54 2 18 55 3 >7 5+ 4 16 53 I «5 5^. 6 «4 5< 7 '3 50 8 12 48 9 II 45 10 42 1 9 38 2 08 35 3 07 32 |. 06 28 I 05 23 S 04 18 J 03 '4 c 2 09 ) 01 0$ ) OC 00 p 5 n^HE diameter of an artificial globe being given ^ to find its \ furftice In fijuaycy and Its folldlty in cubic jmafurc. Multiply the diameter by the circumference, which is a grt^at circle di" viding the globe into two equal parts, and the produdt will give the firll: then multiply the faid produ6t by one fixth of the diameter, and the pro- duct of that will give the fecond. After the fame manner we may find the furface and folidity of the natural globe, as alfo tiie whole body of the atmofphere furrounding the fame, provided it be always and every where of the fame height; for having found the perpendicular height thereof, by that common experiment of the afcent of mercury at the foot and top of a mountain, then double the faid height, and add the fame to the diameter oi the earth ; then multiply the whole as a new diameter by its proper circumference, and from the product fubtra£l the folidity of the earth, it will leave that of the atmofphere. ir ,n .„- ,1 j v ». n , n/ i -^, » ' ' Prob. 2. To rcillfy the globe. The globe being fet upon a true plane, raife the pole according to the given latitude ; then fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and if there be any mariner*s compafs upon the pedeftal, let the globe be fo fituated, as that the brazen meridian may ftn^id due fouth and north, according to the two extremities of the needle, allowing their variation. Proe. 3. 'io find the longitude and latitude of any placC' ,;, ,5 .'7..;,.,! rv■ *• • ■ \ . . I ao INTRODUCTION. J ^ 1 plares are exactly under the upper femicircle of the brazen meridian, for \n them it is mid-day at the time given. Which done, turn the globe about till the index point at the lower figure of XII. and what places are then in the lower femicircle of the meridian, in them it is midnight at the given time. After the fame manner we may find thofe places that have any other particular hour at the time given, by moving the globe till the index ])oint at the hour defucd, and obferving the places that are then under the brazen meridian. • Prob. 17. ^Ihc day an,l himr hci'ig ^ivcttf to find by the glohe that particU' lar place of the eat ih to ^ivhich the fun is vertical at thnt very time. The Inn's place in the ecliptic (^0 being found and m p*"" fr brought to the brazen meridian, make a mark above the ^ ' ' ' fame with chalk ; then (^) find thofe places of the earth in vrhofe meridian the fun is at that inftant, and bring them to the brazen meridian ; which done, obferve narrowly that individual part of the earth which falls exactly under the aforefa'd mark in" the brazen meri- dian ; for that is the particular place to which tjie funis vertical at that very time. - ,.' " Prob. 18. The day and hour at any place being g'vrn, to find all thofe places where the fun is then rifi''g% or fettin^^ or on the meridian \ confequently^ till thofe places vjh'oh are enlightened at that timey and thofe which are i/t the darh. -.d o-- . " .1 •, ..k..; .' \ vU. '...^ .,; ■ .). ., This problem cannot be folved "by any globe fitted up iri the common ■yi'av, with the hour circle fixed upon the brafs meridian ; xinlefs the fun be on or near fome of the tropics on the given day. But by a globe fitted up according to Mr. Jofeph Harris's invention, where the hour-circle lies on the Airfare of the globe below the meridian, it may be folved for anv day \w *he vear, according to his method ; which is as follows. Having found the place to which the fun is vertical at the given hour, if the placf be in the northern hemifphere, elevate the north pole as many degrees above the horizon, as are equal to ihtr .'stitude of that place; if the place be in the fouthern hemifphere, elevate the fouthpole accord- ingly ; and bring the faid place to the brazen meridian. Then, all thofe places whicli are in the wefteru: femicircle of the horizon, have the fiin fifing to them at that time j and thofe in the eallern femicircle have it fetting; to thofe under the upper femicircle of the brafs meridian, it is noon ; and to thofe under the lower femicircle, it is midnight. All thofe places wiiich are above the horizon, are enlightened by the fun, and have the fun jull ;as many degrees above them as tht,y themfelves are above the horizon; and this height may l?e known by fixing the quadrant of altitude on the brazen meridiaij over the place.to which the fun is ver- tical; and then laying it over ^ny other place, obiferve what number of ijegrees on the quadrant are intercepted between the faid place and the horizon. In all thofe nlaces ,that are i3 dcjgrees below the weftern femi- circle of the horizon, the morning twilight isjuft beginning; in all thofe places that are ib degrees below the femicircle of the horizon,j;he evening twilight is ending ; and all thofe places that are lower than 18 degrees, l\ave dark night. If any place be brought to the upper ferhicircle of the brazen meridian, and ^he hour index be fet to the. upper XII. oi;,nocfi^t a^^, tMa the globe ■b€ turned roynd eaftward on,its.'^xi»_; whcii.t(ie plac6coraei tp.the wcft- •in lcmi<#c]€X)f;ithe hpEJiou, the.i|ide/t will gieyyjii^ time flf f^-rifu»£ INTRODUCTl N. 21 loB. a. loa. 6. at that place ; and when the fame pla<^e romcs to t\u eafln t ferai ucle of the horizon, the index will fhew the time of the fwn^ r. To thofe places which do not go under the hoi izon the iun fc > not on that day ; and to thofe which do not come above it the fun does i. t rife. Pros. 19. T/.>e mout/j and day /uitig ^ivm, iv^th the place of the m^en in the zodiac^ and her true latitude^ to find thereby the exa^ hour tvhn Ji Jhall rife andftty together ivith her fouthing^ or coming to the meridian of //,. place. The moon's place in the zodiac may be foiird readily enough at any time by an ordinary almanack ; and her latitude which is her didame from the ecliptic, by applying the lemicirde of pofition to htr place ia the zodiac. For the folution of the problem («), tkvate . . p the iwle according to the latitude of the given place, and the fun's place in the ecliptic at that time being (/>) found, ., _ and marked with rhalk, as alfo the moon's place at the fame, '' bring the fun's place to the brazen meridian, and fet the index of the horary circle at noon, then turn the globe till the moon's place fucceffively meet with the eaftern and weftern fide of the horizon, as alfo the brazen meridian, and the index will point at thofe various times, the particular hours ot her lifing, fetting, and fouthing. pROB. 20. Two places i/eif/g given on the glohe^ to find the true dlflanct hct--!'re'i them. Lay the graduated edge of the quadrant, of altitude over both the places, and the nunjber of degrees intercepted between them will be their true diftance from each other, reckoning every degree to be 694^ Engliih miles. Pkob. 21. A place heing given on the globe j and its true diflance from a fecond place, to find thereby all other places of the earth that are of the famt dijlance from thr given place* Bring the given place to the brazen meridian, and elevate the pole ac- cording to tiie latitude of the faid place ; then fix the quadrant of altitude in the zenith, and reckon upon the faid quadrant, the given diflance be- tween the firft and fecond place, provided the lame be under 90 degrees, other\vife you muft ufe the femicircle of poiition, and making a mark where the reckoning ends, and moving the faid quadrant or femicircle quite round upon the furface of the globe, all places paifing under that maik are thofe defired. ■ . GEOGRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 1. The latitude of any place is equal to the elevation of the pole above the horizon of that place, and the elevation of the equator is equal to the complement of the latitude, that is, to what the latitude wants of 00 de- grees. 2. Thofe places which lie on the equator have no latitude, it being there that the latitude begins ; and thofe places which lie on the firfl me- ridian have no longitude, it being there that the longitude begins. Con- lequently, that particular place of the earth where the fii^fl meridian inter- leas the equator has neither longitude nor latitude. :?• All places of the earth do equally enjojr the benefit of the fun, in rcfpe-emote, the contrary. The circles which the fun defcribcs in the heaven every 24 hours, being cut more nearly ecjual ifithe former cafe, and more unequal in the latter. 8. In all places lyii)g upon any given parallel of latitude, however long pr fliort the day and night be at any one of thefe places, at any time of tl^e year, it is then of the fame length at all the refl ; for in turning the globe . round itsaxU (when reiflified according to the fun's declinatiofi), all thefe places will keep equally long above and below tjie horizon. 9. The fun is vertical twice a year to every place between the tropics; to thofe ujider the trppi s, once a year, buf never any where elfe. For, there can be no place between the tropics, but that there will be two points in the ecliptic, whofe declinations from the equator is equal to the latitude of that place ; byt one point of the ecliptic, which ha? a declina- tion equal to the latitude of places on the tropic, which that point of the ecliptic touches; and as the fun never goes without the tropics, he can never he vertical to any placp that lies without them. 10. In all places lying exa(5\ly under the polar circles, the fun, when he is in the n^areft tropic, continues 24 hours above the horizon without fetting ; becaufe no part of that tropic is below then* horizon. And when the fun is in the fai thtll tropic, he is for the fame length of time without j-iiing ; becaufe no part of that trojojc is abqve their horizon. "But, at all other times r^f the year, he rifes and fet^ there, as in other places; becaufe all the circles that can be diawii parallel to the equator, between the tro- pics, are more or |efs cut by the horizon, as they are farther from, or nearer to, that tropic which is all above the horizpn ; and when the fu;i is not in either of the tropics, his diurnal courfe muft be in one or other of thefe circles. 1 1. To all places in the northern hemifphere, from the equator to the polar circle, fhe longeft day and iliorteft night is when the fun is in the northern tropic ; and the fhorteft day and Ipngeft night is when the fun is in tile fouthern tropic; becaufe no circle of the fun*s daily motion is fo much above the horizon, and fo little below it, as the northern tropic; and hone fo little above it, and fo much below it, as the fouthern. In the ioutlurn hemifphere the contrary. 12. In all places between the polar circles and poles, the fun appears fpr fom'e number of days (or rather diurnal revolutions) without fetting; and at the oppofite time of the year without rifing j becaufe fome part of '" ; ■ ■ ■ • - ■"•■■■ ■■■^'- ••■••• ^ the INTRODUCTION. «3 tlic erliptif never fcts in the former c^i'c, and ns much of the oppofite part, never rifes in the latter. Ami the nearer unto, (>r the more nmote fiotn the pole, theft places are, the longtr or lluutcr is the fun's lojitinuint; prefenrt or abfcnce. 13. If a fliip fcts otit from any poit, aiui fails round the earth eaflward to the fame pert again, let lur take what time flie will to do it ir), lUc people in that (hip, in reckoning tluir time, wiil gain one a.rnpkrc day at their return, or c«iuiit one day more than ihofc uhrt 1 elide xt the f:mie ytovt; beranfe, by <;oing contrary to the fun's diurnal motion, and being forwardei every tvt-ning than they were in the moining, thtir hiiizon will get f ■ mueh the fooncr above the fttting fun, than if the\ h ui kept for a whole day at any particular place. And th\is, by cutting off a pait proportionable to their own morion, from the length of every day, ti'.ey will gain a complete day of that fort at their return ; without gaining one mon>ent of abfolute time more than is elapfed during their courfe, to the people at the port. If they f; 'I weftward they will reckon on? day lefs than the peopje do who refide at the faid port ; becaufe, by giadually fol- lowing the apparent diurnal motion of the fun, they will keep him each particularly fo much the longer above the horizon, as anfwers to that day's courfe; and thereby they cut off a whole day in reckoning, at their re- turn, without lofing one moment of abfolute time. Hence, if two fliips ftiould ftrt out at the fame time from am- port, and fail round the globe, one talhvard and the other Wi,ftward, fo as to meet at the fame port on any day whatever, they will diff^er two days in reckon- ing their time at their return. If they failed twice round the earth, thev will differ four days; if thrice, then (ix, &c. OF THE NATURAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH, TH E conftituent parts of the earth are two, the ftw^ and ivatcr. Th<; parts of the land are continents, iflands, peninfulas, ifthmufes, pro- montories, capes, coaih, mountains, Arc. This land is divided into two great continents (befides the iflands), viz. the enjiein and ivejlcrn continent. The eaflern is fuhdivided into three parts, viz. Europe, on the north-wefl; Afia, on the noith-eafl ; and Africa (u hii h is joined to Afia by the ifthmus «>f Suez, 60 miles over), on the fouth. The weftern continctit confifts of ^orth and South America, joined by the iflhmus of Darien, 60 or 70 miles broad. A coni'iucnt is a large portion of land, containing feveral countries or kiiigdoms, without any entire feparation of its parts by water, as i'-urope. An Iflaiulx^ a finaller part of land, quite furrounded by water, ^ Great Biitain. A pcninftda is a tract of land every where furrounded "y water, except at one narrow neck, by which it joins the neighbouring f ontineiit ; as the Morea in Greece : and that neck of land which fo joins it, is called an ifthmus ; as the ifthmus of Suez which joins Africa to Afi?, and the ifthmus of Darien which joins North and South Ame- rica. A promontory is a hill, or point of land, ftretching itfelf into the lea, the end of which is called a cape ; as the Cape of Good Hope. A «►«/? ov Jhore is that part of a coiintry which borders on the lea-fide, •i^oiintains, vallies, woods, defarts, plains, &c. need no defcription. The molt remarkable are taken notice of, and defcribed in the body of this C-f The I'll n» •I i j;| 1' ill K is 24 INTRODUCTION. The parts of the water are oceans, feas, lakes, ftraits, gulfs, bays, or creeks, rivers, &c. The waters are divided into three extenfive oceans (bcfides lefTer feas, which are only branches of thefe), v^iz. the Atlantic^ the Pacific^ and the Ind'an Ocean. The Atlantic, or Weftern Ocean, divides the eaftern auJ weftern continents, and is 3000 miles wide. The Pacific divides Arperica from Afia, and is 10,000 miles over. The Indian Ocean lies between the Eafl Indies and Africa, being 3000 miles wide. The occa^i is a great and fpacious colleftion of water, without any entire reparation of its parts by land ; as the Atlantic Ocean. The/^^ is a fmaller eolleftion of water, which communicates with the ocean, confined by the land ; as the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. A lake is a large colleftion of water, entirely furrounded by land; as the lake of Gentva, and the lakes in Canada, hjirait is a narrow part of the fea, refiraincd or lying between two ihores, and opening a paflageout of one lea into another; as the flrait of Gibraltar, or that of Magellan. This is fometimes called a found; as the llrait into the Baltic. K gulf is a part of the iVa running lip into the land, and furrounded by it, except at the paflage whereby it communicates with the fea or ocean. If a gulf be very large, it is called an inland fea ; as the Mediterranean : if it do not go far into the land, it is called a bay^ as the Bay of Bifcay: if it be very fmall, a creek^ ha-ven^ Jiation, or road for "fliips, as Milford Haven. Rivers, canals, brooks, &:c, need no defcription ; for thefe leiler divifions of water, like thofe of land, are to be met with in moll countries, and evtry one has a clear idea of what is meant by them. But in order to flrengthen the remembrance of the great parts of the land and water we have defcribed, it may be proper to obferve, that there is a flrong analogy or refemblance between them. The defcription of a continent refembles that of an ocean ; an ifland cncompafled with water refembles a lake encompaffed with land. A pe- ninfula of land is like a jrulf or inland fea. A promontory, or cape of land, is like a bay or creek of fea : and an ifthmus, whereby two lands are joined, i;^fembles a ftrait, which unites one fea to another. * To this defcription of the divifions of the earth, rather than add an enumeration of ihe various parts of land and water, which coirefpond to them, and which the reader will find in the body of the work, we fhall fubjoin a table, exhibiting the fuperficial content of the whole globe in fquare miles, fixty to a degree, and aifo of the feas and unknown parts, the habitable earth, the four quarters or continents ; likewife of the great empires and principal iflands, which Ihall be placed as they are fubordinate to Qn^ ajxotber >n magnitude. rf\ 1 1 ■I :■ ■ i ■'».., • • I .^ ' (■; ' ■ ••■It I, 'y Aiy ■ ) I i .: ( - ' J . ^i ; ".-• jw'J ' ■ .' , . n. '..'\ ! 1 . !■: ..ii\ •;:; !>:.■ «'-ii' ' " •'the. INTRODUCTION. ^5 Miles 1 he Cvlobc — ^-^ Seas and unknown Parts 1 he Habitable Worldf — Europe Afla Africa — — America — — Pi rfian Empire under Darius Rom.Emp in its utmoft height Ruflian Chinefe — -— Great Mogul — Turkilh IPrcfent Perlian ■ 38,99'=.569 4.456,063 10,768,823 9,634.80; 14,110,874 i,650,Gco!Sicily lilands. p;juarc _^ Miles. HilpanioU lj6,oou New f oundland 1 3 5 ,5 oc Ueylon Ireland Forniofd Anian Gilolo /Borneo — IMadagafcar iSuniatra Uapan ^ Great Britain c Celebes Is sManilla ikcland Terra del Fuego Mindinao — Cuba — ava — (J^ 1,610,00c 4,161,685 l,749,QOc i,i i6,oc 800,000 »i8,ooo j68,ooc 129,000 1 1 8,00c 74,916 68,400 I'imor Sardinia Cyprus Jamaica Flores Ccram Breton Socrata Candia Porto Rico Corfica Zealand Majorca — 17,457 — i7,coc — II ,90c 10. 40c 940 lilands. ""1 Ml. 58jooSt. Jago — 46,000 42,075 39,aoo 38,400 58,450 Negro]jont Teneriff Gothland Madeira St. Michael — ikyc L' wis Tunen Yvici Minorca I Rhodes Cepha'onia j \ mbuyna 780. Orkney Pomona 660c ("Jcio — 630C Vlurtinico — 600c Lemnos — 6cOc worlu — J4bc Providence — 4COC Man — 360c Bornholm — 3125 Wight — 3100 .Malta — 2520 Barbadoes — 1935 Zant ~ 1 40c Auiigua •— 1400 St. Chriftopher') 1 30c St. Helena — 1272 Guernfgy •— 1000 Jcrfey 950 Bermudas — 920 lUiode :i3o 763 6^5 520 480 +ac3 400 3»4 300 260 220 94 If? 163 160 150 140 120 roo 80 80 50 43 40 36 To thtfe iflands may be added the following, which h^ve lately been difcovered, or more fuly explored. The e^adl dimtnfions of them are not afcertained ; but they may be arranged in the following order, according to their magnitude, beginning at the largeftj which is fuppbied to be nearly equal in fizc to the whole coi^tiaent of Europe; . - < . ^ Otaheite, or'King George's ifland. Friendly iilands, Marquefas, New Holland, New Guinea, . ; New Zealand New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Eaflcr, at D^ivis's Ijland. 1 Winds and Tipta.] We cannot finifli the doArine of the earth, without confidering Winds and Tides, from which the changes that hap- pen on its furface principally arife. Winds.] The eaith on which we live is every where furrounded by a fine invifible fluid, which extends to feveral miles above its furface, and is called Jir. It is found by experiment, that a fmall quantity of air is capable of being expanded, fo as to fill a very large fpace, or to be coin- prelfed into a much fmaller compafs than it occupied before. The gene- ral caufe of the expanfion of the air is heat, the general caufe of its corti- preliion is cold. Hence if any pai't of the air or atmofphere receive a greater degree of cold or heat than it did before, its parts will be put ifi motion, and expanded or comprefled. But when air is put in motion, v/e call itw/y7//in general; and a breeze, gale, or ftorm, according to the quicknefs or velocity of that motion. Winds, therefore, which are com- t The number of inhabitants com- 1 4 Europe contains putcd at prefent to be in the known f \ Afia — world at a medium, taken from the T 1 Africa — lult cakulaiion*, aie about 953 mil- J f. America — lums. 153 Millions. 500 150 X50 .: 1.^ total 953 monly \ 'K If! ^6 INTRODUCTION. nionly ronfulercd as things extremely variable and uncertain, depend on a ^f ncral caulc, and aft with more or lefs uniformity in proportion as the aftion of this caufc vj tuort- or ItTsronftant. It is found by obftrvations made at fta, that from thirty dctfices north latitude, to thirty dep;rees foiith, thtre is a coultant call wind throughout the year, blowing on the Atlantic and Parilic oitans, and calk d the Trar/r'pri/u/. 'J his is occrt- ^oned by the aftion of the fun, wliich in moving from eaft to wefl, heats, and confequently expands the air immtdiately under him; by which raeansa ftream, or tide of air, always accompanies him in his com fe, and occalions a perpetual tall wind within thefc limits. This general caufe, however, is modified by a number of parfictjlars, the explication of M'hich M'ould be too tedious and complicated for our prefent plan ; which is to mention fafts rather than theories. The winds called the Tropha/ Ultuh^ which blow from fome particular point of the compaJTs without much variation, are of three kinds: i. The Genera/ Tradf irifit/s vrhkh extend to n^ar thii-ty degrees of latitude on each fide of the equator in the Atlantic, Ethiopic, and Pacific feas, 2. The Monf'OHs or fliifting trade winds, which blow fix months in one .at there is a priuuipic in all bodies, within the INTRODUCTION. 27 folar fyftem, by which they mutually draw, or attiact one anothw, in proportion to their diftancc; it follovv.s, that tiioCe parts of the fca vhich are immediately below the moon, miift be drawn towards it, and confequently wherever the moon is nearly vertical, the fea will be raifed which occafions the flowing of the tide there. A fimilar reafon occalions the flowi'ig of the tide likewife in thofe places where the moon is in the nadir, and which mult be diametrically oppolite to tlic former : for in tin- ht'mi{'|)hfre fartheit from the moon, the parts in the nadir being lefs attraifled by her than the other parts which are nearer to her, gravitate lefs towan's tiie earth's centre, and confequently mull be higher than the rtli:. Thefe parts of tlie earth on the contrary, where the moon appears on tlie hori'/on, or ninety degrees diftant from the zenith and nadir, will have low water; for as the waters in the zenith and nadir rife at the lame time, the waters in their neighbourhood will piefs towards thofe places to maintain the equilibiium ; to fupply the places of thefe, others will move the fame way, and fo on to the places ninety degrees dillant from the zenith and nadir, where the water will be loweft. By combining this doftrine with the diurnal motion of the earth, above explained, we (liall be fenfible of the reafon why the tides ebb and flow twice in twenty four hours, in every place on this globe. The tides are higher than ordinary twice every month, that is, about the times of new and full moon, and are called i^r/«^ Tuies : for at thefe tin es the actions of both the fun and moon are united, and draw in the fame ftraijght line, and confequently the fea mufl be more elevated. At ihe conjnnx ,.r. P A S. T INTRODUCTION. 2^ PART II. f-r OF THE ORIGIN OF NATIONS. LAWS, GOVERNMENT, AND COMMERCE. HAVING, in the following work mentioned the ancient names of countries, and even fometimes, in fpeaking of thefe countries, car- ried our refearches beyond modern times ; it was thought neceflarj', m order to prepare the reader for entering upon the particular hiftory of each country we defcribe, to place before his eye a general view of the hiftory of mankind, from the firll ages of the world to the reformatioa in religion during the i6th century. By a hiftory of the world, we do not mean a mere lift of dates, which, when taken by itfelf, is a thing extremely infignificant ; but an account of the moft interefting and impor- tant events which have happened among mankind ; with the caufes which have produced, and the efPefts which have followed from them. This we judge to be a matter of high importance in itfelf, and indifpenfably requi- fite to the underftanding of the prefent ftate of commerce, government, arts, and manners in any particular country ; which may be called com« mercial and political geography, and which, undoubtedly, conftitutes the moft ufeful branch of that fcience. The great event of the creation of the world, before which there W3& neither matter nor form of anything, is placed according to thebeftchro^ nologers in the year before Chrift 4004 ; and in the 7 iibth year of what is called the Julian p-eriod, which hath been adopted by fome chronologers and hiftorians, but is of little real fervice. The facred records have fully determined the queftion, that the world was not eternal, and alfo afcer- tained the time of its creation with great precifionf . It appears in general, from the firft chapters in (ienefis, that the world, before the flood, was extremely populous, that mankind had made confi- ilerable improvement in the arts, and were become extremely vicious, both in ^heir fentiments and manners. Their wickednefs gave occafion to a memorable cataftrophe, by which the whole human race, except Noah and .his family, were fwept Irom off the face of ^^"^^^ Y the Earth. The deluge took place in the •6^6th year of the "^^ ' world, and produced a very confiderable change on the foil and atmof- phere of this globe, and gave them a form lefs friendly to the frame and texture of the human body. Hence the abridgement of the life of man, and that formidable train of difeafes which hath ever fince made fuch havock in the world. A curious part of hiftory follows that of the de- luge, the repeopJing of the world, and the rifing of a new generation from the ruins of the former. The memory of the three fons of Noah, the firft founders of nations, Was long preferved among their fcvcral defcendants. Japhet continued famous among the weftern nations, under the celebrated name of Japetus; the Hebrews paid an equal Veneration to Shera, who was the founder of their race j and among the (V ^ Samaritan copy of the Bilk makes the antcdiluviati period only. X3C7 yent^ 349 «nort of the Hebrew Bible computation ; and the Septuagirit copy ftretchet it t« aioi years, which i« 606 years exceeding it ; but the Hebrew chrcnoWy is generally . KkrAOwlfdjed to be of fuperior authority. * » - I Egyptians, f» INTRO DUCTIOK. I : i i '> m \ , \ y Egyptians, Ilnm was long revered as a divinity, under the name erfe6lion. But in the time of Jacob, two centuries after, the firft prin^* ciples of civil order and regular government feem to have been tolerably U: ^ +■ According to Dr. Playfair's clirotiolofrical tables, the birth of Abraham is fixed at liclorc Chrift ao6o, and his being calk d out of Urrut 1986. ^ .4 I N T Pv O D U C T I O N. 3« urulerftood among the Egypfians. The country was divideil into feveral diflric^sand feparate departments ; councils, compofed of experienced aiufc fele;;ofed, that the an- cient cities, botfi in Afia and Egypt, whofe foundation, as we have al- ready mentioned, afcends to the remotefl antiquity, could have been ^Miilt, unlefs the culture of the ground had been praclifed at that time. Nations who live by, hunting or pafturage only, led a wandering life, and feldom fix their refidence in cities. Commerce naturally follows agriculture: and though we cannot trace the fleps by which it was intro- duced, among the ancient nations, we may from detached pafTages in fa- cred writ, afcertain the progrefs which had been made in it during the pa- triarchal times. We know from the hiflory of civil fociety, that the commercial intercourfe between men mufl be pretty confiderable, before the metals came to be conlidered as the medium of trade ; and yet this was the cafe even in the days of Abraham., It appears, however, from the relations which eflabliih this faft, that the ufc of money had not been of ancient date; it had no mark to afcertain its weight or fine- ncfs; and in a contraft for.a burying place, in exchange for which Abra- ham gave filver, the rnj;^al is weighed in prefence of all the people. But as commerce improved, and bargains of this fort became more com- |non, this pra<5lice was laid afide, and the quantity of iilver was afcer- tained by a particular mark, which favcd the trouble of weighing it. But tliis does not appear to have taken place till the time of Jacob, the fecond from Abraham. The refilah^ of which we read in his time, was a piece of Toney, ftamped with the figure of the lamb, and of a precife ;ind ftated value. It appears from the hiflory of Jofeph, that the com- merce between different nations was by this time regularly carried on. The Iflimaelites and Midianites, who bought him of his brethren, were travelling merchant';, refembling the modern caravans, who carried fpices, perfumes, and other rich commodities, from their own country into E- gypt. The fame obfervation may be made from the book of J ob,! who ac- cording to the befl writers, was a native of Arabia Felix, and alfo a contem-: porary with Jacob. He fpeaks of the roads of Themaand Saba, i. e.of the caravans which fet^out from thofe cities of Arabia. If we refleft, that the commodities of this country were rather the luxuries thJM^ the INTRODUCTION. 33 much c'lifFer- the convehiences of life, we Ihall have reafon to conclude, thr.t the countries into which they were fent for fale, and particularly Egypc, wcve confiderably improved in arts and refinement: for people do not think of hixuries, until the ufeful art^ have made high advancement among them. In fpeaking of commerce, we ou<;ht carefully to diftinguifli between tlie fpecies of it which is carried on by land or inland commerce, and that which is carried on by fea : which laft kind of traflic is both later in its origin, and flower in its progrefs. Had the del' ■ ndants of Noah been left to their own ingenuity, and received no tinftiire ot ih ■ jintediluvian know- ledge from their wife anceftors, it is improbable that they ia< rid have ven- tured on navigating the open feas fo foon as we find they did. '1 uat branch ot his pofterity, who fetted on the coafls of Palefline, were the fir * people of the world among whom navigation was made fubfervicnt to commene : they were diftinguilhed by a word, which in the Hebrew tongue, fignifies vierchants, and are the fame nation afterwards known to the Greeks by the name of Phoenicians. Inhabiting a barren and ungrateful foil, they let themfelves to better their fituation by cultivating the arts. Commerce was their capital objeft : and with all the writers of pagan antiquity, they pais tor the inventors of whatever is fubfervlent to it. At the time of Abraham they were regarded as a powerful nation; their maritime commerce is mentioned by Jacob in his laft words to his children ; and, if we may be- iieve Herodotus in a matter of fuch remote antiquity, the Fhajiicians had by this time navigated the coafts of Greece, and carried oif' tlv daughter of Inachus. The arts of agriculture, commerce, and navigation, fuppofe the know- ledge of feveral others ; aftronomy for inftance, or a knowledge of viae fituation and revolutions of the heavenly bodies, is necelfary both to agri- culture and navigation ; that of working metals, to con\merce ; and fo of other arts. In fa(5l, we find that before the death of Jacob, feveral nations were fo well acquainted with the revolutions of the moon, as to mcafure by them the duration of their year. It had been an univerfal cuftom among all the nations of antiquity, as well as the Jews, to divide time iri the por- tion of a week, or feven days ; this undoubtedly arofe from the tradition with regard to the origin of the world. It was natural for thofe nations who led a pjiftoral life, or who lived under a ferene Iky, to obferve that the various appearances of the moon were completed nearly in four weeks, hence the diviiion of a month. Thofe people again who lived by agricul- ture, and who had gotten among them the dlvifion of the month, would nanirally remark, that twelve ot thefe brought back the fame temperature of the air, or the fair.e feafohs : hence the origin of what is called the luvar year J which has every where taken place in the iufani-y of fcience. Thi5, together with the obfcrvation of the fixed Itars, which, as we learn from the book of Job, mufi have been very ancicint, naturally paved the way for the difcovery of the Jolar war, which at that time would be thought au inunenfe improvement in aftronom)'. But with regard to fhofe branches of knowledge which we have mentioned, it is to be re- Hitmbered, that they were peculiar to the F"^yptians, and a few na- tions of Alia. Europe otfers a frightful fpei vacle during this period. Who could believe that the Greeks, who in later ages became the pat- tern's of politenefs and every elegant art, were dcfcended from a favage race ot men, traverfing the woods and wilds, inhabiting the rocks and caverns, a wretched prey to wild animals, and fometimes to one another ? D This »-2* !'i I > If 'I''? •II I'll ^i-i' 34 INTRODUCTION. This, however, is no more than what was to he expefted. The defcend, ants of Noah, who removed at a great diftanre from the plains of Shinai-, loft all oonnertion with the civilized part of mankind. Their pofttvitv berame ftill more ignorant ; and the human mind was at length iunk into an .ibyfs of niifeiy and wrctrhednei's. We might naturally expert, that from the death of Jacob, arid as we advance forward in time, the hiftory of the great empires of Egypt and Alfyria would emerge from their obfcurity. This, however, is far from be- ing tlic cafe : we only get a glimpfe of them, and they difappear entirely , for mnny ages. After the reign of Ninius, who fuccecded Semirami>; and \iiuis in the AfTvrian throne, we find an aftonifliing blank in thr hiftory of this empire, for no lefs than eight hundred years. The filence of anc rnt hiftory on this fubjert, is commonly attributed to the foftnefs and effeminacy of the fucceflors of Ninus, whofe lives attorded no events worthy of narration. XV^ais and commotions are the great themes of the hiftorian, V hile the gentle and happy reigns of wife princes pafs unobferved and un- recorded. Sefoftris, a prince of wonderful abilities, is fuppofed to have moinited the throne of Egypt, after Amenophis, who was fwallowed up in the Red Sea about the year before Chrift 1492 ; by his afliduity and atten- tion, the civil and military eftabliftiments of the Eg\-ptians received very confiderable improvements. Kgvpt, in the time of Sefoftris, and his imme- diate fucceflors, was, in all probability, tlie moft powerful kingdom upon earth, and, according to the beft calculation, is fuppofed to have contained twenty-feveu millions of inhabitants. But ancient hiftory often excites, without gratifying our cin-iofity ; for, from the reign of Sefoftris to that of Bocchoris, in the year before Chrift 781, We have little knowledge of even the names of the intermediate princes. If we jtiuge, however, from collateral circumftances, the country muft ftill have continued in a very flouriftiing con- dition : for Egypt continued to pour forth her colonies into diftant nations. Athens, that feat of learning and politenefs, that fchool for all who afpire after wifdom, owes its foundation to Cecrops, who landed in Greece with an Egyptian colony, and endeavoured to civilize the rough man- ners of the original inhabitants. From the inftitutions which Cecrops efta- blifhed among the Athenians, it is eafy to infer in what fituations they mull: have lived l>efore his arrival. The laws of marriage, which few nations are fo barbai'ou.s as to be altogether unacquainted with, were not known in Greece. Mankind, like the beafts of the field, were propagated by accidental rencounters, and with little knowledge of thofe to whom they owed their generation. Cranaus, who fucceeded Cecrops in the kingdom of Attica, purfued the fame beneficial plan, and endeavoured by wife inftitu- tions, to bridle the keen paflions of a rude people. Whilft thefe princes ufed their endeavours for civilizing this corner ot Greece, the other kingdoms, into which this country, by the natural boundaries of rocks, mountains, and rivers, is divided, and which had been already peopled by colonies from Egypt and the Eaft, began to allum? , fome appearance- of form and regularity. This engaged Aniphic "*' ' tyon, one of thofe uncommon geniufes who appear in the world, for the benefit of the age in which they live, and the admiration of pofte- ritv, to think of fome expedient by which he might unite in one plan of -politics the feveral independent kingdoms of Greece, and thereby deliver them from thofe inteftine divifions, which muft render them a prey to one another, or to the firft enemy who might think proper to invade them. Thefe reflexions he communicated to the kings, or icidci^ofthe different terri' 1556. 1506. f. ' . The defcend. )lains of Shinar, Their poftc. ity length lunk into jcob, arid as wa ;s of Hgvpt and r, is far from be- ifappear entirely ceded Semiramii ling blank in tin- rs. The filence ) the fofrnefs and no events worthy of the hiftorian, )bferved and un- uppofed to have fwallowed up in iduity and atten- ins received very s, and his imnie- il kingdom upon 3 have contained rv often excites, efoftris to tliat of lowledge of even r, from collateral flouriihing con- o diftant nations. :hool for all who who landed in the rough man ich Cecrops efta- ations they niult ich few nations re not known i;i d by accidental they owed their gdom of Attica, by wife inftitu- g this corner of by the natural arid which had began to allum? igaged Aniphic- w in the world, [ration of pofte- in one plan of thereby deliver m a prey to out invade them. of- the different terrii' INTRODUCTION. 35 territories; and by his eloquence and addreis engaged twelve cities to unite together for their mutual prefervation. Two deputies from each of tar-le cities aflembled twice a year at Thermopylae, and formed what, alter the name of its founder, was called the Amphidyonic council. In this alHin- bly, whatever related to the general int>-Teft of the confederacy wis difcullcd, and finally determined. Amphi^ndence ; and, bv the union which it infpired among ths Giceks, enabled them to defend their liberties againft all the force of the Perfian empire. Confidering the circumftances of the age in which it was inftituted, the Amphi^lyonic council is perhaps the moft remarkable political eftablifti- ment which ever took place among mankind. In tlie year before Chrift T322, the Ifthmian games were inftituted at Corinth; and in 1303 the fa- mous Olympic games by Pelops. The Greek ftates, wno formerly had no connection with one another, except by mutual inroads and hoftilities, foon began to ai5l with concert, and to undertake diflant expeditions for the general intereft of the community. The firft of thefe was the obfcure expedition of the Argonauts, ir. which all Greece appears to have been concerned. The objeft of the Argonauts , was to open the commerce of the Euxine fea, and to eftablifli colonies ' * ^' in the adjacent country of Colchis. The fliip Argo, which was the admiral of the fleet, is the only one particularly taken notice of; though we learn from Homer, and other ancient writers,: that feveral fail were employed in this expedition. The fleet of the Argonauts was, from the ignorance of thofe who conduced it, long tofled about on different coafts. The rocks, at fome diftance, from the mouth of the Euxine fea, occafioned great labour: they fent forward a light veflel, which pafled through, but returned with the Ms of her rudder. This is exprefTed in the fabulous language of antiquit)', by their fending out a bird which returned with the Ms of its tail, and may give us an idea of the allegorical obfcurity in which the other events of this expedition are involved. The fleet, however, at length arrived at Eon, the capital of Colchis, after performing a voyage, which, confidering tlie mean condition of the naVal art during this age, was not lefs confiderable than the circumnavigation of the world by our modern difcoverers. From this expedition to that againft Troy, which was undertaken to recover the fair Helena, a queen of Sparta, who had been carried off by ' ''* Paris, fon of the Trojan king, the Greeks muft have made a wonderful progrefs in power and opulence : no lefe than twelve hundred veflels were employed in this voyage, each of which, at a medium, contained upwards of a hundred men. Thefe veflels, however, were but half-decked ; and it does not appear that iron entered at all into their conftrudion. If we add to thefe circumftances, that the Greeks had not the ufe of the faw, arf inftrument fo neceflary to the carpenter, a modern muft form but a mean notion of the ftrength or elegance of this fleet. Having thus confidered the ftate Of Greece as a whole, let us exjimirW the circumftances of the particular countries into which it was divided. 1 his is of great importance to our prefent undertaking, becaitfe it is in this country only that we can trace the origin and progrefs of government, arts, and manners^ which compoik Ha great a part qf our prefent work. Dz Thar© ji ' I 3een a very remarkable icfenihlarK e b<:fts, extremely unfavourable : each parti • rular flate was, in miniature, what the whole country had been before the time of Amphidyon. They required the hand of another delicate painter to fl»aik the oppolitc roIoui% and to enable tliem to produce one powerful cfted^. The hiftory of Athens arfords us an example of the manner ni which thefe fbtcs, that, for want of union, were weak and infignifkrant, became, bv- being cemented together, important and powerful. Thefeus, king of Attica, about the year befoie Chrift I2;4, had acquired great reputation by his exploits of valour and ability. He faw the iiKonveniences to which his countiy, from being divided into twelve diitrile, abo- lished thL" repil power, and proclaimed that noiu- but Jupiter (hould be kins; of Athens This revohition in favour of liberty was fo much the more re- niarkhDle, as it happened foon after that tht* Jewj; became unwilling to remain imder tl:e govcrrment of the true (iod, ami deliretl a mortal fovereign, that they mij'Jit be like unto other nations. The government of 'J hebes, another of the Grecian ftates, much about the fame time, alUimed the republican form. Near a century before the Trojan war, Cadmus, with a colony from Phoenicia, had founded this city, which from that time had been govrrnffd by kings. But the lalt fovereign being overcome in fmglc combat, by a nerv;hbouri;\g prince, the Thebans abolilhed the regal power. Till the days however of I'elopidas and Ejw- minondas, a pcriocl of fcven hundred yeaii;, tJic Thebans ptrfoimed no* thing worthy of the rcpublicat\ fpirit. Other cities of (ireece, after tho examples of Thebes and Athens, crcfted themfelves inio republics. But the revolutions of Athens and Sparta, two rival ftates, which, by means oi the fuperionty they acquired, gave the tone to the mannert^, genius, and politics of the (rreeks, deierve our particular attention. We hav« Deen a tender flioot of liberty fpring up in the city of Athens, upon the (kceafe of Codnis, its Uft fovci'cign. This flioot gradually improved into a vigorous plant; and it cannot but be pieafant to obferve its pro- grefs. The Athenians, by abolifhing the name of king, did not entirely fiib vert the regal authority: they cftabliflied a perpetual niagiftrate, who, under the name of Archon, was inverted with almoft the fame ' rights which their kings had enjoyed. The Athenians, in time, became trnfible, that the archonic oftice was too lively an image of royalty for a free ttate. After it had continued thca'elbre three hundred and thirty- c*ne years in the family of Codrus, they endeavoured to lell'en its dignity, not by abridging its power, but by fliortening its duration. The firft period affigned for the continuance of the archonfltip in the fame hands, was three years. But the defue of the Athenians for a more perfc»9t fyftem of freedom than had hitherto been ellablifhed, increafed in proportion to the liberty they enjoyed. They agajji called out for **' a frelh redu<^ion of the power of their archons ; and it was at length de- termined tiiat nine annual magiftrates fliould be appointed for this otfice. Thefe nugiftrates were not only chofen by the people, but accountable to them for their conduft at the expiration of their office. Thefe alterations were too violent not to be attended with fome dangerous confequaices. 'Ihe Athenians, intoxicated with their freedom, broke out into the moll unruly and licentious behaviour. No written laws had been as yet enafted in Athens, and it was hardly poilible that the ancient cuftoms ot the ijsalm, which were Daturally fuppofed to be \n part aboliflied by the fucceliive changes in the government, Ihould lufticiently reftrain the tumultuary fpi- litsot the Athenians in the firft flutter of their independence. This en- gaged the wiier part of the fhite, who began to prefer any fvftem of go- vernment to their prefent anarchy and cojifufion, to call their eyes on Draco, a man of an auftei-e but virtuous difpofition, as the fitteft pieriba for compofmg a fyftem of law, to bridle the furious and unruly manners of their countrymen. Draco DiKlertook the office about the year 6x8, but executed it with fo much ngo\ir, thtt, in the words of an ancient hiftorian, " His laws were written with jiood, and not with ink." Death was the indifcriminate pimiflunem oi «vejy oUcnre, and the laws of Draco were D 3 ^ found I ^i:.:l !■::! •! m ■;, 'I !r: J» I N T R O D U C T I O N. found to be a remedy worfc than the difeafe. Affairs again i"Btnmed into conftifion ajid diforder, and remained fo till the time of Solon, who died in the year before Chrift 549. The gentle manners, difmterefted virtue, and wifdom more than human, by which this fage was diftinguifiied, pointed him out as the only chaFaiei''ls. The INTRODUCTION. 41 The hiftory of Perfia, after the reign of Cyrus, who died in the year B, C. 529, o'flbrs little; confidered in itfelf, that merits our regard ; but uhcn combined with that of Greece, it becomes particularly interefting. The monarchs who fucceeded Cyrus, gave an opportunity to the Greeks to exercife thofe virtues which the freedom of their governniciit had created and confirmed. Sparta remained under the influence of Lycurgus's inftitutions : Athens had juft recovered from the tyranny of the Pififtra- ridiv, a • family who had trampled on the laws of Solon, and ufurped the fiiprcme power. Such was their fituation, when the lull of uni- verfal empire, which feldom fails to torment the breaft of tyrants, ' led Darius (at the inftigation of Hippias, who had been expelled from Athens, and on account of the Athenians burning the city of Sardis), to fend forth his numerous armies into Greece. But the Perfians were no longer thofe invincible foldiers, who, under Cyrus, had conquered Afia. Their minds were enervated by luxury and fervitude. Athens, on the contrary, teemed with great men, whofe minds were nobly animated by the late re- covery of their freedom. Miltiades, in the plains of Marathon, with ten thoufand Athenians, overcame the Perfian army of a hun- dred thoufand foot, and ten thoufand cavalry. His countrymen,. The. miftodes and Ariftides, the firft celebrated for his abilities, the fecond for his virtue, gained the next honours to the general. It does not fall within 11 plan to mention the event of this war, which, as die nobleil. monu- 480. ouv ^ ments of virtue over force, of courage over numbers, of liberty over lervitude, deferve to be read at length in ancient writers. Xerxes, the fon of Darius, came in perfon into Greece, with an ^'Tin iff army, which according to Herodotus, amounted to *wo » id one hundred thoufand men. This account has been juflly con '" i..:i by fome ingenious modern writers, as incredible. The truth cannot now be afcertained : but that the army of Xerxes was extreiiiely numerous, is the moft probable, from the great extent of his empire, and from the abfiud practice of the eaftern nations of encumbering their camp with a fuperfluous multitude. Whatever the numbers of his army were, he was every where defeated, by fea and land, and efcaped to Afia in a tifliing boat. Such was the fpirit of the Greeks, and fo well did they know that " wanting virtue, life is pain and woe ; that wanting lib rty, *' even virtue mourns, and looks around for happinefs in vain." But though the Perfian war concluded glorioufly for the Greeks, it is, in a great meafure, to this war, that the fubfequent misfortunes of that nation are to be attributed. It was not the battles in which they fuffered the lofs of fo many brave men, but thofe in which they acquired an immenfity of Perfian gold ; it was not their enduring fo many hardfliips in the courfe of the war, but their connexions with the Perfians after the conchifion of it, which fubverted the Grecian eftablifliments, and ruined the mofl vir- tiioiis confederacy that ever exifted upon earth. The Greeks became haughty after their victories ; delivered from the common enemy, they hegan to quarrel with one another : their quarrels were fomented by Perfian geld, of which they had acquired enough to make them de- firous of more. Hence proceeded the famous Pefoponnelian war, in which the Athenians and Lacedaemonians adiled as principals, and '*^** drew after them the other ftates of Greece. They continued to weaken themfelves by thefe inteftine divifions, till Philip king of Macedon, (d country till this time little known, but which, by the active and crafty genius of this prince, became important and powerful), rendered himfeJf the ii 'J'' I "4 m jj,,.^-., ' ItUfi- M ;i!. 42 INTRODUCTION. g the abfoliite mafter of Greece, by the battle of Cheronaea. But ^^ ' this conqueft is one of the firft we' meet with in hiftory which did not depend on the event of a battle. Philip had laid his fchemes fo deeply, and by bribery, promifes, and intrigues, gained over fuch a number of conficlerable perfons in the feveral ftates of Grefectf to his intereft, that an- other day would have put in his pofleflion whait Cheronaea had denied him. The Greeks had loft that virtue, whicHVas the bafis of their con- fcderacy. Their popular governments ferved only to give a fanftion to their licentioufnefs aiid corruption. The principal orators, in moft of their ftates, were bribed into the feiVice of Philip ; and all the eloquence of a Demofthenes, aflifted bv truth and virtue, was unequal to the mean, but more fedu(5live arts 6f his bpbntnts, who, by flattering the people, ufed the fureft method of winning then- affeftions. Philip had propofed to extend the boundaries of his empire beyond the narrow limits of Greece. But he did not long fervice the battle of Che- ronaea. Upon his deceafe, his fori Alexander was chofen general againft the Perfiins, by a 1 the Grecian ftates, except the Athenians and The- bans. Thefe made a feeble effort for expiring liberty ; but they '"* were obliged to yield to fuperior force. Secure on the fide of Greece, Alexander fet out 6n his Perfian expedition, at the head of thirty thoufand foot, and five thoufand horfe. The fuccefs of this army in conquering the whole force of Darius, in three pitched battles, in ov ef-running and fubduing not only tl,e countries then known to the Greeks, but many parts of India, tire very names of which had never reached an European ear, has been defcribed by many authors, both an- cient and modern, and conftitutes a Angular part of the hiftory of the world. Soon after this rapid career of victory and fuccefs, Alex- ^'^' ander died at Babylon. His captains, after facrificing all his fa- piily to their ambition, divided among them • his dominions. This gives rife to d number of aeras and events too complicated for our pr^^ent pur- pofe, and even too uninterefting. After confidering therefore the ftate of arts and fciences in Greece, we ihall' pafs over to the Roman affairs, where the hiftbrical deduftion is more fimple, and alfo more important. The b; re names of illuftrions men, who flouriftied in Greece from the jtime of Cyrus to that of Alexander, would fill a large volume. During this period, all the arts were carried to the higheft pitch of perfeiflion ; and the improvements we have hitherto mentioned, were but the dawn- ings of this glorious day. Though the eaftern nations had raifed mag- nificent and mipendous ftructures, the Greeks were the firft people in the World, who, in their works of architeAure, adder! beauty to magnificence, Jand elegance to grandeur. The temples of Jupiter Olympus, and the Ephefian Diana, are the firft monuments of good tafte. They were ere6led by the Grecian colonies, who fettled in Afia Minor, before the reign of Cyrus. Phidias, the Athenian, who died in the year B. C. 437, is the firft fculptor whofe works hav^ been immortal. Zeuxis, Parrhafnis, and Timantheus, during the fame age, firft difcovered the power of the pencil, and all the magic of painting. Compofition in all its various branches, reaches a decree of perfeftion in the Geeek language, of which a mcjirn reader can hardly form an idea. After Hefiod, and Homer, who fiouriftied loco ycais before the Chriftian aera, the tragic poets TEf- chylus, Sophocles, and BLuripides, were the firft confiderablc improvers of poetry. Herodotus gave fimplicity^and elegance to profaic writing. Ifo- crates gave it cadence and harmony, but it was left to Thucydides and Demofthet^ta to difcovcr the full force of the Greek tongue. It was not, however, INTRODUCTION. 43 all its various however, in the finer arts alone that the Greeks excelled. Every fpecies of philofophy was cultivated among them with the utmoft liiccefs. Not to mention the divine Socrates, the virtues of whofe life, and the ex- cellence of v;hofe philofophy, juftly entitled him a very high degree of veneration: his three difciples, Plato, Ariftotle, and Xenophon, may, for ftrength of reafoning, juftnefs of fentiment, and propriety of expref- fion, be put on a footing with the writers of any age or rountry. Expe- rience, indeed, in a long courf6 of years, has taught us many fecrets in nature, with which thcfe philofophers were unaccjuainted, and which no ftrength of genius could divine. But whatever lome vain empirics in learning may pretend, the moft learned and ingenious men, both in France, and England, halve acknowledged the fuperiority of the Greek philofophers, and have reckoned themfelves happy in catching their turn of thinking, and manner of expreflion. But the Greeks were not lefs diftinguilhed for their adive than for their fpeculative talents. It would be endlefs to recount the names of their famous ftatefmen and warriors, and it is impoffible to mention a few without doing injuflice to a greater number. War was firft reduced into a fcience by the Greeks. Their foldiers fought from an aifedlion to their country, and an ardor for glory, and not from a dread of their fuperiors. We have feen the efFeifts of this mil'.tary virtue in their wars agamft the Perfians ; the caufe of it was the wife laws which Amphi£tyon,* Solon, and Lycurgus had eftablilhed in Greece. But we muft now leave this nation, whofe hiftory, both civil and philofophical, is as important as their territory was inconfiderable. and' turn our attention to tne Roman affairs, which are ft ill more interefting, both on their own account, and from^^the relation in which they ftand to thofe of modern Europe. '■■ -' v. • ::.^ .. >(,i^ - ■ ^ The charafter of Romulus, the founder of ' the Roman: ftate, when we' view him as the leader of a few lawlefs anr opponents. Great bodies of armed men (fays an K .., - «lc- ■:•'« '* ill -H il' '.ml ■' '» i -li ^ 5d INTRODUCTION. jaS. degant hiHoiian, in defiribirg this fccne of defolation) with tlicir wivM and children, and (laves and flocks, ilTued forth, like regular colonics, in qiielt of new ftttleinents. New advenliircrs followed them. The land'* whii h tluy deferted were occupied by more remote tribes of barbarians. Thefe, in their turn, puftied foi ward into more fertile countries, and, like a torrent continually nicrealing, rolled on, and Twept every thing before them. Wherever the barbarians marched their route was marked with blood. They ravaged or deftroyed all around them. They made no diftinftion between what was facred and wirat was profane. They ref- J>€rted no awe, or fex, or rank. If a man was called to fix upon the period in the hiltory of the world, during which the condition of the hu- man r:'iCe was moft ralymitour, and afflii^ted, he would, without heiitation^ name that which elapfed from the death of Theodolius the Great, A. D. 395, to the eflalililhmcnt of the Lombards in Italy, A. D. (;7i. The cotemporary aiiihors, who beheld that fceue of defolation, labour, are ^ a lofs for expreliions to defcribe the horror of it. Hhc fcou^^e of Go//^ the tl'Jiroyer nfnat'ov^^ are the dreadful epithets by which they cliftinguifli the niofl noted of the barbarous leaders. Conftantiue who was emperor at the beginning of the fourth century, and who had embaaccd Chriftianitv, rhangcil the feat of empire from Rome to Conftantinople. This occafioned a prodigious alteration. Thewcftern and eaftern provint^r. were feparated from each other, and governed by dilVerent fovereigns. The withdrawing the Roman legi- ons from the Rhine and the Danube to the Eaft, threw down the weftern barritrs of the empire, and laid it open to the invaders. Rome (now known by the name of the Wejlcrn Empire^ in contradiftinc- lion to Conftantinople, which, from its fituation, was called the Eajltryi £mpire)y weakened by this divifion, becomes a prey to the barbarous na- tions. Its ancient glory vainly deemed immortal, is effaced, and Odoa- cer, a barbarian chieftain, is feated on the throne of the Caefai-s. Thefc irniptions into the empire were gradual and fucceffive. The im ^^ ' mienfe fabric of the Roman Empire was the work of many ages, and feveral centuries were employed in dtniojifliing it. The ancient difci- pline of the Ron'.ans, in mi!it.uy nriaii-, was fo efficacious that the re- mains of itdefcended to their fucceiibrs, and mnflhave proved an overmatch for all their enemies, had it not been for the vices of their emperors, and the univBi fal corruption of manners among the people. Satiated with the luxuries of the known world, the emperors were at a lofs to find new provocatives. The moft diflant regions were exploretl, the ingenuity of mankind was exercifed, and the tribute of piovinces expeiided upon one favourite difli. The tyranny and the univerfal depravation of mannere that prevailed under the emperors, or, as they are callfed, Caefars, could only be equalled by the barbarity of thofe nations who overcame them. Towards the clofe of the fixth century, the Saxons, a German nation, were mafters of the fouthern aud more fertile provinces of Britain; the Franks, another tribe of Germans, of Gaul ; the Goths, of Spain ; the Goths and Lombards of Italy, and the adjacent provinces. Scarcely any veflige of the Roman policy, jurifprudence, arts, or literature re- mained. New forms of government, new laws, new manners, ne* drefles, new languages, and new names of men and countries, were every where introduced. From this period, till the i6th century, Europe exhibitedji pifturc rf Bioft melancholy Gothic barbarity. Liter»;ture, fcience, tafle, were words fcarcel/ INTRODUCTION. 51 fcarcely in ufe during thefc ages. Perfons of the hi^lieft rank, and in the moft eminent ftations, could not read or write. INlanvof the clergy did not underftand the breviary which they were obliged daily to recite ; Ionic ot them could fcarct-ly read it. The human niind, negle(J^ed, uncui- ti\ated, and deprelTed, funk into the moft profound ignorance. The fu- perior genius of Charlemagne, who, in the beginning of theoth century, governed France and Germany with part of Italy ; and Alfred the Great in England, during the latter part ot the fame century, endeavoured to difpel this darknefs, and give their fubieds a fliort glimpfe of light. But the ignorance of the age was too powerful for their efforts and inftitutions. The darknefs returned, and lvch uicreafed ; fo that a ft ill greater degree of ignorance andbarbarifm prevailed throughout Europe. A new divifion of property gradually introduced a new fpecies of go- vernment, formerly unknown ; which fingular inftitution is now diftin- guiflied by the name of the Feud.il S.Jiem. The king or general, who led the barbarians toconqueft, parcelled out the lands of ;he vanquilhed a- mong his chief officers, binding thofe on when they w n't l rftowed td follow his ftandard with a number of men, and tc 'lear ji.r/iis i..i hiu defence. The chief officers imitated the example of th- fi^vett'i^n, ?r/i ta difcribut- ing portions of their lands among their tUpi-ndwis, an: exed the fame condition to the grant. But though this fylteni feeni'^d to btf admirably calculated for defence againft a foreign enemy, it .'iegtncr J^ecd Into a i\ i>.^iri of oppreffion. The ufurpation of the nobles bcoamv' unhoiv^,.icd an;! n:i (g.^ble. They reduced the great body of thepeo; u ir.ro ,1 ^b;i'f of ••eh;:d fewit.uie. They -.vere deprived of the natural nnd nio^ ur-alienibl"' ij'hr? ui humnr.'- ty. They were flaves fixed to the foil wLich 'hey cul^ivai^t?, and icgfi'isi with it transferred from one proprietor to rnorlici. by fwit or bv con- veyance. Every offended baion or chiefta'.n.v buckled on his armoui, and fought redrefsat the head of his vaflais. His advcvfa.ries n et iiiin in like hoftile array. The kindred and deprndcnts of flie at;grerrur, as well as of the defender, were involved in the quarrel. The^; nad nut even the liberty of remaining neuter *. The monarchs of Europe perceived the encroach inctits of th^ir nnhk-s with impatience. In order to create fome power that mignt .'..u'lterbd- lancethofe potent vaflais, who, while they enllaved the people, cor.toUe'l or gave law to the crown, a plan was adopted of conferring new pr'vii -ft^s on towns. Thefe privileges aboliftied all marks ot lervitud: ; and t)xv. m- habitants of towns were formed into corporatioiis, or bodies politic, to be governed by a council and magiftrates of tl tic own r ( n:m': ('*)i\. The acquifition of liberty made fuch a haDpy change "ii tae conditioa of mankind, as roufed them from that Qupi'.'ity and inatlion into which they had been funk by the wretcheflnt,'/i of their fcinier ftate. A fpirit of induftry revived J commerce beci. a u^ an orjecd the active and enterprizing genius of his people towards thofe arts which have raifed the Englifli tothe firft rank among commercial nations. The Chriftian princes, aft^r their great lofTes in the crufades, endea- voured to cultivate the friendfhip of the great khans of Tartary, whofe fame in arms had reached the moft remote corners of Europe and Alia, that they might be fome check upon the Turks, who had been inch enemies to the Chriftian name ; and who, from a contemptible handful of wanderers, ferving occafionally in the armies of contending princes, had begun to extend tlieir ravages over the fineft countries of Afia. _ _ - _ The Chriftian embaffies were managed chiefly by monks, a wandering profflfion of men, who, impelled by zeal, and undaunted by dithculties and danger, found their way to the remote courts of thefe infidels. The Englifli philofopher Roger Bacon, was fo induftrious as to colleft from their relations or traditions, many particulars of the Tartars, which are to be found in Purchas's Pilgrim, and other booics of travels. The firft regular traveller of the monkilh kind, who committed his discoveries to writing, was John du Plant Cai-pni, who, with fome of his brethren, about the the year 1 24^^, carried a letter frcMii pope Innocent to the great khan of Tartary, in favour of the Chriftian fubjeds in that prince's ex- tenfive dominions. Soon after this, a fpirit of travelling into Tartary and India tecame general; and it would be no diflicult matter to prove that many Europeans, about the end of the fourteenth century, ferved in the ;;i lilies of Tamerlane, one of the greateft princes of Tartary, whofe con- qui its reached to the moft remote corners of India; and that they intro- duced into Europe the ulV of gunpowder and artillery; the difcovery made by a German chemift being only partial ;.nd accidental. After the death of 7'amerlane, who, jealous of the rifing power of the Turks, h;id checked their progrefs, the Chriftian advcnturei-s upon their return, magnifying the vaff riches of the Eaft Indies, infpirtd tlieir countrymrti Avith a fpirit of adventure and difcovery, and were '*'°''' the firft that rendered a pallage thither by fea probable and prafticable. Ihe Portuguefe had been always famous for their application to maritime affairs; and to their difcovery' of the Cape of Good Hope, Great Lritain is at this day indebted for her Indian commerce. At firft they contented themfelves with Ihort voyages, creeping along the coaft of Africa, difcovering cape after cape ; but by mr.king a gradual progrefs fouthward, they, in' the year 1497, were lo fortunate as to fail Y u"r ^^^ ^^P^» which opened a pr.ffage bv fea to the eaftei n ocean, and ^'^|j^!^ ^'0""tries known by the names of India, China, and Japan. While the Portuguele were intent upon a palfage to India' by the caft, E 3 ' Coliua- I '4' '•%• :W'j. ^•ift', 54 INTRODtrCTION. Columbus, a native of Genoa, conrevied a projecfl of failing thither hy the weft. His propofal being condemned by his countrymen as chime- rical and abfurd, he laid his fchemes fucccflively before the courts of France, England, and Portugal, where he had no better fuccefs. Such repeated dilaj)}x)intmt'nts would havt; broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition required expence, and he had nothing to defray it. Spain was now his only relource; and there, after eight years attendance, he at length fuccceded, through the inti;rell of queen Ifabella. This prinrcfs was pi'evailed upon to patronize him by the re- prefentations of Juan Perez, gnardian of the monaftery of Rabida. He was a man of confiderable learning, and of fome credit with queen Ifabcl- ia ; and being warmly attached to Columbus, from his perfonal acquaint- ance with him, and knowledge of his merit, he had entered into an ac- curate examination of that great mans projeft in conjunftion with a phyfician fettled in his neighbourhood, who was eminent for his fier, and by explaining the fervice he required of men, produced a total alteration in their religious fentiraents and belief. But this is not the place for handling this fublime fubjed. It is fufficient to obferve here, that a religion which was founded on the iinity of the Deity, which admitted of no alTociation with faife gods, mull either be altogether deftroyed, or become the prevailing belief of man- kind. The latter was the cafe. Chriftianity made its way among die civilized part of mankind, by the fublimity of its do£trine and precepts ; it required noi the aid of human power ; it fuftained itfelf by the truth and wifdom by which it was charafterized. But in time it became cor- rupted by the introdu£lion of worldly maxims, of maxims very inconliftent with the precepts of its divine author, and by the ambition of the clergy ; which at length occafioned the elevation, and exorbitant claims of the bifhop of Rome. The man:5gement of whatever related to the church being naturally conferred on thofe who had eftabliflied it, fii ft occafioned the elevation and then the domination of the clergy, and afterwards of the biftiop of Rome, orer all the members of the Chriftian world. It is impoffible to defcribe, within our narrow limits, all the concomitant caufes, lome of which were extremely delicate, by which this fpecies of univerfal monarchy was efta- blifhed. The bilhops of Rome, by being removed from the control of the Roman emperors, then refiding in Conftantinople ; by borrowings with littlf; variation, the religious ceremonies and rites eftabliflied among the heathen world, and otherwife working on the credulous minds of barbarians, by whom that empire began to be difmembered j and by availing themfelves of every circumftance which fortune threw in their way, llowly erefted the fabric of their anticbriftian power, at firft an objeft of veneration, and rf- terwards of terror to all temporal princes. The caufes of its happy difio- lution are more palpable, and operated witK greater activity. The moft efficacious was the rapid improvement of 3rts, government, and commerce, whiqh, after many ages of barbarity, made its way into Europe. The fcan- daJous lives of thofe who called themfelves the " mhtljlcrs of Jefus Chr'tft^^^ their ignorance and tyranny, the defire natural to fovereigns or delivering themfelves from a foreign yoke, the opportunity of applying to national pbjecls the immenfe wealth which had been diverted to the lervice of the church in every kingdom of Europe, confpired with the ardour of the firft Reformers, and haftened the progrefs of the Reformation. The unreafon- jblenefs of the claims of the church of Rome was demonftrated ; many of their dodrines u ere proved to be equally unfcriptural and iriational ; and fome of their nbfurd mummeries and fuperftitions were expofed both by «irgument and ridicule. The fervices of the reformers in this refpetl give them a juft claim to our veneration ; but, involved as they had themfelves ^een in the darknefs of fuperftition, it was not to be expedled that they ihould be able wholly to free themfelves from erroi-s ; they ftill retained an attachment to fome abfurd doctrines, and preferved too much of the intolerant fpirit of the church from which they had feparated themfelves, "VVith all their defefts, they are entitled to our admiration and efteem; arid the reformation began by Luther in Germany, in the year 1517» arid which took place in England A. D. 1 534, was an event highly favour- able to the civil as well as to the religious rights of mankind. We fhall now proceed tp the m^in part of puy woyfc, beginniog with J-fi. ^ 1 lity of God, by ; the fervice he ^ious fentiraents ime fubjed. It founded on tlie falfe gods, mull belief of man- kVay among tlie I and precepts; :If by the truth it became cor- t^ery inconliftent 1 of the clergy ; t claims of the being naturally le elevation and ifliop of Rome, ible to defcribe, ; of which were larchy was efta- le control of the borrowings with lied among the is of barbarians, iling themfelves 3wly erefted the eration, and rf- its happy difio- ■ity. The moft and commerce, ope. The fcan- / Je/us Chrijir ns of deliverinsi: mg to national le lervice of the dour of the firft The unreafon- rated ; many of irrational; and jxpofed both by :his refpetl give ,' had themfelves )e6led that they ey ftill retained 00 much of the ated themfelves, on and efleem; the year i5i7» It highly favour- l. beginning with ..5- ».. .«.•: ~-^Sl*«dJ tills rt nip • ■I ^^ 1^ in ■ ^ ■;;.a .0^2 (iJ/O t^S ivH :4^*^ PtfjiA if^ ^^1> ^ [60 ^5 ¥ / M?i IfH ' 1 ■* '' KO^ ^fe ■>4«' k*' ,i^' ■A ^tm^ **«. ,^. ■u > ynftdr ■"■'""■ ■y**™ H iiii l i n ,, ,n, .... [ 59 ]"' • EUROPE. .; F* UROPE, though the lead extenfive quarter of the globe, contiin- j ing only about 4,^.6,065 fquare milti, whereas the habitable parts of the world in the other quarters, are eftimated at 36,666,806 fquare miles, is, in many refpef^s, that which moft deferves our attention. There the human mina has made the greateft progrefs towards its im- provement ; and there the arts, whether of utility or ornament, the fciences, both military and civil, have been carried to the greateft perfection. If we except the earlieft ages of the world, it is in Europe that we find the greateft variety of chara(!^\cr, government, and manners, and from whence we draw the greatert number of fads and memorials, either for our enter- tainment or iuftruc^tion. Geography dilcovers to us two circumftances with regard to Europe, which perhaps have had a confiderable tendency in giving it the fuperiority over the reft of the u orld. Fijft, the happy temperature of its climate, no jxirt of it lying within the torrid zone ; and fecondly, the great variety of its furface. TI*e eiTcft of a moderate climate, both on plants and animals, is well known ficom experience. The innr enfe number of mountains, rivers, feas, &c. which divide the -different countries of Europe from one another, is likewife extremely commodious for its inhabitants. Thefe natural boun- daries check the progrefs of conqueft or delix)tifm, which has always been fo rapid in the extenfive plains of Africa and the Eaft : the feas and rivera facilitate the intercourfe and commerce between different nations ; and even the barren rocks and mountains are more favourable for exciting human in- dultry and invention, than the natural unfolicited luxuriancy of more fertile foils. There is no part of Europe fo diverfified in its furface, fo intenupted by natural boundaries or divifions, as Greece : and we have feen that it was there the human mind began to know, and to avail itfelf of its ftrength, and that many of the arts, fubfervient to utility or pleafure, were invented, or at i^aft greatly improved. What Greece therefore is with regard to Europe, Europe itfelf is with regard to the reft of the globe. The analogy may even be carried farther, aijd it is worth while to attend to it. As ancient Greece (for we do not fpeak of Greece as it at prefent, under the denomination of Turks and unnatural tyranny of barbarians) was diftinguiflied above all the reft d Europe for th^equity of its laws, and the freedom of its political conftitution ; fo has Europe in general been remarkable for fmaller devi- ations, at ieaft from the \&vj% of nature and equality, than have been admitted in other quarters of the world. Though moft of the European govern- ments rre monarchical, we may difcover, on due examination, that there are a thonfand little fprings, which check the force, and foften the rigour of monarchy in E'Urope, that do not exift any where elfe. In proportion to the number and force of thefe checks, the monarchies of Europe, fuch as Ruffia, France, vSpain, and Denmark, differ from one another. Befide^ monarchiei^ in which one man bears the chief fway, there are in Europe, iiy'Ju:i)ac'ics or governments of the nobles, and ikmocracies or govern- ments of the people. Venice is an example of the former; Holland, and fome ftates of Italy and Switzerland, afford examples of the latter." There are likewife mixed governments, which cannot be affigned to any one clafs. Great Britain, which partakes of all the three, is the moft fingular inftance of this kind we are acquainted with. The other mixed ^oyeriuneats of Europe are compofed only of twu of the fimple format 1 4^ ^ ^ 7 ■ i '6 ^/ MtAlii K^^cU ^ '>, ^^ '^'*'4ai -Bfihc ''^^ajui E" ■3 ,5toc^ SJki TX 59«Wj '<«!*.' ss •«fc*^ c^. ;^2 lO^ ^^il ^i^ ■^Y 'i*^m^^ ^ Fe^ KjO^^^ H«i* ._ /Co,, ^2?*Wl>( IV '>V*)^«^> .Br lea ea ^^ojfoa t*'' _P Us 1 4 Kingdoms. Len. Bth 3o« 160 300 180 500 1100 680 350 Chief City. Dilt.&,iiearii;j^ from London. Ditf. of 1 imc from liondon Religions. , England Scotland Ireland 380 .300 1000 240 800 IJOO 7CO 609 600 3CO London Edinburgh Dublin Miles. • • « 400 N. 270 N. W. H. M. * • » iiafl. 26 aft. Calvinifts, Luth. &c. Calvinifts, &c Calvinin»,& Papins.| Norway Denmark Bergen Copenhagen 540 N. 500 N.E. »4 bef. 50 bef Lutherans liUtherans Sweden Stockholm 750 N.E. I 10 bef. Lutherans Ruffia Peteriburgh 1 140 N. E. 2 4 bef. Greek church Poland Warfaw 760 E. I 24 bef. Pap. Luth. and Calv. K.ofPr.Dom". Berlin J40E. 59 bef. Luth. and Calv. Germany 500 »50 100 aoo Vienna 600 E. I 5 bef Pap. Luth. and Can. Bohemia Prague 600 E. I 4 bef. Papifts Holland IJO Amfte}-dam . 80 E. 18 bef. Calvinifts Flanders aoo 600 700 Bruflels 180 S.E. 16 bef. Papifts France JOG 500 100 IOC Paris 200 S. E. 9 bef. Papifts Spain Madrid 800 S. 17 aft. Papifts Portugal 300 a6o Lilbon 8joS. W. 38 aft. Papifts Switzerland Bern, Coire, &c. 420 §. £. aSbcf. Calv. and Papifts ¥ . _ Several \ Piedm.MontferratAIJlan,Parma,Modena,Maniua,Vcnicc,Genpa,Tulcany,&c. fmall ftates J Turin, Cafal, Milan, Ptrma, Modcna, Mantua, Venire, Genoa, Flonnfc^ Popedom 240 280 lao 120 Kumc «20 Jj. E. JO bef. Papilts _ Papifts N^lcs Naples 870 S. E. I obef. Hungary 300 6co 38c 40 aoo littda t 78r S.E. 1 17 bef. Pap. and Proteitants Danubian 1 Provinces J Lit. Tart .ry* ireece ^ 4»o i4c J 4 j Conitanti- \_ nople PrccGp ■ Athens 1320 S.E. XJOO E. 1360 S.E. 1 J 8 bef. 2 24 bef. I 37 btf. Mahometans an4 Greek church." U8S2A. lall be explained ' part of Europe, jman mind, and to appear when lat religion is di- e comprehended :h ; ad, Popery ; Lutheranifm and didinguiflied re- ing : the Greek, nd Gothic. I OPE. "" i the loth degree an : and between on the north, hj y the MediteiTa- i> by the Atlantic !niies long, ftom by in the north- th Cape in Nor- lern promontory tnc ■m Religions. ' Calvinifts, Luth. &c. Calvinifla, &c Calviniftj, & Papifts.1 Lutherans Luthierans Lutherans — Greek church Pap. Luth. and Calv. Luth. aad Calv. Pap. Luth. and Can. Paplfts Calvinifts Papifts Papifts Papills Papifts Calv. and Papifts • t;nice,Genoa,Tulcany,&c Venire,Genca, Florence^ Papilts _ Papifts Pap. and Proteilsmts • Mahometans an4 Greek church.' rs of w'iiichl'tc Russia ■4:': ^,'^r ' .f?f^f"" i|f )i<\ I, , if* ,"! ! fin th< iWeft Brit:iii Jibiu, "'^/.* »Ci. *r " '^*W-i EUROPE. ^t Exclufive of the Britirfi ifles, before mentioned, Europe contains the fol- lowing principal Illands : In the Northern 5 Ocean. I Baltic Sea. lilands. Mcditarrancan Sea. AdriatiL, or J Gulf of Venice. ^ Iceland, Zealand, Funen, Alfen, Falfler, Lang' land, Laland, Femeren, Mona, Born- Gothland, Alan, Rugen, — — Ofel, Dagho, — — UfejLin,Wollin, — — IviJir M»j^a, . Miiiorca, ■■ « Corfica, ■ • Sardinia, — ^-— .^— Sicily, . ■■■ Lufiena, Corfu, Cephalonia, Zant, "\ Leucadia, - ——J Chief Towns, Skalholt Ivica Majorca Port Mahou Baftia Cagliari Palermo SubjctJl to Denmark Denmatk Sweden Ruflia Pruffia Spain Ditto Ditto* France K.ofSard. K.ofaSic. Venice Turkey DENMARK. ^ / I Shall, according to my plan, begin this account of his Dani{h Majefly's dominions with the nioft northerly fituations, and divide them into four parts: ill, Eaft and Weft Greenland; Iceland, and the iflands in the At- lantic Ocean ; zd, Norway ; 3d, Denmark Proper j and ^th, his German territories. >< The dimenfions of thefe countries may be feen in the following table. f M Denmark. Square Miles. 1 rr 3* 98 Chief Citie*. Denmark ^"""^^^ J^^^^"^' Proper. South Jutland, ^ I or Slefwick, 9,6co Wyburg. a.iij 70 63 Slefwick. c « (Zeland, 1,935 60 60 CoPF.N-"\ N. Lat.55— 4T. HAOrN,/ E. Lon. 12 — jo. c "^ Funen, 768 ,^8 .31 Odtnfee. Z'^ j Falfter and •5^ ( Lan^land, \ azo a? 12 rNikoping. 1 Naxkaw. ' n u Femeren, 5'2 J 3 8 Borgc. T3 *-• Alfen, 54 15 6 Sor-derborge. n Mona, 39 14 5'Su-ge. ^ ■ laRoucomby. ^-, 2 1 Bornholm, 1 6c ao 'In the North Scab, Iceland Illand, 46,000 435^ 185 Skalholt. .' : >■» Norway, 7 ' »4oo 750 1 70 Bergen. ',. ■ Danifh Lapland, 28,400 2.8.y i7iiW«rdhuy3. ^ Weftphalla, Oldenburg, ia6o 6i $% Oldenbvrgh. Lower Suxouy, Stormar, 1000 5 a 32 Gluckftadt. X* T)n.ni{h Hr)10c>!n 1 ")•''■' Total .1 ■ .. 1 i il 1 I i ! ■ ll m* , ; ■1 1 1 If ■ i J, { 62 WEST GREENLAND. ' The reader mny perceive, that in the preceding table no calculation ii made of the dimcnfions of Eaft and Weft Greenland ; becaufe, in facl, they are not yet known, or known very iniperfe<'^ly : we fliall proceed to j»ivc tlie luteft accounts of them, ai.d from the beift authorities that have come to our hands. AND EAST AND WEST GREENLAND, ICELAND, THE ISLANDS IN THK AlLAMTlC OcEAN. EAST GREENLAND. THE moft northerly part of his Daiiifli rrj^efty's donjnioniiiMi by a ftorm, mothing can be more terrible ; the Dutch had 1 3 (liips i ruflied ^o pieces by them in one feafon. There are feveral kinds otuli.iles in Greenland; fome white, others black. The black fort, the grand bay whale, is in moft efteem on ac- count of his bulk, and the great quantity of fat or blubber he atfords, which turns to oil. His tongue is about i8 feet long, iriclofod in long pieces of what we call whalebone, which are covered with a kind of hair like !iorfe-hair; and on each fide of his tongue are 250 pieces of this whalebone. As to the bones of his bodv, they are as hard as an ox's bones, and of no life. There are no teeth in his mouth, and he is ufu- ally between 60 and 80 feet long ; very thick about the head, but grows lefs from thence to tiie tail. When the feamen fee a whale fpotit, th.^ word is immediately given, /«//, fa/:'., when every one haftens from his fliipto his boat ; fix or eight men being appointed to a bca'i, and four or live boats ulually belong to one fliip. When fhey come near the whale, the harpooner flrikes him with his harpoon, (a barbed dart), and the monfter finding himfelf wounded, runs fwiftly down into the dtep, and would carry the boat along with him if they did not give him line fi\ft enough; and to prevent the wood of the boat taking fire by txi" violent rubbing of the rope on the fide of it, one wets it conftantly with :\ mop. Aft jr t'ne whale has run fome hundred fa- thoms deep, he is forced to come up for air, when he makes fucli a terrible noife with his fpouting, that fome have compared it to the firing of cannon. As loon as he appears on the furface of the water, fome of the harpooners fix another harpoon in him, whereupon he plunges again into the deep ; and when he comes up a fecond time, they pierce him with Ipears in the vitfti parts till he fpouts out {Ireams of blood inftead of water, beating the waves with his tail and fins till the fea \i all in a foam, the boats coni.nu- ing to follow him fome leagues, till he has loft his ftrcngth ; and when he is dying he turns himfelf upon his back, and is drawn on Ihore, or to the Clip, if they be at a diftance from the laad. There they cut him in pieces, and, by boUiAg the blubbei-, extraft the oil, if they have conveniences 7 on &f ICELAND. onfiiore; otherwife they barrel up the pieces and bring them home; but nothing can fmell ftronger than thefe fhips do. Every fifli is com- puted to yield between 60 and 100 barrels of oil, of the value of ^1. or 4I. a barrel. Though the Danes claim the countiy of Eaft and Weft Green- land, where thefe whales are taken, the Dutch have in a manner monopo- lized this fifhery. Of late the Englifli have alfb been very fuccefiful in it. ICELAND. ! \% '"■ 'if-: *<•*.-" / 1:1;: .M if '■'•■• THIS ifland, which receives it name from the great maflesof ire that are feen near it, lies between 6^ and 67 deg. N. lat. and be- tween 1 1 and 27 deg. W. long. It extends four hundred miles in length, and an hundred and fixty in breadth, containing about 46,000 fquare miles. In April, 1783, the inhabitants of Iceland obferved fomething rifing and flaming in the fea, to the fouth of Grinbourgh, at eight miies diftance from the rocks des Oifeaux, which afterwards was found to. be a new ifland. The faft is authentic, but its dimenfions and fituation are not well afcertained. The information brought by the laft fliip from thence, was, that the ifland was ftill increafing, and that great quantities of fire iflued from two of its eminences. Population, inhabitants, manners, and customs.] It ap- pears that a Norwegian colony, among which there were many Swedes, fettled in Iceland about the ninth century. They found there inhabitants who were Chriftians, and whom they called Papns. It is faid, that the Norwegians alfo found among them Irifti books, bells, and crofiers: and it is conjeftured that the people who where there, when the Tvorwegians arrived in the ifland, originally came from England and Ireland. The inhabitants long retained their freedom ; but they were at laft obliged to fubmit to the kings of Norway, and afterwards became fubjei^, together with Norway, to the kings of Denmark. They were at firft governed by an admiral, who was fent there every year to make the neceflary regula- tions : but that mode has now been changed for many years, and a govern- or appointed, who is ftyled Stiftfa?itmann, and who conftantly refides in the country. The number of the inhabitants of Iceland is computed at about 60,000, which is by no means adequate to the extent of the country. It has been much more populous in former times, but great numbers have been dc- ftroyed by contagious difeafes. The plague carried off many thoufands from li^oa to 1404. Many parts of Iceland have alfo been depopulated by famme : for though the Icelanders cannot in general be faid to be in want of necefTary food, yet the country has feveral times been vifited by- great famines. Thefe have been chiefly occafioned ^ by the Greenland floating ice, which, when it comes in great quantities, prevents the grafs from growing, and puts an entire flop to their lifliing. The fmall-pox .has hkewife been very fatal here; for in the years 1707 and 1708 that difeafe deftroyed r 6,000 perfnns. The Icelanders in general are middle-fized, and well made, though not very flrong. They are an honeft well-intentioned people, mode- rately induftrious, and very faithful and obliging. Theft is feldomheaici of among them. They are much inclined to hofpitality, and exercife it as far as their poverty will permit. Their chief employment is att^ndiig to fifliing, and the care of their cattle. On the coafts the men e.Tiploy their ICELAND. 65 them home; fifli is com- e of 3I. or 4]. Weft Green- ner monopo- erj' fuccefiful maflesof ire . lat. and be- les in length, |.6,ooo fquare ed fomething at eight miies 3und to. be a fitiiation are aft fliip from :eat quantities IMS.] It ap- nrtany Swedes, re inhabitants faid, that the crofiers: and e Norwegians Ireland. The laft obliged to je<^, together [ governed by :eflary regula- and a govern- ntly refides in about 60,000, , It has been have been de- any thoufands ■n depopulated le faid to be in >een vifited by he Greenland vents the grafs The fmall-pox and 1 708 that made, though jeople, mode- feldoir heaiv^ ind extrcife it nt is att^ndii^g ; men e.nplojr ^eir their time in fifliing both winter and fummer ; and the women prepare ihe fifti, and few and fpin. The men alfo prepare leather, work at fjveral mechanic trades, and fome few work in gold and filver. They likewife nianufadure a coarfe kind of cloth, wliicli they call wadmal. They have an uncommonly ftrong attachment to their native country, and think themfeives no where elfe fo happy. An Icelander, thc;refoi e, feldom fet- tles in Copenhagen, though the moft advantageous conditions ftiould be offered him. Their difpofitions are ferious, and they are much inclined to religion. They never pafs a river, or any other dangerous place, with- out previoufly taking off their hats, and imploring the divine prote(f^ioh ; and they are always thankful for their prefervation, wlien they have pafled the danger. When they meet together, their chief paftime conflfts ia reading their hiftory. The mafter of the houfe begins, and the reft con- tinue in their turns when he is tired. They are famous for playing at chefs ; and one of their paftimes confifts in reciting verfes. Sometimes a man and woman take one another by the hand, and by turns fing ftan- zas, which are a kind of dialogue, and in which the company occalionally join in chorus. The drefs of the Icelanders is not elegant or orna- mental, but is neat, cleanly, and fuited to the climate. On their fingeis the women : ;ar feveral gold, filver, or brafs rings. The poorer women, drefs in the coarfe cloth, called wadmal, and alvva}'s wear black : thofe who are in better circumftances wear broad cloth, with filver ornaments, gilt. The houfes of the Icelanders are ger. :rally bad : in fome places they are built of drift wood, and in others they are i-aifed of lava, "with inofs, fluffed between the lava. Their roofs are covered with fods laid over ratters, or fometimes over ribs of whales, which are both more durable and more expenfive than wood. They have not even a chimney in their kitchens, but only lay their fuel on the earth, between three ftones ; and the liuoke iflhes from a fquare hole in the roof. Their food principally ("onfifts of dried fifli, four butter, v/hich they confider as a great dainty, milk mi.s-ed with water and whev, and a little meat. Bread is fo fcarce among them, that there is hardly any peafant Who eats it above three or four months in the year. Religion.] The only religion tolerated in Iceland is the Lutheran. The churches on the eaft, fouth, and weft quarters of the ifland, are under thejurifdiftion of thebifliop of Skalholt (the capital of the ifland), and thole of the north quarter are fubjed to the bifliop of Hoohim. The illand is divided into 1 8g pariflies, of which 127 beloilg to the feeofSka}- holt, and 62 to that of Hoolum. All the mlnifters are natives of Iceland, and receive a yearly falary of four or five hundred rix-dollars from the king, exclufive of what they have from their congregations. Lan(.,u.\ge.J The language In Iceland is the fame as that formerly fpokeu in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, and has been prefervcd fo piue, that any Icelander underftands their moft ancient traditional hifto*- ries. Learning .\nd learned men.] It is faid that poetry f rmerlv flourifhed very m.ich in Iceland ; and we are informed that Egil Skalla* grimfon, Kormack,Ogmundfon, Glura Geirfon, and Thorlief Jarlaa were f^e.ebrated as great poets. But the art of writing was tiot much in ufe till after the year j 000 ; though the Runic chara(fters were known in that coun- try before that period, and moft probably brought thither from Norway. After the reception of the Chriftian religion, the Latin chara with which this ifland abounds. The hot fpnngs at Aix la-Chapelle, Carlfbad, Bath, and Switzerland, and ieveral others found in Italy, are confidered as very re- niarkablc; t C E L A N i). 6i hiarkable ; but, excepting in the lart mentioned country, th-? water no Where becomes fo hot as to boil; nor is it any where known to be throua To high, as the hot fpouting water-fprings in Iceland. All thofc* water- works that have been contrived with fo much art, and at fo enormous an expence, cannot by any means be compared with thefe. The water-works at St. Cloud, which ar(* thought the greateft among ail the French water- \vorks, c^ft up a thin column eighty feet into the air : while fome fprings in Iceland fpout columns of water, of feveral feet in thirkneft, to the height of many fathoms; and, as many affirm, of feveral hundred feet. Thefe fprings are of an unequal degree of heat. From fotne, the Water* flows gently as from other fprings, arid it is then called a bath : from others, it (pouts boiling watsr with a gieat noife, and it is then called a kettle. Though the degree of heat is tmequal, yet Df . Van Troil fays, that he does not remember ever to have obferved it under iS8 of Fahrenheit's thermometer. At Geyfer, Roeyhum, and Laugarvain, he found it at 212 j and in the laft place, in the ground, at a little hot current of Water, 2 1 3 ilegrees. It is very common for fome of the fpoutirtg-fpriijgs to ceafe, and others to rife Up in their fteacl. Frequent earthquakes, and fubterraneait noifes, heard at the time, caufcd great terror to the people who live in the neighbourhood. In feveral of thefe hot-fprings, the inhabitants who live near them boil their viduals, only by hanging a pot, into which the fiefli is put in cold water, in the water of the Ipriiig. They alfo bathe in the rivulets that run from them, which, by degrees, become liike warm, or are cooled by tlieir being mixed with rivulets of cold water. The cowi that drink of theft fprings are faid to yield an extraordinary quantity of milk, and it is likcwile efteemed very wholefome when diaak by the human fpecies. The largeft of all the fpouting-fprings in Ireland is called Geyler. Il is about two days journey from Heckla, and not far from Skalholc. In ap- proaching towards it, a loud roaring noife is heard, like the rurtiing of a forrent, precipitating itfelf from ftupendous rocks. Tl>e water here fpout'i ievenil times a day, but always by ftarts, and af^er certain intervals. Some travellers have affirmed that it fpouts to the height of fixty fathoms. The water is thrown up much higher at fome times than at others ; when Dr. Van Troil was there, the utmoft height to which it niounted wa5 computed to be 92 feet. Bafaltine pillars are likewife very common in Iceland, which are fup- pofed to have been produced by fubterraneous fires. The lower fort of people imagine thefe pillars to have been piled upon one another by giants, '•^•ho made ufe of fupernatural force to etfeft it. They have general K- fi-om three to feven fides, and are from four to feven feet in thicknefs, and from tA'elve to fixteen yards in length, without any horizontal divifions. Iii fome places they are only feen here and there among the lava in the moun- tains : but in fome other places, they extend two or three miles in length without interrupt ion V There are immenfe mafleS of ice, by which every year great damage is uone to this country, and which afFeft the climate of 'it ; they arrive com- monly xvith a N. W. or N. N. W. wind from Greenland. The field ice |s of tivo or three fathoms thicknefs, is feparstcd by tb.e winds, and IdsdrcadM than the rock or mountain-ice, which is often fecn fifty ?inci tt^ore feet above water, and is at leaft niiie times the fklrit depth below water. Thefe prodigious mafles of ice are frequently left in llioal v.'.'.ter, ftxcd, as it were, tothegroundj and in that ftate remain many months, F2 nay. •'i ■■ I; : -^.1 vtll. '.nf ' 'i ; ■i'i <:,'i} ■. ijl] 6) N O R W A Y. ravt it is faid, even years undiflblved, chilled all the ambient part of tFi- atmofphere for many miles round. When mr .y fuch lofty and bulky mafles of ice arc floating together, the wood that is often drifted along between them, is fo much chafed, and prcfTcd with fuch v iolence together, that it takes fire : which circumftance has occafioned fabulous arrounts of the ice being in flames. The ice caufcd fo violent a cold in 17s;, an'i 1754, that horffs and fli.tp dioj)ped down dead on account of it, .is well as for want of food : horfes were obferved to feed upon dead cattle, and the fheep to eat of each other's wool. A number of bears arrive yearly with the ice, which commit great ravages, particularly among the flieep. The Icelanders attempt to dcftrov thefe intruders as loon av they get light of them ; and fometimes they aHemble together, ai.d drive them back to the ice, with which they often float off again. For want of fire arms, they are obliged to make iife of fpears on theie occafions. The government en- courages the natives u) deflroy thefe animals, by paying a premium of ten dollars for every bear that is killed. Their Ikins are alio purchafcd for the king, and are not allowed to be fold to any other perfon. It is extraordinary that no wood grows fuccefsfully in Iceland; nav, there are vtry few trees to be foimd on the whole ifland, though thefe are certain proofs that wood formei-jy grew there in great abundance. Nor can corn bt; cultivated here to any advantage ; though cabbages, parflev, turnips, and peas, may be met with in five or fix gardens, which are find to be all that are in the whole ifland. Trade.] The commerce of this ifland is monopolized by a Danifli company. The foil upon the fta-coaft is tolerably good for paftnre: and though there is not any confiderable town in the whole ifland, the Icelanders have feveral frequented ports. Their exports confifts of dried fifh, fahed mutton and lamb, betf, butter, tallow, train-oil, coarfe woollen- cloths, (lockings, gloves, raw wool, flieep fkins, lamb-fkins, fox-fiirs of various colours, eider-down, and feathers. Their imports confifl of tir.iber, fifliing-lines and hooks, tobacco, bread, horfe-fhoes, brandy, wine, fait, linen, and a little filk ; exclufive of fome necefTaries and fuperfluities for the more wealthy. Strength and revenue.] As Iceland affords no bait for avarice or. ambitiim, the inhabitants depend entirely upon his Danifli majefiy's protection ; and the revenue he draws from tiie countiy amounts to about 30,000 crowns a year. THE FARO OR FERRO ISLANDS. SO called from tlieir lying in a clufter, and the inhabitants ferrying from one iflaiul to another. They are about 24 in number, and lie between 61 and 03 (leg. \V. long, from London. The fpace of this clufler extends about 60 miles in length and 40 in breadth, ■^oo miles to the wefi- ward of Norway ; leaving Shetland and the Orkneys on the fouth-eaft, and Greenland and icelnnd upon the north and north-weft. The trade and incom.c of the inhabiiants, who may be about 3000 or 4000, add little or nothing to th<: revenues of Denmark. NORWAY. Name, boundaries, ") HT^ HE natural fignification of Norway is, AND EXTENT. ) J[_ the Northem-iviiy. It is bounded on the South by the entranc;^ JHto the B;Utic called the Scaggerac, or Catenate ,- NORWAY. 69 on tlie Weft and North by the northern ocean ; and on the Kaft it is di- vided from Sweden by a long ridge of mountains, called at ditferent parts bvditferent names; as Filleticld, iJoticficld, Runfield, and Dourfield. The reader may conlult the table of (iimenlions in Denmark tor its extent ; but It is a country fo little known to the rcfl of Europe, that it is difficult to fix its dimcnfions with precifion. Climate.] The climate of Norway varies according to its extent, an4 its pofition towards tlie fea. At Bergen the winter is moderate, and tiie lea is prarticable. The eaftern parts ot Norway are commonly covered with fnow : and the cold ^enerallv fets in about the middle of October, with in- ter.fe feverity, to the middle of Api il ; the waters being all that while hoien to a confidciable thioknefs. In 1719, ; -lOO Swedes, who were on their march to attack Drontheim, perifliei in the Ihovv, on the mountain which feparates Sweden from Norway ; and their bodies were found .n different poftuics. But even frofl and fnow have tneir conveniences, as they facilitate the conveyance of goods by hmd. As to the more northern parts of this (oiintry, called Finniark, tb.e cold is fo infeufe, that they are but little known. At Bergen the longeft day confifts of about 19 hours, and the fiicrtelt of about fix. In fummer, the inhabitants can read and write at midnight by the iight of the Iky ,• and in the moll northerly parts, about Midfiinimer, the fun is contiiAually in vievv'. In thofe parts, howevei-j in the middle of winter, there i^ only a faint glinimering of light at noon for sbout an hv... and a half; owing to the retlciftion of ihe fun's rays on the mountains. Nature, notwithftanding, has been fo kind to the Norwegians, that in the niidft of their darknefs, the Iky is fo ferene, and the moon andi the surora borealis fo bright, that they can cany on their fiftiery, and work at their feveral trades in the open air. The air is lb pure in fome of the inland parts, that it has been faid the inhabitants live fo long as to be tired of life, and canfe thcmfelves to be tranfported to a lefs falubrious air. Sudden thaws, and fnow-falls, have, however, fometimes dreadful cftecls, and deftroy whole villages. IMouNTAiNs.] Norway is reckoned O! -• of the moft mountainous countries in the world ; for it contains a chain of unequal mountains run- ning from fouth to north : to pafs that of Hardanger, a man muft travel about feventy Englifli miles; and to pafs others, upwards of fifty. Do- hefield is counted the highell mountain, perhaps, in Europe. The rivers ; '.id catarads which interfeft thofe dreadful precipices, and that are palTl ;61e only by flight tottering wooden bridges, render travelling in this country very terrible and dangerous ; though the government is at the expence of providing at different ftagcs, houfes accommodated with fire, light, and kitchen furniture. Detached from this vafl chain, other im- meiife mountains prelent themfelves r.ll over Norway ; fome of them with refcrvoirs of water on the top; and the whole forming a mofl furprifino- landfcape. The aftivity of the natives in recovering their Iheep and goats, when penned up, through a falfe ftep, in one of thofe rocks, -is '•vouderful. The owner directs himfelf to be lowered down from the top of the mountain, fitting on a crofs flick, tied to the end of a long rope • and when he arrives at the place where the creature Hands, he fallens it to the fame cord, and it is drawn up wlth'himfelf. T}>e caverns that are to be met with in thefe mountains, are more wonderful than thofe, per- haps, in any other part of the world, though lelis liable to obfervat'ion. - J lii'l.<:.-i ,.':1, rommodity. Evcti the dogs of the farmers, in the northern diftr6ls are trained up to be afllftunts to thefc birdnien in felzing their prey- 7'he Frandinavian lakes and feas are alioniftjingly fruitful in all fifli that are found on the fea coafts of Europe, which need not be here enume- rated. Stock-fifli innumerable, which are dried upon the rocks without falting. Some tilhcs in thofe feas, however, have their peculiarities. The haac-moren, is a fpecies of fhark, ten fathoms in length, and its liver yie'.ds three cafks of train oil, The tuella flynder is an exceflively large turbot, which has been known to cover a man who has fallen over- board, to keep him from rifing. The feafon for herring fifliing is an- nounced to the fifliermen by the fpouting of water from the whales (of v/iiich (tvcn different fpecies are mentioned) in following the herring flioals. The large whale refembfes a cod, with fmall eyes, a dark mar- bled (kin, and wliite belly : they fpout out the water, which they take in by infpiration, through two holes or openings in the head. They copu- late like land animals, Handing upright in the fea. A young whale, when firll produced, i^ about nine or ten feet long ; and the femnle fometimes brings forth two at a birth. The whale devours fuch an incredible num- ber oi' fmall fifli, that his belly is often ready to burft; in which cafe he m.ikes a niod tremendous noife from pain. The fmaller fifli have their reveiv^e; foine of them faften on liir, back, and incefTantly beat him; others, with iharp horns, or rather bones, on their beak, fwim under hi? belly, and fometimes rip it up ; fome arc provided with long fharp rceth, and tear his flefli. Even the aquatic birds of prey declare war again ft him when he comes near the furface of the water ; and he has been known to be fo tortured, that he has beat himfelf to death on the r-.-^"]'-^. The coaft of Norway may be faid to be the native country of hei rings. Innumerable are th? (hoals that come from uuder the ice at the 1101 th pole ; and about the latitude of Iceland divide themfelves into three bodies : one of thcfe fupply the Weftern Ifles and coafts of Scotland, an- ot!icr dire(tb its couife round the eaftern part of Great Britain down the Channel, and the third enters the Baltic thrcnigh the Sound. They form great part of the food of the common people ; and the cod, ling, cabe- liau, and torfk-fiflies follow them, and ked upon their fpawn ; and are taken in prodigious numbers in ?o or 6o fathoms water : thefe, efpe- ci:illy their roe-i, and the oil extracfled from their livers, are exported ami foU\ to great advantage; and above 150,000 people are maintained by the herring and other fifliing on tlie coaft of Norway. The fea-devil is about fiv feet in length, and is fo called from its monllrous appearance and vo- racity. The fea fcorpion is likcwife of a hideous form, its head being h\:-gtv than its whole body, w hich is about four feet in length, and its bite is faid to be poifoncus. The moft fecmingly tabulou!» accounts of the ancients, concerning ica- ' monfters, are rendered credible by the ])rodui,'^ions of the Nonvegina feas ; and the fca-fnake or the ferpent of the ocean, is no longer counted a chimera. In 1756, one of them was ftiot by a mafter of a fliip ; its heiui rcfembling that of a hoifc ; the mouth was lajge and black, as were the ryes j a white mane hanging from its neck ; it floated on the furface ol tlie water, and held its hfad at leaft two feet out of the fta : between the head and neck were frvcn or eii?ht folds, which were verv tliick ; and the length of this fnake was more than a hundred yards, lome fay fathoms They have a remarkable avei fion to the fmeil of caftor ; for which reafon, Ihip, boat, and bark mark mafters provide themfelves with quantities of that tiiug, to prevent being ovalct ; the ferpeiu's olfadory nerves being re- • ■ piarlwbljf NORWAY. 73 rthern diftr£ls are marknblv cxquifite. The particularities related of this animal would be inciedible, were they not attcfted upon oath. Egede (a very reputable author) fays, that on the 6th day of July, 1734, a large and frightful fen-monfter raifed itfelf lo high out of the water, that its head reached above the nnain-top-maft of the fhip ; that it had a long (liarp fnout, broad paws, and fpouted water like a whale ; that the body feemed to be covered with fcales ; the Ikin was uneven and wrinkled, and the lower part was formed like a fnake. The body of this monfter is faid to be as thick as a jiogfliead ; his Ikin is variegated like a tortoife-lliell ; md his excrement, which floats on the furface of the water, is corrofiv?, and bliflers the nands of the feamen if they handle it. I Ihould be under great difficulty in mentioning the kraken, or korven, were not its exiftence proved fo ftrongly, as feems to put it out of all doubt. It bulk is faid to be a mile and a half in circumference ; and when part of it appears above the water, it refembles a number of fmall iflands and fand-banks, on which filhes difport themfelves, and fea-weeds grow: upon a farther emerging, ^ number of pellucid antennae, each about the height, form, and fize of a moderate maft, appear ; and by their artion and re -aftion he gathers his food, confifting of fmall fifties. When he finks, which he does gradually, a dangerous fwell ofthefeafuc- ceeHs, and a kind of whirlpool is naturally formed in the water.' In 1680, a youno kraken periflied among*the rocks and cliffs of theparifti of Alfta- hont^ ; and his death was attended by fuch a ftench, that the channel wheie it died was impafTablc. Without entering into any romantic the- ories, we may lafely lay, that the exiftence of this fifti being proved, ac- counts for many of thefe phenomena of floating iflands, and tranfitory appearances in the fea, that have hitherto been held as fabulous by the Iwrned, who could have no idea of fuch an animal. The mer-men and mer-women hold their refidence in the Norwegian fcas ; but I cannot give credit to all that is related concerning them by the natives. The mer-man is about eight fpans long, and, undoubtedly, has- as much the refemblance as an ape has to the human fpecies ; a high fore- head, little eyes, a flat nofe, and large mouth, without chin or ears, cha- ncierize its head ; its arms are fliort, but without joints or elbows, and they terminate in members refembling a human hand, but of the paw kiiKJ, and the fingers connected by a membrane ; the parrs of generation iiidiiate their fexes ; though their under parts, which remain m the wa- fer, terminate like thofe of fifties. The females have breafts, at which they fuckle their young ones. It would far exceed the bounds allotted to this article, to follow the Norwegian adventurers through all the dif- ferent defcriptions which they have given us of their filhes ; but they are fo well authenticated, that I make no doubt a new and very furprifing theory of aquatic animals may in time be formed. CuRiosri ihs.] Thofeof Norway are only natural. On the coaft, la- titude 67, is that dreadful vortex or whirlpool, called by navigators the navel of the fea, and by Ibme Maleftrom, or Moflioeftrom. The ifland Molkoe, from whence this ftream derives its name, lies between the moun- tain Hefleggen in Lofodcn, and the ifland Ver, which are about one league (iiftaut ; and between the ifland and coart on each fide, the ftream makes way. Between Molkoe and Lofbden it is near 400 fathoms deep ; but be- tween Mofl of the violence of the daily ebb and flow-, occa? ](ioned by the contraction of the ilream in its courie between the rocks. PtopLK, LANGUAGE, RELIGION, } Thf Noi-wegians are a middling AND CUSTOMS OF Norway. | kind of people, between the fini- plicity of the Green landers and Icelanders, and the more polifhed manners of the Danes. Their religion is Lutheran ; and they have b fliopsasthofe pf Denuiark, without temporal jurifdi i> in many refpeift:* ac^rommodated to their climate, DENMARK. 7J X or whirlpool of jar it, it isimme- jpears, bring alv :re it is dafiied to I flood, whca the "cs again in fcat- hip. Wlien it ii 5 oF more than a ^ perfect fecurity. fitnation of mor-: iddsn violence oi hirh the noife and neft of quick and I agony of difpau : impoflTiLle ; and ) be plunged, and It, have cxprefled Whales aie fir- )rce of the water, id bellowing in a s, who attempt to 1 is a fea vortex, difcharges it agai» o be erroneous, by pans to be fucked lin fo ihivered and Hes. The whole lb and flow, occa-» /een the rocks. ^iansareamiddlirg between the fim« polifhed manner; IV e b Ihops as thole viceroy, like his )le in Korway arc brave ; but quid jre handiomc and enjoying property, f the prelent Eng- miiy in all its ne- r there are tew by ers, weavers, cai- jcafant is an artift with oat-meal the re reduced to very • farinaceous focd. >er fubieft for con- l of life which wc r fond of luxury, jgs their ages fur aimodatcd to their climate, rlimatp, ycf, bycuftom, indtad of guardinjj againll the inclemency of Uie w'tsther, they oiitbi.ive it ; tor they evpofe themfclves to cold, without anv coverture upon their breads or necks. A Norwegim of an hnndred ve;irs of ajjje is not :k counted paft his labour ; i.nd in 1733, four couple^ '.vcre niiirriid, and danced before hi;; Danifli majoflyat FredciicfliaU, whofc 2gcs, when joined, exceeded ^;oo virars. The funeral ceremonies of liie Norwegians contain veftiges of their for- mer paganilm ; they piny on the violin at the head of the coihn, and while the corpfe is carried to tiie church, which is often done in a boat. In fome pl.ices the mourners afk thp dead perfon why he died ; whether his wife and neighbours were kind to him, a;;J other fuch queftions ; frequently kneel- ing down and aiking forgivenefe, if ever they had offended the deceafed. CoMMERCK. I \Vc have little to add to this head, different from what fhall be obferved in our account of Denmark. The duties on their exports^ mod of which have been already recounted, amount to about 100,000 rix-dollars a year. SrRENGTH AND REVENUE.] By the beft calculations, Norway caa fiirnifli out 14,000 excellent feamen, and above 30,000 brave foldiers, for ^iie ufe of their king '1 hp royal annual revenue from Norvyay amouiits to near 2oo,oool, and till his prefent majefty's acccHion, the arriiy, inftead of being expenfive, added coniiderabiy to his income, by the Aibfidies it brought him in fropi foreign princes. History.] We muft refer to Denmark likewilc for ihis head. Thean- cient Norwegians certainly were a very brave and powerful people, and the hardieft feamen in the world. If we are to behevc their hil^ories, they were no ftrangers to America lo.ig before it was diftovered by ColumbuK. Many cuftoms of their anceftors are yet difcernible in Ireland and the north of ^ cot land, where they made frequent defcents, and iome fettlcr ments, which are generally confounded with thofe of the Danes. From their being the moft furbulent, they are become now the moft loyal fujj- jtcts in Biuope ; which we can eaiily account for, from the barbarity and tyranny of their kings, when a lepcuate people. Since the union of C'al- niar, which united Norway to Denanark, their hiftory as well as intcrells, are the fame with that of Denmark, PEN MARK* Proper, or JUTLAND, ej^cluriv^ of the IsLA^^Ds in the Baltic^ EXTKNT AND Situ AT [ON, Miles. Degrees. Length. 240 f ? ^^ J 54 and 58 North latitude. Breadth 114 f'^'^^^'J" | 8 and 1 1 Haft logitude. I 1 T '^ divided on the North fiojn Norway by the DIVISIONS. 3 * Boundaries and • .- - ,— , _ 3 * Scaggerac fen, and from Sweden on the Eafl by the Sound; on the South by Germany and the Bahic ; and tjie German fta divides it from Great Britain on the weir. • Ste Mallet 8 Denmark, p. r. to 18. vol. v. + Meanin;r where longert and broadell, a nuthod wlUch the author has every where pbcrvtd ; and it feems to bo the practice of our writers on the ful>jc(5l. ('.r«at al- lowances murt therefore be made in moft countiifg, as the reader will perceive by look- ing on the maps. Jutland, for inilancc, is 114 where bioadcU, though in fundry other parts it is not co. * I Denmark 76 DENMARK. lil 't r' if! ■■■■!' ir '■ Denmark proper is divided into two parts ; the peninsula of Jxitlnnd nn- ciently caJIei Cimbr.cn Cher fancfus^ aid the iflancs at the entranrr of r|ic Baltic, mentioned in the table. It is remarkable that though all thefe to- gether ronflitue the kingdom of Denmark, yet not any one of them is fe- parately railed by that name. Copenhagen, the metropolis, is in the iflarid of Zealand. Air, CM MATF, son., STATE OF AGRicui.TuRK, &(".] Cnc of the largcfl and moft fertile of all the provinces of this kingdom is Jutland, which produces abimdance of all I'orrs of grain and palturage, and is a kind <)f magazine for Norway on all orcafions. A great number of fmaJl cattic are bred in this province, and afterwards tranfported into Holftcin, to be fed for the \\^k\ oi" Hamburgh, Lubec, and Amfterdam. Jutland is evny where interfperfed with hills, and on theealt fide has fine woods of oak, fir, beech, birch, and other trees ; hut the well fide being lefs woody, the inhabitants are obliged to ufe turf and heath for fuel. Zeal.md is for the moft part a fandy foil, but rather fertile in grain and pafturage, and agreeably variegated with woods and lakes of water. The climate is more temperate here, on account of the vapours from the furrounding fea, than it is in many more foutherly parts of Europe. Spring and autumn are fea- fons fcarccly known in Denmark, on account of the fudden tranfitions from cold to heat, and from heat to cold, which diflinguifli the climate of this kingdom. In all the northern provinces of Denmark the winters are very fevere, fo that the inhabitants often pafs arms of the fea in fledges upon the ice ; and during the winter all the harbours are frozen up. The greateft part of the lands in Denmark and Holftein are liefs and the ancient nobility by grants which they extorted at different times from the crown, gained fuch a power over the farmers, and thofe who refided upon their eftates, that at length they reduced them to a (late of extreme flavery ; fo that they were bought and fold with their lands, and were efteemed the property of their lords. Many of the noble landholders in Slefwick and Holftein have the power of life and death. The fituations of the farmers has, indeed, been made fomewhat more agreeable by fome modern edii^s, but they are ftill, if fuch an expreffion may be allowed, chained to their farms, and are difpofed of at the will of their lords. When a farmer in Denmark or in Holftein, happens to be an induftrious man, and is litur.ted upon a poor farm, which by great diligence he has laboured to cultivate advantageoufly, as foon as he has performed the toilfome tafl\, and expects to reap the profits of what he has fown, his lord, under pretence of taking it into his own hand, removes him from that farm to another of his poor farms, and expefts that he fhould perform the fame laborious talT< tiiere, without any other emohimcntthat what he fliouid think proper togivthini. This has been fo long the practice in this country, that it necefTarily throws the grtatcft damp vipon the efforts of induftry, and prevents thofe im- proviments in agrlcuituic whxh would othL-rwife be introduced; tliecon- fequence of which i.s, that nine parts in ten of the inhabitants are in aftatc of great poverty. But if the tanners had a fecurity for their property, the lands of Denmark might have been cultivated to much greater advan- tage than they are at prelient, and a much greater number of people flip- ported by the produce of agriculture. Animals.] Denmark produces an excellent breed of horfes, both for the faddle and carriage, about qooo are fold annually out of the country, and of their horned cattle 30,000. Befides numbers of black cattle, they have fiiecp, ar.d hoji-, and game ; and the fea coafts are generally well fu[>- piitd wiui ilfli. DENMARK. 77 Porui.ATio.v, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS-] Bv an a, befides nine other.-?, belonging to the Calvinifts and othei perfuafions, and fome hofpitals. Copenhagen is adornetl by fome public and private palaces, as they are called. Its ftreets are 186 in number; and Its inhabitants amount to 100,00c. The houfes in the principal ftreetj are built of brick, and thofe in their Inhes chiefly of ti-rbcr. Its univer- fity has been already mentioned, lint the chief glory of Copenhagen is it- harbour, formed by a larg»? canal flowing throuj'h the city, which admit? indeed but only one fliip to enter at a time, but is capable of contarnin;^ ccc. Several of the ftreets have canals, and quays for lliips to lie clofe to the houfes ; and its naval arfenal is faid to exceed that of Venice. The road for the fliipping begins about two miles from the town, and is de- fended by qo pieces of cannon^ as well as the difficulty of the navigation. iJut notwithftanding all thefe advantages, there is little appearance of in duflry or trade in this city ; and Copenhagen, though one of the finell ports in the world, can boaft of little commei ce. The public places are fdled with officers either in the land or fea-fervice ; and the number of forces kept up is much to6 large for this little kingdom. The police of Copenhagen is extremely regular, and people may walk through the whole city at midnight with great fafety. Indeed, it is ufually almoft as quiet here at eleven o'clock at night as in a country village, and, at that time, the! e is fcarcely a coach heard to rattle through the ftreets. The apartments of the palace at Copenhagen are grand, and the tapeftry in iTiimy of them, beautiful, particularly the (lory of Eflher, and an af- fortment of wild beafls, after the manner of Quids. A colonade at each extremity forms the itables, which, for their extent and beauty of furniture, are equal to any in Europe. But the fineft palace belonging to his Danifli majefly lies about 20 Englifti miles from Copenhagen, and is called Frede- riclburgh. It is a very large building, moated found with a triple ditch, and calculated, like moft of the anciertt refidences of prirtces, for defence againft an enemiy.- It was built by Chriftlan the IVth, and, according to the architeiflure of the times, partakes of the Grefek and Gothic ftyles. In the front of the grand quadrangle appear Tufcan and Doric pillars, and on the fMiiwnit of the building arc fpires and turrets, Some of the rooms ztt very DENMARK. 79 ken at comt ; an ! lifli, which is now ducation. A com- al, where tlity find ituitious fiipport of on rlx-dollars; h\it though aftronomy le, lioriichius, and havL-n difplay the ion that the Danes 1 y, jxjetry, and the aturc receives very hirli niav be conli- :cd by the Danes. I'hirh is fituated on of failors, and fiilt entury, but is now It a dilbnre. It i,< ts. It contains tei) Uaivinifts and othei net! by feme public re 186 in riumher; the principal ftreetj li-rhcr. Its univer- )f Copenhagen is if; : city, which admit? nx'iblc of conta:nin;f lliips to lie clofe to at of Venice. The le town, and is dc- y of the navigation. L' appearance of in ;h one of the fineil 'he public places arc and the number of )m. The police of c through the whole illy almoft as quiet , and, at that time, eets. nd, and the tapeftry Eflher, and an af- A colonade at each beauty of furniture, nging to his Danifit and IS called Frede- with a triple ditch, prirtces, for defence and, according to :l Gothic ftyles. In )oric pillars, and on ne of the rooms a^e very Very fplendid, though furniflicd in the antique tafte. The Knights' hall is of great length. The tapeftry reprefents the wars of Denmark, and the cieling is a moll minute and laboured performance in fculpttsre. The ihimney-piece was once entirely covered with plates of filvtr, richly orna- mented ; but the Swedes, who have often lancied here, and even belie|',ed the capital, tore them all away, and rifled the palace notvvithftanding ii^s triple moat and formidable appearance. The late unhappy queen Matihta fpent much of her time at this palac?, during the knig's tour through Europe. About two miles from Elfinour is another fmall royal palace, flat roofed, with twelve windows in front, faid to be built on the place formerly occupied by the palace of Hamlet's father. In an adjoining garden is fliewn the very fpot where, according to that tradition, that prince was poifoned. Jagerlburgh \s a park whjch contains a royal country feat, called the Hermitage ; which is remarkable for the difpofition of its apartments and the quaintnefs of its furniture ; particularly a machine which ( onveys the diflies to and from the king's table in the lecond ftory. The chief erclefi- aftical building in Denmark is the cathedral of Rofchild, where the king* and queers of Denmark were formerly buried, and their monuments ftill remain^ Jdining to this cathedral by a covered paflage, is a royal palace, buiii' in 1733. Commerce.] The kingdom of Denmark Is eJctremely well fituated for commerce; her harbours are well calculated for the reception of (hips of .ill burdens, and her mariners are very expert in the navigation of the dif- ferent parts of the ocean. The dominions of his Danifh majefty alfo i'upply a j^rcat variety of timber, and other materials for fliip-building ; and fome of his provinces afford many natural productions for exportation. Among thefc, befides fir, and other timber, are black cattle, horfes, butter, Ifock- fifli, tallow, hides, train-oil, tar, pitch, and iron, which being the n.iru- la! product of the Danifh dominions, are confequently ranked under the li«d of exports. To thefe we may add furs ; but the exportation of oats is forbidden. The imports are, fait, wine, brandy, and filk from France Portugal, and Italy. Of late the Danes have had great intercourfe with Englr.nd, fiom whenee they import broad cloths, clocks, cabinet, lock- work, and all other manufadures carried on in the great trading towns of England, but nothing lliows the commercial fpirit ot the Danes in a more favourable light than their eftablifliments in the Eaft and Weft Indies. In 1612, Chriftian IV. of Denmark, eftablilhed an Eaft India Compa- ny at Copenhagen : and foon after four fhips failed fi-om thence to the Eaft Indies. The hint of this trade was given to his Danifli majefty by James I. of England, who married a princefs of Denmark ; and in 1617, tliey built and fortified a caftle and town at Tranquebar, on the coaft of Coroniandel. The fecurity which many of the Indians found under the cannon of this fort invited numbers of them to fettle here : fo that the Da- nilh Eaft India company were foon rich enough to pay their king a yearly tribute of io,oco rix dollars. The company, however, willing to become rich all of a fudden, in 1620 endeavoured to poflefs themfelves of the fpice-trade at Ce}'lon ; but were defeated by the Portuguefe. The truth is, they foon embroiled themfelves with the native Indians on all hands ; and had it not been for the generous afliftance given them by Mr. Pitt, an Englifli Eaft India governor, the fettlement at Tranquebar muft iiave been taken by the Raj^h of Tanjour. Upon the clofe of the wars in Euiope, after tlie death bf Charles XH. of Sweden, the Danifh Eaft India Coii^. pany ilTi So DENMARK. ■ r. ■• ' . Tlic lcgi)l>aivc power, to;;t.thcr with ilie rij'lit of c!f;rr!o!\ of the kiiif, was vefttil in the fcates; who were compoftd, liift, of the order of nobility; and iicondly, the onlcisof the ritizens and fannris; and alTci" the- Lhrifliau rtlivion liad ;;ained j^icund in thcNoilii, the clet);^v were nlli) admitted, not only tn be r.n ord-T of the ftatt-^, but to have feats likewife in the fenutc. Thefc onlois had tl.eir rcfpe^livc rig_hts and pij- vilej^es, and were invUpcndcnt oi' ouh oth^^r ; the crown had alfo its pre- rogatives, and a certain fixed revenue ariiing out of hnds, whi(h were appropriated to its fuppoit. Thij conftitution had nianv evidmt advan- tages; but, unfoitmjateiy, the balance of thii ji;overnir.ent was never properly adjiifteil ; fothat ihe nol-Ies very foon alhin.ed a di:i;'.toria! pow- tr, and grtatly opprelVed th.; people, as the national aL.Tonil)lies wert- not regularly held to redrefs their .grievances. And when the Roman Catlwdic tlcrgy came to have a Hiare in the civil government, ihtv tar Uujmffcd the nobility in pride and ambition. The repn fentatives of the people had Mcitlur power, crt'dit, nor t dents to connttiac}- the efl'orts of the otl.vi- two orders, who forced the ciown to pivt- up its pieroc-atives, and to op- prcfs and tvrannize over the people. Lhriftian the Secon I, hy encieavour- -. ig in an imprudent manner to Hem the tonent of tiuir oppreiiion, loft b!» crown and his liberty; but Chriftian the Tldrd, bv unirinir himiclf with the nobles and the letiate, deiboyed the |X)wer of the elei^rv',' thoi'?li Hh' oppreffion of the conmion people by the nohihtv Ibil remained. At Jci)|xth, intlie leignof Frederic the Third, the people, inftead of evertinsr thtmfelves to remedy the defev^s of the. conflifvirion, and to maintain their common liberties, were fo intatuatetl aii to make the king defpotic, in hopcuhertby of rendering thcmfelvc-s lefs fubjeft to the tyiannv ot tl-.e nobility. A feries of \m[uccefsfid wai-s had brourht the nation iii ge/ieral into fo miferabie a (x>ndition, that the public had net money for paviii-r otf the army. Tlie difpute came to a fliort qutftion, which \vas, that the nobles ftu-M\ld fubmit to taxes, from which they pleaded an rxemprion. Tiie inferior people upon this threw tht-ir tycs'tov .U(-s the kinj^, for re- iiffand protetlioii from the oppreflioiii, of tlio intermediate' order of nobi- lity: in this they were encouraged hy the clergv'. In a uueriivr of the flutes, it was propofed that the nobles' (liould bear tlieir Iharc in ihc corr- iT^ou iHirdtn. Upon this, Otta Craeg put t!:e p-ople in mind that the comirons were rto more than /hvfs to the lords. This was the watcU-word which had been concerted Iw^twcen the leaders of the commons, the clergy, and even the court itfclf. Nanfon, ilie tjx'iker of the commons, catched hold of the term ifhiny ; the aflemhly broke \ip in a ferment; and the commons, with the dergy, withdrew to a. lioiife of their own, where they refolved to make the kin^Ij afoi.mn tender ';t their liberties and fervicess, and fotmally tp eftablifh'in his famijv the ncreuitary hhTeflion to their crown. This refolution was exectjteti the nf:xt d;)y. The king accepted of their tender, promifing them relief uiid protection. The gates of Copenhagen were Omt; and the nobility, ^nuiiiir the nerves of their po\Cer thus cut, iubmiued with the beft j;«-ace ^nt-v ( ould to confirm what had been done. Un tlie tenth of January, 1661, the three ordei-s of nobilitv, clerev, ^ and pc-op1e l,.:ned each a feparate aft ; bv which thev coidVnted that the [Qowi, UiouJd be hereditary i« iliC roval l/milv, as wJl in the female as ia G the t- ^: ' imA If ■''•Ml: S2 DENMARK. the male fine, ami by which they iiivefled the king with abfolute pr)\v'(r, ■A .d gave him tlie right to regulate the I'licienion and the regem v, in raf.. of a minority. This rchmrciation of the rights, fiibicribcd by the ti i* nobility, h rtiil preferved as a precious relic among the archives ot the foyal family. A relic which pcrpetilntes the memory of the hum; led inibleme of the nobles, and the Hypocrify of the prince, who, to gratilV his revenge againft them, perfiiaded the people that his only wiflus were to rfpair a decayed edifice, and therieAfitcd them to pull it to the ground, crufliing themfdves tinder its niin'. After thia extraordinary rcvolutiorr in the government, the king of t)enmark diverted the nobility of many of the privileges whrch they li:^ti btJorc eiyoyed ; but he took no method to re}ieve thofe poor people who had been the infti'uments of inverting him with the fovereign power, but left them in the fame rtate of flavery in which they were before, and in which they have remained to theprefent age. When the revolution in the reign of Frederic the Third had been eft"c<5led, the k'ln^ re-untied in hi; perion all the rights of his fovereign power; but as he could not excv- • ife all by himfelf, he wa» obliged to intrurt fome part of the e.tecuti.f power to his •fubjci'Vs; tiic fupreme court of judicatnre for the kingdoin: of Denmark and Norway i'^ holden in the royal palace at Copenhaj^en, tf which the king is the nominal prefident. What they call the Genrw!! provinces have likewife thrir fupreiT>e tribunal ; which, for th« dudiv cf Holflein, is holden at Glutkftadt; and for the duchy of SIcfwick, in :he town of that name. As to matters of importance, the king for the moft part decides in liii council, the members of which are named and difplaced at his will. It i> in this council that the laws are propofed, difcufled, and receive the royal authority; and that any great changes or eflablifliments arc propofed, and approved or reje<5ked, by the king. It is here likewrfe, or in the ca- binet, that he grants pi ivileges, and decides upon the explication of laws, their extenfion or their reftrrftion ; and, in fa6k, it is here that the kicj exprefles his will upon the rnofl important affairs of his kingdom. In this kingdom, as in many others, the king is fuppofcd to be prefentl to adminirter juftice in the Ittpreme court of his kingdom ; and, there fore, the kings of Denmark not cmly pi-efide nominally in the fovereign i court of juftice, but they have a throne erected in it, towards which the | lawyere always addrcfs fheir difcourfes in pleading, and the judges thf fame in giving their opinion. Every year the king is prefent at the open ing of this court, and often gives the judges fuch inftruftions as he thinb | proper. The decifion of thefe judges is final in all civil actions ; but w triminal fentence of a capital nature can be carried into execution till iti> figned by the king. There are n-any excellent regulations for the adminirtrationof jufticein Denmark ; but notwirhftanding this, it is fo far from being diftrrbuted in an equ.il and impartial manner, that a poor man can fcarcely ever have jurtice in this country agiiinft one of the nobility, or againft one uhoi> favoured by the court, or by the chief minifter. If the laws are fo dearly [ in favour, of the former, that the judges are afhamcd to decide agan;.: them, the latter, through the favour of the minifter, obtains an order from the king to flop all the law proceedings, or a difpenfation from ob- ftrving particular laws, and there the matter ends. Thq code of laws at prefent ertabliflied in Deimiark was publiflied by Cbriftian V. founded up- on the code of VaUieniar, and ull the other codes wRich have fnuehaa publiflM DENMARK. 83 h abfolute power, he regent V, in rafc cribcd by the fi K he archives ot the y of the hum: led :e, who, to gratify [3 only wiflus were 11 it to the ground, ment, the king of j;es which they \\?: 1 uifti-atJonofjufticein . being diftributed ia an fcarcely ever ha« I >r againft one who i> he laws are fo dcarlv ned to decide again'-t ter, obtains an 01* iifpenfat ion from ob- Thq code of laws at iftian V. founded up- hvfiich have iVuc buj publiilH {mblifhed, and is nearly the fame with that piibliflied in Norway. Thefir aws arc very juft and clear ; and, if they were impartially carried into execution, would be productive of many beneficial confequences to the people. But as the king can change and alter the laws, and difpenfe with them as he pleafes, and fupport his minifters and favourites in any ails of violence and injuftice, the people of Denmark undergo a great degree of tyranny and oppreflion, and have abundant reafon to regret the tamenefs andfervility with which their hberties have been furrendered into the hands of their monarchs. Punishments.] The commn from the admij-alty ; 4000 of thelje are kept iuconlfant pay, and employed in the dock yaids ; their pay, however, fcarrtly amounts to nine fliilllngs a month ; but then they have a fort of uniform, with fonie praviiiGm and lodgings allowed foi* themfelves an4 families. OiDKRS OF KViGHTHooo IK D^NMAHK.") Thcfe are two; that of the Ekphntit^ and that of Daveb^-ug : the former was inftituted by Chriftian I. in the year I47'^» and is deemed the moft honourable ; it? badtfe is an elephint furmounted with a raftle, fct in diamon 's, -ind fuf- peiidcd to a (ky-Mue v/atered ribbon. ; -.vorne, like the Gecigt- n\ England, over the right (lioulder : the number of its members, beiules the iuve- leigii, are thirty, and the knights of it are addrcflld by rhe title of ex- ctlleiicy« The badges of the I^^anel rug oi'der, wl.ich is fa'vl to be of thehi^^hefl antiquity, uifiituted in the year 1210, hut it became obfo- lete, and was revived : 1 i''7! by ChriflianV. confifl of a white nbbon ^ith rtd edjfe*;, worne fcntf-ways-over the right ftioulder ; from wl ich de- pi.nus a fuiall crols of di-riuionds, ,arjd ^\\ embruidcred iLir on the l-icall of tlie coat, liurounded wiiji the motto, Pictatt etjiyL't'u;* The badge i, .Hrofs pattee enamelled white, on the centre the letier C and ; crowned with a regal crown, and this motto, Rfjii .■itor.. The number of knights is numerous, and not limited, HisTdRY.] We owe the chief hifrop/ of Denmnrk to a very extraor- dinary phocnomcnon ; I mean the revival of the purity of the I. at in language in Scuuiinavia, in the perfon of Saxo-Gjammatlcus, at a time (the 12th century) when it was loft in all other parrs of the i^uropeaa fontuient. Srixo, like the othefr hiflorians of his age, has adopted, and at the fame time ei. .obled by his ftyie, the mofl ridiculous abiiuuities of remote antiqinty. We can, however, collect enough froin him to conclude, wat the aiKiciU Danes, like the Gauls, the Scots and Ivifli, and other Q 3 ^lorU^<;^^^ . li w ; 1* > 'i !;■ i .:! f^ ;!;• > % ■' ,■ > 4 t •♦« I ^ I < 1 -■*> ■'' 1- J (Si '-'f' 'N,.,„: 86 DENMARK. northern nations, had their bards, who recounted the militarj' atchier. ments of their heroes ; and that their hiftories Avere written in verfe. There can be no doubt that the Scandinavians of Cimbri, and the Teu- tones (the inhabitants of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) were Scy- thians by the original ; but how far tht^ trails of land, called either Scythia * or Gaul, formerly reached, is uncertain. Even the name of the firft Chriflian Danifh king is uncertain ; and thofc of the people whom tliey commanded werefo blended together, that it is impoflibie for the re: f! r to conceive a prtcife idea of the old Scandi- navian niftoiT. Tliis, undoubtedly, was owing to the remains of their Scythian cuftoms, particularly that of removing from one country to an- other; and of ftveral nations or ftpts joining together in expeditions by fea or by land ; and the advt-ntuiers being denominated rfter their chief leaders. Thus the terms, Danes, Saxons, Jutes or Goths, Germans, and Normans, were promifcuoufly ufed long ai'ter the time of Charle- magne. Even the fliort revival of literature, under that prince, throws very little ligiu upon the Danifh hiflory All we know is, that the in- habitants of Soandinavi:?, in their maritime expeditions, went generally under the name of Saxons with foreigners ; that they were bold adven- turers, rude, fierce, and martial : that fo far back as the year of Chrift ^oo they infulted all the fea-coafts of Europe ; that they fettled in Ire- land, »vhere they built flone houfes; and that they became maflers of England, and fome part of Scotland ; both which kingdoms ftiil retain proofs of th. ir barbarity. When we read the hiflory of Denmark and that of England, under the Dan ifli princes who reigned over the both coun- tries, we meet with but a ftint refemblance of events ; but the Danes, as conquerors, always gave themfelves the fuperiority ^\ the Utorehaud »J' Eurafe, DENMARK. S7 bbody maflacres be committed there, the Danes rebelled againft him Lkewife, and he fled, wirh his wife and children, into the Netherlands. Frctlcrio, duke of Holftein, was unanimoufly called to the throne, on the depofition of his cruel nephew, who openly embraced the opinions of Luther, and, about the year 15^6, the proteftant religion was cfta« blifiicd in Denmark, by that wife and politic prince Chriftian III. Chriflian IV. of Denmark, in 1629, was chofen for the head of the pi oteftant league, formed againft the houfe of Auftria ; but, though brave in his own perlon, he was in danger of lofing his dominions ; when he ir?.s fijcceeded in that command by Guftavus Adolphus king of S\i'eden' The Dutch having obliged Chriftian, who died in 1648, to lower the (lutii's of the Sound, his fon Frederic III. confented to acrept of an an- luiity of 1 50,0.-0 florins for the whole. The Dutch, after this, per- fuafieci him to declare war againft Charles Guftavus, king of Sweden;' wnicii had almoft coft him his crown in ibi;j. Charles ftjrmed the for- tiefb of Frrdericftadt ; and in tlie furceeding winter he marched his army " over the ice to the iiland of Funen, inhere he furprifed the Danifti troop?, • took OJenfee, and Nyburg, and marched over the Great Belt to befiege Copenhagen itfelf. Cromwell, who then governed England under tne title of Protrftor, interpoied ; and Federic defended his capital with great magnanimity till the peace of Rofchild ; by which Frederic ceded the provinces of Halland, Bleking, and Sconia, the illand of Bornholm and Bahus, and Drontheim in Norway, to the Swedes. Frederic fought; to elude thefe fevere terms ; but Charles took Cronenburgh, and once more befieged Copenhagen by fea and land. The ftcady intrepid conduft ol Frederic, under thefe misfortunes, endeared him to his fubjeYhJle the young king of Sweden, Ciiarles XII. who was thtn i\o m.*)ie than fixfeen years of :ige, landed within eight miles of Copca- ha gen, to a fii ft his'biother-in-l;nv the duke of Holitein. Charles prona^ bly would have made hinifelf mafctr of Cojxjnhagen, had not his Dcmiili majeftv agrtcd to the peace of Ti'avtndahl, which was entirely in the duke's favour. By another treaty cnnrhiJcJ with the States General, Charles obliged hiiMfelf to furnifli a body of troops, who were to be piid by: the coriftderateji,; and afterwards did grtat ftrvice agaiufl the French iu the war of queen Anne. • NoBvvittftanding this peace, Frederic was perpetually engaged in wars with' the Sweciesy:aiid .whik Charles. Xil. was an exile at Bender, lie maqc a defcent upon khe Swedilh Pomerania ; and another, in the year iy Jiiir ot the .ve to Iceinnd ; but the diflference was made up by the mediation of Swedtn. ChriiHan had fo great a party ill tliat kingdo n, that it was generally thoiigl'.t he would revive the union of Lalmar,"by j)rocuring his (on to be dtxhred fiiccelTor to his tht-n ^we- (iilh majefty. Some fteps for that pnrpofe were certainly taken ; but whatever Chriftian's views might have been, the defign was fi uftrattd by the jealouly of other powers, who CDuld not bear tho thoughts of feeing all ^'candin'avia fubjejft to one faniily. Chiiftiuadicd in 1746, with the tharaftcr of being the father of his people. His fon and fucceflTor, Fredeiic V. had, in i7d^, married the princcfs I.nuda, daughru- to his Britannic majefiv George II. He improved upon his father's plan, for the happinefs of his people; but took no con- rern, except that of a mediator, in the German war. For it was by his intervention that the treaty of Clofter-Seven was concluded between his roynl highnets the late duke of Cumberland, and the French general llichlieu. Upon the death of his firft queen, who was mother to his pre- fent Danifli majefiv, he married a daughter of the d\de footiHg that they had been for feme years before. After this, queen Matilda was delivered of a daughter, but as foon as the quetn- ciowager faw her, Ihe immediately turned her back, and wiih a malicious ffniie, declarcdj that the child had all the features of Struenfee; on ■which her friends publiilied it among the people, that the queen miift have had an intrigue with Struenfee ; which was corroborated by the queen's often fpeaking with this minifter in public. A great variety of evil reports were now propagated againft the reigning queen ; and nn- other report was alio indufh'ioully (pread, that the governing party had formed a defign to furperfcde the king, as being incapable of govern- ing; that the queen was to be declared regent during the minoritv of her fon ; and that Struenfee was to be her prime minitlcr. Whatever Struenfee did to reform the abiifes of the late miniftry, was repreieutcd to the people as fo many attacks upon, and attempts to deflroy, the goveniment of the kingdom. 13y fuch means the people began to be greatly inccnfed againft this miniftcr: and as he alfo wanted to make a reform in the military, he gave great offence to the troops, at the head of which were fome of the creatures of the queen-dowager, who took every opportunity to make their inferior officers believe, that it was thi defign of Struenfee to change the whole fyftem of government. It iiuift be admitted, that this minifter feems, in many refpecls, to have actid very imprudently, and to hav^ been too much under the guidance of his paffions : his principles alfo appear to have been of the libertine kind. Many councils were held between the queen-dowager and her friends, \ipon the proper meafure to be trken for elfeftuating their defigns: and if was at length refolved to furprife the King in the middle of the night, and force him immediately to fign an order, which was to be prepared in readinefs, lor committing th^ perfons before mentioned to feparate prifons, to accufe them of high-treafon in general, and in particular of a di-fign to poifon or dethrone the king; and tha? if that coiild not be properly Ixipported, by torture or othervyife, to procure witnefles to confirm th^ report of a criminal comtneice between the queen and Stiii- fiifce. This was an undertaking of fo hazardous a nature, that the wary count Moltke, and moft of the queen-dowager's friends, who had any ttjing to lofe, drew back, endeavouring to animate others, but ex- fuftng themfelves from taking any open and aftive part, in this affair. However, the miecn-dowagci^ at laft proc\ircd a^ futfici^nt uumber of ac- ... u« DENMARK. 9» tivc inftniments for the execution of her defigns. On the i6th of Ja- nuaiy, 1772, amadied ball was given at the court of Denmark. The king !">ad danced nt this ball, and afterwards played at quadrille with gc* ntrai Gahler, his lady, and counfellor Struenfec, brother to the count. The queen, after dancing, as ufual, one country dance with the king^ gave her hand to count Struenfee during the remainder of the evening. She retired about two in the mornin|f, and was followed by him and count Rrandt. About four the fame morning, prince Frederic, who had alfo been at the ball, got up and dreffed himftlf, and went with the queen-dowager to the king's bed-rhaml>er, accompanied by general Eich- ftadf and count Rantzau. They ordered his majefty*s valet-de-chamhr« to awake him, and, in the mi.lfl ot the furprife and alarm, that this un- txpcdted intrufion excited, they informed him, that queen Matilda and the two Struenfees were at that inftant bufy in drawing up an aft of re- nunciation of the crown, which they would immediately after compel him to fign : and that the only means he could ufe to prevent fo immi- nent a danger, was to fign thofe orders without lofs of time, which they had brought with them for arrefting the queen and her accomplices. It \i faid, that the king was not eafily prevailed upon to fign thefe orders ; but at length complied, though with reluftance and hcfitation. Count Rantzau, and three otiicers, were difpatched at that \mtimcly hour to the queen's apartments, and immediately arrefted her. She was put in- to one of the king's coaches, in which flie was conveyed to the callle of Cronenburgh, togetlier with the infant princefs, attended by lady Moftyn, and efcorted by a party of dragoons. In the mean time, Struenfee and Hrandt were alfo feized in their beds, and imprifoned in the citadel. Struenfee 's brother, fome of his adherents, and moft of the members of the late adminiflration, were feized the fame night, to the number of about eighteen, and thrown into confinement. The government after this feemed to be entirely lodged in the hands of the queen-dowager and her fin, fupported and aflifted by thofe who had the principal (liare in the revolution, while the king appeared to be little more than a pageant, whofe perfon and name it was necelfary occCifionally to make ufe of. All the otficers who had a hand in the revolution were immediately pro- moted, and an almoft total change took place in all the departments of admiuiftration. A new council was appointed, in which prince Frederic pvefuied, and a commiffion of eight members, to examine the papers of the prifoners, and to commence a procefs again(l them. The fon of queen Matilda, the prince royal, who was entered into the fifth year of his age, was put into the care of a lady of quality, who was appointed governefs, under the fuperintendancy of the queen-dowager. StFuen* fee and Brandt were put in irons, and very rigoroufly treated in prifon j they both underwent long and frequent examinations, and at length re- ceived fcntence of death. They were beheaded on the a.-^th of April, having their right hands previoufly cut otF ; but many of their friends and adherents were afterwards fet at liberty. Struenfee at firft had abfo- lutely denied having any criminal intercourfe with the queen; but this he afterwards confelTed ; and though he is faid by fome to have beea Induced to do this only by the fear of torture, the proofs of his guilt in this refpcft were efteemed notorious, and his confeffions full and expli- cit: befide, nomeafuies were adopted by the court of Great Britain to clear iip the (jueen's charade r \x\ this refped. But in ]May» his Britannic ■ '^M- 9» D E N M A R K. majcfty fent a fmall fquadron of fhip'., to convey that prinrcfs to Gcr. nuiny, ami appointed the city of Zell, in his elefloral doinfnions, for tlie place of her tviturc refideme. She died thci e, of a malignant fever, on tiie icth of May, 177^, aged 2; years and 10 months. In 178 , his Danifli jtiajelly accedid to the armed neutrality pi opofcJ by the cniprefs of Riillia. He appears at pief'ent to have fiich a debility of nndcMfianding, as to difqualify him for the proper management of public affairs ; but on the 16th ot April, 1784, another court revolution took place, the queen dowager's ,'riends were removed, a new council, formed under the aufpices of the prince royal, feme of the former old members rellored to the Cr.binet, and no regard is to be paid for the fu< lure to any inflrument, unlefs ligned by the king, and counterfigned bv the piince royal. , Ctiriftian VII. reigning king of Denmark and Norway, L L.D. and F. R .S. was born in f^i) ; in 1766 he was married to the princcfs Ca- rolina Matilda of England ; and has iffue, Frederic, prince royal of Denmark, born January 28, 1768 ; Louifa Augufla, princefs royal, born July 7, 177 1. ^5 ''^^ I vl %* "■X -hi *i Hp'l' I His Danish Majesty's GERMAN DOMINIONS. HOLSTEIN, a duchy of Lower Saxony, about foo miles long and 50 broad, and a fruitful country, was torm'erly divided between the empreis of Ruflia (termed Ducal Holflein), the king of Denmark, and the imperial cities of Hmbur>>h and Lubeck : but on the 16th of No- vember, 1771, the Ducal Holfttin, with all the rights, prerogatives, and territorial fovtieigntv, xvas loimaily transferred to the king of Denmark, by virtue of a treaty between both courts. The duke of Holftein Got- torp is joint fovereign of great part of it now, with the Danifh monarch. Kit! is the capital of Ducal lioiftein, and is well built, has a harbour, and neat public tciificts. The capital of the Danilh Holffein is Gluck- ftadt, a wtll-bi.ilt town and fortiel's, but in a marfliy fituation, on the right of the Ell>e, and has feme foreit^n commerce. Altena, a large, |x)piiious, and handfome town, of great traffic, it commodioufly fitiiated on the Elbe, in the neighbourhood of Hamburgh. It was built profeiTidly in that fituation by the kings of Denmark, that it might (hare in the commerce of the former. Being declared a free port, and the ftaple of the DaniHi Eaft India company, the merchants alio enjoying liberty of confcicnce, great numbers flock to Altena from all parts of the North, aiid even from Hamburgh itftlf. The famous city of Hamburgh lies, in a geographical fcnfe, in Hoi- ftein ; but is an imperial, free, and iianfeatic city, lying on the v?rge of that |;art of Holftein called Stormar. It has the fovertignty of a fmall diftri6l round it, of about ttn miles circuit : it is one ot the moft fiourifliing commercial towns in Europe : and though the kings of Den- mark fiill lay claim to certain privile^;es within its walls, it may be con- fidered as a well-regulrited cnmmonwealih. The number of its n)liabit' ants arc faid to amount to 180,000 j antl it is furniihed with a vaft va- riety of noble edifices, both public and private : it has two fpacious har» bours, formed by the river Elbe, which runs through the town, and i54 bridgej* are thrown over its canals. Hamburgh has the good fortune of leaving LAPLAND. 9% at prinrcfs to Ccn doinfnions, for the nalignant fever, on • neutrality piopofcd avc fiich a debilltv >er nianagement of icr court revolution ed, a new council, of the foimer old > be paid for the fu' d couuterAgned by t or way, L L.D. and to the prince fs Ca- c, prince royal of ifla, princefs rojal, hiving been peculiarly favoured in its commerce by Gieit Britain, with whom it ftill carries on a {;roat trade. The Hiimburglurs maintain twelve companies of foot, and one troop of dragoons, belrde an artil- lery company. Lubec, an imperial city, with a gootl harbour, and once the capital of the Hans Towns, and ftill rich and populous place, is alfo in this duchy, and governed by its own mngiftiatt-s. It has 20 parifli ohurohes befides a large cathedral. Lutheranifm is the cflabliflied religion of the whole duchy. In Wkstphalia, the king of Denmark has the counties of Olden- burg and Delmenhorft, about 20 o fquare miles; they lie on the foutU fide of the Wefer ; their capitals have the fame name ; the firft has the remains of a fortification, and the lafl is an open place. Oldenburg gave a title to the firft royal anceftor of his prefent Danifh majcfty. The country abounds with marllies and heaths, but its hori'es are the befl iu (jermanv. DMINIONS. 100 miles long and rly divided between : king of Denmark, on the 16th of No- s, prerogatives, and king of Denmark, te of Holftein (iot- le Danifh monarch. ilt, has a harbour, Homein is Gluck- ly fituation, on the of great traffic, is lood of Hamburgh. of Denmark, that ing declared a free iany, the merchants ick to Altena from f. lical fcnfe, in Hoi- ying on the v^rge fovertignty of a is one ot the moft the kings of Den- Is, it may be con- ibtr of its inhabit' led with a vaft va- two fpacious har* the town, and 84 he good fortune of having LAPLAND. THE northern fituation of Lapland, and the diviflon of its pro perty, require, before I proceed farther, thit I ftiould trerit of it tinder a diftinland ; they are, however, in fome interftices, feparated by rivers and lakes, which contain an incredible number of idands, fome of which form d^ lightful habitatioib; and are believed by the natives to be the terreftrial Paradile; cvtn roki and other flowers grow wild on their borders in the fummer ; though this is but a fliort gleam of temperature, for the climate in general w cxcelfively fevere. Dulky forefts, and noifonie, unhealthy moralTes, and barren plains, cover great part of the flat country, fo that nothing tan be more uncomfortable than the ftate of the inhabitants. Metals a'nd mincrals.] Silver and gold mines, as well as tliofe of iron, copper, and lead, have been difcovered and worked in Laplanj to great advantage ; beautiful cryftals are found here, as are fome amf. thyfts and topazes: alfo various forts of mineral ftones, fuprifingN poliflied by the hand of nature ; valuable pearls have like.wife been fomt- limes found in thefe rivers, but never in the fcas. Animals, qjjadrupeds, birds, I We mufl refer to our account FISHES, AND IV3KCTS. ( of Denmark and Norway tor great part of this article, as its contents ar entirely covered with hair, in the fame manner that the claw of the Pw- tnigan is, with feathei7 bt iftlcs, which is ahnoft the only bird that can en- dure the rigour of the fame climate. The hoof, however, is not only thus protefted ; the fame neccffity which obliges the Laplanders to ufe fnow-lhoes, makes the extraordinary width ol the rein's hoof to be equally convc ent in paffing over fnow, as it prevents their finking too deep, which they contuiually would, did the weight of their body xd pn\y on a fmall point. This quadruped hath therefore an inftinft to ufe « hoof of fuch a form in a ftill more advantageous manner, by fcpaiat- ing it when the foot is to touch the giound, fo as to cover a larger lui- face of fnow. The inftant however the leg of the animal is raifed, the Voai is inunediately coatra«^ed, and the colUfion of the parti occaiioni the LAPLAND. 95 inhnl)ltant> ver; of. y the travel!, r, ar.J nttinirs tikes plaif, uUt wi'lj a fmo<(t!i II a fledge witli in. •cctlRve for a (lioit ins, often prcftnt tc ift form in his miiul iuntains, irregularly they are, however, which contain an lightful habitatioib; *aradile ; even rolci e lummer ; though mate in general u althv moraJTes, and fo that nothing t^ii :s. es, as well as tlioff worked in LaplanJ , as are fome ame- ilones, fiiprifingN like.wife been fomt- ;fer to onr account t and Norway lor nmon with all the ; the marten, is a white, is fo much al and didingtiiflied le winter; and the natives in hunting. and animals, is the ace the Laplanders s animal, the moll lag, only it fomt- ird. All defciibtn life that they mak; r fjfparating anu at- The under part i> le claw of thePw- V bird that ran en- wever, is not only Laplanders to ule rein's hoof to be ts their finking too of their body reft e an inftinft to ufe lanner, by fepaiat- cover a larger fur- niroal is raifed, the the parts occafionJ the innppinr; wlilch is heard on evrry motion of the rein. And pmba- hly the crarking which they pcrpftu:illy make, may ferve to kerp them to.i;i?hcr vvlici\ the we;Uher is remarkably dark. In fummer the rein- deer provide themft'lvcs unth leaves and grafs, and in the winter the\r jive upon mofs : they have a wonderful fagacity of finding it out, ainl wl'.cn found, they fcrape away the fno\t' that covers it with their feet. The fcantincfs of their fare is inconc< ivable, as is the length of the jour- nics which they ran perform without any "ther fupport. They fix the rein-deer to a kind or fledge, llupi \ like a fmc^ll boat, in which the tra- veller, well ferured from cold, is lactd down, with the reins in one hand. and a kind of bludgeon in the other, to keep the carriage dear of ice and fiiow. The deer, whofe harneiTing is very fimple, fets out, and con- tinues the journey with prodigious fpeed : and is lo fafe and tra(5table, that the driver is at little or no trouble in directing him. At night they look out for their own provender ; and their milk often helps to fupport their maft>.'r. Their inftin(^ in choofing their road, and dire<5ting their courfe, can only be accounted for by their being well acquainted with the country during the fummer mon^^hs, when they live in the woods. Their flelli is a \VelI tailed food, whether frefli or dried ; their (kin formi excellent cloathing both for the bed and the body ; their milk and cheefe arc nutritive and pieafant ; and their intellines and tendons fupply their maftcrs with thread and cordage. When they run about wild in the fields, they may be iliot at as other game. But it is faid, that if one is killed in a flock, the furvivors will gore and trample him to pieces; therefore (ingle ftragglers are generally pitched upon. Were I to re- count every circumftanre, related by the credulous, of this animal, the whole would appear fabulous. With all their excellent qualities, how« ever, the rein-deer have their inconveniences. It is diflicult in fummer to keep them from ftraggling; they are fome- times buried in the fnow ; and they fremiently grow reftive, to the great danger of the driver and his carriage. Their furprifing fpeeds (for they are faid to run at the rate of 20O: miles a day) feems to be owing t« their innpatience to get rid of their incumbrance. None but a Lap- lander could bear the imeafy poflure in which he is placed, when he is ronlined in one of thofe carriages or pulkhas ; or would believe, that, by whifphering the rein deer in the ear, they know the place of their deftination. But after all thefe abatements, the natives would have dif- ficulty to fubfift without the rein-deer, which ferve them for fo many purpoles. People, costoms, and manners.] The language of the Lap- landers is of Finnilh origin, and comprehends fo many dialetls, that it is \^ith difficulty they undeftand each other. They have neither writing nor letters among them, but a number of hieroglyphics, which they make ufe of in their Rounds, a fort of fticks that they call piftave, and which ferve them for an almanack. The hieroglyphics are alfo the marks they ufe inftead of fignatures, even in mattei-s of law. Miffiona- ries, from the chriftianized parts of Scandinavia, introduced amotiij them the Chiiflian religion: but they cannot be faid even yet to be Chriftians, tliough they have among them fome religions feminaries, Jnftituted by the king of Denmark. U{xin the whole, the majority of the Laplanders pradtife as grofs fuperftirions and idolatries, as arc ro be tound among the mofl uninftrudted p-igans; and fo ablurd, that they lc«rcely defc; re to be mentioned, were it not that the number and oddi-. tie? 96 LAPLAND. I ti ties of their fiiperftitions have induced the northern traders to believe, that they are fkilful in magic and divinaiion. For this purpofe their ma- gicians, who are a peculiar fet of men, make ufe of what they call a drum, made of the hollowed tnmk of a fir, pine, or birch-tree, one end of which is covered with fkin ; on this they draw, with a kind of red colour, the figures of their own gods, as well as of Jefus Chrift, the apoftles, the fun, moon, ftars, birds, and rivers ; on thele they plnrf one or two brafs rings, which, when the drum is beaten with a liitlc hammer, dance over the figures; and according to their progrefs the for- cerer prognolHcates. Thefe frantic operations are generally performed for g.iin ; and the northern fliips-mafttrs are fuch dupes to the arts of thefe impoftors, that they often buy from them a magic cord, which contains a number of knots, by opening of which, according to the magician's dire(5tions, they gain what wind they want. This is alfo a very com- mon traffic on the banks of the Red Sea, and is managed with great ad- drefs on the part of the forccier, who keeps up the price of his knntt:d talifman. The Laplanders iiill retain the worfliip of many of the Teu- tonic gods ; but have among them great remains of the druidical inftitu. tions. They .believe tlie tranfmigration of the foul, and have fefiiv.iij fet apart fc>r the worfliip of certain genii, called Jeuhles, who they think inhabit the air, and have great power over human actions; but being without form or fubftance, they affign to them neither imagts ncr ilatues. Agriculture is not much attended to among the Laplanders. They are chiefly divided into Lapland fifliers, and Lapland mountaineer-. The former always make their habitation on the brink, or in the imyjx- bourhood of fome lake, from whence they draw their fubfiftence. T!ie others feek their fupport upon the mountains, and their environs, pof« feffing herds of rein-deer more or lefs numerous, which they ufe ac- cording to the feafon, jbut go generally on foot. They are excellent and veiy induftrious herdfmen, and are rich in comparifon of the Lapland fifli- ers. Some of them poflcfs fix hundred or a thoufand rein-deer, and have often money and plate befides. They mark every rein-deer on the tais, and divide/them into dalles; fo that they inflantly perceive whether any one is ftrayed, though they cannot count to fo great a number at that to which their flock often amounts. Thofe who pofl'efs but a fmall ftock, give to every individual a proper name. The Lapland fifliers, who are alfo called Laplanders of the Woods, becaufe in fun!- mer they dwell upon the borders of the lakes, and in winter in the forefts, live by fifliing and hunting, and chufe iheir fituation by its con- venience fpr cither. The greateft part of them, however, have fomc rein-deer. They are a6live and expei t in the chace : and the introdiiiftion of fire-arms among them has almoft entirely aboliflied the ufe of ihe bow and arrow. Befides looking after the rein-deer, the fifliery, ami the chace, the men employ themfelves in the conftruftion of thtir ci- noes, which are fmall, liglit, and compact. They alfo make make lledgci, to which they give the form of a canoe, harntfs for the rein.deer, cupi) bowls, and various other utenfils, which are fomeiimes neately carved, and fometimes ornamented with bones, brafs, or horn. The employ- merit of the women confills in making nets for the fifliery, in tiryiiig fiih and meat, in milking the rein-detr, \n making chtefe, and tanning hides: but it is tindcrftood to be the bufinefs of mer to look after tli« kitchen, in which, it is laid, the women never interfere The LAPLAND. 97 n traders to believe, lis pui-pofe their ma- of what they call a r birch-tree, one end ', with a kind of red of Jefus Chrift, the on theie they y.hct beaten with a liitlc leir progrefs the for- generally performed ipestothe artsof tliefe cord, which contains ing to the magician's ; is alfo a very com- naged with great ad- price of his knntt:d ^f many of the Teu- the druidical inftitii. Ill, and have fefiivalj I Jeiihles, who tliey human actions; but m neitlier images ncr i Laplanders. They ipland mountaineer-. nk, or in the nei<;h- eir fubfiftence. The their environs, pof- which they ufe ar- hey are excellent and n of the Lapland filh- d rein-deer, and have rein-deer on the ears, tly perceive whether > jrreat a number as "e who poflefs but a ame. The Ivapland :)ods, becaufe in fiin- ind in winter in the r fituation by its ron- however, liave fomc ; and the introdu(ftioii idled the ufe of the ser, the fiflierv, ami flruftion of thtir ci- To make make lledp;, r the rein. deer, ci!p;i limes neately carved, Ikm-m. The' employ- he fifliery, in tlrying chtefe, and tanning ler to look aflei- tin Tlic I.ap'itn-lers live in hur^ in the {brm of tents. A hut is about |{"cn'y-fiv'e to thirty feet in diameter, and not much above fix in height; ThLV rover them accordiao; to the feafon, and the means of the poflTeilbr : jioT,e with briars, bark of birch, and linden ; others with turf, coarfe fiorh, or felt, or the oJd Ikins of rein deer. The door is of felt, made like two curtains, whiih op?n afundcr. A little place furrounded with ftoiirs is made in the middle of the hut for the fire, over which a chain k, fiifpenled to hang the kettle upon. They are fcarcely able to fland knright in their 'huts, but conftanlly fit upon their heels round the fire. JAt n!;kt they lie down quite naked ; and to fepai'ate the apartments, (thry place upright flicks at fmall diflanres. They cover themftlves with Ithtir cloatb.s, or lie upon them. In winter, they put their naked feet i:iro a fur Ing. Their houfehold furniture confiffs of iron or copper JkittK'S, wooden cups, bowls, fpoons, and fometimes tin, or even filver jl).:l"ons : to thefe may be added the implements of fifliing and hunting. [That they may not be obliged to carry fuch a number of things with Itht^ra in their excurfions, they build in the forefts, at certain diflancesj llirtlt! hilts, made like pigeon-houfes, and placed upon a pofl, which is Itli? trunk of a tree, cut off at about the height of a fathom or fix feet fiom Ithe root. In thefe elevated huts they keep their goods and provifions ; Iraid thou';rh they are never fliut, yet they are never plundered. The Iriindecr fupply the Laplanders with thegreateft part of their provifions ; the chare and the fifiiery fupply the rcfl. Their principal diflies are the ill of the rein-deer, and puddings, which they make of their blood, Ibv putting it either alone, or mixed with wild berries, into the flo- jji-a-h of the animal from whence it was taken, in which they cook it |for food. But the Hrtli of the bear is confidered by them as their mod de!i:;uc rti.?at. Thev tat cverv kind of fifti, even the feador; as well I forts of wild animals, not excepting bu'ds of prey, and carnivo- [rqus animals. Their winter provifions confift chiefly of flefli and fifh Ttiri ,i ill the open air, both of which they eat raw, and without any fort j(iT d.t;!iaL!;. Their common dri.ik is water, fometimes mixed with milk ; thtv I'.ik'- alfo broths and fiih foups. Brandy is very fcarce with thern^ |l).;t t'lpv are extremely fond of it. Whenever they are inclined to eat, t'yt heiil of the family fpreads a mat on the gro\md ; and then men and fvoinva fqiiat round this mat, which is covered with dilhes. Every Lap- p idcr alwavs carries about him a knife, a fpoon, and a little cup for p. inking. Each has his portion feparately given him, that no pcrfort rv'.y b;> iniurcd; for tiiey ai'e great eaters. Before and after the meal [v'v make a fiiort prayer : and, as ioon as they haVc done eating, each givca I'lieothcr !)is hand, lii the drefs of the Laplanders they ufe no kind o!^ linen. The vfai clv^fe breeches, reach ilg down to their flioes, which are made t>t iii. aimed (kin, pointed, and turned up before; and in wituer they put a little hay in them. Their doublet is made t > fit their fhape, and f'P-°!i at the breaft. Over this, they wear a clofe coat with narrow lletve*, whofe fkirts reach down to their knees, and which is faftened l^uiKlthcm by a leathern girdle, ornamented with plates of tin or brafs* Mo this girdle they tie their knives, their inftrumenls frtrgetrirg fire, [iidi piptrs, and the reft of their fmoaking apparatus. Their cloiih^ are p"''-de or fur, of leather, or of cloth ; the clofe coat of cloth or h a her, l*ay; borderd with fur, or bindings of cloth of different colours. Theii* pp' ..le ed^cd with fur, pointed at top, and the Jom ieams ad* "*•.. HI '. I^R:': ■■»,;.■ En Si- - 'I A *.; Mm 98 L A P L A N D. oincd with lifts of a different colour from that of the cap. Tlie wonitn wear brteches, fliocj, doulilets, and clofe coars, in thf fame manner as the infn ; but their girdle, at which they carry likewife their in)- plements for fmoaking tobacco, is commonly embroideret! with biafsi wire. Their clofe coat has a collar, which romes np fomewhat higher than that of the men. Befides thefe they wear hanakerchiefs, and lit- tie aprons, made of painted cloth, rings on their finsjers, and ear-rini^s, to which they fometimes hang chains of lilver, which pafs two or three times round the neck. They are often drefled in caps, folded after the manner of turbans. They wear alfo caps fitted to the ihape of the head ; and as th-y are much addifted to finery, they are all ornamented with the embroidery of brafs wire, or at leaft with lift of different colours. Lapland is but poorly peopled, owing to the general barrenncfs of its foil. The whole number of its inhabitants may amount to about 'k,oco. Both men and women are in general confiderably ftiorter than more fouthern Europeans. Maupertuis mcaAu'ed a woman who was fiiok* ling her child, whofe height did not exceed four feet two inches and abovit a half; they make, however, a much more agreeable appear- ance than the men, who are often ill-fliaped, and ugly, and their heads too large for tlieir bodies. Their women are complaifant, chafte, often well made, and extremely nervous ; which is alfo obfervable among the men, although more rarely. It frequently happens that a Laplandl woman will faint away, or even fall into a fit of frenzy, on a fparkofi fire flying towards her, an imexpetten precedes marriage ; but every admittance to the fair! one is purcl.afed from the father by her lover with a bottle of brandy, j stnd this prolongs the courtfliip fometimes for three years. The prieft ofj theparifli at laft celebrates the nuptials; but the bridgroom is obliged fol ferve his father-in-law for four years after. He then carries his wifeandl her fortune home. Commerce.] Little can be faid of the commerce of the Laplanders,! Their exports confift of fifli, reindeer, furs, bafkets, and toys ; withl fome dried pikes, and cheefes made of rein-deer milk. They rereivf! forXhefe, rix-dollars, woollen cloths, linen, copper, tin, flour, oil, hides,! needles, knives, fpii ituous liquors, tobacco, and other neceflarieiJ Their mines are generally worked by foreigners, and produce no iiicon-l liderable profit. The Laplanders travel in a kind of caravan, with their! families, to the Finland and Norway fairs. And the reader may mak^l fome eftimatc of the medium of commerce among them, when heisti that fifty fqulrrel (Icins, or one fox Ikin, and a pair of Lapland tej produce one rix-dollar : but no computation can be made of the puliicj revenue, the i^reateft part ofwhich is allotted for the maintenance of ^^ SWEDEN. 99 jdiTgy. With regard to the fecurity of their property, few difpiites hap- kn ; and their judges have no military to enforce their decrees, the peo- Iple having a remarkable averfion to war; and, lo far as we know, are lotvcr employed in any army. W E D E N» Extent and Situation. ^liles. Degrees. Length 800 1 b,t^,,„ { 56 and 69 North latitude. = Breadth 500 \ I 10 and 30 lialt longitude. |Boundariesand 7 'TT^HIS country is bounded by the Baltic Sea, the DIVISIONS. 5 1. Sound, and the Categate, or Scag^erac, on the I South : by the impaflable mountains of Norway, on the Well ; by Danilh or Norwegian Lapland, on the North ; and by Mufcovy on the Eaft. It i) divided into feven provinces : i. Sweden Proper. 2. Gothland. 3. Li- vonia. 4. Ingria. Thefe two laft provinces belong now, however, to [the Ruffians, having been conquered by Peter the Great, and ceded by Ipoilerior treaties. 5. Finland. 6. Swedifli Lapland. And 7. The Swe- Idilh iflands. Great abatements muft be made for the lakes and unim- Icroved parts of Sweden, which are fo cxtenlive, that the habitable part lis confined to narrow bounds. The following are the dimenlions givea us of this kingdom. . Sweden. Square Miles. 76,83? Sum tutal. t^ n 3 orq s- 34* *S3 77 420 395 80 84 47 24 CO S 0. 5- • Capital Cities. Sweden Proper — — Gothland — — Schonen — — 47.900 25»975 a,v6o 76,000 73,000 1000 560 960 360 76,835 150,560 1,320 •94 160 56 340 2 25 »3 9 *4 StI Stockholm. N. L. 59—30 E. Long. Z9 — I J Calmar. Lundeu Tome Uma Abo Cajenbourg Wilby Barkholm Striiirnnd Bergen Lapland and 1 W. Bothnia. J Swedifti Finland, and 1 Eaft Bothnia j Gothland I. Oeland I. Upper 7Pomtrania, P. Saxony;; Rugen I. Of Sweden Proper, the following arethe fubdivifions: Uplandia, Sudermania, Weftmania, Nericia, Geftricia, Helfingia, Dalicarlia, Medelpedia, Angermania, Jemptia, H z Of 100 SWEDEN. ,!/.t| ■«,;'■ rmm ."j , ^. Of Gothland, the following are the fubdivifions : Kaft Gothland, Dalia, Welt Gothland, Schoncn, Smaland, Bltking, W crnieland, Halland. , Of Swedifh Lapland, the following are the fubdivifions: Thorn l-apniaik, Pithia Lapmark, Kimi Lapmark, Uiiia Lapmark. Lula Lapmark, The principal places in Weft Bothnia are Umea, Pitea, aild Torata, Of Finland, the following are the fubdivifions; Lall: Bothnia, Nyland, Cajania, Travaftia, Savoloxia, Finland Proper. The Swedilh illes are Gothland, Oeland, Aland, and Riigen. The face of Sweden is pretty fimilar to thofe of its neighbouring coui>| tries: onlv it has the advantage of navigable rivers. Climate and season?, soil > The fame may be faid with re2;?,r(l| AND PRODUCTIONS. f to this article. Summer burftstVomj winter ; and vegetation is more fpeedy than in fouthern climates ; for tkl iun is here fo hot as fometimes to fet ibrefiis on fire. Stoves and warinl fui% mitigate the cold of winter, which is fo intenfe, that the nofes andl extremities of the inhabitants are IbiTietinies mortified ; and in fuch caffjj the beil remedy that has been foui\d out, is rubbing the affected part with fnow. The Swedes, fince the davs of Charles XIL have been at inned-l ible pains to correct the native barrennefs of their country, byerti'tinJ colleges of agriculture, and in fome places with great fuccefs. The foil J much the fl^me with that of Denmark, and fome parts of Norwnv, gen°- lally vej-y bad, but in fome values furprifingly fertile. The Swedes, tiill of late years, had not induflry fufticient to remedy the one, nor improvcl the other. The peafants now follow the agriculture of France and En^j land ; and fome late accounts (liy, that they raife almoft as much grain jjI maintains the natives. Gothland produces wheat, rye, barley, oats, p.'-J and beans; and in cafe of deficiency, the people are fupplied fioiii Livo-[ nia and the Baltic provinces. In fummer, the fields are verdant, andco-l vered with flower?, and produce flrawberries, ralberries, currants, andcthtrl finall fruits. The coinmon people know, as yet, little of the cuitivatioiio;! apricots, peaches, ne(5\arines, pine-apples, and the like higli-flavouredfrui'^ij but melons are brought to great periedlion in dry feafons. Minerals and metals.] Sweden produces cryllals, amethyfo. ti>| f)a/£s, porphyry, lapis-lazuli, agate, cornelian, marble, and other foiiilij The chief wealth ot Sweden, however, arifes from her mines of filver,! copper, lead,, and iron. The laft mentioned metal employs no tewetj than 45b forges, hammering mills, and fmelting-houfes. A k'lid ofij gold mine has l^kevvlfe been difcovered in Sweden, but fo inconlidcrab*! that ffom the year 1:41 to 1747, it produced only 2,398 gold ducats,! each valued at gs. 4d. fterling. The firft gallery of one filler mine u I 100 fathoms below the furface of the earth j the roof is fupported by p.i>j digious oaken beams ; and from thence the nainers defccnd about {i\ iathoms to the loweft vein. This imne is ftiid to produce 2o,oroc:oiSil *i year. The produdl of the coppe; mines is wncei-tain ; but the whol;«l , loiiiwl SWEDEN. lOI country, by en rlin J llo.'idcd with vaft taxes, and reduv^ions to the government, which has no Icher relburccs for the exigencies of ftate. Thefe fubterraneous manfions jart aftonifliiii'i'y fpacious, and at the f? me time commodious for the in- Ihibiratits, fo thit il\ey feem to form a hidden world. The water-falls of l:"vVC(le'i afford exctdlcnt convenieiicy for turning niills for fors^es ; and, for Ifanie years, the exports of Sweden for iron brought in 300,000!. fttihng, JDr. Biifihing thinks that they conlHtuted two thirds of the national re- Iveniic. It murt, however, be obfervcd, that the exturiions ol (lie Swedifli Icovernment, and the importation of American bar-iron iiro Eurojx', and IfiT.eodier caufes, have gre>tly diminillied this maniifa'ture in Sweden; If) that the Swedes will be oblii^ed to applv themftlves to other branches of bide and improvements, efpecially in agriculture. An'tiqui f lEs AND CUR I OS 111 Es, ) A few leagues from Gottenburs^, NATURAr. AM) ARTIFICIAL. \ there is a hideous precipice, down ihich a dreadful cataraiTt of water riitlies with fuch impetuoiity, fiom the :iii;ht into fo deep a bed of water, that large mafts, and other bodies of bnber that are precipitated down it, difappear, fomc for hah an hour, and otheis for an hour, before they are recovered : the bottom of this edhas never been found, though founded by lit^s of fevcral hundred lathoms. A remarkable flimy lake, which fingcs things put into it, has been found in the fouthern part of Gothland : and feverai parts of Swe- den contain a ftone, which being of a yellow colour, intermixed with fe- eral llreaks of white, as if compofed of gold and filver, aitbrds fulphur, Wtiiol, alum, and minium. The Swedes pretend to have a manufciipt hpy of a tranllatio'i of the Gofpcls in Gothic, done by a bifliop 1300 \eais ago. ^ StAs.j Their feas are the Baltic, and the gulfs of Bothnia and Fin- land, which ai-e arms of the Baltic ; and on the wefl: of Sweden are the ?ategate lea, And the Sound, a Ihait about four miles over, which divides yxMc.n from Denmark. Thefe fcas have no tides and are frozen up ufually four months in the jear ; nor are they fo fait as the ocean, never mixing with it, becauie a pireiit fets always out of the Baltic fea into the ocean. ; Animals, cvyADRUPEDt, } Thefe differ little from thofe already BiKDS, AND FiSHEy. f defcribed in Norway and Denmark, to ^vhich I mull refer ; only the Swedifli horfes are known to be more fer- I'keable in war than the German. The Swedifli hawks, when carried to Fiance, have been known to vifit their native country ; as appears from me that was killed in Finland, with an infer iption on a fmall gold plate, tgnifying that he belonged to the French king. The fiflies found in the hvets and lakes of Sweden, are the fame with thofe in other nortiiern pintries, and taken in fuch quantities, that their pikes (particularly) are ped and pickled for exportation. The train oil of the feals, taken in m gulf of Finland^ is a confideruble article of exportation. I Inhabitants, MANNERS, ahu custom?. 1 There is a great diver- ptyof charafters among the people of Sweden ; and what is peculiarly remarkable among them, they are known to have had different chara<5ters [iHlitierent ages. At prefent', their peafants feem to be a heavy plodding Re ot men, ftrong and hardy ; but without any other ambition than ptoffubfifting themfelves a'lld their families as well as they can ; tlic wrraatile clall'es are much of the fame call ; but their application and picverance is difcovered aniong them all. One could, however, form |io Idea that the modern Swcdesure the defccndants of thole, who, under iovs.^.l ^'' -^^3 " Guftavus J ? ^ <^> f o "♦.. .^^^Hl 4 i : il m 1 ,;| ,,l(^ -I IC2 SWEDEN. Guftavus Adolphus and Charles XII. cirried terror in their names | through difiant countrits, and fliook the foundations of the greattft u piles. The intrigues of their ff-nators dragged thenn to take partintl.el late war againft Pruina ; yet their behaviour was fpiritlels, and their cour- age contemptible, 'i'he principal nobility and gentry ot vSwcden arc i;; t. . rally biave, polite, and hofpitable ; they have hi^Ji and w.-rni noioiijl of honour, and are jealous of thiir national intvietls. The drefs, e\t:. ciies, and diverfiofis, of the common people, arc almoli the fame wi:h ihofc of J)ennia:k ; the better fort are infatuated with French mocic^ and fafhions, Thev are not fond of mrrrying their daughters when young, :<,{ th'.y have but little to fpare in their owji lifc-.ime. The women ^o to plough, thrcfli (»ut the coin, row upon the water, ferve the bricklavti.J carry burdens, and do all the comnion drudgtnies in hulbaiuiry. Remgion.] Chriflianity was intj-oduced here in the c;ih centun, | Their religion is Lutheran, which was propagate.! among them by Cm'- tavus Vafa, about the year 1523. The Swedes are furpnfuigly uiiiffimi and unremitting in religious matters ; and have fuch an averfiSn to| popery, that caftration is the fate of every Roman catholic pi left difco- vercd in their country. The archbifliop of Upfal has a revenue of abojtl 400I. a year; and has under him 13 fuifragans, befides fuperlntcndsntJ with moderate ftipends. No clergyman has the leait direftion in the af- fairs of ftate ; but dieir moials, and the fancftity of their lives, endear them fo much to the people, that the government would repent makinn them its enemies. Their churches are neat, and often ornamented. A| body of ecclcfiailical laws and canons direft their religious occonomy. A converfion to popery, or a long continuance under excommuuiratioii,! whiih cannot pafs without the king's permiflion, is punillied by impiiion- ment and evile. Language, LF.ARrciNG and learned mew"! The Swedifli lan- guage is a diale»l:t of the Teutonic, and refembles that of Denmark. The Swedifli nobility and gentry are, in general, more ronvcrfant in poliic literature than thofe of many other more flourifliing Hates. They have oil late exhibited fome noble Iptcimens of their munificence for the iinpiove- ment of literature ; witnefs their fending, at the expence of private per- fons, that excellent and candid natural phi lofopher, Haflelquift, into tlie callern countrits for difcoveries, where he died. This noble fpuit ii eminently encouraged by the roval family; and her Suedifn jnnieivf purchafed, at no i < onfiderable expence for that country, all Hafltlqiiilis collection of curiofities. That ^ible civilian, ftatefman, and hiftoria,-;, Puffendorf, was a native of Sweden ; and fo was the late celebrated Lir-j iiseus, who carried natural philofophy, in fome branches at leaft, pari u- larly botany, to the highell pitch. The paflion of the famous queen I Chriflina for literature is well known to the public ; and flie may be ac- counted a genius in many branches of knowledge. Even in the midft "M the late diftrartioa of Sweden, the fine arts, particulai'ly drawing, failpture,! ?nd architecture, were encouraged and protected. Agricu! i'lal learning, both in theory and pradice, is now carried to a confiderable height in that kingdom ; and the character given by fome writers, that the Swedes are a dull, heavy people, fitted only for bodily labour, is in a great meafurt j owing to their having no opportunity of exerting their talents. Universities.] The principal is that of UpfaJ, inllituted near 4WJ years ago, and patronized by feveral fucceffive monarchs, particularly bn tlie great Guftavus Adolphus, and his daughter (ju^ea Chriltjuat Th«f'| SWEDEN. 103 late celebrated Lin- rhes at lead, pariu- )nfiderable height in are near iqoo ftudeiits in this univerfity ; but for the moft ^wrt-; they .'.re* txrciiuly indigent, and lodj^e five or ii together, in very poor hovels. The piolcdbrs in different braiuhes of literature are abv>ut tWi.nty-t\vo ; the large ft of whofe falaries doen-a<^l, like that of the Englifli. Thefe promifing ap- pearances were, however, blafted by the madnefs and jealoufies ot the Swedifli government. Stockholm is a ftaple-town, and the capital of the kingdom ; it ftands about 760 miles nortli-caft from Lonaon, upon fix contiguous iflands, and built upon piles. The calUe, though commodious and covered with cop- per, has neither ftrength nor be;uity ; but accommodates the royal court, and the national courts and colleges. The number of houfe-keepers, who pay taxes, are 0,000 The harbour is fpacious and convenient, though ditlicult of accefs, and this city is furnilhed v/ith all the exterior marks of magnificence, and ereftions for n anufaftures and commerce that are com. men to other great European cities, pariicularly a nattonal bank, the capi- tal of which is 466,6661. 13s. 4d. llerling. * An academy of arts and fciences was fome years fince eftabliflied at Stockholm, and 15 now in a fiouriihing condition. They have publifhed fevenii volumes of Memoirs, which have been well received by the public. H 4. ... G0V£RX« 11 rSI' Iff M i? ' ^ J i^ ' ' ^ ^1 ■j ' +:. ,-ij ;,, ■, , ■,' ,■ - ■,; '" "^ •" «| -"^ •1 i s ) ■ <« r ■, IJ s ,. 1 '■ •4 ,e II t H I ■I; »«♦. , :^j: m 104 SWEDEN. GovERNMEN'T.] The f^overnment of Sweden h-r"^ iin('cr;.;otic mrnv changes. The Swedes, like the Danes, wt^ie ori^;inally free, and rhnin'r the courfe of many renturies the crown was elective; but after various revolutions, which will be hereafter mentioned, Ch;.rles Xil. who \v;s killed in 1718, became defpotic. He was furcccded by hrs lUKi Ul- rica ; who confented to the abolition of defpotifni, Sind reflored the ftate^ to their former liberties; and they, in return, aliociatcd litr huihand ■;,(• landgrave of Hefle-Caflcl, with her in the government. A new model ef the conftitution was then drawn up, by whiJi the roy;.I }X)\ve'r -w:-, brought perhaps too low ; for the kinj;; of Sweden coulil fcarcelv k- called by that name, being limited in every exercife of government, and even in the education of his own children. The diet of tiic iiate;i ap- pointed the great officers of the kingdom ; and all employment'; of ?nv value, ecclefiaftical, civil, or military, v/ere conferred by the kin;/ oiilv with the approbation of the fenatc. The ertatcs were formed of deputies from the four orders, nobility, clergy, burghers, and peafants. Tiie rc- prefentatives of the nobility, which included the gentry, amounted to above 1000, thofe of the clergy to 200, tlie burghers to ah'out ijr, a:il tlie peafants to 250. Each order iat in its own houie, and Ird ifi vn fpeaker ; ifind -each chofe a fecret committee for the dil'patch of bufi.x;". The llates were to be convoked once in three year*, in the month of J?. nuary; and their colle6tivc body had greater powert tiian the pr.rliariiciit of Great Britain ; becaufe, as it has been obierv^d, the king's preroga- tive was far more bounded. When thertates were not fitting, the affairs of the public were m.nnr.ffed by the king and the fenate, which were no odicr th;in a comm.ittce of the ftates, but chofen in a particular manner.; the nobility, or upi'-- houfe appointed 24 deputies, the clergy 12, and the burghers 12; the'c chofe three perfons, who woe to be nrefented to the king, that he mivlit nominate one out of the three for each vacancy. The perif.mts had no vote in electing a fenator. Almoilail the executive powers were lodged in the fenate, which conlifted of 14 members, bcfide ihe chief governors of the provinces, the prefident of the chancery, and the grand-m.-irflirJ. Thofe fenators, during thereceis of the flatcs, formed the king's privv- council ; but he had no more than a cifling vote in their deliberations. Appeals lay to them from different courts of judicature; but each fr.nator was accountable for his condutt to the flates. Thus, upon the whole; the government of Sweden might be called republican, for the kiiig'i power was not fo great as that of a ftadtholder. Tlie fenate had even a power of impofing upon the kirig a fub-committee of their juunber, who were to attend upon his perfon, and to be a check upon all his prorccd- ings, down to the very management of his family. It would be endltA to recount the niunerous fuborctinate courts, boards, commifuons, and tribunals, which the jealoufy of the Swedes had introduced into the ad- miniftration of civil, military, commercial, and other departments; it is fuflicient to fay, that though nothing could be more plaufible, yet no- thing was lefs prafticable than the whole plan of their diftributivepov.ers. Then' officers and miniflers, under the notion of ?naking them chfHo upon one another, were multiplied to an inconvenient degree ; and the Operations of government were greatly retarded, if not rendered inefter- tual, by the tedious forms through which they mufl pafs. But m Augufl 1772, the whole fyllcm of the Swedifli government vvns totally changed by the prefcijt king,' by force, and in the moll imexpefted '' ' ' ' mauNer. S W E D E N. 105 manner. The rircumftances wliirh attended this extraordinary revolu- tion, will be found at the tlofc of our review of the hiflory of Sweden. By that event, tli>,' Suedes, inftead of having the particular defers of their conditutioM redified, found their kino; invelled with a decree of au- thority little inferior to that of the inolt dcfpctic princes of Europe. By the new form of government, the king is t) aflembie and feparate the ftatcs whenever he pleafes, he is to have the i;)Ie difpofal of the army, the navy, finances, and all employments, civil and militaj-y ; and th'ougli by this new lyflem the king does not openly claim a }X)wer of intpofing taxts on all oaafions, yet fuch as already fubfift are to be perpetual j and in (afe of invafion, or preHing neceHity, the king may impofe feme taxes till the ftates can be adombled. lUit of this necelfity he is to be the judee and the meeting of the ftates depends wholly upon his will and pleafurc. And wh.M iliey are allembled, they are to deliberate upon nothing but what the king thinks proper to lay before them. It is eafy to difcern, tli.it a government thus conftituted, can be little removed from one of, t!.L.'n]:;ft defixjtic kind. However, theSwedifli nation is ftiil amufed with, h'wx flight appearances of a legal and limited government, p'or in the ii.w fyllem, which confifts of fifty feven articles, a fenate is appoiiited, loafi.^ing of feventeen members, comprehending the great officers of the, (iowii, and the governor of I'omerania : and they are required to give their advice in all the atfairs of the ftate, whenever the king fhall-deniand it. In thiit cafe, if the queftions agitated are of great importance, and the advicq of the fenators fliould be contrarj^ to the opinion of i;he king^ and they unanimous therein, the king, it is faid, .fliall follow • their ad- vice. But this, it may be obferved, is a circumftance that can hai-dly ever happen, that all the members of the fenate,- confifting chiefly, of of- ficers of the crown, fliould give their opinions againft the king ; apd ia every other cafe the king is to hear their opinions, and then to a " f t iTI n /T • '•'.iii io6 SWEDEN. -i'tr;; ;:;i$ !if;ll1 m~\- kine;; but, in 177.^ ; his Swedilli majefly aboliflied this cruel and abfiud pra tie ly- ftem they were to proceed upon, was to break with that power and con- neft themfelves with France. The party diieftiy oppofed to them was headed by CQunt Horn, and thofe who had contributed to eftabliih the new form of government, which was fettled after the death of Charles XII, Their ohjcA was peace, and the promotion of the domeftic welfare ci the nation. The fyltem, therefore, which they adopted, was to maintain a clofe correfpondence with Ruflia, and to avoid all farther connection wirh France. They were flyled the C'a/:s. There was, bf fides, a third party called the Huntin^-Qtps^ compofed of perfons who we-e as yetuniletermin- ed to which of the other two they would join themfelves. 'I hefe parties long continued, but the ^French party generally prevailed, greatly to the detriment of the real intereft of the kingdom. Some efforts were employd by the Englifh court to leiTen or deftroy the French influence in Sweden, and for fome time thev were fuccefsful : but the Hat party again acquired the afcendency. Thefe paities, however, are now aboliflied, in confe- quence of the prefent king of Sweden having madefuch a total change in the conflitution of government. And as, whatever reafon hisfubjefts may have to complain of him, on account of the power he has afTumed, he is certainly a prince of veiy confiderable penetration and abilities, and it is pro- bable, that when his own interelts and thofe of his fubjefts do not interfere, he will attend to the advantage of the nation. His fagacity, therefore, there is reafon to conclude, will lead him to promote the external political interefls of Sweden; and he may, perhaps, be contented, under the gua- rantee of Great Britain, to obfeive a flrift neutrality with regard both to Denmark ajd Ruffia. The interefl of Sweden even reaches as far as Tur- key ; for that empire found its account in balancing the power of RuHia by that of Charles XII. ' Rkvinue and coin.] The revenue of Sweden, by the unfortunate wars of Charles XII. and with the Ruffians flnce, has been greatly re- duced. Livonia, Bremen, Verden, and other places that kingdom was ftripped of, contained about 78,000 fqware inijes. Her gold and filver fpecie SWEDEN. lis cruel and abAird .07 fpecre in tlie late reitn, arofe chiefly from the king's f ■crmm domii, )os. Formerly, tlic crown-lands, poll-money, tithes, miiitr, an I other rti- rles arc uid to hivt- produced a million fterling. The piiynients tha; arc made in copper, which is here the chief medium of commtrc;., is extreme- ly inconv -nKnt ; IVir.e of thole pieces being as large nb tiles; and a cart or ^vhceibarrow U often required t(» cd'rv home a mocioiate fum. The SwtdeN, hov\'tver, have gold ducats, and eight-mark pieces of filver, valued cich at ;s. n]. but thefe are very fc^rce, and the inhabitants of Suedcn have now very little Ipecie in ciiculition ; lar^e i>iece> of (, upper liampcd, and fmall bank notes, beinMff« hfndsor fcraphs '.virli M'ingsexnande], and eleven bine patriaixiia! cmflTes enainelled on gold, all joine.l toj^efluT with ciiains of gi)ld. 'J he order nf ra/i inflituted by the preffti!: king in May 1772. There arc three claffs, grand croilbs, oommandcrs, and jnnior knights. Ths ribbon of the order is green and w'ter,-:! ; the collar i-liar<.-d and cnamellirl, rompoied of fonr wheat Oieavts, eight iliieids of thearir:.sof Sweden, and four of the amis of liolftein, the whole joined wiili i'mall chains of g(.j(l. To the rentrcis pendent a me iai of gold, charc^l and pien :.d with a garb, as in the collar, with a vSwedifh rnotto ; " Guftaf. Dcu. tteJlc hiJlUkJiu.e^ 1 7- 1,*' which is the enfign. Hisror.Y of vSwed n.] The Goths, the ancient inhabitants of this country, joined by th^' Noitnans, Danes, Saxons, \'afidri!>, &:c. h".ve ha J thereputition of fiibdtiing the Roman empire, nnd all liie fonthein nations of Kurope. I fliall not here follow the wild rominrcs of Swcdiili hil^w- vi-ins through the early ages, from Magog t!u- great granJfon of No:h. It is fulTicient to fay, that Sweden has as good a claini to he an ancient monarchy, as any we know oi'. Nor ftiall I difpnte her being the p^r-- mount fhite of Scandinavia (Sweden, Denmark, anti Norway,) and t'lat fhe lx>rro\ved her name from one of her princes. The introduction of ' Chriftianityby Anfgarius, bifhop of Bremen, in 829, ft-ems to picfcnt x.\\t firft certain period of the Swedifti hiflory. The hiftory of Sweden, and indeed of all the northern nations, even during the firit ages of Chriftianity, is confuled and unintc reding, and often doubtful ; but fufficiently replete with murders, uiaiTacres, and ra- vages. That of Sweden is void of confiflency, till about the middle of tke fourteenth century, when it alTumcs an appearance more regular, and af- fords where?vith to recompence the attention of ihofe who choofe to make it an object of their ftudies. At this time, however, the government of the Swedes was far from being clearly afcertained, ot uniformly admini- flered. The crown was elective, though in this eleftioii the rights of blood were not altogether difregardcd. The great lords pofieiltd the moft con- fiderable part of the wealth of the kingdom, which confided chiefly in land ; commerce being unknown or neglefted, and even agriculture itfelf in a very rude and imperfeft ftate. The clergy, particularly thofe of dignified rank, from the great refpeftpaid to their character among the inhabitants of the North, had acquired an immenfe influence in all pub'ic affairs, and obtained poilefTion of what lands had been left unoccupied by the nobility. Thefe tv/o ranks of men, enjoying all the property of the flate, formed a council called the Senate, which was mafler of all public deliberaticns. This fyflem of government was extremely unfavourable to the national profperiry. The Swedes periflied in the difienfions between their prelates and lay barons, or between thofe and their fovereign ; they were drained of the little riches they polIefTed, to fupport the indoleiU jjomp of a few magnificent bifhops ; and, what was Hill more fatal, the unlucky (ituation of their internal affairs expofed them to the inroads and opprellion of a foreign enemy. - Thefe were the Danes, who, by their neighbourhood and power were all^^ysable to avail themfelves of the dilTenlions in Sweden, andtofubjeft under a foreign yoke, a countiy weakened and exhauftedby its dortieflic broils. In this deplorable fituation Sweden remained for more than two centuries ; fometimes under the nominal fubjeftion of its own princes, fometimes united to the kingdom of Denmark, and in either cafe equally opprcfled and infulted. - ,44,1., Magniis-Ladulus, crowned in 1 276, fcems to have been the firft kin^of Sweden who purl'ued a regular fyi'tem to iucreafe his authority j and to fuccced SWEDEN. lO) I f)lne patriaixnal IS of g»>ld. 1 he 77 2. There arc knights. The •tl and tnamelltri. of Sweden, and II chains of grid. v;:d with a garb, ireJu' hijlu kjiu. <•, hribitants of this is, &-C. h".ve ha J fonth'.'rn n.itioiis .{ hwcdiili hiao- inulfon of Noah. to he an ancient bt.i:-.g the par-- oi'.vay,) and ti'.?.t ; introdiu^ion ui Tis to picfcnt the in nations, even lintrrciling, and laiTacres, and ra- the niid;Jlt of rke regular, and af- choofe Co make it )vernmcnt of the iformly admini- rishts of blood ed the molt con- chiefly in land; re itfelf in a very lofe of dignified the inhabitants ub'ic affairs, and by the nobility, e flate, formed a jc dehheiations. to the national ;en their prelates ey were drained pomp of a few nlucky fituation opprelTion of a ghbourhood and ions in Sweden, nd exhaufted by mained for more ilion of its own nd in either cafe thefirftkin^af thority j and to fuccced fvifieed in this, hf made the aupmrntat'on of the revenues of the (Town hii nrincipd objei't. He was one ot the ab*<^(t princes wiio h .d evci- (at on the Swcdilh throne: by his art and addicfs ht prcvaiKd upon the con- vention of eltatts to make very ex'raordinary grants to l.ini for the fup- p'jrt of h's royal dic;nity. The au'.'mcntationof thr revenwc- of the crown wa^ natur< lly followed l\v' a proportionable incr^afi' of th., it\^al jwwer ; and whilft, by the ftcm'y and vi«;orous exertion of his power, iMagnus humbled the lu.ughty Ipirit othis noMes, and cnated in tlif reftoi the na- tini\, a lefpcc't for the royd dignity, \»"ith which they appesr before to have lct.n but little aiquainttd : he, at the fame time, by emplovijio liis anrho- ritv in many rcfpects for t le publii- good, reconciled his fubjcdVs to a<5ts of power, which in tornm r.onarths they would have o:'»polcd with the ut- inolt violence. The iiicctlTors of Magnus diJ not nuiintain thtir authority with tqunl ability; and feveral commotions and r volutions followed, whith threw the nation into great diforder and contufion, and thegovetn- mcnt was for a long time in the molt unfettled Hate. In the year i ^Hy, Margaret, daughter of Valdcmar, king of Denmnrk, r.nd widow of Huguin, king of Norway, reigned in bofhtitefe kingdoms. That princefs, to the ordinary ambition of her fex, ailded a penetiation and enlargement of mind, which rendered her capable of condu«5ting the ercateft and moft complicated defigns. She has been called the Scmiramis of the North, becaufe, like Semiramis, flie found means to reduce by arm^i or by intrigue, an immenfe extent of territory, and became queen of Den- mark, Norway, and Sweden, being elected to this laft in i .?()4. She pro- icL^cd the union of Calmar, fo famous in the North, by whirl) theft- king- doms were for the future to remain under one Sovereign, ele^'t^d by each kingdom in its turn, and who fliould divide his refidence between them all. Several revolutions enfutd after the death of Margaret; and ar length, Lhriitian II. the laft king ol Denmark, who, by virtue of the treaty of Cslmar, was alfo king of Sweden, engaged in a fcheme to render hinifelf entirely abfolute. The barbarous policy by which he attempted to effeft this defign, no lefs barbarous, proved the deftruc^'tion of himfelf, and af- fordedan opportunity for changing the face of affairs in Sweden. InoB- der to eftablifti his authority in that kingdom, he laid a plot for maflacring the principal nobility. This horrid delign was actually caried into execu- tion, Novtmter R, ij^r. Of all thofj who could oppofe the dcfpotic purpofes ot Chriffian, no one remained in Sweden but Guffavus Vafa, a young prince, delccnded of the ancient kings of that country, and who had already lignalizeJ his arms againft the kmgof Denmark. An irnn'enfc price was laid on his head. The Danifli foidiers were fent iti purfuit ot him; but by his dexterity and addrefs he eluded all their attempts, and tliapt-d under the difguife of a pcafant, to the mountains of Dalecarlia. This is n? ^.5 ■'■''■' ;' III ! : iilj.! ! i^; &m 110 SWEDEN. thofc pr6ud and hau^ht}' enemies, who had lo long b'^en the bane of nil rei^ular goveninent in Sweden. The clergy, indeed, were no lefs powcnul than dangerous; but the opinions of Luther, which began at this tin-ic to prevail in the North, the force with wliich they were fupporttd, and the credit whirh they had acquired among the Swedes, gave him i\n opportu- nity of changing the religious fyftem of rhat country; and the excrcifc of the Roman catholic religion was prohibited m the year ii;44, tmder tlie fevenft penalties, which have never yet been relaxed. Inffead of a Gothir ariftocracy, the mod turbulent of alf'go'/eruments, and, when empoifoned by religious tyi anny, of all governments the moft wretched, Sweden, in thij manner, became a regular monarchy. Some favourable effects of this change wert ioon vifihlc : arts and manufi^ctures were eftabliflitd and im- proved ; navigation and conunerce began to flourifli ; letters and civiijtv were introduced ; and a kingdom, known only by name to the reft of liu- rope, began to be known by its arms, and to have a certain weight in all public treaties or deliberations. Guftavus died in 1 5 «;9 ; while his cldeft fon Eric was preparing to em- bark lor England to mm ly queen Elizabeth. Under Eric, wlio fuccecded his father Guftavus Vafa, the titles of count and baron were introduced into Sweden, and made hereditary. Eric's miferableand caufelefs jealoufy of his brothers forced them to take up arms; and the fcnate tiding with them, he wasdepofed in ii;66. His brother John fucceeded him, and entered into a ruinous war with Ruflia. John at- tempted, by the advice of his queen, to re-eftablifli the catholic religion in Sweden ; but, though he made ftroug efforts for that purpofe, and even reconciled himfelf to the pope, he was oppofed by his brother Charles, and the fcheme proved ineftVitual. John's fon Sigifmund, was, however, chofen king of I'oland in 1587, upon which he endeavoured again torc- ftore the Roman catholic religion in his dominions ; but he died in 1 1:92. Charles, brother to king John, was chofen adminiftrator of Sweden; and being a ftrenuous proteftant, his nephew, Sigifmund, endeavoured to drive him from the adminiftratoiftiip, but without effeft ; till at laft be and his tamily were excluded from the fucceftion to the crown which was conferred upon Charles in 1 599. The reign of v. "harles, through the prac- tices of Sigifmund, who was himfelf .1 powerful prince, and at the heaJof a great party both in Sweden and Ruliia, was turbulent; which gave the Danes encouragement to invade Sweden. Their conduct was checked by the great Guftavus Adolphus, though then a minor, and heir apparent to Sweden. Upon the death of his father, whichhappenedin 161 1, he was declared of age by the ftates, though then only in his eighteenth year, Guftavus, foon after his acceflion, found himfelf, through the power and intrigues of the Poles, Ruffians, and Danes, engaged in war with all his neighbours, under infinite difadvantages; all of which he furmounted. He narrowly milfed being mafter of Ruliia ; but the Ruffians w ere fo tenacious of their independency, that this fcheme was baffled. In 1617 he made a peace under the mediation of James I. of England, by which he recover- ed Liv(*nia and four towns in the prefecture of Novogorod, with a fum of money befides. » The ideas of Guftavus began now to extend. He had feen a vaftdeal of military fervice, and he was affifted by the councils of La Gardie, one of the heft generals and wifeft ftatefmen of his age. His troops, by perpe- tual war, had become the beft difcipliaed and moft warlike in Europe; and he carried his ambition farther than hiftorians are willing to acknowledge. The princes of the hoMfe of Auftria were, it is certain, earlvjeaiousof SWEDEN. Ill as preparing to em- his entcrprifing fpirit, and fiipported his ancient implacable enenny Sigif- inund, whom Guftavus defeated. In 1627, he tormed the fiegc ot Dant- xick, in which he was unfucv-ef still ; but tb.e attempt, which was defeatt^d only by the fudden rife of the Viftnh, added fo much to his military cha- racter, that the prottftant caufe placed him at the head of the confederacy for reducing the houfe of Auftria. His life, from that time, was a conti- nued chain of the moft rapid and woiiderl'ul fuccefles: even the mention of each would extend our bounds. It is futticient to fay, that after taking Riga, and over -running Livonia, he entered Poland, where hewasvldo- rioiis ; and from thence, in i6v » he landed in Poirerania, drove the Ger- mans out of Mecklenburg, defeated the famous count Tilly the Auftrian general, who was till then thought invincible; and over-ran Franconia, Upon the defeat and death of Tilly, Wallenltein, another Auftrian gene- ra!, of equal reputation, was appointed to command againft Guftavus, who waskilled upon the plain of Lutzen in 163 2, after gaining a battle ; which, had he furvived, would probably have put a period to the Auftrian greatnefs. The amazing abilities of (juftavus Adolphus, both in the cabinet and the field, never appeared fo fully as after his death. He left behind him a ftt of generals trained by himtelf, who maintained the glory of the ^we- difli army with moftaftoniftiing valour and furcefs. The names of duke Bernard, Bannier, Torflenfon, Wrangel, and others, and their prodigious aftions in war, never can be forgotten in the annals of Europe. It is un- certain what courfe Guftavus would have purfued, had his life been pro- longed, and his fucceflfes continued ; but there is the ftrongeft reafon to believe, that he had in his eye fomewhat more than the relief of the pro- teltants, and the reftoration of the Palatine family. His chancellor Oxen- fteirn was as confuramate a politician as he was a warrior ; and, during the minority of his daughter Chriftina, he managed the affairs of Sweden with fucrefs, that ilie in a manner diftated the peace of Weftphalia, in 1648, which threw the affairs of Europe into a newfyftem. Chriftina was but fix years of age when her father was killed. She re- ceived a noble education ; but hef fine i^enius took an uncommon, and in- deed romantic turn. She invited to her court, Defcartes, Salmafius, and other learned men ; to whom (lie was not, however, extremely liberal. Sheexprefled a value for Grotius ; and (lie was an excellent ju^ge of the polite arts; but illiberal and indelicate in the choice of her private favo- rites She at the fame time difcharged all the duties of her high fliation ; and though her generals were bafely betrayed by France, fhe continued to f"ppnit the honour of her crown. Being refolved not to marry, (he re- figned her crown to hcrcoufin Charles Guftavus, fon to the duke of Deux- ponts, in 161J4. Charles had great fuccefs againft the Poles : he drove their king John Cafimir into Silefia ; and received from them an oath of allegiance, which, with their ufual inconftancy, they broke. His progrefs upon the jce againft Denmark has been already mentioned ; and he died of a fever w 1660. His fon and fucceflbr, Charles XI. was not five years of age at his father's death ; and th"is rendered it neceflary for his guardians to con- '' " " a peace with their neighbours, by which the Swedes gave up the iflandof Bornholm, and Drontheim, in Norway. All differences were ac- commodated at the fame time with Ruffia and Holland ; and Sweden con- tinued to make a very refpeaable figure in the affaire of Europe. When J-narles came to be of age he received a fubfidy from the French king, •-ewisXIV. but perceiving the liberties of Europe to be in danger from «»at monarcli's ambition, he entered into the aliiance with. England and K::i ''I " -* * i • 'K* mfy^ Hi SWEDEN. nnd Holland an;ainft him. He afterwards joined witii France agaiiifi the houfe of Auilria ; but being beaten at Germany at Felem-Belliii, a powu ■ fnl confederacy was formed againft him. The f-leftor of BrancUnburg r.iade himlelf mafter of the Swedifli I'omerania ; the hifliop of Munfter ov<.r-ra)i Bremen and Verden, and the Danes took. Wifmar, and feveral places in Schonen. They were afterwards beaten; and Charles by the treaty of St. Germains, which had followed that of Nimcguen in 1678, recovered all hj had loft, except fome places in Germany. He then married Ulrica l,co- nora, the king of Denmark's filler : but made a very bad ufe of the tiaii- quillity he had regained ; for he cnflaved and beggared his people, that he might render his power defpotic and his army formidable. The dates loft all their power ; and Sweden was now reduced to the condition of D^n. mark. He ordered the brave Patkul, who was at the head of the Livonian deputies, to lofe his head and his right hand for the boldnefs of his remou. flrance in favoiu* of his countrymen, but hefaved himfclf by flight : and Charles became kt confiderable a power, that the conferences for a general peace at Ryfwick, 1697, were opened under his mediation. Charles XI. died in 1697', and was fucceeded by his minor Ton the fa- mous Charles XII. The hiftory of no prince is better known th.m that of this hero. His father's will had fixed the age of his majority to eighteen, but it was fet afide for an earlier date by the management of count Piper, who thereby became his firft minifter. Soon after his acceflion, the kings of Denmark and Poland, and the czar of Mufcovy, formed a power- ful confederacy againft him, encouraged by the mean opinion they kad of his youth and abilities. He made head againll tliem all ; and, befifg- ing Copenhagen, he dii^lattd the peace of Travendahl to his Danifli ma- jefty, by which the duke of liolftcin was re-eftablii'h-d in his dominions. The czar Peter was at this time ravaging Ingria, at the head of 8o,oco men, and had befieged Narva. The army of Charles did not exceed .20,000 men ; but fuch was his impatience, that he advanced at the hcid of 8000, entirely routed the main body oi the Ruffians, and raifed the fiege. Such were his fuccefTes, and fo numerous his prifoners, that tiie llullians attributed his aftions to necromancy. Charles fiom thtncc marched into Saxony, where his warlike atchievements equalled, if the* did not excel, thofe of Guflnvus Adolphus. He dethroned Augiillus king of Poland: but fl.iir.ed all his laurels by putting the brave count Patkiii tj a death equally painful and ignominious. He raifed Staniilaus to the crown of Poland in 1705, and his name carried with it fuch terror, that he was coiu'ted by all the powers of Europe ; and among others, by the duke of Marlborough, in the name of queen Anne, amidfi the full iiarccr of her luccefles againft France. His ftubbornnefs and implac.ib'e dilpo- iition, however, were fuch, that he cannot 'be confidered in ?. , better light than that of an illuftrious madman ; for he loft in the battle of Pultowa, 1709, which he fougiit in his march to dethrone the czar, more than all he had gained by his victories. His brave army vvss ruin- ed, and he was forced to take refuge among the Turks at Bender. H;i adions there, in attempting to defend himfelfwith 300 Swedes againft 30,000 Turkt, prove him to have been worfe than frantic. The lurks found it, however, convenient for their affairs to fet him at liberty. Bni his misfortunes did not cure his military madnefs ; and after his ietunito his dominions^ he profecuted his revenge againft Denmark, till he was killed by a cannon ihot, as it is generally faid, at the fiege of Frederici- hall, in Norway, belonging to the Danes, in 1718, when he wai no more than thirty -fu years of age, It has been fup^iofed that Clwrb •f SWEDEN. ifj \vn<;nnt in rcalitv' killed hv a fliot from the walls of Fjedcricfliall, but that f, piftol from fome nearer hand, from one of tiiofe about him, gave the dtrifive blow, which put an end to the life of this reiebrated monarch. This o;)inion is fiid to be very prevalent amonj^ the heft informed perfonS in Sweden. And it appeani that the vSwedes were tired of a prince under whom they had ioft their richell provinrts, their braveft troops, and their rational riches ; and who yet, untamed by adverfitv, purfued an unfuc- cefsful and pernicious war, nor would ever have liftened to the voice of peace, or ronfulted the internal tranquillity of his country. Charles XII. was fucceeded, as hath been already mentioned, by his lifler, the princefs Ulrica Eieanora, wife to the hereditary prince of HefTe, We hr.ve alfo feen in what manner the Swedes recovered their liberties ; aiici given fome account of the capitulation figned by the queen and her hulband, when- they entered upon the exercife of government. Their fiiftcare was to make a peace with Great Britain, which the late king in- tended to have invaded. The Swedes then, to prevent their farther lofTes by the progrefs of the Ruflian, the Danifh, the Saxon, and other arms, made many great facrifices to obtain peace from thofe powers. The French however, about the year 1738, formed that dangerous party irt the king;- dom, under the name of the HatSy which hath been already fpoken of ; which not only broke the internal quiet of the kingdom, but led it into a ruinous war with Ruflia. Their Swedifli majefties having no children, it was necelfary to fettle the fuccellion ; efpecially as the duke of Holftein was defcended from the queen's eldeft fifter, and was at the fame timer the prefiimptive heir to the empire of Rulfia. Four competitors appeared; the duke of Holftein Gottorp, prince Frederic of HefTe-Caflcl, nephew to the king, the prince of Denmark, and the duke of Deux-Ponts. The duke of Holftein would have carried the eleftion, had he not embraced the Greek religon, that he might mount the throne of Ruflia. The czarina iuterpofed, and offered to reftore all the conquefts flie had made from Swe* dtn, excepting a fmall diftrirt in Finland, if the Swedes would receive the duke of Holftein's uncle, the biflioj of Lubeck, as their hereditary prince and fucceflbr to their crown. This was agreed to ; and a peace Was con- cluded at Abo, under the mediation of his Britannic Majefty. This peace was fo firmly adhered to by the czarina, that his Danifli n)ajefty thought proper to drop all the efFefts of his refentment, and forget the indignity done to fii : fon. The prince's fucceflbr, Adolphus Fredeiic, married the piinefs I.'Irica, fifter to the king of Prullia; and entered into the poffefliori of his new dignity in 17:; r. He was a prince of a mild and gentle temperj andmuih harrafled by the contending Swedifli factions, and found hisfitu- ation extremely troubitlome, in confetjuence of the reftraints and oppofi- tioii which he met with from the fenate. He pafTed the great?ft jjart of hS reigu veiy difagrteabJy, and was at length, through the ihtrigats of the lutsn, brought over to the French party. He died in February, 1771, and was fucceeded by his fon, Guftavus the Thit^d, the prefent Veignitig prince. He polfeffes abilities greatly fuptrior to thofe ot hiS father, and has much more ambition* He was about flve-and-twehty years of age wheri he was proclaimed king of Sweden, his underflanding had been much cul- tivated, hehath an infinuating addrefs, ahd a graceful and commanding elocution. Ife v/sls at Paris at the time of his father's death, from u%ence he wrote in the moft gracious terms to the fenate, repeatedly aflliiririgtheirtl i^wthedefigned to -govern according to the laws. In corlf quonce of the P " of the late king, an extraordinary diet was called to regulate the ajT- I'wrsotthegovernuisntj and to fettle* the igxaskoi the coronati«n oath for $ '^ U^x W- .! mn: 1 t.vll fl .ti4 S W E D E N. the prefcnt king. Some tiin" after his arrival in Sweden, on the ?8th of March 17:2, his niajclty folcrniiiy figned and fwore to obferve twentv- four articles, relative to his future adniiiiiftration of government. Thi> was termed a ca])itulation ; and among the articles were the following; ** The king promi(es before God to fupport the government of the king. dom as then eflabliflied ; to maintain the rights and liberties of the ftatcs, the liberty and fecurity of all his fubje^ -1 Goftavus of Holftein-Gottorp, kin^ of Sweden, was born iii 1746, and fucceeded his father in 1771. He was married in 1766, to Sophia Magdelena, the princefi-royal of Denmark, by whom he has ifliie a prince, Guftavus Adolphui; born November 1, 1778. His brotheis and fifter are^ 1. Charles, born in 1748. 2. Frederic Adolphus, born in 1750. 3. Sojphi'a Albertina, born in 1753. ^ . > ■ 1 : _^ ^_ h i Musciovy, OR THE EUROPE RUSSIAN EMPIRE w AND ASIA. "^* Situation and extent Russian empire IK Miles. 1500 1 100 OF THE Europe. DegreeSi JLength 1500? between 5 23 and 65 Eaftlongrtude. jwp^^ 4- u B'^^*^'^ 1 100 f I 47 and 7 a North latitude. Divisions J A CCORDING to the moft authentic accounts of thfc aNdname. 3 j\ mighty empire, it confifls of fifteen (Mr. Voltaire fays fixteen) provinces, or governments: befides part of Carelia, Eftho- nia, Ingria, Livonia, and part of Finland, which were coitqtiered ffoia Sweden ; the Crimea, or Grim Tartary, anciently the Taurica Cherfone- fiisv a pentnfula in the Eiixine fea, fiibje A to the Turks formerly, but add- ed'in the year 1783 to the Ruffian empire, with, the ifle of Taman, and part of Cuban * ; sufo the duchy of Courland in iEV>hind» of which theta\' prefs of Ruffia has now the entire dil^fal. ■ ' * Tbe Rt^aoft are Aippofed to have gunci aborc a milliw of fiibjciSs ^^ I'tljjt' tH> . segs.-- — -— --■'■ Lhe aflembly. He af- n fix yeai-s time again great revolution com- finrendered that con- ) them after thr death defpotic attempts of ardent love of liberty ; and when they were ited that found politi- m the proper methods 1 defefl of the Swedifti jarts : and the divlfion nobles, burghers, and las been a circumftance le power of their kin^s vere adopted for fecur- defefts in the Swedilh but it is notwiihftand- •dy psople, who had fo uld at once, without a ntion of his authority, ich Guftavus the Third olution, exercifed with n, was born in 1746, led in 1766, to Sophia om he has iffue a prince, His brothers and fifter olphus, born in 1750, EMPIRE IK L 17SSIAN EMPIRE IK Eafllongrtude. North latitude, thentic accounts of tliB )f fifteen (Mr. Voltairf part of Careiia, Eftho- I were conquered from J the Taurica Cherfone- Urks formerly, but add- the ifle of Taman, and bhind^ of which the tin* milliw oliiiibjcasbT''*! f 3B^ •^5^> LffnaraJ^7 FiU^, f:ROZ£ir iocs.! 'I -A. JhJUna , .-^:'^i k^Pi^ s >^ 0* Cor/Ufii ^.a- :^g^«>y^^ rir;^ '_/a^W *" ??«!. Pars SLA. ( i^Jlir^------!^^^'^ p«ov ^it^l^ -^rf'^&5^ *&*«p«T**^ X «1 :x oJiJ ,0 */w ^ J) itmUgtfi o Jtwjv Jtu^ian ner/bd. >1b .*%? U^'^ Jian.Co£sticiL jBirPBZAAi, f^Am^. •'ji>.4 '^r^^^^ ^>** ** OcxakoW^i^ ^f^pV».. k;-.-v^4j^J(o>.v.i-^' . _ rdek T _ i<^ \ ^W^ \ '^»*» (.m^iti-Bafi /r itnuU^n -^-^i^^''"*^ ^ w 66 > .>^. S^b't^'^ 1 &^ V c^ ti^ i^ V 35*>' s^ ^w^C O MioiAmervn/ ir'-^T^;^ Sii^ J^i- lira » *5 RUSSIA. II 7 Tlie following tabic will give fome idea of the Rufiian empire, properJy fo railed, or Rulfia in Euroj^e, with its acquifitions from Sweden in the nreffiit century. And alft) of the Ruilmn empire in its moft extenfive fenfi, ior we muft alfo inchide all the acquifuious in lirt^ry, now known by the n me of Siberia : the wholt coiiipreliendin.ii; \.hc northern parts of Lurope and Afia, ftre'chaig fiom thv Baltic and Swcdf n on the Wtlt, to Kamifchatka ar.d the Eafltrn Ocean ; and on the North, from the Frozen OceJM i-o the forty-feventh degree of latitude, where it is bounded by Po- land, Little Tartary, Turkey, Georgia, the Euxine and Cafpian feas, Great Tartary, Chinefe Tartary, and orhei- unknown regions in Alia. The country now comprifed under the name of Ruffia or the Ruffias, is of an extent nearly equal to all the reft of Europe, and greater than the Koman empire in the zenith of its power, or the empire of Darius fubdued bv Alexander, or both put together, as may be ften by turning to the table page 23, to which we may add the authority of Voltaire. Ruflia empire in Eurupe. Square. Miles. r 3 *5 S3 "I ft B) Chief Cities. Greek Church J- Kul". or Mufc, 1 Belgorod, . < Don Coflacs, I Uk. Coflacs, Lapland, Conquered f ^^^- ^ '"'^"'1. from Sweden fince 1700 I T Seized from the Turks in 1783. { Crin». Tar. .'hridians and Idolaters ,fi Ruffian emp. in Afia. {Mufcovy Tar tarjr & Siberia, Kalm. Tart. Total 7^4,650 II 60, 7»'9'0, 3751 57,o<'o 4oo| 45, coo 33' 72,000 4^S 4l,3'o J 20 ^^,5^5 218 9,100 '75 8,2co 160 2,030,C0C ^iSO 8 50,000 2I00 4,161,685 1050 IWOlCDW. i-^'Waronctz. zSo.Panchina. ao5JK.iow. , 27oiKo!a. 180 Wyburg, • »45 90 15 i«;co 750 Riga. PXTIRSBURGU Kaffa. ■'. it. /N.I 1e.l Lat. 6o< 30-ii ToboHky. Aftrachao. M . -,1 ■■:..■•' ■ RufGa has been alfo fubdivided I. Lapland, 2. Samoida, 3. Ballamorenfkey, 4. Mefeen, " C^ -^ 5. Dwina, 6. Syrianes, 7. Permia, 8. Rubeninfki, 9. Belaefeda. v X o w > p ^ic. Rezan, or Pereflaf, ^f 1 1 . Belozero, 12. Wologda, 13. Jercflaf, ^J*^ 14: Tweer, \ > 1 15. Mofcow, 16. Belgorod. r1 -?^."' into thirty-one provinces, viz» Bulgar, Kafan, Tfcherenriffi, Little Novogoj-od, Don Coflacs, Great Novogorod, Ruffian Finland, 24. Kexholm, \ . 25. Kaleria, ^ • 26. Ingria. . u, ri ;;:■> ^ > ''27. Livonia, +{ ■ ' t 28. Smolenflco, ,:';; '?, 29. Zernigof, >^. - *' i 30. Seeffk, I 31. Ukraine, or country of I the old Coffacj). 1 3 Mf. I 6 3 'i^' f '\ ii8 RUSSIA. '' y u ■(?,,.■ :sP:li Mr.Tooke,rlnpI;iiii to the Yi-'.tl-h (:\, The Moidvincs, The Kiftini and Tou- The Votiaks, libeit I'artais The Teiptyaireis The Vtrgo TomHioi The Tartars ofKifanand Tartars, Onenbuiir, The Sayan Tartars, The Tartars of TolboHi, The Toura inzis. The Tartars of Tomlk, The Bougnari t. Petcrlborgh, by Fahrenheits fcale, is, during the months of December, January, and February, ufuallyfrom 8 to 15 or 20 degrees below o ; that is, trom 40 to t; 2 degrees below the freezing point ; though commonly in the cou:le of the winter, it is for a week or ten days fome degrees lower. The fame writer remarks, that it is very dif- ficult for an inhabitant of our temperate climate to have any idea of a cold fo great ; but it may help to give fome notion of it to inform the reader, that when a perfon walks out in that fcvere weather, the cold makes the eyes wa- ter, and that water freezing, hangs in little icicles on the eye-laflies. As the common peafants ufually wear their beards, you may fee them hanging at the chiiv like a folid lu.np of ice. but even in that flate, the beard is found very ufeful in protefting the glands of the throat : and the fqldiers, who do not wear thejr beards, -are obliged to tie a handkerchief under the rhin to fupply their place. AH the parts of the face, which are expofed, are very liable to be frozen ; though it has often been obferved, that the per- fon himfelf does not know when the freezing begins ; but is commonly told of it fiiit by thofe who meet him, and who c^U out t9 him to rub hi» ' fac5 RUSSIA. fare with fnow, the ufiul way to thaw ir. It is alfo rrmarkctl, that the part, which has oiue been Irozcii, i-> t\cv af'-r n-.nfl liahlL- to be tVozcn x-nin. In fomc vcrv levei e wiiitt-r>', fparrows, thouj;h n hardv fpecifs (if birdj, have been i'cen quite numbed by the intenfe cold, anil unable to Hv : and (h-ivcrs, when fittin;^ on their loaded carriages, have ronietinies been found frozen tn death in tlr.t pofiiire. When the therinomcter has nd Tou- I rtootl at 25 degrees below c, b:>iiiiig u-aicr thrown up into the air by an fiiiriiie, fo as to fpread, has fallen dr)\vn perfes'tiy dry, formed into ice. A pint bottle of common \^'ater wr.s found by Dr. King Iro/en into a folid piece of ice in an hour and a quarter. A bottle of ihong ale has aifo been frozen in an hovu' and a half; but in this fu:>ftance there was about a tea-cup full in the middle unfrozen, which was us fcrong and inflam- mable as brandy and fpirits of wine. But notwithftanding the feverity of the cold in Kuffia, the inhabitants have fuch various means and prnvifions to guaid againfl it, that they lutfer much lefs fiom it than miglit be e\- pei'^ed The houfes of perfons of tolerable circumflances are fo wcJl prote:led, both without doors and within, that they are feMoiri heard to complain of coJd. The method of warming the houfes in Ruffia is by an oven conftru6ted with feveral flues, and the country aboundij with wood, which is the commonfuel. Thefe ovt-ns confume a much fmaller quan- tity of wood than might be imagined, and yet they ferve at the fame time for the ordinary people to drefs their food. They put a very moderate faggot into them, and fuffer it to burn oily till the thiikcfl black fmoke iscvaoorated: thev then fluit down the chimne/ to retain all the reft of the heat in the chamber ; by this method the chambw-r keeps its heat 2.\. hours, and is commonly fo warm that they fit with very little covering, efpei ially children, who are ufually in their lliirts. The windows in the huts of the poor are very hnall, that as little cold may be admitted as pof- lible ; in the houfes of perfons of condition, the windows are caulked up againft winter, and commonly hive double glafs fiames. In fliort, they laii regulate the warmth in their apartments by a thermometer with great exaftnefs, opening or (hutting the fiues to increafe or diminifh the heat. When the RufTians go out, they are clothed fo warmly, that they almoft bid defiance to froft and fnow; and it is obfei^vable that thje wind is feldom violent in the winter ; but when there is much wind, the cold is exceed* ingly piercing. One advantage, which the Ruffians derive from the feverity of their climate, is the preferving provifions by the froft. Good houfewives, as foon as the froft fets in for the winter, about the end of Oftober, kill their poultry, and keep them in tubs packed up with a layer of fnow between them, and then take them out for ufe as occaf^m requires: by which means they fave the nouriftiment of the animal for feveral months- Veal frozen at /Archangel, and brought to Peterft)urgh, is efteemed the fineft they have, nor can it be diftinguiflied from what is frefli killed, being equally juicy. The markets in Peterlburgh are by this means fuppli«l in winter with all manner of provifions, at a cheaper rate than would other- wife be poflible ; and it is not a little curious to fee the vaft ftacks of who^c hogs, flieep, fifti, and other animals, which are piled up in the markets for fale. The method of thawing frozen provilions in Rullia, is by im» merging them in cold water ; for when the operation of thawing them is effefted by heat, it feems to occafion a violent fermentation, and almofl a fudden putrefaftion ; but when prodinvd by cold water, the ice feems to be attracted out pf the body, and foriDs a tranfparent incruftation round I ♦ it, >vt lio RUSSIA. 'im.u. as the inhabitants of Scandinavia do now, with a kind of faw du a preparation of fiih-bones. Peter the Great, and his fucceiTois, it. If a cabbage, which is thoroughly frozen, be thawed by cold water, it is as frelh as if juft gathered out of the ganlen ; but if it he thawed hy fire, oi- hot water, it becomes fo rancid and (Irong th;U it cannot be euteii. The quicknefs of vegetation in Ruflla is pretty much the fame a:, h.is -been defcribed in Scandinavia, or Sv/cden and Denmark. The fnow i; the natural manure of Ruflia, where grain grows in plenty, near Polr.nd, an.i in the v/aimer provinces. The bulk of the people, however, arc miferably fed ; the foil produces a vaft number of muflirooms for their fub- fjftence ; ' and in fome places, befidesoaks and firs, Pailfia yields rhul-arb, flax, hemp, paflure for cattle, wax, honey, rice, and melons. The boors are particularly careful in the cultivation of honey, which yields \Wm plenty of metheglin, their ordinary drink; they likewife extraifi: a fpirit from rye, which they prefer to brandy. That a.great part of Ruffia was populous in former days, is not to be difputed; though it is equally certain, that the inhabitants, till latelv, were but little acquainted with agriculture ; and fupplied the place of bread, and down to the prefent emprefs, have been at incredible pains to introduce agriculture into their dominions; and though the foil is not every whcie proper for corn, yet its vaft fertility in fome provinces, bids fair to make grain as common in Rnflia as it is in the fouthern countries of Kn- rope. The vaft communication by means of rivers, which the inland parts of that empire have with each other, ferve to fupply one province with thofe produds of the earth in which another may be deficient. As ^o mines and minerals, they are as plentiful in Ruflia as in Scandinavia; and the people are daily improving in working them. Mountains (>f rivh iron ore are found in fome places, moft of which producie the load ftor.e, and yield from 50 to 70 per cent. Rich filver and copper mines are found on the confines of Siberia. Mountains, rivers, forests,^ Ruffia is in general a fiat level AND FACE OF THE COUNTRY. ) foui^^'T' cxccpt towards the uorth, where lie the Zimnopoias mountains, thought to be the famous Montts Riphaei of the ancients, now called the Girdle of the Earth. On the weftern fide of the Dnieper comes in pait of the Carpathian mountains, and between the Black Sea and the Cafpian, Mount Caucafus borders a range of Vaft plains extending on the fea of Oral. And here we may ob- ierve, that from Peterfburgh to Pekin, one fhall hardly meet with a mcun- tain on the road through Independent Tartary: and from Peterfburgh to the north part of France, by the road of Dantzic, Hamburgh, and Am- flerdam, we can fcarcely perceive the fmalleft hill. The moft CQnfiderable rivers aie the Wolga, or Volga, running eaft and fouth, which, after traverfing the greateft part of Mufcovy, and winding a courfe of 3,000 Englifh miles, difcharges itfelf into the Cafpian fea; it \n not only reckoned the largeft, but one of the moft fertile rivei^ cf Jiurope ; it produces all kinds of fifli, and fertilizes all the lands on each fide with tlie richeft trees, fruits, and vegetables ; and it is remark- able, that in all this long courfe there is not a fingle cataraft to interrupt tlie navigation, but the nearer it apprpacheij to its mouth, n)ultiplies n^ quantities of ifles as it divides itfelf into a greater nuj;njjer of arms than any known rjver in the world : a\i4 all thefc arn.s divide them felves into Qthers ftill lefs, which join and meet agp.iri, fo that the VVoJga difcharges UfelJfinto Ui? "Cafpian fea by more ti;an 70 mouths, By means of thi? RUSSIA. 121 cold wp.tcr, thawed by t be eaten, fame a:; Ivas rhe fnow i; ear Poland, :)\vever, are jr their f'u'u- is rhul-arh, The boors yields v-;i.m sudi a fpirit. is not to be 5, till lately, the place vi of favvdiiu, is fucceiTois, to introduije every where bids fair to ntries of l-'n- h the inland one province leficient. As Scandinavia ; mtaius ot rich \e load ft oil e, nes are found il a flat level ds the north, tmous Montts ■th. On the ni mountains, ifus borders a we mav ob- Iwith a mc-un- 'tterfburoh to rgh, and Am- ming eaft and and winding Cafpian fea; fertile rivei^ the lands on it is remark- to iniernipt |n)ultiplies it^ of arms than lemfelves into Jlga difchargei m?«ins of thi? noble noble river, the city of Mnlbow preferves a communication, not only with all the fuuthern parts of Ruflia, but even with Pcrfia, Georgia, Tar- tary, and other countries bordering on the C alpian Tea. The Don, or Tanais, which divides the mofl eallcra part of Pvuflia iVom Afia ; and ia its comfe towards the eaft, come fo near the Wojga, tliat the late czar had undertaken to have a communication between them by means of a canal; this grand projeft, however, was defeated by the irruptions of the Tartars. This river, exclufive of its turnings anci windings, difcharH;es itfelf into the Palus Marotis, or fea of Afoph, about four hundred miles from its rife. The Borifthencs, or Dnieper, which is likewiie one of the largeft rivers in Europe, rims through Lithuania, the country of the Za- poiog Coflacs, and that of the Nagailch Tartars, and falls into the Euxine, or Black Sea, at Kinburn, near Oczakow ; it has thirteen cataracts with- in a fmall diftance. To thefe may be added die two Dwinas, one of which empties itfelf at Rij^a into the Baltic ; the other has its fource near Uftiaga, and dividing itfelf into two branches near Archangel, there fail* into the White Sea. As to forefts, they abound in this extenfive country; and the northern and north-caftern provinces are in a manner defert j nor can the few inhao bitants they contain be called Chriftians rather than Pagans. Animals, (Quadrupeds, bikds, > Thefe do not differ greatly from FISHES, AND INSECTS. f tholc defcribcd in the Scandinavian provinces, to which we muft refer the reader. The lynx, famous for i^, piercing eye, is a native of this enjpire ; it makes prey ot every creature it can mafttr ; and it is faid to be produced chiefly in the fir-tree forefts. The hyasnas, bears, wolves, foxes, and other creatures already defcribed^ afford their furs for clothing the inhabitants; but the furs of the black foxes and ermine are more valuable in Ruflia than elfewhere. The dro- medary and camel were.formerly almoft the only beafts of burden known ia many parts of Ruflia. The czar Peter encouraged a breed of large horfes for war and carriages ; but thofe employed in the ordinary purpofes of life are but fmall; as are their cows and fheep. We know of few or no birds in RulHa, that have not been already de- fcribed. The fame may be faid of fiflies, only the Ruflians are better prp- vided than their neighbours with fturgeon, cod, falmon, and beluga : the Itter relcmbies a fturgeon, and is often called the large fturgeon ; it i$ I fiom twelve to fifteen feet in length, and weighs from 9 to 1 6 and 1 8 hun- dred weight : its ^efii is white and delicious. Of the roe of the fturgeon I ai)H die beluga, the Ruflians make the famous cavear fo much efteemed j for its richnefs and flavour, that it is often fent in pi:^fents to crowned heads. In cutting up the belugas they often find what is called the belur ga-ftcnes, which is concealed in that uoafs of glandular fiefli which cover* the pofterior parts of the dorfalfpine, fupplying the place of a kidney in Uih. The inliant it is taken fi'om the iifli it is foft and moift, but quickly [liaidens in the air. Its fize is that of a hen's egg, fhape foraetitnes oval und fometimes flatted, and commonly fells for a ruble. This ftone i} Uuppofed by profeifor Pallas to belong to the genitiiis of the fifti ; it holds |a comiderable rank, though with little merit, amoi g the domeftic reme;- Uiesof the RuflTians, who fcrape it, and, mixed with water, give it in difc. Jiicult labours, in the difeafes of children, and other diforders. Population, manners, anb customs.] Nothing can be more iur Ijudicious, or remote from truth, than the accounts we hayc fronrj a^uthor^ jptthe population of this vaft empire; the whole of which, ihey think, does k'y''- Ml .' n. 'Hi \,^ ■ ' ■' ■■ ■^ ''"•■* 'It ''■ m^ ^r m i... r22 RUSSIA. ', 100,000 To thefe mufl now be added near a million more by the acquifitions of the Crimea, and part of Cuban Tartary. As her imperial majefty of all the Rulfias poflefles many of the coun- tries ft-om whence the prodigious fwarms of bai barians who overthrew the Roman empire ilTued, there is the ftrongeft reafon to believe, that her do- minions mufl have been b'Jtter peopled formerly than they are at prefent; twenty-four millions are but a thin population for the immenfe traiftot country Ihe poflefles. As the like decreale of inhabitants is obfervable in in many other parts of the globe, we are to look for the reafon in natural caufes, which we cannot difcufs here. Perhaps the introiUiftion of the fmall-pox and the venereal difeafe may have aflifted in the depopulation; and it is likely that the prodigious quantity of ftrong and fpirituous liquors, confumcd by the inhabitants of the North is unfriendly to genera- tion. The Ruffians, properly fo called, are in general a perfonable people, •hardy, vigorous, and patient of labour, efpecialiy in the field, to an incre- dible degree. Their complexions differ little from thofe of the Engiim or Scots; but the women think that an addition of red heightens their beauty. Their' eye-fight feems to be defeftive, occafioned, probably, by the fnow, which for a long time of the year is continually prefent to their * eyes. RUSSIA. '23 eyes. Their officers and foldiers always pofleHlni a large fliare of pafTive valour ; but in the late war with the king of Pniliia, thty proved as active as any troops in Europe ; and in the late war with the Turks they greatly diftinguilhed themfelves. They are implicitly fubmiflive to difcipline» let it be ever fo fevere ; they endure extreme hardfliips with great patience, and can content thenifelves with very hard fare. Before the days of Peter the Great, the Ruflians were in general bar- barous, ignorant, mean, and much add idled to drunkennefs ; no lefs tliaa Aooo brandy-fliops, have been reckoired in Mofcovv. Not only the com- mon people, but many of the boyars, or nobles, lived in a continual ftate of iilienels and intoxication ; and the moll rompLte objedls of mifery and barbarity prefented themftlves upon the ftreets, while the court of Mof- cow was by far the mofl fplendid of any upon, the globe. The czar and the grandees drcflcd after the moll luperb Afiatic manner ; ami their mag- nificence exceeded every idea that can be- conceived from modern exam- plci. The earl of Carlifle, in the account of his einbafTy, fays, that he could fee nothing but gold and precious flones in the robes of the czar iand his courtiers. The manufactures, however, of thofe, and all other [luxuries, were carried on by Italians, Germans, and other foreip,nei-s. I Peter faw the bulk of his fubjefts, at his acceflion to the throne, little'. tater than beafts of burden to fupport the pomp of the court. He forced ill's great men *o lay afuie their long robes, and drefs in the European manner; and at- :ven obliged the laity to cut off their beards. The other improve, 'n learning and the arts, which he made,, fliall be mentioned elfe\ j The Rulfians, before his days, had hardly a (hip upon their coalts. Thty had no conveniences for travelling, no pave-. nients in their flreets, no places of public diverfion, and they entertained a fovereign contempt for all improvements of the mind. At prefent a French or Englifli gentleman may make a fliift to live as comfortably and fociably in Rufha as in mofl other parts of Europe. Their polite aflem- Hies, fuice the acceffion of the prefent emprefs, have been put under proper regulations, and few of the ancient ufages remain. It is, how- ever, to be obferved, that notwithftanding the feverities of Peter, and the prudence of fucceeding governments, drunkennefs ftill continues among all ranks ; nor are even priells or ladies afiiamed of it on holi- days. The Rudians were formerly noted for fo flrong an attachment to their native foil, that they feldom vifited foreign parts. This, however, was only the confequence of their pride and ignorance ; for Ruffian nobility* peluies thofe who are in a public chara6ter, are now found at every court la Europe. Her imperial majefty even interefts herfelf in the education «f young men of quality in the knowledge of the world, and foreign fcr- I vices, particularly that of the Britifti fleet. It is faid that the RuH^an ladies were formerly as fubmiflive to tlieir nulbands In their families as the latter are to their fuperiors in the field ; I and that they thought themfelves ill-trealed if they were not often re- 1 minded of their duty by the difcipline of a whip, ma'nufaftured bj^thcm' lelves, which they prefented to their hulbands on the day of their mar- i "3ge. Their nuptial ceremonies are peculiar to themfelves ; and formerly I ^"fifted of fome very whimfical rites, many of which are now difufed. P^hen the parents are agreed upon a match, though the parties perhaps jflave never feen each other, the bride is examined ftark naked by a certain Bumber 124 RUSSIA. ''■:M h': ' ■ -■ ' I ■ I ■■*« J ' t "^«.. ' ■■'!» ■ .1. tt 1"M 1 ta. :;. are rather below the middle flatiire, have generally black hair, and a fcanty beard. They are of n gay difpofition, honeft, laborious »nd acute ; but flovenly and fickle, and inclined to be extremely paflionate. Their women are well made, robuil, civil, and laborious. They are un- acquainted with the ufe of letters as well as fome of their kindred nations; they do not reckon their time by years, though they mark the months, and name them afu?r the various revolutions of nature which they obferve in their forefts. They diftinguilh themfelves into tribes or races; andaVo. goul village is commonly compofcd only of one family, whofe chief or eider performs the functions of ftarofte, or mngiftrate of the village. Their principal occupation is the chace, in which they difcover much targernefs and addi efs ; ufing indifcriminately fire-arms, the bow, and the fpear. They are alfo Ikilful in contriving traps, fnares, and gins, and all the lures of game. The Tfchnuvjafchc^ dwell along the two fides of the Wolga, in the govern- ments of Nifchnei-Novogorod, Kafan, and Orenberg. They never live in towns, but afTemble in fmall villages, and choofe the forefts for their ha- bitations. They are very fond of hunting, and procure for thatpurpofe fcrew-barrel mulkets, which they prefer to the bow. One of their marriagj ceremonies is, that on the wedding night the bride is obliged to pull off her hufband's boots. A late writer fays, " Among the Tfchouwafches the *' hulband is mafter of the houfe ; he orders every thing himfelf ; and it " is the duty of the wife to obey without reply : a cuftom calculated to pre- •* vent domeflic broils. Accordingly quarrels are very uncommon in the ** families of the Tfchouwafches." The A7>(/«//J"fl«.( have a frank and prepofFeffing air, fimilar tothatwhid charaftcrifes the Tartars of Kafan. TJiey have a fliarp, but not a fierce look, and fmaller eyes than thofe Tartars. They have good natural fenfe, and are atl'able, and high-fpirited ; but fond of their eafe, and vo- luptuous. They dwell always in portable huts, wandering about their dcferts in fearch of pafturage for their flocks and heids, which conftitute their principal occupation. The decoration of their horfes emplop (hem almoft as much as that of their perfons ; they having generally ele- gant faddles, handfome houfings, and ornamented bridles. They are great eaters; and they alfo fmoke tobacco to excefs. Men, women, and chil- dren all fmoke, and takefnuff : they keep the latter in little horns faftened to tlieir girdles. The great and wealthy live perfe^lly in the fame manner as the reft of the people, and are diftinguiftied only by the numeroi train that accompanies thtm in their cavalcades, and the quantity of huts I which furround their quarters, inhabited by their wives, children and flaves. The Titn^vjinm form one of the moft numerous nations in Siberia, They are of middle ftature, well made, and of a good mien. Their iight and hearing are of a degree of acutenefs and delicacy that is almolt incredible ; but their organs of fmelling and feeling are confiderably more blunt than ours. They are acquainted with almoft every tree andftont| within the circuit of their ufual perambulations; and they csn evende- fcrihe a cqurfeof fome hundred miles by the configurations of the trees and ilones they meet with, and can enable othei-s to take the fame rout; by fuch defcriptions. They alfo difcover the trafts of the game by the compreilioa of the grafs or mofs. They alfo learn foreign languages with eafe, »" 41ert oA horfeback, good huntsrs, and dextivus at ths bowi 6 ^"' RUSSIA. 129 The Kalmuci are a courageous tribe, and numerous : for the moft part Iraw-boned and ftout. Thdr vifage is fo flat, that the fkull of a Kahnuc Imay be eafily known from others. They have thick lips, a fmall nofe, |and a fliort chin, the complexion a leddifli and yellowifli brown. The jomen are of the fame fliape and make with the men, and the (kin of jtheir face a wholefome white and red ; they are lively, agreeable, and, liniluftrious. The (landing charafter of this tribe is rough, but lefs dif- Ifohite and bafe than they arc commonly fuppofcd to be. They are Imiich attached to their chiefs or mailers, but their aftive fpirit, and their liinprovidence and careleflhefs, make them thievifli and dirty. In their [robberies, they ufe more flratagem than violence, and ?.s they believe '\t% Ithenofliurnal wandering of dead men's fpirits, they are feldom accompa- nied with murder. They are fuperftitious about good and bad days, laml have written laws which are founded on reafon, cultom, and the will Icf the prince. Their code is very favourable to females, and never looks wpon a woman as the author of any crime. A rape and adultery is pu- niflied with a mul(5l of nine head of cattle. Their fpcech is a mongrel liialert with many Tartarian woids, but their religious books are in the ran2;iit or Tibetan. The fole profefllon among them is the breeding of Itattle: they purfue the chace as an amufement ; their dwelling is in tents, oryoiirts of felt, which they call ^^r, and the Rullians kibltha^ and much tefemble the Kirguifians. Their cloathing is oriental, and their heads are exaftly Chinefe. Some of their women wear a large golden ring irx pir noftrils. Their principal food is animals, tame and wild, and everx jheir chiefs will feed upon cattle that have died of diftemper or age, and |etit (link ever fo much ; fo that in every hord the flefli-market hath the Bppearance of a lay-ftall of carrion : they eat likewife the roots and phnts their defarts. They are great eaters, but can endure want for a long [ime without complaint. Both fexes fmoke continually: during the fum- ner they keep to the north, and in the winter to the fouthern defarts. They fleep ujion felt or carpeting, and cover themfelves with the fame. The Kamifchailales have a lively imagination, a (Irong memory, and great genius for imitation. Their chief employments are hunting and ping. The chace fui'niflies them with fanles, foxes, and other game. They are very expert at fifliing, and are well acquainted with the proper leafons for it. Their nets are made of the (lamina of nettles. Whea Ihey are not engaged in hunting and fifliing, they fometimes employ pmfelves in building huts, forming different wooden utenfils, cutting lood for fuel and building, and making bows and arrows: but much .of llieir time is pad in abfolute idlenefs; for they are naturally extremely violent. Poverty gives them no concern ; and nothing but the calls of Hunger ran drive them to the chace. They live in villages, confiding of few fmall houies, and fituated, in general, near fome river. When a rillage becomes too populous, they feparate and form a new village. They [at and diink great quantities ; but as what they eat is always cold, their ^eth are very fine. Dogs are their only domcftic animals, and they put ihigh value upon them. Some of them travel in ftuall carriages drawn rdogs; and a complete Kamtfchadalian equipage, dogs, harnefs, and |J) cells, in that country 4I. 10s. or near twenty rubles. The Kamt-, fhadales believed the immortality of the foul, before they were pre- jailed upon to embrace the Chriflian religion. They are fupcrditious t9 pravagance; and extremely Angular and capricious in the different en-*. ^vmeuts of life, particularly* their convivial enteruinaients. v . . , K . The « 1 r. M m] ; £ H]'l m Q^ i^o RUSSIA. The mariners of the Stheriattf were formerly fo barbarous, that Peter the Great thought he could not inOidl a greater punifliment upon his ca* pita I enemies, the Swedes, than by banifliing them to Siberia. The effect was, tliat the Swedifli officers and foldiers introduced European tifages and manufiitures into the country, and thereby acquired "a com- foriable livings In this wide and forlorn region, that was fo long un- known to Europe, fome new mints have lately been difcovered, which, upon their fnft opening, have yielded 4;, .00 pounds of fine filver, and which is faid to have been obtained with little difficulty or expence. But Kamtfchatka is now confidered as the moft horrid place of exile in the ♦aft empire of Ruflia, and here fome of the greateft criminals are fent. RrLiGioN,] The eftablilhed religion of Rullia rs that of the Greek church, the tenets of which are by far too numerous and complicated to be difcufled here. It is fufficient to fiy, that they deny the pope's fu- premaoy ; and though they difclaim image-worfiiip, they retain many idolatrous and fuperftitious cuftoms. Their churches are full of pictures of faints, whom they confrder as mediatois. They obferve a number of fafts and lents, fo that they live half of the year very abftemioufly : an in- llitution which is extremely convenient for the foil and climate. Thev liave many peculiar notions with regard to the facraments and Trinity. They oblige their bifliops, but not their pritftj, to celibacy. Peter the Great fliewed his profound knowledge of government in nothing more than in the reformation of his church. He broke the dangerous poweis ©f the patriarch, and the great clergy. He declared himfelf the head of the church ; and preferved the fubordinations of metropolitans,, arch- bifliops, and bilhops. Their priefts have no fixed income, but depend for fubfiftence upon the benevolence of their flocks and hearers. Peter, after eftablifhing this great political reformation, left bis clergy in full pofleffion of all their idle ceremonies : noi- did he cut off the beards of his clergy; that impolitic attempt was referved for the late emperor, and greatly contributed to his fatal cataftrophe. Before his, days an incre- dible number of boih fexes were fluit up in convents ; nor has it been found prudent entirely to abolifli thofc focieties. The abufes of them, Jiowever, are in a great meafure removed ; for no male can become a monk till he is turned of thirty : and no female a nun, till fhe is fifty; and even then not without permiffion of their fuperiors. The conquered provinces, as already obferved, retain the exercife of their own religion ; but fuch is the extent of the Ruffian empire, that many of its fubje^ls are Mahometans, and more of them nn better than Pagaqs, in Siberia and the uncultivated countries. Many ill-judged at- tempts have been made to convert them by force, which have only tended to confirm them in their infidelity. On the banks of the river Sarpa, i* a flourifhing colony of Moravian brethren, to which the founders hnve given the name of Sarepta: the beginning of the fettlement was in 1765, wit^ diftinguifhed privileges from the imperial court. Languagf.] The comnaon language of Rufiia is a mixture of the Polifti and Sclavonian ; their ppefts, howeva-, and the mort learned slergy, make ufe of what is called modern Greek ; and they who know that language in its purity, are at no lois for underlfending it in its cor- nij'^ed fiate. The Ruffians have thirty-fix letters, the forms of whicit have a ftrong refemblancc to the old Greek alphabf t. •Lkarni G AND MiAR tvEu MEN.] Tile PvUlllims htthcrto iiave made !>ut is, that It'iey are n(» way dcticit-iU as to iiitelUfclunl abilincs. 'I'iie pjijor'! cxhi-' jbitcd by them, at their acadentical inectiiu^s, have- bcei favournbly re- Iciived all over Europe ; cfpcciary tholl- that rc-htc to ?4llrono,!?y, tb.e linathematics, and natural phdof^pi^y. The fptcch s pronoiitif.'cd by the jliihop ot Turer, the mftropoiiraii of Novo^^orod, the vicf-chancc-llor, land the marfliai, at the opening of the commi!iioii for a new code of liws, are elegant and claliical ; and the pro^refs wliich learning has made ill Uiat empire, Cince the beginning of tliis century, with the fpecimens lot literatuie pubHlhed both at Prteilbiirgh and Moficnv, is an evidence, Itiiat the Ruflians are not unqualified to iliine in the arfs and fcicnces. iHowever, the efforts to civilize th;MH did not begin with Peter the Great, Ibut were much older. A fmall glimmering, like th.- fiiTt day-b- ,:k, was llettt under Czar Iwan, in the middle of the i( th century. This became Imore confpicuous undei Alexius Michaelowitz ; imt under Peter it built Ifoah u'ith the fplendour of a riling fun, and h .th continued ever fmce to jafcend towards its meridian. UviviiRsiTH' ■.] Three colleges were founded by Peter the Great at iMofcow ; one for clalTical learning and phiiofophy, the (econd for mathe- Iniatic!), and the third for navigation and aftronoiny. To thefe he added la difpenfaiy, which is a magnificent building, and under the caro of fomc |a!)le German chemifts and apothecaries; who furnith medirines not only Ito the army, but all over the kingdom. And witliin tiiefc few years, pir. de Shorealow, high chambcilain to the emprcfi I'lirabeth, daughter Ito Peter the Great, has founded an univerfity in this city. The prefent mprefs has alio founded an wnivcrfity at Peterfburgh, and invited fome of Ithemoft learned foreigners in every faculty, who are provided with good Ifaiaries; and alfo a military academy, where the young nobility and of- Ificers fons are taught the art of war. Cities, iovvn^, palaces, ) Peterfburgh naturally takes the lead in andothur K'jildi^os^. ^this divifion. It lies at t'le junftion of llhe Neva with the lake Ladoga, already mentioned, in latitude 6 ; but the reader mav have a bttttr idea of ite fituation, bv being informed pat It ftands on both (ides the river Neva, between thnt lake and the bot- jtoni of the Finland gulf. In the year 1703, this citv confifced of a few lined! fiflung huts, on a fpot fo waterifii and fwampy, that the groiuKl vas formed into nine idands ; by which, according to Voltaire, its prin- cipal quartei;s are ftill divided. Without entering into too minute a de- [ciiption of this wounderful city, it is'fufficient to fay, that it extends about |i:i miles every way ; and contains every ft:u6lure for magnificer.ee, the improvement of the arts, revenue, navigation, war, commerce, and the ' iiKe, that are to be found in the moft celebrated cities in Kiirope. But jhere .s a convent which deferves p^rticubr notice, in wiiich a j. young ladies are educated at the empiefs's expence; .200 of them ot fupeiior rank, and the others, daughters of citizens and tradefmtn, who, atter a leitam time allotted to their education, quit the convent with improve- ments fuitable to their conditions of life, and thofe of the lower clafs are prefented with a fum of money as a dowry if they marry, or to procure lothemfelves a proper livelihood. Near to this convent h a Foundling ^oipital, alfiftaiit to t!iat noble one eftabiiiiifd at Mofcow, and where the ^od)«- may comg to be deUvere(J privately, and theiij after the uttnoil nt- K 2 \. V. tent ion s '" , I. ■'A '! I'Ji 'f ^u '%. •vl; '^•■KJI tr.i "^f «3^ RUSSIA. 11 tcntion to her, (he leaves the child to the ftate, as a parent more capable of promoting; its welfare. As Pctcrft uj>,!i is the tmporium of Ruflla, the number of foreign fliips fraciinj; to it in the funimer-tim • is fuprifinp. In winter 30 o ori". horfe-ileclges are employed fui* palVengers in the ftreets. It is fuppofel, "that there are ,03,00 inhabitants in this city ; and ir is ornamented with Ihirty-rlve i^reat rhurehes ; for in it altnoft every it£\ of the Chriftian re- ligion IS tolerated. It alfo contains hVe palaces, fome of which are fti- perb, particularly that which is called the New Summer Palace, ncir the Triumphal I'ort, which is an elegant piece of architefture. This magniti ent c'ty is dtf.nded on that fule next the fea by the foitrefs-nt Cronftadt ; whi( h, confidering the difficulty and danger of navigating ^ large naval force through the gulf of Finland, is fufficient to guard it on that fide from the attempts of any eneniv. Peterlburgh is the capital ol the province of Ingrin, orie of IVter the Great's conquefts firom t!ie Swedes. All the iicighbourhood or this city is covered with counti). hoiifcs and gardcir.. ^ The city ot iVIoirotv wns fni-morly the glory of this great empire, nnd it Itili coniiiuivs confidcriiijle enough to figure among the capitals of Eu- rope. It ftand^, as has been already mentioned, od the river from wlunr? it takes i(b name, in !at. 5!;*4<;, aj\d about 1414 mileS north-eaft of Lon- doa ; and thour.h its (beets are nut regular, it prefents a very piifiii- refque appearance ; for it contains fuch a number of gardvns, groves, lawns, and ftrcani5, that it fienis rather to b« a cultivated country than » citv. The ancient mneniAiencc of this citv would be incredible, weie it not attcfkd by the mod unqueflionahle authors : but we are to make jreat allowances for the xmcultivated fbte of the adjacent pfro\'ince>, •which might have made it appear with a greater luftre in a travellei'i ryes. Neither Voltaire rtor Bufching gives us any fatisfactorv accoiin! ©y this capital ; and little cicdit is to be given to the authors who divide it into regii'ar quarters, and each quarter inhabited by a different order or profeilion. Bufching fj)eaks of it as the largeft city in Europe; but that can be only meant as to the ground it ftands on, computed to be 16 •njiles incircumtVience. It is generally agreed, that Mofcow contains 1600 churches and (Convents, and forty-three palaces or fquares. Bufching makes the merchants' exchange to contain about 6000 fine fliops, which 'dilplay a vaft parade of commerce, efpecially to and from China. No city difplays k greater contralt than Mofcow, of magnificence and aieannefs in building. The hoiifes of the inhabitants in general are miferable timber booths ; but their palaces, churches, convents, and other public edifices, are fpacious and lofty. The Krimlin, or grand im- perial palace, is mentioned as one of the moll fuperb ftruflures in the world : it ftands. in the interior circle of the city, and contains the old imperial palace, pleafure-houfe, and Itables, a vi6luailing-houfe, the palace \vhich formerly belonged to the patriarch, nine cathedrals, five convents, four parilh churches, the arlenal, with the public colleges, and .other oflice*. All the churches in the Krimlin have beautiful fpiresi moft of them gilt, or covered with filver; the architedihire is in the Go- ijhic tafte ; but the infides of the churches are richly ornamented; and ,ihe pidures of the faints are decorated with gold, filver, and preciouJ Clones. Mention is made of the cathedral, which has no fewer than nine towers, covered with copper double gilt, and contains a filver branch ■with forty-ei^hl h^\ns^ faid to \\i'\g\\ 2^00 pcuadi^, A vuluaie would fcarceljf RUSSIA. ^33 1 MI rely fuffict to rennint the other pnrticnlars of the magnificence of thi' lity. Its fumptuoiis monuments otthe grcat-diikcs anil czars, the ma" pi'mt'i the patriarchal palace, the exchequer, and chain ery, arc noble ihiiftmes. The public is not unicquiiiited with the barbarous anecdiUe- t!iat the czar John Bafilides ordered the architcft of the church ot Jeru- f'lcni to be deprived of ius eye-figiit, that he mit^ht never contrive its tfjiial. The ftory is impiobable, and miuht take its rife from the arbi- fiary difpolition of that great prince. I fliall have occafion hereafter to mention the great bell of Mofcow ; where the inhabitants are fo OiUraft- fdly loud of bells, that they are always tinklinj^ in < vtry quarter. The jiwcN and ornaments of an image of the Virgin Mary, in the Krimlin tliiin h, and its other furniture, can be oidy ecjuallcd In* what is fcen at liu. famous Holy Moufe of Loretto in Italy. Mr. Voltaire, iVys, that I'ettr, \vho was attentive to every thing, did not negleft Mofcow at the time he was building Pcterfhurgh ; for he caufed it to be paved, adcntU it with noble edifices, and enriched it with mamif;i<^Mres. The I'oundling Hofpital at Mofcow is an cxcelltiit inilitution, a:;t' ap- ptnis to be under very judicious regulations. It \ias foi;rd.v'J by ilui pn"- knt emprtfs, and is fupported by voluntary contribvitiors, Icpscits, iiid otlicr charitable ciidowments. It is an immenfe pile of bni!«iii;ermitred to ni! y on trade in any part of the RuHian empire. Thi^^ is a very ron!'<< iliiabie privilege in Ruffia, where the peafants arc llaves, ^n^\ vannoc leave their villages without the permiirion of their mafters. -Nothing can be laid with certainty as to the population m iVIoicow. When lord Carlifle was the Englilh ambaflador there, in tin,; rrii/n of Charles II. this city was 22 miles in compafs, and the number of hoi;!?:? were computed at 40,000. Voltaire fays, that when he wfote, Mofcow was twenty miles in circumference, and that its inhabitants mioimted to 50c, :oo; but it is almoft impoliible to make an fAlimatL- of us pf^ient I population, CuRiosiTiFs]. This article affords no great cutert.dinri';it, a? R"f^ fia hvis but lately been admitted into the rank of civilizi'd uacifkiis. She can, however, produce many ftupcndous monum:- us oI the pnblic Ipirit of lier fovcreigns ; particularly her canals n,vV.- by Peter the Great, for the bejiefit of commerce. Siberia is full of- old lepuiclires of an unknown nation, whctfe inftruments aud armii -ver? all made of copper. In the cabinet of natural hiftory at Pcerlbingh, is a rhinoceros, dug up on the banks of the river V'alui, with his flcin, and the hair upon it, perfeft. I jnave already hinted at the paffion the Ruflians have for bell-ringing ; and jwe ^ie told that the gr^at bell of Mofcow, the largeft in the world, hveighs 443»77* poun^i weight. It is 19 feet high, and 23 in diameter ; land was caft \n the reign of the emprefs Anne : but the beam on pli'fh It huag, being buint, it fell, and a large piece is broken out of it ; 70 tliat It lately lay in a manner nfelefs. Mr. Bruce, m his late memoirs, ^^eaU'OAis a bell at Mofcow, founded in Caiai' Boris's time, 19 f^et liigh, K3 2J 1,Vt' '^ ill:. !■ * i ml 'Hi •' vli.:^ i*;. ' ^lin 3*E|i)ii!|>'?'" ''! '»!., K 1- RUSSIA. 23 in diameter, 64 in circumferenre, and two in thicknefs, that weighed 5116,000 pounds. The building of Peteilburgh, and raifing it of a fiid. den from a few fifhing hi;ts to be a populous and rich city, is periiapsa curiofity hardly to be paralleled fince the ere<^tion of the Egyptian pyrs. niids. The fame may be faid of the foitrefs of Cronftadt, in the neioh- bourhond of Petei fburgh, which is almoft impregnable. This fo!tiefs| jind city employed, for fome years, v c,ooo men in laying its founda- tions, and driving piles night and day; a work which no mon.irch in Europe (Ptter excepted) could have executed. The whole plan, with a verv little afTiltance from fome Germun engineers, was drawn by his I own hand. Equally wonderful was the navy which he raifed to his peo- ple, at the time when they could hardly be laid to have pofltired a fliip in nnv part of the glob'/. What is more woiulerful than all, he ofte:! wrouglit in perfon in sJl thofe amazing works, witli the fame alRduitv r.i if he had been a common labourer. CoMMi-RCR, akd Mrt- ) III treating of the Tviiflian commerce, former | Ri - iMi". roRCfi. \ accounts areof liale fcrvice at this time, bei?,ii!e of its great improvements, and variations. By the btil and furtzft infor- mation, the annual expoits of Ruflia at prcfent amount to u»ur mil- lions of rubles; and her in:ports do not exceed three njillions ; fo tli^; the bilancc of trade is yearly 22 5,000). (Icrling in hei' favour. RulTia's prcKUitftions and exports in general, arc many, and very vn- luable, viz. furs and peltry of various kinds, red leather, linen rr.l thread, iron, copper, fail cloth, hemp and flax, pitch and tar, wax, honey, tallow, ifinglafs, linfced-oii, pot-afli, foap, feathers, {raiii- oil, hogs briftles, mulk, rhubarb, and other drugs, timber, and alfo raw filk from China and Perfla, llcr foreign conj.nerce is much increafed iincp her con-'uefls from Sweden, efpeciallv of Livonia and Ingria ; and fince the eftabliflung of her ntv: emporium of Pererftjurgh, whereby her naval intercourfe with Europe is made much nore fhort and eafy. The Ukraine may be called the granaries of the empire; the beft corn, hemp, flax, honey, and wax, come from this fertile province, and 10,000 head of horned cattle are an- nually fent from its paf^ures into Silefia and Saxony. Ruilia carries on a commerce over-land, by carav ms, to China, chief- ly in hin : aud they bring back from tl-ience, tea, fdk, cotton, gold, &c. To Bocharia, near the river Oxus in Tartary, Rulfia fends her own mer- rhandife, in return for Indian ftlks, curled lamb flcins, and ready money; and alfo for the annual fair at Samarcand; ihe likewife trades to Perlia by Aftiachan, crofs th;.' Cafpian fea, for raw and wrought filk. Theem- prefs, this year, 1784, ifiued an cditft, permitting all foreigners to carr)' on a free trade by fea nnd land with the fcv'eral coinitrics bordering on the Kuxine, which have been lately annexed to the empire. The fame pri- vileges, rtl'gious and civil, are allowed t> them in the ports of Cherfnn, Jr'ebafliopolis, and Theodofia, forme ly (Caifa), in the province of Tail- rica, as in Peterlhurgh. Bi-fore the time of Peter the Great, Archangel, which lifs upontlie White Sea, wi« the on!/ part of naval communication which Rulli;i fi^d >vith the reft of Europe ; but it was fubje^t to a long and teinpcftnous voyage. 'Ihey have now i'^ ports, Archangtl, Peteriburgh, Riga, Rf- \cl, Pernean, N'arva, ' VVibourg, Fredericfham, Aftrachan, and Kola, and the three opened it) their new conqui'fts. This towj) is about tinee Ejiglilh miles in length, and one in breadth; built ail of wood, ex- ;' ., ■■ ' ' ■ ■• ■ \ ' ' . ., . '-. •• •' •■ cepting H U S S I A. 135 ♦cptingtne exrnancje, which is of (lone. Notvvlthflanding the decreafc of the trade of Archangel, by building Peterlbargh, it iVill exports a con- fiderable quantity of mer. hantlife. Their mails 'und timber for the dock-yards come chiefly from the forefts of Kafan, that border oa the provinre of Aflrachan. Tile prefent (late of their navy, according to a late lift, is 36 men of war of tlie line, 29 frigates, 101 galleys, 10 proams from co to 24 guns, two bombs, feven pinks, &c. ; i i;,ooo failors are kept in conllant pay and lervice, either on board the fhips, or in the dock-yards. The har- bour is at Cronlladt, feven leagues from Peterlburgh, defended on one fide by a foi t of four baftions, and on the other, by a battery of 100 pieces of cuanon. The canal and large bafon will contain near 600 iail of iliips. Government, laws, and ) The fovereign of the Ruffian empire iHSTiNcriON OF RANK, ^s abfolutc and defpotic in the fullcft extent of thofe terms, and -mailer of the lives and properties of all his fubjefts ; who, though they are of the fii il nobility, or have been highly iuftriimental in promoting the welfare -of the ftate, may, notwithflanding, for the moil trifling otfence, or even for no offence at all, be fci2ed iipoa atul fent to Siberia, or made to drudge for life upon the public works, and have all their goods confifcated, whenever the fovereign or his miniflers fhall think proper. Perfons of any rank may be baniihed into Siberia for the flighteil political intrigue, and their poffeflions being confifcated, a whole family may at once be ruined by the inlimiations of an artful cour- tier. Tneir fecret court of chancery, which is a tribunal compofed of a few miniflers chofen by«the foveriegn, leaves the lives and fortunes of all families at their mercy. Even the nobility of Buf!ia, being thus brought under the yoke of the mofl dreadful flaveiy, do not fail to reta- liate upon the peopie, who are (laves to the nobles as well as to the fo- vereign. The fyftem of civil laws at prefent eflabli(hed in RufTia is very imper- fei% and in many inftarices barb^roiVs and unjuft ; being an aflemblage of laws and regulations drawn from mbft of the dates of Europe, ill di- gefled, and in many refpefts not at all adapted to the genius of the Ruf- fian nation. But the prefent emprefs h?s made fome attempts to reform the laws, and put them upon a better footing. The courts of juflice here were in general very coriupt, and thofe by whom it was admini- ftered extremely ignorant ; but the emprefs hath lately rrade fome ju- dicious regulations, and fixed a certain falary to the office of judge, whirh before depended on the contt-ibutions of the unhappy clients, and thus the poor were without hopie or remedy. It is hoped that the new code of laws for which flie hath given indruftions, will foon be produced, to increafe the people's liberty, fecurity, and felicity. The dillinftions of rank form a confiderable part of the Ruffian confti- tution. The lare empre(res took the title of Autocratrix ; which implies, that they owed their dignity to no earthy power. Their ancient nobility were divided into knezes or knazeys, boyars, and vaivods. 'The knezcs were fovereigns upon their own eilr^tes', till they were reduced by the czar ; but they (lill retaih tlie name. The boyars were nobility under |he knezes ; and the vaivods were governors of provinces. Thole titles, rowf:ver, fo often revived the ideas of their ancient power, that the jH'efent and late cmnrclU-'J have introduced among thci^ itibierts the titles ~N ^Vi 4 !■'" ■ ■' f-tj it 136 RUSSIA. of counts and princes and the other diftinftions of nobility that arc connmon to the reft of Europe. Rkvenue and expences.] Nothing certain can be faid concerning the revenues of this mighty empire; but tht7 are, undoubtedly, at pre. fent, far fuperior to what they were in former times, even under Peter the Great. The valt exertions for promoting induftry, made by his fuccef- fors," efpecially her prefent imperial majelly, muft have greatly added to their income, which can fcarcely be reikoned at lefs than -: 0,000,000 of rubies, or nearly fix millions llerling annually. Thus computed : Capitatirtn tax, - - Other taxes and duties, Her own eftates, with other domi- nions taken from the clergy, Produce of the mines. Monoply of diftilled liquors Monoply of fait, - - - Rubles. 8,500,000 7,000,000 > 6,coo,coo i,roo,oco 4,ooo,coo i»8o ,000 28,800,000 The deficiency of the fum total may be eafily made up by the profit arifing from Itamp paper, patents, port-office, and other articles omitted in the general calculation, befides one per cent, every Ruffian merchant is obliged to pay on his yearly capital. When the reader confiders this fum relatively, that is, according to the high value of money, in that empire, compared to its low .value in Great Britain, he will find it a very confiderable revenue. That it is fo, lippears/from the vaft armies maintained and paid by the late and prefent emprcfs, in Germany, Poland, and tlfewhere, when no part of the money returned to Ruffia ; nor do we find that they received any confi- derable fubfidy from the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria, who, indeed, .were in no condition to grant them any. Mr. Voltaire fays, that in 1733, reckoning the tribute paid by the Tartars, with all taxes aad duties in money, the fum total amounted to thirteen millions of rubles (each ruble amounting to about 4s. od. fterling). This income was at that time futiicient to maintain 339,1:00 men, enjployed in the land and fea iervice. The other expences, bclides the payment of the army and navy of hei prefent majefty, the number and dilcipline of which are at leaft equal to thofe of her greatell predeceflbrs, is very confiderable. Her court iji elegant and magnificent; her guards and attendants fplenclid ; ^nd the encouragement flie gives to learning, the improvement of the arts, and ufefnl difcoveries, coll: her vafl fums, exclufive of her ordinary cxpemes of ftate. Some of the Rulfian revenues arifc from monopolies; which are often nccefliiiy in the infancy of commerce. The moft hazaidous enterpiife undertaken^bv Peter the Great, was his imitating the conduft of Henry VIll. of F.nglajid, in feizing the revenues of the church. He found perhaps that policy and neceffity required that the greateft part of them ihonid be reftored, which was accordingly done ; his great, aim being to The in- dependency of Ruffia was then on the point of being extir.guiffied. Ula- diflaus, fon to Sigifmund II. of Poland, had been declared czar ; but the tyranny of the Poles was fuch, that it produced a general rebellion of the Ruffians, who drove the Poles out of Mofcow, where they had for fome time defended themfelves with unexampled courage. Philaretes, archt)|ftiop of Roftow, wkofe \vif(j wji§ dcft?n4ed of ;he ^\Q\cnt fovf. RUSSIA '39 reigns of Ruflia had been font ambaflador to Poland by Demet: in?, one of the Ruffian tyrants ; and there was (iet;.uned piifnner, iincicr |>rctenre that his countrymen had rebelled againft Uladiflaus. The boyars nut in a body ; and furh was their veneration for Philarctes and hi> wife, whom the tyrant had flint up in a nunnery, that they elected tluir fon, Michael Fxdorowitz, of the houfe of Romanoff", a youth of i; years of age, to be their fovt reign The father being (X( handed for fonie Polifii prifoners, returned to Rnffia; and being created patriarch by his fon, he reigned in the young man's right with '.M-eat prudence and fuccefs. He defeated the attempts of the Poles to replace Uladiflaus upon the throne, and likeU'ife the claim of a brother of Gnflavus Adolphus. The claims of the Swedes and Poles upon Rulfia occafioned a war between thofe two people, which gave Michael a kind of a breathing time ; and he made ufe of it for the benefit of his fubjefts. Soon af^er the eleftion of Mi- ch-iel, James I. of England Tent, at his invitation, (ir John Meyric, as his ambaffador to RufTia, upon fome commercial affnirs, and t.> reclaim a certain fum of money which James had advanced to Michael or his prc- deceffors. The Englifli court, however, was fo ignorant of the atfaiis of that country, though a Ruffian compiny had been eftablifli;;d at Lon- don that James was actually unacquainted with the czar's name and ti- t\f, for he gave him no other denomination than that of great-duke and lord of Ruliia. Three years after, James and Michael became much bet- ter acquainted ; and the latter concluded a commercial treaty with Eng- land, which fliews him to have been not only well acquainted with the interefts of his own fubjefts, but the laws and ufages of nations. He reigned thirty-three years ; and by hi? wifdom and the mildnefs of his charafter, he reftored eafe ind tranquillity to his fubjeils. He encou- raged them to induftry, and gave them the example of very commend- able behaviour in his own perfbn. Before we take leave of Michael, it may be proper to mention the mode of the czar's nuptials, which could not be introduced into the mikellaneous cufloms of their fubjeds, and which are as follow. His czarifli majefty's intention to marry being known, the moft celebrated beauties of his dominions were fent for to court, and tliere entertained. They were vifited by the czar, and the mod magni* ficent nuptial preparations were made, before the happy lady was de- clared, by fending her magnificent jewels and a wedding robe. The reft of the candidates were then difmifled to their feveral homes, with fuitable prefents. The name of the lady's father who pleafed Michael, was Strefchnen ; and he was ploughuig his own farm when it was announced to him, that he was father-m-Iaw to the czar. Alexius fucteeded his father Mi'^hael, and was married in the fame manner. He appears to have been a prince of great genius. He re- covered Srjolenlko, Kiow, and the Ukraine, but was unfortunate in his wars with the Swedes. When the grand fignior, MaTiomet IV. haugh- tily demanded fome pofleffions from him in the Ukraine, his anfwer was, *' that he fcorned to fubmit to a Mahometan dog, and that his fcymetar was as good as the grand fignior's Hibre." He promoted agriculture; introduced into his empire arts and fciences, of which he was himfclf a Iwer ; publiflied a code of laws, fome of which are ftill ufed in the ad- rtiiniftration of juftice ; and greatly improved his army, by mending itH difcipline. This he efFefted chiefly by the help of Grangers, moft of whom were Scotch. He cultivated a polite correfpondence with the oihtv powers of Europe j and even with the court of Rome, though M* RUSSIA. a ■>' H 'Ki> ■b! h mm he ordered his ambafladoi-s not to kifs the pope's toe. He fubdned a rhuf of" the Don ColTacs, named Stenko Rafin, who endeavoured to make him. felf king of Aftrachan ; ar.d the rebel, with 1 2,000 of Jiis adherent;:, were hanj[ed on the high roads. He introduced linen and filk manufac- tures into his dominions : and inflcad of putting to dcatli, or enflavlriT his Lithuanian, Polifli, and Tartar prifoners, he fcnt thcrn to people tlit^ banks of the Wolga and the Kama. Theodore fuccetdcd his father A!- 4!xtiis in I6^7. He was of a gentle difpofition and weak ronftitution ; fond of pomp and magnificence ; and in gratifying this pio|)cnrity cou- rrJbuted to polilh his Tubjecfts, by the iiUrodndion of foi'tign manufac- tures, and articles of elegance, which. they fooji began to adopt and imi- tate. He dtlighted much in horfcs, and he rendered a real fervice to his eoimtry, in the beginning, and eflabliflung very fine breeds of them in the Ukraine, and elfewhere. Kt reigned feven years, and having on his death-bed called his boyars round hin), in the prcfence of his brother and fifter, Iwan and Sophia, and of Peter, who was afterwards fo cclebiateci, and who was his half-brother, he faid to them, '' Hear my laft fen- •* tinients : they are diftated by my love for the ftate, and by my aifeftion ** for my people. The bodily infirmities of Iwan, neceflarily mull af- ♦* feift his mental faculties ; he is incapable of ruling fuch a dominion as ** that of Ruflia; he cannot take it amifs, if I recommend to you to fet •* him afide, and let your approbation fall on Peter, who to a robud •• conftitution joins great ftrength of mind, and marks of a fuperior un- ** derftanding.'* But this wife deftination extremely offended the prin- cefs Sophia, who was a woman of great ambition, and who,^ after the rf?'"th of Theodore, found means to excite a horrible fedition among the Stielitzcs, «'hb then formed the flanding army of Ruifia. Their ex- ceffes furpafled all defcription ; but Sophia, by her management, re« placed her brother Iwan in his birthright ; and exevcifed the govtrnnieut nerftrlf with the greateft fcverity ana inhumanity ; for ail the Ruffian grandees who were related to Peter, or whom (lie fiippofed to favour hin), were put to cruel deaths. The inftances given by Voltaire, of her bar- barous adminirtration, are fljocking to humanity. At length, in 1682, the two princes, Iwan and Peter, were declared joint fovereigns, and their fifler their aflbciate co-regent. Her adminiftration was bloody and tumultuous; nor durff flie venture to check the fury of the Strclitzes, and othet infurgents. Finding this debility in her own perfon, (lie in- tended to have married prince Bafil Galitzin, who is faid to have been a man of fenfe and fpirit, and fome learning. Being placed at the head of the army by Sophia, he marched into Crim Tartary ; but Petei* was now zbaut J 7 years of age, and aflerted his right to the throne. Sophia and Iwan were then at Mofcow ; and upon Peter's publifliing aloud that a confpiracy had been formed by his fifler to murder him, heuas jpined by the Strelitzes, who defeated or dellroyed Sophia's party, and forced, herfelf to retire to a monafleiy. Galitzin's life was fpai^d, but his great eflare was co|ilifi at ed : and the fuljowi ng curious fentence was pro- jiounced as his puniflmient, *'^ Thou art conmianded by the moil clement *« czar to repair to Karga, a town under the pole, and' there to continue *' the remainder of thy days. His majeily, out of his extreme goodaefsj "allows thee three pence per day for thy fubfiftence.' '1 his left Peter with no other competitor, in the year 16S9, than the n)ild and eafy Iwan,^ and upon his death, which happened in 1696, P;:tcr i<;ignsd, alone, and ^ auelly tnielly p^o^ 3O00 Stitl It far ex RUSSIA. «4J* tnielly provuleJ for his own future fecmity, by the cxeaition of abols 3O00 Stit^litzes. It far exceeds tire bounds prefcribed to this work, to give even a fnm- mary detail oi this great prince's as honour. He halitical, and fome private reafons, it is faid, determined her to take part with the houfe of Auftria againft the king of Pruflia in 17:;^). Her arms alone gave a turn to the fuccefs of the war, which was in dif- favour of Pruflia, notwithftanding that monarch's ama«ing abilities both in the field and cabinet. Her conquefts were fuch, as portended the en- tire deftniftion of the PiiiflTian power, which was^ perhaps, iaved oulf by her critical death, on January ;,', 1762. Elizabeth was fucceeded by Peter TTI. grand-prinre of Rufl:a, anJ (liike of Holftein : a prince whofe condu6l has been varioufly repreicnteJ, He mounted the throne pofielfed of an enthufiaftic admiration of his Pruffian majefty's virtues; to whom he gave peace, and whof^i principles and practices he feemed to have adopted as the direftories of his future reigo. He might have furmounted the effefts even of thofc peculiari- ties, unpopular as they then were in Ruflia ; but it is faid, that he ainvei fit reformations in his dominions, which even Peter the Great duiii not attempt; and that he even ventured to cut off the beards of his clergj^. It is alfo alledged, that he had formed a refolution to deflroy both his eni- prtfs and her fon, though they had been declared heirs to the imperial throne by the fame authority which had placed the aown upon his head : and even the advocates of Peter the Third acknowledge, that he had refolved to fhut up his wife and fon in a convent, to place his mif- trefeupon the throne, and to change the order of Auceflion. However, t^e execution of his defigns was prevented by an almoft general confpi- racy being formed againft him, in which the emprefs took a very aS.We P'irt; and this unfortunate prince fcarcely knew an interval between ths. lofs of his crown and his life, of which he was deprived, ^vhile under an Jgnomiuious confinement, in July 1762. That his condnft with re- prd to Pruflia was not the fole caufe of his depofition, feems pretty evident Jiom the meafures of his fuccelTor, who was his own wife, and now reii^ns py the title of Catharine H. That princefs, with rer;ard to Pn;fl»a, trod in her huiband's fteps, and now follows the plan he chalked out. The n^oft remarkable domeftic occurrence of her reign hitherto, is the death ot prince iwan, fon to the princefs of Mecklenlnirsh. This young prince, as foon as he cams into thf "loujh unjuftly and ilieoally, to W;^*- tiie imperial w.s world, cv'ivni of '.'efigned, RulHa, af- ter 144 RUSSIA. tcr the death of Ivr, pre at annt, the emprefs Anna Iwanowaa ,* bitt hy the advanremer>* of the emprei^ Elizabeth, he was condemned to lead an obfliire hfe in the raftle of Schhinelbourg under a flrong guard, who had particular orders, that if any perfon, or any armed force, was employtd in attempting to deliver him, they fhotild kill him immediately. He lived quietly in his prifon, when the emprefs Catharine II. mounted the throne; and as the revolution whic.'i dcpof^d her hulband Peti^r III. had occafioned a ftrong ftrment in the minds of the people, Catharine was ap- prehenfive that fome attempts might be made in favour of Iwan : flip ther»:"ore doubled the guards of this unhappy prince, and particularly entrufted him to the care of two officers, who were devoted to her intcreft. However, a lieutenant of infantry, who was born in the Ukraine, under- took, or at leaft pretended fo, to deliver Iwan by force of arms, from the fortrefs of Schlunelbourg ; and under this pretence the prince was put to death The lieutenant who attempted to deliver him was arrefttd, and afterwards beheadi d : but, Jiotwithftanding this, it has been repre- fented that he was a mere tool of the court, though he fuffered for execut- ing the inftruftions that he had received. While this event ex'Mted the attention of the Ruffian nation, the flames of civil war brolte out with great violence in Poland, which has gene* rally been the cafe when the throne was vacant. And as the internal tranquillity of Poland is a capital objecil with RuiTia, the emprefs Catharine fent a body of troops inio Poland, and by her influence count Poniato\v« flci was raifed to the throne. She alfo interpofed in order to fecure tlie ' rights which the treaty of Oliva had given to the Greek and proteftant fnbjec^s of Poland. But the umbrage which her imperial majeflvV armies gave to the Roman Catholic Poles, by their refidence in Poland, increafed the rage of civil war in that country, and produced confede- racies againft all that had been done during the late election, which ren- dered Poland a fcene of blood and coiifufion. The condxufl of Ruiiia with regaid to Poland, gave fo much offence to the Ottoman court, that the Grand Signior fent Obrelkoff, the Ruflian minifter, to the prifon of the feven towers, declarcl wai- againft Ruflia, and marched a very nu- merous army to the confines of Ruflia and Poland. Hoftilities foon com- inenced between thefe rival and mighty empires. In the months of Fe- bruary and March 1769, Grim Gueray, Khan of the Tartars, at the head of a great body of Tartars, fupported by 10,000 fpahis, having broken the Ruflian lines of communication, penetrated into the province of New Servia, where he committed great ravages, burning many towns and villages, and carrying off fome thoufand families captive. In April following the Grand Vizir, at the head of a great army, began his march from Conftautinople, and proceeded towards the Danube. In the mean time prince Galitzin, who commanded the Ruflian army on the banks of the Neifter, thought this a proper time to attempt fomething de- cifive, before the arrival of the great Turkifli force in that quarter. Having accordingly croifcd the Niefter vyith his whole army, he advan- ced toChoczim, where he encamped in figjit of a body of 30,000 Tuik^ commanded by Caraman Pacha, and entrenched under the cannon of the town. The prince haying made the necefTary difpofitions, attacked the Turks in their intrenchmenls early in the morning of the ;?cth of April, and, notwlr.hfianding an obftinate defence, and a dreadful lire from the Jirtrefs, at length beat them out of their trenches. Th(f Turks endea- voiureU to cover their retreat, by dttachijig a large body of cavalry to at- ft RUSSIA. 145 attack the right wiu^ of the Ru.iian army; but they had fnrh a warm re- ception from the artillery, that they loon retired in great dilorder. Ge- ntral Stoffdn and prince Dol^oiiu ki were then ordered to purlue the fu- gitives, at the head of eight battaHons; which they did fo etfedually, "that they followed them into the lliburbs of Choczim, and thtir purfuit u;;i at Isngtli only Itopped by the pali fades of the fortrefs. So in after the town was fet on'fire by red- hot bilh, and a great number of jews and Chriftians took refuge in the Rullian camp'. From thefe fucceiies of the Riillians, it might have been expet'tcd that Choczim would have imme- diately i^Ilen into their hands. But this was not the cafe; for prince (Jallitzin thought proper to retire from Choczim, and to repafs theNei- fter. The reafons afligned for this conduct were, that Choczim was gar- rifoned by 1 8,000 men, well provided with artillery; that feverai great bodies of Turkifli troops appeared in the neighbourhood; thac the coun- trv was fo wafted, the army could not be i'upplied with provifions ; and that prince Gallitzin, not having fufHcient artillery along with him, chofe for the prefent to fufpend his defign of befieging the place. Indeed it ap- pears that the Turkifli cavalry had over-run the neighbouring country, burnt fome fmall towns, and deftroyed fome Rullian magazines. W'liile the Rulfians and Turks were attacl{.ing each other in different places of their dominions on the fide of Europe, the Tartar Aliatic na- tions in their diiferent interefts, extended the rage of war into another quarter of the globe. On the 9ih of May, a bloody engagement was fought betw-een the Kalmucs, and thofe Tartars that inhabit the banks of the Cuban, lying between the Black and the Cafpian feas. This en- gagement continued from two in the afternoon till fun-fet ; when the Kalmucs, by the afllftance of fome Ruffian officers, with a detachment of dragoons and Coflacs, and two pieces of cannon, obtained a complete viftory, having made a great flaughter, as the Kalmucs gave no quarter. On the other hand, the European Tartars penetrated into the Ruffian Ukraine on the fide of Backmuth, where they made great devaftations in the coiiiury. On the I ?th of July, a very obftinate battle was fought between a confulerable Turkifli army and the Ruffians under prince Gallitzin, in the neighbourhood of Choczim, in which the Turks were df'feated. Th« Ruflians immediately invefted Choczim; but the garrifon being numer- ous, made frequent fallies, and recei\ed great reinforcements from the grand vizir's camp, who was now confiderably advanced on this fide of the Danube. Several anions enfued, and prince Gallitzin was at length obliged to letrcat from Choczim, and again to repafs the Neifter. It 'was computed that the fige of Choczim, and the actions confequent to it, loft the Ru.iians above 20, jog men. Jn the management of this war, the grand vizir had nfked with a degree of pruden.'e, which, it has been thought, would have proved fatal to thedefigns of the Ruffians, if the fame conduft had been afterwards • ur- filed. But the army of the vizir was extremely licentious, and his cau- tion gave offence to the janizaries ; fo that, in confequence of their cla- mours, and the weaknefs of the councils that prevailed in the feraglio, he at length became a facrifice, and Moldovani All Pacha, a man of more rourage than conduct, was appointed his fuccefTor. During thefe tranl^ictions, general Romanzow committed great de- vaftations upon the Turks, in the borders of Bender and Oczakow, whei-e he ploudeied c.nd burnt feverai towns aud villages, defeated a Turkifli I4 deta.hment, 146 Pv U S S I A. .:!!' ^1. I IS i tachnieiu, r^nd r.nricd off a grcnt booty of rattle. The Tartars alfo committal eie.it r:iva^:;s in I'ohri'.l, where they almoft totally dcftroy^d the pilritiii t'.' of Braklaw, befules doln)^; nv.icii mifchief in other plans In thf" bt'i'jnninp; of September, the Ku/finti nrmy was a^ain ported on the banks ot the Ncifter, and etfec'^iially di. fended the paflage of that river againd the Turks, whofe whole army, under the command of the new- vizir, was arrived on the oppofiteftiore. Having laid three bridges over the Ncider, the Tiirkiili army, without any pretence of ftratagem or dc- •ceptioii, be^an to pafs the river in the face of the enemy. I'rince Gal- Jitzin having perceived this motion early in the morning on the ninth of ASeptember, immediately attacked thofe troops that had eroded the river in the night, who confequcntly could neither choofe their ground nor have time to extend or form themfelves properly where they were. Notwrthft;iMding thefe extreme difadvantages, the engagement was very fevere, and continued from fev.n in the morning till noon. The Turks fought with great obftinacy ; but they were at length totally defeated, and obliged to repafs the river with great lof*, and in the utmolldifor- der and confufion. It was computed, that about 6' ,000 Turks crolTed the river, before and during the time of the engagement. Prince Gallitzin charged at the head of live CO umns of infantry, with fixed bayonets, who deltroved the dower of theTurkifli cavnirv. It is faid, that the lofs of the Turks, in this ^3attle, amounted to 7000 men killed upon the fpot, be- fides wounded and prifoners, and a gieat number who were drowned. Though the ill condut'.t of the vizir had greatly contributed to thiscapital misfortune, yet this confideration did not prevent him from engaging in another operation of the fame nature. He now laid but cne bridge ovei- the river, which he had the precaution to cover with large batteries of cannon, and pepared to pafs the whole army over. Accordingly, on the I yth of September, eight thoufand janizaries, and four thoufand regular cavalry, the dov.er of the whole Ottoman army, palled over with a large ■ train of artillery, and the reft of the army were in motion to follow, when a ft-.dden and extraordinary fwell of the waters of the Neifter carried away and totally deftroved the bridge. The Uuilians loft no time in mak- ing ufe of this great and unexpected advantage. A moft defperate en- gagement enfued, in which the flaughter of the Turks was prodigious. Not only theneld of battle, but the river over which fome few hundreds of Turks made their efcape byfwimming, was for feveral miles covered with dead bodies. The Ruilians took6i.piec.es of cannon, and above 150 colours a;ad horfe-tails. 'I he Turks immediately broke uptheir camp, and abandoned the ftrong fortrefs of Choczim, with all its ftores and nu- , iTierous artillery, and let'red tumultuoufty towards the Danube. They were much exalperaled at the ill condui'l of their commander the vizir; and it was computed that the Turks loft 2:^,030 of the beft and braveft of their troops, within little more than a fortnight; and that ^ ;S,oco more abandoned the army, and totally deferted, in the tumultuous retreat to the Danube. Prince Gallitzin placed a garrifon of four regiments in the fortrefs of Choczim, :'.nd fbon af^er refigned the command of the army to general count Rotnanzow, and returned to Peterfburgh covered with laurels. ,^. The Kuffiiius continued to carry on the wai- with fucce^s ; they over-ran the greit province of Moldavia, and general Eimpt took polleffion of the capital city ofjaffv, uichout opooiiiion. /\nd as the Greek natives of this piovia^e had always fecretly favoured the Rulliaus, they now took this opportunity r RUSSIA. 147 opportunity of their fiirrcfs, and the ahfcnre of tb.e Turks, to declare tlicniltlvfs ojKfily. The Crc\k inhabitants of Moldavia, and afterwards thofc of Wallachia, xrknowledgd the emprefs of Ru'Tia their fovcreij^n, ami took oaths of fidehty to htr. Oa the i^th of July, i-rr, ^cne al Koiiian/.ow defeated a Turkifli army mar the liver Lar^a ; the Turks are fiid to have r.iv.ounted to j>.:, co ir.en, and werecommandrd by the khan of the Crimea. But on the fecond of Ani^uft,' the fame Rufllan i>eiicral obtained a ftill greattr victory over anothci" army of the Tiirk'<, com- muuicd by a new grand vi/ir. This army was very nuinerou*;, but was tornlly defeated, it is faid that above 70 o Turks were killed in tiie held of battle, ar.d that thf roads to the Danube were covered with de ui bodies ; a vi'li: quantity of atnmunition, 145 pieces of brafs cannon, and i'onie thou- fand taniagts, loaded vvit'u provifions, f.-U into the hands of the Kuliians. But it was not only by land that the iUiifians carried on the war fuccelF- fulivav^ainll the Turks. The emprefs fent a con(ider:ible fleet of men of war, Kuifr.n built, into the Mediterranean, to ^tt againft the Turks on th:'.t fide. And, by nie.ms of this iieet, the llu! ans Ipread ruin and defo-* lacion tliroir^h th open iflands of tne Archipelago, and the neighbour-' iiig defenrtlcfj. CO, 'fiS of Greece and ..fia. It is obferv.ible, that in. this attempt of the. Kuiiians to ad: as a maritime power, they wcie greatly: aiufti-d by lilngiand ; but v/hether in this the Englifli government was in- flutnc, d by principles of found policy, may very reafonabJy be quef- tioned. 1 The war betu '^^'1 the Riifi-ans and the Turks flill continued to be car- ried on by land, r.s well as by fea, to the advantage of the former ; but at li-ngth fome attempts were made to negociate a peace : it was, however^ a long time before matters could be accommodated between Ihefe great contending powers; hoftiiities were repeatedly fufpended, and afterwards renewed; but at lafl a peace was concluded, on the 2ifl of July, 1774, highly honoiu"able and beneficial to the Ruflians, by which they ob- tained the liberty of a free navigation over the Black Sea, and a free trade widi m! the parts of the Ottoman empire. Before the conclufion of the wrr with the Turks, a rebellion broke out in Rufiia, which ga\'e much alarm to the court of Feterfburgh.\A Cof- iac", whofe name was i'ugatfcheff, afiVimedthe name and charafter of the late unfortunate emperor Peter the Third. He appeared in the kingdom of Kaian, and pretended that he n.ade his efcape, through an extraor- dinary interpofition of Providence, from the n^.urderers who were em- ployed to afT' i'uate him ; and that the report of his death was only a fic- tion invented by the court. There is faid to have been a ftriking refem- biance in his perlon to that of the late emperor, which induced him to engage in this ent rprize. As he poflefTed abilities and addrefs, his followers foou became very num.erous ; and he at length found himfelf fo power- h'l, his followers being armed, and provided v,'ith artillery, that he flood feveral engagements with tlie able Ruii.an generaL, at the head of large bodie'j of troops, and committed great rava;?;esin the country. But being £t l^ff totally defeated, and taken prifoner, he was brought to Molcow in an iron cnge, and there beheaded, on the 21ft ol anuary, 177.. The nrefent emprefs of RufTia, notwithflanding the very unfavourable cucmnftances which attended her taking pofreiiion of the government of that empire, has, from the commencement of her reign, filled her high itaiion with diflinguiflied reputation and ability. She has encouraged learning and the art.', and endeavoured greativ to extend the conimerce I mi '' ■■I'll' 'i ■ .1/ ■I 'i :■■;! :'J mmm km ■.MmmL immm% '' hili'lu&lii. ill! fill BH 149 ISLES of SCOTLAND. T '■ : :' , ■ i of her fubjef^s; though the extreme defpotifm of the Ruffian govern- jnent is a great impediment to the pi ogref> of the arts and fciences, ami to the real profperity of the empire. Her imperial majefty has, however, ^ffeAed many beneficial and important regulations in the interior police of her vaft empire, and particularly in the courts of juftice. Oneofthefe is, the abolition of the ufe of torture ; and (lie has alfo adopted an ex- cellent plan for the reformation of prifon?. The new code of laws for iwhich (he hath given her infti*uf laws for political fc- ble tranfac- it^, for the attacks or law, which i are to en- »afts ofbel. belligerent il fliips, ex- and in hef It her impe- armed neu- non caiife of iclate, with 'i he armed Sweden and Zerbfl, was ?pofition and ilft d\ike of bwitz, great k and bv his Alexander ; L ES. treat of the lefcription of ehend under ^VefternHles. north-eaft of of north latr- 6^ degi'cesof IS flrait calL'd fome of them nate of he^e t many of the ijativt$ 'iit ■i 1 ■■■' • i' k\P:] ■::;'!' i m . • hi : Wl' HaiL^Zf. ISLES OF SCOTLAND. 149 natives live to a grreat age. In the Shetland and Orkney iflands they Tee to read at muinight in June and July ; and during four of the fummer months they have frequetit communications, both for bufinefs and curi- oiitv, with each other, and with the continent : the reft of the year, how- ever, they are almoft inacceilble, through fogs, darknefs, and ftoims. It is a certain fa£t, that a Scotch fillierman u as imprifoned in May, for pub- lifhing the account of the prince and princefs of Orange being raifed to the throne of England the preceding November j and he would piobably have been hanged, had not the news been confirmed by the arrival of a fill p. CnnF ISLANDS AND TOWNS.] The largeft of the Shetland iflands, whirh are forty-fix in number, (though many of them are uninhabited) is Mainland, which is fixty miles in length, and twenty in breailth. Its , principal town is Larwlck, which contains 300 families ; the whole num- ber of families in the ifland not exceeding 500. s-kalloway is another town, where the remains of a caftle are ftill to be fecn, and it is the fent of n pi cfbytery. On this ifland the Dutch begin to fifti for herrings at Mid- funimer, and their fifhmg feafon lafts iix months. The largeft of the Orkney iflands, which are about 30 in number, (though feveral of them are vrnpeooled) is called Pomona. Its length is '\x miles, and its breadth, in fome places, nine. It contains -nine parifli churches, and four excellent harbours. The Ifle of Mull, in the Hebrides, is 24. miles long, and in fome pices almoft as broad. It contains two parifties, and a caftle, called Duart, which is the chief place in the ifland. The other princip.;l weft- ern iflands are, Lewis, or Harries, (for they both form but one ifland) which belongs to the fliire of Rofs, and is 10 miles in length, and 13 or 14 in breadth; its chief town is Stornway. Sky, belonging to this ftiire of Invernefs, is 40 miles long, and, in fome places, ^o broad ; fruitful, and well peopled. Bute, which is about ten miles long, and thre'? or four broad, is famous for containing the caftle of Rothfay, which gave the title of duke to the eldeft fons of the kings of Scotland, as it now does to the prince of Wales. Rothfay is likewife a royal burgh ; and the iflands of Bute and Airan form tire fliire of Bute. The ifles of Ila and Jura are part of Argylefliire, and contain together about 370 fquare miles, but they have no towns worthy notice. North Uift con- tains an excellent harbour, called Lochmaddy, famous for herring-fifli- ing. I fhall omit the mention of many other of the Hebrides iflands, whichareat prefentof fmalliii-pnrtance, either to the public, or the pro- prietors; though, probably, they may, ii. future times, be of great con- fcquence to botii, by the very improvcable fiflieries upon their coafts. I cannot, however, avoid mentioning the famous ifle of lona, once the feat and fuiftuary of wcftern learning, and tine burying -place of many I kings of Scotland, Ireland, and Norway. It is ftill famous tor its reliques of fan^timonious antiquity, as ftiall be hereafter mejitioned. Some au- [thorshave been at great pains to defcribe the ifland of St. Kilda, orHirt, I for no other reafon, that I can difcover, but becaufe it is the remoteft of jail the north-weft iflands, and very difficult of accel's ; for it does not con- tain above thirty five families, all of which aje proteftant, and know very 1 little of the value of money. Inhabitants, customs, popula- I It is not to be imaginetl, that Uiev, LANGUAGE,' AND RELIGION. | the iiihabitanis of tlie iflands L 3 '" belonging l?t t«*>i 150 ISLES OF SCOTLAND. belonging to Scotland, can be fo miniUely defcribed here, as they have been hv Ibnit- other authors ;^ not fo miuh on account of their importvince, as the'r curiofity. Thofe nf Sh^etland and Orkney were formerly fiibjccl to the Normans, who coi.qiiered them in !C'Qq, a few years after thty landed in England under William called the Conqueror. In the year 126:? they were in pofltflion ot Magnus of Norway, who fold them to Alrxandcr king of Scots, and he gr.ve them as fiefs to a nobleman of the name of Speirc. After this they were claimed by, and became fubjefl to the crown of Denmark. Chiiflian I. in the reign of James III. con- veyed them in property to the crown of Scotland, as a marriage portion with his daughter Margaret, and all future preteniious were entirt-ly ceded on the mnrriage of Jaauc V'^I. of Scotland wltliAnne of Denmark. The jfles of Shetland and Orkney form a flevartry, or fln're, which fends a member to parliament. At prefent the people in genera! differ little from the Lowlandtrs of Scotland ; only, perhaps, they are more honeft and religious. ? cuflors, and pre- judices; but with this dilTereace, that the more poliflied manners ol the Lowlanders are every day gaining ground In the Highlands. Perbapsthe defcendants of the ancient Caledonians, in a few years, will be dilcernible only in the Hebrides. Thofe iflands alone retain the ancient ufages of the Celts, as defcribed bv the oldcfl and beft authors : but with a ftrons; tin6ture of the feudal (conftitution. Their flianachies or fiory-tellers fupply the place of thean' rient bards, fo famous in hiflory ; and are the hilforians, or rather gene- alogifts, as well as poets, of the nation and family. The chief is likcwife attended, when he appears abroad, with his muiician, who is generally ' ■ , '"■ ' abag- ISLES OF SCOTLAND. 151 baepiper, and diefTed in the manner, but, as it is faid, n-iore fiimp* Uioufly than the EngliOi minftrels in tormer times*. Notvvithlirnding the ccntempt in which thatmufic is IV.lIen, it is almoll incredible witii what rare and attention it was cultivated among thefe iflanders fo late as the beginning ot the prefent century. They had regular colleges and pro- fcffors, and the ftu:leats took degrees according to their proficiency, Many of the Celtic rites, fome of which were too barbarous to be retained, or even mentioned, are now aholilhed. The inhabitants, however, llili preferve themoft profound refpectand affeiftion for their feveral chieftains, notwithftar.ding all the pains that have been taken by the Britilh logifla- tureto break thofe connexions, which experience has llievv to be lb dan- gerous to government. The common people aie but little better lodged than the Norwegians or Laplanders already dcJcribcd ; though they cer- tainly hre better, for they have oatniCal, plenty of fifh antlfowl, cheefe, biitter-milk and whey; and alfo mutton, beef, goat, kid, and venilbn. They indulge themfelves, like their fojetathers, in a romantic poetical turn, .vhich is an eiiemy to induftry, and indeed todomeftic andptrfonal cl.-Aa;i..<~rs. The agility of both fexes in the excrcifcs of the field, and in' danoi.igto tluir favoui ite mu(ic, is remarkable. Tlie rjaUer woui-i not p-irdon an author, who, in treating of this fub- ict^, ill mid emit that PemarkuDle mantoiogy, or gift of prophecy, which diftingiiifiiJS tiie inhat)itants of the Hebrides under the nam^ of /^ronri fi i;i. It woiiM be equally abfurd to attempt to difprove the reality of the inflnii. cs of Lhis krnd that have been brought by reputable anthore, as toadi^itatl that has been laid upon the fubje.-t. The adepts of the fe- cor.d fig'.it pretend that they have certain revelations, or rather prefenta- ticns either leally or tvj^ic.iliy, which Iwim before thCir eyes, of certain events th.^t are to happen in the courfe of 2^. or 48 hour?. I do not, however, frovi the belt information, obferve that any two of thofe adept* agree as to the manner and for.ns of thole revelations, or that they have auy fixed method for inverpreting their typical appearances. The truth feems to be, that th-sle iflanders, bvindu!gng thernfelves in lazv habits, acquire vifionary i.ieas, and overheat their imaginations, till they are pre- ftnted with thole phantarn;s, vvliich they miflake tor fatidical or prophetic manifellations. They iivftnitdy begin to pvophefy ; and it v.'ould be ab- fuid to fuppofe, that amidft many thonfands of prediiftions, forne did not happen to be fulfilled ; and thefe being well atttfted, gave a Ignition to the whole. Many learned men have been of opinion, tliat the Hebrides, being tiie moft wefterly iflands where the Celts fet*Ied, their language muft rtninin there in its greateft purity. This opinion, though very plaufible, has failed inexperience. Many Celtic words, it is" true, as well as cuiloms, are there found ; but the vad intercom fe which the Hebrides had with the Danes, the Norwegians, and other northern people, whofe language is mixed with vSclavonian and Teutonic, which laft has no afiinity with the Celtic, has rendered their langu,ige a com.pound ; fo that it approaches in no degree to the purity of the Celtic, commonly called Erie, which was fpokcn by their neighbours in Lochaber and tlie oppofite coaifs of '^cotbjKl, the imdoubted defcendants of the Celts, among whom their laii^.uge remains more unmixed. • See Piercjr'» P clique of Anc;?.'nt J-n^lilh Poctr/j jn 3 vols. IV m ■j'ii I i 3 I'i .s 'n-; ,» *j^l! 152 ISLES OF SCOTLAND. The religion profefTed in the Hebrides, is rhiefly prelbyterian, as efl.-j. bliftied in the church of Scotland, but popery and ignorance Hill pievnil among fome of the iflanders, while iuperlUtious pradice^ and cuftomj .feem to be almoft grafted in their nature. Sorr., MINES, AND quARRiKS.] Though it is not in the power of natural philofophy to account for the re.ifon, yet it is cei tain th.nt the foil, both of the northern and weftern ijlands belonging to Scotland, ha4 futfered an amazing alteration. It is evident to the eye-fight, that many of thefe illands have been the habitation of the Druids, whofe temples are fltll vifible in mod of them ; and thofe temples were furroundcd by groves, though little or no timber now grows in the neighboiirliood, The Itum.ps of former trees, however, are difcernible, as aie many veftige^ of grandeur, even fmce the admiffion of the Chriftian religion ; which prove the decreafe of the riches, power, and population of the inhabitant , Experience daily fliews, that if the foilof thft northern and weftern iilands till of late were barren, cold, and uncomfortable, it was owing to their want of culture, for fuch fpots of them as are now cultivated, piodiice corn, vegetables, and garden (tuff, more than fufKc lent for the inhabit- ants ; and even fruit tiees are now brought to maturity. Tin, lead, and filver mines, marl, flate, free-ftonc, and even quarries of marble, have been found upon thefe iflands. They are not deliitute of fme fnfefh water; nor of lakes and 1 ivulets that abound with excellent trout. At the f.iirc time it muft be owned, thafthe prefent face of the foil ii bare, and un- ornamented with trees, excepting a few that are reared in garden,. Trade and manufaciurus.] Thefe are all in their infancy in thefe jfland-;. The reader can eafily fuppofe, that their ftaplecommoditirs con- fiftoffifli, efpecially herrings which are the befl: in the world, and, when properly cured, are equal even to thofe of the Dutch. They carry on iikewife a confiderable trade in down and feathcrd ; and thtir (lieep af- ford them wool, which they manufacture into coaife cloths; and even their linen manufadtures make no fmall progrefs in thefe ifland.. They carry their black cattle alive to the adjacent parts of Scotland, where they are difpofed of in fale or barter; as are large quantities of their inution, which they fait in the hide. Updh the whole, application and induflrv, with fome portion of public encouragement, are onlywantin» to render thefe iflandi at once ornamental and beneficial to the mother- country, as wtll as to their inhabitants. B):a'sts, birds, and fisihs.] Little can be faid on this head, thst is peculiar to thefe iflands. In the countries already defcribed, mention has been made of mofl of the birds and fifhes that have been difcovered here; only it is thoudit that they contain a fpecies of falcon or hawk, ofa irort noble or docile nature than any that are to be found elfewhere. The Shetland ifles are famous for a fmall breed of horfes, which are incredibly aftive, ftrong, and hardy, and frequently feen in the flreets of London, voked to the fpleudid carriages of the curious and wealthy. The coaftsol thofe iflands, till within thefe 20 years, feemed, however, to have been ( reated, not for the inhabitants, but for flrangers. The latter fuiniHi the former with wines, ftrong liquors, fpice, and luxuries of all kind;, for their native conunodities, at the gain of above 100 percent. Biiti: is to be hoped, that this pernicious traflic now draws to an end. Tiirci! thoufand buffes have been known to be employed in one year byrtJ Dutch in the herring fifliery, befides thof? fitted out by the. Haniburgh^i^i Prgmeners, and other northern ports, Raritii' ISLES OF SCOTLAND. ^S3 RARiTir.s AND cijRiosiTins, ) Thcfc iflands exhibit many preg- ARTiFiciAL AND NATURAL. V uaiU pioois, ill their chiirchcs, the vediges ofold forts, and other buildings, both facied and civil, of what hath been aheady obferved, that they were formerly more populous than they are now. The ufe and coiiflru6>ion of fome of thofe works are not eafily accounted for at prefent. In a gloomy valley belonging to Hoy, one of the weftern iflands, is a kind of hermitage, cut out of a (lone. called a dwarf-ftone, 36 feet long, 18 broad, and nine thick ; in which is a Iquare hole, about two feet high, for an entrance, with a ftone of the fame fize for a door. Within this entrance is the rcfemblance of a bed, with a pillow cut out of the ftone, big enough for two men to lie on ; at the other end is a coach, and in the middle a hearth, with a hole cut out above for a chimney. It would be endlefs to recount the varioiiR velliges of theDruidical temples remaining in thefe iflands, fome of which have required prodigious labour, and are ftupendous ereftions, of the fame nature as the famous Stonehenge near Salilbury. Others feem to ^)€ me- morials of particular perfons, or adions, confifting of one large ftone (landing upright : fome of them have been fculpturcd, and othei-s have ferved as fepulchres, and are compofed of ftones cemented together. Banows, as they are called in England, are frequent in thefe iflands; and the monuments of Danifli and Norwegian fortifications might long employ an ablt antiquary to defcribe. The gigantic bones found in many burial-places here, give room to believe, that the formei- inhabitants were of larger lize than the prcfent. It is likewife probable, from fome an- cient remains, particularly catacombs, and nine fdver fibulae or clafps, found at Stennis, one of the Orkneys, that the Romans were well ac- quainted with thefe parts. The cathedral of Kirkwall, the'capital of the Orkneys, is a fine Gothic building, dedicated to St. Magnus, but now converted into a parifh church. Its roof is fupported by 14 pillars on each fide, and its fteeple, in which is a good ring of bells, by /our large pillars. The three gates of the church are chequered with red and white poliflied ftone, emboflTed and elegantly flowered. The Hebrides are ftill more diftinguiflied than the Orkney or Shet- land ifles for their remains of antiquity ; and it would far exceed the bounds allotted to his head, were we even to mention every noted monument iound upon them, dedicated to civil, religious, or warlike purpofes. We cannot, however, avoid taking particular notice of the celebrated ifle of lona, called St. Columb-kill. Not to enter into the hiftoiy or origin of the religious ereftions upon this ifland, it is fuf- ficient to fay, that it feems to have feived as a fandtuary for St. C olumba, and otheV holy men of learning, while Ireland, England, and Scotland, were defolate by barbarifm. It appears that the northern pagans often landed here, and paid no regard to the fandity of the place. 1 he church ofbt. Mary, which is built in the form of a cathedral, is a beautiful fa- bric. It contains the bodies of fome Scoth, Irifli, and Norwegian king:, with fome Gaelic infcriptions. The tomb of Columba, who lies buried ht-re, is uninfcribed. The fteeplc is large, the cupola 2 1 feet fquare, the doors and windows are curioufly carved, and the altar is of the fineft mar- ble. Innumerable are the infcriptions of ancient cuftoms and ceremonies that are difcernible upon this ifland; and which give countenance to the well-known obfervation, that when learnin<^ was nearly extinft on the continent of Europe, it found a refuge in Scotland, or rather in thefe iflands. The ilhnd^j belonging to Scotland contain likewife fome natural curiofl- ties W i« i'.it A 154 ISLES OF S C OT LAND. lies peculiar to thcmfelvc; t the phnfeli or IVIohiTa bcrins, have tcra found in the Orkneys, ilriven, as fuppofed, from the Weft Indies, bv the vveftcrly winds, whiih often force a-fliore many riiriour fhells and ;-na. rine productions, highly cftcemcd by naturahfts. In the parifti of Harn, a large piece offtaj^'s horn wasfm id very deep in the ciith, by the in- habitants, who weie digging for marl ; and certain bituminous effluvia pro. ducefurprifino; phenomena, which the natives believe to be fupern.itural. But fome c.f the mo(t aftonifliing appearances in nature have re:ndined undefcribed ; and, till lately, unobfervcd even by the natives of thefe iflands. A difrovcry referved for the inquifitive genius 0^" Mr. Banks, now fir Jofeph Banks, who in relating his voyage through the Hebrides, anno 1772, favs, " We were no fooner arrived, than we v»ere firuck with a fcene of magnificence which e.'cceeded ovn- expeftations, though founded, as we thouj^ht, upon the moft fanguine foundations ; the whole of that end of the ifland (viz. Staifa, a mile in length, and half a mile in breadth) fupported by ranges of natural pillars, nioftjy above co feet high, (landing in natural coloimades, according as the bays or points of land formed themfelves : upon a fiini bafis of lolid unformed rock, above thefe, the flratum, which reaches to the foil or furfacc of the ifland, va- ried in thicknefs as the ifland itfelf formed into hills or vallics ; each hiil, which hung over the; columns below, forming an ample pediment; (omt of thefe, above fixty feet in thicknefs from the bafe to the point, forn-.ed by the floping of the hill on each fide, almoft in the fllape of thofe tifed in architei^ure *' Compared to this, what are the cathedrals or palaces built by man ? Mere models or play-things; imilations as diminutive as his woi;ks will always be, when compaicd to thofe of nature. V^' here is now the boaft of the arrhitecfl .'' Regularity, the only part in v/hich he fancied hinife!! to exceed his miftrefs, Nature*, is here found in her poireffion ; and here it has been for agesundcftribed. — Proceeding farther to the N. W. you meet with the highefl: ranges of pillars, the m ignincent appearaarc ot which h paft all defcription : here th^:y are bare to their very bafes, and the ftratuin below them is alfo vifible." IMr. Banks particularifes finidry other ap- pearances in this and the neighbouring iflands, which is wholly c. :ripoied of pillars without any firatuni. In fome parts of Statfa, inftead of bfing placed upright, the pillars were obferved to lie on their fides, each form- ing a fcgmentofa circle; but the moft flriking objeft in this field of fcenery is Fingal's Cave, wiiich Mr. Banks dcfcribts in the follouiiv^ manner : — " With our minds full of fuch refleepth of w;it(.r sjt thv WOUth — At I he bottom — •— U Fe:t SI 54 form SCOTLAND. '55 f im nil idea more niaj^nificent than futh a fpr.oe, fupportcd on each :";cle by rr.np;es of columns, and ro.fed by the bottcais of thofc which have b;iii brok; 1 ' (Tin order to form it ; between the angles of which, a yel- lowifa Itn! ■.! litic matter had exuded, whi h ferves to define che angles previfcly, and at the fame time vary the colour, with a grert deal of ele- p;inre; and to render it ftill more agreeable, the whole is lighted, from without; fo that the farthcft extremity is very plninly ft en from without : and the air within being agitated by the fiux and reflux of the tide, is per- fci-llv dry and v, iiolcfomc, free entirely from the damps of vrpours with which natural cuvcrns in genernl abound." Mr. Pennant, who Mo made a vogagc to thefe idands in the fanieye'ar,' had a glnnceof Stalfa, in his pafl'age from l(^na to iVIulI, but was pre- vented bv llormy weather from approaching it. " On the weR, fays he, " appears the beautiful groupe of t!'.- Tr>:afliunifli illes. Ncnrefl lies StalTa, a new Giant's Caufeway, rifir , amidft the waves, but with co- lumns of double tiie height of that in Ireland; giofTy and refplendent, from the beams of the eaflerii fun." And in the ille of Sky, aconfider- ;'-'e wav northward, he refumes the fubjeft : ♦' VVeJiad in view a fine fcrijsof^ genuine bafaltic columns, refemhling the Giant's Caufewny; the pillars were above twenty feet high, coniifting of four, five, and iix angles, butniofi:!.- of five. At a fmall dilb.mc from thefe, on the flopeof a hill, isatraft of fome ro; '- entirely formed of the tops of feveial feriis of co- lumns, even and'clf ife fct, formijig a reticulated furface of amazing beauty and cui-iofity. This is the moft northern baihltes I am acquainted with'; the Lift of fonr in the Britifli dominions, all running from fouth to nortli, nearly in a meridian : The Giant's Caufway appears firfl ; Staffa, &c, fur( ccds ; the rock Humbia about twenty leagues farther, and finally, tlinfc columns of Sky : the depth of the Ocean, in all probability, conteaii the vaft links of this chain.'* ' Learning, learned ME^f, and history. See Scotland. .■' t SCOTLAND. Situation and E> iENT. Miles. Degrees. Length 300 ) between J 54. and 59 North latitude. Breadth 190 ) ) i and 6 Weft longitude. Name.] f-r^ HERE can be little doub-^ that the Scots were not the X original inhabitants of this kingdom, but of the Celtas or Gauls, \yhi"h they invaded about the beginning of the fourth century, an.d having conquered tiie Fi6ts, the territories of both were called Scot- land; and that the word Scot is no other than a corruption of Scuyth, or Scythian, bting originally from that immenfe country, called Scythia by the ancients. It is termed, by the Italians, Scotia'; by the Spaniards, I'.fcotia ; by the French, Efcolle ; and Scotland by thc'Scots, Germans, find Enejilh. BouNu ARIES.] Scotland, which contains an area of 27,794 fquare "ii-es, is bounde.i on the fouth by England ; and on the north, eaft, :ind v.elt, by the Deucaledonian, German, and Irifli feas, or more properly, ^•- Allaiitic ocean. > 9 Divisions ^^ 9^ Ta w /^ ''W V IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 12.8 II I.I 11.25 mm m ■ 40 Ui ■ 2.2 - - 1^ *• I. ■HUU U 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716)S72-4S03 b -urn U-^i t'M m 156 SCOTLAND. Divisions akh sueuivisions.] Srodmd is divided into the mnn. ties fouth of the Frith of Forth, the capi«-al of whirh, and of all the kin^. do»B, is Edinburgh ; and thofe to the north of the fame river, where th? chief town is Aberdeen. This was the anrient national divifinn ; but foin modern writers, with lefs geographical accuracy, have dividt^d it inro Highlands and Lowlands, on account of the different h;3hits, manners and cuftoms of the inhabitants of each. Eighteen counties, or Ihires, are allotted to the fouthern divifinn, and fifteen to the northern ; and thofe counties are fubdivided into fherilfdnir,.' ftewartries, and bailiwicks, according to the ancient tenures and privikgci of the landholders. Shires. J. Edinburgh (429*) I Mid Lothian a. Kaddington ( 121) J Eaft Lothian 1 Sheriffdoms and other fubdivifions. Chief Towns. ' Merfe, anciently I The Merches, and Berwick f ('14) { Lauderdale *J f Edinburgh, W. Ion. 7. _M N. lat. 56. Miifli;. f ] burgh, Leith, and J I Dalkitth. H Dunbar, Haddington, and K^orth Bcrwi(J<. 5. Selkirk t. Peebles y. Lanerk 8. Dumfries 9. Wigtown (-9) (+2) 1 Ettrick Forefl Tweedale (388)} Clydefdale -11 i i Dunfe, and Lauder. « t- 1 / ^ V S Tiviotdale, Lidfdale, 1 \ Jedburgh, Kelfo, and 4. Roxborough ( .65) I ^ Efkdale,and Eufdale \ ] MehofL Selkirk. Peebles. Glaigow, W. Ion. 4.^. N. lat. 55-52. Ha- 1 milton, Lanerk, and | Rutherglen. (188) Nithfdale, Annandale Dumfries, Annan. ( ,90) I Gall«w,y, Weft part } | ^'S"i^i,etr ' | lO.Kircudbright(ioo) Galloway, Eaft part Kircudbright, , „ , C Kyle, Carrie, and ? ( ^" . ^''P'T?^^, ''• Dumbarton. — iRothfay. Wick, N. lat. 58-4C. and Thurfo. Renfrew, Paifley, Greenock, and Port' Glafgow. Stirling ahd Falkirk. 12. Dumbarton (66) Lenox r l3.Bute(u)and \ 14. Caithnefs ('05) i Bute, ArranandCaith- nefs. 1 5 .Renfrew ( 1 2 6 ) < Renfrew 16. Stirhng (76) Stirling — i ! * The immberB fhew the proportion of militia, as propufed to be raifed in each (hire, vrhen that fcheme was bid bclort parliament in 1775. f Berwick, on the north fuic of the Tweed, belongin? form^-rly to Scotland, Jn< ^^''^JTbi I I gie, Inverarv, and J L OldMddrum. HInvernefs, Inverlochv, Fort Auguft us,Boilea'u. Ii;, Perth. Ijo. Kincardin (109) Merns [ 2V Nairn (27) and C Weftern part of Mur- ) { vt<,:..„„ r> _• :+. Ciomartie (24) \ ray ani Cromartie \ \ ^'""*^» Cromartic. Iij. rife (387) Fife — — 16. Forfar h;. BamfF St. Andrews, Cowper, Falkland, Kirkaldy, Innerkythen, El'v, Burnt lOand, Dum- fermline, Dyfart, An- ,itatinn, render it pure and healthful, niul pre- vent tlioie epedcmic diilempeis that prtvail in many other countries. In the iJeii'libtAahoouof fome hii/h- mountains, however, which are trener.i- ly covered uith fnow, the air is keen and piercing for about nine ironuis in the vear. The foil in tieneral is not fo fertile as that of Eujdmd; -I'd in many places lels fitted for agriculture than for pafture. At the line time there are p.ulicular ph.ius and vallics of the mofl luxuriant fcrtilitv- The liner praticks of earth, iucclliuitly wallied down Irom the niouiua.s id ^ C O T A N D. »59 ljr.l repohtf d in thefe rallies, affi>rd them a veget.itivc nonrifliment, wliirh i^ableot (ai-i\ iUir rlif (hontnit j)lant.s lo |)Liiet''lion : thoujh experience I ja> proved, that many vegetables and hortulane produi'lioiis do not come jiofoon to maturity in this country as in Kngland. There is, indeed, a Ijreat variety of foils in hit otland, the face of which is agreeably (liverfified Ibv a charming irmrmixture of natural ol^jcas. The vaft inequalities of I'ie ground, it unfavourable to the labours of the hulbandman, are parti- IdJarly plcafing to a traveller, and afford thole delightful fituations for liniiiitrv houfcs, of which inanv of the Scottifli nobility and oentrv have |lo 'udicioufly av.jled themfelves. It is their (ituation, mo^e than any ex- Ipcnlivc magnihccnce, that oecaiions the feats of the dukes of Argyle and lAihol, of lord Hopton, and many others, to Iik the attention of every Itraveiler. The water in Scotland, as every where el fe, depends on the Iciiiities of the foil through which it paiTes. Water pafling through a Iheavy foil is turbid and noxious, but filtrating through land or gravel, it is Icbi', li^^hf, and falutary to the flomach. Tiiis laft is in general the cafe lin Scotland, where the water is better than thr,t of more fouthern climates, lupioportion as the land is worfe. Mountains ] The principal mountains inScotland are the Grampian IHiK which run from eaft to weft, from near Aberdeen to Cowal in Ar- ]rvltflrirc, almoft the whole breadth of the kingdom. Another chain of Inio'intains, ceiled the Pentland hills, runs through Lothian, and joins thofe lo: Tvveedale. A third, called Lammer Muir, rife near the eaftern coaft, 1 runs wtftu-ard through the Merfe. Befides thofe continued chains, Ismoay; which we may reckon the Cheviot or Tiviot-Hills, on the borders lot linglnnd, Scotland contains many detached mountains, which, from \mx conical figure, fometiiries go by the Ci Itic word Laws. Many of ium are Itiipendouny high, and'of beautiful forms; but too numerous to lb.' particularized here. KivERS, LAKES, AND FORrsTS.] The largcfl: rivcr 111 Scotland is thc iForih, which riles in Monteith, near Callendar, and palhng by Stirling, jar a number of beautiful meanders, difcharges itfelf near Edinburgli, Irtithat arm of the German fea to which it gives the name of Frith of loith. becond to the Forth is the Tay, which ilfues out of Loch Tav, [. Broadalbin, and running fouth-eaft, palfes the town of Perth, and falls ■0 the fea at Dundee. The Spey, which is called the molt rapid river pnSunland, iifiiesfrom a lake of the fame name in Badenoch, and, run- pm/ tVoiTi foiirh-weft to north eaft, falls into the fea near Elgin; as do the Hrb Dee and Don, which run from well to eaft, and difembocrue them- |f:ivesat Aberdeen. The Tweed rifeson the borders of Lanerkihire, and, ttr many beautiful ferpentine turnings, difcharges Ttfelf into the fea at piuick, wheie it fervcs as a boundary between Scoi land and England, on p eallcrn lide. The Clyde is a large river on the weft of Scotland, has 'lirife in Annandalcj runs north- well through the valley of that name, f;iJ, nftcT palling by Lanerk, Hamilton, the city of Glafgow, Renfrew, I'-imbarton, and Greenock, falls into the Frith' of Clyde, 'oppofite to the iiit; of Bute. Befides thofe capital rivers, Scotland contains many of an in- rrior Ibit, well provided with falmon, trout, and other fifties, which equally T»jich'aiid beautily the country, t-everal of thole rivers go by the name of ^'K» Nvliich is the old Celtic name for water. Thc greattft improvement •n'l which i(o SCOTLAND. liU-m which a communication has been opened between the eaft and weft Icj?, to the advantage of the whole kingdoii}. The lakes of Scotland, (there called Lochs) are too many to be partini. larly defcribed. Thofe called Loch Tay, Loch Lomond, Lothntis, Loch Au, and one or two more, prefcnt us with fuch piAurefque fcenes as are fcarcely equalled in Europe, if we exf:ept Ireland. Several of thcle lakes are beautifully fringed with woods, and contain plenty of frefli water fifti. The Scotch fometimes give the name of a loch to an arm of the fea ; for example, Loch Fyn, which is 60 miles long, and four broad, and is fa- mous for its excellent herrings. The Loch of Spiiiie, near Elgin, is re- markable for its number of fwans and cygnets, which often darken the air with their flights, owing, as fome think, to the plant olorina, which grows in its waters, with a ftraight ftalk, and a clufter of feeds at the top. Near Lochnefs is a hill almod two miles perpendicular, on the top of which ij a lake of cold frefli water, about 30 fathoms in length, too deep ever yet to be fathomed, and which never freezes ; whereas, but 17 miles from tUence, the lake Lochanwyn, or Green Lake, is covered with ice all the vfarl round. The ancient province of Lochaber, recfeives that name from be- ing the mouth of the lochs, by means of which the ancient Caledoniars the genuine defcendants of the Celts, were probably enabled to prefent I themielves independent on, and unmixed with the Lowlanders. Befici« thefe rivers and lochs, and others too numerous to mention, the roaflso; Scotland are iu many parts indented with large, bold, and navigable bays or arms of the fea, as the Bay of Glenluce, and Wigtoun Bay ; fometimes they are called Friths, as the Solway Frith, which feparates Scotland from I England on the weft ; the Frith of Forth, Murray. Frith, and thole oil Cromarty a.ud Dornoch. - rr ^ The face of Scotland, even where it is moft uninviting, prefents usl with the moft incontrovertible evidences of its having formerly abour.i [ ed with timber. The deepeft m6fle$, or moraffes, contain large loojofl wood ; and their waters being impregnated with turpentine, have a preferr- ing quality, as appears by the human bodies which have been difcovereij in thofe mofles. The Sylva Caledonia, or Caledonian foreft, the n-i mains of which are now thought to be Etrick wood, in the fouth of Srotl land, is famous in antiquity for being the retreat of the Caledonian v\,il boars; but fuch an animal is not now to be feen in Scotland. Seven'j woods, however, ftil! remain in that country; and many attempts hutj been made for reducing them into charcoal, for the ufe of furnaces aail foundaries; but lying at a great diftance from watei'-carriage, though tkj work fucceeded perfectly in the execution, they were found imprafticabkl to be continued. Vw trees grow in great perfeAion almoft all overScotf land, and form beautiful plantations. The Scotch oak is excellent in thtl Highlands, where fome woods reach 20 or 30 miles in length, and fourorj five in breadth ; but through tiieinconveniency already mentioned, with'f out being of much emolument to the proprietors. I Metals and minerals,] Though Scotland does not at prefent bosl of its goldmines, yet, is is certain, that it contains fuch, or at lenft thatS:*| land formerly afforded a confiderable quantity of that metal for itscoinastj , James V.and his father contra£led with certain Germans for wirkingtifj mines of Crawford-Moor: and it is an undoubted fa6l, that whcnjai*| V. married the French king' daughter, a number of covered diflics, fi with coins of Scotch gold, were prefented to the guefts by way of dti^Jj The civil wws ajad troubles which followed, under his daughter, and um 6 * niinorfl ^' SCOTLAND. i6t tninorlty of his f^raiidfon, drove tliofe foreigners, the chief of whom \va» ir.lleci Cornelius, irnvn their works, whidi fince that lime have never heea rernvered. Some fmal; pieces of gold have been fovuid in thofe parts uafmd down by the floods. It likewifc appears by the pubhc records, mat rhofe beautiful coins, flruck by fames V, call d bor.r.et-pieces, were fabricated of gold found in Scotland, a v,ere other medals of the fame metal. Several landlords in Scotland derive a larj^e profit from their lead mines, which are faid to be very rirli, and to produce large quantitie, of fil>tr, but we know of no fiiver mines that are worked at prcftnt. "Some ropper mines have been found near Edinburgh ; and many parts of S;:ot- Und, in the eaft, wefl, and northern counties, produce excellent coal of various kinds, large quantities of which are exported, to the Vaft emolu- ment of the public. Lime-ftone is here in grest plenty, as is free-done ; fothat the houfcs of the better fort are conflruiFled ' of the moft beautiful matrrials. The indolence of the inhabitants of many places of Scotland, where no coal is found, prevent .d them from fupplying that diefeft by plantations of wood ; and the peat mofles being in many parts, of the north elpecially, almoft exhaufted, the inhabitants are put to great diiliculties for fuel: however, the tafte foi- plantations, of all kinds, that now prevails, willfoon remedy that inconveniency. Lnpii lazuli is faid to be dug up in Lanerkfliire } alum mines have been found in Bamfffhire; cryftal, variegated pebbles, and other tranfparent fiones, which admit of thefineft polifli for leal?, are found in various parts j as are talc, flint, fea-fliells, potter's clay, and fuller's earth. The ftones which the country people call elf-arrow-heads> and to which they aflign a fiipernatUral origin and ufe, were probably the flint heads of arrows made iile of by the Caledonians and ancient Scots. No country produces greatei* plenty of iron ore, both in mines and (tones, than Scotland ; of which the propiietors now begin to ra(te the fweets, in their founderies, as at Carron, and other metalline manufau!atc the Dutch themfelves in curing, as well as catching, tlicir fifli. In former times the Scots feidom v-cntured to fifli above a league's diftance from the land ; but they now ply in the detp walen as boldly and luccefsfully as any of their neighbours. Their falmons, which they can fend more earJy, when prepared, to the Levant and fouthern market than the Englifli and Iri^ih can, are of great lerviceto the nation, as the returns arc generally made in fperic, or. beneficial commodities. This country contains k\v or no kinds, either of wilder dotneftic ani- mals, that are not common with their neighbours. The red-deer and the roe buck are found in the Highlands, but' their flefli is not comparable to Englifli venifon. Xiares, and all other animals for game, are here plen- tiful ; as are the groufe and heathcock, which is a mofl delicious bird, as likewife are the kaperkaily, and the ptarmacan, which is of the pheafant kind ; but thefe birds are fcarce even in the Highlands, and when difco- vcred are very fi;y. The numbtrs of black cattle that cover the hills of Scotland towards the Highlands, and flieepthat are fed upon the beautiful niountains ofTweedaJe, and other parts of the fbuth, are almoft incredible, and formerly brought large funis into the country ; the black cattle efpe- cially, which, when fattened on the fouthern pafturcs, have been recckoncd lupenor to Englifli beef. It is to be hoped, however, that this trade is now on its decline, by the va'l increafe of manuftaures, whole demarnf for butcher's meat mull iellen tuc exportation of cattle into England. Some are SCOTLAND. 163 Me rtf opinion, thr.t a fufH:;ent flock, 'n* proper nTthods, maybe niftd to iupply both maikers, to the great cmohimtiu of the nation. Formerly the kingi ol Svot!ai)fl were at infinite pains to nv.ncl the !)reed oltiie Rcotrli horfes, l)y irn|'oiting a larger and moe gencroj- ki;ul from the continent : but the triitli i^, notwithllaivling all tiie care rhat v.i\s ukfii, it was found that the climate and foil of Scotland wai unravouiuble to that noble animal, for they diiniiiHiied both in fize ami f irit : fo that about the timepf the Union, few horfes, natives of Scotland, were vS nm, h value. Great efforts have been made of late to introduce the Kn liih and foreign breeds, and much pains have been taken for providing the.n with proper food and management, but with what fucccfs time alone can dif- tOVf ! . PofuLATioN, iNHAriTANTS, 7 Thc population of Scotland is ge. MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS. (nerally fixed at about a million and a lialf of fouls. This calculation reds merely upon vague conjecl:ures, as I know of no attempt that has been made to lupport even its probability. If we form an eftimate upon any known principle, the inhabitants of Scot- land are far more numerous. It is to be regretted th. t fonje public encovi- ragement has not been given to bring this matter neater to a certainty, which might be done by the returns, of the clergy from tlieir feveral pa- riflics. The only records at prefent that can be appealed to, are thofe of the army ; and, by thebeft information, they make the number of foldiers fiirniflied by Scotland in the war which began in 1755, to amount to 80,000 men. We are, however, to obferve, that about 60,0 o of thefe were raiftd in the iflands and Highlands, which form by far the leaft populous part of Scotland. It belongs, therefore, to political calculation, to compute whether the population of Scotland does not exceed two millions, as no country in the world, exclufive of the army, fends abroad more of its inha- bitants. If weconfult the moft ancient and creditable hiilories, the popula- tion of Scotland in the thirteenth century muft have been exceflive, as it alTorcied fo many thoufands to fall by the fwords of the Englifti, without anyfenfible decreafe (fo far as I ^an find) of the inhabitants. The people of Scotland are generally raw-boned ; and a kind of charac- teriftical feature, that of high cheeit bones, reigns in their fac^rj. they are lean, but clean limbed, andean endure inciedible fatigues. . .?(. ir adven- turing fpirit was chiefly owing to their laws of fticcemon, whi" -^ invefted the elder brother, as head of the family, with the inheritance, and left but a very fcanty portion for tlie other fons. This obliged the latter to feek their fortunes abroad, tl^ough no people have more alfeftion for their na- tive foil than the Scots ha\ e io general. , It is true, this difparity of fortune among tlie fons of one family prevails in Englanxi likewif(^; but the re- fburces which younr'er brothers have in England are numerous, cottipared to thofe. of a country fo narrow, and fo little improved, either by com- merce or agriculture, as Scotland was formerly. _« An intelligent reader may eailly perceive, that the ridiculous faqiily- pride, which is perhaps not yet entirely extinguiflied in Scot and was ow- ing to the feudal inuitutions which prevailed there in all the horrors of Wood and barbarity. Their family-differences, efpecially the Highland* CIS, familiarized them to blood sin'd flaughter ; and the death of anene- «iy, however effected, was always a -ma tter of tr i u m ph. Thefe palfions did not live in the breafts of the common people only, lor they were authorifed and rheriflied by their chieftains, maiiyof whom Were men who had , and many of the airs liave been brought upon the Englifli ftagc with varintions, under new names, but with this difadvantage, tliat, though rendered more conformable to the rules of mufic, they ai« moftly altered for the worfe, being ftript of that original limplicity, which, however ir- rcg\ilar, is the moft eflentiul charaftcriftic, is fo agreeable to the ear, and lias fiirh powers over the human bread. Thofe of a more lively and oierry flrain have had better fortune, being introduced into the army in ihtir native dreft, by the fifes, an inftrument for which they are remark- ably well fuited. it has been rid icuiouAly I'uppolcd that Rizzio, the un- iajjpv Italian ferretary of Mary queen of Scots, reformed the Scotch mu» f;^ This is a falfehood invented by hib countrymen, in envy to the Scots. Their finefl tunes cxifted in their church-mulic long before Rizzio's ar- rival; nor does it appear that Rizzio, who was chiefly employed by his miftrefs in foreign difpatdijes, ever compoftd an air during the fliort time lie lived in Scotland ; hut were there no otbei evidences to confute this re- port, the original chara)fter of the muficitfelf is fufficient. The lower people in Scotland are not fo much accuftonwd as the Englifti aretoch.bs, dinners, and other convivial entertainments; but when they partako of them, for tliat very reafon they feem to enjoy them more com- pletely. One inftitution there is, at once focial and charitable, and that is, the contributions raifed for celebrating the weddings of people of an inferior rank. Thofe feftivities partake of the ancient Saturnalia ; but though the company confifts promifcuoufly of the high and the low, the en- tertainment is as decent as it is jovial. Each gueft pays according to his inclination or ability, but feidom under a {hilling a head, for which they have a wedding-dinner and dancing. When the parties happen to be fer- »aiits in refpedtable families, the contributions are fo liberal that they of- ten eftablifli the young couple in the world. The common people of Scotland retain the folemn decent manner of their anceftoi-s at burials. When a relation dies in town, the parifli beadle is fent round with a pafling bell ; but he ftops at certain places, and with a flow meiancholly tone announces the name of the part\' deceafed, and the time of his interment, to which he invites all his fellow countrymen. At the hour appointed, if the deceafed was beloved in the place, vaft num- bers attend. The proceffion is fometimes preceded by the magiftrates and their officers, as the deceafed is carried in his coffin, covered by a velvet pall, with chair-poles, to the grave, where it is interred, with- out any oration or addrefs to the people, or prayers or farther ceremony, tlian the neareft relation thanking the company for their attendance. The tiincralsot the nobility and genti-y are performed in much the fame manner >!* in England, but without ahy burial fervice. The Highland funerals were generally preceded by bagpipes, which played certain dirges, called ioro/tachsf and were accompanied by the voices of the attendants of both I fexes, ' , Dancing isi a favourite amufement in this country, but little regard is j paid to art or gracefulnefs : the whole confifts in agility, and in keeping "me to their own tunes, which they do with great exa?:i A kirk-fcflTjon is tlie lowefi eorkTiaftlc jiidicatoiy in Scotland, and its aiithoi ity does not extend beyond its own parifli. The mtnibers confift of the minifter, elders, r.nd dtnrons. X^e deacons are laymen, ?nd atft pretty murh as cUurcriwardens do in England, by having, the fiiDciintt in dcncyof the poor, and taking care of other parochial aftairs. The ckiu- or, as he is called, the ruling elder, is a place of great paro'-jiial triifi, and he is generally a lay peifon of quality or interefl in the parilli. Tht v .iie fiippofed to aft in a kind of co-ordinancy with the minifter, and to lie S filling to him in many of hi^ clerical duties, particularly in catechifiiia vifiting thefick, and at the communion-table. The office of minifters, or preaching prelbyters, includes the offices of 4lcaconsand rulirg elders; they alone can preach, adniinifler the farra- ments, catechife, pronounce chinch ccnfures, ordain deacons and rviIir.^T elders, allift at the impolitioii of hands upon other minilleri, and niodeiate or prefwie in all eci leHaftical jiidicatorics. It has already been obfervcd, that the cftabliflied religion of Scotland is prefbyterian ; that is was formeily of a rigid nature, and partook of all the iiufteritie^ of Calvinifm, and of too much of the intolerance of pnperv, but at prefent it is.mild and gentle, and the fcrmonsand other theologj/al writings of many of the modern Scotch divines, are equally diftingi.iiLetl by good fenfe and moder. tion. It is to be wilhed, however, that this nio- 4f;ration was not too often interrupted by the fanaticifm not only of lav fe- ceders, but of regular minifters. Thefe are induftrious to fix upon the abfurdities of former divines and vifionaries, and ecclefiaftical ordinances anil difcipline, which were fuppofed to be inrompatable with the nature of government. A vaft number of thefe feceding congregations are to be £)und in the Lowlands. They maintain their own preachers, thoiioli £:arce!y any two congregations agree "either in principle or pradice with tach other. We do not. howevei* find that they lly in the face of the ( i- \'i\ power, or at leaft the inllances are rare and inconfiderable : and per baps many of thefe feccHionii are lawful, or to be juftified, on accoujitof the great abufes of patronages, by which many parilhes have unwortliv or incapable niinifters impol'ed upon them, as is the cafe in many placisiu lingland. A different fet of diffenters in Scotland confifts of the epifcopalinns, a few quakers, many papifts, and other feftaries, who are denominated from tlieir preachers. Epilcopacy, from the time of the Refloration in if 60, to that of the Revolution in 16SS, was the ellabliflied church of Scotland; aiid would have probably continued fo, had not the bifliops, who were in general very weak men, and creatures of the? duke of York, aftei- wartls James VII. and II. refufed to recognife king William's title. The partifans of that unhappy prince retaiiied the epifcopal religion ; and king William's government was rendered fo unpopular in Scotlahd, that in queen Anne's time, the epifcopalians were more numerous in Ibine parts than the prelhyterians ; and their meetings, which they held iiiuier the aft of toleration, as well attended. A Scoth epifcopalian thus be- coming another name for a Jacobite, they received fome checks after the rebellion in 171 5; but they recovered themfelves fo well, that at the breaking out of the rebellion in 1745, ^^^X ^^^^me again numerous, after which the governmeut found means to invalidate the afts of their cleiicai order. -Tneir meetings, however, ftill fubfift, but thinly. In the mean while, the decline of the nonjurors is far frpiu having fupprefled epifco- pacyin Scotland; the EngUili bifliops fupply them with clergy qualified . . , . according SCOTLAND. 171 according to law, wliofe chapels are chiefly filled by the Englifli, and fuch Scotch heareis of tliat perfuafioii as havL places under the government. The d.ffe ©f Euclid, and above all his Conic Sections, are fufficient of themftlves to cflablifh the fcientific lepiitation of his native country. This however, docs not reft on the charafter of a few mathematicians and aftronomers. The fine arts have been called lifters to denote their affinit}'. There is the fame connedUon between the fciences, particularly thofe which depend on obfervation. Mathematics and phyfics, proprrlv fo called, were in Scotland accompanied by the other bi-anche» of ftud'v to which they are allied. In medecine particularly, the names of Pit. fairn, Arbuthnot, Monro, Smellie, and Whytt, hold a diftinguiflied place. Nor have the Scots been unfuccefsfiil in cultivating the Belles Lcttrcs. Foreigners who inhabit warmer climates, and conceive the northern na- tions incapable of tendernefs and feeling, are aftonift^ed at the poetic ge. nius and delicate fenfibility of Thomfon. But of all literary puifuits, that of rendering mankind more virtuous and happy, which is the proper objeif^ of what is called morals^ ought to be regarded with peculiar honour and refpeft. T he philofophy of Dr. Hiit- cbefon, not to mention other works more fubtile and elegant, but lefs con- vincing and l^fs inftruftive, deferves, to be read by all who wonld know their duty, or who would wifli Xo praftife it. Next to Locke's EfTav on the Human IJnderftanding, it is perhaps the beft difle£lion of the human mind that hath appeared in modern times; and it is likewifethe moft ufeful fupplefnent to that Eftay, It would be endlcfs to mention all the individuals who have diflin- guiftied themfelves in the various branches of literature ; particularly as thofe who are alive (fome of them in high efteem for hiftoricaJ compofition) dispute the palm of merit with the dead, and cover their country with lau- rels, which neither envy can blaft:, nor time can deftroy. Universities.] The univerfities of Scotland are four, viz. St. An. drews ♦, founded in 141 1 — Glafgowf , 1 45 4. .i— Aberdeen ||, 1477 ^And Edinburgh J, 158a. . Cities • St. Andrew's has a Chancellor, two Principals, and eleven ProfcfTors in fircek, Moral Philofophy, Church Hiftory» Hnmanity, Natural Philofophy, Divinity, Hebrew, Mathenftatics, Medicine. Logic, Civil Hiftory, f Glafgow has. a diancellor, Redlor, Dean of Faculty, Principal, and fourteen Pr«r fcffors in Greek, Moral Philofophy, Divinity, Humanity, Natural Philoiophy, Civil and Scotch Law, Hcbicw, AfuthematicK, Medicine, Drieiital Languag<^ Pradical Aftronomy, Ani)tomy. Logic, Hiftory, jj Aberdeen has properly two Colleges, vi?. Kind's Collect, and Marifchal Collegj- King's College has a Chancellor, Re6^or, Principal, and fevcn ProfciTurs is Greek, Philofophy, Civil Law, \ Humanity, Divinity, Medicine. Oriental Languages, Marifchal College has » Chancellor, Reflor, Principal, and fcven Profeffors in Greek, Natural Philofophy, Divinity, Oriental Larguiiges, M»theni3tic>, ltfc4tcme. JSCorsl Philctof hy a«d Lotur, ' lEdJubursh SCOTLAND- »73 Cities, towns, and other edjiices 7 Edinburgh, the capital PUBLIC AM) pRivAiE. f of Scotlaud, natiuallv take* the lead in this divifion, which the bo\inds of our work obHges us to con- traft. This cadle, before the ufe of artillery, was deemed to be impreg- nable by force. It was probably built by the Saxon king Edwin, whofe territories rt ached to the Fritli of Forth, and who i^ave his name to Edin- burgh, as it certainly did not fall into the hands of the Scots till the reign of Indulphus, who lived in the year 953. The town was built for the benefit of prote^' Pradlict of Mi?di«lic, Civil Law, Chcmillry, .j i^ Law of Nature and NatioM, Anatomy ' ' ,' Rhetoric and iidki Lcttr«t, Midwillry. ' ' „ ' Bvtany, , , ^ ' Ckurch'Hiftory, I Creek, j Humanity, Hebrew, " I logic, • ' ■>■' Moral rhilofof hy, piituriU i'liilolophy 7!u /**;' >w »■.. '- ! mciifib »74 SCOTLAND. ments for the duke of Hwamilton, who is hereditary keeper of the pRiaVc, and for other noblemen. Its long gallery rontains figures, foire of wlv^h are from jjortraits, but all of them painted by modern hands, oi tlie kiiij/'s of Scotland, down to the time of the Revolution. James VII. when duke of York, intended to have made great improvements about this palate- for at prefeut nothing can be more uncomfortable than its fituation, at the bottom of bleak, unimproved ciags and mountains, with frarrely afingie tree in its neighbourhood. The chapel belonging to the palace, as it ftooj when repaired and ornamented by that prijice, is thought to have been a mod elegant piece of Gothic architefture. It had a very lofty roof, and tw o rooms of flone galleries, fupportcd by curious pillars. It was the conventual church of the old abbey. Its infide was demoliflied and rifled of all its rich ornaments, by the fury of the mob at the Revolution, which even broke into the repofitories of the dead, and difcovercd a vault, till diat time unknown, which contain?d the bodies of James V. his firft queen, and Henry Darnley. The walls and roof of this ancient chapel gave way and fell down on the 2d and 3d of December, 1768, occafioned by the enormous weight ol a new ftone roof, laid over it fome years before, Which the walls were unable to lupport. The hofpital, fsnnded by George Herriot, goldfmith to James VI. com. monly called Ilerriot's Work, ftands to the fouth.wcft of the caftle, in a no- ble fituation. It is the fineft and moil regular fpecimen which Ingo Jones (who went to Scotland as architeft to queen Anne, wife of king James, vl.) has left us of his Gothic manner, and far exceeding any thing of that kind to be feen iri England. One Balcang\ihille, a divine, whom Herriot left his executor, is faid to have prevailed upon Jones to admit fome bar*barous devices into the building, particularly the windows, and to have infilled that the ornaments of each fliould be fomewhat different from thofc the of others. It is, notwithftanding, upon the whole, ade- li"hifiil fabric, and adorned with gardens not inelegantly laid out. It was built for the mtlintenance and education of poor children belonging to the citizens and tradefmcn of Edinburgh, and is under the dire proper for the accorfimo^ »7S SCOTLAND^ SNxl lias tlvt ec churches. Moi>trofe, Aberbrothick, and BrHiln, h'e ki the fame country of Aliens : the firll has a great and Hourifliin^ foreign tcade, ami the manufactures of the other two aye upon the thriving hajid. It mav be ncceflaiy again to put the reader in mind, that I write with great luucrtaiirty with regard to ScotJaud» ©n account of its improving iiate. I have rather under thaiY over-rated the number of inhabitants in the tcAvus I haw mentioned. Edinburjrii ctrtainly contain! more than 6o»ooo ibuLs, which is the comm ^n computation, to which I all along con- form myfelf u but the rnilux of people, and the inereafe of matrintiony in proportion to that of property, mutt create great alterations for the bet- ter, and few for the worfe, becaufe the inhabitants who are difpofed to induflry may always find employment. This uncertainly is the reafou why I omit a particuJar defcription of Dimifries, Air, Greenock, Pailley, oterling, and about ^o other burghs and towns of very confiderablft trade in Scotland. But great allowances are to be made on the otiier haiui, for t'lie Urge emigrations, of many to England, America, the Weft and taft. Indies, for new fettlements. The ancient Secxts valued themfelves, upon trufting to their own valoiir, ahd not to fortifications, for the defence of their country. This wasi BJ.ixini more heroical perhaps than prudent, as they have often experi- enced : and, indeed, at this day, their fortis would njake but a ferry ti- cure, if ierfons ia Scotland, becaufe they are fo numerous, that to particularize them exeeeds th€ bounds of my plan. It is fufficient to fay,, that many of rhcm are equal tofomeof the moft firperb buildings iu England and fo- reign countries, and the reader's furprixe at this will ceafe, when he is ii^ formed that the genius of no people in the world is more devoted to arclii- rey t!ic rountry people, Graha:H\ Dyke, from n uadition that a Srottifli wai rior of thitt namt Hift l-rokf over it) between^ the Clyde and Koiih, which was firft marked out by Agricoia, and coin- pjetedby Antoninus Pius, is ftill difcernible, as are feveral Romsn camp* HI the neghbourhood *. Aj>;iicola's ramp, at the bottom of the Grampian hills, is a (Iriking remain of Roman antiquity. It is Jituated at Ardoch, in Perthfliire, and is generally thought ro have been the camp occupied by Agricoia, before he fought the bloody battle, fo well 1 ecordtd by Tacitus, with the Caledonian king Galgacus, who was defeated. Some writers thnik, that this remaiu of antiquity at Ardoch, was, on account of the nu- merous Roman coins and infcriprions found near it, a Roman caftcllum or fort. Be that as it will, it certamly is the moft entire and bell prefervcd of any Roman antiquity of that kind in North Britain, having no iels than five rows of ditches and fix ramparts on the fouth iide ; and of the four gates which lead into the area, three of them are very dillindt and plain, \\%. the prsetoria, decimiana, and dextra. The Roman Temple, or building in the form of the Pantheon otRoire, «• of the dome of St. Paul's at London, ftood upon the banks of the river Carron, in Stirlingiliire, but has been lately bai barov.lly demolished, by a neighbouring Goth, for the pnrpofe of mending a mill-pond, its height was twenty-two feet, and its external circumference at the bafe was eighty- eight feet; io that upon the whole it was one of the molt complete Ronjaii antiquities in the woild. It is thought to have been built by Agi icolo, or fome of his fucceflnrs, as a temple to the god Terminus, as it llood near the pretenture which bounded the Roman empire in Britain to the north. ^'ear it are fome artificial conical mounts of earth, which ftill i^etain the name of Duni-pace, or Duni-p.icis ; which ferve to evidence that there was a kind of folemn compromife between the Rojnansand the Caledonians, that the former fhould not extend their empire tarther to the north- waids. « Innumerable are the coins, urns, untenfils, infcriptions, and other re- mains of the Romans, tliat have bten found in different parti of Scotland ; fome of them to the north of the wall, where however, it does not a{^iear that they made any eii.blinmient. By the infciiptions found near thc- wall, the names of the legions that built it, and how ftu'they carried it. on, mav be It-arned, The remains of Roman highways aie frequent in the fouthern parts. " Near the weftern extremity of this wall, at Diintochcr, in Dumbartoiifhire, » cnufltrynun, in digging a trench 011 the declivity of a hll!, upon wliich are lieu, the VdmaiiK ol a Roman foit, turned up ((.vcral uncouiirK.in tiies, vliich exciting -he curi- oaiyof thcycafantry in that neighhourhood, it was not \m\% bel'crc ihey limire in tjpon an entire fubterrantous biuldin^, from which thty du;^ out a cart-lwad of vhcll* nvatc- rjils. A gentleman, who was then upoji a journey fhrovij^li that ywt of Scotland, - .■ uuim U.10U1, arw m a pirfcx-tly Icmul coiiclitioii i h.: hfler onc-i cr.mp^k\^ !i.'Vtma f'jiws 01 pillars, wbicJi iorm js lal-.yj-in.h ni |)all':i;;;es alxjut ci;';htfen iiichtis Iquiire ? an4 i.!i; br^u tiles hiiug bid over tii-> \yl ok, Jlrve as a ii>6i to Inpporttheeortli ii' ovtf, ivluch IS fouml t„ be tvvrt fct.t in depth. The huik'M^P: is Airroujwievi by a f>.bt;;i;ra|K- ^'W> wall uf iicwn (h.iie. The \i.\\i and f.-nh of'aninials, wiih a iboty l.iid of '-■rth.wirejnund in the p^lTajif- : iiom whidi fo;Me iu.ve conj.Clurfd rr!i;..buJwirig to 'V'.' v»cen Ovcu^iUJ u* i Jio!-i>c4 iW iJic ui'eof »!»<• D.Mo-Lib^.uxiu^ v.rrik'O ■ ■" K 1 " ' Daaiih i60' SCOTLAND. ■■■21 1f^ ' Panifli camps and fortifications arc eafily difccrnible in fevrral northern counties, and arc known by their fquare figures and difficult fituations. Some houfes or ftupcndous fabrics remain in Rofs-lhire, but whetlier they are Danifli, Pi£lifli, «r Scottifh, docs not appear. The elevations of two of them are to be feen in Gordon's Itinerarium Sepientrionale. I am of opinion that they are Norwegian or Scandinavian ftrurtures, and built aoout the fifth century, to iavour the dcfccnts of that peuple upon thutr roafts. Two Pirtifli monuments, as they are thought to be, of a very extraor- dinary ronltriK'tion, M-crc lately liandinj; in Scotland ; one of them af Abernethy in Pertiifliire^ the other at Brechin in Angus ; both of them are columns, hollow in the infule, and without the ftair-cafe ; that of Prt- • Kin is the mod entire, being covered at the top with a fpiral roof of ftone, with three oi- four windows above the cornice : it confids of fixtv regular rourfes of hewn frecitone, laid circularly, and regularly tapering to- wards the top. If thefe columns are really Pi£tifli, that people murt have hcd among them architects that far exceeded ihofe of any coeval momi- ments to be found in Europe, hs they have all the appearance of an order: and the building i$ neat, and in the Roman ftyle of archite of ancient caltKv^, niay be metifioned Kildnimycaftlo in the north of Scotland, which wasformf ' !v :i pbceof grcit ftrength and niai^nificence, and often iifed as an alylnin to noble families in periods of tivil war. Inverugie caftle, the ancient feat of the er^rl maref. Iials of Srot- innd, is alfo a large and lofty pile, lituated on a deep bink of the river; two very high towers bound the front, and even in their Her.aying ftatf, five the caftle an air of much grandeur and antiquity. Vaft rows of ve- nerable trees, inclofing the adjoining garden, add to the defedl of the do- caved buildings. Near the town of Huntley are the ruins of Huntlt-y (artle. On the avenue that leads to it, are two large fquare towers, which had defended the gateway. The caftle feems to be very old, and great part of it is demoliflied ; but there is a mafTy building of a more mociern date, in which fome of the apartments, and in particular their oirious cielings, are ftill m tolerable prtfervation. They are panited with a great variety of fubjefts, in fmall divifions, in which are contained many em- blematical figures. Befides thefe remains of Roman, Piiiler, purfued Mr. Pelliam's wife ph-n ; and fufiiy boafted in parliaiiKUt, that he availed himfelf of the coura^^o, (tooiI fcnfc, and fpirit of the Scots m carrying on the moil extenfive v.vir that ever Gi eat Britain was engageij in. Let me add, to the honour oF the Britifli government, that the Scotb Ijave been fuffered to avail themfclvts of all the benefits of commerce ami manufafturcs they ran claim, either in right of their former independcncv, the treaty of union, or pofleiior ai5h of parliament. This is manifeil from the cntenfiye trade they lately carried on with the BritiHi lettlemeuts in America and the Weft Indies ; and with ail the na- tions to which the F.nglifli thtinfeivfs tra•..■•. . ■ . • . ' -^ Jjj5 S C O T L A N a t^'3 The biffTes, or vefrdsemplcn'cl in t'le great herring fiflicry on thew rienv coafts of Scotland, are fitted out from the RortU-weft puts of Eoglrnd^ tlie north of Ireland, as well as tlie nFnneroi'is poits of the Clyde and ceighboaring -iilands. The grand rendezvous is at Campboltown, a rotn- iiiodious port in ArgyiefirKe, facing the north of Ireland, v. •"•>' ibnietimeR ipo vefTrls have been aflembleci. They clear out on t'jv i ;th of Scptem- lier, and inufi: return to their different ports hy rlie i3tr. A Tannery. Tiaey are alfo under cirtain regulations r;fpfcting the ntmi.'r ol rons, men, sets, &CC. the whole being judicioufny calrulatcd to promoi: the befl: of na- tional purpofes, its flrenr^th and its cciiimtroe. But thou i;h the politick exiftence of Great Britain depends upon the number and bravery of our ieamen, this noble iuftitution has hithepto pi^oved ruinous to many of fchofe who have embarked in it, and unlefs vigoroufly i«ppoi.tiod will leml ia Ciioke. To encGuiage this fiftierv, a bountv of 508. per ton was granted by parliament : but whether from the infiifficiency of the fund arproprixted for this purpofe, or any otl>er caufe, the bounty was with-held from year to year, while in the mean time the adventurers were not only fiuking their fortunes, but alfo borrowing to the iitmoft limits of their credit ; the bounty has fince been reduced fom 50 to 30s. Avith the ftrongeft afTur^iices of its being regularly paid when due. Upon the fh-eugth of thefe promifea they kave again embarked in the fifliwy, and it is to be wiihed, that n© ronfideration whatever may t-eiid to withdraw an i«ducemcr«t (b requiiiie to place this fiiliery on a permaneiit footing. The benefits of thefe fHteries are perhaps equalled by other manufaftuvea carrying on at land ; particularly that of iron at Carron, in Stirlingfliire, Their linen ma,nufaloys an incredible number of hands, in fabricating a particular kind ot flowered and llriped lawns, which are a reafonable and elegant wear. Sugar-houles, j^lafs- works of every kind, delft-houfes, and paper-mills, are ercfttfd everv' where. The Scotch carpeting mak.-s neat and lalting furniture; and fome eflkys have been lately made, with no inconfiderabl;: degree of nir- cefs, to carrv that branch of manufacture to as great perfection as is found in any part of Europe. After all that has been faid, many ye-rs will he maturity. In any event, they never csn give umbrage to the pjiglifli, a^ required betore the tiade and impiovements in cotland can be brought to the interefts of tiie two people are, or ought to be tlte laVne. Having faid thus much, I cannot avoid obferving the prodigious difad- vantages under which bntii the commercial and landed intereft of Scotland lies, from her nobility and great land-holders having too fond an attach. ment for England, and foreign countries, where they fpend their ready money. This iis one of the evils arifing to Scotland from the union, which removed the Itat of her ligiflature to London ; but it is greatly augmented by the refort of volunteer abfentees to that capital. While this partiality i'ubfifb, the Scots wil) probably continue to be diftrelTed for a currency of fpecic. How far paper can fupply that difcCt, depends upon an attention to the balance of trade ; and the evil may, perhaps, be fomewhat prevent, ed, by money remitted from England for carrying on the vaft manufaftures ^nd works now fet on foot in Scotlan>J. The gentlemen who refide in Scotland, have wifely abandoned French claret and brandy, (though too jnuih is ftill ixiade ufe of in that country), for rum produced in the Britifti plantations ; and their own malt liquors are now come nearly to us great perfeCVion as thofe in England ; and it is faid, that they have lately exported large quantities of their ale to London, Publin, and the Plantations. Revenues.] See England. CoiNg] in the reign of Edward IL of England, the value and deno- Aiinations of coins were the fame in Scotland as in England. Towards the reign of fames 11. a Scotch Ihiliing anfwerf d to about an Englifli fix- pence ; and about the r^ign of queen Mary of Scotland, it was not rooi? than an Englifli groat. It continued diminifhing in this manner till after the union of the two crowns under her fon James VL when the vaft re- fort of the Scotch nobility and gentry to the Englifli court, occafioned inch a drain of fpccie from Scotland, that by degrees a Scoth fliilling fell to ihe value of one twelfth of an Englifli fliilling, and their pennies in pro portion. A Scorch pejiny is now very rarely to be found ) and they were Succeeded by bcdlfs, which was double ihe value of a Scotch penny, and are flill current, but are daily weari .g out. A Scotch halfpenny was call- ed a babie : fome fay, becaufe it was firft flamped with the head of James in. when he was a babe or baby; but perhaps it is only the coiriiption , of two French words, ias piecty fignifying a low piece of money. The fame obfervation that we have made of the Scotch fliilling, holds of their pounds or mai ks ; \vhich are not coins, but denominations of funis. h>all other ft fptfts, the currency of money in Scotland and England is the f«air, as very few people now reckon by the Scotch computation. ,-nors; it annexed and alienated the revenues of the crown, and reihained giants by the king. The king of Scotland had no negative voice in parity* nient ; nor could he declare war, make peace;, or conclude any other pub- lic biifmefs of importance, without the advice and approbation of pailia^ nient. The prerogative of the king was fo bounded, that he was not even wtiTifled with the executive part of the goverament. And fo late as tlie iTiinority i86 SCOTLAND. f h minoi ity of Jamfs I V. who was. contemporary with, and fon in-law to, Henry Vll. of England, the parliament pointed out to him his duty, n the firft relevant of his, people; as appears by the :i6l flill extant. In fliort. the conftitution was rather ariftocratical than monarchical, The abufe of thefe ariftocratical powers, by the. chieftains and great landholders, ga\e the king, however, a very confiderable intereO among the lower ranks; and a prince who had fenfe and addrefs to retain ilie afFeftions of his people was generally able to humble the moft over-grown of his fubjeds : but when, on the other hand, a king of Scotland, like James III. fheweda difrefpeft to his parlianlent, the event was commonly fatal to the crown. The kino;s of Scotland, notwithftanding this paramount power in the par- liament, found meansjo weaken and elude its force ; and in this they were affiftdd oy the clerg}', whofe revenues were immenfe, and who had verv little deocndence upon the pope, and were always jealous of the powerful nobility. This was done by eftablifliing a fele6l body of members, who were railed the lord^ of the articles, Thefe were chofen out of the clergy, nobility, knights, and burgefles. The bifliops, for inftance, chofe eight peers, and the peers eight bifliops ; and thefe iixteen jointly chofe eight barons (or knights of the fliire), and eight commiffioners for burghs ; and to all thole were added eight great officers of Hate, the chancellor being prtfidect of the whole. Their bufinefs was to prepare all queflions and bills, and other matters brought into parliament ; fo that, in faft, though the king could give no negative, yet hthg by his clergy, and the plac^; he had to beftow, always fureof the lords of articles, nothing could come into parliament thatcouk call for his negative. It muft be acknowledged, that this inftitution feenus to have prevailed bv ftealth j nor was it ever brought into any regular fyr ftem ; even its modes varied ; and the greatcft lawyers are ignorant when it took place. The Scots, however, never loft fight of their original prin. ciples ; and though Charles I. wanted to form thefe lords of the articles into regular machines for his own defpotic purpofes, he found it impracti- cable ; and the melancholy confcquences arc well known. At the Revolu-. tion, the Scots gave a frefh inftance how well they underftood the princi- ples of liberty, by omitting all pedantic debates about abdication, and the like terms, and voting king Jarncs at once to have forfeited his^rown; which they gave to the prince and princirfs of Orange. This fpirit of rcfiftance was the moi e remarkable, as the people hacj groaned under the moft infupportable miniftcrial tyranny ever fince theRe« lioration. It is afktt'. Why did they fubmit to that tyranny ? Thean^ fwer is, In order to prcferve that independency upon England, whicK Cromwell and his parliament endeavoured to deftroy, by uniting them with England ; they therefore chofe to fubmit to a temporary evil; but they took the fii-ft opportunity to get rid of their oppreflbi s. Scotland, when it was a fepirate kingdom, cannot be faid to have had any peers, in the Engiifh fenfe of the word. The nobility, who were dukes, marquifes, earls, and lords, wnt by the king made hereditary members of parliament ; but they formed no diftinft hnufe, for they fat in the fame rooms with the commons, who had the fame deliberate andile- f ifive vote with them in all public matters. A baron, thowgh not a ba- ron of parliament, might fit upon a lord's affize in matters of life and death ; nor was it necellary for the affizers, or jiuy, to be unanimous in their verdi(51. The feudal cuftoins, even at the time of the Reftoratioii, were fo prevalent, and the refcue of a great criminal was commonlvfo •" • V .^. .>. A ■■'-*.■.-'- ., ' -^ 1 ■; n;^{c|^ S C O T I- A N D. ••^7 «iiiich apprehended, that feldom above two days pafled between the ftnterire and the execution. Great uncertainty occurs in the Scoitifli hiftory, by confounding pnrlia- jntnts with conventions; the difference was, that a parli'.Tient could ena<^ laws as well as lay on taxes ; a convention, or meeting of the ftates, only met for the purpofes of taxation. Before the Union, the kings of Scot»- land had foui' gieat and four lelTer officers of State ; the great, were the loid high-ch ncellor, high-treafurer, privy-feal, and fecrttary : the four leffer were, the lords regiller- advocate, treal'urer-depute, and juflice -clerk. Since the Union, none of theft continue, excepting tiie lords privy-ieal, re» gifter, advocate, and juftice-clerk : a third Itcretary of ftate has occafion- ally been nominated by the king for Scottifli affairs, but under the fi\me de- nomination as the other two fecretaries. The above officers of ftate fat io the Scotch parliament by virtue of their offices. Thr ofHcers of the crown were, the high-chamberlain, conftable, ad- miral, and marfhal. The offices of conftable and marlhal were heredi- tary. A nobleman has ftiii a penfion as admiral j and the office of mar- ilial is exercifed by a knight-marfiial. The otHce of chancellor of Scotland differed little from the fame in Eng- land. The fame may be faid of the lords treafmer, privy-feal, and ferre- tary. The lord-regiller was head-clerk to the parliament, convention, treafury, exchequer, and feffion, and keeper of all public records. Though this office was only during the king's pleafure, yet it was very lu- crative, by difpofing^of his deputation, which lafted during life. He ?.(5t- cd as teller to the parliament ; and it was dangerous for any members to diT- pute his report of the numbeis upon a divifion. The lord advocate's office lefcmbles that of the attorney general in England, only his powers are far more extenfive : becaufe, by the Scotch laws, he is the profecutor of ali (apital crimes before the )ufticiary, and likewife concurs in all purfuits be- fore fovereign courts, for breaches of the peace, and alfo in sU matters ci- vil, wherein the king, or his donator, hath intereft. Two folicitors are named by his majefty, by way of aififtants to the loixl-advocate. The oi- fice of ju!live-clerk entitles the poffelfor to prcfide in the criminal court of juftice; while the juftice-general, an office I fliall defcribe hereafter, isab- fciit. The ancient conftitution of Scotland admitted of many other offices both of the crown and ftate ; but they are either now extinft, or too inconfider- able to be defcribed here. That of Lyon king at arras, or the rex fiTialiiim, or grand herald of Scotland, is ftill in being; and it was for- merly an offi.e of great fplendor and importance, iniomuch that the frience of heraldry was preferved there in greater purity than in any other . iountry in Europe. He was even crowned folemnly in parliament with a golden circle ; and his authority, which is not the cafe'in England, in all armorial ajf airs, might be carried into execution by the civil law. The privy-council of Scotland, before the Revoution, had, or afPurncd, inquifitorial powers, even that of torture ; but it is now funk in the par- liament and privy-council of Great Britain; ami the civil and criminal cafes in Scotland are chiefly cognifibie by two courts of judicature. The firft is, that of the college of jufticc, which was inftituted by James V. after the model of the French parliament, to fupply an ambulatory committee of parliament, who took to tht mfeives the names of the lords «ir council and feliiou, which the prefcnt members of the college of juftlce itill retain. This court confifts of a prefulcut and fourteen ordinary mem- l^ersj bdides e\lr?vO^<.!illar^• ones named by the king, who mav fit and vote, ' • • ' but i8S SCOTLAND. but have no falnries, and are not hound to attendance. This court rvtw hf i'alled a {landing jury in all matters of property thai lie before them. 1 heir foims of proceeding do not lie within my plan, neither docs any inquiry how farfuL-h an i*iuitution, in fo narrow a countiy as Scotland, is ronjpa. ttble with the fecurity of private property. The civil law is their director? in all matters that come not with the municipil laws of the kingdom. It has been often matter of furprize, that the Scots were fo tenacious of the forms of the courts, and the tflence of their lav's, as to refcrve them bv the articles of the Union. This, however, can be cafily accounted W, l^ecaufc thofe laws and forms were efTentiai to the poficfliun of eitatcs and lands, which in Scotland are often held by modes inconipattbh.' witti the laws of England. I lliall iuli add, that the lords of council and frftion net Jikewife as a court of equity; but their decreee are (fortunately perhaps for the fubjetfl) rcverfjble bv the Britifh Houfe of Lords, to which an ap. peal lies. The juftice court is the higheft criminal tribunal in Scotland ; but in its preient form it was infrituted fo late as tlie year 1672, when a lord-jultia- f;eneral, removable at the king's pleai 11 re, wis appointed. Thisltxira- tive otfice ftill exilis in the perlon of one of the chief nobility ; but the ordinary members of the court, are thcjuflice clerk and five other judg-r^ who are always nominated from the lords of fefiion. In this couitthe Te»di«3: of a jury condemns or acquits ; but, as I have already hinted, without any neceirity of their being unanimous. Befides thefe two great courts of law, the Scots, by the articles of iht Union, have a court of exchequer. This court has the fame power, au- thority, privilege, and jurifditHon, over tlie revenut: of Scotland, as the rourt of exchequer in England has over the revenues there : and all mat- fers and things competent to the court exchequer of England relating thereto, are likewife competent to the exchequer of Scotland. The jiitlges of the exchequer in Scotland exercife certain powers which formerly ht- longed to the treafury, and are ilillvefted in that of England. The court of admiralty in Scotland, was, in the rei^n of Charles II. by a6t of parliament, declared t6 be a fupreme court, in all caufes com* petent to its own ju» ifdidion ; and the lord higb-admual is declared to bj ^he king's lieutenant and juftict-general upon the fca>, snd in all poits harbours, and creeks of the fame ; and upon frefli waters and navigabie fivers, below the firft bridge, or within flood-mark ; fo that nothing com- petent to its jurifdiAion can be meddled with, in che firft'inftance, but by the lord high-admiral aad the judges of his coui t. Sentencts pafl't-d in all inferior courts of admiralty, may be brought again before this cotirt; but no appeal lies from it to the lords of the feflion, or any other judi* catory, unlefs in cafes not maritime. Caufes are tried in this court by the civil law, which, in fuch cafe?, is likewife the common law ot Scot- land, as well as ]>y the laws of Pleron, Wifby, nnd the Hanft towns, and other maritime pia6tices and docifions conmion upon the continent, The place of lord admiral of Scotland is little more than xhv nal, but th^ falary annexed 10 it is reckoned worth locl. a year; and the judge of the admiralty is commonly a lawyer of dillin<^>ioix, with confidcrable perquifites pertaining to his othce. The college or fa( ulty ^f advocates, which anfwers to the Englifli inns ff court, may be called the feminary of Si otch lawyers, They are with- in thcmfelves an ordeiJy cotrt, and thtir fo»ms ifc^uirc great prcrilion aud txr-inina^ion to qualify its c^udidates lor admilivi^. SubpidinMe to . ' ^hen» SCOTLAND. 1S9 'lie* is a body ot inferior lawyers, or, afs they may be called, attorney!*, Aho call themfelves wrireft ^to the fignet, bccaufe they alone can fub- [cribe the Writs that pafs the lignet : they likewife have a bye govern- ment for their own regulation. Such are the different law-courts that are held in the capital of Scotland : we ihali pafs to thofe that are inte- rior. The government of the courities in Scotland was formerly vefted in fjeritfi and ilcwards, Courts of regality, baron Courts, commiilaries, jufticcs ol liie peace, and coroners. Formerly ilierilFdoms were generally hcreditable ; but, by a late a<^ of parliament, they are now all vefled in the crown ; it being there cna«5ted» that all hi'/h fiieriffs, or ftevvards, fliall, for the future, be nominated and( appointed annually by his maiefty, his heirs and furccflbrs. In regard tn the flieritf-deputes, and rteward-deputes, it is enaded, that there (haU onlv be one in each county, or ftewartry, who mull be an advocate of three years (landing at leaft. For the ipace of feven years, thefe deputies are to be ^nominated by the king, with fuch continance as his majefty rtiall think fit; after which they are to join their office a,i vitta6tice of the civil law of Scotland, and that in England, is remarkable. The Englifh law reports are of the fame nature with the Scotch praftice ; and then* a£b of federunt anfwer to the Englifli rules of court ; the Scottifli wadfets and reverfions, to the Englifli mortgages and dcfeafances ; their poinding of goodsi after lettei"s of horning, is much the fame as the EnglUh executions upon outlawries ; and an appeal againft the king's pardons in cafes of murder, by the next of kin to the deceafed, i» admitted in Scotland as well ag in England. Many other ufagesaie tkpfame in both kingdoms. I cannot, howev'er, difmifs this head without one obfervation, which proves the fimilarity between the Englifh and Scotch conftitutions, which I believe has been mentioned by no author. In old times, all the freeholders in Scotland met together in prefeiice of the king, who was feated on the top of a hillock, which, in the old Scotch conftitutions, is called the Moot, or Mute-hill ; all national affairs were here tranfafted ; judgments given, and diftert'uces ended. This Moot-hill I apprehend to be of the fame nature as the Saxon Folc mote, ^id to fignify no more than the hill of meeting. HisToK Y.] Though the writers of ancient Scotch hiftory are too fond of lyftem and fable, yet it is eafy to coUeft, from the Roman rai'hnrJ, and other evidences, that Scotland was formerly inhabited by diHereiii •|x-ople. The Caledonians were, probably, the firft inhubirants ; the i'l"'* undoubtedly were the Britons, who weie forced northwprd by ihf Belgi' li.tuls, above fcmr foore yeais belore the defi ent of Julius Ca^far ; a"'' vho, frtibng iiirvScotland, wcie joined by great numbers of their country- \\\<.\\ :Int wcie diivcii nui thwavdi, bv the Koiiiiiua. The i£ot^, aoll ()if>- tablv, S C O T L A N D. t9i iMy, were a nation of ailvennirers from the anrie'nt Scythia, who h.icl lerveci in the armies on the continent, and, as has been already hinted, a^ter conquering the other inhabitants, gave their own name to the coun- try. The traft lying foiithward of the Forth, appears to have been in- habited by the Saxons, and by the Britons who formed the kingdom of Alcuith, the capital of which was Dumbarton': but all thefe people ia prorefs of time, were fubdued by the Scots. Having premifed thus much, it is unneceflary for me to inveftigate the conftitution of Scotland from its fabulous, or even its early ages. It is fuHicient to add, to what I have already faid upon that head, that tliey feem to have been as for^^ard as any of their fouthern neighbours in the arts of war and government. It does not appear that the Caledonians, the ancient Celtic inhabitants of Scotland, weie attacked by any of the Roman generals before Agri- cola, anno 79. The name ie them (thf lord Douglas t-rpL-cially) was incre- dible. Though his wife and daughter were ft:nt prilonors to En^^land, where the beft of his friends, and two of hi. brothers, were put to death, yet fuch waa his perfevering fpirit, that he recovei ed all hc(;tland, ex- cepting the '^aftle of Stirling, and iniproved every advantage that was oi- vcn him by the diliipated conduct of Edward II. who laifed .11 army more numerous and bettc r appointed ftill than that of his father, to make a to- tal conquefl of Scotland. It is faid that it confided of 100,000 men, though this has been fu jjwfcd to be an exagj^erated romputation : however, it is admitted that the army of Bruce diti not exceeci 30,000 ; but all of them heroes, who had been bred up in a dtteflatjon of tyranny. Edward, who was not deficient in point of courage, led this mighty hoft towards Stirling, thai befieged by Bruce; who had chofen, with the great eft judgment, a camp near Bannock burn. The chief officers under Edward were, the earls of Glouccftcr, Hereford, Pembroke, and fir Giles Argenton. Thofc under Bruce were, his own brother fir Edward, who, next to himfelf, was reckoned to be the beft knight in Scot- land, his nephrw Randolph earl of Murray, and the young lord Walter, high-ftcward of .Scotland. Edward's attack of the Scotch army was ex- ceedingly furious, and required all the courage and firmnefs of Bruce and his friends to refift it, which they did fo efFe<5tually, that they gained one of the moft complete vidlories that is recorded in hiftory. The great lofs of the Enghfli fell upon the braveft part of their troops, who were led on by Edward in perfon againft i3ruce hijrifelf. The Scotch writers make the lofs of tlie Englifli to amount to, 50,000 men. Be that as it will, there certainly never was a more total defc/it, though the con- querors loft 4000. The flower of the Englifli nobjlity were either killed or taken prifoners. Their camp, which was immenfely rich, and calcu- lated for the purpofe rather of a triumph than a campaign, fell into the hands of the Scots : andJEdward himfel',, with a few followers, favoured by the goodnefs of their horfes,, were purfued by Douglas to the gates of Berwick, from whence he efcaped in a fiftiing-boat. This great and dcci- five battle happened in the year .'314*. The remainder of Robert's reign was a feries of the moft glorious fuc- cefles; and fo well did his nobility underftand the principles of civil li- berty, and fo unfettered weretney by religious confiderations, that, in a letter they fent to the pope,, they acknowledged that they had fet afide Baliol for debafing the crown by holding it of England; and that they would do the (amc by Robert, if he fhould make the like attempt. Ro- bert having thus delivered Scotland, fent his brother Edward to Ireland * That the Scots of thofc days were better acquainted with Mars than the Muftis, ^'■■)' be feen from a fcofling ballad, made on this memorable viSory, which begins as ^~ lollo'^s: Maydt-ns of England fore may yc moiirn, - "'' ' ' 1 • • 'j./. For zjur Ismmonszoy have loll at Bannockbum. • ' ■•>.— ' With heve a low? . , ,' ■ e 3'' V -, V'hatho! ween'd tbcling of England, ,. ' ,. , . ../•.^ ,' So foon to have won all Scotland. " ' ' ■ With rumby low ? '" ^j;,„., ,^^ vcr:'! 9,? >c'^/^^. -^'i •:T^-£v^rr> f 1^ T K-f- -i-^ m^^^^i 1^6 SCOTLAND. at the head of ah army, with which he conquered the grcateft part of that kingdom, and was proclaimed its king; but by expofing himfelf too much, he was killed. Rrbeii, before his cleath, whici^ happened in 1328, made an advantageous peace with England; and when he died, he was acknowltdged to be iudifpuiobly the greateft hero of his age. The glory of the Scots may be faid to have been in its zenith under Robert 1 who was fiicceeded by his fon David II. He was a virtuous prince, but his abilities, both in war and peace, were eclipfed by his bro. ther-in-law and enemy Edward III. of England, whofe finer he married. Edward, who was as keen as any of his predecefTors upon the conqueft of Scotland, efpoufed the caufe or Baliol, fon to'Baliol the original com. petitor. His progrefs was at firft nmaziiigly rapid ; and he and Edward defeated the royal party in many bloody battles; but Baliol was at lafl driven out of his ufurped kingdom by the Scotch patriots. David had the "misfoitune to be taken prifoner by the Engliili at the battle of Durham^ and after continuing above eleven years in captivity, he paid 100,000 marks for his ranfom ; and died in peace without iffue, in the year 1371. The crown of Scotland then devolved upon the family of Stuart, by its head having been married to the daughter of Robert I. The firft king of that nartie was Robert II. a wife anabrave prince. He was fucceeded by his foil Robert IK. whofe age and infirmities difqualified him from reign- ihg : fo that he was forcifd to truft the government to his brother, the duke of Albany, an ambitious prince, who feems to have had an eve to the crown for his own family. Robert, upon this, attempted to fend his fecond fon t6 Fratice; but he was moft ungeneronfiy intercepted by KeiuT IV. of England ; and, after fufFering !a long ca|^tivity, he was tsbliged to pay an exorbitant ranfom. During the imprifonment of James in England, the military glory of the Scots was carried to its greateft height in France, where tney fupported that tottering monarchy againft England, and their generals obtained fome of the firft titles of the king- dom. James, the f^rft of thit name, upon his return to Scotland, difcovereil great talents for government, enaftw many wife laws, arid was beloved bv the people. He had recieved an excellent education in England during the reigns of Henry IV. and V. where he faw the feudal fyftem refined from many of the imperfe,<.-, , .jt^ vSufpicion, indolence, immoderate attachment to fenaales, and many of the errors of a female mind, are viiible in the conduit of James III. and his turbulent reign Was clofed by a rebellion of hisfubjefts, being flain in battle in 14S , aged thirty-five. His fon, James IV. was the moft acdompliftied prince of the age: he was natur.tlly generous and brave , he loved magnificence, he delighted in war, and was e:iger to obtain fame. He encouraged and protected the -fommtrce of his fubjcils, fo that they greatly increafcd in riches; and 7 ^* SCOTLAND. 197 thecouit of James, at the time of his marriajje with Henry VII.'s daugh- ter, \va^ fplendici and refpeftable. Even this alliance coiiki nor ( ure him ff his family diftemper, a pi-edile<^^ion for the French, in whofe caiife he raflilv entered, and was killed, with the flower of his nobility, by the Englifli, in the battle of Flodden, anno 1513, and the fortieth year of his The minority of his fon, James V. w?s long and turbulent : and when he grew up, he married two French ladies ; the firft being daughter to tkking of France, and the latter of the houfe of Guife. He inftituted tlie court of feflion, enacted many falutary laws, and greatly promoted the trade of Scotland, particularly the working of the mines. At this time the balance of power was fo equally poifed between the contending; princes of Europe, that James's friendlhip was courted by the pope, the emperor, the king of France, and his uncle Henry VIII. of England, from all whom -he received magnificent prefents. But James took little (liare in foreign affairs; he feemed rather to imitate his predeceiTors iu their attemps to humble the nobility ; and the doctrines of the Reforma- tion beginning to be propagated in Scoiland, he gave way, at the inili- gation of the clergy, to a religious perfecution, though it is generally be- lieved that, had he lived longer, he would have feized all the church re- venues in imitation of Henry. However, having rather flighted fome friendly overtures made to hitn by the king of England, and thereby given great umbrage to that prince, a war at length broke out between them. A large army, under the command of the duke of Norfolk, en- tered Scotland, and ravaged the country north of the Tweed. After this lliort expedition, the Englifh army retired to Berwick. Upon this, theking of Scotland, fent ten thoufand men to the weflern borders, who entered England, at Sol way Frith ; and he himfelf followed them at a imall diftance ready to join them upon orrafion. But he foon after gave great offence to the nobility and the army, by imprudently depriving their general, lord Maxwell, of his commiffion, and conferring the command on Oliver Sinclair, a private gentleman, who was his favourite. The army were fo much difgufted with this alteration, that they were ready todilband, when a fmall body of rEnglifli horfe appeared, not exceeding five hundred. A panic feized the Scots, who immediately took to flight, fuppofing themfelves to be attacked by the whole Englifli army.' The Englifli horfe, feeing them fly with fuch precipitation, clofely purAied them, and flew great numbers, taking prifoners feven lords, two hun-" dred gf^ntlcmen, and eight hundred foldiers, with twenty-four pieces of ordnance. This difafler fo much affefted king James, thatit thre v him into a fit of illnefs, of* which he fbon after died, on the 1 4th of December, ,^ 154.'. His daughter and fuccefl!br Mary, was but a few hours old at the time of her father's death. Her beauty, her mifcondui^, and her mif^ fortunes, are alike famous in hiftory. It is fuflicient here to fay, that during her minority, and while fhe was wife to Francis II. of France, the Reformation advanced in Scotland : that being called to the throne of her anceftors while a widow, (he married her own coufin-gcrman, the lord Darnley, whofe untimely death hath given rife to much controverfy. The confequcnce of her hufl)and's death, and of her marriage w^th BothwcU, who was confidered as his murderer, was an iiifurrcftion of her fubjefts, from whom flie fled into England, where fhe was ungeneroufly flctaincda pj-i^ner for eighteen years ; and afterwards, on motives of fiatc ■■■'J^'iH. O3 * ' ' policy, *^:>Ln - 1, «■ ii..V\ Kl ,.^V' ^^>-^.,> ..*>.: I^ N G L A N D, vu . ..' : ti .t: r-<;; Situation and Extent. ^^•-'■■^"'-' '''^ iJ^T ' Miles Degrees . -/vlfs T'C' v^!)t:"^ I,ength 380 ) , 5 5° ^"^^ 5^ North latitude. Breadth 300 J "^^"^^^^n ^ 2 Eaftand 6-20 Weft longitude, I D 7 'T^HE longeft day in the northern parts eojitains 8. J J_ 17 hours 30 minutes J and the fhorteft inthf ^, Climate ani I p BOUNDAHIES. ) j^ 17 nours 30 minuies; ana inc nioricu m •»>- I fouthern near eight hours. It is bounded on the Nbifh by that part of the • ifland cajl^^ SfQtland ; an the Eaft, by the German ocean ; on the Weft, • W St. George's Channel j and on the Ssouthby the Englifh Channel, which'parts it froiji Fraacc, and contains 49,450 fquarc mil??* fixth year of of his blood the Englifh t of Scotland. :ndency, as it nmenl being lire negleded, tries. James, ms, left them ice, byhisde- id his Englilh 5 in. Scotland le royal party the power of but afterwards )f their paying ;m for arrears. m^uccefsfiil at- Snally defeated ;h, to the time protedor, gave ? moft material James VII. of who was fo far 'al word to her een Anne, was ts, and offered ate Union as it tch parliannent onviStion, ami edy nobility, it comes the/ame ,'' f .iHl ititiide. eft longitude. parts contains fliorteft in the that part of the ; on the Weft, nglifh Channel, 'ern\ ^ ^ ^ ^-}fc«^ y* :« -fW J^JW<> and TTAI^E S fronx tlie "bell A ZZTJIOJiTTZJE S. iST 'leti/t \ridoe wtcn. Ba'at^X |ro«i> SiS^ vn //J^-s^ • ij^ .^ v!i*e re?: .# foR JJ O ^ :^i^ "5 "^tfC^ri^KJ St- j>r^ ^ ^iu_ft i JSr •*^r :.jyu:»'; "«'4 ■» -- \m / ! )Hi *,• fi i to iverl fdv whi forr But I reafl of: Hi fo| 49| I (*%«•<»;»- .'■■^SV*" E N G L A N D. »9f The fituation, by the fea waflilnjr it on three (ides, rendeis England liable to a threat uncertainty ot weather, fo that the inhabitants on part of the fea-coafts are often vWited by agues and fevers. On the other hand, it prevents the extremes of heat and cold, to which other places, lying in rlic fame degree of latitude, are fubjeft ; and it is, on that account, friendly to the longevity of the inhabitants in general, efpecially thofe who live on a dry foil. To this fituation lik-jwife we are to afcribe that perpe- tual verdure for which England is remarkable, occalioned by refrefliing ihowers, and the warm vapouis of the fea. Names and divisions, ) Antiquaries are divided with regard to ANCIENT AND MODERN. J the etymology of the word /'.'«^ /.^jv^/ ; fome derive it from a Celtic word, ii^niiying a level country ; but I prefer the common etymo'ogy, of its being derived from An^^Ien, a province now fubjecl to his Danifli majefly, which furnilhed a ^reat part of the original Saxon adventurers into this ifland. In the time or the Romans the whole idand went by the name of Britannia. The word Bri\, according ^to Mr, Camden, fignified painted or ftained ; the ancient mhabitants being fa- mous for painting their bodies ; other antiquaries, however, do not agree in ihis etymology. The weflern traft of England, which is almoft fepa- rated from the reft by the rivers Severn and Dee, is called Wales, or the land of ftrangers^ becaufe inhabited by the Belgic Gauls, who were driven thither by the Romans, and were ftrangers to the old natives. When the Romans provinciated England, they divided it into, 1. Britannia Prima, which contained the foiuhern paits of the king- dom. 2. Britannia Secunda, containing the weftern parts, comprehending Wales. And, 3. Maxima Caefarienfis, which reached from the Trent as far north- ward as the wall of Severus, between Newcaftle and Carlifle, and fome- times as far as that of Adrian in Scotland, between the Forth and Clyde. To thefe divifions fome.add the Flavia Caefarienfis, which they fuppofe to contain the midland counties. When the Saxons invaded England about the year 450, and when they were eftablidied in the year 582, their chief leaders appropriated to them- felves, after the manner of the other northern conquerors, the countries which each had been the moft inftrumental in conquering ; and the whole formed a heptarchy, or politipal republic, ronfifting of feven kingdoms. But in time of war a chief was chofen out of the feven kings; for which reafon I call it a political republic, its conftitution greatly refembling that of ancient Greece. Kingdoms ereded by the Saxons, ufuaUy ftyled the Saxon Heptarchy, Kingdoms. Gountjes. I. Kent, founded by r Hengiftin4.75, and < Kent - , .. ended in 8 -'3. , (. 2. South Saxons, - ; founded by Ella in \ Suflex ►• 491, and ended in] Surry 6go. L 3. Eaft Angles,found- ( ^^q^^^ edbyUffa in 575, < Cambridge and ended in 793. J^^.^j^ ^^^-^^^ ^^ -^^^ O4 :-}{ Chief Towns^, Canterbury ^ (Jchichefter X' — r1 Southwark.^*;' Norwich Bury St. Edmonds Cambridge Ely. 4, Weft m. aoo. ENGLAND. Kingdoms. ij. Weft Saxons, founded by Cerdic, 5 1 2, and tndcd in io6o* c. Northumberland, founded by Ida in 57 i, and ended in i 79-- 6. Eaft Saxons, founded by Erche- wia in 527, and ended in ; 46, • Counties, f Cornwall / — j Devon — I Dorfet — ^ Somerfet — Wilts Hants — I'eiks — ' Lam after — York ~ DurhaiTi — ^ Cumberland — I Wtftmoreland — I Northumberland, and Scotland to the Frith l_ of Edinburgh — E(ftx — Midcllefex, and part of Hertford — Chief Towns, 'Launctfton b.xeter Dorchefter >< Bath Salifl-)ury VVincheftcr ^bing'ion. Lancafter York Durham 5 i Carli !e ^ I Appleby J LNewcaftlc. V < London. 7. Mercia, founded by Cridda in 582, and ended 8; 4. 3^ ' The other part of Hertford"! Gloucefter Hereford Worcefter U'arwirk I Leicefter • •' I Rutland Northampton Lincoln { Huntingdon Bedford ■ Buckingham Oxford Stafford Derby Salop Nottingham Chefter r Hertford Gloucefter Hereford Worcefter Warwick Leicefter Oakham j Northampton y J Lincoln * Huntingdon Bedford Ayleft)ury Oxford Stafford Derby, ^y Shrewfbu m [ Nottingha LChefter- - J I have been the more folicitous to preferve thefe divifions, as they ac- count for different local cuftoms, and many very eftential modes of inherit- ance, which to this day prevail in England, and which took their rife from different inftitutions under the Saxons. Since the Norm?!ii invafion, Jingland has been divided into counties ; a certain numbei* of which, ex- cepting Middlefex and Chefhire, are comprehended in fix circuits, oran- nxal progrefs of the judges, for adminiftering juftice to the fubjeftswho are at a diftance from the capital. Thefe circuits ure ; ' ( • J l.M it) ■ • '';-: rii. ;j.,'...j ;;.i ^ 4 E N G L A . N D. 20I Circuits. Counties. fEflex Hertford Kent 1. Home Circuit. Suny i ; i SulTex f Bucks •* r- ■ # , t ' 2. Norfolk. Circuit. Bedford — Huntingdon — Cambridige — ^ Suffolk -nr -i- [Gliief Towns. . . — ") ("Chelmsford, colchefter, Harwich, Maiden, Saffron-Walden, Bock- ing, Brainf ree, aiid Stratford. Hertford, St.Alban's, Ware, Hitch- in, Baldock, Bifliop's Stortford, ti«Fkhainftead,H€m(led, and Barnet. Maidftone, Canterbury, Chatham, Rochefter, Greenwhich, Woolwich, Dover, Deal, Deptford, Fcveriham, j Dartford, Romndy, Sandwich, y<^ Sheernels, Tunbridge, Margate, Gravefend, and Milton, Southwark, Kingfton, Guildford, Ctoydon, £plom, Richmond, Wandfworth, Batterfea, Putney, Farnham, Godalmin, Baglhot, Eg- ) ham, and Darking. Chichefter, Lewes, Rye, Eaft Gnn- ftead, Haftings, Ho(r(ham,Midhurft, Shoreham, Arundel, Winchelfea, Battel, Bnghthelmftone, - and Pet- worth. — ") f Aylelbury, Buckingham, High- Wick- ham, Great Marlow, Stoney Strat- ford, and Newport Pagnel. Bedford, Ampthill, Wooburn, Dun- ftable, Lnton, and Bigglefwade. Huntingdon, St. Ives, Kimbolton, Godmanchefler, St. Ncot*s, Ram- fey, and Yaxley. Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket, Roy- flon, and Wilbich. Bury, Ipfwich, Sudbury, Leoftoff, ... p ■ 3. Oxford Circuit. Norfolk fOxon Berks • Qloucefier ^ i ^ ^ part of Newmaiket, Aldborough, Bungayf Southyold, Brandon, Halelworth, Mildenhall, Bcccles, ^f 1 Framlingham,Stow-market, Wood- Bridge, Lavenham, Hadley. Long- Melford, Stratford, aud Eafterberg. holt. Norwich, Thetford, Lynn, and Yar- ; J [_ mouth. iV «^1 f Oxford, Banbury, Chippin-Norton, J, I j Henly, Burford, Whitney, Dor- ■w/r;.: I I chefter, Woodftock, and Tame. — . I I Abingdon, Windfor, Readings Wal- lin^ord, Newbery, Hungerford, Maidenhead,Farringdon, Wantage, and Oakingham. Gbuceftcr, Tewkibury, Cirencefter, Sart of Briflol, Campden, Stow, l^rkley, Durflejr, I^chlgdc, Tet-. bury. !>■■ • 'I 5l i .,k^ I "?i* ^^1f i^i 20Z Circuity, 3. Oxford Circuit continued. •.I :>• ,f'.. E N G Counties. Worcefter — Monmouth — Hereford — Salop •— Stafford Warwick J -1 ■•"•n Leicefter — • ! I Derby ■u 4. Midland Circuit. J Lincoln Nottingham — ■■'.'.!". ,% I.I V" .1' y ^ •■^;r'-.: t-n . ; 5. Weftern Circuit. ,«i Rutland Northampton ;!-•; 'Hants ^^1 .■•!.-U/... Wilts ;i-i} •li ; .' . Dorfct v.:Iii./::t ■^t 10 Vfr-r LAND. Chief Towns, burv, Sudbury, Wotton, & Marfli. field. Worcefter, Evefliam, Droitwirh, Bewdley, Stourbridge, Kiddcrmin. fter, and Perlhore. Monmouth, Ciiepftow, Abergavenny, Caerleon, and Newport. Hereford, Leominfter, Weobly, Led. bury, Kyneton, and Rofs. Shrewfbury, Ludlow, Bridgnorth, Wenlock, Biftiop's Caftle, Whit- Church, Ofweftry, Wem, and New- port. Stafford, Litchfield, Newcaftic under Line, Wolverhampton, Rugelev, Burton, Utoxeter, and Stone. 'Warwick, Coventry, Birmingham, Stratford upon Avon, Tamworth, Aulcefler, Nuneaton, and Athei- ton. Leicefter, Melton Mowbray, Aflibv- de-la-Zouch, Bofworth, and Harbo- rough. Derby, Cheflerfield, Wirkfworth, Alhbourne, Bakewell, Balfover, and Buxton. Nottingham, Southwell, Newark, Eaft and Weft Retford, Mansfield, Tuxford, Workfop, and Blithe. y ^ Lincoln, Stamford,^ Bofton, Gran- tham, Croyhiid, Spalding, New- Sleaford, Great Orimfby, Gainf. borough, Louth, and HorncaftJe. Oakham and Uppingham. Northampton, Peterborough, Davrn. try, Higham-Ferrers, Eracklev, Oundle, Wellingborough, Thrap' fton, Towcefter, Rockingham, Ket- tering, and Rothwell. 'Winchefler, Southampton, Portf- mouth, -. Andover, Bafingftoke, Chriftchurch, Petersfielcl, Lyminj- ton, ' Ringwood, Rumfey, Arlef- ford : and Newport, Yarmouth, and Cowes, in the Ifle of Wight. SaKfbury, Devizes, Marlborough, y ^ Malmibury, Wilton, Chippinghani, Calne, Cricklade, Trowbridge, Bradford, and Warminfter. Dorchefter, Lvme, Sherborn, Shaftef- burv, Poole, Blandford, Brid- * port, A t a ENGLAND. 203 rton, & Marfli, Circuits. Counties. Somerfet — Weftern | Devon Circuit ^ fontinued. Cornwall — -York 6 Northern^ Circuit*. Durham — Northumberland Lancafter — Weftmoreland Cumberland Chief To^^ns. port, Weymouth, Mclcombe, Ware- ham, and Winhurn. Bath, Wells, Briltol in part, Taun- ton, BriJgcwater, llchefter, Mine- head, JVlilbourn - Port, Glanfton- bury, Wellington, Dulverton, Dunrter, Watchet, Yeovil, So- mt-rton, Axbridgc, Chard, Bruton, Shepton iViallet, Crofcomb, aiul P'roonie. Exeter, Plymouth, Barnflaple, Bid- y ^ defoj d, Tiverton, Honiton, Dart- mouth, Taviftock, 'loplliam, Oke- hampton, Afliburton, Creditori, Moulton, Torrington, Totnels, Axminfter, Plympton, and Ilfia- comb. Launcefton, Falmouth, Truro, Sal- tafli, Bodmyn, St. Ives, Padflow, Tregony, Fowey, Penryn, Kel- lington, Lelkard, Leftwiel, - Hel- fton, Penzance, and Redruth. 'York, Leeds, Wakefield, Halifax, Rippon, Pontefrad, Hull, Rich- mend, Scarborough, Borough- bridge, Malton, Sheffield. Don- cafter, Whitby, Beverley, North- allerton, Burlington, Knarelbo- rough, Barnefly, Sherborn, Brad- ford, Tadcafter, Skipton, We- therby, Ripley, Heydon, How- den, Thirfke, GifborOugh, Picker- ing, and Yarum. Durham, Stockton, Sunderland, Stan- ^^ hope, Barnard-Callle, Darlington, Hartlepoole, and Aukland. Newcaftle, Tinmouth, North-Shields, Morpeth, Alnwick, and Hexham. Lancafter, Manchefter, I'reflon, Li- verpool, Wigan, Warrington, Rochdale, Bury, Ormfkirk, Hawkf- head, and Newton. Appleby, Kendal, Lonfdale, Kirby Stephen, Orton, Amblefide, Bur- ton, and Milthorpe. Carlifle, Penrith, Cockermouth, Whitehaven, Ravenglafs, Egre- mont, Kefwick, Workington, and Jerby. * In the Lint or fpring allizes, the northern circuits extend only to York and Lan- "tWr ; the affizes at Durham. Nevvcaftk, Appleby, and Carlifle, being held only in the autumn, and diilinguifhed by ths appcilution vf the hng eiifuit. Mid lefex *M ao4 ENGLAND. Middleffx is not rornprcbcnd' d ; and Chefliiie is left out of thfrecii. CTiits becr.iie l.eiiig a c:o,int) i>.il.ainf , :t eniovr^ municiprti i.avs and pri- vileges. Ihe fame may be faid ot Wales, whidi is divided into lour cirv:uits. fMiddkfex — 't fLoN-DOs Cownties ex- chifiveofthe^ Circuits. | Chcdfr firfl meridian, N. Lat. ^i-^o. VVeliminller, Uxbrid^e, Brentford, Chelfea, liighj;arc, Hampftead, Kcnfin^ton, Hackney, y^ and Hampton Court. Chefter, Nantwich, Marclesneid, Malpas, Northwich, Biiddleuicli, Sandbach, Con?;leton, Knotsford, Frodifxiam, and Haulton. C I R C u I T s OF WALES. r Flint North-Eaft ) D^-nbigh Circuit, j Montgomery r Ang] efey North- Weft i C aernavon circuits, j I Merioneth , Radnor SoiitI»-Eafl ■ Brecon Circuit. j Glamor : n f Pembroke tJOTJth-Wcft ; Cardigan — "Circuit. I Caerruarthen — l J i Flint, St. Afaph, and Holywell. ) Denbigh, \\'rtxham, and Riuiien. \ Montgomery, LJanvylin, and Wtkh- j. pool. T ( Beaumaris, Holyhead, 3c Newbureh. ( \ Bangor, Conw;.y, Caernarvon, aud ( { Fulillv. J I Dolgelly, Bala, and Harleigh. Radnor, Preftean, anl Knighton. L-recknock, Built, and Hay. LlandafT, Cardiff, Cowbridge, Neath, ana Swanfey. rSt. David's Haver ford wefl, Pem- broke, Tenby, Fifcafd, and Mil- fordhaven. . Cardigan, Aberiflwith, and Llanba- f ^ darn vaw er. Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Lanimdo- very, Ltandilobawr, Langharn, and Lanelthy. In ENGLAND. 40 Counties, which fend up to parliament — 3 5 Cities ( Ely none, London four) — jty Boroughs, two each — — 5 Boroughs, (Abingdon, Banbujy,BewdIey, Hig- ham Ferrars, and Monmouth,) one each 2 Univerfities — — — $ Cinque Ports (Haflings, Dover, Sandwich, 1 Romney, Hythe, and their three dependents, K 16 barons, Rye, W inchclfea, and Seaford,) two each J 80 knights. 50 citizens. 334 burgelles, I 5 burgeflcs. 4 reprefentatives. WALE5. ENGLAND. WALES. 12 Counties — — — 12 knights. 12 Boroughs (Pembroke two, Merioneth none,) 7 hnrvefTes one each — — ' $ SCOTLAND. ^^ Shires — 67 Cities and Boroughs 30 knights. ^ 15 burgeflcs- Total 558 265 ' 'I r-;r Befides the 52 counties into which England and Wales arc divided* there are counties corporate, confiding o? certain diftrifts, to which the liberties and jurifdi^tions oeculiartoa county have been granted hy royal charter. Thus the city of London is 'a county diftinft ^om Middlcficx; the cities of York, Ghefter, Kriftol, Exeter, Norwich, Worcefter, and the towns of Kingfton upon Hull and Newcaftle upon Tyne, are coun- ties of thtmfelvcs, diftina from thofe in which they lie. The fame may bcfaidof Berwick upon Tweed, which lies in Scotland, and hath within its juriiiiidlion a fmall territory of two miles on the nortkfide of the river. Under the name ofa town, boroughs and cities are contained : f«r eveiy borough or city is a town, though every town is not a borough or city. A borough is fo called, becaufe itferidsup burgefles to parliament; and this makes the difference between a village or town, and a borough. Sonne boroughs are corporate, and fome not corporate ; and though decayed, as Old Sarum, they ftill fend burgefles to parliament. A city is a corporate borough, that hath had, or at prefent hath, a bifhop, for if the bifhopricJc be diflblved, yet the city remains. To have fiiburbs, prove it to bea city. Some cities are alio counties, as before mentioned. Soil, air, seasons, and water.] The foil of England nnd Walts differs in each county, not fo much from the nature of the grouud, though that muft be admitted to ocrafion a very confiderable alteration, as from theprogrefs which the inhabitants of each country have made in tlie cul- tivation of lands and .gardens, the draining of marfhes, and many other local improvements, which are here carritd to a much greater degree x>f perfeftion than they are perhaps in any other part of the world, it we ex- cept China. To enter upon particular fpcciineiis and prooifs of t lefe'im- provements, would require a large volume. All that can hh fai'd therefore is in general, that if no unkindly feafon happens, England prodyces com, not only fufficient to maintain her own inhabitants, but to bring large fuins of ready money for her exports. The benefits, however, from thefe exports have fometimcs tempted the inhabitants to cany out of the king- dom more grain than could be conveniently fpared, and have laid the poor under diftrefs : for which reafon cxportations have been fometimes checked by government. No nation exceeds England in the produAions of the garden, which have come to U\ch perfection, that the ra reft of fo- reign fruits have been cultivated here ith fuccefs. If any farther proof Oi this fhould be required, let it b« i^^membered, that London and its neighbour- ; I •-.; s^ 'I w m m flto6 ENGLAND. neighbourhood, though peopled by about i,oor,ooo inhabitants, is plen- tifully fupplied with all kinds of fruits and vegetables from ground withm 12 miles difta rice. The foil of England feems to be particularly adapted for rearing tim- ber ; and the plantations of trees round the houfes of noblemen and gen- tlemen, and even of peafants, are delightfiil and aftonifliing at the fame time. Son\e have obferved a decay of that oak timber which anc ientiv formed the great fleets that England put to fea ; but as no public complaints of this kind have been heard, it may be fuppofed that great ftores are fii!! in referve, unlel's it maybe thought that our Hiip-yards have lately been partly fupplied from America, or the Baltic. As to air, I can add but little to what I have already faid concerning the climate *. ..Li njany places it i^ certainly loaded with vapours wafted fi'om the Atlantic Ocean by weflerly wipds ; but they are ventilated by winds and florms, fo that in this ■refpe6^ England is to foreigners, and people of delicate conftitutions, more difagreeable than unfalubrious. It cannot, however, be denied, that in England the weather is fo exceflively capricious, and unfavourable to certain conftitutions, that many of the in- habitants are induced to fly to foreign countries, in hopes of obtaining a jrenovation of their health. • ■ .. After what we have obferved in the Engiifti air, the reader may form iome idea of its feafons, which are fo uncertain, that they admit of no defcription. Spring, fummer, autumn, and winter, fucceed each^ other, but in what nioirth their different appearance take place, is very undeter- mined. The fpiiug begins fometimes in February, and fometimes in April. In May the face of the country is often covered with hoary froftiu- Head ofblcflbms. The begiiuiing of June is fometimes as cold as in the middleof Decernber, yet at other times the thermometer rifes in that month as high as it does in Italy. Even Auguft has its viciflitudes pf heat and cold, and upon an average September, and next to it Oftober, are the two moit agreeable months in the year. The natives fometimes experi- ence all the-tour feafons with jn the compafspf one day, cold, temperate, hot, and mild weather. After faying thus much, it would be in vain to attempt-any farther defcriptiop of the Englifli feafons. Their inroiiftanry, however, is not attended with the effefts that might be naturally appre- hendtd. A fortnight, or at moft three weeks, generally make up tiie difference with regard to the maturity of the fruits of the earth : and it is hardly ever obferved, that the inhabitants futfer by a hot fummer. Eveu • The cljmate of Englanl has more- advantages than hvs generally allowed it, if we admitthe opinion ot Kiiip Charles the Second upon this fubjcil, which is corro- borated 'by thatof fir William Teniple : and it n\ay be obferved, that they were both trwcllcrs. ' T muil needs add one thinj:^, (lays fir WilllTm, hi hh Mfu!!.:n;j, * part ii p. It4. edit. 8vo. 1690.) in favour of our climate, which I heard the kin;,' * fay, and I thought new and right, and truly like a ki:ig of England, that loved ami • cftcemed hie own country. It was in reply to fome compHiiy that were revilint; ou- • d mate, and extolling thofe of Italy ^nd Spain, or at Icail of trance. He laiJ. " He thought that was the bell cllniau; wiiao he could be abroad in the air withiika- •• fure, or at leall without trouble or incDnvcnicticc, the moft days in the ye;ir. and " the moft hours iti the day ; andth'shc t!inu(rl-,t lie could b.; in F,np;l:iMd, tnorcthm " in any country he Jaiew in Kyrope," * Ajid I believe, (adus lir WiiUuin) it is true, * not only, of the hot and the cold, but even among- our neighbours in France aiidthc • Low Countries theoifclves, where the he^s or tJie colds, and changca of I'caionsarc **kfs treatable (ormbderwc) thaa they afe with us.' tne ENGLAND. ao/ th6 greatcft irregularity, and the moft unfavourable appearance of the leafons, are not, as in other countries, attended with famine, and very feldom with fcarcity. Perhaps this, in a great meafure, may be ow- ing to the yaft improvements of agriculture ; for when fcarcity has been complained of, it generally, if not always, proceeded from the exceffive exportations of grain on account of the drawback, and the profit of tiie returns. InfpeakiQg of water, I do not include rivers, brooks, or lakes; I mean waters for the common convenience of life, and thofe that have mi- neral qualities. Tht? champaign parts of England are generally fupplied with excellent fprings and fountains; though a difcerning palate may perceive, that they j^c^ently contain fome mineral impregnation. In loine very high lan^s, the inhabitants are difti-efled for water, and fup- ply themfelves by tri?pches, or digging deep wells. The conftitutions of the Englifli, and thedifeafes to which they are liable, have rendered them extremely inquifitive after falubrious waters, for tlie recovery andpreferva- tion of their health j fa that England contains as many mineral wells, of known efficacy, as perhaps any country in the world. The moft cele- brated are the hot baths of Bath and Briftol in Somerfetfliire, and of Bux- ton and Matlock in Dprbyfliire ; the mineral waters of Tunbridge, Epfom, Harrowgate, and Scarborough. Sea-water is ufcd as commonly as any other fur medicinal purpofes ; and fo delicate are the tones of the Englifli fibres, that the patients can perceive both in drinking and bathing,' a dif- terence between the fea-water of one coaft and that of another. Face of the country) The induftry of the Engliftx is fuch, as AND MOUNTAINS. J to fupply the abfence of thofe favours which nature has fo layiilhly beftowed on fome foreign climates, and in many refpe . liSinci* ENGLAND. 209 ranrailiire, paflts by Liverpool, and falls into the Irifli fea a little beloW that town ; and the Dee 1 ifes in Wales, and divides Flintfliire from Che- ihiic, falfiilg into the Irifli channel below Chefter. The lakes of England are few : though it is plain from hiftolT and aft- tiqiiity, and indeed, in fonfie places, from the face of the country, that me't's and fens have been frequent in England, till drained and converted in arable land. The chief lakes remaining, are Soham mere, Wittlefea mere, and Ramfey mere, in the ille of Ely, in Cambridgefhire. All ihefe meres in a rainy feafon are overflowed, and form a lake of 40 or 50 miles in circumference. Winander mere lies inWeftmoreland, ajid fome fmall lakes in Lancailiire go by the name of Derwent waters. FouiLSTs.] The firfl Norman kings of Enghnd, partly for political purpofes, that they might the more etlVi^ually enflave their new fuhje«5ts* and partly from the wantonnefs of power, converted immtnfe trads of giouiids into forefls for the l>enefit of hunting, and thefe were governed by laws peculiar to themfelves ; fo that it was necelTary, about the time of paluug the Magna Charta, to form a code of the foreft-laws ; and juftices in Kyre, fo called from their fitting in the open air, were appointed to fee them obferved. By degrees thofe vaft tracts were disforefted ; and the ("hief forefts, properly fo called, remaining out of no fewer than 69, are thofe of Windfor, New Foreft, the Foreft of Dean, and Sherwood Foieft. Thefe forefts produced formerly great quantities of excellent oak, elm, afli, and beech, befides walnut-trees, poplar, maple, and other kinds of v "d. In ancient times England contained large woods, if not forefts, o; ' ■ ''u:'- trees, which exceeded all other kinds of timber for the piiipofcs ot •' d ig, as appears from many great houfes If ill ftanding, in whiih the (..wviiuit beams and roofs remain ftili frefli and undecayedj, though fome of them are above 600 years old. Metals and minerals.] Among the minerals, the tin mines of Corn- wall defi ivedly take the lead. They were known to the Greek and Phce- nicians, the latter efpecially, fome ages before that of the Chriftian a^ra ; ami fiiire the Englifli have found the method of manufacturing their tia into plates, and white iron, they are of immenfe benefit to the nation^ An ore called mimdic is found in the beds of tin, which was very little le- jfaided till above 70 years ago ; fir Gilbert Clark difcovered the art of mamifacliiring it, and it is now faid to bring in i |;o,oo( 1. a year, and to equal in goodnefs the heft Spanifti copper, yielding a proportionable quan- tity of lapis calaminaris for making brafs. Thofe tin-works are under pe- culiar regulations, by what are called the ftannary-laus ; and the miners liave parliaments and privileges of their own, which are in force at this time. Tin; number ot Cornifli miners are find to amount to ioo,ooc~ Some gold has likewife been dilcovered in Cornwall, and the Englilh lead IS impregnated with filver. The Englifli coined filver is particularly known by rufes, and that of Wales by that prince's cap of feathers. De* vonfhire, and other counties of England, produce marble ; but the befi kmd, which refembles Egyptian granite, is exceflfively hard to work. Qiianies of fref--{l:one are found in many places. Northumberland and Chefliiie yield alum and fait pits. The 'Englifli fuller's earth is of fuch cnniequence to the clothing trade, that its exportation is prohibited under l^vci'e penalties, Pit and fea-coal is found in many counties of England ; t^v.t the city of London, to encourage the nurfery of feamen, is chiefly iupphcU Irotu the piu of Northumberland, and the biihoprick of Dyrham. P The tvo- ENGLAND «rre cargoes arc fliipped at Ncwcaftlc and Swndeilaiid, andth« expflrtatibni -«t rr ATfiMA-L PRO ) This is fo copious a fiibje«?t, andf D'jcTioNS J!v fftA AND LAND. ^ ftj^lv inipiovemcnts have been made •n 2,arcicning ond a^^ik:uitiire, ev»en fini-e the beft printed accounts we have 'ir'.d o^ both, that inuch inulbbe Jeft to the ikjadcr's own obfervation and iMperience. 1 have ah'eady touched ujx)n the corn trade of England;- ■■5.:t nothing can be fuid with any certainty concerning the quantities of ••^'heat, barJey, rye, peas, beans-, vetches, eats, and> other grain growing, ,n the king'lom. Excelient iuftltution* for the improvement of agricul- r^jrc are now common in England, and their membcis are fo public -fpirited ^•r. to print periodical accounts of their difcoveries and experiments,, which •eivc to (hew that' agriculture and gardening may be carried to a much higher fttite of perfection than the/ are in at prefent. Honey and' fafFroii ■ire natives of England, It is alinofl needlefs to mention to the moftuniii- ■udgeon, ro:)rh, dare, gr. y ^'^■'ft, bream, plaice, flounders, and crau -hJh, bcfides a deliwte lakc-.'^ih F 2, (ailBJ =! i l| 11 i.h'.l %\ ati ENGLAND. railed cliar, v^hich is foun'l in fome fredi-M'iter lakes of Wales and Cm herland, and as fome fay no where c!fe. The fea-rifli are cod, marbrj haddock, whiting, herrings, pilchards, fkaite, foles. The john dorr found towards the wciiern conlls, is reckoned a great delicatv, as is thrrej mullet. Several other fifli nre found on tlu* fame roafts. As to fhell-iij they are chietly oyfltrs, the propagation of which, upon their prop banks, rcquiies a peculiar culture. Lobfters, crabs, fluinips, and eicaij lops, one of the iToll: delicious of flicll-fiflies, wilks, cockles, periwinkie and mufclfs, with many other fniall fliell-fifli, abound in the Engliihita The whalcichiefiy viht the northern coaft ; but great numbers of porpoifa and feals appear in the Channel. After all, the Englifli have been, per] haps, with great juftice, accufed of not paying proper attention to tiu-jij fiflieries, which are confined to a few inconfiderable towns in the \Vtft( England. The bed nfli that comes to the tables of the great in LomlonJ are fold by the Dutch to Englifli boats, and that induftrious people evej] take them upon the Englifli coafl:s. Great attention, it is true, haslw paid, within thefc fort}-- years, to this important concern. Many pubixJ ipiritcd noblemen and gentlemen formed themfelves into a company c-.UTying on a Britifli fifliery. Large fums were fublcribed, and fM\ v.ith unbounded generofity. Bufles and other vcflels were built, andttej 7uo{l pleaiing profpxfts of fucctfs prefented themfelves to the public. Tr.tvj were, however, unaccountably difappointed, though it is hard tolaviroml what caule, unlefs it was, that the price of Englifli labour was too dear fori bringing the commodity to the market upon the fame terms as tr.tl Dutch. With regard to reptiles, fuch as vipers, adders, fnakes, and woiiiii;! and infcc^is, fuch as ants, gnats, wafps, and flies, England is pretty mi;ci| Upon a par with the reft: of Europe; ai>d the ditfcrence, if any, beconiesl niote proper for natural hiltory than gecg'aphy. | Population, inhabitants, man- ( The exemption of the Ent'-I NERs, CUSTOMS, AND niVF.BsioNr. \ lifli conftltution from the defpcj tic powers exeicifed in foreign nations, net excepting republics, is 0!.* accidentally fo. The Englifli of former ages, were fliangers to thetvf «'elilive ufe of fpirituous liqiiois, and t)thcr modes of livijig that are u.- ENGLAND. 2T :j ^j-liv'C of propagation. On the other hand, the vaft quintines of ciihi- \yc\ lands in England, fiiire tiiofe times, might realonably he preiuir.* mould be favourable to mankind ; but this advantaije is probably more [bill counterbalanced by the prevailing prnftict- ol engroirmg tarnis, fhi:h is certainly unfavourable to population : and indcpt ndent of t;iis, hoou an, average, perhaps, a t:i,irried couple has not fuch a numerous pro- tinv now as formerly. I will take the liberty to make anoLhcr obferva- Ln, which falls within the coi;nizance of alnioft every man, and that is, the incredible increafe of foreign names upon our parifli books, and pub- lic life, compared to what they were even in the leign of (Jeorge I. After what has been premifed, it would be prefumptuous to pretend fo. krrtaiii the number of inhabitants in Ens;;!and and U'alesi but, in my . U'li private opinion, there cannot be fewer tlian ;, 000,000. Some how- ver, wiii fuppofe this to be too large a calculation : and it m.uft be admitted . [tint England has been exceedingly drained botli of men and montv, by Jthe unhappy and deflructive war with the /' crican colon ie-s. But as tq [political calculations, the fallil^ility of thefc apptars in a viry ftriking Vht in thofe of the population of London, becaufe it is impoilible to fix (it upon any of the known rules or propootions of biiths and burials. Cal. loilators have been not only miftaken in applying thofe rules to London land, as they are called, the bills of mortality, but even in topical matter?, Ihtciufc; about 100,000 inhabitants, at the very gates of London, do no; . Ilics within the bills of mortality. Engliflimen in their perfons are geneially well fized, regularly featured, irommonly fair rather than otherwife, and florid in their complexions. It is, however, to be prefumed, that the vaft number of foreigners that are iiitemiingled and interraanied with the natives, have given a caft to their perfons and complexions different from thofe of their anceftors 150 years mo. The women, in their fhapes, features, and complexion, appear fo Itracefiil and loveJy, that England may be teimed the native country of fe I male beauty. But befide the external graces fo peculiar to the women-in England, they are flill more to be valued for then* prudent behaviour, thorough cleanlinefs, and a tender atft<5tion for their hufhands and chil- jdicn, and ail the engaging duties of domcftic life. Of all the people in the world, the Englifli keep themfelves the mofl I cleanly. Their nerves are fo delicate, that people of both fexes are fome- [ limes torcibly, nay mortally aflVfted by imagination; infomuch, that be- I tore the- pradice of inoculation for the (mall pox took place, it was thought improper to me;ition that loathfome difeafe by its true n^ame, in any po- lite company. This ovtr-fenfibility has been confidered as one of the tources of thofe fingularities, which fo ftrongly cb.ara^eri?e the Englifli nation. They fometimes magnify the flighted appearances into realities, ?xci bring the moft diltant dangers immediately ho^ne to themfelves ; anU yet when real danger approaches, no people face it with greater refolution, c: conflancy of mind. They are fond of club^ and convivial alTociations ; .'tiid when tbefe are kept \vuhinthe bounds of temperance and moderation, tjiey pioye the befl ciu'es for thofe mental evils, which are fo peculiar tq Lie^nglifli, thai foreignevs have pronounced them to be national. ihe fame obfervations hold with regard to the Ivigher orders of life, whicii muft be acknowledged to have undergone a remarkable change^ ^f^ r^^ acceffion of the Houfe of Hanover, tfpecially of late years. •*W EngUfl> ngbility a,Bd gentry of great fort\mes, npvv alliiniilate their F 3 ^iianner I;H CI4 E N G L A N D. jnimner to thofe of forcij^ncrs, with whom they cultivate a more fieqwff.t intenoiufe thnii thrir forefather^ did. i hey do not now travel only , is m. pi!s, to Irirsg home the vices of the country they villi, under the tuition perhips of a defpicable pedant, or family dependant ; but they travel foj T!ie piirpofes of focitty, and at the more advanced a2;es of life, while their j'.uigmti'iits are mature, and their palSons retruiated. This has enlargrj fine.ty in England, which foreigr.eis now viHt as commonly as Engiifimni. ViTned them, and the effetls of t!ie iiitercoiirfe become dallv more vifiblc cf')?cial!v as it is not now, as forrrei Iv, confined to one fcx. Suth of the Hni^Iifli noblemen and gentlemen, as do not ftrikc intothof? high M'alks of life, atfeft rather what we call a fnuy;, than a fplcndid W'v of living. They ftudv and nnderlland better than any peoj^le in the ■world, conveniency in their hcufes, gardens, equipages, and cUatcs, and they fpare no cofl to purchafe it. It has, however, been obferved, t':at this turn renders them le^s comjnunicative than they ought to be: hut, on the other hand, the few connections they form, are fincere, cheerful, ar.d jndiflbluble. The like habits dcfcend prttty far into the lower ranks, and are often difcernibie among tradtfmen. This love of fnngncfs and conve- niency may be caHed the ruling paffion of the Englifh people, and is tlie ultimate end of all their application, labour, and fatigues, which are in- credible. A good aconomift with a brifk run of trade, is genuallv, when turned of 50, in a condition to retire froin bufinefs j that is, either to fmrchafean eftate, or to ft-ttle his money \n the funds. He then common- V refides in a comfortable houfe in the country, often his native roiintv. and expeds to be treated on the footing of a gentleman ; but his ftyleoi living is always judicioufty fuitcd to his circumftances. The pver-fenfibility of the Fnglilh, is difcovercd in nothing more than in the vaft fubfcriptions for public chanties, raifed by all degrees of both iexcs. An Englilhman feels all the pains which a fellow-cteatiire fiiffers, and poor and miferable obje(fts are relieved in England with a liberality, that fome time or other may prove injuricnis to induftry, becaiife i' take;. from the lowev ranks the ufual motives oC labour ; that they may fave Somewhat for themielves and families, j^gidnft the days of age or fickncfs. The vt-ry people who contribute to thofe rolkftions, are afleffed rti propor- tion to their property for their parochial poor, who hsive a Itgal demnd for a maintenance ; and upwards of three millions llcrling is faid to k coUerted yearly in this country for chaiitable purpofes. The inftitutinrs however, of extra-parochial infirmaries, hofpital^, and the like, arc in fo:r.c cafes leprehcnHble. The vnft funis beftowed in building tliein, the contrads made by their governor:-, ^m\ even the election of.phyfician'^i who tliertby, quaiitied or unqualified, acquire credir, which is the fnme as pioftt, very often begets her^ts and cabals, which sre very different from the purpofes of difintereffed charity, owing to the violent attachments and prepoflefrions of friends, and tco otten even to party confiderations. Notwithflanding thofe noble provifions, which would banifli poverfv from any o»her country, the flreets of London, and the highways oi fenpland, abound with cbjefts of diffrefs, who beg in defiance of the iViW'S, which render the praftice feverely punifhable. This is partly owiiS to thc'^ranner in which the common people live, Who confitjer the food tQ be uneatable which in other countries wouM be thought luxurions. _ The Englifl), though irafcible, are the moll placable people in the vorld, and will often focritke part ©f their iiitertft rather ihau proceed to ; : ' ' cxtrenwt/. ENGLAND. 215 llrikc into thofe a fpicndid w.'v people in th» nd cibtcs, and 1 obferved, t':?,t to be : hut, on e, cheerful, awl ■)wer ranks, ami ^ncfs and coiive- •ople, and is tlie :, which are in- gentrally, when lat is, cither to B then ccnimon- s native county, biit his ftyleof firtri'mrt)*. Thry arefafily prevaile*! upon to forfWe by fuln-nijliorn, and thcv carry this lenity too far, by aoccrtiiijr of prolcirions ol for>ow pvA-^ lilhediiiadvertifemonts by tholL- wlio oHcjid rhem, and who Icidam-atri't^- cere, nay, often laugh at the eaiirelB ot ilieir profecutoi s, for 'iitbu/iing them fo'gencly. The unfufpcdtin;; nature oi the I'.ngiiih and their hoiieil, open manners, rfpeciaHy of thoic in the raercttr.tije way, renuer theiu (Kipcs in fcveral rcfpe6ls. They attend to projeftors, ami i>o fcheme is io iiiliculrortiincs in ttade, \vhftl>er real m- pretended, deftrved or accidental, and generoufly contribute to the relief of the parties, fometimes evni by placing; them In a more creditable condition than ever. The Jcwt^t brci' of the Englifli are capable of thele and the lifke generous a^lions.: bi.*t they often make aii<»fte«tatious difpJay of tihtir own merits, Avhich dimi- nifhts their value. Ther« is among the generality of the Englrfli of all ranks, an unpardonable preference given to wealth, sibove mott'other con- fidtrations. Riches, b©th in public and private, are often thought tc compenfate for the abfeiice of almoft every good^jnality. Tshis offcnfivc failing, arifes partly from the people being foniuch adot with fuitable regaid even fi-om the firft-rate Kngliflm-kC-n : and it h not untifual for them to thj-ow aCde the t)efl produfbicns of litera- ture, if they are not acquaiiited with th€ author. While the "ftate dil» tinftioii of Whig and Toiy fubllfteu, thie heads of each party affeiled to patronize men of literary abilities; but the pecuniary encourj^ement* given them were but vary moc!^! ate, and the very few wlio met with pi-e- ternventsin the ftate, might liave ^ai-ned them by a competent knowle^lgc of bufmefs, aivd that piiabiiity which the dependents in office generally pol- fefs. We fcarccly have an inflance, €ven in the nrunificent reiga c^" qucca Anne, or of her predeceflbrs, wlio owed fo much to the prefs, of a nwa of genius as iuch, being made eafy m his circumftances. Mr. A!i Jiad about 3'c 1. a year of the public money to zSiit him in his travels ; and Mr. Pope, though a Roman catholic, was offered, btit did not accept ot, the like penfion fvorn Mr. Craggs, the whig fecretary of ilate ; and it wa$ remarked, that his tory friend and companion the earl of Oxford, when iole miaifter, did nothing for him, but bewail hi« misfortune in bein© a papift. Indeed, a few men of difiinguiflied literary abiHties, as weli s$ lome witliout, have of late received penfion-, from the crown ; but from the conduft of fome of them it fliouid feem, that ftaie and party lervicts have been expe.6ted in return. The onevennefs of the Engliih in their converfation. i« very remarkablf : fometimes it is delicate, fprightly, andreplete*withtrue v;lt; fometimes it IS folid, ingenious, and argumentative ; fometimes it is cold and phlei;m;t- iif, and herders upon difguft, and all in the fame perfon. In mativ of their convivial meetings they are very noify, and their wit is often otftji- »^yt, \»hjle the iQudeu aje iiiolt applauded. This is particularly^ a^ r 4 10 2l6 ENGLAND. to be the c.nfe in large companies j but in fmallcr and more fcle^k p.irtie% all the plcafiiiTS of rational ronvcrfation, nnd •agreeable fociety, are en. joyed in England in a very high degree. Courage is a quality that lermi; to be congenial to the Englifli nation. Boys, before they can fpcak, dif- cover that they know the proper guards in boxing with their fith; a quality that perhaps is peculiar to the Englifli, and is feconded by altrength ot arm that few other j)eoplc can exert. This gives the Englifli foldier an infinite fuperiority in all battles that are to be derided by the bayonet fcrewed upoa the mun even E N G L A N D, 217 even though warranted by law. Next to hoiTe-racijigf aod hiiiuinj;, fork righting, to the reproach of the nation, is a favDurire divcrfion amowg, t'le i^reat as well as the vulgar. Multitudes of both clafTes aneojblj roiitui the pit al one of thofe matchts, and enjoy the pangs and death of the t^enerous animal, every fpcftator beincr concerned in a bet, (bmetimct ol hiiih fuiTis. The athletic diverfion of cricket is flill kept up in the fouth; rn and weflcni parts of England, and is fometimes piaclifed by peo- ple o£ rhe highcft rank. Many other paftinies arc common in England* ibine of tbtm of a very robuft n.itui'C, ("uch as cudgelling, wrertling, bowls', Ikittles, quoitb, and prifon-bufe: not to mention duck hunting, foot and afs-races, dancing, pupptt-flii-ws. May garlands, and above all, linking of bclN, a fpecies of mufic which the Englifli boaft they have Inought into an art. The barbarous divcrfionsof boxing and prize-fight- vvr, which were as frequent in England as the flitws of ■ 'adiators irx Rome, arc now prohibited, though often praftifed; and all places of public diverfions, excepting the royal theatres, are under regulations by nt of parliament. Other divcrlions, which aj-e common in otlier cotiii • tiicii, luch as tenuis, fives, billiards, cards, fwimming, angling, fowling, litiiiliiig, and the like, are familiar to the Englilh. Two kinds, aiid thofe hi^hlv kuuiablc, are perhaps peculiar to them, and theie are, rowing, and fiiliiiK. Tlic latter, if not introduced, was patronized and encouraged by his nrefent majel^v's father, the late prince of Wales, and may be conG- dcml as a national improvement. The Englilli are amazingly fond of fcat- iiii^f, in which, howevei", they are not very expert, but they are adventu- rous in it, often to the danger and lofi of their lives. The game-ads have taken from the comnoon people a great fund of diverfion, though without aniwering the purpofes of the rich ; for the farmers and country people (ieftroy the game in their ncfts, which they dare not kill with the gun. This inonoply of game, among io free a people as the Euglifli, has beea coafidered in various lights. Dress.] In the drefs of both fexes, before the prefcnt reign of George III. they followed the French : but that of tH° military officers partook of the German, in compliment to his late majeity. The Englifli, at prefent, bid fair to be the dictators of drefs to the French themfelve.s, at leaf! witii regard to elegance, neatnefs, and richnefs of attire. People of quality and fortune, of both fexcs, appear on high occafions, in cloth of gold and filver, the richefl brocades, fatins, filks, and velvets, both flowered and plain : and it is to the honour of the court, that the foreign manu- t'chues of all thefe are difcouragcd. Some of thefe rich Ihiffs are faid to hi brought to as great perfcdion in England as they are in France, or any other nation. The quantities of jewels that appear on public occafioiK are incredible, efpecially fince the vaft acquifitions of the Englifli in the Eaft Indies. The f:ime nobility, and perfons of diftinftion, on ordinary pccafions, drefs like creditable citizens, tha:t is, neat, clean, and plain, in the fineft cloth, and the beft of linen. The full drefs of a clergyman coij- lifts of his gown, caflbck, fcarf, beaver hat and rofe, all of black : his ^mdrefs is a dark giey frock, and plain linen. The phyficians, the for- mality of whof^refs, in Jarge tye perukes, and fvvords, was formerly re- markable, if not ridiculous, begin now to drefs like other gentlemen, and inen of bufmefs ; that is, to wear a plain fuit of fuperfine cloth, excellent ^iiien, jiud wi^s that fuit tUeir conipiexions, and the form of their faces. Fevr ai8 ENGLAND. Few Engliflimcn, tradefmen, merchants, and lawyers, as well as men of landed property, are without fome paflion for the fports of the field, on which occaiion they drcfs with remarkable propriety in a light frork, nar- row-brimmed hat, &c. The people of England fove rather to be neat than fine in their apparel ; but fince the acceflion of his prefcnt majeftv, the drefles at court, on particular occafions, areiuperb beyond defcripiion. Few even of the loweft tradefmen, on Sundays, carry about them lefs than lol. in clothing, comprehending hat, wig, ftockings, (hoes, and linen ; and even many beggars in the ftreets appear decent iti their drefs. In fliort, none but the moft abandoned of both fexes are otherwife ; and the appearance of an artifan or manufa6lurer in holiday times, is commonly an indication of his induflry and morals. Religion.] Eufebius, and other ancient writers, pofitively aflert, that Chriftianity was firft preached in South Britain by the apoftles and their difciples ; and it is reafonable to fuppofe, that the fuccefs of the Ro- mans opened a highway for the triumph of the gofpel of pence. It is certain alfo, that many of the foldiers and officers in the Roman armies were Chriftians; and as their legions were repeatedly fent over to England to extend as well as to preferve their conqiiefts, it is probable, that thus Chriflianity was diffufed among the natives. If any of the apoftles vifit- ed this country and our heathen anceftprs, it was St. Paul, whofe zeal, diligence, and fortitude, were abundant. But who was the firft preacher, or the precife year and period, the want of records leave us at a lo(s : and all the traditions about Jofeph of Arimathea and St. Peter's preaching the gofpel in Britain, and Simon Zelotes fuffering martyrdom htre, are romantic fables, monkifh legends. We have good authority to fay, that about the year 150, a great number of perfons profeffed the Chriftian faitli here ; and, according to archbifliop Uftier, in the year 1 82, there was a fchool of learning to provide the Britifli churches with proper teachers ; and from that period it feems as if Chriftianity advanced its benign and fa- Jutarv influences among the inhabitants in their fcveral diftri^ls. It is un. neceflary to repeat what has been faid in the Introduction, refpeding the rife and fall of the church of Rome in Europe. I fliall only obferve in this place, that John WicklifFe, an Englifliman, educated at Oxford in the reign of Edward III. has the honour of being the firft perfon in Eu- rope who publicly called in queftion, and boldly refuted, thofe doftrines which had paflld for certain during (o many ages ; and that the eftablifh- ed religion in England, which had its life under Henry VIII. is reformed from the errors of popery, and approaches? nearer to the primitive Chriftia- 'nity, being equally removed from fupevftition and indelicacy in its wor- iliip, and as void of bigotiy as of licentioufnefs in its pr.i(f\ice. The confiitution of the church is epifcopal, and it is governed by biihops, whofe benefices were converted by the Norman conqueror into temporal baronies, in right of which, every bifliop has a feat and vote in the houli? of peers. The benefices of the inferior clergy ai e now freehold, but in ' many places their tithes are impropriated in favnur of the laity. The , ceconomy of the church of England has been accufed for die inequality of its livings ; fome of them extending from three hundred to fourteen hun- dred a year; and many, particularly in Wales, being too fmall to main- tain a clergvnian, efpeciaily if he has a family, with any tolerable decen- cy ; but this feems not eafy to be remedied, unlefs the dignified clcrgj* ^uld adopi and fupport tlic rcfprrning fcheiiie, "^hc crown, as well ^ '' " ' ^. ' ^ ' - '. ^ " |ai; W' ENGLAND. iif (irivAte perfons, has done great tilings towards the augmentation pf poor livings. The digtiitaries of the church of England, fiich as deans, prebendaries, and the like, have generaJiy large imomes; Ibme of them exceeding in^ value thofe of bifliopricks, for which reafon the reveinies of a rich deanery, or other living, is often annexed to a poor bifliopiick. At prefent, the flergy of the church of England, as to temporal matters, arc in a moft ilomifluiig fituation, becaule the value ot their tithes increafts with the impi'7/tments of lands, which of late hnve been amazing in England. The fovtreigns of Enii;land, ever fincc the reign of Henry VIII. have been called, in public writs, the luprcme heads of the church j but this title conveys no f^intual meaning, as it only denotes the regal power, f* prevf-nt any ercltfiaftical diffcrencts, or, in other words, to fubuitute the kinj; in place of the pope before the Reformation, with regard to tempora- litic, -.md the internal occonomy of the church. The kingk of Crigland nev-r intermeddle in ecclefiaflical difputes, unlefs by preventing thi con- voc- lion from fitting to agitate thpm, and are contended to j-ive a ihi'itiorj. to the lcf«l rights of the clergy. The church of Ingland, under this defcription oi the nioaar iiicai power over it, is governed by two archbifliops, and twertj'<^our hilhons, btrfidc the biiliop f )f Sodoi* and Man, who not bting pofliilt/.! of an Iv-glifli barony, doch not iit in the houfe of peers *. The two .irchbi/hop', sre, thole cf C^intcibiuy and York, who are both dignifl,r ! uith tlte addrefs of Your Grace. Th*- foiVDcr is the tiifl peer of rh? real.n, as well as nie- trcpuliian of the Knglifii church. He takes prfceder.re. next to ffie voyai f:.ir::lv, of all dukes and : flicers of ftate. He is tiiahlcd to l/'.;d ixckCia • iiical courts upon ail afraiis that were formerly cognifabie ia uie ca.n of • To the following lift, I have fulijoinpcl the fum each fee is cliarped in the ki«g'« Vcokf ; for though tbi'.t fimi is far from being the real imnuai vaiut of the iee, yet it jfiifts in forming a conipurativc eftimate betweep the revenue? of tarh ivc with thofc 4)f another. Al^CHBISHOPRICKS. CMtcrbiir]r, - £. a68a i% % | York, - . ^, igj^ „ « ik , ' •'■; Si; C -, li .•-■ •1' 4'- , ■'^' S#L* ■■'«a: $ I S H 2000 i8zf O P s. d. o 1 ?, la 8 RICKS. I iz 4 17 X 6 3 o o 3 S 3 Durham, Wiiirhefter, - ^, r -- Thefe three biHioprirks take precedency of all others iri England, and the otliers according to the ferioUty of » their confecratioiis. fly. — ' Jtijc Path and Wells, *- ja^ Hereford, — 768 Kncheftcr, — 3_j8 Litchfield and Coventry, 559 Chefter, — 410 4. Chichefter, „ 6" 7 I 3 St. Afaph, .' ,?>• 11 1 Salifhury, « J 385 5 M Bar. '{or. « 131 16 3 Nor w J!, • 834 II 7 •L/ioucefter, •■ . 2,^5 7 3 i.incola, 7 - 894 18 t I-aiidaff, - 154 14 a Briftol, . 294 II Carlifle, . 53' 4 9 Exettr, m 500 Peterborough, - m ^ 414 »7 S Oxford, m 381 ZI SV ^ayid's - * 436 a % ^^ome, tzo E N G I. A N D. Romf, when not repugnant to the law of God, or the king's prerogiitiv-f. He has the privilege c.onfequently of granting, in certain cafes, liccnrci and difpcnfations, together with the probate of wills, when the party dy- ing is worth upwards five pounds. Iielides his own diocefe. hehasun-. tier him the bifhops of London, Winchfller, Ely» Lincoln, Rochtfter, Litchfield and Coventry, Hertford, Worcefler, Bath and Wells, Saliflnny, Exeter, Cliit'lit;fler, Norwich, (jloucillfr, Oxfortl, Peterboroii;-;!!, Brif- to' ; and, in Wales, Sr, David's, Llanddft", St. Afaj-h, and BansTor. The archbifliop of Canterbury hrs, by the conlVitution and laws of 1,'iig- Und, fuch extenfive powers, that ever fince the death of arrhhiihop l/ai;d, (whofe chara6Ver will be hereaftej- given) the government of F.iv^land haa chiefly thought proper to raifi; to that dij^nity men of vt-rv nmdciafe priii- cij)les ; but they have generally been men of confidtrable learning and abilities. This practice has been attended with excelleiU: tlllx'-h^, with re- gard to the public tranquillity of the church, and conftqueutly of tlic ftate. The archbifiiop of York takes pbi.e of all dukes not of the blood roy- al, and o( all ollicers of Hate, tlie lord cliancelior exifjned. He has in. his province, bcfides his own diocefe, the bifliopncks of Duihani, Carliflc, Chefter, and Jpodor and Man. In Northumberland he has the power of a palatine, and jvnifdiftion in all criminal proceedings. The biftops are addreiTed by the appe!latio]i of Your Lordfli'ps, fiykd ** Right reverend fathers in God," and take the precedi nee of ail tempo-. ral barons. They have all the privileges of pcer-i ; and the bil'hopricks of London, Winchcler, Durham, Saliflniry, I'Jy, and Lincoln, reqiiiie lio additifrhaps be difficult to afiign their utility in the ( hnn h, far-- ther than to add to tlie pomp of worfliip, and to make {-Mcjiilio? for rkr-. gymenof eminence and merit ; but intcrcft ofttn pievailsovcr merit in the appointment. England contairis about fixty archdeacons, whofe office is to vifit the churches twice or thrice every yt ai, but their ofhcis are kf^ Jitcrative than they aie honouriible. Su!;ordinate to them are the riirai deans, formcrlv ftyled arch-preibyters, who figniiy the bilho])'s pieafure tp his clergy, the lower dais of v/hiih confifis ol prieft> and dencons. The ecclefiafiical government of England is, properly fpeakini:, lodged in the convocation, which is a national repief«;nt::tive or fynod, and an- fvvers pretty neaily to the ideas we have of a parliament. They 1:1 e con- voked at the fame time with every parriament, and thtir bufinefs is to con-, fidtr of the Hate of the church, and to call thofe to an account who hav/» advanced new opinions, inconfiftent with the docftrine of thechunh of England, Seme high-flying ckrgymen, during the reign of queen Aij».e, and fn the beginning of that of George L raifed the powers of the convocation to a height that was inconitflent wkfi the prfncipies «f ^elig^ eus tQleratiQu, a^\ti indeed of tivil li^ertv; (q that the cro^n was ohlij^tfil ENGLAND £2t fn exert it^ prerogatrve of calling the members together, and 6f dlfTolving tliem ; and ever fince they have not been permitted to fit for any time, iil u hirh they could do bufinefs. The court of arches is the mofi: ancient confiftoiy of the province of Canterbmy, and all appeals in church matters, from the judgment of the inferior courts, are direfled to this. The procefles run in the name of the judge, who is called dean of the arches; and the advocates, who plead in thiscourr, )nuft be doctors of the civil law. The court of audience has the fame auihoritv with this, to which the archbifliop's chancery was ormerly joined. The prerogative court is that wherein wills are proveti^ and adminiflrations taken out. The court of peculiars, relating to cer- tain pariflies, have a jurifdiftion among themfelves, for the probate of wills, and are therefore exempt from the bifliop's courts. The fee of Canterbury has no iefs than fifteen of thefe peculiars. The court of de- legates receives its name from its confining of commiffioners delegated or appointed by the roval commillion ; but it is no flanding court. Kverv t)i!lu>p has alfo a court of his own, called the confiftory court. Kvt ry ttrclideicon has likevvife his court, as well as the dean and chapter of every (atliedral. The church of England is now, beyond any other national ciiurch, to- lerant in its prir> iples. Moderation is its governing character, and iit England no religious fet^t is prevented from worfliipping God in that man- ner which their confciences approve. Some fevere laws were, indeed^ lately in force againft thofe proteflant diflentcrs, who did not allent to the dotftrinal articles of the church of England ; but thefe laws were not exe- cuteci; and, m 177Q, religious liberty received a confiderable aug.menta- tion, by an act which was tiien palled for granting a l\gal toleration to dillenting minillers, and fchool-mafters, without their lubfcribing any of the articles of the church of England. Not to enter upon the motives of the reformation under Henry VJII.it is certain, that epifcopal govern- ment, excepting the few years from the civil wais under Charles I. to the reftoration of his fon, has ever (ince prevailed in England. The wifdom of ackno pledging the king the head of the chinch, is confpicuous, in dis- couraging all religious perfecution and intolcrancy ; and if religious fec- taiies have nniltiplied in England, it is from the fame principle that civil licentioufucfs has prevailed; I mean a tendernefs in matters that can af- fed either confcience or liberty. The bias which the clergy had towards popery in the reign of Henry VOL and his fon, and even Vo late as that of Elizabeth, occafioned an interpofition of the civil power, for a farther reformation. Thence arofe the Puritans^, fo called from their maintaining a fingular purity of life and manners. Many of them were worthy, pioua men, and fome of them good patriots. Their defcendants are the modern i'reibyterians, who retain the iame character, and have thetiue principles of civil and religious liberty ; but their theological fentiments have under- gone a conlidcrable change. Their dot^trine, like the church of Scotland, was originally derived from the Geneva plan, instituted by Calvin, and teiuled to an abolition of epifcopacy, and to vefting the government of the church in a parity of prclbyters. But the modern Engiiflx prelbyteri- ans, in their ideas of church goverrunent, differ little trom the Inde- pendents, or Congi egationalifts, who arc fo called from holding the inde- pendency of congregational churches, without any rtlpeift to dotlftrin; ; iiiid in this fenfc alnioft all the d'jje>u ment to the mod important and fundamental dodlri'i^^s of Chriftianity. Were all the peculiarities of this feft to be obfei vet', a reader, not ac- quainted with it, would be apt to think it impoflible i'vit it ftiould aflbciate with other Chriftians. Nothing however is more certain than that the quakers are excellent members of the community. The ftriftnefs of their' morality, and the fimplicity of their living, make amends for the Cngularity of their opinions. Their oeconomy is admirable : their high- eil teni'ure is a kind of excommunication, which is taken off, upon re- entance and amendment, and the party is re-admitted into all the privi- eges of their body. Their government is truly republican, and admira- bly well adapted to their principles. They have an annual meeting in the month of May, which is held at London, and ik reforted to by deputies from all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. At this meeting arc brought from their quarterly meetings, accounts of the ftate of the fociety j ap- peals from individuals^ or fubordinate meetings, are finally decided ; and regulations are made for ;he oeconomy of the body. The mildnefs of their behaviour, their fobricty, and induflry, have raifed them high in the ffteemof thelegiflature, which has even indulged them by admitting of their affirmation, inftead of an oath, in civil caufes, in the courts of juf- tice; and hasalfo acknowledged the validity of their marriages, which tliey folemnife among themfelves, in a manner which doth not admit of any clandeftine proceedings. The quakers alfo have a fyftematical plan for the relief of their own poor, which do not therefore become chargeable to the pariflies. This is executed by their monthly meetings, which take likcwife the executive part of their difcipline on m(^ occafions, fuch as ti eating with delinquent members ; judging of the applications of any who may incline to join their fociety; allowing of marriages; keeping regiflcrs of divei-s kinds; and in fliort carrying into effect any thing which their txi^enres may require. It is well known that William Penn, one of this fociety, founded the province of Pennfylvania, and introduced therein a plan of civil and reli- gious liberty, particularly of the latter, at that time unexampled. The government of the province was at fiifl, and for many years, chiefly in the hands of the quakers ; but as perfons of other perfuafions increafed, ^nd became partakers of power, they grew uneafy at the pacific plan of tiie quakers, and at length fucceeding to eftablifh fuch modes of deifence Itr their country as did not accord with the principles of the latter, thefe gradually withdrew themfelves from active employments of the flate. For lome time previous to the late revolution, few of them were found in any other ftatioa than that of private citizens ; and during its progrefs, their Mufingto arm expofed. them to much fuffering, by diflramts levied on •hem, in order to procure their quota in fupport of the war. The quakers. r«taiM the ap'-tlUtion oifrenJy inftead ©f y;V, and make ufe of theu and t'. et 1^4 fe N G L A N 6. .-'.i *»c :lt, the in ^if.ourfe ; neither do they pull off theii* hats by way of civilih, or refpe(St. They know however how to aeroirmodate themfelves to the common ufages of life; and the fingularities of a quaker of addrefs, uuleis they are atftcted, can give no offence to politenefs. >i V It is impoflihle to fay any thing with certainty refpeftirtg the number rf Quakers in England In the beginning of the late reign they were efti- mated at 50,000. The regularity of their meetings is inrpriling, and tlic admonitions whic|i thty give to their brethren, by circular Jetrers trom their yearly meetmgs, are worthy imitation by the mofr civilized (tq. yernment. The payment of tithes is a kind of ftanding grievance, be caule it is renewed ever/ year. They are, however, fteady in their op pofition to it. They who pry them voluntarily, are cenfured. Tie manufcripts relating to their religion ittuft be reviled by a»paiticu!;ii meeting, before they are printed. Many families in Fnghmd flill profcfs the Roman catholic religion, an'! «s exercife is under very mild and gentle reftriftion^ Though thcpcin! laws againft papiiis in England appear at lirfl: to be fevere, yet thevareimr executed ; or with fo much lenity, that a Roman catholic feels hinifell un- dcr few hardfliips. "Legal evalions arc found out ibr their double taxes up on their landed property, and, as they are fubje(5l to none of the ex- ipences and troubles (unlefs voluntary) attending public oL' "s, parlia- mentary ele hen they fee it in fo difadvant-geoiis a foiin! and this appear? to be in fac^t very much the cafe abroa'! . I^iit iu' Eiiglai'4 where men have every opportunity of feeing it exhibitCvj in a mo'^ •'•'■ tional manner, thry have Icfs caufe to be prejudiced againit it, nnd tlM?- forf are more read}- to enter into an examination of the evidi net ot it| iivMi,^ oi;.ii» l\or does it anpenr. Umt the wviiingx of the Dei]!!! aca'f" C.;vmc f)ri;^u>. ENGLAND. 225 Chriftianity have been of any real diflcrvice to it. On the contrary, they have caufed the arguments in its favour to be tiled with greater force and deainefs, and have been the means of producing fuch defence of it, as all the acutnefs of modern infidelity has been unable to overthrow. J^ANOUAGL.] The Englifti language is known to be a compound of almoft every other language in Europe, particularly the Saxon, the French, and the Celtic. The Saxon, however, predominates ; and the words that are borrowed from the French, being radically Latin, are common to other nations, particularly the Spaniards and the Italians. To defcribe it abftrat^edly, would be fuperfluous to an Englifh reader, but relatively, it enjoys all the properties, withouj any of the defefts, of other European languages. It is more energetic, manly, and expreflive, than either the French or the Italian ; more copious than the Spanifli, and more eloquent than the German, or the other northern tongues. It is however iubjeft to fome confiderable provincialities in its accent, there being much ditference in the pronunciation of the inhabitants of different counties ; but this chiefly atfe^ls the loweft of the people ; for as to well- educated and well-bred perfons, there is little difference in the pronun- ciation all over the kingdom. People of fortune and education m Eng- gland, of both fexes, alfo commonly either fpeak or underfland the French, and many of them the Italian and Spanifli : but it has been ob- ferved, that foreign nations have great difficulty in underflanding the fevr Englifli who talk Latin, which is perhaps the reafon why that language is much difufed in England, even by the learned profeffions. Learning and luarnkd men.] England may be looked upon as another world for the feat of learning and the Mules. Her great Alfred cultivated both, in the time of the Saxons, when barbarifm and igno- rance overfpread the reft of Europe ; nor has there iiuce his time been wanting d continual fucceffion of learned men, who have diftinguiflied theml'elves by their writings or ftudics. Thefe are fo numerous, that a, bare catalogue of their names down to this day would form a moderate volume. The Englifii inftitutions, foi" the benefit of ftudy, partake of the cha- rafler of their learning. They are folid and fubftantial, and provide for the eafe, for the difencumbrance, the peace, the plenty and the conve- iiiency of its profeflbrs; witnefs the two univerfities of Oxford and Cam- bridge ; inftitutions that are not to be matched in the world, and which were rcfpedVed even amidft the barbarous rage of ci\ il war. The induf- trious Leland, who was himfelf a moving library, was the firft who pub- liflied a fliort colle6lion of the lives and charadlers of thofe learned per- lons who preceded the reign of his mafter Henry VIII. among whom he has inlerted feveral of the blood royal of both fexes, particularly a Ion and daughter of the great Alfred, Editha the queen of Edward the Coufeflbr, and other Saxon princes, fome of whom were equally devoted to Mars and the Mufes. ^ In fpeaking of the dark ages, it would be unpardonable if I fhou'd omit the meution of that prodigy of learning, and natin-al philofophy, Roger Bacon, who was the forerunner in fcience to the great Bacon lord verulam, as the latter was to fir Ifaac Newton. Among the other cu- rious works written by that illuftrious man, we find treaties upon gram- mar, mathematics, phyfics, the flux and reflux of the Britifli fea, optics, j^eography, aftronomy, chronology, chemiftry, logic, mataphyfics, cinics, medicine, theology, philology, and upon the unpediments of . ...^ Q, knowledge. 1 % m 226 ENGLAND.' I J> • knowledge. He lived under Heiiiv HI. and died nt Oxford about the year 1294. The honourable Mr. Walpole iias preferved the memory of (ome noble and royal Englifli authors, who have done honour to learning and the Mufes, and to this work I mud refer. Since the Reformation, England refembles a galaxy of literature * ; and it is but doing juftice to the inemory of cardinal Wolff y, though otherwife a dangerous and pro- fligate minifter, to acknowledge, that both his example and encourage- ment laid the foundation of the polite arts, and greatly contributed to the revival of claflical learning in England. As many of the Englifli clergy had different fentiments in religious inatters at the time of the Reforma- tion, encouragement was given to learned foreigners to fettle in England. Edward VI. during his fhort life, did a great deal for the encouragement of thefe foreigners, and (hewed difpofitions for cultivating the moft ufefiil parts of learning, had he lived. L. arning, as well as liberty, fuffered an almoft total eclipfe in England, during the bloody bigoted reign of queen Mary. Elizabeth her filter, was herfelf a learned princefs. She advanced many perfons of confumniate abilities to high ranks, both in church and ftat^ ; but (lie feenis to have confidered their literary acconi- plviliments'to have been only fecondary to their civil. In this fiie (hewed herfelf a great politician, but ilie would have been a more amiable queen, hud (lie rnifcd genius from obfrurity; for though (he was no ftrangcr to Spenfer's mufe, (lie fiiffered herfelf to be fo much impofed upon by a taftekfs ininifter, that the poet languidied to death in obfcurity. Though file tafit-d th • beauties of the divine Shakfpear, yet we know not that tliey were diftinguiditd by any particular a^b of her muni(icence; but h^r parfimony Wc's ncbly lupplied by her favourite the earl of Elfex, the politcit fcholar of hi'-' age, and his friend the earl of Southampton, who wer6 liberal patrons of genius. The encourageme.'it of learhed foreigners in England, continued to the reign ofJam.es I. who was very munifirient toCafaubon, and other foreign nuthois of diftin(^icn, even of dilfercnt principles. He w'as himfeif no great author, but his example had a confiderable effeft upon his fubje. ty, a inuliipUcity ol' works tlie abuaUancc, and. St. Paul's, th- gri;atnef» i.f lir tluutuphet'!, (/luiu^ So many, great ar.-hitcds ai were tinploytd on St. Peter's have Hoc left upon the whole a more perft^.'il cdilicc; than this work of a lingk minci. The i-bidl temple, the largcft palice, and the moit funiptuous holpltal, in fuch a kingdom Vii "'i',"',"? ^^^ ^^" wor'ks (if the fume hand He reltored London, and rccordi-d its He built about tiity parilh churches, anddciigned dit munumcnit. The \ 2^8 ENGLAND. If The names of Newton and Locke adorned the reign of William I/F. and he had a particular cfteem for the latter, as he had alfo for Tillotfon and Burnet, though he was far from being liberal to men of genius. Learning flouriflied, however, in his reign, merely by the excellency of die ,foil in which it had been planted. The mod uninformed readers are not unacquainted with the improve ments which learning, and all the polite arts, received under the aufpicci cff queen Anne, and which put her court at leaft on a footing with thar of Lewis XIV. in its mofl fpiendid days. Many of the great men, \vh(7 had figured in the reigns of the Stuarts and William, were ftill alive, and in the full ejcercife of their faculties, when a new face fprimg up, in the republic of learning and the arts. Addifon, Prior, Pope, Swift, loivi Bolingbroke, lord Shaftelbury, Arbuthnot, Congreve, Steel, Rowe, and many other excellent writers, both in verfe and proie, need but to be mentioned to be admired; and the Engliih were as triumphant inliteiatuic as in war. Natural and moral philofophy kept pace with the polite arts, and even religious and political difputes contributed to the advaacemen! of learning, by the unbounded liberty which the laws of England allow in ipeculative matters, and which has been found highly advantageous in thr promotion of true and valuable knowledge. The minifters of George L were the patrons of erudition, and fome of them were no mean proficients thcmfelves. George IL was himfelf no Maecenas, yet bis reign yielded to none of the preceding in the inimbcrs of learned and ingenious men produced. The bench of bifliops was never known to be fo well provided with able prelates as tt was in the early years of his reign ; a full proof that his nobility and minifters were judges of literary qualifications. In other departments of erudition, the favour of the public generally fupplied the coldnefs of the court. After the rebellion in the year 1745, when Mr. Pelham was confidered as being firft minifter, this fcreen between government and literature was in a great meafure removed, and men of genius began then to tafte the royal bounty. Since that period, a great progrefs has been made in the polite aits in England. The Royal Academy has been inllituted, Horn very able arti/ls have arifen, and the annual public exhibitions of pint- ing and fculpture have been extremely favourable to the arts, by promoting a Ipirit of emulation, and exciting a greater attention to works of genius ot this kind among the public in general. P>ut notwithftandrng thefe favour- able circumftaiices, the fine arts have been far from' meeting with that public patronage, to which they have fo juft a claim. Few ot our pi:b- iic edifices are adorned with paintings or with flatues. The fculptonsnit;;? with little employment, nor is the hiftorical painter much patroni/eil. ■ though the Britifh artifts of the prefent age have proved that their gcniiii for the fine arts is equal to thofe of any other nation. Befides learning, and the fine aits in general, the Engliffi excel in what we call the learned profeflions. Their courts of juftice are adorned with greater abilities and virtues, perhaps, than thofe which any «thtr country can boaft of. A remarkable inftancc of which occurs, in the appointn>ent> for the lall 200 years of their lord chancellors, who hold the highed a-ua the moft imcontrolaljle judicial feat in the kingdom ; and yet it isacknov ledged by all parties, that during that time, their bench has remained unpolluted by cormption, or paFtial affeftions. The few inftarices that may be atledged to the contrary, fix no imputation of wilful ^iltup^'n the Dailies. The treat lord chancellor Bacon was cenfured indeed for ' : , :*•■ ;■- :■■■.■ ■ r- , ^. :•• -;-- , ■ (ojjupt- E N G ' L A N D. 229 rnrnipt pra• Brazen Nofe, founded in 1516, by William Smith, billiop of Lin- coln. Corpus Chrifti, founded in 1516, by Richard Fox, bifliop of Win- chefter. Chrift Church, founded by cardinal Wolfey, in 1515, but completed J others, and is now the cathedral of the diocefe. by Trinity, founded bv fir Thomas Pope, loon after the Reformation. St. John Baptift was founded in 1555, by fir Thomas Wliite, mayor of Lonuon. jelus, was begun by Dr. Hugh Price, prebendary 01' Rocheifer, aM appropriated chiefly to the Welfh. Wadham, fo called from its founder Nicholas Wadham, of Sotnerfri- fliire, efq. It was begun by him in the year 1609, but finifiied alter »!> de;fh, by his lady, in i ... ' ' ^ ^ Pembroke, fo crdled in honour of the earl of Pembroke, then lor^ hJTl, vhrncelior, was founded by Thomas Tefdale, efq. and Kicbar>. Whitwirke, B. D. in 1624. , "''^^'r aai ■ Wrrceftcr, was erecled into a college, by fir Thomas Cooke of AIW^ in Wortciierftiire \M^\ E N G L A N D. 231 I'heie the colleges Lincoln-college, which was foiuuitxi l>\ two billjops of Linroln. To thefe nineteen may he addfil Ikrttoid coile^f, t"orini,riy iinrt-IIall : i)iit a patent having palled the vreat le.il in the year 1740, iov eretfting ii into a college, that dehgn is carried into execution. The five halls are thtfc following ; A'ban-hall, Kdinund hall, St. Mary's- hall, New-inn-hail, and St. Mary Ma^dalcn-hall. The Univeriity of (.'ambrido;e conhils of twelve colleges, and four halls; but though they are diltingiiilhcd by diilercnt names, the privi- leges of colleges and halls are in evtiy rerpe<5l tiie fame. They are the following : Peter houfe, founded by Hugh Balfliam, prior of Ely, in 12-7, who was afrerwardb bifliop of that fee. Clare-hall, founded in 1340, by Richard Badcw and lady Elizabeth Clare, countefs of Uifler. Pembroke-hall, founded feven years after, by a countefs of Pembroke. St. Bennett's 'or Corpus Chrifti, founded about the fame time, by the united guilds, or fraternities of Corpus Chrifti, and the blelFed Virgin. Trinity-hall, founded by William Bateman, bifliop of Norwich, about fhe year i54.«. Gonvil and Caius, founded by Edmund de Gonvil, in 1448, com- pleted by bifliop Bateman, and additionally endowed 200 years after, by John Caius, a phyfician. Kings college, founded by Henry VI. and completed by his fuccel- fors. Queen's college, was founded by the fame king's confort, but finiflied by Elizabeth, wife to Edward IV. Catharine hall, founded by Richard Woodlaik, in 1475- Jefus college, founded by John Alcock, bifliop of Eiv, in the reign of Henry VII. Chrift's college was founded about the fame time, by that king'» mother, Margaret, countefs of Richmond. St. John's college was founded by the fame lady. Magdalen college was founded by Thomas Audley, baron of Walden, rtnd lord high chancellor in the reign of Henry VIII. Trinity college was founded by Henry VIII. Emanuel college, by flr Walter Mildmay in 15^4. Sidney college was founded by Thomas Radclilf, earl of Suflex, in ij^H, and had its name from his wife Frances Sidney. The fenate-hou(e at Cambridge is a moit elegant edifice, executed en- tiidy ill the Corinthian order, and it is ftiid to have coft (ixteen thoudmd pounds. Trinity college library is alio a very magtulicent frru^ture, and in Corpus Chrifti college library is a valuable collection of ancient 1! auuicripts, which were preferwd at the dilFolution of the monafteries, and given to the college by archbilhop Parker. A.N i icvuiriKs AND cURiosiTiEi, ( The antiquities of England are NATURAL AM> ARTIFICIAL. V either I'ritifli, Roman, Saxon, Danilh, and Anglo-Normanic ; but thefe, excepting the Rom^n, throw no great light upon ancient hiltory. The chief Britifli antiquities are fhofe circles of ftones, particularly'that called Stonehenge, in V/ikfliire, which probably were places of woifnip in the times of the Druids. Sitonehenge is,' by Inigo Jones, Dr. Stukeley, and others, defcribed ys a regular circi^lar firucfiure. The body of the work confifls of two tircits and two ovals, whiih ;u': thus compofcd : the upright ftones are Q..4 placed l^^ ENGLAND. ^ .■f, m ^ I: ; placed at three feet and .1 half diftanrt- fiom each other, and joined ;it the top by over-thwart ftonc?, with tenons fitted to the mortifes in tlit Tjpri^iit;;, for keeping thtm in their chic pofifinn. Some of thefe lioiifs are vaftly large, meaitjring two yard; in brendth, one in thicknefs, ami •above fcvcii in liei;;ht ; others are lels in propor'ion. The uprights ar: ^vrollght a little with ri chiflcl, and fomttinies tapered : but the tranf(MW, oi- over-thwart Rones, are quite plain. The o^itfuic circle is near one hun. fired and eii;,hty feet in diar.icter, between which and the next circle there is a walk of three hundred feet in circumference, which has a furprilin^ and awful etfed upon the beholders. After all the defcriptions of, and difleriations upon, this celebrated antiquity by ingenious writers, it is not to be denied that it has given rife to many extravagant ridiculous r^njei'^ure:?, from the time of Leiand, who had been very particular on the fubjei-t, down to Stukeley, who, on the fayourite point of antiquitv, t'ometimes formed the moll enthufialtic conjedures. The barrows that are near this moniiment, were certainly graves of perfons of both fexes, eminent in peace or war ; fome of them have been opened, and bones, armj, and ancient trinkets, found within them. Monuments of the fame kind as that of Stonehenge are to be met with in Cumberland, Oxfordfhire, Cornwall, Devonfliire, and many other pints of Knfland, as well as in Scotland, and the ifles, which have been already mentioned. Tlie Roman antiquities in England, confift chiefly of altars and mo- numental infcriptions, which inftrucl us as to the legionary ftatioiis ot the Romans in Britain, and the names of fome of their commajuler*. The Roman niilitary ways give us the higheft idea of the civil as well as military policy of thbfe conquerors. Their vefliges are numerous; one is mentioned by Leiand, as beginning at Dover, and palling throiigli Kent to London, from thence to St. Alban's, Dunllable, Stratford, 'I'owcefter, Littlebqrn, St. Gilbert's Hill, near Shrewlbury, then by Stratton, and fo through the middle of Wales to Cardigan. The grat Via Militaris, called Hermen Itreet, pafled fropi London through Lin- coln, where a branch of it from FonUfrai^t to Doncafter, llrikes out to the weflward, palling through Tadcaller to York, and from thence to Aldby, where it again joined Hermen f^reet. There would, how- ever, be no end of defcribmg the veftiges of the Roman I'oads in j'!ngland, many of which ferve a-; foundations to our prefent highwiiys. The great earl of Arundel, t!ie lelebrated iLnglifli antiqiiarv, had foim- ed a noble plan for defcribing thole which pafs through Sullex and vSurry towards London, b\it the civil war breaking our, put an end to the under- taking. The icmains of many Roman camps are dilcernible all over Jiiigland ; one particularly very little defaced, near Dorchefter in Dor- fetfliire,. where alfo is a Roman amphitheatre. Their fituations are ge- ntrnlly fo well chofen, and their foitihcations appear to have been lo cemplete, that there is fome reafon to believe, that they u'ere the con- ilaiit habitations of the Roman foldiers in P^ngland ; though it is certain, from the baths and tefielatcd pavements that have been found in different parts, that their chi^f officers or magillrates lived in towns or villas. !Roman walls have likewilc been found in England; and, perhaps upon the borders of Wales, many remains of their fortifications andcaftlesare blended with thofe of a ]?.ter date ; and it is difficult for the moft expeil architetS to pronounce that fome hall and courts are not entirely Ro- ipan. The private cabinets of noblemen and gentlemen, as well as the iiublic repofitories, contain a vait number of Roman arms, coins, fibula", ' " " ■ ' trinkets, ENGLAND. ^33 able, Stratford, trinkets, and the like, which have been found in Eni^land ; but the mod amazing monunu-nt of the Roman power in Hni)lana, is the prxtcnturc, or w?il of Severn?, commonly called the Pic'ts Wall, tunning through Northumberhnd and Cumhtrland ; bfginning at Tinmouth, and ending at Solway Frith, being abo\it eighty miles in length. The wall at firft tonlifted only of (takes .ind turf, with a ditch ; but Severuj; built it with lidfle fort?, and turrets at i roper diftances, fo that each might have a Ipcedv communication with the other, and it was attended all along by a deep ditch, or vallum, to the north, and a military highway to the loiitli. This- prodigious work, however, was better calculated to (Irike the Scots t\nd Pi is with terror, than to give any renl fecurity to theRo- ivnn polfellions. !n fome places, the whII, the vallum, and the road, are plainly difcernihie ; and the latter ferves as a ioundation for a mo- viern work of the fame kind, carried on at the public expence. A cri- tical account of the Roman antiquities in F.ngland is among the defide- nta of hiftory ; but perhaps it is too jjreat a defign for any one man to execute, as it cannot be done without viiiting everyplace and every objeft in perfon. The "^axon antiquities in England confift chiefly in ecclefiaftical edi- fices, aud places ot (length. At Winchefter is fhewn the round table of itine Arthur, with the names of his knights. The antiquity of this ta- Me has been difputed by Camden, and later writers, perhaps with rea- fon ; but if it be not Britidi, it certainly is Saxon. The cathedral of Winchefter ferved as the burial place of feveral Saxon kings, whofc bones were colleifted together by bifliop Fox, in fix large wooden cherts. iVIany monuments of Saxon antiquity prefent themftlvcs all oVcr the kingdom, though they are ofte;i not to be difcerned from the Normanic ; nnd the Britifli Mufeum contains feveral ilriking original fpecimens of their learning. Many Saxon charters, figned by tne king and his qobles^ with a plain ci'ofs inftead of their names, are ftill to be met with. The writing is neat and legible, and was always performed by a clergyman, wiu) ailixed the name and quality of every donoi-, or witnefs, to his re- (pc^tive crofs. The Danifli eierti»>ns in England are hardly difcernibic from the Saxon. The form of their camps is round, and they are gene- rally built upon eminences, but their forts are fquare. All England is full of Anglo-Normanic monuments, which Ichofeto call fo, becaufe, though the princes under whom they were raifed were ot Norman oiiginal, yet the expence was defrayed by Kngliflimen, with l'.nfi;li(h money. York-mii\ftei-, and Weftmin'fter-hall and abbey, arc. pirhaps the fined fpecimens to be found in Europe, of that Gothic man-, ncr which prevailed in building, before the recovery of the Greek arid Roman architedure. All the cathedrals and old churches in the king- dom are, more or lefs, in tiie fame tafle, if we except St. Paul's. In fliort, thole eieftions are fo common, that they fcarcely deferve the name of curiofities. It is uncertain, whether the artificial excavations, fouixf. m feme parts of England, are Britifli, Saxon, or Norman. That unr 'ier the old caftle (,f Ryegate in Surry is very remarkable, and feertis to have been defigiied for fecreting tue cattle and effe^s of the natives, in.. times ot war and invafion. It contai.ns an oblong fquare hall, round ' ^^'hich runs a bcncti, c.it out of the fame rock, lor fitting wphn; and tradition fays, that it was the room in which the barons of f into ia very lofty vault, like .he inhde of a Gothic cathedral. The height is certainly very great, yet muc'-i fliort of what fome have afferteil, vvlio reckon it a quarter of a mile perpendicular, though in length it exceed that dimenfjon : a current of water, which runs along the middle, adli^, bv its foundino ftream le-echoed on all fides, very much to the aitvi- niflunent of all wlio vifit tliis vail concave. 1 he drops of water wliicl' • Thi- extraordinaiy heaf has been found, to proceed from a vein of coals, wIikd V -. I) Cnctf dug from under this wtlJ, at which time the uncoHimon waimiii ecafed. h.inj ENGLAND. 235 le middle, adll^, l„ing from tlie roof, and on the fides, have an amazing efFet^ ; for they i.ot only reflect number.'efs rays from the candles carried by the guides, !,ut, aj they are of a petrifying quality, they harden in feveral places* into various forms, whiv.^, with the help of a ftrong imagination, may' pais for lions, fonts, organs, and the. like. The entrance into that na- tural wonder at C aflleton, which is from its hideoufnefs named the De- vil's Arfe, is wide at firfl, and upwards of thirty feet perpendiculai*. Several cottagers dwell under it, who feem in a great meafure to lubiifl by oxiiding flrangers into the cavern, which is crofled by four ftreams of water, and then is thought impalFable. The vault, in feveral places, niakes a noble appearance, and is particularly beautiful, by being chequered with various coloured ftones. Some fpots of England are faid to have a petrifying quality. We are told, that near "Whitby in Yorkfliire are found certain ones, refembling the folds and wreaths of a ferpent ; alfo other flones of feveral fizes, and fo exadly round, as if artificially made for cannon balls, which being broken, do commonly contain the form and likenefs of feipents, wreathed in circles, but generally without heads. In feme parts of '. iloucefterfhire, ftones are found refembling cockles, oyfters, and ot'.er teftareous marine animals. Thefe curiofities, howevei', are often magnified by ignorance and ciddulity. CiiiKS, TowMS, FORTS, ANDOTHFR^ ^ his head is fo ver\' cxten- EOIFICIS, PUBLIC AND PUlVAlF. ' five, dlUt 1 CW\ Oulv tOUcll upon objects that may aflift in giving the reader fome idea of its import- ance, grandeur, or utility. London *, the metropolis of the Britifli empire, naturally takes the lead ia this divifion. it appears to have hetn founded between the reigns of Julius Cxlar and Nero, but by whom is uncertain ; for we are told by Tacitus, that it was a great place of trade in Nero's time, and foon after became the capital of the ifland. It was firfl walled about with hewn flones and Britifli bricks, by Conftantine the Great, and the v.ails formed an oblong fquare, in tonipafs about three miles, with {tvtn. principal gates. The fame emperor made a bifliop's fee, for it appears that the biiliops of London and York, and another Englilh bifliop, were at the council of Aries, in the year 314 : he alfo fettled a mint in it, as is plain from fome of his coins. London, in its large ft nfe, including Weflminfler, Southwark, and part of Middlefex, is a city of a very furprifing extent, of prodigious wealth, and of the moft extenfive trade. This city, when confidered with all its advantages, is now what ancient Rome once was ; the feat of liberty, the encourager of arts, and the admiration of the whole world, iondoa is the centre of trade ; it has an intimate connexion with all the counties in the kingdom ; it is the grand mart of the nation, to 'vhich all parts fend their commodities, from whence they are again fent back to every town in the nation, and to every part of the world. horn hence innumerable carriages by land and water aie conftantly em- * London Is fituated in 5fo3i' north latitude, 400 miles foiith of FlJinlnirpjh, and 2"3 foutk-caft; of Dublin; 180 miles weft of Anillcrdam, 2'C noiih-wefl: of Paris, 5:c louth-wdl of Copcnhafr^'n, 600 miles north-weft of Vienna; 790 fouth-weft of ."■'ockholm, 800 iiorth-caft of Madrid, 8ao north-weft of Rome, 8jj north-eaft of l.ifbon, 1363 north-weft of Conftantincple, 1 4 ' 4 iouth-wcft ofMofcow, 1 f loye \ ; r Mfe;|'';: ;i-J ^ i,j 1^ i: H f' J il# ih-fi fji'^i 45$ E N G L A N D. ployed ; and from herire arifes the circulation in the natfonal bodr, which renders evciy part healthful, vigorous, and in a prolperous co-i ilitton ; a circulation that is equally beneficial to the head and the mo;' cftftant members. Merchants are here as rich as noblemen ; witnefs thei- incirdible loans to government; and there is no place in the world wliti* f he fl)f>[js of tradefmen make fuch a noble and elegant appearance, or ^vi better ftockcd. It is fituatcd on the banks of the Thames, a river which, though not tiu* iargeft, is the richefl and moft commodious for commerce of an v in tlic world: it being contirniaily filled with fieets, failing to and from the r/oi: tlillaiit climates; and its banks extend from London -bridge to Blackxai;, almoft one continued great magazine of naval ftores. containing tlirte txrge wtt dcxks, «:! dry do<-k , aneetings; 20 baptill: meetings; i ^ popifli chapels, and meeting-houfesfor the ufe of foreign amballadors, and people of various fefe ; and three Jew I'ynagogues, So that there are 305 places devoted for religious v.'orlhip, H' the eompafs of this vafl pile of buildings, without reckoning the 21 out- parifties ufually included in the biljs of mortality, and a great nupiber ot methodift tabernacles. There nre alio in and near this city 100 alms-houfes, abo\il 20 hofjiitals and jn'irmaries, 3 colleges, 10 ptiblic prifons ; i;; lie fh markets ; i niai • ket for live cattle, 2 other markets more particularly for herbs ; and 23 other markets for corn, coals, hay, 8cc. k; inns of court, 27 public ffpiarcs, bclides thofe within linglc buildings, as the Temple, !^c- 3 bridge.-, 49 hall^ for tompaniej, 8 public ichools, called fVee- ('li'K.i.S and ij'i charity-fchool-, which provide education for 5034 poor chiUlica; *y7 E N G L A N 0. i37 ;C7 inns, 4.47 taverns, 5^1 coftee-houfes^ 5979 aichoHfes; 1 000 hack • nev-roachcs ; 400 ditto rh'iirs ; 70:0 ftree-ts, lane-^, courts, and sHevj, ami 150,000 d.velling-hourrs, containing, as has been already obfervt-d, about r,coo,ooT inliabitants, who, according to a late cftimHte, confume nnnually the following articles of jjrovifions * : TLick cattle — — ' -i- ' Sheep and lambs — . — — Calves •-. ■ . — ' ... I'oulnv, and wiM fi>wl innumerable Mai ksrel loM at }iilJingfi;ate • ■ mtt - Oyfters, huf(rh — — Small bor»tsu,fh cod, haddock, whiting, &c. over 1 and above thole brought by land-carriage, and > 194,760 186,932 — 52,000 -*•■ j4,74-,ooo 1 1 :>»ij' great quantities of river and falt-fifli nutter, pounds weight, above y— Chetlc ditto, about — Gallons of milk — Ihnels of ftrong beer -•»• •»- Barrels of fmall beer «— Tons of foreign wineS' — Gallons of rum, brandy, and other diftilled waters, above I - J 6, ^00,000 2',0CG,O.O 7,000,000 J,! 72,491 3v044 I i,ooo,oot> I l,0CO,0OT Pounds weight of candles, above London bridge was firft built of flone in the reign of Henry II. about the year 116'', by a tax laid upon wool, which in couri?- of time gave rife to the notion that it was built upon wool-packs: from that time it has undergone many alterations and improvements, pnrti.cularly iincc the ytar \y^(y, when the houfes were taken down, and the whole rendere^.1 iTiorr convenient and beautiful. The pafT'age for carriages is 31 Ictt broad, and feven feet on each fide for foot palfengers. It ciollcs the Thames where it is 915 feet broad, and has at prefent u; aixhes of about 20 feet wiJe each, but the centre one is confiderabW iar2er. U'eftrninfter-bridge is reckoned one of the molt complete and cleganr. ftrurtures of the kind known in the woirld. It is built entirely of l^oiie, »nd extended over the river at a place where it is 1,223 ^^^^ broad ; which Is above 300 feet broader than at T.ondon-bridge. On each iide is a tine balullindeof ftonewith places of fhelter from the rain. The width (^f the bridge is 44 feet, having on each fide a fine foot-way for pal^tnger^. It coiififts of 14 piers, and 1 3 large, and two fmall arches, all femicircubi-, tliat in the centre being 76 feet wide, and the reft decrealingfour feet each irom the other ; lb that the two leaft arches of the 1 3 great ones are eacli i 2 feet. It is computed that the v;ilue of 40,000!. in ftone, and other materials, is always under water. This magnificent ftru(*n:ure was beguii ill 1738, and finiflied in 1750, atthcexpence of 389,000!. defrayed by the piiiiamcnt. lit ' ■ I . i Neithfr of the ancient and fsjiioiis c'lUa of Ninevcli, IJabyloB, an teifably have been the mofl magnificent and elegant city in the uniVerfe^ and of confequence muff, from the prodigious refort of foreigners of dif- tinction and tafte, who would have vifited it, have become an inexhaiift- ible fund of riches to this nation. But as the deplorable blindiiefs of lha£ age has deprived us of fo valuable an acquifition, it is become abfoluteiy neafTarv that fome efforts fhould be made to render the prefent plan in a wrcater degree anfwerable to the charatfter of the richell and mofl jwwer- fiil people in the world. The plan of London, in its prefent flate, will, in maiiy inftances, ap- pear to vny moderate judges, to be as injudicious a difpofition as can eafily be conctived for a city of trade and commerce, on the border of io nd- ble a river as the Thames, "^he wharfs and quays on its banks are ex- treaielv mean and inconvenient. And the want of regularity and uftifor- niity in the flreets of the city of London, and the mean avenges to mai\y parts of it, are alfo circumflances that greatly lefTen the grandeur of its appearance. Many of the churches, and other public buildings, are likewife tlirufl up in corners, in Inch a manner as might tempt fof- reigners to believe that they were defigned to be concealed. The im- provements of the city of London, for fome years paff, have however been very great ; and the new flreets, which are numerous, are in general more fpacious, and built with greater regularity and elegance. In the centre of the town, and upon the banks of the noblefl river in Europe, was a chain of inelegant, ruinous houfes, known by the nime of Durham-yaid, the Savoy, and Somerfet Houfe. The firfl, being private property, engaged the notice of the ingenious Adams, who open- ed the way to a piece of fcenery, which no city in Europe can equal, On the fide of Durham-yard, was raifed ujwn arches the pile of the Adelphi, celebrated for its enchanting profpe.l, the utility of its wharfs, and its fubterraneous apartments aniwcring a variety of purpofcs of general benefit. Contiguous to the Adelphi flands the Savoy, the property t't government, hitherto a nulfance ; and, rtdjoining to the Savoy, to- ^■ards the Temple, flood Somerfet Houfe, wlu-re, being the property government alfo, a new pile of buildings for public offices has been ere«ft- ^K^ ; and here, in a very magnificent edifice, are elegant apartments ap- pro[.'-itated for the ufe of the Royal Society, the Royal .Academy of piiinti.ig aiid iculpture, and the Society of Antiquaries. K. ' Though Hi M 242 ENGLAND. ■i*. ■ A '■; BiiJU !^i') 41 1» • ' I 'iti. ■ !M 'ifcvihV^J Though a variety of circumftances have hitherto been ciifadvantarTecrjj *t5 the eir.bellifli;ivent« of the metropolis, it muft at tlic fame time be ao. knowledged, that a fpirit of improvement ftems unive. fil among ail de. grees of people. The very elegant and nectllary method of paving and enlio;hr;ning the ftrects, is telt in the moft fenfible manm-r by all ranks and de^,rees of people. The roads are continued for feveral miles around upon the fame model; and, exclufive of lamps regularly placed on each fide, at flioi t diftances, are rendered more feture by watchmen ftationed within call of each other. Nothing can appear more brilliant than thofe lights when viewed at a diftancc, efpeciHlly where the roads run acrofi ; and tven the priiKJpal ftreets, fuch as Pall-Mall, New Bond-ftreet, Ox- ford-ftreet, Bcc. convey an idea of elegance and mr.gnifkence. Among the lift of improvements worthy notice, may be included the Six Clerks Office, in Chancery lane, and that very iubftantial building in the Old Bailey, which dots honour to a people celebrated for their -cleanlinefs, and for their humanity. litre the untortunate delitor will m Jonger be annoyed by the dreadful rattle of chains, or by the more horrid founds iffiiing from the lips of tho^e wretched beings, who fet defianre ■to all 'aws divine and human ; and here alfo theoftender, whox'e crime is not capital, njay enjoy all the benefits of a free open air. Foreigners have been puzzled to account how it ha[)pens,, that the ma- narchs of the ricbcfl nations in Europe Ihould be fo indifferently lod;red; cfpcciallv as Charles I. whofe tinajices were but low, compared to fome of his f;ic( eflbrs, had he lived undiffurbed, would more than probably •have completed the auguft plan which Inigo Jones drew for a royal pa- lace, and which weuld have been every way fuitable to the dignity of an Knglifii mo'iarch. The truth is, h's fon Charles II. though he had a fi-AC tafte for architediu'e, diflipated his revenues upon his pleafiuej, The' reign of his bi other was too fliort for fudi an undertaking. Pcrpe- tn il wars during the reign of king William and queen Anne, left the parliament no 'iionty to fparc for a palace. The two fucceeding nionarclis were indilFcrent as to fuch a piece of grandeur in England ;- and though feveral fch^mes were drawn up for that purpofe, yet they came to no- thing, efpecially as three millions of money were neceflary for carn'ing it into execution. Windfor caftle is the only fabric that deferves the npme of a royal pa* jace in England; and that chiefly through its beautiful and commanding fituation; which, with the form of its confti uftion, rendered it, before thi' introduftion of artillery, impregnable. Hampton court was the fa- vourite rtfidence of king \\ iUiam, It is built in the Dutch tafte, and has fome good apartments, and, like Windfor, lies near the Thames Both thtfe palaces have fome good pidures, but nothing equal to the magnificent col!eftion made by Charles I. and diflipated in the time of the civil wars. The cartoons of E.aphael, which for defign and expreflion are reckoned the marter-pieccs of painting, have, by his prefent majelly, been removed from the ^allerv built for them at Hampton-court, to the Queen's palace, formerly Buckingham-houle, in St. James's Park, ine pa- lace of St. James's is commodious, but has the air of a convent ; andtiat of Kenfington, which waspurchalcd from the Finch family by king ^yl- liam,.js remarkable only for its gardens. Other houfes, though belonging to the king, are far from deferving the name of royal. Next to thefe, if not fnperior in magnificence and expenfive decori" limiSf sue many private feats ui th« neighbourhood of London, and al :y k' 1| y' I' ENGLAND. 243 waox crime 1.^ f-.-rr the kingdom, wherein the amazing opulence of the Englifh nation • ItHnes forth in its fuUeit point of view. Herein aUo the princely fortunes ■ (,f the nobilitv are made fubfervient to the fineft clalllcal talk; witnefi the feats of earl Temple and earl I'cmbroke. At the feat of the latter, more remains of antiquity are to be found than are ia the poflcflion of any •_ otlicr inbjeS: in the world. But tliofe capital houfes of the Englifii nobility and gentry have aa rKcellency diitindt from what is to be met with in any «ther part of the . elobe, which is, that all of them are complete without and within, all . the apartments and members being fuitable to each other, both in ctm- iiruction and furniture, and all kept in the higheft prefervation. It often happens, that the houfe, however elegant and coftly, is not the principal objed of the feat, whi».h confifts in its hortulane and rural decorations. Villas, opening landfcapes, temples, all of them the refult of that en- chanting art of imitating nature, and uniting beauty with magnificence. Otvvhich the Allowing are the moft diftiuguifhed, viz. 10 V) If I. !•'•• tE'i The earl of Pembroke's, at Wilton, in Wiltlhire. Lord Clifford's, King's- Wellon,Gloucefterlhire. Duke of Beaufort's, IJadmington-Magna, ditto. Earl Spencer's, Wimbledon, Surry. The late fir Gregory Page's, Blackheath, Kent. The late earl Tilney's, iipping Foreft, Eflex. Duke of Grafton's, Eufton Hall, Suffolk. • Earl of Orford's, Houghton, Norfolk. Duke of Marlborough's, Blenheim, Oxfordfliirc. Earl of Litchfield's, Ditchley, ditto. Earl Temple's, Stowe, Buckinghamfliire. • l Earl of Bute's, Luton Hoo, Bedfordlhire. , t.. Earl of Winchelfea's, Okeham, Rutlandfliire, Earl of Stafford's, Brougbton, Northaraptonfliire. Earl of Pomfret's, Eafton, ditto, ,, ;' Earl Spencer's, AUhorp, ditto. ''.'■, Earl of Exeter's, Stamford, ditto. ; , ^ Dukeof Norfolk's, Workfop, Nottinghamfliire, ,, \ Duke of Devonfliire's, Chatfworth, Derbyfliirc. . . ; , . Lord Scarfdale's, near Derby. .> ; ^ ,. . Mr. Aiflabie's, Studley Park, Yorkfliire. ',." ' >,. . ' , . Earl of Carlifle's, at Caftle Howard, ditto. ■ . Duke of Northumberland's, at Alnwick, Northumberland; and Slon Houie, Middlefex. :> , *■'■:•■ .'",.:. :,. , ^ Lord Clive's, Claremont, Surry. :■ ,j. ' Earl of Inchiquin's, CliefdeH-houfc, Buckinghamfhii-e. "' ', .; Earl of Harrington's, at Peterfliam, Surry. - ' >l The late countefs of Leiqefler's, Holkham-Houfe, Norfolk. ' Lord Defpencer's, Mereworth Caftle, Kent. ^ Lord Edgecumbe's, Mount Edgecumbe, Cornwall. . . ,, Lord Byron's, Newftead Abbey, Nottinghamfliire. Mr. Hoares, Stourton Park, Wiltftiire. The late Marquis of Rockingham's, Wentwcrth Houfe, Yorkfhire. Lo«d Petre's, Thornton, Effex. ' It cannot be exj^aed tKat I fhotilci here entet^ into a pa^ticulaf iletaH' 6i aUthe cities and towns of England- which would fv exceed the limits of Ra thU {A 244 ENGLAND. this work : I fliall, therefore, only touth upon fome of the moft confiJrr- able. Briftol is reckoned the ferond city in the Britifli dominions for trade, wealth, and the nnmher of inhabitants. It ftands upon the north cuid fovirh fides of the river Aron, and the two pirts of the city are connect- ed by a ftone bridge. The cuy " not well buih; but it is fuppofcd ti? cdntain i5,ojo houfes, antl g^,">oo inhabitants. Here is a cathedral and eighteen parifli churehe^, btfide feven or eight otlier places of woHhip. On the noith fitfe of a large fquare, called Queen's fquare, which h adorned with rows of trets, and an equeftrian ft^tu^ of William tlie Third, there is a cuftom-hovife, with a quay half a mile i/v lent;th, fiid ui be one of the moft commodious in England, for fliipping and landinir of merchants goods. The Exchange, wherein the merchants and traden HK-et, is all of free Hone, ;ind is one of the beft of iia kind in }',urop . York h a city of great antiquity, plcafantly fiDiatecfcbn the river Oufe ; it is very populous^, and fnrrounded with a good wall, through which are four gates, and five pofterns. Here are feventeen pariih- churclies, and a very noble cathedral, or minder, it being one of the finefl Gothic buildings hi England. It extends in length ^25 feet, and in breadth no feet. The nave, which U the largeft of any in the woild, excepting that of vSt. Peter's church at Rome, is four feet and a halt wi- dei, and eleven feet higher, than that of St. Paul's cathedral at London, At the weft end are two towers, cormet^d- and fupported by an arch, which forms the weft entrance, and \s reckoned the largeft Gothic arch in Europe. The windows are finely painted, and the fKont of the choir is adorned with ftatuesof all the kin^s of Engfand,. from William the Nor- man to Henry VI. and here arie thirty-two- ftalls, alt of fine marble wich pillar;, each confifting of one piece of akbafter Here is alfo a very neat Gothic ch '.prer-houfef. Near tlie cathedral is the afiemhiy-hoaie. which is a noble ftrurture, and which was defigned by the late earl (•! Kiitlington. This city has a ftone bridge tif five arches over the rivtr OuT D. patients re nain here all the winter. In thefprtn^, this phce ismoftf c. qtlented f jr health, and in the aiitumn for pleaftire, when at ieaft two thirds of the company* confifting chiefly of perfons of rank and fortune cotne to partake of the amufements of the place. In fome feafons there have been no lefs than 8000 perfons at Bath, beddes its Inh^ihitants. Sbme of the buildings lately crefted here are extremely elegant, particul larly Queen's Square, tlw North and South Parade, the Royal Forum and the Circus. Nottingham is pleafantly fituatcd on the afcent of a rock, overlooking the river Trent, which runs parallel with it about a mile to the fouth and has been made navigable. It is one of the neateft places in England' and has a confiderable trade. No nation in the world can (hew fuch dock -yards, and all convenien- ces for the conftruftion and repairs of the roval navy, as Poitfmouth (the mod regular fortification in England), i*lymouth (by far the befl dock-yard) Chatham, Woolwhich, and Deptford. The roVal hofpital at Greenwhich, for fuperannuatcd feamen, is fcarrely exoeedeci by any roysl palace for its magnificfrnce ami expcnce. In fhort, every town in England IS nottd for fome particular produftion or manufaifturr, to which its building and appearance are generally fitted ; and though England con- tains many excellent and commodious fea-ports, yet all of them have an immediate connection with London, which is the common centre of na- tional commerce. Co^fMERC£ AND MANUFACTURES.] This article is copious, and has been well difcufled in former publications, many of which ar« mafler- pieces in their kind. If is well known that commerce and manufafturcs have raifcd the Englifli to be the firft and moft powerful people in the world. Hiftorical reviews, on this head, would be tedious. It is fuffici- tnt then to fay, that it was not till the reign of Elizabeth that England began to feel ber triiie weight in the fcale of commerce. She planned fcxe fettlements in America, particularly Virginia, but left the expence attend- ing them to be defrayed by her fubjefts; and indeed ftie was too parfiinn- nious to carry her own notions of trade into execution. James I, entered upon great and beneficial fchemes for the Englifli trade. The Eaft India companv owes to him their fuccefs and exiftence, and Britifli America faw her molt flourifbing colonies rife under him and bis family. The fpiritof commerce went hand in hand with that of liberty, and though the Stuarts were not fi-iendly to the latter, yet, during the reigns of the princes of that family, the trade of the naiion was greatly increafed. It is not with- in our defign to follow commerce through all her fluftuations and dates. This would be an idle attempt, and it has already taken up large volumes, j The nature of a geographical work requires only a reprefentation of the] {>rcfentftate of commerce in every country j and, in this light, I flatter my- elf that I (hall be able to treat of it with more precifion than former wri» | tere upon the fame fubjeft. The prefent fyftem of Englifli politics may properly be faidto haveta- ^ ken rife in the reign of queen Elizabeth. At this tinne the proieflant re- ^ ligion was eftabliftied, which naturally allied us to the reformed (iatcs, awl j inade all the popifli powers oiu' enemies. > We began in the fame reign to extend our trade, by which it became j neceflary for us aifo to watch the commercial pi*ogrefs of our neighbciiini and, if not to incomr^o^^ a^d o^ftn^^ thpir tratfic, to hinder them frcm ipjp^irin^ oitf§, ' ;i EN G L AN D. U7 Vvc then likewife lettlcd coloni« in America, which was become t]ys vitat fcene of European ambit ioj^ toi\ feeing with what treafures the' Spaniard's were annually enrichenf from Mexico ami I'eru, every nation iiuffineil that an American conquell or plantation would certainly fill the uiothei- rounuy with gold and lilver. The dilcovtries of new regions, which were then every day made, the profit of remote traffic, and the necellity of long voyages, produced, in« te*' vears, a great multiplication of fliipping. TUl fea was confidered as the wealihy element j and, by degrees, a new kind of fovcrcignty aroie, called naval ilomiuioH, ^sthechief trade of Europe, fo the chief maritime power was at firft iiithe hands of the Portuguefe and Spaniards, who, by a compaft, to which the confent of other princes was not alked, had divided the novly difcovercd countries between them : but the crown of Portugal having fallen to the king of Spain, or being feized by him, he was mafter of the ihipping of the two nations, with which he kept all the coads of Europe in alarm, till the Armada he had raifedat avail expence for the conqiicft of England, was dcftroyed ; which put a ftop, and almoft an end, to the Mval power of the Spaniards, At diis time the Dutch, who were opprcfled by the Spaniards, and feared vet greater evils than they felt, refolved no longer to endure the ijv fclence of their mailers; they therefore revolted, and after a llruggle in which they w< re aflifled by the money and forces of Elizabeth, erected wa independent and powerful commonwealth. When the inhabitants of the Low Tountries, had formed their fyftem of government, and fome remiflfionof the war gave them leifure to forpi fchemes of future profperity, they eafily perceived that as their territo- ries were narrow, and their numbers fmall, thev could preferve them- felvcsonly by that power which is the confequence of wealth ; and tbut by a people whofe country produced only the necefTaiies of life^ wealth wabnotto be acquired but from foreign dominions, an4 by U'anfportBr tionof the products of one country into another. From the neceflity, thus juflly eftimated, arofe a plan of commerce, which was for many years urofecuted with an induiby and fuccef» per- haps never feen in the world before ; and by which the poor tenants of nuid-walletl villages and impaflable bogs ereded themfelves into higli and raighiy Hates, who fet the greateft monarchs at defiance, whofe alliance was courted by thejproudeft, and whofe power was dreaded by the fierceft nations. By the eiublifhment of this flate there arofe to England t -Jiew ally, and a new rival. In the beginning of the feventeenth century, which feems to be tfte period deftined for the change of the face of Europe, France began firil to rife into power, and from defending her own provinces with diilkui^y and flui^luating fuccefs, to threiaten her neighbours with incroachments and devaftations. Henry IV. having, after a long ftruggle, obtained the crown, found it eafy to govern nobles, e>haufted and wearied by a lone civil war ; snd having compofed the difputes between the Frotrflants aild Papiiis, fo as to obtain, at kail, a truce for both parties,^ was at Jeifur» to accumuhte treafure, and raife forces, which he propofed to have .em- ployed in a dcfign of fettling for ever the balance of Europe. Of thi» ereat fcheme he lived not to Tee tlie vanity, or feel the difappoinftncBt ; fcr hp wjas murdered ia the midft of his mi jhty preparatioos. i^ + ,.j.>u '{iJih. (Tbe 248 EN G L AND. ,1 ..The French, however, were in this reign taught to know their qhh power ; and the great clefigns of a king, whole wifdom they had fo long experienced, eVcii though they were not brought to aduaf experiment, dirpof&d them to confider themfelves as mailers of the deiliny of their neighbours 5 and from thctt time he who ihall nice|y examine their ft hemes and condU(ft, will find that they began to take an air of fuperiority to yrhich they had never pretended before ; and that they have been always employed more or lefs openly, in fchemes of doii^inion, though with frt- quent interruptions from domeftic troubles. When queen Ejizabeth entered upon the government, the cufloms pro- ducidonly 36,000!. a year; at the Reflorati.n they wei^e let to faini lor 400,00- I. and produced confiderahly above double that fum before the Revolution. The people of London, before we had any plantations, an^ when our trade was inconilderable, were computed at about ioc,ooo ; at the death of queen Elizabeth, they were increafed to 1 50,000, and are now above fix times that number. In thofe days we had not only naval flores, but (hip^ from our neighbours. Germany furniihed u*. with all things made of metals, even to nails ; \vine, paper, linen, snd a thoiifand other things, came fiom France. Portugal furniihed ui with fiigari; all* the produce of America was poured upon us from Spain ; and the Venetians and Genoefe retailed to us the commodities of the Eafl Indies at their own price. Ip fhort, the legal intereft of money was twelve per cent.' and the common price of our land ten or twelve years purchafe. We may add, that our manufaftures wcr; few, and thofe but indifferent ; the nii/.ber of Engliih merchants very fmall, and oiTl- {hipping much inferior to what lately belonged to the American colonies. Such was the Hate of our trade when this great princefs came to the throne ; but, as we have already obferved, the limits of oui- under- taking do not permit us to make a detail of the gradual progrefs of com- merce fince that reign : we flatter ourfelves," however, that the Bri- tilh reader will not be difpleafed Vvith the following view of otr exten- five trade, at prefent carried oii through the various nations of the globe. Great Britain is, of all other countries, the moft proper for trade ; as well from its fituation as an illand, as from the freedom and ex- cellency of its conllitution, and from its natural products, an4 confi- derabie manufaflures. For exportation, our country produces man)' of the moft fubftantial and neceflary commodities ; as butter, chcefc, corn, cattle, wool, iron, lead, tin, copper, leather, coppci?is, pit-coal, alum, faffion, &cc. Our corn fometimes preferves other countries from flarving. Otir-horfes are the moft ferviccable in the world, and highlv valued by air nations for their hardinefs, beauty, and ftrength. With beef, mutton, pork, poultry, bilcuit, we ^i^al tiot only our own .fleets, but many foreign velTels. that come and go. Our iron we ex- port man'ufaftuled in great guns, carcalTes, bombs, &r. Frodigiouf, and alnioft incredible, is the value li^tcwife' of other goods from hence ex- ported ; viz. hops, flax, heinp, hats flioes, houfehoM-ftuff, aie, befr. r'^d-herrlngs, pilchards, fahnon, oyfters, liquorice, watches, ribban*, toys, &c. : ' 'There is fcarccly a manufa«^u.'-e in Europe but what is broughl to great perfedion in England j and therefore it is perfeftly unnecefl'aiy io enu 4 i'. ■■■ , ■• • ■• •■ "le'^'^l ENGLAND, 24^ mfrate them all. The wooHen manufaftiire is the moft conildcrable, and exceeds in goodncfs and quantity that of any other nation. Hardware is another capital article; locks, edge-tools, guns, fwonds, and othtT arnns, exceed any thing of the kind; houfehold utenfils of hrafs, iron, and pewter, alfo are veiy great articles ; and onr clocks and watches are in gieat efteem. There are but few manufartiires in which we are defedive. In thofe of lace and paper we do not feem to exc^l, though they are greatly advancing ; we import much more ibui we fliould, if the duies on Britiili paper were taken off. As to fo- reign traffic, the woollen manufadure is ftill the great foundation and fup- port of it. The * merican colonies are the objeds which would naturally have firft prefcnttd themlelves, before the unhappy conteft between them and the mother country commenced ; but as a reparation hath taken plsce, and no commercial treaty rf yst eftabliihed, little can now be faid of the treaty between Great Britain and America However, to keep in remembrance what our trade was, as well as to ftiew what it mii^ht have been, had wifer men prefided at the helm, and avoided the ronteft, 1 fliall treat of the colonies in this place, nearly in the fame man- ner as would have been done before the war broke out. And in confider- ingthem in this view, they may be divided into two clailes ; pofitfiions oii the continent, and thofe in the iflands which go under the name of the Weft Indies. I (hall rank the pofTeflions in North America, under the heads of the following colonies, viz. Hudfon's Bay, Labrador, Ncwfoui.dland, Ca- nada, Nova-Scotia, New-England, Khode-Idand, Connefticut, New- Hampfliire, New-York, Penfylvania, Maryland, North-Carolina, South- Carolina, Georgia, Eaft and Weft Florida. The chief commodities ex- ported from Great Britain to thofe colonies, were wrouoht iron, fteel, cop- per, pewter, lead, and brafs, t ordage, hemp, fail-cloth, ftiip-chandlery, paintcr's-colours., millenery, hofiery, haberdafhery, gloves, hats, broad cloths, fluffs, flannels, Coichefler bays, long ells, filks, gold and filver lace, Manchefter goods, Britifti, foreign, and Irifli linens, earthern wares, grind- itones, Birmingham and Sheffield wares, toys, fadlery, cabinet-wares, feeds, cheefe, ftrong beer, fmoking pipes, fnuffs, wines, fpirits, and ' drugs; Eaft India goods, books, paper, leather, befides many other arti- cles, according to the different wants and exigencies of the different colo- nies, impoffible to be enujnerated here. '?'" The commodities exported from America to Great Britain, and other markets, were tobacco, rice, flour, bifcuit, wheat, beans, peas, oats, In- dian corn, and other grain ; honey, apples, cyder, and onions; falt-beef, pork, hams, bacon, venifon, tongues, butter, and cheefe ; prodigious quantities of cod, mackarel, and other fifti, and fifli-oil ; furs and flcins of V iid beafts, fuch as bear, beaver, otter, fox, deer, and racoon ; horfes and live ftock ; timbei*, planks, mafts, bciards, ftaves, ftiingles, pitch, tar, and turpentine ; fliips built for fale; flax, flax feed, and cotton; in-* digo, pot-afti, bees-wax, tallow, copper ore, and iron in bars and in pigs ; befides many other commodities, peculiar to the climes and foil of different provinces. The following is a ftate of the trade between Great Britain and the colonies, as it exifted before the differences broke out between them; marking at the fame time the commerciaj ftrength and fliipping of the colonics, * *^ ■ ' :. " Colo- ^5« E N L A N D. 1. 1 I r ■} Ships. SeaiTHTi. Ktjwrwfrom Exports fronv Great Hi (taui. tiic Colonirt. :'). H'.i ^. l6,C03 £' *9.340 . ^ 49.05O Sio 401^60 » 7 3. 400 345 .oa> .U 4oi IC.T.COO J 05, coo 6 7i . 26J0O 38,000 4^ 55 i syj.-soo 370joa •V 36 I2,DOO ii4J^ 30 3^o 53«,-'Oo J i 6,000 Xl 390 6ll,030 705 JOO 3.10 3.. 60 86.;, 00 l,o.;o,coo .u 408 18,000 68,450 14^ 1, 6 to 365,-00 39.y.666 ^4 140 49,000 74.ico 2 i4 7PCO 10 Ilj 97,000 3.370,9^0 63,000 i/>78 18,910 3,934,206 '''^^ »^^^'' Colonics.'- Hudfcin's Bay — X^l^nidor Americia vcffeh 1 '^ Krwfonndlmd (jjoo boats) Canada — ^ JJoTi Scotia — — N w England — Rhodi* Ifland, ConncAicut, and New Hampdiiic New York — Fi-nfylvania — — Virginia and Maryland -• North Carolina — — Sotrth Carolina — — f tngland, whofe fleets and armies have more than once favcd her from rieftruftion. Of late, her miniftry have changed their fyflem, and have partly fallen in with tlie views of the houfc of Bourbon. They have tftabliflie«l courts, which are inconfiftent with the treaties between Por- tugal and England, and defraud the Englifh merchants of great part of their capitals, which they find it impofhble to recover. Thty have liJ^Cr wife ei-C(5ted two Brazil companies; the one for Marenham and Gran Para, the other for Perambuco, greatly to the detriment of the Englifh nj;hts, but to their own national advantage. Before thefe events took place, the Englifli trade to Portugal was highly beneficial. . EngUn4 ken tp that country almoft the fame kind of meichandifes as Vo Spain, and f I if ii «5* ENGLAND. and they rerdved in return vaft quantities of wines, with oils, fait, d; i^.(j and rnoift fruits, dying drugs, and gold coin. To France, in time of peace, England fends much tobacco, lend, fiti, flannels, honis, and fometimes corn ; and always much honey at the long-run; and brings home in a foiuggling war, a much greater vi;lne in wines, brandies, brocades, linen, cambrics, lace, velvets, and manv other prohibited fopperies ; alwa\'s very confiderable to England's dji'. advantage. But as there was no commercial treaty hibfifting l)et\veen England and France, not even in time of peace, England's juil lols cannot be afcertained. England fends to Flanders, ferges, flannels, tin, lead, fugars, and to. bacco; and receives in return, laces, Knen, cambrics, and other arti- clesof luxury, by which England lofes upon the balance 250,000!. fter- 3ing yearly. To Germany, England fends cloths and (luffs, tin, pewtfr, fugars, tobacco, and Eaft India merchandife; and brings thenre vsft quantities of linen, thread, goat (kins, tinned plates, timbers for all ufn, wines, and many other arncles. Before the iMe war, the balance of this trade was thought to be 500,000!. annually, to the prejudice oi England, but that .fum is now greatly reduced, as moft of the German princes find it their intereft to clothe their armies in Englifti manufac- tures. I have already mentioned the trade with Denmark, Nonvar, Sweden, and Rullia, v/hich formerly was againfl England ; but the ba- lance was lately vaftly diminifhed by the great improvement of her American colonies, in railing hemp, flax, making pot-afites, iron-woiks, ■and tallow, all which ufed to be ftirniihed to her by the northern powers. The goods exported to Poland, chiefly by the way of Dantzic, are manr, pnd the duties upon them low. Many articles are fcnt there, for whicli there is no longer any demand in other countries. Poland confumes large tjuantities of our woollen goods, hard-ware, lead, tin, falt,*fea-roal, &c. iand the export of manufactured tobacco is greater to Poland than to any other country. The balance of );rade may be eflimated much In our favour. To Holland, Englan!) fend* an immeafe quantity of many forts of mer- chandife ; fuch as all kinds of woollen goods, hide^, corn, coals, Ed Indi'^ and Turkey commodities, tobacco, tar, fugar, rice, ginger, and other American productions ; and makes return in fine linen, lace, cam- brics, thread, tape , incle, madder, boards, drugs, whale-bone, train- oil, toys, and many other thingt ; and the baJance is ufuallly fuppofed to tie much in favour of England. i he acquifitions which theEnglifh made upon thecoaft of Guinea, par- ticularly their ftttlements at Senegal, opened new fources of commerce With Africa, The French, when in pofledion of Senegal, traded there for ♦old, flaves, hides, oftricU feathers, bees-wax, millet, ambergris, and above all, for that ufefwl commodity gum Senegal, whid\ was monopo- lized by them and the Diitrh, and probably will again, as Senegal is now Denmark, Sweden, and Ru ilia ■ — 'vr; 2 'A*^ ' The trading cities of Germany, and the Auftrian Netherlands t 'ranee -v/ Spain and Portugal *- Italy, andthereltof Europe 'agiflrate a conflable. I might mention here many other manufatSturing towns and places of England, each of which is noted for fome particular commodity, but the detail would become too bulky. I muft not however difmiCi this head, without obferving the beautiful por- celain and earthen ware that have of late years been manufactured in dif* fercnt places of England, particularly in Worcefterfhire and Staffordfliirc. The Englilh carpets, efpecially thofe of Axminfter, Wilton, and Kidder- minder, though but a late manufacture, greatly excel in beauty any im- ported from Turkey, and are extremely durable ; and confequently are > vb(1 faving to the nation. Paper, which till very lately, was imported in vaft quantities from France and Holland, is now made in every corner of the kingdom, and is a moft neceflary as well as beneficial manufa^ure. The parliament, of late, has. given encouragement for reviving the ma- il uiadure of falt-petre, which was fu*ft attempted in England by fir Wal- ter Raleigh, but was dropt afterwards in favour of the Eaft India com- pany : the fuccefs of fuch an undertaking would b9 o£ iounenftp benefit, as well as fecunty to the nation. .i\i^:\m in England, aiefluduating; they will al* wa)i ENGLAND. HS .vcver, m.ivtc ravs follow tliofc places where living is cheap, and t^xes are eafy : for thi» reaToii they have been obfcrved of late to remove tow;irds the northern counties, where pmvifions are in plenty, and the land tax very Jow flNidd to this, tint probably, in a few years, the inland navigations, which arc opening in many parts of England, will make vail alterations as to its ia- ternal ilate. J fi)»rt vlfM flf the Stocks, hjiorical Account of tie Eajl CompiViiei. or PuhVtc Fn/tffs in Englanti; ivith trf Indui^ the Banky and the S^itth Sea "«*.♦ As there are few fubje^ls of convtrfation more general thin the value of (lt)ck, and hardly any thing fo little urtderftood, nothing can be more ufefiil than a fliort iccount of them, which we fliall here give in as clear andconcife a manner as poffibte; prefenting our readers with the rationale of the ftcxrks, and a fhort hiftory of the fcveral companies, defcribijig the nature of their feveral funds, the ufes to which they are applied, and the various purpofes they anfwer, both with refpcrt to the government, the companies themfdves, and the community in geneial. In order to give a clear idea of the m^)ney tranfacftions of the feveraJ comp<"»nifs, it is proper we fliould fay fomething of moaey in gonei-a!, and particularly of paper-money, and the dilfercme between that and thtf current fpecie. Money is the ftandard of the value of all the nectfTaries aad accomodations of life, and p.-ipcr-money is the reprefentative of that ftandard to fuch a degree, as to fupply its place, and to anfwer all the purpofes of gold and filver coin. Nothing is neccflary to make this re- prelcntative of money fupply the place of fpecie, but the credit of that office or company who delivers it ; whirh credit confifts in its always be- ing ready to turn it into fpecie, whenever required. This is exa^ly the rafc of the Bank of England ; the notes of this company are of the fame value as the cuirent coin, as they may be turned into it whenever the polTdfor pleafes. From hence, as notes are a kind of money, the counter- feiting them is punifhed with death, as well as coining. The method of depollting nwney in the Bank, and exchanging it for notes, (though they bear no intercft;, is attended with many convenien- cics; as they are not only fafer than money in the hands of the owner himfelf, but as the notes are more portable, and capable of a much mo4ie eafy conveyance ; fince a bank-note for a very large f um may be feat b#. thepoft, and, to prevent the defigns of robbers, may, without damage, be cut in two, and fent at two feveral times. Or bills, called Bank poft^ bilk, may be had by application to the Bank, which are particutarly cal- fulated to prevent k>(les by robberies, they being made payable to the order of the peifon who takes them out, at a certain number of days af- ter fight; which gives an opportunity to (top bills at the Bank, if ther ihould be lofl, and prevents their being fo eafily negociated by ftrangers as common bank-notes are : and whofoever confiders the hazard, the expence^ and trouble there would be in lending large funis of gold and filver to and jrom diftaut places, mufl alfo confider this as a very Angular advantage: Befidfi which, another benefit attends them ; for if they arc deftroved bt time, or other accident, the Banit will, on oath being made of Aic'h acci- aent, and fecurity being given, pay the money tu the perfon who was in Keffion of them, ' - , . ^ 256 E N G I. A tj D. W. Bifik-ftf'fft differ from all kimir cf flock in thefe tlure partlcuLf;- I. Thty are always of the fatnc value. 2. They are paid dlf wirhrjut ')'ing ira^isftJicdi ai»d, j. They bcai no iriterell; uhiJe tiotki art a fiiHic in a ro-npany's fund, bought without any condition of havin-i the principal 1 ^turned, India h.,H,ii indeed (by forr.e pcribns, thou hnro- n'joufly, ' jnoininated fti->rk) arc to be excepted, they btinj» niatie pay. al'le at iix months uoticCi either on the hde of the cpmpany, or oi Ct lly ihe word Stock was originally meant, a particular fum of inonev contributed to the cftablifliing .1 tund to enable a company to carry on a txitaia trade, by means of whl.h the jprrfon berame a partner in th^t ci adc, and recieved a fliare in the prom made thereby, in proportiuri to the money employed. But this term has bttu extended farther, thou; aj» ENGLAND. ^57 fum of monev tiK rdlci' the Rrtr ; one is fbr raifing or tofTiiig up, and the other for lovrering or tr:\nipling upon the Stock. Befuiei thcfe, there is another fet of men, who, though of a hieher rank, may properly enough come under the fame denomination. Thelc i.n the great monicd men, who are dealers in flock, and cnntrui%rs with the j^oveinment whenever any new money is to be borrowed. Thefe in- vicwl, are not fidtitioiis, but really buyers and fellers of ftock ; but by niiing falfe hopes, or creating gioundlefs fears, by pretending to buy or i-ll Urge quantities of ftock on a fudden, by ufing the foien\pntioned fft ot men as their inftruments, and other like pia^ices, they are enabled to lailV or tall fttxks one or two per cent, at plcafure. However, the real value of one (lock above another, on account of iti fx-ing more proiitable to the proprietors, or any thing that will really, or onlv ii) imagination, alFcft the credit of a company, or endanger the go- vtrnmcnt by wliich that credit is fecnrcd, muft naturally have a confider- • 4Dlr etff^'t on the ftocks. Thus, with refpecl to the in'tereft of the uro- prictoi., a lliare in the ftock of a trading company which prixluces '1. or r|. per ant. per annum, muft be more valuable than an annuity with go- vnimiiiu fecurity, that produces no more than 3I. or 4I. per cent, ptr iiniim : and fonfcqiiently furh ftock muft fell at a higher price than fjch '. m annuity. Though it muft be obferved, thr\t a fliai e in the ftock of a trading company producing 5I. or 6l. per cent, per annum, will not trtcli lb much money at mai-ket, as a government annuity producing the lame liim, becaufe the fecurity of the company is not reckoned equal to that ot the i^overnmcnt, and the continuance of their piying fo much p*r annum, is more precarious, as their dividend m, or ought to be, al- ways ill ptoportion to the profits of their ^'.■:,de, .^ithe ftocksofthe Eaft India, the Rink, and the South Sea compa- , nirt, arc dittinguiftied by different denominations, and are of a very aif- t>rciit aatr.r?, we fliall give a fliort liift ry of earh of ihem, together witb. ;'n accmint of the different ftorks eai h is pofleded of, beginning with the liali India company, as the fuft dbblillii'il. Pur-Lic TRADING coMi'ANi'S.] Of thefe th':; Faft IndiA compnny ttikfs the lead, and \(-c have already given fnine account of it as being , the apital commercial object in iMij^lan I. The firft idea of it was form*. e:iit fliares a dividend of the profits arifing from the company's trade : and that dividend rifes or falls nccord- ing to the circumflances of the company, .either real, or, as is too often the cafe, pretended. A proprietor of ftock to the amount of 150^1. formerly had,» but Jiow of loool. whether man or woman, native or foreigner, has a i"ight to be a manag^er, and to give a vote in the gene- ral council. Two thoufand pounds is the qualitication for a director: the direftors are twenty-four in number, including the chairman, and de- puty-chairman, who may be re-elefted in turn, fix a year, for four years fucceflively. The chairman has a falary of 200I. a year, and each of the direftors i^. The meetings, or court of direftors, are to be held at leaft once a week ; but are commoply oftener, being fummoned as occa- fian requires. Out of the body of direftors are chofen feveral commit- tees, who have the peculiar infpeftion of certain branches of the compa- ny's bufinefs ; as the committee of correfpondence, a committee of buy* irig, a committee of treafury, a houfe committee, a committee of ware- houfe, a cotnrnittee of fliipping, a conamittee of accounts, a committee of iaw-fuit«, and a committee to prevent the growth of private trade; who have under them a fecretary, eafhier, clerks, and vvarehouf • keepers. -,^.., v The amazing territorial acquifitions of this company, computed to be 2S2,nco fquare miles, and containing thirty millions of people, miiftbe necelT>u"ify attended with a proportionable increafe of trade * ; and this joined to the diflenfions among its managers both at home and abroad, have of late greatly engaged the attention of the Jegiflature. A reftriftioii ha» * According to lifts laid before the Houfe of Commons, the company croploy'l llolhips and 8170 men. Between India and Europe in carrying cargoes to and? Ihips and 7130 »«• (, iroxn •-• - -.|n •>!:""" ■ •^ S '.'-■' 6 Packet* 3^0 ( ' In the country trade and from China, — 34 Grabs T^o^i-'br.! ... . ,^ . cccafionall/ •yod' 5 c s and 7130 »*• ENGLAND. 259 occafionally been laid on their dividends for a certain time. From the report of the committee in i77 3» appointed by parliament on Indian affairs, it appears that the India Company, fiom the year 1708 to 1756, for the fpace of forty-feven years and a half, divided the fimi of i2,oco,ocoJ. or above 280,000!. per annum, which, on a capital of 3,ioo,o'.cl. amounted to above eight and a half per cent, and tiiat at the laft men- tioned period it appeared, that bcfidcs to the above dividend, the capital rtock of the company had been increafcd 1 8c, cool. Confiderable al- terations were made in the affairs and conltitution of the Eaft India Com- pany by an aft palFed in 1773, intitled, " An aft lor elbbliflnng certain ♦'rules and orders, for the future management of the affairs of the "Eaft India company, as well in India as in Europe." It was thereby tnaded, that the court of direftors fliould, in future, b; eJeftcd for four years: fix members annually, but none to hold their feats longer thati four years. That no perfon (hould vote at the cleftion of the direftors, ulio had not pofltHed tluir ftock twelve months.. That the flock of qualification fliould, inlleadof ^otl. as it had formerly been, be locf 1. That the mayor's court of Calcutta fliould for the future be confined to imall mercantile caufes, to which only its jurifdiftion extended before the territorial acquifition. That in lieu of this court, thus taken away, a new one be eftablifljed, confilling of a chief juftice and three puilhe nidges ; and that thefe judges be appointed by the crown. That a fupe- riority be given to the pre fidency of Bengal, over the other prefidencies in India. That the right of nominating the governor and council of Bengal Ihoiild be vefted in the crown. The falaries of the judges were alfo fixed,* 3t 8cocl. to the chief juftice, and 6ocol. a-year to each of the other three. The appointments of the govenor-gencral, and council were fixed, the tirftat 250CCI. and the four others at io,cool. each annually. This was certainly a very extraordinary aft, and an immenfe power and influence were thereby added to the crown. But no proportional benefit has hi- tiicrto refulted to the company : on the coritrary, the new eftabliflird fourt of juftice has paid fo little attention to the manners of the inhabi- tants of India, and to the ufages of that country, as to or cafion the moll alarming difcontcnts among the natives, and great dilTatisfaftion even amang the company's own fervants. la the month of November, J 783, Mr. Fox, then fecretnry of ftate, brought forward a bill for hew regulating the company, under the fuppo-. lition of the incompetency of the direftors, and the prefent infolvent ftate ot the company, The intention of the bill wa?, to veft the whole powers of the Eaft India Company in I'even ciircHon^ whofe names were moved by the fecretary of ftate, and adopted by the houfe of commons. They «ereto hold their ollices four years, removcable, like the twelve judges, W an addrefs of cit her houfe of pnliament, and not by any other power : Md tor managing the commercial affairs of the company, nifie ^cntkmtn.y moved for and adopted in the fume manner, were to aflift them, ilibjeft to their control, and removeable by' them. The efFe£t of this was, to veil in thefe fcven direftors the whole influ- ' ence of the offices of every kind in India, and at home, belonging to the company; and the whole influence arifing from the tranfaft,ions of their, trade, m the purchafe of goods for exportation, furnifliing fliipphig, «^,and recruits: the influence arifing from the method of felling their goods, by bringing forward or keeping back goods at the falcs, or giving •ndulgencies as to paymfnts, Kq as to accomnnxlate thofe who are meant to be favoured ; the influence arifing from the Cwour thcv u<:.v lliew to 5I - ' '. tkofe m 26<5 i. ENGLAND. (lii I .i''' ,SiT'^' 1' 'Xtijfl' ,*l' '? "'«':?'t'^ ■|iii f '■ ii'ii] 1^' "" T'-- i|| Im \' ill r 1 If thofe who are nov\'in England, and have left debts or efFei^S in liulia, as to. the mode of brioi^iiig home and recovering their fortunes ; the infliTence of contrafts of all kinds in India; of promotions, from ftep toftep, offa- vom- in the inland trade ; of intimidation with relpeft to every pcribn novr there, who may come home with a fortune, both with regard to recover- in;/ his debts, and the means of remittance, and with regard to enquiries into his conduct; the influence ufx)n foreign compar\ies, or foreign ftates, who have eftablifliments in that country, — who, in return, may have the means of afting upon individuals in this country; the influence upoa the native princes of India, fome of whom have already found the way of procuring the elfAion of members of parliament ; and many other, mtaia of influence^' which is impolfible to forefce, or to trace. , „> The amount of the whole cannot be computed. It has been called e- qual to two or three millions a year ; but there cjin be no doubt that its )nagnitiuie is very great and extenfive indeed, and that it might have pro- duced very r«markable confequences. This power was not, indeed, taken from the crown ; but it was to be placed in new hands, independent during four years equally of the crown and of the people. Thefe confequences were fuppofcd neceffaiily to fol- low, thai the whole power and patronage of India would be vefted in the members of that prelent adnVmillration, not only during four years, but as long as India Ihall belong to this kingdom, and without any fear from a futuiv parliament* The bill palTed the commons ; but, it feems by the lecret influence of the crown, an oppofition was formed againft it in the houfe of lords, as placing too dangerous a power in the hands of any men, and which would he fut^ to operate againft the neceflary power of the crown : and, after long debates^ it was thrown out by a majority of nine- teen peers. The confequence of this, was the downfall of the niinifti y, and a general revolution of the cabinet. Various attempts for a new bill were afterwards made by Mr.. Pitt and the new miniftry^ but failed, which occafioned, with other difputes on privilege, a diiTolutiori of the hoiife of comnons. The piefent parlia- Tnent and admirtiftratibn.of 1784, feem difpofcd to be friendly to the com- pany, whofe inferefts have been greatly injured by their fervant!} ^t hi>me and abroad. The nabobs, and rajahs, and natives of India have been by turns ha rifled And defpoiled ilrider their management, and many parts of that fine country depopulated. Tiie company's governors abf oad bave guards of foldiei-s, and live in all the ftate of foveieign princes. 1 ^s .. > By the new bill, which parted at theclofe of the feffions 1 784, three things were intended. Firft, the cftablifhing a poTv^er of control, irf this kingdom, by whidi the executive govfti'nment in India is tp be conne(9;ed, with that over the Teft of the empire. - • . .. ^ Secondly, the regulating the condu6i of the company's fervants in In dia,in order to remedy the evils which have prevailed th^re. ^Thirdly, the providing for the punifliment of thofe perfons who flw')» riivei'thelefs, continue in the pra6lice of crimen which have brought dif- giace upon the country. AccordMig!y» ftx perfons- are to bt nominated by the kingsw cQifl* jhiffiofielr»*for the affaii-sof India, of, which one of tbe.fecretaries of llate 'ind the chancellor of the Exchequer for the tintie boinj, ftwll be W* and'theprefident is to hav« the cafting. vote, if eq^uaUy dividfd. Nft* cojiuniilioneis to be aj^nted at the pleafui-e oiL th» ci'owi>« Tjwi I ' c^*w..}^-vjuivrfj« ,5ii; 10: lutvvsi- M els all peifoii'> returning from Intlia to furnifli the means of accufation and pcrlccuticn againft themfelves ; and uncotijUtntioiuily becaufe it eftablilheb a new cii jiiinal court of judicature, in which the admilfion ot incompetent evidence ^is rxpnfly dirertcd, and the fubjtjft is unncceflarily deprived gf his n.ofl ineftin'.able birthright, a trial by jury." '• And notwithftandint^ the regulations of this new bill, it is to be fiif* pected that they will produce no very material ttfei'l, unlefs vigorous mes- fines be 'aken to enforce them. This bill, like fo*mcr ones, may t)e(le- f'ofittd among tiie archives of the councils of the governments in the Kail ndirstolie in oblivion^ or be treated with contempt. Mere parchment chains cannot bind- the hands of rapacity an.l violence. The country is too remote Mom Britain t.) interfere on every emrrg< ncy. Tlie ccriupt may be bribed, the timid may l:e threatened into a dtftrtion of their duty, while the mofl upright may be overpowered by violence, and, if not filenced in that couiury, be fent hon^e to this loiu'ed with irons, to plead their caufe for pretended crimes charged againll them by the emiflariesof the powerful delinquents, whofe peculations and rapacity they endeavour- ed to reprefs, but whofe riches will procure them a fafe retreat, and a feat in either houfe of parliament. Bank of England.] The company of the Bank was incoviwrated by parliament, in the qth and th years of king William and queen Mary, by the name of the Governoi-s and Company of the Bank of England; in confideration of the loan of i,2oC;OOol. granted to the government: for which the fubfcrihers received almoft 8 per cent. By this charter, the company arc not to borrow under their cpmmon feal, unlefs by a('lof par- liameiu ; they are not to trade, or fuffcf any perfon in trull for them to trade in any goods or mer>handife ; but they may deal in bills of ex- change, in buying or filling bullion, and foreign gold and filver coin, &c. . . , Bv an act of parliament pafled in the bth and oth year of Wiliiam Hi. ENGLAND. ^63 tlKV were impowered to enlarg? their capital (lock to 7,201,1711. tc«. It was then alfo enafted, that iJank flock IhouW be a prrfonal aiut not a real eftate ; that no contiaft either in word or writing, lor buyiiig or Itil- iiig Bank flock, fliould be good in law, unlefs regiftcred in the bojks of the Bank within feveu days, and the flock transttned in fourteen days, and ilrtt it ftiould be felony, without the benefit of clergy, to counterfeit the common feal of tl^ Bank, or any fcaled Bank bill, or any Bank note, or to alter or crafe fuch bills or notes. By another a£l, pafTed in the 7th of queen Anne, the company were impowercdto augment their capital to 4,4.02, 343I. and thty then advanc- tcl 40o,oocl. more to the government ; and in 1714 they advanced an- other loan of 1,500,0001. In the third year of the reign of king George I. the interefl of their capital flock was reduced to 5 per cent, when the Bank agreed to deliver up as many Exchequer bills as amounted to 2,ooc,oo' I. and to accept an annuity of ioo,oocl. and it was declared lawful for the Bank to call from their members, in proportion to their interefls in their capital flock, fuch funis of money as in a general court fliould be found necefl'ary. If any ntml cr fhould negleft to pay his fliare of the monies fo cadled for, at the time appointed, by notice in the London Gazette, and fixed upon the Royal l'>xhange, it fliould be lawful for the Bank, not only to flop the ilivuieiul of fuch a member, and to apply it toward payment of the fuoncy ill queftion, and alfo to flop the transfers of the flure of fnch defaulter, and to charge him with the interefl of 5 per cent, per annum for the mo- ney fo umitteci to be paid ; and if the principal and interefl fliould be three months unpaid, the Bank fliould then have power to fell fo much of the ftock belonging to the defaulter as would farisfy the fame. After this, the Bank reduced the interefl of the 2,oco,oocl. lent to the j^overnment, from -, to 4 per cent, and purchafcd feveral other an- nuities, which were afterwards redeemed by the government, and the na- tional debt due to the Bank reduced to i,6«.'o,oocl. Bnt in 1742, the company engaged to fupply the government with i,6co, O'l.at 3 per tent, which is now called the three percent, annuities ; fo that the govern- mtnt was now indebted to the company 3,20c,oocl. the one half carrying 4, and the other 3 per cent. In the year 1 746, the company agreed that the fum of 9P6,8ocl. due to them in the Exchequer bills unfatisfied, on the duties for licences to Itll fpirituous liquois by retail, fliould be cancelled, and in lieu thereof to, accept of an annuity of 59,4421. the interefl of that fum at 4 per cent. The company alfo agreed to advance the farther fum of i,oc' ,oool. into the Exchequer, upon the credit of the duties arifing by the malt and inid tax, at 4 per cent, for Exchequer bills to be ilTued for that purpofe ; in coufideration of which, the company were enabled to augment their »^apital with 986,8001. the interefl of which, as well as that of the other annuities, was reduced to three and a haif per cent, till the 25th of Decern'. "^'j '757* ^^^ ftoiri that time to carry only 3 per cent. Ami iu order to enable them to circulate the laid Exchequer bills, they Wablifli what is now called Bank circulation: the nature of which not bfing yvell underflood, wc fliall take the liberty to be a little more par- ticular in its explanation, than we have been with regard to the other ine company of the Bank are obliged td keep cafli fufficient to anfwer not only the conwoon, but alfo any extraordinaiy dtmaud that may be i I a6^ E N G L A N- D. madr wpon them ; and whatever montfv they harve by them orcr and above the fum fnppoftH ncceflary for thele purpofes, they cmpoly in wliat may be called the trade of the company ; that is to fay, in dil'cntinting bills of exchange, in hiiyine of gold and filver, and in government ferti- rities, &c. But when the Bank entered into the above mentioned ron- trd^, as thev did not keep unemployed a larger fum of money than v/bt tjicy deemed neceflary to aiifwer their ordinary and extraordinary ile- raands, they could not conveniently take out of their current cafli (o large » fUm as a million, with which they were obliged to fuinilh the govern- nient, without either leiTening that fum they employed in difcounttng, bur. ing gold and filver, &c. (which would have been very difadvantsgeous to them), or inventing fome method that fliould anfwei* all the pnrpofes ai keeping the million in rafli. The method which they chofe, and which fully anfwei*s their end, was as follows : They opened a fubfcription, which they renew annually, for a million of money ; wherein the fubfcribers advance lo percent, and enter into a cointra^t to pay thfe remainder, or any part thereof, whenever the Bank Ihall call upon them, under the penalty of forfeiting the lo percent, fo advanced ; in confideration of which, the Bank pays the fubfcribci^ 4 per cent, intereft for the mtmey pnid in, and one fourth per cent, for tLc whole fum they agree to furniili ; and in cife a call lliouU be ii])on them for the whole, or any part thereof, tlie Hank (nrtlicr aj^recs to pay thfnj at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum for fuel) fum till they repay ir, which they are under an obligation to do at the end of the year. By this means the Bank obtains all the purpofcsof keeping a million of inoru.y by them; and though the fubfcribers, if no call is made upon them ( which is in gt- neral the cafe), receive fix and a half per rent, lor the money they advance, yet the company gains the Ann oF 23,50- 1. per annum by the contraft; as will appear by the following account. The Bank receives from the government for the ad- ) r ^ n vance of a million — — \ Aj* 3^> 'The Bank pays to the fubfcribers who advance ioo,oocl. } , .1 and engage to pay (when called for) 900,000!. more J "■ '^ fThe clear gain to thp Bank therefore is — — 23,503 • 'II Ai'This is, the flate of the cafe, provided the cojnparty fliould make no call on the fubfcribers, which they will be very unwilling to do, becaulc it would not only leflen their profit, btitaflfecft the public credit in general. Bank (lock may not improperly be pallet! a trading ftwck, fince with thb they deal yei*y largely in foreign gold and filver, in difcounting bills of exchange*:, &c. Bcfides which, tl\ey ^re allowed by the govcrnmfnt yciy conliderable fums annually for the management of the annuities paid at their office. All which advantages rer\d:r a fliare in their ftock very vahiable; though it is iiot equal in value to the Eaft India ftock. The company niJikc dividends of the profits half yearly, of which notice is publicly g;tven ; ^vhen thofe who have occa^on for their mon^y, way readily itceiye it: but private perfons, if they judge convenient, are p?r* inftted to cni^tinue thci^" funds,, and to have ttieiy inteveft added to tjic pHncfpaifv ' " ^ ' t-r**^ in * At hw per cept. until the yrar 1773. when U was advanced to five. . f Tl»< 'bank. Company i», fujpofcd tu have now twelve mUlicOis of circulating m- ENGLAND.' a^5 This company is under the dircfllon of a sjovernor, deputy governar» and twenty.four direfton, who arc annually elsftcd by the ijentral coiirfi. in the fame manner as in the Kail India company. Thirteen*: or m<^rei: compofe a court of diredors for managing the affairs of the conipanj^i' lifi The officers and fcrvant* of this company are very numerous. >j ,.•»:» i South sea company.] During the long war with France :ia the reign of queen Anne, the paymeafof the failors of the royal iwy^.beijig iicglei^ed, and they receivmg tickets inflead of money, were frequently- obliged, by their necelfities, to fell thtfc tickets to avaricious mcu at a difcount of 40I. and fomettmcs i;ol. per cent, liy this, and other means,, the debts of the nation unprovided for by parliament, and which amount- t(l to 9,4.71,321!. fell into the hands of thefe ufurers. On which Mr. • Harley, at that time chancellor of the Exchequer, and afterwanis earl of Oxford, propofed a fcheme to allow the propiietors of thefe debts and deficiencies 6l. per cent, per annum, and to incorporate them, in oi'der to "their canying on a trade to the South Sea ; and they were accordingly iii-^ corporated under the title of « the Governor and Company of Mer- ihantsot Great Britain trading to the South Seas, and other paits of Ame- rica, and for encouraging the Fiihery, &c." Though this corn panyfeemrd formed for the fake of commerce, it iscer- nia that the miniftry never thought feiioufly, during the courfe of the war, about making any fettlement on the coaft of South America, which was what flattered the expeftations of the people ; nor was it indeed ev^* carried into execution, or any trade ever uiid/!■ vu '■ ■q<.\i.Uvfj a. Some other fums were lent to the government in the reign tif queen Anne, at 6 per cent. In the third of George I. the intereft of the whole was reduced to 5 per cent, ^md they advanced two millions. mcwTC tQ^li^ goveinmcnt at the fame intereft. By the ftatute of the 6th.qf Gfcoicgc I. it was declared, that this company might redeem all or any of the redeem- able national dgbts; in confideration of which, the company^ WtfCfiithi- powered to augn%ent their capital according to the fums they fhould dif- cliarge : and fur enabling the company to raife fuch fums for purch^lTng annuities, exchanguig for ready money new Exchequer bills, carrying'on their trade, &r. the company might, by fuch niean;> as. they fliould thiiil? proper, raife fuch fums of money as in a general court of the,, cqfnpilny fliould be judged neceflary. The company werealfo empowered td ruilfe money on the contrails, bonds, or obligations undervtheir common feal, ot\ the credit of their public ftock. But if the fub-governor, dcputy-.gOKcrnnrj or other members of the company, flioukl purchafe lauds or reverttiea ief thQ crown, upon account of the corporation, or lend money by U)ati.or,aj)t&cipa-^ tion on any branch of the revenue, other than fuch) part bwiy on wh^cho^ aedit qf loan was granted by parliament, luchfiib*governo^:, oj oth«r mcniy her of the company, fhould forfeit treble the vahie of the muney fo Ifljiit* -. The fatal Seuth-Sea fcheme, tranfa(!:ted.inr upwards of >»' trading floi k, fliould, exriufively from the new joint-flock of an^ nuitrcs, be liable to all the debts and inrnmbranres of the company 3 9"^ that the company fliould caufe to be kept, within the city of l^oiidon, an oftit'^'and books, in which all transfers of the new annuities flioiild been^ tered acd'figned by the party making furh transfer, or his attorney ; and the peri'on to whom IVich transfer fhould be m^de, 01 his attorney, fliould uwdci'write his acceptance ; and no othev mahod of transferring the an- nwities flrould be gocid in law. The annuities of this compapv, as w«U as the pthej*, dfe now reduced to -.l.ptr cent: ?^his company is under the direction of ai governor, fub-governor, de-. pQtV-'grtvernor, and twenty-one dirpflors; but no pKks fell at^ fuch a . time for thofe fevcral fums. .» ;>, i „f. ...ti^ la comparing the prices of th<: different (locks one with another, It muft be remembered, that the intereft due on them from the time of the laft p; vmeiit is taken into the current price, and the feller never receives any K;)riiate tonfideration for it, except in the cafe of India bonds, where the iiitcrtft due is calculated to the day of the fale, and paid by the pui- chafer, over and above the premium agreed for. But as the intereft oa the different flocks is paid at dilTsrent times, this, if npt rightly uodcr-^. ftooJ, would lead a perfon, not well acquainted with them, into confider^ ahlc miftakes in his computation of their value; fome always having a quarter's intereft due to them more than others, which makes an appear-; ance of a confiderable diflFerence in the piice, when, in reality, there i$ none at all; thus, for inftance, 'Old Sovuh-Sea annuities iell for Sj^l. qf.\ 85I. los. while New South-Sea annuities fetch only 844I. or 84I. 15s. though each of them produce the fame annual fian of 5 per cent, j bii^ the ol'.l annuities have a quarter's intereft more due on them than the new. annuities, which amounts to f 5s. the exa<5t difference. There Js, how-. ever, one or two caufes that will always make one fpecies of annuities felj lomewhat lower than another, though of the fan^e real value; one of which is, the annuities making but a fmall capital, and there not being, for that reafon, fo many people at all times ready to buy into it, as into otncrs, where the quantity is larger ; becaufe it is apprehended that whenever the government pays off the national debt, they will begin witl^ that panicular fpecies of annuity, the capital of which isthe fmallfft. , , ^^ A flock may likewife be atfe^ed by the court of Chancery ; fqr if that court ftiould ord^' the money which is under their direction to. b? laid out in any particular ftock, that ftock, by having more purcliafei'S, will be raifed to a higher price than.any other of the like value. . ,^ | By what h«is been faid, the reader will perceive how much the credit • and the intereft of the nation depend on the fupport of the public funds, of which mpre particulars hereafter, with a lift of the amount of the ft-^ veral capitals, under the article of revenues. While the annuities,/ and intereft for money advanced, is thei'e regularly paid, and the prin^ ' ripal infiued by both prince and people (a fecurity not to be had ia «'her nations), foreigners will lei^d us their propofty, and all Europe be* intereftcd 26S ENGLAND. ir?(lAieflw"frf ffiiT we-tfare' ; the fii^ir of the CMnpknfcs wiH be caiireifH intptnoncyamt mcrrhandiM, and Great Britain can never want cafh tor.-iy her feficm'js into execution. In other nations, credit is founded on ttie word of the pfrtnce. if a monarrhy j or that of the people, if a republir ; l)*>r here it is edablifhed on tire rjitereft of horh prince and people, M'hich is th< ftrongcft {emrity : for however lovely and engaging hone(ly mav be in rtthtr ful^efts, inttreft in money mattt.*s will always obtain cotifrclence ; hecaufc many people jxiy great regard to their intereft, who have bat little veneration for virtue. Constitution and laws. J Tacitm, in de(cribing fuch a confiitij. tiort hs that of England, frems to think, that however beautiful it mnr be ifi theoT}% it will be found impracticable in the execution. Experieme has proved this miftake ; for, by certain checks that operate mutually, aixf which did not fall within his ideas, the Fngliih conftirution has continued in its fuyi \ igcwi- for above-^oo years. It muf^, at the lame time, be ad- mitted, that it has received, durinj» that time, mtiiiy arnendmenrs, ami fome intcrniptions ; but its prinripLs are the fame with thofe deCarbed by" the above mentioned hiftoiian, a-* belonging; to the Germans, and the other northern anceftors of the En;j,lifl» nation, and which are verv jm- propeily blended under the name nf Ciotaic. On the firft invafum ot I«ng. land by the Saxons, who came from Germany and the neighbouring rc*;ii. tnfes/'their laws and manners were pretty much the fiime as thofe meiifmn- ed by Tacitus. The people hsd a leader in time of w;u\ The ronquu. ed lands, in proportion to the merits of his followers, and their ahilititi to ferve him, were diftributcd amono;them ; and the whole was conruleied as th^ coHimon property which they wcr r to unite in defending r^gainft alt iiivaders. Frefli adventurers coming over, undei- fepaiate leaders, the otti hihabitiihts Were driven into Wales ; and thofe leaders, at laft, aft'umcrf tli'e title of kings over the feveral dillrifts ^hey had conqucreJ. 'Diis ciwngeTof appellation made them more refp>eftable among the Britorts, an(i their neighboofs the Scots and Pi«fls, but did not increafe their power, the op6fations of WMc^ continued to be confinecl to military affairs. Ali civil matters were propofed in a general aflfcmbly of the chief oflictrs aniVthe pie(>ple, tiil, by degrees, fherifts and other civil officers were ap- pioirtted. To Alfi-ed we owe that mailer-piece of judicial policy, the fiib' fifviflori of England into wapentakes an J hundreds, and the fubdivifion of hundreds into tvthings, names that flill fubfift in England ; and ovcr- fecVs'Wert chofen to direft them for the good of the whole. The flierilf Vastt^p' judge C»f all civil and criminal matters within the county, and to hirti, jrftcr n|c tntrodu6inted5 bntby the earlicfl records, it appirars that all civil matters were decided by 12 or 16 men, living in the neighhourHood of the phire w^erie thfe difoiite lay ; and hfce we nave the onginai of Engltfh jurte, If' fiiicirtain that they *ere in ufe amoaigthe earlieft Saxoh colonies, their frue^ equals or peers of the party litigant. In England we find aftuaj inention made of then^ (9 early J^s the iaws of iing Eth?lred> and ibat not IS a ne>^ iftVt:»^iQ«e ".• "■ '^^&) E N' G L A N- a nnans, andthc ^9. Bforno^ tp tlie guilt, even if it w%s u)ui»ler 6l^ nekin^, upon tiie lualefiit^ior, and by paying it he purchnfed hU pxi-^ (ion. Thof« barbarous ufiges fecni to have oafed fooa i^fter tUcSa.\<>fis. uere conv<:>yalty, amonjf the Saxons, was not ftriftly fpeaking» hertditArw^r thou;;!), in fad, it came to be rendered fo through the a(T"ede a compaft with, his new fubic(2s, bv , bis coronation oath, tlw fame with that of the SaKon kings. His adnur niftration was, howevci", tyrannical in a very great degree, and he was,^ .;Milty of many afts of violence and cruelty ; hut the conllitution efta- blillied imder him in this kingdom was no abfolute monarchy, rathct'^ia ' ragraftment of the feudel tenures and other culloms of Norinau wiiidti the whole Itgiflaiure agreed, by a more complete intcpdut^ipii qf xbifi, (tiid feudal law, as it was pradifed in Normandy ; which produced a diffireut political fyilem, and changed both. power and property i^i miiif. iffpefts ; though the firft principles of that law, and general notions ot! it had been in ufc among the £nglifii,fome ages.befoi'e., it tmaJ^«.iiuieQ(^ b^ ' admitted, that William divided many of the Kijigliflicilatc^ amppg hrs Norman followers, under pretence that their ibcmer bwneji's.liadiougi^ agaiafthim at the battle of Haflings ; and be partitioned out the l^^ids, in- fo knights fees, an indetcrmined number of whiqb feirmed a' baronv^^^id thofe baronies were riven to the great noblemen .h'1v> oompofecl' wqa^ 155 called the king's coiirt, c^- court of Pectus, from cvclv baran, bqag %^ {)eer, or equal to another. In this court,^ all cjvil as Mceli.^s njilitary mat-.' te»s, and the proportions of knights and racai, which eaph barop was. WJ^^ raife for the Iting^s fei*vice, were fettled. Even biflioprics were; conyej"t^d into lay baronies, and were obliged, ^ others, to /urniih tbeir qiiotai.': In " -^ • " " • - • -•' *" ' ■ ■'■ " ' "' as well as the people, had their complai.nf? ;*^ainft the crow,% a»d, ^f^pr' much war and bloodflied, the fi^out chart el- of £pgli{lvliberties» ,fp, weUj Known by the name of Ma^na Ghana, was forcibly, in a 'maimer,. c^-^ ^iped frpm king John, and confi;-med bjf. his fpu Henry 4ll.rwpio ijo?-^ cfed^d to d^e crown in 12 l6, • It does n«t appear, tW till th^s,!^^^!!, w^'. a««- a jjrcat 4eal of , bl«Q«iiv(Ui b£;?i\/pil;^ ,ti;c.cagiiwi'j» s- wX.' line, ENGLAND. 471 !.iir. But it mnft b? rcmembrrc 1, that Malrolin, by his Saxmi -tjiirrii, had foils as well as (hut^htcrs; anil that the r«v;»l family of ScotlamI, from riiat lime ilownwaid, were the offspring ot Malrolm and Margaret. Of tliif; (oyal family kiuj? James I. was the dire*"! nnd lineal defcrndaiit ; aiul !hfre!orc unitea ia his perfon every poflihle claim bv hereditary right, to the Ennlifli as well as Scottifh throne, being the h< ir bor'i of Egbert and William the Norman. At the Revolution in 1688, the convjifion of e(f ^fes, or reptelentatiTe body of the nation, declared that the mi(rondiift ot king James II, amounted to an abdication of the government, and that the ihrone was thereby vacant. In confeqiicnce of thi« vacancy, and from a rfgard to the ancient line, the convention appointed the next Protellant heirs of the bloodi royal of king Charles I. to fill the vacant throne, in the old oidpr nf lurceflion ; with a temporary exception, or prtferei>ce, to th.e perfon ot kinif William HI. On the impending failure of the Troteftant line of king Charles I. 'whereby the throne might again have beconw vacant) the king and par» liatncnt extended thefettlement of the crown ^o the Prottlbnt line of king lames I. viz. to the princeii. Sophia of Hanover, and the ht-irs of bor My, being Prote(lant!> ; and flie is now the common ftock, from wbom the heirs of the a'own mud defccnd ''■'. M . •• ■, ■ .'if' The of the realm hstii or great council • K chronology of'Kup;Ii(h Kino*, fincc the time that this conntry became iinitrd nndtr one monarch, hi the perfon ot Egbert, who I'libilued the other princes of the Siton heptarck/, and gave the name of Angle-laHil to this part of the idarui, the Smioiis and the AnglcM having, about four ecnturie.; be fore, hivaded aiui Uibduui the ancient Britons, whom they drove into Widet and Ceriiwuil. 'fi •ji'n^ \ Saxer. Priccssi .1 -• ".- (1 . ■.•!;;u; '.j:.'i it :r A Bfpin to ii-ign. Ko« Ejjbert i}i Ffhclwulf 8>7 Ethelbald 8/»o Ethelbeft S^6 Eihtlred ^n Alfred the Great 901 Edward the Elder 91J Athclftan 941 Edmund 946 Edrcd 9i5 Edwf u/(<,B»> 959 Edgar ' y 97 J Edward the Martyr 978 Etheired U. >3i6 Edmund II, or Ironfidc/ '017 Canute king of Denmark '0J5 Harold »C39 Hardicanute '=^4« Edward the Confcffor 1 - "065 Harold / Swon. «oM William I. S (.^*'.''""'"'Jy "11« J the Conqueror) duke of Normandy, a province.' ? facing the fonth of England, now annexed to the French monarchy. . yd b'i'^eHr. •■J - I 't' Daniih. h:'-> »■«>, , "I'd:,:*"; t ■ :.'■'■'■; oj 'i ■\:-\- ;»•»;»*' 11 .a>01t »"87 William n. 7 „ " "" itw Henry 1. ^ .^"ns of ths CoB(juc}:or. "35 StepU, grandfoa to Uie CoB X483 Richard III. brother of Edwaid IV, S( Tudor) -fon of rhe conntefs of Richmond, of the houfe of l..aricallcr. 1509 Henry VIII. fon of Henry Vil. 1547 Edward VI. fon of Henry Vlll, 155lM;J'-y 1 i)ayght,rs of Henry VIlI 1558 ihz;;betb. j ^ ^ _ ^^ ^ ■ f Great Grandfon of James IV. king of Scotland, by Margaret, daiigh- i603..Janu-s i. ^ ^^^ ^^^ jj^j,^y yjj ^^^^ g^jj. ^^^y^^ ^^^^^^ f^^jj^^jy j^ England. 1615 Charles I. fon of Jrini'.b'i. Conimonwcultli and jir(jtef this kiagdon),Iuis. abdicated, the goy^rnment, and that /the thfonti is thereby vacant." ThUs ended at once, by this fuddeii arid un^ expelled revolutjon, the old line of fucceffion ; which fronn the Ndi-man iavafion^had lalted, above 600 years, ^ad.from the, uuion of t^e $s|j^ heptarchy m king .^gbert,a)moft.9QQ.;,;^^ Though in fome joints the Reirolution Was riot ijb' perfect, as migt^ Have been wimed, yet irom thence a n^ asra commenced, iri which- the bounds of prerogatjivp and liberty hdve been better defined, the principles of government more t^or«uglily e^^kmined arid u.n4erJfldod,,.and thfc I'iglit of the fubjeit more explicitiv guarded by legal pi'ovi^pris^ than in any other period of thfc En^lifh hiftory. In particular, it is worthy obferva^ tion, that the coriv'emion, in' this their judgriieut, avoidec{ with gjiipat wifdom the extremes into which the vjfionary theories of fome zealori^ republicans would havd led them. They held ths^t this niifcdnduft of king Jimes amounted to an endeavour to fubvert the conHitutiori^ and not to an adlual fubverfion, or total diflblution of the government. Tbey, therefore, very prudently voted It to amount to no more than art kfidica- tion of the government, and a cbrifeauerit Vacancy of thfe throne ; Where* by the government was allowed lo lubfifl;, thovigh tht? cxecutivi* tniigi- had fo principal and conftitueilt a 'pdit ^'the royal duthbrity betin ftbolilh* ed, or eveniulpended. \ .*;^ J; -•:::r^ "; ;; *: "- ^ 't' ^;^,'*/' ' "^ '*^^5^ '' Hence it , is enfy to ^olfe«,'thaf the title to the drowii is it prefeHt he- reditary, though not quite fo abfoluteiy hereditary as formerly ; and the common ftock or anceftor, from" Whom the defcent muft be derived, Is alfd different. I^'ormerly the common ftock Was king Egbert; then WHliant the Conqueror ; afterward, in James I.'s time, the two Commbn flocks united, and fo continued till the vacancy of the throne Irt 1688 : now it is the princels Sophia, in whom the inheritance Was vefted by the new Ring and parliament. Formerly the defcent was abfblute, and the crown went to the next heir, without any reftriftionj but now, upon thf neW fettlement, the inheritance is conditional; being limited to fuch heir^ only, of the body of the prtncei^ Sophia, as are proteftant rriertibers of the church of England, and are married to none but proteftant^* And ii\ this due medium confifts the true conftitutional notion of the right of fucceffion to the imperial crown of thefe kingdoms. The ex* tiemes between which it fleers, have been thought edch of them to be deftruftive of thole ends for which focieties Were formed, and are kept Ori foot. Where the juagiftrate, upon every fucceflion, is eleftedyby the peo- ple, and may by the exprefs provifion of the laWs be dcpofed (if ndt pu- niOied) by his fubje6ts, this may found like the perfeftlon of liberty, and look well enough when delineated on paper ; but in praftice Will bfe tver found extremely diificult. And, on the other hand, divine indefeaflble hereditary right, when coupled with the doftrine of unlimited paflive obe- dience. Is furely of altcpnftitiitlons the mofl thoroughly flavifli anddretd- ful, But when fuch an hereditary right as our fiws have treated and veftcd in the royal ftock, Is clofely interwoven with thofe liberties, Which aie equally the mherUanCe of the fubjeft, this union will form a confti- 'ution, in theory the mofl beautiful of any, in prafticc the moft approved, '""'d, III all probability, will prove in duration the mofl permanent. Thr«5 ' /T ,. . .. cOnfll* III ' •-'►'i'aaKif 'i!h i—7^ff king cr tiuecnjball fa^^ I foleffjnly promife fo to do, « ,' " Arc'jbi/ljot or b'JIjop, Will you to Volir power caiife law and juftice, in merc^, to oe executed in all your ju(fgments ? — King or queen. 1 will, " Archhijhop or hijhop. Will you to the utmoft of yoiir power maintain the jaws of God, the true profcffion of thegofpel, and the proteHant re- formed religion eftablifhed by the law ? And will you preferve unto the bifbops and clergy of this realm, and to the churches committed to their charge, all fuch rights and privileges as by the law do or Iball appertain tjnto them, or any of them.— JlT/wj' or queen* All this I ptomife to do. •* After this the king or queen^ layine his or her hand upon the holy gofbth^ Jhallfayi The things which I have here before piomifed, I *^iU perforin and keep : fo help me God. And then- kifs the look." This is the form of the coronation oath, as it is now prefcribed by our laws ; and we may obferve, that, in the king'*s part, in this original con- trart, are exprefled all the duties that a monarcli can owe to his people ; viz. to govern according to law j to execute judgment in mercy j and to maintain the eftabliflied religion. With refpedt to the latter of thefe three branches, we may farther remark, that by the a£. of union, 5 Ann. c. 8. two preceding ftatutes are recited and confirmed ; the one of the parlia- ment of Scotland, the other of the parliament of England ; which enaft, the former, that every king at his fucceffion fhall take and fubfajbe 3/1 oath, to preferve the Proteftant religion, arid Prelbyterian church, ;gOi vernnient in Scotland j the latter, that, at his coronation, he Ihall take and fubfcribe a fimilar oath to preferve the fettlement of the churth of England, within England, Ireland, Wales, and Berwick, and the territories theieunto belonging. The king of Great Britain, notwithftanding the limitations of the power of the crown, already mentioned, is one of the greateft moiiarchs reigning ovei' a fr'ee people. His perfon is facred in the eye of the law, whidi makes it high treafon fo much as to imagine or intend his death; neither can he, in himfelf, be deemed guilty of any crime, the law talcing ho cogiliTtahce of his aftions, but only in the perfons of his minifters, if they iniring6 the laws of the land. As to h,is power, it is very great, though he has no right to extend his prerogative beyond the ancient li- mits or the boundaries prfefcribed by the conftit\uion ; he can make na new laws, nor raife any new taxes, nor art in oppofition to anyof ihc laws ; but he can make war or peace ; fend and receive afnbalTadors ; make treaties of league and commerce ; levy armies, and fit out fleets, for the defence of his kingdom, the annoyance of his enemies, or the fuppiewo" of rebdlions J grarit commiflions tft his officers both bv fes and Linfl, f"" i-eYc»ke them »t pleafure ; difpofe of all magazines, caftles^ &c. funimnn tuS ENGLAND; o revere, and ^7y t!ic parliament to meet, antl, when niet, adjourn, prorogue, or diflblve it at plcafuie ; refufe his aflent to any bill, though it had palled ix>th houfes ; wliich, confequently, by fuch a refufal, has no more force than if it had never been moved ; but this is a prerogative that the kings of England have very feldom ventured to exerdfe. He poflefleth the right of rhufing his own council ; of nominating all the great officers of .^ate^ qf the. houf- hold, and the church ; and, in fine, Is the foi)ntain oJF hbtiour, from, whom all degrees of nobility and knight.hoad are derived. Such is the dignity and power of a king of Great Britain. Of the parliament.! Parliaments, Or general councils, in fomtf (liape, are, as has been obferved in page z70f of as high antiquity as the Saxon government in this iHaiid, and coeval with the kingdom itfelf. Blackftone, in his valuable Commentaries, fays^ " it is generally agreed, that in the main the conUitutioh of parliament^ as it now Aands, was marked out fo long ago as the 17th of Xing John, A. D. 1215, in his Great Charter granted by that prince ; wherein he prnmife^ to fummoti all archbilhops, bifliops, abbots, lords, and greater barohs, peribnally ; and all other tenants in chief, under the crown, by the fliieritf and bailiffs to meet at a certain place, with forty days notice, to affefs.aids and frutages when ncceflary. And this conflitution Hath fubfifted, in faft,,at lead frpni the year 1266, 49 Heniy III. there being (till extant writs of that date to fummon knights, citizens, and t)urgefles, to parliament. ' The parliament is aflerabled by the king s writs, and its fitting nriuft not be intermitted above thi'ee years. Its cohftituent parts are, the king fitting there in his royal political capacity, and the three eftates of the realm ; the lords fpiritual, the lords temporal (who fit together With the king in one houfe), and the common jj who fit by themfeivcs in another. The king and thcfe three eltateS, tdgefher, foi-m tke great corj)oratibn of body politic of tht kingdom, of which the king is faid to be ca/>jit prhici" pkmy et UniiM For updn their coming together, the king meets them, ei- ther in pcrfon, or by reprefentation ; without which there can be no be- ginning of a parliament ; atid he alfo has alone the pow-er of dilTolving ihcte» It is highly neceflary, for prefervirig the baldnce of the conflittttion, that the executive power fliould be a branch, thoiigh not the whole^ of the legiflature. The crown carihot begin of itfelf any alterations iti the prefent eilabliflied law ; but it may approve or difapprove of the altera-? tlons fuggefted and confented to by the two hoiifes. The legillative there- fore cannot abridge the executive power of any rights which it now hasbv law, \tithout ib own confent { fince the law muft perpetually ftand as it now dots, iinlefs all the powers will agree to alter it. And herein indeed confifts the true excellence of the Engliih governirent, that all tlie parts of it form a mutual check upon each other. In the legiflrtture^.tHe people are a check upon the nobility, and the nobility a check upon tlic people j •7^'^? '"i'tual privilege of rejefting u/hat the other has rcfol.ved ; whUtf^ the king is a check upon both, which preferves the eitccutive power from fncroachmcnts. Xbe lords fpiritual confift of two archbifliopis and twenty -four bifliops. Hic lords temporal ronfift of. all the peers o*f the realm, the foifhops not ^"'g in ftriaiiers held to be fitch, but nicrely lords of parliament. Sont»e fjt the peers fit by defctnt, as do ill ancient peers ; fortie by creation, as «o all the new hude ones : others, fince the Union with Scotland, by elec- '"") which is the cafe ox the fixteen peers,- who reprel'eiit the body of the T a Scots m InB |ffiflHi hH^ Hnj if wM^^ ,%i wK^&nJf ', aJtlEft^ '4 vHBSflBS; i Xwmi* 1 1M- .L-^i' ■'A ENGLAND. Scots nobility. The number of peers is indefinite, and may be increafed at will by the power of the crown. A body of nobility is more peculiarly neceflai"y in our mixed and com* pounded conflitution, in order to fupport the rights of both the crown and the peopit, by forming a barrier to withftand the encroachmcits of both. It creates and preferves that gradual fcale of dignity, which pro- ceeds from the peafant to the prince ; rifing like a pyramid from i broad foundation, and diminiihing to a point as it rifcS. The nobility there- fore are the pillars, which are reared from among the people, more im- mediately to fupport the throne ; and if that falls, they muft alfo be buried under its ruins. Accordingly, whert in the laft century the cortimonshad determined to extirpate. monarchy, they alfo voted the houfe of lords te be ufelefs and dangerous. The commons confift of all fuch men of arty property in the kingdom, as have not feats in the houfe of lords ; every One of which has a voice in parliament, either perfonally, or by his reprefenfatives *. In a free ftate, every mahj who is fuppofed a free agent, ought to be in fome meafure his own governor ; and therefore di branch at lead of the legiflative power iliould refide in the whole body of the people. In fo large a ftate as o'm, It is very wifely contrived, that the people (hoUld do that by their repre- fenfatives, which it is impra£ticable to perform in perfon ; reprefentative? chofen by a numl^er of minute and feparate diftri^ft, wherein all the voters are, or eafily may be difiinguiflied. The counties are therefore repre* ftnted by knights elected by the proprietors of lands ; the cities and bo- roughs are reprefented by citizens and burgefles, chofen by the mercantile J)art, or fuppofed trading intereft of the nation f . The number of Eng' lifli reprefentatives is 513, and of Scots 4^} in all 558. And every member, though chofen, by one particular diftfift, when eleAed and re- turned, ferves for the whole realm. For the end of his coming thither is not particular, but general; not merely to ferve his conftiluents, but alfo the commonwealth, and to advife his majefty, as appears from the writ of fummons. Thefe are the condituent parts of a parliament, the king, the lords fpiritual and temporal, and the commons. Parts, of which each is fb ne- celTary, that the confent of all three is required to make any new law that ihould bind the fubjeft. Whatever is enacted foi* law for one, or By two ■ ' ■ I . I ■ . 1 III I " I I .1.1 I — ■ * This muft ba underftood with fome limitation. Thefe who are pofleffeJ of UnJ ffiates, though to the value of 4Cs. per annum, have a right to vote for itiembtYt «f purlianicttt; as have moft of the members of corporations, borottghs, Hz. But there are very large trading towrns, and populous i^aces, which fend no memben w ]>arliament ; and of thofe towns which do fend members, great numbers of the inhabi* tants have no votes. Many thoufand^.perfons of great perfonal propertj^ have, there- fore, fto rcftrefentativcs. Indeed, /the inequality and defeftivenefs of the reprefcnti- . tlon, has been juftly confidercd a? one of the greateft imperfeAions in the Engliflicon- iHtution. The duration of patlianieiits being extended to feven years, has alfo be.u vtcwfd in the fame light. +' copy of the brilxjfy oath, which is adminiftered to efetf perfon before they pi" ' " I . do fweaf (or, being one of the people called Quakers, in fok-mnly aJRIrm) I Jiave not received or had, by myfelf' or any perfon whatfoc«r id trull for me, or for my ufe and benefit, diredtly or indiredly, any fum or fum»ff »">■ ■ ney, office, place or employment, f^ift or reward, or any pTomife or fccurity foriny money, office, or cmploymeiijt, or j;ift, in order to give my vote at thisele(2ion : inJ thu i have jtofbcivrc bcca rolled at this clctSlion. SO beh» ms Godt" , "■t 0r ^ ENGLAND «77 enly, of the three, is no ftatute ; and to it no regard is due, unlefs \n niatters relating to their own privileges. The power and jurifdiftion of parliament, fays fir Edward Coke, is f je<9t, for any purpofe, or in any fl^ape whatfoever: either for the exigen- * ThU exemptioa from arrefts for lawful 'debts, was always confidcred by the pub* lit as a grievance. The '^^ ^ -l ,. . » , .._ fl-.i .u..;^ thrivjfege fcy ' aMk hi>»{fe&.inay now be ibtors. ' • ' :..'::./-. ! >,.;.,..■• =■ ci«s ENGLAND, *-19 cles of gQvemmtint, and eolle^ed from the kingdom in j2;enera], as the land tax; or for private benefit, and coUefted in any , particular diftiijfV, a»by turnpikes, parilh-rates, and the like. ' "' The meth(^ of making laws is much the fame in both houfcs. In each houfethe a6l of the majority binds the whole : and this iii'ajbritiy is declar- ed by Yot«8 openly and publickly given ; not as at Venice, aft(d|n|any other ienatorial flflemblie?, privf^tely or by ballot. This latter; method may bp fcrvkjeable, to prevent intrigues and u;iconftitution coi^binwions, but ij: is impoifible to be pra^tifed with us, at- lead in the houfe\bf commons, where every member's condu^ ik fubjeA to the future cenfure of his cons- tituents, apd ther^ore fliould be openly fubmittedto theirlnipidion. •' To bring a bill jijxto the hdu^e" of comnjolis, if .the relief!fdchair- nian), and m?^y fit aijd debate as a private member- .,In thele cppiniittees, the btli is debated claiife by claufe,. amenamehts . tp^de, t{ie blanks fille4 up, and iometimes the bill entirely 4>c\v-mpdelled^ After .he has gon§ thjTough the comnfiittee, the chai^'q:>an ,rej)prts it to the ho^fe, with fucl\ amendjnents as the cpmmiuee have (iia.de J and ijien the houfe re-cphfidep the nhoie bill ags^in, and the quef^ion is repeatedly put upon every clapfet anji atnendjnent. Whpn the houfe have agrepd or di4greed tp the amendV inents qf tiif committee, atjd foraptimes ^ddcd new amendments 9f theip '^wn, the bjU is ordered to be engrpfled, pr written in a f^rpng grofs^ hand, on one pr more Ipng rolls 6f parchm^pt fewed together, When thisi. is fiuiilied, it is rej^d.a third time, an^ amendmpnts a^^^ fpjnetimes then IJiade to it ; and, if a npw clauf^ b? a.ddc4, it js dpii? ^y tiigHmg a fep^?- rate piece of parchn^ent oq the bil), whic^ is called ^ n^ler, The fp?aKpr then again pptns tj^e cpntpnts; nng, jiotdjng. it up in ^^Is hands, p^ts the queftiou. Whether ti>f bill (hall pais, (f this be agreed tp, th^i title tp it |i then fettled. After this, one pf thf nienibei*^ is direfted tp carry it tq ihclyrds, aqd defii« their cpncuvwnc*: w.Ko, attended by fiveral jporp.. ■Ml ill r'1 ftSo E N G IL A N t). carries it to t^e bar of the houfe of peers, and there dcliireH it to their fpeaker, who comes down froni hi& woolfacH to receive it. It there palTfs thrpiigh ths fofm? as in the other. houfe (except ch^roflSng, which is alfjC^i^rdoQe), and if , rej?;6ted,. ho. mqre notice is'tafceri, "but it f>afles /)i Jkntiot tQ prj^eht unbeconiiiig' aJterquiptis. But if it i>i^ agreed to,' the Iqrcfs fend fi tn^Age by two i^kilecs jh' diancery (or, fi)hietinTe5, in mat- .tei8 of higii'importance, by two of llie judges) that they Kavfe agreed to the fame: gjid the bill rppiains with' tjie Iprds, if th^V have mad^ na amendn^tnt .^0 /.t.' " JJut if any amendpiehts ate ma'de, luch>rtier(dments are feht dojiya. with t^i^ bill to receive the concurrence the amftlfi^mie'rtts,^ the biiris fent back tq the lor^s Irv one of the niembers^" with a me'O^dwio, acquaint them tl^erewith.^ Xbefiam^ form* arp obfei"veii mu'taiis'-mutah4is, WKei^ the bill bcgms in thVJioufq^.df liir^^ paflbd,'it is iirftligned by his rtlajeftv, dnd then read^ once; only in each of the houfes, without Vniy new en.grol1ing or amendment. AViid when both .^oijfcs'jljavd jiprie vWth ^ny bill, if alvi^ays is dei^fjted' in the houfe of nte^rs, tp wilt {|ie royal aflent ; dxcppt intheC^fe of aihi^i^feyrbiU, which afti^i' receiving the c!6rt6urfehc6 of the lords, is fent bac|t.ta "the houfe of compr^^ns, 1? may lie n6cefrafy Hefe to acquaint the if'eadirff'^ithzit both \h ih(e;lMiujres 4*1^ Ih their" ddmhWttee4''the''ntghteft txprM^'iir moft mf puts ftc /lye or ?w-; tefdrm. When . f. „ , -4 . WhWln the houfe of oiiefs, fn his^pyil i*6bes, wilfei Ci^(? tt-Swri on' his K^Mi'^^itf attended by Ai8;great officers of ft^^ ah,d hfefMcls; A feat!dn'^He',VJ^ht hapd of the thrpinj, wiiere the'pi^inces ot $coi^ peii^ of Ertgland, fbrn*erly fat,|s're(erveil'?qrtKV prin^^^^ The other pHt^beS fiff the blood fit on the, left hand of the ijLi%f aiid the ehancellor' op 'aclofe'behch rei frioypd a lifctl^ backwards. Th6 vifcotints kn'd,teniporaVbdrofJ,iJ; or lords, face the thiofiie on btnches, or wdol^-pacjcs, covered With- red cloth or baize. TJife beiiph of' bilhops rutl alqhjg the houfe tp th6 bar d;! the right hand of the throne i as the dukes ahdeaHij do on the left. The chancet Tor and jut^^j 'bn ordinary dayjfji fit iipon wool-packs between the barons and the throne. The commoh ppinloruis, that the houfe fitting on w«toJ is fymt»oliC?il' of wool being fohneMy ibe ftaple com^nodHy" of the king- «lom. Many of the peers oil folemn ocrafions, appear in their parlia- mentary robes. None of th<^ corrtrndns have any |inbes, excepting the frcai^er, who we'ai^ k long black lill^^gown ; and when he appears before the ki»g, it is trirtlitted withhold.' '' '■" peers, the fpeakec ic- ituuic^ ^a in incir commiuces, ii}c iiignicit cxj^i cuiuii, iii i tfte ajfefc^tion. does not p^ft^till ]^e fpekl^r, or the' chairhian, ufiiiop •/which In the boiif^'isf COnuftims,, is ainfWtjrctt % ayi riute The royal afleiu maybe given, two, ]»(ays; i. In pe ine fends tor' the houfe of coniVnons to ttie houfe of i king rarnes up the money-bill or'biii^'ih his hand ; and, iri delivering them, V addreffts His majefty in a folcrtth fp^ech, in which he feWom fails to ex- tol the geheroiity and loyalty of the cpirmions, and to teil his 'majefty hew ncceflary it is, to be frugal ot the public money. It is upon this occafion, tha^fbe commons of Great Briton appear in their higneftluftrev The titles of all bills that have paifed both houfesare read j. and the king's a"- ENGLAND. ftftt tvrer is declared by the clerk 'of the parlil^ment ia Norman -French, If th^ king confentS to i public bill, the clerk '. Tiially declares, le toy U veut^ «« the king wills it fo to be ;" if to a priv^t/bill, foit fait commt il eft He- r,re, " be it as it is defired." If the king refufes his afftnt, h is l^ the gentle liuiguage of le roy i^avifera^ " the king will advife upon it.** When a mpqey.,blll is pafled, it is carried up and prefented to the king by the fpeaker of the houfe qf commons, and the royal aflent is thus expreffc ed, le roy reniercle fs loyal fuhje^Sy accept r 'l(ur benevolence^ it aujji le 'veu-., •' the king thanks his loyal fubjeAs, accepts their be^icvolehce, and wills <« it jb to be." In cafe of an a(^ 6iF grace, which originally proceeds from tha crown, and has the royal aflent in the firft ftajje of it, the clerk of the parliament thus pronounces the' gratitude of the liibjcft ; k pptlatcs j feig' mwit it ctmmorts, ctt ce pr^ent phrliamntt ajjemhlies^ au nom de tout vous autres 'fuhjeRs\ remerctent tres humhlcment votre majefte : et prient h D'uu vaui donnei en fahti bonne vie ct lon^tie \ *' the prelates, lords, ^nd com- mons, in this prefent parliament airetnbled, in the name of all your oti'er fubjects, moll humbly thank your majefty, and pray to God to grant yoU in health and wealth long to live.'* i. By the flatute 33 Hen. VIII. c, 21. the ki'ng may give his aflent by letters patent under his great Tea I, fignedwith his hand, and notified, in his abfence, to both houfes alTembled together in the higti,houfe, by commiffioners confifting of certain ■peer;^ named in the letters. And, when the bill has received the royal aflent in either of thefe ways, it is then, and not before, a ftatute or a^ of par- liament, • This ftatute or aft is placed among the records of the kingdom ; there needing no formal promulgation to give it the force of a law, as w^as ne- caflhry by the civil law with regard to the^tmperor's edifts ; becaufe every man in England is, in judgment of law, party to the making of an a6t of parlianient, being prefent' thereat by his reprefentiv^s. However, co- pies thereof are ufually printed at the king's prefs, for the informatioa of the whole land. An aft of parliament thus made, is the exercife of the higheft autho- rity that this kingdom acknowledges upon earth. It hath power to bind every fubjeft in the land, and the dominions thereunto belonging ; nay, even the king himfelf, if particularly named therein. And it cannot bl; altered, amended, difpenfed with, fufpended, or repealed, but in ikt lame forms, and by the fame authority of parliament 5 for it is a maxim in law, that it rence in Frarl^e* the fartieliappinefs and the fame privileges which you have; our lavfi'^viere then made by prefentatlves of OJS% own cheofing^ therefp^e ouf motiry^^as hot taken from us, hut granted ly j/j. Our kings were thert fgbjelS to the r(tle$ of Taw and reafon — now, alas! we are mi- ferabk, and'all is lod.*^ Think nothing, fir, too dear to maintain thefe precious advahtai^^s ; Iff ever there fliould be occafion, venture your lif^ and eftate i-ather than bafely and fooliflily fubmit to that abjefk condition to which yon fee us reduced." The king of England, hefides his high court of parliament, has ful> ordinate officers and miniflers to aflill him, and who are refponHble for their advice and condu£V. Tliey are made by the king's nommation, with(Mit either patent or grant ; and on taking the necelwry oaths, they btrome immtdjately privy -counfcllors during the life of the king that chufes them ; but fubje« to removal at his dir<'6lion. The duty of a privy counlellor appears from the oath of office, which confiils of feven articles ; i. To advife the king according, to the bed of his cunning and difcretion. 2. To advife for the king's honour and good •f the public, without partiality through atFecouncil is not eflential to the conilitutioa of England. This obfervation naturally leads me to mention the perfon who is fo well known by the name of the Jirjf mlniftfr ; a term unknown to the Englifli conftitution, though the office, in effect, is perhaps nereflary. The conftitution points out the lord high chancellor as miniuer, but the affairs of his own court give him fufficient employment. When the of- fice of the firfllord of the treafury is united witn that of chancellor of the exchequer (offices which I am to explain hereafter) in the fame perfon, he is confidered as firft minifter. The truth is, his majcfty may make any of his fervants his firft minifter. But though it is no office, yet there is a refponfibilify aniiexed to the name and common repute, that renders it a poft of difficulty and danger. I flial! now take a fhort review of the nine great ol!ic( IS of the - rown, who by their pofts tike place next to the' prin- ces or the loyal family and the two primates. The fii ft is the lord high fteward of England. This is an office viery ancient, and formerly was hereditary, or at leaft for life ; but now and for centuries paft it is exerclfed only occafionaily ; that is, at a corona- tio!., or to fit as judge on a peer or peerefs, when tried for a capital crime. lu coronations, it is held, for that day only, by fome high no- bleman. In cafes of trials, it is excrcifed generally by the lord chancel- lor, or lord keeper ; whofe commiflion as high fteward, ends with the trial, breaking his white rod, the badge of his office. The lord high chancellor prefldes in the court of chancery, to mode- rate the feverities of the law, in all cafes where the property of the fub- jeft is concerned ; and he is to determine according to the dilates of equity and reafon. He is an officer of the greateft weight and power of any now fubfifting in the kingdom, and is fuperior in precedency to every temporal lord. He is a privy counfellor by his office, and, according to fome, prolocutor of the houfe of lords by prefcription. To him belongs the appointment of all juftices of the peace'; he is vifitor, in right of the king, of all hofpitais and colleges of the king^ foundation, and patron of all the king's livings under the value of 20T. per annum in the king's books. He is the general guardian of all infants, idiots, and lunatics; and hath' the fuperiatendance of all charitable ufes in the kingdom, over and above the extenfive jurifdifc all the bufint-fs traiifaftcd at the coon, cil-board^ and* to report to the king, when his majcfly, is not picfcnt, all it* debates an^ proceedings. It is a place of great dignity as wt-ll as dif. jjjculty, on .account of the vaft nxmihcr of Amerir-au and Wtft Jmlia raufes, captures, and the like affiiirs, that come before the board ; aH ^u'cli nuy be abridged to the vail convenienry of the fubjcft by an able prefident. ^ n'rt»f» •*«.»; v.l .. n • i. The ollice of lord privy-fcal confifts in his putting the king's fcal to all fhartcrs, grants, ami the like, which are figned by tlie king, in order to their palfing the great-fcal. The lord privy-feal has likewifc undtr hi. cogniiance levcral other affairs, which do not require the great-fei^l. He is to take can; that the crown is not impoltd upon in any tranfa^^ion paff. ing through his hands ; and he is rr fponfibL if he Ihould apply the privy, fell to any thine againft the law of the lano,Tr comitatus, or power of the county. ' ; .if..« _ •-• Unojer the flieriff are various officers; as ill continue in the county ot Wo.'huorclind. The city of London hath alfu tik inli6tit»»lce oi the ftrievalty ot ]VIisid)«i<;x V JHeJ ia ihcir body t^y chait«*< ftewari* ENGLAND. a87 ftf wards of courts, bailiffs (in London called ferjeante), conftabte, gaor. ers, beadles, &c. The next officer to the flierifF, is the jujlice of peace ^ fcveral of tt'hont are commiflioned for each county : and to theiii is intmfled the power of putting great part of the (latute law in cxeaition, in relation to the high- way, the poor, vagrants, treafons, felonies, riots, the prefervatioii of the game, &c. &c. and they examine and commit to prifon all who break ordiftvirb the peace^ dnd difquict the king's fubje<5ts. In order to punifll the ofFendei's, they meet eveiy quarter at the county -town, when a jury of twelve men called the grand in(jUe{l of the county, is fummoned to appear. This jury, upon oath, is to enquire into the cafes of all delin^ quents, and to prefent them by bill, guilty of the indir'u' The civil governhient of cities is a kind of Imall independent policy ot itlelf ; for every city hath, by charter from the king, a jurifdi in itfelf, to judge in all matters civil and criminal: with this reftraint only, that all civil caufes may be romoved from their courts to the highef courts at Weftminfter ; and all offences that are capital, are committed t(> the judge of the affize. The go^efririient of cities differs according to tljeir different charters, immunities, and conftitutions. They ar« con* flituted with a mayor, aldermen, and burgefles, who, togjether, make the corporation of the city, and hold a court of judicatui t, where the mayor prcfides as judge. Some cities are counties, and chul'e their own fneiifls; and all of them have a power of making bye-laws, for their own govetHment. Some have thought the government of cities, by ihayor^ aldermen, and common-council, as an epitome of the Englifh govern- ment, by king, lords, and commons. The government of incorporated boroughs is much after the fame man- ner; in feme there is a mayor, and in others two baliffs ; all which, dur- ing their mayoralty or magiflracy, are juftices of the peace within their aberticb, and conlequcntly efquires. The cinque-poits are five havens, formerly efteemed moft import nfit ^nes, that lie on the eaft part of England towards France, as Dover, Sand- wich, Ronnnfy, Haftings, and Hythe, to which Wirtchelfea and Kye have Jecn fince added with fimilar fra'nchifes in many refpeits. Thefc cinque-' ports were endowed with particular privileges by our ancient kiiiys, »ip«)n condition that they fliould provide a cenain number of (iiips, at their own <^n^rgc, to ^twt in the wars for forty days, as often as tluy were wanted. ^wr the btiter government pf villages the lords of theVuil, or manon m i I ENGLAND. (who wetc formerly called barons) have generally a po«'«:; to hold courts, called courts-leet and courts-baron, where their tenants are obliged to at- tend and receive jultice. The bufineisi of courtsrleet is chiefly to pre- fcnt and punifti nuifances j and at courts-b^ron the conveyances and alie- nations of the copyhold tenants ai« enrolled) .and they are admitted to theii eftates on a defcent or purchaie. A conftahle is a very ancient and refpeiElable oflic<;r pftKe peace, under the En^liih conftitutiort. EVeh' hundred has a high-conflable, and every parifh m that hundred a conftable ; and they ar^to. at^epd the high- c»nftable upon proper ocCafions. They are affifted by another ancient officer called the tything-man, who formerly Superintended the ttnth part of an hundred, ot ten free burghs, as they were called in the time of the Saxons, aild each free burgh confiding pf ten families. The hufinefs cf conflable is to keep the peace, in all cafes of quarrels and riots. He ran imprifon offenders till they are brought before a juftice of peace ; and it is his duty to execute, within his diftrift, every warrant that is dire6jed fo him from that magiftrate, or a bench of juftices. The riegleft of tie Old Saxon courts, both for the prefervation of the peace, and the more Cafy recovery of fmall debts* has been regretted by many emintnt law- yers; and it has of late been found neceflary to^^^evive fome of them, and to appoint others of a fimilar nature. Befide thefe, there are courts of confcience fettled in many parts of £ngland for the relief of the poor, in the recovery of paynnent of fmall debts, not exceeding forty Ihillings. There neither is, nor ever was, atiy conftitution provided uith fo many fences, as that of England is, for the fecurity of perfonal liberty* Every man imprifohed has a right to bring a writ before a judge at Weflminlier- hall, called his Habeas Corpus. If that judge, after confidering the caufe uf commitment, fliall find that the offence is baiJabki the party is immediately admitted to bail, till he is condemned or acquitted in a proper court of juflice. The rights of individuals afe fo attentively cpnfidered, tb?it the lub* je6t may, without the leaft danger, fue his fovereign, or thofe ,who ad in his name, and under his authority : he may do this in open court, where the king may be cait, and be obliged to pay damages to, his fubjea. Hf cannot take away the liberty of the leaf! individual, unlefs he has, by fome illegal aft, of which he is accufed or fufpe^^ed . upon oath, forieitcd Jhis right or liberty ; or except when the itate is in danger, and the repre- jfentatives of the people think the public fafety makes it nereftjry th^t he iliould have the power of confining peribns on fuch a (uipicion of Ruilt : fuch as the cafe of a rebellion within the kingdom, when the legijlature has thought proper to pafs a temporary fufpenfion of the. Habeas Corpus aft : but this feldom has been done but with great difficulty and caution, and when the national fafety has abfolutely required it. The king has a right to pardon ; but neither he nor the judges, to whotn he delegates his a\ithonty, can condemn a man as a criminal, except he be firu found ffuilty by twelve men, who muft be his peers or his equals. That f.if judges may not be influenced by the king, or his minifters, to mifiepff' fent the cafe to the jury, they have their falaries for life, and not during the pleafiire of their fovereign. Neither can the king take awaV, f^'^'' ^'V danger the life of any fubjeft, without trial, and the perfuns being niit chargeable with a capital crime, as ireaioa, murder, felony, or Icm;: other adt, injurious to focietyj nor can an/ fubjeft be deprived of hiiiiw'.^y' ENGLAND. 489 for the higheft crime, till fomc proof of his guilt be given upon o^th before a niagiftrate; and he has then a ric^ht to infirt upon his being brought, the firfl opportunity, to a fair trial, or to bercftored tolib^ity on giving bail for his appearance. If a n.an is chnrged with a capital offence, he mull not undergo the ignominy of being tried for his life, till the evidinces of his guilt are laid before the grand jury of the town or county in which the fait is alledged to be committed, and not without twelve of them agreeing to a bill of indiftment againft him. If they do this, he is to Itand a fecond trial before twelve other men, whofe opi- nion is definitive. By the 28 Edward III. it is enacfled, that where either party is an alien born, the jury fliall be one half aliens, and the other dc-nizens, if required, for the more- impartial trial. A privilege indulged to ftrangers in no other countiy in the world, but which is as ancient with us as the time of king Ethelrcd *. Jn fome cafes, the man (who is al- waj-s fnppofed innocent till there be fufficient proof of his guilt) is al- lowed a copy of his itKli(5tment, in order to help him to make his defence. Heisalfofurnifhed with hispaniiel, orlifVof the jury, who are his true and proper judges, that he may learn their characters, and difcover whe- ther they .want abilities, or whether they are prejudiced againft him. He may in open court percniptorily objeft to twenty of the number j-f and to as many more as he can give reafon for their not being admitted as his judges ; till at lafl twelve unexceptionable men, the neighbours of the party accufed, or living near the place where the fuppofed faft -wa^ committed, are approved of, who take the following oath j tliat ih^y Jhall viell and truly try y. and true dclit'erance ynake^ beti^tcn the king and tlje-pri" fontny ivhofn thty Jhall have in chari^e^ according to the evidence* By rnal- Icnging the jury, the prifoner prevents all paffibility of bribery, or the in- fluence of'any fuperior powpr : by their llvmg near the place where the fa6l was commitied', they are ftippofed to be men who knew the prifoner's courfe of life, and the credit of the evidence. Thefe only are the judges from whofe fentence the prifoner is to expeft life or death, and upon their in- tegrity and underftanding the lives of all that are brought in danger ul- timately depend ; and from their judg.nent there lies no appeal : they are therefore to be all of one mind, and after they have fully heard the evidence, are to be confined without meat, drink, or candle, till they are unaninious in acquitting or condemning the prifoner. Every juryman is therefore invefted with a folemil and awful trtift : if he without evidence fubmits his opinion to that of any of the other jury, or yields in complai- fance to the opinion of the judge; if he negledls to examine with the ut- moft care; if he qucftions the veracity of the witnefles, who may be of anibfamouscharafter; or, after the moft impartial hearing, has the leaft doubt upon his mind, and yet joins in condemning the perfon accufed; he will wound his own confcience, and bring upon himlelf the compli- cated guilt of ptrjury and murder. The freaiom of Englifhmen confifts in its being out of the power of the judge on the bench to injure them, fordeclaritig a man innocent whom he wilncs to bring in guilty. Were not this the cafe, juries would be iif^lefs ; fo far from bciri,^ j ud^s themfelves, they \vo\ild ohly be the tools of another, whofe provmce is not to guide, but to give a unflion to thelk- determination. Tyranny might triumph . •' Stahite de MontlcoKsWalli*. «cafcof treafgn, f The party may challenge thirty-fiye 1^1 '•Ja over 1^0 ENGLAND. over the lives and liberties of the fubjcft, and the judge on the bench be the miniftcr of the prince's vengeance. Trial by jury is fo capital a privilege, and fo great a fccuritv to thr liberty of the fubjeft, it is much to be regretted, that perfons of eiucatioii and property are often too ready to evade lerving the office. By this mean; jinies frequently confift of ignorant ami illrterata perfons, who neither have knowldge enough to underftand tileir lights aad the privileges o|- F.ngliflimen, nor fpirit enough to maintain tliem. No man fl^ould Le above ferving fo important an office, when -regularly calltdupou:. anc thofe who, from indolence or pride, decline difcharging theif duty to their country, feem hardly to deferve that ftrcurity and libeity which ths inhabitants of this country derive from this invaluable inflitution. Jurit^ hive, indeed, always been confidtred as giving, the mofl elfe and oiheis, who iiave not I'een thofe proceeding's, , ' . The court being met, and. the prifoner called to ^"l[jaf, t^e ,. let all ways be tone, lef iii^n be ibj^rft thai has af- oil ^verity, that heir hands on the lorrupt nobleman judge would hav: at by our happy equity, all irai- 11 as fhe greateit d fr^om all beads : the prifontr, yet. othef counfel aic . tlie indigent, swantitiig tockar :on^ iinl« ^j!f the great. TJ^f parts Qf;E.«PP«- |i^, add noue pu i» hisft*^'^' Kof^Ti'ilty, he might, till lately, by the law of England, be prefTed to death, with a load of iron upon his bread. , When the witnefles have given in their evidence, and the prifoner has, bv himrelf or his couufel, crofs-examined th m, the judge recites to the jury the fiibftance of the evidence given againft the prifoner, and bids them difcharge their confcience ; when, if the matter be very clear, they commonly give their verdift without going out of the court, and the foreman, for himfelf and the reft, declares the prifoner ^«/7/y or not guilty^ as it may happen to be. But if any doubt arifes among the jury, and the matter requires debate, they ail withdraw into a room with a copy of the indiftment, where they are locked up till they are .unanimoufly ao^rced on the verdift ; and if*^ any one of the jury Ihould die during this their confinement, the prifoner will be acquitted. When the jury have agreed on the verdid, they inforni the ccJurt thereof bv an officer who waits without, and the prifoner iis again fet to the bar to hear his verdift. This is unalterable, except in fome doubtful cafes, when the verdict i$ brought in Ipedal^ and is therefore to be determiii,ed by the twelve judges of England. If the prifoner be found guilty, he is then afked what reafon he can give why lentence of death fliould not be pafled upon him ? There is now properly no benefit of clergy— It is changed to tranfportation, or burning ]n the hand. Upon a capital conviction, the fentence of death, after a fummary account of the trial, is pronounced on the prifoner, in thele words: The la^vo /.«, Tlmt thou Jhalt ntum to the place from ivkente thou camejit and from thence he carritdto the place of execution^ ivhere thou Jhalt bs banged ly the neck till thy body be deid^ and the Lord have mercy o» thy foul: whf reupOQ the fberiff is charged with the execution. AU.the prifonefs found not guilty by the jury, are immediately acquitted and difcharged, and in fome cafes obtain a copy of their indii^ment from the court to proceed at law againA their profecutors Of PUKisHMENTS,] Though the laws of England are elteemed moi*e merciful, with refped to oflfenders, than thofe which at prefent fubfift in any other part of the known world: yet the punifhment of fuch who at their tri%l refiife to p|^ guilty or not guilty, was formerly here very cruel. In this cafe the prifoner was laid upon his back upon the bare floor, naked, and hi; arms and l^gs being llretched out with cords j and a confiderabJe weight of iron laid upon his breaft, he was aliowecl only thi-e(: mo^fels qF barley bread the firit day, and the next he was allowed nothing but three draughts of foul water that fliall be neareft to theprifon door j an(| in this fita.ition, this was to be alternately histiaily diet tul lie expire;d» This puniihment, however, there was feldom occafion to ihfliift, and th^ cruel prQcefs is now abpliflied ; for, by a late a6t of parliament, the piifoner's refufal to plead is to be confidered as a convidion, and he is to fufier the f^me puniihment as if he had been tried, and found guilty. Arid formerly, in cafe of high treafon, though the criminal flood mute, jildg* J^^i m givep ag^u him as' if he had been convicted, and his eflate ^vas confifcated. V The law of England includes ail capital crimes under h'ph treafon^ pp treafon^ ^vAjeUny* The firft confifts in plotting, confpiring, Of iiWg HP in prms agaioft the fovereign^ or in counterfeiting the coin. ine traitor is puni(lied by being drawn on a fledge to the place of execu- tion, when, after Being hanged upon a gallows for fome minutes, tlij oody IS cut down alive, the heart takiea out and p;^pQffi4't9 pablic viffw- * U a and l^z ENGLAND. w and the entrails burnt ; the head is then cut off, and the body quartered, after which the head is ufually fixed on fome confpicuous place. All the crimiual's lands and goods are forfeited, his wife lofes her dowrj', and his chil Jren both their eftates and nobility. But though coining of money is adjudged hi^h treafon, the criminal is only drawn upon a fledge to the place of execution, and there hanged. Though ihe fentence pafled upon all traitors is the fame, yet with refpa') to perfonS of quality, the punifhnient is generally altered tobeheadincr ; a fca^old is ei ccted for that purpofe, oa which the criminal placing his head upon a block, it is ftruck off" wi h an axe *. The punilhment for niifprifion of high treafon, that is, for negledingoi concealing it, is imprifonnient for life, the forfeiture of all the ort'endcr's goods, and the profits arliing (roni his lands, J'ftty treafon is when a child kills his father, a wife her hufb^nd, adei'. gyman his bifliop, or a fervant his nialkr or miftrefs. This crime is pu- niflied by the offender's btiog drawn on a fledge to the place of execution, and there handed upon a gallows till dead. Women guiUy both of this crime and of high treafon, are fentenccd to be burnt alive; but inltead ot ftiffering the full rigour of the law, they ai*e fh-angled at the Itake before tlie fire takes hold of t'hem. Ftloni includes murders, robberies, forging notes, bonds, deeds, &t. Thefc are all punifhed by hanging, only f murderers are to be exeoited foon after fentence is j>aired^ and then delivered to the furgeons in order to be publickly dilTeftcd. Perfons guilty of robbery, when there were fome alleviating circumflances, uftd Ibmetimes to be tranfported for a term of years to his majefty's plantations ; but fince the American wai*, they arc now generally condemned to hai d labour in works of. public utility, upon the river, &c. for a certain number of years, aad lately fome have been fent to Africa and Nova Scotia, z ;:f;:3:io *.':?!; s*; .t n. i;rt»: 4'.)>-irftJHb iv r Other crimes punlflied by. thejaws Jrrp; .:■. : : Manlhv9ht(r^ which is the unlawful killing Af a pcrfon without preme- ditated malic; , but with a prefent intent to kiH r. as 'when two who forrfierty meant no harm to each other, quarrel, and the one kills the other: in tliis cafe, tlie criminal is allowedthe benefit of hU clergy for the firft time, and only burnt in the hand. . , .■ Chatue-MeMey is tlic ac:idental:. killing of a man without ap evil intent, for which the offender is alfo to be. burnt in the hand, unlefs the ofl^nder was doing an unlawful d£i : which lad circumflance makes the puhiihment death, ' •' . '0 v '" ^/.>op-li/fiHjf and receiving goods knowing them to be ftolen, are pubifhed with hard labour for a number of yearsj or burning in the haiid. t'erjury, or keeping diforderly hoiifcs, are puniihed with Ihc pillory and iwprifonment. •, - ? Pettylarcenyt Of fmall theft, under the value of. tcrelve pence, is punifhed by whipping, . .•' '\ Libeliingt ufing falfe weights and meafures, iand.foreilalling the marked are commonly punifhed with (landing on the pillory. * This is not to be confidered av a different panHhment, but as a remif&on of all tht parts of the fentence mentioned before, excep^^og the artide of beheadilig. f By a hte a«ft, mardcrcrs are to be execated within twenty -four hours after ftnteace is pronounced ; but as Sunday is not reckoned a day, they are generaUy tried on a Sa- torday,' fo th%t tbcj obt«in a refpite till Monday. E N G r. A N D. 29? ,i'.> 'ltrr.!HC I'; For ftrikmjr, fo as to draw blood, in the king's court, the crintina! is nuiiilhed with lofing his right hrind. I'or ftriking, in WcthniaUcr-hall, while the courts of jiiftice are fittine, the punifliment i> imprifonw eat for life, and forfeiture of all the offendsr^a cHate. Drunkards, vagabonds, and loofe, idle, diforderly perfons, are punillied by being let in the ftocks, or by paying a fine. Of husbanD A^n wife.] The firft piivate relation of perfons is that of m?.rriage, which includes the reciprocal rights and duties of huf- band and wife ; or, as mod of our qlder law-books call them, haron aiKl /(CTc. The holinefs of the matrimonial (late is left entirely to the '^ccle* fiaftioal law ; the piuiiflnncnt, therefore, or annulling, of inceftuous, or other unfcriptural marriages, is the province of fpiritnal courts. There are two kinds of divorce ; the one total, the other partial. The tot.l divorce mufl be for fome of the canonical caufes of impediment, and thofe exifting before the marriage : as confanguinity, affinity, or corporeal imbecility. The ifilie of fuch marriage, as it is thus entirely dilTolved, are baftards. The other kind of divorce is when the marriage is juft and lawful, and therefore the law is tender of diflblving it ; but for fome fupervenient aufe, it becomes improper, or impo/fible, for the parties to live together ; ?.s in the cafe of intolerable ill temper, or adultery, in either of the par- tics. In this cafe the law allows alimony to the wife (except when, for adultery, the parliament grants a total divorce, as has happened fre- quently of late years), which is that allowance which is made to a woman, for her fupport,' out of the hulband's eftate ; being fettled at the difcretiou of the ecdefiaftical judge, on the confideiation of all the circumftances of the cafe, and the rank and quality of the parties. \v\. the civil law, the hu(band and the wife are confidered as two diflinft perfons ; and may have feparate eftates, contrafts, debts, and injuries ; and therefore, in our eccleliaflical Courts, a woman may fue, and be fued, with- out her hulband. But though our law in general confiders man and wife as one perfon, yet there are fome inftances in which flie is feparately confidered, as in- lerior to him, and adting by his compulfion. And therefore all deeds ex- ecuted, and a£ls done, by her, during her coverture, are void ; except it be a fine, or the like matter of record ; in which cafe (he muft be folely and fccretiy examined, to learn if her aft be voluntary. She cannot by will devife land to her hulband, imlefs under fpecial circumftances ; for at the time of making it, fne is fuppofed to be under his coercion. And IR fome felonies, and other inferior crimes committed by her, through conftriant of her hulband, the law excufcs her j but this extends not to tieafon or murder. The hulband alfo (by the old, and likewife by the civil law) might give his wife moderate coireftion. For, as he is to anfwer for her mif- hehaviour, the law thought it reafonable to entruft him with this power of reftraining her, by domeftic chaftifement, in the fame moderatioA that a man is allowed to correft his fervants or children ; for whom the mafter or parent is alfo liable in fome cafes to anfwer. But in the politer reign 01 Charles II. this power of correftion began to be doubted ; and a wife '"^y "0"v have fecwrity of the peace againft her hulband ; or, in return, a nutband againft his wife : yet the lower rank of people, who were al- ^ays ti«i(l of the old common law, ftill claim and exert their ancient - • U 3 privilege ; 294 ENGLAND. privilege ; and flie courts of late will flill permit a hufband to reflrain 4 wife other liberty, in cafe of any grofs mifliehaviour. Thefe are the chief legal effeds of marriage during the coverture ; up. on whit h we may obferve, that even the difa'.ilitics, which the wife lies vn ler, are for the moft part intended for her proteftion and benefit. So great a favourite is the female lex with the laws of England. Rbvenvhs of THii Bri- } The king's ecclefiafticaJ revenues con. TISH GOVERNMENT. ^ fifl iu, I. The cuftody ol the tempora- lities of vacant bifliopricks; from which he receives little or no advantage. 2. Corwlies and penfions. formerly arifing from allowances of meat, drink, and cloathing, due to the king from an abbey or monaftery, and which lie generally beflowed on favourite fervants ; and his fending one of his chaplains to be maintained by the bifliop, or to have a penfion beftowtd upon him till the bifhop promoted him to a benefire. Thefe corodies aie due of common right, but now, I believe, difufed. 3. Extra-parochial tithes. 4. The firft-fruits and tenths of benefices. At prefent, fiich has been the bounty of the crown to the church, that thofe four branches af- ford little or no revenue. The- king's ordinary temporal revenue confifts in, i. The demefne lands of the crou'n, which ' at prefent are contracted within a . narrow compafs. 2. The hereditary txcife ; being part of the confideration for the pin- chafe of his feodal profits, and the prerogatives of purveyance and pre- emption. 3. An annual funi ifluing from the duty on wine-licences ; be- ing the- refidue of the fame confideration. 4. His forefts. 5. His courts of Hiflioe, &c. The extraordinary grants are ufually called by the fynOnymous names of aids, fubfidies, and fupplies, and are granted, as has been before hinted, by the commons of Great Britain, in parliament aflembled : who, when they have voted a lupply to his majefty, and fettled the (Quantum of that fupply, ufually refolve themfelves into what is called a committee of ways and means, to confider of the ways arid means of raifing the fupply fo voted. And in this committee, every member (though it is looked up- on as the peculiar province of the chancellor of the exchequer) may pro- pofe fuch fcheme of taxation as he thinks will be leaft detrimental to the public. The refolutions of this committee (when approved by a vote of the houfe) are in general cfteemed to be (as it w^ere) final and conclufive. For, though the fupply cannot be adually raifed upon the fubjedtill di- reded by an aft of the whole parliament, yet no monied man will fciuple to advance to the government any quantity of ready cafli, if the propofed terms be advantageous, on the credit of the hare vote of thehoQfc of com- mons, though no law be yet paffed to eflablifli it. The annual taxes are, i. The land-tax, or the ancient fubfidy raifed up- on a new artefllnent. 2. The malt-tax, being an annual excife on malt, nnim, cyder, and perry. The perpetual taxes are,, i. The cuflom?, or tonnage and poundage of all merchandife exported or imported. 2. The excife duty, or inland im- pofition, on a great variety of commodities. 3. The fait duty. 4. The poft-oftice *, or duty for the carriage of letters. 5. The ftamp-duty on ^ ' . .\ ' '. ... . paper, •t -w' ** * From the year 1634 to 1744, the annual amount of this revenue gradually m- ctcuf.d from joooi. to 198,226!. but it fliouI4 be obr«rved, that, the jjrofs amount of ■,••■■ '. •'■■■• boti ENGLAND. ^9:5 d to rcftrain 4 ^i:«pcr, p.irchment, &c. 6. The duty on hoiifes and windows. 7. The ^iity on licences for hackney conches and chairs. 8. The duty on officei and penfions, with avaritty of new taxes in the felfions of 1784. The clear net prod*ice of thefc feveral branches of the revenue, old and new taxes, after all charges ef collecting and management paid, is elli- mated to amount annuaKy to about ^eleven millions fterJing ; with two mil- lions and a quarter raifcti, at aii average, by the land and malt-tax. How {hefe immenfe Aims areto be Jippropriatcd isjiext to be confidercd. And this Is, fifll and principal ly, to the payment of the Inuriji of the national debt. In order to take a dlear and compiehenfive view of the nature of this NATIONAL DEBT, it m\ift be firft premifed, that after the Revolution, when our new coiineiflions with Europe introduced a new fyftem of fo- reign politics, 'the expences of the nation, not only in fettling the new efrabliflimeiit, but in maintaining long wars, as pi?incipa]s, on the conti- nent, for the ftcunty of ^ihe Dutch barrier, reducing the French mo- narchy, fettling the Spanifh fucceflion, fiipporting tlie houfe of Auftria, maintaining the libei ties of the Germanic body, and other purpofes, in- creafed to amamufual degree : 'infomuch that it was not thought advifeabl* toraife sH the expences of any one year by taxes to be levied within that year, left the unaccuftomtd weight oitliem iliould create murmurs among the people. It was thwefore tSe bad policy of the times, to anticipate the revenues of their poftcrity, ^by borrowing immenfe furnsior thecuF- rent fervice of the ftate, and to lay no more taxes on the fubjed than woultit fuffice to pay the anmialiutereftW the f urns fo borrowed : by this means converting tke principal dtbt iutc a new fpeoies of property, transferrablc from one man to another, at any time and in any quantity. A fyfttm which feems to have had hs original in the ftate of Florence, A. D. 134.4-; which government then owed about 6o,ocol..fteiling^ and being unable t9 pay it, formed the principal into an aggregate fum, called, metaphorically^ -a mount or bank-, the ihaies whereof were transferrable like our ftocksr This laid the foundation -of what. is called the NATioNi^L debt: for %. few long annuities created iin the reigu of Charles II. will hardly defervc that name. And the example '^tben (et has been fo clofely followed during the long tt'ars in the reigii of queen Anne, and fince, .that the capital of the fonded debt, at Midfmnmer 1775, was i29,b6c,oi8l. and the annual charge of it amounted to 4,219,2541. 7 s. The ruinous American war commencing at this time, and '^e execrable policy continuing of alienat- ing the {inking fund, with the extravagancies in eveiy depaitnvent of go- vernment, and the manner of borix>wing the money for fupplisf, hav^. confiderably increafisd'it *. ' .■.^ • both inlan«l and foreicn 'offices was that year 235,491!. In 1764. the erofs amount of the revenues of the Poft-office for that year was 432,048!. which by the aA paflbfl in insieUonsof 1784, increafing the duty according to the diftancc, and abridtrine the traiiking, mutt be confiderably augmented. In the courfe of the late war, from 1776101781, 46^50,000!. was added to the 3 per cents, and 29,750,000!. to the 4 per cents, malcinr t/ ' 'ffe Intereil thereon - -,,! t... 7»9J»390 I 1 f ! ; 23<^»-»9t796 6 I T -'l Charges at the Bank for manag- ing the bull efs Fees at the auditor's office of im- prefl Some other fees of office 61 i'tJiZ 13^,291 13 I »9' 74 2 6g6 T2 8 4 8,71^,994 9 I Since this report, the funded debt hath ino'eafcd to 23^,28013^9 *rht unfunded debt, meaning all cxpences, deficiencies, ,,;!;..>; ] , ,'<■ ,^ fj arrears, and outftanding debts for paying the princi- t -I/k .i.< .', . \,^* pal or ihterell, of which no provifion was made by •*^ parliament, may be moderately reckoned - - 38,000,000 The amount of exchecjuer billi t. ••.'"i'! ?>''^ 9?»'5^??64 o Thus the whole anhva! charge brought upon the na- tion by its debts, funded and unfunded, appear to !* » be ah ut - - ' - Peace eftabliflimcnt reckoned at the average annual . txpence for eleven years preceding the war Jncome of the civil lifl: - « f.ii ^' 279,098,91 7 •. I ,»♦• 9,500,000 00 3,950,ODO 900, 00 O C Whole expenditure .y V'''^. 14,350,000 p The fupplies demanded for the year 1784 amounted to 14,181,240!. but an;miiient political wiiter, lord Stair, reckons the future annual peace expenditure at fixteen millions and a half, inchuling half a million for a furplus to anfwer emergencies. Another refpe6lable writer on the fnbjeft eftimatts it at 1^,615,6 9I. including 954,000!. ^fr/7)««A»i for the intereft and charge of what remained of the unfunded debt after the laft loan, and he eflimates the peace revenue at near fixteen millions. Time will unfold the future prog)-^"fs of our national debt, and the calamities towards which It is carrying us, jf the pioft elFedual methods are not adopted ?»nd z?alo\i(ly ipurfued for a thorough reformation. It is ihdifputablv certain that the prefent inagnitude of owr national in- eumbrances very 'far exceeds rli cajculations of commercial benefit, mi is productive of the greatei^ inconveniences. For, firft, the epormous pxes tHat are raifed upon the necelTaries of life, for the payment of tjic intereft of this debt, are a hurt both to trade and manufadtures : byiaif- ipg the price as well of the artificers lubfiftence as of the raw material j ana of courfe, in a much greater proportion, the price of the. commodity itf^f, ^^fcpndly, if part pf ^5 i^t b? Qyf'in^ tp foreignerS| ei^if? they i draw I ENGLAND. 397 350,000 O 4ci\f out of the kingdom annually a confiderableqiianfUy of fptcic for the intereft ; or clfe it is an made an argument to grant them unrcafonable privi- leges ill order to induce them to rellde here. Thirdly, if the whole be owing to fubjcfts only, it is then charging the active and induftrious fub- jcd, who pays his maie of the taxes, to maintain tiie indolent and idle cieditor who rtceivts them. LaUly, and principally, it weakens the in- ternal llrength of a ftate, bv anticipating thofe reiources which iliould be rcfervcd to defend it in cafe of ncctffity. The intereft we now pay for our debts would be nearly fuffir lent to maintain any war, that any national motives could require. And if our anceftois in king William's time had annually paid, fo long as their exegencies lalled, even a lefs fum than we now anniiuily raife upon their account, they would, in time of war, have bonie no greater burthens than th(y have bequeathed to, and fettled upon their pollerity in the time of peace, and might have been eafed the inftaiit the exigence Wifs over. The produce of the feveral taxes before mentlor.ed were originally fe- parate and diftindl funds; being fecurities for the fimis advanced on each feveral tax, and for them only. BiJt at lafl it became ncctflary, in order to avoid confudon, as they multiplied yearly, to reduce the number of thpfe feparate funds, by uniting and blcuding them together: fupcradding the faith of parliament for the general fecurity of the whole. So that there are now only three capital funds of any account : the aggrcgatr funt^^ the whole produce of which hath been for fome years about 3,60c, cool, per (innum', xht genet al fumi^ fo called from furh union and addition, which for fome years have amounted to rather more than a million /^r annum i 9nd the i^outh Seafrwdf being the produce of the taxes appropriated to pay the intereft cf fuch p-.rt of the uational debt as was advanced by that com- pany and its annuitants, the produce of which lately hath been about half a million ^rr annum. Whereby the feparate funds, which were thus united, are beconre mutual fecurities lor each other; and the whole produce of them, thus aggregated, liable to pay fuch intereft or annuities as were for- merly charged upon each diftindt fimd j the laith of the legiflature being moreover engaged to fupply any c?ifual deficiencies. The cuftoms, excifes, and other taxes, which are to fupport thefe funds, depending on contingencies, upon experts, imports, and confumptions, piiift neceflarily be of a veiy uncertain amount ; but they have always been confiderably more than fufficient to anfwer the charge upon them. The furplufles thet efore of the three great national funds, the aggregate, general, and South Sea funds, over and above the intereft and annuities charged upon them, are dire6Ved by ftatute 3 Geo. I. c. 7. to be carried to- gether, and to attend the difpofition of parliament ; and are ufually de- nominated the Jinking funH^ bccaufe originally deftined to be hdd facred, and to be applied inviolably to the redemption of the national debt. To this have been fince added many other entire duties, granted in fubfequent years ; and the annual intereft of the fums borrowed on their refpeAive credi.s, is charged on, and payable out of the produce of the finking fund. However, the net furplufles and favings, after all deductions paid, amount annually to a very confiderable fum. For, as the intereft on the national debt has been at'feveral times reduced (b^ the confent of the proprietors, who had their opinion either to lower their intereft, or be pa>d their principal), the favings from the appropriated revenues muft needs be extrepiply large. This finking fund is the laft refort of the nation ; »ts only domeftic refource, on which muft chiefly depend all the hopes Wp Fim fntcftaift pf ever difchargipg q% fliQ^ewting our incumbrances, An4 x^f E N G LA N D. / nd therefore the pnidcnt application of the Isrge Aims, now ariffMg fritrft this f\ind, is a jx)int of the utmoft iniportance, and well worthy th^ Icnous attention of parliament. Between the years 1727 and I7.V» feveral enrroachmeftts were mad: upon the fii3kin{T fund ; and in the year 1733, half a million was takra from it by lir Robert Walpole, under the pretence of easing the laadcd in- tercft. The pran;rfdicnts that imrm the linking fund) can be applied to di- minilh the principal of the public debt, it ftands mortgaged by parliament to raife an annunl lum i/)i' ti-;'^ iiriinrcnanre of the king's houlchold and the rivil lift. For this purpoic, in tin.' I'Hte reigns, the produie of ccrtaia branches of the txcife and cnltoiriK, the poliodice, the duty on vine. Jiceuces, the revenues of tiie remaining crown iands^ the piofit arifmg * Dr. Price's calculation plainiy fhew'swhai ^hi» rHflftrcrce \%: " One penny put nut at our Saviour's birth to 5 per cent, aimpcund intcreit, would in t!j« )-:ar 1 781, have ir.freated to a greater fum than would he containcti in 200,coo,coo uf earth* al! folid j;oid; hut if put out at fimpie imtrtft, it at the fame time •vs-ould have amoonied to n« r.iorc than {':v^n ihillings and fix p^ncc. All gcvcrn/iients that alincate funds deliimd /or reimbnrf: uuntSj choofc to iwproYe moHcy in the lali rather than the^^y* of thf fe viys." He viiU, •' A million borrowed annually for twenty yfurs, •will pay off, ia this time, t,t, muiion?5 3 per cent, flock, if diichargcd at 6cl in money for every icci. ftock ; and in 40 ypi;rs mure, without any farther aid from loans, ^yi millions (that js, 3^8 millions in -^W, would be paid off. " The udditi n cf ninotein ycHrsto thi? period would pay off looo millions. " A Inrpliiii of iraJf a million per annuiM, mndc up to a million, by borrowing hjlf 9 million every year for twenty j'tars, would dil'charge the fame I'umsiu the fame |»eriod8. " Inlhort^fo nccefikry is it at prclcnt tocxpw-dite.bycvery poflible means, the rc^deinp- tion of onr debts, that, kt the rurplus which tan be obtained for a finking fund be whit it tviU, an addition to it by atmnai loans will be proper, in order to give it Rreattr effictcniity, .ind k better ctiunce for faving the kin^om.— — -The increitfi-'w taxts >4^hich fuch a meafure muft ovcaffofi, would be fo intronliderable and fo graduiil, a'? to be fcarcely percuptibk; and at the lame time, it would maniieft fuch a dttct- mined rcfolution in our rulers to reiiucc a'jr debts, ak mijjlu have tlic )iappidl influeiwe on the public credit. (• Ji»V*» iPI.. ^-., from ariflMg fruiKt worthy the were mad: \ was takfn jc landed i». thus bejriir, I mortga^'eJ; hns convert- ipply for ex- "jree miilions pplied to the of only ei^'ht liundred and en extricated 5 the public \ unalienable md thcrtfore ars oiilv fim- come of fuch ebts, cho.)res laying fimple tween the la- ereof are one applied to di- >y parliament t hold and the i:e of certain ity on vine* pi-ofit arifmg : penny put out •.ar J781, hiw; f earthi ail foli^ amoonud to ns -■ funds deliiiud the jSrf of the fs will pay oif, ia for every lool. uiUions (that is, llions. borrowing half uns ill tlic fame ns,the rcJeinp" inking fund b« •der to give it The iBcre4f>.'«f and fo gradual, ; fuch a dttci- ippieil influtiuic frooi / i i ;i;> «; ay. 15 i irj-'U: Ji it. !0 /j:ix 1 •«• <* ^ vO K> N U4 « 4^ Ov -< N oj v>i OOOJ fJ N» — -^ VO ON O ON *.J ^ ^ QO »>>*-oOOONOV*>co :; X ^ *• ^ ^ >• »• •« ««>«^^*««s#^-'n« 3 - ■(>> o o On oo N 1- tn o^*» 0^« O 0^>-'i o o ca-p- u VO O O ^J O O v^ O ON*. o o O04»- J» ^1 00>-»^ OMOO"^l-u ?-? M 1^ ^ ' V*. 00 N> vO 4». *.» M • n 1 - 1 l-rf Nrf OJ VO — HOH ttJ-c >'^ .&9 5* 5 O Pf p? 5' R? J? g-« ;S.o o »-n n 53 fi' &-nc 0=. £- O S Cp^ X & ^o ^'^ *^1 \J\ ^^ SJt wn V^i Vl <— 1 3 p"? 5-? fy g «— 1 C • Ol r^ * • S v^ ^ oi •" <-n - c t_o <_o <^o c o c •= • ••••• 3 a c n • 0^ 10 ; 1 ENGLAND. 2*9^ . 11 r^* "* T » =i \% !5- O o c C P 3 to o -( • i^ < " < sO P 5. w O -p" s n, ^■ c. , O-S 3 f (/> -♦ »-» — ^ I x: '♦1 ^ 3- rx O 1 ' '^W — _ '*■ r^ > - ._,^ * OS W« •^^ •>• -c> 2g= J oo 1 -^1 DO t r= + V - > -f- O (TJ - C » n ■ ^^ 1 J- vO oo .. — " s 1 • ^ C^ _ ^ 5- "^ n Vi I 0= 01 ►*1 froin coinis of jxiftice (which arttclei include all the hereditaiy revenues ' otthecrewn , and aifb a clear annuity of J2o,oool. in money, were fet- -^ tW oh the king for life, for the fupport of his majefty's houfchold, and thcL ' ' honour and dignity of the crown. And, as the amount of thefe feveral/ Jiranches were uncertain, (though in the laft reign th^-y were computed to ihave fometimes railed almoft a million), if they did not rife annually to 8cr,oool. the parliahient engaged to make \ip the deficiency. But his prefent majeftv having, foon after his acceffioii, fpontaneoufly fignified his ' ' confcnt, that Kisown hereditary revenues might be fo difpofed of, as might beft conduce to the utility and fatisfaftion of the public ; and having ac- cepted the limited fum of 8oc,oocL per annnmy for the fuppoit of his ' civil lift (and that alio charged with three life annuities, to the princefs of vV ales, the duke of Cumberland, and princefs Amelia, to the amount ot70,ocol.), the faid heriditary, and other revenues, are now carried in- to, and made part of the aggregate fund: and the aggregate fund is" charged with payment of the whole annuity to the crown, befides an- nurl payments to the dukes of Gloucefter and Cumberland, and the re- prefeiitatives of Arthur Onflow, efq. and the earl of Chatham. Hereby the revenues theralclves, being p«t under the fanic care and management as the other branches oi the public patrimony, will pixniuce more, and he bttter collefted, than heretofore. The civil lift, thus liquidated, together with the millions intereftof the national debt, and thefums produced from the finking fund, befide the uncertain fums arifing from the annual ta es * on land and malt, and others lately impofed, makt^ the clear produce of the taxes, exclufive of the charge of colle- ing, which are raifed yearly on the people of this country, amount to upwards of fourteen millions fterling. The amount of the cjrpitals of the relpe'. The expences defrayed by the civil lift, are thofe that in any ftiape " relate to civil government; as the expences of the houfehold, all falaries to officers of ftate, to the judges, and every one of the king's fervants ; 1 the appointments to foreign ambalFadors, the maintenance of the queen and royal family, the king's private expences, or privy-purfe, and other " very numerous outgoings: as fecret fervice-money, penfions, and other bounties. Thefe fometimes have fo far exceeded the ;'evenues appointed for that purpofe, that application has been made to parliament, to difcharge the debts contrafted on the civH lift ; as particularly in 1724, whnone million was granted for that purpofe by the ftatute 11 Geo. I. c. 17, Large fums have alio been repeatedly granted for the payment of the king's debts in the prefent reign ; and the confiderable augmentation of icojoocl. has likewifc been made to his annual income. When the bill for fiippreffing certam offices, as the board of trade, Sec. was debated, by which favingb were to be made to the amount of 72,3681 per annum, it , appeared that the arrears then due on the civiliift at that time, June 1782, ', ^i:ounted to 9:,^77l i. s. 4d. notwithftanding fo liberal nn allowance had ' been recently made, and the king's debts had been repeatedly liquidated bv' parliamentary graiits ; and for the payment of this other debt, provifioa Was nnade by the bill. ' ■■■ Z T " \ The civil lift is indeed pi-operlv the whole of the kfng*s 'revenue in.his own diftina capacity ; the reft Uemg rather the revenue of the public, or Its creditors, though collcfted and diftributed again in the name, and by &c officers of tt>e crqwn ; it is now ftaading in the fame p;ace as the Iki-c. :.' v.. , ditary n. i*- »JI»»*t,^tfto' fcWfc ia 3G6 ENGLAND. ditary income did formerly ; and as that has gradually diminiflied, the parliamentary apointments have increafed. MiLiTARy A.VD MARIN* STRENGTH / The ni'Iifary ^afe mcludcs OF Great BRirAix. J the whole of the foldiery; or fuch pcrfbns as are peculiarly appointed among the reft of the people, for the fateguard and dexeiicc of the realm. .-^ j ' -. In a land of liberty it is extremely dangerous to make a diftinft order of the profeflion of arms. In fuch no man fhould take up arms, but with a view to defend his country and its laws ; he puts not off the citizen when he enters the rann ; but it is becaufe he is a citizen, and would wifli to continue fo, that he makes himfJf for a while a foldier. The laws and cpnftitutions of thefe kingdoms know no Inch ftate as that of a perpetual iianding foldier, bred up to no ancyther profellicn than that of war ; and it was not till the reign ot Htnry VII. that the kings of England had fo much as a guard about their peifons. Jt feems univerfally agreed by hiftorians, that king Alfred firft fettled a national militia in this kingdom, and by his prudent difcipline made all the fubjefks of his dominions foldiers. In the mean time, we ave not to imagine that the kingdom was left whol- ly without defence, in -cafe of domeftic infurreftions, or the profpeft of foreign invafions. Befides thofe, who, by their military tenures, were bound to perform forty days fervice in the field, the ftatute of Winchcfter obliged every man, according to his eftate and degree, to provide a deter- minate quantity of fuch arms as were then in ufe, in order to keep the peace; and conftables were appointed in all hundreds, to fee that fuch arms were provided. Thefe weapons were changed by the flatute 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c 2. into others of more modern fervice: but both thi'j and fonner piovifio'is were repealed in the reign of James I. While thefc continued in force, it was uiual from time to time for our princes to ilTue commiflions of army, and fend into every county officers in whom they cotild confid.", to mufter and array (or fet in military order) the inhabi- tants of every diftri :\ ; and the form of the commiflion of array w s fettled in pari! amen t in 5 Henty IV. But at the fame tmie it was provided, that no man fhould be compelled to go out of the kingdon at any rate ; nor out of his fhire, but in cafes of urgent neceifity ; nor fhould provide foldiers, utrlefs by confent of "parliament. About the reign of king Henry VIII. lord-lieutenants began to be introduced, as Handing reprefentatives of the cro\S'n,- to keep the counties in military order ; for we find them mention* cd as knnwn officers in the ftatute 4 and 5 Ph. and M. c. 3. though they had hot been long in ufe ; for Camden fpeaks of them in the time of queen Elizabetk as extraordinary inagiftrates, conftituted only in times of difficul- tyand dauj^er. Soon after the refloration of king Charles II. when the military tenures we're aboliflied, it was thought proper to afcertain the power of the militia, TO recognifc the fole right ot the crown to govern and command the mi a'd to putihe u'hoh' into a more regular method of military fubordination: and the order in which the militia now ftands by law, is principally built uptm thei^tatuttjs which were then enaCfed. It is true, the two laft of them are apparently repealed ; but many of their provifions are re-emiU ed, wirh the addition of fome new regulations, by the prefent militia- laws ; the iiiencral fchenic of which, is to difcipline a certain number of the inhabitants of every county, chofen by lot for three years, and officer- by the lord-iieuttnaat, the deputy- lieutenanis, and other principal 7 la««« fd E-^'N' G LA N* D.' 3^1 wtidlwWers, 4vn^er a cxmimi-T'ort from die crown. They are not-coftipcl- . bble to march out of their couiitieii, .111111^5 in cafe of Javalinn, or achr4 • rebellion^. nor in any cale h) be lent out ot.the kingdom. They are te:be exercifed at ftated times, ami theii' difdpiijie in general is liberal aiid eafv ; but when diawn oyt iijIq •u'^^iai fervicc; they are fubjeft to the rigou;«.of martial law, as necelTaiy to keep tiiem in order. This is the ronflitutional . fecurity which our laws have provided for the public peace, and for pro - te<^iiig the realm againfl foreign or doriietlic violence, and which the (Ur ■ tiites declare, is eflbntially necelFary to the Iftfetv and profperitypf the king- dom : the militia^ .^PW(gvgi:,. are not called forth jiud cmbodiqd but by a^ , of the legirtature, and at prefent are laid afide. . But as the ^fliion of keeping (landing armies has xuiiverially prevailed over all Europe of late year* (though fome of its potentates, being ui.able theinfelvesto maintain them, are obliged to haye recourfe to riihei^ powers, and receive fubfidiary penfions for that purpofe), it has al|b foi* many vears paft been annually judged neceflary by our legiflature, for the falety of the kmgdpm, tlje. defeacc of; the poflellions of the crown of^ Great Britain, and the prefervadon of the balance of po\ver iii Europe, to. main- tain, even in time of peace, a (landing body of troops, under the com- mand of the crown; who are however, i*/o faHo^ di&andpd at the expi- ration in every year, unlefs continued by parliament. The land forces* - of thefe kingdoms, in the time of peace, amount to aix)ut 40,000 men,.in- frtiding troops and garrifons in Ireland, Gibraltar, the Eaft Indies, and America: but in time of war, there have f<)rmerly been in Britifli pay, natives and foreign ?, above 150,000:. and there have been in the pay of Great Briu u '^pre the commencement of the American war, M,-,ooo men, befir . , 00 militia. To keep this body of troops in order, an annual aft ■'. j/<4rliament pa(res, " to pnn fli mutiny and defer- tion, and for the better payment of the army and their quarters." This regulates the manner in which they are to be difperfed among the Jeveral inn-keepers, and viftuallers throughout the kingdom ; and eftablidies a law martial for their government. By thisj among other things, i! is enafted, that if any officer and foldier (hall excite, or join any mutiny, or, knowing of it, fliall not give notice to the commanding officer ; or (hall dtfert, or lift in any other regiment, or (leep upon his poft, or leave it before he is relieved, or hold correfpondence witli a rebel or enemy, or ftrike or uCt violence tohisfuperior officer, or (hall difobey his lawful command; fuch offender (hall fufferfuch puni(lim.ent as a court martial (hall iufllft, thoiivrh it extend to death it(elf. Officers and foldiers that have been in the king's fervice, are, by feve- ralftatutesenafledat theclofe of feveralvvars, at liberty to ufe any trade The land fofce, conCfts of a troops of horfe-'guards, raifed in 1660— a troops of horfe-grcnadicr-giiards, riifeij iro693« apd 1 70* —A royal regiment of horfe-guards, ditto, 1 661.— 4 r«giments of Ivdrfe-guards, ditto, .1685 and 1688,— 3 regiments ot oragoon guards, ditto, 1685^—18 regiments of dragoons, including light-horfc, raif- ed between 1683 and 1755—3 regiments of f:;ot-Knards, railed in 1660.-70 regi- ments of foot, the firft, or Royal Scot*, raifcd in 1633, *!«= others between i66i and regiments !,„...„ .v-. ...», .w ..w. «. w the American ^ar have lately been difbanded. \-«r 3«a ENGLAND. or occupation they arc fit for, in any towft of the kingdom (exeept tlie two univerfities) notwithftandtng any ftatute, ciiftom, or charter to the contrary. And (oldiers, in actual military fervice, may ma^e verbal wills, a(id ^ *-}- e V *. J • § c: • ^-» .A ^ (I) ^ Jt' - ♦-* > ■ . .'• • »^ '<■. t- Vt . lij' '•• m 4> ^r---:- a '/*' *-rf ' c o W\ C J;^ ' > O .V ♦ U< -•V •tJ B . .•'J, ' *. ts .»J i-' '., < v/> f.l, ■•. • • ',■■; ,. Ci • ,1-."'-** «tt •J , . ■■ "i- 4> n\-^^ .V J5 ■^^: ^ ';^:^^=. • •^ 'fcts.cv ril ^j.>-^ C6 fU*«^ .-■3: i2- >0''0 «*Jt»» oooe '«« «t «^ »o o ^ «o«o ^ f *r «o W. C4 n 9 V) >0 ^0 O >0 O -00 »»C o o n 9 C/3 o ^, w rt •o o ■ ' e© .>o C» «» «* w c» f« H • ^ « 'tt* K Ovt^ *. »0 •« »O00'O-'- 1 [•;,■(• «fl t«5 «» f« ^ ^ »♦ I t I « I • I ■ 1/ 1/ I I I I ( I vf , ,-. n ''t '■■ : / ■ I-'- * 1^' § 60 .4 o O n O Q4 , a g o w 3 ■ t' |« --'t 3 .:jVHp^1:\' ; |. r» •• ,;^t:f* ,>r--V il^'Ai'^ml' "•^■' •i^ir ^sfn^ ..^«l^ ENGLAND. 503 JiewEft^li(l»mcnli''rf*i''!i { Per Day. •■'«• d 1 4 o rs: o 6 o 7 o 4 » 17 9 o o 9 o o o 8 o :f'fft ^S I*! 1 >v>f u uV'I" ' Pir Ann; > i !tf/i^!«) 6 ' o 164a fO i-^iSii 15 170} 6 1134 >o o o o 9 If liJO ''*-.■. -"L.f— ■-■*--■ -*-*»-- «-*' • ^%' Total j^. 10,40 J J I $, The Maritiwf. ftate is nearly related to, the former; though much niore agreeabrlc to the principles of our free conflitution. The royal navy oi England hath ever been its greateft defence and ornament j it is its ancient and natural ilrength ; the Heating bulwark of the idand; an army, JroMi which, however ftrong and powerful, no danger can ever be appre- lieiided to liberty ; and accordingly it has been afliduoufly cuhivated, evea from the earlieu ages. To fo much perfection was oiir naval reputatioa «rvived in the twelfth century, that the code of maritime laws,- which are called the laws of Oleron, and are received by all nations in Europe ^s the ground and fubftradion of all the marine coailitutinns,- was con- felTedly compiled by our kin^ Richard I. at die ifle of OIpron> on the foaft ot France, then part of the pofleffions of the crown of England. And yet, fo vaftiy inferior were our anceftors in this point to the prefent age, that, even m the maritime reign of queen Elizabeth, fir Edward Coke thinks it matter of boaft that the royal navy of England then con- ^fted of ^:^ (liips. The prefent condition of our marine is in great m %afure owing to the falutary provifions of the flatute, called the naviga^ tion a«^ ; whereby the conftant increafe of Englifli lliipping ai^d feame|!i JAas not only encouraged, bjit rendered unavoidably necelFary. The moll beneficial flatute for the trade and commen e of thefe kingdoms, is that -navigation a<^, the rudiments of which were firft framed in 1650, partly with a narrow view ; being intended to mortify the fugar-iflands, whicli «ere di-fafffe mg 4495. mariqes. This navy is commonly divided into three fqu:idrons ; namely, the red, white, and blue, wJiich are io termed from the differences of their colours. Each fquadron has its admiral ; but the admiral of the ret! fquadron has the principal command of the whole, and is ftyled vice-athiiiral of Great Britain. Subjc6l to each admiral is alfo a vice and rear-admiral. But the fupreme command of our naval force is, next to the king, in the lords commiflioners of the admiralty. Notwithftanding our favourable fitua* tion for a maritime power, it w^s not until the vafl armament fent to fubdue us by Spain, in i<88, that the nation, by a vigorous effort, became fully fenfible of its true interefl and natural flrength, which it has fince fo hap. jMly cultivated. We may venture to affirm, that the Rritifli navy, during the war of 1756, was able- to cope with all the other fleets in Europe. In thecouife of a few years it entirely vanquiflied the whole naval power of France, difabled Spain, and kept the Dutch and other jw.vers m awe. For the pro*e• '^ '(' '^ /^> ' ■ - • ^ ; * ^ The nation have to lament the want of a proper attention to the fleets in the laft war, both as to the home equipment, and their foreign defti- nation . ' Manv laws hare been made for the fupply of the royal navy with fea- men ; (ov their regulation when on board ; and to confer privileges and re- wards on them, during, and after the fervice. I. For their fupply. The power of imprefling men, for the fea fer- vice, by the king's commiffion, has been a matter of fomedifpute, and ' fubmitted to with great reluctance ; though it hath very learnedly been .' " . lliewn :&;>4:- j;t:; .^:.; f ■■. ■'••■Ji' 1:» i :■> . '.%> ■ '■ -' \>?. -.; usi- « - ■. ♦ rji-' . iv i Vv' ^i! • The Royal Nav] ' of Great Britain, as it flood Auguft 31 , 1784. •7 .-' Rates uj* Ships. Complement of Men • Weight of Metal. *t . t f . ^ 1. , { jltins. No. of each Rate. Men. Metal. ?-■ -^ •'•t, «^ ••. xft. 100 and upward 5 — 875 to 8jo — 44 24 li & 6 1 2d. 98 to 90 — 10 — 750 to 700 — . 32 18 la 6 -.^ra ^ •s :. 3d. 80 to 64 >-. 130 — 630 to 500 — 52 18 9 6 hs-n ;v ;.'ft 4th. 60 to 50 — 27 — 4*0 to 380 — . *4 12 6 & 18 9. -ki'sC'SiV' ■SJi 5th. 44 to 3* — lOl — 300 to *io — )8 9 6 & 12^ ♦<:^ jHi .. , 6th, 30 to 20 50 — 200 to i6q — 9 4 •isl) x^:v/-.ru 334 >!*•'• jBomln, - iM 18 to >4 — 143 — 125 to no. ♦^-- ' •.7.'? ) ':.i.' tW.' ■■ii''j Fire 1 , 9;... - - - ♦- . . *»-■-.'. '?::> uii s -^ J;m fliipa. &c. .... ■. rf 1 , Unr. ,iu: i^m iV 1 l^.ij Total, 496 - ^ .. . > fti ieommil&on ijj of the line, 7 fifties, ^6 fngatei, and 105 fle^ipt. Whea t fliipw war becomes old, or unfit for fervice, the fame name it tran^errcd to another, which it btti^t, «• it it calledj upon her bottcm. While a fingle beam o£ the old fluf r ■ Vice Admiral ■ « ' Ilc;ir Ailmiral ■ ~ '■ '*^ Fir.'r Captain to the Commander in Chief ■ St.conil ditto, and Captain to other - dmirals " to V. Admirals "I if firft or fccond Rates, to J" to R. Admirals/ have the pay of fuch Rates \^ OFFICERS. Captain per Jay- Lieutenant fier day" Mailer per month 2d mafter and pilots of yaclus, each 3I. los. Mafhr s mate Midihipman ' -) i^" Schoolnialler " Captain's Clerk Quarter-m after '^arter-matter's mate Boatfwain Boatl'wain's mate Yeomen of the Sheets Coxfvvain Mafter lail-niakcr I Sail-maker's mate Sail-makers crew Gunner Gunner » mate Y.i) of powder room Qiiartcr Gunner "♦ Armourtr Armourer's mate GunfmiJi Carpenter Carpenter's mate Ctrpenter's crew Purler Steward Steward's mate Cook Surgeon f Surgeon's firft mate fctond mate th rd mate fourth &iifth Firjl. Ch%plaiB ^ o 5 % 6 J o 5 J5 ID O IJ 12 1% IS 8 5 o »5 15 6 5 10 5 o o 6 o 5 o" 5 o 3 JO o 10 19 /. o o Second. s. 16 5 8 d. o o o 07. ci3 oh O'l .o;o o o o 15 10 10 15 10 10 15 8 5 10 15 6 o JO S lO o 6 10 S o 5 o o 10 o 10 19 Third. s. 13 4 6 Mlaq Orrtctis, and the' per day«t —— s o« o — ' 3 10 o — — 4 10 o ' -*— I 15 o I X5 O — — 100 - o 16 o 6 ^3 $ Fourth. Fifth. Sixth, d. 60 CO OI 01 I ol3 O I 03 0,1 0,1 01 o o 16 17 17. 26 la 8 o i» 8 8 15 8 5 o la 5 17 8 o 16 5 o 5 o 5 o o 10 o 10 '9 a 6 6 6 o c o o o o oi c [ oil 10 4 12 7 >3 »3 13 10 8 TO 10 8 8 14 8 5 10 10 10 5 '3 8 10 H 5 10 3 o 5 00 00 6 xo% 91 9 o O o o o c o o c c s. 8 4 d. 00 00 85 r % I I I I I [ i t I oil r o c o o 4 8 c o c oil 1 10 xo. 8 6 S 8 6 6 li 8 5 5 8 8 5 10 6 S It 5 5 O 5 o o 10 o o o o o o o d o o o o •, I I a c I P I 01 o 8 4 o 4 10 6 5 o 6 6 6 10 8 5 o 6 6 J 10 5 o 10 5 o o 4 o o o o o * One fa e-very four guns. § B^»ies 4f ineiTiiantnien, 'ard of tiie iomiI with the hopes equitable man- lere Would then TOiild bcfpcedilr ' feamen. Sinct^ nation, its com- pe, and fccuriry lul fucrefs of tli'e to eiig/ioe in ; it lubjeft of the.'c , nor any other 1 a few fu;.:erior s and liberty, to danger, wc look aiid keeping up les, articles, and fter the Reflor.n- f^Vix Ja Chapelle, I condu'flint;- t\it y pdiFdjle olieme 1 J-efpeft the fe.i- le land fervite ; >ut flamed from l»eitlior of thofe bodies are exempted from ]c;!;?l jurirdiiftlon in civil •^i* rrimiiial ( ;i(ts, but in a frw iiill^nces of no j'jvat nionviit. The luUlicri, partir.iilarly, niny be callrd upon by a «:ivil m.-ij^iltralc to eaabL' hiin t) prelcrve the peace a:^ainlf all attempts to lireak it. Tiie military otiiccr who coininaiids ilie foldlers on thofe onafions, is to tike his dirccliouJ lioiii the maoiHr.ite; and both he and they, iftlieir prottedings are re- j;ul:ir, ;;rc iiulemnificd againll all confequences, be they ever fo fatal. Tiiofe civil riiagiftratei who undtriland the priuorples of tiie conflitiition, are, howevc-r, extrein«ly cautious in calling lor thi: military on thcfe oc- ralions, or upon any commotion whatever ; and, indeed, with good rea- loii : lor the frequent em.-'n coat, viz. Mars, ti\j» [o'npajjant guardant, Sol, for Bjunfwick, impaled with Lunenburg, which ij, S4, femce of hearts, proper^ a lion rampa^it, Jupiter : having anciertt i>ax(||iiy, viz. Afflrj, an borj'e currant, Luna, cntc (or grafted) /■/ hafe-, and ^n a^fincld fourtouty Mars, the diadem, or crown of Chadeviagnc ; the whole^ withm a garter, as fovereign of that moft noble order of knighthood. Theaipttg oi VUu tt mm Droit, that is, God und my Ri^hft is as old •;.-n -t 3o3 ENGLAND. Si the re'i'jrn of Richard I. who aflumed it to (hew his independency iipdtl all earthly pou^rs. It was afterwards revived by Edward III. when he laid claim to the rrown of France. Almofl evci*y king of England had a particular badge or rognifance : fometimes a white hart, fometimes a fet- lock with a falcon, by which it is faid Edward IV. alluded to the infide- lity of one of his miftrefTes ; and fometimes a portcullis, which was that of'^the houfe of Lancafter, many of the princes of which were born in the caflle of Beaufort. The white rofe was the bearing of the houfe of York ; and that of Lancafter, by way of contradiflindtton, adopted the red. The thiflle, which is now part of the royal armorial bearmgs, be- longed to Scotland, and was very fignificant when joined to its motto, Ne- mo me impune laceffct, " None fliall lafely provoke me." The titles of the king's eldeft fon, are. Prince of Wales, duke of Corn- wall and Rothfay, earl of Chefter, eleftoral prince ef Brunfwick and Lunenburg, earl of Carrick, baron of Renfrew, lord of the Ifles, great fteward of Scotland, and captain-general of the artillery company. The order of the Garter, the moft honourable of any in the world, f the order, a it)fc iflhiHg from the dexter fide of . a fceptre, and a thiftle from the fmifter, between three imperial crowns placed within the motto, Tria jnn^a in ununiy " Three joined in one." JThis order being difcontiniied, was revived by king George I. on the 'iSth of 3iay, 1725, and the month^foUowing, eighteen noblemen*. «"'* a -i XA ENGLAND. 3^9 tjmany commoners of the firft rank, were infl^lled knights of the order with great ceremony, at Weftminfter, wiitre the place of inllaUment is Henry Vll.'s chapel. Their rohes arc fplendid nnd (liewy, and the number of knights is undetermined. The bifhop of Rochefter is pei pttual dean of the order, which has likewife a regifter, and other ofticei-s. The order of the Thistle, as bfJon^ingto Scotland, is mentioned in the account of that kingdom ; as is alfothecrder of St. Patrick, newly inftit'ited for »reland, in our accountof that kingdom. The origin of the Englifli peerage* or nobility, has been ah'cady men- tioned. Their titles, and order of dignify, are dukes, raarquiflcb, earls, vifcounts, and lords or barons. Karonets can fcarcehy be faid to belong to an order, having noother badge than a bloody ha;id in a field, argent in their arms. Th^v are the only hereditary honour under the peerage, and would take place even of the knights of the Garter, were it not that the latter are always privy coun* feiiors , there being no intermediate honour between them ancl the parlia- mentary barons of England. They were inflitiUed by James I. about the year i6is. Their number was then two hundred, and each payed about a locol. on pretence of reducing and planting the province of Ulfter in Ireland ; but at prefent their number amounts to -oc. A knight is a term ufed almofl in every nation in Europe,, and in gene- ral fignifiies a foldier ferving on horfeback ; a rank of no mean efuma- tion m ancient armies, and entitling the party themfelves to the appel- lation of 5/V. In the common laws they are called milites or foldiers; and they are maae by the king laying a fword upon their flioulders, and defir- ing them to rife by the title of Sir. It is a mark of perfonal regard from the crown, and therefore the title does not defcend to pofterity. Other knighthoods formerly took place in England ; fuch as thofc of lannercts^ bachelors, knights of the carpet, and the like, but they are now difufed. Indeed in the year 1773, at a review of the royal navy at Portfmouth, the king conferred the honour of Knights Bannerets on two admirals and three captains. They have no particular oadge on their garments, but their arms are painted on a banner placed in the frames of the fupporters. It is fomewhat difficult to account for the origin of the word efquirc^ which formerly fignifled a perfon bearing the arms of a nobleman or knight, and they were therefore called armigeri. This title denoted any perfon, who, by his birth or property, was entitled to bear arms ; but It is at prefent applied promifcuoufly to any man who can afford to live in the chai-a6ter of a gentleman without trade ; and even a tradefman, if he is a juftice of peace, demands the appellation. This degree, fo late as in the reign of Henry IV. was an order, and conferred by tlie king, by put- ting about the party's neck a collar of SS. and giving him a pair of filver fpurs. Gowcr the poet appeai-s, from his effigies on his tomb in South- wark, to have been an efquire by creation. Serjcants-at-lavv, and other ferjeants belonging to the king's houfliold, juftices of the peace, doftors in divinity, law, and phyfic, take place of other efquires ; and it is re- markable, that all the ions of dukes, marquifTes, earls, vifcounts, and barons, are in the eye of the law no more than efquires, though com- monly defigned by noble titles. The appellation of gentleman^ though now confounded with the mean ranks of people, is the root of all Englifli honour ; for every nobleman is prefumed to be a gentleman, though every gentleman is not a nobleman. History.] It is generally agreed, that the fijft inhabitants of Britain X 3 . . wci-f 310 fe' N G L A N 1). vrre a t -ibe of the Gnils, or Cclf.v, thnt Tttloil on thr oppnfit.^ flmrr ; a fiippufltion loiijulcd upontlic evident cnnfoimity in tiuir hinguaj^e, nian. reis, <'/)vcinm'jiit, rclip;ion, .ind {"(»nipk'xio:i. In tlic anninit 1 have i;ivcM of tl t* laws mid rc.nditution, may he: found j;iT:it pni t of tl'C hiftory of r>i|^land, which I Ihall not htie ic- pe.1t, hut ronfnu* myftlf to the diircicnt/ gr;idi.:ions of events, inatliio. nol(>gi(al Older, (oiin;.('t.{i with thi* in proven-.tnt ot arts, fricnas, (oni- imric, an I inani'ta ines i^t their proper ptriods. When luHi.s Cr. far. ahont fift\'-two vi-nrs bt-lore the birth of C'liriff, rieditatcd a ronqutft of Britain, the natives, muiouhtcdly, h'^d <^reat(Oii. nertiojis wirh the CJauls, and other people of tl.e rontiiient, in jfovein- nunt, religion, and con'mcrre, rude as the latter was. Caviar wrcitc the hif^nry of his two expeditions, whieh he pretended weic areompi- jiicd with yi\{\ difliriihies, and at ended by uuh advantages ovtr tl;e iflandeis, that t'ley agreed to pay tribute. It plainly appeals, howcvn, from eontcmporaiy, and other autl'.ors, as well ; s Civfar'sown nariati\f, that his \ii'>orits were ineomplete and indeeifive; nor did the Romnns rc- ctive the leaft r.dv.intage from his expedition, but a b( tter kno\\lf dge of the idand than dicy h:id bci'orc. The Britons at the time of Ca-lars iIp- fcent, were governed in the time of war by a politieal nmfederacy, of v'hirh Caflihtlan, whofe tu'ritories lav in Hertfordfliire, and fome ot the adjacent eounties, was tlie head ; and thii form of government Cvntinueii among them lor ibine tin:e. In their manner of life, as dtferibed by CaT^r and the bed authcri!, they differed little from thj rm!e inlrabitants of the noithern elimates that have been alreaiiy nuntioned; but .hcv ecrt-iinly fowed corn, though, perhaps, they chiefly fnbfilled upon animal food and milk. Their rh-th- ing were Ikins, antl their fortifications beams of wood. They were dex- trous in the management of their chariots beyond credibility; and they ibugh'. with lances, darts, and fw( rds. Women fometimcs led their armitj to the tield, and were recogniled as fovereigns of their paiticular didiirfs. They favoured a primogeniture or fenioiity, in their fucceifion to roy- alty, but fet it afide on the foKlkft inconveniency attending it. They painted their bodies with woad, which gave diem a l)!uifli of- greenifii raft ; and they are i^iid to have had figures of animals, and heavenly boilic!:-, on their fkins. in their marriages they were not very delicate, for they formed themfelves into what we mav call matrimonial clubs. Twelve or fourteen men married as many wifes, and each wife was in common to them all, but her children belonged to the original hulband. The Ijritons lived, during the long reign of Augultus Coefar, rnther as the aliiei than the tributaries of the Romans ; but the communications be- tween Rome an-.- Great Britain being then extended, the emperor C'laudiiis Crfar, about forty-two years after the birth of Chrift, uinlertook an exjH'di- tion in perfon, in which he feems to have been luccefsful againfl Britain, His conquefis, however, were imperfert; Cai abacus, and iioadicca, though a woman, made noble dands againf> the Romans. The fornier was taken prifoner after a defperate battle, and carried to Rome, where his undaunted behaviour before Claudius gained him the admiration of the viftors, and is celebrated in the hiftories of the times. Boadicea being opprefTed in a manner that difgraces the Roman name, and defeated, ilil- dauicd to furvive the liberties of her country ; and Agricola, general to Domitian, after fubduing South Britain, carried his arms northwaros, a> has been already feen in the iiiflory of Scotland, where his llitccilbrs had pruljablc VIOIIS K N G T. A N D. VI omans ic- no rrtifoii to bonfl of thfir proj^rtTs, every iiuh of groinui Ininir ovavcly UticiuN.'cl. Ixirinj; tlic tiiui- tlic Uomaiis rniKrisu ri in this ifliiui, tIk/ cavtcd tliolc walli I have To ofrni nitntionod, to protct't the Iliitons fmai the invadoiis of th'-' C;»!e(loni;uis, Scots, and J'ii'h ; aiulucaif toUl, tl:r.t the Roman hiiij!;ua!;c, Itarninj',, and luUoius, hnaiiic familiar in Urii.iiiu 'I'lu'ic ffcms to l)LMio jTiear foundation for this all.. rtioii ; and it isnvua pifjljable tliat the Romans conliderfd IJi itain t liiclly as a nnrl'tTV for rhelv armies abroad, on aaonnt of the I'lipcrior flrtiij'^th of body, and coura^O ol the inha[)itants, whtn difi ipUnt'd. That tliis was tlic cai't', appears^ plainly enough from the dcfinccU-rs ftatc of the Kritoiis, wlu-n tiic v^o- vcrninent of Rome if ailed her forces from that illand. I have- aht-ady taktn notice, that diuitiK tlie ahodtr of the Romans in P.ritaiu, thev in- troiliiced into it all the hixniies of Italy ; and it is certain, that under thcni the South Britons were reduced to a flate of gixat validate, and li»at tlu' genius of liberty retreated northwards, where the nitivcs had made 2 biavc refiflancc againft thefe tyi ants of the world. I'or tlunigh t'",: Urito'^x ucre uncjuertionably vciy brave, w In ii iii( orporatevi u iili tnc Roman 1 •- i/ioMs abroad, yet .we know of no fh!igi.',le tliey nuulc in Ij'er :io\"s. for tluir inilependcnry at home, notwithftandinj; the many favoi cable oppor timilies that prcfented thcmlllves. The Roman emperors ar.d [,!.-aLr.iif^^ while in this illand, afliftcd bv the I'ritonii, were entirtly empint! in r»'' pelling the attacks of the Caledonians an(l Rii5ts (the latter .u tinnxv),'. ii> have been the fouthern Britons retired northwards), 3;,.'. t.\w.\ a;)i.carca to have been in no pain about the fouthern provinces. Upon the mighty inundations of thofe barbarous nations, niiicii, iMi.i«;r the names of Goths and Vandals, invaded the Roman i':mp;re with i'Jiiu?,6 mimbers, and with danger to Home itffelf *, the Roman legions vv.n witj- ■ ^Irawn out of Britain, with the flower of the XJritHh yo'itf-, fin- <-hc de-. fence of the capital and centre of the empire. A'; the f^oman lorct s tic- creafed in Britain, the Scots and Pir'ts, who had always oppo'*.d tlv; pro* grefs of the Romans in this ifland, advanced the niort boLIIj uit') ihe fouthern parts, carrying terror and defolation over the whol^ rojaUy, The effeminated Britons were fo accuflomed to have recourfe to t!ie Ro:i'aai for defence, that they again ar.d again implored the return of the Roman,':^ who as often drove back the invaders to their mountains and ancient limits beyond the walls. But thefe enterprises ferved only to protra-^ the mife- lies of the Britons; and the Romans, now reduced to extremities at home^ and fatigued with thefe diflant expeditions, acquainted the Biitor.?, that taey muft no longer look to them for protetftion,' ar.d e'.aoitrt' them to arm in their own defence; and that they might leixve t.''.:; iilanu \v\*h ri good gr3ce, they allifted the Britons in reouiidin;.'. w tb (lone the nail of ?)cverus, between Nevvcaftle and Carlifle, vvhivh .lley liufx! with forts a^d watch-towers; and having done this good .">i;.cc, took their laft farewc] of Britain, about the year 44^^ after h.\>'Uig been mafters of the moll fer- tile parts of it, if we reckoi; froui the invaiion of Julius Ciefar, near coo years. The Scots and the Pifts finding the whole idand finally dpferted by the Reman legions, now regarded the whole as their prize, and attacked Seve- jus's wall with redoubled forces, ravaged allbefoie them with a hiry pecu- liar to northern nations in thofe ages, and which a remembrance of for* mer injuries could not fail to infpire. The poor Britons, like a helplc ^ m i t i m ^''^iini-M.i- VirA Sec th*:: Introdu^Jli^t ■'X' •*x:1- 512 ENGLAND. family, deprived of their parent and proteftor, already fubdued by their own fears, had again recourfe to Rome, and fent over their mii'eiabie epiille for relief (uill upon record), which was addrerted in thefe words j To jEtiusy thrice conful : The i^roans of the Brltom ; and after other lament. able complaints, faid, That the barbarians drove them to the fea^ and tht fita back to the barbar;ians ; and they had only the hard choice left of perijhin^ by tkcfword or by the ivaves. But having no hopes given them by the Ro- man general of any fuccours from that fide, they began to confider what Other nation they might call over to their relief : Gildas, who was him- fcif a Briton, defcribes the degeneracy of his countrymen at this time in mournful ftrains, and gives fome confufed hints of their officers, and the names of fome of their kings, particularlarly one Vortigern, chief of the Danmoniiy l>y whofe advice the Britons ftruck a bargain with two Saxon chiefs, Hengift.and Hoi fa, to protect them from the Scots and Pids, The Saxons were in thofe days maftei"s of what is now called the Englifli Channel, and their native countries comprehending Scandinavia and the northern paits of Germany, being overftocked with inhabitants, they readily accepted the invitation of the Britons ; whom they relieved, hv checkmg the progi*e(s of the Scots and Pi^ts, and had the ifland of Thaiiet allowed them for titeir rcfidence. But their own country was fo populous and barren, and the fertile lands of Britain fo agreeable and alluring, that in a very little time, Hengift and Horfa began to meditate a fettlement for themfelvts; and frefh fupplies of their countrymen arriving daily, the Saxons foon became formidable to the Britons, whom, after a violent ftnig- gle of near 150 years, they fubdued, or drove into Wales, where their language and defcendants ilill remain. Literature at this time in England was fo rude, that we know but little of its hif^ory. The Saxons were ignorant of letters, and public tranfac- tions among the Britons were recorded only by their bards and pofts, a fpecies of men whom they held in great veneration. Nennius, who feems to have been contemporary with Gildas, mentions indeed a few fafts, but nothing that can be relied on, or that form a connefted hiftory. We can therefore only mention the names of Merlin, a reputed prince and prophet; Pendr^gon, the celebrated Arthur, and Thalieffin, whofe works are faid to be extant, with others of lefs note. All we know upon the whole is, that after repeated bloody wars, in which the Britons were fome- timee the enemies, and fometimes the allies of the S<'ots and Pifts, the Saxons became maflers of all England to the fouth of Adrian's, or rather Severus's wall ; but the Scots and PiAs feem to have been mafters of all the territory to the north of that, though they fuffered the Britons, who had been driven northwards, to be governed by their own tributary kings; an intermixture that has created great doubts and confufions in hifloiy, which I Ihall not pretend here to unravel. I have already given a fketch of the conflitution and government which the Saxons imported into England, and which form by far the moft valua- \i\c part of their ancient hiflory. We havp no account of their converfion to Chriftianity but from popifh writei"s, who generally endeavour to magnify the merits of their fuper;ors. According to them, Ethelbert king of Kent, who claimed pre-eminence in the heptarchy, as being defcended from Hengift, one of the lirft invaders, married the king of France's daughter, and the being a Chriftian, pope Gj'egory the Great feized that opportunity to enforce the convei lion of \\Si- hufband to Chriftianity, or rather to p6pery. For that purpofe, • about the year 596, he feut over to England the famous Auftin, the monk, wl)9 ENGLAND. 313 who probably found no great difficulty ia converting the kinsj and his people ; and r\lfo Sebert, king of the Eall Saxons, who was baptized, and founded the cathedral of St, Paul in London. The monk then, by his mailer's order, attempted to bring the churches of the Britons in Wales to a conformity with that of Rome, particularly as to the celebration of Eafter; but finding ftout refiftance on the part of the bifliops and clergy, heperfuaded his Chriftian converts to maflacre them, which they did to the number of 1200 prieds and monks, and reduced the Britons, who were foui\d in the heptarchy, to a ftate of flavery, ^'h' '» fome think gave rife to the ancient villenage in England. Auflin is accounted the firft an hbi- fliop of Canterbury, and died in 605, as his convert Ethelbert did fooa after. It does not fall within my defign to relate the feparate hiftory of every particular nation that formed the heptarchy. It is fufficient to fay, that the pope, in Auftin's time, fupplied England with about 400 monks, and that the popilh clergy took care to keep their kings and laity under the moft deplorable ignorance, but always magnifying the power and fanftity of his _ holinefs. Hence it was that the Anglo Saxons, during their heptarchy, were governed by priefts and monks ; and as they faw convenient, perfuaded their kings either to fliut themlelvcs up in cloifters, or to undertake pilgrimages to Rome, where they finiflied their days ; no lefs than thirty Anglo-Saxon kings du\ing the heptarchy, refigned their cro^vns in that manner, and among them was Ina king of the Weft -Saxons, .though in other refpe6ts he was a wife and brave prince. The bounty of thofe Anglo- Saxon kings to the fee of Rome was unlimited : and Ethelwald, king of Mercia, impofed an annual tax of a penny upon every houfe, which was afterwards known by the name of Peter's pence, becaufe paid on the holi» dzyoi St. Peter atJ f^i'iculay Auguftift*. v ^ The Anglo Saxon kings, during the heptarchy, commoaly chofe one who was at the head of their political conteder\.y, for regulating their concerns, but without anyjunfdidion in the dominion of others. The clergy, we may eafily fuppoie, had great influence on thofe occafions ; and the hiftory of the Saxon heptarchy is little more than that of crimes, trea- fons, and murders, committed by the inftigation of priefts and monk?. Even their criminal law, as hath been alieady obferved, admitted of a pe- cuniary conpenfation for murder, and regicide itfelf. Under all thofe difadvantages of bigotry and barbarity, the Anglo- Saxons were happy in comparilon of the nations on the continent ; be- caufe they were free from the Saracens, or fucce(n)rs of Mahomet, who had erefted an empire in the Eaft upon the ruins of the Roman, and be- gan to extend their ravages over Spam and Italy. London was then a place of very confiderable trade ; and, if we are to be licve the ^^axon chronicles quoted by Tyrrel, Withred king of Kent paid at one time to Ina king of Weflex, a fum in filver equal to 9 ,:ool. fterling, in the year 694. Eng- land, therefore, we may fuppofe to have been about this rime a refuge for the people of the continent. The venerable but fuperftitious Bede, about {he year 740, compofed his churcii hiftory of Britain, from the coming am Warn * This tax was impofed at firit for the fupport of a college at Rome, for the edu- cation of Englilh youth, founded by Ina, king of Wcffcx, under tiie name ot Jiom'-^ .ve<; but ia proccfsof time the popes daiuicd it as a tribute due to St. Peter and his Weccflbrs. , - , ■ . in 5'4 ENGLAND. in of the Saxons down to the year 731. The vSaxon Chronicle is ryie of the oldtll and nioi> authfiitic monuments ol hiftory that any nation can produce. Aicliitec'tiue, inch as it was, with ftone and glafs workiucj was iutrodiiced into England ; and we read, in 709, of a Northiinibiiaii prelate who was iervcd in filver pkite. It mult however be owned, that tiie Saxon coins, whii h are generally of copper, r.re many of them illtgibJe, and all of them mean. Ale and aichoules arc mentioned in the laws of Ina, about the year 728: and in this Hate was the Saxon heptanhv ia Kngland, when about the year 800, moft of the Anglo Saxons, tired out with the tyranny of their petty kings, unitrd in calling to the governmtiit of the heptarchy, Egbert, who was the eldeft remaining branch of the race of Cerdic, one ot the Saxon chiefs who firft arrived in Britain. On the fubmiilion of the Northumbrians in the year i^zy he became king ot all England. Charles the Great, otherwife Charlemagne, was then king of France, and emperor of Germany ; and I have, in a former part of this woik, mentioned the commercial treaty between him and Offa king of Mercia, to whom he fent in a prtfent a Hungarian fword, a belt, and two filkta vefts. Egbert had been obliged by liate jealoulles, to tiy to the court of Charles for protertion from the perlecutions of Eadburga daughter of Of- fa, wife to Brithric, king of the Weft-Saxons. Egbert acquired at the court of Charles, the aits both of war and government, and therefore foon \mitcd the Saxon heptarchy in his own perfon, but without fubduing Wales. He changed the name of his kingdom into that of Engie-loncI, cr England ; but there is reafon to believe that fome part of England continued flill to be governed by 'independent princes of ft\c blood of Cerdic, though they paid perhaps a fmall tribute to Egbert. His piofpe- ritv excited the envy of the northern nations, who, under the name of Danes, then infefted the feas, and were no ftrangers to the coafts )t Eng- Jaiul ; for about the yeai^ S;^'^, they made defcents upon Kent and Dorfet. fliire, where they deiea d Egbert in perfon, and carried off abundance of booty to their ihips. About two years after, they landal in Cornwall, and though they were joined by the c. ornifli Britons, they were driven put of England by Egbert, who died in the year 83 ^^ at Winchefter, his chief relidence. Egbert was fuccccded by his fon Ethelwojf, who divided his power with his tldeft fon Athclltan. By this time, England had become afceneof blood and ravages, through the renewal of the Danifli invafionsj and Ethelwolf, after fome time bravely oppofing them, retired in a fit of dcr votion to Rome, to which he carried with him his youngeft fon, afterwards the famous Alfred, the father of the Englifli conftitution. The gitts which Eth; Iwolf made to the clergy on this occafion (copies of which are ilill remaining) are fo prodigious, even the tythes of all his dominions, that they fliew his brain to have been touched by his devotion, or guided by the arts of Swithin bifliop of Winchefter. Upon his deafth, alter his return from Rome, he divided his dominions between two ol hisfons (Athelftan being then dead), Ethelbald and Ethelbert, but we know of no patrimony that was left to young Alfred. Ethelbert, who was the furviving fon, left his kingdom in 866, to his brother Ethelred; iii whofe time, notwithftanding the courage and conduit of Alfred, tht iJanes became mafters of the fea-coaft, and the fineft counties in K/ig« land. Ethelred being killed, his brother Alfred mounted the throne in iJTi, He was one of the greateft primesj both in peace and war, men- E .N G L A N D. S»5 ivafjons: and t•one;^ in hiftory. He foup;ht feven battles with the Dines with varkni!? fiiccefs, and when defeated, he found rtlbiircts that rcnJticd him a» ttMiible as before. He was, however, at one tiirc redured to an un- (oiiimon (late of ditlrefs, beinj» forced to live in the difgiiifc of a cow- herd ; but ftill he kept up a fecret conefpoiiderv e with his brave frienus, whom he collct'^ed together, and by their airiftancc he gave the Danes muny fiyn-d (overthrows, till at lafl he recovered the kingdom of England, aiuloblipvd the Danes, who had been fettled in it, to I'wcar obedience to his ^overinneiit: even part of Wal^s courted his proteclion; fo that he is thoiit^ht to have been the mod powerful monarch thiu i:ad ever reigned in Liigli'-iid.^ Amonjr the other glories of Alfred'^ rcii;n, was tlua of raifing a mari- titiK' power in England, by whu!i he fccuicd her coafls-ironi liiruie inva- finiis. He rebuilt the city of London, which had been burnt down by the Dues, and founded the univcrfity of Cviord about the year Su^: he di- vi-icd England into counties, hundreds, aiuj tythinsjs; or rather he re- vived diofe divilions, and tlie ufe of jurit.y, which had fallen into defue- tude by the ravages of the Danes. Having been educated at Rome, he v.ns hinifelf net only a fcht)lar, but an author ; and he tellj us himfelf, tliat upon his accelHon to the throne, he had icarccly a lay fubjecl who could read I'.ngliQi, or anecclefianic who underiiond Latin. He introduced ftone and briik budding to general ufe, in j)al.>ces as well as cliurchiCs, though it is certain that his fubjec'^s for many years aft. r his death were fond of timber buildings. His encouragement of commerce and navigation may* fe-m incredible to modern times, but he had merchants uho traded iuEaft India jeW' Is ; and William of Malmlbury fays that fome of their gems were repofited in the church of Sherborne in his time. He icceived from one Octher, about the year Sqr, a full difcovery of the c.oafl of Norway and Lapland, as far as Ruilia ; and he tells the king, in his memorials printed by Hakluyt, *' that hefailed along the Norway coafl fo far north as lommoidv the whale-hunters irfed to tiavel." He invited numbers of learn^ eci men into his dominions, and found faithful and ufcful allies in the two Scotch kings his contemporaries, Gregory and DonaUi, againfl the Danes, He is laid to have fought no lefs than thirty-fix pitched l)attlcs with ihofe barbarians. He was inexorable againft his corrupt juciges, vv'aum he uled to hang up i|i the public highways, as a terror to evil a^ers. He died ia the year 90 1 ; and hischaratter is fo completely amiab'le and heroic, that he is juftly dignified with tiie epithet of the Great. I J[i3ve been the more (iiffiife on the hiftory of Alfred's reign, as it is the molt glorious of any in the Englifli annals, though it did not extend to foreign conquefls. Altrtd was fucceeded by his fon Edward the Elder, under whom, though a brave prince, the Danes renewed their barbarities and invalioas. He died in the year gat;, and was fucceeded by his eldeflfbn Athelftan. This prince was luch an cncoursger of commerce as to make a law, that every merchant whff*made three voyages on his own account to the Mediterra- nean, (liould be put upon a footing with a //jancy or nohLmau of the firft rank. He caufed the Scriptui-es to be tranflated into the Saxon tongue. He encouraged coinage, and we find by his laws, that avchbifliops, bifliops,. and even abbots, had th^n the privilege of minting money. His domi- nions appear however to have been confined towards the north by the Danes, auhough his vafTals ftill kept a footing in thofe counties. He was engaged in perpetual wars with his neighbours, the Scots in particular, *nd was generally fueccfsfi}!, and died ji) y^i, Jhe reigns of his fuccef* v: 316 ENGLAND. fors, Edmund, Edrcd, and Edwy, were weak and inglorious, thev bcinij either engaged in wars witli the Dants, or difgraced by the iattutiice of priefts. Edgar, who inotmted the throne about the year g:;(j^ revived the naval ^lory of England, and is (aid to have been rowed down the ri. ver Dec by eight kings, his vaflals, he fitting at the helm; but, like hi? predecelTors, he was the flave of priefts, particularly fct. Dunftan. His reign however was pacific and glorious, though he was obliged to cede to the Scots all the territory to the north of the Tyne. He was fucceeded in 975, by his cldtft fon Edward, who was barbaroufly murdered by his ftep-mother, whofe fon Ethelred mounted the throne in 978. 'IhcEng. lifli nation at this time, by the helj) of pricfrs, was over-run with barba- rians, and the Danes by degrees became poflTcfTcd of the fined part of the country, while their countrymen made fomctimes dreadful defcents in the weftern parts. To get rid of them, he agreed to pay them 30,000). which was levied by way of tax, and called Danr^cUy and was the firft land-tax in England. In ihe year 10 2 they had made l^ h ftttlcmcnts in England, that Ethelred was obliged to give way to a general maflacre of them by the Englifli, but it is improbable that it was ever put into ex. ecutinn. Some attempts of that kind were ur.doubttdly matic in particular counties, but they ferved only to enrage the Dani(h king Swein, who, in 1012, drove Ethelred, his queen, and two fons out of England into Nor- mandy, a province of France, at that time governed by its own priu.cs, flyledthcdi:kes of Normandy. Swein being killed, was fiiccteded by his fon Canute the G-cat, but Ethelred returning to England, forced Canute to retire to Denmark, from whence he invaded England with a vaft annj, and obliged Edmund Ironfide ^fo called for his great bodily ftreiigth), Ethelred's fon, to divide with him the kingdom. Upon Edmund's being aflallinated, Canute fucceeded to the undivided kingdom; and dying in 103 ,, his fon, Harold Harefoot, did nothing memorable, and hisfuccdior Hardicanute was fo degenerate a prince, that the Danilli royalty ended with him in England. The family of Ethelred was now called to the throne; and Edward, who is commonly called the Confelfor, mounted it, though Edgar Athc- ling, by being delccnded from an elder branch, had the lineal right, and was alive. Edward the Confelfdr was a foft, good-natured piince, a grat benefailor to the church, and excelfively fondof the Normans, with whom he had refided. He was governed by his minifter earl Goodwin, and iiis fons, the eldeft of whom was Harold. He durft not lefent, though he felt the ignominious treatment of him ; and peiceiving his kinlinau Edgar Atheling to be of a foft difpofition, neither he nor the Englifli paid murli regard to Atheling's hereditai*y right; fo that the Confcflbr, as is faid, de- villed the fuccelfion of his crown upon his death to William duke of Nor. mandy. Be that as it will, it is certain, that upon the death of the Con- feiTor, in the year i c66, Harold, fon to Goodwin carl of Kxnt, mounted the throne of England. William duke of Normandy, though a baftard, was then in the un- rivalled poflellion of that gieat duchy, and refolved to aflert his right tothe •' crown of England. For that purpofe, he invited the neighbouring princes, as well as his own vaffals, to join him, and made liberal proinHes to his followers, of lands and honours in England, to induce them to al- fift him effeftually. By thefe means he collected 40,000 of the bravell and moft regular troops in Europe, and while Harold was embarraifcd with frcili invaiions from the Danes, William lauded in England with' out ENGLAND. 3^7 out oppofition. Hardid retfurntng from the north, encountered William in the place w:here the town of Battel now Hands, which took its name from it, near Hnftings in S\iflex, and a moft bloody battle was fonght between the two armies ; but Harold being killed, the crown of England devolved upon William, in the year ic66. I cannot find any great impro^'ements either in arts and arms, which the Snxons had made in England fince the firft invafion of the Danes. Thofe fnrbarians fcem to have carried otf with them almoft all the bullion and ready money of the Anglo-Saxions ; for I perceive that Alfred the Great left no more to his two daughters for their plortions than lool. each. The return of the Danes to England, and the victories which had been gained er them, had undoubtedly brought back great pai t of the money, and ov bullion they had carried off; for we are toW, that Harold in his laft vic- tory over the Danes regained as much treafure as twelve Uifty men could cariy off. We have indeed very particular accounts of the value of pro- vifionsand mahufeftures in thoUrdays; a palfrey coft is. an acre of land (according to bilhop Fleetwood in his Chronicon Pretiofum) is. a hide of land containing i 20 acres, icos. but there is great difficulty in forming the proportion of value which thofe Hiillings bore to the prefent llanciard of money, though many ingenious treatifes have been written OH that head. A Iheep was eftimated at is. an ox was computed at 6s. a cow at 4s. a man at ^1. The board wagts of a child the firll year was Sf). The tenants of Shireburne were obliged at their choice to pay cither 6d. or four hens. Silk and cotton were quite unknown. Linen M'as not much ufed. In the Saxon times, land was divided among all the male children of the deceafed. Entails were fometimes pra^ifed in thofe times. With regard to the mannere 6f the Anglo-Saxons, we can fay little, but that they were in general a rude uncultivated people, ignorant of let- ters, unfkilful in the mechanical arts, untamed to uibmiiiion under law and government, addiiled to intemperance, riot, and diforder. Even fo low as the reign of Canute, they fold their chHdren and kindred into fo- reign parts. Their bcft quality was their military courage, which yet « as not fupported by difciplitie or conduit. Even tne Norman hiftorians, notwithftnnding the low ftate of the arts in their own country, fpeak of them as barbarians, when they mention the invafion made upon them by the duke of Normandy. Con'queft put the people in a fituation of receiv- ing ftowly from abroad the rudiments of Icience and cultivation, and of correfting tlieir rough and licentious manrvers. Their URCultivated ttate might be owing to the clergy, who always difrouraged manrufaftures* > ' We are however to diftniguifli between the fecular clergy, and the re- gulars or monks. Many of the former among tl>e Anglo-Saxons, were men of exemplnry lives, aud excellent ir^gittratcs. The latter depended upon the fee of Rome, and dlredled the coiifcienoes of the king and great jncn, and were generally ignorant, and often a bloody fet. A great deal of the Saxon b.irbarifm was likewife owing to the Danilh invafions, which left little room for civil or literary improvements. Amidftall thofe defeats, public and perfonaHiberty were well undei-ftood and guarded by the Saxoa inftitutioHs ; and we owe to them at this day the molt valuable privileges Qi the Englifli fubjedVs. The lois which both fides fuffered at the battle of Haftings is uncer- taui. Auglo-Saxon authors fay, that Karold was fo impatient to fight, he ftt^ckeJ William with half of his army, £0 that the advantage of num- 2 bers mf^M ^|8 ENGLAND* hers was on the fide of the Norman; and indeed, the death of Haio,\| ieenis to have decided the diiy ; and William, with very httle farther cilt- liciiity, took poflcliion of the throne, and made a conllderable alterutiou in. the conilitutiun of England, by converting lands into knight's fees* whiih Mie faid to have amounted to 6?,ooc, and were held of the Nor. man and otlier great perfons who had afiifted b;m in his conqueft, and who were bound to attend him with their knights aqd their followers in hi.s wars, He gave, for inftance, to one of his barons the whole county of Cheflcr which he ereded into a palatinate, and rendered by his grant almoft inde- |»endent of the crown ; and here, according to fome hiftorians, we have tlie rife of the feudal law in England. William found it no eafv niatttr to keep poflellion of his crown. Edgar Atheling, and his fifter, the next Anglo-Saxon heirs, were atFedionately received jn Scotland, and n,anv ot the Saxon loi'ds took arms, and formed confplracies in England. William got the better of all difficulties, efpecially aftei", he had made a peace witli Alalcolm king of Scotland, who married Atheling's fiflerj hut not with- out exercifing horrible cruelties upon the Anglo-Saxons. He introduced the Norman laws and language. He built theilonc fquare tower at Lon. don, commonly called the White Tower, bridled tl>e country with forts, and difarmed the old inhabitants : in fliort, he attempted every thing pof. fible to obliterate ing a war inevitable, entered upon it with his ufual vigour, and with incredible celerity, tranfporting a brave Enghili army, invaded France, where he was every where victorious, but died be- fore he had finifhed the war, in the year 1087, the fixty firft of his age, and twenty firfl of his reign in England, and was buried in his own abiiey at Caen in Normandy. The above are the moft material tranfaiSfions of William's reign ; and it may be farther oblerved, that by the Norman conqueft, England rot •only loft the true line of herxancient Saxon kings, but alfo. her principal nobility, who either fell in battle in defence of their country and liber- ties, or fled to foreign countries, particularly Scotland, where, being kind- ly received by king Malcohn, they eftabliflied themfelvcs ; and what ii • Four liiJcs of land made one knight's fee ; a barony was twelve times greater than ill at of a knio;ht"s fee; and wbcn IXjonofday-book Was framed, the number of great — — ^ , twroai amount<;d to 700, r . •'■rt i<.: '\>i K*' •ff-- - .'■4*(J.' .v«rif •'■•♦- -.; /* ENGLAND^ 319 s, but ditd be- ii-ft of his nge, his own abbtv ^ei'y remarkable, inti'oduc»d the Saxon or Eiifflifli, which ha* been t'lc pre-* Tailing language in the Lowlands of Scotland to this day. On the other hand, Englrnul by viituc of tlie conqucft, became much, oreater, both in dominion and power, hy the aixeflion of fo murh terri- tory upon the continent. For though the Normans, by the conqiieft, gain- ed much of the Englifliiand and riches, yet England gi'netl the large and fertile dukedom of Normandy, which became a province to this crown. Ent^land likewife gained mtich by the great increafe of mval power, and multitude of fiiips, wherein Normandy tiien abounded. This, with. the perpetual intercourfe between England and the continent, gave us an in* rreafe of trade and commerce, and of treafure to the crown and kitigdom^ r.s appeai-ed foon afterwards. lingland, by the com utfr, gained liktwiie a natural right to the dominion of the Channel, whic]\ had been before act <]uired onlv by the greater naval power of Edgar, and oth. r Saxon kings. But the dominion of the narrow feas feems naturally to brlong, like that ^f rivers, tothofe who poflefs th^ banks or coali:s on both (itlesj and fo to have flrengthened the former title, by fo long a coalt as that of Normandy on one fide, and of England on the other (ide of the Channel. This domi* nionof the Channel, though we have long ago loft all ourpoirefuons irt France, we have continued to def.-nd and maintain by the bravtry of our feanien, and the fuperior ftrength of our navy to any other power. The fucceflion to the crftwn of Ei^g'and was difpv.red between the Conqueror's fohs Robert and William (coriimonly called Rutus, from his being red-haired), and was carried in favour of the latter. He was a brave and intiepid prince, but no friend to the clergy, who have there* fore been unfavourable to his memory, lie was likewife hated by the Normans, who loved his elder brother, and confequently he was engaged in perpetual v/ars with his brothers, and rcbcnious lu! jefts. Abrut this time the crufades of the Holy Land began, and Robert, who was among the firft to engage, accommodated matters with William for a fum of money which he levied from the clergy, William behaved with great generoiity towards Edgar Atheling and the court of Scotland, notwith- ftanding all the provocations he had received from that quarter; but was accidently killed as he was hunting in New Foreft in Hampfhire, in the year iico, and the forty-fourth year of his age. i^e is chiefly accufed of rapacioufnefs and oppreflion ; but the ci re un; fiances of his reign h'-id {•reat demands for money, which he had no other means of railing but ii'om a luxurious, over-grown rlcrgy, who had engroucd ail the riches et the kingdom. This prince buiJt Weftminfter-hall a-, it now ftands, and added feveral v.'orks to the Tower, which he furrounded with a wall and a ditch. In the year iioo happened that inundation of the fea, which overflowed ^reat part of earl Goodwin's eftate in Kent, and formed thofe fhallows in he Downs, now called the Goodwin Sanc'a. Ke was fucceeded by his brother Henry I. furnamed Feauclerc, on iccount of his learning, though his bi-other Robert was then returning from the Holy Land. Henry may be f^id to have purchafed the throne, firft by his brother's treafure 1, which he feized at Winchefter ; fecondly, by a charter, in which he reftored his fubjeds to the I'ights and privi- leges they had enjoyed under the Anglo-Saxon kings; and thirdly, by his niarriage with Matilda daughter of Malcolm III. king of Scotland, and niece to Edgar Atheling, of the ancient Saxon line. His reign in a gfeat meafure reftored the dergy to their influence in the ftate, and they 9 formed, 81.; 520 ENGLAND* formed, as it were, a feparate bod^ dependent upon the pope, whicli afterwards created great convulfions in England. Henry, partly by force and partly by ftratagem, made himfelf mafter of his brother Robert's pcrfon, and duchy of Normandy ; and, with the moft ungenerous mean- nefs, detained him a prifoner for twenty-eight years, till the time of his death ; and in the mean while Henry quieted his confcience by founding an abbey. He was afterwards engaged in a bloody but fuccefsful war with France ; and before his death he fettled the fucceffion upon his daughter the emprefs Matilda, widow to Henry IV. emperor of Ger. many, and her fon Henry, by her fecond hulband Geoffry Plantagenet, carl of Anjou. Henry died of a furfeit, in the feventy-eighth year of his age, in ii3i;. Notwithliaiiding the late fettlement of fucceffion, the crown of Eng. Jand was claimed, and iViied by Stephen earl of Blois, the fon of Adela fourth daughter to William the Conqueror. Matilda and her fon were then abroad: ajid Stephen was aififtcd in his ufiirpation by his brother the bifliop of Winchefter, and the other great prelates, that he might hold the a*own dependent, as it were, upon them. Matilda, however found a generous protedtor in her uncle, David king of Scotland ; and a worthy fubjed in her natural brother Robert, earl of Gloucefler, who headed lier party before her fon grew up. A long^ and bloody war en. fued, the clergy having abfolved Stephen and all his friends from their guilt of breaking the aft of fucceffion ; but at length, the barons, wha dreaded the power of the clergy, inclined towards Matilda ; and Stephen, who depended chiefly on foreign mercenaries, having been abandoned by the clergy, was defeated and taken prifoner in 1141 ; and being carried before Matilda, fhe fcornfuUy upbraided him, and ordered him to be put in rhuiiis. Matilda was proud and weak ; the clergy were bold and ambitious j and when joined with the nobility, who were factious and turbulent, they were an overmatch for tli;e crown. They demanded to be governed by the Saxon laws, according to the charter that had been granted by Hrniy T. upon his accelHon ; and finding Matilda refraftory, they drove her out of England in 1142. Stephen having been exchanged for the earl of Glouceffer, who had been taken prifoner likewife, upon his ob- tcCining his liberty, found that his clergy and nobility had in h& ex- cluded him from their government, ipy building 1100 caflles, where each owner lived as an independent prince. We do not, however, find that this alleviated the feudal fubje6lion of the inferior ranks. Stephen was ill enough advifed to attempt to force them into a compliance with his tcill, by declaring his fon Euftace heir apparent to the kingdom ; ami thus exafperated the clergy fo much, that they invited over young. Henry of Anjou, who had been acknowledged duke of Normandy, and was fon to the emprefs j and he accordingly landed in England with an army of foreigners. This meafure divided the clergy from the barons, who were appre* henfive of a fecond conquefl ; and the earl of Arundel, with the heads of the lay ariftocracy, propofed an accommodation, to which both par- ties agreed. Stephen, who about that time loft his fon Euftace, was to retain the name and oftice of king ; but Henry, who was in fait inveib;d with the chief executive power, was acknowledged his fucceflbr. Though this accommodation was only precarious and imperfeft, yet it was re- ceived by the Englifli, who had bled at eveiy pore during the late civil warij ^■% .1 ENGLAND, J2X wais> with great joy; and Stephen dying very opportunely, Henry mounted the tlirontr, without a rival, in 1 154. Henry II. furnamcd Plantagenet, was by far the grcateft prince of his time. He foou difcovered amazing abiUties for goveriuncnt, and had performed in the fixteenth year of his age, actions that would have dig- nified the nioft experienced warriors. At his accelhon to the throne, he found the condition of the Enghfli boioughs greatly bettered, by the privileges granted them in the ftruggles between their late kings and the nobility. Henry perceived the good pohcy of this, and brought the boroughs to fuch a height, that if a bondman or fcrvant remained in a borough a year and a day, he was by fuch refidence tnacie free. He erefted Wallingford, Winchefter, and Oxford, into free boroughs, fof the fervices the inhd)itants Ijad done to his mother and himfelf ; by dis- charging them from every burden, excepting the fixed fee-farm rent of fuch towns; and this throughout all England, excepting London. This gave a vaft acceflionof power to the crown, becaufe the crown alone could fup- port the boroughs againft their feudal tyrants, and enabled Henry to itr diice his overgrown nobility. ... l Without being very fcrupulous in adhering to his former engage- ments, he refumed the excelTive grants of crown lands made by Stephen, which were reprefented as illegal. He demolifhed. many of the caftles that had been built by the barons; but when he came to touch the clergy, he found their ufurpations not to be fliaken. He perceived that the root of all their enormous diforders lay in Rome, where the popes had exempted churchmen, not only from lay courts^ but civil taxes. The bloody cruelties and diforders occafioned by thole exemptions, all over the kingdom, would be incredible, were they not attefled by the nioft unexceptionable evidences. Unfortunately for Henry, the head„of the Englifti church, and chancellor of the kingdom, was the celebrated Thomas Becket. This man, powerful from his office, and flill mdre fo by his popularity, arifing from a pretended fan6tity, was violent, intre- pid, and a determined enemy to temporal power of eveiy kind, but withal cool and politic. The king aflembled his nobility at Clarendon, the name of which place is flill famous for the conftitutions there cnaft- ed, which, in faft, aboliflied the authority of the Romifli fee over t^e Englilh dergy. Becket finding it in vain to refill the ftream, figned thofe conilitutions, till they could be ratified by the pope ; who, as he forefaw, rcje6led them. Henry, though a prince of the mod determined fpirit of any of his time, was then embroiled with all his neighbours ; and the fee of Rome was at the fame time in its meridian grandeur. Becket having been arraigned. and convi6led of robbing the public, while he was chancellor, fled to France, whei e the pope and the French king efpoufcd hi» quarrel. The effeft was, that all the Englifli clergy who Were on the king's fide were excommunicated, and the fubjedls abfolved from their allegiance. This difconcerted Henry fo much, that he fub- mitted to treat, and even to be infultcd by his rebel prelate, who re- turned triumphantly through the ftreets of London in » 1 7c. His return fwelled h\s pride, and increafed his infolence, till both became infup- . portable to Henry, who was then in Normandy. Finding that he was in faft only the firft fubjc^l of his own dominions, he was heard to fay, in the anguifli of heart, " Is there none who would revenge his mo- narch's caufe upon this audacious priell ?" Thefe words reached the ears of foHr knights, Reginald Fitzurfe, William de Tracy, Hugh de iiMoieviiie,,.^nd Richard Brito; anJ, without acquainting Henry of - • ' ' y their ■jii England. m their* intentions, they wtiit over to England, wheiY they beat otft Becket's brains btfore the altar of his owii church at Canterbury, in tlif vear 1171. Henry was in no conrlition to fecond the blind obedience oi nis knights; and th* public refentment rofe (o high, on the fuppofition that he was piivy to the murder, that he fubmitted to be fcourged by monks at the tomb of the pretended martyr. Henry, in confequence of his well known maxim, endeavoured to t;ancel all the grants which had been made by Stephen to the royal fa- mily of ^-Gotland, and aftiially refumed their moft valujible poirelfions in the north of England. This ocrafioned a war between the two kiiij;- tl(>ms, in which William king of Scotland was taken piifoner ; and, to deliver himfelf from captivity, was obliged t,/ pa v liege homage to kino; Henry for his kingdom of Scotland, and for all his other dominions. It was alfo agreed, that liege homage (hould be done, and fealty fvvorn to Henry, without referve or exception, by all the earls and barons of the territories of the king of Srotland, from whom Henry lliould defire it, in the fame manner as by his other vaflTals. The heirs of the king of Sf-ot- land, and the heirs of his earls, barons, and tenants in chief, were like- U'ife obliged to render liege homnge to the heirs of the king of England. Henry likewife diffinguiflied his reign by the conqueft of Ireland * and Ijy marrying Eleanor the divorced queen of France, but the heirefs of Guienne and Poiftou, he became almoft as powerful in France f.s the French king himfelf, and the greateft prince in Chriftendom. In his old age, however, he was far from being fortunate. He had a turn for pleafure, and embarrafled himfelf in intrigues with women, par- ticularly with the fair Rofamond, Which were relented by his queen Elen- nor, to her feducing her fons, Henry (whom his fathier had unadvifedly caufcd to be crowned in his own life-time^, Richard, and John, into re- peated rebellions, which affefted him fo miKh as to throw him into a fever, and he died at Chinon, in France, in the year 1189, and 57th of his age. The fum he left in ready money at his death, has perhaps been rxaggerated, but the mod moderate accouhts make it amouWt to 200,000!. of our money. ■ During the reign of Henry, corporation charters M'ere e*ftablifhed all bver England ; by which, as I have already hinted, fhe power of the barons was greatly reduced. Thofe corporations encouragiid trade ; but manufaftures, efpecially thofe of (ilk. Item .ftill to llave been confined to Spain and Italy; for the filk coronation robes, ma^e ufe of by young Henry and his queen, coft 87I. 10s. 4d. in the fheriff of London's ac- count, printed by Mr. Maddox : a vail fum in thofe days. Henry in- troduced the life of glafs in windows into England, and ftone arches in building. Malmlbury, Henry archdeacon of Huntingdon, and other fiiftorians who lived under him, are remarkable for their Latin ftylc, which in fome places is both pure and elegant. In this reign, and in thofe barbarous ages, it was a fcuftom in London for great numbers, to the amount of a himdred or more, of the fons and relations of eminent citizens, to form themfelves into a licentious con- federacy, to break into rich houfes and plunder them, to rob and murder paflengers, and to commit with impunity all forts of difoMers. Henry, about the year 1 176, divided England into fix parts, called circuits, ap- pointing judges to go at certain times of the ycai' and' hold cif^^hP^^*^' ininifter juftice to the people, as is pra£tif<*d at this tld^. ■ ' '"., Henry fo far aboliflied the barbarous and abfurd pralit of cinnamon ; four wax lights ; forty great long perches of the king's btft candles; and twenty-four of the ordinary ones. And on his return he was to he condurteil as before, with the fame allowances." Whilft the Scottifti kings enjoyed their lands in England, they found it their intercft, once generally in every king's reign, to perh)rm the fame homage ; but when they were deprived of their faid lands, they paid BO more homage *. Woollen broad cloths were made in Engand at this time. An ox fold for three (hillings, which anfwtrs to nine fliillings of our money, and a ftieep at four pence, "or one (lulling. Weights and meafures weie nov • ordered to be the fame all over the kingdom. Richard upon his return, found his dominions in great diforder, throui^h the pradices of his bro- ther John, whom he however pardoned ; and by the invafions of thf French, whom he repelled ; but was (lain in befieging the caftle of Chalon* in the year 1199, the ^zd of his age, and tenth of his feign. The reign of his brother John, who fucceeded him, is infamous in -the Englifli hiftory. He is faid to have put to death Arthur the eldeff fon of his brother Geoffrey, who had the hereditary rigb; to the crown. The young prince's mother Conltance complained to Philip, the king of France; who, upon John's non-appearance at his court as a vaffal, de- prived him of Normandy. John notwithftanding, in his wars with the French, Scotch, and Irifli, gave many proofs of perfonal valour; but became at laft fo apprehenfive of a French invalion, that he rendered himfelf a tributary to the pope, and laid his crown and regalia at the foot of the legate Pandulph, who kept them for five days. The great barons rcfented his meannels, by taking arms ; but he repeated his fhame* ful fubmiflionsto the pope ; and after experiencing various fortunes of war, John was at laft brought fo low, that the barons obliged him, in 12 16, to fign the great deed, fo well known by the name oi Magna Charta. Though this charter is deemed the foundation of £ngliili liberty, yet it is in faft no other than !a renewal of thofe immunities which the barons and their followers had pofTefled under the Saxon princes, and which they claimed by the charters of Henry I. and Henry II. As the principles of liberty, • bowever, came to be more enlai'ged, and property to be better fecured, this charter, by various fubfequent a£l:s and explanations, came to be • It appears, however, that William I. kinp of Scotland, and his fubje<3s, confented to acknowledge the king of England and his heirs, to all perpetuity, to 'ne their fovc- reigns and liege lords, and that they did homage for the kinscdom of Scotland accord- ^ ingly: but this advantage was given up by Richard I. VI d« lord Lyttjctcu's Hillory «f Hcary n. vol. v. p. 220. 223. i^S' Svo. «dit* ENGLAND. 3^5 applicable to every Englifli fiibjc(ft, as well as to the barons, knights, aiul burgefles. John had iiarct ly ligiitd it, but he retraifted, and i ailed upon the pope for proteftioii, when the barons withdrew their al- Itgiance from John, and transferred it lo Jxwis, the eldeit ion of Philip Aiiguftiis, king of France. 'J his gave iimbrai;e to the pope ; and the barons being apprehcnfive of their country becotning a province to France, they returned to John's allegiance ; but he was unable to pro- left tlicm, till the pope rthifed to conrirn) the title of Ltwis. John died in i:i6, in the i^ith year of his reign, and the 4(yth of his age, jull as he had a glimpfe of refuining his authority. Without difputing what hiftoiians have iaid of his arbitrary, intonftant, and cruel difpofitinn, it ib evident from the fame relations, that he had great provocations from the clergy and the barons, who in thtir tinns att< mpted to annihilate the regal prerogative. It is undeniable at the fame tiint, that under John, the commons of EngLmd laid the foundation of all the wealth and pri- vileg s they now enjoy ; and the commerce of England received a mod furprifuig increafe. He may be called the father of the privileges of free boroughs, which he eftabliflied and endowed all over his kingdom ; and it was under him that the ftone bridge, as it ilood fome years ago, was fiuiflied acrofs the Thames at London. The city of London owes fome of her privileges to him. The office of mayor, before his reign, was for life ; but he gave them a charter to chufe a mayor out of their own body, annually, and to cledl their (heriffs and common-council an- nually, as at prefent. England was in a deplorable fituation when her crown devolved upon Henry IIL the late king s fon, who was but nine years of a^e. The earl of Pembroke was chofen his guardian ; and the pope takmg part with the young prince, the P'rench were defeated and driven out of the kingdom, and their king obliged to renounce all claims upon the crown of England. The regent, earl of Pembroke, who had thus re- trieved the independency of his country, died 12 19, and the regency devolved upon the bifhop of Winchefter. The French king all this time kept pofTeflion of Normandy j but at home the power and influence of the pope became very exorbitant ; and he fent no fewer than ^or of his rapacious clergy at one time, in the year 1 240, to take pofTeflion of the beft tngliili benefices, and to load the people with taxes. This evil was in- creaied by Henry marrying the daughter of the earl of Provence; a. needy prince, whofe poor relations engrofTed the befl eftates and places in the kingdom. The king was of a foft, pliable difpofitioii, and had beea perfiiaded to violate the Great Charter. Indeed he feemed always en- deavouring to evade the privileges which he had been compelled to grant and confirm. An aflbciation of the barons was formed againft him and nis government, and a civil war breaking out, Henry feeined to be a- bandoned by all but his Gafcons, and foreign mercenaries. His pro- lufion brought him into inexpreflible difficulties ; and the famous Stephen Montfort, who had married his fifter, and was made ear-l of Leicefler, being chofen general of the aflbciation, the king and his two fons were defeated, and taken prifoners at the battle of Lewes. A difference hap- pening between Montfort and the earl of Glouceffer, a nobleman of gieat authority, prince Edward, Henry's eldefl fon, obtained his liberty^ a'ld afltmbling as many as he could of his father's fubjeils, who were lealous of Montfort, and weary of the tyranny of the barons, he gave ?^ttle to the rebels, whp^ he 4efeated, :{t Eveiham, Auguft 4th, 126,5^ i 326 ENGLAND. and killed Montfort. The rcprefentatives of the common* of Knghnd, both knights and biirgeffes, formed now part of the Englifli legiflatine, in a feparate houfe, and this gave the firft bloNi' to feudal tenures in Eiij;- land ; but hiftorians are not agreed i i what manner the commons before this <-ime formed any part of the Engliih parliaments, or great rouncils. Prince Edward being afterwards engaged in a crufade, Henry, during his abfence, died in 1272, the fixty-iourth year of his age» and fifty- fixth of his reign, which was uncomfortable and inglorious; and yet to the llru[;gles of this reign, the people in great meafuie owe the ri^erties of the prefent day. During his reign, the principal cufloms arofe from tlie importation of French and Rhenifh wines, the EngliQi be- ing as yet flrangers to thofe of Spain, Portugal, and Italy. Inteieft had in tliat nge mounted to an enormous height, as might be cxpefted from the' barharifm of the times, and men's ignorance of commerce, which was flill very low, though it feems to have increafed finer the Conqueft. There are inflances of i;cl. per rent, being paid for mo- ney, which tempted the Jews to remain in Englaijd, notwithf^anding the giievous opprelTions they laboured \indcr, from the bigotry of the age, and Henry's ojtortions. In 1255 Henry made a frcfh demand of 8000 marks from the Jews, and threatened to hang them if they rtifufed compliance. They now lofl all patience, and defiied leave to retire with their effefls out of the kingdom ; but the king replied, '< How can I i^emedy the oppreflion you complain of? I am myl'clf a beggjir ; lam defpoiltd ; I am ftripped of all my revenues; 1 owe above /oO,coo niarks ; and if I had laid 300,000, I fliould not exceed the truth ; I am obliged to pay my fon -prynce Edward 1 5,0^0 marks a year ; I have not a farthing, and I muft h?ive money from any hand, from any quarter, or by any means." King John, his father, once demanded ic,ooomark? from a Jew at Brifi:ol ; and on his refufal, oidertd one of his teeth to be drawn every day till he fliould confent. The Jew loft feven teeth, and then p?id the fum required of him. Trial by flr*^^/ was now entirely difufed, and that by ^ucl difcouraged. Bradon's famous law treatife was publifliv. : in this reign. Edward returning to England, on the news of his father's death, in- vited all who held of his ci'own in capife, to his coronation dinner, which confifted (that the reader may havclome idea of the luxury of the times) ^f 278 bacon hogs, 450 hogs, 440 oxen, ^30 flieep, 22,600 hens and <~apons, and 1 3 fat goats. (See Rymer's Foedera.) Alexander III. kino of Scotland wr.s at the folemnity, and on the occafion 500 horfes were kt loofe, for all that could catch them to keep them. Edward was a brave and politic prince, and being perfectly well rx- quainted with the laws, intei-efts, and conftitution of his kingdom, his- |"eguhtions and reformations of his laws have juftiy given him the title pf the Englifli Juftinian. He palled the famous mortmain a6l, whereby ail perfons '•'> were reftrained fioiti giving by will or othemvi/e^ their el- tates to (thofe y<7 called) religious purpofes, and the focieties that never die, without a licence from the crown," He granted certain privileges to the cinque poits, vi^hich, though now very inconfidcrable, were ^hen obliged to attend the king when he went beyond fea^ with fifty-feven il)ips, each having twenty armed foldiers on board, and to maintain them at their own colls for the fpace of fifteen days. He reduced the Welch to pay him tribute, and annexed its principality to his crown, f.nd ^s the fidl who gave the titk of Prince of Wales to his cldeft fon. " '•■•■' ■ V " • ;' '■ ■''*•• * '. < • ■.■•'• ■ Though \v„ E N O L A N I). 3^7 Though he encouraged foreignert to trade with England, yet the aggre- gate body of every particuhir nation ref^ding here, became anfvvcrable for tiie niifdemeanors of every individual perfon of their number. He regulated the forms of parhament, and their manner of giving aids to- wards the nation's defenrt, as they now ftand, with very little variation. Perceiving that the indolence of his fnbjtils rendered them a prey to the Jtws, who were the .great udirers and money-dealers of the times, he expelled them out of England, and fcized all their immoveable eftatcs* I have in the article of Scotland mentioned the nnjuftifiable manner ia which he aboliflicd the independency of that kingdom ; but, on th^ other hand, it muft be acknowledged that he h to the queen's revenge ; but at Jaft flie became enamoured with Roger Mortimer, who was her prisoner, and had been one of the moft aftive of the anti-royalift 'Olds, A brwh between her and the Spencers foon followed, and go-. 328 ENGLAND. ing over to France with her lover, flie found means to form fuch a party in England, that, returning with fome French troops, flie put the eldeit Spencer to an ignominious death, made her hulhand prifoner, and forced him to abdicate his crown in favour of his fon Edward III. then fifteen years of age. Nothing now but the death of Edward II. was wantinato complete her guilt; and he was moft barbarouily murdered in Berkley, caflle, byruftirns, fuppofed to be employed by her and her paramour Mor- timer, in the year 1327. It muft however be admitted, that the misfortunes of Edward II. were in a great degree brought upon himfelf by his imprudence and mifcon- duft. His government was fometimes extremely arbitrar)-, and he was too much engrofled by favorrites, who led him into Hmguinary me .Aires. It was alfo a misfortune to him, that he was not a match for Robert Bi ore, king of Scotland; in confer uence of whofe military and political abilities, and their own civil contentions, the Englifli loft that kingdom. But it has been alledged in his favour that none of his predecedbrs equalled him in his encouragement of commerce, and that he protected iiis trading fubje(fls with great fpirit againft the Hanfeatic league and tiie neighbouring powers. Upon an average, the difference of living then and now, feems to be nearly as. 5 or 6 is to 1, always remembering that their money contained thrice as much filver as our money or coin of the fame denomination does. Thus, for example, if a goofe then coft 2d. \, that is yd. \ of our money, or according to the proportion of 6 to i, it would now coft rs. 9d. The knights templars were fuppreflTed in this reign, owmg to their enormou.s vices. Edward III. mounted the throne in 1^27. He was then under the tuition of his mother, who cohabited with Mortimer ; and they endeavour- ed to keep pofleflion of their power by executing many popular meafiires, and putting an end to all nntional difFei'cnces with Scotland, for which Mortimer was created earl of March. Edward, young as he was, was foon fenftbie of their deligns. He furprifed them in perfon at the head of a few chofeni friends in the caftle of Nottingham. Mortimer was put- to a public death, hanged as a traitor on the common gallows at Tyburn, and the queen herf('lf was fluit up in confinement twenty-eight years, to her death. It was not long before Edward found means to quarrel with David king of Scotland, though he had married his fifter, and he was driven to France by Edward Baliol, who ac^ed a.s Edward's tributary king of Scotland, and general, af\d did the fame homage to Edward for Scotland, as his finher had done to Edward I. Soon after, upon the death ot Charles the Fair, -king of France (without ifliie), who had fur- ceeded by virtue of the Salic law, which the French pretended cut olf all ftmale fuccellion to that crown, Philip of Valois claimed it, as being the next heir male by fucccfTion ; but lie was oppofed by Edward, as be- ing the fon of Ifabella, who was fifter to the three lalt-mentioned kings of Frunce, and firtt in the female fucceflion. The former was preferred; but the cafe being doubtful, Edward purfued his claim, and invaded France with a powerful army. On this oc( afion,' the vaft difference between the feudal ronftitutions of France, which were then in full force, and the government ot Kng- Jand, more favourable to public liberty, appeai-ed. i'he French otliccrs kr^w no fubordination. They and their men were equally undiftiplined arc) difobedient, though far more numerous than their enemies in tht; fjpid. The Englifh ireemen, on the other hand, having now vafl pro- pert} ENGLAND. 329 peity to fight for, which they co\ild call their own, independent of a teuJal law, knew Ifs vaUie, and had learned to defend it by providing th.mlclvcs with proper armour, and fubmitting to military exercifes, and propf-r lubordinntion in the field. Fhe war, on th<; part of Edward, was! therefore a cop.riniied fccne of luccefs and vit%ry. In 1340 he took the title of king of France, ufing it in all pu 'lie afts, and quartered the arms nf France wirh his own, adding this motto, Dien et mon droity "God and niv ri'^ht." At GreHV, Augufi: 26th, n4N above ico,ooo FriK!i wfre ' itated, chieHy hy the valour of the prince of Wales, who Vi,= nut fixtecn ye-iis of acre (Itis father being no more than thirty-four), \u 'ig:i tne Englifh di<3 not txcecl ^ ,0 o. The lofs of the French far tx . ed 'd the number of the Knelifli > after the battle of Crefly was foi.j; it, and remained a prifoner eleven years. Thus Edward had the glory to Ire two crowned heads his captives at London. Both kings were afterwards ranfomtd, David for ico,ooo maiks, and John for three millions of gold crowns ; but John returned to England, and died at the fahce of the vSavoy. After the treaty of Brctigni, into which Edward II. is faid to have be w frightened by a dreadful florm, his fortunes de~ climd. He had refigned his FVench dominions entirely to the prince of Wales, and he funk in the efleem of his fubjefts at home, on account of his attachment to his miftrefs, one Alice Pierce. The prince of Wales, commonly called the Black Prince *, from his wearhig that coloured ar- mour; while he was making a glorious campaign in Spain, where he re- inftated Peter the Cruc' on that throne, was ftized with a confumptive diforder, which carried him off^ in the year 1 372. His father did not long furvive him ; for he died, difpirited and obfcure, at Shene in Surry, in the year 137, the 65th of his age, and 51ft of his reign. No prince ever underflood the balance and interefls of Europe better than Fldward did, and he was one of the bcrt and mofl illuftrious kings that fat on the Englifti throne. Having fet his heart on the conqucft of France, he gratified the more readily his people in their demands, for proteftion and fecurity to tlieir liberties and properties, but he thereby exhaufteil his regal dominions ; neither was his fucceflbr, when he niounted the throne, {o powerfid a prince as he was in the beginning of his reign. He had the glory of inviting over and protefting fullers, dyers, weavers, and other artificers from Flanders, and of eftablifliing I Mi:^: J'- ;jfci • He was ulfo the iirfl: in Enp,land that had the title of Duie^ being created by his father duke of Cornwall ; and cvvT Iukjc, ihc eldcll loll of the kin£ of Eugbnd is by birth duke of CornwaU, ' .-* - $5^ ENGLAND. 4, P the woollen manufacture among the Englifli, who, till his time, generally exported the unwrought commodity. The rate of livmg in his reit^n feems to have been much the fame as in the preceding reign ; and few of the Englilh Ihips, even of war, exceeded forty or filty tons. But notwithflanding the vaft increafe of property in England, villainage ftill fontinued in the royal, epif opal, anv' baronial manors. Hiftoriaiis ai-e not agreed wliether Edward made ufc of artillery in his fi.rfl invafion of France, but it certainly was well known before his death. The m?o. nificent caftle of Windfor was b«ilt by lidward III. and his method of condui.. i>'i ..\v L,i!l.> fciil mCf ivilh l.nJ"^"'^ 'U/^-' i''"- "'■WW. tri£;iie^ ENGLAND. 33> trigues of the clergy, an n£l was obtained in the felllons of padiameat 14. I for the burning of heretics, ocralioned by the great increafe of .the Wicklirtites or Lollards ; and immediately after, one Sawtre, pariflx-prieft ot St. Ofithe in London, was burnt alive by the king's writ, direfted to the mayor and flieriffs of London, The balance of trade with foreign parts was agalnfl: England at the accelTion of Henry V, in 141 3, fo greatly had luxury increafed. The Lollards, or the followers of Wickliffe, were excellively numerous, and* fir John Oldcaftle and lord Cobham having joined them, it was pretended that he had agreed to put himfelf at their head, with a defign to overturn the government ; but this appears to have been a groundlefs accufation, Ironi a bloody zeal of the clergy, though he was put to death in confe- i "11 J: Hi ■' ■ g 'Si ■ S34 E N G L A N 0. .V', amounted to 52,^7!. Co that the king had of furplus only 3,207!. forth* fupport of his houfliold, for his wardrobe, for the expence of embaflies, and other arti( les. This fum was not nearly fufficient even in tim^ of peace ; and to carry on his wars, this gieit conqueror Was rrduced to many mifcraljle fliifts ; he borrowed from all quarters; he pawned his jewf:ls, and fometimcs the crown itfelf: he ran in arrears to his army; and he was often obliged to ftop in the midft of his career of vii^oiy, and to grant a truce to the enemy. I mention thefe particulars, that the readei* may judge of the fimplicity and ten)perance of our prcdecellon three centuries ago, when the expences of the greateft kin; in Europe were fcarctly equal to the penfion of a fuperannuated courtier of the pre- fent age. It required a prince equally able with Henry IV. and V. to confirm the title of the Lancafter houfc to the throne of England. Heiuy VI. furnamed of Windfor, was no more than nine months old, when, in confequence of the treaty of Troyes, concluded by his father with the French court, he was proclaimed king of France as well as England. He was under the tuition of his two uncles, the dukea of Bedford iiici (fiHoneefter, both of .them prii\ces of great accomplifliments, virtues, and Courage, but unable to preferve th;.'ir brother's conquefts. Upon the death of Charles VI. the atfeftions of the French for his family levived in the perfon of his fon and fucceflbr Charles VII. The duke of Bed- ford, who was regent of France, performed many glorious aftions, and at lafl laid liege to Orleans, which, if taken, would have completed the conqueft of France. The fiege was raifed by the valour and good con- duct of the Maid of Orleans, a phenomenon hardly to be paralleled in hiftoiy, flie being born of the lowed extraftion, and bred a cow-keeper, and fometimes a helper in ftables in public inns. She muft notwithftand- ing have pofTelTed an amazing fund of fagacity as well as valour. Afttr an unparalleled train of heroic aftions, and placing the crown upon her fovereign's head, flie was taken prifoner by the Englifli in making a Tally during the fiege of Compeigne, who burnt her alive for a witch at Roan, Kay 30, 143 1. ^ , , , _. The death of the duke of Bedford, and the agreement of the duke of Burgundy, the great ally of the Englifli, with Charles VII. contributed to the entire ruin of the Englifli intereft in France, and the lols of all Iheir fine provinces in that kingdom, notwithftanding the amazing cou- rage of Talbot, the firfl earl of Shrevvlbury, and their other officers. The capital misfortune of England, at this time, was its difunion at Jiome. The duke of Gloucefter loft his authority in the goveramcnt, -and the king married Margaret of Anjou, daughter to the neeHly king of 'Sicily ; a woman of a high fpirit, but an implacable difpofition ; wliilc the cardinal of Winchefter, who was the richefl fubjeft in Enjhnd, if not in Europe, prefided at the head of the treafury, and by his avarice ruined the intereft of England, both at home and abroad. Nf xt to the •cardinal, the duke of York, who was lord lieutenant of Ireland, was the moft powerful fubjeft in England. He was delcended by the mo- ther's fide from Lionel, an elder (on of Edward III. and prior in claim to the reigning king, who was defccnded from John of Gaunt, Edwards youngeft fon ; and he affefted to keep up the diftinftion of a white role, that oF the houfe of Lancafter being red. It is certain that he paid no regard to the parliamentary entail of the crown upon the reigning ^^'^''^' -and he loft no opportunity of ferming a party to aflert hw right, but aft«j ENGLAND. 33S at fiift with the moft profound diflimul.ition. The dnke of Suffolk xvas a favourite ot the queen, who was a {wofeircd entjny to the duke of York, but being imper.chtd in parliairent, l.c was baniihed for five yerrs, and hnd his head ftnick off, on board a ihip, by a Cf)mmon failor. This was followed by an inforre^ion of 2c,ooo K^nti(^-men, headed by one Jack Cade, a mpn of low condition, who fent to the court a lift of £;rievanctr. ; hit he was defeated by the valour of the citizens of London, and the ()iieon fteiTied to be perfectly feiure agninft the duke of York. The in- glorious uianagemcnt of the Englifli aflairs in b ranee befriended him, and upon his arrival in England from Inland, he found a ihoni:; party of the noblity his friends ; but beinrr ronfidered as the fomenter of Cade's rehellion, he profeflTed the moii profound reverenrc to Henry. The peifons m high power and reputation in England, next to the duke of York, were the earl of Salifbury, and his fon the earl of War- The latter had tlie greateft land eltate of any fubjert in England, WIC and his vaff abilities, joined to fonic virtues, rendered him equally popu- lar. Rofh father and fon were ferretly on the fide of York ; and during a fit cf i'lnefs of the king, that duke was made prote<^or of the. realm. Both fides now prepared lor arms, and the king rccoverin«f, the queen^ with wonderful aftivity, aflembied an army ; but the royalifts were de- feated in the firft battle of St. Alban's, and the king himfelf was taken prifoner. The duke of York was once more declared protestor of the kingdom ; but it was not long before the queen refumed all her influence in the government, and the king, though his weakncfs became every day more and more vifible, recovered all his authority. The duke of York upon this threw off the maik, ami in 1459 he open- ly rlaimed the crown, and the queen was again defeated by the earl of W aiwick, who was now called the king-maker. A parlianflent upon this being aflembied, it was enafted, that Henry ihould poirefs the throne for life, but that the duke of York ftiould fucceed him, to the exclulion of all Henry's iffue. All, excepting the magnanimous queen, agreed to this compromife. She retreated northwards ; and "^he king being ftill a prifoner, flie pleaded his caufe fo well, that, afllmbling a frefh army, fl>e fought the battle of Wakefield, where the duke of York was defeated and (lain in 1460. It is pretty extraordinaiy, that though the duke of York and his party openly aflerted his claim to the crown, they Hill profefled allegiance ta Henry ; but the duke of York's fon, afterwards Edward IV. prepared to revenge his father's death, and obtained feveral vidiories over the roy- ahfts. The queen, however, advanced towards London, and defeating the earl of VVarwick, in the fecond battle of St. Alban's, ihe delivered her hiilband ; but the diforders committed by her northern troops difguft- ed the Londoners fo much, that fhe durft not enter London, where the duke of York was received on the 28th of February, 1461, while the queen and her hulband were obliged to retreat northwards. J: he foon raifed another army, and fought the battle of Towton, the moft bloody perhaps that ever happened in »ny civil war. After prodigies of valour lud heen performed on both fides, the victory .remained with joung king Edrard, ard near 40,000 men lay dead on the field of battle. Margaret and her hulband were once more obliged to fly to Scotland, where they met with a generous proteftion. It may be proper to obferve, that this civil war was carried on with greater auimofity than auy perhaps ever known, Margaret was as bhod- thirft)B ^M i.l" 'fl,!;'- , t ■ '■A 53^ ENGLAND. thirfty as her opponents, and when prifoners oil either fide were mafir 'their death', cfpccially if they were of any rank, were defeirtcl only a few hours. Margaret, by the conreflions flie made to the Scots, foon raifed a frtih army there, and in the north ot FwyJ uid, but met with dtfVat u\xm de- feat, till at lall her hutband, the unfortunate Henry, was carried prifonti to London. The duke of York, now pAlwrird IV. beini^ crowned on the 29th q( June, fell in love with and privately married Jilizabeth, the vvi:!ow ol lir John Gray, ttiough he ha;l fo;ne time befon- lent the e.irl if War- wick to demand the king of FranccN liih-r in ninrriage, in which eml)a(iy he was Aiccefsful, and iKthinij; i( maiiifd but ih-. bringing over the prin- cefs into Englaiid. U hen the i< ret of Kdwiird's marriage broke out, the haughty earl deeming himleit a'.lronteil, refurned to England inflauv td with rage and indignation ; ami fiom l)eiiig Ktiward's b(ll friend be- came his mofl formidable enemy, and gaining over the duke of Clnrcna, Edward was made prifbner, but tfcaping from his (onfiement, the earl of Warwick, and the Frem h king, J^^wis XI. diclared for the reftora- tlon of Heiuy, who was replaced on the throne, and Kdward narrowK cfcaped to Holland. Returning from thence, he advanced to Lomioii under pretence of claiming his duktdom of York ; but being received into the capital, he refumed the exercife of royal authority, made kino Henry once more his prifoner, and Uefcnted nnd killed Warwick in thf battle of liarnet. A few days afier, he deh ateil a fivfli army of Lan- caffrians, and made queen Margaret prifoner, together with her foil prince Edward, whom Edward's brother, the duke of (.jiouccffer, mur- dered in cold blood, as he is laid (but with no great (liew of proiiahility) to have done his father Henry VI. then a piifoner in the Tower of London, a few days after, in the year 1471. Kdward being now fittled on the throne, was guilty of the utmoft cruelty to all the L;ui';aitii:'n party, whom he put to death wherever he could find them, ib thai they were threatened with utter extermination. The great object of his vengeance was Henry, carl of Richnioiid. He was defcended from John Beaufort, the eldelt foa of the earl ofSo- merfet, who was the elded fon of John of Gaunt, by his kil wife Ca- therine Swineford, but born in adultery, dming her huihand's lift-tiiTiC. This difability, however, was afterwards removed both by the pope and by the parliament, and the defcendants of John of Gaunt, by th;.i lady, as far as could be done, were declared legitimate. The lalt lord, Joliji duke of Somci-fet, left a daughter, Maigaret, who was married to Ed- mund Tudor, earl of Richmond, fon of the widow of Henry V. by Owen Tudor, a Welch gentleman, v^ horn Ihe fo far ikfcendeil as to marry; and their ion was Henry, earl of Richmond (afterwards Henry YII.)» who, at the time I treat of, lived in PVance, to lecuie himfelf from the .cruelty of Edward. The readtr may fee, from the detail of this im portant genealogy, that the young earl of Richmond had not the fmalleft claim in blood (even luppofing the illegitimacy of his anceftors had been removed) to the crown of England. The kingdom of England' was, in 1474, in a deplorable fituation. The king was immerfed in expence and criminal luxuries,, in wh'.ch he was imitated by his great men ; who, to fupport tlveir extravagancies, became penfioners to the French king. The parliament feemcd to aft pnly as the executioners of Edwaid's bloody mandate?. P^e beft blood -. I >rable fituation. E N L A N t). 33? in Ertglai;d was fiu»d on ft-atiokl, , and even thv" duke of Claral Tiptoft was its greatcfl pa- tron, and feem's to have been the firft I'aiglifli nobleman who cultivatei ivliat are how called the belles lettres. The book-: printed by Caxton arc inoftly rc-tranllations, or com piJations- from the French or Monkifii Latin c l)iit it murt: be acknowledged, at the fame time, that literature, after thii period, made a more rapid and general progrefs among the Englifll tlian it did in any other European nation. The fanious Littleton, judge of the Com- mon Pleas, and Fortclcue chancellor of England, flouriflied at ihis period. Edward IV. left two lois by his queen, who had Cxercifed her power with no great prudence, by having nobilitated many of her obfcurei rela- tions. Her eldeU fon, Edward V. was about thirtceri ; and his uncle the duke of Glouceller, taking advantage of the queen's unpopularity among the g) cat men, found means to baflardi^ her ifTue, by a(\ of parliament* vnder tiie fcandalous pretext of a pre-contradl between their father and an- othiT lady. The duke, at the iame time, was declared giiardian of the kingdom, and at lafl accepted of the crown, which was offered hjmjby the Londoners ; having fird put to death all the nobility and grejtt men, whom he thought to be well affecled to the late king's ;imilv. Whether the king and his brother were murdered in the Tower, by his dinv'^ion, ii doubtiul. The mod probable opinion is, that they were clandeltinely fent abroad by his orders, and that the elder died ; but that the youngef furvivt^d, and was the fame who was well kncvn by the name of Pefkin Warbeck. Be this as it will, the Englifli were prepoflcfled fo ftrongly againft Richard, as being the murderer of his nephews, that the carl of Richmond, who Itill remained in France, carried on a fecret con efpon- dence with the remains of Edward I V.'s friends, and by otFering to marry his eldeft daughter, he was encouraged to invade England at the head of about 2000 foreign troops ; but they were foou joined by 7000 Englifh and Welch. A battle between him and Richard, ■v^'ho was at the head of 15,000 men, ertfued at Bofworth-field, in which Richard, after difplaying nioft aftonjrtiing a£ls of pei'fonal valour, was killed, having been firft aban* doned by a main divifion of his army, under lord Stanley and bis brotker* » in the year 1485. There can fcarcely be a doubt biit that the cl-imes of Richard havd been exaggerated by hiftorians. He was exemplary irt his diftributil^e juftice. He kept a watcfiful eye over the great barons, whole opprefTioTis he aboliflied, and was a father to the common people. He founded the faciety of htralds j aa wftit^uon; which, in JhU time, wju found ner^f* hn hi \ '<•!»; t". ' \ ;\ 4S\ Wk\ 4^ f ^ 35^ E N 6 L A N a farv to prevent difputcs amonj» great families. During his reign, (hort'a* it was, we have repeated infiances of his relieving citi^« and corporation.' that haH gone into decay. Me was rcmai-kable for tlie encoura;:^enient of the hardware m.inufafturc*: of all kinds, and for preventing their being imported into England, no fewer than' feventy-two different kinds being prohibited iniportuion by oae aft. He was the rirft Englifli king who appointed a conful'for th^ fupcrintendency of EnglHh commerce abroad ; one btrozzi being nominated for Pifa, with an income of the fourth part of one per cent, on all goods of Engliflimen imported to, or exported from thence. I (hall nut enter into the fubjeft of the concern he had in the fiippofed murder of his two nephews, but only obferve, that the tem- porizing parliament, by balhrdizing them, cut them off from the fucceffion of the crown. Though the fame aft of baflardy affefted the daughters, ?s well as the fons of the late "king, yet no difputes were raifed upon the legitimacy of the princefs Elizabeth, eldefl daughter to Edward IV. and' who, as had been before concerted, married Henry of Lancafter, earl of Richmond, thereby imiting both houfes, w'hich happily put an end to the long and bloody wars between the contending houfes of'^Vork and Lancaikr. Henry, however, relied his right upon conqueft, and feemed to pay little regard ta the ad- vantages of liis marriage^ He was this, mofl fagacious monarch that ever had reigned in England ; but, at the fame time, the moft jealous of hif power ; fm* he flint up the earl of Warwrck, lbi> to the duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. a clofe prifoner in the Tower, though he was but a boy, and though nothing was alledg^d againft him bijt his propmquit\' to the houfe of York. He was the fiift who inftitufed thar guard called Ttomcn^ which Hill fubfifls, and, in imitation of his predeceflor, he gave an irrecoverable blow to the dangerous privileges aflumed by the barons, i^i abolifliing liveries and retainers, by which every mrlefaftor could (litl- tcr himfelf from the law, on affiiming a nobleman's livery, and attend- ing his perfon. Some rebellions happened in the beginning of his reigft, but they Were eafiiy fupprefled ; as was the impofture of Lambert SimneL who pretended' to lie the imprifoned earl of Warwick; Simnel was taken prifoner, and aftef being employed in the king's kitchen, was made one of his falconers. The d^fpot*ic court of ftar-chamber owed its original to Henry ; but at the fame time, it muft be acknowledged, that he puffed many a<^S efpecially for trade any navigation, that were hi^jhly for tin; benefit of his fubjefts. Tliey cxprefled their gratitude by the great fup- plies and benevolence they afforded him, and, as a finifliing ftroketothe feudal tenures, an aft pafled, by which the barons and gentlemen of landed intereft were at liberty to fell and mortgage thch' lands, without fines or licences for the alienation. This, if we regard its confequences, is perhaps the moflr important aft that ever pafTed tn an Englifh parliament, though its tendency feemsonly to have been known to the politic kVng» Luxury, by the increafe of trade, and the difcovery of America, had bioken with irrellftible force into Eng- land, and rtionied property being chiefly in the hands of the commons,, thetiftate^ of the barons became theirs, but without any of their danga- ous privileges ; and thus the baironial powers' were foon cxtrnguiihed in England. Henry, after encoitntering and fiirmountin^ many diilicultfes both in france and Irdlandy was attacked in the polleffion of his throne by a *ovm2 wiai»« ons Pcikin Warbsck, who prcteiidcd to be the diike of E N G L A N. D o39 ira^enient of York, fecond fon to Edward IV. and was acknowledged as luch by the diichefs of Burgundy, Edward's fiftcr. We Ihall not follow the adven- tures of this young man, which were various and uncommon ; but it is certain that many of the Englifh, with the courts of France and Scot- land, believed him to be what he pretended. Henry endeavou'fed to prove the death of Edward V. and his brother, but never did it to the publip fatisfaAion ; and though James IV. of Scotland difmifled Perkin out of his dominions, being engaged in a treaty of marriage with Hen- ry's eldeft daughter, yet by the kind manner in which he enteitained and difmifled him, it is plain that he believed him to be the real duke 6f York, efpecially as he refufed to deliver up his perfon, which he might have done with honour, had he thought him an impoftor. Perkin, after various unfortunate adventures, fell into Henry's hands, and was (hut up in the Tower of London, from whence he endeavoured to efcape along with the innocent eai I of Warwick, for which Perkin \i'as hang- ed, and the earl beheaded. It is faid that Perkin made a confelfion of his impoftures before his death ; but if he did, it might have been ex- torted from him, either upon the hope of pardon, or the fear of torture. Ill 1499, Henry's eldefl fon, Arthur piince of Wales, was married to the princefs Catherine of Arragon, daughter to the king ahd queen of Spain ; and he dying foon nfter, fuch was Henry's relu-:i\ S4d England. lor twcJ gehtlcwomen, one woman child, one gentleman, one yenmja ind three groom", (in all eight pcrfons), ;il. i rs. ^d. per annum, f,- their wagc:>, diet, and rloathing ; and for tlic maintenance of tcvm liorfts, ibh i;s. 4d. r. e. for each horfe 2I. 7s. oJ[d. yearly, money bciiiw ftill I • times as weighty as our modern (ilvtr coin. Wheat was tiiat y-rnr ho more than 3s. 4d. a quarter, wliich anfwers to ^s. cif Our niohcv, confetjuently it was about feven timei as cheap as at prefent ; fo that h.\(| all other necellUries llech equally cheap, file could have lived as wtll ns on i26oi« 105. (jd. of oiir movfern money, or ten times as cheap as ut prefentj The fine arts were as f;u" advanced in England at (be acceflinn o( Heriry Vlll. 1509, as in any Euro|>can country, if we except italv; and perhaps no prince ever eiucred with greater advantages than hcdiil on the e;iercife of royalty. Y'ounjj, vigorous, and rich, without any • rival, he held the balance of power ni Korope ; but it is certain tHnt lit . neglcfted thcffe advantages in conuncrce, with which his father becair.e too lately acquaiiited. Imagining he could not ftand in need of a fnp- i)ly, he diid not ipiprove Cabot's dffcoveries, and be litlfered the Eall ami Weft Indies to be engrofled by Portugal and Spain. His vanity en^^aj^e! ; him too much in the affairs of the continent, and his flatterers eiv on- 1-aged him X6 make preparittionu for the conquert of all France. Tiuk . jproje^t «nd his enabliming what is pnjperly called a unvy roya/, foi ; the permanent defence of the nation (a moft excellent meafnre), Ifd hrni ; into incredible expences. He was on all occafions the dupe of the tuv , Iperor Maximilian, the pooreft prince of Euro|)e ; and early in his rcij^a lie gave himfelf alfii entirelv up to the guidance of the ceiehratcil (..;- r^inal Wolfey, who was the (on of a butchei' a? Ipfwich, but educated at Oxford, and made deaii of Lincoln by Henry VII. While involved i.i ^a war with France, his lieutenant the carl of Surry conquered and ^killed James IV. of Scotland, who had invaded England; ami ILiirr 'became a candidate for the German empire, during its vaiaiu)-; b»i! loon refigned his pretenfions to Francis I. of i''ranre, and Cltirlc^ ol An* ftria, king' of Spain, who was eleat'd in 1519. Henry's coiidut'^, in !iie '. loilg and blortdy'wars between thofe princes, was dirtt^cd by WoHn't , views uppn the popedom, which he hoped to gain by the iutiT>ft <"■ •Charles; but finding himfelf twice dmived, he perfuaded his made: :• ; declare himl'elf for Francis, who had been taken piifoner at thehutilc I , Pavia. Henry, howevt-r, continued to be the aupc of all pnrttc , an! ,io pay gr^at part of their expences, till at laft he was forced to liy vai tiurdtn^ upon his lubjeiTts. " Henry continued all tUis time the groat encn>y of the reform atioii, jfiid the champion of the popes of the K6mifl> Vhnrch. He wiotc .^ , hook agai^iil Luthe^, •'• of the Seven i).Hrut about tnt year 1527, hf began '" • '^ave fome fcruples with regaid to the validity of his marriage Witli "; - Votl^r's widow. I fliall not faV, how far on this ociafion he inigiit ^ inHtienced by fcniples of cofifcieiice, or avejfion to the queen, or tl.' , -charms of the famom Anne Boleyn, onaid of honour to the queen, wlwni h^ ftiarficd, beforS lie had obtatnetl from Rome the proper bulls of ili •ylneiiT* from the'pOpe. Th« difficuhies he met withi u this proiefs mind , 'l/^olft v, who died heart-brokfcni after king lirJf fed ) his inunenli? power \ ENGLAND. 341 A perplexing, though nirc cotijiiiK^ion of affairs, it is well known, mdiircd Henry, at laft to throw off all relation to, or dependemc upon» the church of Rome, and to bring about a reformation ; in which, how- ever, many of the RomiHi errors and fuperftltions were retained. Henrv luver C(/uld have effefted this mighty meafure, had it not bccij for his (leipotic difjK)fition, which broke out on every occafion. Upon a (light iiifpidon ot his queen's inronftancy, and after a fliam trial, he cut nf( her head in the Tower, and put to death (bme of her neareft relations ; and in many refpejfts he afted in the moil arbitrary manner, his wiflies, however unreafonahle, being too readily complied with, in confequence of the fliamefui fervility of his parliaments. The ditrolntion of the re- unions hoiifes, and the immenfe wealth that came to Henry by feizing .ill the ecrlefiaftical property in his kingdom, enabled him to give full f.opc to his fanguinary difpofition ; lb that the bt-ft and moft innocent lijood of England was (lied on fcaffolds, and feldom any long tim« palfe^ uithout being marked with fomc illuftrious viftim of his tyranny.-^ Aiiioiio; others, was the aged countefs of Saliibury, defcended immediately from Edwnrd IV. and mother to cardinal Pole ; the marauis pf Exetcp, t!ie loid Montague, and otheri of the blood royaj, for holding a coiTcf- pondcnce with that cardinal. Hi^ third wife was Jane Seymour, daughter to a gentleman of fortune ami family ,- but flic died in bringing Kdward VI. into the world. His iniith wile was .-Vjine, fifter to the duke of Cleves. He diilik'^d her fo niiuh, thnt he fcarcely bedded with her, and obtaining a divorce, hf futtVred her to refide in England on a penfion of 3000I. a year. His fifth wife was Catherine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk, whofe head he cut off for ante-nuptial incontinency. His lafl: wife was qucei^ Catherine Par, in whofe poflfeflion he died, after (he had narrowly e(caped btitig brought to the (lake for her religious opinions, which favoured the n formation. Henry's cruelty increafcd with his years, and was nW ex- ert ifcd promifcuoully on Proteftants and Catholics. He ptit the brave cnri of Surry to death without a crime being proved agamil him ; and his father, the duke of Norfolk, muft have i'uffered the next day, had he not btc'i faved by Henry's own death, in 1547, in the 56th year of his age, and the 38th of his reign, The ftite of England, during the reign of Henry VUI» >s, by the help of printing, too well known to be enlarged upon here. His atten- tion to the naval fecurity of England is highly commendable; and it is certain that he employed the imjuH and arbitrary power he frequently alTiiined, in many refpefts for the glory and intcref^ of his fubje^hs. Without enquiring into his religious motives, it muft be candidly con- ff(|eci, tliat had the reformation gone through all the forms prefcribed by the lawi, and the courts of juflice, i^ probably never could have taken place, or at lead not for matiy yeai-s; and whatever Henry's perfonal crim i or failings might have been, the partition he made of the church's property among his courtiers and favourites, and thereby refcuing it. from dead hann*;, uiidoubtedly promoted the prefent greatnefs or luig- land. With regard to learning and the arts, Henry was a generous en- rouiagcr of both. He gave a penflon to Erafmus, whic^ is another i.ime tor learning itfejf. He brought to England, encouraged, and pro* tefted Hatis Holl^ln, that excellent painter and archtteft ; and in his reign nol lemen's houfes began to have the air of Italian mac;ni(i(*ence ^udrigMlarity, Hjc was 9 conftjui^ and generous ffiiead to Cranmer } Z 3 and " '•' ' i'. h ■( •■;ii n' I 1.! 1 I • ' »••• 'i ' r 342 ENGLAND. ^d though he was, upon the whole, rather whimfical than fettled in hit own principles of relip;ion, he advanced and encouraged many who be- came afterwards the iiiflruments of a more pure reformation. In this reign the Bible was ordered to be printed in Engliih. Walts was united and. incorporated with Endand. Ireland was created into a Kingdom, and Henry took the title of lord of Ireland. Edward VI. was about nine years of age at the time of his father's death ; and after fonie difputes were over, the regency was fettled in the perfon of his uncle the earl of Hertford, afterwards the protestor, and duke of Somerfet, a declared friend and patron of the reformation, and a bitter enen-'y to the fee of Rome. Much of the popifli leavep, however, ftill remained in the council, which was rmbroilcd at once with France and Scotland. The protestor marched with ati army ipto Scotland, to force that people to give their young queen Mary, only child of James V. in marriage to Edward, with a view to unite the two kingdoms; a mea- fure which the late king had recommended with his dying breath to his executors 1 he -prottc^or defeated the Scots at Pinkey, but the niatdi iiQver took place ; and the fa6tions now forming againft the prott^nr, obliged him to retufn with his army to England. His own bi;other, who had married the queen dowager, was at the head of his enemies ; and file dying, he made his adtlreflts to the princefs I lizabeth, afterwards queen. This gave a handle to the proteAor, to bring his brother, whp was lord admiral, to the block, where he loft his head. The reader is to obferve in general, that the reformation was not ef- fcfted without many public difturbanres. The common people, during the reigns^ of Henry and Edward, being deprived of the vaft relief they had from abbeys and religious houfes, and lieing eje£led from theii fmall corn-growing farms, had often taken arms, but had been as often Aipprcf- fed by the government ; and fev'cral of thefe infurreftions were crulhcd in this reign. A war, which was now very happily managed, broke out with Scotland ; and the protestor, who was upon the whole a weak but confcientious man, was fo intent upun religion, that he was firft driven from the helm of ftate, and then loft his head upon a fcaffold, by a fac- tion formed equally of Papifts and pretended Proteftants. Dudley, who was created duke of Northumberland, then took the lead in the govern- ment, and drove Edward, who, though young, m^ant extremely well, and was a linccre Prqteftant, into many impolitic a<5ts ; fo that upon the whole, England made but an inconfiderable figure in his reign, compared ivith what it had done at otlier periods. The reformation, however, went on rapidly, through the zcal of Cranmer, and others, fome of them foreign divines. In fome cafts, particularly with regard to the princefs Mary, they loft fight of that mo- deration, which the i eformers had before fo ftrpngly recommended j and fome cruel fanguinary executions, on account of religion, took place. £dward's youth excufedliim from Mame, and his charitable endowmtiits, as Bridewell, and St. Thomas's hofpitals, and alfo feveral fchools which ilill exill and flourifti, ftiew the goodnefs of his heart. He died of a deep ronfumption in 1553, in the i6\h year of his age, and the 7th of his reign. hdward, on his dcajh-bed, from his zeal for religion, had made a very unconftitutional will j JFor he fet afide his fifter Mary from the fuc- ccfuon, which was clauned by lady Jane Griv, daughter to the duchcft pf uflblk, younger fifter to Henry V I II. This lady, though fhe had icwccly reached her J7th year, was a jprodigy of learning and virtue; ENGLAND. 3^: h\ft the bulk of the Englifli nation rccognii^d the claim of the piiucei> lVl:iiy, who cut off lady jane's head, and that of her hulband lord OuiU- ford Dudley, fon to the duke of Northumberland, who alfo fuffered in the fame irsanner. Miry being thus fettkd on the throne, fupprtflcd an infurrc(ftion under Wyat, and proceeded like a female fuiy to rc-eflablifti pop' ry, which Ihe did all over . ngland. She recalled cardinal Pole from banifhment, made liim inftrumental in her cruelties, and lighted up the flames of ptriecu- tion, in wlwi h archbiftiop Cranmer, the hilhops Ridley, Hooper, and Latimer, and many other lUuftriwus confefTnrs of the Fnglifti reformed ny bounds ; I fliall therefore here oiily touch on the great lines of her government. In matters of religion (he fucceeded with fui priHng facility ; for in her firft parliament, in 15.9, the laws eflabliiliing popery were repcaLd, her ftipremacy was reflored, and an aft of uniformity pafTed foon after. And »t IS obfervtd, that of 94 o beneficed clergymen in Englai d, only about 120 refufed to comply with the reformation. With regaid to her title, 2 4 iUo 1:1% ' >"f:. ii-X ■i \ . 5H ENGLAND. (he tcok advantage of tht^ divided ftate of «ScotIand, and formed t parry there, by which Mary, now becortie the widow of Francis If, of FnuivV, vas obIiged_to renounce, or rather to fufpend her claim. Ehzihdh, not contented with this, fent troops and money, which fupporteil the Scotch malcontents, till IVJary's unhappy marriage with lord Darnley, nnd then with Bothwell, the fupjHifed murderer of the former, and her othcj mifconduft and mrsfortunt-;, drove her to take refuge in Elizabeth'}) do- minions, where (lie had been often promifed a fate and honourable afy- Jiim. It is well known how unfaithful Elizabeth was to this profelfioriof friendfltip, and that fne detained the unl..;ppy prifoncr eighteen years ii; I-ngland, then brought her to a iliam trial, prerending that IVIary aimed at the crown, and, without fufiicient proof of her guilt, cut off her head , an aiflion which greatly tarniihes the glorit s of her rfi^n. As to Rlizibeth's affairs with Spaii!, which fornipd, in fact, the mz\\ bufinefs of her government, they exhibit different frents of wonderful events, paitly arifing from her own mafleily conduct, partly from the ia- garity of her ftatefmen, and jiaitly fiom the intrepidity of her forces l>y Jea and land. The fame Philip,'who had been the hulband of her late fifter, upon Eli- «ab(th's accclfion to the throne, offered to marry her, but (lie dexteroully avoided his addrtfles ; and by a train of lldlful negotiations between her court and that ijf France, flic kept the balance of Europe foundetcnr,i:if ' \ ■ ;/'i !! 34^ ENGLAND. for govfrnm^nt; but he had rrccived wrong imprcfTinnsof thcrfjal officp, and too high an opinion of his own dignity, learning, and pohtical ta> Inits, It wns his misfortune that ht: mounted the Englifli throne under 5» full con vJ:i the miferies of civil war. Neither did James make any allowance for che glories of Elizabeth ; which, as I have obferved, difguifed her mod arbitrary ad;?; and none for the free, liberal fentiments, which the im- provement of knowledge and learning had diffufed throuj^h England. It IS needlds, perhaps, to point out the vaft increafe of proporty through trade and navigation, which enabled the Englifli at the fame time to dtfend their liberties. James*«> firft attempt nf great conlequence was to cffedt an union between England and Scotland ; but though he failed in this through the averfion of the Englifli to that meafure, on account of his loading his Scorch courtiers with wealth and honours, he fliewed no violent lefent- ment at the difappointment. It was an advantage to him at the beginning of his reign, that the courts of Rome and Spain were thought to be his enemies ; and this opinion was increafed by the difcovery and defeat of the gunpowder treafon *. I have alreadv taken notice, in former parts of this work, of the obli- gations which commerce and culonizatiou owed to this prince ; and, in • This was a frheme of the Boinan cathoiics to cut off at one blow thckinp, lor(!», and commons, at the meeting of parli;iinicnt ; when it W98 alfo expetfkd that the queen aud prince of Wulcs would be prclcnt. The manner of enlifliu)/ any m-w con- 4>irator was by oath, and admiuiRcring the faciament ; and this dreadful ftcrct, after being rcligioufly kept near eighteen months, was happily difcovcrcd in the followinjj manner : about ten days before the long wi(hed-for meeting of parliament, a l^oman catholic peer received a letter, which iiad been delivered to his fcrvant by an un- known hand, earqeiUy advifing him to ihift off his attei dance in parliament at that time; but which contained no kind of explanation, The nobleman, though he con- fidercd the letter as a foolifh attempt to frighten and ridicule him, thought proper to lay it before the king, who ftudying the contents with more atteition,* began to fufpcdl feme dangerous contrivance by gun-powder j and it was judged advifcable to infpetf^ all the vaults below the houfes of parliiunent ; but the fearch was purpofely delayed till the night immediately preceding the meeting, when a juftice of peace Was fcnt with proper attendants, and before the door of the vault, under the upper houfe, finding one Fawkes, who had juft fuiilhed all his preparations, he immediately fcized him, and at the fame time difcovered in the vault 36 barrels of powder, which had be^ carefully concealed under faggots and piles of wood 1 he mutch, with' every thing proper for fctting fire to the train, were found in J-'awkcs's pocket, whoic countenance befpoke his favage difpolition, and whPi after regrt-tting that he had loft the opportunity of deftroying fo many heretics, n>ade a full difcovery ; and the eonfpirators, who never exceeded eighty in number, being fcized by the country peo- ple, conftffed their guilt, and were executed in different parts of England. Not- withftanding this horrid crime, the bigoted catholics were fu devoted to Garnet, a Jefuit, one of the eonfpirators, that they fancied miracles to be wrought by his hltiod, amd in Spaiu he was confldcred as a martyr. The above letter to lord Monteagle hath long been fuppofed to be an artifice oi Cecirs, his firft minifter, and that the king and himfelf received fall intimation of the plot from Henry IV. of France, by the iharquis de Sully. So they kt the eonfpirators work On till all was prapartd for the ftrokC} t!ti^ they might kaow a|i (kciriUcr^tlK / • . ^ ENGLAND. ' 347 fjirt, he laid the fnuP'^atlon of great national advantages. That his pe- dantry was ridiculous, cannot be denied ; and it is certain that he had no jurt itlcas of the Englifti conftitution and liberties, which led him into many abfurd difputes with his parliament : and he and his minifttrs were connnually inventing new ways to raife money, as by monopolies, bene- volences, loans, and other illegal methods. Among other expedients, he fold the titles of baron, vifcount, and earl, at a certain price, made a number of knights of Nova Scotia, each to pay fuch a Aim, and inlitutrd a new order of knights baronets, which was to be hertditary, lor which each perfon paid 10951. His pacific reign was a ff ries of theological contrfts with ecclefiaftiral cafuifts, in which he proved himfrlf more of a theoloijian than a prince, and in 1617 he attempted to eftablifli epifcopacy in vScotland, but the zeal of the people baffled his defign. Without enquiring from what motive his love of peace proceeded, it was eventually produftive of many bl(flin<^s to England ; and though his perpituni negoriations have given riff to much fatirc againft his perfon and government, vet they were lefs expenfive and deftru6tive to his people than any wjtrs fie could have en- tered into. He reftorvd to the Dutch their cautionary towns, upon dif- charging part of their mortgage that was upon the m ; but he pi-oaired from Spain at the fame time an acknowledgment of their inticpendejicy. James gave his daughter, the prin efs Elizabeth, in. marriage to the Eieftor Palatine, themoft powerful proteftantprince in Germany, and he fuon after afTumed the crown of Bohemia. The memory of James has been much abufed for his tame beh" viour, after that prince had left his kingdom and eltftorate by the imperial arms ; but it is to he obferved, that he alwavs oppofed his fon-inlaw's ailuming the crown of Bohemia ; that had he kindled a war to reinftate him in that and his eltAorate, he probably would have ftood fingle in the fame, excepting the feeble and uncertain affiftance he might have received from the ele^or's deptndents and friends in Germany. Nothing however is more certain, man that James furniihed the tlt^or with large fums of money to retrieve them, and that he actually raifed a regiment of 2200 n^en under fir H«race Vere, who carried thsm ovcf to Germany, where the Germans, under the marquis of Anfpach, refufed to fecond tliem againft Spinola, the Spanilh general, and that the elector hurt his own caufe by not giving the brave fount Mansfield the command of his tioops inftead of Anfpach. James has been greatly an I juftly blamed for his pat tiality to favourites. His firft was Robert Citrr, a private Scotch gentleman, who was raifed to be firft minifter and earl of Somerftt. He married the coiintefs of Eflex, who had obtained a divorce from her hulband, and was with her found guilty of poifoning Sir Thomas Overbury in the Tower; but James, contrary, as is faid, to a folemn oath he made, par 'oned them both. His next favourite was George Villiers, a private Englifli gentle- man, who, upon SnmerfetVdifgrnce, was admitted to an unnfijaT fliare of favour and familiarity with his fovereign. James had at that time formed a fyftem of policy for attaching himfelf intimately to the court of Spain, that it might affift him in recovering the Palatinate ; and to this fyftem he had facrificed the brave fir Walter Raleigh, on a charge of having committed hoftilities againft the Spanifli fettlements m the Weft. Indies. James having loft his eldeft fon, Henry prince of Wales, who had an invincible antipathy to a popifti match, thr^w his eyes upon the in- fanta of Spain, as a proper wife for his fon Charles^ who had fucceeded . \9 • i i f4» ENGLAND. cn that prinripaiity. Biirkini>ham, who was emially a favoiinte with the ft»n«5with the father, tell in with the princes romantic humour, and, ^f^ainft the king's will, they travelled in clifguife to Spain, where a mo(t iolennn farce of courtHiip was played ; but the prince returned \«-!thuut his bride ; and had it not i)cen for the royai partiaUty in hit favour, tiir carl of Briflo), who was then ambailkdor iu Spaip, would probably have brotiglit Huckinf^ham t«i the blork. James was aii this while perpetually jarring with his parliament whom he could not perfuadc to furnijh money equal to his demands ; and at laf: he aei'ced to his fon's marryino; the prinrrfs Heniiettn Maria, iiftt the 59th »ear of hie age, after a rtign over England of twenry-tu o years. An tothe pro«;refe-of the arts and learning under his reign, it has been al rradv defcribtd. J.imts cnrour-iged and employed that tx.cllcnt painter fir Feter Paul Rubins, as wt-ll as Inigo Jones, who rellortd tlu- pure tafte of arrhitcx^uie in I'-ngl'nd ; and in his reign, pottical genius, though not mitfh eiiauiraf^ed at court, anived at it.s vcitical point, ftlr. Mid- dleton alfo :\t. this time projcAod tlit conveying water into the « ity Iroin Hcitfordfljiiv by n)fans of pipes, wiiiih is now (ailed the AVti- River. Chailt-s I w ;s niiforiunalf in his marriage with tlic princtG Iftnrittta Ma»w. H«: fctms at firft to have been but a cold lover ; and he quarrtlled with, and ftnt L»:i<.k lic-r favourite alteiulants a few d;»ys after her ariiva! in Knglapd. But flic Toon acquired a great aftcndcncy over him ; fcr Uic Was h»j»;h-f{>iritefl and iiitiul. She difreach with Stwin, and C h ries eaiiy gave fiuh indicatio^is of his p.u- tiality for BuHtingham, and his own delpotic ten)ncr, that the parlia»iiciii was rciwifs in furnifliing hiju witii money forcarryiug on the war. In a ihort time Buckingham pejfuaded Charles to take the jwrt of the Fiein li ^ugonots, in their quarrel with that crown. They w^te lb ill fup|)'>rtt s of tyranny. He, without authority of parjiament, laid arbitrary imf options upoii trade, which were refufcd to be paid by many ot the ipercliants a.i'i menbers of the houfe of commons. Sonu; of them were imprjfpntd, aiid the judgrs were checked foi admilttng them to bail. The houfe of con ■ mo#)S refented thofe proceedings by drs^wing up a prpteft, and denying Omittance to the geqtleman-ufljer of the bjack rod, >vno came to adjoin n tktva., till it wafi fiijilhed. This ferved only to widen the breach, and tlx« Jiiiig difiulved tlvp pvlian^cnt ; iftcr whi^iie fc^hib^Hd iaforinatjr.r? »^A4 4: N C I. A N D- 34f %7,m(i nine of the rroft eminent tnembei^ nrtiong whom was the p'rtit' Ml. St Men, who tv.i'. as n\w\\ diftingtiirtied bv li»s !ovi« of lil)«rry, as by h'l u:ic<"»rumon erudition. They flbjeAcd to the jiiiiuliftlon of the court, htit tticir plea was over-ruled, aini (h«y were fent to prifoti during the king's pieafiire. tverv thiiig now operated toWanh the ile(Tru(^ion of ChaHei. The foniiiiot)^ would vote no fupplits ilrithout frtme i*edr*fs of the :u.itionat ^r'uvaixes: upon whirh Lharirs, prefuming oi» uhat had been ■ {fpactiied III reign-: where the prinriplts of liberty were imp rfcrtir, or iwt ataiiun- iitiftood, levied monies upon monopolies of Ihlr,. fnjip, and fud»;«ei*ei- fuiies, and other nbfolete claims, particulai ly for knigiirhood, and nkted vaiio'is taxes without authority of p?irUameiit. His government bcroni- ing every day more and more uupopular, Burton, a divme, t'nmie, a bwytr, and Batlwirk, a phyficinM, men of no ^reat cmrtience or abHi- tits but warm and lel'olute, pubTtfhed feveral pieces which j^avc ottLiinc t>> tlif'.co'irt, and which contained foine fevere (lri(^titres agatnlt the ruling vKrgy. They w.^vc prnlccuted for thele pieces in the Oar-chambcr ui a very arbitrary and cruel manner, and puniihed with li> much riganr, a* excited an almofl univerfal indignation aj»ainft the authors of thftirfuf- fcrings. Tliu« was the government rendered IMll more odious ; and, iin- fy the Ssots, who made thenifelves matters of Newcalile and Dur- ham ; and being now openly befuchtled by the houfc of commons, they obliged the king to comply with their demands. Charles did this with (b b^d a grace, though he took a journey to Scot- land for that purpofe, that it did him no fervicc ; on the contrary, 'it en- couraged the commons to rife in their demands. He hr.cl made Went- Worth, earl of Strafford, a man of great abilities, prefident of thexouu- cil of the North, and lord lieutenant of Ireland ; and 'he was geueralijr believed to be the firfl' minifter of flate. Strafford had been a leading iticmber of the oppotition to the court, but he jifterwarda, in conjuration with Laud, exerted himfelf fo vigoroully in Carrying the king's dtipotio fchemes into execution, that he bectime an objcit of public detefvtion^ As lord prertdenr of tlie North, as lord lieutenant of Iretend, anu-asri^ niiniflef and privy-counfcllor in Erlgland, he behaved in a very arbitrary tnalmer, and was guilty of many actions of great injuftice and opprclfiou^ He was, in confequence, at lengthy on the zadof May, 1641,, brought to the block,' though much againftthe inclinations erf the king, viho wat m a manner forced by the parliament and ptopfe to fign the warrant foi his extcution. Arrhbifht>D -I-aud was alfo beheaded; but his «4Kecution did not take place till a co . -dcrable time aMef thai of Stratford, the ictH of January, 1645* " , ...,,. 35° ENGLAND. In the fourth year of his reign, Charles had pafled the petition of righ(s into a law, which was intended by the pai liament for the future fecurity of the Hbqrty of the fubjeft, which eftabliftied particularly, " That no man hereafter be compelled to make or yield any gift, loan, benevolence, tax, or fuch like charge, witliout common confent by aft of parliament ;" but he afterwards violated it in numerous inflances, fo that an uni- verfal difcor.tent at his adniinidration prevailed throughout the nation. A rebellion aU'o broke out in Ireland, on Otlober 25, 16 + 1, where the Proteftants, without diftinftioii of age, fex, or condition, to the amount of many thoufands, were raaflarred by the Fapifb ; and great pains were taken to perfuade the public that Charles fecretly favoured them, out of hatred to his Englifli Iiibjedt^;. The bifhops were expelled the houfe of peers, on account of their conflantly oppoftng the defigns and bills of the other houfe ; and the leaders of the Englifh houfe of commons ftill kept up a correfpondence with the difcontented Scots. Charles was ill enough advifed to go in perfon to the houfe of commons, January 4, 1&47, and there demanded that lord Kimbolton, Mr. Pym, M:-. Hampden, Mr. Hol- Jis, fir Arthur Hafelrig, and Mr. Stroud, fliould be apprehended j but thev had previoufly made their efcape. This aft of Charles was refented as high treafon againft his people, and the commons rejefted all the offers of (atisfaftion he could make them. The city of London took the alarm, and received the accufed members into its proteftion. The train-bands were raifed, and the mobs were fo unruly, that Charles removed fron> Whitehall to Hamnton-qourt, and from thence into Yorkfhire, where he raifed an army to face that which the parliament, or rather the houfe of commons, might raife in and about London. Notwithftanding the many afts of tyranny and oppreflion, of which the king and his minifters had been g'jilty, yet, when the civil war broke out, there were great numbers who repaired to the regal fhindard. Many of the nobility and gentry were much attached to the crown, and confidered their own honours as connefted with it ; and a great part of the landed intereft was joined to the royal party. The parliament, however, took upon themfelves the executive power, and were favoured by moft of the trading towns and corpoi^ations ; but its great refource lay in London. The king's general was the earl of Lindfey, a brave, but not an enter- prifing commander ; but he had great dependence on his nephews, the princes Rupert and Maurice, fons to the eleftor Palatine, by his filler the princeis Elizabeth. In the beginning of the war, the royal army had the afcendancy, but in the progrefs of it, affairs took a very different turn. The eail of EfTex was made general under the parliament, and the firft battle was fought at Edge-hill inWarwickfhirc, the 23d of Oftober, 1642 ; but both parties claimed the vidory, though the advantage lay with Charies, for the parliament was fo much diftreffed, that they invited the Scots to come fo their affiflance, and they accordingly entered England anew, with about 20,000 horfe and foot. Charles attempted to remove the parliament to Oxford, where many members of both houfes met ; but his enejTiIes were flill fitting at Weftminfter, and continued to carry oil the war againft him with great animofity. The independent party, which had fcarcely before been thought of, began now to increafe and to figure at Weftminfter. They were averfe to the Prefbyterians, who till then had condufted the war againft the king, nearlv as much as to the royalifts 1 and fuch was their management, under the direftion of the famous Oliver CromwelJf ENGLAND. > the amount 551 Cromwell, that a plan was formed for difmifling the earls of EiTex and Manchi^f^er, and the heads of the Prelbyterlaiis, from the parlitment's fiivice, fuppofmg that they were not for bringing the war to a fjjeedy end, or not for reducing; the king too low, and for rntrodiicing Fairfax, wliowas an cxrellent officer, but more manageable, though a l*Kt (hyterian, and fomc independent of?icers. In the mean while, the war went fNi with refentment and lofs on both fides. Two bdtrles were fought at Newbtjry, •ne on September zoth, 16.^3, and the other Oftober 27, 1644, in which the ndvantagc in'-Jined to the king. He had likewife many other fuc- celTe-; and having defeated fir WrlHam Waller, he purfiied the earl of Eilex, who remained ftill in romnrwnd, into Cornwall, from whence he was obliged to efcape by fea ; but his infantry firrrendered ihemfelves prifoners 10 the royalilh, though his cavalry deliveaed themfelves by their valonr. The firft fatal blow the kii.g*s army receired, was at Marfton-mooi,'. July 2d, 1644, where, through the imprudence of prince Rupert, the carl of Manchefter defeated the royal army, of which 4000 were killed, and iijoo taken prifoncrs. This victory was owing chiefly to the courage and conduft of Cromvf U j and though it might have been retrieved by thefuccefles of Chailes in the Weft, yet his whole conduft was a fhing of miftakes, till at laft his affairs became irretrievable. It is true, many trtatits of peace, particularly one at Uxbrrdge, were fet on foot during the v;ar, and the heads of the Prefbyterian party would have a.greed to terms that very little bounded the king's prerogative. They were out- witted and over-ruled by the independents, who were aflifted by the- ftiifners, infincerity, and unamiable behaviour of Charles himfelf. In fliort, the independents at laft fucceeded, in perfuadi-ng the members at Weftminfter, that Charles was not to be trurtcd, whatever his conee flions might be. From that moment the affairs of the royalifts rulhed into ruin. Sir Thomas Fairfax, whofe father lord Fairfax remained in the North, was at the head of the army, which was now new-modelled ; io that Charles by piece-meal loft all his towns and forts, and was defeated by Fairfax and Cromwell, at the decifive battle of Nafehy, June 14, 161 5, owing partly, as afual, to the mifconduft of prince RupcrL This • battle was followed with frefli misfortunes to Chai les, who retired to Ox- ford, the only place where he thought he could be fafe. The Scots were then befieging Newark ; and no good underftanding fubfifted between them and the Englifli parliamentarians, but the beft and moft loyal friends Charles had, thought it prudent to make their peace. In this melancholy fituation of his afFaii-s, he efcaped in difguife, from Oxford, and came to the Scotch army before Newark, on May 6, 1646, upon a promife of proteftion. The Scots, however, were fo in- timidated, by the refolution of the parliament at Weftminfter, and in confideration of 400,000!. of their arrears to be paid, they put the perfoii ... of Charles into the hands of the parliament's commidioners, piobaW/ not fufpefting the confeqiiences. The Prefbyterians were now more inclined than ever to make peace • with the king, but they were no longer mafters, being forced to receive laws from the army, and the independents The army now avowtd thejr intentions. They firft by force took Charles out of tl.e hands of the commiflioners, June 4, 1647, and then dreading that a treaty might ftijl take place with the king, they imprifoned 41 of the preibyterlan mem- bers, voted the houfe of peers to be ufeiefs, and that of the commonsi - ^as reduced to 150, and moft of them officers of the army. h\ the mean while J $52 £ N O L A K D. while Charles, who ui^appily promiftd himfelf relief, frdtn thofc dhfert- tions, was carried from prifon to prifon, arid fqmetimcs cajoled by thr independents with hopes of deliverance, but always naiTowly watrlied. Several treaties were let qn foot, but all mifcarried; and he had been imprudent enough) after his cfffding an cfcape, to put himfelf imd colonel HamnionU's hands, the parliament s governpf of the iile of Wight. A freftt negociation was begun, and almoil i'nuflied, When the indepeiv dents* dreading the genefal difpofition of thie people for peace, and -ftrongly.perfuaded of the infincerity of the kinjj, once more feizcd upon Ills perfoi), brought him a pnlbner to Loudo|i, carried him before a court ,of juftke of their oWn erecting, and, after an ^^faordinary tiial, lii^ .heail was oit off, before hi:> own palace at V^fnitehall, on the 3cth of J;i- lljuary, i648-9t being the 4.' th year of hii age, .and 24th of his reij^n. Charles is allowed to have had many virtues, aud forpe have fuppofec!, • thatafljiftion had taught bjm lb much wifdomand moflcration, that liiii he been reitored to his throne he would have becdme an excellent prince; but there is abundant reafotl to conclude, from his piiv^te lettas, that Jie retained his arbitrat-y principles to the laH, and that he would again have regulated bi& cdnduA by them, if he had been reinftated in power. it is however certain, that, nntwithftandiqg the tyrannical nature of hi' goveriuncnt, his death was exceediligly lamented by great numbers; and .luany in the courfe of the civil war, who had been his great opponent. . in parliament, became converts to his caufe, in which they )o(l thtir r lives yterians, ajid both parties hated Cromwtll and.Ireton, though they were forced to employ them in rhe^ redu^ioti of Ireland, and afterwards againit the Scots, whp had received Charles II. as their king. By cutting down the timber upon the royal domains, they produced, as it were by magic, all at once, a 6eet fuperior to any . that hatl ever been fcen in Europe. Their general, Cromrt^ell, invadtd f Stotlaud, ahd though he *va8 there reduced to great difficulties, he total- • ly reduced the Scots at the battles oi Dui;bar and Wwccftcr* The fam« commo* E N d L A N D. ^, in the 6cth year of his age. It \i not to be denied that England acquired much mole refpe^l from foreign powers, between the death of Charles I. and that of Cromwell, than Ihe had been treated with fince the death of Elizabeth. This waS ^cw)M^ to the great men who fontifd the republic, which Cromwell abo- A a ' . Jiflied," 354 ENGLAND- iifiied, arid who, as It were, inflantaneoufly called forth the naval ftreAj-ift of the kingdom. Neither they nor Cromwell had formed any fixt-d plan of Icgiflation, and his fafety was owing to the different fciitiments of eo- rernmcnt, that prevailed among the beads of the republic. In the year 1656, the charge of the public amounted to one irfillion three hundred thoufand pounds; of which a million went to the fupport of the iiaw and army, and the remainder to that of the civil govcrnm^int. Jn the fame year Cromwell abolitlied all tenures in capites by knight's fervire, and the foccage in chief, and likewife the courts of wards and liveric-. Several other grievances that had been complained of, during tin; l:,tc reigns, wtfe likewife removed. Next year the total charge, or publi. expense of England, amounted to two millions three hundred t\venty-li/ thoufand nine hundred and eighty-nine pounds. The collections by af- iefTments, excife, and cuftoms, paid into the Exchequer, anwuntcd t& two millions three hundred ana frxty-two ch.oufand pounds, four Hill- ings. Upnti the whole it appears, that E/igla^d, from the year 1648, to the year 1658, was improved equally in riches and in jtoWer. The legal in- tercft Oi money was reduced from 8 to 6 per c^nt. a fure fymptom of in- creafing commerce. * The famous and beneficial navioation ac\, that pai- ladiunri of the Englifli trade, was now planned and eftablifbed, and after- wards confirmed under Charles II. Monopolies of all kinds were abo- liflied, and liberty of confcicnce to all ftfts was granted, to the va'ft ad- vantage of population and manufat'^uresi which had fuffered greatly by Laud's intckrant Ichcmes, having driven numbers of handicrafts to Anie- tica, and foreign countries. To the above national meliorations we may add the modefty and fnfgality introduced among the common peo* pie, and the citizens in particular, by which they were enabled to increafc Iheir capitals. It appears, however, that Cf-omwell, had he lived, and been firmly fettled in the government, would have broken through the fober maxims of the republicans ; for fome time before his death, he affefted great magnificence in his perfon, court, and attendants. He maintained the honour of the nation much, and in fnany infbnces inter- pofed etfe , Among the evidences of his degenei-acy as a king, ijiay .he mentioned- his giviiig way to the popular clamour againft the lord Clarendon, a^ the chief adyifer of the falfe of Dunkirk ; a man o^ evtenfive know- ledge, and great abilities^ and more honeil in his intentions than mod of his other miiiifters, IJut whom he facrificed to the fycophants of his pleafurable hours. The firft Dutch war, which began m ,1665, was carried on. with great refolution and fpiric. under the duke of York ; bxit: through Charles's miftpplication of the public money which had beei» granted for the war, the Efutch, while a treaty of peace was depend- ing at Breda, found meanoi to infult the royal navy of Eriglarid, by* failing up th6 Med way as fat- as Chatham, and deftroyed feveral capital lliips of war. Soon after this, a peace Was concluded at Breda between Great Britain and the States General^ fof the prefervation of th/r«///tf«f^ In 1671, Charl6s was fo ill advifed as to felze upon the money of the bankers, which had been lent him at til. per cent, and to Ihut op the Exchequer. This was an indefenfible ftep; and Charles pre- tended to juflify it by the necelfity of his affairs, being then on the «^e of a freflj war with Holland, This was declared in' 1672, an4 A a 2 ha 1678, the famous Titus Gates, and fome others, opened a plot, cha:rging the Papifts withade- fign to murder the king, ami to introduce popery by means of JdTuits in. England, and from St. Omet's. Though nothing could be more ridiculous, and more felf-coaitradd^ory, than fome parts of their narrative, yet it was fwppoited with the utmwft zeal on the part of ihe parliament. The jjged lord Stafford, Coleman fecretary to the duke mi York, whh many jfefu its, and other papifts, were publicly executed 4M1 evidences, fuppofed now to have been perjured, by thofe who will have the whole ptot to be a fi(5tion. The qu«en herielf efcaped with AifBcakfi the duke of York was obliged to retire into foreign parts, and CharleS) though convinced, as it is faid, that the whole was an impdbirc, yielded to the torrents At laft it fpent its force. The carX <^ Shaftesbury^ who was at the head of the (^pofkion, pufhed on the total exclufion of the duke of York from the throne. He Was feconded by the ill-advifed duke df Monmouth, and the biil, after palling the commons, mifrjirried in the houfe of peers". All Eng-f knd was again in a flatne; but the king, by a well-timed adjournment of the parliament to Oxford, feemcd to recover the alfcftion of his peo- Jilc to a very great degr««« . ; ^ i: r. :.:«\^ fgs. . ENGLAND. $S1 The duke of York and his party made a fcandalous ufe of then* viftoiy. They taimped up on their fide a plot of the proteftants for killing and feizing the king, and altering the government. This plot was as falfe as that which had been laid againft the papifls. The excel- lent lord Rufl'el, who had been remarkable in his oppofition to the popifii fiicceflion, Algernon Sidney, and feveral. other dillinguiihed pro- teftants, were tried, condemned, and fufFered death, and tne king fct his foot on the neck of oppofition. Even the city of London was inti- midated into the nieafurcs of the court, as were almoft all the corporations in the kingdom. The duke of Monmouth and the earl of Shafte(bury were obliged to fly, and the duke of York returned in triumph to White- hall. It was thought, however, that Charles repented of fomc of his ar- bitrary fleps, and intended to have recalled the duke of Monmouth, and have executed fome meafures for the future quiet of his reign ; when he (lied, February ^th, iS^^-i;^ in the 5;th year of his age, and 25th of his reign. He had married Catharine, infanta of Portugal, by whom he received a large fortune in ready money, befides the town and fortrefs of Tangier in Africa, but he left behind him no lawful ifliie. The de- frendants of his natin'al fons and daughters are now amongd the moft diftinguiflied of the Britilli nobility. In recounting the principal events of this reign, I have been fuf- ficiently explicit as to the principles, both of the king and the oppofi- tion to his government. The heads of the latter were prefbyterians and moderate churchmen, who had been greatly inftnimental in the civil y/ar againft the late king, and the ufurpations that followed. They had been raifed and preferred f>y Charles, in hopes of their being ufefiil in bringing their party into his meafures; and he would probably have fiicceeded, had not the remains of the old royalifts, and the diilipated part of the court, fallen in with the king's foible for pleafure. Th^ pielhyterians, however, availed themfelves of their credit, in the early part of his reign, when the fervour of loyalty was abated, to bring into parliament fuch a number of their friends, as rendered the reign of Charles very uneafy, and it was owing, perhaps, to them that civil liberty, and proteftantifm, now exift in the Englifli government. On the other hand, they feemed to have carried their jealoufy of a popifh fiicreflbr too far ; and many of the people without doors certainly thought that the parliament ought to have been fatisfied with the legal refli'aints and difabilities which Charles offered to impofe upon his fuccefibr. This gave fuch a turn to the aft'ections of the people, as left' Charles, and his brother, at the time of his death, almoft mailers of the laws and liberties pf England ; and they governed in an abfolute and arbitrary manner, fiipported by the clergy preaching up the old do^rines of paffive obe, dienre and non-refiftance, and the flattering addrefles prefented from ma-, ny perfons advancing the prerogative of the crown to the moft extrava- gant height. The reign of Charleys has been celebrated for wit and gallkntiy, but both were coarfe and indelicate. The court was the nurfery of vice, and the ftage exhibited fcenes of impurity. Some readers were found, who could admire Milton as well as Dryden, and never perhaps were the pwlpits of England fo well fupplied with preachers as in this reign. Our language was harmonized, refined, and rendered natural ; witnef^ the ftyle of their fermons ; and the days of Charles may be called tho Auguftan ap;e of mathepnatics and natural philofo^hjr. Chavlt§ loved ?s^ ENGLAND, ^nd underftood the arts, more than he encounged, or rewarded them, efpecially thofe of Engliih growth ; but this negleft pro- ceeded not from narrow-mindedn^fs, but indolence and want of reflec- tion. If the memory of Charles II. has been traduced for being the firft Englifh prince, who formed a Ixxly of ^landing forces, as guards to his perfon ; it ought to be .remembered, at the fame time, that he carried the art of diip-building to the higheft perfedion ; and that the royaf nayy of England, at this day, owes its ifineft improvements to his an4 his brother's knowledge of naval affairs and architedure. As to his reli- gion, James, foon after his death, publiflied to the world, that his bro- ther, notwithftanding his repeated profeffions of rcgai'd to the prottftaiit faith, was a papifl, and diea fucb ; of which there are no^ inconteftible proofs. ^ Alh the oppofition which, during the late rtign, had fhaken the throne, feems to have va4iifhed at the accelfion of James II. The pppular affec- tion towards him was increafed by the early declaration he made in favour of the church of England, which, during the late reign, had formally pronounced all refiflance to the reigning king to be unlawful. This doc- trine pfoved fatal to James, and almoll ruined protcftantifni. The army arid people fupported him in crufliing an ill-concerted rebellion of the duke pf Monmouth, who pretended tp be the lawful fon of Charles II. and ai fvTch ha4 aflumed the title of king. That duke's bead being cut off, July 15, 1685, and fome hundreds of his followers hanged, drawn, ami quartered, in the Weft of England, exhibiting a fcene of barbarity fcan ely ever known in this cduntry, by the inftrupientality' of JefFerie s and colonel Kirke. tames defperately refolved to try how far the practice of the church of England would agree with her doilrine of non-reiiftance. The experiment failed him. He ipade the moft provoking fleps to render po- pery the eftablifhed religion of his dominions. He pretended to a power of difpenfjng with the know^i laws ; he inflituted an iilegal ecclefiaftical court ; Jbe openly received and admitted into his privy -council the pope's em ilTarits, and gave them more refpeft than was due to t!^e minifters of a fovereign prince. JIc fent an embafly to Rome, and received a^t his court the pope's nuncio. The enci'pachments he made upon both the civil and religious liberties of his people, are almofl beyond defcription, and were difap- proved of by the pope hirpfelf, aqd all fobcr Roman catholics. His fend- ing to p;ifon, and profecuting for a libel, feven bifliops, for prefenting a petition againfl reading' his declaration for liberty of cOnfciencc, and their acquittal upon a legal trial, alarmed his beft proteftant friends. in this extremity, 'many great men in England and Scotland, though they wiihed well to James, applied for relief to Wil.Uam prince of 0- range, \n Holland, a prince oif great abilities, and the invetrate enemy of Lewis XIV. who then threatened Europe with chains. The prince of Orange was the nephew and fon-in-law of 'James, having married the pijhceis Mary, that king's el^eft daughter; and he at laft embarked with f^ fleet Qi 50: (ail for England, avowing it to be his defign to reftorethi: church and ftate to their due rights. Upon his arrival in England, he was joined not only by the Whigs, but by "many whom James had confi- dered as his beft frien^d^ } and even his daughter the princels Anne, ana her hulband George prince of Denmark, left him and joined the prince of Orange, when ioou difcpve?-ed that he expecfted the crowi^. J^*™^ might ftill have reigned j but he was lurroundcd with French ejniflai''e*» and ignorant Jefuits, who wished hinj not tg. lieigft ra^er thaa uot lettore '. ..... . . - pppery. ENGLAND. 359 popen'. They fecretlv perfuadcd him to fend his quern, and ion, real or pret-iided, then but (ix months old, to France, and to follow iheni iti jierfon, which he did : and thus, in 1688, ended his rtign in Kngland { which event in Englifli hiftory is termed the Revolution, This ihort reign affords little matter for the national progrefs in itstme interefts. James is allowed, on all hands, to have underftood them, and that, had it not been for hts popifli bigotry, and arbitrary principles, he uoiilci have been a moft excellent king of England. The writings of the Eng!ifli divines againft popery, in his rtign, are efteemed to be the moft niafterly pieces ot controverfy that ever were publifhed on that fubjeft. Had it not been for the baleful influence of the Jefuits over James, the prince of Orange might have found his views upon the crown fruftrated. The conduft ot James gave him advantages, which he could not other- wiftr have hoped for. Few were in the prince's fecret, and when a con- vention of the Hates was called, there feemcd reafon to believe, that had not James abdicated his throne, it would not have been filled by the prince and princefs of Orange. Even then it was not done without long debates. It is well known that king William's chief ohjeft was to humble the power of France, and his reign was fpent in an almoin uninterrupted courfe of hoflilities with that power, which were fupportcd by England, at an expence flie had never known before. The nation had grown cau- tious, through the experience of the two lafl reigns, and he gave his con- fcnt to the bill of rights^ by which the liberties of the people were con- firmed and fecured ; though the friends of liberty in general complained, that the bill of rights was veiy inadequate to what ought to have been in- fixed on, in a period fo favourable to the enlargements and fecurity of li- berty, as a crown beftowed by the free voice of the people. The two laft kings had made a very bad ufe of the whole national revenue, which was put into their hands, and which was found to be fufficient to raife and maintain a (landing army. The revenue was therefore now dWided, part was allotted for the current national fervice of the year, and was to be arcounted for to parliament; and part, which is fliil called the civil lirt: money, was given to the king, for the fupport of his houfe and dignity. It was the juft fenfe the people of England had of their civil and religious rights alone, th^t could provoke them to agree to the late Revo- lirtion; for they never in other refpen treaty v/ith France, by which that monarchy was to be divided betweei: the houfes of Bourbon and Auftria. This treaty was highly r^fented by th? parliament, and jfome of his miniftry were impeached for advifiug; it. It is thought that William faw his error when it was too late. His minifters were acquitted from their impeachment, and the death of king James difcovered the in- fmcerity pf the Freiul;^ court, which immediately proclaimed his fon king of Great Britain. This perfidy rendered William again popular in England. The two ]|ir)ufes paffed the bill of abjuration, and an pddrefs for a war with I*rance. The laft and moft glorious aft of William's reign was in pafling the bill for fettling the fucc^flion to the crown in the h.oufe of Hanover, on the 12th of June 1 70 1.. His death was hsflened by a fall he had from his horfe, foon after he had renewed the grand alliance againft France, on the ?th of March, 1702, the 5id year of his age, and the 14th of his reign in England. This prince was not made by nature for, popularity. Hi^ manners were cold and forbidding ; he feenied alfo fometimes almofl to, She died of th« finall-pox, Tec. a8, 16^4, ia the thirty-third year of her age. lofc ENGLAND. 361 lofe figl^<; of thofe principles of liberty, for the fupport of which he hnd been raifed to t!ie throne ; and though he owed his royalty to the whigs, yet he often favoured the Tories. The former had the mortification of fee- ing thofe who had afktd the moft inimical to their party, and the free principles of the ronftitution, as the marquis of Halifax, the earl of Danhv, and lord Nottingham, taken into favour and refumc their places ill the cabinet ; and the whole influence of government extended, to fi- knce all enquiries into the guilt of thofe who had been the chief inflru- iiienis in the cruel pcrfecntionsof the paft reign, and to the obtaining fnch an aft of indemnity as ^ffec'^ually fcreened every dtrlinquent from the jiift ictalialion of injured patriotifm. The refcur and prefci-vation of religion and public liberty were the chief glpry of William's reign ; for England under him fuffcred feverely both by fea and land, and the public debt, at the time of his death, amounted to the unheard-oif fum of 14,0:0,000. Anne, princefs of Denmark, by virtue of the aft of fcttlement, and be- inc; the next Proteflant heir to htr father James II. fucceeded king Wil- liam in the throne. As (lie had been ill treated by the late king, it was thought flic would have deviated from his meafures ; but the behaviour of the French in acknowledging the title of her brothei*, who has fince been well known by the name of the Pretender, left her no choice, and (he re* foived to fulfil all William's engagements with his allies, and to employ tlie earl of Marlborough, who had been imprifoned in the late reign on a fnfpicion of Jacobitifm, and whofe wife was her favourite, as her gene- ral. She could not have made a better choice of a general and ftatefman, for that earl excelled in both rapacities. No fooner was he placed at the head of the Englifh army abroad than his genius and activity gave a new turn to the war, and he became as much the favourite of the Dutch as his wife was of the queen. Charles II, of Spain, in confequence of the intrigues of France, and at the fame time relenting the partition treaty, to which his confent had not been afV.ed, left his whole dominions by will to Philip, duke of An* ion, grandfon of Lewis XIV. and Philip, was immediately proclaimed king of Spain, which laid ^he foundation of the family alliance that fHU I'ubfifls between France and that nation, Philip's rucceflion was difputed by the fecond fyn uf the emperor of Germany, who took upon himfeU tfie title of Charles III. and his caufe was favoured by the empire, Eng- land, Holland, and other powers, who joined in a confederacy againfl the houfe of Bourbon, now become more dangerous than ever by the ac-* quifition of the whole Spanifh dominions. The capital meafure of continuing the war againfl France being fixed, the queen found no great difficulty in forming her miniflry, who were for the moft part tories ; and the earl of Godolphin, who (though afterwards a leading whig) was thought all his life to hav? a predilection for the lato King James and his queen, M'as placed at the head of the ireafury. His ion had married the earl of Marlborough's eldefl daughter, and the earl could ti-uft no other with that important department. In the courfe of the war, feveral glorious viftories were obtained by the earl, who was foon made duke of Marlborough. Thofe of Blenheim and Kamillies gave the firft effectual checks to the French power. By that of Blenheim in 1 704, the empire of Germany was faved from immediate de-« l^ruftion. Tnough prince Eugene was that day joined in command with the duke, yet the glory of the day was confefTedly owing to the latter. The Fi ench general Tallard vas taKeo prifoner, and fcnt to England j and 20,0CQ 1 ^ 1 il i^l "£ll ii ■jPfji If w 1 m W\i "'f ■ i t,6i ENGLAND. 2o,oc.o Frf nrh urA Pnvarlatis wf rr killed, wmiriflfd, or Hrownrd in tlir H.i. ntilic, bflitlo ahuut 13,000 who were tak'-n, and a propoitioiKiblc numlicr pf c.innon, artillery, and trophies of war. AWoiir tlic faire time, the fcnplifli admiral, fir George Rookr. !ed^c^dGihl altar, which ftill rtniaiiis in our pofleflion. The batilc of Kamillics in 1706, was fought and guid- ed under the duke of Marlborough alone. The lofs of the enemy there, has been variously reported ; it is gent-rally fuppofcd to have been 8000 killed or woimdtd, and 6000 taken prifoners ; but the confcqucncc flicwed V»s importance. After the battle of Ramillies, the dates of Flanders afflnibled at Ghent, and rerogniftd Charles for their fovtieign, while the tonfederatcs to;)k jjofi". iTioii of Louvain, Biiiflels, Mechlin, Ghent, Oudenjirde, Biii;;es, ;mJ Antwerp ; and feveral other confidtrable places in Flanders and Eru. bant ackni)wledged the title of king Charles. The next great battle gpined iivtr the French was at Oiidenardc, 1 708, where they loft 3'-oc on the field, nnd about 700D were take priloners ; and the year after, September 11, 1709, the allies forced the French lines at Malplaquet, neat Moti-., utter a very bloody aftion, in which the French loft 1 (;,ooo men. Thus hr I have recoi:ntcd the flattering fiicccflVs of the Englilh, but they were attended with many potions of bitter alloy. The queen had feut a very fine army to affift Charles III. in Spain, un- der the command of lotd Galway ; but in 1707, after he had been joined bv the Portuguele, the Fnglifli were defeated in the plains of Almanza, chietiy through the cowardice of th^ir ajlies. Though fome advantages were obtained at fea, yet thativar in general was carried on to the detriment, ii not the difgraceof England, Prince George of Denmark, huiband to the queen, was then lord high admiral ; but he had trufted ;he affairs of that tioard to iniderjings, who were either corrupted or ignorant, and com- plaints conijiig from every quarter, with regard to that departirent, the iioufe of commons were put into very bad humour, nor did things feem to be much better managed alter the prince's death. The immenfe fums rnifed for the current lervice of the year being feverely felt, and but iji- differently i;ccounted for, it appeal ed that England had borne the chief bur- then of the war ; that neither the Auftrians, Germans, nor Dutch, had furnifhed their ftipuiated quotas, and that they tnifted to the Englifli par- liament for making them good. A noble defign, which had been planned at the court, and was to have been executed by the afliftance of the tleel of England, for rnking Toulon, at a vaft expence, mifcarried through the fi'lfilhnefs of the court of Vienna, whofe ( hief objeft of attention was their own war in Naples. At the fame time England felt fevcrly the fcarcity of haiid^ in carrying on her trade and manufcdlures, ThefV and many other internal difputes abotlt the prerogative, the fur- celTion, religion, and other public matters, had created great ferments in, the nation and parliament. The queen at firft ftuck clofe to the duke ot Marlboinjiirh and his friends, uho finding that the tories inclined to treat: with Fra*ue, put theml'elves at the hea^l of the ^higs, who were for con- tinuing the war, from which the duke and his dej)endents, according to their {Rations, received immenfe emoluments. The failures of the Ger- mans and Dutch could not however be longer difltmbled, and tljeperfonal intereft of the diichefs of Marlboiough, with the qyee^, feeg?" to be foaken by her own haughtinefs. As Lewis XIV. pinfeifed a rcadineft for peace, and fued earneflly for it, the whigs at lail gave way to a trtarv, and the conferences were heli ENGLAND. 363 fit Qeitruydenburg, 1710. They were managtd on rhe pnrt of Englind by the diiKe ot Mailboroiigh and the lord Townflicnd, and by the niui\ quis de Torcy r^y the Fienrli. It loon appeared that the French, if not the Englifli plcnipw''*ntiarics, were not in earned ; the Dutch were en- tirely guided by the duke of Marlborough. The French king was gra- dually brought tp comply vvith ail t!ie demands of the allies, exccptinj^ that of employing his own troops ao;ainft tiie duke of Anjou in Spain, where the fortunr of war r;oi riniicd iMIl doubtful. All his offrrs were rejtftfd by the dukt 't.d his af?».x;ii»te, as only dcHgned to amufe and divide the allies, and the war w^s continued. The unreafonable haughinefs of *hc Englifli plenipotentiaries at Gcr- truydenbuig (aj fome term it), and the then expedtd change of the nii» niftry in England, faved France, and affairs hr>m that nay took a turn in ics favour. Means were found to convince tlir queen, who was faithfully- attached to the church of England, that the war in the end, if continual, nnift prove ruinous tp her and her people, and that the whigs were no friends to the national religion. The general cry of the deluded people was, that " the church was in danger," which, though groun..lels, had great etFt:£ls. One Sacheverel, an ignorant, wortlikfs preacher, had tfpoufed this clamour in one of his fermons, with the riciiculous imprac- ticable doiftrines of paffive obedience and nor.-reiillance. It was, as it were, agreed by both parties to try tlieu* ftrength in this man's cafe. He was impeached by the commons, ?nd found <^u'lty by the lords, who ventured to pafs upon him only a very fmall ftnfure. \fter this trial, the queen's affeftions were entirely alienated from the durhefs of Marl- borough, and the whig adminiftration. Her hicnds loft their places, ^ihich were fupplied by tories, and even the command of the army wa« taken from the duke of Marlborough, in 1712, and given to the duke of Ormond, who produced orders for a cefTation of arms ; but they were dif- regarded by the queen's allies in the Britifh pay. And, indeed, the re- jtioval of the duke of Marlborough from the con^maiid of the army, while the war continued, was an a6t of the greatcft impruJenct-, and ex- cited the aftonilhment of all Europe, So numerouo had b n his fucreflcs, and fo great his reputation, that his vei-y name was aln.oft ^quivaknt to an array. But the honour and intereft of the nation ^ere facrificed to pri- vate court intriguer, managed by Mrs, Mafhsm, a relation of the duchefs of Marlborough, who had fupplanted her bene faftrtls, and by Mr. Harley, Conferences were opened !or peavc at Utrecht in Januai-y I7I2, to which the queen and the French kmg fent pL nipotentiaries, and the allies being defeated at Denain, they grew f. nfiMe that the} were no match loi* the French, now that they were abandoned by the Englifli. In lliort, the terms were agreed upon between France and England, The re and upon his father's death r«- paircd to Rome, where he continued for fome time, and afterwards rciiiicd at Flo- rence, under the title of count Albany, but died lately. Henry, his focond fon, who crjoys a dignified place in the church of Rome, and is known by the name of cardinal Yoiit. March 28th, 177a, Charles married Louifa Maximilienne, born S'.pt. aift, 1752, daughter of a prince of the family of Stolberg Grudcrn, in the circle or Uppei' Baxony, and grand- daughter, by the mother, of Thomas Lruce, late carl of Aylef- ^''- ^ - ,, lb, ENGLAND* 36^ the influence of ihe earl of Mar, and other diiefs, v.trc driven into re- bellion in 17 1 5» which was happily fupprefled in the beginning of the next year. Some deluded noblemen and gentlemen in the north of England joined a party of the Scotch rebels, but they were furronrvled at Prcfton, where they delivered up their arms, and their leaders wefe fent prifoners to London, where fome of them futfered. ] he tones and Jacobites how- ever i-aifed mobs and commotions at London, Oxford, and other parts of England ; but they were foon rupprefled, by maklag theW ringleadtrs ex- amples of juftice. Lord Oxford was imprifoned for three years; but the capital proferution of him by the whi^s. for the hand he had in the peace ef Utrecht, Was fecretly difapproved of by the king, and dropped. After all, the nation was in fuch a difpofition that the miniftry durft not veAture to call a new pailiament, snd the members of that which "U'as fitting, voted a continuance of their duration from three to fevcn years, which is thought to have been the greateft ftretch of parliamentary power ever known, and a very indefenliblc ftep. Several other extraordinary meafures took place about the fame time. Mr, Shippen, an excellent fpeaker, and member of parliament, was fent to the Tower for faying that the king's fpeech was calculated for the meridian of Hanover rather than of London; and one Matthews, a young journeyman printer, was hanged for compofing a filly pamphlet that in later times would not have been thought worthy of animadverfion. The truth is, the whig mrnifliy were excemvely jealous of every thing that feemed to affeft their mailer's title; and George L though a fagacious, moderate prince, undoubtedly rendered England too fub{e!^'ient to his continental connections, which were vari- ous and complicated. He quarrelled with the czar of Mufcovy about their German concerns ; and had not Charles XIL king of vSwedcn been killed fo critically as he was, Great Britain probably would have heea invaded by that northern conqueror, great preparations being made for that purpoic, he being incenfed at George, as elector of Hanover, for purchaiing Brcmca and Verden of the Danes, which had been a part of his dominions- ■ In 1718 he quarrelled with Spain on account of the quadruple al- liance, that had been formed by Great Britain, Fiance, Gennany, and the States-General ; and his admiral, (ir George Byn?;, by his orders, deftroyed the SpaniQi fleet near Syracufe. A trilling war with Spain then commenced, but it was foon ended, by the Spaniards delivering up Sardinia and Sicily, the former to the duke of Savoy, and the latter to the emperor. A national punifliment, different from plague, pcftilence, and famine, overtook England in the year 1720, by the fudden life of tiic South-bca ftock, one of the trading companies. This company was but of late ereftion, and was owing to a lirheme of carrying on an exchifive trade, and making a fettlement in the South-Seas, which had been formed in 1711. In 1720, the company obtained an a6l to increafc their capital ftock, by redeeming the public debts ; and was then invefted with the af- fiento of negroes, which had been llipulated between Great Britain and Spain. In fliort, it became fo favourite a company, that it role to 3 lol. for lool. before the bill had the royal alFent in April ; before the end of May, to 500; and by the twentieth of June their ftock rofe to 8qo per cent, and afterwards to lonol. but before the end of September it fell to 150, by which thoufands were involved in ruin. Though this might be owing to the ihconfiderate avarice of the fubfcribers, yet the public ima- iliicd that the xniniftry had contributed to the calamity ; fom? of the direc* tojs "■ m ■'■»B < V » if 366 fi 1^ G L A N r)i tors infinuated as if thj minlfters and their friends had been the r.liicf gainers. The latter, however, had the addrefs to ef:ape without cenfure, but the parliament pafTed a bill which confifcated the eftates of the direr- tors, with an r Jowance for their maintenance ; a pooi* reparation for the public injuries. The Jacobites thought tO avail themfelves Of the national difcontent iat the Soiith-Stra fcheme, and England's connections With the continent, M'hich every d?y incrtrafed. One Layer, a lawyer, was tried and exe- cuted for high treafon. Several perforis of great quality and diftinftion were apprehended on fufpicion, but the (torni fell chiefly oii Francis At- terbury, lord bifliop of Rorhefter, who was deprived of his fee, and feat in parliament, and baniflied for life. There was fome irregularity in the proceedings agaii^ft him, and therefore the juftice of the bilhop's fen- tence has been queflioned, though there is little or no rcaron to doubt there was fufficient proof of lis guilt. After the ferment of this plot had jiibfided, tiie miniftry, who were all in the iiitereft of Kanover, ventured tipon feveral bold niealures, in fome of which the national intereft, if not honour, was evidently facrificed to that electorate; The crown of Great Britain was engaged in every continental difpure, however remote ic was from her intereft ; and a difference ftill fubfifting betvveen the courts of Madrid and Vienna, it was agreed that it fhould be decided by a con- grefs to be held at Cambray, under the aufpices of France. This con- grefs proved abortive, and England was involved in frefti difficulties on Account of Hanover; So fluctuating was the ftate of Europe at this time, that in September 1725, a freih treaty was concluded at Hanover, be- tween the kings of d-reat Britain, France, and Pruflia, to counterbalance ari alliance that had been formed between the courts of Vienna and Ma- drid. A fquadron was fent to the Baltic, to hinder the Ruffians from at- tacking Sweden, another to the Mediterranean, and a third, under ad- hiiral Hofier, to the Weft Indies, to watch the Spanifli plate-fleets. Thi^ laft was a fatal as well as an inglorious expedition. The admiral and molt of his men periflied by epidemical difeafes, and the hiilks of his fliips rot- ted fo as to render them unfit for fervice. The rtlanagement of the Spa- niai'dfe was little better. They loft near 1 0,000 men in the fiege of Gibraltar, which they were obliged to raife. The king in his fpeech to the parliament, publicly accufed the emperor of a defign to place the pretender oil the throne of Great Britain ; but this was ftrenutfufly de- hied by baron Palme, the imperial artibaffkdor at London, who was there- fore ordered to leave the kingdom. A quarrel with the emperor was the moft dangerous to Hanover of any that could happen j but though an oppofition in the houfe of conimonJ was formed by fir William Wyndham arid Mr. Pulteney, the parlia- ment continued to be mdre and more lavifli in granting money, and fenormous fubfidies for the prbteCtion of Hanover to the kings of Den- mark and Sweden, and the landgrave of HelTe CalFel. Such was the ftatc of affairs in Europe, when George I. fuddenly died, on the nth of June 1727, at Ofnaburgh, in the fixty-eighth year of his age, and the thir- teenth of his reign. The reign of George L is remarkable for the incre- dible number of bubbles and cheating projeCts to which it gave rife, by which it was reckoned that almoft a million and an half A^^as won and loft; and for the great alteiation of the fyfttm of Europe, by the concern which the Ehglifli took in the affairs of the continent. The inftitution •f the finking fvind for diminilhirig the national debt, is likcwift owing to thf§ ENGLAND. * 3^7 tills period. The value of the northern parts of the kingdom began now to be better underdoud than formerly, and the ftate of manufaiftures be- gan to Ihift. This was chiefly owing to the unequal diftribution of the land-tax, whith rendered it difficult for the poor to fubfift in certain coun- ties, which had been forward in giving the true value of their eftates whei> that tax took place. Sir Robert Walpole w^3 ronfidered as firft minifter of England when George I. died ; and filme differences having happened betvvei n him andl the prince of WaieSi it was generally thought, upon the acccffion of the latter to the throne, that fir Robert would be difplaced. That might have been the cafe, could another perfon have been found equally capable, as he was, to mansige the houle of commons, and to gratrfy that predi - leftion for Hanover which George II. inherited from his father. Tv.'r> minifter ever underftood better the temper of the people of England, anct none, perhaps, ever tried it more. He filled all places of power, trufi, and profit, and almoft the hnufe of commons itfelf, with his own crea- tures ; but peace was his darling object, becaufe he thought that war mufi: be fatal to his power. During his long adminiftration he never loft a queftion that he was in earneft to cany. The excife fcheme was the firft meafure that gave a iliock to his power, and even that he could have car- ried, had he ndt been afraid of the fpirit of the people without door.?, which might have either produced an infurredlion, or endangered his in- tereft in the next general election. Having com promifed all difference** with Spain, he filled all tl>e courts of Europe with embaflies and nego- riations, artd the new parliament gratified Him with the means of per- forming his engagements. He continued and enlarged the fubfidies paic! to the German princes foi* the fecurity of Hanover, and had even the addrefs to obtain, from time to time, votes of credit for fulfilling his im- mediate engagements ; and in the mean while, to amufe the public, he fuffered inquiries into the ftate of the jails, and other matters that did not affeft his own powerj to proceed. His pacific fyflem brought him, however, into inconveniencies botli at' home and abroad. It encouraged the Spaniards to continue their depie- dations upon the Britifli fhipping in the American feas, and the French to' treat the Englifli court with infolence and negleft. At home, many o^ the great peeif-s thought themfelves flighted, and they inte:effed themfelve:* more than ever they had done in eleftiojis. This, together with the dii- guft of the people at the propofed excife fcheme, and paflirig the Gin A^^ in the year 1736, increaled the minority in the houfe of commons to 130^ feme of whom Were as able men and as good fpeakers as ever had fat in a parliament ; and taking advantage of the increafing complaints againft the Spaniards, they attacked the minifter with great ftrength of argument, and with great eloquence. In jiiftice to Walpole, it ftiould be obicrved, that he filled the courts of juftice with able and upright judges, nor was he ever known to attempt any perverfion of the known law of the kinguoni. He was fo far fi*om checking the freedom of debate, that he bore w ith tquanimity the moft fcurrilous debate that was thrown out to his fare. He gave way to one or two proftcutions for libels, in compliance to his friends, who thought themfelves afFefted by them ; but it is certain, that the prefs ot England never was more open or free than duiing his admi- ftiurttion. And as to his pacific fyftem, it undoubtedly more thnn repaid *o the nation all that was required to fupport ir, by the increafe of her Uadt, an4 th« improveniems of her manufailures, ' • .. ■ " VVithj •it 388 ENGLAND. With regard to the king's ov^n peffonal concern in public matten;, Wal pole was rather his minifter than his favourite ; and his majefty often hinted to him, as Walpole himfelf has been heard to acknowledge, that he was refponfible fot all meafures of government. The debates concern- ing the Spanifli depredations in the Weft Indie>j, and the proofs that were brought to fupport the complaints of the merchants, made at lad an imprellion even upon many of Walpole's fi'iends. The heads of the oppofltioii, in both houfes of parliament, accufed the minifter of havings by the treaty of Seville, and other negociations, introduced a branch of the houfe of Bourbon into Italy, and deprefled the houfe of Auftria, the ancient and natural ally of England. They expofed, with invincible foictt of eloquence and reafoning, the injuftice and difgrace as well as lofs arifing from the Spanifli depredations, and the neceffity of repelling force by force. Sir Robert" ftill adhered to his pacific fyftem, and concluded a fhamefiil and indefenfible compromife, under the title of a convention, with the court of Spain, which produced a war with that nation. Queen Caroline, confort to George II. had always been a firm friend to the minifter j but Ihe died November 20th, lypt when a variance fub- fiftcd between the king and his fon, the prince of Wales. The latter complained, that thrtfugh Walpole's influence he was deprived not on'y of the power but the pfovifion to which his birth entitled him ; and he put himfelf at the head of the oppofition with fo much firmnefs, that it was generally forefeen Walpole's jkJwer was drawing to a crifis* Ad- miral Vernon, who hated the minirter, was fent, in 17^9, with a fqua- dron or fix fliips to the Weft Indies, where he took and demoliflied Portd- Bello ; but, being a hot impracticable man, he mifcarried in his other attempts, efpecially that upon Carthagena, in which fome thoufands of Britifh lives were wantonly thrown away. The oppofition exulted in Ver- non's fuccefs, and afterwards imputed his mifcarriages to the minifter's ftarving the war, by withholding the means for carrying it on. The ge- neral eleftion approaching, fo prevalent was the intereft of the prince of Wales in England, and that of the duke of Argyle in Scotland, that a majority was returned to parliament who were no friends to tlic minifter, and after a few trying divifions, he retired from the hoUfe, on the 9th of February, 1742, was created earl ofOrford, and on the 1 ith refigned all his employments. George II. bore the lofs of his minifter with the afeateft equanimity, and even conferred titles of honour, and pofts of diftinftion, upon the heads of the oppofition. By this time, the death of the emperor Cliarles Vl. the danger of the pragmatic fandion, (which meant the fuccclFioh of his daughter to all the Auftriart dominions), through the ambition of France, who had filled all Germany with her armies, and many other concurrent dallies, induced George to take the leading part in a conti- nental war. He was encouraged to this by lord Carteret, afterwards earl of Granville, an able, but a headftrong minifter, whom George had made his fei:retary of ftate, and indeed by the voice of the nation in general. George accordingly put himfelf at the head of his army, fought and gained the battle of Dettiugenj June 16, 1743 ; and his not fuffering hiu general, the carl of Stair, to improv* the blow, was thought to proceed ^om tendernefs for his eleftoral dominions. This partiality created an univerfal flame in England ; and a clamour raifed againft His lordfhips ineafin cs was increalcJ by the duke of Newcaftie and his brother lord chuiivieilor Hurdwicke, the lord Harrington, and other ininifters, who re^* figoedi fe N G L A N ri. Z^>9 ri|;iicd or offered to refign their places, if lord Carteret fhould retain his influence in the cabinet. Hii majefty ^ya8 obliged to give way to what he thmight was the voice of his people, aiid he indulged them with accepting the fervices of fonie gentlemen who had never been conlidered as zealous friends to the houfe of Hanover, After various removals, Mr,.Pelhant was placed at the head of tlie Treafury, and appointed chancellor of the Exchequer, and confequently was confidered as lirft minifter ; or rather tlie power of the premierfhip was divided between him and his brother flic duke of Newcaftle. ^ , • Great Britain was then engaged iii a very cxpenfive war both againft the Frerich and Spaniards, and her enemies thought to avail thenrifelves of the general difcontent that had prevailed in England on account of Ha- nover^ and whiph, even in parliame'ntary debat{^^, were thought by fome ro exceed the bounds of decency. This naturally fuggefted to them the idea of applying tp, the Pretender, who refided at Rome ; and he agreed that His fon CharlesJ who was a fprightly young maq^ fliou Id repair to France, froni whence \\t m. fail, and rjarrowly efc^ped, with a few fol- lowers, iri a frigate, to the Weftern coafts of Scotland, between the iflands of Mull arid. Sky, where he difcovered himfelf, aflembled his followers, and publiflied a manifefto, exciting the nation to a rebellion. It it riecef- fary, before v/e relate the true cauTe of this enterprize, to ntake a fhort re- trolpeft to foreign parts. . ..; ; , ^ The war of 1741 proved unfortunate in the Weft Indies, tlirougii thfi fatal divilibns between adrnih?ii Vernon and general Wentworth, who corh- inandeH the land troops • jctid it Was thpught that above 20,000 Britifli foldiers and feamen periftjed in the impracticable attempt of Carthagenai andthe ittcletrieiicy.of the air and, climate, duriri^.Qther idle expeditions. The year % 742 had Ijeen fp^rit in negociations with the courts of Peterf- burgh and Berlin, whicFi, though exp^five, prQved. of Httle dr no fcr- vice to Grea:t Britain ; fd that the vi(floiy 6i Dettingeri left the French troops iri much the fame fitiiation as befdrel — A difference bet\^een ^ the admirals Matthews arid X^eftock had fuffered the Sp'anifli arid Frerich fleets to efcape out of Toulon with but little lofs : and fpon after, the French, who had befoire only afted as allies to the Spaniards, declared war againft Great; Britain, who, in hertdrn, declared war agaiiirf the French. The Dutch, the natural dlies of England^ during this war carried on i rfioft: lucrative trade ; rior could they be brought td acl.ag^iinft the French till the people eritirecj iritd. affoctations and infurre£tibns,agairift the govern- ment. Their marine was in a miferable conditioii, and when they at laft fent a body of Jroop to join I'ie Britilh ^nd Auftriart armies, which Had been wretchedly commanded for one or two campaigris, tliey didi it witH lb bad a gr^cc, that it \vas plain they did not nitend to a6f: iri earneft. When the duke of Cumberland took upori himfelf tb'e command of the fririy, the French^ to thV great repiroachjof the allies, were almort mal^er^ of the bSrner of the Netherjlarids, and \^er/& bcfiegirig Tournay., The liike attempted to r^ife the .flege, but by the coldnefs of the Auftriari's, the fowardice of the Ehitch, whole goveriimeht all along held a fecret cor- ^■efpondenice with France, arid m'ifconduft fomiwhere elfe. He loft the bat- tle of Fontenoy, and ^000 ot his beft men ; though it is generally al- lowed that His difpdfitions were excellent, and both he and his troops hei^ haved with Unexampled intrepidity. , To counterbalance fiich a train, of tnlsforiuries, admiral Anfon returned this year to England, with aii ira- 'tienft treaf^it^ (aVeut i itillHon ftefling,) which he h»d tsiReii fronrt the B H SparilM-Ji' fit Hi I'. ill ■ 1 i^i ^1 3 n ' ! "i' ' P 57^ ENGLAND. l! f\ ' Spniiiarcls in his voyage round the world ; and commodore Warren, witl' colonel Peppcrcl, took from the Fituch the important town and lortrjlj of Loiiiflnirgh, in the ifhnd of Cape Breton. Surh was the ftate of affairs abroad in Augiift, 174c, when the Pie-- tend'.^r's eldeft fo.n, at tltc !)ead of fome Highland folloutr.^^, furprik-d and difanned a f»artv of the king's troops in the Wellern Highlands, aad Hdvanced with great rapidity to Perth. I fliall only add, to what hath oeen fuid of the progrefs and fnppreliion of this rebellion, that it fprcail too jT'.eat ;m al;;rm throu!';h England. The government never fo tlio- o\;gt'dy experiearcd, -as it did at that time, the benefit of the public debt fo; the fuppnrt of the Revolution. The French and the Jaiobite party ;_for fuc'h thej-e was at that time in England,) had laid a deep fcheuie of diftrefTing the Bank; but conuiion danger abolllUed all diftin(^tions, and united them in the defence of one inteiell, which was private proj)erty. The merchants undertook, in their addrefs to the king, to fupport it by receiving bank notes in paynient. This feafonable meafure fuved public credit : l>ut the defeat of the rebels by the duke of Cumberland, at Ciil- Joden, in the year 1-4^, did not rtftore tranquillity to Europe. Though the prince of Orai\ge, fon-in-law to his majefty George It. was, by the credit of his nwjelh', and the fpirit of the. people of the Ignited Proviurcs, raifed to be their iladrholdei, the Dutch could never be brought to act heartily in the war. The allies were defeated at Val, near IMaeftricht, rnd the duke of Cumberland was in danger of being made prifoaei-. Ber- gen-op-zoom was taken in a manner that has never yet been accounted for. The allies fuffered other difgraces en the continent ^ and itiiow became the general opinion in England, that peace was necjsfTary, to fave the d\ike and his army from total dellrui^lon. By this- time, however, -the French marine and commerce were in danger of biding annihilated by the Englilh at lea, under the command of the admirals Anfon, Warrien, Ijlawke, and other gallant officers ; but the Englifn ai-ms were not fo fuccefsful as could have been wiflied, under rear-admiral Bofcawen, in the Eail Indies. In this ftate of affah's, the fuccefi'es of the French. and Englifli,. during the war, may be faid to have been balanced, and both miniliries turned their thoughts to peace. The queftion is not yet decided which party had greateff reafon to dehre it ; the French axad Spaniards far tlie inimeJife Icires they had fuftained by fea, or the allies lor );he|dirgrates they had i'ulfered by land. However this might be, preliminaries frtr peace .were figned-in April 174S, and a definitive treaty was concluded at Aix-la*Chap,eIle in Octo- ber ; the bafis of which was the reftitution pn botK fides of all places taken during the war. The number of prizes taken by the Englrfli in this war, from its commencement to the figning the preliminaries ot peace, was 3434 ; namely, 1249 from the Spaniards, and 21 i! 5 from the French ; and that they loft, during the war, 32 ;8 j j.^fto ^emg taken by the Spaniards, and 1878 by the French. Several of the fliips taker, from the Spaniards were immenfely rich ; fo that the bp!a;\{.r upon the whole amounted to almoft two millions in favour of the tnglifli. Such is the grofs calculation on both fides ; but the confequences plainly proved that the iofles of the French and Spaniards mull have been much greater. The vaft fortunes made by private perfons in England all of a ludden, fufficiently Ihewed that immenfe funis had not been brought to the public account ; but the greateft proof was, that next year the interell of the natioual debt was reduced from four to three and a half per cent, for •"^ fevea £ N G L A> N Di 3^^ fVvcn yc.us, alter which the whole was to Hand reduced to three per This was the boldcft ftroke of financing that ever \vas attempted per- Inps in ''iny covintry, «;onriftcntly wirh public faith ; for t!ie cre<*itors oT the government, after a fuiall ineiTei':liial opjx>niion, continued their nio- nev in the funds, and a fevV who fold oUt, even made interefi to liave it replaced oi\ the fame ferurity, or were paid oflf their pi'incipal fums out of the fuiking fund. This was an ;era of improvements ; Mr. Pcl.'ir.m's candour and re^litude of adminiftration le?.vin:^' him few or no enerhii?s in parliament, he omitted no opportunity of carrying into execution evt-iy fchcme for the improvement of commerce, manufafturcs, and the fflierie'i'i the benefits of which were felt during the fucrecding \Va^, and are to this (lay. Every intelligent pc^rfoa, however, confidered the ["cctce of Ai.\-la- Chapeiie a.s iiO better than an armed ceiVatioh of hoftilicies. The French tniployed themfelves in recruiting" and repairii\g their inaiiae, and had liid a deep fcheme for poni'fling therafelves of the Britifli back fettlements in America, and for cutting off all communication between the Ehglifh lad the native Indians ; in which cafe our colonies milft have been re- duced to a narrow Hip on the coaft, without the means of getting any fabliilence b»it from the mother c^ountry. Fortunately fiM- Great Biitail^!^ tli'.'y difclc.it'd tlieir intention, by catering upon hoftilities btfdre they Kad pcmer to ftipport them. •-- ■ - In the mean while, a new tfenty of rommeroe was fignecl.at Mndrid^ between Great Britairi and I^paiii, by which, in eonnderation of lo \o-cl. the Soi;th-Sea comDan\- cr-ve up all their future claims to the aflfiento con- tract, by virtue of which that company had fupplied th.e Spanifh Wedr Indies with negroe^. In Maz'ch, 1750, died, univerfally lamented, his royal highnefs Frederic prince of Wldes. In May, I'^'^U a» a<^ pafleci lor regulating the co;nmencement of the year, by which the old flylt: was abolilhod and the new Ihle e(^-.iblifh;d, to the vaft conveniency of the fubjefts. This Was done by linking eleven davs in September, 1752, and from that time bec^inning the year on the flrf^ of January. In •J' 55* the famous act palled for preventing clandeftine marriages ; but whether it is for the beneiit of the fubje^^t, is a' point that is ill 11 very quell ionablip belonging to the Englifli army cu" navy to lie idle. The French having attacked the eU«ftorate ot ftanover with a moft powefful army, merely becauic his Britannic majefty refufed to wink at ihcir encroachments in America, the Englifh prrliamer.t, in gratitude, voted large fupplips of men and money in defence of the cleftoral domi- nions. The duke of Cumbt ; land had been fent thither to command an armv of obfervation, but was fo powerfully prefled by a fuperior army, that he found himfelf obliged to lay 'iown liis arms ; and the French, unt iler the dijke of Richlicu, took pofTrlfion of that tle(f^ornte and its capi-r tal. At this tlrfie, a fcarcitv, next to .1 famine, raged in England; and the Hefllan troops, who, with the Hanoverians, had been fei\t to defend the kingdom from an invafion intended from the French, remained ftill in England. So many ditVtculties concurring, in 1758 a treaty of mutual tie.ence was agreed to between his majefty and the king of Pruflia : in fonfequence of which, the parliament voted 670,000!. to his Pruflian ma- iefty : and alfo voted large funis, amounting in the whole to two millions a year, for the payment of 50,000 of the troops of Hanover, Hefle-Laifel, Saxe-Gotha, Wolfenbuttel, and liuckeburg. This treaty, which proved i\ftewards fo burdenfome to England, was intended to unite the proteftant iatereft in Germany. Geovge II. with the confent 0/ his Pruflian majefty, declaring that the I'rench had violated the convention concluded between them and the duke of Cumberland at Clofterfeven, ordered his Hanoveriati fubjefts to re- fume their arm? under prince Ferdinand of Brunfwick, a Pruflian general, who inftai^tly drove the Frencl) out of Hanover ; and the duke of Marl- borough, after the Englifli had repeatedly infuited the French coaft by deftroying their ftores an I fliippiiig at St. Maloes and Cherburg, marched into Germany, and joined prince Ferdinand with i «,ooo Britifli troops, which were aftervvards ir\creafed to 2^,000. A war eufued, in the courfe of which the Engiifl^ every where performed wonders, and were every- where viftoriou§, but nothing decifive follo\yed, and the enemy opened every campaign with advantage. Even the battle of Minden, th.e moft glorious perhaps in the fin^lilU annals, in which about 7000 Englifli de- feated 80,000 of the French regular troops in fair battle, contrihutetl no- thing to tl\f coAclufion of the ^yar, or towards weakening the French in Germany. The Engl^ih'faiOre the expei^ces. cf the war with chearfulnefs, and ap- plauded Mr. Pitt's adminiftration, becaufe their glorious fucceflts in every other part of the globe demonftij-ated that he was in earneft. Admiral Bofcavven and general Amheril, in Auguft 1758, reduced and demoliflieci Louiiburgh, in North America, which had been, reftored to the French by the treaty of Aix-^i-ChapeU^?, an^ was become the fcourge of the Britim trade, an4 too^L five or fix f'rench fliips of the lin? ; Frontenac and Fort da Quefiie^ in the fanpie quarter, fell alfo^ into the hands of the Englifli : acquifitions that far overbalance a r.hecl^ which the EngUfl\ received at Ticonderago, and the lofs of above 300 of the EngliiJx guards, as they >';re return^iig under general 9)igh from the coaft of Franc?* . ..., ' ■' l^bj •' ; ■ ' ■ ■* The I'M-. I ^;'!'i;^,.i 'it ; I S74 E N G * I. A N D. The Fni^lifli nfTiii-s in the Faft Indies this yrnr provcil equally forUN mtt' ; and tlic hnls ot tlic acimirnlty rcrfiv<(l letters fiom thence-, uiili Hii ;u''Oi)nt th t ai.{mital I'ococki' had t'n;';a;',rd the Frciw h fli et near loir .St. Davi I's on the zcjth of Mairh, in \vhir!i cngnj^emi-nt a I''rfnrh man of war ra,llc'l the Biei\ Ainu', of -^ ^ K""'^» ^''*'' ^*' nnich damngrd that t!icy inn her on fliore. The Krem h had 6 c men killed and woinuled on tiiis or afion, and rhr Fn^Jifli only t() kilKd, and K') wonndcd. 'I'h.it on tlit; tliird of Atigiift following];, h.* nv.ag.'d the Fronrh Hert a ferom^ tiin- near 1?(>n(lic!i« iry ; Avlirn, alter a hrin< firin;; of ten minntcs the French lore rtw'v with all the f.dl fhi-y c<}iilcl ni ,ki', and «;or f.ife into the road of l'o:i- didu-.ry. The IjIs cf th.' Frrnrh in this cngagrinent was ;4/i killed and woundc 1, and tl> t of the J-'.njililh only L^jkilltd and woiault'd. Aud tliat on the i.ith of D;'('l. Tliiee eaniral expcdilioir, had htei planned for this year in A!t'ie;ie:i, :\m\ all of tiicui proved lur. cif-ful. One of them was ag.4inft the Irencii itVuuls in t!ie Wed Indies, M'lierc Gnadaloupf was reilueed. 'J"he (e.-otul expedition was againll Qiu- her, th capital of Canada. 'Fhe command was )j;iven, by tl^.e nnni- n.er's adviee, to wne.ial Wolfe, a yi-unn; otliecr of a ttnilv military w- nius. Wolfe was oppoicd with far hiperior force liy JNJontcalm, the btft a^d mofr fncccisfnl ger.eral the French had. Th(>m;bi the fituation of the founti y wliieli W oli-e was to atta^ k, and i\\? vorks the French threw up to pitwiit a defcent of t'le iMiidilli, were diemed impregnable, vet IMoiir- ralni nev;.r relaxed in b.is vi^nlanee. Wolfe's eoin\agc and perfeveraiice, liowever, Tnrmov.ntini^ incredible dilFi.iilries,, he g lined the liciglir-, of Abraham, ntarQuiebec, where he fought and defeated the Trench arn-y, but was hiniftlf killed, as was Montcalm ; general INIonckton, who \ns next in command, being wounded, the completion of the Fr^-neh defeat, and the glory of reducing Qiicbcc, was referved lor brigaclier-gener.il i^i\ow lurd vifcount) Townlhend. General AmherfV, who was the fiiH: F^igliflt general on command in America, Ct>ndu(^.Hl the third expedition. Mis otcleis were to leduceall Canada, and to join the army under general Wolfe on the banks of the river St. Lawrence. It is to the honour of tie minilfer, Mr. Amiieitt in this ("xpedition was fo well provided with every thing that could ni;;ke ir fucccfsfiil, that tht-r^ fcarccly ajijieared any cl^nce /or its mifarri'^c; and thus the Frtnch en.pire in North America became iulvjeet to Gnat ijritdin. Tin- fFxirs of the French being noxy defperate, and their credit niinfd, thev refolved upon an attenipt to retrieve ail by an invafron of (rnat Britain; but, on the ^tb of Auguf^, 175'), admiral Bofcawen atta ked the 'Toulon Iqnadron, commandvxl by M. de la Clue, near the Straits ol Gibraltar, took Le Centaiire of 74, Le Temeraire of 74, and Le Mo- delt of 74 guns ; and burnt L' O.ean of 80, and Le Redoubtable of 7^ guns. The reft of the fleet, confifting of feven fliips of the line, aiKl fcvec frigites, ixnade their cfcape in the night j and on November 20, fir * " • • A Edwar4 i». K N G I. A N i 375 F Uvnrd Hawkf clcfcntrd the Brcfl Heet, commnndttl h ndrrninl C iflans, olf the iflniul nf Diiinet, in the R;)y of liifray. ' lie i'orni ihe, a IVt'nch niai) of war of So j.^uns, w.is taken ; the llur-eof 74, ^\^\ rhe Siiprrbc of 70 guns, were funk ; and tho Soh'il Royal of Ho, ruid the Htrosof 74 n;uns were burnt, and afterwards the Jnf^c of 70 perifhed in tlic moiitli or the T oire. Seven or cii^ht French men of war of the J'.'u got up th(^ fiver Villaine, bv thiowing thi ir ^uns ovcrbo:u-d ; and the rcit of the fleet, confifting of five fliips ot tfie line, and three fri^Mtcs, efca- ped in the night. I he Engiifli lofl on this orrafion, the I',fll'x of 64, and t'lc Kffohuion of 74 guns, which i?.n aliiore in the chafe, Atcer this en- j{tgcnicnt, the French gave over all thoughts of their intended invalioji of (treat Hritain. Iti Feiiruary 1760, captiin Thurnt, a French marine adventurer, who had, with three floops of war alarmed the coaft of Scotland, and aifVual- ly made a dcfcent at Carrickft-rgus in Ireland, was, on his return from thence, nut, defentrd, and killed by captain Klliot, the conniiodore of three fliips, ir.fiL'rior ill force to the Frenchman's fquadron. Kvery day's gazette added to th • accounts of the fiicccHes of the Rnglirtt, and the ut« ur ruin of the French finances, which that government did not hlufli pub- lic Iv to avow. Jn fhorl, Gro it Britain now reiinicd as fole mi lefs of the iiviin, and fiicceeded iii everv meafure that had fieen projected for- her owu f'.lety and advantage. The war in Gernianv, however, continued ftill as undecifive as it wa* cxpeiifive, and many in Kngland began to confiiler it now as foreign to tiie internal intertfls of Great i^iritain. The French again and again lluwed (iifpofitions for treating, and the charges of the war, which began now to anrmunt to little lefs than eighteen millions Uerling yearly, inclined the Britifh minii'ry to liftt-n to their propofa Is. A negociation was according- ly entered upon, which proved abortive, as did many other projedts for arrommodation ; but on the 25th of Ortober 1760, George 11. died fiuldcnly (from a rupture in the right ventricle of the heart,) full of years and glory, in the 77th year of his age, and 7^th of his reign, and was fucceeded by his grand-fon, now George III. cidelt fon to tlie late f.ri'ice of Wal? s. The memory of George II. is reprchenfihle on no head hut his pre«ii- leftion for his tlcrtornl dominion*. He rnnld never feparate an idea that there w.is any difference betwten tliem and hisicgal dominions; and he was fomctimts ill enough advifcd to dedare io much in his fpeeches to piilianieiit. Wc are, howevrr, to reme/nber, that his people gratified him in tbis partiality, and that he never arti-d by power or pierogative. He was juft rather than generous ; and in matters of a-conomv, either in his ftate or his houffhoUl, he was willing to connive at abufes, if they had the fan(?>ion of law and cullom. By this me;ns, thofe mifmanage- inents about his court were multiplied to an enormous degree, and luuier-clerks in olHoes amafled fortunes ten times greater than their legal fabrics or perquifites could raifc. He wa'; not very accefTalile to converfa- tiou, and therefore it was no wonder that having left Germany after he l of the Spatiifli inonnrchy were (truck ^t, by the reduction of ^Iif Ilavunnah, the ikronceft and moii important fort which his catholic niajt'fty held in the Weft Indies, after a ficge of two month? and eight days. The capture of the Herjpione, a large SpaHilh regifter fliip, bound iroin Lima to Cadiz, the cargo of which was valued at a million flerling, nrtccded tne birth of the prince of Wales, and the treafure pafled in tri- umph through Weftminftsr to the Ban][f, the very hour he >vas born. The lofs of the Havannah, with the fliips and treafurcs there taken from the Spaniards, was fuccfcded by the reduftion of Manilla and the Philippine illaiuls in the iiaft Iptiics, under general Draper and admiral Cornifh, with the capture of the Trinidad, reckoned wor^ three millions of dollars. To counteray, the king of France, and the king of Spain, was concluded at Paris, and acceded to by the king Pjf Portygal ; March i o, the ratifications were exchanged at Paris. The 2d, the peace was folemnly proclaimed at Weft- minfter and London ; and the treaty having on the 1 8th of April been laid before the parliament, it nipt the apprc bation of the majority of both houfcs. By this treaty, the extfehfive province of Canada, with tlie iflands of Newfoundland, Cape Bretop, and St. John, were confirmed to Great Britain ; alfb the two Fldridas, containing the whole of the continent of Nordi America, on this fide the MilTiifippi, (except the to\y.n of New Orleans, with ^ fmall diftrift round it), was fur rendered to us by France apd Spain, in confideratibn of reftoring to, Spain the ifland of Cuba ; and to France the iflands of Martinico, Guadaloupe, Mariegalante, and Defirade ; and ia confideration of our granting to the French the two fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, on the coaft of Newfoundland ; and quitting pur preteafiop^ to the neutr^ iflaj^d of St. Lucia, thev ' . ' ■ ■-•■■': ■■ ' . V • ' yielded fr J |r,J r> fill % 378 ENGLAND. yielded to us the Iflands of Grenada and the Grenadillas, and quitted their prctenfions to the neutral iflands of St. Vinoent, Dominica, and Toba?o. In Africa #e retaii.ed the fettlement of Senegal, by which we ncarjy en- groffed the whole gum trade of that country ; but v/e returned Goree, n miall illand of little value. The article that relates to the Eaft Indies, was dilated by the directors of the Englilh company ; which reltores to the French all the places they had at the beginning of the war, on condition that they ihall maintain neither forts nor forces in the province of Eciu-al. And the city of Manilla was reftored to the Spaniards ; but they coiifinn- ed to us the liberty of cutting logwood in the Bay of Honduras in America. In Europe, likewife, the French reftored to us the ifland of Minorca, and wc reftored to them the ifland of Bellcifle. In Germany, after fix years Ipent in marches and countermarches, numerous flciimiflies and bloody battles, Great Britain acquired much military fame, but at tlie cx- pence of thirty millions fterling ! As to the objecft of that war, it was agreed tliat a mutual reftitution and oblivion (liould take place, and each party fit down at the end of the war in the fame fituaticn iti which fhev began it. And peace .was reftored between Portugal and Spain, both (ides to be upon the fame footing as before the war. The war to which a period was now put, was the mcfi: brillianf-, -'nd diftinguifhed with the ninfl glorious events in the Britifti iMinaf.^. No na- tional prejudices nor parf.y difputes then exifted. The lame tiujy K: •Oh fpirit by which the minifier was animated, fired the brealt of the foidicr and feamsn. The nation had then arrival at a pitch of wealth iinknowa . to former ages ; and the m.onied man, pleafed with the afpect of the times, confiding in the abilities of the mijiifler, and courage of the people, cheer, fully opened his purfe. The incredible fums of ib\ ig, and 22 millions, railed by a few citizens of London, upon a fhort notice, for the fervice of the years 1759, 1760, and 17^11, was no !efs albnifliing to Europe, than the fuccefs which attended the Bi'itifli fleet and armies in every (juar- |er of the globe. But the peace, though it received the fam'lipn of a m?jorify of both houfes of parliament, v/as far from giving univerfal fatisfacbon to the peo- ple. The manner in whiph it was begun, and the precipitation with V'hich it was cpncluded, were condemned. The terms alfn w^ere cenfurcd jby many a.s extremely inadequate to what might jufily have been exppft- fd from the numerous vicftories and advantages which had heencbtined Ijgainft the enemy. And from this period various caules contrilutjd to pccafioh a great fpirit of difcontent to prevail throughout the nation. On the ;cth of April, , 7^3, three of the King's mefTengcrs entt^red the houfe of John Wilkes, efq. member of parliament for ,\Ytoil)ury, and feized his perfon, by virtue of a warrant from the fccretarv of flafe, which dire£ied them to feize ' the author-?, printers, and publilhers, of a ftdi- tious and trcafonable paper, intitled the North BiitOn, No. 45.' The papers ji^'.iblillied under this title, feverely arraigned the conduft of the ad- miniftration, and reprcfeuted the earl of Bute as the favourite of the king, snd the perfon from whom meafures of government of a very pernicious tendency originated. The 45th number cQntained ftri(5lures on the king's fpeech. ' Mr. Wilkes was fufpecled to be the author, but his name was not mentioned in the warrant by which he was apprehended. He obje<^le<.i to being taken into cuftody by fuch a warrant, alleging that it was illegal. However he was forcibly carried before the fecretaries of Hate for examina-' tJQn, and they committed him clofe prifdncr to th? Towei'j his papers be. ^ * ing ) . ENGLAND. 379 inff .iiro feized. He was Hkewlfe deprived of his commifTion as colonel of the Buckinghamdiire militia. A writ of habeas corpus being procured by liis friends, he was brought up to the court of Common Pleas, ai«l the mat- ter being there argued, he was ordered to be difcharged. This affair made a ^reat noife ; people of all ranks intertfted thcmldves in it, and Wcft- miiiller-hall refounded with acclamations when he was fet at liberty. An information, however, was filed againfl him in the court of King's Bench, at his majefty's fuit, •c;s author of the North Bi icon, N-' 41;. On the firft ncdion with thofe w\\o are a^'^ually repieftnt^d ; and th.it tlierefore the atte/npt to tax the colonies in the Britilh parliament wa» op- piciftve and unronuitiUional. On the otlur hand, it was eoutended, that the colonics, wlio had been protev.'^cd by Great Britain, oh;;ht in icaloii and juftiec to cantribn^ toward^ the e-'cpt^ice of tho inother-coiiiurv. ** Tlitfc childv*?n of onr own planting," faid Mr. George Grenville, fpi-ak ing of the Amerieans, " nourilhcd I)y our indidgence, until they are^^rown to agood d^f^recof llreaj^th and opulence, and protcrted by oin* arms, will they j^rudge to contribute thi^ir mite to relieve usfiomthe heavy load of national expence, which we lie under f' When the fjamp-art, printod by royal authority, reached the rolo- liic9, it watj treated with every mark of indignation and contempt. Jt was publickly Uurnt in feveral places, together with the etiigies of thofe who were J'upjx)fcd to be the molt a^ive in brin;4ing k about. It was not the (oni- j«on people only, but pcrfons of all ranks, who engp^ged in oppofition to jhisaft: and in particular, the provincial alll-mblics took a very active part againft it. The aHembly of Virginia rcfolved, " That thr genci-al af- Itmbly of that of colony, together with his roajedy, or his fubllitute, have, in their reprcfentative capacity, the only Gxclufivc right and jjpwer to j.r. ;axcs and impofitions upon the iuhabll:iuts of that colony ; and that tvciv attempt to veil hich a power in any pcrfon or perfons whatfoevtr, otlici than the general allemljly aibrefaid, is illegal, unconreitutional, and uii- juft, and has a manifoll tendency to dtiftroy Britifh as well as America:. freedom." Similar refolvts were alfo made in othe*- colonies. The tcncral dilcontent which prevailed in America being known iiv, England, feveral mailers of Ihips lefufed to take any ftamps on board for the colonies ; and it Iboy appeared, that theii- precaution was well foiuKl- eil : for iiich as ventured to, take them, had abur^dant reafon to repent it, on their arrival at their <,lf»^jned ports ; where, to fave their vedcls from lire, they were forced to deliver their cargoes ^f ftamped paper into the hands of the enraged multitude, to be treated in the fame ignominious manner in which the a6l had been treated ; and other vedeis wtrc obliged ^o take Ihelter under fuch of ti\e king's fhips as Ijappened to be at hand to. protti*^ them. Many perfon> who came frci^j, lingland with coi-ur.iilioii,^ t,o aSt as diftributors of the flamps, were alio coinpelled publickly to re- ryounce having any concern in them. Several other afts of violence were likewife committed, with a vie'»v of preyeyting the operations of the llamj)- ac"l ; and aflbciations were alfo fornT^d in tifie. different colonies, whereby the people bound themlelvcs nof to iuij)ort,or purchafe any Britifli mannlac- tures, till that ai^ (lioulj be trpcaltd. The inhabitant* of, the ditfereuf colonies alfo cftabliflied committees from every coJoay ta coricfpond with, «\4cli other, concerning the general affairs of the whole, and even appoint- ed (U'puties from theje committt.es to meet in Congri-ss at New York. '1 hey alUnihlcd together in that city, in Oi%bct.i765 ;. and this was the Hrl^ congrefs luritlop the American conjinerit. 'J'hefc comippt^ns in Anierica occa'joned fo great an alarm in England, thi.t the king thought proper to diftuit.^ his mmil^ers. The marquis of Koikinghum was a^ppoiiucd 0.i\ loivl of th^. tiealuvy i ^id fome of his fe N G- L A N t). 3S1 I'iriilliiiys friends fucceedid to the va-'ant places. h\ March lyS^^, an a6l vas palled for repealing the American llamp-a<^. This was countenanced aiul fiipported by the new miniftry ; and Mr. Pitt, though not connerted with them, yet fpoke with great force in favour of the repeal. He faid of the late miniftiy, that *' every capital nieafure they had taken was en- tirely wrong." He contended, that the parliament of Great Britain had no right to tax the colonics. " For the commons of America, reprefented ill their feveral ailcmblies, have ever been in poiTcflion of the exeicifc of tluir ronftitntional right, of giving and granting their own money. They would have been llives if they had not enjoyed it. At the fame tinif# this kingdom, as the fupreme governing and legillative power, has al- ways bound the colonics by her laws, by her regulations, and reilri^tions in trade, in navigation, in rtianufafturts — in eveiy thing except that of taking their nioney out of their pockets without their conlent." He allrt aitcrttd, that the plofits td Great Britain from the trade of the colonics^ through all its blanches, was two millions a year. At the time that the ftanip a6l was repealed, an aft was alfd paffcd for fecuring the dependence of the American colonies on Great Britain: But this does not appear theii to have given much umbrage to thecolonifts^ 'cgarding it as a hrutum fulmen^ or a pope's bull ; and the repeal of the Aan:p-aa occafioncd great rejoicings both in America and Great Britain; Jt would have been happy for the mot her country, if no new' laws and regulations had afterwards taken place, which were ralciilated again to ertii broil Great Britain and the colonies. But fome attempts or this kinfi# which were vehemently oppofed by the colonies, at length brought on 4 civil war of the raoft ruinous and fatal nature. The marquis of Rockingham and his friends continued in adminiftfa- lion but a fliort time ; though during their coritinuahce in power levera) public meafures wel*e adopted, tending to relieve the burthens of the peo- ple, and to the fecurity of their lib6rties. But on the 3cth of July, 1766J the duke of Grafton was appointed firft lord of the treasury, in the rooni of the marquis of Kdckingham ; the earl of Shelburne fecretary of ilate^ in the room of the duke of Richmond ; Charles Townfliend, chancellor of the exchequer ; and Mr. Pitt, now created earl of Chatham, was appointed lord privy-iVal ; but that eminent flatefman's acceptance, of a peerage, as it removed hiai from the houfe of commons, greatly lellened his weight and influence. Indeed, this political arrangement v»ra* not of any long continuance, arid fundry changes followed^ Mr. Charlep Townftiend, who was a gentleman of great abilities and eloquence, made for fome time a conliderable figure both ifl the cabinet and in parliament ; but, on his death, the place of chancellor of the Exchequer was fuppHed by Ibrd North, who afterwards became firfl lord of the treafury, and ofer». tained a great afcendancy in the adminiftration. In the year 1768, Mr. Wilkes, tvho had for a confiderable time re- uded in France, came over to England, and again became an objeft of public attention. The limits of our work will not permit us tu enter intb all the particularji rcfpedlng the prolccution of this gentleman, and the fubfequCnt tfanlat^ions concerning him: for thefe we rtiuft reftr to our tjuarto edition. It is well known, that verdifts were found ag'^inft hini ♦)iv account of tlie North Briton, and fdr the indecent poerii, '*■ KHay oft WomiVn." That he fuffercd a long iitiprifonment of tw6 years,^ and paid two fines of i;ool. each. That he difphyed greit abili'tits during hi^ BontQfti with the minillrr, and was cbofen member Aw the county df ^liddlefcx. irf: 582 ENGLAND* Micldlolex, on the afitli of IMarch, 176R. Tie was alfo again expflleJ, for being the author of fome prelatorv remarks on a letter which he puh- lifljtd, written by one of the fecretarits of ll:.tc to the chairman of the t^iiartcr-fefhons at Lambeth, in which the fccietary had recommcncied to the mag ill rates, previous to tlic unhappy aO'.iir of St. Georjijc's Ficldi-', their calhng in the alhllanre of the military, rnd employing them iffc^tou!!)^ if there Ihould be occafion. In the vote for his cxpulfion, his former of- fences, for wiiich he was now futfcring the impi-ifonment, were compliratcd with this charge ; and a new writ was ordered to be iflued for the tlci^ion of a member for the county of Middlefex. The rigour with which Mr. Wilkes was profecutedj only incrtafcd hi» popularity, which was alfo much augmented by the fpirit and firmnefs which on every occafion he dilplayed. Before his expulfion, he had bcoa chofen an alderman of London : and on the 16th of Febru iry, 1769, he was re -electtd at Brentford, member for the county of Middleftx, witli- out oppolition. T'lie return having been m.ade to the houfe, it was re- folved, that Mr. Wilkes having been expelled that fellion, was incapable of being elected a member of that parliament. The late election there- fore was declared void, and a new \i'rit iltued for another. He wai once more unanimoufly re-ekdted by the freeholders, and the eleftion was again declared void liy the houie of commons. After this, a new election being ordered, colonel Luttrel, in order to recommend himfelf to the court, vacated the feat which he already had in pailiament, by the ac- ceptance of a nominal place, and declared himfelf a candidate for the county of Middlefex. Though the whole weight of court interefl was thrown into the fcale in this gentleman's favour, yet a majority of near four to one appeared againft him on the day of elet5lion; the nuhibers for Wilkes being 1143, and for Luttrel only 296. Nutwithftanding this, two days after the eledion, it was relblved in the houfe of coanuons, that Mr. Liit- tnel ought to ,ha\e been returned a knight of the fliire for the county of Middlefex : and the deputy-clerk of the crown was ordered to amend the return, by erafing the name of Mr. Wilkes, and inferting that of colonel Luttrel in its place. The latter accordingly took his feat in pailiament; but this was thought fo grofs a violation of the rights of the elet^tors, that it excited a very general dili^ontent, and loud complaints were made againft it in every put of the kingdom. ,,,' . ,. \. _,., Petitions, couched in very rtiong terms, were prefented to the thr6ne, from different places, complaining of this and other national grievancts. The county of Middlefex, as the moft immediately affc^led, took the lead on this (Kcaiion, and prefented a petition, in which they complained, *' that their legal and free choice of a rcprefentative had been repeatedly rejefted, and the right of elec'iio.i finally taken from, them, by the unpre- cedented fcating of a candidate who was never chofen by the county. They alfo faid, that ♦' inftead of the ancient and legal civil police, the ml-' litary were introduced at every opportunity, unneceffarily and unlawfully ; that the civil magiftrate was rendered contemptible, by the appointment of impioper and incapable perfons; and that the civil magilhatcs, bcin^ tampered with by adminiftration, negleded and refufcd to difchargt then duty." Thefe petitioners likewife addrelTed his majefty in the following terms s " With great grief and forrow, we have long beheld the endea- vours of certain evil*minded perfons, who attempted to infufe into youi' royal mind, notions and opinions of the mofl dangerous and pernu jous tendency, and who promote and counfel fuch niealur^s as cannot fail to ENGLAND. 3^.1 ilcfiiov tliHt harmony and coDlidcnce, wliicli flioiiLl ever fubuft between a iiift iiiul viitvious prince, and a Ave and loyal people." Varioui other [}m- tinilars were toiiipluined ot in this j)ttition ; and [ntitions of a jiniilar na- ture were prcicnted from the livery of London, the t.ltctors of Wtllniin- ikr, from lever. d other cities and borou^'.hs, and about fevcntcen countits, TirIc petitions were i'aid to l.'e fitnied by upwards of Occoo eU^^ors. — Some of the petitions were, indeed, principally confined to the violateil right of elt(.^ions, but others were moie did'ufe ; and Yoikfliire, Wtftmin- flei, anil fonie others, prayed in exprefs terms for a dilfolution of parlia- ment, under the idea of beinjr venal and corrupt. Alter the term of Mr. Wilkes's impi ifbnment was expired, in the year 1771, he was chofen one of the flierilVs fur London and Middlefex ; and was afterwards again chofen member foi- the county of Widdlefex in the fiibfequent parliament, and permitted quietly to tr^ke his feat there ; in the year 1775, he executed the offiee of lord mayor of the city of l,ondon ; and hatli fince been ele£led to the lucrative ollice of chamberlain of that city. In the year 178^,, after the change of lord North's adminiftration, at Mr. Wilkes's motion, all the declarations;, orders, and refolutions of the hoiife of commons refpefting his eleifiion for the county of Middlefex, were ordered to be expunged from the Journal, of that houfe, '* as being fubvirfive of the rights of the whole body of eledors of this kingdom.'* And It ihould be remembered, that in confequence ci' his maniy.and fpi- rited conteib with the government, general warrants were declared to be illegal, and an end was put to fuch wairants, and to the unlawiul feizure of an Englilliman's papers by flate meflengers. While thefe affairs were trsniafting in England, and the objects of ge- neral attention, ,)ther occurrences happened relative to America, which were of the moft ferious nature, and which produced confequences highly injurious and ruinous to the interefts of Great Britain. AUtv the repeal of the llamp a^, which was received with great joy in America, all things became quiet there: but unhappily new attempts v.'ire made to tax them in the Britifti parliament, though, befides the ex- perience of the ill fuccefs of the ftamp-a6l, governor Pownall, a gentle- man well acquainted with the difpoUtion of the colonics, faid in the houfe of commons, in 176 , " It is a fVl which this houfe ought to be ap* prized of in all its extent, thr.t the people of America, univerfally, unit- e.ily, and unalterably, are refblved not to fubmit to any internal tax im- poied upon them by any legiflarure," in which they iiave not a.fliare by re- prtfentarives of their own eleclion." He added, " this claim muft not be iindLniood as though it were only the pretences of party-leaders and de- matrogiies; as though it were only the vifions of fpeeulative tnthitfialls ; as though it were the mere ebullition of j faftion which muft fubfuie ; as though it were only temporal or paitial~it is the cool, deliberate, principled maxim of every man of bulinefs in the country." The event verified the juftice of' thcfe obfervations: yet the fam6 year, an a6\: ^*'as palled, laying certain duties on paper, glafs, tea, &c. imported into America, to be paid by the colonies for the pnrpofe of railing a revenue to the government. About two years alter it was thought proper to re- peal thefe duties, excepting that on tea : but as it was not the a'ncjint of the duties, but the ri^hf of the parliament of Great Britain to impofe taKCi in America, whith was the fubjetft (^f difpute, the repealing the otaer duties anfwered no purpofe, while that on tea remained ; which ac- cordingly bccaj^^e a frelli lubj« ifhd the reft put into dariip warehoufes, ii'hefe it perifhedi ' . ^ Thefe proceedings in America excited fd niiich indignation in the go- vernment of England, that on the 31ft of March, 1774, an a&. was pall- ed for removing the cuftom-houfe officefs from the town of Bofton, and fliutting up the port. Another a£l was foon after pafTed, " for better re- gulating the government in the province of MalTachufett's ^ay." The de- iign of this act was to alter the conftitution of that ptovince as it flood upon the charter of king William ; to take the w'hole executive power out ot the hands 6f the people, and to veft the nomination of the counfcllors, judge;^, and magiftrates of all kinds, including fhetifFs, in the crown, and in fome cafes in the king's governor^ and all to be retfioveable at the plea- fure of the crown. Another aft Was alfo paffed, which was coilfldered as highly injurious, cniel, and unconftitution^l^ empowering thi gnverrfor of Maflach\ifett's Bay to fbnd perfdlis accufeO of crimes there, to be tried in England for fuch offences. Some time after, an afii: Was UkevJife pafTed ^' for making more effeftual provifion for the government of theproviiKt t«f Quebec," which excited a great aldrm both irt Eriglsfrfd and America. fe I* G L A i^ D, 85 %' this A(f^, a leglflative council was to tc efhblifhed for all the affairs of tile province of Quebec, except taxation, which council was to be appointed by the crown, the office to be held during pleafure ; and his majefty's Ca- nadian Roman Catholic fubje6ts were entitled to a place in it. The French laws, and a trial without jmy> were alfo eftabliflied in civil cafes, and the Englirti laws, with a trial by jury, in criminal; and the Popifli clergy were invcfle(l with a legal right to their tithes from all who wtre of their own religion. No airembly of the people, as in other Britifli colonies, waa appointed, it being faid in the a6l, that it was then inexpedient ; but the Ung was to ereft fuch courts of Criminal, civil, and erclefiaftical jurif- iii(^ion, as he fliould think proper. The boundaries of the province of Qiicbec were likewife extended by the aiH:, thoufands of miles at the back of tlie other colonies, whereby, it was laid, a government little better than dffpotic was eftabliflied throughout an exteniive Country. As to theclaufes rtfpcrting the popifli clergy in Canada, it was admitted, that it would have been unjuft to have prefecuted them, or to have deprived them of the exercife of their religion ; but it was maintained, that it could not be ne- ccflary that poptry fliould have fuch a legal eftablifliment given it by a. Britifa government, as that their pricflis Tnould have the lame right to claim their ecclefiaftical revenues, as the clergy of the eftabliflied church in England. It was alfo thought extremely injurious to the Britifli fettlers in Canada, that when that province had been conquered by Kritifli aims, they Ihould be compelled to fubmit to French laws, and be deprived of thole privileges which they would have enjoyed in other parts of his ma* jelly's dominions. The meafures of government refpefting America had fo univerfally ex- afperated the colonifts, that proviii»-ial or toWn meetings were held in every pari of the continent, wherein they avo\Ved their intentions of oppofing^ in the moft vigorous manner, the meafures of adminiftraticn. Agiee- n:ents were entered into in the different colonics, whereby the fubfcribers bound themfelves in the moft folemn manner, and in the preff.nce of God- to fufpend all comitiercial intercourfe with Great Britain, from the laft day of the month of Augiift, 1774, until the Bofton-port bill, and the other late obnoxious laws, were I'epealed, and the colorty of Mairachufet's Bay fully reftored to its chartered rights. Other trnnfaftions fucceet^.sd; and the flame continued to increafe and extend in America, tilf at length twelve of the colonies, including thAt whole extent of country which ftretches from jMova Scotia to Georgia, had appointed deputies to attend a General Congrcfs, Which was to be held at I'hiladelphia, and opened the 5th of September, 17 "4. They met accordingly, and the number of ddegates amounted to fifty-nne; who reprefented the feveral Englilh co- lonies of New Hampfliire (• dele ates), Malliichulet's Bay (()♦ Rhode Ifl^nd and Providence plantations (i), iConnenicut ( <), New York (7), New jerfy (4), f'eni\fylVania (7), the lower counties on Delaware (;), Maryland (j), Virginia (7), North Carolina (:), and South Carolina (5 delegates) ; Georgia afterwards acceded to the confederacy, and fent de- puties to the Congrefs. They entered into an afl!ociation, in which they bound themfelves and their conftitueiits, not to import into Pritilh America, fi-oni Great Britain, or Ireland, any goods, wares or merchandifc xvhatloever, from the iftday of December following ; nor to import any Eafl India tea from any part of the world ; nor to export any merchandife or rom- tuodity whatfoever to Great Britain, Ireland, or the Weft Indie?, fidm the loth of September, 1 775, unlelsthe aft for flopping the port and blocking up the harbour of Boftoii, that for altering the charter and government of the C c provincfc 3^6 ENGLAND. ■vcre impofed on any coinmodities imported into America, and foiiie other afts, which they en\mierattd, weie repealed. They avowed tlieir allet;!- anre to his majcily, and tlieir atFe'tion and regard for their fcilow-fubji (^ ill Great Biitain, but alTerted the neceflity of their adopting fuch nie.-Jurcs • as were calculated to retain a rcdrcfs of thofe grievances which they la. boured under?; and which, thev faid, '* threatened deftruftion to the lives, liberty, and property of the inhabitants of the colonic-." They alfo drew up a petition to the king, in which they enumerated their feveral grievances, and folicited his niajefty to grant them peace, li- berty, and fafety. They likewife publiihed an addrefs to the people of Great Britain, another to the colonies in g^eneral and another to the inha- bitants of the province of Quebec. The congrefs broke up on the 2; th of Oolober, having refolvcd that another cpngrefs fliould be held in the fame place, on the icth of IMay following, unlefs the grievances of which they complained fliould be redrefleil before that time ; and they recommended to all the colonies to choofe deputiesfts foon as poflible, for that purpofe. Shortly after thefe events, iome meafures were propofed in the parlia- rnent of Great Britain, for putting a flop to the commotions which un- happily fubfifled in* America. The cari of Chatham, who had been long in an infirm flatc of health, appeared in the houfe of lords, and expieHld in the ilrongefl terms his difapprobation of the whole fyflem of American meafures. He alfo made a motion, for immediately recalling the troops from Boflon. He reprefented this as a meafure which fliould be inftant y adopted ; urging, that an hour then lofl, in allaying the ferment in Ame- rica, might produce years of calamity. He alledged that the prefent fitua- tion of the troops rendered them and the Americans continually liable to events which would cut off the pollibility of a reconciliation ; but that this conciliatory meafure would be well-timed ; and, as a mark of atfeftion and good-will on our fide, would remove all jealouiy and apprehenlion 0:1 the other, and infbntaneoufly produce the happiefl efFefts to both. His Joidfliip's motion was rejefted by a large majority, 68 againfli 8 ; as wa' alfo a bill «'hich he brought in foon alter for fettling the American troubles, by (i\ to 32. The methods propofed in the houfe of commons for pro- moting an accommodation, met with a limilar fate. The number of his majefly's troops were ordered to he augmented ; and an aft was parted for reftraining the commerce of the New England colonies, and to prohibit their fifliery on the Banjcs of Newfoundland. A motion was indeed af- terwards made in the houfe of commons, by lord North, firft lord of the treafury, for fufpending the exercife of the right of taxation in America, claimed by the Britifh parliament, in fuch of the colonies as fhould, in their general afTemblies, raife fuch contributions as were approved of by the king in parliament. This motion was carried, and afterwards com- nuinicated to fome of the provincial affemblies : but it was rejefted by Ihem as delufive and unfatisfaftory, and only calculated to difunite them. The petition from the congrefs to the king was ordered by his majefly to be laid before the parliament : whereupon Dr. Franklin, and two other American agents, lolicited to be heard at the bar of the houfe of commons on behalf of the colonies, in fupport of that petition ; but their applica- tion was rejefted j it being faid, that the American cori,'i;refs was no legal afiVmbly, and that therefore no petition could be received from it by the parliament with propriety. in the mean time, the inhabitants of the American colonies began to pre- pare for all events ; and accordingly they trained andexercifcd their mih- J»- "J'^n-n^mwrnimim^P' ENGLAND. S^7 tia with great induflry; and when advice was received of a proclrtmntioii which was ifllied in England to prevent the exportation of arms and am- munition to America, meafures were rmmecliatel-y adopted to lemedy the defeft. And to render themfelves as independent a^ polfihle of foreigners^ for the fupply of thofe articles, mills were ere<^ed, and mannfartories formed, both in Philadelphia and Virginia, for the makini^ of gun-pow- der ; and encouragement was givui in all the colonies, for th6 fabrication of arms of every kind. It was on the iQth of April, 177^, that the firft blood was drawn irt this unhappy civil war, at Lexington and Concdrd in New England. This was orcafioned by general Gage fending a body of troops to deftroy fome military llores that were at Concord. They fucceeded in their defign, but were extremely harralTcd, and forced to a quiik retreat ; 65 of them were killed, 170 wounded, and abont 20 made prifoners. The Americans were computed not to have loft more than 60, including killed and wounded. Immediately after, numerous bodies of the American militia mvefted the town of Bofton, in which general Gage and his troops were. In nil the colonies they prepared for war v/ith the utmoft difpatch ; and a flop was almoil every where put to the exportation of provifions. The continental foiigrefs met at Philadelphia on the loth of May 1775, ^^ ptopofcd, and fooii adopted furh meafures as confirmed t!ie people in their relolutions ta oppofe the Britifti government to the utmoft. Among their firft adls, were refolutions for the raifing of an army, and the eftablifliment of a large pa- per currency for its pnymtnt. They alFunied the appellation of " Tho United Colonies of Aaierica," who were fecurities for realizing the nomi- nal value of this currency. They alfo ftriftly prohibited the fupplying of the Britifli fifheries with any kinds of provifions ; and to render this or- der the more effeftual, ftopt all exportation to thofe colonies, iflands, and places, which ftill retained their obedience. In the mean time, a body of provincial adventurers, amounting to about 240 men, furprifed the garrifons of Ticonderago and Crown Point. Thefe fortrefles were taken without the lofs of a man on either fide : and the provincials found in the forts a confiderable number of pieceK of can- uon, befides mortars, and fundry kinds of military fii^rts. Hovi'eveT, tlic force of Great Britain in America was now augmented, by the arrival at Bofton from England of the generals Howe, Buigoyne, and Clinton, with confiderable reinforcements. But the continental congrefs werfe fo little intimidated at this, that they voted, a few days after, that the compat^V between the crown and the people of Maflachufet's Bay was diflblvtd, by the violation of the charter of William and Mary ; and therefore recom- mended to the people of that province, to proceed to the eftablifliment of a new government, by elefting a governor, alliftants, and houfe of aflem- bly, according to the powers contained in their original charter. Our limits Avill not permit us here to relate, as 111 the quarto edition, all th particulars of this fatal war. We can only mention fome of the mpfr in.p rtant tranfaftions. On the 17th of June,' 1775, a blt^dy adiou took place at Bunker's-hill, near Cofton, in wliicb the king's tcbAp's had the ad- vantage, but with the lofs of 226 killed, and more than 8co wounded,, including many officers. But after this at'lion, the Americans immediatel)» threw up works upon another hill, oppofite to it,'on their fide of Charles- Town neck ; fo that the troops were as clofely invefted in that peninfula as wey had been in Bofton. About this time the congrefs appointed George Waflijngtou, efq. a gentleman of large fortune in Virginia, of great mi- litary talents, and who had acquired confiderable eixperience ia the Com- C c 3 mand 5«« r. N G T- A N 1). hi4rtd of irifliiriU bodies of provincials diiriiij* the laft war, to b He took upwards of 900 of them prifoners, with whom he repaffed the river; .having alfo taken three llandardy, fix pieces of brafs cannon, and near one thoufand fiand of arms. Immediately after this furprife 01 the Hefliians, and depnfitingtheni in fafety, Washington recioflcd the river to refume his former port atTien- ton. The Britifli troops coIle(?ted in force to attack him, and only waited for the morning to execute it ; liit the Americans, by a happy ftroke of generalfliip, defeated the plan. W'afliington, to difguife his retieat in the jiiv;ht, ordered a line of fires in front of his camp, as an indication of their gomg to reft, and to conceal what was a(5ling behind them. Then h6 rnoved completely from the ground with his baggage and artillery, and by a circuitous march of eighteen miles, reached Prince-town early, in the niorning, carried the Britifli poft at that place, and fet off with near 300 prifoners on his return to the Delaware, juft as the Britifli troops at Tren- ton were under arms and proceeding to attack him, fuppofing him in hi» former pofition. By thefe two events, accompliflied with but a fmall jporce, the Americans deranged all the plans of the Britifh general ; ma^^e ^11 draw his troops to a clofer compais, to piote6t his magazines at Bnmf- ' ^ ^'ick^ ENGLAND. 391 wick ; and by the efforts of their general, thpy clofed the campaign M'ith aclvaiit,ige, which but' a few clays before had threatened the country with deilrudbon. The Amepicans had alfo fitted out a great number of pri- vateers, which took many prizes; and on the other hand, not a few ot the Amerttan veflels fell into the hands of theEnglifli, but they were generally much lc(s valuable. in the month of September 1777, two aiftions of fome importance hap- pened between the armies of general Howe and general Wafliington, in both of which the formes had the advantage ; and fbon after, the city of Philauelphia furrendtred to the king's troops. But an expedition, tl»t had for fome time been concerted, of invading the northern colonies by way of Canada, proved extremely unfuccefsiul. Thf command of this expedition had been given to lieutennnt-general Burgoyne, a very expe- rienced officer. He fet out from Quebec with an army of near io,oco intri, and an extraordiiwry fine train ot artillery, and was joined by a con- fulerable bcnly of the Imlians. For fome time he drove the Americans be- fore him, and made himfelf mafter of Ticonderago ; but at length he encountered fuch difficrtlties, and was fo vigoroufly oppofed by the Air.erii ans under Gates and Arnold, tnat after two fevere anions, in which great numbers fell, general Burgoyne and his army of 5,600 men were obliged to lay down their arms, October 1-, 17:^7 ; they were, however, permitted to march out of their camp with all the honours of war, and were to he allowed to return to Europe, upon condition of their not feiv^ ing again during the prefent war. In one of the anions previous to this convention, brigadier-general Frazer, a very gallant officer, was killed ; and at the time of their furrender, the Britifli army was exceedingly re- duced in numbers ; and their flock of provifions was not more than fuffi- rient for three days fubliftence ; whilfl, on the other hand, the Americaa aimy had been rendered very numerous, in confequence of being joined by large bodies of the militia, who were exafperated at fome late ciiielties committed by the Indians in the fervice of Great Britain. The conven- tion was not afterwards adhered to on the part of the Americans; but it was alledged in their behalf, that their condurt was juflified by fome cif- cumftances in the behaviour of general Burgoyne, and that he had not himftlf, in every refpetft, conformed to the articles of it. About the fame time, fir Henry Clinton and gf^neral Vaughan made a fucctfbful expedition againfl the Americans up the North River ; they made themfelves mafters of feveral forts ; but the Americans complained, that in this expedition, ^nd fome others, the Britifli troops had wantonly fet fire to houfts and towns, particularly Efopus, and carried on the war in a manner not ufual among civijized nations. Thefe devaftations greatly increafed the iRferfion of the Ai\>ericans to the Britifli government, which had already taken a deep root. General Howe foon after returned to Eng- land, and the cpmmand of the Britifli army in America devolved upon ge- neral Clinton ; but it was now found neceflary to evacuate Philadelphia ; and accordingly Clinton retreated with the army to New York, in Juiie 1778. The Bntifli troops were attacked on their march by the Americans, but the retreat was fo ablv conduced, or the American general Lee be- haved fo ill, that their ids did not amount to 300 killed and wounded. • During part of this unhappy war between Great Britain and the colo- nies, the latter received confi'derable fupplies of arms and ammunition from France ; and the French court feems to have thought this a favour- able opportunity i«r Wening the power of Great Britain. Some French < ^--iK C c 4 officers B'- • t| spa ENGL. A. N D. officers alfo entered into t\Tie American femce ; and on thje 6tli of Fcl»- vuary, i77><, a treaty of alliance was concluded at Paris, between the French king and the Thirteen United Colonies ; and in this tieaty it was decU«red, that the eflential and dire»5l end of it was »' to maintain eiTcAu- ally the liberty, fovereignty, and independence, abfolut' and unlimited^ ot' fhe United States of North America, as well in matters of government ns of commerce." The parliament and people of Great Britain now began to be in general alarmed at the fiual tendency of the American war: and in June, 1778, ' the earl of Carlifle, William Eden, and George Jobnftone, efois. arrived at Philadelphia, as commiliioners from hii majeftv, to fettle the difputes between the mother-country and the colonies, 'they were invefled with t'crtain powers for this piirpofe by arates ^ they engaged for abput three hours ; but the a6lion was not decifive, no fhip being taken gn either fide, and the French fleet at length retreated into the harbour ot Brcfl. Of the Englifli 13^ were killed in theaftion, and 373 wounded; ynd die lois of the French is fiippofed to have been very great. After the <;a<;!.gemenr, tli^ie was much murmuring throughout the Englifli fleet, I'lccaufe a decilive vii^torv had not bem obtained over tho French ; at lalt the bl^me was thrown upon {\v Hugh PaUifer, vice-admical of the blue, \vho was charged in a newfpaper with mifcQndu(ft, and difobedience of or- ders. Though no regular accufiition was brought agajinft him, he re- quired of admiral Keppel publicly to vindirate his CQiiduiV from the un- favourable repori3 that were propagated againft him.. This the admiral declined, w!.ich gave rife to fome altercation between thpm ; and fir Hugh I'allifer after vv^rqs thought proper to exhibit to &b,e hoard of admiralty (of which he was himfelf a member) articles, of ^ccufation againft ad- miral Keppel, thoygh, for many months after the action, he had continu- ed to :\ft under him, and profeuod the greut«ft relped to him. A mode of condvicfl fo, extraordinary, was very generally and feverely c^afured, but the lords of the admiralty ordered ^ court-martial tQ. be held tor the trial of adnjiral K.tp|>el, Soon after, a memorial w;\s prcfepted to the king by the duke of Bpltv-ii, figaed by twelve admirals, among whom was K>rd Hai'ke, rtmonrtraiiiig ao^aiull the injufiice of holding a couit'Uiai tiai on admiral ,■ ' .' Keppelx 'jvt; E N Q i. A N D. 393 Kcppcl, upon the accufat'^on of an inferior officer, " after forty years of mtritorious fervice, and a vjvriety of aftions in which he had exerted eminent courage and conduit, by which the honour and power of thi« nation, and the glory of the Britifh flag, had been maintained and in- crcafed in various parts of the world." When the court-martial was held, admiral Keppel was acquitted in the moft honourabk manner ; anraltar, which v;as defended by the garrifon with great vigour. The naval force of Spaip was alfo, added ta that of France, now become extremely for- midable, and their combined fleets feemed for a time to ride almofl; tri- umphant in the Britifti Channel. So great were their armaments, that the nation was luider no inconflderable apprehenfions of an invafion ; hut they did nqt venture to make an experiment of that kind, and after parading for fome time in the Channel, thought proper to retire to their own ports without effecting any tiling. On th? 8th of January 1780, fir George Brydges Rodney, who had a large fleet under, his command, capturtd feven Spanifti fliips and veffels of war belonging to the royal company of Cara»xas, with a number of trading veflels under their' convoy J and in a few days after, the fame admiral engaged near Cape St, ViuceEij, a Spixifl) fleet,' cqnfjftmg of elf vei^, lUips gi the Unf, and two frigates, i I' t .^94 ENGL A . N D. frigates, under Don Juan t!e Lnngara. Eoiir of the largpft Spanifh fiiips were taken, and carried into Gibraltar, and two others driven on (liore, one of which was afterwards recovered by the Engjilh. A Spanifli 70 gun fliip, with 600 men, was alfo blown up in the aJe\v York to refit, and left the French mafters of the navigation of the Chefapeak. Prefently the moft etfecftuaJ meafures were adopted by ge- fieral Wafliington for furrounding lord C'^rnwallis's army ; and on the laft of September it was clofely inverted in \ork Town, and at Glouce-* fter on the oppofite fide of the river, with a condderable body of troop* on one fide, and a large naval force on the other. The trenches were opened in the nisiht between the 6th and 7th of Odober, with a larwe traih of artillery. The works which had been raifed by the inVilh-funk under the weight of -the «a«mies batteries ; -ihe troops were . inuclii ENGLAND. 4?t mnrli diminiflied by the fv\'ord aiul ficknefs, and worn down by conftant watthing and fatigue, and all hope ot relief failinc;, the icth of Oi^ober lord Cornwallis funvndered himfelf and his whole army by capitulation to t^ennral Wafliington, as prifoners of war f. Fifteen hnndred feameli \iiultr\vent the fate of the garrifon, but thcfe, with the Gnadaloupe fri- i^ate of 24 guns, and a number of traiifports, were afligntd to M. de GrafTc, as a return for the French naval power and afiift.incc. Such was the ifliie of the Virginia war. The c\pture of this array under lord Cornwallis, was too heavy a blow to be loon or eafily reco- vixci ; it threw a gloom over the whole court and cabinet at home, and put a total period to the hopes of thofe who had fluttered themfl Ives with the fuhjugation of the coIomIls by arms. The iurnndcr of this fe- roiid Britifli jrmy may be confidercd as the doling fcene of the conti- nental war in America ; for the immeni'e expimce of carrving it on, fo cliftint from the feat of preparations and power; the great accumulation of puhlic debt it had brought upon the nation ; the plentiful effufion of huinriH blood it had occafioned ; the diminution of trade, and the vaft iacroafe of taxes — thefe were evils of fuch a magnitude, arifing from tliis ever to be lamented contefl, as could fcarcely be ovtrlooked even by tiie moil infenfible and ftupid. Accordingly, on the ift of March, 17^2, after repeated ftrugglcs in the houfe of commons, the houfc addiefTcd tiiL- king, requeuing him to put a flop to any further profecution of fo olfenfive a war againft the American colonies. This was a moft impor- tint event ; it rendered a change of mea(ures and of councils abfblutely ii'.ceflaiy, and dilfufed univeilal joy throughout the kingdom. Tho(e country gentlemen who had generally voted with tiie ininillry, faw the dangers to which the nation was expofed in an expenfive war with France, .Spain, and Holland, without .a fingle ally, and feeling the preifure of tha public burdens, they at length deferted the ftandnrd of adminiftra- tio5, aqd a complete revolution in the cabinet was efrci'led, March zjthf^ ijjt,'- under the aufpices of the marquis of Rockingham, who was ap- pwjftrTfirll lord of the Treafury. The tirfl: bulinefs of the new miniftry, was the taking meafures for efffftuating a general peace. Mr. Grenville was invtfted with full powei-s to treat at Paris with all the parlies at war, and was alfo dirtcfted to propol'e the independency of the 'ihirteen United Provinces of Anie- lica in the firft inflance, inftead of making it a condition <:{ a general treaty. The commanders in chief in America were alfo direftecl to ac*. ov.xim the congrefs with the pacific views of the Britilh court, and with. t!ic offer to acknowledge the mdependenrv of the United States. Poace every day became more defn^able to the nation. A feries of.« lofl's agitated the minds of the people, January ;th, I'di, the French took Nevis. On the -th of February, the- idand of Minor a funendtred to the Spaniards; and on the • nh of the fame month, the ifland ot St, Chriftopher's was given uj> to the French. The v.ilu.ble ifland of Ja- ir^ica would foon probably have flrarcd the fame fate, had not tht Eri- tilh fleet, under admiral Rodnty, fallen in with that of the French under the count de GrafTe, in their 'way to join the Spanifli fleet at St. Do- mingo. Thf van of the French was too far advanced "-o flipport the centre, and a fignal vidcory was obtained over them. The French ad- t The Amcrkaa r«tar« mude.tbe nwnber ©f prifonerj 7*47 laod and marine. > .0 d mii'^l. 402 ENGLAND. niiral in the Villc de Paris, of i lo guns (a prefent from tlie city of I'mw to the Fremh kinf^) was taktn, with two fevcnty- fours and one of (^ guns; a 74. g\ni fliip blew up by accident foon after flic was in our pof fe!fion, and another 74 funk during the engagement. A few davs alur, two nioie of the fame fleet, of 6^ guns each, were captured. Ry rhi; virtory of the 12th (f Apiil, the defign againft Jamaiia was fruftrattd, and admiral Rodney's reputation and iiittreft were greatly promoted. The new miniftry, for his condurt at St. Eulfatia, and dittVrtn( es with fome of his captains, and with the merchants and planters, had fuper- fcdcd him, and intended to have profecuteci the enquiry into tiie trarj- ai^ions at Euflatia ; but this viv^ory filenced all, and procured him the dignity of an Englifli peer. No other advantages followed ; not one of the illands taken from us by the French, was attempted to be re- covered, notwithflanding the great naval fuperiority ; and unhappih, the Ville de Paris, and mofl of the other French fliips taken by admiral Rodney, were loft at fea before they could reach England, belidcs two of our own flnps of the line. May Sth, the Bahama iflands furrcndcrcd to t)ie Spaniards; but tlic credit of the Britifli arms was well fuftnined at Gibraltar, under geiitral Elliot the governor, and theii- formidable attack on the icth of Septem- ber, with iioating batteries of 213 brafs cannon, &c. inlliips from 1 jco to 600 tons burthen, ended in dif-ipjiointniciii, and the (ieiiiuetion of all the flvips and moft of the allailants in then). The gaii ifon was le- lieved by lord Howe, in the month of Ortober, who otfered bailie to t!ic combined force of France and Spain, thoujj,li twelve fail of the line inte- rior. The military npeiations alter this wcic few, and of little coiiie- qnence. Negapatnam, a fettlement in the Kaft Indi'.fs, and Trincomaie on the ifland of Ceylon, were taken from the I^utohby the Britifli lon.es; but the French foon receiving coniiderable fiucours from Europe, took Cuddalore, retook Trincomale, foired the Bi itifli fleet in feveral acftioii?, but none decifive, and enabled Hyder Ally to withftand, with various fuc- cefs, all the efforts of fir Eyre Coote, and his troops. The death of the marquis of Rockingham, on the [fl of July, orra- fioned a violent commotion in the cabinet, and lelTcned the hopes which had been formed of important national benefits from the new admijiiltra- lion. Lord Shelburne fucceeded the marquis as firtt lord of the trcafary, and, it is faid, without the knowledge of his colleagues. This gave gitat offence to foine, particularly to Mr. Fox and lord John Cavendiih ; who, with otners, refigned their places, and commenced a iierce oppofition in the houfe of commons. Mr. Fox declared, *' that the principles on which the miniftry firft came in, were abandoned bv lord Shelburne and his ad- herents; that the old jyjlem •w^.z to be revived, mnft probably with the fild vien^ or indeed with any men that could be found. There were per- fons whom neither promifes could bind, nor principles of honour fcciire: they would abandon fifty principles for the fake of power, and they would now ftriveto ftrengthen themfelves by any means which corriip'ion could P ed rocure ; and he expetSted to fee in a very fhort time, they would be joui- d by thofe very men whom that houfe had precipitated from tlieir feats." The duke of Richmond, general Conway, and others, maintained, that tlicre was no d.triation in the prefent cabinet from the principles on which th.y hr.d entered into otfice, and continued to acl with loid Shelburne, tiii utuler his aufpices the preliminaries for a general peace were fettled. Then, the public beHeld Mr. Fox, and even "ioid John Cavendilli, co- . . '' " ' ' • .. ' " ■ ' . " alefcing ENGLAND. 40j alcfcing with the old minilirrs, lord North particularly ; embracing the Very men whora they had driven from tiicir Icats, and threatened with im- peachments; and continuing; to join with them in reproljating the- pence as makinc; too grrat conceHions to the enemy, thit thev niiijit ftortn the cabinet, drive lord Shelburne and liis friends (Vom it, and Icat themfelvti, ami the men they had defpifed, in their jiiacv-s. By the treaty of peace between Great Britain and Franre f, Great Bri- tain ceded to France, of her poflclliuns before the war, the illaiid of To- bago in the Wefl: Indies, and the river of Scnej^al in Africa, with its de- pendencies, and the forts on the river ; and gave up a few diftrifts in the Kail Indies, as dependencies on Pondicherry, and ICarical ; it agreed al- fo to refiore the illands' of St. Lucia, St. Pierre, and INIiquelon, and the. illand of Goree ; with Pondicherry, Karicnl, Mahe, Chandcrnagore, aiul the comptoire of Surat, in the Eall Indi-". which had been conquer- ed from the French during the war. To prevent difputes about bounda- ries in the Newfoundland fiflierv, it was ao;reed, that the French line for fifliing fhonld begin from Cape St. John on the F,ali:ern fide, and goinoj round by the North, fljould have for its boundary Cape Ray on the Weftern fide ; and Great Britain renounced every claim by foimer trea- ties with refpeft to the demolition of Dunkirk. France on the other hand was to reftore to Great Britain the iflands of Grenada, and the Gre» r.adines, St. Chriflopher's, St. Vincent, Dominica, Nevis, and Mont- ferrat; and guarantied Fort James, and the liver Gambia, agreeing that the gum trade fhould remain in the fame rondition as befoie the War, 1755. The allies of each ftate in the Eaft Indies were to be invited to accede to the pacification, but if they were averfe to peace, no alidlance on either fide was to be given to them. By the treaty with Spain, Great Britain gave up to tlut power E.'.fi: Florida, and alfo ceded Weft Florida, and Minorca, which Spain had ta- ken during the war. To prevent all caufes of complaint and mifunder- ftanding for the future, it was agreed that Britifli fubjefts fliould have the right of cutting and carrying pway logwood in the diihict lying between the rivers Wailis or Bellize, and Rio Hondo, taking the courfe ot the faid rivers for unalterable boundaries. Spain agreed to reftore the ilL-.nds of Providence, and the Bahamas, to Great Britain, but they had been re- taken before the peace was figned. In the treaty with the United States of America, the king of Great Britain acknowledges New Hampfhire, MallluhuiVt's Bay, Rl.nde Ifland and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jcrly, Pennfylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Noith Larolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, to be /ire, fovrci^v, and Indcpmdcnt ftate , ar.d for himfelf, his heirs and fucceflbrs, relinqniflied all claims to the govern- ment, propriety, and territorial rights of the fame, and every part there- of. To prevent all difputes in future on the ful ject of boundaries be- tween thofe ftates and the remaining provinces to Great Britain, lines were very minutely drawn, which will be noticed in the proper placc,^ and fome favoin-able claufes were obtained for the Loyalifts. The navi- gation of the Miffilfippi to remain open to both parties, as alfo the New- foiuidland fiiheries. , ., . t PrelifXiiaary articles fjttlcdjaauiiry ao, 1783, ... D d 2 In 404 E N (i r. A N l\ h\ fhp tfcify with tlic Diitdi firat (lillictiltics niofc, })iit af Inij'.fli k X\'As llipiil.itrd, thnt ii\rM Mii'Hiu flioiiM icllcnr 'I'l incoinalc in the illamt of (''t yloM i |)iit llu- ImmuIi !..i(l .ilir.i'iy f.ikfii if; aiul that the l)ut(h fliniilil yit 1 I to II'. thr u»\i'u ot W ;r)|>itn.un, wifit its tU-|»fii(U:n(ics in t!i»; \.\H Jntlirs, with hl)t-iiy tn licat (or its rdlitotioii on the point tor .ut cq\iiv.ilrnt. Thus n priioH wnr; put to a inofl r.il.imitoiu w.ir, in which (Irrnt Bii. tain lod thcgi'r.iK II jiarf of lur .\inc«i( m ndonics, and many thtinliiiul va- lunl»le lives, and cxpcndrd or fin/n woulii liavc bern adt, ai< hiding to the nliial modfs of inndini^. 'llu* cpllioiii madn on the part of (ritat Hi it ilii, ( an It ai »( ly he tllicmctl woith flu: '.\- prncc ol hut onr yrai's war, tfp'cially ( ohIIiUm iin; the exhanflcd Hate <>( fh<* louutiy un«l it;, rcvcnuts, and the national Ipiiit, tlnoih'h the r.iy/ ot paifirs nnd the lull ol amhiiion mid |>o\vcT. Hut no fooncr wore tlic pitliininaiy trrafy wath liaiut- and Spain, and the provilional aiiidii with Anurica, piclinftiho p.nliamrnt, than they met with a vioK. nt ojpo- fifion, and wcic npii>l)fitrd as hi)!;hly injuiioiis to the dignity anil inttitllg of till' nation. It was i-onttiuhil on the othir (ide, that a j)i;u\: wa^; ab- fidiiuly nrrt'irarv, and was n.lk'd tof by the people with an unuiimiiy niul viji^oui" that , hi: is at lil)eity to uli- thtiw." AtT'i dinf;ly, .«lttr loni; di-liatc-, tli'.- lotunioiis ril'dlvcd, hy a < onrKhrable jnajoiity, *' That it is now n-r lluy to dchic, ihaf to lejioit any opi- nif)ii, or prctt'iiilfd npinic^n, of hU niajcfly npon any hill, or othr pro- rcxdinj!; dcpcnilinj', in cither hoiift- o' parlianiMit, with a virw to influence the votis of the inenihcrs, is a hiy.h erinic and nulileiiuanonr, dpror^atoiy to the honour o| the crown, a laeath of the lunduueutal ; rivilti^fs of parli>\njrnt, and (iibveilive of the conflitiifion o.' this conntry." This, with other rcfolutions, and f'.n.i; words .vhich d.npM d Irom Mr. Fox and lord North, the next day* in tlu hott'? of fo/imii.s, in fiipporl of t ni'ition for adjournnu nt to the next •, ,cU, wiud* w .sujought to be in- tended merely to protrai't the bufineii of {iim'.iaaier*., and put the fupplics ill hazird,* orralioncd his dil'inillion, at ci th'. political ocaUi of the co- alition ininilby. A royal mcUage was tv- ii Ijeiwcf:! i^ and 1 if the morn- ing!; of the i(;th of Dectmb.r, to diiiitv tlv xv^j fcvictiiii's ;o f^iui the feals of their olHce iinniediately ; a'ul Mr, l^itt AviCfnl'd ihc dv'jJi of Portland as firfl lord of the tvniury, l.rlnj^lM!^ his t/iyvh iu^> &'. /'.•- I'pei'bvc «lepartmcnts, which lor.i.«^tl the tent!; adniiiil^rUion bi.e hia majiity's aicellion. A diUblution of the houfe of couinion'5 b?inj\ cow fearr-'i by the roi^li- tiou, they voted and carrieio;f,)'ii( n or diflo- liition of the parliament in the prerent arduo is and critical '.onjundiiie of public affairs, and humbly to befeeeh his inajeOy to he'.rkcn 10 ths; Jti^vke of his faithful commons, and not to the fW 'Vf .1/ /' 'K)f pirfods who msy have private intcrelts ol ihcir own, Itpar.r.c fro;n the ».ru<; in^'ertr.s 01" his niajeliy awd the people." The king afliired tluui, iv:. woidu T;ot inter- rupt th^ir meeting by any exen ile of hi'; prerot',aiive, 1 ith-r of pioco^a* tion or diflblution. Before the hovie adjoiuucd over the h'^ii'Ja/s, it re- folvcd, on the 24th of l')£'remhtr, *' That ttit !< rdi; of tne treahiry ouj^ht not to confcnt or authorife the Tia/l India dircftors to accept any more hills, or to a greater amount than ;,oo.<;..ci. nnlefs they lliall be able to prove to parliament, th- c 'hey have ha'kient means to provide for the payment of them, nih': they lliall have made their dividend and difcharged the debt due 'j govrrmiieiit, or unlefs they had the diredioij of that houfe," TMs was thought to convey an imputation, as if Mr, I'itt iuitnd'jd to auke bad ul'e of the power vefle4 by law in the trca- fury. As foon as the houfe met, it was (aid, that the two great rival parties who had coalefced and forgotten their former differences and anathemas avfhift each other, intended to monopolize all the ptjwer in the couutry. On the 12th of January, 1784, the coalition majority, in a committee on the ftate of the nation, lefolved, " That it is the opinion of this coiv>- mittee, in the prefent (ituation of his majefty's dominions, it is peculiar. y neceflary that there fliould be an adminiftration which has the co'ifiderur «;/ tliii Lo'ij't: and the people," A*i4_^i amendment bciiig propofed to hvi'^ v^? P d J aft« Hi ;t 4o6 ENGLAND. after rhe word " confidence," the words " of the cronvn^" it pafTtd in the ntgative. Tliey alfo refolvcd, " That it is the opinion of this committee, that the lato changes in his majcfby's councils were immediately preceded by dangerous and univerfal reports that his majrfty's facred name had been inuonflitutionally abufcd to afFt6l the deliberations of parliament, and that the appointments made were accompanied by circumflances new and extraordinary, and fuch as do not conciliate or engage the confi- dence of this houfe." On the i6ih of January, they carried the following refoliition: *' That it is the opinion of this committee, it having been declared by this houfe, that in the prefent fituation of his majefty's do- minions, an adminiflration lliould be formed, which pofTelTed theconfi- dence of this houfe, and the public ; and the prefejit adminiftration being formed under ciicumftmcts //r-r and cxtreiordinarv^ f\ich as were not cal- culated to conciliate the atfe(!ilions, or engage the confidence of the houfe; and his majefty's rrefc :t minijic: s ftill holding high and refponfibJc offires, after furh a declaration, is co?itrary to true conjiitutional principles^ and in- jurious to iiis majefly and his p.ople." It was a nti,l nr,iuoit$ Jlatc of piihVc ijfnlrs^ may tend to give clfeft to thewifii.-s of his faithful conunons, which have already been moft humbly reprefented to his majefty." The reply was mild, 'but in favour of his fervants ; and this anfwei* hrought things to a crifis : the oppofitioa now talked of withholding all hipplits, till.thc king difmiflcd h'ij. miniih-rsj and proceeded, March ift, 10 vote auuther addref* of more kugth and greater ficedoni, which was D d 4 carried ' i_ N ' 4o3 ENGLAND. carried by 201 to i8c): to this addrrfs, a flrong and decifive anfwer was returned, which evidenced fii mnefs in the king or his cabinet ; as, "(nii- tleman, i have aheady expredccl to you iiow lenfibl^ I am of ti.e advan- tages to be deiivfd from fuch an adminiflration as v/as pointed out in your u-'animous refolution. And I aiTiue you tliat I was d firor.s of takinti; every iVn molt conducive to fuch an objed^: I remain in the fame fcntim<-nt-; ; but I continue equally convinced, that is an obieft not ]ikelv tn be obtained by the difrjiflion of my prefent miniftcrs. " .1 muft repeat, t'.a't no chaige or complaint, or any fpcritic objedicn, is vet made ai^ainfl: any one of theiii ; if there wf-re any fuch in-ound for tli^ir removal at prcdcnt, it ou.Mt to be c:]naUy i reafon f . r not admitrin;^ them as a part of that extended and united adminiflration wliiih you ftate to i>e yequiiite. " I did not confidcr the failure of my recent endeivours a?; a frijl bar to tiie a:compliihment of the purpofe which I hid in view, if it could have been obtained on thofe purpoies of fairncfs and equalitv, without which it can neither be honourable to thcfe who rire concerned, nor I: v the foundation of Ai/:h a (hong and ftablc government as may be of hift- irig advantage to tlie cr>untiy — biu I know of no fu>t' e>' Jhpi which I. can taVe, that are likely to remove the diflicuUies which obllruft thatdtiii- ablf end. " I have never calL'd in queflion the riglit of my faithful commons to offe me their advice upon every proper occafion, touching the exeicife of any branch of my prero.-,ative. " 1 flidl be ready a'o all times to exercife it. and give it the mcft atten- tive coniidcration— they will c^er find me difpoftd to fliew my regard tf> the true principles of the confUtution, and to take fuch meafures as may beft cojuiuce to the fatislr^c^ion and profjjerity of .:.y kingdom," The gentlemen who Icl the houie of commons, or the fmail majority of it, into thofe ix-foknions and addreiTes, began^now to fee their niii- take. Thtir arguments jnltified all the evils that had attended lord North's adiiiiniftration fo many years, he having the full confidence or the houfe, however obtained ; and would juftifv every other cnrrupt fct. But they had ad\anced too far to retreat with dectncy, and accordinely proceeded to poltpone the mutiny bill as a means of piot railing their poli- Vical txiflence, which they carried by ordv a iiiniority of nine. On jVTarch 8th, j\*r. Fox made his laft effoit, and moved for a third addrcfs cr rather r<:w/;7?/-/?.v-. of a great part of the kin;;doni. .-f |uft at that crttica] period, the great fcal was flolcn from the houfe <,t the ''lord clwncellor, which occafioned many fufpicior'.';. as if dntie by more ^ Ijhan ordinary felons; but nothing farther appeared^ and a new fed was fis , • ■ ' • puef^utly ENGLAND. 409 preftiitly made. On the Pth of Alay the nrw parliament anVmbled, r.n«i the commons chofc Mr. Gorinvali, the fpcaker of the Lite houfe, for their prefent fpeaker. The nexc day, his u.ujrlly ad IrelTtd them fi'om tha throne, which he conchided with thefe v/ords: *' The affairs of the Eaft India rompanv form an object of d^Hheration deeply Goniie6Ved with the "enfral intcrefts of the coflntrv. ^V!!Ije vou feel a iuft anxiety to pro- vide for the good p;ovcrnmfnt of oni" poiTlTions in that part of the world, you will, 1 fuft, jicver lofc fig'^t of the eTleft whi^h any meafure to be adopted for that pnrpofc may h;>Vi, on onr own conftitution, and onr dear inttitfis at home. You will fiii' me always defirons to concur with yovr •in fiich mcaliires as may be of lifting benefit to my people. I have no v.irti but to confult their profperity, by a conflant artention to every ob- j d of n.'.iional rnncern, by an uniform adherence to the true principles ot our Iree conllitution, and by fupporting and maintaining, in their juft balance, the rights an' privileges of every brancli of the leyiila- ture." A v(:ry feeble oppofuion was made to the addrefs of thanks in the houfe of lord^:,, and it foon appeared that the appeal to the people had turned out greatly in Mr. Fitt's favour. Many, whom lord North had bound to him by his douceurs when in power, were thrown out ; and o'h' rti dciertcd him, finding his vaft influence was at an end. Several of i^jr. Fox's friends alio loft their feats, and in the firft two contefts, it was plain that the coalition could do littlp more than fpeak ; their views were difappointed in turning out the peace-mak-rs and featin* themfelves in their room ; their foices melted away, and the young minifl.n; obtained a coniple'v triumph over them. The firftqueftion on which they tried their flrength, was the Weftminfter eleftion. Mr. Fox wanted a vote of ccnfure on the high bailiff for not making a return to the writ on the ap- pointed day ; but delaying it for a fcrutiny, a previous quefliou was put Oil the motion, and carried by a majority of 147 :>->-2'33 againft i0. The fame evening, May 24th, on a divifion of the houfe for aji addrels to the king's fpeech, the numbers for it, without any alteration or amend- ment, were 2S2 againft 114. Notwithfl-anding fo ore:it a majority, fl'll the members of the oppofi- tion much impeded the wheels of government, and threw many difficul- ties in the way of adminiftration. On the 1 4th- of June, Mr. Burke in a, long fpeech expatiated on the merits of the lafl parliament, n probated tlie king's fpeech at the opening of the new one, and the addrefe cf thar.ks jor it, and ftatcd, that his purpofe was to move, " That an, humble remonfiirance be prefented to his majcily, alFerting the rights of the houfe of commons, and reprobating the condu6t of the king's minifters in hftv* ing adviiVd his majefly to brenk his royal word, and diffolve his parlia- ment, after he had pledged his fuith to the laft houfe of commons that he would not make fuch an exercife of his prejogative before they had got through the arduous bufincfs upon their hands ;. and likevvife for having advifed his majefly to make a fpeech to the new parliament from the throne, full ot dot'frines the moft iinconftitutional and alarming." The iuoiion confifted of fev^eral folios, which the fpeaker was above an hour nireading to the houfe, containing a defence of the laft houfe of com- mons, a detail of th;ir conflitutional rights, and a fevere repreh'-nfion of his majefly 's miniflers for having violated them in various inftances. The linotiou was negatived without a divifion ; but hf the main queftion was (uffcrcd tft be put, the whole of the motion was of courfe entered on the journals of the houfe, which fcems to luv^ been the mover's only in^tentio^. ^•^^'"^■■'- "': • ' Oa, 410 ENGLAND. On the 1 'th of June, in a debate to appoint a committee to enquire in- to liic preftnt ftate of reprefentation of this country, lord North and Mr. Fox were in oppofition, and Mr. Pitt and Mr. Dundas, whom he h^d niadr trt-:;'iner of tiie navy : Duudas argued on the fide of his old friend lord Noith, and was againft any alteration ; others thought the time of the motion to be improper, and on the previous queftion being put it Avas dropped by i99agaijift 125. The minifter now wciit on with his ways and nuans for fupplies and by lowering the tta-duty, whiih he thought would ruin the fmugglers, he was forced to devife other taxes which will be found very heavy and hurdtmfome to the public, if not greatly fink his popularity with them. The window-tax efpecially, which is both partial and oppreflive, fcrcening the loidly and wealthy, who are to pay but for two houfes, and the higlieft fum for each is only 20I. A great number of unneccflary places might have been aboliflied, large reductions of offices and falaries in every department, according to the reports of the commilli^.ners of accounts ; and more piovident loans migiit have been made, to the faving at leaft 200,0 ol. per ann. which would have precluded many of the obnoxious taxes of this fellion. Mr. Pitt brought in his flimous Eaft India bill the i;th of July, the leading particulars of which we have given in ouj- acco\int of that com- pany *, with a few ol^iervatlons on it. Time alone wii. difcover whether It was framed v/ith wifdorn and circumfpc'llon, and whether it will be adequate and elfectuul to the great purpofes intended, and held forth to view. With very little opj:K:>[ii;ion, all the lyftcm of new bills and taxes was framed and carried through both houfes, and the parliamentary cam- paign rlofcd on the ;oth of Augufl, with a complimentary fpeech from the throne, widiing his faithful iubje^b to meet the new heavy burdens V'ith fortitude and patience. It is to be hopeJ, that from this period the prince and his miniiters of flate will enaeavour to alleviate the futferings of the people by a>cononiy and reformation in the civil lifl, dilcounte- nancing extiavagauce and corruption, and promoting by tl->eir example, public fpirir, the love of their country, and the profperity of trade and the community. Genealogicaj, List of the Royal Family of Great Britain*. George Willi^i Frederic III. born June 4, 1738 ; proclaimed king of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, and elector of Hanover, Oftober 2:, 176 • ; and married, September 8, 1761, to the princefs Sophia Charlotte, of Mecklenburgh Strelitz, born May ib, i744> crowned September 22, 1-61, and now hu'.e iflfue : 1. Georgius Augxifius Frederic, prince of Wales, born Auguft 12, 1762. 2. Prince Fiederic, born Augult 16, 1763; elecled biihop of Ofna- burgh, February 27, 1764 } created duke of York and Albany, Novem- ber •/, 17.S4. 5. Prince William Henry, born Augi,ift 2r, 1765, crea,ted duke of Clarence. ■ ":•'■■• ■ '"' ' 4. Princefs Charlotte, born September 29, 1766, >^, ,..-■- 5. Prince Edward, born November 2, 176-. . - 6. Princefs Augufla Sophia, born November 8, 1768. ■ ' * Page i6o. 7, Princeft WALES. 4n 7. Prlncefs Eli/nbeth, born May 22, 177c. ^ «. Prince EracH Augulbis, boro Junt 5, i 77 r. 0. Prince Frederic augnftus, born January 27, 1773. 10. Ailolphus Frederic, born February 24, 1774. 11. PrinceG iMary, born April 2:;, 1776. 12. I'rincefs Sophia, born November ., 1777. ^^ 13. Princefs Amelia, born Auguft 7, 17 -■.3. lilue of the late piince of Wales by the princefs Augufla of Saxe-Gotha, now living : » ^ • j u 1. Her royal hi2;hnefs A\igufta, born Aiioult 11, 1737 ; married the hereditary prince ot Brunfwic Luncnburgh, January 17, 1764. 2. His prefent majefty. 3. Prince William Henry, duke of Gloucefter, bora November 25, »743- WALES. THOUGH this principality is politically included in England.; yet, as it has a diflinftion in language and nranners, I have, in con- formity with the common cuftom, affigned it a feparate article. Extent and Situation, Length Breadth Miles. 130 96 Degrees. f 5 1 and (;4 North latitude. } 2,4' and 4,56 Welt longitude. Area in fquare miles 701 1. between Name and language.] The Welch, according to the beft anti- quaries, are defendants of the Belgic Gauls, who made a fettlement in England about fourfcore ytars before the fii ft defcent of Julius Cajfar, and thereby obtained the name of Galles or Walles (the G and W being promifcuoully ufed by the ancient Britons), that is, Stranj^ers. Their language has a ftrong affinity with the Celtic or Phanician, and is highly commended for its pathetic and defcriptive powers by thofe who under- ftand it. Buundaries.] Wales was formerly of greater extent than it is at pre- fent, being bounded only by the Severn and the Dee ; but after the Saxons had made themfelves mailers of all the plain country, the Welch, or an- cient Britons, were fluit up within more narrow bounds, and obliged gr.ndually to retreat weftward. It does not however appear, that the Sax- ons ever made any farther conquefts in their country than Monmouthfliire and Heiefordfliire, which are now reckoned part of England, This couut try is divided into four circuits. See Es glan d. Climate, son,, and water.] The feafons are pretty much the fame as in the northern parts of England; and the air is fharp, but whole- feme. The foil of Wales, efpeciajly towards the North, is mountainous, bqt contains rich vailics, which jiro'duce cropi of wheat, rye, and other • ^ , corn, 412 WALES. corn. Wa'cs rontams many qimrries of frec-ftone and flate, fevcral rrinro of lead, ami abundance of coal-pits. This conntiy is well fupplieu with whohfomc fprings ; and its chief rivers are the Clywd, the Whe. Ic , the Dte, the Severn, the Elwy, and the Alen, which furnilh Fliatfliiri.- With great quantities of fifh. Mountains.] It would be enljefs to particiilariz? the moimt^ms r.f this co.mtr}-. Siiowdon, in C3cniarvonflii:e, an'.l ; linlirriT^-K y\\y,c'^ lies partly in Montgomery and p»rf!y in Car.ri;?;?.nni1rc, rii\^ tlie tno-t ::'.. xnoiis ; and their moxiiit.iin.'iis firuation ffreit'y aliili: d riu- n tivcs m n-.sk- in;; fo nifble and long a flmg^le againft the Roman, An^^Io-baxoa, crui Norman powcis. Vg TAr.r.:^ AND ANIMAL PRO- I In thcfc partlciilars Wales d;fius DUCTioNs KY f K ,\ Nt> 1- u. littli- fmm Kn;dand. Tht.ir horfes ' are fmnller, but can endure vaf: fatigue ; and their black cattle are fmall likevvifc, but excellent bee.'', and tiieii cows arc r markble ior yielding Jarge quantities of milk. Great nuiTibers of goats t'ted on the mountains. As for the otlier produ(!^ions of Wales, fee Englai.d and Scotland, Some •very piomifing n.ines of filver, copper, Itad, .nd iron, hive betn dif- covered in Wales. The Welch fdver may be known by its being ftamped with rhe oftidch feathers, the badge of the prince of Wales. Popui-TioN, iNHAniTANTij, The inhabitants of Wales are fup- MA-r ERi, AND CUSTOMS. pofed to amouiit to about -,oo,coo, ?ind though not in general wealthy, they are provided with all the neccf- faries, and mmy of the conveniencies of life. The land-tax of Wales brought in fori e years ago about forty-three'thoufand feven hundred and fifty-two po'Kids a year. The Welch are, if poflible, more jealous of their liberties than the Englifh, and far more iiafcible, but their auger foon abates ; and they are remarkable fQ.r their fincerity and .fidelity. Thev are very fond of carrying back their pedigrees to the moft remote aqtiquN ty, but we have 90 criterion for the authenticity of their maiiufcripts, Ibm^; of whicli they pretend to be co.^val with the incarnation. It is how- ever certain, that great part of their hillory, efpecially the ecclefiaftical, is more ancient, and better attefted, than that of the Anglo-Saxons, Wales was formerly famotls for its bards and poets, particularly Thi.licf- fin, who lived about the year 450, and whofe works were certainly ex- tant at the time of the Reformation, and clearly evince that Geoffrey of Monmouth was not the inventor of the hiflory which makes the prefent Welch the dcfcendants of the ancient Trojans. This poetical genius feems to have influenced the ancient Welch with an enthufiafm for independency, for which reafon Edward I. is faid to have made a general rnaffacre of the bards; an irdiuoianity which was charaderiftical of that ambitious prince. The Welch may be called an unmixed people, as may be proved by their peeping up the ancient hofpitality, and their flrift adherence to ancient ^uftoms and manners. This appears even among gentlemen of fortune, who in other countries con'.monly follow the ftream of fafhion. We are not however to, imagine, that many of the nobility and gentry of Wales i!a not comply with the modes and manners of living in England and France, All tliC better fort of the Welch fpeak the Englifli language, though innn- bcrs of them underPuind the Welch. Religion.] I have already mentioned the madacre of the Welch, <^lergy by Auguftine the popiUi apoftle of EngJand, bccauie they would not Coniorm to the Romifli rituul. Wales, after that, jFell under the dominion, of petty princes, who vvere often weak and credulous. I'he RomilU clergy iniiiiuiitgd themfQlves into th?ir fayour, h\^ theit oretended j^oweif W A L E S. 4^3 of abfolving them from rrimes ; and the Welch, when their ancient rlergy were extinft, conformed thetnfelves to the religion of Rome. The Welch clergy, in general, are but poorly provided for ; and ia nir.iiy of the country congregations they prench both in Welch and Englifli. Their poverty was formerly a vaft difcouragi ment to- reli- gion and learning, bnt the meafures taken by the Society for propa- us books, and diftribute thtm gratis to the poorer fort. Few of their towns are unprovided with a free- Ichool. The eftabliflied religion in AVales is that of the church of England; bnt the common people in many places are fo tenacious of their ancient cuiloms, that they retain feveral of the Romirti fuperftitions, and fome ancient families among them are ftill Roman Catholics. It is likewife fa'd, that Wales abounds with Komilh priefts in difguife, . And it is certain, that the principality conti^ins great numbers of Proteftant dif- fcnters. For BisHOPRicKs (fee England). We are to obferve, that in the for* mer times, Wales contained more biflioprics than it does now ; and about the time of the Norman invafion, the religions foundations tliere far ex- ceeded the wealth of all the other parts of the principality. Learning and learned men-.] Wales was a feat of learning at R very early period ; but it fuffered an eclipfe by the repeated maflacr^s of the bards and clergy. Wickliflifm took fhelter in Wales, v,'hen it was perfecuted in England. The Welch and Scotch difpute about the nr.ti- vit)' of certain learned men, particularly four of the name of Gildas. Giraldus Cambrenfis, whofe hiftory was publiflied by Camden, was cer- tainly a Welchman ; and Leland mentions feveral learned men of the fame country, who flouriflied befoi-e the Reformation. The difcovery oi the famous king Arthur's and his wife's burying-place was owing to feme lines of Thalieilin, which were repeated before Henry II. of England, by a Welch bard. Since the Reformation, Wales has produced feveral excellent antiquaries and divines. Am.ong the latter were Hugh Brough- ton, and Hugh Holland, who was a Koman Catholic, and is mention- ed by Fuller in his Worthies. Among the former were feveral gentlemen of the name of Llhuyd, particularly the author of that invaluable work the Archasologia. Rowland, the learned author of the Mona Antiqua, was likewife a Welchman ; as was that great ftatefman and prelate, the lord-keeper Williams, archbiiliop of York in the time of king Charles I. After all, I mull be of opinion that the great merit of the Welch learn- ing, in former times, lay in the knowledge of the antiquity, language, and hiftory of their own country. Wales, notwithftandmg all that Dr, Hicks, and other antiquaries, have faid to the contrary, fuiniflied the Anglo-Saxons with an alphabet. This is clearly demonftrated by Mr* Llhuyd, in his Welch preface to his Archaeologia, and is confiimed by various monumental infcriptions of undoubted au^thority. (See Rowland's Mona Antiqua.) I muft not, however, omit the excellent hiftory of Henry VIIJ. written bv lord Herbet of Cherbury. WiA % 4^4 WALE S. With iv^ard to the pitlbiit ftate of literatine among the Welch, it ij futliiMent to fay, that fome of them make a coiiCulerahlc fij^ure in the le- piibhc of letters, and that many of their titrgy arc excellent fcholars. The vVclch Patcr-nofter is as follows : Kin Taih y ^>'^vn ivyt yn y nefocihl^ fahfhUUiler ily e>nv\ ticlietl ily {ftyr- nas ; b\ciile(i (Jy aiytlyi ur y (U.uar^ mfj^is y mac yn y ncloed: liyyo i ny hcd- thiv eifi bara beunytUiol ; a madJen i ui ein dyeJion, fcl y maddcuivn ni 1*11 Jvlerkvyr ; ac nac aftAjniu ni i brofiuHi^actby elthr f^-wared ni rhag drvjir ; catiys eiddot tiyivr deymasy argallu a^r gogoniaftt^ v« eos oefnedd, Amtii. Cities, towns, forts, anuotherI Wales contains no cities or EPinc s, ruBMc AND PRIVATE. J towns that are remarkable either for populonlnefs or maf,nificencc. Beaumaris is the chief town of Anglcfey f, Snd has a harbom- for ftiips. Brecknock tradfs in cloth- ing. Cardigan is a large populoiis town, and lies in the neiglihour- hood of lead and filver mines. Caermarthen has a large bridge, ami is governed by a mayor, two (herifFs, and aldermen, who wear fcarlct gowns, and other enfigns of ftate. Pembroke is well inhabited by gen- tlemen anil tradefmen ; and part of the coimtry is fo fertile and pleai'ant, that it is called liittle England. The otlver towns of Wales have no- thing particular. I am however to obferve that Wales, in ancient times, was a far more populous and wealthy country than it is at prefent ; ami though it contains no regular fortifications, yet many of its old caftlcs are io ftrongly built, and fo well fituated, that they might be turned into flrong forts by a little expence ; witnefs the vigoro\is defence which many of them made in the civil wars between Chaiies I. and his parlia- ment. Antpquities and cuiaosiTiES ) Wales abounds in remains of NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ^ antiquity. Several of its caftlcs are ftupendoufly large ; and in fome, the remains of Roman architec- ture are plainly difcernible. The architeAure of others is doubtful ; and fome appear to be partly Britifli and partly Roman. In Brecknock- fliire are fome rude fculptures, upon a ftone fix ftet high, called the Maiden-ftmie ; but the remains of the Druidical iniiitutions, and places of worfliip, are chielly difcernible in the ifle of Anglcfey, the ancient Mona, mentioned by Tacitus, who defcribes it as bemg the chief femi- nary of the Druidical rites and religion. To give a dtfcription of the Roman altars, antiquities, and utenlils, which have been diicovered in Wales, would be endlefs ; but luture antiquaries may make great dilco- veries from them. Among the other artificial curiofitics is king Ofta's dyke, which is faid to have been a boundary between the vSaxons, and the Welch or Britons-. Cherphilly caftle in Glamorganfliire is faid to have been the largeft in Great Britain, excepting W'indior ; and the remains of it lliew it to have been a niort beautiful fabric. One h;»lf of a round jtower has fallen quite ilown, but the other overhangs its bafis more than nuie feet, and is as great a curiofity as the leaning tower of Fifa in Italv. f The ifie of Anglefta, which is the moft wcftrrn county rf N(-rt!i Wales, is lur- ry the !r fti fca, cxreit on t!-! fotith-eai^, wiiei\- ,t is divided from Britain by a narrow itrait, ciilitd Mcnen, wliich :n fonn.- places may be pa'Icd on fo t at low water : the iilaiid is about 24 miles lonjr, aad 18 bruad, and cotitaias "4 F** rilhv'^ It wan the ancient feat uf the Critiili DruiJs. ' - r . . f ' ' ■ •;, :■ Near 1^ ^ f , . ■ - * iJ.; WALE S. 4x5 Near the town of Flint arr tlic remains of a larj^e niicicnt caftle, in whtth Richard II. was coiifiMol, fume tiiiu- before his ilejKiiitioii : ami a variety of Roman aiitiquiiie'. have b>ren loiuul iii this town, whieh is liip- pofcd of l\ave been a Roman (hition. Some eurious coins of Wt-Kh [)iinces are faitl to be found in the cabi- nets of the curious; l)ut I do not hnd tliit thev have been verv ferviee- able in alcertaining the ancient hldoi y of the '-ountry. Among the natural curiolitics of this country, are the following. At a fniall village called Newton, in Glamorganlhiie, is a remarkable fpring oi^'a the fea, which ebbi> and flows contrary to the feu. Ii\ Merioneth- Ihirt; is Kader idris, a mountain remarkable lor its height, which allords variety of Alpine plants. In Flintlhire ii a f.mious well, known by the name of St. W'enefred's Well, at which, according ti the legendary tales of the common people, miraculous cure-; have bee v jKaformcd. The fpring boils with valt impetuolity out of a roek, and is formed into a beautiful polygonal well, covered with a rich arch fupportcd by pillars, and the roof is moll extjuilitely carved in ilone. Over the Ipring is alfo a chapel, a neat piece of Cjlothic architet'Vure, but in a very ruinous ftate. King James ll. paid a vifit to the well of St. VVenc- fred in i()8t', and was rewarded for his piety by a prefent whirh was made him of the very fliift in which his great-grajidmother, Mary iituart, lofl: her head. The fjjring Is fuppofed to be one of' the lineft in the Britifli dominions ; and by two different trials and caleulatioiAS lately made, is found to fling out about twenty-one tons of water in a niiante. It never freezes, or Harcely varies in the quantity of water in drouc;hts, or after the greateft rains. After a violent fall of wet, it becomes dif- coloured by a wjieyifli tinge. The fmull town adjoining to the well, is known by the name of Holywell In Caernarvon Ihi re is the hi^li mountain of Penmanmawr, acrofs the edge of which the public road lies, and occadons no fmall terror to many travellers ; from one hand the impending rock feems ready every minute to crufli them to pieces, and the great precipice below which hangs over the fea, is fo hideous, and, till very lately, when a wall was railed on the fide of the road, fo full of danger, that one falfe ftep was of difmal coniequeiice. Snowd^iij hill is by triangular meafurement 1240 yards perpendii.ilar height. ' There are a great number of pleafing profpecfts and }/icturcfqiie views in Wales ; and this country is highly worthy the attention of the cu- rious traveller. Commerce and manufactures.] The Welch are on a footing, as to their commerce and manufaftures, with many of the weftera and northern counties of England. Their trade is molHy inland or with England, into which they import numbers of black cattle. Milford- haven, which is reckoned the fineft in Europe, lies in Pcmbiokefliire ; but the Welch have hitherto reaped no great benefit from it, though of late confiderable fums have been gitlnted by parliament for its forti;.ca- tion. It lies under two capital difadvantages. The iiril is, tlut by mak- lag it the rendezvous of all the Englifli marine, a bold attempt of an enemy might totally deftroy the (hipping, however flronrjy they may be defended by walls and forts. The fame obje there w re ordained four ftveral circuits for the adminiftration of jufiire in the faid fliires, each of which was to include three fliires ; fo that the chief juttice of Cheller has under his jurirdic?tion the three feveral fhircs of Flint, Denbigh, and Montgomery The fliires of Caernai-von, iNIc- rioneth, arnl Anglefey, are under the jtiftices.of North AVales. Tliofc of Caermathen, FemNrokefliire, and Cardigan, have alfo their jufliccs; as have likewife thofe of Radnor, Bi ecknock, and Glamorgan. By the i^tbof queen Elizabeth, one other juftice-affiftant was ordained to the former jurtices ; io that now every one of the faid four circuits has two juftices ; viz. one chief-julHce, and a fecond juftice-affiflant. Revknues.] As to the revenues, I have already mentioned the hnd- taw"; and the crown has a certain, though a fmall property in the pro- ^*». Ilia 1^ 1> ll/vfftl/M ,.ON*l>ON' ciiuJutiJcrrv i/r/" P^rf liKs •fii^'w ■■-■'^f'i*'(i' X s ^^'/K/fl U K K N R KaV^^ . 'Ai/M^/trj' •A. Jnff* (hipttU^ xftnimfilek \M fifirff jd^ ,.s a^" JfBrid^^ \^ ^ J^rujifucle n't' ft yi i mil Ik- . ,^- :.v-.- ... / t R E L A N t)^ 4it frontiers of Wales, to ferve as a barrier to England* none of the: Welch princes being poweiful enough to oppofe them. They made, however^ many vigorous and brave attempts a^ainft the Norman ktr.ps of Kngland, to maintain their liberties^ and even the £nglifti hidoriafis adnlit th« injudice of their claims. In 1237* the crown of Englarid was fird fup- plied with a handle for the future conqueft of vVales: their old and in- nrm prince Llewellin, in order to be fafe from the periacution^ of his un- dutitul fon Griffyn, having put himfelf under fubjedlion and horhage to king Henry III. But no capitulation could fatisfy the ambition of Ediirard I. who re- folved to annex Wales to the crown of England ; arid Ll£Wellln prince of Wales, difdaining the fubje^ion to which old Llewellin had fubmit^ ted, Edward raifed an irrefiuible army at a prodijzious expehce, with which he penetrated as far as Flint, and taking potfeffioli of the ifle o^ Angleiey, he drove the Welch to the mountams of Snowdon, and obliged them to fubmit to pay a tribute. The Welch, hdwever. made feveral efforts under young Llewellin; but at laft, in 12^^, ne was killtd in battle. He was fucceeded by his brother David, the laf! inde-^ pendent prince of CV^ales, who, falling into Edward's hands thrdugh treachery, was by him mofl barbaroufly and unjuflly hanged ; and fid«- ward from that time pretended that Wales was annexed to his crown of England. It was about this time, probably, that Edward prepetrated the inhuman mafTacre of the Welch bards. Perceiving that his cruelty- was not futiicient to complete his conquefl, he fent his queen, in the yeai^ 1282, to be delivered in Caernarvon caflle, that the Welch having a prince born among themfelves, might the more readily recognife nis authority. This prince was the unhappy Edward IL and from him th<» title of prince of Wales has always fince defcended to the eldefl fons of the Englifti kings. The hiftory of Wales and England becmncs now the fame. It is proper, however, to obferve, that the kings of England havtt' always found it their intereft to footh the Welch idrith particular marks oC their regard. Their eldcft fons jiot only held the titular dignity, but ac- tually kept a <:ourt at Ludllow; and a regular council, with a prefident* was named by the crown, for die adminiltration of all the afiairs of the principality. This was thought fo necefTary a piece of policy, that when Henry VIII. had no fon, his daughter Ma^ Was Created p.rincefs of Wales. I I »t I iiii . I ttt IRELAND. Situation, BoVNDABlts, AMD ^xTENTt THE ifland of Ireland is fituated on the weft fide of England, betweat 6 and 10 degrees wefl longitude, and between ci and 5 < degrees 20 minutes north latitude, or between the middle parallel of the eighth clime^ where the longeft day is 16^ hours, and the 24th par^dlel, or the end of the loth clime, where the loAgefl day is 17^ hours. The extent or fuperficial content ot this kingdom, is, from the neareft computttion and furvey, found to be in length 285 miles ttwofi Fairhead V £< aorth. ■""■ ■ ^ •>;. Jh^ / t^H'*' Kaj '•IV- ID OX K _ _ . aofj fiuUMfwif \ y^'mtt >. './utu -a' itf/ir/nt ' •■*f .1' '"■ tf/'A''rr> f,,^/ /'f> rfiltrlt /in '' \Ratfi I*' I . Ornund I lifvund Mte/iii/f^7l>H'f)o "(WATETtFORjpj Lifntore » V>.a :o' W/r/y/^'i W^'H/^a^Ary Sf Town "■'••/Afi-Aj'^' iiitimir „, |iiiiini- niiiiiii _miiiiB ,S' ,ff3rid^ .Sf^ 33:^ liil i li Hflii i n ii iii i ii m I"""" """m- 7 JHo^i/ittff Jlr/?^ /r^i^rn J^ontfon '"""■'■ -nrinir ii i i iiiiiii :' f ; 418 1 ft fe L A N D. ftoi:th>, to Miflenhead fouth ; and from the eaft part of Down, to the wefi' part of Mayo, its greateft breadth i6o miles, and to contain 1 1,067,712 Ii'ifti plantation acres, which makes 17,927,864 acres of Englifh ftatute rneafure, and is held to bear proportion to England and "Wales as 18 to 30. '^it. Templeman, who makes the length 2-' 5, and the breadth iqo miles gives it an aerea of 27,4.57 Square miles. From the eaft part of Wexford t9 St. David's in Wales, it is reckoned 45 miles, but the pafiage between Bonaghadee and l^ortpatridc in Scotland is little more than 20 miles, and the palfage from Holynead in North Wales about 52 miles. . !^AME3 AND DIVISIONS, ) Morc conjec^hires, as tothcLa tiji(Hiber. ' ANCIENT AND MODERN. J nia), the Iiifli (Erin), as well as fhe Enoiifli r](ame of this ifland have been formed than the fubjeft deferves. It proI)a bly fakes its rife from a Phoenician or Gallic term, fignifying the fartiieft hal^l.tation wieftward. It is pretty extraordinary, that even modern authors are not agreed as to the divifions of Ireland ; fome dividing it into five circuits, and fome into four provinces, thofe of Lcinfter, Ulfter, Connaught, and Munfter. I fliall follow thelaft divifion, as being the moft comiijpn, and likcwife th*? jnoft ancient. try :: . Counties; 't\\ 'y-<\:_ ■■ .'•' -: , t>p/; J 1.;.' /:Uit ..;iY{ ;. ■ •: ,' i "Dublin Louth ' ' Wicklow : ,' ■" Wexford i""""' , I Longfbrd '^ ''' leinfter, 12 cwnfcies. <( Eaft Meath ;- ' ' WeftMeath • ■ King's Coutity Queen's County • Kilkenny KMdare ' '■ Cai-low '' ' '. Down Armagh Monaghan C avail Antrim Londonderry Tyrone Fermanag Donegal! ' - . * .J ^VksXi 9 coimt'ie% .•I '\ji'i. Chief Towns. Dublin Droghedti •' Wicklow ■' Wexfoi-d ; l^ongford ' • ' ' Trim - IViuUingir . Philipftown « Maryborough Kilkenny Naasand Athy ' Carlow Down Patrick Armagh Monaghan ■Cavan ' - Carrickfergui Derry Omagh Ennilkillen tifford . - • > ; t IT.ieitrim "• Rofcommon Mayo Sligo Gaiway fi ■ KH .1 C'.^.rrick oh Shannon Kofrommon 13iilh'iu-odc and Caftkbar Sligo Gaiway ■. ' ' . ./.I.. Munder, I RE L Counties. ii 1, ''' r Clare . , \Cork Munfter, 6 counties. <^Lim7rick " ' . • >/Tipperary '' ■ • ( Wattrford A N D. Chief Towns. Ennis Cork Tralee Limerick Clonmel Waterford. 419 ♦ Cmmate, seasons, and soil.] The climate of Ireland differs ndf miK h from that of England, excepting that it is more moift, the feafoii in j/(;neril being murh wetter. The foil is rocky- but extremely fertile, perhaps beyond that of England itfelf, when propc-rly cultivated^ paftur- age, tillage, and meadow ground abound in this kingdom ; but of late tillage was too much difcountenanced, though the ground is excellent foi* the culture of all grains 5 and in fome of the northern parts of the king* dom abundance of hemp and flax afe raifcd, a cultivation of infinite ad- vantage to the linerf manufaftnre. Ireland rears vaft numbers of black cat- tle and flieep, and the Irifh wool is excellent. The prodigious fupplies of butter and fait provifions (filli excepted, fliipped at Cork, and carried to all parts of the world, afford the ftrongeft proofs of the natural fertility of the Irifh foil. The bogs of Ireland are very extenfive : that of Allen extends ?o miles ; and is computed to contain 500,000 acres. There are others alfo which are very extenfive, and fmaller ones fcattered over the whole kingdorrx • but it has been oblerved, that thefe are not In general more than are want* ed for fuel. Rivers, baYs, harbours, 7 The numerowS rivers, enchanting AND LAXEs. \ lakes, fpacious bnys, commodious ha- vens, harbours, and creeks, with which Ireland abojuids, greatly enrich andbeautify this country. The Shannon iffucs from Lough Allen, in the county of Leitrim, ferves as a boundary between Connaughr and the three other provinces, and after a courfe 150 miles, forming in its progrefs many beautiful lakes, it falls into the Atlatitic Ocean, between Kerry- point and Loop-head, where it is nine miles broad. The narigationof this river is interrupted by a ridge of rocks fpreading quite acrofs it, fouth of Killaloe } but this might be remedied by a fli^rt canal, at the expence of 10 or i2,oocl. and communication might be alfo made with other rivers, to the great benefit of the nation. The Ban falls into the ocean near Cole- rain ; the Boyne falls into St. George's channel at Drogheda, as does the Liffey at 'the bay of Dublin, and is only remarkable for watering the ca- pital, v\ here it forms a fpacious harbour. The Barrow, the Nore, and the Sntr, \Uliter the fouth part of the kingdom, and, after uniting their •ftreams be'ow Rofs, they fall into the Channel at Waterford haven. But the bays, havens, harbours, and creeks, which every where indent the coafls, form the chief glory of Ireland, and render that country, be- yond any other in Europe, the beft fitted for foreign commerce. The moft confiderable are thofe of Carric.kfergus, Strangford, Dundrum, Carling^ord, Dundalk, Dublin, Waterford, Dungarvan, Cork, Kinf.de, Baltimore, Glandore, Dunmanus, Bantry, Kenmnre, Dingle, Shannon- mouth, Galway, Sligo, Donegall, Killebegs, Lough-Swilly, and Lough- Fovle. " *•'"': .. ; . '.^' ■ ■ Eei • Ireland il 1' 4&0 IRELAND. ti; III. Ireland contains a raft number of lakes, or, as they were formerly railed, loughs, particularly in the provinces of iJIfter and Connaughf. Many of them produce large quantities of the fine fifli : and the great lake Neagh, between the counties of Antrim, Down, and Armagh, is re- markable for its petrifying quality. Though thofe loughs, in the main, have but few properties that are not in commoi: with thelike bodies of wa- ter in other countries, yet they have given rife to many traditionary ac- counts among the natives, which disfigure and difgrace their true hiftory ; and even modern geographers have been more copious on tl .it head than either truth ©r the fubjeft can admit of. The Irifh are fo fond of loughs, that, like the Scots, they often give that term to inlets of the fea. InlAni) navigation.] The inland navigation of Ireland is very Improveable, as appears from the canals thac have lately been cut througli different parts of the kingdom : one in particular rtaching an extent bo miles, between the Shannon and the Lifi^ey at Dublin, which opens a Communication from the Channel to the Atlantic ocean. In furveying the grounds for this canal, it was found necelfury to carry it through a bog 2x miles over, which, from the fpim^y nature Qf that foil, became a work of incredible labour and cxptnce, in ftrengthening the fides, and other works, to prevent falling in. MouNiAiNS.] The Iii{h language has been more huppy in diflin- gufhing the fize of mountains than perhaps any other. A knock fignificJ a low hill, unconnected with any other eminence ; jUeve marks a craggy liigh mountain, gradually afcending and continued in feveral ridges ; a Icinn or binn fignifies a pinnacle, or mountain of the firft magnitude, end* ing in a fliarp or abrupt precipice. The two lall are often feen and com- pounded together in one and the fame range. Ireland, however, when compared with fome other countries, is far froni being mountainous. The. mountains of Mourne and Iveagh, in the county of Down, are reckoned among fome of the higheft in the kingdom ; of which Slieu-Denard has been calculated at a perpendicular height of 1056 yards. Many oth-ir mountains are found in Ireland, but they contain little or nothing parti- cular, if we except the fabulous hiftories that arc annexed to fome of them. Some of thefe mountains contain in their bowels, beds of mine- rals, coals, ftone. Hate, and marble, with veins of iron, lead, and cop- per. Forests.") The chief forefts in Ireland lie in Leinfter, the King's and Q^ieen's counties, and thofe of Wexford and Carlow. In Ulftcr there are great fortfts, and in the county of Donegall, and in the north part of Tyrone ; alfo in the county of Fermanagh, along Lough Earne, and in the north of the county of Down, wherein is fome good tim- ber ; and the oak is efteemed as good as any of the Englifli growth, anti as fit for fhip-building. Metai.s, and minerals.] The mines of Ii^Iand are late difcoveries. Several contain filver and kid, and it is faid that thirty pounds of their lead-ore produce a pound of filver ; but the richefl filver mine is at Wick* low. A copper and lead mine have been difcovercd at Tipperary ; a» likewife iron-ore, and excellent fiec-ftone for building. Some of the Irifli marble quarries contain a kind of porphyry, being red ftriped with v/hite. Qrarries of fine Uate are foimd in moft ct the counties. The coals that are dug at Kilkenny (miit ver" little fmoke ; and it contains a cryftalline ftream which has no fe'liment. Thofe peculiarities, with the fercaity of the air in that place, liarc giveji j ife to the well known proverb, That IRELAND. TChat Kilkenny contains fire without fmoke, water without mud^ and air without fag. Vegetable and animal produc- ) There is littlethat falls under TioNs BY sea and LAND. ) thls head that is peculiar to Ireland, her piodu«ftions being much the lame as thofe of England and Scotland. Ireland affords excellent t\irf and mofe, which are of vaft fer- vice for firing, where wood and coal are fcarce. A few wolves were for- merly found in Ireland ; but they have been long fince externnnated by their wolf-dogs, which are much larger than maftiffs, fliaped like grey-' hounds, yet as gentle and governable as fpaniels. What I have already ohfcrved about the Irifh exportation of falt-provifions, fulliciently evinces the prodigious number of; hogs and fheep, as well as black cattle, bred in that kingdom. Rabbits are faid to be more plentiful there than in Eng- land. The filh that are caught upon the roafts of Ireland are likewife in greater plcntly than on thofe of England, and fonie of them larger and n.ore excellent in their kind. Population, inhabitants, man- 7 Irelniul is Inid to contain NERS CUSTC.M8, AND niVKRsioxs. \ two millions and a half of in- habitants ; but I fufpeft that the calculation is overcharged by near half a million. As :* is of great confequeace to afcertain as near as polfible the number of inhabitants of Ireland of both reli.\civ flranger. But, as we have already obferveli, thefe cufronis are Iiieliy confined to the more unpoliflied provinces of the kingdoiv, pmti^ il;ii\' Connaught ; the common people there having the leaft fenfe of law and government of any in Ii eland, excepting their tyrannical landlords nr leafehnlderji, who fqueeze the poor witliout mtrcy. Theromnion li ifi.. in their manner of Hying, ftem to rtfemble the ancient Britons, as cieui ib- ed by Roman authors, or the preftnt Indian inhabitants of Amtrica. Mean huts or cabins built of clay and fhaw, partitioned in the mid ile by a wall of the fame materials, fci ve lor double purpofes of accommociating the family, who live and fltep promifcuouiiy, having their fires of turf in the middle of the floor, with andopening through the roof fr furniture as are net- in immediate ufe. Their wealth confifts of a cow, fometime^ a hone, fome poulti-y, and a foot for potatoes. Coarfc bread, potatoes, eggs, milk, and fon^etimes fifli, ccnftitute their food ; for liowtvtr plentilull-y the fields may be Itocked with cattle, th iii that primitive manner. In this idle and deplorable ftafeniany thoufands have been ioft to the comm.unity and to themfelves, v.ho, if they but had an equal chance with thtir neighbours, of being infhuftccl in the real principles of Chnftianity, and I R E L A N I>; 4-3. as the)' y repre. e. Im ill their patient ft'ercnce and been inured and encouraged to induftiy and labour, would have addcvi coiifiierable ftrength to government. The Spaniards and P'renrh, parti- culaily the latter, have not failed to avail tlitmfclves of the un'-omfoitahle lltiiation in which the Irifli were at home, by alluring them to enter their fervice; and in this they have hitherto been aflifted by pr'icfts and jtfuits, vvhofe intereft it was to infufe into the mindij of their credulous difci pies an averiion to the Britifli government ; but we have now the pleafing profpeft of a happy reformation among thefe people, in confequence of the late laws i)a(red by the parliament of Great Britain in favour of Ireland, as well as from the numerous Englifti proteftant working-fchools, lately elta- bliflied over the kingdom ; which inftitution will undoubtedly ftrike deep* er at the root of popery than all the endeavours of the Britilh monarclis to reduce theni. The defccndants of the Englifh and Scots, lince the conqueft of Ire- bnd by Henry II. though not the moft numerous, form the the wealthiell part of the nation. Of thfife are moil of the nobility, gentry, and prin- cipal traders, who inhabit the eaflern and northern coafts, where moft of the trade of Ireland is carried on ; efpecially Belfaft, Londonderry, and other parts of the province of Ulftei\ which, though the pooreft foil, is, iiext to Dublin and its neighbourhood, by far the beft cultivated and molt flaurifliing part of the kingdom. Here a colony of Scots, in the reign of James I. and other Prelbytci ians, who fled from persecution in that country ii^ the fucceeding reigns, planted thfjmfelves, and eftablilhed tb,at great ftaple of Irifli wealth, the linen manufactory, which they have fince carried on and brought to the utmoft perfeftion. From this fliort review, it apptars, that the prcfent inhabitants are compofed of three diftinCt claf« Ics of people ; the old Irifli, poor, ignoratit, and deprefled, who inhabit, or rather exilt, upon the inti-rior and weftern parts ; the defcendants of the Englifli, who inhabit Dublin, V/aterford, and Cork, and who gave a new appe-.uMnce to the whole c- It facing EnglaiKi,by the introduction of arti, commerce, fcience, and more liberal and cultivated ideas of the true God and primitive Chriftianity ; thirdly, emigrants from Scotland in the northern provinces, who, like the others, are fo zealoufly attached to their own religion and manner of living, that it will require fome ages be- fore the inhabitants of Ireland are fo thoroughly confolidated and blended as to become one people. The gentry, and better fort of the Irifli nation, in general, ditfcr little in language, drefs, manners, and cuftoms, jroni thofe of the fame rank in Great Britain, whom they imitate, Their hoi-. pitality is wtll known, but in this they are fometimes fufpefted of more olh'utation than real friendfliip. lUi.iGioN.] The eltabliflied religion and ecclefiaftical difcipline of Ireland is the fame witli that of Engfand. Among the bulk of the^co- pic in the moft uncultivated parts, popery, and that too, of the moft ab, f.iid, illiberal kind, is prevalent. The Irifh papifts ftill retain their no, minal bifliops and dign taries, whofubfift on the voluntary contributions of their votaries. But tven the blind fubmiflion of the latter to their dergv, lines not prevent Proteftantifm from making a V(?iy rapid progrcfs in th^ towns and communities. How far it may be the jntereft of England, tha,t; some kind of balance between the two religions fliould be kept up, I ftiail not here enquire. Ireland contains at leaft as many feCtaries as England, particularly PreH. bvtcrians, Baptifts, f^iakers, and' Metliodift<, who are all of' them con- ftivptl ^t or tolerated, CJreat eftorts have been made, ever rm(^ (.he da^fs , 4U IRELAND. of James I. in creeling frec-fchools for civilifing and converting the Irifli Papifts to ProteftantHm. Tlie inftitution of the incorporated fociety for promoting Englifli Proteftant working-fchools, though of no older date than i7i7» has been annazingly fucceisful, as have many inftitutions of the fime kind, in introducing induftry and knowledge among the Irifli : and no country in the world can (hew greater public-fpirited efforts than have been made by the government of Ireland, fince that time, for thefe purpofes; but many of the parliamentary giants of this kind have been trifled with and perverted. Archbishopricks and BiSHopRicKs.] Thc archbifliopHcks are four ; Armagh, Dublin, Calhel, and Tuam. The biflioprics are eighteen, viz. Clogher, Clonfert, Cloyne, Cork, Perry, Down, Dromore, Elphin, Kildare, Killala, Kilmore, Kiilaloc, i.eighlin, Liineric, Meath, Oflbry, Raphoe, and Waterford. Language.] The language of the Iriih is fundamentally the fame with the BritJfli and Welch, and a dialeft of the Celtic, which is made \\{e of by the Scotch Highlanders, oppofite the Irifli coafts. It is how- ever, in a great meafure, defaced by provincial alterations, but not fo al- tered as to render the Irifli, Welch, and Highlanders, uninteligible to each other. The ufage of the Irifli language, occafions among the com- mon people, who fpeak both that and the Englifli, a difagreeable tone in fpeakmg, which diffufes itfelf among the vulgar in general, and even ^mong the better fort, who do not imderftand Iiifti. It is probable, how- eve •, that a few ages hence the latter will be accounted among thc dead languages. Learnin'g akt> learned men.") Learning feems to have bpen cul- tivated in Ireland at a very early period. Mr. O'Halloran fays, that the Irifli * appear to have been, from the moft remote antiquity, a poliflied people, and that with propriety they ipay be called, the Fathers of Let- ters.' We zye even told, that Egypt received arts and letters from Niulus the Phoenician, who is reprefented as the great anceftor of the Iriih na^ tion. But thefe accounts are confidered by many as fabulous ; and it has been obferved, that no literary monuments have yet been difcovered in Ireland earlier than the introduction of Chriftianity into this country ; and that the evidence of any tranfa^tion previous to this periotl, refts en- tirely on the credit of Chriftian writers, and their collcilions from old poets, or their tranfcripts of records deemed to have been made in the limes of Paganifm. It is faid, that when St. Patrick * landed in Ireland, he found many Jioly gnd learned Chriftian preachprs theie, whofe votaries were pious and pbedient, ^amden obferves, that, * the Irifh fcholars of St. Patrick pro- * fited fo notably in Qhriftianity, that in the fucceeding age, Ireland * was termed SanSforum Patria.liht\v monks fo greatly excelled in learn- * ing and piety, that they fent whole flocks of moft learned men into all parts f of Europe, wlio were the firft founders of Lieuxeu abbey, in Burgun- * dy } pf the abbey Boble, in Italy ; of Wirtzburgh, in Franronia ; St, ^ Gall, in Switzerland ; and of Malmfliury, Lindisfarrran, and many other * n)qi^allerie§ in Britain.' We have ajfo the teftimony of venerable Bede, It has been affirmed, that St. Patrick was a Scotchman ; but Mr. O'Halloran de- jiifs this, and faye, thp^t * it appcafs from the pioft authentic records, that Patrick WBji from Wales.' " * ' Tftrab ffpm W«de^,' IRELAND. 4*5 thnt about the middle of the feventh century, many nobles, and other ordei"s of the Anglo Saxons, retired from their own country into Ire- land, either for inftixi<5tion, or for an opportnnity of living in mona- fteries of ftrifter difcipline : and that the Scots (as he ftylts the Irifli) maintained them, taught them, and furniflitd them with books, without fee or reward; ♦ a mou honourable teftimony,* fays lord Lyttleton,' not * only to the learning, but likewfe to the hofpitality and bounty, of that ♦ nation.* Dr. Leland remarks, that a contlux of foreii^ncrs to a retired ifland, at a time when Europe was in ignorance and ronfufion, gave pe- culiar luftre to this feat of learning : nor is it improbable or furprifing, tbfit fevcn thoufand ftudents fliidied at Armaoh, agreeable to the accounts of Irifli writei-s, through the feminary of Armagli was but one of thofe nu^ merous colleges erefted in Ireland. In modern times, the Irifh have alfo diftinguiflied themfelves in the re- public of letters. Aichbifliop Uflier does honour to literature itfelf. Dean Swift, who was a native of Ireland, has perhaps never been equalled in the walks of wit, humour, and fatire. The fprightlinefs of Farquhar* wit is well known to all lovers of the drama. And among the men of diftinguifhed genius whom Ireland has lately produced, may alfo be par- ticularly mentioned fir Richard Steele, bifliop Berkley, Pariiel, Sterne, and Goldfmith. UvivERSiTY.] Ireland contains but one univerfity, which is deno- minated Trinity-college. It confifts of two fqnares, in the whole of which are thirty-three buildings, of eighr rooms each. Three fides of one of the fquares are of brick, and the fouitti is a very fuperb library, but be- ing built of bad ftone, it is unfortunately mouldering away. The infide is beautiful and commodious, and embelliflied with the bufts of feveral an- cient and modern worthies. A great part of the books on one fide were eolletted by Archbilhop Uftier, who was one of the original members of this body, and the mod learned man it ever produced. The new fquare, three fides of which have been built more than twenty years, by par-, liamentary bounty, and fiom thence called Parliament Square, is of hewn ftone ; and the front of it, next the city of Dublin, is ornamented with pilaftres, feftoons, &c. The provoft's houfe has atx elegent little front, entirely of Portland ftone. The chapel is a very mean ftiufture, as is alfo the old hall, wherein college exercifes are performed ; but the new hall, in which the members of the college dine, is a fair and large room. In their mufeum, is a fet of figures in wax, reprefcnting females in every ftate of pregnancy. They are done upon real flceletons, and are ihe la- bour of almoft a whole life of a French artift. This feminary was founded and endowed by queen Elizabeth: but the original foundation confifted o^ly of a provoft, three fellows, and three fcholars ; which has from time to time been augmented to twenty-two fellows, feventy fcholars, and thirty fizers. However, the whole num-r ber of ftudents is at prefent about four hundred ; who are of three clafles, fellow-commoners, penfioners, and fizers or fervitors. Of the fellows, feven are called feniors, and the annual income of each of thefe is about feven hundred pounds. The provoftftiip is fuppofed to be worth threa thoufand pounds a year. Trinity-college has a power of conferring de- grees of bachelors, mafters, and doftors, in all the arts and faculties^ The vifitors are, the chancellor or vice chancellor, and the archbifliop pf pijblin, 'M 4Z6 IRELAND I: •1 '1 [i ■ I* I Ayrtf^virif.s an'd curiosities,! i have already mentioned tJie N'ATURAi. AND AR T t Fi c I A T,. | u'oU doj;.; in Iitland. Theliifli gos-hawks and ger-filcons are celtbratcd for their ihajie and beamy. The nioofe-'iccv is thought to have been formerly a native of this 'land, their horns b.ing fomerimes dug up of Co gr*;it a iize, that one pa r has been fonnd near ekvcu loet from thi; tip of the right horn to the tip of the left ; but the greateft natural curiofity in Ireland is the Giant s Caufcway, in the county of Antrim, abont eight miles from Colerani, which -js thus dcfcriljtd by Dr. i'orocke, late biihop ol O'Tory, a celebrated traveller and antiquary. He fay^, ' that he mcafurcd the niofl weiUrly point at high water to the diftunce of 360 feet fiom the cliflF; but uas told, thjt at low water it ext'. nded 60 (ect farther upon a defcent, till it was loft in the Tea. U|>or nifafuiiiig the e;«ftcrn point, lu- found it 540 feet from theclitf; and fa'.v us much more of it as of the other, where it winds to the eaft, jmd is, like that, lofi in the wciter. ♦ Thecaufcwav is conipofed of pillars all of angular fhapes, from three iides to eight. The eaftern point, where it joins the rock, terminates jti a per|;endicular clilV, formed by the upright fides of the pillars, font, of which are thirty-tliree feet four inches high. Each pillar confifls of fe- veral joints or ilones, lying one upon another, from fix inches to a'nout one ftH't in thicb^neis ; and what is very furprifnig, fome of thefe joints are 1"<> convex, that tlicir prominences are nearly quarters of fpheres, round each of which is a ledge, which holds them together with thu createft firmnefs, every Oone being concave on the other fide, and fitting m the exacteii manner the convexity of the upper pait of that beneath it. The pilJavs aro-from one to rwofeet in diamertr, and generally conlifl of about foity joints, niofl of whi-h feparate very cahly, and one may walk aloiig upon the tops of the pillars as far as to the edge of the water. ♦ But tliis is not the nioll lingular part of this exfraordinai ,, curiofitv, thecliifs tiiemfelves being ftill more furpriling. From the bottom, which IS of black ftone, to the heiglit of about lixty ilvt, they are divided ac equal diftanccs by Itripcs of a reddifli ilone, that refembles a cen-.eiit, about ioui' inches in thicknei's : upon tliis there is another (tratum of the fame black Ifone, wiih a ftratum five inches thick of the red. Over tiii:^ is another fh-atum ten feet thick, divided in the fame manper; then a flratum of the .red ilone twenty feet deep, and r.bnve that a 1 ratuni of upricht piil.'rs: abt«ve thefe pillars lies moibi; r lfratu;v, 01 black ft.-nes twenty feet high ; and, above ihis again, another ih.-i»\:ai 01 upri^^'nt piU lafrs, rifing in lome phves to the tops of the clit.s, in oth-vs not i'o high, and in othen again above it, vvl:erc tiny are railed tiie chinmeys. The face of thefe clilTs extends abont three Engliili miles. The cavities, the roniantic profp<(ht5, cataracts, and other phafing ancj imcommon natin"al objects to be ma v.'itli in Ireland, are too mimeruus to he called rarities, and feveral pamphlets have been employed in defcrib- ing them. As to the artificial rarities in Ireland, the chief are the round Pnaros, or flone towers, found upon the coalh, and fuppoftd to be buiU bv the Danes and Norwegians in their piratical incurfions, who made ufQ of them asfpy towers or barbicans, hght-houfes or beaicons. Ci rjEs, TOWNS FOR■r^, AND oinkr) Dublin, the capital of Ire- EDIHCE3, PUBLIC A\ o PK • V ,\ TH. J lind, is in iragnitude Rtul tliQ number of inhabitants, the fccond city in the Britifn dominions; nuicfi, about the lizc of Stockholm, Copenhagen, Berlin, ^«d Marfeilles, and i?; I R E L A N D/ 427 rinnofedto contain near 200,000 inhabitants," It is fitiiated j"o tnilft iioith-wcft of London, and near lixty miles will from Hdlyliead in \ortli Wales, the ufual fbtion of the paffagt-velltls betwetii Great Britan and Ireland. Dnblin IbiiMs about feven miles from the feu, at the bottom of a large and fparioiis bay, to which it f^ivcs name, u|)on the river l.ifTey, which divides it almoft into tvi'o equal parts, and is banked in through the whole length of the city, on both ikies, which form Tpai ions ai\d no* hie quays, where vcdt'ls below the iirft bridge K»ad and unload btfore the mcrchaYts doors and warehonfes. A ftranger, upon entering; the bay of JUiblin, which is about I'evcn miles broad, aud in ftorniy weather ex* t emely dangerous, is agreeably furprifed with the beaiititui profpe*^ on each fide, and the diftant view of Wicklow mountains ; but Dublin, from its low lituation, makes no great appearance. The increafe of Dublin, within thcfe laft twenty years, is incredible, and it is generally fuppofcd that 700 houfes h ^e been added to the city and fuburbs fince the reif;ii ot queen Anne. The number of houfes in the year 1777, was 17,151, anil there have been many new buildings ere6led (ince. This city, in its appc ! raiice, bears a near refemblance to London. The houfes are of brick ; the old ftreets art nariow and mean, but the new (trtets are as elegant as thofe of the metropolis of Great Britain. Sarkville-lfreet, which is fon^i tames called the Mall, is particularly noble. The houles are elegant, ' >'tv, and uniformly built, and a gravel walk runs throu;^h the whole at an equal difiance from the fides. The river Liffey, though navigable for fea-veffels as far as the cuftom- ' houfe, or centre of the city, is but fmall, when compared with the Thanus of London. Over it are two handfome bridges, lately built, of (lone, in imitation of that at Weftminfter, and there are three others that have little to recommend them. Formerly the centre of i^ublin, towards thi^ fuftom-houle, was crowded and inconvenient for commercial pur- pofrs; but of late a new ftreet has been 'opened, leading from Eflex- hrid;'e to the caftle, where the lord lieutenant rcfides. A new exchancre lias been lately erefted, an eleg .nt flruf^ure of white ftone, richly em- btllifhxi with femi-columns of the Coiinthi.in order, a cupola, and other ornp meats. The barracks are pleafantly fituat^d on an eminence near the river; They confift of four la ge courts, in which are generally quartered four battalions of foot, and one regiment of horfe ; from hence the caftle and city eiiards are relieved dailv. Tney are f.id to be the largeft and com- pkttil: buildingsof the kind in Europe, being capable of containing- 3000 foot and 1000 horfe. The linen-hall was erei'^ted at the public exjjence, and opened in the year 1728, for the rec. ption of fuch linen cloths as were bmught to Dul)lin for fale, for which there are convenient apartments. ■ It is en- tirely und?r the direction of the truftees for the encouragement of the li- nen m;,iiufadtoiy of liv land, who are compofed of the lord chancellor, the primate, the archbifliop of Dublin, and the principal part of the nobility and gentry. This national inftitution is pr«)duftive of great advantages^ by preventing many frauds which otherwile would be committed in a ca- pital branch of trade, by which- many thoufands are employed, and the kinjrdoni greatly enriched. Stephen's Green is a moft extenfive fquare, round which is a gra:vet walk for near a mile. Here genteel company walk in the evenings, and oil Sundays after two o'clock; and iu fine weather niake a very gay ap- peatamff. hi ,.<^.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 U|2£ Hi ■tt 122 12.2 !!f lag ■" L° 12.0 m ik 1 1-25 1 1.4 III 1.6 < 6" ► V] HiotDgraphic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREfT WEBSTER, N.Y. MSSO (716) S72-4903 '^ •^"' 4^ ^ 1^ 428 IRELAND. / '!: '1' ipe^rancc. Manv of the houfes round the green are very ftatcly, btit a want of uniforn:iity is obfcrvable throughout the whole. Ample amends will be made for this defe£b by another fpacious fquare near Stephen's Green, now laid out and partly built. The houfes being lofty, uniform and carried on with ftonc as far as the firil floor, will give the whole an air •>f magnificence, not exceeded by any thing oi the kind in Britain, if we except Bath. The front of Trinity College, extending above 300 feet, h built of Portland ftone in the fined tafte. The parliament houfe was begun in fjjg, and finiflied in ij^q^ at the expenre of 40,000!. This fuperb pile is in general of the Ionic order, and is at this day juftly accounted one of the foremoft archireftural beau- ties. The portico in particular is, perhaps, without parallel ; the inter, nal parts have alfo many beauties, and the manner in which the building is lighted, has been much admired. But one of the greafeft and moft laudable undertakings that this age can boaft of, is the building a ftone wall .ibout the breadth of a moderate ftreet, of a proportionable height, and three miles in length, to confine the channel of the bay, and to fhelter vcfTels in ftormy weather. The civil government of Dublin is by a lord-mayor, &c. the fame as \n London. Every third year, the lord-mayor, and the twenty-four com- panies, by virtue of an old charter, are obliged to per all winds; but fmall vcffds only can come up to the city, which ftands about fcven miles up the river Let*. This is the chief port of merchants in the kingdom ; and there is, perhaps, more beef, tallow, and butter, ftiipptd off here, than in all the other ports of Ireland put together. Hence there is a great refort of fliips to this port, particularly ot thofd bound from Great Britan to Jamaica, Barbadoes, and all the other Caribbee iilands, which put in here to victual and complete their lading. It ap- pears, that in the reign of £dward IV. there were 1 1 churches iu Cork, though there are now only feven,.and yet it has ever fince that time be^a cft^emed a thriving city ; but it muft be obferved, that befide the churches, there are at this time fix maftt-houfes, two diiTenting meeting- houfes, another for quakers, and a chapel for French protedauts. Kin- fale is a populous and (Irong town, with an excellent harbour, and con- fiderable commerce and ikipping ; and it is, moreover, occafionaliy a ftation for the ravy royal ; for which end this port is fnrnifhed with pro> per naval officers and florekeepers. Waterford is reckoned next to Cork, for riches and fliipping, and contains 2 ;6i houfes. It is commanded by Duncannon Fort, and on the wed fide of the town is a citadel. Limerick is ahandfome, populous, commercial, ftrongcity ; it lies on both fides the .Shannon, and contains 5257 houfes. Belfaft is a large fea port and trading town at the mouth of the Lagen- water, where it falls into Carrickfergus bay. Dovvnpatrick has a flou- rifliing linen manufacture. Carricktergus (or Knorkfurgus), by fome deemed the capital town of the province, has a good harbour and callle, but little commerce. Deny (or Londonderry, as it is raoft ufuolly called) ftands in Lough-Foyl, is a ftrong little city, having linen manufaftures, with fome commerce and fliipping. All this extreme north part of Ireland is (ituated fo near to Scotland, that they are in fight of each other's coaih, Donegall, the county town of the fame name (otlierwife called the county of Tyrconnel), is a place of fome trade; as is likewife Ennifkilling. All which laft mentioned places, and many more (though lefs confiderabte ones), arc chiefly and moft iuduftrioufiy employed in the manufa^uriag of linen and linen thread,, to the great benefit of the whole kingdom, which, by its vaft annual exportation^ of linen into England, is enabled to pay for the great annual importations from England into Ireland ; and likewif< to render the money co.nftantly di'a\f n from Irclaud into England, by her aUfeotees, left grievous to her. Thowgh 4.^0 I R E L A N D. ThcHif^h Ireland contains no ftrong places, according to the modern im" provemcnts in fortification, yet it has feveral foits and garrifons, tha* ierve as comtoitabie finccures to military officers. The chief are Lon' donderry and Culmore fort, Cork, Limerick, Kinfale, Duncannon, Rofs* Caftle, Dublin, Charlemont, Gaiway, Carrickfergus, Maryborough, and Athlone. Each of thefe forts are furnilhed with deputy-governors, un- der various denominations, who have peculiar provilions from the go- yernmeiu. It cannot be pretended, that Ireland is as yet furniflied with any pub- lic edifices, to compare with thofe to be found in countries where love- reigns and their courts refide ; but it has lome eleg;*^it public buildings, which do honour to the tafte and public fpirit of the inhabitants. I'lie parliament-houfe, caftle, Eflex-bridge, an' 1 feveral edifices about Dublin, already mentioned, are magnificent ; an. I elegant pieces of architeftiire, and many noble Gothic churches, and other buildings, are to he feen in Ireland. The Irifli nobility, and gentry of fortune, now vie with thofe of England in the magnificent ftrufture of their houfes, and the elegance of their ornaments ; but it would be unjuft, where there are 1o many equal in tafte aiid magnificence, to particularize any. In fpeaking of the public buildings of this kingdom, I muft not forget the numerous bar- racks were the foldiers are lodged, equally to the eafe and convcniency of the inhabitants. Commerce and manufactures.] Whit I have re moderate Iriih antiquaries carry their hiftory \ip to about 500 years before the Chriftian aera, at which time they afTeit, that a colony of Scy- thians, immediately from Spain, fettled in Ireland, and introduced tiie PhcEiiician language and letters into this country ; and that however it might have been peopled ftill earlier from Gaul or Britain, yet Heber, Heremon, andlth, thefonsof Milelius, gave a race of kings to the Irilh, diftinguiftied from tlieir days by the names of Gadeiians and Scuits, or Scots. But as our limits will not permit us to enlarge on the dark and contefted parts of the Irifli hiftory, we fliall only obferve, that it was about the middle of the fifth century that the great apoftle of Ireland, St. Pa- trick, was employed in the propagation of Chriftianity in this country, though there had been Chriftian miffionaries here long before, by whofe means it had made a confiderable progrefs among the inhabitants of Ire- land. After this period, Ireland was occafionally invaded by the Saxon kings of England ; but in the year 79^ and 798 the Danes and Nor- mans, or, as they were called, the Eafterlings, invaded the coafts of Ire- land, and were the firft who ereAed ftone edifices in that kingdom. The common habitations of the Irifti, till that time, were hurdles covered with ftraw and nifties, and but very few of folid timber. The natives defended thcmfelves bravely againft the Eafterlings, who built Dublin, Waterford, Limerick, Wexford, and Cork ; but they refided chiefly at Dublin, or in its neighbourhood, which, by the old Irifti, was called Fingal, or the Land of Strangers. The natives, about the year 967, feem to have called to their alliftance the Anglo-Saxon king Edgar, who had then a confiderable maritime power ; and this might have given occafion for his clergy to cull him king of great part of Ireland. It is certain that Dublin was about that time a flouriftiing city, and that the native Irifti gave the Eaftei lings feveral defeats, though fupporteJ by their countrymen from the continent, the ifle of Man, and the Hebrides. In the twelfth century, Henry the Second of England formed a defign of annexing Ireland to his diminions. He is faid to have been induced to this by the provocation he had received from fome of the Irifti chieftains, who had atForde4 confiderable afliftance to his enemies. His defign was pa- tronized by the pope, and a fair pretext of attacking Ireland offered about the year 1168, Dermot Mac Murrough, king of Leinfter, and an op- prelTive tyrant, quarrelled with all his neighbours, and carried oft* the wife of a petty prince, O'Roirk. A confederacy being formed againft him, un- der Roderic O'Connor, (who it fcems was the paramount king of Ireland) he was driven from his country, and took refuge in the court of Henry II. who promifed to reftore him, upon taking an oath of fidelity to the crown of England for himfelf, and all the petty kings depending on him, who were very numerous. Henry, who was then in France, recommended M ic Dermot's caufe to the Englifti barons, and particularly to Stroni^bow, earl of Pembroke, Robert Fitz Stephen, and Maurice Fitz Gerald. Thofe noblemen undertook the expedition upon much the fame principles as the Norman and Breton lords did the conqueft of England under William I F f 1 4.U IRELAND. am! Strongbow wis fornnnv ^far T>fcrmot's (ianirhtcr l.vn. Tit ii^»o, fhr .iHventuin i itducfd the town of W'cxtoid and U'atcrfoid ; and the iu\f yfar Stionghow anivini; witlr a ftrong itmrorcement, his mairiaj;c wai lelehrutcd. T!ir defendants of the Danes- continued flill poflcfTed of Dublin, which, afttr fonio inefTa'tiial cppolttion made by king; O'Connor, was t:iken and plundered hv the Kn^Iilh foldicrs ; hut Mac Turkil, the Danilh king, tfcapetl to his^iippini;. Tpon i!ie death of Dsrmot, Ifeniy II. heramc icalons of carl Stroniihosc, fei/cd upon his cftatt; in J''iigland and \\ alci, and icrailcd hisfuhjtcts from Ireland. The Irilh about tliefame time, to the anio'int of above 60,00-1, I)efiei»cd Dublin, undrr kin^^ O'Connor ; but thoUi^h all Stronj;i)o\v's Irifh. friends a'.d allies had now left him, and the citv was reduced to gnat extremity, he forced the Iiifli to railc thf fu'gc with great lofs ; and ;.;oii»g over to H'.ngland, he appeafed Hcnrv hv iVcarin^ fealty to him and his heirs, and refigning into his hand all tlir Iri(h cities and forts he htld. During Stiongbow's abfence, Mac Tiirkil returned with a great fleet, attempted to retake the city of DubJin, bi:t was killed at the hege ; and in him ended the race of the Kalieriing princp: 'U\ lielaiid. In 1 172, Henry II. attended b}- 400 knights, 40^0 veteran foJdier>j» and the flower of his Knglilli nobility, Jajided near Waterford ; and not only ail the petty princes of Ireland, cxceptingthe king of LMfter, but the great king Rotleric O'Connor, fubmitting to Henry, who pietended that O'Connor's fubmilUon included that of (jlfter, and that confequeiitly he was the paramoimt fovereign of Irelar.d. Be that as it will, he affefted to keep a m;-.gnltitent court, and held a parliament at Dublin, wheie he jwrcelled out the elhites of Ireland, as \Viiiiain the Conqueror had done in England to his Kngliili nobility. Me thru fettled a civil adminifti a- tion at Dublin, as nearly as po!ii!)le to that of England, to which he re- turned in I f^, having firll i'ctriedan Englifli colony from Briftol in Dub- lin, with ;;!l rdo liberties- and fiee culV^ms, fay their charters, which thu citi/.ensof briliol enjoyed. Erom that time Dublin began to flourifli. — Thus tlic conquert of Ireland was eifei'ted by the Englifli, almofi with as- much e{, Robert Unur, had nhiiofl pro\ cd tutaltoiiic KniHifll ifitcrert in Ireland, and fui'gcftcrd to the Iriili the id':i ot trarulcr- riiiii their ni!ei;innre from t!ic kings of Knrland to Rolu-rt Jiriae, Kin^; Koberf's brotlnr. That prince :iccor linj^iy inviMif-d Ireland, where he s'^ave re pf^att'd detests to the i-nt;lifli ^overnoriand arriiitc; ; ftnd bt-ing fiip- porttd liy his brother in perfon, he was ai^hmily erowntd king at l)nn- dilk, and narrowly milled bting mafttr ot Dublin. The vovui'ier BiuiK ii:fi\'t'' ro have been violent in the extlrife ot" his (overeigiity, and he was at laft defeated and killed b* Berniinghain, tiie KngIKh general. Aitci- this Kdward II. ruled Ireland with great moderation, and palled fcveral exiellcnt acts with regardto that country. But during the minority of Edward III. the commotions were ^galn rc'- newedin Ireland, and not fupprefled without great lofs and difgrare on the fide of the Engilfh. In 1^33 arebtjilion broke out, in which the Kngliih Inhabitants had no inconfiderable (liare. A fucceilion of vigorous, brave governors at laft quieted the infurgents ; and about the year i 36;, prime Lionel, fon to Edward 111. having married the heirefs of t lifter, was fent over to govern Ireland, and, if poflibie, to reduce its inhabitants to an en- tire conformity with the laws of England. In this he made a great jrjo- grefs, but dic( not entirely accomplilh it. Jt appeafs, at this time, that tlic Irifti were in a very flou'ifliing condition, and that one of the greateft grievances they complained of was, that the Englifli fent over men cf mean birth to govern them. In 1394, Richard II. finding that the ^ve- cution of hisdefpotic fchemes in England muft be abortive v! ithout far- ther fupport, pafied over to Ireland with an army of 34,000 menj well armed and appointed. Ashe made no ufeof force^ the Irifli looked upon his prefence to be a high compliment to their nation, and admired the mag- nificence of his court. Richard, on the other hand, courted them by all the aits he could employ, and beftowed the honoul" of knighthood on their chiefs. In fliort, he behaved fo as entirely to win their affections; But in 1 399, after having arted in a very defpotic manner in England^ he undertook a frefli expedition to Ireland, to revenge thb death of hh lord lieutenant the earl of March, who had been killed by the wild Iriilu His army again ftruck the natives with confternation, and Sry threw them- felvesupon bis mercy. It was during this expedition, r-'.at the duke ot Lancafter landed in England ; and Richard, upon his return, finding himfelf deferted by his Englifli fubjecls on account of his tvranny, and that he could not depend upon the irifh, furrendered his crown to hii rival. The Trifli, after Richard's death, ftil! retained a warm atfecl ion for the houfe of York ; and upon the revival of that family's claim to the crown, embrr.ced itscaufe. Edward IV. made the earl of Defmond lord lieute- nant of Ireland for his fervices againft the Orn)( nd party and other ad- heients of the houfe of Lancafter, and he was the fii'/f Ir-Jh chi.-ft.rji that obtained this honour. Even the accellion of Hewry VH. to the crown of England did not reconcile the Irifti to his title as duke of Lan- cafter; and therefore readily joined Lambert Simnel, who ptctemlf d t.> bethe eldeft fo!i of Edward IV. but for this they paid dear, being deti-ati.d m their attempt to invade England. This made them fomewiiat rautioui at firft of joining Perkin Warbeck, notwithftanding hisplaufible pifftn e5 to be the duke of York, fecond fon of Edward IV. He was, however, at laft rccognifed »s king of the Irilh ; and in the preceding pagCv, unJcr the ]•' f » \\\i\jtf 436 I R E L A N D. i 1: * ■ hiilorv of FnffbnH, tl.o reader may k.irn the rvcnt of his pretenfiont. Kmiy L^havecl wilh moderation towards his favourers, and was contented withrequirinj; the Iiifn nobil ty to take a frefhoath of allej^iance to his go- vernnitiit. This lenity h:in, the duke of Uiihmond, his lord lieutenant. This did not prevent the IriHi from breaking out into rebellion in the year r c, 40, u.uUr litx Geraid, who had been lord deputy, and was won over by the cmp:;ror, l)ut was at laft hanged ar Tyburn. After this the houfe of AuftriA fo'.ind their aironnt in their quiinels with England, to form a ihon;' partv among the li ilb. Ab lilt the year iqir, jaincs V. kini^ of Scotland, formed fome pre- tenlions on the crown of Ireland, an- 1 was favoured by a ftrong party anions; tht- Iriih thcmlelvcs. It i^ hard t(» fay, had ht; lived, what the con- fe(|uence of his chiin mi^ht have been. Henry underflood that the Irifli hail a mean opinion of his dignity, as the kings of Kngland had hirlierto alliuncd no higher title than that of lords of Ireland. He therefore took that of king ot Ireland, which had a great cffeft with the native Iriflj, who thought that allegiance wa. not due to a lord ; and, to fpeak the truth, it was fomewhat furpriling that this expedient was not thought of before. It produced a more pedcis adlicrenf; \ycve fakeit ami cxocutrd. The attaiinlcr of the Irilh rt-lu'li, \vhi» 1» jKilUd in the iei;^Msof James and tlizaluth, veftcd in the nown q 11,46? anrs, in the tcvtral counties of Donea;al, Tyrone, Cokrin, l'crman:ij»h, Cavan, and Armagh; and enabled the king to make tliat |>rotrU:int plantation in thi i North of Ireland, which now, from the moll rcbciliouj province of the ^ kiii.^dom, is the mod quiet and reformed. Thole piodigious attainders, however j\;ft and neccfT.ry they might be, o'Krated iatally for the Knglilh in the reign of Charles I. The Irifli Ko- niaii Catholics in general, were intluenved by their pricfts to hope not only to repofTifs the lands of thrir forefathers, but to rf (lore the popi(l» religion in Ireland. They therefore entered into a deep and detellable confpiracy for maflareing all theEnglifli proteft^nts in that kin^'dom. In this they were encouraged by the unhappy diircnfions that liroke out be- tween the king and his parliamtnts in lingland and Scotland. Their bloody plan being dilcovered by the Englifli government at Dublin, p'e- vcntcvi that city from falling into their hands. They, however, partly executed in 1611 their horrid fcheme of mafliirre; but authors have not agreed as to the numbers who were murdered ; pelThaps they have bten exag^rerated by warm proteftant writers, fome of whom have mounted tlie number of the fufFerers to 40,00^1; other acco\ints fpcak of io,oco or 12,000, and fame even have diminiflied that number *. What followed in confequenre of this rebellion, and the reduction of Ireland by Cromwell, who retaliated the cruelties of the Irifl\ Papifts upon themfelv -s, belongs to the hiftory of England. It is rertain th^t they fmarted fo feverely, that thev were quiet during the reign of Charles II. His popifli fucccflbr and brother James II. even after the Revolution took plare, fotnid an afyhim in Ireland ; and was encouraged to hope, that, by the alTidance of the natives there, he might remoimt his throne : but he was deceived, and his own pufillanimitv co operated with his difnppointment. He was driven out of Irelrmd by his fon -in-law, after the battle of the Boyne, the nnly viftory that king William ever gained in perfon ; a viftory, however, on which depended the fafety of the protellant religion, and the liberties of the Britifh empire. Had James been victorious, he probably would have been reinflated on the throne, and nothing elfe could be expe6\ed than that being irritated bj' the oppofition, viftorious over his enemie-, and free from every reftraint, he would have trampled upon all rights, civil and religious, and pm'fued more arbitrary defigns than before. The army of William confifted of 3^,000 men, that of James of 3?, coo, but advanta- geoufly fituated. James, it is true, fought at the head of an undifciplincd rabble: but his French auxiliaries were far from behaving as heroes. It mull be acknowledged, however, that he left both the field and the king- dom too foon for a brave man. The forfeitures that fell to the crown on account of the Irifli rebellions and the Revolution, are almoft incredible ; and had the atls of parlian.ent ) Mr. Guthrie's account of the numbers killed in the Irifh maiTacr e is much below tnat generally given. Mr. Hume, after enumerating the various bar barities pradil'ed u -iif ^*P''"» "P°" the Proteftants, fays, «« By fome computations, thofe, who pe- " k j^ ^^ *'*°'*^ cruelties, arc made to amount to an hundred an d fifty, or two ^'^ hundred thoufand ; by the moft moderate, and probably the moft reafonable ac 'count, thejr muft have b«cn near 40,000." Hift. of England, vol. vi- p. 377. edit BW.X763. " * i- F f 3 which 433 I R E L A N D. hi! -n-^ich gave thein away bfcn I'tricily cnfoircd, Irclaiul m\ift have bcon pt'opled with Hiitilh inhabitants. JJut many political rcafonsocciintd lor })()t iliiving the Iiilh to clcfpair. Tht; tritiuis of tlie Revolution and the. protellant religion were CuJiicicntly gratilif d out of the forfeited eftatt."^ Too many of the Roman Catholics mi<;lit have been forced abroad ; iuid jt was proper that a due baliuue (hoiikl l)c preferved between the Roni;in Catholic and the I'lotcllant intcrelh It was ilierefoie thou2;ht prudent to relax the reins of govenuucnr, and not to put the forfeiture, too ri;',nr- pufly into execution. Thf experience of half a century has confiniud the wifdom of the above courideratioui. The lenity of the mtalures pur- fued in regard to the Irifh Roman Catholic;, and the gr/at pains takiii for the inllruftion of their childrci), with the progreG M'liich knowled li«'l:«nd, as lliould ,'n ible tlie national wilddin to j>m i'uo ctfcctiial imattMo lor proiuotini; the , :);ninon ftrrngth, wcilth, aiui conimtivc ot his ina'cliy s liil)ii-<'"t , in t»*)th Niii;^doins. To this aildtcls thf kini; returned a lavtmi able anlucr : and Ml ('i'to!)cr, the fame year, hocb honles of thf Iritli pailiainctit alio pie- 'I'tited ndilrelTts to his niajcfh', in ul-.iih they do Jaiet?, that nothini'^ hut wanting Irelatid a tree tr uie could lave it tVoni ruin. Norwithlbndini; M Vi' h, it hcin^ loon after rufpecUd by many of thj ;eople of that kin^ilom, that the members of their parliament would not exrrt thenifeivcs with vi- •'(Hii in piomoting the intertfts ot the nation, a very daring and numerous mob aflVmbled before the parlianunt-hoiife in Dublin, cry in<; out fora /'(^ tidtk and a Jhi^rt money-hUL They aflaulted the members, and en-ka- vmired toroiTipel thtm to fwear that they would fu[)ju3rt the infcrclf of their country by votinj^ ioi a lliort money-bill ; and they iltmojiflied the hoiife of the attorney-general. The tumult at kn^nh fubfided ; and two Irilh money-bills, for fix months only, were lent over to Kngland, wheic thtvpilTtd the great ftal, and were immeiliately returned, without any lili itisfacJ-iion l)eing cxprtlled by governimiit at this limited gnnt. In the n>ean time the members of the oppofition, in the I'lnglilh par- liament, Very I'rongiy reprifented the neceliity of an immediate attention •0 the complaints of the people of Ireland, and of a ^ompH-ance with their 'vlflies. The arguments on this fule of the queftion were alfo enforced by the accounts which came from Ireland, that the volunteer aflociations in tliat kingdom amounted to forty thoufand men, \u\paid, felf-appointed, and iiulcpenilent of government, well armed and accoutred, daily improving in c^ifi ipline, and which afterwards incrcal'ed to eighty thoufand. The IJii- tilltniiiiiftry a;^pfarcdforfome time to be uiuletcrmined what part they (liou id ict in this impoitant bufinefs ; but the remembrance of the fatal etfefts of n;;orous meatures relperting America, and the very critical fituatiot\ of drcat i:ritriin, at length induced the firll lord of the treafiiry to bring in inch bills as were calculated to afford effectual commercial relief to the peo- ple of Ireland. Laws were accordingly palled, by which jJJ thofe aits were repealed, whi( h had prohibited the exportation of woollen manu- t.iiT:i!ref> from Ireland, and other a(5ls by which the trade of that kingdom to foreign countries had been reftrained : and it waslikewife i aadted, that a trade between Ireland and the Rritifli colonies in America and the Weft Indies, and iheBritifn fettlements on the coaif of Africa, fliould be allowed to be carried on in the fame manner, and fubjeft to fimilar regulations and reftrictions v;ith that carried q\\ between Great Britain and tlie faid colonies and fettlements. Thele laws in favour of Ireland were received with much joy and exul- tation in that kingdom ; and the Irifli nation being indulged in their ie- quifitions r<:fpe£ting trade, now began alfo to aim at important C9nftitnti- orul reformations; and in various counties and cities of Ireland, the n^du of the Britiflii parliament to make laws which Ihould bind that king- doin, was denied in public refoiutions. By degrees the fpirit which had been manifcfted by the Irilli parliament feem,ed a Tutle tofubfide; and a rtniarkable inftance of this was, their agreeing to a perpetual mutiny- bill, for the regulation of the Irifli army, though that of England had aUv ays been palled, with a true conftitutional caution, only from year to year. This was ^inuch exclaimed againft by fome of the Iridi patriots; and it is indeed not eafy to clear their parliament from the chaige of in- coniirtency; but this bill was afterwards repealad, and the comnicrcial ^ i \ advantages i m 440 ISLE OF MA N. advantages afForded them by late a'^s in their favour, have greatly ron- tributed to piomote the profperity of Ireland. As before obferved, by •he a«fl reperiling the flatute of the f th of George 1.- they arc now fully an., completely (mancipated from the jiirifdi<5lionof theBritifh parliament. The apellant jurifdiftion of the Britifh houfe of peers in Irifli raiifes, was Jikewife given up. But though the Irifli have obtained fuch great exten- fion cf their liberties, it is qiieftioned whether it will terminate to their country's real advantage : their parties and difTenfions inrreafV, and the roniroverfy of F!ngland with that kingdom is far from being ended ; much remains to ellablifh fuch a commercial and political connection > s will pio- mote theintereft and happinefs of both countries, and make them one gnat, ftable, and invulnerable body. Every change of adminiftration in En;;;- lane hath produced new lord lieutenants among them, buf#harmony and confidence are not yet reftored, though the late duke (if Rutland's admini- llration this year feemcd firmer than the preceding. However, in the yer.r 17>>3, the government, the nobility, and the people of Ireland, vied with each other in countenancing and giving an afylum to many fami^ips of the Gcnevefe who were banifhed from their city, and toothers who voluntarily exiledthemfelvesthemfeives for the caufe of liberty, not willing to fu()mit to an arillocracy of their own citizens, fuppoited by the fwords of"Fraiue and Sardinia. 1 might here conclude the geography and hiftory of Great Britain and Ireland, were it not that the itv^j^JL^ialler iflands are under the allegiance of the crown of England ; and, havingTocal privileges and c^iftin^ion-. could not be comprehended under a more general head. In treating of them, therefore, I fliall deviate from my common method, but obferve brevity as much as the fubjtdt will permit. ISLE O F MAN THE Mona mentioned by Tacitus was the ifle of Anglefea, not this ifland. Some think it takes its name from the Saxon word Man^s: (or among', becaufe lying in St. Georgote Channel, it is almoftatan equal ciiftance from the kingdoms of England, Scotland^ and Ireland ; but Mona ftems to have been a generical name with the ancients for anv detached ifland. Its length fnm north to fouth is rather more than thirty miles, its breath from eight to fifteen; and .the latitude of the middle of the ifland is fifty-four degrees fixteen minutes north. It is faid, that on a clear day the three Britannic kingdoms may be feen from this ifland. The air here is wholefome, and the climate, only making an allowance for t'le fitiiation, pretty m.uch the fame as that in the north of England, from whifh it does not differ much in other re fpefts. The hilly parts are bar- rtn, and the champaign fruitful in wheat, barley, oats, rye, flax, htmfi roots, and puhs. The ridge of mountains, which as it were divides tie ifland, both protet'^s and fertilizes the vallies. where there is good pafturage. The better fort of inhabitants have good fizeable horfes, and a fmall kind, which is fwift and hardy ; nor are they troubled with anv noxious animals. The coafls abound with lea fowl ; andthepaflfins, which treed in ralit holes, are aimof^ a lump of fat, and eftcemed very deli- dous. . ri V . .^ ISLE OF MAN. 441 clous. It is faid that this iflaiui abounds with iron, lead, and copper rnints, though uuwrou^ht ; as are the quarries of maioie, Hate, and ftoiic. The Ifle of Man contains fevenieen jwriflies, and four towns on the fta I oafti. CaR -town is the metropolis 01 the ifland, and the feat of iti oovernment; Peele, which of late years bt^ins to tiourifli ; Doug- las has' the bed market and beft trade in the illand, and is the richeft and moft populous town, on account of its excellent harbour, and its fine mole, extending into the fea ; Ranifey has likowife a conliderablc (onmierce, on account of its fj-acious hay, in which fliips may ride fafe fiom all winds excepting the north-eaft. The reniiei, by throw ing his eyes on the map, may fee how conv. niently this iiland is lituated for be- ing the ftoi^lioufe of fnuigglcit, which it was till within thefe few years, to the inexpreflible prejudice of his inajefty's revvnue j and this neceflarily leads me to touch upon the hiflory of tiie iiland. During the time of the Scandinavian rovers on the feas, whom I have befor^n.entioned, this ifland was their rendezvous, and their chief force was here collefted ; from whence they annoyed the Hebrides, Great Bri- taii^ and Ireland. The kings of Man are often mentioned in hiftory; and though we have no regular account of their iuccelfion, and know but a few of their names, yet they undoubtedly were for fome ages mafters of thofe feas. About the year 1263, Alexander II. king of Scotland, a fpirited prince, having defeated the Danes, laid claim to the fuperiority of Man, and obliged Owen or John, its king, to acknowledge him as lord paraniount. It ieems to have continued, either tributary or in property of the kings of Scotland, till it was reduced by Edward I. and the kings » of England, ftom that time, excrcifed the fuperiority over the ifland ; though we find it ftiil poflefled by the poftcrity of its Danifti princes, in the reign of Edward III. who dilpolTtired the laft queen of the ifland, and beftowed it on his favourite, Montague, earl of Salilburv. His family ho- nours and eftiite being forfeited, Henry IV. beftowed Man, and the patro- nage o^the biflioprick, firft upon the Northumberland family ; and that be- ing forfeited, upon fir John Stanley, whofe poftcrity, the earls of Derby, pnjoyed it, till, by failure of heirs male, it devolved upon the duke of Athol, w'.o married the fifter of the laft lord Derby. Reafons of ftatc rendered it neceiTary for the crown cf Great Britain to purchafe the cuf- toms and the ifland from th^ Athol family ; and the bargain was complet- ed by 7o,oool. being paid to the duke in 1765. The duke, however, re- tains his territorial property in the ifland, though the form of its go\ em- inent is altered; and the king has now the fame riglits, powers, and pre- rogatives, as the duke formerly enjoyed. The inhabitants, alfo, retain many of their antient conftitutions and cuftomk. The eftabliftied religion in Man is that of the church of England. The bifhop of Sodpr and Man enjoys all the fpiritual rights and pre-eminences of other bifliops, but does not fit in the firitifli houfe of peers ; his fee never having been erected into an Englifh barony. One or the moft ex- cellent pi elates who ever adorned the epifropal charafter, was Dr. Tho- mas \v ilfon, bifliop of Man, who prefid'.d over that diocefe upwards of fifty feven years, and died in the year 175^, aged ninety-three. He was eminently diftinguiftied for the piety and the exemplarinefs of his life, his benevolence and hofpitaJity, and his unremitting attention to the happinefs oi the people enti ufted to his cace. He encouraged agriculture, eftal)li(lied ichools 44i ISLE OF W I G IT T. fchool for the ip.rnuftioii of t!ic chiKlrcn of the inhabitants of the iilnri'l, Iranfl.Ued fome of hisdivotion.il pitvt> into the Manks l.in_[;uaj(c, to rciuUr thein more gfncrally lift hil to them, anil founded parochial lihi aries in evcrv par'ifh in his diotcfe. Some of his notions icf petting government and rhuuh difciplif^c were not o{ the mod liberal kind ; but his failings mcic io lew, aiul his virtues fo numeroirs and ronfpiruous, that he wr.s a |;reat l)ldiini!; to the Ifle of Man, and an ornament to human natine. TardinaJ Fifiuv had fo muih veneration for his < hararVr, that out «;f regaid to him, he obtained an order from the roiirt of Frajicc, tliat no privateer of ihat nation (boukl ravage the Ifleof Man. The ecc.Lcfiaflical i^ov^^rnnKnt is well kept np in this ifland, and the liv- ings arc comfortable. The language, M'hich is called the Mauks, and h fpoken by the common people, is radically Krfe, or Irifli, but with a mix- ture of other languages. The New Teftamcnt and the Common Praver Book have been tranflated into the Manks language. Thenr'tives, who amount to aibarve 20,000, are inoltenfive, eliaritable, and hofpitable. The better fort Jive in , not only in the pafforal, but alfo in the great and romantic flyle. Of tlicfe beauties, the gentlemen of the ifland have availed themfelves, as well in the choice of fituation of their houles, as in their other improvements. Domeitic lowio ioid poultry ii\r. bffd here in Piciit uumlvrs-; the outjvard-bound ISLE OF WIGHT, SCILLY, JERSEY, &c. 44^ (liips and veflL'ls at S, pithead, the Mother Bank, and Cou'es, commonly . turnilhing thMulclves Irom this ifland. Such is the purity of tlie air, the fertilty of the foil, and the beauty aiui vaiieiv of th.- lanfcapes of this illand, that it has been called the jjai- i\m of England; it has fome very fin-' geiiMemen's feats; audit is otteii Milted bv parties of plcafure on account of its delightful Iccnes. Tho iiliuid is divided into thirty parilhcs ; and according to a very accu- i:itc calculation made iu the year 1777, the inhabitants then amounted to ci'httcn thoufand and twenty-four, exclulive of the troops quartered there. JNloft of the farm-houfes are built with ftone, and even the cottages appear juat and comfortable, having each its little garden. The town of Newport ftands nearly in the centre of the ifland, of which it may be confidered as the capital. The river Medina empties it- fclf into the channel at Cowcs harbour, diftant about five miles, and be- hw navigable up to the quay, renders it commodious for trade. The three principal ftieets of Ne A'port extend from eafl to weft, and are crofled at viglit angles by three others, all which are I'pacious, clean, and well paved, Larilbrooke caftle, in the Ifle of Wight, has been rendered remarkable bv the confinement of king Charles I. who, taking refuge here, was de- tained a prifoiier, from November 1647, ^° September 1648. After the execution of the king, this caftle was converted into a pljfce of confinement for his children ; and his daughter, theprincefs Elizabeth, died in it. There are feveral other forts in this iflaud, which were all erefted about the 36th year of the reign of Henry VIII. when many other forts and biockhoufes were built in different parts Qf the coafts of England. ' "' The SCILLY ISLES, anciently the SILURES, are a clufter of dan- gerous rocks, to the number of 14c, lying about 30 miles from the Lands \it\d in Cornwall, of which county they were reckoned a part. By their iituation between the Englifli channel and St. Georges rhannel, they have been the deftru(5lion of many fliips and lives. Some of the iflands are wedl inhabited, and have large and fecure harbours. In the Englifli channel are four illands fubjed to England : thefe are Jcrfey, Guernfey, Alderuey, and Sark; which, though they lie much nearer to the oaft of Normandy than to that of England, are within the diocefe of V^ mchefter. They lie in a clufter in Mount Saint Michael's bay, between Cape la Hogue in Normandy, and Cape Frebelle in Brit- tany. The cxinvputed diilance betw'cen Jeriey and iSark, is four leagues ; between that and Guernfey, feven leagues ; and between the fame and Alderney, nine leagues. JERSEY, anciently CjESAREA, was known to the Romans; and tics fartheft within the bay, in forty-nine degrees fevea minutes north-la- titude, and in the fecond degree twenty-fix minutes weft longitude, 18 miles weft of Normnndy, and 84 miles fouth of Portland. The north fuie is inaccelfible through lofty cliffs ; the fouth is almoft level with the water; the higher land, in its midland part, is well planned, and abounds with orchards, from which is made an incredible quantity of excellent cyder. The vallies are fruitful and well cultivated, and contain plenty of Rattle and fl;eep. The inhabitants negle^^ tillage too much, being intent • ^ ^ ■' ■ " iipoii 444 ISLE OF WIGHT, SCILLY, JERSEY, Sec. upon the culture of cyder, the improvement of commerce, and particu* larly the manufafture of ftockinp. The honey in Jerfey is remarkably fine ; and the ifland is well fupplied with fifl) and wild f !wl almoft of every kind, fome of both being peculiar to the ifland, and very delicious. The ifland is not above twelve miies in length ; but the air is fo falu- brious, that, in Camden's time, it was faid there was here no bulinefs for a phyfician. 7 he inhabitants in number are about 20,000, and are divided into twelve pariflies. The capital town is St. Heller, or Hilary, which fx)ntains above 400 houfes, has a good harbour and caftle, and makes a handlbme appearance. The property of this ifland belonged formerly to the Carterets, a Norman family, who have been always attached to the royal inteitft, and gave piotertion to Charles II. both when king and print e of' Wales, at a time wh-tn no part of the Britiflli dominions durft rccognife him. The language of the inhabitants is French, with which moll of them intermingle Engl ifli words. Knit ftockings and caps form their fta- ple commodity ; but they carry on a confiderable trade in fifh with New- foundland, and difpofe of their cargoes in the Mediterranean. The go. vernor is appointed by the crown of England, but the civil adminillration rtfts with a bailiff, aiiifted by twelve jurats. As this ifland is the principal remains of the duchy of NoVmandy depending on the kings of England, it preferves the old feudal forms, and particularly the aflembly of ftates, which is as it were a miniature of the Britifh parliament, as fettled in the time of Edward I. GUERNSEY, is thirteen miles and a half from fouth-weft to north- caft, and twelve and a half where broadeft, eaft and weft ; has only ten pariflies, to which there ?ire but eight minifters, four of theparifhes being unitetl, and Alderney and Sark, which are appendages of Guernfey, hav- ing one a-piece. Though this is a much finer ifland than that of Jerfey, yet it is far lefs valuable j becaufc it is not fo well cultivated, nor is it fo populous. It abounds in cyder; and the inbabitans fpeak French: but want of firing is the greatell inconveniency that both iflands labour under. The only harbour here is at St. Peter le Port, which is guarded by two forts ; one called the Old Caflle. and the other Caftle-Corntt. Guernfey . is likewife part of the ancient Norman patrimony. ALDEKNEY is about eight miles m compafs, and is by much the neareft of all thefe iflands to Normandy, from which it is feparated by a iidiTow ftrait, called the Rare of Alderney, which is a dangerous paflage in ftormy weather, when the two currents meet; otherwife it is fafe, and has depth of water for the largeft (hips. This ifland is healthy, and the foil is remarkable for a fine breed of cows. SAKK is a fmall ifland depending upon Guernfey; the inhabitants arc ^long lived, and enjoy from nature all the conveniences of life; their num- ber is about 300. The inhabitants of the three laft-mentioned iflands to- pethcr, are thoiight to be about 20,000. The religion of all the foyi* iflands is that of the church of England. , 9fi' i' t.j= ''^'- pp aap ii,m.' FRANCE. ."■im :>^,-.-^, r^ * ^i :i f*»«. ■ *»»-«<« n '*v'««S' •.»«•*!#! '""■MsarsE-f' .;*viipri ■7^'".*^~*"'S. ^* *\ fiS^ . . .a&wjVr- -•y g' I ! PI |3 1 , Mir* Tabwunnet France. I f r i ,j , t /-. If/ I •. » <'>itt*<'- ■i^r^^.M'^^ i^^^h^ -"A -/^'^^J FRANCE. .*/ 1 HAVING gon? over the Britifli ifles we iliall now return to the con- tinent, beginning with the extenfive and mighty kingdom of France, bting the neareft to England ; though part of Germany and Poland lies to the northward ot" France. • . " Situation and Extent. Length Breadth between Degrees. J 5 Weft and 8 Eaft longitude. I 42 and 5 1 North latitude. Miles. 600 I 500} "*="*^«^" ^42 and 51 Boundaries.] It is bounded by the Engiitli channel and the Nether* lands, on the North ; by Germany, Switzerland, and Italy, Eaft ; by the Mediterranean and the Pyrenian Mountains, which divide it from Spain, South; and by the bay of Bifcay, Weft. Divisions.] This kingdom is divided, and the dimenfions of the fe- veral parts diftin£lly Ipeciiied in the following table, by Mr. Tempieman. Countries Names. France. Square Miles. Papifts /X>rleannoii Guicnne Gafcnigne Languedoc Lyotinois Champagne Bretagne Norniandy \ Provence Burgundy Dauphine Iflc of France Franche Coinpte — Picardy VRoufllflon TArtois (^Luxenburgh f Lorratn \.Alface ; .V-' Germany 1 2,8oo 8,800 «3»»75 ia,5oo 10,000 9,ioo 8,200 6,8oo 6,700 5,820 5,200 4,coo 3.6jo 1,400 990 800 760 492 a, 500 2,250 ft s t^' Total 138,687 230 216 200 175 140 170 155 9S 150 107 100 100 120 so 63 57 58 48 95 00 •1 ft I8c 122 90 I'5 '3° lie to5 85 92 U 9c 85 (o 87 44 3» 22 22 13 3C' ChiLf Citlet. Orleans. Bourdcaux. Aus or Augh. Thouloufc. Lyons. Rhcims. Rennes. Rouen. Aix. Dijon. Grenoble. ',»* <»•>,•■• VVt« / N. I.at. 48-57. IE. V ^**"-\E. Lon. 2-2J. Befanjon. Amiens. Perpignan. . Arras. " Valenciennes. Line. Thionville. ; Mctz. Stralburgh. ' )■ To thefe It to be added the ifland of Corflca; but the city of Avignon, with the Venaiflin, was in 1774 ceded to the pope j Name and Climate.] France took its name from the Francs, or Frremtn^ a German nation, reftlefs and enterpriling, who conquered the Gauls, the ancient inhabitants : and the Roman force not being able to re- prels them, they were permitted to f<;tlle in the country by treaty. By ics lip^n •" 446 FRANCE. its fituation, it is the mofl compart kingdom perhaps in the uorl;], and well fitted for ever)- purpofe both of power and commerce ; and fun t the beginning of the 15th century, the inhr.bitanti have :\vailed theinftrlvcs of many of their natural advantages. The air, particularly that of thf in- terior parts of the kingdom, is in general mild and whokfomc ; but fonic late authors think it is not nearly fo falubrious as is pr-tended ; and it mull be acknowledged, that the French have been but 100 fuccsfsful in !^;iviiig the inhabitants of Great Britain f?lfe prepofTefiions in favour of thtii own country. It nuiA indeed be owned, that their weather is more cKar and fettled than in England. In the northern provinces, how;ver, tht- win- ters are more intenfely cold, and the inhabitants not fo well fupplied with firing, which in France is chiefly of wood. Soi.. AND WATER.] Fraucc IS happy in 30 excellent foil, which pro- duces corn, wine, oil, a^d almoft every luxury of life. vSome of their fruits have a higher flavour than thofe of England ; but neither the piOu. rage nor tillage are comparable to ours. The heats in many parts burn tip the ;;round, fo that it has no verdure, and the foil barely produces as much rye and chefnuts as ferve to fubfift the poor inhabitants ; but the c hief misfortune attepding the French foil is, that the inhabitants having but a precarious fecurity in their own property, do not apply themfelves fnffi- ciently to cultivation and agriculture. But nature has done wonders ior them, and both animal and vegetable produftions ai*e found theie in v-ift plentA'. The French have of late endeavoured to fupply the lofs arifing from their precarious title to their lands, by inftitutiri^ academies of agiu iilture, aiid propofing premiums for its iniprovcnient, as in Eni^land ; but thnlc expedients, however fuccefsful they may be in particular inftances, ran never becon\e of national utility in any but a free country, where tiie hulbandman is furc of enjoying the fruit of his labour. No nation is bet- ter fupplied than France is with wholefome fprings and water; of which the inhabitants make excellent ufe by the help of ait and engines, for all the conveniencefc of life. 1 fiiall afterwards fpeak of their canals and mineral waters. Mountains.] The chief mountains in France, or its borders, are the Alps, which divide France from Italy ; the Pyrenees, which divide France from Spain ; Vauge, which divide Lorrain from Burgundy and Alface; Mount Jura, which divides Franche Compte from Switzerland ; the Cevennes, in the province of Languedoc ; and Mount Dor, in the province of Auvergne. Rivers and lakes.] The principal rivers in France are the Loire, tbe Rhone, the Garonne, and the Seine* The Loire takes its lourfc north and nortli-weft, being, with all its windings, from its fource to the fea, computed to run about 500 miles. The Rhone flows on the fouth weft to Lyons, and then runs on due fouth till it fnlls into the Mediterra- »ean. The Garonne rifes in the Pyrenean mcnmtains, takes its courfe, firft north -eaft, aiid has a ccMnmuniration with the Mediterranean bv means of a canal, the work of Lewis XIV. The Seine, foon after its rile, runs to the , noj th-weft, vifiting Troyes, Pans, and Rouen, in its way, and falls into the Englifli channel at Havre. To thefe we may add the Soanf, which falls into the Rhone at Lyons ; the Charente, which rifcs neat Havre de Grace, and difcharges itfelf in the Bay of Bifcay at Rochfoi t. Thf! Rhine, which rifes in Switzerland, is the eaftern boundary betweeri France and Germany, and receives the Mofelle and the Sartc in its paflage. The Somme, which luus nortU-well throtigh Vknt^ff and fails into the "/ ♦ " ■ Englifii *.f FRANCE. 447 T-n"iil^ (hanncl btlow Abbeville. Tlic Var, vrh'uli i ifes in tbc Afpj, inXrunb loiitb, dividing I'laixcc troin Italy, and fnlliiig into tlic Mcditcr- Tiiuiuij ^^'fft ^'^ Nice. The Adorn runs from call to well, through Gaf- jojuiie, and falls into the Bay of iiifcay, below Bayonnc. The V'iW advantage, both in comniene and convcniency, whic Ii arifcs f) Krani t from tholr rivers, is wondcrfuH)- iinpiovcd by the artituiaJ li- vers and lanals which ttirni the cliii'f glory of the reign of Lewis XIV. Tliat of Languedoc was begun in the year 1666, and completed in 1680 ; rt was intended lor a comnnujication between the ocean and the Metliter- 7anran, for the fpeeditr paflage of the French fleet : but though it wai rirriid on at an immenfc expence, for 100 milts, overkills and vail iis, nncl even through a mountain in one place, it has not anfwered tliat p\u - sole. By the canal of Calais, travellers ealily pafs by water from tlKtite to St. Onier, Cravelinc, Dvnikirk, Yprts, and otlier places. The canal of Orleans is another noble work, and runs a courfe of eighteen leagues, :o the imnitnfe benefit of thepublicaud the royal revenue. Frajice abound*^ wit!i otl\er canabof the like kiud» which vender her inland navigation in- txprcflibly commodio\is and beneficial. I'cw lakes are fo\md in this country. There is one at the top of a hill atar .Megre, which the vulgar report to be boitoniUfs. There is another at Ilfoire, in Auvergne ; and one at La Ikiie, in which if yoii throw <& Hone, it caufes a noii'e like thunder. Mineral waters and ) The waters of Bareges, ■v/hich lie near nKMAiiKABLE SPRINGS. J the bordcn of Spain, umicr the Pyrenean nioimtaiiis, have of late been preferred to all the others of France, for the Kfoveiv of health. The bert judges think, however, that the cures per- iornicd by them, are more owing to their accidental fucocfs, with Ibrne oieat pf rVons, and the falubrity of the air and foil, than to the viitues of rhc wuiTS. The waters of Sultzbach in Alface aic faid to cure the pally, weak nerves, and the Hone. At Bagueis, not far from Bareges, arc Ic- vL-ial wholefome minerals and baths, to which people refort as to the Eng- ;ilh baths, at fpring and autumn. Forges, in Noimandy, is celebrated for its mineral waters ; and thofe of St. Amand cure the gravf.l and ob- ih'.iftions. It v.'ould be endlefs to enumerate all the other real or pretend- ed mineral wells in France, therefore 1 muftr omit them, as well as many remarkabli; fprings ; but tliere is one near Aignc, in Auvergne, whic!) boiJs. violently, and makes a noife like v^ater throv/n upon lime; it has little or no talte, but Jia:, a poifonous quality, end the birds that drink of it die inilantly, '/ . • . MfciAi.sAN'D MiN'KRAi.s.] Langucdoc is faid to contain reins of gold and liber. Alfacc has mifics of lilver and copper, but they are tofv expeniive to be wrought. Alaballer, black marble, jafper, and coal, are kv.nd in many parts oi the kingdom. Bi etagnc abounds in mines of iron^ copper, tin, and lead. At Lavcrdau, in Cominpw, there is a mine of chalk. At Beriy there i'j a mine of oker, which ferves for melting of metals, and for dying, pariiculaily tl^e befl drab cloth; and in the pro- vince of Anjou are leveral quairiesof fine whii«e ftone. Some excellent tiirquoifes (the only geni that France produces) are found in Languedoc ; atid great care is taken to keep the mines of marble and free-ftoue open alJb «ver the kingdom. Vegetable and animal pro- 7 France abounds in excellent uucTiONS BY SEA A^^D LaN'D. J roots, which are more proper for caps than thofe of England, As to all kinds of feaioning, and £illnds^ ^ they- 448 FRAN "C E. f!:*: fhry are more jilentiful, and in fomp pKires bfttpr th^n In Enj^Iand ; th>'v hnivr, next to iheir vines, the rhicf obic(^ of rhcir cultnre. The provjn.p of Gaftenois produces great quantities of Tiftion. The wines of Cham, pa^nc, HureunJy, Bourdeaux, Gafcony, and other provinces of I'lnnre, aie fo vv;-ll known, thit thev need only be mentioned. It is futficietif t'.) obfeive, that thoujjh tliey differ very fenfibly in their tafte and properties, yet all of them arc exrtllent, particularly tho(e of Champagne, Buroim. dy, Rourdeaux, Pontackc, Hermitage, and Frontiniac : and there ait few ronftitutions, be they ever fo valetudinary, to which fomconc or other of them is not adapted. Oak, elm, afli, and other timber, common in K(i^- land, is fcnmd ni France ; but it is laid, that the internal parts of the ki!i<;dom begin to feel the want of fuel. A great deaJ of fdt is made at Rh.e, and about Rochfort on the coaft of Santoign. Langucdoc pro- duces an herb culled kali, which, when burnt, makes excellent pjt afhcv. The French formerly were famous for horticulture, but thev are at pre- fent fir inferior to the Englifti both in the maruiyemetir and d fpofitioni of their girdens. Primes and capci-s are piodiiced at Bourdeuix and near Toulon. France contains few animals, cither wild or tame, that are not to be found in England, excepting wolves. Their hi»ifes, bli< k cattle, and flicep, are far inferior to the En';lifti r nor i.? the wool of their ilieepfo fine. The hair and fkin of the chamois, or mountain goats, are more va- luable than thofe of fuv^land. We know of no difFtrence between the marine produrtions of Fr;ince and thofe of Kngland, Imt that the former ^ not fo well ferved, even on the fea coafi:;, with fh It-water fifh. Forests.] The chief forefts of France aie thofj of Orleans, which contdn 14,000 acres of wood of various kind:-, oak, elm, a(h, Arc. and the foreft of Fontainbleau near as large ; and near Morchifmoir is a foreft cf tall, ftraight timber, of 4000 trees. Bclides thefe, large numbers of wood-;, fome of them deferving the mme of torefts, lie in different pro- vinces : but too remot^e from fer.-carriaoc to be of irmch national utility. Population, inhaKItan rs, mai^hEks, ) According to the la- cu«T0MS, A^D ^lv^RSlo^s.' (teft and beft calculations, France contains at prefent about 20,oro,coo of inhabitants. It wms late- ly fuppofed, by fome fpeciilative men, that the population of France had for many years been upon the decline ; but, upon an accurate invefti- ^tion, the reverfe appeared to be fadt ; though this country certainly loll a great number'of valuable inhabitants, by the revocation of theedi^tof Nantes *. The proportion of the people of England to the people of France h certainly ss 1 a to one. The French, in their perfons, are rather lower than their neighbour ; but they are vi^ell proportioned and aftive, and more free than othtr na- tions in general from bodily deformities. The ladies are celebrated more for their fprightly wit than perfonal beauty ; the peafantry in general are remarkably ordinary, and are befl dcfcribed by being contrafted with wo- * In thtf year 1598, Henry IV. who was a Proteftant, and juftly ftylcd the Gr«t, alter fighting his way to the crown of France, palled the famous cditft of Nantes, which fecured the Proteftants the free cxcrclfe of their religion ; but his ediift was re- voked by Lewis XIV. which, with the fucceeding pcrfecutions, drove the people w Xnsland, Holland, and other Proteftant cuiuitrics, where they eftabliihcd the lUk nu- Aufiidurc, to the grea( prejudice of the country that perfecutcd them. pel tilt eli:ii deii liiisfi '>fljei renin his b« t'je hi foJdier niry i, tbey ft der the from til <"a/aniit The| fions en file fan «it con pcryinl ^fcedoin tiiatcrir indicatel about th ^nd JitiJ dii(ftion] «f them I f'e/ich _ ''"^ nio/l| The f fveryra^ " iias b^ wiiicli in] ^'^f, /houl ''^hed mil ^'on, andf <^gree fj f « thtrtirelves to the Hnglilh man- ner. The landlords art a ralous of flifir ganr.e as thej^ are in Kngland, and equally niggardly of it tu thf >r inferiors. A few of the French princes of the blood, and nobility, are nnorr magniticf nt in their palaces and equi« pa^es than any of the Knglilh ; but the otiicr ranks of iiic are defpicablc, when compared to the riches, elegance, and opulence not only of tht Lnglilh nobility and gentry in general, but of the middling people. '1 he genius and manners of the French are well known, and have been the Aibject of many able pens. A national vanity is their fx-edoniinanc • liara^ter ; and they are perhaps the only people ever heard of who have iUrived great utility from a national weaknefs. It fupports them under initfortunes, and impels them to anions to which true courage infpiret other nations. This charadler, however, is ronfpicuous only in the higher and middling ranks, where it produces excellent olficers : for the common Ibldiers of France have few or no ideas of heroifm. Hence it has been obferved, with great Juftice, of the French »nd Fngliih, that the French officers will lead, if'^their foldiers will follow, and the Knglilh fuidiers will follow, if their ollicers will lead This fame principle of va- nity is of admirable ufe to government, bccaufe the lower ranks, when they fee their fuperiors elated, as in the war of 170 with England, un- der the moil difgraceful lofles, never think that they are unfortunate; and from thence proceeds the paifive fubmifliuu of the French undtr all their calamities. The French affeft freedom and wit ; but falhionable drelTes and diver- fions engrofs too much of their converfation. Their diverfions aie much the fame with thofe of the Englifh, but their gallantry is of a very ditfer- cut complexion. Their attention to the fair degenerates into grofs fop- pery in the men, and in the ladies it is kept up by admitting of indecent freedoms ; but the feeming levities of both fexes are feldom attended with that criminality which, to people not ufed to their manners, they feem to indicate ; nor are the liulbands fo inditferent, as we are apt to imagine^ about the conduct of their wives. The F'rcnch are exceffivcly credulous and litigious : but of all people in the world they bear adveriity and re« dii(ftion of circumflances with the bell grace ; though in profperity manjr of them are apt to be infolent, vain, arbitrary, and im))erious. An old French otiicer is an entertaining and inilrudive companion, and indeed the nioft rational fpccies of all the F"rench gentry.. The French are eminently diflinguifhed by their politenefs and good manners, which may be traced, though in di^erent proportions, through every rank, from the great«fl of the nobility to the loweft mechanic : and it lias been remarked as a very Angular phxnomeooo, that politenefs* which in every other country is confined to people of a certain rank in life, lliould here pervade every fituation and profeffion. Indeed, the po- lilhed mildnefs of French manners, the gay and fociable turn of the na- tion, and the ai^ble and eafy conduift of mailers to their fervants, in fome tlegree fupply the deficiencies, and correA the errors of the government, and render the condition of the common people in France, but parti(u- bfly at I'aris, better than m feveral other countries in Europ«. •• ^. Gg The :?!•;{ 4,5c? t . R A N C E. h \ The French have been rrturh cenfured for infinccrity ; but this charp;'* hasr been carried too f:tr, and the imputation is generally owing to their exrefs of civility, which throws a fufpicious lit;ht upon their candour. The Frencli, in private life, have certainly many amiable charafters, and a great number of inftances of gcncrolity and difuiterefteducls may be found amongft them. It is doing the French no more than juftice to acknowledge, that, as they are themfelves, polite, fo they have given a polifii to the ferocious manners, and even virtues of other nations. They ha\'e long jwfTelVed the tead in tafte, fafhion, and drefs ; but it feems now to be in the wane, ami they themfelves think very favourably of the Fnglifii. This alterutioti of opinion has not, however, entirely taken its rile from their wits and leatned men, and ftill' lefs from their courtiers, or the middle ranks of life. The, fuperior orders of men in France are of a very different call from th!t>f^ below them. They fee with indignation the frivoloufnefs of their rourt ; and however complying they may appear in public, when retired, tliey keep themfelves facred from its follies. Independent by their rank and fortunes, they think and aft for themfelves. They are open to con- viction, and examine things to the bottom. They faw during the war be- fore the bft, the management of their annies, their finances, and fleets, with filent indignation, and their refearches were favourable to the Englifii. The conclulion of the peace of Fontainbkau, and the vilits which they'havc fince paiy the author whom tvc have tiiinfrrib^'d, fO(? much maenitial. With all their dctcrts, the French liave many good'ijus- Ikies, nnd are tnuloubtcdiy a very agreeable ;>eonle to refide among, at Jipaft, for a time ; on acrount of the poitteitcfs of tneir manners, the great ;t p<'opIe' of rlink, and of the public* In general, and confcc]uentlyarc not wirhont effct't in the me;ifiiros ot jjovernmcnt. Dri-ss.J The French ditfs of both fcxts is fo well known, thar it is Kredlefs to expatiate upon them here; but indted their drefs incirits anourF, and their (•onftantlv fhant'inc' tiielr fafliions is of infinite fcrviic fo their manufui'hiris. With regard to the Knglilh, they poflef^ one ra- jiiial fupertority, \.'hich is, fluit the cloaths of both f'exes, and thtir or* tiamenis, art* at leaf^ one third cheajier. When u Ibanger arrive* at Paris, he finds it nccrfTary to fend for tir^ Taylor, ptrmpiicr, hatter, fhoetnakcr, and every other fradifnvrH roii ccrncd in the equipment of the hun)an body, lie miift errn rhanif*- hi buckles, and tlie form of his ruflles; and, thdugh nt thtf ri(k of liis, lilt, fiiit his ^loaths to the mode of the feafon. For exanjple, though the wca tlier fhould be ever fo cold, he mufl wear his /jftilf «/* ' commercial circimiftances. !<.!•: L I \ Mod i'hriltiau ; and the pope, in his bujl, gives the king of France the title of thV KIdert Sou of the church. The Gallican clnuch huj more tlijiii «ii^e attempted to (hake oft tht \okc of the popei, and made a very great pri'greir in the utt^tnpt Uurini^ the feigb of Lewis XIV. but it was ilfl- TfHtfrd by the fecrer Vi^orry *ks in.».vvdly rreJiiVlifg V'<-5«-'' <•»* i't.vxc:- oftl^e jcfirii;; ;< /"^^ ilviS M>\.'-t'4i,' n FRANCE. 453 that is now exterminated from tlw»t kingdom. Though the Fr«wK clergy-, arc more exempt tliaii (bmc orliers iVom papul aiuhotity, their cliuixhtuii* titling the pope's power entirely to thiu<^s of an ecclciiaflical natiire, yof they are in gen^:l*al great enemies tu any thing that looks like rtfoiniatiMn in relijiion ; and, j>*>flelUd as they are of immenie prope/ty, there uuilt he a thorough coalition iti opinion between the king atui hi^ parlian^eiUe:, Ik fore .iny ctclefiaftital rt formation la^ take place ; a prolpc^- wliiclk Ici-ms at prefent to be yet too diilant. In the louthern parts oi IVance, ftme of the clergy and n>a,^illrates are as intolerant as ever ; and the per- fctiitions of the protedantv, or, as thev are called, Hugonot>, who are very numerous in ihofe provinces, contnuied till vtjy lately. 8iuc« their alliance with America, the piottftaius have brcTi nwre encouraged, and their J'iirnihlies tor Morfliip in many places n.»t dilhirlxd. In Ihort* the comir.on people of France difrover no difpofirion towardj; a reformation in ifhgion, whit h, if ever it takes place, nnii\ probably be ttiie^ted by th« f|iiiit of the parlir.ments. I ilnll not enter into the antiquated difputes JKtween the MoliniHs and the Janfenills, or the ditftrfnt icAs of (iui- f'ifts atul Bourignons, and others that prevail amon;^' the Roman Catholics themfelves, or into the difpiites that prevail between the parliament and clergy about the bull Unigenitus, uhich advaines the pojic's power above that of the crown. The ftatc of religion in l-'rame is a (hong proof of the pallive difpofition of the natives, and the bigotry of their kings, who, ill coniplaifance to the pope, have deprived their kingdom, as already iiiittcd, of fonie of its mod ufeful inhabitants. It muft at the fame time W owned, that the Hugonots, while thev fnhfifted in a manner as a fepa« ;.;te (late within France, fliewcd fome di(po(itions not very favourable to t!iat ddj>otic I'yflem of govcnmient which is t(labli(hcd in the kingdom ; and on Come occafions they did not diljplay much moderation in matters of rcli:;ion ; but, in general, their oppoutiou to the rulers and court, pio- mdcd from repeated attacks on their liberties, and the perftcutions they fiiflVred. Archkishoprick", BisHopRicKS, &:c.] In the whole kingdom there are «7 archbifliops, 1 1 3 bilhops, 770 abbies foj- men, 317 abWes »nd pri- ories (or women, beHdes a great number of leller convents, and 150 com- imulcries of the order of Malta; but many of the abbies and nunneries have l)een lately fupprefled, and the levenuci fcized by the king. The ciclefiaftics of all forts are computed at near 200,000, and their revenues at about fix millions fterling. The king nominates all archbifliops, bifliopi>, al)bots, and priors, and can tax the clergy without a papal licence or mandate: accordingly, not many years tincc, he demanded the twentieth |)eimy of the clergy, and, to alcertain that, required them to deliver in an inventory of their eftates and incomes : to avoid which, rtiey volun- tarily made an offer of the annual fum of twelve millions of iivres, over and al)ove the ufual free gift, which they pay every five years. This de- mand is often repeated in a time of war. The archbiflxop of Lyons is count and primate of France. The arch- I'ifliopof Sens is primate of France and Germany. The archbilhop of i'aris U duke and peer of the realm ; and the archbilhop of Rheims la diikt and peer, and legate of the holy fee. i^AN'GUACE.] One^ of the wilieft meafures of Lewis XIV. was his ea- 'roiiragementot every propofal that tended to the purity and perfeftion qf the French language. He fucccedcd fo far as to rertacr it the moft uni- verfal of all the living tongues ; a circumAance that tended equally to h^ . . ■ • ■. . ^ - , ., ,. Gg3 ,. ., ,,g«xat- * 4'54 FRANCE. ; i \* y.k gi'calfiefs and his glory, for his court and nation thereby becaijic the fchool of aits, fcicnces, and politencfs. The French language, at prefent, h chiefly compofed of words radically derived from the Latin, with many German derivatives introduced by the Franks. It is now rather on the decay; its rorner-ftones, fixed under Lewis XIV. are as it wereloolened ; *nd in the prrfent mode of writing and expreffing themfelves, the irodern French abandon that grammatical ilandard, which alone can render a language clailical and permanent. As to the properties of the iangiiage, they are undonbtcdly greatly in- fcrior to the Knglifh ; but they are well adapted to fubje(^s void of eleva- tion or pailion. It is well accommodated to dalliance, compliments, and common converfation. The Lord's Prayer in French is as follows : Notre Pe'rc qui es aux clcux., ton nom folt I'andifii* Ton re^nc vienne. Ta volonte Joit fnite en la ttrre commc au c'ttl. i>onne nous aujourJ hut notre pain quotit^icn, PaiHonne ncus nos offencesy comnte nous pardonnons a ceux qui tioui ont offencez. El ne itOKS intiui point en tentutiony mats nous tieli'urc du viol : car a toi cjl Ic regnt la puijjhncey isf lagloire nux ficcle des fiedeS' Amen. Learning' AND lkarned mhn,] The French like the other na- tions of Europe, were for many centuries immerfed in barbarity. The firft learning they began to acquire, was not ot that kind which improves the underftsnding, correfts the tafte, or regulates the afftftiohs. It coii- fifted in a fubtile and quibbling logjic which was more adapted to pervert than to improve the faculties. But the ftudy of the Greek and Roman writers, which firft arofe in Italy, diifufed itfelf among the French, and gave a new turn to their literary purfuits. This, together with the en- couragement which the polite and learned Francis 1. gave to all men of merit, was extremjely beneficial to French literature. During this reign, many learned men appeared in France, who greatly dillinguiflied them- felves by their writings; an on^( \' honi were Budens, Clement iMafflf, Peter du Chatel, Rabelais, ami iVter R.inius. The names of Henry and JRobert Stephens are alfo n.entioned by every real fcholar with refpeft. It was not, however, till the feventeenth century, that the French began to write with elegance in their o^n language. The Academic Fran^oife was formed for this purpofe, and though their labours, confuiered as a body, were not fo fucctf^^ul as might have been expected, feme particular academicians have done great fervice to letters. In faft, literary copart- rierfliips ate feldom very fuccefsful. Of thi^ we hnvc \ lemarkable exam- ple in the prefent cafe. The Academy pulsliflied a dictionary for the im- proving the French ianinrauc; it was univerfaliy dcfpifed. Furctifres, A finglc academician, publilhes another ; it mectb with uuiverfal appro- bation. Lewis XIV. was the Auguftus of France. The proteAion he gave to letters, and the pcnfions he bellowed on learned men, both at home and abroad, which, by calculation, did not amount lo above ; ?,oool. per an- num, have oained him more glory than ^11 the military enterprifes, upon which he expended fo many millions. The learned men who apj)eared in France during this reign, are too numerous to be mentioned. Their tragic pof-rs, 1 acine and Corncille, have defervedly obtained a very high reputation : the firil was diftinguiflied for (Vill in moving the pa (lions; the fecond for majefty ; and both for the fl^rtngth and juftncfs of tlieir painting 4he elegance of their tafte, and their ftrift adherence to the rules oS. th^ drama. Moiierc would have cxhauft^d the fubje^ls of co- medy FRANCE. 455 medjr, were they not every where inexhauftible, and particularly in France. In wprk of ilatire and in criticifm, Boileau, who was a cio^ imitator of the ancients, poflefTed uncommon merit. But France litis not yet produced an. epic poem that can be mentioned with Milton; nor a genius of the fame extenfive and univerfal kind with Shakfpeare, equally fitted for the gay and the lerious, the humorous niul the fuWime. In the eloqueiu:e of the pulpit artd of the bar, the Fr( nch are greatly vur iuperioi-s : BofTuett, Bouidaloue, Flechier, and Miflillon, have ciairieti pulpit eloquence to a degree of perfertion which we may approach tO, but can hardly be expeAed ever to Awpafs. The genius, however, of their religion and government is extremely unfavourable to ail improve- ments in the moft ufeful branches of philofophy. All the eftabliflKmcnts of Lewis XIV. for the advancement of fcience, were not able to coun- terbalance the infli?tnce of the clergy, whofe intertfl is to keep mankind ignorant in matters of religion and morality ; and the influence of the court and minilhy, who have an equal interell in concealing the natiual rights of mankind, and every found principle of government. The French have not therefore fo many good writers on moral, religious, or political fubjerts as have appeared in Great Britain. But France ha« proiluced forae great men who do honour to humanity ; whofe career no obftacle could liop, wiiofe freedom no government, however dcfpotic, no religion, however lupcrftitious, could curb or reflrain. -As an liiftoriari })e Thou is entitled to the higheft praife : and who is ignorant of Pafcal, or of the archbifliop of Cambray ? Few men have done more fervice to religion, either by their writings ot" their lives. As for Montefquieu, he is an honour to human nature ; he is the legiflator of nations ; his works are read in every country and language, and wherever they go they enlighten and invigorate the human mind. And, indeed, there have lately feveral writers appeared in France, whofe writings- havQ breathed fuch fentiments of liberty, as were not very well accommodated to the arbitrary government under which they live ; and thefe fentiments fcem much to mcreafe among the men of letters, and perfons in the higher clafles of life : but the lower people in France, being lefs enlightened, and long habituated to defpotic power, feem too well adapted for the yoke of (la very. In the Belles Lettres and mifcellaneous way, no nation ever produced more agreeable writers ; among whom we may place Montaigne, D'Ar- gens, and Voltaire, as the moft confiderable. Before the immortal Newton appeared in England, Defcartes was the greateft philofopher in moderri times. He was the firll who applied alge- bra to the folution of the geometrical problems, which naturally paved the way to the analytical dileoveries of Newton. Many of the prefent age are excellent mathematicians ; particularly D'Alembert, who, with all the precifion of a geometer, has united the talents of a fine \yiter. Since the beginning of the prefent century, the French have almod vied with the Englifli in natural philofophy : Buifon would defer ve to be reckoned among men of fcience, were he not ftill more remarkable for his eloquence than for his philofophy ; he is to be regarded as a philofophicaj painter of nature ; ajid, under this view, his Natural Hiftory is the firi^ work of its kind. Their painters, Poulfin, Le Brun, and above all Le Seur, did honour to the age of L^wis J^IV, The^ t^*vc none i\% prefent to compare witl^ «;; II •.i:r 45^ FRANCE. m them ia.the more noble kinds of painting ; b\rt Mr. Greufe, for portraits and converfafTon piei eii, never perha|is was excelled. ' Sculpture is in general better underilood in France than in moil other countnrs of £urope. Their treatifes on ihip-huilding and engineering iland; unrivalled ; but in the praAice of both they are outdone by th« EngliflK No genius has hitherto equalled Vauban in the theory or pi-ar- rice offortification. The French were long our fuperiors in architecture; though we now bid fair for furpalFing them in this art. . We fhall conclude this head with obferving, that the French have now finished the Eucyclopcdie, or General Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, which was drawn up by the moftable matters in each branch of literature, in j8 volumes in folio (fix of which are copper plates), under the direc- tion of Meflieurs D'Aiembert and Diderot, and is the mofl Complete coU leCtiun of human knowledge we are acqnanited with. Unive»S!T1Eh and public coM.EfjEs.J The literary inftitutions have received a lofs for the prcfent by the expulfion of the Jefuits, who made the languages, aits, and fcienrcs, their particular ftudy, and taught them all over France ; but as the extinction of this body of men- will probably Icflen the influence of ftipei-ftition in France, there is rca- fon to believe that the inlerefts of real learning and fciencc will, upon the wholr, be promoted by that event. It is not within my plan to defcribe the different governments and c^nftitiKions of every univerfity or public college in France ; but thev are in number twenty-eight, as follow ; Aix, Angiers, Aries, Avignon, I^efan^on,- Bourdeaux, Bourges, Caen, Cahon, Del, Dpuay, Fleche, Montaulian, Montptlier» Nantes, Orange, Orleans, Paris, Perpi^nan, Poitiers, point Maufon, Richlieu, Rheims, Soiflbns, titmlhourg, Touloufe, Tournoife, and Valence. ^ AcADEMiKS.] There are eight academies in Paris, namely, three li- terary onet, the French academy, that of lufcriptions, and that of the Sciences ; one of painting and fculpture, one of architecture, and three for riding the great horfe, and other militar}' exeicifes. Antkioities AKP CURIOSITIES, ) Few countries, if \^e excejn NATURAL ANrj ARTIFICIAL. J Italvi can boaft of more valuable rtmains of antiquity than France. Some of the French antiquities belong to the lime of the Celts, and confequently, compared to them, thofe of Kome are modern. Father Mabillon has given a moft curious account of the fepulchres of their kings, which have been d i (covered fo far back igs Phai-amond ; and fomc of them, when broken open, were found to conta.in ornaments and jewels of value. At Rheims, and other parts of France, are to be feen triumphal arches ; but the moft entire is at Orange, ereCted on account of the victory obtained over the Cimbri and Teutones, by Cains Marius and LuCtatius Catulus. After Gaul was re- duced tfta Roman province, the Romans took valt delight in adorning it with magnificent edifices, both civil and facred ; fome of which are more entire than any to be met with in Italy itfelf. The ruins of rn ?mphi« theatre ar« to be found in Chalons, and Hkewift at Vien; e. I^Jifmes, however, exhibits the moft valuable remains of ancient architecture of any iplace in France. The famous Ponte du Garde was raifed in the An- girftan age by the ^^oman colony of Nifmes, to convey a ftream of water ^tweeu two'mountnins for the ufe of that city, and is' as frefli to this day iis Weftminfter bridge: it confifts of three bridges, or tiers of arches one gbflive another; the h«ight is 174 feet, and the length extends to 723. Thejnodenis are indebted for this, and many other ftupendo^is aqueduCb, 3M * ' to '^r*" -l*^ * FRANCE, 457 to th? ignorance of the ancients, that all ftreams will rife as high as thoir heau^. Many other ruins of antiquity arc found at N {fines ; but ths ctiiel, are the temple of Diana, whofc vediges are dill remaining ; the amphitheatre, which is thought to be the fineft and mod entire of th« kind of any in Europe ; but above all, the houfe ere£ted by ttic empemr Adrian, called the Maifon Carrie. The archite^ure and fctilpturc of this building are fo exquifitely beautiful, that it enchant* even the moft ignorant : and it is ftill entire, being very litttle affefted either by thera-^ vagcs of time, or the havoc of war. At Paris, in La Rue dc.la Harpe^ niay be feen the remains of a palace, or thermae, fuppofed to have becii built by the emperor Julian, furnamrd the Apoftate, about the year 3^6^ after the fame model as the baths of pioclefian. The remains of this anci:iit edifice are many arches, and within thtm a large faloon. It is fa- biiiated of a kind of maftic, the compofition of which is not now known» inttrmixed with fmall frjiiare pieces of free ftone and bricks. At Aries in Provence is to be fteii an obeiilk of oriental granite, which is 52 feet high, and feven feet diameter at the baff, and all but one ftonct Woman temples are fiequent in trance. The moft particular are in Bur* gmuly and Cruienne, and other places, befides the neighbourhood of Niinies, containing magnificent ruins of aqueducts. The paflage cut through the middle of the rock near rtrian:;on in Dauphiny, is thought to be a Roman work, if not of greater antiquity. The round buckler of niafly (ilver, taken out of the Rhone in 1665, being twenty inches in tliametei-, and weighing twenty one pounds, containing the flory of Scipio's continence, is thought to be coeval with that great general. It would be endlefs to recount the ditferent monuments of antiquity to bs found in France, particularly in the cabinets of the curious. I have already mentioned feveral remarkable fprings and mountains, which may be confidered as natural curiofities. Some of the modem works of art, particularly the canals, have been alfo before noticed* There are fome fubtenaneous paflage. and holes, efpecially at St. Aubin ia Brittany, and Niont in D;uiphiny, really ftupcndous. Cities and towns.] Thefc are numerous in France; of which we ihal] mention only Paris, Lille, and their principal fea ports, Breft, and TouloB. Lifle, in French Flanders, is thought to be the moft regular and ftrongeft fortification in Europe, and was the mafter-piece of the famous Vauban. It is generally garrifoned with above ten thoufand regulars;, ami for its magnificence and elegance, it is called Little Paris. Its ma- iuifa(^ures of mk, cambric, and camblets, are very confiderable ; and its inhabitants amount to about one hundred thoufand* Every reader is ac» quainted with the hiftory of Dunkirk, which the French were obliged by the treaty of Utrecht to demolifti, but is ftill a thorn in the fide of the I'-nglifli, bv being a harbour for their fmugglers, and may now, by an article in tde lute treaty of peace, be put into what condition the French miniftry may pleafe. The reft of French Flanders, and its Netherlands, abound with fortified towns, which carry on very gainful manufactures* Moving fouthward, we come to the Ifle of France; the capital of which, and of the whole kingdom, is Paris. This city has been lo often tlefcribed, it may appear fuperfluous to mention it more particularly, were it not that the vanity of the French has given it a preference, whic^ it by no means deferves, to all the capitals in the world, in every refpeft, bot excepting even popualtion. Many of the Euj|{liili have been impof^ M^ FRANCE. I -' C(] uron in this point ; partiailarly by tke compiitinc; from the binhi and burials within the bills of mortality, which exclude the nioft popu- ious p^rtihes abont London. Another miitjke lies in computing from buth* and marriages. The number of diflentcis of all kinds in and .about London, who do nit regiftcr the births of their chiMren, is amaz* .iRgj the regifVcrs of others arc not known by the public:- and nia- ny of the poorer fort \vi]\ not afford the I'mall expeiice of fuch a •rtgiftcring. Another pernliarity txiUing in London is, that moft of the Londonejs, who will afford the expence, when they find them- .ftlv4^ coufumptive or othcrwife indifpofed, retire into the country, where they are buried, and thereby excluded from the bills of mortality. The population of Paris, thciefore, where the rej^ifters are more cxad and acccfiible to the poor, and where the religion and the police are moie uniform and ftrift, is far more eafily afrertaii/cd than that of London; and by the belt acfounts, it does not exceed feven or eight hundnd thou- i'and, which h far lliort of the inhabitants of London and the contiguous purifiies. Pari? is divided into three parts; the City, the Univeifity, and that vUirh was formerly called the Town. The city is old Paris ; the uni, vcrfity and the'Town are the new. Paris contains more works of public munitkence than utility. Its palaces are fliewy, and fome of its Itreeis, iquarcs, hotels, hofpital:, ;uu! churches, fii])crbly decorated with a pro- fuiion of paintings, tapfflry, images, and ftatues ; but Paris, notwith. flanding 'its boafttd police, is greatly inferior to London in mnny of ihe conveniences of life, and the folid enjoyments of fociety. Without en- tering into more minute difquihtions, hcris, it mull be owntd, is the pa. ratlife of fplcndor and diflipation. Tiie tapeftry of the Gobelints * is un- equalled for beauty and richnefs. The Louvre is a building that dotf honour to architefture itfelf; and the inflitution of the French academy . far exceeds any thing of the kind in England, or elfewhcre. The Tuil- Jerics, ttoe palace of Orleans, or as it is called, Luxemburgh, where a rahiable coileifiion of paintirigs are fliewn, the royal palace, the king's library, the guild-hall, and the hofpital for the invalids, are fupurb to the highcll degree. The city of Paris is faid to be fifteen miles in cir- cumference. The hotels of the French noblefle at Paris take up a great deal of room with their coutr-yards and gardens ; and io do their con- vents and churches. The ftreets are very narrow, aj^d the houfes very high, many of them feven {lories. The houfes are built of ftone, and . are gen rally mean, even to wretchednefs, owing partly to their (ontain- ing a different family on every floor. The rivet" beiue, which runs, through the centre of the city, is not half fo large as the Thames at i London : it istoo far diftant from the fea for the purpofes of navigation, • and is not furniflied, as the Thames, with veflels or boats of any fort ; over it are many iloue and wooden bridges, which have nothing to re- commend ihem. The flreets of Paris are generally crowded, particular- { ly with coaches, which gives that capital the appearance of wealth an4 grandeur; though, in reality, there is more fliew than fubftance. The ^ glittering carriages that dazzle the eyes of ftrangprs arc nioftly commoH '■" •. One GoUff, a noted ilyer at Rheims, wa« the firft who fettled in this place, in the tclgh of Francis I. and the houfe has retained his name ever fince ; and here thi- greai FRANC E. 4S9 hacks, hired.by the dnyor week to thennmfrous forrignfrs who vlfit that city ; and in truth, tht greateft part of the ti ade of I'aris at ifes from the cotiftant fucctflion of ftrangers that arrive daily, from every nati«)n and quarter of the globe. This afcendency over other nations is undbnbt- edly owing to the reputation of their language, their public buildings^ the Gobeiines, or manufaftiire of tapeftry, their hbraries, artd coIU'6tioiis of paintings, that are open to the public ; the cheapncls <»f provifions, excellency of the French wines, and above all, the purity of xiie air and climate in France. With all thefe advantages, Paris, in general, will not bear a compuifon with London, in the more eflential circumflances of a thriving foreign and domeftic trade, thfirtleannefs of their ftreets, elegance of tiiiir i.uufcs, efpecially within ; the plenty of wat*r, and that of a ^>etter quality than the Seine, which it is faid difagrees with flrangers, as do likewife the fmall wines. lu the houfes of Paris moil of the floors an. of brick, and have no other kind of cleaning than that of being fprinkled with wnter, and fwept once a day. Thefe brick floors, the ftone ftairs, the want of wainfcotMng in rooms, and the thick par- ty walls of ftone, are, however, good prefervatives againft fire, which feldom does any damage in this city. Inftead of wainlcotiing, the walls are covered with tapeftry or damafl;. The beds in general are veiy good, and well ornamented with tefter and curtains ; but bugs are here a molf intolerable nuifance, which frequently oblige flrangers to fleep on the floor during the exceffive heat in the fummer. Their fhops are but poorly ftorcd with goods ; nor has their government made the provifions that are ever in I's power for the comfort of the inferior ranks ; its whole atten- tion feemiiig to be directed to the conveniency and fplendour of the givat. The ftiop-kfepers and tradefmen, and indolent, loitering people, feldom make their appearance before dinner in any other than a morning drefs, of velvet cap, filk night gown, and Morocco flippers; but when tfaey intend a vifit, or going abroad, all the pun£lilios of a courtier are at- tended to, and hardly the refemblance of a man remains. There is a re- markable contraft between this clafs of people and thofe of the feme rank In London. In Paris, the women pack up parcels, enter the or- ders, and do mofl of the dioidgery bufinefs of the fhop, while the huf- band loiters about, talks of the great, of fafliions and diverflons, the in- vincible force of their armies, and the fplcndour of the grand monarque. The Parillans however, as wtll as the natives of Trance in general, are remarkably temperate in their living ; and to be intoxicated with liquor is confidered as infamons. Bread, and all manner oF butcher's meat and poultry, are extremely good in Paris ; the beef is excellent ; the wine they generally drink, is a very thin kind of Burgundy. The commoa people, in the fummer feafon, live chieriy on bread, butter, grapes, and fniall wine. The Parifians frarcely know the ufe of tea, but they have coffee in plenty. The police of Paris is fo well attended to, that quarels, accidents, or felonies, feldom happen ; and flrangers, from all quartei-s ot the globe, let their appearance be ever fo uncommon, meet with the moft polite treatment. The ftreets are patrolled at night by horfe and foot ; lo judicioufly flationed, that no offender can efcape their vigilence. They likewife vifit the publicans precifely at the hour of twelve at night, to fee that the company are gone ; for in I^aris no liquor can be had after that time. The public roads in France are under the fame excellent regula- tion, which, with the torture of the rack, prevents robberies in that king- dom ; but for the fame reafon, when robberies do h^^ppcn, they are always attended t^i M 46o FRANCE. S' ! ii; attrnded with the death of the unfortanate traveller ; atid indeed tiiib if the general practice in every country of Europe^ England and Scotland exrepted. The environs of Paris are veiy pleafant, and contain a numf)er of fine fear^, fmall tou-ns, and viHages: lome of theni, hcin^ fcaftfTtd on tic rts the Seine at Marii, about three miles dj. Itnncf) are aitoni(hin(!; proofs of the fertile ji^cniu.s bl nwn, and hti^hlv worthy of a ftraiv^rr's attrntioo. Trianon, INI;irli, St. (7r.Tn1.1in en Lsve, jMeudo?^, and otlnr royal palarc*;, are laid out with ta{Je and jndgmf iit ; rifh has its peculiar brautie> for tht enteriainment aud annifanerrr of a luxurious fonrt : but fome of them are in a fliaintfiil condition, both ai to n pairs and rleauKuefs. Brefl is a fmall, but very ftrOnj; town, \ipon the KnghHi ^hanne), with a nroft fpacimts and fine fortitied road and harbour, the btil and faf;ft hx all the kingdom : yet its^ntranee is. difficult, by reafon of many rocks Iv- ipf; nndcr water. At Brefl is a court of admii airy, and academy for ita sffairs, docks, and magazines for all kinds of naval ftores, ropr-yavds, iJore-houfes, &c» infomuch tliat it may now be termed the capital recrp- tacle for the uavv-roval of France, and is admirably well adaptc;ii for. that €r»d. ' ' ' " i,ewis XIV. rendered Toulon, from a pitiful villapre, a fea-port of great itt>portar»ce. He fortihed both the town and harbonr, for the reception and prv)teclion of the navy-royal. Its old and its iic \ hr.rbour lie contiew- ous ; and by n-.eans of a canai, Ibips pafs fi-om the ww to the other, borij of tiiem bavinij an outlet into the fpacious outt-r harbour. Its arfenal, eilablifbed a{io by that king, has a particulpr (lore-houfe for each iliip of vrar, its ^un*, cordsi:e, &c. being fcparately laid up. Here are fpncioiw workfl)ops for bla- kimirhs, joiners, carpt:nters, Io> to be t onfuiered at tht fame time, that France, by her fituation, by the turn of her inhabitants for certain maiUffuchjres, and the ^yjppinefs of htr foil, muft be always pofltfled of great inland and neighbouring trade, which enriches her, and makes her the moft refi>eft- able power u^u. the contUient of Europe. . 1 have already enumerated her natuial comnjoditiea; to which may be added, her manufadlures of ralt-petr«, filky anbrojdery, filvtv*ft«ti'si tgipeftry, cambrics, kwns,. iin.et lat«, F R. A N C !■. 461 ffacrurcs. •nres, fine fergrt, ami ftuffs, vtlvets broca*1e3» paper, hrantfv, fvlMcfi i* tliltilled from wine, a prodit^ious variety of toys, and otht- articles; uiany of wliich are fmiiggled into Great Britain, for which they are paii\ in ready money. The filk manufatfture was introdticed into Kranre fo late as the reign of Henry IV,. and in the age of his grandlon Lewis XIV. the city of Tours jiloue employed 8000 looms, and noo mills. The city of 1 aoiis then cm- |)l()\ed iX,oooJnoms; but after the impolitic and unjiift revoe now little inferior to thofe o( England and Holland, alliUcd by tlie clandeftine importation of Kngliih and Iriih wool, and workmen from this country. Befidesthe infinite advantage ariJing to her inland commerce, fron) her livers and navigable canals, for her foreign trade may be laid to extend itfclt aM over the globe, ft is a d: The Fremh pofleirions in the Eafl Indies, are not very confiderable 5- tliiwgh had their genius been more turned for commerce than war, they might have engrolFed more territory and revenues than ai e now in poflel- fion of the EngKfh ; but they over-rated both their own power and their courage, and their Eaft India company never did much. At prefcnt ((ays Mr. Anderfon,) ** her land trade to Switzerland and Jtaly, is by ivay ot Lyons — ^To Germany, through Meta ^nd Srrafburgh. — Id the Nttlier- lands, through Lifle— To Spain (a moft profitable one,) through Ba\«' onnc and Perpignan, As for her naval commeice, her ports in the ehaii- iifl, and on the weftern ocean, are frequcjited by all tlve trading natio.ns ia Europe, to the great advantaffe of France, more efpecially rcTptc^ing vvh;,» is carried on with Enghtid, Holland, and Italy. The trade from her ^le- diterranean ports (more particularly from Marfeilles) v.ith Turkey and .^trica, has long been very confiderable. The negto trade from (Tuiiiea lupplies her fugar colonies, beildes the gold, ivory, and drugs goffrbn* thence." One great difadvantage to the commerce of France is, that the profefv' fion of a merchant is not fo honourable as in England and foiiie otlv-fi countries, fo that the French nobility think it below them ; which is th«- reafon that the church, the law, and tiie army, are io full of that oixitr. A great number of the cities of France have the privilege of coIiih^^c. and «ach of them a particular aiark to diftinguifli th:t:ir relpec;ive pieces; which muft be very embarrafliiig, efpecially to ftrangers. mi #j.u. Public TRAiUNn companies.] The inUitUtions of fniblir trading companies to Canada or New France, artd the baft and Well Indies,; for- tutrW coft the French crown immenfe fums ; hut we know no tx; of thcftt^ a«W fubfifting, though no doubt their Weft India trade, which is ftiil very m coi; ^•. J\ 462 F R A N. C E. i ronfiilcrable, efperially in Aigar, is under proper regulations, prefcribe^ by their louucils of commerce. CoNsriTuTio-j ANn GOVERNMENT.] Thc conftttution of Frapcc in feudal times, was very unfavourable to monarchy ; but the opprrifions of thf! great land-holders, by degrees, grew fo irkioine to the (iibjods, thit they prefcrrt'd the mon.irchical to the ariflocratical government. Ariftorra- ly, however, ftiil fubfifted in fome degree to the brginning of the laft I entin-y, chieHy through the neceflity which the Hiigonots^or proteftanti were under to have princes of the blood, anci men of great te ; and htucc proceeded the arbitrary demands upon the fubjeft, \mder various pre- tences, in the name of loans, free-gifts, &c. When thefe failed, other methods, more defpotic and unwarrantable, fuch as raifing and reducing the value of money as it fuited their own purpofcs, national bankruptcies, and other grievous oppreffioiifl, were adopted, which gave tiie finithing blow to public credit, and fliook the foundations of trade, commerce, and induftry, the fruits of which no man could c^li his own. When we confider the motives of thefe wars, a defire to cnflive and ren- der miferable the nations around them, that man mull be devoid of hu- manity whofe bread is not raifed whh indignation upon the bare mentiQt of the blood that has been fpilt, the miferies and defolations that have h?,^. peued, and the numerous places that have fallen a facrifice to their ailibi- tion. It appears too plain, from their attack upun Corlica, that their own misfortunes have not taught them wlfdpm or humanity, ; fc]^,y{\ii1fi tbe^ tbue gralp after- foreign conqueft, their own country cxhiLhs a pic- ture ^*l|li.-!l in 464 FRANCE. m !';^- turc of raifery tnd beggary, their toWns, a very few excepted, moke a moft difma! and folitary appearance. The (hops nremcan beyond defrrii) fion ; and the paflengers, who faunter thro\igh a labyrinth of narrow diitv ftrects, appear fo be clvcfly cc^npofed of prietb and devotees pafling to 0: from mafs, hair-dreflers, and beggars. That this is the appearance or their towns, and many of their cities, wc may appeal to the obfervation of any one who has been in that kingdom. Were it polfible to mention a people more indigent than thefe ciii:?ens, we might defrribe the fcrmcis and peafantry. We have in another place mentitftied the natural advan- tages of France, where the hills are covered with grapes, and moft exten- 'fivejrfains prodnce excellent crops of wheat, rye, and barley. Amidf! tlii: profufvon of plenty, the farmer and his family barely exift npon the j^Itaii- ings, and his cattle, which are feldbm nOmeroiis, pick a fubfiftence, in the i'nmmer months, from the iki»t.s of his fields. Here the farmer, mengrt, «ti(pirited, and deprcflcd, exhibits a fpeftacle of indigence hardly credi- ble :" and to fee him plowing the ground with a lean cow, als, and a goat -toked together, excites m an Englidi traveller that pity to which human nature is entitled. He forgets the country while he feels for the man. Many of the taxes and revenues in France are let out for a time to the beft bidder, Ar, as it is there called, farmed ; and thefe harpies, the far- mtrs general, and their xmderlings, make no fcruple of fleecing the peo- ple moft unmercifully ; antl the refidue, if any do remain, goes fo fatisiy the cravings of a numerous clergy, who in their turn are obliged, as well as the laity, to advance the government immtnfe fums under the name of tenths and fi'ee-gifts, exclufive of which, they are now taxed with a cci tain fum, to be paid annually. Revunues.] It is not eafy to fay any thing certain roncerning the re- venues of a prince, who can command the purfes of all his fubjefts. In 17 lO, the whole fpecie of FraiKe, in gold and filver, was computed to It about feventeen millions fterlingi and though the crown was then doubiy a bankrupt, being in debt about xoo millions (terlings, or 2000 million, «if livres, yet by laying hold of almoft all the current money in the king- «lom, and by arbitrarily raifing or lowering the value 'of coins, in four vears time the duke regent of France publiflied a general ftate of the pub- lic debts, hv which it appeared that the king fcarcely owed 340 millions of livres. This being done by a national robbery, we can form no idea but that of defpotiim, of the means by which fo great a redu F R A N X E. 465 for cultivating it, there is a royal military academy eftabliflied pwrpofely for training up 500 young gentlemen at a time, in the feveral branches of this great art. In time of peace the crown of France maintains about ao, 000 men, but at a very fmall comparative expenre, the pay of the common men being little more than two* pence halfpenny per day. In time of war 400,000 have been brought into the field ; but thofc that ai*e raifed for the militia are yery indifferent tixjops. In the reign of Lewis XIV. the French had at one time 100 (Iiips of the line, which was alniod equal to the marine force of all Europe befides. The French have, however, at lla, been generally defeated by the Englifli. The engagement at La Hogue, which happened in 160a, tfavc a blow to the Frcruh marine which it wa< long before it recovered. The late king Lewis X^^ has more than onre niade prodigious efforts towaids re-cHabliiliing his navy ; but his officeis and fea-men yvere fo much inferior to thofe of £nglaad, that he feemed dur- ing the war of 1 756, to have built (hips of force for the fervice of Great Britain, fo frequent were the captures made by the Englifli. However, after the commencement rf hoftjlities between Great Britain and France, on account of the coudu(5l of the latter in affifling the revolted American colonies, it has appeared that the French navy is become more formidable than at any preceding period, their miniftry tjaving exerted their utmoft ciforts to eilahliih a powerful marine. The prefent navy of France con- liiii of about 100 ftiips of the line, befides a great number of frigates. Roval Tiri>£s, akms, mobility, ) The title alfumed by the AND orders. j French king is, fimpiy, kmg of France and Navarre; and by way of compliment he is called his Moll Chriftian Majefty. His ai-ms are three iienrs-de-lis, or in a field azure, iiipported by two angels in the habits of Levitts, having each of them a banner in his hand, with the fame arms. The motto is Lllia uon lahoraiit mjue fif.if. About the year 1349, Hubert, the lall count of Dauphiny, being acci- dentally the oocafion of his fon's death, annirxfd that countiy to the crown oi France, upon condition that the eldell ion of Fiance fiiould be, for llu time to come, ftyled Dauphin. jhe French nobility are of four kinds : fii*ft, the princes of the blood ; fecondly, dukes and counts, peers of FiTuice ; thirdly, th« ordinary no- bility ; fourthly, the nobility lately matle, or thofe made in the prefent reign. The firft prince of the blood is the pt'ifon who Hands next to rite crown after the king's fons. The kniifhts of the Holy Cihoft are ranked among the higher nobility, as are the governors and lieuLenants-gcneral ofpiovmces. in Fran e there are feveral orders ; Ji'Jr^ tbat *• of St MJchaeh " infti- tuted in i4.6q by Lewis XL and though oiiginally compofed only of thirty-fix knights, was aflerwanis enlarged to a hundred. It is fallen into difrepute, being conferred on artifrs, pliyficiftns, magiftrates, &c. Their badge is a golden oval inedallion, in which is St. Michael trampling t'le dragon under his feet. A ptrfon mull be a kfiight of this order before he can enter into the fecond " of the Holy Gbojiy" which was founded in I579 by Henry III. and is onmpofed of a hundred perfons, exclufive of the fovereign, and conferred only on princes of the blood, and perfons of the higheft rank. All are to be papifts, and, except the 14 coanuanders, which confift of cardinals, prelates, ?nd the oHicers of the order, are all to prove the nobility of their defce:^ for above 100 years. The D;m|)!»:a is received into bqth orders on the day of his birtli. .'ihjnL the order .^ . ■ . H h ^^ of ™-;:i;o I.i 46a'" i' R A N C C. •• <»/* Sf. 1 4>u'it" whub was indiiiitcd in the year 169^ 1»y T.c^^is X\V. nit uly lor uulitmy nuiit, and is worn by almoll cvcrv oHiivr, aiwl tv( 11 luh^luTDs. Asoftliis ouUt alt nn\i\ ht- pajMlh, Lewis ^V. jnflitiited tlic mdcrol Mitifaty iVn/fiu flu; ynir i''^<;, 111 favotu" of llu- prottflaiu of- fice is ol lortij^u rc^'imtnis in thr li'ivii-e of riaihc. In all other it'fjxi't'i tlu' (latiitcs art* ihc l.uwv w'nU [\\oW ot tlic order of Sr. Louis. 'I'licrr arc two t'luvallrrs (jr.iiul Croix, lour «)f thr itrond li.ifs, niul an niijimitnl nuniUr of onlin.try kiiij'Jits. 'Vhv \y,n\\\v ol thr order is a rrofs of oij'ht |)oints, cnanu'ilrd, wlutf, on tlu' one tide a (word in pale, with fhe nw)fii>^ /'la vr/'itr Z;,.'//. .j, ;tiiii on the reverie a rjinpltf of launl with this iid'ni|»- t\iu\^ i n,/i>;u, m W, '"/.'iiu,? iiiiho I":;*;. Thi: oriU'r ot St, /,ni, \vhi»h was by the Romans ealled 'l^ranlalpiiu' (Jaiil, or C;a«l heyonil the Alps, to dillinnnilh it honi Cil'alpinr (laul, On the Itn- li:u\ Jide of the. Alps, was prolably peopled fioni Italy, to which it lieu roiviiviuous. Kike other European nations, it loon baanie a defirable objei'-l to the anibitious Konnns ; and, after a brave rcfiftanre, was an- nexed to their empire by the inviiuible arms of fnlius Ca'fMr, about lorty-ei}»',".t years btforc Chrifh (iaul eontiiuied \\\ the poUclfion of Ihc Romans tril the dour\fal of that emj)ire in the tilth eentni'v, when it became a piey to the (Joths, the Hnri.undians, and the Franks, who Inbilued, but did not extirpate the ancient n.uives. The I'ranlw theni- (dves, who ji;ive it tlie n;uiie of France, or Fiankcnlaiid, were n cob leolion of fi vera! people inhabiting Germany, and particularly the Salii, tvho lived on the bauk!> of the river Sale, and who cultivated thepiin- tiplcs of jurilprudence better than their neijihbonrs. Thofc Salii had » iiile, which the rel> of the Franks are faid to have adopted, and j|is been by the modern Franks applied to the hicceflion of the throne, e.\- cludiiii; all t"ei».aU',s fro;n the infu ritancc ot tbvei eij^nty, and is well known by tht* n;Mne of tlu »s'.».' < / .r.i'. 'File Fisuiks aiui Hurginulians, after ellablirtiing their power, aitd redu- , ring the 01 i^fjnal oairves to a (late of llavery, parcelled out the lands among tin ir principal leaders ; and fuccecdinjj; kink>,s found it neceflary to c.ontiiin their privileges, allowiiij; ihem to ex«riite I'overeign authority in their fflpe^ftivejiovei nmeiits, until they at length alFumed an Independency, only jckiiowlodj'jni' the kii>g as their ht;ul. This gave rife to tlibfe nu- iiurons prinrlpalities il.ar wcie formeily in Franco, and to the tevcral parliaments; tor every proviiue beiume, in its |>o icy and govcrnrueiu, ao epitome of the vk-liole kin^diJut; and .10 laws were made, or taxts railiru, without the ctmcuirciuc ot the grand council, confilling of the tK r^\V and oi'ihe nol>i!lty. Tbu;, as in ffi.*.! Kuropiau nations, immediately after the diirohuiofi of the Roman v uipiiv, the fiili i>overimtent in Frarice feems to have been a kind of mixcl moaaixhy, and the power of their kings extremely cii- Kumfcribed and limited by the feudal barons* 'Fhe firti Chriflian monardt of the Franks (according toDanielyone • oi the bcU trench iiil^orirms) was Clovis. who began his reign anno 48 ij *.. . aiiJ FRANCE. 4.67 jtid was baptizitl, nnd introduced Chriftianity in the year 496 : fiDin whirh period the French hiftory exhibits a (ci ies of great eveuts : nnd wcfind thrin generally engaged in dunneflic broils or in foreigtj wais* Thetirfl race of their kings, prior to Charlemagne, found a cruel enemy 111 the Saracens, who then over-ran Europe, and retaliated the barba- iitifs (»f the (Joths and VandaK upon their poftcrityi In the year 800, Charlcinagnc, king of Fjance, who wc have often mentioned as the ylory of thole dark n^es, bec.anje niafh'r of (icnnany, Spain, and part lintalv, and was r.iowned kin^ of the Romaob by the pop.? ; he divided hisiiii()irc by u'ill amonjr his ions, which proved latnl to his family and ixillciity. Soon after this, the Normans, a fierce warlike people from Norway, iJrnmark, and other parts of vScmdinavin, lavaijcd the king- liom of I'rancc, and, about the year 900, oblii'.td the French to vield Dp Normandy and Bretngne to Rollo, their leader, who married the kiiijT's daughter, and was perfuadcd to profe(-> himftlf a ('hrillian. This liid the foundation of the Norman power in Ffanic; which afrcrw:ud» j^ave a king to Kngland, in the perfon of William duke of NoniiarKiy, •'halulnhicd Harold, the laft Saxon king, in the year ^o^6. 'I'histvent (Movtd uidortunate and ruinous to France, ai it eng;ij',ed that nation in almoft perpetual wars with Fjigland, for wliom they were not an equal inatdi, notwitldlanding their numbers, and ihe alhflance they received iiom Siotland. Tlie rage of crufading which broke out at this time, wasr of infinite invire to the French crown in two lefpe^h : in the firfl place, it car- iiid off htmdreds of thoufands of its turbulent ful)je»fts, and their Ica- vliis, who were almoil indc|)endent of the king : in the next, the king fiiivfeded to the cfiates of niuubeis of the nobility, who died abroad witli- out heirs. But paffuig over the dark ages of the crufades, their expeditions to the Holy Land, and wars with England, which have already been men- tioned, we (liall proceed to that period when the French began to extend their influence over Europe ; and this brings us to the reign of Francis I. contemporary with Henry V-.U. of England. This prince, though he was %rave to excefs in his own perfon, and had defeated the Swifs, who till then were deemed invincible, was an unfortunate warrior. He had great abilities and great defers. He was a candidate for tlie empire of Germany, but loft the imperial crown ; Charles V. of the houfe of Auftria, and king of Spain, being chofen. Francis made fome dazzling expeditions againll Spain, but fulfered his mother, of whom he was very fond, to abufc his power : by which he liifobliged the conftable of Bourbon, the greateft of his fubjefts, who joined in a confederac)r againii him with the emperor and Henry VIIJ. of England. In a capital expedition he undertook into Italy, he was token prifoner at the battle of Pavia, in the year 1524, and obliged to ^giee to diflionourable terms, which he never meant to perform, to regain his liberty. His non-performance of thofc conditions was after- wards the fource of many wars betv. een him and the emperor ; and he Jiedini547. Fiance, at the time of his death, notwithftanding the variety of dif- agreeahle events during the late reign, was in a flourifliing condition. Francis I. was fuccecded by his fon Henry II. who upotyihe whole was an txrtilent and fortunate prince. He continued the war with the empe- «r of Germany to great advantage for his own- dominions j and was . ^ Hha ., io M ■ r «" ■ft'.' 468 FRANCE. fd -^cll fcrved by the duke of Giiife, that' thoiije;h he loft the baffle rtf St. Qjiintin, againd the Spaniards and the Englifli, he retook Calais .firtmthtJ latter, who never finer had any footing in France. He mar- ried his fon, the Dauphin, to Maiy queen of Scots, in hopes ot uniting th'slt kirtgdom to his crown; but in lh» fcheme, he, or rather hia -rbimtiy,' was unfortTinate^ ai may be fcen in the hiftory of ScotlarvJ. ^if'^was-'kiildd ill the year 1559, at an unhappy tilting-malch, by the '€(Mint'of Mmttjgomeri. i - Me wal fucceeded by his fon Francis H. a weak, fickly, inaftirc n agatnft the government. Antliony king of Navarre was at ehe'bead' of the Bourbon family; but the queen>mother, the hmoxn *Ctttherfi»f Guife, who U'as the fcourge of the Proteftants, was alfeffinated by one Poltrot, at the fiege of Orlean* ; and the murder was uiijuftly thought (d have beert Ihftfgated by the famous Coligni,- admiral of France, who waa then at th*r head of the Proteftaht party. Three civil wars futcceded each other. At laft the court pretended to .grant the ■ Hugonof» a very advantageoffs peace, and a match was concluded be- tween Heory, the yoMHg king of Navarre^ a Proteftant, and the French kittjj['» fitter. The head* df the Proteilams were invited to celebrate thfe nu^itiafe ?lt Pai^is, with the infernal viiew of butchering them all, if ' pbffible,' in one ifjght. 'This projeft proved but too fuccefefirl, though it 'wsiar broke out the next year, when the bloody Charles IX, died -' Wittiout heii-s. ^j -m'nl- ^ifisyi''ji.. iitii lu&ia ii;:» Hij^ third brother, the duk<" of Anjou^ had fbmf. tfhic before been ' uj -yo- Religion, at that time fupplied to the reformed nobility of Frsmcelhe "'•fcTrfrtTjl powers they had loft. The heads of the Pnotelhnts could raiCe drnaies of Hugonots. The governors of provinces behaved in thctn as ••* ijT they h'ad beea independtnt ; of the croWn, a-nd. the parties weie.fo 'l^^Hy-'bfelahcAd, that the name of the kin-g alone turned the feale, A 6oiy kn^ue__\\?is fovmcii for the defence of the catholic religion, at the heaci of \vhicii was the diike oF T^uTTe. Tlie" Prhteffap.ts under the prince i ' of ;Ci>mle^' and the duk« ofi.Alentjon, the iii«g's brother, called in the • r ■,., oj.mi^'iit.. y.i'^. .«' >i: • . .' .;••■;'. .1 ,; ■ . v; ■■.- .,• ,,.' ; . ,(( Gemiaii .^iH -turf 'litiUiJii, ^ifi.'j^'^U ■;.;i'i ■ • ' ■ ■V c^ 'U It F R; A N C E. 469 German princes to th.ehr ailiflance; tnd a fixth civil war broke' out i^ti \qf^ in which the king of Spkin-took IKe pact 0/ ihr lc»g\ie, in revenge of the duke of Alencjon declaring himfelf lord of the; Netherlands. This civil war was finifhed within the year, bv another fliam peace.- TIk king, ever fince his accefl^a^ to the crown, had plunged himfelf intoli comie of infamous debauchery and religions extravag^tnee.' H« was entirely governed by his profligate favourites, but he polU'ffi;'! natural good fenfe. He began to fufpc(^t that the profcriptiotis n\ the Froteftant^, and the fetting afide from the fucceffion the king of Navarre, on account of his religion, which was aimed at by the holy leagw, was with a view to place tliedukeof Guife, the idol, of the Romiin Catholica, on the throne, to which the duke had fome diilant preteniions. To Tenure himfelf on the throne, a feventh civil war broke' out in 15791 and an- other in the year 158:;, both of them to the difadvant^ge of the Prptef- tants, through the abilitifs of the duke of.Guife. The king tfaougbt him now fo dangerous, that after i^witing him in a friejDidJy mannef to coiuT, both he and his brother the cardinal, werej by hifiipajcfty's or- ders, and in a manner under his eye, bafely alfafiuiated in, i^88» 'Tlie leagiurs, upon this, declared that Henry Itad forfeited his crnwiif and wai an enemy to religion. This obliged him fo throw :himielf.into the arms of the Proteltants: but while h^ was befieginjg Paris,, where. the leaguers had their greateft foi'ce, he was. in. his turn alfaffinated by one Clement, a young enthuiiafiiic monk, in 19H9. ^Iniienfy Jll^^^t^i^^dthe line of Valois. • , k i ' , . -: • '] •;. • ; 'J'he readers of hiftory are vi^ell. acquaint^ with the.difikulties^ 00 ac> count of his religion, which -Henry . IV. fcing <>f Navarre*, Kead of the houfeof Bourbon, and the next heir ly^.the Siilic law« had to en- counter before he mounted die throve. The leaguers were he^^M by the- duke of Main, brother to the rlate duke of Guife ; and they drew fir^m his cell the decrepid popifli cardinal of Bourbon, uncle to. the king of Navarre, to proclaim him king .of France. Being ftrongly fuj^rted by the power of Spain and Rome, all the glorious anions performed by Henry, his courage and maghanimity, feemed «nly to make him more illuftrioufly unfortunate; : for he and his little court were fomctimes with- out common necefliiries. He was, however, perfonally beloved j and no objedion lay againft him but that of his religion. The leaguers, on the other hand, fplit amongft themfelves ; and the French nation in ge- neral, being jealous of the Spaniards, who availed themftlves of the public diftraftions, Henry, after experiencing a variety of good and had fortune, came fecretly to a refolution of declaring himfelf a Roman Catholic. This was called a meafure of prudence if not of ueceility, as the king of Spain had offered his daughter Kabtlla Clara Eugenia to be queen of France, and would have married her to the young duke of Guife. )v •,' ^'f In 1593, Henry went publicly to mafs, as a mark of his converilon. This complaifance wrought wonders in bis favour ; and having with great difficulty obtained abfolution from the pope, all France iubmitted to his authority, and he had only the crown of Spain to contend with. * A fmall kingdom lying upon the Pyrenean mountains, of the greateft pirt of which, I'pper NaVarre, Henry's jtredeceirors had betn uujuftly difpoircficd by Fer- diHMvi, kii)^ of Spain, about the year 15:12- ,| Hh3 which ,47<5 FRANCE. which he did for feveral years with various fortune. In i ijqR he ptifi- liflied the famous cd id of Nantes, which fecured to his old friends the proteflants the free excrcife of their religion j and next year the treaty •of Vervins was concluded with Spain. Henry next chauiftd the dukV of Savoy* who had taken advantage of the late troubles in his kingdom ; and applietl himfelf with wondeiful attention and fuccefs (alMea inall 'his undertakings by his minifttr, the great Sully) to cultivate the happi- nefs of his people, by encouraging manufnftures, particularly that of filk, the benefit of which France feels at this day. Having re-eilabllfiied the tranquillity, and, in a great meafure, ftcured the happinefs of his people, he formed connexions with the neighbouring powers for reducing the am- bition of the houfe of Auftria; for which purpofe, it is faid, he had formed gieat fchemes, and collefted a formidable army : others fay (for his intention does not clearly appear), that he defigned to have formed Chriftendom into a great republic, of which France was to be the head, "and to drive the Turks out of Europe ; while others attribute hisprepara- tions to more ignoble motives, that of a criminal paflion for a favourite princcfs, whof^ hufband had carried her for proteaion into the Auftrian •dominions. Whatever may be in thefe conjectures, it is certain, that nvhile he was making preparations for the coronation of his queen, Mary of Medicis, and was ready to enter \ipon his grand expedition, he was af- faflinated in his coach in the ftreets of Paris, by one Ravilliac, like Cle- ment, another young enthufiaft, in 1610. Lewis Xni. fon to Henry IV. defervcdly named the Great, was but . iiinte years of age at the time of his father's death. As he grew up, he difcarded his mother and her favourites, and chofe for his minifler the fa- inous cardinal Richlieu, who put a period, by his refolute and bloody . meafures, to the remaining liberties of France, and to the religious cfta- bJifliment of the proteftants there, by taking from them Rochelle, though Charles I. of England, who had married the French king's fifter, made fonie weak efforts, by his fleets and arms, to prevent it. This put an end to the civil war?, on account of religion, in France. Hiftorians fay, that in thefe wars above a million of men loft their lives ; that 1 50,000,000 of livres were fpent in carrying them on ; and that nine cities, four hundred •villages, two thoufand churches, two thoiifand monafieries, and ten thou- fand houfes, were burntj or otherwife dcftroyed, during their continu- ance. , .' l^ichlieu, by a mafterly train of p(»litics, though himfelf was next to tan enthufiaft for popery, fupportcd the proteftants of Germany, and ' ftuftavus Adolphus, figai'nft the houfe of Auftria j and after qtielling all 4 the rtSellions and confpinncies which had been formed agritift him in ''■Jrance, he died fome months before Lewis XHL who, in 1643, left his ' foo, afterwards the famous Lewis XIV. to inherit his kingdom. During that prince's nonage, the kingdom was torn in pieces under tfie ' Rdminiftration of his mothtr Anne of Auftria, by the faftions of the treaty and the divifions between the court and parliament, for the moft trifling caufes, and upon the moft defpicable principles. The prince ot Omd^ filmed like a blnzing Itar ; fbmetimes a patriot, fometimes a cour- tit:r, and, fometimes a rebel. He was oppofed by the celebrated Turenne, ^wiio from a proteftuit had turned papift. The nation of Fiajice was jn- Volvied at Once 'm civil and domeftic wars; but the queen-mother having jrtiide. choice of. cardinal Mazarine for her firft minifter, he found means tw turn the arms even of Cioir.w^il againft the Spaniards, and 10 divifle V. the V K AN C E. 4-/t ti\? domcftii": enemies of the court fo efFe^liiiilly amonjr themftlves, that when Lewis aiTumid the reins of goveinment in his own hands, he found himfelf the moft abfolute monarch that had ever fat upon the throne of France. He had the good fortune, on the death of Mazarine, to put the (iomeflic adminiftration of his affaire into the hands of Colbert, whom I have more than oiice mentioned, who formed new fyftems for the glory, comm^rce, and manufaftures of France, aJi which he carried to a furprif- ingheight, " ,.- To write the hiftoiy of this reign, would be to write that of all Europe. I<;norance and ambition were the only enemies of Lewis : through the former, he was blind to every patriotic duty of a king, and promoted the intercfts of his fubje^ls only that they might the better anfwer the pur- pofes of his greatnefs : by the latter he embroiled himfelf with all his nergh, hours, and wantonly rendered Germany a difmal fcene of dcvaftation. By his impolitic and unjuft revocation of the edift of Nantes, in the year 1685, with the dragooning the pioteftants that followed it, he obligetl them to take flielter in England, Holland, and different parts of Grermany, wht-re they ertabliflied the filk manufaftures, to the great pj'ejudice of their own country. He was fo blinded by flattery, that he arrogated to himfelf the divine honours paid to the pagan emperors of Home. He made and broke treaties for his conveniency, and at laft raifed againft him- felf a confederacy of almoft all the other princes of Europe ; at the head of which was king William HI. of England. He was fo well ferved, that he made head for fome years againft this alliance ; but having provok-r ed the Englifh by his repeated infidelities, their arms under the duke of Marlborough, and of the Auftrians under prince Eugene, rendered the latter part of his life as miferable as the beginning of it was fplendid. His reign, froni the year 1702 to 1711, was one continued feries of defeats and calamities 5 and he had the mortification of feeing thofe places tak^n from him, whicf), in the former part of his reign, w^re acquired at the ex- pence of many thoufand lives. Juft as he was reduct> replace his fjuher-yi-law, ^5^tani^au5, on thf throne of folaivi. la this 471 FRANCE. he failed through the interpofition of the Ruffians and Anftrians ; but Staniflaus enjoyed the title of king, and the revenues of Lorrain, during the remainder of his life. The connection between France and Spain forced the former to become principals in a war with Great Britain ; in the management of which the latter was fo ill fecondcd by her allies, that it was finilhed bv the peace of Aix la Chapelle in 1748. As to the war, which was ended by the peace of Fontainbleau, in 1763, the chief events attending it, fo humiliating to France, have been Already mentioned in the hiftory of Engluid, and therefore need not be recapitulated here. The prefent king, Lewis XVI. fiicceetled his grandfather Lewis XV, on the loth of May i774« Several regulaiions have taken placf, fincc his, acceffion, highly favourable to the general inrerefts of the nation, particularly the iiippreflion of the Mu^qwetaires, and fome other corps, which being adapted more to tlie parade of guaiding the royal perfbn than any real military fervice, were fu{>ported at a great (xpence, without an adequate return of benefit to the Itate. But one of the m<. ; •. 4. Loiiifa Maria, born 1737, who went into a convent of Carmelites, and took the veil in 1770. . • NETHERLANDS. THE fevernteen provinces, which are known by the name of the Ne- therlands, were formerly part of Gallia Belgica, and afterwards 6f the circle of Belgium or Burgundy, in the German empire. Thej' ob- tained the general name of Netherlands, Fais-Bas, or Low*Countries, from their fituation in refpeft of Germany. - ' Extent, SITUATlo^f, ANn Boundaries of the Seventeen Provinces. •• Dej^rees. u„. \ 4Qand C4 Norrh lat. between < ^^ .'*__. ...„ . Miles. V Length ^60 { Breadth 260 ( ^•^^^^^" \ '2 and '7 Eaft Ion. Thev are bounded by the German fea on the North ; by Germany, Ivail ; by Lorrain and France, South, and by the Hritifli channel. Weft, 1 Hull, for the fake of perfpicuity, and to avoid repetition, treat of the fcveiuecn provinces, under two great divifions : fiift, the Norihcn:, which i;ontains the feven United Provi^nces, ufually known by the name of Hol- land: fecondly, the iS'tf////^n«, containing the Auftrian, ai»d French Ne- therlands. The United Provinces are, properly fpeaking, eight, viz« Holland, OveryiTel, Zealand, Friedand, Utrecht, Groningen, Gelder- jand, and Zutphen ; but the two latter forming only one fovereignty^ they generally go by the name of the Seven United Provinces. Situation and Extent of the United Provinces. Length 1 co » f Breadth near the fame. '5°7 . l" :arly \ between < ^ i L 51 and 54 North lat. 2 and 7 £afl Ion. The following is the moft fatisfaclory account we meet with of their geographical divilion, including the Texel, and other iflands. ""t-"" t3S Countries Names. ' Square Milus. a m 3- • 66 'A S. 11 Chief Cities. United Provinces. JO Uvet7Hel 1,900 Dc venter Holland 1,800 84 5» Amsterdam •»; >. ^ « Gclderland 986 .^0 40 Nimegucn Friefland 810! 44 34 Leuwardcn > Zutphen 644 37 2>i Zutphen n 'Groningen 540 45 37 Groningen J Utrecht 450 41 22 Utrecht Zealand 303 «9 34 Middkburg ^Icxcl and other iflands "3 ,' Total— 7i546 M I, AlRj 4 i 5>^ ■- I^-tt V JB»^ ^ B ^ >? s« t VUtlarui TOKI 'ttmdStrom. rnwardt-n ,ticoniii«cjr"*^l hEmlMlcii \I.efr "^ iMu \ op l0f\ o \ \ iM^ 7. rih„m^ Mfp/yn Linam \ . JTRKC \ \t t^ ^&- ^^- vlW ... '^' ttOl ( o Ylvflord ■ Oinahur^ Mvfuitt 'ftTifOMd* KW r»Jiitt^ r-J 5; rsi; A;priifiiel« ;cH\- n^fieldcrf i p itfrdkaOmy JHk,. i^f*V^ Q 35'; »t Fraiifrrt z'' ".^ ^'*T I Tumdrnfi ,.- ^^ laon e |70|7 > « '# '4^ Wifrin* |:.,y\'" "^H>! 474 NETHERLANDS. •'^J''AiB, 5EAS0NS, SOIL, AKD FACE ) Thcfc provinces lie oppofire f6 iw ii; OF TiTE COUNTRY. ) England, at the diftance of oo "itfiltis, tipon the eafl fide of the Engliili channel, and are only a narrow flrp of low fwampy land, lying between the mouths of feveral great ri- VerB^ and what the induAry of the inhabitants have gained from thefea 'by means of dykes, which they have raifed and ftill fupport with incredi- ble. labour and expence. The air of the United Provinces is therefore fo*gy attd grofs, until it is purified by the fraft in winter, when the eafi wind ufnally fets in for about four months, and their harbours are frozen \\p. ■ The moifture of the air caufes metals to ruft« and wood to moiiW, rtiore than in any other country, which is the reafon of their perpetuailv tixhb'mg and fcouringv, and the bfightnefs and cleanlinefs in their hmifes (o iniich taken iwtice of. The foil is unfavourable to vegetation, but, by the indtiftry of the inhabitants in making canals, it is rendered fit for paf- turej'tind in many places for tillage. Holland, with all its commercial ndvaivfages, is not a defirable country to live in^ efpecially to foreigners. Here are no mountains nor riling grotinds, no plantations, purling lireams, or catgraAs. The whole face of ihe country, when viewed from ^ tower or ftceple, has the appearance of a continued marfli or bog, drained at certain diftances by innumerable ditches ; and many of the canals, which in that country ferve as high roads, are in the fummer months no btrrcr than ofFenfive ftagnated waters. Rivers and Harbours.] The rivers are an important confideration 16 the United Provinces ; the chief of which are the Rhine, one of the Jargeft and fineft rivere in Europe ; the Maefc, the Scheld, and the Vecht. There are many fmall rivers that join thtfe, and a prodigious number of canals ; but there are few good harbours in the Unittd Provinces ; the bef^, are thofe of Rotterdam, Helvoetfluys, and Flufliing ; that of Am* fterdam, though one of the largeft and faVeft iti Europe, has a bar at the entrance of it, over which large veflcls camiot pafs without being light- ened. *'•' Vegetable A^D animal pro- ) The quantity of grain produced oucTiONs BY ?EA ANp LAND. J here is not fufficient for home coi\- Inmption ; but by draining their bogs and marfhes they have many excfl- lenc meadows, which fatten lean German and Da nidi cattle toa vaft fize ; and they make prodigious quantities of the beft butter and cheefe in Eu- rope. Their country produces turf, madder, tobacco, fome fruit and iron ; but all the pit-coal and timber ufed there, and indeed moft of the comforts and even the neceflaries of life, are imported. They have a good breed of flieep, whofe wool is highly valued ; and their horfcs and homed cattle are of a larger fize than in any other nation in Europe. It is faid there are feme wild bears and wolves here. Storks build and hatch On their chimnies : but, being birds of paflage, they leave the country abtnit the middle of Auguft, with their young, and returp the February ■following. The river fifli is much the fame as ours, but their fea-filh i> generally larger, owing perhaps to their fiftiing in deeper water. No her- rings vifit their coalh ; but they have mawy excellent oyfter-beds about the iflands of the Texel, producing very ]ai-p;e and wt-U-tafted oyftcrs. JSJptwithftanding all thefe inconveniences, the mduftry of the Hollanders ^JEurniflieS^s gieat a plenty of the neceflaries and commodities of hfe, and ■ liport as eafy tprms (except to travellers and (Irangers) »» they are to be met with in any part of Europe. , NETHERLANDS. 47^ PoptiLATioN, ikhabitants, MAN-} The Seven IJiiiled Provinces NtRS» CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. \ tn'c [>ei-haps the beft peopled of any fpot of the fame extent in the world. They contain, according to the bed accounts, 115 cities and towns, 1400 villages, and «ibout two mii- lions of inhabitants ; befidts the^ twenty-five towns, and the people in what is called the Lands of the Generality, or conquered countries and towns of other parts of the Netherlands f. The manners, habitss, and even the minds of the Dutch (for fo the inhabitants of the United Pro- vinces are called in general) feem to be formed by their iituation, and to rife from their natural wants. Their country, which is prtferved by mounds and dykes, is a perpetual incentive to labour ; and the artificial drains with which it is every where interle£ted, muft be kept in perpetual repair. Even what may be called their natural commodities, their butter and cheefe, are produced by a conftant attention to laborious parts of Jlife, Their principal food they earn out of the fea by their herring-fiflieries ; for they difpofe of moft of their valuable fiflies to the Englifli, and other nations, for the fake of gain. The air and temperature of the climate in- cline them to phlegmatic, flow difpofitions, both of body and mind ; and yet they are irafcible, efpeciaily if heated with liquor. Even their vir- tues are owing to their coldnefs, with regard to every objefl that does not immediately concern their own interefts : for in all other refpe£ls they are quiet neighbours and peaceable fubje(5b. Their attention to the confU- tution and independency of their country is owing to the fame principle ; for they were never known to effeft a change of government but when they thought themfelves on the brink of perdition. The valour of the Dutch becomes warm and aftive when they find their intereft at (lake ; witnefs their fea wars with England and France. Their boors, though flow of underftandiiig, are manageable by fair means. Their feamen are plain, blunt, but rough, furlv, and an ill-mannered fqrt of people, and apf}ear to be infcnfibleof public iphit, and afFeftion for each other. The tradefmen in general are reckoned honcft in their dealings, and very fparing of their words. Smoking tobacco is prat^^ifed by old and young of both fexes ; and as they are generally ploddi|jig upon ways and means of getting money, no people are lb unfociable. A Dutchman of low rank, when drunk, is guilty of every fpecies of brutality. The Dutch have alfo been known to exercife the moil dreadful inhumanities for in- tereft abroad, where they thought themfelves free fi'om difrovery ; but they are in general quiet and inoffenfive in their own country, which ex- hibits but few inftanccs of murder, rapine, or violence. As to the habi- tual tipling and drinking charged upon both fexes, it is owing in a great meafiire to the nature of their foil and cliQiate. In general, all appetites and paffions feem to run lower and cooler here than in moft other coun- tries, that of avarice excepted. Their tempers are not airy enough for joy, or any unufual drains of |>leafant humour, nor warm enough for love ; fo that the fofter paflions feem no natives of this country j and '\(-i <}• Monf. de Wit, at the beginning of this century, computed the people of HoMand " *>500,coc, but Mr. Tenipkrpan eftinjates them only at a,ooo,ooo, which iu pro- portion to the populoufucfs of Enghnd, is more than fix to one, confidering the extent of iht touiitry. Holland js alio reckoned to have as many fouls as the other iix pro- vinces which, if true, the pcopl; of the fcven provinces, with their appendages, rnqft be r^p. , ;; il V. k J 'A ^ H T A - 476 , . NETHERLANDS. Jove itfelf is Utile better than a mechanical affection, ariniig from intcreft, -«,0nvcniency, or habit : it is talked of /bmetime? among the J'oiing iren, but as a thing tht y have heard of rather than felt, and as a difcoutfe that 'becomes them rather than afFe<5ls them. ' \ntn-f h ; ^^ 1 ''■f^^ In whatever relates to the management of pectmiary affaii-s, the Dutch ^re certainly the mod expert of any people ; as to the knowledge of ac- quiring wealth, they unite the no lefs neceflary f ience of preferving it. it tb a kind of general rule for every man tofpend kfs than his income, be that what it will ; nor does it often enter into the head of this fagarious people that the common courfe of expence ihould equal the revenue ; and when this happens, they think at leaft they have lived that year to nopur- P«/fe ; and the report ci it uftd to difcrcdit a man among them, as much JTS any vicious or prodigul exrravi^g;uire does in other countries. But this • rigici frugality is not fo univerfiii among the Dutch as it was formerly ; for a gre;iter decree oK luxury and extravagance has been introduced among tl'.em as well as the other nations o^ Lurop«. Garring is hkewife prac- >tifed by many of the fafliionible ladies, and fome of them difcover more propenfity to^ gallantry thsn was known here in former times. No country tan vie with Holland in the mntibei of rhofe inhabitants, whofe lot, if Bot riches, is at tcaft a comfortable lulliciency ; and where fewer failures pr bankruptcies oc; ur. Hence, in the midft of a world of taxes and con- triljitions, fuch as no other countrv does experience, they flourifli and vgtow rich. From this iVftematic fpirit of regularity and moderation, joined to the iMoli ohftinate peiTeverance, thfv fucceedtd in the ftupcn- *lous works of draining their coiinti i- of thofe immenfe deluges of water that had ovcrfio^^'cd fo lar^e a part of it during many ages, while, at the fame time, thty brought under their fubjeiflion and command the rivers iind feas thr.t furround them, by dykes of incredibjle tlfickncfs and ftrengtli, and made them the principal bulwarks on ^vhich they rely for the protec- tion and fafety of their tcrritnrits againft the danger of an enemy. This .they have done by covering their frontiers and cities Mith innumerable fiiiices ; by means of whi. h, at the (horteft notice, the nn^i rapid inunda- ticuisare let in, and they become in a few hours inaccelfiblc. From that frugality and perftveiance by which they have been fo much charafterifed, they were enabled, thoxigh labouring under the greattft diffi ulties, not only to throw off the Sjwnifli yoke, but to attack that powerful nation in the moft ttnder p.irts, by feizing her rich galleoi,?, and forming new cftabliflmients in Africa, and the Eaft and Weft Indies, at the expence of Spaii5, and thereby becoming, from a defpicable province, a moft power- ful ftnd formidable enemy. E,t[iia!ly wonderful was the rife of their mili« ' itn,il>booths, fkittle and other grounds, and fmall pieces of \vatei|, which foim the amuftments of the middling ranks, not to mention their hand- organs. ?nd other piuftcal iavcntiotts, Th?y arc the btft (katers m^^ * the NETHERLANDS. 477 the ice in the world. It is amazinj; to fee thr crowds in a hard froft u]>on , the ice, ar\d the great dt-xterity both of men and w^rrien in darting along, orrather flving, with inconceivable velocity. '[■! -i '• • 7 ^-"V Dress.} Their drefs formerly wns noted for the lart;e breeches of (\vc , men; and the jerkins, plain mobs, fliort petticoats, and other oddities of the women ; all which, add^d to the natural thickntfs and clnmfinefs of their perfons, gavcthem a very grotefque appearance Thcfe dreficS !iow prevail only among the lower ranks, and more particularly among thefea- fariiig people. • Religion.] The eftabliihed religion here is the Prefhyterian and Cal- vinifm; none but Preibyterians are admitted into any ofii e or poft in tl>e government, exreptingthe aiTny ; yet all religions and lefts are tolerattrd, and have their reipeftive meetings or afllniblies for public worfliip, among which the papifts and Jews aie very numeremilyn ayn uiien nnam ^Morde ^cheyVght .* a7i> koniti^l-ryk koHtf: wwe iville gtfJji'eJe <^ti\'ck in den hvmcl zoo ook op den ardcn^ otn dagvl- iiii broot ifcffons htedenthd,- vrrgeeft onfe fcLuldi'ti gelyk ook ivv I'lri^ecveit C'lje fchuUenoarcH : tnde en. laat oas Hcit iu 'verfoer king.mscr vcrtojl oa fvait dtr btcfeii. Amen. Learning A^fD learned mek.] Erafmus and GrotiuF, who were both natives of this countiy, ftand at the head almoft of learning itfelf, as Boerhaave does of medicine. Haerlem diCputts the invention of printing with the Germans, and the magiftrates keep two copies of a book intitied Speculum Salvatinnlsy printed by Kofler in 1440 : and the moft elegant ' editions of the daffies cam? from the Dutch prefles of Amfterdun, i(ot- terdam, Utrecht, Leyden, and other towns. The Dutch have excelled • in controverfial divinity, which infinuated itfelf fo much into the f:ate, that before principles of univerfal toleration prevailed, it hi'd almofi: proved fatal to the government: witncfs the violent difputes about Ar- rainianifm, frte-will, predefl:in;vtion, and the like. Bpfides Boerhaave, they have produced excellent writers in all branches of medicine. Gi'.'Kvius and Burman ftand at the head of their numerous commentators upon the claffirs. Nothing is more common than their Latin poems and epigrams, an 1 later times have produced a V'an Haaren, who is pofllficd of fome poetical abilities, and about the year 1747, publiftied poems i-, favour of liberty, which were admi»-ed as rarities, cbielly becaufc their author wis 4 Dutchman, In the other Jopaitmentu of iitcraturo, the Dutfh publirdl- '■iV-ii'A T l(;-i,it o.! <1»jn ,?:i,'r! it.,k Nil Ml it Hit jfjirr:;; jii ii:.'.V*.i} \-.Hi -iii} '^in \idX iiiwiia.v.ii h:;:;;;4a inijo L/j), ^^v.^^iQ JM 47« NiETHERLANDS. tions are mechanical, and arife chiefly from their employments in univer- fities, church or flate. UNiviia«iTiE8.] Thefe arc Lcyden, Utrecht, Groningert, Harder* wicke, and Fraiieker. The univerfity of I.eyden, which was founded in 157?, is the largcft and moft ancient in all the United Netherlands. Its library, befides a number of printed books, has twtii thoufand Oriental manufcripts, many of which are in Arabic ; and a larj^efphere adapted to the Copernican fyftem, ami moving by clock work. Hcie is aifo a phyfic-garden, and an anato. niical theatre. Tiie univerlity of Utrecht, in the province of the fame name, wns changed from a fcliool into an univerfity, in 1636 ; but it has not all the privileges of the other univerfities, being entirely fubjeft to the magiftratcs of the city* The phyfic-garden here is very curious ; and for the recre- ation of the (ludents, on the eaft fide of the city juft without the gate, i«r a beautiful mall, confifting of fcven ftraight walks, two thoufand pacts in length, regularly pUnted with li^i^s: but tl;i,^t iu the middle is properly the mall. ■*!,; ;i <;/«.', ;,i'- ;, ^/'/ >•-.... ^ ':/ '■' .'. ^'^ | . There are abundance of youth, of the principal nobility and gentrv, from moft countries in Europe, at thefe feminarics of literature ; and as every one may live as he pleafes, without being obliged to be profufe in his expcnces, or fo much as quitting his night-gown for weeks or months together, foreigners of all ranks and conditions are to be leen here. The force of example is ftrikingly exhibited at thefe univerfities; for fruga- lity in expence, order, a compofed behaviour, attention to ftudy, and afHduity in all things, being the chara£leriftiaj of the natives, ftrangers, who continue among them, foou adopt their manners and forms of liv- ing. And though the ftudents live as they pleafe, and ftudy as much or as little as they think fit, yet they are in general remarkable for their fo- briety and good manners, and the alfiduity and fuccefs with which they apply themfelves to their ftudies. No oaths are impofed, nor any reli- gious tefts ; fo that Roman catholic parents, and even Jews, fend thetjr children liere, with as little fcruple as proteftants.. • ;: » :- A .f, .V, t ':'T- ■ ANTKiyiTiiis ANP cuRio>rriE.s, / The prodigious dykes, fome NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. ( of which are laid to be feventecn f lis in thicknefs ; mounds, and canals, conftrufted by the Dutch, to pre- serve, their country from thofe dreadful inundations by which it formerly fulferetl fo much, are ftupendous,^ and hardly to be equalled. A ftone quarry near Mneilriclit, under a hill, is worked into a kind of fubterra- neous palace, fupported by pillars twenty fecf high. The ftadthoufe of Amfterdam is perhaps the heft building, of that kind in the world: it (lands upon 13,659 large piles, driven into the ground ; and the infide is equally convenient and magnifirent. Several mufeums, containing an- tiquities and curiofiiies, artificial and. natural, are to be found in Holland and the other provimies, particularly in the univerfity of Leyden ; fuch as the effigies of a ptafant of lUilhn, who fwallowed a knile ten inches in length, and 1% faid to have lived tight years after it was cut. out of his ftomacn ; but the truth of this feeujs to be doubtful. Afliirtmadeof the entrails of a man. Two Kgyptiaii mummies, being the bodies of two princes of grear antiquity. All ihe mufcles and the tendons of the bamaa body curioully fit up, by profcllbr Stalpert Vander Weil. /O'liijo ,*■'.' tit.. Cities, M t^i NETHERLANDS. 47«^ i. J, 7 Amfterdam, which is x (built upon ptks of woml^ lu w :l/« ;('■ I'tj • s Cities, towns, and other SDifjcES; PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. i; thought to contain 241,000 people, and to be, next to London, the) mod commercial city in the World. Its conveniency tof commerce^ and the grandeur of its public works, are almoft beyond defcription. 1j« this, and all other cirier of the United Provinces, the beauty of the ra-' n,il5, and walks under trets planted in their borders, are admirable; buc above all, we are ftruok. with the neatneli; and cleanlinefs that i^ every uheie obftrved within doors. This city, however, labours nnder twoi ^r(?:it difadvant.iges* : bad air, and the want of ircih wholtlbmc water, which obliges the inhabitants to prtl'erve the rain water in refcrvoirs^ Rotterdam isthehcxt to Amfterdam for commerce and wealth j itsfiiiliabi*' '^ hinnts are computed at 5^,ooo. 'I'hc Hague, though but a villa^t*. is th^ mngfiihcenre and beauty of its buildings;, the refort of foreign ambaHa.^ dors, and ftrangers of all diftinition wlio live in it, the abundance and <• rhcapnefs of its provifioivs, and the polirenefs of its inhabitants, whd are computed to be about .| 0,000; it is no place of trade, but it has bt^en • tor many years noted as an cmporiuib of plealure and politics. Lcyden:" and Utrecht aifc fine cities, as well as famous for their univeriititSi S?ardim, though a wealthy trading place, is mentioned here as the worklhop where Peter the Great of Mufcovy, in perfon, ferved his apptenticefliip to (hip-building, and laboured as a common handicraft.' ; The upper part of Gelderland is fubjeft to Piuffia, and the capital city ' Geider. ' . Inland navigation, canals, akd 7 The ufual way of yaHRng, i MANNER OF TRAVELLING. J from town to town is by co« ' vcred boats called treckfaiits, which are dragged along the canals by horfes, on a flow uniform trot, fo that pafliengers reach the different towns where they are to ftop, precifely at the appointed inftant of time. This method of travelling, though to flrangers rather dull, is extremely ronveaient to the inhabitants, and very cheap. By means of thefe ca- > nals, an extifenfive inland commerce is not only carried on through the j whole country, but as they communicate with the Rhine' and other large livers, the productions of the whole earth are conveyed at a fmall expence into various parts of Germany, and the Auftrian and French Nether- ' lands. A treckfcuit is divided into two different apaitments called the roof and the ruin ; the iirfl for gentlemen, and the other for commoiv: l^eople, who may read, fmoke, eat, drink, or cnnverfe with people of vari- ous nations, drefles, and languages. Near Amftcrdam and other large fities, a traveller is aftonifhed when he beholds the effefts of an extenlive and flouriihiilg commerce. Here the canals are lined for miles together / *ith elegant, neat country-houfes, feated in the midfl of gardens and ; pieafiue grounds, intermixed with figures, bufts, flatues, temples, &c. to . the very water's edge. Having no objeils of amufement beyond the limits rj "f their own gardens, the families in fine weather fpend much of their time o in thefe little tenules, fmoking, reading, or viewing the paiVengtJ'S, to . ^liom they appear complaifant and polite. 'V Commerce and manufactures.] An account of the Lhitch coir- ..' merce would comprehend that of almoft all Europe. Tliere is fcarccly '"iianufafture that they do not canyon, or a ftateto which they do not trade. In this, they are affifted by the populoufnefs of their country, ■•"C tfhfapncfs of their labour, and above all, the w^ter-carriao;e, whictt J^ 'ti. 480 NETHERLANDS. which, by means of their ranals, gives them advantages beyond all othti nations. The United Provincts are tiie grand magazine of Europe ; ami goods may be purrhaied here fometimes cheaper than in the countritb where they grow. The Eaft India company have had the monopoly of tlie fine fpices for more than a hundred years, and, till the late war with Eng- land, was extremely opulent and powerful. Their capital city in India is Butavia, which is faid to exceed in magnificence, opulence, and com- merce, all the cities of Afia. Here the viceroys appear in greater fplcn- dor than the ftadtholder ; and fome of the Dutcn fubjefts in Batavia fcarcely acknowledge any dependence on the mother country. Thty have other fettleroents in India, but none more plcafant, healthful, or ufeful, than that on the Cape of Good Hope, the grand rendezvous of the fliips The council of Jfntc confifls tikcwife 'of deputiies f?5hi the feveral pro- vinces ; but its" rorlftitrflfibn is different from that-'c^thc flates-gen«eraJ j it is compofcd 6f twelve perforts, whereof Gelderland-'ferldsf t\;^o ; Hol- land, three; Zealand, two; lltrectlt, twrt; : Friefland, (Jhe ; Gv§ry,flelj ohe ; and Gi-orfin;^€n, orfe. Thefe Df puties, however, do not vote pro- vincially, but jjcribnall}'. Thtlr .linef^ is to prepare eftiitiatfesysnd ways and means for raifing the revemre, as well as other matters that are to be laid before' the flates-general. The ftatc^ of the provinces areHyled « Nobie and Mightv Lm^s," but thofe of Holland, " Njo.ble an^* IVfoft Mighty Lords,"' and the ftates-generai, *♦ High and Mighty Lprds," The lord^' the" States Gerreral cf^he linked Netherllnds ;^* cr. or. *« Their High Mi^htifieflej.*' Subordinate to thefe tv^a bodies is the chamber of accounts, which is likewife compofed of prbvincial depu- ties, wfi6 auHlt afl' ptblfc ac^ttunf^j' The aTdn"»irafty forms a ffp?5ate feoard, and tHe' executive ^artof'ir IsfcdnMUhte^taflvet cdlleges in. tke tttree'niJirit^tile'jjfbvinfcesbf Hbltasid; Zcd4nd,'a«d'FLHcflaud. Ir. jiol- bnd the people hk^e nothing to So either ihchufiirgtlieirreprefentttives or the tha^m^tes^' W' Arrmmkrhj whith takes the lead in all public deliher^icihs,'t1ie magiflracy is lodged in tkirty-fix 'fenitors, vhp are, ihofea for life ; and every vacanty anion g them fe: ftllediip by. the; ftrr- vivqrs. Tlii farhe fdnate alfd ele it is impoflibl6 to uhderftand the hiflory of the Ui^ted ^roVinCps, frbm the death of king William to the year 174-, when the ftadtholderilvijpf v(fi& naifede hereditary in the male' aAd. female re- |refentatiVefe"' of the family of Orange. This office in a manner fuper- ledes the conttitutioh already defcribed. The ftadtholder is prefident of the jRates of.eveiy .pi*oviiiceV and fuch is liis powei- and influence, that, he pan change'- the' deputies, magiflrates, and officers, in every province and city. By tht^ he has the moulding of the aflembly of the nates-ge- neral, though he has no voice in it ; in fhort, though he has not the title, he has more real power and authority than fomeking^; for befidesthe influence and refvenue he derives from the ftadtholderlhip, he Kas feveral "" prefent ftadtholder is the late lladtholder yal of jGfr^at Britain, and died in 17,1'. ,■•.... f f^t* ^r Though Hpliaj(id is a republic, yet its government is far from being offhe popular kihd : nor do the ptbple enjoy that degree cf libertv which migtit at firft view be apprehended. It is, indeed, rather an oli- ^archy than a commonwealth ; for tHe^ bulk of the people are not fuffer- ed to havcthc leaft^re ia any part of the govenxmcnt^ not even in the \ \ choiti *»i' mM M^ li? I •• m .Net her la n d s thdiqe of the deputies. It majr alfo be obferved, that very few perTont in this ilate dare fjpeak their real fcntimeius freely ; and they are gene- rally educated in principles- fo extremely cautious, that they cannot rc« tinquifh them when they enter noore into p\vblic lite. -^7 Witbrefpeft to the adminillration of jurtice in this country, ever)' pro«. vince has its tribunal, to which, except m criminal oaufes, appeal lies front the petty and coimty courfs, and it is faid tiwt juftice is no where fdiftributcd with more impartiality. --, - -m « Revenues.] The government of the Urrited Provinces proportion ?heir taxes according to the abilities of. eadi province or city. Thofe faxes c. nfift of an almoft general excifc, a land-tax, poll-tax, and hearts- money ; fo that the public revenue amounts annually to about two miU lions ind a half fterlirtg. The p oviiKC of Holland pays nearly half of «his revenue. The following is the rate at which each of the Seven Uuitr ted Provinces is fard to contribute toward the public expence ; «. Of cvcty million of ducats th? Province <>f i . , -. < ^, •'' Hij^^ ' - ■ Holland GOaitrib'Utcs •'.> -.- ^f/ ^ffrt':^;*^ ' $ ^ o^oo J^f-^ii^.ti'i,.;- - '>- Zealand.-^;.:;. .>^ •^■'!^i?-;'-^-ii^''''V^^ "- i^c/soo "• v.m,'>^^> «' '^' fi-ieflant^^^'*^7^-:r« M'^v-^^-M!^^;*!^ - lyc/KJO ;^^4' r^'T ittrecht^'^I '^A\i^-:mm'*-^ ^^^M^^:^'^, 85,000 --i^i^^-V^^J:;.:). A; Groningcft .f*"*^*T>tf^«iw ^*^^y-^;^;^-..Vi^ { 'A^tn/'\i!^\oiir " ' Geldcrland - -)>■• «• - . ml.-i^i^^r^d-''*'"^' ^,f- 70,000-' nljii^^h 0.; UK ■ Overyflel '^' S°j 00 Of the 420/300 ducats paid by the , Province, of HoJtand, the city of ;Amfterdam ft»roirtie8>upwards of ^2o,p(?D. The.taxes ia thefe proviiicea ar e ft» heavy, and fo wahy,, that is k not yrithout* reafon a ca*tai» author ^fleits, that the only thing whiph has cfcaped taxation there, is the air thfey breathe. But for the encOura:gement of tirade, the duties on goods aiid mefcnaodife are exceedingly low. Holland, before die breach with "Fnglafiil, wafc? in afvciry flourifiiing condition, a^ at this very time, they ?;1fmi I irge firmi'ftti latoft of the powers in, Europe. Tlie imrmniefums in the Biirrfli funds have given reafon for fome people to imagia^ that Hoir 'faiid f:4l|<)itfSAJnder. heavy debts J but the chief reafoft is^the Ibtcs only iwyt*v(> and'n half per cent, intereft for mpney. ■ Military AND m\rine sT^Erj&TH.] 'I'hc nunober cjf land, fqrcei in the United ;Proviace5, in time trf peace^ commonly amount to abput fnrlv-thWifaral «! twanty-^ive thoufand of whom,ferve m gari'ifons : many of them arc Scats and Svvifs ; and^ in tm>e of war, they , hire whole re« >iment? cif Germans. The cnief command of the armyfs vefied in tfia ^hdthdldtr, imder whooiis the freld-marfliaL-general. .Thc- marine force Dp the United PnjVincea ukd to be; very great, and tlwy fbrmferly fitted tJitt very fo^T'^idable fleets; but their navy has of late been much negr fcfted. Tlwir, late; war with Great Britain obliged them to increafe it, and they have great rcfources for that purpofe. According fo the laft arcrtunts, their' navy confifVs of <>ne Ihip of 76 guns, three of 70^ four of 68, five of 6:;, cigiit of 56, four of; 5c, five of 44., itine of 40, and fen of ^6, bfefides .veflels of inferior force. Hut they have many fliipJ opoii the -ftocks, and their fleet will probably be much §u>gmentcd, and hi future be: kept in better order. . - Order orTEuajo>ii^ KNtGHTS*]" This was one of the rtjof! power- ful as welt as ancient orders in Euiope, tto\v divided iqto two branches; thefirftfoi' Papiftsi and the fecond brtw^cli fot- , Prote^n^; This branch kzvt a hws£s at: iJtrecht,v wh«^ et xi\^h t^^adfa^^t . (hcjf; iofu&neiil.^ . The no- ' . „ .. ■ ' "^ ' hie / NETHERLANDS. 4BI. bW of Holland, if they jJropofe a fon to be a knight, enter his name m thfc regifter, and pay a large fum of money to the ufe of the i>oor raain- tained by the order, and the candidate fucceeds in rotation, if he brmgs with him procrf" of his nobility for four generations on the fathei** and mother's fide. The enfign is a crofs pattee, enamelled white, Surmount- ed with another, black ; aboVe the crofs is a ball twifted, white and black. It is woi-n pendent to a bro^d black watered ribband, which is worn about the neck. The fame crofs is cmbroider^^ oa the kftbrealt df the upper garnKnt of each knight. r\,',.r: .*'.'. ■'^ .,'; V < ■■ ., Arms.] The enfigns armorial of the Seven United Provinces, or Hic States of Holland, are, or,, a lion, gules, holding with one paw a cutlafs- aiid with the other a bundle of feveit arrows clofe bound together, in al lufion to the feven confetierate provinces, with the tollowing motto, Con c.rdiareiparvacrefiunt. •iS//-'.tict^^'"fV :/"' rrjv'vi • * History. 1 Seethe Atiftrian Netherlands. ; '.,''. William V» prince of Oronge and Nafliu, hereditary ftadtholdir, captain-general and admiral of the Seven Unitca Provinces, was born in I •'48, married in iihy the princefs Frcderiji ot Pruffia, born 175 1. Their children are, Prcderica Louifa, horn it-jo — William Frederic, hereditary prince, born ly-? 2— William George, bom 1774,— *rThe Stadthulder hath one (ifter, Wilhelmina Carolina, born 1743, and mar- ried to the prince of Naflau Wielburgh. ■ bn-i!'>i,::,i> AUSTRIAN and FRENCH NETHERLANDS, -u. vbGo, foruau?.^ -^. $"WATMiN .AND Extent. ■; t'" ^-^ '''X ~ 9- - .Of'?/ .„.„ . Miles. ?i-;^^<«1-i - Degrees. ;^, ,>. vt^ii* /length 200 7 'lii^.^ J '49 and ca North latitude. ;:'' V'^*'. liT H , Bi;eadlh2oaJ -^^^l- 2 and 7 Eaft Ibngitude. '^'^ .^>"-; BoBNDARiEs.JfjOUNDtp ijthc United Provinces on the North* Jj by Ge^any, ^^jJl; by Lwrain, Champaign, and Picardy, in France, S^uth) jihd bjf another part of Picvdy, «n4 t2)ie Englilhfea, Weft. '. ' ' ; i As t|is country belongs tb^three 4ifrerent poVefs, the Auftrians, French, andDi^chi we (hall be ino^t Wficuf^j- in diflinguilhing the provinces and to^s belonging to each (hi I. ProvintcV BR A B A N T. ^ 5:) .' : iSubdivifions* Chief Tp^ns. {>;?|in^ ;.ln,u ^^,1 •_ ,:..... ^ /Boineduc )' r; ,^ ,^.- . ,.^. ...... ^ /-ijoiiieouc ■ •— ■> 'i**- Sq.M. r'^' ^1^ --^^- ''-■>. ^^»^'--- |;lL^o 'i i 7xjw triK4io t^r,,^.. , ...., ^^^ JuSteewbcrgen }^-^' e.ua ^i^^ ^.^i.^ ..w .- TPrufjys^E^oiig. 4deg. 6 \,g,, ^ a. Attftrian Brabant ^-'*^ — < Louvain -» > :n T..; ./, i -J".;:;:! Vilvorden S :n the middle. a> ''B^^SnJ^J!!!!!?^!.^^ /" E^^^"^*» independent of Brab4nt, though furAmtiM V ^ <»ft • i ' .(^i>.Vurrcu ,;iHf,7-?'or"^ce of tiAJNAULT. , *of-n^mXM^;i na to;^-' 7 jNai ...„,,/' . J (Che ^ • .J »- Engines , '^•' ^ • '■" ■ 1 ( V^J'inciennes . iiV'^ ,7*>/iv I middle .-jr. I (fj / . -.1: . J I 640 nnes *% French Hainault - Jt];o»«;'w»»-ii-:;:^:,^:r-TT^;-rr g^i rencn Hainault ~" r ^ x x,„w«.... -^ , ' V- ? .;- S.Province of CaMBRESIS. - .. « . ^ • ? 1 G^biay, . &t of Arras, E. Ion. > Stibjea to France — H..^-K5i N. lat. 50-15 - , T.e Ji5« ■ ' ■ ■•' 1 r Afi*nr O Ttr _ . .. . ~ — ■'■■■■ Krtch Flanders ^ — > I S^ ifc ^ . >i^^'*;^is • 1 • b, ;j;v;^n^^^.f . r. r jrGhent on the ScheH Ev &tig,f • ^ ^^ f.?uf ','■•:■ .4 * 'SMo. N.jlat. CI . ><,. ■ * 3||^. N.jlat. 51 Braif^'. 7; Ofttncl J^. W.nearthefea Auftmn l^andcrs -'o— .^J;V V 4 ■ O ! Oudwiaf d jij thp Scheld ,:,«,].,(£ n; >i^Oj Courtrayi ^, , . f -^ Ypre%N^of^L^ )t,i ,w >v . French 'A h X s\ \ Tl ^' :\ v^ .^fi^ N E t K E R L A N t) S. W J 'X!!fl-^ SubdiviHohs. 48> Sq. M. /.r-rrr^V 3ioi'»v>t..«ir 760 Chief Towns. / f • fLifle, W. of Tournay Dunkirk, on the coad £. of Calais Douav, W. of Ai ras '— -"-:••-. :. r VMard^ke, W. of Dunkirk K mVv Ir^ .'. St Amand, N. of Valenciennes .vr»i/J vf »^rtc^^; ,1: J I G,.,^^ii„^ E of Calais AtR, SOIL, AND PRODUCE.] The air of Brabant, and upon the coftft 0f Flanders, is bad ; that in the interior parts is more healthful, and the fcafons more fettled, both in winter and fummcr, than they are in £ng. lind. The foil and its produce are rich, efpecially in corn and fruits. They have abundance of paftitre ; and Flanders itfelfhas been reckoned the granary of France and Germany, and fometimes o*^ Snglrind. The molt barren parts for com rear far more profitable crops of flax, which is heie cultivated to great perfeftion. Upon the whole, the Auftrian Ne* tlierlands, by the culture, commerce, and induftry of the inhabitants, was formerly the richeft and moft beautiful fpot. in Europe, whether we regard the variety of its manufd(!lures, the magnificence and richnefs of its cities^ the pleafantnefs of its roads and villages, or the fertility of its land. If it has fallen off in latter times, it is owing partly to the negleft of its go- vernment, but chiefly to its vicinity to England and Holland ; but it is dill a moft defirabie and agreeable countiy. 1 here are few or no moun* tains in the Netherlands : Flanders is a fiat country, fcan cly a fingJe hill in it. Brabant, and the reft of the provinces, confift of little hills and vallits, woods, inclofed grounds, and champaign fields. Rivers and canals.] The chief rivers arc the Maefe, Sambre^ D^mcr, Dyle, Nethe, Geet, Saune, Ruppel, Scheld, Lis Scaj-p^ Deule, and Dtnder. The principal canals are thofe of Bruflels, Ghent, and Oftend. Metals and minerals.] Mines of iron, copper, lead, and brimftone, are found in Luxemburgh and Limburg, as are fome mai blp quarries t and in the province of Namur there are coal-pits, and a fpecies of bitumi* nous fat earth proper for fuel, with great plenty of foflil nitre. Inhabitants, population, man-/ The Flemings (for fo thi NERS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. ) inhabitants of Flanders aiid the Auftrian Low Countres art genarally called) are thought to be a heavy, blunt, honeft people ; but their manners are fomewhat indelicate. Fori merly they were known to fight defperately in defence of their country i at prefent they make no great figure. The Aufti ian Netherlands are ex-i tremely populous ; but authors differ as to their number. Perhaps w$ may fix them at a medium at a million and a half. They are ignorant^ {lud fond of religicv.is exhibitions and pageants. Their other diveiiiong are the fame with thofe of the peafants ottly neighbouring countries. Drfss AND language.] The inhabitants of French Flanders are mere French men and women in both thefe particulars. The Flemings on the frontiers of Holland drefs like the Dqtch booi^, and their language is theYanie ; but the better fort of the people fpeak French, and drels ii| the fame tafte. Religion.] The eftabliflied religion here is the Roman Catholic | but Protefiants, anc^ other feifls, are not molefted. ' | ■ ^ Archbishopricks and BitHOPRit^Ks.] Th^ drchbifhopricks are Canibrar, Malines or Mechlin t the bifhojiricks Ghentj Bi-uges, Antv *'fi]>j Arras, Ypres, Tournaj^, St. Omtr, Namur, and Ruiemonde, 4»« NETHERLANDS. Lsarninct, LEARNpo MEN, ) The focictv of Jcfutts fofmcHy pro, ANT) ARTISTS. > duccd thc moft letmcd Hif Ti in the Au- ftrian Low Cotintrics, in whirh they had min)* comfortable ftttlementi. Works of thcolotfv, and the civil and canon law, Latin poems, and play% weic tiieir chief productions. Strada is an elegant hiftorian and poet. The Fiemifh painters and fcuiptoi-s have grcaf merit, and foj-m a fchool by themfelves. The work? of Rubens ana Vandyke cannot be fufliciently admired. Fiamin^o, or the Flemings models for heads, particularly tho(e of children, h^vc never yet been equalled ; andthe Flemings formerly en- l^rolfed tapcftry weaving to themfelves. Universitiis.] Louyain, Douay, Toufriay, and St. Omer. The III ft was founded in 1426, by John IV' duke of Brabant, and enjoys great privileges. By a grant of pope Sixtns IV. this univerfity has the privilege of prcfenting to all the livings in the Netherlands which right they enjoy, except in Holland. Antiquities AND CUR tosiTiis, 1 Some Roman monuments of NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. J temples and Other buildings arc to be found in thefe provinces. Many curious bella, churches, ami the like, ancient and monern, are alfo found here ; and the magnificent old edifices of eveiy kind, feen through all their cities, give evidences of their former grandeur. In 1607 fome labourers found 160c gold coins, an4 ancient medals, of Antoninus Pius, Aurelius, and Lucius Verus.' Cities.} This article has employed fevcral large volumes publiflied by different authors, but in times when the Auftrjan Netherlands were far more flourifliing than now. The walls of Ghent, formerly the capital of ^Flanders, and celebrated for its linen and woollen manufaAures, contain .the circuit often miles; but now unoccupied, and great part of it in a 'manner void. Bruges, formerly fo noted for its trade and nianufaftures, but above all for its fine canals, is now dwindled to an inconfiderable :place. Oftend is a tolerably convenient harbour for traders ; and foon gftcr the late rupture between Great Bjitain and Holland, became more ^Opulent and populous. In 1781 it wasvihted by the late emperor, who granted to it many privileges and franchifeSj and the fre? exercife of the {>rptei!lant religion. As to Ypres, it is only a ftrong garrifoa town. The . aiioe njay be (aid of Charleroy and Namur, , ,p .Loyvain, the capital of the Auftrian Brabant, inftead of its flourifliing , IliaQuf^i^ur^ ^nd places of trade, now contams pretty gardens, walks, ai)d arbours. Bi;u(Iels retains fomewhat of its ancient manufactures; and being the refidence of the governor or viceroy of the Auftrian Ne- therlands, it is a populous, lively place. Antwerp, once the emporium vof ihe.^p'Uropean continent; is r.ow reduced to be a tapeftry and thread- . lac^:ihop» with the houfes of fome bankers, jewellers, and painters, ad- "ioinifig. One of the firft exploits ot the Dutch, foon after they threw off .^ thf. ^aniih yoke, was t^ifmi.^ y i. ,il Q E R U A li:' N Y, SiTUATioM ANP Extent. Miles. Length 600 ) Degrees. Sq. Miles. : Ti'earitb 520 bet\reen l;{ ""-'} ^i rt f- r C 5 and 1 9 Eail long. / 4| and 51; North lat. BjiTND ARIES.] 'T^Hfi empire <^ Germany, properly fo called, is J^ bounded by the German ocean, Denmark, and the Baltic, on the North j by Poland and Hungaiy, including Bohemia, on the Eift; by Switzerland and the Alp, which divide it from Italy, on the South ; and by the dominions of France and the Low Countries, pn the Weil, frojm which it is ftparated by th,e Khine, Mofelie, and the Maefr. .'lif^'^v: ■ ^ Or A NO Divisions.] The divifions of Germany, as laid down even by modern writers, are various and uncertain. I (ball therefore adhere to thole that are moft generayy received. Germany formerly was divided into the Uppoi* or Southern, and the Lower or Northein. 1 he em' Seror Maximilian, predecellbr and grandfather to the emperor Charles V. ivided it into ten great circles; and the divifion was confirmed in the lli^t qf rs'm'cnibcrg, ia 1552; l?u^ tl^e cUv\c of Burgundy, or th? I ^{.,„,.iiwH*- 'Oft*' /,«/"• even dhere vided e erri' lesV. ■in the the •> V • « 1 ; 1 1 ■ , ■ C rri 1 ' ' 1 '. : . . \ •). •;;; '1 ■■ /• » >.:: *> ■ n ri't Hi -"t . I nb ■Ax. 8 _Tini*tt , o ^/Cie4 ^^ tJ&v/t'M '**> T.exta. f^ ^ Xn-ol * Man >^il}' X_^. — , -^*'( wvwA/'vf -.. j 5ott 5i^ ^a&w Wbraw' -^ \ yDftaoMrnir-' m -^- '^JV . 3... ffali r Oe/hujf s/). Tulvtctn) '^M'fiai "•^^Wmnt/f^l »»t k /■//if/ ///i" rETJFiERT[..'VNl>S|] from th«' latpll; ^■IVTirOJtl TIX s. ■* J*^^ irjfynpuff/,. m^tweil B MMMhmm \mviv '^SWZ/- IlU'lC A R. \i/>ey Xt(n//cn lHV ,tJ .t/>^ -ta^ j^x 6' 8 vere :/■ r> !^: Bj"~<'i??^v Y /t? /2 l".r?' -Ttnwn if ^. t^I: i6 TIC S»^ HuHn MSrMM r MATT^rc 7% ElKuij: At/' • L • '••..^uKna._ tu'eletirtr gat 3 »- <~i .tr.-^p p>|:e « At/'/ u I Iwrii V Finuho flau"' '^i i^iir/l Ji^'nfA ?r8?»^<.?vr \TkmmA ^^^T V " vi/h'fMii/t'ji . i B ' - ^f//hf/efit'e(m \n'J/en ^ I gc ^e»i W -1 A *s< -ft ^ Joia/tn 0> Sml £m Vei^tr. •in -^fy»' sortu y .*• ^BJdfU J^ 'preu>j::\X tagnd Caria«t " El Y" ■■■■■ "^ 70' / 6 JmrifitO^' /•'./1'( t /<■. i ^iV *• •A- i'v-O' : (■ -' A ji»« P^rhy GERMANY. 49*v fcventeen provinces of the Low Co«ntr\e», being now detaclicd from (hp empire, wc are to confine o\irfelves to riineol diofe diviilons, as they noar fublift. Whereof three are in the north, tjiree in the middle, and three in th» ^'■ The northern circles '■»>'^.: .K^-..-l; i '.''■'" ' f Upper Saxony The circles in the middle The fouthern circks -r Lower Saxony ( Weflphalia Upper Rhine Lower Rhine Franconia .1 {Auftria Bavaria Swabi?, ' i Divifions. I. Upper SAXONY Circlf. Subdivifions, Chief Towns. Sq. M. • • ^u f Pruf.Pomerania,N.E. "J (Stettin. £. 1. 14.- y „ Pomerama» in the I / \ ^ j^^ J^^ J 4820 North. Iswed. Pomer. N. W.i {Stralfimd 29^1 Brandenburg m the i Altmark, weft middle, fub.o Its \j^j^^,j^^^^.^ owneleaprihek.^j^,^^^^^j^^ ft of Fruflia. (, ,- am \ rin. \ Saxony, Proper, inf Duchy the Youth, fub. to ! Lufat' its own elector, j j^jj^^j^ HStendel Berlin,PotHa! Francf.Cuftrin. Wirtemberg Bautzen, Gorlitz Dref. E. Ion. 13- 36. N. lat. 51. MeilTen Jhuringia, Jan. weft. — ^ — Erfurt :•. V, fSaxeMeinungen 1 .«s fMeinungen ; , ■ ; ; j Saxe Zeitz •£ «« i Zeitz I SaxeAltenb.S.E. ! ^J« ! Altenburg • The (}uchies of — -^ Saxe Weimar, W. |. "^-o ^ Weimar , ', > ^ .1 Saxe Gotha, W. 1 «tj c ' Gotha ^ I Saxe Eifn. S. W. | '.5' o | Eifnach f i^SaxeSaaifeldt I c^ i_Saalfddt iSchwartf.W. i Subjeft to 1 Schwartlburg Belchin. N. i their refpec^ > Belchingcn Mansfel. N. | tive counts. J Mansfeldt. Hall, mid.fub.toFruf. ^ f tj « 1 Naumburg The counties The duchies of — The counties of — Saxe Naumburg, fub- je£t to its own duHe j t 9^1 1091Q ■ 750* 1500 Principality of ^iflioprick of — C Stolberg, north weft I Hohenftein, weft Anhalt, north — . Spxe Hall, wefl Stolberg , : . j. Voi>htland,lbuth,fubje(ft to ) «,,„,.„ ^ -.,,' the eleaor of Saxony Jl^^wen Duchy of ' 1- J Merlburg, middle, fubjeft ) M^rftur^ J { Northhaufen 1 Deflau, Zerbft \^ ( Bernberg, Kothen |^ Hallp 696 33^ ^. (^.< I Subdivilions. •'«. Holrtein n. north of the mbe, ' Ili)lftein Proper. ' £ ^ N. O "" Pitinarfli, vcfl: o a, JB c 2 Circle. Chief TowiT?. Sq. M. KirlJub-toHolflcinl Gottorp. ' MddorpKubjeato f'^5^ , i:!it:nailh, vclt S -« j^ c5 i IVleldorp ) fubjeato f"°5a < Stormaria, foiith . ^ § '"' ^ f Ghirftat J Deiim. J I Hamburgh, a fo-'i <2 ,Ji"C Hamburg, E. 1. 10-3; I vtreign ft:Ue | .^"^ "^ ^ N. 1. (54. an imperial city, i Wagerland, raft » jg 6 2K j Luber, an imperial city Laucubnrg Duchy, north of the Kibe, Tub- ) , -,,^„. ,,„ jea to H mover — Ji-auenbu.g. 111 D. B unfwic Siubjea to the du"ke 1 Proper. .- ofBninfwicWol-/ D. VVolfonbnttle I S Brun. E. J. ro- , N. lat. 52-;^c. Woifenbuttle ienbuttlc, I C. Rbeinftein, fouth I I Rhoinfuin iC. Blackenburg j ( Blackenburg Calenhur'j Swbjc(5t to th« etec- i D. tor of Hanover. ■ D. Grubenha^ea K. of G. Britain, I Gottingtii Jd.o JD.'i i Lnnehiirg D. fub to Hanover, of Luneburj; Proper Zell ^ ^ Blackenburg f Hanover. , < Grubenhagen ( Gitttingen Luneburg Ztll, E. Ion. 10. N. lat. i;2-^2.^ >8o24 Bremen 1>. and Vcrden H anover,north D. fub. to? (Bremin, E. Ion. < N. lat. ) > < (;;-^o.an imperial city C ■" i fVerdcn. f D. Schw riorth,^ Schwerin, E Ion. Mecklenburg D. < • fubjert to its duke I ii-?»o. N. lat. i D.Guftrovv, north, fub- j Guftrow i jea to its duke J ■ • ;- - Hildci fheim bHlioprick, in the middle, fub- } I Hildcrflieim, an jea to its bifliop — — J ( imperial city. Magdebu rg duchy, fouth €aft,fubje6t to the > } Map-^ieb^u-^ kingofPniifia - — W ^' ^ Halberftat't duchv, fubjea to Pruffn, fouth-eaft Halberltadt V WESTPHALIA Cikclf. 'Embidcn, C. or Eafl Frief.') fEmben, fub. to the king of PrufTia Oldenburg, C. < fub. to ihe Delmenhuril \ K. of Den. Hove 7fuhiea to Elan- ^ Diepholt ) over ' Munfk-r B. fub. to its bifliop ' 54- 1 f J \ 204(} 4400 1302 4io North Di- vifion. Wefrern Di' v'iiioiT, .f-dJ Padeiboi n, B. fub. to its bp. ' Ofnabrug, B. fiib. to its bp. [ i,ippe, C. fubjeato its count ^ ,, ,,' ,^ I fubtoFruf. Ilaventberg, C . ) Weftphalin, D. fub. to the dec' tor of Cologn I Teckknb. C\ ] fub, to their j Ritbur^, C, > refpeaive (_ iSciiuvvcub. C, ) couvts. an im- perial city Oldenburg Delmenhurft Hove Diepholt r Munfter, E. Ion. 1 .^ ■; -10. N. lat. 52. S 720 6a4 220 Padeiborn Ofnabrug I.ippe, Pyrmont ).^ Miiiden I I Kaven(berg I I Arenfbuig I Tecklenburgn j Hitberg l^Schaweuburg 800 870 4ro 59> 8j0 120 Middle G *E "R M A -K V."» 49^ Divifions. Swbdivifions. , : -, Chief Towm^^ Sq. M. ''Clcves D. fub. the king 1 fCkves E. Ion. c- 1 ofPruffia V'.N.Iat.itwo:f ^3^ Middle Di vifion Berg. D. ifvib.totherfec- Jul^rsDv \ tor Palatine. Mark;G,lqbje4HoJ'ruffla 3'\N.lat.p*4o'' DufTeldarf ;. , ,^] Tiiliers,AU,^\j.'' Ham Di. ; Mark; CMwbje^t to ^'nilUa . ' Ham . . , . ^g© 1, "S Leige,B, fub. to itb own bp^ \f\ Liege, E . Ion; 5 - 5 6" 1 .. ,./., ii f.:it.^t.^ ,i?»iv. L. J ", ■ ; N. i^t. co-40. 1 ^9** . , f .!.'.-.> .. '. ^' ; . - ; Huv i [Ben ith^G* fub. to Hanover. ' Bentheiin .' \SteirifQrtC.fub.toitsc;f»unt.J LStcinfort ■'Ml-. 4'» .1' .•> )■ X 44.,Upp£R RKll>rE CiRrctE.; J ? ">. . Hcfle, rpafle Caflcl, landg. N. 1 f t^afTd, E. Ion. '' J . . ;...., ^M ao.'N.lat. 5.|.'-i?o»" '.jij^^ i: ■ - ] Hefle Matpjurgh, land. Ni j j Mju-pftrgh LHe(reDarnift:jdt,'landg. J. f Darmftadt »;.? . ,^5 Each of the above divilvons arc Hibjed: to.tlieir rrfpeAivc landgraves. .'_) C Hefle Homberg jj: } C Horabcrg , " " " '^'Heirg Rhm £> loo, 8:?o. N. laf ,• , V l«0T County (\f Erpach, fub- to its own count ^ prpach^ paG, 1,1 , « jd BllHopii,^ of Spi*«^^0nirov:)reign ftateJ^Pif ^^JtJ^^^J;^^'^'*;^'^ Duchy of Zw&hiHi^&bi,' ^t- t)euxponts, imperiiti^ky^s 4*^ I I Ifcnburgh 43» fubjeft to the ciukp;q££|eu^poi»t; ( Dcu^nts in '^iHe I^i; |r 76* (^c'jnty of Catveuc:lb,Mueflii !ub, to l^eik Caflp^Catz^AelbogeA bn the Uion. . fWa)d«c,ifub. Jo its»oiva,,Ciiu;jt:) f Waldet j 368 • Soliii§,fiib. to its own count ■ • - • ' ■ I Hanaii, fub. to Hefle CalFel ' },lienbourg,,fub. tqitsiown C. Counties of ^-Sayia * '. I Wi'tgenftein I Hatzfii^ld . ,. - ,,j Y . IT tWefldrburg Abbev of Fulda, fubicft to its abbot r-^^'. Hii-fc.hfd-d,^-fubjca; tQ^HcOe Caflcl"' • ' '— / ' Solms. Hanau Ifcnbi Sayn ein ¥uldji . Hirfghfeia ■g 6t 1^1 Low ER Hi llq, •:iHl\ il'iipi '».' ' ' 1 11 ml . I 494 .w ,i-' Jk:i DIvlfions. GERMANY. 5. Lower RHINE CiftcLE. ' • ' Chief Towns. Sq. M. Palatinate of the Rhine, on "J rHeidelberg on the Neok.r. E. I ^^,j both fides that river, fub, V^' Jl^'t^""- ^'^V' ^''"'T A ^ " o tothc Eleftor Palatine. ( ; P'^,''P^'"-g. .^^"^'"JV;^:!^ J (.. jrrankendal on the Rhine Archbifhopricki J f "'i ^! aiul Eledoiates of | Mentz J3 W r*^^si Triers 10 ' Cologne, on the Rhine, E. ion. 6-40. N. lat.50-50. Bonn, on the Rhine 1964 Mentz, on the Rhine, Af- ) > 1405 chaffenb. on the Maine ,Triei:s, on the Mofelle w/t ' 1 c -itr r • rt* I Worms, on the Rhine, 1 .,, Bifliopnck of Worms, a fqver^gn (late ^ ^^ i^p^Vjai city ] J ^^ Duchy of Simmeren, fiib. to its own duke — Simmcren. Counties of r j Rhincgravedeiii I Mews, fubjeft toPruflia J Veldcntz, fubje - CreutznadK Leyningen. I • I ' 6. FRANCONIA CiacLE.' 1 !.\Vurt(burg, W. V f Subjeft to W Wurtlburg Bamberg, N. V < theirrefp. C / Bambei-g Aichftat, S. > f bifhops. J / Aichftat !C\iIIeiibach, 1 f Sub. to their ^ | Cullenbach north-eaft \ } refpet'live I -I Anfpach, S. 3 c m^^rgraves. J lAnfpach ^'-'-n • :> Subdivifions. ' ,'^ * :tr. : ;V Chief Towns. l*rinciyality of Henneberg, N. — . ; Henneberg I>fl«hy'o<^ Cob\irg, N. fubjeft to its duke Coburg Buchy^of.Hilburghaufen, fubjetJt to its duke . HUbuighaufen Bxirgravate of Nurenrtburg, S. E. an inde- } Nuremberg, an / pendef^ ft*te — -L ^ ; j imperial city ^ Tc tuV :rritery of the gireat-mafler of the Teutonic 7 , - ^ ,, . orddr, Mergentheim, S. W.. , ^ } Mergenth.m. ' Reineck, W. =: ^ > -j f Rein ec Bareith, E. (lib. to its own mar. | Bareith Papcnheim, S. f. to its own C. j Papenheim -, . ^ Weriheim,W. . } Wertheim Counties of ^ Caffd, middle :• ^ !^:^ f ,- >< CafTcI Sdiwartzbui'g, fubjeft io 1 1 Schwartzburg its own count | | middle lialach,S.W. J J (^HoIacK ■u 1645 ryot)' 5K . 9C0 I coo 406 64* I8S ■96 2X0 ,.*"<.i- 7. AUSTRI A Circle. I M \- The whole circle belrn^s to th^ king of Hungary, as head of the Houfe ftf .^liftria* - Arch G DivifionSi E R M' A N Y: 49$ Carinthia Duchies of I Carniola V.Goritia County of Tyrol — .^ . 1 , } Brixea iflior icks pl J ^^^^j Chief Towns. Sq. M. Vienna, K. Ion. ib-zc. K. laL i 48-20. Lints, Ens, wt-ft. J^'*** 'StiiiaandCilley^C.*^ f Gratz, Cilley, S. E. 5000 Afchdiuliyof AuftriaProptr — -j JCOO o Glagcntijit, Lauenji. S. E Laubarh, ZerknitrSjTric- ) die, St. Veits, S. E. 5457 norits, S. E. • Infpnick i S, W. on the. con- f 3900 HBrixeii i fines of Italy and •! i ^00 Trent 3 bwiuerland j^;, .; \^ 3< ?w. 8. B AVARIA CiRCtil. SubiUvifions. ' " ' ' - " f: - D«.lnofB«va-1 g„bjeatothe the Danube. ^ ^^ J^j,,, ^^ 4 V ■ ' Chief Towns. 'Milntch, E. fon. ti-'^a. N- lat. 48-5. Landfliiif, In goldftat, N. W. DotiawCrt f „ Trellingen, Aihjeft to its biftiop Freflingen — tj^o Bifhopiii ol Pailhu, fubjert to its own bilhop, J^afTaii, E.on the Danube 24^ '"&r p'aVa!^:? ^"*'^^^"°"'' (Neub„g, W. oa .he Danube '•V 45» 2540 / 9. SWAB I A Circle. ■t ■4 ."i ■ Duchy of \Vnrtemt)erg, "J Stutgard, E. Ion. 9. N. 1 r\^\. fubjeit to the Dnke,pf V lat. 48-40. Tubiu- >,,_ xt W'urtembergStutgartl .} gen, Hailbion. y. , € Baden Baden 1 fiib. to their 1 Baden ""^" < Badenpouf- > own refpec- V Baden (. lach J tive mars;. 3 Diirlach near the Neckar fiitts of S \ On or near ( the Rhine Bi,hop„ck of A«gftu.-g. fubjea to \ %^rh^,;"E,eS:'of "; Its own biflitop — - V. f ..I TV u '^ J near the Danube T>, .. c^^\ r - n. 1 Ulni, on the Danube, an inipe- ) . Territory of Ulm, a iorereignltate ^ i^ \ \ ^Sa Biftioprick of Conflance, fubjeft to its own ) Conflance on the lake } ^. billiop under the houfe of Aufb-ia \ ofConflance 3 ^ p^- ; ^^ f Mindelheini ) Subje(5l to their } Mindelh S. of Augf. i \ S 49* 765 'nrcipa- lities of im > 'g } ilcrn J I Ftuftenbeq ( Hohenzollc iOeting Konigferk Hohenric hburg Baroaiesof L^^^^^burg (Limpurg refpedtive > Furflenberg, S, princes j HohenzoUern, S. j Oeting, eafl "I Konigferk, South-eaft I Cemund, North. » r»jV 'n "^^ ( Waldburg, South-eaft J^ Liinpuig, North 788 \ 58a 379 \ '^^ 1 \. - .f riff ■M mil **•' m I** 495 • *" S^bdlvifion. " ^' '■ \ Kemptcn ,j „,.'^^^ Abbics of < Bucluw ^,, „ w;^ J Limiaw , ,/ ; | / G E r: M' A N r. Sq. M. ,*l'jV.n VJ.V uji;..' Imperial cities, or fovcreign Hates Chief Town',, f Kcmpton, on the Iller . Biichaw, S. of the Danube. I Lindnw, on the lake ot Conftaiirc, ( imperial cities. Nordlint^en, N. of the Danube. Memniin^',eii, eaft. Rotwci), on the Neckar, and man more. ^ t »• ''i t Blark Forcft, N. W, fiiibjcatothcV' Rhinfield C. hoviif of All- -^^a (jiiHat- of Hiiici;au'. Biirgaw, eaft ftiia, , j Territory of ft-iigavr >p l_ on the Rhine, J Rhineficld and LauflRcnb. irgaw, eaft ribii:g ami Brifac 480 640 30 Name.] Great part of modnn Germany Iry "1^ amicnt Gail, as I have aUeiwly mentioned ; and the word Germany is in itfclf but modern. Many faitfiiful derivations have ba;n given of the word; the molt pro- bable is, tbat jt is compounded of Gett or G^r, and Ma/ ; which in tlu; ancient Celtic, fignifies a warlike man. The Germans went by various other names, (iich as Allem;uim, Tcuwnes ; whirh laft is faid to liave been their moft ancient delignation ; and the Germans themfelves call their co\mtry Teutchland. . Climate, seasons, and soil.] The climate of Germany, as in al! fargc tra\5ts of country, differs gtratly, not only on account of the fitun tion, north, eaf):, fouth, and well, but according to the improvement of thtvfi^il, M'hicH has a vafl etfert on the climate. The moft mild and fettled weather is found in the middle of the country, at an equal dillancc froin the fea and the Alps. In the north it is iliarp; towards the fouth it U moie temperate. ' j The foil of Germany is not improved to the full by culture ; and there- fore in many j>laces it is bare and fterile, though in others it is furprlfiiigly fniitful. . Agriculture, however, is daily improving, which nnift nccd"^ larily change the moft barren parts of Germany gi-eatly to their advan- tage. The feafons vary as much as the foil. In the fouth and weftern parts, tliey are nioi-e regular than thofe that I'rc near the fea, or that abound with lakes and rivers. The: north wind and the eaftern blafts are imfavourable to vegetation. Upon the whole, there is no great difference between the feafons of Germany and thofe of Great Britain. MouNTAi>Js.] The chief mountains of Germany are the Alps, which fiivide it from Italy, and thofe which feparate Saxony, Bavaria, and Mo- ravia, from Bohemia. But many other large traiJts of motnitaiiisare fouhd in different parts of the empire. F-^REsTs.J The great paflion which the Germans have for hunting the wild boar, is tire reafon why perhaps there are more woods and chafes )'ei ilanding in Germany than in moft other countries. The Herc.ynian foreft, which in Casfar's time was nine days journey in length, and fix in breadfh, is now cut down in many places, or parcelled out into woods, which go by particular names. Moft of the woods are pine, fir, oak, tj\d beech. . There is a vaft number of forefts of lefs note ni every part of t^s countiy ; almoft every count, baron, or gentleman, having a chafe or paiit adornud with pJeaHire-htfufes, and weil-ftocked with game, viz. deer, ' ."• * GERMANY, 497 Aecx; of which thrrc are fevcn or fight foi ts, as roehuckj, finj;.>, Sec. of all fizfs and colours, and many of a vaft growth ; pUuty of hares, C'»iiics, foxes, and boars. Tlity abound fo much alfu wiih wild fowl, that in many places thiipcafants havr. ilicni, i.'^ well asvonilbn, for thtir trJinary food. RiVERS AND LAKES.] Nocoiintry canboaft a greater variety of noble iirge rivers than Germany. At their head ftands the Danube or Donaw, fo called from the fwiftnefs of the current, and which 'ome pretend to be nrKurnlly the fincft river in the world. From \'itiuia to Belgrade in Hiiiignrv* it is (o broad, that in the wars between the Tui ks and Chrif- fians, fliips of war liave been engaged on it ; and its ct-nvenienry for airiaa;e to all the countries through which it paflls is inconceivable. — Tilt' l)anube, however, contains a vaft number of catcuails and whirl- pools; its flieam is rapid, and its courfc, without reckoning turnings and wiiKlings, is computed tout 1620 mils. The other principal riveis a»e the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Wefer, and JMofelle. The i hief lakes of Germany, not to mention many icreror ones, are thoff o-" 493 G E R MAN Y. a'.rU •, n!.'!)?.rttr, t":vcrn! forts of pert rN, of tni'qiiois ftonts, and tlic finefl of nibitV, whi'h ri'.inrn t'l:- ( •bincfs of the greateft prinr.js and veitiin'i. In Biivaria, T iio!., ami T..i!.;^^r-. are rni>)rri(3 of curious marble, ilate, chalk, o.'Iuc, rt'd lead, ahim, nr\ ' bitumen; bcfldrs ocher foflils. In feveral |^:';afcs are dug up itonc'-, which to a flrong fancy leprefent different ani- I'lnls, nnd fometi'ne? trees of the human form. Many of the German elides fiirnifh coil pits; arid the trrra JigiUata of Mentz, with white, yellow, and red veins, is thought to be an antidote agatnft poifon. Vi;r,ETAr, \L .\'-V) AN'iMAi, I'RODi.i (J T 1 ONs.] Thcfe differ in (Vermaiiv very litt'c, ifrrr all, U'v.w, the countries already defcribcd ; hut nuiuialills nrt of opinion, rli.u h''d tlie CTeimnns, even before the middle oi this rcntury, been acquainted with ?u;i-iculrui-e, their countiy M'ould have, been the n-ioU frnitful of any in Junope. Even in its prtft-nt, wl)at we niav rail indeftate, prfovifious are more cheap and plentiful in Germany than in any other countrv perhips in the world: witnefs the prodi;;imis armies wiiich the mo[\ unrultivated part of it maintained dnrintj the late War, while many of the richeft .xnA molt ferti'e provinces remained un- touclied. The RItenifli and the Mofeile wines differ from thofe of other countries in a peculiar Jightnefs and deieffive qualities, more fovereign in fome dif- eafes than any medicine. The German wild boar differs in colour from our common hogs, and is four times as large. Their flefli, and the hams made of it, are preferred by rnany, even to thofe of Weftmoreland, for flavour and grain. The glutton of Germany is faid to be the mod voracious of all animals. Its prey is almoft every thing that has life, which it can mafltr, efpecinlly biids, hares, rabbits, goats, ami fawns; whom they furprife arttiiliv, and devour greedily. On thefe the glutton feed.> fo lavenoufly, tl;a' it falls into a kind of a torpid itate, and not being able ro nv.n'e, he is killed by rhe huntfmcn ; but tlioujdi both boars and wolves will kill him in that condition, they will not eat him. His colour is a beautiful brown, with s faint tinge of red. Gei'many yields abundance of excellent heavy horfes; but their horfe,', oxen, r'ud fncep, are not comparable to thofe ot Kngland, probably owing to tlic want of Ikill in feeding and rearing them. Some parts of Germany ore remarkable for rue larks, and great vaiiety of finging birds, which rae fent to all parts of Europe. Population, ivhamtant?, manneus, ) As the empire of Ger- cirsrcMS, DIVERSION'S, AND DftF.ss. (many is a collection of feparate ffates, each having a different government and poIi»e, it hath beeen diflicult to fpeak witli precifion as to the number of its inhabitants; but lately the following tr.imate hath been formed of tliem. Moravia - - ' - Auftrian Silcfia - . » High and Low Lufatia , » - ■ ■ . •■ ■ Circle of Auft! la - - , . . B.ivaria - • - - Archbilhoprick of Saltzburgli ... 1; Wiu-teaiburgh Baden A\!gfl.inrgh Ii;unbe!g and Wurtiburgli } \ roo,oco ' 20 ,000 380,000 4,150,'CO 2^O,0C0 : 565,890 2o:,o 40,0.0 4cc,coa Nuremberg .■ /.■ GERMAN Y. Vtiremherg - •> .. -.-^ a;vw .. - lulieiN and Berg .' ..-,., ,,.•.,, . Munltfi" - . - Olnabiii-^ . • - - The PaiiTian Eftates in the Circle of Weftphalia Ntirm, DilJenbeig, Siegen, Dietz, and Hadaman. Oldcnboiirg - . Mayeiice - - ... Palatinate of Rhine - • - . HtdeCairel antlDai-mft uU ' -. fiiJda ... Iraukfort on the Main - - - . ' High Saxony, and Circle of Franconia - ^wwiifli Pomei^ania - - I'ruflian Ponif rania * I'randfiiburg ^ - ■ ■ ... v • ,• - ■• ■ (»othu - - - -. "-Ch'.vai tzburg, Magdeburg, and Mansfield - . Halbeiftadt.aud HohenlUin Hanover : ' •; * . • . -? IJiiinfwick - - . - Hohiein - - - . Mnklenburg • ' •' - ,. Vlulhauffn - • « ., Hamburgh • • ." •♦ ■ - ■ „ , * 459 70,000 260,000 1 .0,000 1 16,6 4 550,000 74»'^';9 79,0 I 3 » 4»<>o» 289,614. 700,000 7,000 42,600 i,3z!-,04.i I- 0,1; .,9 46?, ^70 I,00/,232 77,89!* 27',4bi 1 30,76 r 750,000 166,^40 300,000 2 2 1 ,000 I ;,ooo 100,000 17,166,868 This calcularion extends only to the prinri|)al parts of Germany : the Kingdom of Boliemia will be noticed in the proper place, and when the iiileiior parts are added, the number in all is now computed to be twenty- one iiii.lliou.s ; and when ihe landholdeis becoinc better acquainted with igricuhure and cultivation, population muft natuially increafe among thfm. The Germans in ih^ir peifons ai-e tall, fair, and ftrong built. The lacHth have generally tine c jnifdexions : and fou^.e ot thcai, ei'peciallv ia Saxony, have all the delicacy ol ftnturcs and fli.pe iliai are fo bewitching ill fome other countries. Koth men and women afiVft rich drtfles, which, in f.ifliion, are the fame as in France and England ; biu the i)etter fort of men are excelfivcly fond ot gold and hlver lace, cfpeciaUy if they are in the army, i he ladies It the principal courts ditfcr not much in their drefs from the French nnd Englifli, only they are not lb exctflivcly fond of paint as the former. At fonifcourts they appear in rich fi;rs ; and all of them are loaded with jewels, it they can obtain thcna. 'i'he female part of the burghers fami- lies, in many of the German towns, drefs in a vtvy ditferent manner, and fome of them inconceivably fantafiic, as m;iy be leen in many prints piihliflied in books of travels; but in this rcfptrt thty are graduallv re- iorming, and many of them make quite a dilfertnt appearance in their urefs trom what they did thirty or forty years ago : as to the pcafnmy and labourers^ they drefs as in other parts of Europe, accoidir;'j; to their employments, conveniency, and ciicumttances. The ftoves n;ade ule of '" Ciennany aje the fame with thofc already mentionc:d in the noithern * K k 4 nations, ¥ %^1 ■^ 50O GERMANY. m '■m nations ami are fometinies made portable, fo that the ladies carry them ft) I hun h In V/td^plmlia, and many other parts of Germany, they rttep h twetn two feather beds, with ftieets ftitched to them, which by \:k bnomt? a V(-ry eomforrnble prarticc. The moll unhappy part of the Oerniaits are the tenaiits of little needy princes, who fqiieeze them to keep up their own giandeu'r ; but in general, the rireumllances of the fomnrOu people art far preferable to thofe of the French. The Germans are naturally a frank, hoiieli, hofpitable people, ffr fr«:n artlfi e and difguife. The higheft orders are ridiculoufly proud (/ titles, ancellry, and fliew. The Germans, in gentral, are thonght to want anipjiUion, as tlitir perfoiis promife more vigour and activity than they commonly exert even in the field of battle. But when commanded bv able geneials, el'pccially the Italians, fnch as Montecuculi and prince l^ai^ene, they have done great things both againft the Tnrks and the French. The imperi;-il arms have (eldom made any remarkable figure againft either of thofe two nations, or againft the Swedes or Spaniards, when comtnanded by German genei'als. This pofliibly might be owing to the arbitrary obftinacv of the court of Vienna : for in the tivo laft wars, the Auftrians exhibited prodigies of military valour and genius. Induftry, application, and perftverance, are the great charafteriftics of the German nation, efpecially the mechanical part of it. Their worki of art would be incredible were they not vifible, efpecially in watch and clork-maklng, jewelry, turnery, fcuipture, drawing, painting, and cer- tain kinds of architefture, fome of which I (hall have occafion to mention. The Germans have been charged with intemperance in eating and drinking, and perhaps not unjuftly, owing to the vaft plenty of their country in wine and provifions of every kind. But thofe praftrces feein now to be wearing out. At the greateft tables, though the guefts drink pretty freely at diimer, yet the repaftis commonly finiflicd by cofiee, alter three or four public toaffs have been given. But no people have more fcaftiog at maniages, funerals, and on birth-days. The German nobility are generally men of fo much honour, that a fliarper in other countries, efpecially in England, n^eets with moie i^.edit if he pretends to be a German, rather than any other nation. All the fons of noblemen inlierit their fathers' titles, which greatly perplexes the hei-alds and genenlogifts of that country. The German hufbands are rot cpiite fo complaifant as thofe of fome other countries to their ladies, who a;e not entitled to any pre-eminence at the table ; nor indeed do they fjem to affedl it, being far from either ambition or loquacity, though they are laid to be fomewhat too fond of gaming. From what has bten prc- mifed, it may ealily be conceived, that manv of the German !"obility, having no other hereditary eilate than a high-lt)unding title, tahly enter into their armies, and thofe of other fovereigns. Their fondnels tor title is attended with many other inconvenien ies. Their princes think that the cultivation of their lands, though it might treble their rtveniKS, is b^low their attention ; and that, as they are a fpecies of being fup^rior to labourei-s of evei-y kind, they would demean themfelves in being ( ou- cerned in the improvement of their grounds. The domeiiic diverfions of the Germans are the fame as in England; billiards, cards, dice, fen; ing, dancing, and the like. In fummer, people A oftalhion repair to plac.ts of public refort, and drink the waters. Ab to th(Mr lield diverfions, befides their favoiu-rte one of hunting, they hiwe bull and bear bating, and the like. '1 he inhabitai^ts of Vic.uia live , ■ luxu:iully, GERMANY. 501 m liTxnnoufly, a great part of their time being fpcnt in feaftingand ciirouf- iiig; and in winter when the feveral braurhes or the Danube are fnzeii over, and the ground cove; ed with fnow, tiie ladies take their recreation ill lletiges of differenr fliapes, fuch as grilHns, tygers, fwans, fcollpp-flirlis, &c. iltie the lady iits, di tiled in velvet lined with rich furs, and adorned with laccs and jewels, having on her head a velvet cap; and the fltdge JB lirawn by one horfe, flag, or other creature, fet off with plunurs of t' thers, ribands, and bells. As this diverfioii is tnken chiefly in the nij^lit-tiinf', ferv^ ™ts ride before the fledges with torches, and a gentltaun ft ading on the \uf is mofl neceflary to be known. Before the Reformation introduced by Luther, the Gernran bifliops were pollllfed (as indeed many of them are at this day) of prodigious power and revenues, and were the tyrants of the emperor as well as the people. Their ignorance was only equalled by their luperftition. The Bohemians were the firfl: who had an ideii of reformation, and made fo glorious a ftand for many years agiam>-. Au'<^ hror't i^ib am hi-uic. V)t/tf':^rrn. Uni'rJ//l'ir utts lULhr in 1 crfitcl-n?!'^, Son./r' n rr'o/r ufis I'Ofi tlr/u h'>fc>t. Lcn d/iii ts I'ui re : l\ it'iil d':e h-a^'t^ und ille hn-rlicl-ki-ii^ en •n'.v'o'/'f../. Amen. LuAKN'irfG, i.i' ak n: ML.N, jVc) countrv has produced a greatfi AND TIN ivERsm. s. ' vaiicry of authors than Uermnny, ami thereis no where a more general taftc foi" reading, ifpK ially jn the proto- ft; nt countries Printing is encour.'gcil to a fault ; almoft' eivery man ot lerrersisnn author; they niuh •ply lH)oks without nundxr; thoulandsnt tliffes and difputrtions are annually puhiillu-d ; for no ninn. c.ui l;e a <^p- du.-ite in thrir univerfities, wiio h.s nc;t puMillitd one difputation at leaft. In this r ountry there are ^' univdfitits, of which 17 aie protcflant, 17 Rom .n catholic, and two mixeil ; befides a vafl numbtr of ( olhgcs, ijym- nafia, pedagogic, and latin fclK^ils. Thc:e arc nlfo mr.ny acadc-iii!« and Ibcieties f:M- [U'omoting the iludy of natural philofophy, the btlks lettres, antiqu ties, painting, fculpture, architeci^urc, &c. as the Imperial Leopoldine academy of the t.atur.c cur '.• ; the r.i ad mv of Iciences :.t Vi- enna, at Bcrlir:, at Gofingen, at Eifurti:, at Leiplic, at Diulburrh, at Giefen, and at Hamburg. At Piefden at'd Nurenv ergare academies for paiming : litBeilin, a royal, military acadtiiiv ; ;M:ci af Augihurg is the Imperial Francifcan academv ot fij-.e arts ; to which \vc may r.dci tie Latin fociety at Jena, Of the public lilwarit-s the mod celebrated arc; tlu)k or Vienna, Berlin, ]|j^le, V/ol/enbuttle, Hanover, Goitiiigen, Weymar, auJ LeipHc, Many of the Germans have greatly diftinguiniedthemfeh'cs in various branches ' f karning and Icience. Thty have written laigeiy upon tlie Romati and canon laws, Stahl, \''an Swieten, Storck, Hoifman, and Hal- ler, h.ave contributed greatly to the improvement of piiyfic ; Kvivaui.saad Dillenius, or botany; Heifter, of anatomy and^urgcy; and Newman, Zimmerman, Port and Margriff, of Chtivnftry. In afrronomy, Kefji'i" deftrvedly t'i-,i;ixlinv ot latin and iVcnrli words : and tho;iph t.'icv wcic nor iiiu'lci- flood by tlic people in c.cntral, wtic thoiijdit to (jive ati airol fu\r.\](n\iy to ihe writers, and were thetore mn h alV;("'ieJ. F;;r :\\\ opinion pre- v;ul>(l anion;^; the learned in (krniany, and many have not ytt diveftid tluiTifelves of it, that roinpiliiig luii',r vohiiius, and larding; them with niunln ilcfs qnotatiuns from all forts of anrliors, and from all lainMi.'iTs, was the true t:ff of '^reat erudition. Tht ir jjrodue'^tions, therefore, beci.nie Iicav" and pedantiral, and were in conftquenee difregarded by other natioiis. It w;.s about the year 17^0, that the profperts of literature lA Germany bfi^an to bi i '.liren. i.eiljnitz "Ad WolHus opened the way to a belter phi- I(>(()p:iv than h"d hirhert:^ prevailed, (iotil-hcd, an author and profcHor nt Liipfir, who has be- 11 er^^atly honoured I y the hite king of l';ul!'3» iiifrohi 'cd abetter tafle of writing,;, Iiy pul)Iiniiug a German giaiimiai", and hv iiiHituting a literary foricty lor pdifliing -.wvi reftorinc; to irs purity tl;i' ;,ern:an lan:',u:\ge, and l)v promoting tlu. Ifuly of thi- /'r//is Irttvc^ We iiiav confultr tiii^ as t!:;.' (.p;)el:a Iroui whirii r!ie Ciernians b^g.m to vriite with cleg-1'ut in their own languat'/', upiin le irne,d fubjetfts, and to iroi- tluNiifelves, in a (onfiderahle liegr* e, t'.oiii t'lat vn b.')irners anil pe- (iautiv liy which th v had been clvwaoreriitd. Ab.nit Uiis lime fevi lal yoiiag men in the univeifity of lyciplii', :-.n(l t'ther puts of Low.r der- 111 :iiy, united in pnbliihing Come periodical w>rks, rah u!:'.ttd t;,r the <;L'iKral entertainment of pcrtbns of a iiter^iry (:!fle. Soni': of liiefe gfn- tknicn afttrwaids became eminent aurliors ; and their works are held in Cjcr.nanv in high tftinuuiiin. The llvh- 0; prea hing among the German divines alfo now underM'ent a (((iiridcrable < han^e. Thev be"aH to trrmilate the beft Knolifli and IVenrh f'ermons, particularly thole of 'f iliotion, Sherlock, S'urin, Toiirdaloue, aiul others They i'Viprcvtd by tliofe nio dels : and rvlofiieim, Jeiufaleni, Spalding, Zollickofer, and others, have publiflied fermons which would do credit to anv countrv ; though they Itill retain £00 much of that prolixity, for w'licli Gejin«M\ divine^' and comment?.toj-s have been fo much crnfuied. Nor ran it be de.;ied, that great numbers of the Ger- niin preacheis, even in large and opulent t()wns, are Ifill too much dif- tiiiLniiOud bv vulgar langua^f, abfurd opinions, and ail inattention to the dictates of reafon and good fenfe. Some of the hhudiili periodical writings, fuch as the Spct^ator, Tatler, :iiul Guardian, being tranflatcd intft'the uerman language, e>4cited great einiiiation among the writers of that country, and a'number of periodical p;»;)ers appeared, of various merit. . O le of tlie firft and befl: was publiflied at Hamburg, under the title of "The Patriot;" in which Dr. Thomas, the late bifliop of Salilbury, xcas concerned ; he oeing at that time chap- lain to the britilli fa«ftoiy at Handnngh, and a confidcrable maffer of tMe CitnTnn language. The late pruftlfor G< llert, who u one of the moft fiL'.iraut of the (...erman author*-, and one of the mod: efteemed, has gieatly 'oiitributed to the improvemt nt af their talfe. His way of writing is par- ticularly adaptwd to touch the heart, and to infp.re fciitinicuta of niora- K k 4 lity a 504 GERMANY. r.J lity and piety. His fables and narrations, written in German vtrrfe, dii letters, and liis moral romances, are fo much read in German, that even mariV of the ladies have them almoft by heart. His comedies are alio very popular ; though they are rather too fentimental, and better adapted for thcclofet thin tor the flagc. Hallet, the famous phyfician, Hagedorn, Uz, Croncgh, lefling, Gleim, Gcrftttibcrg^r, Kiieft, Klopftock, Ramler, Zacaric, Wieland, and others, have excelled in poetry. Schlegcl, Croncgh, Leffing, Wieland, and "Wu'fe, have acquired fame by their dramatic writings. Rabenar has, by "his Taiiricrl vvrrks, immortalized Ivs name among the Germans ; though fonie of his pieces are of too Iwal a nature, and too much confined to German ciiftoms, manners, and charafti rs, to be read with any high de- gree of plcafu re by perfons of other nations. Gefner, whofe Idvlls and 3^eath of Abel have be^tn tranflated into the Engl i{h language, is known among us in a more favourable liglit. In chemilb-y, and in ii.edicine, the mcj-its of the Germans is verv r©n- fpicuous ; and Reimaru?, Zimmerman, Abt, Kaeitner, Stgncr, J,aniher% Mayer, Kruger, and Sulgcr, have acquired fane by their philofophiral writings. B'.ifching is an excellent geogiapiiicnl writer; and jJJafco, Bn- nau, Putter, Gatttrer, and Gebaur, have excelled in hiftcricsl worlis. Biit it cannot be denied th;it the Gcrni?in^, in their romar.ces, area century behind us. Mofl of iheiv publications ot tiiis kind are imit-iMons of onr. , or elTe very dry and uninttrtftiiig ; which perhaps is owing to edvu atian, to falft^ dtrlicacy, or to a c rtain taite of knight-en antry, winch is ftiil pie- dorninanf among {onte of their novel-writcvs. In woks rela'ing to antiquity, and the aits known among the ancient^, the names of Winckeln.an, Klog, and Leffing, ar. fa idiiar with tholt wv.o are 'billed in tins branch or literature. In ecclcfialtital, philofcphiral, and literary hiflory, the namts f the German, and that fo many of their i^-inces fliould give it ib decided a pi-eference. Even th'j late king of riudia ordered the Fhilofophical Tranfaftions of his royal fo( iety at Berlin, from the beginning of its infli- tution to be publifli d in the French tongue: by whi.h (bine of the Ger- mans think, his majcfly his caft a very umlefervtd reproach upon his na- tive language. With refpeft to the fine arts, the Germans have acquitted ihemfelves tolerably well. Germany has produced fome good painte/s, auhittiily, fculj.tors, and engravers. They even pretend to have been the firft invent oi-s of engraving, etching, an J mezzotuito. Piinting, if iiril invented in Holland, was foon after greatly improved in Germany. The Germans are generallv allowed to be the Hrft inventors of great guns ; as alio of gini- powder in Europe, about the year 1320. Germany has likewife produced ib.ne excellent nmficians ; Handel, Bach, and Hefle, of whom Handel llands at the head ; and it is acknowledged, that he arrived at the i'ubjiine of nmfh , but he had not the liiialjeft idea between mufic and ftntiinenta! expreflioii. • * ...»...•■ .Hill 1 1 I I'll t I r , I f -, 1 • ! ■ 1 .«,-.••'• "w • T - ■ ^«, C IT Its, U iV) s:>. .'? ""t - '5 •;. i Jju GERMANY. 505 This if a copious htmd in uU countiiess, hut mure particulai- Ctties, towns, forts, aNOOIHKR FDIFlcr*;/ puDLic ANDpRiVATK; vviih occafional cftl- niates of rkvenueS an d population. ly fo in Germany, on account of the numerous independent flatcs it con- tains. The reader, therefore, miifl be contented with the mention o^ the nioft capital places, and their peculiarities. Though Berlin is accounted the capital of all his Prufilan majefty's do- minions, and exhibits perhaps the moft illuftrious example of fudden im- provement that this age can boaft of; yet, during the late war, it wjs found a place of no ftrcngth, and fell twiCe, almoft without rellftance, into the hands of the Auftrians, who, had if not been for the politenefi of their generals, and their love of the fine arts, which always prefervts mankind from barbarity and inhumanity, would have levelled it to the ground. Berlin lies on the river Spree, and befides a royal palace, has many other fuperb palaces ; it contains fourleen Lutheran and eleven Calviniil chinches, b. fides a popifli one. Iti ftieets and fcjuarcs are I'pacious, and built in a very regulnr maimer. Bfnt the houfes, though ntat without, are ill-fijrniftied and ill-fifuflied within, and vtry indifferently provided with inhabitants. The king's palace here, and that of prince Henry, are veiy magnificent buildings. The opera-houfc is alfo a beantit.il Ibnifture : and the arfenal, which is handfoiTicly built in the form of a fquare, con- tiii:.s arms for 200,000 men. There are fnndry manufartures in Berlin, and ftveral fchools, libraries, and charitable foiuidat ions. The number of its inhabitants, according to Bufching, in i/ijc;, was 126,661, includ- ing the garrifon. In the fame year, and according to the fame author, there were no fewer than 44/; filk looms, 14.^ of half-filks. ^858 for wool- len ftntfs, 453 for cotton, 248 for linen, 41^4 ^~r lace-work, 3^ frames for lilk ftoikings, and 3 10 for worfled ones. They have here manufadtures. of tapeftry, gold and filver lace, and mirrors. The eleftorateof Saxony is, by nature, the richefl country in Germany, if not in Europe; it contains 210 walled towns, 61 mark.'t-tOM'ns, and about 3000 villages, according to the latelt accounts of the Germans them* lelvcs (to which, however, we are not to i/ivc an implicit belief) : and the revenue, eftimating each rix-doUar at four iliillings and fix pence, amounts to i,3 50,cuol. This fum is fo mcxlerate, when compared to the richnels of the foil, which, if we are to belirve Dr. Bufching, produces even dia- monds, and almoft all the precious rtones to be finuid in the Eaft Indies and tlfewhere, and the variety of fpiendid manufadturts, that I am apt ta believe the Saxon princes to have been the moft moderate and patriotic of any in Germany. We can fay little more of Drefden, the elector of Saxony's capital, than hath been already faid of all fine cities, that its lortifications, palaces, public buildings, churches, and charif?.ble foundations, and, above all. Its fuburbs, are magnificent beyond all exprelfion; that it is beautifully fituated on both fides the Elbe ; and that it is the fchool of Gei many for ftituary, painting, enamelling, and carving, not to mention its niirrors, and fomideries for bells and cannon, and its foreign commerce carried on hy means of the Elbe. The inhabitants of Drefden, by the lateft ac- voiints, amount to 1 10,000. . The city of Leipfic in Upper Saxony, 46 miles diftanl from Drefden, is 'itiiiittd in a pleafant and fertile" pjain on the I'ltifTe, and the inhabitants ait faid to amount to about 40,05c. There are alfo large and well built i'uburbs. li- \ » ► St > i 4 ■ ' ■ 'M'f- 5o6 GERMANY. '^;.r'i '■■"*■ m 'si' ^tJi: fjihurbs, with hnndfome girclciT!. Bt-twcen thrfe fubuibs and the town is a fine waK. onime-trccs, which w.'s laid out in the year 1702, ami eii- cnmpafll's t'lc rity. Miilbtriy trees are alf«> planu-d in the town ditchts; hnt the lortitirations fecm rather talci'hted for the uCe of the inhabitants to walk oa, than for dcfi-nre. The llrtets are clean, commodious, and agreeable, and are I'.glued in the night with fevcn hundred lamps. Tiiey rtckon 4^0 merchant houfes, and qy nianufadures ol difFtifnt anicks, as brocades, piper, cards, &:c. ^^eipfic li.isiong been di(lit»,ouiflied for the libtrty of confcicnce allowed here to peilonb of diflTercnt ftntimetits in re- ligions matters, iieie is an vmiverfuy, whi.ch is ftill very coniidcrahlr, with fix cluirches for the Lutherans, this being the eiinbliflied ichgion, «ne for the Calvinifts, and a chapel in the callje for thofe of the Roniifli chmrh. The univerhty-libiary conlifls of about 26,000 vohnnes, 6000 of which are folios. Here is alio a ii!>rary for the magi{lr;itcs, whit h con- iifls of about ^6,000 volumes, ami near 2000 nianufiripts, and ctnifjiiis cabinets of uriif^, antiqi;es, and nicdnls, wi*h mc.ny cniiofities of ait and nature. The lv\chatiL;e is an eif^ int building. The cily of Uanovu-, tjir » vpita! of that elec'loiate, ftands on tlie rivtr Leine, and is. a neat, thriving, ;.i\ I a>-;reeab.!e citv. It ro;^raiiis iilxnit twelve hun.lrtd lioufcs, among v>'!:i( h llure ib an c Itftoral paLi' e. it car- ries on foijie nianufaft;ucs ; and in its neighboinhood lie thr p-.da'.eand elegant gardens of Hcrenhauf-n. "I'lie doiriin'''>Ms of the ekcifnate of Hmover contain about ieve:'. huridied and fifty thouf.md people, wIk^ liv, in tifty-eight cities, and fi\iy maiK^^.t towns, bufidcs vilL-igcs. 'l^he city and fiibuTiXs of Bremen, I elv)nging by jjurchafe to die Tii 1 t iorl-oi-, (ontiin about fifty thoufand inhabitants, who have a lonfidrrable ti aJc by the Wefer. The other towns helongin.; to this ele^^oraie havt trade and ma- nufaclui-ts ; but in general, it mufl: be reu-nked, that the cLfiorate h;i> iUifVrtd gri^atly hv the acoeihon of the Hanover f m.ily to the trown of Orcat Eiifain. i fnall iieie juil irifntioiv, on account of its relation to onr loyal family, the i" cularized bilhnpiick of Ofnaburg, lying betu'tcn the riv^f-i Vvtfer and Enis. The chief city, Ofnaburg, has been long limoiis all over Europe for tlu; niunufa(5fnre known by the name of tiie duchy, and for the miiniif..i'iure of ihc l.dl Wtflphalia hams. The whole jt venue of the bilhoprick amonnl.j to about ^o,oool. Biefbu, the capital t;f Sil'jfia, whi-'h formerly b-dunged to the kingdom of Bohemia, lies on the rivei O.ler, whi 'h is a fina city, where all feib of Chriflians and Jews are tolerate!, b:it the magiftracy is Lutheran. Siiutj Siklla fell under the I'rulii m do.i.inion, its trade is greatly improved, he- ing very in.unli.ierable be*or:'. 7'he manufaitur.s of SiKfii, whirh pria- cipdl; centre at Brellau, aie numeious, Th- revenue of I he whole is by fouK faid to bring his Piuliian majt fly in near a niillinn (hrling: but this fum fccms to be exagg'. rated ; if, as otl'.cr authois of good note write, it never brought in to the I'.oufe of Auflria above :io050ool. yearly. Frunkiort is fitu:;tcd in a healrhiul, fertile, and delightful country nlong the Maine, by which it is divided into two parts, diftiuguiflied by the names ot IV.inUfort and Saxenhaulen. The former of thcfe, being the largtrt, is divided into twdve wards, and the latter iuto two; and both are computed to contain about thi-ec thOiifand houfes. The forttti- c^itions, which arc both regular and folid, form a decagon, or figure con- fiding of ten bafiions, faced with h: wu me ; the ditihes are deep, and ^11. d'^wiih freih water ; and alj the outworks are placed before the gates, Frauktoit is the ulual place of the elcflion and co»ouatiou of the kmgs '>t the GERMANY. 5 '^7 ](.nire con- tlie Romans, and is alfo a fn e and imperial rify. It i-^ ot" a riirnli'i* forrrh without aiiv (ubiirlvs ; hiir tlio llircts aie g'-'iicially i.nrrow, and tlu' hoiilVs me mofllv builr of timber and pl:iiftrr, and covered witij llatc ; iUolivjU thciv ait; forne handlnmt' privatt ihiicViirrs, of a kind of red niariilc, tbut ilclerve the nanif of paUuts; as the buildings railed the Coniptflid and Fioiihof, the Trierfliof, the Cnlienliof, riie C»tin)an houf'e, an an^iill eiitirc, iitunted near the biidfff ovf-r tii> Maine, the Hclle-Darnirtadthof, the palace of the ininrede la Tonrs, and the honll.s of the counts of" SoUns, Sfh'uienbnr",h, and Schonborn; and there are three principal fqnares. Vienna is the capital of the circle of Aiiflria, and, being tlie refidence of the emperor, is ruppoftd to be the capital ol Oermany. It is a nobl« ,i,i:i a ftrong city, ancl the princes ')f the honfe of Aullria have omitrcJ notliiii'^ that(onld contribute to its grandeur and riches. Vienna containt aa excellent univerfity, a bank, which is in the management of her ovva in;:giflrates, ai^l a cou»'t of commeice immediately fubject to the aiiiic roiiiicil. Its religions buildings, with the walks and g.ndens, occupy jl UK\h part of th'; town; lint the <'ubiirl;s are larger than the city. It v.oiild be endlci's to enumerate the many palacts of this capital, two of which aie iMiperial ; its (quaie^ raadtniits, J nd libraries; and, amonjr cHicrs, the fine one of pi ince luigenc, v\ ith hi; and the imperial cabinets of ciiiiofitifs. Among its rich convents is out- ol the b.otch natiofj, hviilt HI honour of their countryman St. Colman, Jhe patron of Auftria ; p.r.d one of the i\\ gates of this city is railed the S.ot-. gate, in remem- !)iance of fome notable exploit performed there by the troops of tlut na- tion. The inhabit mts of Vienna, iiKliiding the fuburbs, are computed iU nlx)ut three hundred thouliuid ; and the tii ■our;'.gement given tiieni by tlicir fovertign, has rendered this city the rciuic/vons of ail the natiojj.s abroad After all that has been faid of this magnificent city, the mod candid aiul fenfible of thofe who have vifited it, arc far fj-om being laviili in its praiie. 'I'he fbeets, excepting ihofe in the fulturbs, are narrow and dirty : the hnufes and furniture oi the citizens art greatly difproportioned to the magnificence bf the palaces, fcpi.'.res, and other public building^; but above all, the excefiive impolls laid by the houle of Auflria upon every commodity in its Uominions, mud always keetJ the manufailmang part of their ("ubje^fs pcjor. His pref, lit niiperial majeflv feeins to be fen- libie of tiuihs which were plain to ail che world but his predecefTors and their counlellors; he examines things with his own eyes, and has de- freiuled from that haughtinefs of demeanour wliich rendered the imoeriai court lo long difagreeable, and even ridiculous, to the rtfl of Europe, In (;eneral, the condition of the /\uilrian Aibjefts has been greatly me- liorated fince his acceilion to the imperial tiuune ; great encouragement hath been given to the proteflants, and manyoi the popifli religious houfes, convents, &c. are lupptlled by him. ANTKiUiTits AND GUI! i^ Si TIES, ) In dcfcribihg the mineral and NATURAL AM) ARTIFICIAL. »" Other i'priugs, 1 anticipated great part of this article, which is of itfelf very copious. Every court of Cermany produces a cabinet of curiofities, ai tificial and natural, ancient and modern. The tini at Heidelburgh holds 800 hogfl:eads, and is gene- J'^lly full of the beft Rheniili wine, from which (frangers are feldcm fuf- fei'edto retire fober. Vienna itfelf is a curiofity; for here you fee the ^re;Ueff variety of inhabitants that is to be met with any where, ai Greeks, TranlyJvaiuaus, Stl,avoi\iajis, Turk?, Tartars, Hungariaas, '■'' Croatsi ifl'*^ I r ■r , ■1 ■,)■ . } ■ ■ ' ;o8 GERMANY. m m. Croats, Germnns, I'oles, Spaniards, French, and It:-lians, i,i thtir piopn habits. The Imperiul library at Vienna is a great littraiy rarity, on ar» count of its ancient manuicripts. It contains upwards of 8c,oo voliinu , among which are many valuable manvfcripts in Ht brew, Syriar, Arab;- . Turkifli, Armenian, Coptic, and Chinefe ; but the antiquity cf fomc ot them is queftionabic, partirularlv a New Tcftamentin Greek, faid to have been written 1500 years ago, m gold letters, upon purple. Mere are likewife many thoufand Greek, Ron:;an, and Gothic coins and mtdai> ; with a vaft coJle(Sion of other curiofities in art and nature. The vaft Gothic palaces, cathedrals, cailles, and above ail, town houfes, in Ger- many, are very curious: they llrike the beholder with an idea of rude magnifioente; and fnmetimcs they have an effcft that is preferable even to Cirttk architefture. j lie chief houfes in great cities and villages ha\c the fame appearance, prolmbly, as they had 4,co years ago ; and tlieir fortifications generally confift of a brick wall, trtwihts filled with wattr, and baftions or half-moons. Next to the lakes and waters, the caves and rocks are the chief nntnn' ruriofities of Germany. Mention ij made- of a cave near Rlar kenbvng in Hartz foreil,'of which none have ytt found the tnd, though mr.r.y liavf advanced into it for 30 nules ; but the moU lemnrUabte ciiriofny of that kind is near Hammelen, about 30 niihs from H-niover, whtic at the month of a cave (lands a monument which commtmoraics the lofs of 150 children uho were thtre fwallou'cd up in 1 2iS4. Though thii Kift i^ very ftrongly attcfled, it has been dilpured by louie ciitics. rrtqueiil nitiition is made of iwo rotks ne.^r Biacktnburg, txai'^ly ifprtienting two nioiiki in their proper habits ; and of many iionts which Itcn to be |'C,uifa^iioiii of fiflies, frogs, trees, a/id leaves. CoMMtRCU ANi> MA^ VFAciURKs.] Germany l.as vafl advantages in point of commerce, from its fitnation in the heart of Europe, snd per- lorated £s it were with great rivers. Its native materials for com- merce (befides the mines and minerals 1 have already mentioned) aie heap, hops, Uax, anile, ummin, tobacco, fafrVon, madder, tniifles, variety of excellent roots and pot-heibs, and fine fruits, equal to thofe of fraofc and Italy. Germany exix>rts to other countries, corn, tobacco, horfes, lean cattle, hvittcr, cbeefe, honey, wax, wines, linen and woollen yarn, ribands, filk and cotton ftutYs, toys, turnery wares in wood, metals »nd ivory, goat fkins, wool, timber both for fliip-building and hoiife!), cannon and bullets, lombs and bomb-flielis, iron plates and ftoves, tiiiutd plates, fteel work, copj^er, brafs-wire, porcelain the fineft upon earth, eaithe«-waie, gllfes, mirrors, hogs biillles, mum, beer, tartar, fnialtt, zaiiVr, Pruflian blue, printer's ink, and many other things. Some think tliiit the balance of trade between trgland ?ind Germany is to the dilad- vanta^e of the former; but others aie of a different opinion, as they can- not import coarfe woollen manutaiturcs, and feveral other conimoditieb, fo cheap from any other country. "^J he revocation of the editl; of Nantes by Lewis XIV. which obliged the French proteftants 10 fettle in ditfcrent parts of Europe, was cf infnite fervice to the (iermau manufaftures. They now make velvtts, lilks, ftulfs of all kinds, fine and cparfe ; linen and thread, and every thing necefiary for weai, to great perfection. The porcelair. of Meifl'en, in the eleftoraie of Saxony, and its paintings, exceed that of all the world TRAorKG companie.":.] The Aliatic company of Embden, eitablifhtd ty his late Prufliau majcftv, was, exclusive ot the Hiinicatic kajiue, die GERMANY. 509 [hi only ci-»mmer. ial company in Germany : but no fliips Inve been fent out (iiice the year 1760. The heavy tax.-s thst his inajti\y laid 011 tl« (ompany ha^ been the caufe of its total annihilation. Jn the great titles orGernany very targe and extenlivc p.trtncr fliips in tradL- fuhfill. Constitution and government.] Ahnoft every prince in Gep- niany (and there art- about 300 of them ) is arbiii ai v with r<.),!,ai d to tht- ^o- vcinment of liis own eilates ; Init the wliole of them form a grtat confede- racy, governed by political laws, at the head of which if the emperor, and whofe power in the colle«5tive body, or the diet, is not diredorial, but ext:;:iitivc: but even that gives him vaft influence. The fupreme powtf' ill Germnriy is the diet, whiv h is compofed or the emperor, or, in b.is i'jfcnce, of his commiflary, and of the three colleges of itie empire. The tirft of tliefe is the tle(5loral collcje ; the fecond is the college of princes ; and the third, the college of Imperial towns. ' The empire was hereditary under the race of Charlemagne, btjt after this, became ele(5tive ; and in the beginning, aW the princes, nobility ami depiititrs of cities enjoyed the privilege of voting. In the reign of Henry V. the chief officers of the empire altered the mode of eitftion in tl eir own favour. In the year 1239 the number of eJeor of Havaria waschofen to that dignity, and died, as it is fuppofed, heart broken. after a fliort uncomfortable reign. The power of the -.m )cror is regulated by the capitulation he figu'? at his election ; and the pjrfon, who in hi* life-time is chofen king of the Romans, iucceeds without a new elecn t;r)a to the empire. He Crin confer titles and infrnncliifement'i upon cities .iiid towns : but as emperor he can levy no taxes, lormake war nor {)C;)ce without the confent of the diet. When that confent is obtained, everv pnnce mult contiibute his quota of men and money, as valued in the matriculation roll, though perhaps, as an ele^or or prince, he mav efpoufe a ditFerent fide from that of the di :t. This forms the intricacy of the German conffitution; for G-'orge II of England, as elt(ftor of Hanc- ver, was obliged to furnifh his quota ngainft the houfe of Auf?:ria, and alfo againft the king of Pmflia, whilfc he was fighting for thera Doth. The tmperor claims a precedency for his amh^lTadors in all Chriilian courts. The lu'ne eleftors of the empire have each a particular office in the im- perial court, and they have the Iblc eleflioji of the emperor. Th«y arc ill ordf i", Firii, the archbifliop of Mentz, who is high chanctilor of the empire vvlirn in Germany. Secoiul, the archbifliop of Triers, who is high chancellor of the. empire of France. , , , i Third, The archbifliop of Cologne, who is the fame in Italy. The king, or rather eleftor of Kohemia, who is cup-bearer. , , T he elector of Bavaria, who is grand fewer, or officer who ferves out thefeafts. .... Jhe ele/il:or of Saxonv, who is the great marflial of the empire. ■ f ■ The elector ot Brandenburg (now king of l''ruflia), who is great chara-' berlain. The eleftoi- Palatine, who is great fteward ; and, The \i a'-.i'.usT -/Jsl /Ad v'i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) & /. A ^^ '« 1.0 1.25 bilM |2.5 ■^ 1^ |2.2 LL4 ii.6 i V] /I */ ^*W f: w ■% '/ /A Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I45S0 (716) S72-4503 ■^ \ «- c> K<^ i Q> 1 Sro GERMANY. Yhc fief^nr of Hanover (king of Great Eritain)", who claims the pod of p.rrh-trrafurer. Tr is necrflaiy for the emperor, before he calls a diet, to have the advice of thofe mcrnhers ; and during the vacancy wf the linperial thront, the erpcftors of Saxony and Bavaria have jinifdi^'tion, the former ovtr the iiorthf rn, and the latter over the fouthern circles. Tty tccleliartical princes are as abfolute as the temporal ones in their fcn'eral dominions. The chief of thefe, befides the three ecclefnftical electors alrean'y mentioned, are the archbifliop of Saltzburgh, the bifhops of Lifj^e, Mnnlhr, Spire, Worms, Wurtzburg. Straiburgh, Ornnbiue, IJamberg, and Padcrborn. Befides thefc, are many other ecclefialliral princes. Germany abounds with many abbots and abbefles, whofejurif- tlk^ions are likewife abfolute; and fome of them vtry confiderable, ami all of them are < hofcn by tht-ir feveral chapters. The chief of the feciilnr princes are the I.nndj^ravc of HtflV, the diikcs of Brunfwic, Wolfenhutttl, Wirte:r.bnrg, M ckhnbur^h, Sayr-(iotha, the marquilles of Baden niid Culmbath, with the princes of Ndflau, Anhair, Fmftenburg, and main- others, who have all high titles, and are fovercigns in their own doiKi- nions. The free cities are likewiie fovereign ftates : thofc which are hn Pfrial, or compofe a part of the diet, bear the Imperial eagle in their arms ; thofe which are Hanfe towns, of which we hive fpoken in the In trodii£tioii, have ftill great privileges and immunities, but they fubfiii no longei- as a political body. The Imperial chamber, and that of Vienna, which is better known bv the name of the aulic-coiincil, are the two fupreme courts for determin- ing the great caufes of the empire, arifmi between its ref|vftive member. The Imperial council confift'i of ^o judges or aflcflors. 'I'he prefident aiul four of them are appointed by the emperor, and each of theelec^toischnlcs one, and the other princes and ftates the relh This court is at prtfenf held at Wctzhr, but formerly refided at Spire; and caufes mav be l»rought befiDre it by appeal. The aulic council was originally no better than a revenue court of the dominions of the houfc of Au(ii ia. As that ia- inily's power incrtafcd, thf jurifdiftion of the aulic council was extended ; and at laft, to the great dil'gufl of the princes of the empire, it ufur(>ed upon the powers of the injperial chamber, and even of the diet. Jt con- fills of a prefident, a vire-chancelior, vice-prefident, and a certain niiiri- her of aulic counfellors, of whom l-x arc proteftants, befides other officers, but the emperor in fadV is maltcr of the court, Thefe courts tollow the ancietU laws of the empire for their guides, the golden bull, the pacifica- tion of Paffau, and the civil law. Befides thefe courts of juftice, each of the Jiine circles I have already mentioned has a direclor to take care of the peace and order of the circle, 'i'hefe direflors are commonly us follow. For Wt flphalia, the bifliopot Munfter, or duke of Neubur<:. For Lower Saxony, the elector of Ha- nover or Brandenburgh. For Upper Saxony, the ele6h)r of Saxony. For the Lower Riiine, the archbifliop of Mentz. For .he Upper Rhine, the ekiftor Palatine, or bilhop of Worms. For Franconia, the bifljopof Bam- berg or marquis of Culmbach. For Swabia, the duke of Wirtemhcig, or bifhop of Conftance. For Bavaria, the eleftor of Bavaria, or aich- biftiop of Saltzburg ; and for Auftj ia, the archduke of Auftria, his im- perial majefty. UjxMi any great emergency, after the votes of the diet are collefted, and lentence pronounced, the emperor by his prerogative commits the executioi\ of it to a particular prince or princefs, whofe troops live at ^ free G fi R M A N Y. 5«i frceqr.irter upon the cftatcs of the delinquent paity, ami he ii obliged to makf }';»oii all ex.jcur- s : upon (be whole, iht^ eonllitutJDM of tlie Gcr- ii.aiuc body is of itfcU" a ftudy of no fmall dillii-ulty. r»'.it liowtA'ci' plau- fi ijy inventfd the feveral checks upon the imperial power may be, it is cntiiii that the honfe of Aurtria ha? riiore than once endnngend tlie liberties o^ the empire, and tliat ihVy have been Htvcd by France. Litelv, indeed, thr hoiifeof Anftria has met with a powciAd oppofitinn trona'the houle of Uradcnburg, in roiifcqucnce of the ai,'ti\ity and abili- ties ot the late king of Pruiiia. Bitore I clofe this hc;u!, it may be neceffary to inform the reader of the meaning of a ter;n whi h has of late faqiieiitly appeared in t!ie dermnn hiftory, I mean that ot liie Pi^nj-uit c ,\rAV»'/. This is no other than a provifion made by the emperor Olurlts VI. for pr.ferving the indivifibitiry of the viiftriin don.inions in the perfou o\ tht next dtfceiuiant of the lad pofTrfibr, whether male or fe- male. This piovilion has betn often dirj3rnvcd by other branches of the houu' of Aulhia, who have been oc.T.rion.illy fiipjxjrted by i'rance from puutical vitws, though the pragmatic fanftion is ftronj{!y guarantied by al:nolt all the powers of Eiiiopc. The hte emperor, eiei'l:'.>r of Bivaria, and the late king of l^olaiui, attempted toovcithrow it, a'o beii\g delcendeJ !iom the daughters of the emperor joftph, elder brother to Ciiarles VI, hhas likewifc been again and agam jppofed by the court of rpain. Few of the territories of the vjcrmni princes are fo large as to be af- fign d to viceroys, to be oppretlld and fleeced at pJeafui't ; nor aie thev tiuirely without redrtfs when they futfcr any grievance '; they may apped to tiie general diet or great council ot the empire for relief; whereas in hunce the lives and fortune of the fubjecl are entirely at the difpoial <»f the ^r.uid monarch. The fubjeAs of the petty princes in Germany are generally the moll unhappy ; for thefe princes, affc<5ting the grandeur and Ipi^iidor of the more powerful, in the number and appearance of their oih^tts and domeftits, in their palaces, gardens, picture*, curiofitica, guards, bands of mufic, rabies, drefs, and furniture, are obliged to fup- [)ort all this vain pon./ and par.de r.t th.^ expenct of rhcir valllils and de- pendants. With refpcct to the burghers aiid peafants of Germany, the tbrmer in many plaes enjoy greit priviltges ; the latter alfo, in i'ome p.irts, as in Franconia, S^'abia, and on the R;iine, aregmernlly af^ee peo- ple, or perform only certain ferviLts to their i''upcriors, and pay the tii\es ; ttliereas in the marquifatt; of Bran ieoburg Pomerania, Lulatia, Moravid, B<)iv;mia, Au{lria,'&c. they may jiifily be deiiominated Ihyvs, thpiigh in ciiffcrent degrees. ~ " '■„'," " " 'i "; ".','- RKVh-NUfcs.j The only i-evenue falling under this head is »hat of the eini>eror, who, as fuch, harh an armMil income of about 5 or Cooo pouiulslterling, arifing liom ibau- incouiiderdble fiefs in the Black Forcll. Tile Au/tnan revem.ea are immenle, and arc thought to amoiwi: to 7,oo.->,oov)l. ittrling in Germ:my and Italy; a fum tlK.t goes far in thole c.)iiiitiies. Thf tatlief of the late kitig o( Frudia, whnfc revenues were not near fo extenfiv^ as- thofe of his Ion, though he maintained a large army, was To good an ceconfemifl: that he left 7,000,0001. itcrling in his co:- iers i ami fomc have thought that Silefia alone brings ab.')ve half a million ile litig every year to this king. To bchnld the jn^gnificdnce of many of the German courts, a llranger is apt to conceive very higll ideas of' the inramesof thsir prin<;e^ ; which is owing to the high price o^" money in thit country, and contequcntly fJie low pj'ice of provifions and manu- la:iares. In fail, though it'irf plain that fom 2 princes havo rftikh larger icwnucs than others, yet we cannot fpu-ak '.vita any tolerable precifioa^iu ••'''** a iubjeit Hi". 512 GERMANY. a fubje^ of fiich variety and uncrrtainty, and which comprehends fo manv widrpf ndrnt dates. Military STKtNorH.] During the two laft wars, very little regard was paid in carrying them On, to the ancient German conilitutions, the ivhoie managtrment being cngroflcd by the head of the houfe of Audi id. The cleAor of Mentz keeps what is called a matriculation book oi rc- gider, which, among other matters, ct>ntains the aflelTments of men and money, which every prime and ftate, who are members of the empire, is to advance when the aniiy of the empire takes the fidd. The contribii. lions in money are called Roman months, on accoimt of the monthly af* ftflmentfc p\id to the empei-ors when they vifitfd Rome. Thofe a(rcfi- ments, however, are fubjtft to great mutability. It is fullicient hereto fay, that upon a modeiat^ computation the ferular princes of the empire can bring to the field 379,000 men, and the ecclefiaftical 74,500, in all 45^, coo, of thofe the emperor, as head of the houfe of Auftria, is fup- pofcd to furnifli 90,000. The eleflor of M( ntz may maintain The elf ftor of Triers - • - j, Tlie eIe6lor of Cologtie The bilhop of B'lunlter The bifliop of Liege * _^ The aichbifhop of Saltrburg The bifhop of Wurtzburg The bifliop of Bamberg The bifliop of Paderborn The bifliop of Ofnaburg The abbot of Fulda The other biftiopricks of the empire The abbies and provoflfliips of the empire *c n Total of the ecclefiaflical princes >•!, i. r.: T The emperor^ for Hungary for Bohemia, Silcfia, and Moravia ' ' f . - ' ' - ■-■' j^j. Auftria and other dominions The king of Pruflia - .. * The elector of Saxony - , - The elector Palatine . . . The duke of Wirtemburg - - . The landgrave of Hcfle Caflel The prince of Baden The elcftor of Hanover ThedukeofHolftein The duke of Mecklenburgh The princ^ of Anhalt The prince of Lawenburg The eltftor of Bavaria .,. r„ The dukes of Saxony The prmce of Naflau The other princes and imperial towiis 'J J -^. :'. >-?,ii5.- ^** ;.hs t. The fecular princes The eccleilauical princes i-l'-r .M- i^U^ 6000 6000 6000 ,, 8-00 .. 8000 ■J- 8000 2 CO 5OCO 3000 2500 60OQ 60O3 8ooi 74»S-o 30000 30000 30000 40000 25000 J 5000 1 5r,00 15000 10000 30000 12000 1 JOOO 6000 =i 6000 30000 10000 lOOOO 50000 379»^ ^ 74,500 JL L- GERMAN y. 5'3 ids fo manv itrle icgatd ;utions, the of Auftrij. book or rc- >f men and '. empire, is ie contiibii. monthly af- rhofe aiFcfl. ient here to ; the empire U500, in all [Iria, is fup- 6ooo 6000 6000 8-co 8000 8000 a 00 50CO 3000 2500 600Q 600 3 8ooD 74»5-o 30000 30000 30000 40000 2500a 15000 15000 15000 10000 30000 IZOOO 1^000 6000 6000 30000 1 0000 lOOOO 50000 79,0 o 74,500 II,- this computation, which is far from being exaggerated, It appc'ars thaf tlie e;riper(jj' :uid empire form the moft powerful j/overnmerit in Europe.; aril if the whole fon e \*as united, and properly dire(^ed, Germany >itroukt liavc Ui.thinvf to fear from any of its ambitious neighbo\irs. But the difte- rcnt iiitcrefts purfued by the Several princes of Germany, render thtf power of the emperor of little confequcnre, except with regard to his other ) The emp.ror of Oennany prd« TiTi,Ef», ARMS, AND ORDERS. \ tcnds to bc fuccertlr to th« em- perors of Rome, and has long, on that account, becli admitted to a f.tit precedency on all public occaliorts among the powers df liUrope. Audrik is but an archdukedom, nor has he, as the head of that houfe, a vote in the ch'ftioii of e.uperor, which is limited to Bohemia. Innumerable arc the titles of principalities, dukedoms, baronies, and the like, with which he is vefted as archduke. The arms of the empire are a black eagle with two heads, hovering with expanded wings, in a field of gold 1 and oter the heads of the eagle is {^ztn the imperial crown. On the breaft of \\\t eapje is an efcutcheon quarterly of eight, for Hungary, Naples, Jeni.falem, Arragon, Anjou, Geldtrs, Brabant, and Barr. It would be as ufelefs as dithcult to enumerate all the ditferent qunrterings and armorial bearings of thearchducal family. Every eleftor, and indeed cvei'y independent prinre of any importance in Germany, claims a right of inftituting orders i but tilt emperors pretend that they are not admiffible unlefs confirmed by them. The eiTiperors of Germany, as well as the kingsof .Spain, confer the cjrdei* of ihe Golden Fleece, as defceni.lcd from the hbufp of Burgundy. The; tir.prefs dowager Eleanora, in i6f>2 and 1666, created two orders of ladies, fir leniiilc knights, and the late empfefs-queen inftituted tlie order of St. Terefa. The " Orlr of the Gfl/f/w 7»V«Tff '* was inftituted at Bruges, In Fland6r3, c;i the irth 01 January 14.29, by Philip duke of Burgundy, on the day of his iuarriage with his third wife. It is fuppofed that he chofe the badges it \;t\n% the chief of the flaple manufactures of his country- It at firli .oiiiifled of thirty knights, including the fovereign, who were of the firft f •railies in the Low Countries, and it (till continues to be clafTcd with the moft ilhiflrious orders of knighthood in Europe. At prefent there are two brunches of it; of the one, the emperor is fovereign, attd thtf Kinj^ of Spain of the other; ail muft prove their noble dcfcent frorn thd Uveifth century. The motto of the order is Pretlum non I'ile lahxiim* Th? Tcu'oii'u- Ordcy owed its origin to fornix religious Germans irt Jerufa- !tm during the crufades, who ali'umed the title of " 'Teutonic knights, of In.threil of the hofpirai of our Lidy cf the (icrrhaiis at Jerufalsm.'* Conrado duke of Swabia jnviicd them into Prufli.1 about the yearia^oj (jon after they conquered f'rnllia for themfclves, arid became one of the moil powerful orders id Europe. By the ordt'f dividing againft itfelf, uiey afterwards loft their power and poltciuons j and Albert, marcjul> -df Brandenburg, grand-m:ifter of the order, on his abjuring popery, abdi- cated the grand-mafterlliip, llibdued Prulfia, and exp-flled all the papilW *ho followed ndt his example. The order Is now divided into twd braiiclus: the proteftant branch, who have a houfe at Utfecht, hath heefi noticed in our account of orders in the Netherlands — that forpapilh* faathalwuf^-otMer^enheim in Germany, and the members muft lake th^ 1*1 :^ .' : •» wth I * ^ r cor 5»4 G r; R MANY. 4)atU of celibaty. The enlign worn by this branch is worn round the neck, p( luiant to a .^old i haiii. The time of tht: inllitution of the " Ort/er of the Rr,/ F.nr^le** is iincer- VMw. The margrave of Barcith is fovereign thereof, and it is gent rally bellowed on general othiers. ' In the year 1690, John pcorge, elector of Saxony, and Frederick III. elector of Lrandenburgh, on terminatina thiir ditpiites, «AabliIhcd the " O.-Jcr of Sh/co-'tjy" as a confirmation and fe- cinity hereafter of their amity. The knight, of this order wear a bracelet of gold ; on one fide are the names of the two princes, with this device, Ainit,^^ Jlm:ere\ on the other iiJe are two armed hands, joined together, and placed on two fwords with two palm branches croflcd, with this motto, Un's p6!ir jamais. John George, dnke of Saxe WeilTenfe's, inflituted the " Or/Icr of th N I'll' Pajiou^'' in the year 1704, of which the duke is the fovere'fgn. Each knight of the order is to contribntc to the maintenance of the maimed or duayed foldiers in tiie fervice of the fovereign. In the year 1709, Lonifa EUzabeth, widow of I'hilip duke of Saxe Merfbvn-gh, revived the " Older of the Death's HcaiW'' firft inllituted in «6i;i, by her father the duke of Wirtembvngh. A princefs of that houfe alone can be fovereign of it, and ipne'but women of virtue and merit (birth and fortune not re- garded) can be received into it. They are to avoid gaming, theatrical amufements, and luxuries of all kinds. The b;'.dge of the order is a death's head enamelled white, furmounted with a crofs patre black: above the rrofs patee, another crofs compofed of five jewels, by which it han^s toa- black ribband edged with white, and on the ribband thefe words, Memaitt mrrlr worn at the breaft. The great order of VVirtembnrgh, is that " of the Chaccy'* inftituted iii the year 1702, by the then duke, and improved in the year 17117. On the le!t fide of the coat is a filverftar embroidered, of the fame figure as t^ic badge, in the middle a green ciicle with the motto Am citia Firtu'lfquc t'a'dus. The feltival of this orde. is on St. Hubert's day, he being the patron of poitfnien. h\ the year i-'09, the elc- of St. Hu- hert^" firil ijillitutcd by a duke of Juliers and Clcvcb, in memory of a vic- tory gained by him on St. Hubert's day, iji 1447. ^'^ ^^^ knights have either militaiy employments < r penfions. The archbifliop of baltzbiiigh in 1 70 J, inftituted the ^'- Ord.r of St. Rupert,** in honour of the founder and patron of the fee he held, and as the apoflle of his country. As die archbifhop is the richefl and molt powerful prince of Bavaria next to tht elei^or, his order is in good efteem. In the year 1729, /ilbert, elector 0! Bavaria, inftituted the " Oitler of St. Gcoroe toe Defcru'er of the LnmacuLitc Conccfticn.^* The knights of which are obliged to prove ti eir nobihtv by father and mother for five generations. The '■''OiJi'r of the GLhn Lion" inftitirted by the prefcnt landgr.m- of Htille Calltl, is equallv a mi'itary and civil order, but moftly conferred on general oflkers. The prtfent lantU', rave hath alfo infcituted the mili- tary " OrJtr of Merit," the badge of which is a gold crofs of eigl\t pints enamelled white, and in the centre this niotto, Pio Virtute et Vu'eli'nr, it is worn at the coat button-hole, pendent to a blue ribband edged with Clvcr. History.] The maniieis of the ancient Germans are well defcribcil by the qjegant and manly pencil of Tacitus, the Roman hift ntm. lli^v- were «ri brave and indepaidcai race oi men, and p..culiarly dlliingiiilhcd 5 ^^ f-^v GERMANY. 515 lie neck, > iincer- ,ciu rally lector ot* ing their and fe- i bracelet is deviie, ther, and lis motto, ler of the 11 . Each aimed or :ar 1 70*;, ;vived the father the fovereigii me not re- theatrival is a death's above the hangs to a- ,s, Mcmcntt nftituted iii lyir. On ne figure as rirtuf:f'jti' e being the • of St. Hu- irv of a vie- n'ighti have balt/burgh It he found, r \y. As the next to tilt; |t, elector ot Immaculitc nobility by t landgnvc |lv coiiteircil led the "I'lli- tigl\t poi"^'^ |./ Fu!cli'<\('^ edged with lell delcribcd :i;.n. Th^v f^lUnginlhcci by hvtlieir love of liberty r.nd nrms. 'I hey* oppof-d tho for.e of the PoTian liiipirf, not \\\ its ori«!;in or in ir'< i^.'line, l)ut after it had arrived ;a nia- ti!:itv, and fi'ill < onMiuic' in it . full vi'.';our. Tli- coiintry was divided iiiro a numbc-r of ^•••inrii;aiitles, ini'epe-ndent of e-ch otlier. though orca- fi'itinllv coiinefted l.-y a military u:.ion for u'efending th' nifilv ^ -tgalnft fiich e icmies as ♦lireitene.l the liberty c*"tlie:-n all. At I ■"'gth, the R()ni;;n power conn r •'I fd wifh '.rtifico, prtv-iiid over a g''eat p.;rt of (jenrany, ■.w^ it wasredurrd lo 'ije c > idirion o\ a provime. V.'he.^ the Roaip.ri em- pire was fliattivcd by the t'xcurfion of the no;-''iern b;ijl>Triaiis, Germany \vas overrun by the Franks :'.bnut thr year 48 , and a tonlidcribie ..'jrt of it loi'.'j; i*ciii:iiii' (I in fiil'iti'-fio'i to e !s ?a'\ niin'-.iiires of that nati'-.n. In thi-; nt'i:.rio!\ Germany loiitiniied, notwithftandii 'j; tl:e ciforts of prirticular iliiiftaiiis, or prir.ce , to rrdiicc x.\\v r ft into \u\>]- '^ion, until the begin- iiinir (jf the ninth r-ntnry : tr.e:i it \v;;s that C'liaricmaiMiP. on of thofc e.ic.tri.: raid fuperior gcniuiTes who fometin-.ts fiart up in a barbarous c'e, iirft extendi d his military power, and afc.ru'aicK 'us civil arnhority, overtne wliole of this empire. Tiic pofterity of (.'liarieniiigne inuentcd 'ir i-mpire of Cermri'iy until the death of L.'uiy III. in the year 914, at w lirh tiiTte the ditfercnt piimes nfTuming thcdr oii-final independence, i>]f.\%'d the Carlnvinian line, and phu^eil Conr d-, dike of Fiuiconia, on t.ic throne. Since this time, Cerninny has ever been conGdcred as an iLvtiv-L i"::nrihy. Princes ofditfcrent familie-, rrcoi'ding to the pre- v.iyii.c of their ijite lefts and arms, have m(»unted the thione. Of thcfc; ;.:c ninfl conliderable, until the Auftrian line arquircd th'j imperial power. Wire tiie houfes of Saxony, Franconia, and Swabia. The reigns of thefe eniiierors contaiii nothing moic: remarka')le than th^contefts between theni iiad the popes. Fro i. hence, in the beginnlnsy of the tli'rteenth century, iiofe the faclion"> of the Gnelphs and Gil'belines, of which the formcf vro attached to the pope, and the latter to the emperor; and both, by their viol: nee and inveteracy, tended to difquict the empire for fevcral ; :',t!:. The emperors too were often at war with t!ie Tmics ; and Ibme- t aies the Cxerman princes, as happens in ail elci^lve kingdoms, with one :;'i)ther abo;if the fucreflion. But wh.tt more deferves the attention of a iiulidour. reader than all thofe noify but uiiintercfling difputes, is the pro- ^a'!\ of government in Germmy, which w.i>, in fome meafure opp )(ite tt) that of the gther kingdoms of Eur'ope. W!ien tl>e empire, raifed by Cinrleinagne, fell afnnder,*all the dilT.^r^mt indcpenchnt princes aflunied the lii^ht of eleftion ; and thofe now diftinguiftied by tie name of elertors, !i:d no peculiar or L' gal inflncm c in anpointing a fucccllbr to tlie imperial ihioiic: they were only the oflicers of the king's houfehold, his fc'cretary,^ Iiiiftewinis, chnp!;:in, u:'arflial or msfter of his horfe, |)()lilioiJ li> I'hilij), duke of Atijoii, g'ainluiu toUvvisXIV. When the pence of I 'norlit took pi.!- c in 1 7 M, (. hnrit . at fui\ ni.ulc a flicw ;'s if he voiild Kaitimte thf w.'r; Init !o\iiid hi:.;(vlf iiiiai)!-.., now that he w.-is foifiken I'v the lui^iiHi. Ih: then fore wns oWi^cl to ( ')!i. chide n pei.r 'with I't'anee ;m IJiuleii, 17! , tiiat lie oii^lit iiUtinl thi- progi\i's (if the Turks, in 1 lii;it;,, eom hided. Ch.nlcse', ployed cvci'v n:inute (A \\\6 leifnrc in inakin;,-, .iiinnj-Lincat.- for iiurcctii'.i; and p efcrvin;; his h.eridirary i!oniiiiions in I'alv and t!.c iMedircnunc;. :. Happily lor li'in, the ciown if 'ritain devoi.ed to the ho-ilc (-1 llaiun.i; an event wliivli o,\w him a verv il>.;ijiv..: v. iidit in I'.iie'X', hvth.i.oii- ncctions bitween CiCoi-t;c I. .iiul I J. in t c tnipire. Charles um-. leiilibl. t,i this, and e:inie.! nmttcrj witlvi'o !r.;:h 11 hnnd, diat aboi:' i!.e veir : -rzi .ivl 1-2;, a bveneh eiifued 1 etwi-en him and C'jcorpe I ; :\i>(.\ (o lu.lKa'iy wpsil fyften of atl' ir-. ovtr ..II i*.\!;--i>e n' luit lii;'e, th;:t the eij-.'iol power-, ol f ehnrtjed their own airumccs, and eonlludcd r.tvv ones e'.'i 11 letorv to tiH'T inteicil. \Vif!>niit entering im.) paiil iihus, i: is iiiflii i-.nt to ohlirve, tli;t tlie f'iity of i i;:Mover, and \U :>i-^i 'ndif nient, w.' - the i!,..iii objv^o. Oi"t!ic 3;r"tifli court ; as tiiat of the en.petor was the eflabliUimenl of th". pr:!;^- matic faiii'Vior.. in favour of liis dui ;htcr, thr late empref-queen Ik having no male ilhie. '>Iiiin''l eoncflioni; npc:i liiofe i];re^t pi)ints refton;! n good underilandniy; between Ceo ;^e ] :. and the cir,;:;ei*or Charles; niid the eieiHor of I'axonv i.eMio; pre aile.: upon '>y tht ;Mofpiil «>f ^^ainiii.,^ the throne of Iceland, rcliiupiilhed liie greui claims he li.id upon tlic Aul'ui:'.!i fuc iTion. Thp emperor, afL>"r this, had very bad Aieet fh inawai !ic entered into with 'he '! urks, wivihlie liad unJertahin thicfly to ind.n;:;:iy hin 'l-.t for the great facrificis he had ni'.de' in Italv to the prineei of the honfeot Bourbon. Prip'e Imi^'- le wcs then dt-ad, and he had no orein-ral to iiii»p!y his place. T^iefylK^iM of I'rani i' iMider cardinal l-'Kury u;;, p. time to be pari fie, and fl:e obfaiied Ti.m hini, i.Mv the Twiks, betr J, ,,1 \.u! realoii to e.v'ixvi ai Its, to the ( ire his c i.^ t peace tiian other Fu.-opean r^p-.v^rs e.'.f., iiad, he, ter, the inte eri.prefs-c'i'r-en, in ir.arria^e to tl v\'ho oiild brin;!; no i.vCeilion of power to tl;.* Aufti i.a» fam;!\ le I. , •. iven ike ot ri'i;;ii .'uul d.iU.ll- Idcft died i ou.tn, a piiiivf fic rn I no 'ooner m th n-c than all he h?u fc lonc' hiboureii fonraift have been ovei throw n,. h 'd it noi St en f^r th.e Hi uint Ik »,f Cjcort'e : 1. The pragmatic fjiclion uss attacked on all hands. I'he young kiii:; ot 1 i-i,i;:;t u'jtii a povver'v.I army cnt, a-ec conq uere d Si el.u, v/iiieli ne ^ai ' O'M kin;/ of :'-p'on and the been *>\'rony,fui!y dif;;-.enih!.red frojv, his ' .mily. 1 elei5\c., of i^ivav' I fft up elajnis di-ectlv ineoivnatibie witr. the prj;\:v;Hi fan(5>i')u, and in this tluy were joit ed by France ; ;hour,h n!i thoie powers had iblei.nly gnr.'antit.d it. The i vprrial th'om;. after a ( <,iilidc'.'.' '■ va- r?n'-y, ^ea; iiiled up by t!ie elec^arcf Bavaria, wlna U)ok tlie tirk' ot L'hni'Ks VII. in Tanv:ary i-|.% The French poured their armies into Bohe!Viia, vhere th'. ' took iVafiie ; and the queen of Hungary, to tuke oR'the weight r! Prr.'^i^i a? faaed to cc'.e to tiiat princp the nioft valuable part 0: (th tr.c diii h\ of biiefia by ^ formal trer.ry 1 Ilcr GERMAN Y. 519 Hrr voutti, hei' ' cnuty, nnil her futTei iiij»s, mid tin- noMc fojtitiidr with «lii(h n»e l)«)re them, loiuhrd the luart-; ot thf Hur.^ai i.u1^:, inf<( w'lole arms Ihe tlirew hcrfflf and her lirtlr (on;, an I thi)ii|',h tlity had netii alu-avsi'emaiknl)Ic tor tlicir difatKc ion to tht hotili- of Aidhia, tlicy de- clared unaniinoufly in her favmir. IJcr j^aneialv (hove t!)e IVein h («U of BoluMiia; and Ckorj^e II at thi hi.id «it an Knj'jith and Hannvdian ain\y, oaincd the battle of Deitingen, in 174?. Ch;'alfs \'il was ;it tliis lime miltrahle on the imperial tinonc, and driven out ot iiit> clei'toial d«miini- cns as had heen hi>. anctltor inqnem Anne'krii,--!!, f'(H- lidincr with I'ranrc, n!ui«'niild have given thr qiiren oi lIiiiHjary almcll he r own feiins; hut (lielMiii;htily and inipn!iti(al!y ifie('tfperi:;l fif^nity ; l>\'t though he took Prague, and liibdued the greaitft part ot the kingdom, hi' ua-j not hipporied liy ihe French; upon which he abandoned all Ijis coii'iuiii , and jctircd to SiJifia. This event confirmed the obllinacy of tiienutrnot liimgaiy, who came to an arrommoilavion with the emperor, that (ho might recover Sikfia. Soon alter, his imperial maj'.fly, in the hi^ginning ol the year 17^5, died; and the duke of l.orrain, then grand duke ot 'J'ulta^iy, confort to her Hun.;arian majefty, after lurmounting fome diilitullics, was chofcn em- pt-ror, by the title of Francis 1. Thf bad fuirefs of the allies Jigainil the Frcm h and Bavarians in the l.ow Countries, and the lofs of the battle of h'oiuenoy, ret-n did the ope- rations of the tmprcfs-qucen aizainlt hit I'rullian m^jefly. The latt«.rbcat 'he emperor's brothel', prince Chaiies of Lorrain, who had before driven the Pnifliaos out of Bohemia ; and the condud of the emprefs queen was fiifh, that his Britannic majcAy thought proper to guarantee to liim the poirtlTion of Silefia, as ceded by treaty. Soon after, his I'rullian niajefty pretended that he had difcovt-red a fecret convention whiih had been entered into between the emprels quccn, theempiefs ofRuHia, and the. king of j-oland, as cledor of Saxony, to ftrip him of his dominions, and to divide them anion;;; themfelves. Upon this his Prullian majeify, all of a fiidden, drove the king of Poland out of Saxony, cU feated his troops, and took pollelhon of Drefden ; which he held till a tjcaty was made un- der th^ mediation ot his Britannic majelly, by whic h the king o^" Pruiua acknowledged the duke ofLorrain, now be onie great-duke of Tulcany, for emperor. The war continued in the Low Countries, not only to the (lifadvantage, but to the difcredit of the Auilrians and Dutch, till it was finilhed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in April 1748. By tiiat treaty, Silefia was once more guaiantied lo the king of I'niira. It was not long before that monarch's jenloufies were renewed and verified; and the em- prefs of 11 uflia's views falling in with timfc of the cmprtfs-queen, and the r.in'^ of Poland, who were unnaturally lujii)ijrt..ci by I'lcune.in thtir new irlK-mes, a frefti war was kindled in the en;piic, in liu; year i- 0. The King ofl^ufiia declared againlt the admiilion of t!ie Ixuilians in Cjcrmaiiv, and his Britannic majeity ngainft that of th.' I'renf!:. I'pon tlufe two priiiciple all former differences between tliefe moniirchs were- foigc^tten, and the Britifli parliament agreed to pay anannu.'.l liubfaly g; l);o,o-oI. to his I'rullian niajtfty during the continuance of the war, the rian.es of which were now rekindled with more hny than ever. His Pru!i;an ma'efty once more biokc into Saxony, defeated th.e impe- rial general Browji a( tl)e battl? of Lojvofitz, forced the Saxons to lay ' . r. \ : , L 1 4 .n down 5^-« GERMAN y. down thfir arit>«, thn-.iph flinioft imprfj!;nsMv foi-fifird at Pirni, ami the ficrt r of Saxony a^ain fled to l)is rey^al tlomiiiions in Poland. Attt r [:.,% his Pniflian maitfly was put to the ban of ihc i-nipiir: anonred by onf (jiiartcr their aniiics, aK the Rnllian'. dul hy aiiotlar, inii» Oerinany. Tiit tond-iA • f his Prudian tnajclV; i»n ih s oirnl'ion i i.ie moft amazinf; that is to he met with in hiftory. ile btoLs o:\>a.' -uore ii,to Bohemia with imonccivible rapidity, and defeated an ar;ny of 100,000 Auflrians, under geiurai Brown, who was killed, as tlie brave mardinl Schwtrin was on the fide of the Prntlians. He then beficred I'ragiii, aiui plied it with a mofl: tremtndoiis artillery ; Init juft as he was bcj;innin^ to imagine that his troops were invindbic, thi'v were defeated at Colin, by the AufJrian general Daiiri, obliged to raifc the fiege, and to fall back upon Eifenach. The operations of the war now mnltij)lied every diy. Tin- imperialiftjj, \:nder count Haun, were formed into cxcelkut troojv.: but thev were beaten at the battle of Liflh, and the Prullians look Uredau, «nd obtained many other great advantages. The RuHians, after entering Germany, gave a new turn to the afpec't of the war; andthf cauiioiiH, yi t enterprizing genius of count Daun, laid his Pruiliaa njajeily under infinite difticuJties, notwithftanding all his amazing vii-^ories. At full lie defeated the Rullians at Zorndorf ; but an attack made upon his army in the night time, by count Daun, at Hochkirchcn, had almoft proved iital to his affairs, though he retrieved ihem wltli admirable prcfeuce of mind, He was obliged, however, to facrifice Saxony for the fafety of Siletin; tnd it has been obfrrved, that few perivuls of hiftory afford luch rooaj for refle^iion as this campaign did ; fix fieges were raifed almoft at tl^c fame timp; that of Colt->erg, by the Rullians; that of Leipfic, by the duke of Deux Fonts, who commanded the army of the empire ; that of Drefden, by Daun ; and thole of Neifs, Colel, and Torgau, alfo by the Auftrians. Brevity obliges me to omit many capital fcences which palTed at the fame time in Germany, between the trench, who were driven out of Hanover, and the Englifti, or their allies. The operations on both fides are ot little impoi»t:ince to hiftory, becaufe nothing was done that was dtciilve, though extremely burdenfome and bloody to (ireat britain. Great was the ingratitude of the emprefs-queen to his Britannic majefty ; and his allies, who were now daily threatened with the ban of the empire. The Rufiians had taken pofleffion of all the kmgdoni of Pruflia, and laid fiegc to Colberg, the only port of his Prulfian majefty in the Baltic. Till then, he had entertained too mean an ojjinion (f the'Rullians ; but he loon found them by far the moft formidable enemies he had, advancing under fount Soltiljcfr, in a body of to; ,0 o men, to Silelia. In thisdiftref>he fttft^d with a courage and refohition that bordered up">n dcfpair; but was Qt Jaft totqlly d'^^attd by the Ruilians, with the Infs of 20,000 of bis btft men, in a battle near Frankfort. He became now the tennis-ball ot fortune. Sw ceeding defeats feemed to announce his ruin, and all avenues towards peace weie fiiut up. He had loft, fince the firft of 0, M A >; K E R s, I As Pruffia, fuice t!ie c o s 'r o M s, A N D D I V E a s io V s . j beg' nn i ng of the preftiit centurv, has become a moft refpectable power upon the continent of Europe, 1 Ihaii, for tlie information of my readers, deviate from my iifual plan, thar I may bring before their eyes the whole of his Prufiian majellv's territories, which lie icattcred in other divifions of Germany, Poland, Switzerland, and the northern kingdoms, witii iheh" names; a!l w^ich they will lind in the iollowing table. r>fidiiytlr^r>^n.:^ w-lMi'-v ■ ,_ .,,.., ,;■ > "> i'{> . .. v ' !s^f, ni:flrtijr> •>;!; .;■;• py$.Sy. 'I .- ill'- ifAii oii Tluirn, -.vith thj coiiiitriLs on the ViOiila and the Neif-; t:r, u:id other territories cnntiguous to his own dominions, clofe to the walls of Dant-i zic. Thcfe acquifitions r.-.ay be traced in the map. j I fliall here confine myftif tp Pniffiri as a kinedom, becaufe his Pruffi^ii niajefty's other dominions fall under the dccriptioii of the countries where they lie. The inhabitants of this kingdom alone were, by Dr. Bufchinji;, com- puted to amount to 'j;!;,ooH peifoiiv capable of be.^rino; arms: and if fo (for I great!;- doubt that this computation is exagortrated), it muft then be more populoui than is generally imaginetl. Since the year 17 "7, it is computed t hut about ;; ,coo colonifts have removfci thither from France, Switz.'rlauii, and Germany ; of which luimi^er \joo were Saltfl)urghers. Tiiefe emigrants nave built 400 fmall villages, 1 1 towns, h6 feats, and so new chuK'hes ; and have founded loo'i viliao;e fchools, chieflv in that pcirt of thecountiv nartied Little Lithuania. Tiie ma.ncrs of the inhabitants ililTer but little from thofeof the other inhabitai.ts of (Jcimany. The iame may be faiu of tneir cuftoms and diveifions. KEL'GidN', SCHOOLS, ? The relit/ion of PruiTin is. through his late AND ■-.(.jAnF.MUS. \ m-!JejU',swilUoin, vtry toierant. Theertabliilied reli'/ions ate thofeof the Lutherans an 1 Calvfnills, butchieHv the former: out papius, anti padobapiills, and almoR all other ft-rts, are here tolerated. The country, a^ well as the towns, abounds in fchools. An iiniverfity was foimded at Koningfl)erg in 1541 ; but we know of no very remarka- bly learned njen that it has produced. Cities,] The kingdom of Pruliia is divided into the German and Llthiianiajn I 5H P R. U S S I A, Lithuanian departments ; the former of which contains 280 pariflies, ami thelafter 105. Koningdierg, the capital of the whole kingdom, feated on the river Jfregel, over which it has {even bridges, is about 84 miles from Daiitzit . Acer alone brings him in 26,000 dollars annually. His other ^•evenucs arife from his denitl'ncs, his duties of cuiloms and tolls, and the Jtuhlidies yearly granted by the feveral ftates ; but the cxaft fum is not knov^n : though we may conclude that it is very ronfiderable, from the immenfe charges of the late war. His revenues now, fince the accellion of Polifh or Royal Pruflia, muft be greatly imreaftd : exclufi\e of its lei-ti|ity, commerce, and population, its local fituntion was of vaft im- portance, as ii lay between his German dominions and his kingdom of Priiflia. By this acquifiiicn, his dominions are compact, and his troops Viiy itui'ch from Berlin to KoningOrjrg without interruption. 'miiifAA'Y strE OTH.] The Prulhan army, even in tim.e of pence, ■f/);iiiils of about iiJo,coo of the beft dilriplined tiuopb in the world ; and during I, liS'.J . PRUSSIA. 5^^ during the laft wsr, that force was augmented to -^00,000 m?n. l^ut thi* ■jcrM miiiTury tcrce, however it may aggrandize the p.7vver and iiiipin-. lunce of the king, is utteily inconfiftent with the iatcrciis of the people. The ai my ii chiefly c.oaipcired of provincirJ repments ; the whole PruiTuirj; domiiiions bfinp, divided into ciiiieij or cantons ; iii each of which, pn,<^ or more reginuuis, in proportion to the iizc and populuwifnefs o^ Uifli divifion, have been orii^inaliy railed, and fiom it lecruits continue t9; betaken ; and eu'ch panicular revinient is ahvays quartered,, in the timft of peace, near the canton from which its recruits are drawn,. Whatever iiuniLer of Tons a peafant may have, they are all liable to be taken i«t<| the fcivice, except one, who is left to aflift in the management of Uie fapi?^. The reii wear badges fiom their childhood, to mark that they are dcfrined to be foltiievs, and obliged to enter into the ftrvice whenever they ar© calK"d upon. But the maintaining fo large an ai'my, In a country natu-, raily fo little ecpjal to it, has occalioned^ fuch a drain from pQp:ulati9;ij uiid fuch a withdrawing of ilrength from tiie labours of the eartli, that the-. l:,it king endeavoured in fome degree to fave his qvyn pe^l'autry, . l^y, drawing as many recruits' as he cculd from other countries. Theld- foreign recruits remain continually with the regiments in which they are- placed ; but the native Pruflians have every year feme months of fyi'lougU^ during which they return to the houfes of their fathjqrii or brothexsj,. JiH^ work at the bufmefs of the faj-m, or in any otlier way they pleafc. ' /, Arms and orders of knigiithoou.J The royal arms of Pruiji^ are, argent, an eagle difplayed fable, crowned, or, tor PrulBa. Azi^r;^, the imperial fceptre, or, for Comland. Argrnt, an eagle difplayed, gules, with femicircular wreaths, for the marquii'ate of Brandenburgh. To thefe are added the rcfpeilive aims of the feveral provinces fubJ€-ofi:i" pendent to a blue ribband. The faanci prince inilituted the *^ OrJei of the B/aik F.u^^Cy" on the day of hjs coionr.tion at Koninglberg, in the year 1700 ; the fovereign i* alway* gra- d-mafter, and the ninnber of knight?, exciuhve of the royal family, js iirairted to thirty, who mufl: all he admitted into the >* OrJ,r «y' Gcneiofity^' -previous to tUfir receiving this, uniels they be fovereign piinces. The ^^ Orac of AUr.'i*' whs inf^iUited by the lute king in the vear 1740, to reward the merit of perfons either in arms or arts, without diihndion of biith, religion, or country ; the king is fovereign, aiidth^; number of knights unlimited. HisroRY.] The ancient hiftory of PruHia, like that of other kjng- iloUiS, is loft i».j the clouds of iirtion and romance. The inhabitants appear to have b^tn a brave and warlike people, dcfcended from the Sdavonians, atid r-^fufed to fubmit to the neighbouring princes, who, on pretence of converting them to Chriftianity, wanted to fubjedl them to flavery. They made a noble Hand againft the kings of Poland ; one of whom, Bpief,' laus IV. was by them defeated and killed in 1163. They rontinutil independent, and pagans, till the time of the crufades, when the German kiiij^hts of the Teutonic order, abgut tlie year 1527, uudertook their ,...._ , . convcrfio* "w^:;; 526 PRUSSIA. converfion by the e<.]^e of the fwnrcl, but upon condition of having, a? a revvard, the property of the rountrv, when ronquercil. A long feries of wars followed, in which the inhabitants of Pruflia were alnioft extirpated by the religious knights, who, in the thirteenth century, after committing the moft incredible barbarities, peopled the country with Germans. — After a valf wafte of blood, in 14.6 , a peace was concluded between the knights of the leutonic order, and Cafimir IV. king of Poland, wlm had undertaken the caufc of the opprefTed people ; by which it was agreed, that the part now called Polifti Pruflia fliould continue a free province under the king's prote by whom he had no ilTue. He uied Aiiguft 17, 1786, aged --, lui/ing reigned 46 years, 2 months, 17 days, and was furcecdcd hy IVcileric-William, his nephew (fun of his brotlicr Williair.-Auguftus), biinin «744> and married in 17O5 to the princefs Elizabeth-Uhica, of BamUvick. His prefent majefly's fifter, Fredtrica-Sophia-Wilhelmiua, was born in i-:i, and married in 1 767 to the prince oi Orange. The KING DOM; of BOHEMIA. Situation and Extent. I t Miles. Degrees. 5J -A .ri-" Length 478 \ between \ ^"^ VV eft and (;2 North latitude. Breadth 322 J ( 12 and 19 Eaft longitude. . Boundaries.] 'TJOUNDED by Saxony and Brandenburg, on the X) North: by Poland and Hungary, 0.1 the Eaft; by Auftria and Bavaria, on the South ; and by the palatinate of Bavaria, m the Weft ; formerly comprehending, i. Bohemia Proper j 2- Silefia j - sad, 3. Moravia. , , . , _ Divifions. Chief Towns. , B ri ; • u BohemiaPro-1 f Prague, E. long- 14-20. N.^ lat- 50. per. W.moftiy iiibj(.'<^ to the Houfe of Au- Hiia. Miles. ..Sq* ^M. 2. Silefia, Eaft, Konningfgratz, E. Glatz, E. fubje^V to the king of Pnilfia. ,Egra, W. Breflaw, E. Ion. 17. N." lat. 51-15. ,v, >f. ■.J!^- ^ 3 Length 162 i ^•- ■ ^Breaclthi42?^''^^^-. Glogaw fi.1 c w A Croflen, N. "^I'y /^>^J'^, > < Jagendorf, S. > iVuit ^"^ ! I ^'^P^^^- S- f"bjeft to the | j I houfe of Anftria. } I I Tefchen, S. fubjert to the j J (^ houfe of Aiiftiia. J V Moravia, S. ^ r Olmutz, E. long. 16-45, entiiely fub- / \ N. lat. 49-40. , /Length 120 jec^tothehoufe f I Brin, middle. . ". " f Breadth 88 ofAuttria J L Igla, S. W. ': • • 3 Soil f.\ixi air.] The air of Bohemia Proper is not thought fo wfeol?- ' lome as that of the reft of Germany, though its foil and produce aic pretty'' •nnrh the fame. iMoujT.iNs AND RiVEus.] Bohemia, though almoft furrounded- with mountains, contains none of note or diftinftion : its woods are many, and thg chief rivers are the Elbe, Muldaw, and Eger. ' ■ ' ' ".■ -JM^TAta Length ,g6 \ ^^^^ Bieadth 92 )► . " V*, i -4| m i^s fe O H E M I A. MiTAi s AND MrNERALS.] Tliis kingdom contains rich mmes oT filvcr, quickfilver, copper, iron, lead, ruipluir, and faltpctrc. Its chief manufactures are linen, copper, iron, and glafs. Population, inhabitAmt.,, ma.jneks, ) We have no certain CUSTOMS, Ai^o diversions* \ account of the preient population of Bohemia; about n;o years ago, it was computed ta jontain near ,000,000 of inhabitants; but at prefent not above 2, oo,coo. The Bohemians, in their perfons, habits, and manners, refemble the Germans. There is, among them, no middle ftate of pto, pie ; for evsry lord is a fovcreign, and every tenant a flave. But th." late emperor generoiifly difiharged the Bohemian pcafant9 on (he imperial demefnes, from the (late of villenage in which they have been fo long and fo unjiiftJy retained \ and it will be happy if his imperial majefty's example fliould be followed by the Bohemian nobility, and thev be thereby led to ceafe to deprive their vaflhls of the rights of hunru nature. Although the Bohemians, r.t prefent, are not remarkable either for arts or arms, yet they formerly diftinguiflied thumfelves as the moll intrepid aflfertors of civil and religious liberty in Europe ; witnefsthe earlv introduction of the reformed religion into their country, when it wa' fcarcely known in any other : the many gloiioUs defeats they gave to thp i^uftrian power, and their generous Itruggles for inde]>€n'dency. Their virttrcs may be confidered as the caufe of their decay ; as no means were left unemployed by their defpotic mafters for breaking their fpirit ; though It is certain, their internal jeaioufes and diflenfions greatly contribute.! to their fubjeCtion. Their cuftoms and diverGons are the fame as in Ger- many. RELioroN.] Though popery is the eftabliflied religion of Bohemia, yet there are many Protcftants among the inhpbitanls who are now tc- leipat^ in tlie free exercife of their religion ; ajid fome of the Moravians kavc embraced a v ifionary iniintcUigible protefbntifm, if it defei-ves iha: tiame, which they have propagated, by their zealous miflionaries, iif federal parts of the globe ; fome of whom, a few years ago, made prolciyte^ in Great Britain ; they have ftill a meeting-houfc in London, and have obtained an ait of parliament for a fettlement in the Plantations. Archbishopkuk awd bishopricks.] Prague is the only Bohemian andibifhoprick. The billiopricks are Koningfgratz, Breflau, and Oimutz. Language.] The proper language of the Bohemians is a diale*.^ ol the Sclavonian, but they generally fpeak German and High Dutch. Uc*lviiRSTiY.l The only uuiverfitv in Bohemia is that of l'rao;uc. CiTiis.A.vi^ TowKt.]. Prague, the capital of Bohemia, is one of tlu .fiiifft and molt magnificent cities in Europe, and famous for its uoble biidge. Its circumference is fo large, that the grand Prulfian ai my, in its laft liege, never could completely invefl it. For this reafon it is able t(> make a vigorous defence in cafe of a regular fiege. The inhabitants are fhought not to be proportioned to its capacioufnefs, being computed not to ex^eo^ 70^00 Chrillians, and about 13,000 Jews. It contains gz cliHrclies and chapels, and 40 cloitlers. It is a place of Utile or no tiaclc* and therefore the middling inhabitants are not wealthy ; but the Jews arc f^id to carry on a large commerce in jewefls. Bohemia contains many qther tojvni, fome of which are fortided, but they are neither remarkable for ilrengh nor"rnanufa6^ures. Olmutt is the capital of Moravia : it is ivell fprtifiedj and has manufaftujes of woolkn, iron, glafs, paper, and gunpowder. Breflau, the capitjj of SilclSa, batl) been already defcribcd. C0MM£R0/' H U N G A R Yi 529 Commerce ANb MANUFACTuRss.] SeeGermany. Constitution and oovernment*] The forms, and only the Ibrms, f)f the old Bohemian conftitiitton, ftill fubfift ; but the government uader tlie houfc of Auftria is dtfpotic. Their ftates are compofed of the clergy, iiobii'tv, gentry, and reprcfentatives of towns. Their fovereigns df lAttf linve not be.ii fond of piovokina them by ill ufage, as they have a ^neral averfion towards the Auftriansj This kingdom is frccjuently dc- inibed as part of Germany, but with little reafon, for it is not irt any of tie nine circles, rtor does it contribute any thing towards the forces or revenues of the empire, nor is it fubjeft to dny of its laws. What glvet fume colour to this miftake is, that the king of Bohemia is the fii-ft lecu- lai- tk^or of the empire, and theif kihgs have been eleftcd emperors of Germany for manv years. R rv^ N tr ES. J The revenues of Boltemia are whatever the fovereign ifi ftlcafc'l to txA>'\ from the ftates of the kingdomt when th(jy are annually iiembled at Fragile. They may perhaps amount to 500,000!. a year. A MS.1 The arms of Bohemia are, afgcnt, d. lion gules, the »il movec^ and paflbd in faltier, crowned, langued, and armed, or. History.] The Bohemian nribility ufed to Cleft their oDim prince^ though the emperors of Germany fometimCs innipofed a king upon thein» ?ik1 at length ufurped that throne themfelves. In the year 1438, Al- bert 11. of Aulhia received three crowns, Hungary, the Eihpirej an4 Bohemia. , , . _ e ■* n\i r- In '414, John Hufs and Jerome of Prague, two of the firft reformers^ and Bohemians, were burnt at the council of Conftance, though the em- iieior of Germany had given them his protection. This occafioned an In- fiineftion in Bohemia : the people of Prague threw the emperor's offlders , out of the window of the council-chimber ; and the famous Zifca^ aftem« blint^ an armv of 40,000 Bdiemians, defeated the emperor*8 forces in fc-; vera! engagements, and drove the imjperialifts out of the kingdom.— Th« divifions of the Huflites among themfelves enabled the emperor to regain and keep pofleffion of Bohemia, though an attempt was made to throw o£ " the imperial yoke, by elefting, in the year 1618, a proteftarit kitfg in th« pel fon of the prince Palantine, fon-in-law to James I. of England. The mif- foitimes of this prince are well known. He was driven from Bohemia by*. the emperor's generals, and, being ftripped of his other dominions, was firced to depend on the court of England for a fubfiftence. After a war * &f 30 yesrs duration, which defolated the whole «mp re, the Bohemians, liHie that time, have remained fubjeft to the houfe of Auftria. x . H U N G A R Y* SiTWATION AND £xT£NT* Miles. ,.^ , Degrees. Sq. Miletf. a '^0 \ '-— \ \i r„'d ;i l^i \ 3^060. Boundaries.] npHAT part of Hungary which l)clongi to the 1 houfe of Auftria (for it formerly included Tran* iVlvaaia, Scalvonia, Croatia, Morlachia, Servia, Walfchia, and other Mm countriesi j i:o H O N G A R Y. countries,) is bounded by Potnnd, on the North ; by Tranfylvanii, and Walachia, Eaft ; by Sdavonia, South j and by Aufti la and ]Sioin\ ia, Weft. ■ ' The kingdom of Hungary is ufmlly divided into the Upper and Lower Hungary. Upper South or HUNGARY, North of Lower HUNGARY, TFeDaNUBE. I THE DaM'BE '■ ■■ ■ Chief fowns. | ' Chief Towns. Prefburg, fitnate on the Danube, E. , Buda,^ on the Danube, li. long. in. • Ion. 17.-3C. N. lat. 4S-Z0. Kewhaufei, N. W. Leopdftadt, N. \V. Chremnits, N. W, Hchemnits, m the middle. "Kfpeiies, N. . Cafchaw, N. if ,.-.i( ..•• Tokay, N.K.^ o, . ■• . .. Zorniar, N. E.' ■. J > m ; •■■■■:• •■ iJnguar, N. E; i ■; :. • .'••• Mongats, N. E* • << 11 * ' :^ Wan\dih-, Great, E^.t •■ •,- Scgedin, S. E. . ijlgria, in the middle. ■ • . Pert, on the Danube, oppofite to Buda. 20. N. lat. 4 •^-4.0. Gran, on the Danube, above Biuia. Comorra, on the Danube, in the iiland of Schut. Raab, on the Danube, oppofite to the hland of Srjiut. Atlenburg, W. oppofite to the iflaiid of Schut. Weiflenburg, or Alba Regalis, fitu- atcd E. of thfc lake, calltd tlic Platten Sea. Kaniiba, 6. W. of the Flatten fea. Fire Churches, N. of the river Diave 1 To which may be added TemelV'ar, which had been confidercd asdif. tinct from Hungaiy, becaufe. it was formerly governed by an independent kiiag ; and it has feveral times been in the pofteflion of the Turks j but the Auttrians gainin'g poflefTion of it, it was incorpoi'ated into the kingdom of Hungary in 1778. The province of Temefwar is q^ miles long, and 67 ^road, containing about 3850 fqua»*e miles ; it has been divided into four Hifb'i^^s, Cladar, Temefwar, Werfchez, and Lugos. Temefwar, the prin- cipial town, is fltuated E. long. 22-1!;. N, Jat. 45-54. \ Air, soil, and PRonuceJ The air, and confequently the climate en, is the work of Gifele, fpoufe of St. Stephen, who embroidered in gold the image of Jefus Chrld crucified, and mmy other images of the patri- archs and apoftles, with a number of infciipfions. The .fword is two* edged, and round at the point. Buda, formerly the capital of Hungary, retains little of its aiK:ient magnificence, but its itrength and foitifications ; and the fame may be faid oiPeft, which lies on the oppolite fide of the Danube. Kaab is likewife » flrong city, as are Gran and Comorra, Tokay has been already mentioned for the excellency of its wines. Commerce and manufactures.] After having mentioned thp natural produce of th? country, it is futhcient to fay, that the chief manu- fa(^ures and exports of the natives confid of metals, drugs, and fait. CoN-STiTUTioN AND GOVERNMENT.] The Hungarians diflike thf term of Queen, and even called their late fovereign king Therela. Their government preferves the remains of many checks upon the regal power. They have a diet or parliament ; a Hungary-otiice, which refeifibks ofir chancery, and which refides^t Vienna; as the iladtholder's council, which comes pretty near the Britifii privy council, but as a municipal jurifdiflion, does at Prelburg. £very royal town has its fenate ; and the Gefpan chafts refemble our juftices of the peace. Befides this they have an exchequer and nine chambers, and otlier fuhordinate courts. Military strength.] The king can bring into the field, at any time, 50,000 Hungarians in their own couatry, but fitldom draws out of it above 19,000; tiiefe are generally iight-horle, and well known to mo- dern times by the name of HufTiirs. Uiey arc not "caj* fo large as the German hor^ ; and therefore the HulTars ihuid upon their ihort ftirrups when they flrike. Their expedition and aleitnefs have been found (q fcrtriceable in war, that the greatefl powers in Europe have troops that go by the fame name. Their foot are called Heydukes, and wear feathers in their caps, according to the number of enemies they pretended to have killed; both horfe and foot are an excellent militia, very good at a pur. fiiit, or ravaging and plundering a country, but not equal to regular troops in a pitched battle. Coins.] Hungary was formerly renwrkable for its coin «ge, and thpir are ftili extant, in the cabinet of the curious, a complete feries pf coins :|', t4m 534 TRANSyLVANIA,SCLAVONIA,&c. of thtlr former kings. More Orcck aw] Roman mcdnls have been dif. covficd ih this in\mtry thin perhaps in any other in luirope. Arms.] The emperor, as king of Kunjrary, for armorial enfi^ , , bears quarterly, bnrwifc, argent and piiIcs, of cii^ht pieces. HrsTOR. ,] 'Ihe'Huns, atttr fnbdiiinjj; this <-ountry in the mi Idle of the third (cntnry, rommiinicattd thtir name to it, bein<^ then pait ( f the ancient Pjnnonia. They were fiirrcfiled by the furioits (toths; tl,e Goths wc'ie expt lied by the Lombird*; ; they by the Avai*! ; and the S( l:tvi vvne plantt d in their llead in the beginning of the <;th century. At rli_' clofe of it, the Anigonjs emi«ratfd from the bnnks of the Voli;n, :w\ took pofTi'fli u of the country. Ilimgarv vas fnrnierly an aircmM.T^c ,'f dilfercn.t ftates, and. the firft who nlUimcc^ the title of kinij, was Stephen, in the year i.qy, when hf embraced Chriitianity. In his reign the f,rru of government was (ftabliduc^, and the crown to be tle»^ive. About the year 1310, king ^ liarlcs Kobcit afccnded the throne, and fubdnci Hvil- garia, Seivii, Cri>aiia, Dalmrti?, Srlavonin, and many ot' er pn.vinces; but many of tliofe conquefts wii e afterwards reduced by the Venetians, Turks, and other pow rs. In the ijtli centuiy, Huniades, who w.s guardian to'the iniant king Ladiilaus, bravely repulfed the Txiiks, when thty invaded Hungary; and upon the death ot j.adiflaus, the Hurgiriani, in 1428, raifed Matthias Corvinus, fon of Huniades, to their throne. Lewis, king of Hung;'.ry, in i<;20, was killed in a battle, fighting a^^ainft Solyman, emperor of the Turks. This b.^ttle had almoft proved fatal to Himgary ; but the archduke Ferdinan.l, brother to the emperor Charles V. having married the fiflcr cf Lewis, he claime-i the title of Hunjyry, in which he fucceeded, with fome difliculty, ;ind that kingdom has ever iirice belonged to the houfe of Anftria, though by its cohftitution its ii^;h it'cxpoits fotm* mrtals and Ihit to Him^ary. 'I'lie other large piiuei are S:«:;trw#r» iMiiltiihaik, and Ntwmaik. \11 /'oits ot provifions jic vt'iy cheap, and rx'xHfnt in their kincv«. Hernianft'.dt is a l;^.iL;e, Ihoiig, and weU-biiilt cit\^ as arc C'hiiifcn!)tirg and Wtillenhiirij. Tljc f(;\t of ^overnintnt is at ifennmiladt, and the j^overnor is alliCted Dv a council made up of the Kon'tan L'atholirs, Calvinift-, and Lutheran). 'I he •iiet, or purlianuiii niCt-ts l»v fnmmons oiid receives the (ommrnds of the fov reign, to whom of late they hrtvt* tx-en more tlevoted than fnmcrly, Thev have a liberty of njaking reiiioniham c; and reprtleutations in cafe of j^rievances^ Traiiivlvania is a part of the ancient Da.ia, tlv.* inhaljitanf: of which long ffiiployed the Roman aims hetore they 'OiiM be luhchied. It wa^ ovcr- 1)11 by the Goths, on the decline of the Roman empire, and thtn r>y the Imns. Their defrtndants retain tlic Came military iharaoler. The po- [lilation of the country is not afccrtained ; but if the Tranfxlvani .ns can b'liig to the field, as h:'.s been allt;rted ^c,: o troops, the whdc nivMbcr I'l inhabitants muft be ronliderable. At prefent its military force i« rc- tiiitcd to fjx regiments of r;oo men each ; but it is well knuu-n, that dur- ii:i) the ]:\i\ two wars, in which the houfe of Aullria was enga -ed, the Tiniif} Ivnnians did great fervice. Hei manftadt is its cnly biflioprirk ; .11(1 the Tranfylvanians at prefent fet m to trouble rhemfelves little ti'htf .iliout learning or religion, though the Roman catholic is the cllabliflicd ihurch. Stephen I. king of Hungary, introduced Chriflianity the.e about tlip year looo, and it was after\/lJ ^:i6 TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA, &c. and the Poles, ftill retain the fame fpirit of independency. Without minding the arrangements made by the fovereigns of Europe, they arc quiet under the government that leaves them moft at liberty. That they aie generous at well as brave, appears from their att; '1 f- P, r >: IT % 1 ■' a €mai V7/ A^ I; 1 t a 7 i4 : '/l ««^MMp<««*'-4MMi r-ui^cv». POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA* 537 Near Segna dwell the Ufcocs, a people who, being galled by opprelTion, efcaped out of Dalmatia, from whence they obtained the name of Ufrocs, fjora the word Scoco, which fignifies a Jeferter. They are alfo called fpringers, or leapers, from the agility with which they leap rather than walk, along this rugged and moimtainous cc-untrv. Some of them live in fcattered houfes, and others in large villages. They are a rough, favage people, large bodied, courageous, and given to rapine : but their vifiblc employment is grazing. They ufe the Walachian language, and in their religious fentiments and mode of worfliip approach nearefl to the Greek church : but fomeof them are Roman Catholics. A part of Wallachia belongs alfo to the Auftrians, as well as to the Turks, which lies to the eaft of Tranfylvania, and its principal towns are Tregonitz, Bucharefl, and Severin. >. • .. ' , '• .If K^j POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. Situation AND £xT£Nr« ,, r' Miles Degrees. ^. Length 700) v^^^_^_ 5 '6 and 34 eafl longitude. , Breadth 680 { ^^^"^^^ \ 46 and 57 north Intitude. BouNDARifcS.] Q EFORE the late extraordinaiy partition of this r> country, the kingdom of Poland, with the great duchy of Lithuania annexed (anciently called Sarmatia), was bounded on the North by Livonia, Mufcovy, and the Baltic lea; on the Eaft by Mufcovy J on the South by Hungary, Turkey, and Little Tartary ; on the Weft by Germany : and had the form of its government been as per- feft as its fituation was compact, it might have been one of the moft powerful kingdon)s in the univerfe. Its grand diviiions were, - Poland. Froteflants. PipIIls. *vs\> \ ^ J Coiirlaind, I'ub- ), jcAtoRuliia Lithuania, Podalia, Volhinia, Great Poland, Red Ruflia, . Littk Poland, ^ Polefia, Mafovia, Samog'tia, Pruflia Royal, or, Poliih Pruflia, ^Pulachia, Square Miles. 4,4 > 4 64,8o<. ap.ooc i9.aoc 18,00c i4,coc 8,40c 8,.iOo 6,40c 4,000 133 226,414 _ Totol— ,.- Dantzic, Thorn, and Elbing, in Pruflia th» protc<2ion of Poland ; the two lafl moft of the privileges of the firft. 3 174 Hi 360 208 230 186 loya sr Chief Cities. 80 Mittaw '52 •55 ii8 loj S Great part of this dif- trid IS now poircfled . by Rulfia. I«o Kaminieck liiOLucko ' 1 80 Om fna iSjLfmburg"! Now diicffy fubjci£t 130 Cracow J to AuUria. 97Brcflici 9o!wa«saw(J: l«>nS-a'-5 ' I.N. lat.52-15. 98 Raflera 4a,Biclh ibing V Now fubjcA to Pruflia, J • , arc ftyled free cities, and were under were fcized by the late king of Pruflia, and tfikUt •}:.«^'.il I 5> . *: ,l.f"iV ^'^'J<'S37 ,r ■»•» 53S POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. Nam^.] It is generally thnught that Poland takes its name from Pofu, «ii Pole, a Srlavoniaii \vord fignitvii;g a country fit for hunting, for which uotie WaS foiintrly in re proper, on account of its plains, woods, wild beafts, and gan.e of' every kind. Clima . E.] The air of I'oland is fuch as may be cxpefted fi-om fo ex- tenfive but level a ( limntf. In the north parts it is cold^ but healthy. The Carpathian mountains, which feparate Poland from Hungary, are covered with everlafting Cnow, which has been known to fall in t e midft of (vimmtT. Upon the whole, however, the clirhate of Poland is temperate, «nd far froi^ ^^eing fo unfeftled, either in winter or fummer, a- might he fuppofed from fo northerly a fituation, but the air is rather infalubrious by reafon of the numerous woods and morailes. - Sail., p.ioDi'CE, AND \v\TERs.] Poland is in general a level countrv, and the foil h fertile in corn, as appears from the vaft quantities that are ieiTt from t'.)ence down the "Vifuila, to Danzir, and which are brought up b}' the DiUt-h, and Oiher nations. The pafhu'es of Poland, efpeciailv in Fot!oiia, are rich beyond exprelUon j and it is faid one can hardly fee' the cattle that grazes in the meadows. Here are mines of filver, copper, iron, fait, and coals ; Lithuania abounds in iron, oclii'e, blaqk agate, fcveral Ijicrics ofcopi erand iron pyrites, and red and grey granite; fome piecious woiifs, and marine petrifactions. The interior parts of Poland contain forc^, which fvirniili timber in fuch great quantities, that'-it is employed in lioiifc-biiilding, infleau of bricks, ftone, and tiles. Various kinds of fmits and herbs, and lome grapes, are produced in Poland, and are ex- celUnt when thty meet with culture, but their wine feldom or never cu«>esto porfcCLion. Poland produces various kinds of clays fit for pipes and cnthcn ware. The water of mapy fprings is boiled into fait. The viirufi of a fpring* in the palatinate of Cracow, which increafes and de- creafes with the moon, are faid to be wonderful for the prefervation of life ; and it is reported, that the neighbouring inhabitants commonly live to lOO, an.l fomc of them to 150 years, of age. This fpring is inflamma- ble, and by applying a torch to it, it flames like the lubtileft fpirit of ■wine. Jhe fhiiie however dances on the furface, \\ ithoat heating the water ; and if negle(fled to be extinguiflied, which it rnay ealilv be, it communioatts itfelf, by fubterrantous conduits, to the roots of trees, iif a neighbouring wood, which it confumes ; and about 3; years ago, the flames areiaid to have lafted for three years, before theycouid be entirely cxtinguithed. R ' VERS.I The chief rivers of Poland are, the Viftula or Weyfel, the Keifter, Neipcr or Porifthenes, the Bog, and the Dwina. LxKiis.] The chief of the few lakes contained in Poland, is Gopto, in the palatinate of 13yzefty ; and Birals, or tlfe White Lake, which is faid to dye thole who wafli in it of a fwarthy complexion. VECiETABLE AND A N . MAL > The vcgctab'c produftions of Polrind PRODtJCTiONS. \have been a! c\uiy mentioijed under the article of^ foil, though fome are peculiar to itfelf, particularly a kind of manna (if it can he called a vegetable), which in May and June the in- habiianis fweep into ficves with the dew, and it fcrvcs for food d!<:ired va^ rious ways. A great quantity of yellow amber is frequently dug up in Lithuania, .in as pieces large as a jman's fift, fuppofed to be the production of a refmous pine. The foiefts of VVarfovia or Mofavia contain plenty of uri, or buffaiot;, yhofe fieflx the Poles powder, ai^d eftecin \t an exceilemt liifli. Horlb, ; ■• wolves, POLAND, iNCLWDiNo LITHUANIA. 555 wolves, boars, the g'onton, lynx, elks, nnd deer, all of them wild, are coiTimon in the ColilU ioitl>s; and there is a fpecies of wild horfes and afTes, and wild oxen, that the ;iobility of tlie Ukraine, as well as natives, are !o!ul of, A kind of w.ilf, rcfernb ing a hart, with fpots on his belly anl lo::^, is found here, ami ?ft"ords the beft furs in the coiintiy; -bxit the elk, which is common in Poland as well as in fome other northern' cwuntiieS; is a ver}' extroordinaiy animal. The fltfli of the Poliili elk foniis tlie mofl: deli ions part of the greateft feafts. His body is- of the deer niPike, hut iriurh thicker and longer, the legs high, the feet broad and clovt-n, the horns lar^s, rough, and broad, like a wild goat's. Natii- ralifis have o-ferved, that npon diflec^iiig an elk, there was found in ita head fome lar;j-e -iies, with its V rains almbft eaten away ; and it is an ob- fervAtinii fiiffi iently attelled. that in the large woods and wildernefles of the Norih, this poor animal is attacked, towards the winter chiefly, by a larger fort of flies, that, through its ears, attempt to take up their winter quarttrs in its heal. This perfeciition h thougiit to affeft the elk with thf falling (1 knefs, by which means it is taken, which would otherwifc prove no eafy matter. PolrOhd produces a creature called bohac ; it refembles a guinea-pig, bur leems to-be of the lever kind. They are noted for jdigging holes in the ground, which they enter in October, and do not come out, except occafion.Jly for food, till April; they have feparate apartments for their provifions, lodging*-, and their dead ; they live to-^ether by loor 12 in a herd. We do not perceive that Poland contains any fpecies of birds pe- culiar to itfelf; only we are told that the quails there have green legs, and that their flefli is reckoned to be unwholefome. Lithuania is rich in ornitliology : among the birds of prey are the eagle and vulture. The rc'iiz, or little fpecies of titmoufe, is ^-equently found in thefe parts, fa- mous for the wondrous flruftnre of itsjpendent neft, formed in the fliape of a long purfe, with amazing art. PoPUT.ATIOiV, INHABI 1 ANTS, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. is impoflible to form an eftimate of the number of its inhabitants ; they undoubtedly, before the breaking out of the late war, were very numerous ; but they are fj little known, even at prefent, that numbers of them, in remoter parts continue ftill to be heathens, or have very imperfect no- tions of Ch^iftianity, Some have fuppoft-d Poland and Lithuania to con- tain 1^,0 0,000 of inhabitants : and when we confieler that the Poles have no colonies, and fometirnes have enjoyed peace for many years to- gether, and that no fewer than 2,000,000 of Jews are faid to inhabit there, perhaps this calculation is not exaggerated. l>ut fmce the partition and liifmen.bermtnt of the kingdom, the number ii only 9,000,-100, of which 6oo,Doo are Jews ; the provinces taken by Ruffia are the largeft, by Aurtria the moft populous, and by Pruflia tlie moft commercial. The Riiflian contain 1,^00,000; the Auftrian 2,-00,000; and the Prullian about 86 >,ooo ; amounting to about 5,000,000 of fouls feparated from their ancient kingdom. The Poles, in their perfons, make a noble appearance ; their complex- ion is fciir, and their flip.pcs are well poi portioned. They are brave, ho- ntft, and hofpitable ; and their women fprightly, yet modeft, ana fub- niifiive to their hufhands. Their diveriions are warlike and manly ; vnulting, dancing, and riding the great horfe, hunting, fltaiting, bull and |)fcai-batiiTg. "Ihev ufurdiv "travel o^ horfeback ; a Polifli gentleman 7 From what has been faid \ of the extent of Poland, it 'ii^M 4- fiili); 540 POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. m'lll not travel a ftone's thiow vvitliout his hoife ; and they arc fo liard\', that they will fleep upon the ground, without any bed or covering, \n froft and fnow. The Poles never live above flairs, ami their apartments *re not united ; the kitchen is on one fide, the ftable on another, the dwelling-houfe on the third, and the gate in the fiont. They content themfelves with a few fmall l)tds, and if any lodge at their hoiifes, thev muft carry their bedding with them. When they lit down to dinner or (upper, they have their trumpets an.i other mufu: j)laying, and a number of gentlemen to w ait on them at tabic, all ferving with the mod profound refpeft ; for the nobles who are poor, frequently find themfelves undtr the neceffity of fcrving them that are rich : but their patron ufuallv treats them with civility, and permits the eldeft to eat with him at his table, with his cap otf ; and every one of them has his peafant-boy to wait on him, maintained by the mafter of the family. At an entertainment, the Poles lay neither knives, forks, nor fpoons, but every guefl brings them with him ; and they no foonc r fit down to dinner than all the doors are ihuf, and not opened till the compnuv return home. It is ufual for a nobleman to give his fervant part of his meat, which he eats as he ftands behind him ; and to let hhn drink out of the fame cup with himfcif : but this is the lefs extraordinary, if it be confidered that thefe fervants arc cftecmed his equals. Bumpei-s are in much faihion, both h re and in Ruflia ; nor will they eafily excufe any perfon from pledging them. It would exceed the bounds of this work to defcribe the grandeur .md equi- pages of the Popifli nobility : and the reader may figure to himfelf an idea of all that is faftidious, cere iionious, expenfive, and fliewy in life, to have any conception of their way of living. They carry the pomp of their attendance when they appear abroad, even to ridicule ; for it is not iin- ufual to fee the lady of a Polilh crandee, befides a coach aiid fix, with d great number of fervants, attenfifed by an old gentleman ufticr, an old gentlewoman for her governante, and a dwarf ofeach fex tohold up her train ; and if it be night, her coach is fuiTvUnded by a great number of flunbeaux. The figure of their p^mp, however, is propoi tioned to their cflates ; but each prrfon goes a^ f;ir as his income can altbrd. The Poles arc divided iito nobl.s, deq^y, citizens, and peafants: the peafants are divided into two forts, thofc oi th; crown and thofe belong- 3n<; to individuals. Though I'oland has its princes, counts, and barons, yet the whole' l>0(iy of the nobility are naturally on a level, ex.'^Jt the aitference that aiifcs from the pntilic polls they enjoy. Hence all who are of noble birth call one another hrothcrs. 'I hey do not value titles of honour, but thinli a j^^/i// r,.;,/ 0/ I'oin^ul is the higheft appellation they ran enjoy. They ha c many co'ifiderable privilege-> ; and indeed the boaHed Folifii liberty is properly limited to them alone, partly by the in- dulgence of former kings, but more generally from ancient cuftom and prefrription. They have a ; ower of life and death over their tenants and vaifils, |7ay no rixcs, are fubjei'^ to none bur the king, may ciuife whom they will for their kinj.^, and \<*y him under wliat reihaints they pltafeby the itti-fa on-'i-ii'i:; an.l none but tlicy, and the burghers of fomc particu- lar Towns, can purrhafe lands. In fhort, they are ahnoft entirely inde- pendent, enjoying many otb.tr privileges entirely incompatible with a well regulated ftate ; but if they engage in trade, they forfeit their no- bility Thefe gre.it privileges make the Polifli gentry-powerfiil : many of then\ have large territories, as we have faid, with a defpotic power over thcii* tenants, whom they call their fubje£ts, and transfer or affign over * • <|vith POLAND, iNCLDiNG Lithuania, 541 ulth the lands, cattle, aiul furniture, Until Cafimer the Great, the lord (.ould put his ptafant to death with impunity, and when the latter had no chiulrtn, confidered himfeif as the heir, and feifed all his cffe<^s. lu . , u , Cafimer prcfcribtd a fine for the murder of a peafant ; and enafted, , that m cafe of his deceafe without ifiiie, his next heir fliould inherit. But . thefe and other regulations have proved intffe;flua] againll the power and tvranny of ihe nobles, and have been either abrogated or eluded. Some ofthem have eflates of from five to thirty leagues m extent, and are alfo htreditary fovereigns of cities, with which the kine has no concern. One of their nobles polTefles above 4000 towns and villages. Some of them can raife H or 10,000 men. The houi'e of a nobleman is a fecure afylum tor perfons who have committed any crime ; for none muft prefume to t^ke ihem from thence by force. They have then* horfe and foot guards, »^hich are upon duty day and night before their palaces and in their anti- chambers, and march before them when they go abroad. They make an «xtraordinary figure when they come to the diet, fome of them having ^uoo guards and attendants ; and their debate in the fenate are often de- termined by the fword. When greit men have fuits at law, the diet or other tribunals decide them : yet the execution of the fentence muft be left to the longeft fword, for the juftice of the kingdom is commonly too weak for the grandees. Sometimes they raife 5 or 6000 men of a fide, plunder and burn one another's cities, and btfiege caftles and forts ; for they think it below them to fubmtt to the fentence of judges, without a iield'battle. As to the peafants, they are born flaves, and have no nor tioa of liberty. If one lord kills the peafant of another, he is not capi- tally convicied, but only obliged to make reparation by another peafant •qual in value. A nobleman who is dcfirous of cultivating a .piece of ■ laiid, builds a little wooden houfe, in which he fettles a peafant and his fa/- {iiily, giving him a cow, two horfes, a certain number of geefe, hens, &c, and as much corn as is fufficient to maintain him the firft year, and to im^ prove for his own future fubfiftence and the advantage of his lord. The peafants having no property, all their acquifitions ferve only t© enrich their mafter. They are iudifpenlably obliged to cultivate the tarth ; they are incapable of entering upon any condition of life that rai^ht procure them freedom, without the permiiiion of their lords ; and they are expofed to the difmal, and frequently fatal effeils of the caprice, ciuelty, and barbarity of thtir tyrannical mafters, who opprefs them with impunity ; and having the power of life and property in their hands, too ottcn abufe it in the molt grofs and wanton manner, their wives and, daughters being e>pofed to the moft brutal treatment. One bieflint;, however, attends the wretched fituation of the I'olifli [>eafants, which is their infenfibility. Born flaves, and accuftomed from their infancy to hrrdfliips, and fevere labour, the generality of them fcarcely entertain atj iden of better circumftances and move liberty. They regard their mafters as a fupeiior order of beings, and hardly ever rcpiyc a? their fe- vere lot. Cheerful and contented vvi h their condition, they arc ready, lipoii every occcafion, to facrifice thtmfelves and their families for then- I nafter, cfpecially if the latter takes care to feed them well, Moll cf them fecm to think that a mi:n tan ncjver be very wretched while he has. j any thing to eat. I have been the riiorc circumftantial in defcribing the, manners and prefent ftate of the Poles, as they bear a near refccnbla^ce, ; \k many particulars, to thofe of Lurope in general during the tell dai j *£« ; but th^ir tjxanny over tjieir tenants and valTals leem . to bp car- mP 'mi- .;» 54* POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. rietl to a much {greater height. Lately indeed a few nobles of enlight. cned unclcrftandins^s, have ventured to j^ive lilnrty to their valliilb-. '["he firft who granted this freedom, was Zaiiioiiki, formerly orcat rhanccllor, who in 170., enfranrhifed fix villac;es in ihe palitinate of Mafovja, and ■afterwards on all his tftate*. The event hath flicwed the projc«ft to I)e no lefs judicious tlian humane ; friendly to the iu)blcs' own interefts ns wiil as the happintls of the pcafants ; lor it apj)ear.5, that in the diftric^i in which the new arrangement hath been introduced, the population of the villages is confiderably increafed, and the revenues of their tftati.s aiic mented in a triple proportion. Prince Stanillaus, nephew of the king of Poland, hath very lately enfranchi fed four villages near Warfaw, andharh not only emancipated his peafants Irom flavfry, Init condefcends to direct their affairs. So that better times ia that dilti ellcd country may be ex- pelled. Dk ESS.] The drcfs of the Poles is pretty fingular. They cut the hair of their her^Als Aiort, and fliave their beards, leaving only large whiikers. They wear a veft which reaches down to the middle of the leg, and a kind of gown over it lined with fur and girded with a fafli, but the lleevis fit as cloie to thcii; arms as a waiftcoat. Their bree* hes are wide, and make but one piece with their flockings. They wear a fur cap or bonnet; their ftiirts' are without collar or wriftbands, and they wear neither (lock nor neckcloth. Inflead of flioes, they wear Turkey leather boots, with ■ thin foles, and deep iron heels bent like a half lmoou. They carry a pole- ax, and fabre or cutlafs, by their fides. \Vh«:ii they appear on horfe- back, they wear over all a fhort cloak, which is commonly covered with furs both within and without. The people of the b^ft quality wear fables, and others the Ikins of tygers, leopards, &c. Some of them have fifty fuits of dloaths, all as rich as poflible, and which defcend from father to fon. Were tt not for our own partiality to fhort drefl^es, we muft acJ of the n;. on, atr '^ narious of the Roman Cathohc religion, even to enthullnriu. Tlic tr. f of OHva, which was concKulfd in 1660, and tolerated the diflidents. .i» guarantied by the prim ipal power? in Europe ; but has finre been 1 .^r (iifregarded by the Poles, that, about the year 17^4* ^^^^7 "i^<-^« » pn'Aic nialTac^e, under the fan<5tion of law, of the proti Hants of iMiorn, for which no fati.sfa(^ioa has been as yet obtained. The fame niay be laid of the other numerous piovilions made for the prote(5tion of the proteftants, who were p^rfecutcd, when Jews, Tinks, and Infulels of every kind, haire been toicratetl and encouraged. 1 he nionr.ftei ies in Poland r.rcbyfome writers faid to be ^-0, and the nunneries 117, bclides 246 ftminaritsof colleges, and 31 abbeys. 1 he clergy are polTe(red of a very large prc^r- tion of the lands and revenues of the kingdom. The Pollfii clergy, ia general, are illiterate bigots, and the monks are fome of the moft profli- gate of mankind. They are often feen drunk, and led from taverns, with- out apprehending any difgrace to their order, or dreading the cenfure of their fuperiors, who require equal indulgence. After what has been faid, the reader cannot be at a lofs to account for the vaft ("way n'hich the pdpilb clergy have had in Poland at different periods, notwithftanding the treaties and capitulations which have been made in fivour of the proteftants an4 the members of the Greek church. Indeed, it has been chieHy owing to the influence and conduft of the popifli clergy, that the peafauts m Poland hive been reduced to fuch a ftate of wretched llavery. The principles of iSocinianifm made a very early and confideraMe pro- grefs in Poland. A tranflation of the Bible into the PoliAi language was publilhed in 1572; and two years after, under the direction of the fame perfons, the Catechifm, or confeilion of the Unitariins, was publifiicd al Cracow. The abilities and writings of Socinus greatly contributed to the extenfive propagation of his opinions ; but though the Sociiiians in Poland have been very numerous, they have at different times been greatly perfc- cutcd. However, it was lately refolved between the repubKc and partition- ing powers, that all dilfidents fliotild henceforth enjoy the free exercife of their religion, though to continue excluded from the diet, the fenate, and the permanent council. They are to have churches, but without bcflis; alio fchools and feminaries of their own, and ai*e capable of fitting in the in- ferior courts of juii ice. ARCHBisHOPRicks AND Bi shopricks.] Pdand coWains two arch- bifhopricks; Gnefna and Lemburg. The archbifliop of- Gncfna, befides being primate, and dining an inter-reign prince-regent of. the kingdom, is always a cardinal. The other bifliops, particularly of Cracow, enjoy great privileges and immutlities. Language.] The PoHfh language is a dialeft of the Sclavonic, and u both harlh and uftharmonious, oa account of the vaft number of confo- nants it employs, fome of their words having no vowels at all. The Li- thuanians and Livonians have a language full of cojTUpted Latin words; but the RulHan and German tongues are underftood in the provinces boi- dering on thofe countries. Learning ai»o lEarned men.] Though Copernicus, the great re- ftorer of th^ true aftronomical Ij'ftem, Vorftius, and fome other learned «efl were >8tive« of Poland, yet its foil is far from being .favourable ti» leirning ill 1 i 544 POLAND, includimg LITHUANIA. k«rning. Latm h fpoken, though incone^ly, by the common people I,; fome pi'ovinces. But the contempt which the nobility, who place thrif chief importance in the privileges of their rank, have evtrfliewn for learti- ing, the fervitude of the lower people, and the univerfal fuperftition amonif all ranks of men, thefe circnmltances have wonderfully retarded, and, nor^ withilanding the liberal efforts of hisprefent majcfty, uill continue to retard the progrefs of letters in this kingdom. However, of late a tafte for fcience hath fpread itfelf among the nobles, and begins to be regarded as an accom* pliihment. Universities.] The unlverfities of Poland are thofe of Cracow, Wilna, and Pofna or Pofen. The firft confifts of eleven colleges, and has the fuperviforAiip of 1 4 grammar fchools difpcrfed through the city ; thr number of fludents, in i-rtJ, amounted to 600. Wilna was uncler the fuperintendence of the Jefuits, but fince their fuppreflion the king hath cuiabliflicd a committee of education, who appoint profeflbre, and dirtft their falaries and ftudies: that of Pofna was rather a Jefuits* college than ,ah univerfity. Antiqjuities and curiosities, 1 The frequent incurHons of the NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. * Tai'taH and Other barbarous na- tions, into Pofand, probably forced the women fometimes to leave their children expofed in the woods, where we muft fuppofe they were nurfed by bears and other wild beads, otheiwife it is diBicult to account for thtir fubfidence. It is certain that fuch beings have been found in the witods both of Poland and Germany, diverted of almoft all the properties of hu- manity but the form. When taken, they generally went on alUfours ; but it is faid that fome of them have, by proper managements attained to the ufeof fpeech. The fait mines of Poland confift of wonderfiil caverns, fevcral hundred yards deep, at the bottom of which are many intricate windings and laby- rinths. Out of thtfe are dug four different kinds of falts; one extremely hard, like cryftal; another fofter, but clearer; a third white, but brittle ; thefe are all brackifli, but the fourth is fomewhat freflior. Thefe four kinds are dug in different mines, near the city of Cracow; on one lide of them is a ftream of fait -water, and on the other one of frtfli. The revenue ' arifing fi'om thofe, and other fait mines, is very confiderable, and formed part of the royal revenue before fcized by Auilria ; the annual average profit of thole of Wiclitzka, eight miles from Cracow, was about 98,000!. fterling. Out of (ome mines at Itza, about 70 miles north-eaftof Cracow, are dug feveral kinds of earth, which arc excellently adapted to the potter's ufe, and fupply all Poland with earthen ware. Under the mountains adjoining to Kiow, in the defertsof Podolia, are feveral grottos, where a great number of human bodies aie preferved, though buried a vaft number of years fince, being neither fo hard nor fo black as the Egyptian mummies. Among them are two princes, in the habits they ufed to wear. It is thought that this preferving quality is owing to the nature of the foil, which is dry and fandy. Poland can boaft of few antiquities, as old Sar- natia was never perfectly known to the Romans themfelves. Its artificial rarities arc but few, the chief being the gold, filver, and enamelled veflel , prefented by the kings and prelates of Poland, and preferved in the cathe- iral of Gnefna. ; Cities, towns, forts, anp otHvr ) Warfaw lies on the Viftula, " Ebificts, PUBLIC AM) PKivATf. > find almoil in the centre oX l^okpfL It is the royal reUdknce ; and contains many naagoi^ceat paJacet ^■'xf^^^*"- ■^■-. ' . ■- ■. . ana .•»»» 'v tie \u earn « moiu', not' retard cience ccora^ racow, nd has |r; thr ler the ig hath I diitft jc than of the ous na- ve their ; nurfcd ■or thtii- le woods s of h\j- irs; but d to the hundred ind laby- utremely lite, but Thefe on one h. The ibk, '''"'* |e annual /as about •th-eaftof [dapttd to nder the [\ grottos, •ied avail: Egyptian i to wear, [f the foil, IS old Sar- artificiai l^d veffel , jthe cathe- Viftula* [centre of It POLAND, iNiri.uoiNc; I.TrHUANIA. . . ? x4& 545 an! A ot!uT luiiUlingj;, ,l)«liiltt; (luinlics aiui riuivcnts. It is Tiid ro^ , )t\U\n nt\ir 7:,o:»o inliMiiit uil :, l);rt a i>r<.'.t wmvW.r :'.iy ro»(.t'»»ur^ Thr Ihtt.: . arc fj>.uioii>. luit ill p,«vi J, and tlic j^ivjttlt jj.ut ol the lioulv.«s;, p:!n- ticulaily id tht* liiliiiihi, :u • iman woovlc u lu)\i-]s. 'Che rify txiiibits a .iioii^i ionu.i1l of \v«.alti» iiul poviiry, a!.ilotli t\uy put «)• this imhappv .(.iiiUiy. It h;ts little* or no conuiiCive. 'I'hc lame may be jiiid of C la- row, whirli IS the tapitil (tlioii.'h that houonr is iliCputtd l.y Wnrf.iw), f/or \\c art* told, that notwithltandinn it lies in the nfii^hbo.nhood of the • xh falt-mihcs, and is faid to tontaiii fifty cliuirhr: ;m I ronvi'iits, its . .mnii'^rie is imonlivlera';lt\ The city flands in an eKteiUive plain wa- teitd In the Viflul.i, and with the I'uburbb oi mpy a valt l]tMrv of ground, but altoi; tiiLT (r:\r.tiy contain i6,o o loiils. It is fu! rounded r.itti. Iiii;:i briik w.'lls, Ifren^thoncd with round anti fquare tuwiio in the :nu:irnt itvie of fortilication, and is gairifont-d with 60 ) Kullian-; Grodno, tliough not the capital, is the jHimipal town in Lirhuani.i, i)nt a lar^M.* -jiid l"ai;i;ling place, contalniiiij mined piilaces, lallinp, hoiilVs, nnil wietclied hovel;*, wiili about 7C00 inliAbitants ; io.x) ol wliich are [eu's, and 3000 are employed in new ntannfactures of cl..tlis, caniblits, linen, lotton, lilks, ftulfii, &r. eftablifiied tluie by the king in 177 . He hath airoeftabli(hed in this place an academy of phylie 'or Lithuania, in whiili Ij ftudents arc iaftruvft.d for phylic, and 20 for furt;ery, all taught and Miaintained at his own ey-jx-nce. 1 Dantxic ib the capital of i'olilb Pruiua, aneing formerly at the liead of the Haiifeatic aifociation, romniO!;!y called the Hanfe-tnwns. It is fituatcd oil the VMilula, near five miles horn tlie IJaltio, and is a lar^e, beautiful, ivipiiloui city ; its houfes generally are tive itoi-jeR hi^h ; and many of its Ttreets are planted with chefnut trees. It h:is a line harbour, and is ftitl a moft eminent commercial city, althouj;h it ftems to be ll>niewhat patt its meridian glory, which was probably about tiie time that the prefidti^t (it Thou wrote his much eltecived tlijloria Dii -l cmpori.i^ wherein, under The year 1607, he fo hi^;hly celebrarc) its commerce antI grandeur. It fs a republic, ciainaing a buall adjacent territory about 40 miics rcHind ir» which werti under the protctftion of the kin^ and the icpiilijic of rojanu. Its magiRracy, and the majority of the inhal)itaiitj, are Lutlie;-ans ; al- though the Romaniftj and Caivinilfs be ciiualiy tolerated \i\ u. It is rich, aiul has 2(; parifltts, with many convents and bofpitals. The in- '.; habitants have {ntw co'uptited to amount to vod,ooo ; but l;itri- compu- t.uion'; fall coniiderably ihort of it ; as rpjH-ars by its annual bill ol- moitaliry, exhibited by Dr. Bufihing, who tells uh-, that in the ycr.r 1752, there diid but \f>^b perfons. Its own Ihipping i.-* numerous; bur the torei:;ii fliipj conftantjy jtforting to it are more fo, whereof 1014 at- rived tl;tie in the year 1752 ; in vvnich yirar alio 1 z\i^ Pojifli veUcis came ^. early as the year 9()7, that Dantzic was a large coaniurciaJ "^ity, and liioc ivill.is^e and incx>nlidi-i-abie town, as fome prttend. i-:..-yA ^'l*e inhabitants of Dantzio hav,-' often ciianged their mnflers, and hnv/* " ftirwiiniv been undc|- the protc»^ion of tht: Engiilh and Dntch ; bvit N n gcurru'.y MM: L^itin} * • in \^^m bJ ' ■ t ''''1 i."l. fr ' tlr.t' 'd 'I i ' ' '■ • !»■ ' ,'l' t Mr, f ■ . , > •; I K V 546 POLAND, iuclddiHg LITHUANIA. !'^ r »enernl!y have flifwn a jrrcat predilertUm for the kingdom and rppublirftf roland, as !>eii"!<' Ids likeU' to rival rhtin in their tiade, or abr'idgc theit. ot their immunitifs, ^\'hirh I'carh even to tiie privilege of coliiinc; moncv. Thoiifrh friniioly fortiliod, aid ponrfft'l of i;o large l)rafs rannon, rt rould not» through lis litiu'tion, flam! a resjiilar fici^t, brriig furrouiuled Villi eniin. n'-es. In 17? , thi- iiiliabitants difrovcrcd a rfinarkahic af- taclinunt and lidejitv towards StanMhuis, k\nng, hive enjoyed privilc^r', both civil and reli^^io'us, very difFcrent from f'l'Tc of the re ft of rolaiuf, j^ bcctuife not '1 i;ig .'.hi- to ip.J'.niMhe tvfanny of the Teutonic knii^Iits, they pTit then)fcU'es under the protfi'tion of Poland, referring to them< .felv(s lari^e and ample privil.gts. This city, as well as t'at <*f Tliorn, were exempted bv the kinw of Prufiia from thofe (laim ; \ hich he lateiy made on ilv neighbouring roun- .trits ; notwirhllani.in-^ which his late I'ltifiian majefty, foon after, though* proper to it'ize on the t rritories belonging to Dantzic, under pretence of their hnving foinierly been part of Polifli Prudia. He thert pro..«^/i conventa of the kingdom, by which he engages to intro dure no foreigners into the ai-my or government ; {a that in faft he is no .uwirc thtTn prtfidcnt of the fena'tej which \% compofed of the primate, tl* "^ archbiflwp linw rovin- r, thought M-ctence of rocctded to I efci^cd a rtipportiiblf km of op- :zic, fothat ched in the Dantzic 'IT- tVcr exiftec^, Lilai- treaties, d, and ^w- j-igtilar fuo- 'car 1784, >t intcrpofition : withdrawn) ;as ooncliuied the citizens, itv (lability. in the fanie ,s afterwards POLAND, i>:cLut)iNo LlTHtfANtA. I47 MvVhbifliop of Lc'mbiirg, fifteen biflirtps, and 130 laymen, confining of tllS c're.U otiirers of (late, the Palatines and Caflellans. 'Pl.c diets of Poland are ordinary and cxtratMdiniry : the former meet oiue in two, and fomctimes thrct- ytars, the latter is funimoned by the kiii(T, upon critical emergencies ; but one diflenting voice rende^i-s all their dclil^erarions ineffectual. Tiie Starofls properly are governors and judges iii particular ftaroflies or diftriCts, though fome enjoy this title without any juriflii('^ion at all* The i'alatiiies and Cafteilans, befides being femtors, are Idrd-lieHtcopata and dtputv-lieutenants in their relp-jiflive palatinates. Pic'vious to a general diet, eith ihotikl confider it as an infringement of the laws. The members were thunderftnuk at a piottfl of this nature, hitherto unknown. Warm de- bates took place about the propriety of continuing or dillblving the diet ; at length, hovrevcr, the venal and difcontented faftions whofupported the proteit, obtained the majority ; and the ailembly broke up in great con- lulion. The want of rubordination,in the executive parts of the confti- tiition, and the rendtiing noblemei> independeut and unaccountable for rfu'ir condurt, is a bltniilh which perhaps may be impi-adicable to remove, as it can I e done only by their own confent. After all, when we examine the beft accounts of the prefent conftitntion of Poland, and compare them with the ancient hiflory of Great Britain, and other European kingdoms, we may perceive a wonderful fimilarity between whatthefe were formerly, and what Poland is at prefent. This naturally leads us to infer, that tiie government "of Poland cannot be otherwiie improved than by the intro- du<5tion of arts, manufartures, and commerce, which would render the tommon people independent of the nobility, and prevent the latter from Jiaving it in tlveir power to annoy their fovcreign, and to maintain thofe unequal privileges which are fo hurtful to the community. If a nobKoian of great abilities, and who happened to pofiefs an exteufive territory within the kingdom, fliould be eleded fovereign, he might, perhaps, I, y a proper ule of the prerf>gatives of difpofing of all places of truii am! prolit, and of ennobling the plebeians, which are already vefted in ih< crown, eflablifli the fuccefiion in his qwn family, aixl deliver the Polts from thofc perpetual convuKions which generally attend eleftive king- doms. Indeed the paKtitioning powers, befidss difmembering the befl provinces of Poland, proceeded to change and fix the conflitution and governmeii'i, under pretence of amending it ; confirming all its defers, and endeavour- ing to* perpetuate the principles of anarchy and c'jnfufion. They infiftcii upon four cardinal laws to be ratified, which was at laft obtained. By the Jifl/i " that the crown of Poland iliouJd be for ever elective, and all order of i'liccellion profcribed ;" thus the exclufion of a king's ibnkand grandfon, removes the profj>ed of an hereditary fovereignty, and entails upon the ?;irjgdom all the evils infcparable from, an elertive monarchy. By the /•co'ul^ " thaT foreign candidates to the throne fliall be excluded, and for t'le future no perfon can be chofen king of Poland, excepting a native Polf; of noble origin and pcfielling land in the kingdom;'" thehoufeof Saxony, and all foi'eign p'inces who might be liktly to give weight to i\)lnnd by their hereditary dominions, and rcitore its provinces and liber- ties, are fet aiide. Ry the //v;v/, *' the government of Poland fliall be foi ever free, independent, arid of a republican form ;" the Uhtrum veto, au«i ail the exorbitant privijf:nts of the equeftrian order are con(ini)ed in their Jitmoft latitude. And by aXxq fourth^ " a permanent couiKil fliall be •t'labliftied, in which the execuTivc power fliall be vefted r and in this ct)!:ncil tlic c-qucflrian order, hitherto excluded from the adminiftration of ai'l'airs in tlwintervai of diets, iliall be admitted," lb that the prerogatives " ul rh'j crown are llill larther dia.iniflud ; but this change of the confti- . "f«iJO» wasinunded I'v live partitioniyiipo'A'ers tofevve their own purpolo, ■ '■* • •' ' ,» . " ., ami ri\mi POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 54.^ ni'.d give a large fcope to influence and fadion over that part of the king- dom they had not fcized. Revenues.] Though the king of Poland is ftintcd in the polirical fxercife of his prerogative, vet his revenue is firfficient to maintain him ami his houfliold with great fplendor, as he pays no troops, or otlictrs of itate, nor even his body-guards. The prcfent king h^d i,oo:,-oo and a half of floiins fettled upon him by the commiliion of ftate, and the in- fome of liis predecefTors generally arfiounttd to ixc^rool. flerling. The public revenues arofe chiefly from tlve crown-lands, the falt-mincs in the palatinate of Cracow, now in Auftrian Poland, which alone nmounted to nearly ioo,oool. flerling: am ient tolls and cuftoms, pa/'ticularly thofe of Elbing and Dantzir, tlie rents of Marienburg, Dirfliau, and Rug-enluis, iin(4 of the government of Ciatovv and diflri^t of Niepoliofneicz. Weftern Pruffia was the greateft Jofs to Poland, as by the difmember- nient of that province the navigation of the Viihda depends entiwely up- on the king of Pruliia. This was a fatal blow to the trade of l*oland, for Prulfia had laid fuch heavy duties on t!ie mcrchandifepafiing toDantzic, as greatly t'o diminifli the trade of that town, atid to transfer a confidcrabk part of it to Memel and Koningilungh. By the difmemberment, Poland ioil near ualf her annual income. To fupply this deficiency, it beramc necelFary to new-mod. 1 and increafe the taxes. I;i 1775, all tile impoftsamoiuited to T • neat revenue of the king is - - Out n* which he only pays his houihold expences, ri!-i menial fervants. It arifes from his royal di wit'iT^^i, flarofties, and 74,074!. out of the if'-'ufury. "^•Viiol," ic'/enue _ _ . DcJ.iift the king's revenue for pi-ivy purfe i '). army, flate officers, and all other charges - £' JerL 3? 3,01 2 194,500 c o o o 443^938 '94»5po o o o o 249,438 o o Mi LiTARy sfRENGTH.] The innate pride of thc Polifli nobility is furh, that they always appear in the field on horfeback ; and it is faid that i oland can raife ico,ooo, and Lithuania 70,000 cavalry, and that with eafe ; but it muft be underltood that fervants are included. As to their infantrv, thev are {icnerallv hired from Germany, but are foon dif- nulled, becaufe they mud be maintained by extraordinary taxes, of which the Polifli grandees are by no means fond. As to the ordinaiy army of the Poles, it confiP'ed in 1778, of 12,310 men in Poland, and 7465 in 1/ithuania, cantoned into crown-lands. The emprefs of Ruflia maintains in the country 10,000 foldiers, and every garrifon is compofed of Ruffians and natives: 1000 of the foriner are ftationed at Warfaw. Thefe hold the nobles in fubjedlion, and the king himfelf is little more than a viceroy, while the Ruffian ambaflador regulates the affars of the kingdom under the dire<5lion of his court. Thq pofpolite confifts of all the nobility of thc kingdom and their followers, excepting the chancellor, and the ftarofls of frontier places; and they may b« P4iled by the king into tlie fjeld upon extiaoi'dinaiy Qccajions ; but he N 'J 3 «anatt i 'im\ -■Iff, v*5 li.i i fffi I ' ' iiiilf' fc'' N ^■jiij 5^0 POLAND, iNCLuniNG LITHUANIA. fSDiint keep them above fix wrcks in arms, neitlicr are they obhi^cil 'r, maich ab(jve three Irnmies out of the kinj^Mom. 'i'he 1 ohfli hulTlu^ are the hnell niul niotT: fliewv body of lavah'v In F'Vn'o^ie : next to thtm arc the panrciiis ; and both thofe bodies wear dc fciifive ainioiir of coats of unil and iron caps. The rdl of thcii- cavah/ j>re armed with nuilTcets and hcivy fcymetars. Atttr all that has btcii faid, tlie Tolifli cavalry arc extrei^tly ineffiripnt in the titld, for thouoji tlif \vti\ are brave, and their horf>s e^ccllt'iit, tht-y are f)ran;;rrs to all difcipline j and when drawn out, nolwithftandino; all i\\t auth(>rity tlitir crown-genera!, their otb.er olHccrs, and even the king himftlf, havv over them, they are opprcfTive and dtilruolvc to the court. It is ceitain, ikm- vithflandins', that the I'olts may be rendered exctllcnt troops by uif- cinline, and that on various ocoalions, particidaijy under John Sobiiilii, they made as grct a figure in arms as any people in K\nopc, and proved the bulwark of Chriliendopi againft the infidels. It did not fuit the Saxon pviivres, who fucceeded th;U hero, to encouran;e a maitial ipirit in the roles, whom they perpetually over-awed with their eltftoral troops ; nor ^ndeed to introduce any reforiBation anion<:» them either civil C"«- military ; the eftei5ls of which condurt have been (inccfevercly felt in that country. Okoers.! The "order of the U'l^'fe JCiv^/r," was tiift inftituted I)y Uladiflaus, in' the year IJJJ* 'j'lt revived by Aup.ullus I, in the yciir lyoq, to attach to him fomc of the Folifli nobles, who he feared were la- clined to Staniflaus his competitor; it \yas conferred ^Ifo o'l the czar Peter the Great of Ruflia. The prefent king inOiiuted the " order of ^;. St(inlfl(tusy* foon after his eleAion to the ^:rown m 1765. The baJge is a gold crof? enamelled red, and on the centre of it |s a medallion with the inia;re of St. Staniilaus, enamelled in proper colours. It is worn peii' dent to a red ribbon edged with white. The flar of the ordei 's fitver, and in the centre is a cypher qf S. A. R. (Staniflaus Auguftus Rex) en- circled with the motto, " Piemiamh hicifuty^* HlSTOKY.] I'oland of old was polftfred by the Vandah, who wz\-r. afterward? partly expelled by the Rufs and Tartars. It was divided into jnany fni. •^ ftates or principajities, each almoft independent of another, though they generally l^avl lome prir».ce who was paramount over the reft. In the year 700, the people, through the opprefhon of their petty chi(f^, ^ave the fupreme command, under the title of duke, to Cracus, the founder of the city of Cracow. His pofttrity failings in the year 83", a p afant, on'e Piaftiis, was eltiltd to the ducal dignity. He lived to tlie as^c p I 20 years, and his reign was fo long and aufpicious, that every n.uive Fple who has been Hnce e'.etFled king is called a Pial^. From this ptriod, for f:;MT;e centuries, we have no very certain records of the hifl:ory of Pc land. TJ^e title of duke was retained till the y-'-ir 999* when lioltdaus alfumed tus^ title of king, and conquered Moravia, Fruuia, and Bohemia, ixiaking thtm tributary to Fpland. Boleflaus II, added Red Ruflia to Po- land, by marrying the he\rel"> of that duchy, anno 159. Jagy ellahlifliing a new inilitia, compofed of thf CoiFacs, a roii^di and barharrms race of men, on v'hoin he bc'ilowed th;- Ukriinc, or frontiers of I^Is kingdom. Ujjon his (it'.th, in 1 qHO, the Pol'S chofe Sigifmund, Ion '^f John king of Sweden by C'.itliarine lifter of Sigidunnd II. for their kini:. Siinfmu.d was crowned king of Sweden after his father's death ; but . btiiig expelled, as we h;, I^^r^M>lKc; LlTliUANlA. lliis cxpcviitif>iv ti'^'t thf Dutch apii Jinijliib protoi'lcd Dant'iir, and Cue rlco^cr ot Hrjiiulenbiirg juqinrud tlic Ibvcici'^iity oC Diual Piiilli.i, uhi(U lind (ulvtiiitttil to Clurlca. Tlui.^ the latter luft Poland, of which he had liiadv mi a|incu comphte cniKjUtft. The treaty of Olii'a waii bc^Min aitt:i I he su;tdf'iri)ad been tiriven out of Ciacow and Thorr., by which Pxcviii . J'lHdlia'v^'ib'ieljoi'cd to the i'olci. 'i'hcy weir-, Imwcvef, forced to quit idl pn.tcnu,(^nj tt> i.ivonia, and to cede Sjiioleiiiko, Kloii, and the d;uhv oi Sivcj-hi, 10 tiu" Riifiian'i. . Durir^i; tliufe ti:jidV,<''.\inns, the Pohfii. nobihty grew very >ini.ary v.iii; j!:eir king. Soint- of thtni wcic dill^^tisfiea ^vith the coTuellions lie hud made to the Collac'-, many of whom liad thiH)v\ n oli' thi: loiifa v(»kc : others taxed him wirli want of capacity ; and foine, with, an intention t(j rule i)y a ir.crcenary army ot Geur.ano. L'ahaijr, ivlio vtry pofiihly hu) no fiicU intentions, and wab fond of rciifcnient and iludy, liuding thit cabalo and faflions inoreaful eveiy day, and that he hiiriL'lf mi^du fali a iacrifire to the public difconleni, abdicated his tiirone, and died abbot ot St. Germains, in France, cinpioyin); the rcniaituicr of hio day3 in Laiiu poetical ccnijioriiions, which are lar fron\ being licCpicabic. The moll remore defcendants of the ar-ciei:i Kings ending in John d'Ai- niir, many foreij^n candidates prefented theiid'eh'ts for the croivn of I o> land ; but the J'oles chofe for their king a private geptJeman of Jittie iii- tercft, and lefs capacity, one Michael vViei'nowilki, bccanfe he was dt- Icended from a iiaft. His reign was difgraccful to Poland. Large^ bodies of the CoHacs had put themfelves under theprote:tion of the Turks, V. ho conquered all the provinces of Podolia, and took Jvannnieck, till then thought impregn;:vble. The gi'taieiVprui: of roUuui wa^ then ravaged, niui the tolcs were obliged to pay an annual tribute to the fultan. Notwith- ilanding thofe difgraccfnl events, the ciedit of the Poiifli arms was in ioxnc nicafure maintained by John Sobieiki, the crown-gcntr.-:!, a brave and ae'^ive conmmnder, who had given the Turks leyeral dci.ats. rsh- chael dying in 16;;^, Sobieiki was chofen king; and in 1670, hewasfo iuccefiid againfc the infidels, that he forced them to remit ihe tribute they had impolld upon 1 ohmd ; but they kept poileflion of Kaminitck. In 1653, Sobieiki, though he had not been well treated by the houfe of .Aufhia, was fo public-fpirircd as to enltr into tb.e le:!gne that was iornud for tlic defence of L'h.riftendom a-^irinft the inhdeli, and acquired immor- tal honour, lay obliging the Tuiks to raiic the iiege of Vict:na, ami nxitking a terrible Haughter of the enen-y ; for all which glorious frrvicfi, r.pd driving the Turks out of 1;I unwary,, he '^fas iiy niake the crown hereditary in his family. He died after a glorious r.iign^'iA, 1696, '--JiVf',,^ _ ....," _ _ - - ^ ..'i'olani.i fell into great diflratflions upon Sobieflii's death. Many con- fedtrdc|es were toinied, but all parties feemed inclined to eiedude the SoBldki h.miUy. In the mean while Poland was infulted by the Tartars, lufti' ht'r benvn was in a manner put up to fale. The prnice of Conti, of hc''"tJK%(Hrenal of France, was the moft liberal bidtler ; but while he thcnsHinic'' election almoil fure, he was dilappointed by the inliigues of ' tiit c^uJ^--^ and aTtei^ a fliani POLAND, INCLUDING LITHUANIA. 553 fliam eleftion, beinj^ proclaimed by the biflinp of Cu'svia, he turk yv^i'- k'liioii of Cracow with a Soxon army, and a!ur^ily wa^ ciovvntd in that t:ity in I'^g"- l^hf prince of Conti mnde fevtral imluccelsful efforts to re-cftabiilh his interell, and pivtendci tliat he liatl been aftiially chofcn ; hut he was afterwards obliged to retxirn to France, and the other pow.rt. ot Europe feemed to acquief( e in the eieif^ion of Ant^uftus. The man- ner in which he was driven froni the thron-, by Chaile,s XII. of Swtden, (who procured the advancement of Stanifl.ui-,) and afteiwards reftored by the Czar, l-eter the Great, has been ah-eady related in the hiftory oi Sweden. It was not till the year 17 12 that Ai.io;u(liir, was fully ronfinned on the throne, which he held upon precarious and difagrceable terms. The Poles were naturally attached to vStanilLius, and were perpetually fonning confpiracies and plots againft Auguffus, who was obliged to main* Jain his authority by means of his Saxoii guards and regiments. In 17251 hi", natural Ion prince Maurice, afterwards the famous count Saxe, wa« fhofen duke of Courland ; but Au appear to have prevtntcd this ; for fli&t prince, thnuivh he ojjeiily profelTal to be a zcilous dcfen.i.r of th.' cauCK of the dinidcnts, vft it was ujaniicft fiouj the evt-nt, that hij jiieat ;iiin was to promato tlie views of his own aml-ition. The inrtrvt-ntion of tlia Ruliians iutiio .« (fairs of Poland alfo gave a gtrat diiVnii to all p;n-tii.ir in tlit? kin;i;do?n. 'i he wliole nation run iiUo ronfed rricifs 'oinitd in diftinil^t proviijcfs ; the popifh clergy v/ert- atTlivt; in oppoling the caofe of the dif- ruicnts; and this unfortunate country became the theatre of the mod true! and coiiiplicited of all wars, partly civil, partly rclii;imis, and p-^rily foreii^n. Tlie conhifton, devaftation, and civil war, continued in Foiand during the years rj 9, 17-0, aiid :;; i, whereby the whole fare of the couiit.ry was aluioft deft oyeii ; many of the pi-incipal popifti families retired into foreign llates wirii their efFeds ; anJ had it not been for a body of Rulhan troops which ai'itU a:, guards to the king at Warfaw. thatcity had likewife exhi!)itcii a fcene of phitider and maflaorc. To thefe complicated evils were addcrd, in the ye;ir 770, that nioft dreatiful fcourge the pefti. lence, wliich fpre.id from the frontiers of Turkey ti» the adjoining pro- vinces of Podolia, Voihinia, and the Ukraine; and in thefb provinces ft is faid to have fwept Off 250,0 o oi t!ie people. Meanwhile, fome of thi Fojifli confederates interceded with the Tuiks to affift them againft theii- powerful opprtrtbrs ; and a war eniued between the Ruilians and the Turks on account of 1 oland. But it h?;s been obferved, that the condnfl of the Grand Sitniorand ofthe Ottoman Porte towards the diflreHed Poles» wtreftii^iy juft and honourable, and the very reverie of that of their Chrillian, Catholic, and Apollolic neighboius *. I **.!■ 1764, the cm;>rcfs of RiifTla tranfinitted to the court of Warfaw an adl ofre- Miticiation, iigned with her own haml, ami Icalcd with the iaxl of the empire, wherti in iho Hi-'cbrcs, " Tiiat ihc did by 110 means arrogate cithtr to hcifclf, her ht'irs aJid liucceflpriH or to her i mjure, arty right or chiim to the diOrirts or terrltoriirj. which were aOiually ia policilion, or fubj -it to the authority of the kinpilom of Poland, or jfrcat dnchy of Lithuania ; but that, on the contrary, her faid majcfty would giiaran-i ICC to the f^iJ kingdom of Poland and duchy of l^ithuanii, all the immuuitits, htnJs, t^rritoric*, and di'^rli'^^c, whlkli the faid kingdom and duvhy ought by right to pof' fefh, or did now adually po(lVf>; an.l wdtild at all times, and for tvtr, maintain tium in the full and fr.c cnjoymei t th.rof, aj^ainil the attK.'mpt:s of all and every one who ftiouid at aiy tiniL', of on any pretext, endeavour to difpoflefs them of the lame." In the fi'mc year did tlie king of I'rullia fign with his own hand, an aft, wherein he deoiaicd,* tiiist he had no cl.iims, formed no pretenfions on Poland, or any part thtr.of : that he rouounced all claims, on thut kingdom, eithfr as king of Pniflia, c!«iIor of Ur.maen.'iirg, or duke of Pomcraiiia " In the famo inilrument he guiraii- tt-f,, in the mo'l fol'-'mu mannt-r, t!ie territories and rights of Poland a*ainll every jHJWer whit v:r. Tii.: empr-f^ qiicn of FjMnjrm-y, fo late a; the month of January ly-.i, vfot,: a I'ttcr witli her own hand, lo the king of Poland, in which flie b:3V« l.im the i)gcli Llfuruncts, " That her trieudlhip for him and the republic was firm and un.iltefahle ; th.'.t th:- moti )n of her troops ought not to alarm him : that {he hid ri'vtf ent^nai ed a thuugiit of fcizinij any part of his dominions, nor would even fcift'-r anj oth' r pow^r to doit." iMc-m v.hi'-h, according to the political creed of prInCvS, wc nuy infer, that t.) guarmt.e ih: rights, lih-rrties. and revenues of a ihte, t^i^-^nii to annihilate thofe liU rti -a, f.-ize upon ihofj rights, and appropriate thofe "• venues to their own of;, buch is t,Ut faith of princJa, thic iuitability of nuinan poliuci^_ KiMi of kumaa alliilriif Oa POLAND, iNCLroiNG LITHUANIA. 555 Oil Sept-mher 3d, T771, an attempt was Jn-'.cle I)}' Ko/.inlki, an officef nrr.on.!; the Polifli confi'deratcs, anrl fcveral otlifrs, to adliflinate the king or p(il:uul in the ftreets of Warfnw. His majefty i\cciveil two wounds on hii lie;id, one from a ball, and tlie other from a fabre ; notwithflandinjj wh'uli he had the good fortune to eHape with life, by Ko/iniki's relent* inti;, for which liis own life was faved, and he now refides in tlie papal ter* jitorie", ^vith an annual pcnfi ui from thi- kinj;. Hulilki, another of the fiMupirators, dlftin'^uiQird himfclf in the Au)'.*rioan fervice, and wak^ killi.4 i.vattatking the DritUli lines at Savannah, in 1 ^jq. The foilowin > ytar, r;;?, it appcartd» that the king of Prulfia, the cmp-ior and en)pier-;-qiieen, and the emprcfs r.f RuJlia, had entered into an alliance to divide and difmcmber the kingdom of i'oland, though riufl'M was formerly in a flate of vad'ilage to Poland, and th.^ title of king of PruHia was never acknowledged by the I'oles till 1 764. R\iffia alfo in the t)e<^i!ining of the i^tb. century faw its capital and throne poUeflld by the ■ PoKs ; wnile Auftria, in i6tt 3, was indebted toa kingof Poland for the pre- lervation of its metropolis, and almoft for its very exiltenoe, Thefe three jHicd powers aAing in concert, fet up their formal pretenfjons to the re- fptiHiivt diftrii^ts which they had allotted for and guarantied to each other:' PoliilioiWellern Pruflia,and fomediftriftsboideringupon Brandenburgh, for the k.iugof PrufTia : almoft all the fouth-eaft part of the kingdom bor- tlering -ipon Hungary, together with the rich falt-wovks of the crown fi)r the emprefs-queen of Hungary and Bohemia'^" ; and a large diftri£b of country about Mohilow, upon the banks of the Dnieper, for the eni- prefs ot PvuflTu ft But though each of thefe powers pretended to have a legal title to the territories which were allotted them refpeftively, an4 piibliflicd manifeflos in juftif^cation of the meafures which they had ta- ken, yet, as they were confcious that the fallacies by which they fupportcd their pretenfions were too grofs to impofe upon nr^ankind, they forced the Poles to call a new diet, and threatened them, that if they did not cnfent iinanimoufly to fign a treaty for ceding of thofe provinces to thch* re- fpc'^ively, the whole kingdom \vould be laid under a military execution, and treated 4s a conquered ftate. In this extremity of diftrcfs, feveral of the Polilli nobilUy protefted againft this violent aft of tyranny, and retired' , into foreign ftafes, chuflng rather to live in exile, and to have all their lasided property confifcated, thah be the inflruments of bringing their- co\mtry to utter ruin ; but the king of Poland was prevailed upon to fig n this aft, and his example was followed by many of his fubjedb. As to the king of Pruflia, his conduijt in Poland was the mofl tyraimi-- cal^nd oppreffive that can be conci^iyed, I( was in the year 1771 that at. ;-. • Tlu' dtftfiifl cLwmcd by AuUrIa, Was ♦* all that traft of land b'iii}^ on the right firtt ot the Vlilula, from Silefia above Saiidomir to the mouth of the .San, and from tlieiKc by Frunepolc, Zamojfe, and Rubieflbw, to the Bop: • {''om the Bog along tlie frontiers of Red RuiFia to Zabras, o» the bordera of Voliiinia and Podolia, and from Z.ibra.-: iij a ftraight line to the Nj<.p;.'r, where it receives the Slnytz, takiii^r in a part of Podolia, and then along the boundaries fcparatinjj Podolia from Moldavia. Tlsis country is now incorporated with Auftria, under the appellation of the kingdoms ^>i, Galicia and Lodomeria. t The Tvulfian claims comprife Polilh Livonia, that part of the palatinate of {lo- lotfk to (he eaft of the Puna— the palatinates of Vitcplk, Miciflaw and two portions . of the pal-itinate of Minflc. This traift of land (Polifh Livonia excepted) is fituated U\ White ii uflia and include full one third of Lithuania. It is now divided ilHy thv two govcrumtnu of Polotlk . .dMohilcf, ^^ ,--^' ■-:■.. It;.. ,. ,.,. ^ « _ _ •, ........... --1. ss^ POJ.AND, iN'CLUDiNG LITHUANIA. his troops entered into Great Poland, and diirinrj th? fpar,- of thaf var he « anird off from that piovincc, r.nd its ntij^hh.nnliood, r.r u iiiOvlnatt conipiuation, 12,000 faniiii. s. Ot) the 2yth of October, in the fa me }-car, an t-dift was publifhcd by his Pniflian niajefly, commanding- tvcrv pt.ifon under the fcvcrcft penalties, and even corporal p«iiii/linHiit, tli take in payment for forage, provifions, corn, hories, &c. the mon..y of- ttficd by his tjoops and comminaries. This money was either filver btai- ing the impreffion of Polnnd, and exaiTily worth one third of its nominal vaitjf, or dutats (truck in imitation of Dutch ducats, Seventeen percent, inftrior to the real ducats of Holland. With this bale money he bou^hr \ip corn, and forage enough, not only to fupply his army for two whole ye:^rs» but to flock magazines in the country itftlf, where the inhabifanti Mrere forced to come nnd i*e pure hale corn for their daily ful)fiftence at a» advanced price, and with good money, his commifTaries refusing to take the fume coin they had paid. At the loweft calculation he gained, by this mafteriy and honeft manauvre, fcven millions of dollars. Havincr flrippcd the -country of money and provifions, his next attempt was to tilth it ftill more of its inhabitaiits. To people his own dominions at ti;c expcnce of Poland had been his gj-eat aim; for this puipofehe hit upon a new contribution ; every town ami village was obliged to funiiflj a certain number of marriageable girls: the paients to give as a portion, a feather-bed, four pillows, a row, two hogs, and three ducats in goKI. Some were bound hand and foot and carried off as criminals. His ca- aciibns from the abbevs, convents, cathedrals, and nobles, were fo heavy and exceeded at laft their abilities fo much, that the piiefts abandoned their churches, and the nobles their lands. Thefe exactions continuid with \i»abated rigour, from thtf year 1771, to the time, the treaty of par- iition was declared, and pofieffion taken of the provinces ufurped. From thefe ^proceedings it would appear, that his Pruffian majefly knew no right*'ut his own ; no pretenlions but thofe of the houfe of Brande. ^i ■ I ,' ■ I r-.' , flt^i'i.h -f'V.ViJ- 1 *■ iiv^ any < WIS j^ica \il)on the iiwini^ to fo aftoiiifl j^lory of ♦ormtnl u tint fyftei Sta'niil; rrnwueci r-;:!:i, rcfii BoUNDAI Trent, on Divisi in point 4. Uri ; 10. Fribo The be canton, is Swltzerian Calvinlfts. I'apills CalTlnifts Pupitts The fubje of thi" Swi icrs, Cal\ ills, and Ir S VV 1 T Z E R L A N I). 55/ kcc'l'ini^ them iiiclepcmlfiit, tlmiitrh uiuvjual in pourr, niui <»t piivctif. lug any one, by any means troiu licioniing too puwerinl lor i Ik r» It, WIS gifat and liberal, and thniii;lj the itfnlt of iMih.irifni, was fcnndtd ii])on tlie moll enlarged principles of tht- wiCeft poliey. It appears to !r tiwini; to tills fyftem, that this Iniall patt of t!ie weltern woi Id lins at(juim) fo nftonifliini^ a fiipwiority over the rcll of the i^lobe. "I'iie fortune atxl j^lory of Greece proceeded from a finiilar fylkiu of policy, thoii|;'i formed upon a fauller fcale. Both her fortune a.nd jjlory expired uiiii tint fyftem. Stanill.'uis Aiij^uflus Clate count Poniatow(ki) was born in 173?, and nnu-ned king of Poland in 1764. 'I'his prince, while a private nobie- r:.rA, rcfuUd i'on]*^ time in Londou, and is a fellow of the Royal Socitty, 4 S W I T Z E R L A N D. ie» Situation and extent. betweeti Degrees. i 6 and 1 1 eafl longitude. ( 45 and 48 north latitude. Bound A Ri Miles. Length 260 ) Breadth too \ lies.JTT is bounded by Alface and Swabia in Germaiiv, on 1 the North ; by the lake of Conftnnce, Tii-(;l,' and Trent, on the Eaft ; by Italy, on the South ; and by France, on the W({t. Divisions.] Switzerland is divided into thirteen cantons, which {\-diui ill point of precedency as followf : 1. Zurich; 2. Berne; 3*. hiueiw; 4. IJri ; 5. Schweitz ; 6. Undenvaiden ; 7. Ziig ; 8. GJaris ; 9. ^alll ; 10. Fribourg ; ii.Soleure; 17. Schaflfhaulen ; i ;. Appen/.ei. The beft account we have of the diincnfions and principal towns of esf h canton, is as follows : M » _,.. — Countries Names. Square 3 S Switzerland. Miles. (U £* Cliici' Citiejw i '^•i'/'-^ ir! 8- r i>Li-nc 2,,146 Bcrn<' I Zurich 7a8 .?4 ,?,■! Zurich ^ Calvinifts. < S^haflhaufen 14c i^ 9 Sthaffhaufen :.* IBaril * 340 21 18 BASIL 1 47-40 N / 7-40 E. Lat L Losi r Lucerne 4rt> 3< 35 Lucc-rnc 1 ITnderwaldcn /> -^ 3 r6 Stanta 'i \ (ri (,12 48 ■Ji Altorf '^ ■ . •- ?, ■1 I'apifts. { Sdffe iS 27 1.1 '^uiii'c \ - .-, .. 5 Friliourer . ■ - 4 ^ S7f 40 21 iTiboin-g . . ''-■ I'V; ■ Zug 112 1?. 10 Zug Sok lire ^5.'? 31 «4'Sokiirc, or Solothirrii f CalTinifls and / Appenzel 270 ?'3 ■zi'Ajpcazcl •-4, Papifts t Gluris a57 24 r8,G aris • " < ' Baden 1 Baden ' , • , • ; Brcmpurten > ai6 a6 l2lEr:.'m;>;arrf!i _ . , The fubjccls Mcllinpcn j jMtllingen ofthi- Swit- Rhcinthal 40 ?o fiRiuinv-'ck " " ' 2crs, Calvin- Tliuri^iu 119 18 Il!Fro\vanlii.Id- iiU, and Pa- Lu;j^auo "J |Luj!;aiif> pifts. i.ocarr*© f 8,0 jLo'.".iriio 1 , '■ «■.'. : Mciirtfjs ^ 52 3^;Mf!ulris .". } ^ Magga J 7v':.'»." '■: ■ SS^ S W I T ^ E R L A N D. Countries Names Allif » of the Switzcrs. C;ilvinrft». Grifons 6u' jeds of the r ChJavanna Grifons Cal-J Bormii and viailh &Pap. I Valt< line. Tokt'ii'iurg Calvinifls. '!», '«P - «i i(|is. 1 J OK I Ncu _, . _lthatel Valais liailc St. Gail Tr.ta! 62;Coire r^4|Chiavinna ir),Sondno 8 Liechfcriflfg ir Gtncva • ■ - ' %■■ Ncufchutcl 4 •' ■' . ",- s;,.-n ", '■_ 16 rdr'Ts _ ; ^' ,_ ; lo S{. iijll IVHiihaufcn, in Alfucc, is alfo united to tlicni. Air, CL I^fATF, soiT., Awn FACE 7 This being a mcJiintainou* OF THE COUNTRY. J Pouiftrv, Iviui^j iipoH tile AIps^ (whk-h foim an aniphirhfafre of jnr.re tlian loo miles) the fiofls are ronleqneutly bitttr In wintei-, the hills being covered with fnow fouietiirt? ail the year )ong. In fummer the inequality of the foil renders the fiire province very unequal in its feafons, on one fuie of thofe mountains th* jhhabitants are often reaping, while they are fo\vin<» on another. The rallies, however, are warm and fruitful, anct well niltivated, and nothing fan be more delightful than the fummer months ih tliis chai mhig country. It is fiibjedl to rains and tempefta ; for which reafon public j^ianaries r.r? *very where ertfted to fuppiy the failure of the crops. The water of Switzerland is gehei^ally excellent, and often dcfcen'isjroui the Uiountuins ia large or fmall cattirat5ls, which have a delightful efflt'h • - '" There is, perhaps, no country in the world wherein the advantao;eous cfFefts of imwearied and perfevering induftry are more remarkably con- fpicuous than in Switzerland. In pafPing over the mountainous parts thereof, the traveller is ftruck with admiration, to obferve rocks that were formerly barren, now planted with vines, or abounding with rich paf- turej atid to mark the traces of the plough alonc^ the ftdcs of precipices fo fleep, that a hoife c(7'jid hot even mount them witliuut great dithculty. In rtioit, the inha'.'itants fetm to have furmounted every obllruftioh\i>hich foil-, fititation, and climate had thrown in their way, and to have fprtpJ fertility ovfr various fpots of the country, wliich nature feemed to have ronfigned to everlafting barrcnnefs. The feet of the mountains, an! ibmetimes alfo the very fumftiits, aie covered with vineyaids, corn-field?, fnendows, and pafture-grounds. Other parts of this country are more dreary, conlifting ahrioft entirely r.f barren and inarcefiible rocks, fomc of wiiich are continually covered with fnow or ice. The vallies between tliofe ic^j afidfnowv mountains, appear like fo many fmooth frozen lakes, and from them vaft fragments of ice frequertly fall down into the more fruitlul fpots beneath. In fome parts there is a regular gradation frotri extreme vVildnefs to high cultivatioh ; in others, the tranfitions are very Abrupt, and Very Itrikinc^. Sometimes a continued chain of cultivf.ted motmtair.o, rK'hlv clothed with wood, and ftudded all over with hamiets, cottages above trie ( louds, p;ifturcs which appear fufpended in the air, exhibit tke moll delightful landfcape that can be conceived ; and in otiier places appear rugged rocks, catara accounts, the cantons of Switzerland contain about 2,000,000 of inhabitants; who are a brave, hardy, induftrious people, remarkable for their fidelity, and their jealous attachment to the liberties of their country. Like the old Romans, they are equally inured to arms and agriculture. A general fimplicity of manners, an open and unaffedtd franknefs, together with an inviiu*ibl« fpirit of freedom, are the mod diftinguiftiing charafleri flics of the inha» bitants of SwitEerland. The^' are in general a very enlightened nation 'j their common people are far more intelligent than the fa^e rank of men in moft other countries^ a tafte for literatuic is vdryprevakht among thofe who are in better circumftaiices, and even among many of the ioweft rank ; and a genuine and unartful good breeding is extremely fonfpicuous in the Swifs gentry. On the firft entrance into this country^ the traveller cannot but ob(cive the air of content and fatisfaftion which appears in the countenances of the irdiabitants. The cleahlinefs of th of the lailics are regulated. All games o\ liazaid are aifo Ihidiy pro- hibited ; and in other games, the party who jofes above fix ilorins, whi. h h about nine fliillings of our iiioney, incurs a conliderable fine. Their iliverfions, therefore, are chiefly of the adive and 'virlike kind ; and as their time is not wafted in games of chante, many of them employ part of their leifure hours in reading, to the orreat improvement of their nnderftandings. The youth are diligently trained to all the martial cxer- cifes, fuch as running, wieftling, thi owing the hammer, and fliooting both with the crofs bow and the mulket. Religion.] Though all the Swifs cantojis form but one political republic, yet they are not united in religion, as the reader, in the table prefixed, may perceive. Thofe differencts in religon formerly created many public commotions, which feem now to have fibfided. Zuingliuj was the apoflle of proteftaiitifm in Switzerland. He was a n)oderate refor- mer, and '.iirFered from Luther and Calvin only in a few ipeculative points; fo that CaKiaifm may be fnid to be the religion of the proteftant SwiiTes, But this muft be iinderftood rhiefiy with refpeA to the mode of cluuvli governn.ent : for in fome doolrinal points they are far from being uiiiver« lally Calvinillical. There is, however, too much religious bigotry pre- valent among them ; and though they are ardently attached to the in- terefls of civil liberty, their fentiments on the fubjed of religious toleration are in general much le(s liberal. •;,, »■(.:,/ I.ASGT'AGE.] Several languages prevail in Switzerland, but the moO conimon is German. The Svvideswho border upon France fpeak a baftard French, as thofe near Italy do a corrupted Latin or Italian. Learning an'p learneo ment.] Calvin, whofc name is fo well known in all proteftant countries, inlHtuted laws for the city of Geneva, which are held in hio;h efteem bv the mofl learned of that country. 'J'iie ingenious and eloquent Ronflcan too, whole works the prffent age have received with fo much approbation, was a citizen of Geneva. Koullcaij jfave a force to the French language, which it was thought incapable of leceiving. In England he is generally known as a profe writer only, but the French admire him as a poet. His opera of the Dmyln de yitla v.-as '^ ' i U, foiitio4 SWITZERLAND. 5S1 11 i4>9, •s ; aad lipts, \i with a r.us ar.d t\i than r a dead /erfuits, n, Lau- cAntoft country iape of d won- l-,i^ was formed by the hands of a (ingle hermit, who laboured on it for 2? veais, aiui was living in 1707. It is the gre;\left ciiriolity of the kind perhaps ill the world, as it contains a chapel, apailouf 28 paces in length, 1: in breadth, and 20 feet in height, a cabinet, a kitchen, a cellar, and other apartments, with the altar, benches, flooring, cieiing, all cut out ot the rock. At the famous pafs o{ Piene Perfu'.<, the road is carried thrnn«^h a folid rock near 50 feet thick, the height of the arch 26, and itslreadth 5;. The niarcafites, falfe diamonds, and other ftones foimd ill thole monntains, are juftly ranked among the natural curiofuies of the country. The ruins of Caclar's wall, which extended 18 miles in length, trom Mount Jura to the banks of Lake Leman, are flill difcernible.— Many niomiments of antiquity have been difcovered near the baths of IJuleii, which were known to the Roin.ms in the time of Tacitus. Swit- vjiiaad boafts of many noble religious buildings, particularly a college of jdiiits : and many cabinets of valuable manufcripts, antiques, and curio- iities of all kinds. Neir Roliniere, is a famous fpring which riles in the 'iiidft of a natural bafon of twelve fquare feet— the force that afts upon it miill be prodigious; after a great (iiower of rain, it carries up a column of water as thick as a man's thigh, nearly a foot above its furfaci. Itj rcmiK'ratare never varies, its furface is clear as cryftal, and its depth im- lathoiuable ; probably the ejid of fome fubttrraneous lake, that hath here toMiid an ifliie for its waters. Cities.] Of thefe the moft confiderable is the city of Bern, flnnding on the river Aar. This city and canton, it is faid, forms almoft a third if the Helvetic confederacy, and can, upon occafion, fit out ioo,coo armed men. All the other cities in Switzerland are excellently well jxovided with arfenals, bridges, and public edifices. Bafil is accounted by fome the capital of all Switzerland. It is fituated in a fertile and (klightful country, on the banks of the Khine, and the confines of Alface ami the empire. It contains two hundred and twenty ftreets, and fix marketplaces. The town-houfe, which ftands on the river Birfec, is ' liippoi ted by very large pillars, and its great hall is finely painted by thrt of the fcnate, hath divided the citizens into parties, and. thct late lh-»ggi«^ Oo «f 562 SWITZERLAND. r)f Pati ioiaiis anil Plcbcinns lias been protlu»5Hve of the moft niinrnKfon* fequenrt s. 'I'he city is now under the protf<^ion of France, or rather \U niavjib-ares, and coiincil, the partizans of ari(locra<-y ; many of its vahi- able riri/ei>s iiave a(rordiiii;iy L-ft thj place, and I'yiight refuge and pro- tection in Ireiandai d tUewliere. CoMMiiRCE AMD M A N I' F ,. c r UR bs. J The produftions of the lonm, Jinen, dimity, lace, (tockiiigs, handkerchiefs, ribands, filk and painted cottons, and gloves, aie common in Switzerland, and the inhabitants are row beginning, notwithftanding their fumptuary laws, to fabricate filks, velvets, ami woollen mannfaclilnres. Their great progrefs in thofe nianu- fi6lnres, and in agric.ultur«, gives them a profpec^l of being able fuon to make confulcrable exports. CoNSirrurioN and govhrnment.] Thefe are very complicated heads, though belonging to the lame body, being partly ariflocratiral, and partly drir.ocratical. Every canton is abfolute rn its own jurifdi6tioii, but ihofe of Bern, Ziufcli, and Lucerne, with other dependencies, are ariftocratical, with a certain mixture of democracy, Bern excepted. Thofe of Uri, Schweita, Underwald, Ziig, Claris, and Appenzcl, are demo- craticaK BaftI, though it has the appt arance of an ariftocracy, rather inclines to a democracy. But even thofe arillocracies and democncies differ in their particular modes of government. However, in ail of them the reat interefls of the people appear to be much attended to, and tliey enjoy a degiee of happinefs not to be expefted in defpotic goveiii- ments. Each canton hath prudently reconciled itfelf to the errors of its neighbour, and cemented, on the bafis of atfe(ftion, a fyflem of mutual defence. The confederacy, confidered as a lepublic, comprehends three divifions. The firft are. the Swiffts, properly fo called. The ftcond are the Grifons, or the iiates, confederated with the Swifles, for their common protci- tion. The third are thofe prefectures which, though fiibjeift to tlie other two, by purcbafe or otherwife, preferve each its own particular ma- giftrates. Every canton forms within itfelf a littte republic; but when any controvei*fy arifes that may affeft the whole confederacy, it is referred to lh£ general diet, which fits at Baden, where each canton having a vote, every queftion is decided by the majority. The geaeral diet conliffe of two deputies from each canton, befides a deputy from the abbot of St. Gall, and the Vities of St. Gall and Bien. It is obferved by Mr. Coxe, to- whom the public have been indebted fov the beft account of Switzerland that has appca»'ed, that there is no country in which happi- r>eft and content more iini verfally prevail among the people. For whether the govern-me>rt be ariftocratical, democratical, or mixed, a general ipnit of liberty pervades and aftuates the feveral conftitutions ; fo tl>at even the .oligarchical (tates (whic^, of all. others, are ufually the moft tyiannicn » are here peculiarly mild ; and the property of the fubjeft is ferureiy guarded againft every kiivd of vielation. A harmony is maintained by the concurrence of their mutual felicity ; and th&ir fumpluary laws, and equal tiivifion of their fortunes among their children, feem to enfure its continuance. There is no part of Europe which contains, within the fame e-vtent of regioti, fo many independent commonwealths, and fuch a variety of different govenuDents, as are Collefted together in tbia- remark- able anddelightfiil country ;• and ye.t, with fnch wifdom was the Helve- tic union compofcd, and fo little have the Swifs, of late years, been aiftuiited by the ipirrt of conqupit, that Cmcc the firm and complete (i^^^-- ^ '^ ' bliflimeu.' SWITZERLAND. 5^3 bnfhment of their general confederacy, they have fcarcely ever had oc- rafion to employ their arms againft a foreign enemv ; and have had no lioftile commotions among themfelves, rhat were not very foon happily terminated. ^ _ * Revexues and taxes.] The variety of cantons which conftitute the Swifs confederacy, renders it difficult to give a precife accoimt of their revenues. Thofe of the cantorf of Bern are faid to amount annually to ^00,000 crowns, and thofe of Zurich to 1 50,000 ; the other cantons in proportion to thtir produce and manufaftures. Whatever is faved, after defraying the neceltary expences of government, is laid up as a com- mon (lock : and it has been faid, that the Swiflcs are poflefTcd of 500,000!. fttrlinf^in the Englifli funds, befides thofe in other banks. The revenues arile, i. From the piofits of the demefne lands ; 2. The tenth of the produce of all the lands in the country ; 3. Cuftoms and duties on merchandife ; 4. The revenues arifing from the fuJe of fait, and Ibiiie cafual taxes. Military stbength.] The internal ftrength of the Swifs cantons, inclependtrnt of the militia, confifts of 13,4.00 men, raifed according to the population and abilities of each. The ccconomy and wifdom with which this force is raifed and employed, are truly admirable, as are the arranr;ements which are made by the general diet, for keeping up that j^i eat body of militia, from which foreign ftates and princes are fupplied, « lo as to benefit the ftate, without any prejudice to its population. Every burgiierj peafant, and fubjcil, is oblis^ed to exercife himfelf in the ufe of arms ; appear on the ftated days for fliooting at a mark ; furnifh himfelf ' with proper clothing, accoutrements, powder, and ball ; and to be always ready for the defence of his country. The Swifs engage in the fervice of foreign princes and ftates, either merely as guards, or as marching re- ^^iments. In the latter cafe, the government permits the enliiling vohinteen, though only for fuch ftates as they are in alliance with, or with whom they have entered into a previous agreement on that article.-— But no fubie6t is to be forced into foreign fervice, or even to be enlifted without the concurrence of the magiftracy. History.] The prefent Swilles and Grifons, as has been already mentioned, ?re the defirendants of the ancient Helvetii, fubdued by Julius Cafar. Their mountainous, uninviting fituation, formed a better lecu- ritv for their liberties than their forts or armies : and the fame is the cafe at preient. They continued long under little better than a nominal. luhjeflion to the Burgundians and Germans, till about the year 1300, when the emperor Albert I. treated them with fo much rigour, that they > jietitioned him againft the cruelty of his governors. This fcrved only ti> double the hardfliips of the people ; and one of Albert's Auftrian gover- nors, Grellor, in the wantooncfs of tyranny, fet «jp a hat upon a pole, \. Vi f-^l / s .r V Situation and extent, ' ' f u'.». ■; '-■.;-5 i^i 'v ' , ' . Miles. ' Degrees. ^ (],,!{ Length 700 I ^^^^^^^ ( 10 and 3 ^afl longrtnde, . i :, Breadth 500 f (36 and 44 north latitude* Boundaries.} TT is bounded on the Weft by Portugal and the M, Atlantic Ocean ; by the Mediterranean on the Eaft ; by the Bay of Bifcay and the Pyreiiean mountains, which feparate it from France, on the North ; and by the flrtait of the fea of Gibraltar, on the South. It is now jclvv^i^ed into fourteen diftri^s, befides idandsof the Mediter* * ranean. f>.>- ;vY' •- i'-' 1 -ffv--. 1- - t ,. ", ■-_•••■ • . ' ■> i j, ; ''\ " <• r , , ■*;<;. - '-'- vn-'i^^> f ■ ■■'. '* ■ ',." ' ■ f> " ^. * ; " s .> ' »■' ,* - . ¥. V '■>."'" ■ . '" A Couptriei r* fi^Jlt^j^ Swi(r« iamong lat thev .ucerne, ;e ; and tria, iii- 1 CTlarii r rights. r ; lafil ,e coiife- md Ge»- yacy was m of the rhatever, rhe king roveriior, of which Withrc- [ xnuft re' and the on the feparate ribraltar, iMedkei- R A K Jountriei m-.^ :ii!> TES /^ P »^\ 7Sn7b/i OUfi 'ilJiivan 'Of/a Afr/ffur im^e isr ,fcalc>na -p . Jlnm/itcz, UtfV 'X°^ T^ WJiti/iffl^ Tojnji ..tei, ^^"^"^-^-fV-i^^i^W v.W^' oLedo s V-' ^«ifrl" \ VI t) JtmHa^ '^^.fl . Guaciix — ■.Jon ^m JJritias^ rf/ta- raltar j^i: V ' A^ree,) mft 8 WM mm |]]IH| imiii IIIM iiimi 4 3 ■""" ■"""! am ' I* \ i*- Spain. I " c 5 rt :rip. :vf^^ -itv..- ; --«. -■■ .-H Ave I EM pal, and wn as well as 1 into Citeti north of c comprelieiji cunngcs tlia lUicieiK hif Spain. Ci,IMAT rains, the ihern prov run throng the refreftii tiiough thof and in the The foi have lately their indole duces in ni cious fruits, prunes, citi- ftck and fli filing fays, try, export ^P'lin indee uiiciiltivatec of inhabitai generous qi Countries Names. Spain. c SPAIN. /Caftile, New Andulufia Caftile, Old Arrajfon Eilrc-madura Galicia I. con Catalonia Granada Valencia l^ifcay andlpv^ oa Aftiiria Murcia Uj per Navarre Majorca I. V'vica I. Minorca ; 5«5 Squ are Miles. 37.840 16,500 f4>400 1 2,600 I a, 000 11,200 9000 8100 6800 4760 4600 3600 3000 1|00 625 530 8 0^ 220 173 19.1 190; 180 165 167 1/3 200 I8c| 140 124 87 9» 58 17 41 n u 180 1^5 Chief Cities. MADRID)^; Seville I4C'j Burgos 105jSaraji;(ifla li3Badajos l3o|Conipoftella «;6|Lcon 1 10; Barcelona Lat . 40-30. Lon, 4-ij. 45 :5 S5 SS 65 45 Granada Valcnci* Bilbua Oviedo Murcia Pampeluna 40jMajorca Yvica CitadcUa 25 ao Total — 150, 76^ Th e town and lortrcfs of Gibraltar, fubjedl to Great Bfirain, Ancient names amd divisions.] Spain formerly included Portu- gal, and wns known to the ancients by the name of Iheria, and Hefperia, as well as Hifpnnia. It was, about the time of the Punic wars, divided into Citeiior and Ulterior: the Citerior contained the provinces lying north of che river Kbro ; and the Ulterior, which was the Jargeft part> comprehended all that lay beyond that river. Innumerable are the clmngts that it afterwaids iderwent ; but there is no country of whofe aricient hiftory, at leaft the interior part of it, we know lefs than that of Spain. Ci.iMATE, SOIL,' AND WATER.] Excepting during the equinoc^tial rains, the air of Spain is dry and ferene, but exceffively hot in the fou- thmi provinces in June, July, and Auguft. The vail mountains that run through Spain, are, however, very beneficial to the inhabitants, by the refreftiing breezes that come from them in the fouthernmoft parts: though thofe towards the north and north-eaft are in the winter very cold,' and iu the night make the traveller Ihiver. The foil of Spain was formerly very fruitful in corn, but the nativey have lately found fome frarcity of it, bv their difufe of tillage, through their indolence ; the caufes of which I fhall explain afterwards. It pro- duces in many places, almoft fpontaneoufly, the richeft and moft deli- cious fruits, that are to be found in France and Italy, oranges, lemons, prunes, citrons, almonds, raifms, and figs. Her wines, efpecially her fack and flierry, are in high requeft amongft foreigneis: and Dr. Buf. thing fays, that the inhabitants of Malaga, and the neighbouring coun- tvy, export yearly wines and raifins to the amount of 268,7., 9I. ^erling. Vun indeed offers to the traveller large tra6ts of unpromifing, becaufe uncultivated, ground; but no country perhaps maintains fuch a number of inhabitants, who neither toil nor' work for their food ; fuiti are the generous qualities of its foil. Even fu gar-canes thrive in Spain j and it O 3 yields 'Aim $66 . S PAIN. yields fnffron, honoy, and (ilk in pirat abundance. A lafe wrifer, X'ftniiz, a Spaniard, computes tie number of iliepherds in Spain to be 40,000 : and has given us a nioft curioiis detail ot tluir oc» (Miomy, their changes ol p;iftuic ;'.t crrtain times of the year, and many other pnrridi. lars unknown till lately to the public. Thofe flieep-walks afford ihcr iincW t)i' wool, :uid aie a treafure in thtnifclves. Some of the mountains in Spain aie clothed with ri( h trees, fruits, and hcrbap,e, to the top^; and Seville oranges arc noted all over the world. No country prodiui^ a grtater v.iriety (>i aromatic herbs which renders tlie tafte of their kids a;, t! fliecpfo cx(iiiifitely dilicious. The kinj];don) of Murda abounds fo muili with muUnrry trees, that the prodiu'b of its filk amounts to 20o,oocl. a yen:-. l;pon the whole, few countries in the world owe more than Spain dots to n::t;urc, and lefs to induftrv. This c. liiMy is much inlefled M-ith locufts ; and Mr. Dillon o})rti\T<;, that in i?'.', f-T Mancha was covered with them, and the hoiroisof f.'.nnne aniiiled tiu' rruitful jirovinces of Andalufia, Murcia, and \ altmia. They h?(vefomctin.i appeared in the air in fuch numbers as to darken tre Iky ; the cle:ir atmofpiuir- of Spain has become gloomy ; and the linci'i fummer day of hrtrema^iMia been rendered n-'oie difmal than the winter of Holland. Their fenfe of fmelling is fo delicate, that they inn (iii'- covcr a corn field, or a gard.n, at a confiderable diftance ; and whjdi they will ravage almoff inciU inftiint. IVJr. Dillon is of opinio!!, ili.uti.e cotuitrv people, by timely ari» I'tion and oblervarion, miglit d^nmytli!; eggs of ihofe formidable iriferts, and then by iot;.l!y extirjiate thcni. . The "waters (elpeciaily thofe that are medicinal) of Spain are little known ; but many falutiferous fprings are found in Gr.;nada, Seville, and Cordova. All over Spain the waters are found to have fiuh hcalii\j; qualities, that they are outdone by thoie of no countiy in Kurope; and the inclofing, and encouraging a retort to them, grow every day more and more in vogue, efpecially at Aibamnr in (iranada. MouNTAi.vs.] It is next to impolhble to Ipecify thefe, they are fo numerous : the chief, and the highcft, are the Pyrenees, near 200 iDiles in kugth, vvhiih extend from the Bay of Bifcay to the Mediterranean, and divide Spain from France. Over thefe mountains there are only five narrow paflagiS to France, and the road over the pafs that fep:' rates Rouffillon from Catalonia, reflec^ls great honour on the engineer who planned it. It foimcrly required the ftrength of 30 men to iupport, and nenrly as many oxen to drag up a carriage, which four horfes now do with eafe. The Cantabrian mountains (as they are called) arc a kind of continuation of the Pyrenees, and leach to the Atlantic Ocean, foiithoi Cape Fin ifttrr.'. No'Englifbman ought to be unacquainted with Mount Calpe, now called the hill of Gibraltar, and in former times, one of the pillars of Hercuks ; the other, Mount Abyla, lyi^ig oppofite to it ia Africa. Among the mountains of Spain, Montferrat is particularly worthy the attention of the curious traveller : one of the moft Angular in the world, for fituation, fljape, and compofition. It flands in a vaft plai.i, about thirty miles from Barcelona, and nearly in the centre of the piincipality of Catalonia. It is called by the Catalonians Monte-fenado, or Mount Scie, words which fignify a cut or fawed mountain ; and is fo called from its lingular and extraordinary form ; for it is fo broken and divided, aud fo cro\yued w^th an infinite numb<;v oi fp.ring cones, or pine heads, that . ' ' ■ ii SPAIN. 5^7 ir hns the appfarance, at a diflnnt view, to he the work of man; but upon a luarcr appi'iacli, to lu- tvicUntly the pioduv'tion ot the i.od of iintDie. It is a Ipot lo ailiuiiably nd.tpti'il ior rctiicnu-nt and lontt-inpla- tion, that it has, tor many a;;cs^ htt-n iiihubitt-d only l\v monks ami her- mits, whoCf firft vow is, n'tvtr to forfakc it. \'' hiii the mountain is iiiH ff'ii ;!t a (hrtance, it has the rnpfaranre of an inrtnito juimbcr ot iiK'ks Hit into conical forms, anil l)iiilt one upon anotlur to a prodigious htifjit, or lii^f a pile of j^rot'o work, or (iotiiic ijiirt's. Upon a luarer vitw, c.u h cone appears of itlelf a niount;iin ; and the whole ro rpijfts -.in enor- nv)iis nials, about 14 miles in circunifercnce, and the Sjxunai t- compvite it to be two leagues in hcij^Iit*. As it is hke no other moujuain, (<> it flaiuls quite unconnected witli any, tliongh not far diftant from lome that are very lofty. A convent is erct'^ed on ih*- mountain, dedi attd to our i ady ot Monteferrat, to which pilgrims refort from the larilicfl p:;rts of Kurope. All the poor who co;.:e here are led fJ'Htis .or three days, and all tlie fuk rt-ceived into the h'Wpitai '^■.uneiih.cs, on pjiticnlar fefliv:;is, ftven thoufand perfons arriv,? in .,n • da, : but "eOjjle of condition pay a reafonabje price for what they eat. On 'lifVeieiu pai ts of the moinuiihi are a number of hermita/^cs, all of which h-^ve their b ile cha|jels, ornaments for faying mafs, wate: •ciftc i.i, and n:oil of (herji h%'lt g-irdens. The inhabitants of one of thefe hcin ilrti.';v«, ivhivli i.-. fled ratcci U; .^t. Benito, has the privilej;e of makin<^ <\i: a;, .urn) ent :,rt;;.!niiient on ?. i-itiiii (lav, on which dav all the o'i .r htiTisiis lar i/xii'^d, vii-in dj^'v- jcceivc the facrament from the hands of (i;e;noutitain vi '.n- ; av d i/ier ;.!■ ine fer- vice (line totrether. They meet alfo ar this hc> 1))' ■:;!''?, of) ».l'.; clavv oi t':-' laiiitb to wnicl) theu' ieveral lu-iniita<"es are nkdicafed, .;)fav mals: an'' commune with ea'.li other. But ai ottn.r time:, i'.uy Vivz in n. vety lo!ii-uy and rtcliife manner, perform various pf;ian,-e), and rdh ."fv ?o "eri- ri ;,icl lul'.sof abftinence, nor do they ev;*' eat fl.fh' Nor are thi;y allowed 10 ki'ep within their walls either dog, 'at, bird,, or ai y bvjn"; tiitnp, itfc their attention fliould be withdrawn fr.'trti hf/avjjj'y to earthly affevtioiis, Tlie number of proteded monks there, h yb, ol !ay nrotii.-h z^. and of finijing boys 7,5, befides phy(i' ians, furgeons, and fciva'ts, nl<\. Thuk- nt-fTe, who has pubUfiied a very particular difcriptionof th s exciaoic'inary mountain, was informed by one of the he'/mits, diat he oft-.ii 1.1 .v fiom his habitation the iflands of Minora, Mijorca, and ivica, and the kingdoms of Valencia and Murcia. Rivers and LAtcEs.] Thefe are the Dur':»i, fni-merly Durius, which falls into the Atlantic Ocean bcl(»vv Oporto in Portugal ; the Tajo or Tagus, which falls into the Atl.ir.'ac Ocf.in below Lifoon; the Cuudiana fall-) into the il^me ocean j'^ar Cape Finilterre ; as does the Goad ikjuiver, now Turio, at St. Lm.ar ; and the Ebro, the ancient Iberns, falls mto the Mediteiranean lea below Tortofa. The Ti-^er Tinto, ^he qualities of which are very extraordinary, rifes in Sierra Morena, and empties itfelf into the Mediterranean near Huelva, having the name of Tinto given it from the tinge ot its waters, which are as yellow as a topaz, hardening the fand, and petrifying it in a moft furprifjng manner. If a ftone happens tfo fall in, and reft upon another, * Mr. Swinburne eftlmates its height at only 3,,^oo fxt, and obftrvc tli.i^ rli!? arm.; of ths convent are, the Virgin Mary fitting at Uiu foot of a rock, h^L c .t *-n-T ",I llituugh by a faw. O04 they 568 SPAIN. thiy both become in a year's time perfectly united and conglutinated.-* This river withers all the plants on its banks, as well as the roots of trees, which it dies of the fame hue as its waters. No kind of verdure will con.e up where it reaches, nor any fiih live in its IL earn. It kills worms in cattle whon given them to drink ; but in general no animals will drink out of this river, excepting _i>,oats, ^^ hole fltfli ncvertl.t-lefs has an excellent flavour. Thefe Angular properties continue till other rivulet* run into it, and alter its nature : for when it paflcs by Nipbla, it is not different from other rivers, and fays into the Mediterranean fta fix leagues lower down. Several lakes in Spain, particularly that of Beneventa, abound with fiflie^, particularly excellent trout. The water of a lake near Antiquera is made into falc by the heat of the fun. B«Ys. I The chief bays are thofe of Rifcay, Ferrol, Corunna (com- rnonly called the Grnyne), Vigo, Cadiz, Gibraltar, i^.arthagena, Aiicaur, Altea, Valencia, Rofes, Majorca in that ifland, and the harbour of Fort- Mahon in the ifland of Minorca. The ftrait of Gibraltar divides Europe from Africa. Ml:T.m,s "ant^i minkrai.s.] Spain al:>ou:icis in both, and in as [/reat variety, and of the fame kinds, as the other countries of F.ui'ope. 'Cor- nelian, ae;ate, londftones, jacinths, turquois Itotw!-, quiikfilver, copptr, lead, fulphur, alum, calamine, crvflal, iruuhUs of icveral kinds, pcr- phyry, the fincft jafper, a:vi t^ven diamouvis, cnicr.il.ls, v^nd aincrhvll-', are fomid here. The Spanifh iron, uc-xt to that of D.ima fci!*, -furniflivs the bell arms in the world; and in former times broy/ht in a vafl reve- nue to the ciown ; 'he art of woj-kitvj; it bcins; here in grrat pfifcction.— - Even to tb.i? day, Spanifli gun bairels, and fu'ords of Toledo, are highly valued. Amongfl: the ancients, Spain was celebrated ior gold and fiiver mines; and fiiver was in fiich plenty, that Strabo, who was conlernpo- rary with AugulUis Cxfar, informs us, that when the Caitha^inians took poile'non of Spain, their domeflic and agricnltural utenfih wero of that metal. Thefe mines have now difappeared ; but whether by their being exhauil^v^d, or through the indolence of the inh^lutants in not work- ing tlie'in, \\'t cannot fay ; though the latter caufe feems to be the moli: probable. Animal productions } The Spanifli horfes, efpecially thofe of EY SEA AM) LAND. \ Andalu(;a, are thought to be the liandfoiucft of any in Europe, and at the fame tine very fleet and ferviceable. T!ie king does all be can to monopolize the fineft breeds for his own flablt: and fervice. Spain furniflies likewife mules and black cattle; and their wild bulls have fo much ferocity, that their bull-feafts were tiie moii magniS- cent fpe6lacle the court of Spain could exhibit, nor arc they novr difufed. Wolves are the chief beafts of prey that pef^er Spain, which is well ftored with all the game and wild fowl that are to be found in the neighbouring countries alieady defcribed. The Sp^mifli feas afford excil- Jent fifli of all kinds, efpecially anchovies, which are here cured in gieat; perfection. PopuL.\TioN, iNH'\r.iTA>fT?i, MANNERS, 7 Spain, formerly the cusTOMV, r;ivER,-ioNs, AND DRESS. \ moll populous kingdom in Europe, is noxy but thinly inhabited. This is owing partly to tlie great drains of people fent to America, and partly to the indolence of the natives, who are at no pains to raife food for their families. Another caufe may be aJigned, and that is, (he vaft numbers pf ccclefiaftics of. \" ' /..••• • • - i^Qjj^ m .i ;y now l^■hi(h is 1 in the J txctl- in great i-ly the ngdom to tlie of the \ nother ftics of. SPAIN. 569 both fexes, who lead a life of celibacy. Some writers have given fevcral other caufes, liuh as their wars with the Moors, itud the final txpiilfion of that people. The prefent inhabitants of this kingdom have bten computed by Feyjoo, a Spanifli writer, to amount to 9,250,00c, fo that England is three tinnes as populous as Spain, coniidering its extent. The perfons of the Spaniards are gtncraliy tall, efptcinlly the Caftiji- aiib; their hair and complexion fwarthy, but their countenances are very exprcliive. The court of Madrid has of late been at great pains to clear their upper lips of muflachois, and to introduce among them the French drefs, inftead of their black cloaks, their fliort jerkins, ftraiglu breeches, and long Toledo fwords, which drefs is now chiefly conllned to the lower rank. The Spaniards, before the accelTion of the houfe of Bourbon to their thione, affe6led that antiquated drefs in hatred anc^ contempt of the French ; and the government, probably will find fome dithculty in abolifliing it quite, as the fame fpiiit is far from being extin- guillied. An old Caftilian, or, Spaniard, who fees none above him, thinks himfelf the mofl important being in nature; and the fame pride is commonly comirii ideated to his defcr-ndants. This is the true reafoii ;vliy many of them are fo fond of removing to America, where they can rttain all their native importance, without the danger of feeing a lu- peri or. Ridicufons, however, as this pride is, it is produ<5tive of the mo(t exahed qualities. It infpires the nation with generous, humane, and \iituous fentiments; it being fddom found that a Sn Jiifli nobleman, gciuleman, or even trader, is giiil,ty of a mean aflion. During the moft tnibittertd w?rs they have had with F igiand for near 70 years paft, we know of no inftance of their taking advantage (as they might ealily have done) of confifcating the Britifli property on board their galleons an4 plate fleet, which was equally fccure in time of vv:u- as peace. This is the more furprifing, as Philip V. was often needy, and his minifters were far from being fcrupulous of breaking their good faith with Great Britain. By the befl and mofl credible accounts of the late wars, it appears that the Spaninrds in America gave the mofl bumane v.iu\ noble relief to all Britidi fubit,* ' il-L'-i i Vft,' 57° SPAIN. Jevrs, French, Ruffians, Irifli adventurers, and Englifli fmtiiyglers ; who being unable to livt* in their own country, mingle with th.e Spaniards In tin.e ot war they toilow privateering with great fuccefs; and when peace returns, they engage in all illicit prarticcs, and often enter into the Irifh and Walloon guards in the Spanifh fervice. There arc about 4.0,000 gyplies, and who, befides their fortune-telling, are inn-keepers in the fniall towns and villages. The charafter of the Spaniards is thus drawn by Mr. Swinhurnc, after his late travels through the coiuitrv : ♦* The Catnlans appear to be the moft ai^tive Airring fet of men, the btft calculated for bufinefs, travelling, and manufac^tures. The Vaitncianr, a more fuilen fedate race, better adapted to the occupations of huihaiul- men, lefs eager to change place, and cf a much more timid, fulpif ioiis caft of mind than the former. The Andalufians feeni to be the greattft talkers and rhodomontadoes of Spain. The Caflilians have a manly franknefs and lefs apix-aranre of cunning and deceit. The New Caftili. ans aie perhaps the leail indnih-ious of the whole nation ; the OUJ Caftilians are laborious, and retain more of ancient fimplicity of main;rs; both are of "a fiini determined fpirif. Tiie Arragoncfe aie a n:ixtiircuf the Cdiilian and Catalan, rather inclining to the former. The Bifcavners are acute and diligent, fiery and impatient of control, more rtfembling a colony of republicans than a province of an abfolute monaichy ; ar.d the Galicians are a plodding pairs-taking race of mortals, that roam over Spain in fearch of an hardly carr.ed iuhfiilence." The beauty of the Spanilh ladies reigns moftly in their novels and ro- mances; for though it muff be ac\nowledged that Spain produces as fine women as anv countrv in the world, vet Ijeautv is far from formina their general character. In th.eir peifons they re commonly fmall and ilenilrr; but they are faid to employ vaft art in lupplying the defers of nature. - If we were to hazard a conjertnre, we miglit reafonabiy fuppofe that thofe articles rather diminilh than increafe their beauty, efpecially when they are turned of 2 q. Their indifcriminate ufe of paint, not only upon their laces, but their nerjcs, arms, ar.d hands, undoubtedly disfigures their compicKions, and fhrivels their ller and fiercenefs of the bulls he has killed in thefe encounters. Great pains are ufed in fettling tiieform and weapons of the combat, fo as to give a relief to the gallantry of the cavalier. The diverfion itfelf, which is attended with circumftao'es of great barbarity, is undoubtedly of Moorifl). original, and was adopted by the Spaniai"ds when upon good terms with that nation, partly through complaifance, and partly through rivalfliip. There is not a town in Spain but what has a large fquare for the pur-r pofe cf CKhibiting bull-fights; and it is faid that even the poni'etl inha- bitants of the fmalleft villages will often cImI) together in ouitr to pro(nro a cow or an ox, and fight them riciiny upon afles for want wf horfes. RiiLiQioN.] The horrors of the Romifli religion, the only one tole- rated in Spain, are now gieatly leOentd there, by moderating the penalties of the, inquifition, a tribunal difgraceful to human nature ; but though difufed, it is not abrogated, only the ecclefiaftics and their otHcers can carry no fentence into execution without the royal authority : it is flill in force againft the Moorifli and Jewifli pretended converts. The Spaniards embrace and pradtife the Roman Latholic religion with all its ab- fiirdities; and in this they have been fo fteady, that their khig is diftin- gwiflied by the epithet of Mojl Carh ■/>'(:. It appears, however, that the burning zeal which diftinguiftied their anccft-ors above the reft of the Ca- tholic world hath loft much of its activity, and feems nearly extinguifhed, and the power of the clergy has betn much reduced of late years. A royal edid has alfo been illued, to prevent the admillion of nwards of 200 years. Their i'atcr- nofler runs thus : Fat.re nucJi'O^ q»r ^. Amen. 1-!-akn'tno AM) r.ii/.Rvin men.] Spain has not proiUued Irnrntd nun jn proportion to the excellent caprniries (,f its nativtv. This dete(^t ir.av, in (omc meafiire, be owing to their ignon-nce and bigotry, which prt\(i;:i tiiem from mnking ibar proorcf'- in il;t polite arts vvhi'h tluy otht rwife would ; but the grentdl imptclinunt to lituature in Spjdn, is the > tfpotic j.iature of i;s govemnient. iStvtrai old liithers of the eliuich were Spn- iiiards; and learning owes a great deal to hidore, tifnop of Se»il!f, jis.d raidinal Ximenes. tspain has likewife |;r(,'s palace, which is partly furroundeil by the garden, and is exceedingly pleafant, adorned with fountai'-j and llatues, and it alfocontains a vaft variety of the moft beaiuiful flowc; s both American aiul Kurope in. As to the palace of Aranjue^ itfelf) it Is rather ail elcg-ujt than .1 magnificent building. The palace of St. Ildefonfo is built of bt'ick, plaidercd and painted, but ni> part of Ihe architecture is agieeable. It is two ftoi ies hi^H, and the garden-front has thirty-one windows, and twelve rooms in a fuife. The gardens are on a flope, on the top of whii h is a great refervoir of water, called here El Mar., the fea, which Aipplics the fountains : this refcrvoir is furniflicd from the torrents which pour down the mountains. The water-works are excellent, and far furpafs thofe at Verfailles. The great entry of the palace is fomewhat fimilar to that of Verfailles, and with a large iron pallifade. In the gardens are twenty-feven fountains : the bgfons are of white marble, and the flatues, many of Which are excel- lent, are of lead, bronaed and gilt. Thefe gardens are in the formal French ftyle, but ornamented with fixty-one very fine marble flatues, aft large as the life, with twenty-eight iiiarble vafes, and twertty leaden vafes gilt. The upper part of this palace contains many valuable paintings, and the lower part antique ftatues, bufts, and bafTo relievos. The pride of Spain, however, is the Efcurial ; and the natives fay, perhaps with juftice, that the building of it coft more than that of any other palace in Europe. The defcription of this palace forms a fizeable quarto volume, and it is faid, that Philip II. who was its founder, ex- pended upon it fix millions of ducats. It contains a prodigious number of windows, 200 in the weft front, and in the eafl 366, and the apart- ments are decorated with an aftonifliing variety of paintings, fculpture, tapeftry, ornaments of gold and filver, marble, jafper, gems, and other curious ftolies, furpalflng all imagination. The Spaniards fay, that this building, befides its palace, contains a church, large and richly ornament- ed, a niaufoleum, cloifters, a college, a convent, an! a library, con- taining about thirty thoufand volumes, befides large apartments for all kinds of artifts and mechanics, noble walks, with extenfive parks and gardens, beautified with fountains and coftly ornaments. The fatheis that live in the convent are 2 c , and they have an annual revenue of i2,oocl. The maufoleum, or burying-place of the kings and queens of Spain, is called the Pantheon, becaule it is built upon the plan of that temple at Rome, as the church to which it belongs is upon the model of St. Peter's, It is 36 feet diameter, incrufled with fine marbles. Allownig the Spaniards, their full eftimate of the incredible fums be- ftowcd 6i\ this palace, and on its furniture, ftatues, paintings, columns, vafes, and the like decorations, which are moft amazingly rich and beau- tiful, yet we hazard nothing in faying, that the fabric itfelf difcovers a bad tafte upon the whole. The conceit of building it in the form of a giuliron, becaufe St. Laurence, to whom it is dedicated, was broiled on Pp fucb ^\ J78 S 1' A 1 N. i I i fuch an iitcnfil, ami multiplying the fame figure through its prim ipal ei- iianients, roiild have been formed only in the brain of a taftelt fs bifjor, furh as Philip II. who erefted it to commemorate the vi(f^ory he obt;iincil over the French (hut by the afnil.ince of the Englifh forces) at St. Qiiin- tin, on St. Laurence's day, in the year 11557. The apaitments where the kini^ refules form the handle of th' gridiron. The buildinji; is a Ion,' fquarc of 640 feet by qHo. The height to the roof is 60 feet. It ha^ been enriched and adorned by his fucccflbrs: but its outfide has a )j;1ooitiv' appearance, and the infide is compofed of different flrue the liandi'oMK.t place in S[>.:in; the li'iults ati- loitv and plain, and tiit llitcts w II iighicd, atul pii\i;d. Th.iitadcl is ftion'^, and tlie jiiaCe ami inhaiMt.ints binovis tor the fiege they fnftained in » 7 < 4, agiinft a formiilaMf. !ii my, whtn ck-ferto.l Ix'th by Engls'^^' ''"^^ ^'"^^ cnperoi, for whom tiity h.id taken up arnii. The number oi inhabitants isfiipoond to be ne.iily i',c,ooo, and they fu|,>ulv' pain with moll uf the clothinc; and arms tor the troops. A hn- giilar tuftom prcv lil; anionj^ them on the irt of Novtniber, fh.c eve of All iiouls; ihey run about from hoiift; to houfi- to eat elicfnnts, btlitviny; that for every chefnut they I'wailow, with pioper faith and mu'^ion, ihcy (hall deliver afoul out of purf;atory. \'alcncia is a large and almoO ciroidnr city, with lo'ty walls. The flreets are crooked :md narrow, and not paved, the hciiftb ill built, and filthy, and inoft of the chiiveiies tawdry. Priefts,- nuns, and friar^i, of every drefs, f'warm in this city, whofe inhabitants are computed at . 0,000. It5 archbiflioprick is one of the bell in Spain, to the amount of 4.0,000!, fterlinj^ a year. Carthagena is a large city, but h.^s vfry few good fircets, and fewer re- mark.ible buildings. The port is very complete, formed by nature in the figure of a heart, and the arfenal is a fpacious Iquare louth weft of the town, with 40 pieces of cannon, to defend it towards the lea. When Mr. Swinburne vilited it, in 1775, there were Soo Spanifli criminal'^, and 600 Barbary (lives, working at the pumps to keep the do ks dry, &:e. and treated with great inhumanity. The crimes tor which the Spaniards were lent there deferved indeed exemplary punifliments. Granada flands on two hills, and the air ient palaro of the Alhambra CTowns the double fuinmit between two rivers, the Douro and the XeniJ. The former glories of this city are pafled away with its old inhabitants ; the ftreets are now filthy, and the aquedui^s crumbled to duft, and its trade loft. Of 50,000 inhabitants, only iS',00:' aiT reckoned ul^lul, the furplus is made up of clergy, lawyers, children, and beggars. Th? am- phitheatre, for bull feafts, is built of ftone, and one of the beft in Spain, and the environs of the city are ftill ple^Tling and healthful. Bilboa is lituated on the banks of the river Ybaizabel, and is about two leat lies from the fea. It contains about eight hundred houfes, with a large fquaie by the water-fide, well fliaded with pleafant walks, which extend to the outlets, on the banks of the river ; where there are great numbers of houfes and gardens, which form a moft pltafinj' prolpecl, particularly in Oiiling up the river; for befides the beautiful verduie, numerous ob- jefts open gradually to the eye, and the town appears as an amphitheatre, enlivens the landfcape, and completes the fcenery. I he houles arc folid and lofty, and the ftreets well paved and level ; and the water is fo convey- ed into the ftreets, that they may bj waflied at pleafure, which rendeVs Bilboa one of the neateft towns in Europe. Malaga is an ancient city, and not lels remarkable for its opulence a'.ul exteufive commerce than ior the luxuriancy of its foil, yielding in grut abundance the moft delicious friii s ; whilft its rugged mountains allbrd thofe lufcious grapes, wiiich give fuch reputation to the Malaga wine, known in England by the name of Mountain. The city is iarre and po- p^llous, and of a circular form, furrounded with a double wail, liiength- tiied^by ftately towers, and has nine gates. A IMcoridi cafiie o.i'ths: ' P p 3 poiii* -^ }y WMM ■ir'-|':^ i? i;8o SPAIN. ! |{ point of a rork I'ommands every part r It. The flreets are narrow, and the tnoll remarkable building in it is .i ftupendous cathedral, begun by Philip II faid ro be as large as that of St. Paul's in London. The bifhop's inromc ,s i6,oool. fterling. The city of Salsmnnca is ot a circular form, but on three hills and two vallit's, and on every fide furroiinded with profpefts of fine houfes, noble feats, gardens, orchards, fields, and diftant villages ; and is ancient, large, rich, and populous. There are ten gates to this city, and it con. tains twenty-five churches, twenty-five convents of friars, and the fame rtuniber ot nunneries. The moft beautiful part of this city is the great fqiiare, built about forty years ago. The houfes arc of three ftorics, and nil of equal height and exaft fymmetry, with irdn bakonies, and a ftone balurtrade on the top of them : the lower part is arched, which forms a piazza all round the fquare, one of two hundred and ninety-three feet on each fide. Over fome of the arches are medallions, with bufts of the kings of Spain, and of feveral eminent men in ftone baflb-relievu, among which are tliofe of Ferdinando Cortez, Francis Pizarro, Davila, and Cid Ruy. In this fquare the bull fights are exhibited for three days only, in the month of June. The river Tormes runs by this city, and has a bridge over it of twenty-five arches, built by the Romans, and yet entire. Toledo is one of the moft ancient cities in Spain, and during feveral centuries it held the rank of its metropolis. But the neighbourhood. ot Madrid has by degrees ftripped it of its numerous inhabitants, and it would have been almoft entirely deferted but for its cathedral, the income of which being in great part fpent here, contributes chiefly to the main- tenance of the few thuuiands that are left, and aflifts, in fome degree, thofe fmall manufafturesof fword-blades and (ilk-ftuf& that are eftabliflied >'ii this city. It is now exceedingly ill built, pooi^, and mean, and the itreets very fteep. Burgos was the ancient capital of the kingdom of Caftile, but now ia obfcurity. The cathedral is one of the moft magnificent ftru£hires of the Gothic kind now in Europe : its form is exaftly the fame as that of York minfter, and on the eaft end is an o6lagon building exa^ly like the chapter- houfe at York. Gibraltar, once a celebrated town and fortrefs of ^ndalufia, is aj pre- fent in pofleflTion of Great Britain. It was taken from the Spaniards by a combined fleet of Englifh and Dutch fliips under the command of fiv George Rooke, in 1704 j and after many fruitlefs attempts to recover it, was confirnrred to the Englifli by the treaty of Utrecht, in 17 13. Re- peated attempts have been fince made to wreft it from England, but with- ovt fuccefs: the laft war hath made it more famous than ever, when it underwent a long fiege againft the united foices of Spaiji and France, by land and fea, and was gallantly defended by general Elliot and his gairi- fort; \b the great lofs and difgiace of the affailants ; though it niuft be grriWi-ed, the place is by nature ahrioft impregnahk. Near 300 pieces or canfiOii of different bores, and chiefly brafs, which were funk before tlie port iu the floating batteries, have been raifed, and fold^ to be diftributed among the garrifon. It is a commodious port-, and formed naturally for soovmanding the parage of th« Straits, or, in other words^ the entrance into the Mediterranean and Levunt feas. But the road is neither, hk agaii>ft ai> enemy nor ftorms : the bay is about twenty leagues hi circum- ftreiwc . The Straits ai-c z^ miles- io;ig, ai4 *> bi-o'ad -, through which S P A I iJ. S3' ffts a airrent from the Atlantic ocean into the Mediterranean, and for the ftcmming of it a bri(k gale is required. The town was neither hrge nor beautiful, and in the laft (icoe was totally dellroyed by the eneniirs boml;s, but on account of its fortifications, is efteerncd the key of bpai/i, ; ivi is always fumifhed with a parrifon well provided for its defence. 'rhel\ar- bour is formed by a mole, which is wrll fortified and planted with i;uns, Gibraltar is accemble on the land fide only by a narrow pafllige bttween thf rock and the fea, but that is walled and inrtlfitd both by a.t and jia- tiirc, and fo inclofed by high deep hills, as to be aliroil inacccliibif that way. It has but two gates on that fide, and as rr.my towards the lea. Acrofs the iftlimus the Spaniards have drawn a fortifiird line, chitHy with a view to hinder the garrifon of Gibraltar fiom havuiij; any intercoufe with the country behind them ; notwithftanding which they carry on a dandeftine trade, particularly in tobacco, of which the Spaniards are ex- ceedingly fond. The garrifon is, however, confined within very narrow limits; and, as the giound produces fcarcely any thing, all tfie piovi- fionsare brought them either from England or from Ceuta, on the oppofite coaft of Barbary. Formerly Gibraltar was entirely under militaiy govern- ment ; but that p«wer producing thofe abufes which are naturally attend- •inton it, the parliament thought propcf? to eredl it into a body corporate, and the civil power is now lodged in its magiftrates. The chief iflands belonging to Spain in Europe, are thofe of Majorca and Yvica, of which we have nothing particular to fay. Minorca, which was taken by the Englifli in i 08, was re-taken by the Spaniards the laft war, and is now become a Spanifli iiland again, containing about 27,000 inhabitants. •• - Commerce and manufactures.] The Spaniards, unhappily for themfelves, make gold and filver the chief branches both of their exports and imports. They import it from America, from whence they export it to other countries of Europe. Cadiz is the chief emporium of this com- merce. " Hither (fays Mr. Anderfon, in his Hiftory of Commerce) other European nations ieud their merchandifc, to be fliipped otF in Spanilh bottoms for America, flickered (or, as our old Englifli phrafe has it, coloured) imder the name of Spanifh faftors.* Thole foreign na- tions have their agents and correfpond^-nts, and the confuls of thofe nations make a confiderable figure. Cadiz has been faid to have the finefl ilorehoufes and magazines for commerce of any city in Europe j and to it theflota and galleons regularly impoit the treafures of Spanifli America. The proper Spanifh merchandife exported from Cadiz to America are of no great value; but the duty on the foreign merchandife fent thither would yield a great revenue (and confcquently the profits of mtrchants and their agents would fink), were it not ror the many fjaudulent practices for eluding thofe duties. The manufaftures of Spain are chiefly of filk, wool, copper, and hard- ware. Great efforts have been made by the government to prevent the other European nations from reaping the chief advantage of the American commerce ; but thcfe never can be fuccelsful till a fpirit of induftry is awakened among the natives, fo as to enable them to fupply their American pofTeflions with their own commodities and merchandife, Meanwhile, the good faith and facility vith which the Englifli, French, Dutch, and other nations, carry on this contraband trade, render them greater gainers by it than the Spaniards themfelves are : the clear profits leldom amount to Jefs than 20 per cent. This evidently makes it an wportant concern, that thofe immenfe riches fliould belong to the Spa- P p 3 niaids » I I'j * ■■• .Si 11 'V'/M* !■ .'■ i'A ''■■ ' 'h' • ^y i'fff '^■■^-1 t\ S.' -1 S^' S P A I nianls rather thnn to nnv aclive European nation ; but I ill"!! have oc. cafion to touch on this ful-jeft in the account of America. CoNSTiUTiON AD gov':knme t.] Spai'i, from bring the ii oft free, is now the mod ckf'potic Jiuit^dom in Europe : nd the poverty which is fo vifible in ni«rt part of tie country is in a oreat degree the re- fult .'f its government in the adminiftration of which no proper attention is paid to the interefts an\l weiiure o\ the people. Tht i.onan hy is hcie- diiary, Jind fiiiiales are capablt of luccellion. It li:'s even betn que/limitd whetlicr his catholic majrfty may n(>t beqvuaih his oiown, upon his de- mifc, to any l^ranch of rhc royal frirnily he pleafcs. It is at le:-(l ceii;iin, that the houfe of bouibon mounted the throne of Spain in virtue of the lafl v^ ill of Charles 11. The cones or parliaments of the kingdom, which formerlv, cfpccially in Caftile, had greater power and pii»'tlc ges than that of Kn^;land, art h.av aboliflied ; but Ibme faint remains oi their confiitution arc flill difiei nible in the govtiimient, though all of them arc inelfcduai, and under tiie control of the king. The privy council, whicli is compokd of a number of noblemen or grandees nominated by the king, fits only to prepare 'r.atltis, niul to digett papers for the cabinet-council or junto, which confiffs of tiK firft fccretary of ilate, and three or four more named by the king, and in t tm refides theuirecVion of all the executive paitof govtinment. Tht conricil of war takes coi^nifance of military affairs only. The council of Callile is the highelt law tribunal of the kingdom. The feveral comts of the royal audiences, are thoie of Galicia, Seville, Mnjorta, the Canaries, Sara- gofla, Val. ncia, and Barcelona, i hefe judge primarily in all caulls within J 4, miks of th«! relpeCtive cities or capit;.il.s,^ and receive appeals from inlerior jurifdiftions. Beiides thefe there are many fubcrdinate tribunals for the police, the finances, and other branches of bulintls. Tile govej'nn'.cnt *:if span.ifh America forms a iVlttm of iticlf, aivl is delogatecl to viceroys and ether magiflrates, who are in their refpccuve diitiicls aln-ofl ahlblute. A council lor the Indies is eftablifiied in Oiil Spain', and coufifl? of a governor, four fecretnries, and twenty-two conn- ieliors, btfides olncers, Their decifion is final in matters relating to Ameiica. The n'^embers are generally chofen from the viceioys and ma- giibates who have ferved in that country. The two great viceroyalties of I'eru and Mexico are lb conlidcrable, that they are I'cldom trulrcd ro one perfon tor aii ore than three yeais; but they are thought fufficiciit to make his lortiine in th:>t time. The foreign poifeiikins of the crown of Spain, befides thofe of America, are the to'vus ol Ctuia, Gran, and Mufulquivir, on the coafl oi B ;rl)arv, in Africa ; and the ifLuids of St. Lazaro, the Philippines, and Ladroiies, in Alia. : RcVE^UEs,] The revenues arifing to the king from Old Spain, yearly amount to 5,ooo,ocol. Iterling, though fome fay eight ; and they form the lureft fupport of his govenm:cnt. His American Income, it is true, is immciife, but it is goierally in a manner embezzled, or antici- pated before it anivts in Okl Spain. The king has a filtfi pf all the fiber mines that are worked ; but little of it comes into his coffers. He fr.Hs upon means, however, in cafe of war, or any public emergency, to le- queiter into his own hands g/eat part of the Amewcan treafures belonging to his lubjt^e'ts, who never complain, bccaufe they are always punctually repaid w iih iutereft. The finam^es o' his prefent catiiolic majelt\- are '0 ^ ^ t.xccliCUt SPAIN. sh fNcellent order, and on a better footing, both for himfelf and his people, than thofe of any of his predeceflcMS. As to the taxes from whence tlie internal revenues arife, they are v^. rioiis, arbitrary, and fo much fuited to conveniency, that we cannoi fix thefTi at any certainty ; they fall upon all kinds of goorls, hon'cs, lands, timber, and provifions; the clergy and military orders arc liktwife taxed. Mi itary and marine strength.] The laud foncs of ihe crown of Spiin, in time of peace, are never fewer than -re, od ; but in cnk- of war, they amount, wiMiout prejudice to the kingdom, to -fio,o:>ci. The great dependence of the king, however, is upon his Wdloon orfoi.-ign gmrds. His Ijte catholic majcfly was at great care and expt-nce to raife a poverf'.l marine : and the Spanilli fieet in Eurr-ps iind America at ()re- fc'it excC' ds 70 ftiips ot the line. All along the co .ft of Spain, are wat^h towtrsfrom mile to mile, with lights and guards at nig'it, fo Hiat from Cail'z to Barcelona, and from Bilboa to Ferrol, the whole kingdom miy be fuon alarmed in cafe of an invafion. RoYM. ARMS, Ti rLE , NO- f Spain formerly comprehended twelve EiLiTY, AND OROiiRS. \ kiiigdoiiis, all which, with Icweral otliers, were by name entered into the royal titles, fo that thcv ni'iounted in all to about 31. This abfurd cufloiu is dill occafionallj. continutd, but the king is now generally contented with (he title -of Hi'? Catholic JVlnjefly. The kings uf S, ain are inaugurated by th- deli-zery of a l^i-ord, without being crowned. Their flgnature never mention their namt^, but I THE KING. The eldeft fon is called the prince of Alluria^, and their younger children, of both fexes, are by way of diftinftion called infants or infantas, that is children. The armorial bearings of the kings of Spain, like their title, is loaded with the arms of all their kingdoms. It is now a fliicld, divide'! into tour quarters, of which the uppermoft on the rij,ht han;l ^uid the !oweft on the kit contain a caflle, or, with thrge towers, for Caftile ; .nvl in the upper- moft on the left, and the lowcft on the right, are three licas, giks, for Leon ; with three lilies in the centre for Anjou. The general name for thofe Spa nifli nobilitv and gentry, who are ur;- mixed with the Moorifli blood, is IIidali:;o. They are divided into pT-inces, dukes, niarquifles, counts, vifcounts, and other infuior lities. Snco as are created grandees, may fland covered before the king, and are treated with princely diftinftions. A grandee cannot be apprehended without the kmg'b order; and cnxlinab, c'.rclibifliops, ambaffuioi-s, knight, o.' the Golden Fleece, and certain other great '.dgnitaries, both in churcij and fl:ue, have the privilege, as well as the grandees, to appear covered before the king. The " Order of the Gi)!ileii Fleece" particularly defcribed before in the orders of Cjeimany, is generally conferred on princes and fovrreign dnkes^ but the Spanifli branch of it' hath many Frf-nrh and Italian nobility : there arp no commanderies or rev times aimexed to it. The "Order of St. /^w^t," or *SV. y^^" Je Cmip.tfeLa, \> the richeft of all the orders of Spain. It was divided into two branches, each under a grand-mafter, but the office of both was given by pope Alexander VI, to the kings of Spuin and Portugal, as grand maftcr in iluir r :fpe,-tive dominions. The order is highly efteemed in Spain, and only conferred oa pnfons of noble families. The fame miy be faid v;f the '♦ Jrder of Q'Aatrava^' firft inftituted by Sanchu, king of Toledo : it took its nnnq ffoni th?caftle of Calatrava, 'which was taken from the Moors, and h?re S P A I N, began the orfTeV, \^hicTi became very po#^rf\i!. Their number, infliienrf, and pofleflions \\'ere fo confidei'able as tb excite the jealoufy of the crown, to wliiflii at length, their revenues and the office of grand-mafter uei» annexed By pope Innocent VIII. The celebrated " Order of Alcantr J* derived its origin from the order of St. Julian, or of the Pear-tree j but after 'Alcihtar^ was taken from the Moors, and made the chief feat of th? order, they affumed the name of knights of the order of Ajrantara^and litid afide "the old device of a pear-tr=e. This order is high'y eftet\r,l, and conferred only on perfons of ancient and illuftrious fami'ifs. J he *' Order of the Z..///v ofMcrcy^* is faid to have been inftfutedby f,inrK"»; I, kin^; of Arragon, about the year 1 2 18, on acct/iinr of a vow madf by \m\ to ihe Virgin Maiy, during his captivity in Francf , and was dcligned \f/t tht redemption of captives from the Moors, in which they expended Ir.rj^c fiirns of money. It was at firft confined to men, hut a lady of Bnrrclorta afterwards got women included in it. This order pofTcfles confiderabje revenues in Spain. The " Order oi Montcfj^^ wns iuftituted at Valenfi,i at the clofe of the thirteenth century, in the place of the Templars, 7ik\{\ enjoyed thqir pofleilions, Their chief feat being the town of Montefy, "the order from theme derived its name, and chofe St. George for patron. In the year 1-71, the late king inflituted, after his own name, the *♦ Order of CA^r/r* III." in commemoration of the birth of the infnnt. T:i. badge is, a ftar of eight points enamelhd white, and <-\\'!fti with "goliv: in the centre of the crofs is the image of the Virgin Mary, vt^ft- nlents white and blue. On the revei fe, the letters C. C. with the num- ber III. in the centre, and this motto, Firtuii iff j/urito. None but per- fons bf noble deH tut can belong to this order. H16TOKY OF Spain.1 Spain was probably firft peopled by tlie Ctlta; from Gaul, to which i\ lies contiguous, or from Africa, from which it ii only feparated by the narrow iirn'n of Gibraltar. The Pha?nicians fent Ci^lortles thither, and built Cadiz and Malaga. Afterward, upon the rife of Rome and Carthage, the pofidiion of this kingdom became an object of contention between thofe powerhil republics : but at length the Roman arms prevailed, and Spain remained in their pofleflion until the fall of tnat empire, when it became a prey to the Goths. In the beginning of the fifth century the Sucvi, the Vandals, and the Alani, divided this klndom between them, but in the year 58.^, the Goths again became the maft^i^s, Thcfe, in their turn, were invaded by the Saracens, who, about the fVd of the feventh century, had pofTeiTed thcmfeives of the fineft kiiij- dbms of Afia and Africa ; and not content with the immenfe regions that 'formerly compofed great part of the AlTyrian, Greek, and Koman empires, tht^y crofs the Mediterranean, ravage Spain, and eflablifli themfelves in the foutheriy provinces of that kii-\gdom. Don Pe'-rtgo is mentioned as the lirft Old Spanifli prince who diiliii* gui/lied himftlfagainfl thefe infidels (who were afterwards kno\vn by the '■ iiHme of Moors, the greater part of them having come from Mauritania,) and he took the title of king of Afluria, about the year 720. His fuc- cef|^s animated other Chrif^ian pi inces to take arms likewife, and the two .. kingdoi.ts of Spain and Portugal for maj\y ages were perpetually embroiled ;: in^ bloody wars. • ■ ' . '■ The Moors in Spain were Superior to all their confcmpdraries in arts '.'^ind arms, and thr Ab'doulrahman line kept pofTefTion of the throne near Iv^ftP yot Germuny ro els<') him ein;>v.ror- which tdey contcirc'l on FcitiiitrinJ, Ch.ries's l.vothcr, tiu'n'bv clivl Uug rl-.e, d;:nt!,c ;u '.!!•. po'.ver of uk' iioiile of \u(l>i( into two branc c; ; Sfium, iv.''li all lib pontfiioiis in Africa nnd tlic New VVoild, ?if. ' nf; Nethe/iaacis, .uid Jonif. lialiiui lt;>tr.:b, rei^,Ki;,u.d vvitli rhe elder br> . h, '.vWlO ^Uc l^uipift, iinngary, and Boinjui-^, fell t" hi 1>>: of the youi 'vii:;!\i':c;y Itill poUiifs. Pniiip II. inherited all his father's vires, with few uf his good qn ' He was aullere, hauivity, imniowcratifly ambitious, and hroi-;. whole life a rruel bigot in the c .ufe of popeiy. His marriage with *jv»ecu Mary of England, an unfcelng bi;''oi like himfelf, his vinluo eiyful addreftes to her filler Elizabeth, his refentment and nnfuccefsfui war with that priiK'efs, his tyranny and perfecutions ii. tho Low Cciniri s, the revolt and loCs of the United Provinces, with other particulars of his reign, have been already mentioned, ir the hilh ry of thofe countries. ■^r, ■!"S. MS i twnds. After fncnuiiij:!; fome time in the city r,f Ghnit in Flar.dLi-i, the place of his i)}iLivky, hcfct out for Zcdhmd in Hulhiad, wiicrc Ik- prC|,a-eH to erabark for S;>;mii, accGinpniitj^ by iiii 11)11, ancl a. luini-jr )U rcti/'ii(g re l'-) hw in nu!iil)'r, and their attendan^-e v.us fy m-vH^ent, that Cfiarles obfir-rrd it, ai'd Tit for the iin'l- tim-,that he was nrv kinder »monavch. Bv* h-: was more deqiiy affecled with his ion's in";ratitodc; ■whr>, lor- •pttt rtg airtrady how much h* owed to his father's iiounty, obliged hin. to reniain fwme weeks on the ro;i'i, beforv. !i, paid him the firit money of that fmall pnitim vuh-h war. all tfiat he had rcfervev! of lb many kingdom-. At kill the money \vi\ only. Here he biu'ied, in folituOe and Tdence, hi> grandeur, his amljitioii, tt'S'ethcr with all thofe vait projeds -.vhi-h, during half a century, had alarm- d and iigitatcd Europe ; hiling every kingci.m in it, by turns, with the terror of his ar/i^s, ansUhe drend of heiujf fubj.eted to iir- power. Here he enjoyed, perhaps, more ron:- «♦ ,!' fati^fadion than all his ^rav.deur li;>d ever yi'lded him, Far from rakino- aiy jiart in the political trar>fa'itioii-- of tli:i pr;nc;,s of Europe, h-s icltrainci his curi;);:ty fvcn from anv inquiry conecrinU;: diem ; and he leeai.'d to view the buty fccno wlij^h lac had abandoned, with all the contempt and iridiiferonce ariiing froai his thort'U^j^h ^gk^ftfff^ of its vanity, as well as from :':ie j.ieafiflg reflsilion of having difengagod him- /» )i"m Its cares. New amulenients and new objedls now occupied his mind ; fometimes he cultivated tlie plants in his garden wich his own hand* ; Ibmetimes he rode out to tlie nei!' the Bra- g:,:izi *aniily of I'ortUjjal aflTcrted a prior rigiit. By this acquiiition Spain became poftl fled of the I'ortugiiefe fettlements in India, fome of wl:i.h (lie ftill holds. The dtfctndants of Philip proved to be very weak princes ; but Philip and his father had fo totally ruined the an ient libeities of Spain, that thev reigned ainioft uninolefted in' their own dominions. Their viceroys, however, were at once fo tyrannical and infolent over the Porruguefe, thrt ill the reign of Phillip IV. in the year 1640, the nol)ility of thatnation, by a \vcll-condu£ted conlpiracv, expelled (heir tyrants, and piaced the iluke ofBraganza, by the title df John I.V. upon their throne, and ever fince Portug;il has been a diftinrt kingdom from Spain. T'nc kings of Spain of the Anftrian line, failinr^ in the pe'fon of Chi: les li who left no ifliie, Philip duke of Anjou, fecond fon to t! e dauphin oi Pi..-^ce, and grandfon to I*ewis XIV. mounted that throne, ill virtue of his prtdecedor's will, by the name of Philip V. a. no 170/, Att: : r long an I bloody ftruggle with the German branch of the houfe ^f Aufii ia, fuppoited by England, he was confirn.ed in his dicMiity, at tic ro'.iclnfion of the war by the fliameful peace ot Utrecht, 171 ;. And tliusi Lewis XIV. thiouth a mnfterly train of politics (for in his w is to fup» port his grandfon. as we have already obfe/ved, he was almort ruined), acco'Tipliihed his favourite proie6t of transferring the kingdom of Spain, with all its rich pofleflions in America and the Indies, from the houfe of Auiina, to thr^t of his ov/n family of Bourbon. In i7^i, Philip inv-i.^cd Kapies, ;nd got that kingdom for his fon Don Carlos ; the Si./!iai!S r^ ti- dily acknowledging him for their fovereign, through the opprtHion oi tiic InipL-ri.i lifts. Att^r a long and turbulent reign, which was difturbed by the ambitioa of his wi*^^c. Elizabeth of Parma, Philip died in j-i'), and was fuccecdcd by his foil Ferdinand VI, a mild and peaceable princr, who reformed many abufes, and wanted to promote the commtice and profperity of his kiiii; 10m. In f75o, he died without iffue, through meln:^ Iioly for the lols (f his wife. Feidinand was tucceeded by his brot-licr, Charles III, thin kmg of Naple-. and the Two Sicilies, late king ot Spain, fon to Phi- lip V. by his wife the princcfs of Parma. He was lb warm.ly attached to the family-compaft of the houfe of Bouibon, that two years aftei" his acccfiion, he even hazarded his Arneri* can (ioujinions to fupport it. War being declared between him and Eng- lami, tlie latter took from him the famous port and city of Havannah, in the tiland of Cuba, and thereby rendered herfeU entirely miftrefs of the navigation of the Spanifli plate-tlcets. Not^vithftanding the fuciefs of the En^lifti, their miniftry thought proper haftily to conclude a peace, in cordequcnce of which the Havannah was reftored to Spain, in (775, an expeaition wiis concerted itgainft Algiers, by the Spanifti miniftry, which had a molt unfuicefsful termination. Tlie troops which amounted to upwards of 2^,000, and who were commanded by lieutenant-general Conde de O'Reilly, landed about a league and a half to the eaftward of the cjty of Algiers ; but were dilgracetuUy beaten back, and obliged to take till V m 584 SPAIN. take fhekcr on board their fliip», having 27 officers killed, and igt womiikd; aii4 501 rank and file killed, and 2088 wounded. In the ytan 17U3, ar.d 1,-84, they alfo renewed their attacks by fea to deftroy it, but zktr {pending much ammunition, and lofing many hves> were forced to retf re without doing it, much injury. When th* war between Great Britain and her American colonies had fdbfiffcd for forae time, and France had taken part with the latter, the cottrt of Spain was alfo prevailed upon to commence hoftilities againft Great Britstin, In particular, the Spaniards clofely befieged Gibraltar, both by fea and land ; it having been always a great mortification to thfm, that this fortiefs fiioutd be pofTefled by the Engliih. Other military and vsml operalions alfo took place between Spain and Great Britain, which haivt been noticed in the Hiftory of £., gland, but peace h^th fince been COBrfodecf,. and we hope happily, between the two nations. His Fa"^ Cathofic majefly did all he could to oblige his fwbje£ts to de- fift from their ccient drefs and manners, and carried his endeavours fo fcr,^ that it occafioned fo dangerous an infurre«S^ion at Madiid, as obliged fiiim to part with his minifter, the marquis of Squillace : thereby affording aij inftance of the neceflity that even dcfpotlc princes arc under of paying icsTie attention to the inclinations of their fubj:.fts. Charles IIL late king of Spain, was born in 1716, fucceeded to the tbrone in 1759* and died Nov. 13, i;88. He was fucceeded by his fc- €omi; fbn, Charles Anthony, prince of Aftunaj, the ekleft being derlaied insa'pble of inheriting the crown, through an invincible weaknefs of ua- dierilanding. ; ' Charles IV. prefent king of Spain, was born Nov. 11, 1748, Avas married Sept. 4, 1765, tothe priuceJs Louifa of Parma, born Dec, 9, 175 1 j ifitd has had ilTue fix childicn, \ i •; •i . ; i^fi ." )<■ ., / V.I? n^ " - ■ •<■ .;■ I -■ "■ ^■ . Ji.- -!M. i.il' »r . ■ ,>' '■■■ .1 IV 'J ?DR .is ' !i- u Lji^ 3 t « . (.,(.;.....;, 1- .^ • ;s r* iU-V' •" '• ^"^ r - t • ' ■"'' < R T U G A » '..... ^tvir H ' . 1 »> > :. ■? >'r re, .■■ l> ,t: , fW!''^' ■ ■. ■<; '.■ unit!'" "O ?<:Kt ' ' 'ti,;i ifi jny*'** ■' Degrees. ^i' ■;•'> i^ " '''? '''''^ 37 and 42 North latitude.'^ ""• *'^-* 7 and 10 Well longitudew '"'' -'^ '^ ' BorNDARiEs.] JT is bounded by Spain on the North and Eadv i^ktHh«i 1 the South and Weft by tlie Atlantic Ooean, hcasi* the moft wefterly kingdom on the continent of Europe, Ancient names AtfD J This kijigdom was, iii the tinaeof th£ !ELc- Dt VISIONS. jmans, called Lufitania. The ■etxTnolwgjr lai the modern name is uncertain. It moft probably is not prodncc •lie half the quantify thai is confumed under that name in rhc Urilifh licminioni only. iKc mttchant'; in thi» city have very fjKicious wine-vaults, capable ol' holding 6 oc 7000 pip«»,an^.] Though every brook in Porti'i;iil is reckoned a river, vet th<* cliief PortU'ii-fe rivers ai*e . entioiiCd in. ^pai i, ail of them falling into the Atlanti'* oi .an. The Tagiis, or Tajo, wasrJe. briteti for irs golden fand. i*oit'.i;fai contaiiis f vei"al nxiiino laki •!({ fpriiigs ; feme nf t!)epj ar<' abforbent even of the lightef} ^L;Ll^^•^n(^^ •; .,h as wood, coik, ind fcathf, ; (bnic, particularly one about 4. )nilc> fr.m Liib in, are medical and fanative ; and fbnie hot baths are found -n the Jittle kinjrdoni, or rather province of Algarva. Pi'OMONioiUhS n B \ I's. : Th^' piomontori.s or capes of Portiinril are Cape Mondego, near the mouth of the river Mondego ; Cape ora, at the north eatraiic. ■ of the river Tajo j Cape Kfpithei, a^ the foui h en- trance of the rivsr Pajo; and Cape St. Vin O R T U O A T.. 591 tScft, antJ witty. They drefs like tlu-Spanifli ladies, with rmioli aukw&rd- ncfs and attt<'Vd gravity, bul in !i;(Mural more ni:)j.n'.Hi'Muly ; njid rluy are taught bv t leir hulhaiuls to cxa'''> from tlieir fcrvants aw lu)iiia;;,e, that in other tountries is only paid to royal ptrlonagrs. The hirniriiu- olth- hoiift's, efp'^rially of tht-ir giand«t-s, is nrli ;tnd I'lipcrb to exctls ; suul tlicy maintain an inrrfdibl' nmr.ber of domePics, as they luvtr liifchHr^^e any who furvivi- after ferving their anccfkirs. The ptjorei fovt ijavc* fcarciy miy furniture at ?]1, fur they, in imitation ol tiit Mtjoib, (it alway.-: rrofs Lgged on the ground. Rm.uuo .] 1 he eftiblinied relifdon of Portui^nl ik popeiy in th.r ftri.tcft fenfe. The Portu hoii.'icf-; in I ortUiial lia-^ lj;en ot late fo nv.ich curtaijfd, th U it i-i d'lH.uit tu clclrribe the rcJi- jHousftiteof that conntrv : all we know is tlw't the ro\al reveiiM-s arc greatly increafed at the expence of tiit religious iiiliitufion. in the knif!;- doiji. The power of the inquifirir)ii i-, now taken out of ih.e hiifldji of the ecclefiaftics, and" converted to a liate trap for the bencht of J he crown. AucHBisiiorK 'CKs ANo lus H OT v. I c Ks.] The arcbbifliooricks nrc thof;: of liraga, Evora, and Lilhon. i hefirft of thefe has rcn fiiR'iagan bifliops ; the ferond two ; ;^'id the laft ten ; inrhiclini^ rhofe of the rortugneii; kt- tlcments ahioad. The patriarch of Lilhon is generally a cardinal, araU a pcrfon of the higtuft biith Languagf.] The Portugnefe langu:ic;e dirFtrs but little from tliat of Spain, and that provincially. Their I'ati vnufKr runs thus: t'aiiichc;^ ^Kr rfius nos CfO'^ f.^iiHinca.o fi'ut u tu 'O'/n' venhn a nas tua rryur^ /'fa feita a tua votadf^ ajji no s cc ■.'■■) cmKwn ni terra. O p.ioe'Ta ile ^ailadta.^ ifann lo oel Hcjiro ilia, K pe'd ci vos ffn ^r , as nojjos dirndiis, 'ijjiromo not pif tloanios a r.os noffbs devei-oits. L uao iios Jcxiscahir om teutatlo^ nia^ hhra 7ioi ih ittal. Amen. L ARNiNG Ar.i) t.eak>;ed MEN.] Thefe ar^ fo few, that they arc mentioned with indignation, even by thoie of the Poituguefe themfelves, who have the fmalleft tinfture of literature, c^onie efforts, though vti y weak, have of late been made by a few, to draw their countrymen iioin this deplorable ftate of ignorance. It is iiniveifally allowed, that the dclei'f is not owing to the want of genius, but of a proper education. — The anceftors of the prefent Portuguele weie certainly pofltlTcd of more true knowledge with regard to albonomy, gtography, a d navigation, than ail the world befides, about the middle of the (ixteenth centiwy, and for fome time after. Camoens, who him^'ell was a great adventurer and voy.iger, was polltfTcd of a true, but neghfttd poetical genius. . Umv:- 'SIT i:s.] Thefe are Coinibra, founded in isyi, by king Den- nis; ani which has fiity profelTbrs ; but it has been lately put under fome new regulations. Evora founded in It;s9» and the college of tlx; nobles at Lilbon, where the young nobility a e educated in every branch of polite learning and the fciencts. All the books that did belong to rlit: batiiflu'd Jefuits are kept here, which compofe a very laige library. '1 he £n'.?li{h language is likewife taught in this college. Here is alio a college where yoimg gentlemen are educated in the Icience of engineering, and when qiialilitd, get commillions in that corps CuKi'SiTiTLs.j The likes and fountains which have Ijcen already raentioueil, form the chief of thcle. The remains ot foiiie cuiUes in ilc Mooriiii. 11 r- '■ v-^,\W' .1 II I , t < .' [.". t 592 F O R T J G A T.. Moorifli tafte urc ftill flanHinp. The Roman bridge and aqiicdui^ n* Coimbra TIC almoft entire, and defeivcdly ndmirtd. Tlie wallrk liktwifc. The church and nionaf- fe»7 iitar I iuon, where tlie kin^s of i'ortugal are iniricil, are inexprcffiblv irapnifirent, and fcveral monafteries in Portugal are r'ug out of the hard jotk. The chapel of Ht. Koch is probably one of the fined and richeft in the-world ; the paintings are inofa»r work, fo ciirioufly wrou.ht wjtli Hones of all colours, as to aftonifli the belioiclcrs. To thefe curiofitics we may add, that the king is pofTcnrd ot the largcfl diamond (which v,r found in Brafd), that ever was perhaps feen in the world. Cu'bK cnibs.] Lifbon is thecapitalofPortug.il, ^nd is thought fo contain 2 ,0 o inhabitants. Great part of it was luined by an earth- quake, wliich alf(^ let thv remainder on fire, upon All Saints day, 1755 It ihll contains many ma,i);nificent palaces, churches, and public buildinj?;. Its fitnation (rifing from the Tagus in the form of a ciefcent) rende:^ it appeal ance at once delightful anH fuperb, ami it is defervedly r.ccoimted the greareft pi^rt in Europe, next to London and Amfterdam. Tht haibour is fpaciotis and ftcure, and the city itfelf is guarded from any fiiddcn attack towards the fea by forts, though thry would make but a pooi defence agninft fliips of war. All that part of the city that was ciemo- lifhe.i by the c.nthquakc, is planned out in the mod regular and lom- modious form. Some large fqu arcs and many ftreets are already built.— The frretts form right angles, and are broad and fpacious. The hoiifes are lofty, elegnnt, and uniform ; and being built of white ftone, make a beautiful appearance. The fecond city in this kingdom is Oporto, which is computed to contain 3c.~oo inhabitants. The chief article of com> mene in this city is wint; and the inhabitants of half the fliops in the city are coopers. The merchants aflemble daily in the chief ftreet, to tranfaft bulinefs; and are protefted from the fun by fiil-cloths hung acrofs from the oppofite houfes. About thirty Engiifti families refidehcie, who are chiefly concerned in the wine trade. Commerce and manufactures.] Thefe, within thefe feven or eight years, have taken a furprifing turn in Portugal. The miniftry have -J)rojeAed many new companies and regulations, which have been again am! again complained of as unjnft and oppreflive, and inconfiftent with the privileges which the Britifli merchants formerly enjoyed by the moft ibtemn treaties. The Portuguefe exchange their wine, fait, and fruits, and moft of their own materials, for foreign manufadures. They make a little linen, and fome coarfe filk, and woollen, with a variety of ftraw work, and are excellent in preferving and candying hniit. The commerce of i ortiig^l, though fcemingly cxtcnfive, proves of little folid btnefit to her, asiDc European nations, trading with her, engrofs all the productions of iier colonies, as well as her own native commodities, as her gold, diamonds, pearls, fugar, cocou-nutj;, fiiie red-wood, tobacco, hides, and the drugs of Brafil ; her ivory, ebony, fpices, and drugs of Africa and E:\Ct India, in exchange for the almoft numbcrlef manufactures, and the vafl quan- tities of corn and fait fifh, fupplitd by thofe European nations, and by the Englifli North American colonies. The Poi'tu^'.uefe foreign- iettiemeuts are, however, nnt only of immenfe value, but vaftly improveable : Braiil, the ifles of Cape Verd, Made.ra, and the Azores. Tiicy brinij gold fvoni their plantatiuiis on the eaft and PORTUGAL. S9i rn\\ coarts of Afrlrn, aiul likowifo fhvts for inaniiW^iJiing tlicir luj;«i aiul tnbaa-o in liiafiK ;uul tluir^oiitl^^mci i( au fcttlciufm-.. What the value <»; thcfe may he, Mnnkiiown jKiliap-; to theinfclvts ; but tlwy certainlv a[n)uiid in :tll the- |)iei:i(/',sb lloiici, and i irh iiiino ot y, nohility, and commons. They prcttiKl to it rij.,ht ot t)(.iiv^ couliiltcd upon the iniiiolltions of new taxe.";, hut tlic only real \w\\\t they have is, that their alllnt is turefrer cent. The kiagdiaws a considerable revenue from the ieveral orders 0/ Jcnighthogf , oi which he is grand -njafter. The pope, in confideration ot tfie large (urns fie draws out oi Portugal, gives the king the moneV arifirig from iiicliil.;^ncies and licences to cat ttem at times prohibited, &c. The king's revenue is now greatly increafed by the fupprcffion of the Jefuits and otiier religious orders and inflitutious. .% Mir.iTrtK Y ANB MARINE $TREN«ru.] Thc Portnguefe government ufed to depend cliietiy for protertipn on Kngland ; and therefore for many years they greatly nrgleeted their aimy and fleet ; but the fame friendlV cormecl:ioa between Great Britain and Portugal does not at prefcnt fubfift. In the late reign, though they received the moll elfecVual afliflancc from Kairland when invaded by the French and Spaniards, his MoH Paithfui Majelfy judged it expedient to raife a confiderablc body of troops, whp were chieHy difciplined by foreign oHirers ; but fince that' period the army has been again neglefted, no proper encourageinent being given to fureigii orticers, and little attention paid to the difcipline of the troops, » that the mil itary force of Portugal it now again iacon^dcialjV. Thc Q q naval :,« \r *M &.4 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m 125 ■ 40 ■ 2.2 |20 1^ II u 1^ ^ 6" ► ^ vl ^7). '/ /^ fliotographic Sdences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14SM (716) •72-4503 v iV ^ <> »., ^S'^ ^L* ^ ^ I 5^4 PORTUGAL. nav,il force of this kijigdorn U about ieventecn fhips of war, inrludingfin ftii>.atts. ^^ RovM. TiTLFS AND ABAis.J ^c kind's titles are, king of PortHijal and file Algnrves, lord of Ouinca, and of the navigation, conqueO and conmurre fit Kthiopia, Arabia, Perfia, and Brafil. The lafl king was roniplinienretl by the pope, with the title of his Moft Faithful Majeiiy, That of his eldcft (on is prificc of Bafil. The arms of Portugal are argent, five cfcutrheous, azure, placed, crofs-wife, each charged with as many betants, as the fiift, placed falter, wife, and pointed, fable, for Portugal. The fliield bordertd, gules, chargtd with feven towers, or three in chief, and two in each ftanch.— The fupporters are two-winged dragons, anil the rreft a dragon, or, under the two Hanches, and the bafe of the (hield appears at the end orf it ; two erodes, the firll Hower-dc-luce, vert, which is for the ordei of Aviez, and the fecond patec, gules, for the order of Chrift ; th« motto is changeabk, each king afliiming a new one ; but it is frequently thefe words, Pro Rftrr ft Gregey " For the King and the People.** NoBii.i TY AND OR DKKs.] The titles and diftinftions of their nobilirv are much the'fanie with thofe of Spain. Their orders of knighthood are three ; i. That of Anus or Aviczj firfl inflituted by Alphcmfus Henri- ques, king of Portugal in the year 1147, as a military and religions order, on account of his taking Evora from the INIoors. In rzi;, it was fiibjedl.to the order of Calatrava in Spain, but when Don John of l^ovtugal fcized the crown, he made it again independent. 2. The *» Order of St. 7<7Wfi," inflituteil by Dennis J. king of Portugaf, in the year 131c, fuppofing that under that faint's prattrtion he became vii%. rious over the Moors, and he endowed it M'ith great privileges. The knights profefs chaftity, hofpitality, and t)bedience, and none are ad- mitted till they prove the gentility of their blood. Their enfign is a re«l fword, the habit white, and their principal convent is at D^Jniela.-^ 3. The t' Order of 6'/"v/!i'," was inflituted in i^jy, by De«mis I. of Por- tugal, to engage the nobility to aifiit him more powerfully sgainfl tijc Moors. The Knights oUtained great poneflions, and ele^ed their grand* niafter, till 1522, when pope Adrianx VI. conferred that office on John III. ,?nd his fuccelfors to the crown of Portugal. Thefe orders have fmall commanderies and revenue^ annexed to them, but arc in little efleem. The " Order of Mahit" hath iikewifc 23 Gonimanderies in Portugal, History ok PortuoaT..] This kingdom comprehends the greateft part of the ancient Lufitania5 and ihared the fame fate with the other Spanifh provinces in the conteft between the Cai thaginians and Romans, and in tlie decline and fall of the Roman empire, and was fucceflively in fubjertion to the Suevi, Alans, Vifigoths, and M{X)rs. hi the nth century Alphonfus VI. king oi CaAile and Leon, i-ewarded Henry, grandfon of Robert king of France, for his bravery and ailiftance againft the Moors, with his daughter, and that part of Portugal then ii; the hands of the Chriftians. Henry was fucceeded by his ion Alphonfus Henry, in the year logi;* who gained a decifive vi«5kory over five Moorifli kings, in July 1 1 39. This virtory proved the origin of the monarchy of Por- tugal, for Alphonfus was then proclainped king by his foldiers. He reign- ed 46 years, and Wis ellcemed for his courage and love of learning.— His def»*endants maintained themfelves on the throne for fome centuries; in(lee<4 Sancho |I. wViS expelled from his dominions for cowardice in the j;tar 124c, ■ * Dennis I. PORTUGAL. 59S Dennis 1. or Dionyfins was called the Father- of h'^ Cjuntrv : he built an(t rebuilt' 44 cities ami towns in Poyii_c;;U, Joimdtd ttic niilit;iiy order ot Chrift, and was a very fortunate prime. He rciiriied 46 years.— Umler Ills fuccefTor Alphonfus IV. happened feveral e.uthquakcs at Lii^ 1)0(1, which threw down part of the city and deftroyed many lives.— John 1. was illiiltrious for his courage, pnidcncc, and connuefts in Africa ; under him Madeira was firll difcovei-ed in 1 5j.c, and die C.aarics; h« toiik Ceuta, siid after a reign of 49 years, died in the year 143 V I" *he rei«;n of Alphonlo V. about i 180, the I'ortiiguefe diAovcied the co&ft.of Cininea, and in the reign of his fuccelTbr lohn II. the\ dilcnv^rcd the Cape of Good Hope, and the kifig»lom of Mani Congo, and fettled co- lonics, and built forts in Africa, Guinea, and the Kaft Indies. Ema*- niifl, furnamed the Great, fucceeded him in 1105, and adopted the plaA ot his predeceflbrs, fittihg out fleets for new difcoveries. Vafco de Gama^ iinu$ Xavier, as a miffionary to Japan, and in the height of his zeal, eftablifli- fci that infei'nal tribunal the inquifition of Portugal, anno 1^26, againfl; the intreaties and remonftrances of his people. Sebaftian his grandfon fiureeded him in iq!;7, and undertook a crulade againfl the Moors i a Africa. In 1378, in a battle with the king of Fez and Morocco, on the banks of the river Lucco, he was defeated, and either llain or drowned. Henry, a cardinal, and uncle to the unfortunate Sebaftian, being the foil of Emaniitl, fucceeded, but died without ifliic in the. year 158 ; on vvhirli, Anthony, prior of Crato, was choftn king, by the ftates of the kingdom, but Philip II of Spain, as hath been obterved in our hiftory of that country, pretended that the crown belonged to him, becaufe his mo* ther was the eldeft daughter of the grand-mother ot the princes trf Braganza^ iind fent the duke of Alva with a powerful force, who fubdued the country^ and proclaimed his mafter kmg of Portugal, the 12th Sept. i ^80. The viceroys under Philip and his two fuccelfors, Phihp III. and Philip IV. behaved towards the Portuguefe with great rapacity and vio* leuce. The Spanifli minifters treated them as vaflals of Spain, and by tlieir repeated aopr for their marriage, which was a£hialiy confum. mateil. They had a daughter ; but Peter, by a fecond marriage, bad fnns, the eldcll of whom was John, bis fueteffiir, and father to the late kiiig of Portugal. John, like his father, joined the grand eonfcderary fnmed by king Wtllinm ; but neither of ili«m were of much fcrvicc ili humbling the power of France. On the contrary, he almoA ruined the allies, by occafioning the lofs of the great battle of Ahnanza in I707.~< Jolin died in 1750, and was fucceedcd by his ibji Joleph, whofe rei^^n wa^ neither happy to htmfelf, nor fbitunate for his people. The fatal earth. <]uake in 175;* overwhelmed his capital, and (nook his kingdom to the centre. His fucceeiiing adminiitratioii was not diftinguiihed by the att'cc- rion that it acquired at home, or the reputation which it fuftained abroa when a war broke out between Spain and England, the Spa. niards, and their allies the French, attempted to force his Faithful Maje% into their alliance, and o|]iered to garrifonhis fea-townsagainft the £nglifh witk theit troops. The king of Portugal rejected this propuial, and declared war 'againil the Spaniard^ who, without refiftance, entered Portugal with a conftderahle array, while a body of French threatened it from anothei quarter. SomeNhave doubted whether anv of thefe courts were in carueft upon thb occafion, and whether the whole o^ the pretended war was not concerted to force England into a peace with France and Spain, in confidei-ation of PortugaPs apparent danger. It is ceitain, that both the French and Spaniards carried on the war in a very dilatory maiinrr, «nd that had they been in earneft, they might have been maffera of Ijl- bon long before the arrival of tlie Euglilh troopb to the afiiboce of the Portuguefe. Be that as it will, a few Englifli battalions put an effir<^ual ftop,by their tourage and manoeuvres, to the progrel's of th^ invaiioji. l^)itugal wn;> i'aved, and a peace was concluded at Foutainbleau iu I7'^3. Notwitli- (landing this eminent fervice performed by the Englifh to the Portug\»efc, who often had been faved before in the like manner, die latter, ever fiiice that period, cannot be faid to have beheld their deliverers with a friendly eye The moft captious didiu^ions and frivolous pretencfs have been invented by the Portuguefe minillers for cramping the Engliih trade, and deriving them of their privileges. His Poilujjuefe majefty having no fon., his eltk-ll daughter was married hy difpenfation from the pope, to Don Pedro, her own uncle, to prevent theccoWn fiomfaiiing iiUo a foreign family » The iat^ Kiug died on the ^' I • I ^f -I' k- it. \X 4* "'Vm 'JJP.I kjPrf rr-zv ^ yttiiti ^en«t. tl '■ . 'J. t VM »W'f^S '.Boa '^>i!irt;rt-^': - «!T»f t tt<; ti «;( M*.-.ii*, tS' Rv: . L-:; tUi ..*.t ?d} /2 J4'h ^ ^iiten. power tliroug tnrv a ailed jje tnlculal Mari 1760, I has ilf'iK 1. Jo 2. In 5. In 4. In THE and fiontlti-s ■iboiit y^i iavoy, to ;;reateft b 100. Bou>iD the Mft it ^outh anc Jofty mou land. The wh ^^ S97 J 4th of Febniary, i777» aiu! was fiicceedul by his Frances-IfabelU, daeen of Portugal, born in ^7114* married in 1760, to her uncle Don Pedro, who was born 1717* by whom Ihe lias ilUie. 1. Jofeph-Francis-Xavier, prince of Brafil, boni in Z7611 married in 1777, to his aunt Mary-Franciica-Benedii^at horn is i74o« 2. Infant John-Maria-Jofeph, 1767. 3. Infanta Maria Anna- Vi(ftoria, 1768. 4. Infanta Maria-Clementina, 1774* ITALY. Situation ano Extfnt. Miles. Degrees. ' Length 600? i,^j^cea I 3^ '*«<^ 47 "©rth latitude. Breadth 4005 C 7 and 19 eaft longitude. THE form of Italy renders it very difficult to afccrtain its extent and dimenfions ; for, according to fome accounts, it is, from the frontiei^ of Switzerland to the extrtmity of the kingdom of Naples, nboiit 750 ipiles in length ; and from the frontiers of the duch^ of Savoy, to thofe of the dominions of the ftatt s of Venice, which is its ;;reatell breadth, about 400 smiles, though in fome paits it is Icarcely 100. Bov>i D\R lEs.] Nature has fixed the boundaries of Italy ; for toward? the en ft it is bounded by the Gulf of Venice, or Adriatic fea ; on the South and Weft by the Mediterranean fea ; and on the North, by the Infty mountains of the Alps, which divide it from France and twitter- land. The whole of the Italian dominiottt, colli j^riihending Corfica, Sardinia, the Venetians and other iflaads, are divided and exhibited in the foUowiiilr table. • ^ >^' 'f 9Ai T<5-, -,»; *' ^ vouiifrl ■tt 1 '^'!" V/7' •*»> S WIT Z ERLAJrp ^ -/a! 4f ^ aRta s.fit*rda JMl-. ^ ■ -^g»l- ^ ttu£irio S^^onin. ^rnici ^^Uaiifv drfiana/Y* Cdi r«* r'5'*" Jttft^A Jtan//'/r/a R X CS^rat Tunis ' x^^Jie '.Boa JCm 1 ^> iTxlLY irom the beft ,r4 Cr T MO RI TJ JS S E laftla incona {kmfriA n^Ar- inifiirio vncC /^Aiww/r >' JIWftXM iw^r ^ *^jj- cr3rP5n5tf !r>( C.dt( \la ,'.<-:; JWWA'' I CoAi JGm/t/rfa E A ji^0*^' ^i&i . IMP '"^Wfe J^'A/ Jl ,€eraeati '.Boa rw ^IhlaAii Tttt sta 'i *»»*l«*tWralla yraeute ?$ffs*ro m if^ ^6 Aynetfc/^ift^aiuie J^ J!a/l/r<>m lendm S ^" ., . -- ""-Ait^j,^ V. • \ » '»■*'•" " • 598 ITALY. ^ ■ f br* --^ • 11 Countrie* Names, kaly. .Square Miles. i 2 ,'1 Chief Citlci. / Vitdmont 6619 14c ~"9« Pwrin Savoy 3.^7V 87 60 Chambery • Tothrlting/ Monlfrrrat 446; 40 2 a ' afcl of Sardinia \ Aleflandtine 104! 17 ao Alexandria , OnegVtx I.U! 44 7 Oneelia j7Cagliari NSardi'ia I. 6600 jyii To tho king f Haykn ax.ooo 27J too Naples of Napfcs 1. Sicily I. 9400 180 92 ralcnno ; To the' Eiti- \ J!''*"* .54.11 I.? 5 76 Milan Iror iM=*"t«» • 70- 47 i7;Mantija r'^"'^ ^Mirjndola 120 19 lOiMiiandola Pope's dominions 14,^48 »'.5 .a:'ro Ml- r^ Lat. 4' 54. / Ttfcjny 6<>40 11.^ ■ 94 t'lorcn'cc To their \ J;'-"'^ Si i(> i^Maffi ' 1 Modtna princes ,,. , . * ■ / Pionilnno I12J5 10- 11 .17Pi>rn>« - - • .^f)i\'odina iS Piombin* -Mon;iio • . 24 12 4' Monaco J- l.uciTa a5i6 :8 15 Lucca RepuMIc* •! St. Marino ?| '■(!cnoa ' 2400, iftn I. Sf. Marino 25, Genoa To France L'orfica T. ».?2o; (;a .• Without a knowledge of thefe, PROMONTORIES, AND STRAITS. J neither the ancient Roman authors, nor the hiftory nor geo^^raphy of Italy, can be underftood. The feas of Italy are, the gulf of Venice, or the Adriatic Sea ; the Teas of Naples, Tufcany, and Genoa; the bays or harbours of Nice, Villa Franra, One- glia, Fmal, Savona, Vado, Spezzia, Lucca, Pifa, Leghorn, Piomhino, Civita Vecchia, Gaeta, Naples, Salerno, Policafiio,- Rhcgio, Qijilacc, Tarento, Manfredonia, Ravenna, Venite, Trielle, Iftria, and Fiume ; Cape Spartavento dtl Alice, Otranto, and Ancona ; the ftrait of Mellina, tttween Italy and Sicily. The gulfs and bays in the Italian Iflands are thofe of Fiorctizo, Ballia, Tal.ida, Porto Novo, Cape Corfo, Bonnifacio, and Ferro, in Corfua; and the Itrait of Bonifacio, between Corfi«a and Sardinia. The bays ofCa- gliari and Oriftagni ; Capede Sardis, Cavello, Monte Santo, and Polo, in Sardinia. The gulfs of Meilinp, Mclazzo, Palermo, Mazara, Syrarufe, and Catania ; Cape Faro, Mefazza, Orlando, Galla, Tropano, PafTaro, and Aleflia, in Sicily ; and the bays of Porto Ftiaio, and Porto Longone, in the iiland of Elba. MhTAi.sAND MINERALS.] Many placcs of Italy abound in mineral fpiings; fome hot, fome warm, and matiy of fiilphiueous,'chalybeat, and medicinal qualities. Many of its mountains abound in mines that pro- du-e great quantities o^ emeralds, jafper, agate, porphyry, lapis, lazuli, and other valuable Hones. Iron and copper-mines are found in a few placcs ; and a mill for forging and fabricating thcfe metals is erected near Tivoli, in Naples. Sardinia is faid to contain mines of gold, fiivei", lead, iron, fulphur, and alum, though they are now neglefted : and c\i- rioiis cryftals and coi-al are found on the coaft of Corfua. Beautiful mar- ble of all kinds is one of the chief pro as popn. loui now as it wa« iti the time of Pliny, when it contained i4.,ooo,coo of inhabitants. 1 ana apt to h lieve that the piYfent inhabitants exceed tiiar nundur. The C'amjiajjna di Koina and fomc other of the nmll beaiiii. ful part! t>f Italy, arc at pieftiit in a manner defolate; but we are to con- fuier that the modem Italians are in a ti;reat meaAire frte from the unintt-r* mitttJigwflrs, not to mention the tranfmi^ratiftn of colonies, which lot. nicrlv, even doAvn to the i6th century, dcpopulnted their country. Add tothis, that tlu- prince"? and (tatcs of Italy now eiicoiiiage aj^riculturc and n)«ntifa^h)res of all kind!>t which iindoubtetlly proniottH ]K)puiation ; lo that it may not perhaps be extiava^nnt, if we aflign to Italy 2o,oco,'-> o of inhabitants ; but Ibme calculations greatly txctcil that nundier *. The Italiaits are j .nernlly will proportioned, aiui have fnch me.miiv, in tluir lodkK, tliat tbty have greatly aUiiled the ideas of their painters. The uo. wen are ucll-lhaped and very anmrons. The marriage tits, cfpedallv of the l>cttei fort, are laid to be of very little valne in Italy. I'.very wilt: has bren reprefentcd to have her gallant or riciJheo, with m horn flie kerpk company, and foiTTctimes cohabits, with very little ceremony, and no o;- fencc on either (ide. But this practice is chicHy remarkable at Venice; and indeed the rcprefentations which have been made of tliiw kind by tra- vellers, appear to have been nnich exaggerated. ^Vith regard to tl;e modes of life, the heft quality of a modern Italian is iobritty, and tliev ftilVniit very patiently to the public government. With great tari'tunntythiy difpover bnt little nflicVi'^n. Tluy are ratl:tr vindii'tivc than brave, an^i more fupcrflitious than devotit. The middling ranks are attached to their native cuftoms, and leem to4iave noideas of improven)cnt. Their fond- nefs for greens, fruits, and vegetabK-s of all kinds, contributes to thtir coittentmeut and fatisfa-^Hon ; and an Italian gentleman or pealant can be luxurious at a verj- fmall cxpeiKC. Though perhaps all Italy does not rontain many del'rendants of the ancient Komans, yet the prelent inha- bitant*. fjH-ak of fhcnifelves as fucrelToi s of the cont^uerors of the world, and- l04.1r upon the re(l of matrkind with contempt. Th€ drefs of the Italians is little different from that o*^ the neighbour- ing «ountri€S, ajid they atfeft a medium between the French volatility and iUt ioUmnity of the Spaniards, l he Neapolitans are commonly drtil in black, in cnnipliment to the Spaniartls. It cannot be denied that the Ita- Ji.ins excel in the fine arts; though they make at prefent but a very iHconlt- lierable figure in the Ictenccs. Thev cultivate and enioy vocal n»ulic at a i^ry dear fate, by emafculating their males wheu young ; to which their Mtercenary parents agree without renioi le. The Italians, the V<^oetians efpecially, have very little or no notion of the impropriety of manv cufloms that are confidered as criminal in other «>(>ui)tri: s. Pill eats-, ralfier tliin their fons fliould throw themfelves away by unfuitable inariiages, or contract dilfcaCts by promlii-uous ainours, hire ViillrtiScs fm* them, for n nU)nth, or a year, or fome determined time; and- concubinage, in many places ot Italy, is an avowed iicenicd trade. * Mr. ftwinftorne fukh, tliat ia 1779, the numkrr «>f inhabitant!* in tire kiiigdora 4f MwU 9, anwiimiA tu 4,*4aniinjf, litiiic rairs with- out riiiei's, and convci i'ations oi* afLinblics, art* the « hict divniiom of rite ItjIi.iiKs excepting religious txhibition^s in wliirh tUry are ponipuus br* \oaH all other nations. A modern writer, defcribin;; hif joxirney throui!,h Italy, gives us a very untavouiabie picture of the Italians, and their manner ol Jiving. Give wiiat fcope you pieale to your tincy, fayshe, you uiil never imagine hail' tlie difagreeablenefs that Italian l)ed<(, Italian cooks ^nA Italian uailinciji« otier to an Engliflintan. At Turin, Milan, Venice, Kome, and ptrh:ip« two or three other towns, you meet with good accottmiiHiation ; but no ttords can exprtfs the wrctchednefs of the other inn«. No other beds tli.iM thole of (li*aw, with a matrafsof iliaw, and next to that a dirty l))cet« fpriiiklcd with water, and confequcntly damp : h)r a covering you have another fhect as coarfe as the Hrft, lik- one of our kitchen jack-to\vels, uitn a dirty coverlet. The bedflead conliiis of four wotnlen forms or Undies : ait Kni^lifli peer and peerci's mud lie in this manner, uniefs thev rany an uphoillererV (hop with them. There are, by the bye, wo fuca things as cmtains, and in all their inus the wnii:» arc hare, and the Himit \ui, never one- been wallied fuice it wisfiid laid. One of the modinde* lic:ite ciiiloms here is, that men, and not women, make the ladies beds, ami would do every «>thce of a maid fervant, if lutfered. They nevei* icoiir their pewter ; the knives are of the lame cojoiu'. In theCe inns thcjf make you nay largely, and fend up ten times as much as you can eat* The foup, like waili, with piece;} of liver iwimn)in<; in it; a plate full, of Itrains fried in the fliape of fritters ; a diih of livers and gizzards; a ro\iple of fowls (alwavs killed after your arrival) boiled to ragsi, wtthont any the lead kind of ^auce or herbage : another fowl, jud killed, dewed as they called it ; then two more fowls, or a turkey roaded to rags. AH •; over Italy on the roads, the chickens and fowK ai'e fi> dringy, you maf artii, and where many tranfaccions pafs which hardly fliew their infpira lion to be from the Holy Ghoft. During the elertion of a pope in 1721, the animosities ran fo high, that ihey came to blows, with both their haiicis and feet, and threw the ink-ftandiflies at each other. We fliall here give an extra'alfo receive and admit the receive<^ and approved rites of the catho- lic church in her iblemn adminiftration of the above faid farraments. *' I do embrace and receive nJl and every tliwig that hath bten defined and declared by the holy council of Trent*, concerning original lin and jdfHftcation. ** I do alfo profefs that in the mafs there is offered unto God a true, proper, and propitiatory facrifice for the quick and the dead ; and that in the racft holy farrament of the eucharift there is truly, really, and fiib- (lantially, the body and blood, together with the foul and divinity, of our L6rd jcfus Chrift ; and that there is a converfion made of the whole fub- ftance of the bread into the body, and of the whole fubftance of the m ine into the blood ; which converfion the Catholif church calls Tranfuhftan- tiation. I confefs that under one kind only, whole and entire, Chi ift and a true facrament is taken and received. " I do firmly believe that there is a purgatory ; and that the fo'.ils kept prifoners there do receive help by the futtVages of the faithful. " I do likcwife believe that the faints reigning together with Chrift are to be woriliipped and prayed unto: and that they do offer prayers unto Qod for us, and tiwt their relics are to be had in veneration. »* I do moft firmly aflert, that the images of Chrift, of the Bleflcd Vir- ♦ A eonvov-ation of Poman catholic cardinals, archbiniops, bilhops, anJ diviiits, *ho aflcniMfd at Trent, by virtue «>f h bull from the pope, anno 154A, anJ dcvotid to him, to determine upon certain points of faith, and 'to iupprcii what llityw'tf* , ekalcd to term the Rjlinc Hcrcfici in the <;liut(.h» *r» ^ i 4 '^ t 4 1<^ f t 4 ITALY. 603 gii\ the mother of GoJ, and of other faints, ought to be had :\nd retained, and *hat due honour and veneration ought to be given unto thtm *. « 1 do likewife affirm that the power of indulgencies was teft by Chi'ift to the chui'ch, and that the ufe of them is very beneficial to ChriAian peo- ple f. « I do acknowledge the holy, catholic, and apollolical Roman churrh to be the mother and niiftrefs of all churches ; and I do promife and fwear * An Englifli traveller, fpeaking of a religious proceflion foiue years ago at Flo- rence, in Italy, dcfcribes it as follows, i had occafiun, fays he, to fer a proceifioa, where all the noblefle of the city attended in their coaches. It was the annivcrfary of a charitable inilitution in favour of poor maidens, a certain number of whom are portioned every year. About two hundred of thefe virgins walked in proceflion, two and two together. They were preceded and followed by an irregular mob of peni- tents in fack^-cloth with lighted tapers, and monks carrying crucifixes, bawling and bellowing the litanies: but the greateft objed was the figure of the Virgin Mary, as big as the life, Itanding within a gilt frame, drefied in gold ftuff with a large hoop, a great quantity of falfe jewels, her face painted and patched, aHd her hair friszlcd and curled in the very extremity of the fafhion. Very little regard had been paid to the image of our Saviour ,on the crofs ; but when the Lady Mother appeared on the fhouldcrs of three or four lufty friars, the whole populace fell upon their knees in the dirt, f A long lift of indulgencies, or fees of the pope's chancery, may be feen in a book rinted Ijo years ago, by authority of the then pope. It has been tranflated into Eng- ifli, under the title of Rome a great Cujlom-Hiujlc for Sin \ from which we fliall give a few extrads. ABSOLUTIONS.: I rV For hjm that ftole holy or confecrated things out of a holy place, lot. 6d. ~ ' \'m him who lies with a woman in the church, 9s. For a layman for OTn>Y/ tae/* * ARCWtiTStfOfT^TCK'!.': Thi'^f are thhtv-eight arehbifFiopricks in Italy, but the fuftVa^ans anntxc.l lo thtm are too indefinite and arbitrary for the reailer to depend upmi, the pope creating or fupprclfing them as Ih- pleafcs. L^KGUAftfi.] 'I'he Italian language is remarkable for its fmoothnefs, And the facility with which it enters into nuidc'al compofitions. The ft Oittid-work of it is Latin, and is cafily mattered by a good ciafltcal rliolar. Almoft every ftate in Italy Iws a different di ;!ei-:t ; and pro- digious pains taken by the litrrary foi ieties tlicrf, may at lad fix the Italian itito a Ibndan^t language. At prelcnt, the Tuican llyle and writings are inoil in t^^|ueft. TheLm^l's Prayer runs thus : Pn/fte noflroj chfei tie! pel riel'\ fi/nu'l!' Jiiafo HI fuo nome\ ill tne rrf^no I'cn^a \ Ui tna irrhntti /ia tatf-'!f in cirlo ceji anchc in trna : davci ojit^^i Hi unjiio pttur coti.liinio : e i inset' m ifif- tti liehifa^ fie come noi ancora ritnrltia/no a* nojiri tkhitor] ; e ).0)i iniludci m tentiitlfne) ma Ithcraci dtd mal'gno ; percivchv tko e il . fgn'*^ e la potrn i.a, e la gloria in fcmp'tfrno. Amen. LearWiko and lEAHNi-n t^feN, PAINTER?, ) In the Introduciion, STATUAaits, ARCHITECTS, AN r> ARflSTS. ( wt have particiilarifed fomeofthc great men which ancient Italy has product d. Jn modern times, that is fince the revival of letters, fome Itdiuns have ftione in controverfial leaining, but they are rhiefly celelirated by bigots of their own perfuaiion. The matheimtics and natural philofophy owe nnuh ro GrlifeO, Toricelli, Malpighi, Bore lii, and ftverni other Italians. Strada is an excellent hiftorian ; and the hiftory of the council of Trent, by the celebrated father Paul, is a ftandard wofk. Gukciafdini, Bentivoglio, and Davila, have been much commended a& hiilorians by their ffrverni ad- xniret^. Macbiavei is equally famous as an hiflorian and as a political writer. His comedies h;;ve much merit ; and the liberality of his fenti- mehtCf for the age in which he lived, is amazing. Among the profe writers in the Italian language Boccace has been thought one of the nio(i ^Mfe' and corrert in point of flyle ; he was a very natural painter of life and liitrtncrs, but his prndU^ionA are too licentious. Petrarch, who wrote both iu Latin and Italian, revived among the moderns the fpirit and ge> niUi ol andeht literature : but among the Italian poets, Dante, AriofK and TalTo, are the nioft dittinguiflied. There are faid to be upwards of a thotiflind comedies in the Italian language, though not many that are exCeUent: but MetaAafio has acquired agfeat reputation by writing dfa- maCic pieces fet to mufic. Sannazarius, nacafteM-ius, Bembo, Vida, and •rikr iiatives of Italy, have diftinguiihed theiufelves by the elegance, roro reftnefe, ami fpirit of their LaMn poetry, many of their compofitions not ykkiiilg to the claifics themfelves, 8ocimts^ who was fo much difhn* tuifhed by his oppofition to the doctrines cf the Trinity, was a native of itjd?.'^'~~ "^ ' - - - -- The Italian painters, faTlptot3,archi te6Is, apd muficians, are tmrival- k4). ^ only in their numbers bUt llieii^ 'excellencies. The revival of ' ' " katningi t!>e oglio, al ad- (litiral ft-riti- e profe le nioii of lif« o wrote a»»d ge- Ariofto, vards of that art iiig dta* da, and ice, ror- ions not diftin- lative of iinrival- vival of ITALY. 605 >, ) Italy is the nattve covintiy of ak y th3t is (lupendoi», ^rcat, or faieaii- karnin^, after the fack of Coiiftantinople hy the Turks, revived taftt likcvviff, ami •rave mankind a rrtifh for truth and beauty in ileftgn and cHnan(\ Correggio, Caraccio, Veronefe, and otiKrs, arc, as paintei^^ xinequai^ Icdrfn their fevtral manners. The fame mav he faid of CorJli, and i^i«r Italians, in niufic. At prei'ent Italy camiotjuft^y boaU qftany pttroflMMwC genius in the fine art^. > ' rsivKRSiTiEs.] Thofe of Itnir are, Rome^ Venice, MorenrOj Mantua, Padua, Parma, Verona, Mihn, l*avia, Bologna, Ftn^ra, Pila*, \:i[)lcs, Salerno, ami iVrnfia. ANTHiJMTlfeS AND lUUIOSlTlFS, NATURAL ANI> AKTIFlClAl.. tifiil either in ancient or modern times. A library iniv^hf be filled: by ♦idiriptions and delineations of all thaf is rare ami c»Hiw»s in the Juts ;. «<»r do the itounds of this work admit of onlars;ing upon thi* fnt)jc»5t. W* < an give but a very brief accomit wf thofe objects that are moll difti«» guilhed either for antiquity or fw excellence. The amphitheati es claim the firft rank, as a fpecies of the rnoft firikiif^ niagnificente : there are at Rome conliderable ien»ins of that which was ercchd by Vefpafian, and iinifhcd by Domitian,, calletl the CoiiiK^o* Twelve thoufand Jewilh captives were employed by Veipsilian in this i>H>td' ing ; and it is i'aid to have b^cn capable irf' containiiig eighty- fewmi ttHHr- faiifi fpec^ators feated, and twenty-thoufand fiandin^. The aruhite^re of this amphitheatre is perfet^ly light, and its proportions are (0)11(1^ tint it (k>es not appear neat* fo large as it leally is. Hut it has been ftripped of all its magtiifirent pillars and ornaments, al various times, and by various enemies. The Goths, and other barbarians, began itfJ deiiioiidtkHi^ «iid popes and cardinals have endeavoured to complete its ruin. C'ar diiiM Far* nefe, in particuhr, robbed it of fome fiiiie remains of its marble eorixict% friezes, &c. \'cAy with infinite pains and labour, got a>vay what^as ^a^-^ ticabJe df th outfide cafing of marble, which he employed in btlfWinj^Uie palace of Farneiie. The an^hitheatre of Verona, erected by the <;(Nir^)- Flaminius, is thought to be the raoft entire of any in Italy. TJ^ereMV' foityfive rows of K«ps carried all round, formed «^ fine bliacks- of mavWci ahout a foot and a half high each, and above two feet broad. Twcti(|»^. two thoufand pcrfons may be felted here at their eafe, allqwiflj^ onp 1po«" and a half for each perfon. This an>phitheatre is f^iit p«rfed( .and hM b^en lately repaired with the greateft care, at the^xpence of the-'iHh^bk tants. They frequently givepublic f|)fdacles in it, ftfoh as hQcJfeTafleSy combats of wild beaft, &ic. Tne ruin* of theatre^ ftftd ampii}thtifM:t-«v> itn»< alfo viftble in other places. The ttiumphal Jv«d or cleared away : it is compofed of bituminous., particles, mi»d wi^- cinders^ minerals, metallics, and vitrified faudy fubftances, which all together form a clofe ai|d heavy mafs. ^ laitHe year 1 7 1 3» upon digging I T A L f . 607 into thtfe parts, fomewhat of this unfortunate city was dlfeovered, atul ^ many antiques were du^ out ; but the fearch was afterwards difcontinued,' till tlie year 1736, when the king of Naples employed men to dig perpeti- dicularly eighty feet deep, whereupon not only the city made fls^p^r- ance, but alfo the bed of the river which ran through it. The temple of hipiter was then brought to light, and the whole of the theatre. In the temple was found a (latiie of gold, and the infcription that deioratetl the great doors or entrance. In the theatre the fragments of a giit chariot of bronze, with horfes of the fame metal, likewife gilt : this had been placed over the principal door of entrance. They likewife found among the ruins of this city multitudes of ftatues, buftos, pillars, paintings, inanu> fcripls, furniture, and various utenfils, and the fearch is (Hll cotttmued. The ftreets of the town appear to have been quite ftraight and regular, and the houfes well built, and much alike ; fome of the rooms paved uith mofaic, others with fine marbles, others again with bricks three feet long and fix inches thick. It appears that the town was not tilled up fo unex- " peftedly with the melted lava, as to prevent the greatcft part ot t\v£ iniu- bitants from efcaping with many of their richeft effects ; for when tlie ex- cavations were made, there were not njore than a dozen (keletons found, ami but little of gold, filver, or precious itones, tU- />♦'; w, . '• The town of Poaipeia was dcftroyed by the fame (^uption of Mount Veiuvius, which occafioned the deftru<5lion of HerculaneUm ; blit it was not difcovercd till near forty years after the difcovery of Herrulaneuin. One ftreet and.a few detached buildings of this town, have been cleai-ed : the ftreet is well paved with the fame kind of ftone of which tlie ancient roads are made, and narrow caufeways are raifet) a foot and a half on each fide for couveniency of foot paflengers. lh\ Moore obferves, tbat the ftreet itfelf is not fo broad as the narrowed pait of the Strand, and is fiip,. pofed to have been inhabited by trades -people. .The traces of wheels of- carriages are to be feen on the pavement. The houfes are fmall, btit i;ive an idea of neatnefs and conveniency. The ftucco on the walls is (jnooth and beautiful, and as hard as marble. Some oi the rooms are ornamented with paintings, moAly tingle figures, reprefentirigifome anicnal.. They are tolerably wdl ekecuted, and on a little water being thrown oii tliem, the coloin's appear furprifingly frefli. Mo/l of the houfes art buik on the famie ^lan, and have one fmall room from the palfage, which it • onjeftured to have been the Ihop, with a window to the ftreet, and a pdace which feems to have been contrived fpr iliewing the goods to the greatcft advantage. In another part of the town is a regular building, with a co-: lon^ile, towards the court, fomething in the ftyle of the Royal Exchange at London, but fmaller. At a confiderable diflanqc from this, i&aitcmple ofthcgoddefs Ifib, the pillars of which are of brick, ftuccoed like thofe of the guard-room ; but there is nothing very magnificent in the appear*' ance of this qilifice. The beft paintings, hitherto found at Pornpeia, arc thofe of this temple; they have been cut out of the vjralis, and removed to Portici. Few Ikeletons were found in the ftretts of this town, but a con* ii'lerable number in the houfes. ? '''/•' With regard to modern curiofities tn Italy, they are as bewildefihg Ss " the remains of antiquity. Rome itfelf coutaini? 300 churches, filled with all that is rare in . architecture, painting, ahd fculpture. Each city and town of Italy contains a proportionable nuttiber. The church pf St.' reter» at Rome, is the moft aftonifliing, bold, and regulat- fabrfc, thijt' cvcf|)ejrhapscxifted; and when examined, by the rules of- art, i^iiiayl:*' "'■'' termel t 6cS ITALY. (, atrme^ faultli^fs. Tbr hoiife and rhnpel of Loretto is rirli t)fyon(t ima- gt)\arion» nutwithiHindiag the liiliculoiis romance thnt compofes its iiif. The nttural curiodties of Italy, thoufjfi remarkable, are not fo numer- ous as its artificial. Mount Vefiivius, which is five Italian miles didant from the city of Naples, and Mount ^tna, in Sicily, are remarkable for cmhting fire from their tops. The declivity of Mount Vefuvius tow.vj^i • i i'.".. (V. •>■• .•-•••• ' " »- •• •■ • ■''• - • * iVloun* ' • Sir William Hamilton, in hit account of rhc earrhquakes in Calabria Ultra, and 8i«iiy, from Ftbruary Jth, to May, tyU^-, j{ivc»ffveral reafon* for believing- thaf they wcr« occaliontd by tlx! operations of a volcano, the feat of w^ich. lay deep, cithtr under tiK: bottom of th« lea, between Stromboli, and tlie cuait ol' Calabria, or nn- det the part* nl' rhr plain towardi Oupido and Terra Nuovn. He plainly oWtrvid* ^Ad4tlun in ikc damage d«nc to tbe bnildlngti, %t alio in thrc degree of mertalitVi ITALY. 6of Mount Mtnn is 10,954 feet in height, and has been computed to be 60 miles in circunference. It ftands feparate from all other mountains, itt figure is circular, and it terminates in a cone. The lower parts 6f it artf very fmitful in corn and fugar-canes ; the middle aiiounds with wood>% olive-trees, and vines; and the upper part is almoft the whole year, covcrr edwith fnow. Its fiery eruptions have always rendered it famous) in one of thefe, which happened in i66g, fourteen towns and villages were drftroyed, and there have been feveral terrible eruptions fince that time* There is generally an earthquake befoie any great eruption. In 1693^ the port-town of Catania was overturned, and 1 8^000 people periflied. Between the lakes Agnano and Puzzoli, there is a villagje called Solfa^ tara, becaufe vaft quantities of fulphur are continually forced out of ther cliffs by fubterranean fires. The Grotto del Cani is remarkable for its poifonous fleams, and is fo called from their killing dogs that enter it, if forced to remain there. Scorpions, vipers, and ferpents, are faid to be common in Apulia. Among the natural curiofities of Italy, thofe vaft bodies of fnow and ice, which are called the Glaciers of Savoy, deferve to be .'particularly mentioned. There are five glaciers, which extend almpfl to tne plain o£ the vale of Chomouny, and are feparated by wild forefts, cpfn-fields, ahd rich meadows ; lb that immenfe trads of ice are blended with the higheft cultivation, and perpetually fucceed to each other, intherapil fingular and (Iriking ticifiitude. All thefe feveral vallies of ice, whjch lie chiefly in the hollows of the mountains, and are fome leagues in length, unite together at the foot of l^ont Blanc ; the higheft mountain in ^ufope, aad probably of the ancient world. According to the calciilations of Mr. de Luc, the height of this mountain, above the level of the fed, is 2^91^ French toifes, ov ijiSOj Englifti feet. *' I am convinced," fays Mr. Coxe, " from the fituation of Mont Blanc, from the height of the mountains around it, from its fuperior elevation above them, and its being feen at a great diftance from all fides, that it is higher tha,n any moun- tain in Swiflerland : which, beyond a doubt, is, next to Moot. Blanc, thtf higheft ground in Europe. States OF Italy, CONST ITU- I Thus far of Italy in general j; TiOK, AND CHi£F CITIES. \but as the Italian ftates are not like the republics of Holland, or Swiflerland, or the empire of Germany, cemented by political confederacy, to which every member is account* able, for every Italian ftate has ciiftiniEt fotms of government, trade, and interefts, I fliall be obliged to take a feparate view of each to affift the reader in forming an idea of the whole. The duke of Savoy, or, as he is now ftyl^, king of Sardinia, taking his royal title from that ifland, is a powerful prince of. Italy, of which he is called the Janus, or keeper, againft the French. His capital, Turin, is ftrongly fortified, and one ot the. fineft cities in Europe ; but the country of Savoy is mountainous and barren, and its natives are >n proportion as the countries were more or lefs diftant from this flippofed centre o^ the evil. One circumftance he particularly remarked : if two towns were dtuated «' an equal diftance from this centre, the one on a hill, the other on a plaita, or in a o*mm, the latter had always faffered greatly more by the fhocks of the earthquakes than tlie former; a fufficient proof to him of the caUfe CMHiog from Uuieath, a0 ">u mutt aatuiaily have been pr«du^i ve »f fuch »fl effeft. lipi m €td 4 T A L y. foired t(^ fwk theti- brr nd all ovtr the world. Thev are e fteemed a fimpff, "' J'*"*'- 'loneft people. The king is fo nbfohite, that his icvemic* confm of what he pleafes to raife u(X)n his fubjeclbs. His ordinary income, bcrftlfs his o\rn tamiJv provinces, cannot be lefs than 500,000!. fterling, out of which he maintains iq,ooD men in time of peace. Ehaiiig a ipf^t, when aflincd by foreign fubfidies, he can bring to the field 4c,oco ttien.' The agjfrandizcment of his piLfrnt Sardinian ttiajefty is rliidv owirtff to England, to whom, by his fituation, he was efteemed a natural *^fc the prefervation of the balanre of power in Europe. The Milanefe, belonging to the houfc of Aiiilria, is a moft formidahitf ftate, and formerly gave law to all Italy when under the goveinmfn: or its Own dukes. The fertility and beauty of the country are almolf incredible. Milan, the capital,' and its citadel, is very ftrong, and fm- «iflied with a magnificent cathedral in the Gothic tafle,' which contaiiii 5 vei-y rich treafury, conJifting chiefly of ecclefiaftical furniture, compoltd of gold, filver, and precious ftone.' The revenue of the duchy is abo\r 500,iogl. annually, which is fuppofed to maintain an army of 30,001 men. The natives are fond of literary and political aflemblicsjvhcrj' they converfe almofl on '^11 fnbjeas. With all its uatural and arquueJ advantages, the natives of Wilan make but few exports ; fo that its revr- juie, unlefs the court of Vienna fliall purfiie fome other fyftem of improvement, cannot be much bettered. The duchy of Mantua, beinsj now incorporated with it, the provhice 15 to take the name of Auftriaii Lombardy* ;.; The republic of Genoa is vaftly d«^nerated firom its ancient powei and opulence, though the fpirit of trade ftill continues among its nobilits and citizens. Genoa is a moft fuperb city, and contains fome very mag- nificent palaces, particularly thofe of Doria* and Durazzo. The iiiha- bitants ol diftinftion drefs in black, in a plain, if not an uncouth manner, perhaps to fave expences. Their chief manufactures are velvets, da- niafks, gold and filver tifTues, and paper. The city of Genoa contains 'about i5r,ooo inhaWtants (but fome writers greatly diminifh that num- ber), among whom are many rich trading individuals. Its maritime power is dwindled down to fix gallies. The' chief fatety of this republic con- lifts in the jealdufy of other European powers, bccaufe to any one of ,. them it would be a moft valuable acquifition. The common people art .♦^retched beyond expreftibn, as is the foil of its territoiy. Near the faa fome paits are tolerably well cultivated. The government of Genoa n . ^riftocratical, being vefted in the nobility; the chief perfon is called th« '- ^?g«» or Duke, to which dignity no perfon is prcmioted till he is fift; years of age. Every two years a new doge is chofen, and the former U incapable during five years of holding the fame poft again*. The doge .^gives audience to ambafladors, all orders of government are ilTued in hb ^*iiame, and he is allowed a body-guard of two hundred Germans. y „ Venice is- one of the moft celebrated republics in the world, on account ... rboth of its conftitution and former power. It is compofed of fevcral fine er .!,-.* Andrew I>bria, the head of this family, famooj for his military "P'"''*' '"J ,the dt^ivtwr «f Genoa, was born in the territoiy of Ccnoa, in thaytar 1406': r^ f^ rircrcd the ibvtfcignty of the ftate, hut rcfufi-d it, an J gave to the pcopJe tnH • .WtmhUcan form of gcvcrnnicnt which ftill fubfiftsj hcKT«*to the age «t 9h^' ««f»jc and frknd uf ihv mifortunasc* ,,,.\aeet Vi ^•^:^i::i^a:s n^^j^Mi aiw^ Aitf^viouu v'ls ^ni ■?*.;! U, '^.i,m proviBtw ITALY. 6it provinces on the continent of Italy, fome iflands in the Adriatic, :;nd pnrt of Dalmatia. The cit)^ of Venice is fcated on 72 iflands, at the bottom of the north end of the Adriatic fea, and is feparated frbm the continent by a marfliy lake uf Hve Italian miles in breadth, too ftiallovr for large (hips to navigate, which forms its principal ftrength. Venice preferves the veftiges of its ancient magnificence, but is in every rtfpeft degenerated, except in the palllon which its inhabitants ftill retain for mu- fic and mummery during their carnivals. They fcem to have loft their ancient tafte for painting and architefturc, and to be returning to Gothi« cifm. They have had however lately fome fpirited differences with the court of Rome, and feem to be difpofed to throw off their obedience to its head. As to the conftitution of the republic, it was originally dc- morratical, the magiftrates being chofen by a general alTembly of the people, and fo continued for one hundred and fifty years j but various tlmngcs afterwards took place : doges, or dukes, were appointed, who were inverted with gi'cat power, which they often grofly abufed« ami fome of them were aflaffinated by the people. By degrees a body of hereditary legillative nobility was formed, continued, and progreflive encioachments were made upon the rights of the people, and a complete ariftocracy was at length eftabliflied upon the ruihsof the ancient popular government. The nobility are divided into fix clafles, amounting in the whole to 2500, each of whom, when twenty-five years of age, has a right to be a member of the grand council. Thefe eleft a doge or chief tnagiftrate, in a peculiar manner by ballot, which is managed by gold and fiiver balls. The doge i»f courfc they may command accefs to the houfe of every individual in ' the ftate. They continue in office only one year, but are not refponfibte aftervvards for their condina whilft they were in authority. So much , or ■ i" R. r 2 with *■■ :i:^ If 6tt ITALY. with foreigners of any kind, and are even eautious of vifiting at earh other's houfe. ». All the orders of Venetian nobility are drefled in black gowns, large wigs, and caps, which they hold in their hands. The ceremony ot the doge's njarrying th« Adriatic once a year, by dropping into it a ring, from his bucentaur or ftate-bargc, attended by thofe of all the nobility, is the mod fuperb exhibition ia Venict-, but not comparable for magnifi- nence to a lord mayor's iheu-. The inhabitants of Venice are faid to amount to 200,000. The grandtur and convenienry of the city, partifii- larly the public palaces, the treafury, and the arlenal, are beyond ex- pre(fion. Over the fevtral canals of Venice are laid near qoo bridges, the greatefl part of which are flonc. The Venetians dill have fonie njanufaiftures in fcarJet cloth, gold and filver (luffs, and, above all, fine .looking glafles, all which bring ia a confiderable revenue to the owners; rhatof the fenate annually is faid to amuunt to 8,ooo,oo'j of Italian ducat% each valued at twenty pence of our money. Out of this are defrayed t!ie cxpences of the flate and the pay of the army, which, in time of peace, confifts of r6,ooo regiilar troops (always commanded by a foreign ge- neral), and ic,ooo militia. They keep up a fmall fleet for curbing the jnfoleike of the piratical ftates of Barbary, and they have among tiieni fome orders of knighthood, the chief of which are thofe of the Sto/a Mo^ fo called from the robe they wear, which is conferred only on the 6rft quality, and the military order of St. Mark, of which in the proper place. In ecclefiaftical matters the Venetians have Mw> patriarchs ; the autlio- rity of one reaches over all the provinces, but neither of them have much power: and both of them are chofen l^jy the fenate; and all religious fe<5ls, even the Mahometan and Pagan, excepting Proteftants, are here lolerated in the free exercife of their religion. The Venetians are a lively, ingenious people, extravagantly fond of public amufemcnts, with an uncommon relilli for humour. They are in general tall and well made ; and many fine manly countenances ai"e met with in the flreels of Venice, refembling thofe tranfmitted to us by the pencils of Paul Veronefe and Titian. The women are of a line ftyle of countenance, with expreffive fratiufs, and are of an eafy addrefs. The common people are remarkably fober, obliging to ftrangers, and gentle in their intercourle with each other. As it is very much the cuftom to _go about in maflts at Venice, and great liberties are taken during the time of the carnival, an idea has prevailed, that there is much more licenti- oufnefs of manners here than in other places: but this opinion fcenis to have been carried too far. Great numbers of fVrangere vifit Venice during the time of the carnival, and there are eight or nine theatres here including the dJ>era»houfes. The dominions of Venice confifl of a confiderable part of Dalmatia, of four towns in Greece, and of the iflands of Corfu, Pachfu, Antipa- chfu, Santa Maura, Curzolari, Val di Compare, Cephalonia, and Zante, 'I'he Venetian territories in Italy contain the duchy of Venice, the Fa - duanefe, tlie peninfula of Rovigo, the Veronefe, the territories of Vi- cenfa and Brefcia, the diftri6ls of Bergamo, Creraafco, and the Marca Trevjgiana, with part of the country of Friuli. The fubjefls of tlie Venetian republic are not opprefled : the fenate has found that mild treatment, and good ufag-e, are the beft policy* and more, effectual than armjLfcs, in prevcntmg revolti. - n^i, ITALY. 6ij The principal city ofTufcany is Florence, which is now pbflcned by a younger branch of the houfc of Aiillri >, after bcin^ lon^ iuld by the illiiftrious houfe of Medicis, who made their cap/ il the cabinet of ail that is valuable, rich, and mafterly in architc^lure, literature, and the arts, efpecially thofe of painting and Iculpture. It is thoii?',ht to contain above 70,000 inhabitants. The beauties and lirhe^s of tlie grand-duke's pa* laces have often been defcrihed ; but all defiriptiou falls (hort of their contents, fo that in every rerj)e('l it is rerkonfd, after Rome, the fecond city in Italy. The celebrated Venus of Medicis, which, tike it all in all, is thought to be the (landard of tafte in female beauty a.-id proportion, Ihiids in a room called the Tribunal. The infcription on its bafe men- lions its being made by Cleoniencs ;\n Athenian, the fon of Apollodorus. It is of white marble, and furrounded by other mafler-pieces of fculp- tiiie, fome of which are faid to be the works of Praxiteles, and other Greek mafters. Every corner ot this beautiful city, which ftand", between mountains covered with olive-trees, viiifvards, and delightfiil villas, and divided by the Arno, is full of wonders in the arts of painting, ftatuary, and architcfture. It is a place of Ibme ftrength, and cor.tains an arcli- hifliop's fee, and an univernty. The inhabitants boa ft of the improve- ments they have made in the Italian tongue by mean* of their Arademia della Crufca, and feveral other academies now eftabliihed in Florence, Though the Florentines affeft great ftate, yet thtir nobility and gentry- drive a retail trade in wine, which they fell from their cellar -windows, and fometimes they even hang out a broken flalk, as a fign where it may be bought. They deal, befides wine antl fruits, in gold and filver ftuft's. Since the accelTion of the archduke Peter Leopold, brother to the late emperor, to this duchy, a great reformation has been introduced, both into the government and manufactures, to the great benefit of the fi- nances. It is thought that the great-duchy of Tufcany could briftg to the Jield upon occafion, 30,000 fighting men, and that its prefent revenues are above ^oc,oool. a year. The other principal towns of Tufcany are Pifa, Leghorn, and Sienna ; the firft and laft are much decayed ; but Leghorn is a veiy handfome city, built in the modern tafte, and with fuch regularity, that both gates are feen from the market-place. It is well fortified, having two forts towards the fea, befides he citadel. The ramparts afford a very agreeable profpccl of the fea, and of many villas oa the land fide. Here all nations, and even the Mahometans, have flee accefs, and may fettle. The number of inhabitants is computed at 4o»coo, among whom are faid to be 20,000 Jews, whd live in a particu- lar quarter of the city, have a handfome fynagogue, and, tho\igh fubjeft to very heavy impofts, arc in a thriving condition, the greateft part of the commerce of this city going through their hands. The inhabitants of Lucca, which is a fmall free conjmojnwealth, lying on the Tufcan fea, in a moft delightful plain, are the moft indultrious of ail the Italians. They have improved their country into a beautiful garden, fo that though they do not exceed 1 20,00c, their annual revenue amounts to.8o,oool. fterling. Their capital is Lucca, which contains about 40,000 inhabitants, who deal in mercery goods, wines, and fruits, ffpccially olives. This republic is under the protection of the emperor. The vicinity of the grand-duchy of Tufcany keeps the people of Lucca conftamly on their guard, in order to preferve their freedom ; for in fuch a fituation, jin univerfal concord and harmony can alone enable ^licm tci tranfiQit to pofterity the bjcflijigs of their dsMrliu^ Liberty, whofe 6i4 w> I T A L Y. » niwi thry bcir on their tirm-y anH whofc imai3[e i« not onfv irrprrflrf! nn their coin, but nlfo on ihr city gates, and all their puhlir b»iildirit>s. It is fllfo oljfervahle, that the; inhabitants of this little republic, hcinj» m pofTcfTion of trtt('--in, appear with an air of rhecrruhul'. and plenty. I'tl- pom to be found among thofe of the ncighboairinc; rountrits. The republic of St. Marino is here mentioned as a {!;eo2;rapliical niri- ofit^. Its tciritorits confift of a hii^h, craggy mountain, with a tiw eminences at the bottom, and the inhabitants boaft of having preftrvcd their liberties, aj a republic, for i-^ooye.irs. It is under the piotei'tion of the jxipc; and the inoffeiirive manners ot the inhabitants, who art not alwvc qooo in all, with the fmall value ot their territory, have preftrviJ its conliiiution. The du^hy and city of Tarma, toj^ctlicr with the duchies of Placentia •and Guallalia, now form one of tht- irioft flourilbinj^ ftates in Italy ot its extent. The foils of Parma, and I'latentia are fertile, and produce the richeft fniits and paflurages, and contain confiderable maniifaftuics of fiik. It is the feat of a bifhop's fee, antl an univerfity ; and fonie ot its magniticent churches are painted by the famous Correggio. The Y>efent duke of Parma is a prince of the houfe of Bourbon, and fon to (he late Don Philip, the king of Spain's younger brother. This coun- try was fome years pad the feat of a bloody war between the Auftrians, Spaniards, ana Neapolitans. The cities of Parma and Plactntia are pnric.hed with magnificent buildings ; but his late Catholic majefly, on his acceflion to the throne of Naples, is faid to have -tarried with him thi. ther the moll remarkable pictures and moveable curiofities. The dukes court is thought to be the politeft of any in Italy, and it is faid that his revenues exceed ioo,cooI. fterling a year, a fum rather exaggerated.— The city of Parma is fuppofed to contain 50,000 inhabitants. Mantua, formerly a rich dxichy, bringing to its own dukes 500,000 crown? a year, is now much decayed. The government of it is annexed to that of the Milanefe, in poileflion of the houfe of Auftiia. The capital is one of the ftrongeft fortrefles in Europe, and contains about i6,coo inhabitants, who boaft that Virgil was a native of their country. By an order of the emperor in 178?, this duchy is incorporated with that of Milan into one province, and is now to be called Auftri^n Lorn- bai^y. The duchy of Modena (formerly Mutina) is ftill governed by its own ^ukc, the head of the houfe of Efte, from whom the family of Brunfwic .'cfcendtd. The duke is abfolute within his own dominions, which arc fruitful. The duke is under the protfttion of the houfe of Auftria, ami is a vaflal of the empire. His dominions are far from being flourifliing, though very improvcable, they having been alternately walled by the latf belligerant powers in Italy. The Ecclefiaftical State, which contains Rome, formerly the capi- tfil mf c world, lies about the middle of Italy. The had etfefts ftf Popifli tvranny, lupeiftition, and opprelhon, are here feen in the higheft fcrfeftion. Thofe fpots which under the mailers of the world were formed into lb many tcrrellrial paradifes furrounding their magnificent villas, and enriched 'with ail the luxuries that art ainl nature could pro- ducc, ;ue now convtited into noxious peftilential marfhes and quagmires; and the Campagna di Roma, that formerly contained a million of inhabit- ants, wquld afford at prcfent of itfelf, but a niiferable fubfiftenre to abottt £ve hundred. Notwitliflapding this, the pope is a confiderable temporr.J piiiKf, I T A L Y. 615 pfiner, anil foine fuppofc that his aiuiual revenue amovmts to abov< i| iiiillioii ftcrling ; other authors calrul ite tlteiii to be much hi);her. Whea uc r|>eak romparativdy, the fum of a uiillion (Ifrh'*)? is too high a revc- luir to nrife irom his trrntof ial ponellioiis ; hi:* accidental income, which foiiiKily far exceeded that Turn, is nou diininiHied by the fupprcfGon of fiie order of the Jcfuits, tiom when lit drew vail fupplies, and the mea- liiKS taken by the p >pilh potvets, for preventin)ir the great ecrlrnaflical iiliics of money to Rona , Ac ordini/ to tlie bcil ami lateft accounts, i'dc taxes up«»n the provilion't an;l lodj^ious fiirniftjeil to foreigners who IjhjihI iinmeufe Turns in villting hik dominions, turni now the greatefl pait It] iiib aaidental revenues. From what has happtndl, within thcfc thnty uiis part, there is reafon to believe that the pope's territories will be laiiuxd to the limits which the houle of Auilria and lititnbon fliall plcafe to prefcribe. Some late popes have aimed at the improvement of their territories, hut their labours have had no great etKc<5t. The difcourage* meiit uf indullry and agricultuie fLem to be interwoven in the tonflitu- (iuii of the papal government, which is vefled in proud, lazy eccleHaflics, Their indofenrc, and the fanatiiifm of their worfliip, 'in{t:i\ their infe- riors, who prefer begging, and ijnpofing upon Grangers, to induftry an(| a;;ri( uitiire, efpecially as they mull hold then* properties by the precaiious tenure of the wjll of their fuperiors. In fliort, the inhabitants of many part-) of the ecclenailical Hate puiH periHi through their (loth, did not the ttitility of their foil fpontaneouily afford them I'ubfiilence. However, i( may be proper to make one general remark on Italy, which is, that the poverty and Hoth of the lower ranks do not take their rife from their na- tural difpofltions. This obfervation '}s not confined to the papal dominions. The Italian primes affefted to b? the patrons of all the curious and coftly arts, and each vied with the other to make his court the repofitory of tafte and magnificence. This pallion difabled them from laying out money upoi) works of public utility, or from encouraging the induftry, or relievinz t!)e wants of their fubjefts ; and its miferable elfeds are fecn in many parts of Italy. The I'plendour anJ furniture of rhurch-s in the papal dominions are inexprefliblf , and partly account for the mifery of the fub- je6ts. Bi)i: thiscenfure admits,of exceptions, even in. a maimer at the gates* of Rome. ^ Modern Rome contains, within its circuit, a vail number of garden^ and vineyaids. I have already touched upon its curiofuies and antiqui- ties. It Hands upon the Tyber, an inconfiderable river when compared to the Thames, and navigated by fmall boats, barges, and lighters. The cadle of St. Angelo, thougli its chief fortrefs, would be found to be a place of fmall Itrength, were it regularly befieged. The city, ftsi.idiug '»pou the ruins of ancient Rome, lies much higher, fo that it is ditiicult to diftiiiguifli the ieven hills on which it was originally built. Whei.i tt confider Rome as it now flands, there is the Ihongeft reafon to believf that it exceeds ancient Rome itfelf in the magnificence of its ftrut^hires, ; nothing in the old city, when millreft of the world, cquld come in con>- petition with St. Peter's church ; and perhaps many other churclies in Koine exceed in beauty ©f architefture, and value of materials, utenfih, 5iul furniture, her ancient temples; though it m\iil he acknowiedged tha( the Pantheon mull have been an amazing ftrtii^iu'e. The jinhabitants ff Rome, i:^ 1714, amounted to 143,000. If we confider that th? fpirit it:, %h} J iiil'tt)!^. €i^ I'T A L Y. of tiravjeUing is much inrreafcd fincc that time, we cannot reaibnably fup. pofe them to be diminiditd at piefent. X^'^re is nothing very particular in the pope's temporal government at Rome. Like othei* princes, he has his guards, or Ibirri, who take care of the peace of the city, under proper magiftratts, both ecclefiaftical and chril. The Canipagna di Roma^ which contains Rome, is under the iafpeifVion of his holinefs. In the oti^er provinces he governs by legates fand vice-legates. He monopoliles all the com of his territories, and has always a futtlcient nuniber of troops on toot, under proper officers, to keep the provinces in awe. Pope Clt^ment XIV. wifely difcloimed all intention of oppofing any arms to the neighbouring princes, but thole pf prayers and fupplications. I have, under the heatl of religion, mentioned the ecclefiaflical govern- ihent of the papacy. As to the rota, and other fubordinate chambers of this complicated jurifdiition, they are too nuinerous to be even named, and do not fall properly under my plan. Under a government fo con- itituted, it cannot be fuppofed that the commercial exports of the Eccle- fiaftical State are of much \ alue. Next to' Rome, Bologna, the capital of the Bolognefe, is the moft confiderable city in the Ecclefiaftical State, and an exception to the indo- lence of its other inhabitants. The government is under a legate . htrrfy who is always a cardinal, and changed every three years. The people here live more fociabiy and comfortably than the other fubjefts of the pope; and perhaps their diftance from Rome, w]iich is 195 miles north- weft, has contributed to their eale. The reft of the Ecclefiaftical State contains many towns celebrated in ancient hiftory, and even now exhihit- ing the moft ftriking veftiges of their flourifliing ft.ite about the beginning of the i6th century ; but they are at prefent little better than defoiate, though here and there a luxurious magnificent church and convent may i»e found, which is fupported by the toil and fweat of the neighbouring peafants. The grandeur of Ferara, Ravenna, Rimini, Urbino (the native city of the celebrated painter Raphael), Ancana, and many other Ihtes and cities, illuftrirflis in former tiaies, are now to be fecn onjy in their tuim and ancient hiftory. Loretto, oh the other hand, an obfcure fpot nevpi thought or heard of in times of antiqnityj is now the admin-.tion of the world, for the riches it contains, and the prodigious refort to it of pilgrims, and other devotees, from a uotioli induftrioully propagated Dv tiic Roinini clergy, that the houfe in which the Virgin Mary is faid to hj»ve dwelt at Nazareth, was carried tliither through the air by angtls, attended with many other miraculous cucamftances, fuch as that all th« ^rees,*ou ^c arrival of the facred manlian, bowed with the profo\mdeft Wvc^r^nct; Md great care is taken to prevent rjiy bits of the material of thi^ houfe from being carried to othei places, and expofed as relics, Jto the prejudice of Loretto. The image of the Virgin Mary, and of the litiivine infent, are of cedar, placed in a fmall apartment, feparated from ;the. others by a filver baluftrade, which has a gate of the fame metal. — lit is impoflible to defcribe the gold chains, the rings, the jewels, emeralds, .piCiirls, and rubies, wherewith this image is or was loaded ; and the an- gel^ of foUd gold, who are here placed on every fide, are equally en- riched with the moft precious diamonds. To the fuperftition ot Roman catbdic princes Loi-etto is indebted for this mafs of treafure. It has ,lj€«n jTiattei; of lurprife, that no attempt has yet been made by the Tur)^s or IT A L Y. '7 or Barbaiy ftates \ipon Loretto, efpecially as it is badfy fortified, and ftands near the fea ; but it is now generally fuppofed that the real trca- fure is withdrawn, and metals and ftones of lefs value fubftituted in its place. " The kinj/ of Naples and Sicily, or as he is more properly called, the King of the two SicUies (the name of Sicily beiiig common to both)J is polTefTed of the largeft dominions of any prince in Italy, as they com- prehend the ancient countries of Samnium, Campania, Apulia, Magna Git^cia, and the ifland of Sicily, containing in all about 32,000 fquare miles. They are bounded on all fides by the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, except on the north-eaft, where Naples terminates on the Eccle- fiaftical State. The Apennine runs through it from North fo South, and its furface is eftimated at 3100 fquare leagues. The air is hot, and its foil fruitful of every thing produced in Italy. The wines called Vino Greco, and Lachiyma; Chrifti, are excellent. The city of Naples, its capital, which is extremely fuperb, and adorned with all the profu/ioa of art and riches, and its neighbourhood, would be one of the mod deiij^htfiil places in Europe to live in, were it not for their vicinity to the volcano of Vefuvius, which fometimes threatens the city with deftruftion, and the foil being peftered with infefts and reptiles, -fome of which arc venomous. The houfes in Naples are inadequate to the population, but in general are five or fix ftories in height, and flat i.t the top; on which are placed numbers of flower vafes, or fr\iit-trees, in boxes of earth, producing a verv gay and agreeable effedl. Some of the ftreets are very handfome : no ftreet in Rome equals in beauty the Strada di Toledo at Naples ; and ftill lefs can any of them be compared with thofe beautiful flreets that lie open to the bay. The richefl and moft commodious convents in Europe, both for male and female votaries, are in this city ; the molt fertile and beautiful hills of the environs are covered with them : and a fmall part of the revenue is fpent in feeding the poor, the monk^ diftributing bread and foup to a certain number every day before the doors of the convents. Though above two-thirds of the property of the kingdom are in the hands of the ecclefiaftics, the proteltants live here with great freedom ; and though his Neapolitan majefty prefents to his holinefs every year ^ palfrey, as an acknowledgment that his kingdom is a fief of the pontifi- cate, yet no inquifition is eftabliflied in Naples. The prefent revenues of that king amount to above 750,000!. fterling a year; but it is mor^ than probable that, by the new eftabliflied police puriiied by the prinvet of the houfe of Bourbon, of abridging the influence and reven^es o| the clergy, his Neapolitan niajefty's annual income will confiderahly ex- ceed a million fterling. The exports of the kingdom are legumes, hemp, anifeeds, wool, oil, wine, cheefe, fifli, honey, wax, hianna, faffronn ^ms, capers, maccaroni, fait, pot-.flfli, flax, cotton, filk, and divers ma- nufadures. The king has a numerous but generally ppor nobility, con- fiding of princes, dukes, marquifes, and other high -founding titles ; an4 his capital, by far the moft populous in Italy, contains at Icaft ^ 50,900 iniiabitants. Among thefe are about 30,000 lazaroni, or black-guai ds, the greater part of which have no dwelling houfes, but fleep every night in fummer, under porticos, piazzas, or any kind of fhelter thry can find, and in the winter or rainy time of the year, which lafl feveral wee'8 i ITALY. h*ve wive$ and children, live in the fuburl^s of ^^apIe8 near Paufilippo, ii) huts, or in caverns or chambers dug out of that mountain. Somo gain « livelihood by fifliing, others by carrying burdens to and from tlie wipptng ; many walk about the flieets r< ady to run on errands, or tci pe»toitin any labour in their power for a very finnll rcco in pence. A> they do not meet \vith conftant employment, their waives are not fiiffi. cieot.fii^r 4t the convcntir. . , h • ..? But though there is fo much poverty ainonjj the lower people, tlierc i-: a grc*t appearance of wealth among iome of the great. The Nenpnlit.iu nobility are exceflively fond of fliow arid fplendour. This appears in tlii? iHJUianpy of their equipages, the number of tlitir attendants, the liclmcl of their drefs, and the grandeur of their titles. Accoiding to a late traveller (Mr. Swinbuine), luxury of late hath advanced with gi,i',antir itrictes in Naples. Foity years ago the Neapoiitau ladies wore nets and ribbands oji their h;;ads, as the Spanifh women do to this day, and not Itwcnty of them were pofleded of a cap ; but hair plainly drefl is a mode pfow confuiiid to the Joweft order of inhabitants, and all diifinction of ctrei's between the wife of a nobleman and that of a citizen is eutirtly iaitj sdide» ^xpeiKC and extravagance are here in the extreme. Through every fpot of the kingdom of Naples, the traveller inay be fatd to tread on cjaffic ground, and no country prefents the eye with more brautiful profpefts. There are (lill traces of the memorable town of Caimjp, as fragments of altars, cornices, gates, walls, vaults, and un- dcr-grwmii granaries; and the fcene of aftion between Hannibal and the Kopians is ftill marked out to pofterity by the name oi pezzo di Jangmy ** field *>f blood." Taranto, a city that was once the rival of Rome, is now remarkable for little clfe than its fiflieries. Sorepto is a city placed on the blink of fteep-rocks, that over-hang the bay, and, of all the plactn in the kingdom, hath the moft delightful climate. Nola, once ifamoii^ for its amphitheatre, and as tlie place where Augullus Ca^far djed, is now )iaidly worth oblervation. Brundufium, now Brindifj, was the great fupplier of oyfters for the Roman iSables. It hath a fine port, but the buildings are poor and nunoDs ; and the fall of the Grecian empire under the Tuiks reduced it to a il^te of inaftivity and poverty, from which it hath not ytt emerged. iLxcept Honie, np city c^n boafl of fo many remains of ancient ftulpture i& Beneyento} l\ere the arch of Trajan, one of the moft magnificent femain^ of Roman grar^d^eyr oyt of Rome, ereded in the year 1 14, is Hill in tolerable prefervation. Re§gio hath natl^ng remarkable but a Gothiu fathedral. It was deftroycd by an earthquake before the jV^arcian war, and rebuilt by Julius Cajfar ; part qf the v\'all ftill remains, and H'Jis very roughly handled by the earthquake in 1783, but not def^royed : only 126 loll their lives out of 10,000 inhabitants. The ancient city of Oppido WIS entirely mined by ^he earthquake of the jtli oi: February, and the greHt?ft force thevfof feemsto have been ex^rttd n^ar that fpot, and at Cafal Nuova and Terra Nuova, From Tippea to Sqiiillace, moft of /^he towns and v^lages wer^ either tqtsilly Q^* in part overthrown, anc^ many of the inhabitants buried in the ruins. To afcertain the extent 0^ the i-avages, ^i- William Hamilton, who furveyed it, gives the following defcription : " If on a map of Italy, and wi^h your compafles on th^ |cde of Italian miles, you were to me^fur^ otf 2., and then fixing your ITALY. Ct^ Mutnl point in the city of Oppido (which appeared to me to beth^rfpol on which the earthquake had exerted its ^eateft force), form a circle (the radii of which will be, as I juft faid, 22 miles), you will then include all the towns and villages that h&ve been utterly ruined, and the foots where the greateft mortality has happend, and- where there have . been moft vifible alterations on the face of the earth. Then extend voiir compafs on the fame fcale to 72 miles, preferving the fame centre, and form another circle, you will include the whole of the country that has any mark of having been afftft: d by the earthquake." # The ifland of Sicily, once the granary of the world for corn, ftill con- tinues to fupply Naples, and other parts, with that commodity ; but its cultivation, and confequently fertility, i? greatly diminiflied. Its vej^ei, able, mineral, and animal produdions are pretty much the fame withthofe of Italy. Both the ancients and moderns have maintained, that Sicily was origif nally joined to the continent of Italy, but gradually feparated from it by the encroachments of the fea, and the fliocks of earthquakes, fo as to become a perfe amd the bifliop's palace. In the midft of this fertile tra(f^ rifes a hi!), '^vhich in the reign of Tiberius was probably covered with buildings, fome remains of which are ftill to be feen. But the moft confiderable ruins are nt the veiy extremity of the caftorn promontory. F"rqm this place there is a very noble profpeel : on onefidp of it the fea ♦xtends farther than the eye can reach : jnft oppolite is the green promou' tory of Sarentum, and on the other fide the bay of Naples. Ifchia, and fome otlier iftnnds on the coafts of Naples and Italy, have Jiiothing to diftinguifli them but the ruins of their antiquities, and their being r)ow bea»;tiivil fummcr retreats for their owners. Elba hath been renowned for its mines from a period beyond the reach of hiftory. Virgil ftnd Ai'iftotle mention it. Its fituation is about ten miles fouth-wefl from Tufcany, and eighty miles in circumference, containg near 7000 inhabi* tan^s. It is divided between the king of Naples, to whom Porto Longone belongs, ;(nd the great dukf of TulVj^ny, vi,'ho ismafter of l*qr|^ Veruio and - '^- ' • ' " th? I T A L Y. 621 i!ie prince of Piombino. The fruits and wine of the ifland arc very good^ and the tvinny fiflies and fait produce a good revenue. I (hall here mention the Ifland of Malta, though it is not properly ranked with the Italian iflands. It was formerly called Melita, and is lituated in 15 degrees E. long, ai^id 4^ degrees N. lat. 60 miles fouth of Cape Paf- laro in Sicily, and is of an oval figure, 20 miles long, and 1 2 broad. Its air is clear but exceflively hot ; the whole ifland feems to be a white rock covered with a thin furface of earth, which is however amazingly produftive of excellent fruits and vegetables, and o;arden-fl:ufl^of all kinds* This ifland, or rather rock, was givtn to the knights of St, John of Jerufalem in ig^c, by the emperor Charles V. when the Turks drove tliem out of Rhodes, under the tender of one falcon yearly to the viceroy of Sicily, and to acknowledge the kings of Spain and Sicily for their pjo- teftors : they are known now by the diftin(5lion of the knights of Malta. They are under vows of celibacy and chaftiry ; but they keep the former much better than the latter. They have confuierable pofleflions in the Ro- man catholic countries on the continent, and are under the government of a grand-mafler, who is elefted for life. The lord-prior of the wder was formerly accounted the prime-baron in Knj^land. The knights are ia mimber 1000: ^00 are to refide on the ifland, the remainder arc in their feniinaries in other countries, but at any fummons are to make a perfonal appearance. They had a feminary in England, till it was fupprefled by Henry VIII. but they now give to one the title of Grand Prior of England. They are confidered as the bulwark of Chriftendom againft the Turb on that fide. They wear the badge of the i>rder, a gold crofs ot eight points enamelled white, pendant to a black watered ribband at the breaft, and the badge is decorated fo as 10 diftinguifli the country of the knight. They are generally of noble families, or fuch as can prove their gentility for fix defcents, and are ranked according to their nations. There are fixteen called the great crofles, out of whom the officers of the order, as the marftial, admiral, chancellor, &c. are chofen. When the great-mafter dies, they fuffer no veflel to go out of the ifland till another is chofen, to prevent the pope from interferiiic; in the eleftion. Out of the fixteen great crofles the great mafter is elected, whofe title is, ^^ The moft illuflrious, and moft reverend prince, the lord friar A. B. great mafter of the hofpital of St. John of Jerufalem, prince of Malta and Gaza." All the knights are fworn to defend the church, to obey their fiiperiors, and to live on the revenues of their order only. Not only their chief town Valetta, or Malta, and its harbour, but the whole ifland ii fo well fortifieti, as to be deemed impregnable. On the iSth of Sep- tember there is an annual proceflion at Malta, in memoiy of the Txirks raifing the fiege on that day 1563, after four months alTiuJt, leaving their artillery, &c. behind. Arms and orders.] The chief armorial bearings in Italy are as follows ; the pope, as fovereign prince over the land of the church, bears for his efcutcheon, gules, confiding of a long headcape, or, furmounted with a crofs, pearjed and garniflied with three royal crowns, tooether with two keys qf St. Peter, placed in laltier. The arms of Tuloaiiy, or, five roundles, gules, two, two, and one, and one in chief, azuVe, charged with three flower-de-luces, or. Thofe of Venice, azure, a lioiv,' winged, fcjant, or, holdittg under one of his paws a book covered, argent.' Thofe of Genoa, argent, a crofs^ gules, with a crown clofed for the ifland <*t Cwfica; -JUi«{.for fupportew, two griffins, or. The arms^of Naples ar^ 622 ( ITALY. ' ^ire, azure, fem^e of flower-de-luces, or, with a label of five points, gules. ■ The ** order of St, Janarlmy was inftitufed by the fate king 0! Sp^in, when king of Naples, in July ly-^S. The number of knights h limited to 30, and after the death of that prince the fovereignty of the 01 ^er defcended to the king of Naples. All the knights muft prove the nobility of their defcent for four centuries, and are to be addreflTcd by ihe tjtle of Excellency, St. Januarius, the celebrated patron of Naples is the patron of this order. The " order of Annunciation^'' was inftituted in the year 1355, by Amadeus V. count of Savoy, in memory of Amadcus I. who bravely defended Rhodes againfl the Turks, and won fhofe arnas which are 'low borne by the dukes of Savoy, « gules, a crols argent.'* It is counted among the moft refpeftable orders in Eurojje : the knight muft not only be of a noble family, but alfo a papift. In the year .J752, Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, inftituted the "order of It. ta%arus^^ and revived and united the obfolete order St, Maurice to it ; which was confirmed by the pope on thecondilion of maintaining two gal- lies againti the Turks. In the year 828, it is pretended that the body of St. Mark wa^ removed from AJexandria in Egypt to Venice. Accordingly this faint hath been taken for their tutelary faint and guardian, and his piclure was formerly painted on their enfigns and banners. When the " order of St, Mar'i" was firft inflituted is uncertain, but is an honour conferred by the do^? or duke of Venice and the fenate, on perfons of eminent quality ; or who have done feme fignal fervices to the republic. The knights, when made, if prefent, are dubbeil with a fword on their flioulders, the duke faying " EJio miles fidelii^ (be a faithful foldier). Abfent perfons a ;■ invened by letters patent, but their title, " Knights of St. Marl," ;^ merely honorary : iney have no revenue, nor are tney under any obli;ra. lion by vows as other orders. About the year 1460, Frederic III. em peror of Germany, inflituted the « order of St. George " and dedicated It to St. George tutelary faint and patron of Genoa. The doge is per- petual grand-mafler. The badge, a plain crofs enamelled, gules, pendei.t to a gold chain, and wore about their necks. The crofs is alfn tmbioi- ^ered on their cloaks. In the year I56», Cofmo of Medicis, firft grand- , duke of Tufcany, inflituted the " order of St. Stephen^* in rremory of a . viftory which fecured to him the fovereignty of that province. He aiv! ills fucceflbrs weie to be the grand-mafters. The knights are allowed to marry, and their two principal conventual houfes are at Pifa. It is a religious as well as military order, but the knights of Jiiflice and the Ecclefiaflics are obliged to make proof of nobility of four defcents. They wear a red crofs with right angles, orled, or, on the left fide of their habir, and on the mantle. The « order of the. Uoh Ohrf" was founded v'lth iheir chief feat, the hofpital of that name at Hone, by pope Innocent III. about the year 1198. They have a grand-mafter, and profefs obedience, chaftity, and poverty. 1 heir revenue is ertimated at 24,000 ducats daily, witii which they entertain ftrangers, relieve the poor, train updeferted chiUhen, if". Thein- enfign is a white patriarchal crofs with 12 points, few ed on their brcaft on the left fide of a black mantle. The '* order of Jejui Chrift,"^ inflituted by pope John XXIJ. W||S reformed and improved by pope Paul v.; The reigninj); pope was to be always fovereign of it, and was defijned as a xcaik ©f diltiudion for the pope's Italiatt nobility, bu8 uft af count »i ITALY. 6^3 Us frequent proflitution, hath fallen into difcredit. The ** order of the VoUcn Spurt" '^ faid to have been inflituted by pope Hire IV. l5?9t and to have been connected with the " order of Pius," inflitiited a year afterwards ; but the badges were different. The kAights of Pius' arc fiipprefled, and all that the knights of the Golden Spur Tiave prefervcd to themfelvcs, is the title of counts of the facred palace of the Lateran. The badge is a flar of eight points, white, and between the two bdltom points, a I'pur, gold. HisTOR Y.] Italy was probably firft peopled from Greece, as we have, mentioned in the Introduflion, to which we refer^he reader for the anrienC hiftory of this country, which, for many ages, gave law to the then known world under the Romans. The empire of Charlemaj^ne, who died in 8i4>, foon experienced that of Alexander. Under his uicceflors it was in a fliort time entirely dif- membered. His fon, Lewis the Debonair, furteeded to his dominion? iti France and Germany, while Bernard, the grand-foii of Cli^rlemagne, itigned over Italy and the adjacent ifiands. But Bernard having loft his life by the cruelty of his uncle, againlt whom he had levied a war, and 1 ewis himlclf dying in 840, his dominions were divided among his fons, Lothario, Lewis, and Charles. Lothario, with the title of emperor, re- tained Italy, Provence, and the fertile countries (ituated between the Saonc and the-RJiine; Lewis had Germany; and France fell to the fliare of Charles, the youngcit of the three brothers. Shortly after this, Italy was ravaged by different contending tyrants; but in 964, Otho the Great re- united Italy to the imperial dominions. Italy afterwards fufFered muci\ by the contefis between the popes and the emperors ; it was harralled by wars and internal divifions; and at length various principalities and ftates were crefted under diffeient heads. Savoy and Piedmont, in time, fell to ihe lot of the counts Maurienne, the anceflors of his prefent Sardinian majelly, whole father became king- of Sardinia in virtue of the quadruple alliance concluded in 1718 f. The great-duchy of Tufcany belonged to the emperors of Germany, who governed it by deputies to the ye^r 1240, when the famous diflinc* tions of the Guelphs, who were \.)\e partizans of the pope, and th& Gibellins, who were in the emperor's intercft, took place. Tlie p<^)e9 then perfuaded the imperial governors in Tufcany to p\it themfclves under the protection of the church : but the Florentines, in a fliort time, formed themfelves into a free commonwealth, and bravely defended their liberties I + Vi.■••..., . • ....;:; i agSlfllJtt 624 ITALY. againft both parties by turns. Faftion at laft (hook their freedom ; and the famil) of Medici, long before they were declared either princes or dukes, in faft governed Florence, though the rights and prtviLges of the people feemed ftili to exift. The Medici, particularly Cofmo, \i'ho was defervedly -called the father of his country, being in the fccret, iliared with the Venetians in the immenfe profits of the Eaft India trade, before the difcoveries made by the Portuguefe. His revenue, in ready mone\, which exceeded that of any fovcreign prince in Europe, enabled his ftic- ceflbrs to rife to fovereign power ; and pope Pius V. gave one of his de- fcendants, Cofmo (the great patron of the arts), the title of Great-Duke of Tiifcany in 1570, which continued in his family to the death of Gaf- ton De Medicis in 1737, without iflue. The grcat-duchy was then claimed by the emperor Charles VI. as a tief of the empire, and given to hisfoii-in-law, the duke of Lorrain, fiirherof the late emperor, in Jitu of the duchy of Lorrain, which was ceded to France by treaty. Leopold, his ferond fon, king of Hungary, is now emperor of Germany, andTulcany has afllimed a new fare. Leghorn, which belongs to him, carries on a great trade ; and fevcral fliips of very corifidei able force arc now llationcd on the Tufcan coafts to prevent the depredations of the Infidels, No countjy has undergone greater vjciflitudcs of government than Na- ples or Sicily, chiefly owing to the inconftancy of the natives, which feems to be incorporated with the air. Chriftians and Saracem by t\»rns con- quered it. The Normans under Tancred drove out the Saracens, and by their connexions with the Greeks eftablifhed there, while the reft of Eu- rope wasj)lunged in monkifli ignorance, a moft refpeftable monarchy flou- riming in arts and arms. About the year 1 ib6, the popes being then all- powerftil in Europe, their intrigues broke into the fucceffion of the Tan- cred's line, and Naples and Sicily at laft came into the pofleffion of the French ; and the houfe of Anjou, with fomc interruptions and tragical re- volutions, held it till the Spaniards drove them out in 1504, and it was then annexed to the crown of S.-ain. The government of the Spaniards, under the Auftri^n line, was fo op- preflive, that it gave rife to the famous revolt, headed by MalTaniello, a young fiflierman, without ftioes or Irockings, in the year 1O47. His furcefs was fo furpi ifing, that he obliged the haughty Spaniards to abolifli the oppreffive taxes, and to confirm the liberties of the people. Before thefe could be re-eftabliflied perfectly, he turned delirious, through his continual agitations of body and m*nd, and he was put to death at the head of his own mob. Naples and Sicily continued with the Spaniards till the year 1700, when the extinftion of the Auftrian line opened a new icene of litigation. In 1 706, the archduke Charles, afterwards emperor, •took poftcflTion of the kingdom. By virtue of various treaties, which had introduced Don Carlos tnc king of *^pain*s fon, to the pofTeffion of Par- ma and Placentia, a new war broke out in i .i^, between the honfesof Auftria and Bourbon, about the poflcflion of Naples ; and Don Carlos vas received into the cnpital, where he was proclaimed king of both Sicilies : this was followed by a very bloody campaign, but the farther effiifion ef blood was ftopt,*by a peace between France and the emperor, to whit !. the courts of Madrid and Naples at firft dcmuned, but afterwards acceded in 173^^, and Don Carlos remained kiilg of Naples. L^onhis acceflion to the crown of Spain in K =;v» *t being tound, by the infpeftion of phyficians, and other trials, that nis eldeft fon was by nature incapaci- tated for reigning, and his fecoud fo)) being heir-apparent to the Spanifli monarchy, ''P." t t A L ¥. 62 i iriohafchy, ht refigned the crowti of Naples to his third Ton, Ferdland IV. who married an archdurhefs of Auftna *". The Milaaefe, the faireft portion in Italy, went through frverai Iian'U : the Vifcontis were fucceedtd by the Galeazzos and the Sforzas, Init fell at laft into the hands ot the emperor (.. harles V. about the year kjj, who gave it to his fon Philip 11. king of Spain. It rciuained with that crown till th«s French were driven out of Italy^ in 17^6, by the Impe- lialifts. They were difj)ofl*efled of it in 1743; but by the emperor's (cffion of Naples and Sicily to the prefent king of Spain, it returned to the hoiifc of Aultria, who governs it by a viceroy. The duchy of Mantua was formerly governed by the family of Gon- zaga, who adhering to F'rance, the territory was foi failed, as a fief of the empire, to the houft; of Auftria, which now jx>(lc(res it, the laft duke (lying without male ifllie ; but Guaflaila was fcparated from it in 174^, nnd made part of the duchy of Pnrma. The firft duke of Parma was natural fon to pope Paul III. the duchy having been annexed to the holy fee, in 1545, by pope Julius 11. Tue defctndants of the houfe of Farnclfe terminated in the late qu< tn dowa^rm- of Spain, whofe fon, his prefent catholic majefty, obtained that ducliy, and his nephew now holds it with the duchy of Piacentia. The Venetians were formerly the moft formidable maritime power m Europe. In 1195, they conquered Condantinople itfelf, and held it for fome time, together with great part of the continent of Kuiope and Aiia. They wer« more than once biought to the brink of deftrudtion» by the confederacies formed againft them among the other powers ot Europe, cfpccially by the league of Cambray, in 1,09, but were as often laved by the difunion of the confederates. The difcovery of a paflage to India, by the Cape of Good Hope, gave the firft blow to their greatnefs, ai it loft them the Indian trade. By degrees the Tiirks took frdm them their moft valuable pofleflions on the continent ; and fo late as the year i7i5i they loft the Morea. The Genoefe, for fome tinie difputed the empire of the Mediterraneaii Tea with the Venetians, but were felddni or never able to maintain their own independency by land, being generally proteAed, and fometimeS fubjeftcd, by the French and Imperialifts. Then- doge, (Jr firft magiftrate, iifed to be crowned king of Colfica, though it does not clearly appear by what title ; that lllaud is now ceded to tUe Fi'encH by the Gt^iioefe. The fuccefsfiil effort they made in driving the vidorious Auftrians out of their capital, during the wfir which w^ termifiated by the peace of Aix-la- Chapelle,. in 1748J has few parallels iii hiftoiy, and ferves to fliew the ef- fci^^sofdefpair under oppreflion. At prefent they are poltcifed of revenue, bartly fufficientto prelerve the Appearance of a fovereij^ii ftate. The hiftoi-y of thep'Spacy iScdnnetled with that of Chriftendom itlelf. The moft folld foundatioh fdt its tem^ral poiver were laid by the fa- * Ferdirtartd IV; king of the Two Sicilies, third fon of the prefent V.'m^ cf Was born in 1751, and married 1786, to the archduchefs Maria-Carolidu-L >uila, liltcv^ Spaiii, to the then emperor of Germany^ born iu 1762; by whom he luuh i. uc, 1. Maria-Therefa-Caroline, born JUnc 6, 1772. i. I.oUifa-Maria-Amelia, born July 28, 1773. 3'. Maria-Anne-Jofepha, bom 1775. 4. Fraticis- Janvier, born 1777. i, Mary-Chriftkia, bwn 1779. - ., . S s vw.- ^^. . •- » moits ^ I I i ■ il ^K ^ffi H 11 626 TURKEY IK EUROPE. f ^ mous Matilda, countefs of Tiifcany, and hcircfs to the greatcft part of Italy, who bequeathed a large portion of her dominions to the taiuoiis Eopc Gregory VII. (who, before liis acceliion in 1073, wasfo well known y the name of Hildeljrand). It is not to be expeded that I am here to enter into a detail of the ignorance of the laity, and the other caufes that operated to the aggrandifement of the papacy, previous to the Reformat ion. Even fince that a?ra the Hate of Europe has been fuch, ihat the popts have had more than once great weight in its public affairs, chit fly tliroudi the wcaknefs and bigotry of temporal princes, who feem now to be re- covering from their religious delufions. The papal power is evidently now at a low ebb. The order of Jefus, who were not improperly called its Janizaries, has been exterminated out of France, Spain, Naples, and Portugal ; and is but jud tolerated in othei" popifli countries. The pope himfelf is treated by Roman catholic princes with very little more ceremony than is due to him as bifhop of Rome, and pofTefled of a temporal principality. This humiliation, it is reafon- able to believe, will terminate in a total feparation from the holy fee of ail its foreign emoluments, which, even fince the beginning of the prefent century, were immenfe, and to the reducing his holinefs to the exercife of his eccldiailical functions as firfl bifhop in Chriflendom. John Angelo Brafci, born in 1717, was elected pope ia 1775, ^"'^ took upon him the name of Pius VI. TURKEY, -it , V t _ \ The Grand Signor's dominions are divided mto < Sq. Milei 1. TURKEY IN EUR . P E. 2. TURKEY 2. TURKEY oq. mues. IN EUR . PE. -j.w ,,,, I N A S I A. > 966,060. ' IN AFRICA. J .^a r ^H. ^ r- TURKEY IN EUROPE. "ii '[ ' Situation aNB Extent, ^mi; ;; Miles. Degrees. ' Sq. Miles. Length 1000 1 u » -^ I I7 and 40 Eafl lons^. ) , „ ^ Breath 900} ^'^'*'* \ 36 and ^9 North ll J '5^'«°°- Boundaries*]!) O U N D E D bv Ruffia^ Poland, and Sclavonla Jt3 on %he North; by Circaffia, the Black Sea, iht PropontiS, Hellefpont, and Archipelago, ontheEaft; by theMeditcna^ nean, on the South ; by the fame fea, and the Venetian and Auflrian ter- ritoriesj on the Weft. f ■' JDivifiona* :>s*'''v*«»- •f/?^ %. •^A i^jl TlTRKEY ux EUROPE and :f 3 "D ■^ ** -ii 4- JtfiJtATlA ^'' ) ar-" — •/7A!r//t ,. lr\ y^uuf^fi ^t^'lU I, -_im, . I I ! f I' •«:■ r i^\. .0-. f i*^^ '^'i-.'?*S, ' .■)« ' i.^^- • '»'»W*.' ■ -•" ' f ■ ... J , ., * k\ . TURKEY IN EUROPE. 62f Bivifions. Subdivifions. Chief Towns. Sq. M. : 6,009 r Crim and Little Tarta- "J r Precop On the north coaft of ry, and the anrient / \ Biachifeiia the Black ^ea are v Tail rica Che rfonefus* >< Kaffa the provinces of I V / V.Budziac Tartary j ( Oczs Budziac Tartary f Beflurabia North of the Danube ! Moldavia, olim Da are the provinces of » cia ~- Walachia, another part of tlie ancient Dacia — — 'Bulgaria, the eaft ' part of the ancient Mvlia - akow 1 ^ Bender I Belgorod I — ' » Choczinl Falczin Tc. ovife rWidin Nicopoli Siliftria Scopia ^°a'e °^ '^1?'""^'< Servia, the weft part >< Belgrade of Myfia Bofnia, part of the an- cient lilyricum Semendria Nifla Seraio I ?,ooo 8jQo6 i6,coo 10,500 17,006 8,640 OntheBofpTiofuiandjT,^^^ .^ .i;„.ThrnreI (^^^^""^P^*^ HellefooSt < Romania, ohmTnrace W N.I. 41. E. 1.29.21,206 " . V ■ / If Adriannnl«» ' Macedonia — South of Mount Rho- tu n-^ dopeorArgentum,'' "°^ Janua [ f Strymon Contefla ^"^ Salonichi the north part of the • «!-.•„ in ..• ' Larifla • * r^^ ^ Achaia and BoDotia, i a^l ancient Greece | ,. t • . i- Athens Oii the Adriatic, fea or Gulf o' Venice, the< now Livadia "Epirus — — Albania — <— - I Thebes ancient lilyricum Dalmatia -^ Ragiifa republic f ^Lepanto Chimera Burtinta $codra Durazzo >^ Dulcignb Zara Narertjia .Ragufa 1 18,980 4,650 . -I', r 3i420 7»95S 4»S^o la * The Ruflians in 1783, feized on the Crimea, the principal part of this divifioii, hrid by a treaty, figned January 9, 1784, the Turks ceded it to them, with the H\c of Tum;iii, imd that part of Ciibiin which is hounded by the river of Uiat i>ame. The Tiirl;s have iioW only the Tartar nations beyond thoriver Cuban, and from the Black Sea. t The repulse of Ragufa, though rcckotr^d by geographers psrt of 'turkey in S 6 z Europe, I' ml: ■> ^0 ^ v<; ^' i k vi: M iki m 628 TURKEY IN EUROPE. Eivifions. Subdivifions. fCoiintljia — Argos — — Spirta — — Chief Towns. Sq. M, ") f Corinth Argos Napolide Ro- mania Laccdicmon, now Miliira, on tlie river Eurotus la the Morca, the nn- eicuc Peloponnefvis , . ^^^^.^ ^,^^ , bemgthe fouth divi-^ ^^^^^J ^^^.^ ^^^^^ > ^ oiympa, or J. 7,220 fion of Gretce, are i Arcadia Ells. I I Longinicaoa the river Al- pheus Modou Coron Partas Elis or Belvi- dere on the J L liv. Pencus.. SoTT,, AIR, SEASONS AND WATER.] Natiu'c has lavifhcd upon the inhabitants of Turkey all her bleflings in thofe four particulars. The foil, though unimproved, is luxuriant beyond defcription. The air is falubrious and fi'iendly to the imagination, unlefs when it is corrupted from the neighbouring countries, or through the indolence or unrleannefs iof the Tuikifti manner of living. The fcifons are here regular and plea- fant, and have been celebrated from the remotefl times of antiquity. The Turks are invited to frequent bathings, by the purity and wholfomenefs of the vator ail over their dominions. inropc, is not under the Turkifh government. It is an ariftocatical ftate, formed nearly after the model of that of Venice. The government is in the han«ls of the ro- .kility ; and the chief of the republic, who is ftyled redtor, is changed every month, antl deded by Icrutiny or lot. During his fliort adminillration, he lives in the palace, .ujkI wears a ducal habit. As the Ragulans arc unable to protcd themfclvcs, they a-.ake ule of their wealth to procure th« m protedors, the chief of whom for many ytais, was the grand fignior. They endeavoured alfo to keep upon good trmii •with the Venetians, and other neighbouring ftates. But in the year 17H3 a tlifputc -.arolc between thcni and the king of Naples, refpeAing a claim of right to his appoint* 'iu^ a coninxander to the Ragufan troop?. It w as terminated by the republic's putting tfiVlf under thrit king's prote< phil Mo^Ikis i\m\ potts it prodiKfit. The inhabitauts were ioniu'ily nottd lortlicir prodiy lility. Scio, or Chios, hcs nboiit So miles weft of Smyrna, ati^l ib about 100 miles in ciiruiniitdice. 1 his illami, though roiky and mountainous, pioduocs exceli'iit wiiic, but no corn. It is inhabited by 100,000 (ireelui, 10,000 Turks, and above 3,000 Latins. It hath 300 (hunkes, bclides chapels and monnfbrifs; and aTurkilb guriibn of i40omen. The inhabits ants have nmnufit'tures of (ilk, vt-het, ^old and fdvcr ftutt's. The ifland jikewifc piodudsoil and iilk, and the lentilk-tree, or niaftie, from whit li the j'overninent diaw.s it . diief revenue. The women of this, and almofl: all the other (»i(ek ill luds, have iu all at^es been eclebrated for their beantv, awd their pei Ions have been the molt perft' 1'; ;,:t I'- 1, i ','• ^i f 634 TURKEY in EUROPE. '» •jii. tiqciity ; but it is chiefly renowned for the beauty aiid whitncfs of its maihie. Cerigo, or Cytherea, lies fonth-eail of the Mo^ea, and is about ^o miles in circumference, but rocky and mountainous, and chiefly remark- able for beiilg the favourite refidence of Venus. Santorin is one of the moll: fouthernmoft iflands in the Archipelago, and was formerly called Califta, and afterwards 1 hera. Though fcem- ingly covered with pumice {tones, yet through the induftry of the in- habitant, who are about i.->,o r, it produces bailey and wine, with fome wheat. One third of the people are of the Latin church, and fubje.'0. Cyprus lies in the Levant fca, about 20 miles diftant from the coafts of Svria and I'alelline. It is i ^o miles long, and ;o broad, and lies at almoil an equal difta.ice from Europe and Africa. It was formerly famous for the worfliip of Venus, the Cyprian goddefs ; and, during the time of the Ciufades, was a rich Hourilhing kiui-dom, inhabited by Chriftians. Its wine, efpecially that which grows at the bottom of the celebrated Mount Olympus, is the moft palatable and the richeft of all that grows in the Grecii iflands. Nicofia is the capital, in the midft of the country, and the fee of a Greek archbifiiop, indeed, moft part of the Inhabitants of the ifland are Greeks. Famaguifa, its ancient capital, has a good harbom- ; ' and the natural produce of the ifland is To rich, that many European na- tions find their account m ker:ping conAils refiding upon it : but the qp- pielUon of the Turks have depopulated and impoveriflied it to fuch a fur- prizing degiee, that the revenue they get from it does not exceed 1250I. a year. The ifland produces great quantities of grapes, from which excel- lent wine is niade ; and alfo cotton of a very fine quality is here cultivated, and oil, filk, and turpentine. Its female inhabitants do not degenerate from their a;-<«ilors as devotees to Venus; and Paphos, that ancient feat of pleafuie aniUoiruption, is one c^ the divifionsof the ifland. Richard I. king of England, lubdued C}prus, on account of its king's treachery ; and its royal title was transferred to Guy Lufignan, king of Jerufaleni, from whence it pafled to the Venetians, who ftill hold that empty honour. The iflands in the Ionian fea are, Sapienza, Stivali, Zante, Cephalonia, Santa Maura, Corfu, Fannu, and others of fmalier note, particularly Ifol del Lompare, which would not defei ve mention, had it not been the ancient Ithaca, the birth-place and kingdom of UlylFes. Thefe iflands in general are fruitful, and belong to the Venetians. Zantt has a populous capital of the fame name, and is a place of ccn- fiderable trade, efpecially in currants, grapes, and wine. The citadel is erefted on the top of a large hill, ftrong by nature, but now little better than a heap of ruins. Here is a garrifon of 500 men, but their chief de- pendence is on their fleet and the ifland of Corfu. The inhabitants of Zante iare about 30,0^0, moftly Greeks, and friendly to ftrangers. Corfu which is the capital of tliat ifland, and the refidcnce of the governor general over all the other iflands, is a place of great ftrength, and its circumference abo^ e four miles. The Venetians are laid to concern themfelves very little about the welfare or government of thefe iflands, fo that the' inhabitants, who are generally Greeks, bear a veiy indifferent charafter. Their num- ber at Corfu is cllimat-^i at 5. ,00c, andiheir manners more fevere than at Zante, ,i- i-iC/'i ■-» ? - ASIA. C 636 ] A. • A S Afia exceeds Europe and Africa in the extent of its territorie*;, it Jr\ is alfo fuperior to them in the ferenity of its air, the feitilitv of -it;. ft:»i], rhe delicioufncfe of its fruits, the fragrancy and balfamic qualities ol its planfc, fpices, and gums; the laiubrity of its drugs; the (|iian- &y\ variety, beauty, and value of its gems,' the richnefs of its metals, snd' the fmenefs of its filks and cottons. It was in Afia, aaoidin" to ,»&e facrcd records, that the all-wile Creator planted the garden of Eden, in which he\fcrrmcd tlie Srrt nian and firft woman, from whom the rare of jrankind was tp fpring. Afia became again the mirfery of the worlJ aifer the dtlug^, whence tlie defccndants of Noah difperlcd their varicH!-. «!Cslo»ies into alJ- the other parts of the globe. If was in Afia that Cod ^fcifed hi5 once favourite people, the Hebrews, whom he enlightened bv yevefaitonls deiivered by the prophets, and to whom he gave tne Oracle; cf Trath. It was here that the great and merciful work of our redemp- 2ron was accompli feed by his divine Son; and it was frofii hence that the J^gjlit of his glorious Gofpel was carried with amazing rapidity into al! &.f: known nations by his difciples and followers. Here the firft Chriftiaa tharclies were founded, and the Chriftian faith miraculoufly propagated a.ndcberifhed even with the blood of innumerable martyrs. It was in Afia Cxut the firfl: edifices were reared, and the firft empires' founded, while the «:lT>er paits of the globe were inhabited only by wild animals. On ai! t?ide accounts, this quarter claims a fuperiority over the reft; but it muft W owned, that a great change hath happened in that part of it calle I Turkey, which hath loft much of its ancient fplendor, and from the moil ?-jf>pi!lous and beft cultivated fpot in A{^a, is become a wild and unculti- »A£ed defect. The other parts of Afia continue much in their former tif)g in the robnft frame of their bodies among the Chinefe, Mogul- ir.viiaus, and all the itihabitants of the moft fouthern regions, is in a great merJure made up to them by the vivacity of thrr minds, and ingenuity in V rious kinds of workmanihip, which our moi. iidlful mechanics have in V ji?T endetivoured to imitate. This vaft extent of teiritoiy was fuccelTively governed in paft times bv r:c Ai^riaiis, the Medes, the'Perfians, and the Greeks; but the immeufe r I'ioai'of India and China were little known to Alexander, or the ron- oioi^jrs of the ancient world. Upon the decline of thofe empires, greot oa t of Aila fuhniitted to the Roman arms ; and afterwards, in the middle the fiicceflors of Mahomet, or, as they are ufually called, Saia- t>"-M-;, fovind'-d i- uun in Afia, in Africa, and in Europe, a more extenfive ein- taa. of Cyrub-, Alexander, or even the Roman wheji in h hcii'h: itorie«;, i( rtility of lalities ol ^e (|vnn- ts mt'tah, r>rdin'4 to of tikn, the rate of the \vov\i eir var'uK'.-. that God ghtened by lie Oraclci Lir redemp- ice that the ity into all ft Chriftiaii propagated was in Afia 1, while rtie Is. On ai! 3iit it muft . it called )m the moil tnd unculti- leir fonner of the in- ffenriinacy is ne meaiiire are more or „ from the with us, art ,. What is ;ie, Mogul- is in a great ngenuity in nics have iQ laft times l)y [he imir.nite lor the con- Ipires, gvwt ii the jmddle iLiUed, Saia- jtenfive em- l^hen in f height 11. ■■!»*' r.i- -it (1 t! I M iinit; ;r { "■■ i ■ '1 . ^ ''f 1* i% ' If.' i .. i V. ; LofitfitM ./ram. Zciuhnj. from, the Wft x/lxr t nojtiT ta s. te^^^^grj-yt-sJy^^/j ^Kttoar ^ss^ '^'fwi'.&te 1 , «l(mr. X«« ^«L ikBtuta^ c(ial£inc^ I J^ o ^i ,^% :fi- ~»y' p.. J. 'i^'iX I*"*-' * ::. .'k,/ *\ mK ' \h,.:/^.?« • IKJ - % h >' iVj»- l-^ « -i; ;a f* ' ■•% ^ .1* height of ] lane; and midcile reg poflelTed bj empires, th kingdoms ; farm of gc If any of ti ing tribes, the Dutch for any pe< defpotic mo India, prol arc of the own Mahoi faith and-1 the Afiatic to be found wonderful r total eclipfe Incrwlible i miffionaries, among the cefs; owing profligacy ol minion. - Ji The prin Turkifli, th the Chinefe upon the co« The cont longitude, about 4740 fliore of Ta part of Ma by the Froze by the Red chipeiago, tl Sea, the riv thence to tl it is bound( America ; a rwunded by follow A 15 I 'A. ^7 ^cioht of power. The Sararcn greatnefs ended in the death of Tamer- lane; and the Turks, conqntiorG on eviry fide, took polleflion of tltc midcile regions of ^fcfia, which ihey ftill enjoy. Befides the countnes poifefltd by the Tuffe and Ruffians, Afia contains at prefent three hij^it empires, the Chinefe, the Mogul, and the Perfian, upon which thft lelfer kingdoms and foveieigntie? of Afia generally depend. The prevaihng form of government in this, divifion of the globe is abfolute monarch}-. If any of them can be faid to enjoy fome Ihare of liberty, it is the wander- ing tribes, as the Tartars and Arabs. Many of the Aiiatic nations, when the Dutch firft came among them, could not conceive how it was poffiblc for any people to live under any other form of government than that of a defpotic monarchy. Turkey, Arabia, Perfia, part of Tartaiy, and part of India, profefs Mahometanifm. The Perfian and Indian Mahometans are of the fe£l of Hali, and the otheis of that of Omar ; but both own Mahomet for their law-giver, and the Koran for their rule of faith and life. In the other parts of Tartary, India, China, Japan, and the Afiatic Iflands, they are generally heathens and idolaters. Jews are to be found every where in Afia. Chriftianity, though planted here with wonderful rapidity by the apoftles and primitive fathers, lufFercd an almoft total eclipfe by the conquefts of the Saracens, and afterwards of the Turks. Incrwlible indeed have been the hazards, perils, and fufFerings of popifii miffionaries, to propagate their doftrines in the moft diftant regions, and among the groflefl: idolaters ; but their labours have hitlierto failed of fuc- cefs; owing in a great meafure to their own avarice and the 'avarice and profligacy of the Europeans, who refort thither in fearch of wealth and do- minion. * . The princ^d languages fpoken in Afia are the modern Greek, the Turkifli, the Ruffian, the Tartarian, the Perfian, the Arabic, the Malaya'.i, the Chinefe, and the Japanefe. The European languages are alfo fpoken upon the coafts of India and China. The continent of Afia is fituated between 25 and 180 degrees vf efH: longitude, and between the equator and 80 degrees of north latitude. It is about 4740 miles in length, from the Dardanelles on the wefl, to the eaftern fliore of Tartary; and about 4380 miles in breadth, from the moft fouthern part of Malacca, to the moft northern -cape of Nova Zembla. It is bouudeJ by the Frozen Ocean on the North ; on the Wefl: it is feparated from Africa by the Red Sea, and from Europe by the Levant or Mediterranean, the Ar- chipelago, the Heilefpont, the fca of Marmora, the Bofphorus, the Black Sea, the river Don, and a line drawn from it to thi river Tobol, ami fro in thence to the river Oby, which falls into the Frozen Ocean. On the Eafr, it is bounded by the Pacific Ocean, or South-Sea, which fepanntes it fro;a America; and on the South by the Indian Ocean ; fo that it is almoft i'ar- r«unded by the fea. The principal regions which divide Uiis country are as lbl!o\T ' ■ . r. ;';!..;jfi.a! ,-t)..A...._;|j/j ./ ,. "■ i ;i,^)^:- Naticn-» V '-. r/'v^:'-- 638 ASIA. ^r Ruflian |'\ Chintfe ^ K Mogulean ^ / indcpend. Nations. Lengt. Breadt, Square Chief Miles. Cities. Dift. and ' bearing fm. Lond The bounds of thefe parts are unlimited, each power pufhing on hisconquefts as far as he can China Moguls Ind, beyond the Ganges Perfia n < a Partof Arab. Syria Holy hand Natolia 3,050,000 Tobollk 634,000 Chynian 1 1 5,150 Tibet 600,000 Samer "\ Lafla j Dill, of time from London. Ji6N.E. 4480N.E. 3780 E. 2800 E. 4310 Religions. 1440 2000 2000 1300 1000 \ . 1 05,oco Peking noo 1300 4320 S.E. 7 24bef I,t 16,000 Delhi Siam 741 J3^ Pegu 800,000 Ifpahan 4 10 bcf. 8 4 bef. 5 40 bef. 4 36 bef. 37208. E.'5 16 bef. 5040 S.E. 6 44 b«f. Ch & Pag Pagans Pagans Pagans Bagans Mah.&F Pag.&M. 2460 S.E.J3 20 bcf. 273 2IO taoo 700,000 Mecc a J 2640 S.E 2 52 bef. ^•601 29,000 Aleppo^ 90 7,600 Jerufal. 186 S. E.123- bef. Maliom. Mah cm. 1920 S.E. 2 24 bef. Ch.&Ma, Diarbeck or >» < Molbpotam Irac, or Chaldea Turcomania or Armenia Georgia f Curdiltan or AfTyria 750 240 420 360 240 210 I Bur la or 390 i95.oODsn,yrn^ .. 210 240 30', 20' 27,00: 50,000 Diarbeck Ch.&Ma, 1440 S.E. 2o6o S. £. Bagdad 2240 JJ»ooo 25,60:: 23.903 t 48 bef. Mahom. 2 56 bef. Erzerum Tefli's"" Scherazer i860 S.E. 1920 E. !220 E. 2 44 bef. Maho- metans with ,fome ftw Chri- ftians. ._ Mahom. All the iflands of Afia (except Cyprus, already defcribed, in the Levant, belonging to the Turks) lie in the Pacific or Eaftern Ocean, and the Tndian Seas, of which the principal, where the Europeans trade or have fettlements, are, > ..... Iflands. Towns. The Japancfe iflcs — Jeddo, Meaco Tiie Ladroncs — Guam Foimofa — — Tai-ouan-fou Aniun — — Kiontchcovv The Philipp'nes — JManllla The Molucca or Clove iflesjVidoi ia fort,Ternatc ,or Nutmeg iflesjLantor iq, Niles.] 138,600 17,000 li,rOO 133*70 Trade with or belong. Dutch . ' Spain ' China The Banda.or Nutmeg Amboyna ( furroundmg 1 Celebes ^ theMolucca \ j Gilolo,&c. (. ScBandaillcs) r Borneo The Sunda iflc8< Sumatra _ ^ava, &c. The AndamaSc Nicobar iflts Ceylon — — The Maldives — — Bombay — — The Kurile ides, and thofe in the lea of dirovercd Ly the Rufllans -^ Amboyna — Macaflar Gilolo Borneo, Caytongec Achcn, Bencoolen Batavia, Bantam Andaman, Nicobar C ndy •— Caridon — ■ Bombay — Kamft }' Spain Dutch ' Dutch . Dutch Dutch Dutch / All nations Englifti and Dutch 38,25clDutch lAll nations a7,73o|Dutch 11 nations Englifh 400 68,400 10,40c 228,000 l29,CO litka, lately Rufiia + GcorKla hath lately put itfelf under the protcilion of RulTia- TURKEY ', i -»;> t 639 ] 'f r^.il TURKEY IN ASIA. .■• 1 Situation AND Extent. Miks. Degrees. Sq. IMiics. Length loco ) ..„,.„„ \ 27 and 46 Eaft longitude. ) Bie^h 800}''"^^*'" 1 28 and 4i North latitude, f 520,^-.o. B Boundaries.] TTIOUNDED by the Black Sea and Cirraflia on JlJ the North ; by Perfia, on the Eaft ; b)- Arabia and the Levant vSea, on the South ; and by the Archipelago, the Hel- lefpont, and Propontis, which feparates it from Europe, on the Weft. Divifions. The eaftern provinces are MfltoHa, or the *>(r»';r Afia,. . McWeft Subdivifions. 1. Eyraca Arabic or Chaldea 2. Diarbec, or Mefopotamia 3. Curdiftan or Afl\ria 4. Turcomania or Armenia 5. Georgia, inchiding Men- grelia and Lnaretta, and part of Circalfia I. Natolia Proper Eaft of the Le- vant Sea 2. Amafia — — 3. Aladulia — — 4. Caramania — — Syria, with Paleftine, the Holy land. i oir }1 Chief Towns. Baflbra and Bagdad, Diarbec,Orfa, & Mouful. Nineveh and Bctiis, Erzerum and Van. ; Tef^is,Amarchia,&Gonic Burfa, Nici, Smyrna, and Ephefus. Amafia, Trapezond, and Si nope. Ajazzo, Mai-at. Satalia and TferafTo. Aleppo, Antioch, Dimaf- cns,Tyre, Sidon,Tri})ol:, Scanderoon,& Jerufaleau Mountains.] Thefa'are famous in facred as well as profane-writings. The rnoft remarkable are, Olympus ; Taurus and Anti-taurus ; Caucafus and Ararat ; Lebanon ; and Hermon. Rivers.] The fame may be obferved of the rivers, which are the Euphrates; Tigris; Orontes ; Meander; Sarabat; Kara; and Jordan. AiR AND ci.i mate.] Though both are delightful in the utmoft de* glee, and naturally falubrious to the human conltitution, yet fuch is the equality with which the Author of nature has difpenfed his benefits, tha* Til! key, both in Europe and Afia, is often vifited by the plague ; a fiio^htful fcourge of mankind wherever-it takes place, but hei-e doubly de- llni6hve, from the native indolence of the Turks, And their fupeiftitious belief in a predeftination, which pre\ents them from ufing the proper pre- cautions to defend themfelves againft this calamity. Soil and produce.] As this country contains the mod fertile pro-. vinces of Aiia, I need fcarcely inform the reader that i-t produces all the liixiuies of life in the utmoit abundance, notwithflanding the indolence of its owners. Raw filk, corn, wine, oil, honey, fruit of every fpecies, wotf'e, myrrh, frankincenfe, and odoriferous plants and dinigs, are native* heit: almolt without culture, which is prailiied chiefly by Gretk and Armenian chridians. The olives, citrons, lemons, oranges, figs, an X tli's great country PoPlJL/yTlON, INHABITANTS, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. is by no means equal either to its extent or fertility, nor have the heft geographers been able to afcertain it, becaufe of the uncertainty of it? limits. It certainly i^ notr fo great as it was before the Chriflian .-era, or even under the Roman emperors ; owing to various caufes, and above all to the tyranny under which the natives live, and thtir polygamy, which is undoubtedly an enemy to population, as may be evinced from many reafons, and. particularly becaufe the Greeks and Armenians, among whom it is not pra£lifed, are incomparably more prolific than the Turks, notwithftanding the rigid lubjec^ions in which they are kept by the latter. The plague is another caufe of depopulation. The Tur- kifli emperor, however, has more fubjeds than any two European princes. As to the inhabitants, tliey arc generally well-made and robuft men : when young, their complexions are fair, and their faces handfome ; their hair and eyes are black or dark brown. The women, when young, arS commonly handfome, but they generally look old at thirty. In their de- meanour, the i urks are rather hypochondriac, gave, fedate and pai- five ; but when agitated by paflionj furious, raging, ungovernable ; big with dilTuTiularion, jealous, fufpicious, and vindictive beyond conception; in matters of religion, tenacious, fuper'litious, and morofe. Though the generality ft-cin iianlly capable of much benevolence, or even huma- nity with regard to Jews, Chrillians, or any who differ from them in religious matters, yci they are far from being devoid of fecial affep^e, Jerufa- icm, Alexandria, and Antioch, are patrisrchates ; ai*ed by nins lofty «oiumns, each confifting of three pieces joined together, by iron pins, without cement. Some of thofe pins are a foot long, and a foot in {liaineter; and the fordid Turks are daily at work todcftroy the cokunns, l^or the fake of the iron. A fmall temple is ftill Handing, with a pedeftaj- ^l^ eight columns in front, and fifteen in tlank, and every where nohly wiiamtuted with figures in alto relief, exprefling the heads of god', ^OBs, and emperors, and part of the ancient mythology. To the well ill ' of i:r'-! '■vr iC i'4 M. m- %i Ui.i 644 TURKEY in EUROPE awd ASIA. r of this temple is another, of a circular form, of the Corinthian andf Ionic order, but disfigured with Turkifh mofqucs and houfes. The other parts of this ancient city are proportionably beautiful and ftupcndous. Various have been the conjcftures concerning the founders of thefe immenfe buildings. The inhabitants of Afia afcribe them to Solomon, but foriie make them fo modern as the time of Antoninus Pius. Perhaps they are of different a?i-as; and though that prince and his fuccefTors may have rebuilt fome part of tlicm, yet the boldnefs of their architeftine, the beauty of their ornaments, and the ftupendous executions of the whole, feems to fix their foundation to a period before the Chriftian aera, but without mumuing to the ancient times of the Jews or the Phoeni- cians, who probably knew little of the Oreek ftyle of building and orna- menting. Balbec is at prefent a little city, ertcompafled with a wall. The inhabitants, who are aljout 5000 in number, chiefly Greek, live in or near the circular temple, in houfes built out of the ancient ruins A frep-(l.ohe quarry in the neighbourhood, furnifhed the (tones for tiie body of the temple j and one of the flones not quite detached from the bottom of the quarry, is 70 feet long, 14 broad, and 14 feet five inches deep, and reduced to our meafure is 1135 tons. A coarfe white marble quarry, at a greater diftance, furnifhed the ornamental parts. Palmyra, or, as it was called by the ancients, Tadmor in the Defcrf, is fituated in the wilds of Arabia Petraea, about 3 3 deg. N. lat. and 20a miles to the fouta-eaft of Aleppo. It is approached through ^ narrow plain, lined as it were with the remains of antiquity ; and, opening all at once, the eye is prefented with the mofl flriking objefts that are to be found in the world. The temple of the fun lies in ruirtSj but the accefs to it is through a vaft number of beautiful Corinthian columns of whitt inarble, the grandeur and beauty of which can only be known by the plates of it, which have been drawn and publiflied by Mr. Wood, who, -with his friends, paid it a vlfit fome years ago, purpofely to preferve fome remembrance of fuch a curiofity. As thofe drawings, or copies from ' them, are noW common, we muft refer the reader to them, efpecially ais he can form no very adequate idea* of the ruins from a printed rela- tion. Superb arches, amazing columns, acolonade extending 4000 feet in length, terminated by ai noble maufoleum, temples, fine porticos, peryflyles, intercblumniations, and entablatures, all of them in the higheft flyle, and finifhed with the moft beautiful materials, appear on all hands, but fo difperfed and disjointed, that it is impoflible from them to form an idea of the whole when pwfeft. Thefe flriking ruins are contrafled by tlie miferable huts of the wild Arabs, who refide in or near them. Nothing but ocular proof could convince any man, that fo fuperb a city, formerly ten miles in circumference, could exift in the midft oi what are now tra£b of tjarren uninhabitable fand. Nothing however is more certain, than that Palmyra tvas formerly the capital of a great king- dom : that it was the pride as well as the emporium of the eaftern world, and • that its merchants dealt with the Romans, and the wefiern nations, for the merchandizes and luxuries of India and Atahlk. Its prefent altered fituatioii, therefore, can be accounted for only by natural caufes, which have turned the mofl fertile trafts into barren deferfs. Thd Afialics think that Palmyra, as w^^ell as Balbec, o\vesit original to Solo- mon ; and in this they receive fome countenance from facrW hiliory. J* , pcofane hiflory it is not mentioned before the time of MarC Antony; imd it$ moll fuperb buildines ||ire thought to be of the lower empife, about TURKEY IN EUROPE AND ASIA. 64$ die time of Gallienus: Odenathus, the laft king of Palmyra, was highly carefTed by that emperor, and even declared Auguftiis. His widow Zc- nobia reigned in great gloi*y for fome time, and Longinus, the celebrated critic, was her fecretary. Not being able to brook the Roman tyianny, {he declared war againft the emperor Aurelian, who took her prifoner, led her in triumph to Rome, and butchered her principal nobility, and among others the excellent Longinus. He afterwards deftroyed her city, and maflacred its inhabitants, but expended large fums out of Zenobia's treafureji in repairing the temple of the Sun, the majeftic ruins of which have been mentioned. This it muft be acknowledged, is but a very lame account of that celebrated city ; nor do any of the Palmyrene in- fcriptions reach above the Cbriftian aera, though there can be no doubt that the city itfelf is of much higher antiquity. The emperor Judiniai^ made fome efforts to reftore it to its ancient Iplendor, but without efFeft, for it dwindled by degrees to its pi efent wretched flate. It has been ob- ferved veiy juftly, that its archite^,oco inhabitants, of whom 3c,coa nre Chijftians, ant\ 5000 are Jews. It is furniflied with moft of the ion- veniences of life excepting good watej", within the wiiUs, and even that is fupplied by an aquedu6t, diftant about four miles, faid to have been jcrcded by the empiefs Helena. The ftreets are narrow, but well paved with large fquare ilones, and are kept very clean. Their gardens are pleafant, being laid out in vinevards, olive, fig, aj;d piftachio-trces; Init the country round is lough and barren. Foieign meichaiits are numerous here, and tranfa'5t their bufinefs in caravanferas, or large fquare build- ings containing tlieir warehmifes lodging-rooms, and compting hoiifes. This city abounds in neat, and fome of them magnificent mofques, p\iblic bagnios, which are very refrefliing, and bazars or market-places, which are formed into long, narrow, arched or covered flreets, witl" little fhops, as in other parts of the Eaft. Their coffee is excellent, and confidered by the Turks as a high luxury; and their fweetmeats and fruits are delicious. ^European merchants live here in greater fplendor and fafety than in any other city of the Tuikifli empire, which is owing to particular capitulatioos with the Porte. Coaches or carriages are not ufed here, but peifons of quality ride on horfebark with a number of fervants before them, according to their rank. The Englilh, French, and Dutch, have confuls who are much refpefted, and appear abroad, the JEnglifh efpecially, with marks of diftinftion. The heat of the country makes it convenient for thf inhabitants to fteep in the open aiv here, over aU Ava^ia, and many oth^r parts of tb« ' ■ '■ • ' ■"■■ ' . iialt, th TURKEY iM EUROPE AND ASIA. 647 Eaft, for which reafon their houfes are flat at the top. This pr-4<^ticc accounts for the early acquaintance thofe nations had with aftrotjorny, and the motions of the heavenly bodies, and explain fome parts of the holy fcripture. As the Turks are very uniform in thtir way of livin*'-, this account of Aleppo may give the reader an idea of the other Tinkifli cities. Ba^/dad, built upon the Tigris, not far it is fuppofed from the fite of ancient Babylon, is the capital of the ancient Chaldea, and was the metropolis of the caliphate, under the Saracens, in the twelith century.— This city retains but few marks of its ancient grandeur. It is in the form of an irregular fquare, and rudely fortified, b"t the convenieiicy of its fituation renders it one of the feats of the 'l urkirti government, and it lias ftill a confiderable trade, being annually vifited by the Smyrna, Aleppo, and weftern caravans. The houfes of Bagdad are generally large, built of brick and cement, and arched over to admit the freer circu- lation of the air : many of their windows are made of elegant Venetian };;lafs, and the delinks ornamented with chequered work. Moft of tl e houfts have alfo a court-yard before them, in the middle of which is a fmall plantation of orange trees. The number. of houfes is conjputed at 80,00 ), each of which pay an annual tribute to the Bafliavv, which is calculated to produce 300,00;]. fterling. Their bazars, in which their tradefmen have their (liops, are tolerably handfome, large, and extenfivc, filled with fliops of all kinds of merchandife, to the number of 12,000, Thefe were erected by the Perfians, when they were in poffeffion of the place, as were alfo their bagnios, and almoft eveiy thing here worthy the notice of a traveller. In this city are five molques, two of which are well built, and have handfome domes, covered with varniflied tiles of fe- veral colours. Two chapels are permitted for thofe of the Romifli and Greek perfuafions, On the north-weft corner of the city (lands the caftk, which is of white ftone, and c^.nmands the river, coniifting of cm tins and baftions, on which fome large cannon are mounted, with two mortars in each baltion ;. but in the year 1779, they were fo honey-combed and bad, as to be fuppofed not to fupport one firing. Below the caflle, by the water-fide, is the palace of the Tui kifli governor ; and thrre are feveral fummer-houfes on the river, which make a fine appearance. The Arabians, who inhabited this city under the caliphs, were remarkable for the purity and elegance of their dialed. Ancient Aflyria is now called the TurRifli Curdiltan, though pnrt of it is fubjeft to the Perfians. The capital is Cnrdillaii, the ancient Nineveh being now a heap of ruins. Curdiftan is faid to be for the moft part cut out of a mountain, and is the refitlence of a viceroy, or begkrbeg.-— Orfa, formerly EdeiTa, is the capital of the fine province of Mcfopotamia. It is now a mean place, and chiefly fiipported by a manufafture of Turkey leather. Mouful is alfo in the fame province, a large place ficuated on thr criminals and debtoi-s, and the garriloii WflfUb of native Perfiam. There aic lour-te^n churche* ia Teflis, fix of T t '^ which I i mm IxPC'^ ni ini mW\ 648 TURKEY IN EUROPE AND ASIA, which belong to the Georgians and the reft to the Armenians: the Mahometans who arc here have no mofqucs. In the ntiglihnurhood of the city are many pleafunt hoiiftj-, and fine gardens. The Gcori^ians ill general are by lome travellers faid tq be tli£ handfomell people in the world ; and fomt: think that they early received the pra<5tire of inoi uU- tion for the fmall-pox. They make no fcniple of felling and drink! (i^ wines in their capital and other towns ; and their valom- has procured them many diftinguiftiing libertits and privileges. Lately they havo formed an alliatire with Ruffia, and claimed its proteftion. The ancient cities of Damafciis, Tyre, and Sidon, ftiU retain part of their former trade. Damafciis is cj:s are \k^\i: st*:t;nded to in the Turkifli dominioi^.s. The nature "u' the r ^swejiiment d:- ftroys that happy ftcurity which ?3 tiic rnpt'icr o! ail.v, *;ifit.'llL;y, at7(i commerce, and fuch is the debafemen*: of the hurr -^ mind \ina\ bvttvt down by tyranny and oopreflion, ti>at nil the ^ ;at sv!vanUi;C3 or •co:'.!- mcrce, which nature h^s as it were throxvn under tne 'i'd cf tL° >Mhaoitant& by their fituation, are here totally negle.ivd. The ^vlv?.!Knge^s of Tyrr, Sidon, Alexandria, and all thofe countri-:;,s which carried on tlie com- merce of the ancient world, are oveilooki-d. They comn^'.nd the navi- gation of the Red Sea, which opens a covr.mudicaiion tc tVc (ouchtMU ocean, and prefents them with all the riches of the indies. Whoever looks on a map of Turkey, mufl admire the fitni'tioii of ►hei.Tap^al 'ipoA a narrow ftrait that feparates Kurope from Afia, and coi:)rr>M>ic'it»s tr^thi fouth with the Mediterranean fea, thereby opening a padage t) all the European nations as wcil as the coaft of Africa. The fame ftrail • o. una - nicating northwards with the Black Sea, opens a pafi'sif.c les Porter, who rcfided at the Porte in quality of ambaflador from his Britannic majtfty, it appears that the rigours of tliat defpotic government are confideralily moderatid by the power of religion. For though in this empire there is no ht icdltaiy fiu reirion to property, the rights of individuals may be rcn. dered fixed and feaire, by beinp: annexed to the church, which is done at an iiKonfidcrable e>pence. Even Jtws and Chriftians may in this manner ftcuie the enjoyment of their lands to the lateft poftciity ; and fo facrt'd and inviolate' has this Jaw been held, that there is no inftance of an attempt <^n the fide of the prince to trefpal's or reverfe it. Neither does the obfervance of this inftitution altogether depend on the fuperftition cf the fultan ; he knows that anv attempt to violate it would ftiake the foun- dations of his throne, which is fok-ly fuppoitcd by the laws of religion.— Were he to trcfpafs thefe laws, he becomes an inlidt-l, and ceafes to be the Jawfui fovereign. The fame obfervation extends to all the rules laid down in the Koran, which were^eligntd by Mahomet both as a political code and as a religious fyllem. The laws there enacted having all the force of feligious prtjudlces to fupport them, are inviolate; and by them the <:ivil rights of the Mahomerans are regulsted. Even the comments on this book, which explain the law u-here it is obfcure, or extend and complete ^vhat Mahomet liad left imperied, are conceived to be of equsl validity V'ith the lirft inftitutic»ns of the prophet ; and no member oi the fociety, Jiowever poverful, can tranf^rtis them without ccnfure, or violate them Vithcut piinifliment. The Afiaiic Turks, or rather fuhjefts of the Turkifh empire, who hold their poflcflions by a kind of military tenure, on condition of their ferv- |ng in the field with a particular number of men, think themfclves, while jhey perform that agreement, aJmoft indep<;ndent of his maiefly, who fel- Tb^ft? araqun^ to about 25,^00 men. .■■M m. ! «5» TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. who are quartered in and near Conflantinople. They frequently grow mutinous, and have proceeded fo far fometimes as to depofe the fultaii. They are educated in the feraglio, and trained up to the exercife of arms from their infancy ; and tiiere are no lefs than 100,000 foot-foldiers, fcattered over every province of the empire, who procure themfelves to be regiftcied in this body, to enjoy the privileges or janizaries, which are very great, beiiig fubjc^ to no jurifdidion but that of the aga, or chief conDrtiantter. Arms and titles.] The emperor's titles are fwelled with all the pomp of eafttrrn magnificence. He is- ftyled by his fubjeiSts, 'Jhc Sh- Jtn.v of God^ a Goii on. earthy b' other to the Sun and Monttj Di/)>ofcr of all eaitl'li CrKvfr^ &g» The grand fignior's arms are, vert, a crcfcent ar. j^cnr, crcflcd with a turban, charged with three black plumes of heron's quil(:3, with this motco, Dom-c tofum Impleat orhnu, CouRT-ANG siiiiA phogrr.iis OF ihkTuuxs.] It has been the fate of the more fouthern and fertile parts of Afia, at different periods, to be ronqueied by tliat warlike and hardy race of men, who inhabit the vafl countiv known to the ancients by the name «»f Scythia, and among the inKuleiris by that of Tartary. One tribe of thefe people, called Turks or TiMComaus, which name fignifies ivt3>/fkreny extended its conqueftwS un- lier vario\r^ leader*, an^ dyring leyepl cent^rie?, ffopi the Ihore ot the. TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. ^53 CaJpiaii to the ftraits of the l)anlai)elles. Being long refident in the ca- picity of body-guards about the couits of the Saracens, they embraced the doftrines of Mahomet, and aded for a lone; lime as merctnarits in the armies of contrnding princes. Their chief refidence was in the neiy;h- bourhood of Mount Cancafus, fronn whence they removed to Armenia Major, and after being employed r« mercenaries by the fiiltr.r.s of Perfi ♦, thev feized that kingdom, about the year 1037, and fprcad their r;n'a£;es over all the neigiibouring countries Bound by their religion to make converts to Mahometanifm, they never were without a pretence for m- vadinjj and ravaging the dominions of the Greek emperors, and weir fometimes commanded by very able generals. Upon the declfnfion of the caliphate or empire of the Saracens, they made themftlves mafters of Ha- leftuie; and the vifiting the holy city of Jerufalem being then part of tlic Chriftian excrcifes, in which they had l;cen tolerated by the Saiaccns, tUe Turks laid the European pilgrims under fuch heavy contributions, and exercifed fuch horrible cruelties upon the Chiiftian inhabitants of the country, as gave rife to the famous rufaJe which we have mentioned inore fully in the Introduftion. It unfortunately happened, that the Greek emperors were generally more jealous of the progi-efs of the Chriflians than the Turks; and though after oceans of blood were ipilt, a Chriftian kingdom was erect- ed at Jerufalem under Godfrey of Boulogne, neither he nor his fucccfTois were poflefTed ./f any real power for maintaining it. The Tui ks, about the year 1299, had extended their dominions on every fide, and polTcfled themfelves, under Othman, of fome of the fincft provinces in Alia, of Nice, and Prufa in Bythnia, which Othman made his capital, and, as it were, firfl embodied them into a nation; hence the}^ took the name of Othmans from that leader ; the apptllatioji of Turks, as it ilguifies in the original wanderers, or banifhed meij, being conlldered by them as a term of reproach. Othman is to be flyled the founder of the Turkifli empire, aad was fucceeded by a race of the moft warlike princes that are ti'. utioncd inhiftory. About the year 1357, they pafled the Hellcfpont, and got a footing in Europe, and Amurath fettled the feat of his empire at Adri- anople, which he took in the year 1360 : under him the order of janiza- ries was eftablifhed. Such were their conquefls, that Bajazet I. after con- (juering Bulgaria, and defeating the Greek emperor Sigifmund, laid ficgc to Conftantinople, in hopes of fubje£ling all the Greek empire. His grcatnefsand infolence provoked Tamerlane, a Tartarian piince, who was luft then returned from his eaftern conqueft, to declare war againft him, A decifivq battle was fought between thofe rival conquerors, in Natolia, in the plain where Pompey defeated Mithridates, when Bajazet's army- was cut in pieces, and he himfelf taken prifoner, and Ihut up in an iron cage, where he eroded his life. The fucceflbrs of Tamerlane, by declaring war againft one another, left the Turks more powerful than ever; and though their career was checked by the valour of the Venetians, Hungarians, and the famous Scandeibe^', a prince of Epirus, they gradually reduced the dominions of the Greek emperors, and after a long fiege, Mahomet II, took Conflaniinople i\% 1453. Thus after an eKiftencc of ten centuries, from its firft comnuurc- ment under Conftantine the Great, eudf;d the Grei^k empire ; an eve iit which had been long forcfeen, and was owing to many caufes: the chiot Was the totrjl degeneracy of the Greek emperors themlelvts, their courts, and families : and the i'lilikt their fubje^i had to the popc<| and the weflern churchy rvi* fi*| 6j;4 ttrRKEY tN EWROt^E AUti AStA* tlniroh, one of their patriarchs declaring pubh'cly to a Romifli legale, " that he would rather fee a turban than the pope's tiara upon the great nltar of Conftanlinbple." But as the T\n-ks, When they extended their conquefts, did not exterminate, but reduced the nations to fubjeftion, the remains of the ahrieht Orfceks ftill exiil, as >Ve have aheady obferved, par- ticularly in Conftantinople arid the neighbouring itlands, where, though under grievous opprelliorts, they proFeft Chrifiianity under their owjx patriarchs of Conflantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerufalem : and the Armciu'ans have three patriarchs, who are richer tlian thofe of the Greek church, on <»ccount of their people being richer and more converfant m trade. It is faid that the modern Gredks, though pining under the tyrannical yoke of the Turkifli government^ ftill pl-eferve lomewhat of the exterior appearance, thoug' nothing of the internal priu- ciples which diftinguiflled their anceftors. The conqueft or Conftaniinople was folloWed by the fubmiflion of a(i Greece ; and from this time the Turks have been iboked upon as an Eii- topean ^wer. Mahomet died in 148 1", dtid was fucceeded by Baja-^'t II. who cafrifcd oil war agaiiift the Hungarians and Venetians, as well as the Perfians and Egyptians. Kajazet falling ill of the goutj beciamfc iridolent, waf harafled by family differences, and, at laft, by oi'der of his fecond fon, Selim, he was poifoned by a Jew phyficlan. Sellih afterwards ordered his eldeft brother, Achmet, to be ftrangled. With mahy other princes of the Othiuan race. He defeated the Perfians and the prince of Moutit Tiurus; but being unable to penetrate into Perfia, he turned his arms againft Egypt, which, affcer many bloody battles, he annexed to his oWn domi- nions in the year 1517, as he did Aleppo, Antioch, iTripoli, Damafcus, Gaza, arid many other toWhs. He was fucceeded, in 152^, by his fon, Solim^tii tl^e Magnificent ; who taking advantage of the differences that prevailed among the Chriftian powers, took Rhodes, and drove the khignti fl^om that ifland to Malta, which \i^s given theitt by the emperor Chdrles V. The reign of Soli- man after this was a continual war With the Chriftian powers, and ge- nerally fuccefsfiil, both by fea and land. He took ^uda, the metropolis of Hiihgary) at that time, and Belgrade, and carried off near aoo,ooo captives. A* D. 1526, and two years afterwards advanced into Auftria and befifged Vienna, but retired on the approach of Charles V. He mifcar- ried alfo in an attempt he made to take the ifle of Malta. This Solimaa K looked upQn as the greateft prince that ever filled the throne of Otiv man. He was fucceeded^ in 1566 by his fon Selim II. In his reign the Turkifh marine iTceived ail irrecoverable blow from the Chriftians, in the battle of Lepanto. This defeat might have proved fatal to the Turkifli power, ha'^ the blow been purfued by the Chriftians, cfpecially the Spa- niards. Selim, however, took Cyprus from the Venetians, and Tunis in Africa from the Moors. He was fucceeded, in 157^, by his fon Amu- rath III. who forced the Perfians to cede Tauris, Teflis, and many other rities to the Turks. He likewife took the important fortiefs of Raab, la Hungary; and in 159^, he was fucccfded by Mahomet III. The me- mory of this prince is diftinguifljed by his ordering nineteen of his bro- thers to be ftrangled, and ten of his father's concubines, who were lup- pofed to be pregnant, to be thrown into the fea. He was often uiifuc- ccfiiul in his wais with the Chriftians, and died of the plague in 164. Thoujjli TURKEY IN EUROPE and ASIA. 6^5 Though his facceflor Achmet was beaten by the Pcrfians, yet he forced the Auftriaiis to a treaty ia i6o( , and to couJent that he fliouid keep what he was poflel^ed of in Hungai-y. Ofman, a prince of great fphit, but no more than fixteen yeaiu of age, being unfiicccfsful at^ritnft thej'oles, ww put to death by the janizaries, whofe powers he intended to have reducftd. Morad IV. fiicceeded, in 1623, and took Bagdad from the Perfians. Hi* brother, Ibrahim, fucceeded him in 1640J a worthlefs, inai'^ive prince, and ftrangled by the janizaries in 164^. His fucceiTor Mahomet IV* Was excellently well ferved by his grand vizir, Cuperli. He took Candia torn the Venetians, aftef it had been befieged for thirty years. This con- queft coft the Venetians, and their allies 80, -^on men, and the Turks, ic s faid, 1 80,000. A bloody war was fucceeded between thelmperialifts and the Turks, in which the latter were fo fuccefsful, that thev laid fiege to Vienna, but were forced (as has been already mentioned) to raife it with great lofs by John Sobielki, king of Polan.l, and other Chriftian gene- rals. Mahomet was, in 1.68 -, flint up in prifon by his fubjeds, and fuc- ceeded by his brother, Solinian II. The Turks continued unfuccefsful in their wars during this reign, and that of his brother and fucceflbr, Achmet II. but Muftapl>a II. whfl» nwunted thethfone in 1694, headed his armies in perfon, and after fome brilk campaigns, he was defeated by prince Eugene; and the peace of Carlowitz, between the Imperialifts and Turks, was concluded in 1699* Soon after Muft'ipUa was depofed, his mufti was beheatled, and his bro- ther, Achmfet III. mounted the throne. He was the prince who gave fliel- ter, at Bender, to Charles XII. of Sweden ; and ended a war with the Ruffians, by a peace concluded at Pruth. When the Ruffian army was furroutided without hope of cfcape,^ the Gzariiia inclined the grand vizir to the peace, by a prefent of all the money, plate, nnd jewels. that were inher army, but the Ruflians delivered up to the Turks, Moph, Kaminieck, and Taiganrog, and agreed to evacuate Poland. He had after«« wards a war with the Venetians, which alarmed ail the Chriflian powers. The fcene of aftion was tranflated to Hungary, where the Imperial ge-. neral, prince Eugene, gave fo many repeated defeats to the ^l^fideIs, thatt they were forced to conclude a. difgraceful peace, at PafTarowitz, in 1718. An unfortunate war with the Perfians, under Kouli Khan, fucceeding, the populace demanded the heads of the vizir, the chief admiral, and fe- cretary, which were accoitlingly ftruck off; but the fuitan alfo was depof- ed, and Mahomet V. advanced to the throne. He v/as unfucrefiful in hi* wars with Kouli Khan, and at lad obliged to recognife that ufurper as kint^ of Perfia. He was, after thut, engaged in a war with the Imperialiftst and Ruffians; againft the former he was vi<5lorious; but the Aiaeffesof thehtter, which threatened Coriflantinoplc itfeif, forced him to agree to ahafly treaty with the emperor, and after that another with the Ruluaas^ which wag greatly to his advantaijc. Mahomet died in 1754. He was fucceeded by his brother, Ofinan III. who died in lyqr, and Was fucceeded by his brother, Multapha HI. who died on tie 2.1 ft of Ja- nuary, 1774, whilft engaged in ;»n unfuccefsfui war with the Ruiiians, of which i()me account has been ah*eady given in the hiftory of that countrv. in the courfe of this war t contidefable Ruffian flee^; was fitted out, whuh fet fail from the Baltic, with a view of fiiaking the remote parts of the Archipelago. This fleet having arrived at Mit!v)rra departed from t'lence •II the beginning of February 177^,' and fliaptd its courfe for the Mt^iea, Cou&t Oriuw, having debarked fuch laftrf forces as he had with him at Mains, .« ^$6 TURKEY iM EUROPE amu'aSIA. which lies a litUe to the weftward of cape Metapan, and about >o the fouth weft of Mifitra, tlie ancient Sprta ; the Mainotes, the Maina, which lies a miles to ^ defcendants of the Lacedaemonians, and who fti/l poflefled the country of their anceft^rs under fubjeclion of the grand iignior, immediately flev; to their arms in every quarter, and joined the Ruffians by thoufan'ds, from their averfion to the tyranny of the Turks. The other Greeks immedi- ately followed their example, or rather only waited to hear of the arrival of the Ruffians, to do what they had long intended ; and the whole Mo- tea feemed every where in motion. The opf-n country was quickly over- run, and Mifitra, Arcadia, and feveral other places, as fpeedily taken ; ■while the Ruffinn fliips, that had l)etn feparated, or that put into Italv' arrived fuccelfively, and landed their men in different quarters, where every fmall detachment foon fwelled to a little army, and the Turks were «very where attacked or intercepted. In the mean time the Greeks gave the utmoft loofe to their revenge, and every where flaughtered the Turks without mercy; and the rage and fury witli which the inhabitants of the continent were feized, extended itfeif t? the iflands, where alfo the Turks were maflacred in great numbers. I'hey were indeed unable to make head againfl the Ruffians and Greeks in the field; their only protedion •^as found within the fortrefTes. The malccontents had fo much in- creafed fince the firft debarkation of the Ruffians, that they invefled Na- jpoli de Romania, Corinth, and the caflle of Patras, with feveral other places of note. But whilfl they were employed in thefe enterprizes, an army of thirty-thoufand men, compofcd chiefly of Albanians, and Epi. it>tes, entered the Morea, commanded by Serafkier, Baflia of Bofnia. This TUrkiili general recovered all the northern part of the pcninfula, as loon as he appeared in it : and all the Greeks that were found in arms, or fully conveyed among the Turkifli fleet, by the intrepid behaviour of lieutenant Dug- dale, an Englifliman in the Ruffian fcrvice, who, though abandoned by his ciew, himfelf directed the operations of the fire-fliips. The fire took place fo effeftually, that in five hours the whole fleet, except one man of war and a few gallies that were towed off by the Ruflinns, were totally de- ftioyed : after which they entered the harbour, and bombarded and can- nonaded the town, and a caftle that prote(5ted it, with liich fuccefs, that a (liot having blown up the powder magazine in the latter, both were redu- ced to a heap of rubbifli. Thus was there fcarcely a veftige left at nine o'clock, of a town, a caftle, and a fine fleet, which had been all in exift- cnce at one the fame morning. Some of the principal military tranfaflions by land, in the war between Ruffia and Turkey, having been already noticed in our account of the former empire, we fliall here only add, that after a moft unfortunate war on the fide of the Turks, peace was at length concluded between them and the Ruflians, on the ;?ift of July, 1774, a few months after the acceflioii of the late grand-figaior, Achmet IV. The late III, left a manage the reins of government in the then critical fituation of the Turkifli affairs, Muftapha appointed his brother, the late emperor, to fiicceed him in the throne : and to this prince, under the flrong^ft terms of recommendation, he confided the care of his infant fon. The perfeverance of the Turks, fupplied by their numerous Afiatic armies, and their implicit fubmifiion to their otficei"S, rather than an ex- cellency of military difcipline or courage in war, have been the great fprings of thofe fucceffes which have rendered their empire fo foi'midable. The extenfion, as well as duration of their empire, may indeed be in fome meafure owing to the military Inftitution of the janizaries, a corps originally compofed of children of fuch Chridian parents as could not pay their taxes. Thefe, being coUefted together, were formed to theex- ercife of arms under the eyes of their officers in the Seraglio. They were generally in number about 40,000 ; and fo exrelicut was their difcipline, that they were deemed to be invincible : and tliey ftill continue the flower of the Turkifli armies: but the Ottoman power is in a declining ftate.— . The political ftate of Europe, and the jcaloufifs that fiibfift among its princes, is now the fureft bafis of this empire, and the principal reafofi why the fineft provinces in the world are fuffered to remain any longer in the pofleffion of thefe haughty infidels. Abdul Hamed, or Achmet IV. grand-fignior, born 1719, fucceeded to the throne of Turkey, January 21ft, 1774, on the deatK of his brother: lie hath three fons and three daughters. * ,, ••: «!r» '»K-' '■ • ill U u TAR. 1 J :t ;. ^['^558 ] i h 1 |T t-' H.:q ;* , I «»/■« ,^J;4'.,i ....hQ ' illr*' -iLuJiJ*.! ■• ril I :>•)''' 'i. T A R T A R Y ! n ASIA. turVr ,)■ Situation" and Extent. ..)• !;«■ u!'' JlT" Miles. • '- Degrees. '■•■■■■:■ ' * ,,, ...A Length 4000 J ijj.f J { soand 1 50 caft loupitude. < . : ■■■ Baadtli 2400 ( | 30 aiid 72 north latitude. BocNDAKits.] 1 T would be deceiving the reader to defire him to depend 1 upon the account;* given us by geographers, of the ex- tent, limit, and lituation of thefe vaft regions. Even the emprefs of Rulliaaiid her minilb'v are ignorant ofherprecife limits with the Chi- uefe, the PeiTians, and other nations, 'lariai y, taken in its fuUcft ex- tent, is bounded by the Frozen Ocean on the North, by the I'acific Ocean pn (he EoU, by China, India, Perfia, and the Cafpian Sea, on the South, and by IVJufcovy, on the Weft. Grand divlfions, J^Jorth-ejift divifion. South-eaft divifion .!h-'1 SiibdiviGons. j Kamtfchatka Tartars I jakutllioi Tartars r iBratfki \ Thibet and Mogul J Tartars M«r.h.weft divifion I ■^7/';^ — So„th.„eft divifion I ^Vt^--J/'"- {Siberia ' Kalmuc Tartary Ufbeck Tartary Chief towns. HKamtichatka Jakutikoi f Bratlki \ Thibet ) Poion ( Kudak HMangafia Kortlkoi HTerki Aftrachan *j } Tobollk V < Bokharia f 1 Sq. M. 985,380 Ml -U 850,0:0 [^Samarcand 3351840 ■ lCamtfc:hatka is a great peninfula, which extends from North to South about I'cven degrees thirty minutes. Ir is divided inljo four diftri£ls, Bol- ciierefk, Tigihkaia Krepofl, Verchuei or Upper Kamtfchatkgi Oftrog, anij Neftinei or Lower Kamtfchatkoi Oftrog. j\IouN TAINS.] The principal mountains are Caucafus in Circaffia, ahd the mountains of Taurus and Ararat, {q contiguous to it that they appear like a, continuation of the fame mountains, w;hich crofles aU Afia trom Mongaliato the Indies ; and the mountains of Srolp, in the North. Seas.] Thefe are the Frozen Ocean, .the Pacific Ocean, and tlie Caf*. piarj Sea. kivERs.] The principal rivers are, the Wolga, which runs a rourfe of twa thoufand miles; the Oby, which divides Afia from Europe ; the Tabol, Irtif?, Genefa or Jenfka ; the Burrumpooter ; the Lena, and the Argun, which divide the Ruflian and the Chinefe empires. ,■> Air, CLIMATE, sou,, AND PRODUCE.} The air of this country i» very different, by reafon of its vaft extent from north to fouth ; the nor- thotrn parts reach>ng beyond the ardlic polar circle, and the fouthern.be- ing TARTARY in ASIA. 659 injr in the fame latitude with Spain, France, Italy, and part of Tur- key. Nova Zembla and Rufllrtn Lapland are moftuncnmfortable regions: the earth, which is covcrred with (now nine months in the year, being ex- tremely barren, and tvory where incumbeied with unwhokfoaic maifhes, uninhabited mouatains, arid impenetrable thickndles. The climate of Siberia is cold but the air pure and wholeibme ; and Mr. Took obftrves that its inh^iMtants in all probability would live to an extreme old age, if thiy were not fo much addicted to an immoderate ule of intoxicating ii« quors. Siberia produces rye, oats, and barley, almoli t»'> the 60th de- gree of northern latitude. Cabbages, radiflics, turnips, and cucumbers, thrive here tolerably well ; but fcaiccly any other greens. All experi- ments to bring fiuit-trces to bear have hitherto br-en in vain : but there is reafon to believe, that indullry and patience may at length overcome the nidenefs of the climate. Currants and ftrawberries of fcveral forts are faid to grow here in as great perfe chan and the fouthern parts of Tartary, ale extremely fertile, owing more to nature than induftry. The parts that are cultivated produce ex- cellent fruits of almoft all the kinds known in Europt^, cfpecially grapes, which are reckoned the largcfl and fined in the world. The fummers arc very dry ; and from the end of July to the beginning of 0<5lober, the air is peftered, and the foil fometimcs ruined, by incredible quantitits of locufts. Mr. Bell, who travelled with the Ruffian ambaflador to China, reprefents fome parts of Tartary as defirable and fertile countries, the graft growing fpontaneoufly to an amazing height. The country of Thibet is the highsu in Afia, and is a part of that elevated tra6t which gives rife to the rivers of India and China, and thofe of Sibtjia, ami other parts of Tartary. Metals and minerals.] It is faid that Siberia contains mines of gold, filver, copper, iron, jafper, lapis lazuli, and loadftoncs : a fort of large teeth found here creates fome difpute among the naturaliftsj whe- ther they belong to elephants, or are a marine produdion ; their appear- ance is certainly whimfical and curious, when poliflied with art aiid (kill. Animals.] Thefe are camels, dromedaries, bears, wolves, and all the other land and amphibious animals that are common in the north parts of Europe. Their horfes are of a good, (ize for the (addle, and very hardy ; as they run wild till they are five or (ix years old, they are ge- nerally headftrong. Near Aftrarnan there is a bird called by the Rullians baba, of a grey colour, and fomething larger than a fwan ; he has a broad bill, under which hangs a bag that may contain a quart or more ; he wades near the edge of a river, and on feeing a flioal or fry of fmall fidies, fpreads his wings and drives them to a fliallow, where he gobbles as many of them as he can into his bag, and then going aftiore, eats them or carries them to the young. Some travellers take tliis bird to be the pelican. The forefls of Siberia are well (locked with a variety of animals, fome of which are not to be foimd in other counti ies. They fupply the inha- bitants with food and cloaths : and at the fame time, furnifn them with . commodities for an advantageous trade. Siberia may be jeonfidered as the *' native country of black foxes, fabl^, Kfld ermines, the flcins of which • . . U u 2 aic >\ I 66o TARTARY in ASIA. are line fupeiii)r to thofe of any part of the woild. Horfcs anJ cattle aif ill gieut pi nty, anJ fold at low prices, • Poi'ULATioN, I nhauitants, MANNERS, 1 We Can form no proba- cusTOMs, Divi'RbioNS, AND HRESs. J blc gucfs asjto tllC MUlTlber of thf inhabitants in Tartary ; but from many circumftanrcs we mull conclude that they are far fiom being proportioned to Ihe extent of their country. They are in general ftrong^made, flout men ; their fares broad, their nofes ftattifli, their eyes ("mall r.nd black, but very quick ; their U-ards are fcarrely vifible, as they continually thin them by of 'i'urkey and Pedirt. Tliey are purchafed when young, by mercharits, and taii*:;ht fuch acromplifliments as fuit their capacities, to render them more valuable againft the day of fale. The Tartars are in general a wan- dering Ibrt of people: in their peregrinations they fet out in the fpiiiig, their number in one bole with an arrow, though at a confiderabie diftancc. The drefs of the meu i& very funple, -i- J > : f,t'.;j ^ ''i .ij.;i>Uii)- „arid TARTARY in ASIA. 661 and fit for a6>ion ; it gpnferally confifts of a flioit ia( kct, with narrow flecves made of dcers Ikin, having the fur outwavl ; tiMwlirs and \,>iie ot tlie fame kind of (kin, both of one piece, and rn>hr v^ t'u; \\n\b<. Tiie Tartais live in huts half funk uiuler ground ; they have a liic in tho mid- dle, with a hole in the top to let out the fnioke, and Ixiu-hcs roui.d tiic fire to fit or lie \ipon. T"i.s fcern* to be tlif cominon int-thod of Jivimr ainoii^ all the northern lyitions, Irom J,a|»i:j;Kl eaflward to the Japriiule oaan. In the extreme northern provinces, durinj^ the wint-r, tveiy lamilv burrows itfclf as it were under groimd ; and we are told, t!iat fo fociable are they in their diipofitions, tliat tiny make rubtcrranuous com- munications with each other, fo that tliey may be laid to live in an. invi- lil)le city. The Tartars are immoderately i'ouil of horfe-lleni, cfpevi;;lly it it be younw and a little tainted, which niake their Cdbins extremely naufeous. Though horfe fltfli be preferred raw by fome northern trilu-s, the general way ot eating it is after it has been fa.oked and dried. The Tartars purchafe their wives witn cattle. Tn their marriacjcs they are not very delicate. Little or no tlitftrence is made bt twetn rjie ( hild of a concubine or flave, and that of the wife; but amoni; thr; heads ot- tribes the wife's fon is always pieferred to the fucceflion. -After a wife is turned of forty. Ah- is employed in njenial duties a? another fervant, and as fucli nnift atteiid the young v/ives who fucceed to their places ; nor is it un- cotiimon, in fome of tt.e more barbarous tribes, for a father to inarry his pw'P daughter. 'J'hc dcfcendants of the old inhabitants of Siberia arc ftill mofl of thern iilolaters. They coufifl of many nation^ entirely <;ili'ertnt ftom each orhcr in their manner of living, religion, langua;!,c, ^nd couiutnani es. But in this they agree that none of thtm follow av^riculturc, which is caiv- ried on by fome Tartars, and luch as are converted to ChriiHanitv. A few of them breed cattle, and others follow hunting. The population of Siberia has been much increafed (ince it became a Xuflian province ; rof the Kuifians have founded therein a number of towns, fortrefies, and vif. Inges. Nolwihrtanding which it prefents but a void and defert view; lime, by its e^cttnt, it is capable of fupporting feveral millions more than it at prefertt contains. For the manners and cuftoms of the other Tar- tars belonging to the Ruflian empire, we refer to our account of that country. Re' ioion\] The religion of the Tartars fomewhat nfembles their civil government, and is commonly accommodated to that of their neigh- bours ; for it partakes of the Mahometan, the Gentoo, the Greek, and even the Popifli religions. Some of them are the grolfefl: idolaters, and worfliip little rude im.ages drefled \)p in rags. Each has his own deity, with whom they make vtyy free when matters do not go according to theif ««'a mind. But the religion and government of the kinkjdom of Thibet, and LalVa, a large trad of Tartary, bordering upon China, are the mofl leaiarkabie, and the molt worthy of attention. The Thibetians are go- verned by the Grand Lama, or Delai Lama, who is not only fubmitted fo, and adored by them, but is alfo the great objeft of adoration for- the various tribes of L'oathen Tartars, who roam through the v. ft trad of continent which llretches from the banks of the V\ olga, to Corca on the fta of Japan. He is not only the fovereign pontitf, the vicegeteiit of th<; Ueity on earth ; but, as fupcrftilion is ever the ffrongeft where it is moft removed from its objed, the more remote Tartars abfolutely regaid him a^ Mi Peitv himfeif, They believe him 10 be immoital, and endowed with Uu3 • all mm 662 TAR TAR Y IN ASIA. all knowledge an^ virtue. Every ye■'' ■ and In •■if' m ' ' fa' ■ ■. .t,;r ^1 *^' .;..>; 664 TARTARY in ASIA. ii I and a roll of manufcripts, which was fent by Peter the Great to the Aca- demy of Infcriptions at Paris, and proved to be in the language of Thibet. Cities and towns.] Of thefe we know little but the names, and that they are in general no better than fixed hordes. They may be faid to be places of abode rather than towns or cities, for we do not find that they are under any regular governmcnt,\or that they can make a defence againft an enemy. The few places, however, that are mentioned in the preceding divifjons of this country, merit notice. ToboKk and Aftrachan are confiderable cities, the fiift containing 1 5,oor, and the latter 70,coo inhabitants. Forts, villages, and towns, have aifo lately been eredted in different parts of Siberia, for civilizing the inhabitants, and rendering them obedient to the Ruflian government. CoMMKRCE ANM) w AN tJF A CTUREs.] Tliis head makcs no figure m the liiftory of Tartary, their chief traffic confiltini^ in cattle, (kins, heavers, rhubarb, muJk, and fifli. The Aftrachans, notwithftanding their interrup- tions by the wild Tartars, carry on a confiderable tiafKc into jPerfia, to which t-hey exported red leather, woollen and linen cl.>tli, and fome Euro- pean maniifa his c^tleat ci ihf Turkifli emperor B;*jazet hath bten noticed in the hiuury (/f that nation, and great/were his conqu. fls. I lis defcent is claimed not only by ai! the Khans, and petty princes of Tartary, but by the emperor of lnd( ftarj hiiTifeli, The capital of this country is Bokharia, which was known tQ tl\e. ancients hy the name of Bucharia ; and it U fituated in the latitn!. of jq ^Icgrees J .: munites, and ; t. miie I^Uich abounds in China, and ;jbove all the tra piaut or fiiiub. It is ■ planted in rows, fin^I pruned to preveiU its luj^uiiaiuy. Notwithftjindiiig CHINA. 667 our long intcrcourfe with China, writers are ftill divided about the diflfer- tnt ipccies and culture of this plant. It is geneially thought that the green and bohea grows on the fame flirub, but that the latter admits ot fonie kind of pr'^paration, which takes away its raking qualities, and gives it a deeper colour. The other kinds, wliich go by the names. of im- perial, Congo, fuiglo, and the like, are occafioned probably by the nature of the foils, and from the provinces in which they grow. The culture of this plant feems to be very fimple; and it is certain that fome kinds are of a n:ii(h i;igher and more delicious flavour than othcis. It is thought that the f/iicft, which is called the flower of the tea, is imported over-land to Ruliia; but we know of little dilfercnce in their effe£ts on the humaiji body. The greateft is between the bohea and the green. It is fiippolcd that the Portuguefe had the ufe of tea long before the Engiifli, but it was introduced among the latter before the Rertoralion, as mention of it is made in the firft a;f\ of parliament that fettled the ex- cifconthe king for life, in i66r. Catharine of Lilbon, wife to Charles II. jendered the ufe of it common at his court. The gittfcti;r^ fo famous ainoag the Chinefe, as the univerfal remedy, and monopolized even by , th'.ir emperors, is now found to be but a common root, and is plentiful ia Britifli America. When brought to Europe, it is little diftinguiflicd for its healing qualities : and this inftance alone ought to teach us with what caution the former accounts of China are to be read. The ginfeiig, however, is a native of the Chinefe Tartary. MtTAT.s AND MINERALS.] Lhiua (if we are to believe fome naturalifts) pinduces all metals and minerals that are known in the world. White copper is peculiar to itfelf, but we know of no extraordinary quality it polllfles. Ont-of the fundamental maxims of the Chinefe government is, tlvt of not introducing a fuperabundancy of gold and filver, for fear of hurting induftry. Their gold mines, therefore, are but (lightly worked, and the currency of that metal is fiipjjjied by the grains the people pick lip in the fand of rivers and mountains. The filver fpecie is furniflied from the mines of Honan. Poi'UL .TioN A ND iNH \BiTAKTs.] Accordijig to fome accounts, there are fifty-eight million of inhabitants in China, and all between twenty 3rui fixty jears of age pay an annual tax. Norwithftanding the induftry of the people, their amazing popularity frequently occafions a dearth. Parents, who cannot fupport their female children, are allowed to call thera into the river; but thev fallen a gourd to the child, that it may float on the water ; and there are often comj)aflio!iate people of fortune, wh(» are moved by the cries of the children to fave thrm from c'eath. The Chinefe in their perfons, are middle-fized, their faces broad, their eyes hlack and fmall, their nofes rather fliort. Th.e Chinefe have particular u|eas qf beauty. They pluck ul» the hairs of the lower part of their face, by the roots with tweezers, leaving a few ftraggling ones by way of beird. Their Tartar princes compel them to cut off the hair of their heads, and like Mahometans to wear only a lock on the ciown. Their coinplej^ion towards the north is fair, towaids the fouth fwarthy, and the fatter a man is, they think him the handibmer. Men ^f quality and learning, who are not mucu expofed to the fun, are delicately com- plexioned, and they who are bred to letters let the naib of their fingers grow to an enqni^QMS length, to fliew that they are aqt graployed, Irv ma- v-J^.i*'?^'' , , ■ . .. .. ,. , "u, , .k_ .^. ■} ( t- ■ ^fii?:' ?i lllip; U,';^% 'feMi: i■'i"■ •^^^?ai4*|5v■^"S;:■ "i•' 66g CHINA. ^ ■ . The womsn have little eyes, plump rofy lips, black hair, regular fc.i- tures, and a delicate though florid complexion. The fmallnefs of their feet is reckoned a principal part of their beauty, and no fwathing h omitted, when they are young, to give them that accomplilhment, fo thnt when they grow up, t!icy may be mid to totter rather than to walk. Tiiij fanciful piece of beauty waa probably invented by the ancient Chinefe, to palliate their je:doury. To enter into all the flarch ridiculous formalities of the Chinefe, cfj)e- '.ially of their ineu of quality, when paying or leceiving vifits, would na give little intonnarion, and leis amufcment, and very probably come too late, as the ni.mners of the Chinefe, fince they fell under the pnwer of the Tartars, are greatly altered, and daily varv. It 1;^ fufficicnt to cb- feive, that the Itgiflators of China, I mking upon fubmiflion and fuboidi- nation as the corner-fiones of all fociety, deviled thofe outward n)arks of refpei5l, ridiculous as they appear to lis, as Uie ti:ti of duty and rc-fpct't from inferiors to fuperiors ; and their capital maxim was, that the man who was dtficient in civility, vvas void of good fenie. The Chinefe in gentral have been rcpiefented as the mod difliontfi, low, thieving fet in the world : employing their natural quickntfs onlv to improve the arts of cheating the n.uious tiity deal with, tlpeciallv the Europeans, whcm they chtat vvi(b gter.t cafe, partifuiarly the Engiiib : but theyobfeive that none but a Chintfc can chtat a Chiiufe. Thty »re fond of law-difputes bevond any people in the world. Their hypo- crify is without boiuids ; and the men of property among them prarlife the niofl: avowed biibery, and the loweft mcanncllfs to obiaiii preftrmeDt. it ihould, however, be remembered that lome of the late accounts of China have been drawn up by thofe who were little acquainted with any parts of the eii)pire but the fea-port towns ; in which they probably mi'tt witii many knavifli and deiigning people. But it ittn,.> nt)t juft to attempt to fhara(5lerife a great natmn by a ftw ir.flances of this kind, though well attelted : i\\.\d we appear not to be futhciently acquainted with the interinr parts of China to foi m an accurate judgment of the manners and characters of the inb.iiiitants. By fome of the jefuit miffionarits the Chinefe Iceni to have been too much txtolled, and by later writers too much degraded. Dkeo.1 This varies accordinc: to the decrees amon'' themi. The men wear caps on their hfads ot the fafiiion ot a bell ; thofe of quality are ornameiued with jewels. Tin reft of their drefs is eafy and loofi , c ;t' P^' M t:l'i ; ^ ■^i'- ' if % I' « (I 1^ -^' I 'U y Ji ^JO CHINA. Chinefe range al! their works of literature into four clafles. The fit ft Is Ihe clyfs of Kinji;, or the facred books, which contain the principle^, of the Ciiiaele religion, morality, ami government, and feveral cut ious and oh. Irure recoi'ds, relative to thefe impo: tant fubjefts. Hiilory forms a clafs apart ; yet, in this firfl: clafs, there are placed iome hiftoriral monuments, on account of their relation to religion and government, and among others the ^fkun'tfic^uy a work of Cpnfucius, which contains the annals nf twelve kings of Low, the native country of that illuftrious fage. The fe^ond clals is that of the Su^ or Chr^ that is, of hifiory and the hiftorians. The tliird clafs called Tfu or TTT-, comprehends philofophy and the philofo- phers, and contains all the works ot the Chinefe literati, the produ(^>ioiis alio of foreign fefts and religions, which the Chltjefe confider only in the light of phi lofophical opinions, and all books relative to mathematics, alh'onomy, phyfir, miliary fcienor, the art of divination, agiicultiirc, • ajid tlie arts and fcien« t. ■i-.o !>•■.('• The artificial mountainsprefent on their tops, temples, mohnflenfts, and other edifiics. Some part, however, of what we are told conrernin^ the cavities in thefe motmtains, fcem to he tabulovis. The Chinefe bridges cannot be futliciently admired. Thev are built fonvtimes upon bart^ts ftrongly chained together, yet fo as to he parted, anil to let tlu- velTtls pa's that fail up and down the river. Some of them run from mountain to mountain, and confift only of one arch ; that over the riv< r Saffrany is 400 cubits long, and 500 high, though a fingle airh, and j.iins two mountains, and fome in the interior parts of the empire arefaid to be Hill more ftupcndoiis. The triumphal arches of this country form the next fpeclcs of artificial curiofities. Though they arc not built in the O reck or Roman ftyle of architccfure, yet they are fuperb and be.mtiful, and ereded to the memory of their great mc':, with vaft laboi;r and expencf. They are faid in the whole to be eleven hmidred, iwo hiuidred of which we particularly magnificent. Their lepulchrrJ monuments made likewjfe a great figure. Their towers, the models of which aie now fo conuiion in Europe under the name of pagodas, are vaff embellifliments to the face of their country. They feem to be conflrufted liy a regular order, uid nil . nfthem arc finiHied with exquilite carvings and gildings, ond other'ornn- nients. That at Nanking, which is 200 feet high, and 40 in diameter, is the moft admired. It is called the Porcelai/i Tower, becaufe it is lined 'with Chinefe tiles. Their temples are chiefly remarkable for the difagrec- abletafte in which they are built, for thel. capacioufnefs, th ir whimfjcal ornaments, and the uglinefs of the idols they contain. The Chinefe are remarkably fond of bells, which gave name to one of their principal ferti- vals. A bell of Peking weighs 1 20,000 pounds, but its found is (aid to be difagreeable. The laft curiofity I fliall mention, is their firt-works, whiili ill China exceeds thofe of all other nations. In fiiort, evrry province in China is a fcene of curiofities. Their buildings, except the pagodas, being^ confined to no order, and fufceptible of all kinds of ornaments, have a wild variety and pleafmg elegance not void of magnificence, agreeable to the eye and the imaginauon, and prefents idiverfity of objefts not to be found in European architefture. Chief cities.] Little can be faid of ihefe more than that fome of them are immenfe, and there is great reafon to believe their population is much exaggerated. The empire is faid to contain 4400 walled cities ; the chief of which are Peking, Nanking, and Canton. Peking, the capital of the whole empire of China, and the ordinary reiidence of the emperors, isfituated in a very fertile plain, 20 leagues diftant from the Great Wall. It is an oblong fquare, and is divided into two cities ; that which contains the emperor's palace is called the Tartar city, becaufe the houfts w^ere given to the Tartars when the prefent family came to the throne; iftnd theyrefufing to fufFcr the Chinefe to inhabit, forced them to live v^h- out th»: walls, where they in a (liort time built a new city ; Which by -be- ing joined to the other, renders the wh."!e of an inregular fdrtu, fix Oeaguts 'Bcompafs. The walls and gates of Peking are of the farprifmgJ height •^ fifty cubits, fo that they hide the whole d^y ;• and- m€*-lb hk-'Oads- 4i3t centinci^. mi '. 'I }:' tf • mm 72 C II I N A. centmcls nre pl:i«c'd upon thcni on liorAbnck; for there are flopcs uithin the lity of coiiliUfi.ililc lengtli, by whiih horfcmcn may afrcnd liit walls; and in ftveial ' laics thert; are houfts built for the ^^uaid. The gatis, which arc nine in number, art- neither tnibelfiflied with ftatucs, nor otiur carving, all their beauty confifiing in their prodigious height, which at ,i diftance gives them a noble iippearance. The arches of the gates are built of marble, and tlte reft of lari.e bricks, cetHented with excellent mortar. Moft of the ftieets are built in a diret^ line, the largeff art about 1 2r> ftet broad, and a league in length. The fliops where they fell filk and china- ware generally take up the whole flreet, and afford a very agreeable prol- pedl. Karh fliop-keeper places before his Ihop, on a imall kind of pe- deftal, a board about twenty feet high, paititrd, varniflied, and often gilt, on which are wririen in huge charadere the names of the feverai commo- dities he (ells. Thcfe being pl;4ced on each fide of the flreet, at nearly an equal diftance from each other, have a very pretty appearance ; but the houfcs are poorly built in front, and very low, moft of them having only a ground flr^or, and none exceeding one ftory above itt. Of all the buildijigs in this great city, thr. moft remarkable is the imperial palace, the grandeur of which does not confift io much in the noblenefs and ele- gance of the architecture as in the multitude of dts buildings, courts, and gardens, all regularly difpofed : for within the walls are not only the emperors houfe, but a little town, inhabited by the ofHcers of the court, and a multitude of artificers employed and kept by the emperor ; but the houfiss of the courtiers and artificersj/aje low and ill contrived. F. Attiret, a French Jefuit, who was ii;dulgeal with a fight of the palace and gar- dens, fays, that the palace is more than three miles in circumference, and tliat the front of the buildings fhines with gilding, paint, and varnilli, while the infide is fet oft" and furniflied with every thing that is moft beau- • tiful and precious in China, the Indies, and F.urope. The gaidtns otthis palace are large trafts of ground, in which are raifed, at proper diftances, artificial mountains, from 20 to 60 feet high, which form a number of fmall valiies, plentifully watered by canals, which unituig, form lake's and meres. Beautiful and magnificent barks fail on thefe pieces of water, and the banks are ornamented with ranges of buildings, not any two of which are faid to have any refemblance to each other, which diverfity E reduces a very pleafing effe6\. Every valley has its houfe of pleafure, irge enough to lodge one of our grcateft lords in Europe with all his re- tinue : many of theie houfes are built with cedar, brought, at a vaft ex- pence, the diftance of 500 leagues. Of thefe palaces, or houfes of pleafure^ there are more than 200 in this vaft encJofure. In the middle of a lake, which is near half a league in diameter every way^ is a rocky ifland, on which is built a palace, containing more than a hundred apartments. It has four fronts, and is a very elegant and magnificent ftrudure. The mountains and hills are covered with trees, particularly fuch as produce beautiful and aromatic flowers ; and the canals are edged with ruflic pieces of rock, difpofed with fuch art, as exactly to refemble the wildnefs of nati^re. The city of Peking is computed to contain two millions of inhabitants, though Nuking is faid to exceed it both in extent and population. But Canton is the greateft port in China, and the oi.ly port that has been imuh frequented by Europeans. The city-wall is about five miles in circunife- reuce, with very pleafant walks rpuiid it. From the top of fome adjaceiit CHINA. ^73 )^il!s, on whirh fort? are built, you have a fine profpeA of the country* It ii> beautifully inteifperfed with mountains, little hills, ami vallits, all green; and thefe again pleafantiy divrrJitied with fmall towns, villagts, high towers, temples, the feats of mamiarii^s and other great men, whiih are watered with delightful lakes, canals, and fmall branch* s from the river Ta ; on which are numberlefs boats and junks, failing ditfcrent ^>ayi through the molt fertile part» of the country. The city is entered by jcveral iron gates, and within-Hde of each there is a guard-houfe. The ihects of Canton are very firaight, but generally narrow, and paved with riag-P.mes. There are many pietty buildings in this city, great numbers of triumphal arches, and temples well flocked with images. The flreetii of Canton are fo crowded, that it is difficult to walk in thtm ; yet a wo- man of any fafliion is ffldom to be fecn, unlefs by chance when coming out of their chairs. Thtre are great numbers of marlv^t- places for fifli, rieflj, poultry, vegetables, and all kinds of provifions, which are fold very cheap. There arc many private walks about the Ikirts of the town, where thofe of the better fort have their hoiifes, wljich are very little frequented by Europeans, whofe bufiijefs lie chiefly in the trad'ug part of the city* where there are only (hops anriquering theempiie. Bcfidfs the great do/hine of pati iarch'ar obediende, the Chinefe M fnmp'tua.y laws^ and regulations for the cxpencesdf all degrees of fabje^, wht( h we:e very ufef«rii'. preferving the pubHcf trktA^ilityji ami prti^ent- in4 the eA'c.^^'\){ ambition. By their inftitutibiis like*vife the mandarins mi!;ht reiBonrtvaie to the emperor, bltt in tht' moft (nbntiffive rtiftnner, upoa tli.s cJCtQis oLiia^govei anient, aiid. when he. was a virtuous-prince, this fieedoni wns oftt n attended with the mpft falucary eife(fls. No countrv ir. tht world is. To Well' provided with magiftrates for the'dif(!;ha^g«^0f ju^'«. bpthin dvir„^ri lit' cniniiial matters, as China ; but they are. often inefF^ual " }L!y fon of Heaven^ fit Governor of the Enrth^ Great Fafhr «/" lit Remoiom.1 This artitlp is neatly connc^cd with the preceding. Thmigh the aiuiont C.'hinHe worftiippcfJ idoh, yet their philolbphers ;iiui lejiiflators had juftcr fentiments of the Deity, and indul^'fd the people jti the worfltip of fenfible objects, only to make them more fubrnifTivr to )fo- vcriiment. The Jcfuits made little oppofition to this whei. they atrcmptM to convert the Lhinefe ; and futfered tli ir profelytes to woi fli.p Tiei>^prc- teiuiiiu', that it was no other than the name of God. Th ruuh i*, Coo- liuiih, and trie Chiivfe legiflators, introduce:! a moft exrtllent fvftem of morals anion^ the people, and endtavouicd to fupply the want of jufl idias of a future Itatc, by piefribing to them the wotitiip or inferior dcifi s. Tlieir morality approximates to ihaf of Chrifl"iaiiity ; but as we knou litile of their rtliiion but throu}/h the Jcfuits, we cannot adopt foi truth ihe nunieroub instances which thev tell us of the conformity of the i. hintfe with the Chridian religion. Thofe fathers, it mxtfl be owncii, were au-u of gieat abilities, and made a wonderful pio^,iefs abovt; a cuittiry :^^u \\\ their converfions ; but they miftook the true char?.6ler of the emp> ror who was their patron ; for he no fooner found that they were in fai^t afpiring to the civil direction of the government, than he expelled them, U veiled tht urches with the ground, and prohibited th;: exercifc oi their reli- gion ; lince which time Chriftianity has made no fii^ure in China, RtviiNOES.] Thefc are faid by ib me to amount to twenty millions fttrhnj; a year ; but this cannot be meant in money, which dots not at all abound in China. The taxes coUefted for the ufe of government in rice, and other commodities, are certainly veiy great, and may eafiiy he impofed, a^ an account of every man's family and fubftance, is annually enrolled, and very poflibly may amount to that Aim. Military and marine strength.] China is, at this time, afar more poweifiil empire than it was bef )re its conqueft by the eaftern Tar- tars in 1644. This is owing to the confummate policy of Chun-chi, the firft Tartarian emperor of China, who obliged his hereditary lubjei'ts to conform thcmfelves to the Chinefe manners and policy, and the Chinefe to wear the Tartar drefs and nrms. The two nations were thereby inror- porated. The Chinefe were appointed to all the civil office** of the en> pire. The emperor made Peking the feat of h's government, and the Tartars quietly fubmitted to a change of their country and condition, which was fo much in their favour. Tills fecurity, however, of the Chinefe from the Tartars, takes from them all military objeds ; the Tartar power alone being formidable to that empire. The only danger that threatens it at prefenf, is the difufe of arms. The Chinefe land army is faid to confift of five millions of men ; but in thefe are compi ehended all who are employed in the collecflion of the revenue, and the prefervation of the canals, the great roads, and the public peace. The impej-ial guards amount to about 30,000. As to the marine force, it is compbfed chiefly of the junks we have already men- tioned, and other fmall fliips, that trade coaft-ways, or to the neighbour- ing countries, w to prevent fudden defcents. A treatife on the military art, tranflated from the Chinefe into the French language, was publiflied at Paris in 1772, from which it appeal $ that the Chinefe arc well vcrfed in the theory of the art of war ; but cau- Uon, and care, and circumfpcwti^n, are much recommended to their ge- "Six i neralij ! \W ( I ■. ( I', i- f ^^4m\ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) &^ {./ .<^% v.. V 1.0 I.I lis . ^ 140 2.5 2.2 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WfST MAIN STRUT WEtSTER.N.Y. I45M (716) •72-4503 '4^ 676 CHINA. fierals ; and one of their maxims is, never to fight with enemies either more numerous or better armed than themfclves. Htstoii v.] The Chiiiefe pretend, as a nation, to an antiquity beyotiit all nieafure of crcdihihty ; and their annals have been carried beyond the p(. riod to which the Scripture chronology aifigns the creation of the world. PoAn Knii is fanl by them to have been the firft man, and the interval o\ ttmt betwixt him andthe death of their celebrated Confucims, which was in the year btforc Chrift, 479, hath beeA reckoned from 276,000 to 9($', 96 1, 7 40 years. But upon an accurate inveftigation of this fubjeft it appears, that "all the Chintfe hidorical relations of events prior to the reign of the emperor Yao, who lived 20117 years before Chrift, are en- tirely fabulous, rbmpofed in modern times, irnfupportcd by authentic r«'ords, and full of rontradiftions. It appears alfo, that the origin of the Chitieft empire cannot l)c placed hidier than two or three generations before Yao. Rut even this n cari7ing the empire of China to a very high antiquity ; and it is certain that the materials for the Chinefe hi- flory ai^c 'txtremely ample. The grand annals of the empire of China are comprehended in 668 volumes, and confift of the pieces that have been compofed by the tribunal or departmept of hiftory, eftabliihed in Chin?, f<^r tranfmitting to pofterity the public events of the empire, and the lives, characters, and tranfa£tions of its ibvereigns. It is faid, that ail the hth, which concern the monarchy fince its foundation, have been depofited iu ' this dep*rtment, and from age to age have been arranged according to the order of time, under the infpeftion of government, and with all the pre. dulions againfl'illufion or partiality that could be fuggefttd. Thefe pre- raution^ have been carried fo far, that the hiftory of the reign of each imperial family, has only been publifhed after the exiinftion ot that fa- mily, and was kept a profound ferret during the dynaftv, that neither fear nor flittcry night adulterate the truth. It is affertecf, that many of thr Chinefe hiilorians, expofed themftlves to exile, and even to death, rather than difguife the defers and vices of the fovereign. But the en.- peror Chi-hoang-ti, at whofe command the Great Wall was built, in the year 213 before the Chriftian aera, ordered all the hiftoricai books and re- cords, which contained the ftmdamental laws and principles of the ancient government, to be burnt, that they might not be employed by the karned to^nppofe his authoi'ity, and the changs he propofed to inti"oduce into the monarchy. Four hundred literati Were burnt with their books ; yet this barbarbUs edift had not its full effeft; feveral books were concealed, and efiapid'the general ruin. After this period, ftrl^ fearch was made for the ancienlf' books and rdcoixis that yet remained ; but though much indiiflrr v^'-emplrtved for this purpofe, it appears that the authentic hiftorical fources of the Chinefe, for the times anterior to the year 200 before Chrtft, are very few, and that they are ftill in fmsller numbtr foi: hiore re- mote |>irriods. But nntwithftanding the depredations xh?A have betn made upon -the Chinefe hiftory* >t is ftiir immenfely vnjiumlnous, and has been judged by fome writers fuperior to that of all other nations. Of the grand .*itnals before mentioned, whirh amount to 668 volumes, a copv is pre- ffi-vcH iitthe library of the French king. A chronoloo;»cal abridgnwnt • of this gt-cat work, in one hundred volumes, was pubhflicd in the ^li .y«f«rof the reign of Knag-hi ; that is, in the >ear 170^ This work is gAftTilly Vailed- Kam-ma.or the abridgment. From thefe materials the •bW Giofier'prdpdfed t6'publini at Paji-sia tJie. French language, «, G«n«ral Hiitory of CUina, m:l2 vrtlumtSr 4fo. fome '^ which havtr been • nrintfu, » » ■ - • » "f CHINA. ^n winft^, and a fraaller work in 1 1 volumf s, 8vo. by tlie latr Father de Mailla, miflionary at Peking, hath been jull concliidett and piiblinitii. But the limits to which our work is confined will not permit us to en- Jage upon fo copious a fubjed) as that of the Chint^le hiftory ; and whivhi indeed, would be very uainterefting to the generality of European readeik* Afucccfljon of excellent princes, and a duration oi domedic tranquillitv', united legiflation with phiioTojjhy, and produced their Fo-hi, whole ffi- floiv is wrapped up in myfteries, their Li-Laokum, and above all tht-ir Confucius, at once the Solon and the Socrates of China. Alter all, the internal revolutions of the empire, though rare, produced the n^olt dread- ful eife^s, in proportion as its conditution was pacific, and thqy were at- tended with the mod bloody exterminations in fome provinces; fo that though theChinefe empire is hereditary, the Imperial fuccelfiun was niur« than once broken into, and altered. Upwards of twenty dynaOies, or dift'erent tribes and families of fucceflinn are enumerated in their »nuals. Neither the great Zinghis Khan, nor Tamerlane, thoui>h they oftea. defeated the Chinefe, could fubdue thtir empire, and neither of them roiild kftp the conqucfts they made there. The celebrated wall proved h»it a feeble barrier againfl the arms of thofe famous Tartars. After their invafions were ovtr, the Chinefe went to war with the Manchew Tartars, nhile an indolent worthlefs emperor Tfong-tching, was upoii the. ihrone. In the mean while a bold rebel, named, Li-cong-tfe, in (he pro* vinceof Se-tchuen, dethron«\l the emperor, who hanged himfelf, as did nu)(lof his courtiers and women. Ou-f'in-qii X ^'^^ io.;th dcgiees of EalHongiiude, and be- Sttitatton an boundaries. _ tvceri I and 40 of North iatitiule. It is boundeil, on the North, hv the countriis of Ufbec Tartary and Thibet; on the South, by the liidiau Ocean ; on the Esfl, by China and the Chinefe fea ; and on the Welt, Ly J'erfia and the Indian lea. Division. J I fliall divide, iS others have done, India at large into three great parts ; firfl, the Pt-niniiila ; of India beyond the Gang s, called the Farther PeninAila ; frcorully the main land, or the Mogul's empire ; thirdly, the Peniniida within or on this fiHe the Ganges ; all o( then^, val\ populous, and extended empires. But it is neccfllry, in orotr to U\t many repetitions, to premife an account of lome particulars that are in rommcrt to thofc numerous nations, which lliail be extrafted tiom the moft enlightened of our modern writers who have vilitcd the country ia the fervice of the Eaft India company. Population, inhabitants, > Mr. Orme, an excellent and an RELIGION, AND GOVERNMENT, (authentic hifloiian, coinprthemls the two latter divifions under the title of Indoilan. The Mahomet.*\ns (fays he) who are called Moors of Indoflan, are computed to be about ttn inijlions, and the Indians about a hundred millions. Above half the empire is fubjeft to rajahs, or kings, who derive their dtlcent from the old princes of India, and ex:rcife all rights of fovereignty, only paying 3 tribute to the great Mogul, and obferving the treaties by which their anceftors recognifed his (uperiority. In other refocfts, the govenunent of Indoflan is full of wiCb checks iipon the overgrowing greatnefs ot any fubjeft : but (as all precautions of that kind depend upon the adminilira- tion) the indolence and barbarity of the Moguls or tmperois, and their great viceroys, have rendered them fruiiltfs. The original inhabitants of India are called Gentoos ; or, as others call them, Hindoos, and the country Hindooftan. They pretend that Brum- tra, \vl;o was their legiftatorboth in ptditicsand rtligion, was inferior only to God, and that he exifted many thoufand years before our a; count of i the creation. This Brv:mma proi>ably was fome great and good <;enius, uhofe beneficence, like that of » he pagan Icgiliators, led his people and their pofterity to pay him divine honours. The Bramins (for lo the' Gcntoo priclts arc called) pretend that he bequeathed to them a bock called the Vldam, containing his dn<51rines and inftitutions ; and that though the original is loft, they aie ftill nofleflid of a commentary upon j it, called the Shahliah, which is written in the Shanfrrita language, nowi a dt-ad language, and known only to the Rramins, who ftudy it. The foundation ot Brwmma's dortrine conlifted in the belief of a Supreme I Being, who has created a rcgi:Lr gradation of beings, fomr fupcrior, and fomc inferior to man ; in the immortality of the fcul, and a tuture uaic of rewards and punilhment*, which is to conlill of a trunfrnigiation inioj different bodies, according to the lives fhey have led in theii pre-exilitnt| /late. From this it appears mnre than piobaide, that the Pythagorean n^etempfichofis took its rife in India, 'ihe ncteflity of inculcdiiiig thijj fiiblime, but othei wifecoiDplii ated do."M- •' - I *'i U^/n>)i; / ♦> • U\ U: ''jij^i- lAP.r/io v\ A I n */ f; >ir;n ; : >■). t f'.' . f!!.'!',','!'^.' ,1^, ..i^r.' f > iMi • ,1, • I .( > • > ■).!«. ' I I P •I^l.-. • jr :(',< r< •• fi I • ■.!l1 -ff .1; r t' > ■1, ,• ). .»i-;Tl .1 'f; i •I r \ •• l^' fit r to .•>b -..It >»t. >.:j ? f i"i iS'fl. I.-'} W ^Cr r-.uu' i. ■.'< >4^.]^. -♦. , -w#--.i»^cs'^ ilTf •;-•■ ,.A> ifi.,.' T^^ INDIA IM GENERAt. «7^ \ ,ftf original cloftrine? of Brumma have dcgencMtcd to raiijc ridirtilou* idolatry, in the worfliip of different animals, and various in'.ag s of the nioft hideous figures, either delineated or carved. t • • The Hindoos have, from time immemorial, been divided into foiir great tribes. The fii-ft and moft noble tribe are the Bramins, who alone ran officiate in the priefthood, like the Levites among the Jews. They are not, however, excluded from government, tr*ide, or agriculture, though thfv are flriftly prohibited from all menial offices by their laws. The (c» fond in order is the Sittri tribe, who, according to their original inftitu- tion, ought to be all militai-y men ; but they frequently follow other pro- Icllions. The third is the tribe of Htife, who are chiefly meirhants, brokei^ and banias or Ihopkeepci-s. The fourth tribe is that of Suddet, who ought to be menial lervanrs ; and they are incapable of raiAng them, lelves to any fuperior rank. If any one of them (linuld be txcommuni- cated from any of the four tribes, he and his poftcrity are for ever lliul out from the fociety of every Iwdy in the nation, excepting that of the H n i raft, who are held in utter deteitaiion by all the other tribes, and arc otily employed in the meaneft and vileft offices. This circun ftanre reiuiers excommunication fo dreadful, that any Hindoo will Aiffer the torture, and even death itfelf, rather than deviate from one article of his laith. Befides this divifion into tribes, the Gentoos are alfo fubdividcd into rafti or fmall clafles and tribes ; and it has been computed that there are eighty- foiir of thefe cafts, though fome have fuppofed there was a greater num- ber. The order of pre-eminence of all the cafts, in a pai ticular 'ity or province, is generally indifputably decided. The Indian of an interior would thinly himfelf honoured by adopting the cuftems of a fuperior caft ; but this would give battle fooner than not vindicate its prerogatives: the inferior receives the victuals prepared by a fuperior caft with refprrt, but the fuperior will not partake of a meal which has been prepare^! by the hands of an inferior caft. Their marriages are circumfcribed by the fame barriers as the reft of their intercourfes ; and hence, befides the national phyfiognomy, the members of each caP prefer vc an air of ftill greater refemblance to one another. There are foiii< cafti remarkable for their beauty, and others as remarkable for their uglmefs. All thefe cafts acknowledge the Bramins for their pricfts, and from them derive their belief of the tranfmigration ; which leads many of them to afflict them- fclvesevenat the death of a fly, although occafioned by inadvertence.— But the greater number of cafts ar^ lefs icrupulous, and eat, although Very fparingly, both of fifli and flefti ; but, like the Jews, not of all kinds indifferently.' Their diet is chiefly rice arid vegetables, drefled with ginger, turmeric, and other hotter fpices, which grow almoft fponta» ncoufly in their gardens. They efteem milk the pnreft of foods, becaufe they think it partakes of fome of the properties of the neftar of their gods, and becaufe they efteem the cow itfelf almoft like a divinity. Their manners are gentle j their happinefs confifts in the folaces of 3 ('omeftic life; and they are taught by their religion that matrimony is an indifpenfible duty in every man, who does not entirely leparate himfelf from the world from a prmciple of devotion. Their religion alfo permits tliem to have feveral wives ; but they leldom have more than one ; and it has been obferved, that their wives are diftinguift^ed by a decency of de- meanour, a folicitude iu their families, and a fidelity to their vows, w^ich Pi^ht do honour to ^uoaan nature ia the moft civilized countries. The X, X ij. > amuicmeuis H^ I N D I A IN GENEKAtf ^murements of rh« Hindoos confift in f^oing to the pagodas, in afTiftini; tt religious (l)ews, and in fultillinj^ a variety of ceremonies prefrribcd tu thelfi by the Bramins. Tlicir religion forbids them to quit their owu {hMe% ♦, nor do they want any thing from abioad. They might, ihcrefort:, have tivf.d in much traiiguillity and happinefs, if others had looked ou thc« with'the fame indifference »iih whiih they ipgarded rhe rtft of thf ivot Id!. The foldiers are rommonly called Rnjah-poots, or perfons defcfndtd from rajahs, and reficit; chiefly in the northern provinces, and are gene> r.^lly raore fair conipUxioneJ than the people of the foiithern provinces, who are quite black. Thcfe rajah-roots are a robufl, brave, f^iithful pro- pie, and enier into the fcrvice ofthofe who will pay them; but when their leader falls iii bpvile, they think that t|ieir engagements to him arc fin\{liieiL and they run o(F the held without any flaia upon their lepu* fat?on. The cuflom of women burning theinfclves upon the death of their hufbiands, i^ill cor^tinues to be praAifcd, though much lefs frequently than formerly. The Genioos are os careful of the cultivation of ihcir Innds, and the public works and conveniences, as rhe Chinefc ; an4 there fcarccly is an inflance of a robbeiy in all Indoflan, though tittdia- i\)ond' merchants travel without defeufive weapons. 'I'he temples or pagodas of the Gentnos are flupendous but difguilful ftone buHdings,, eiefted in every capital, and upder the direftion of th^ ]*.rarnins. {If the Bramins are maUcrs of any uncommon art or fiience, they frequtiitiy turn it to the piirpofes of profit from their ignorant votarits* 'Mr, Srrafton favs thac they know how to calculate eclipies ; and that jur dicial aftrology »s fo prevalent among tbtm, tliat half the year is taken up •with uQhicky days ; the htstd aftrologer being always confulted in thci^* rounpils. The Mahometans likewife encourage thufe ^uperftitio^^, and ]t>t>k \fppn ill the fruits of the Gentoo indudry as belonging tothcmielves. Thi^Ugh the Gentoos are entirely palHve under all their opprcflions, and by thtjr ftate of exif^ence, the praftice of their religion, and the fcanti- rcfs of ^heir food, have nothing of that refcntnient in ihtir niture that aniriiat^s the fcfj of mankind ; yet they arc fi!lh:ptii le of avarice, and fdniejimes bury their uiomy, and rather than diln.ver it, p\it thtmrtlvtj to death by poU'on or otlKiwifc. This praclicf, win* h it ftcms is notim- conirtion, aapuiits for jhe vaft f^arcity of filvcr that till of late prevailed jji Iiidoftan. "^'he t-cafhps above pirntioned account likewife for their bfing lefs under the inilutnce of their paffiju^ fhiui the iiih;ibiiants of other countiits. Thtir perpetual ufe of rice, their chief food, gives them but little iiou- ' * Tfee Gcntood arc, IHrfuautcd, that tht waters dF the tl>r»e gnat rivirs, Ganges, FKT'nfi, iiid rntT^«»^ nave tH« fa.-nd virtue ol" purifying ilmf': who hathf^ in tlrm ttrm kll jio^iitions ind fills'. T.'-.is rili^^ious Tdt'a'fttmsto h'v frimdfcf m. a principK- of >elicy, aiitt' infrtrdt-d tD'Tcflraln the nafivf* from mipratin^f into diltunf rountriei: ffft it in ri'.ecjio,.. And the I^dil?, b9»»i|ding $i>« .Gu>4i4t j!rqvipit»,itj>a»atcsUMlaltanfrom tlx #t>«i;iu(*n»of VtfR . jM-'i ,-r- 7 .. '> I. ' i.v.r..:: .ii).n ta.j-. .- • .„, 1 N*D 1 A IN CEKERAL. 681 rilhmtnt ; and fhtir marrying Mrly, the males before fourteen, aridt^teir vomtn at ten or eleven years of age, keeps them low and Treble rn thcic prilbiis. A man is in the decline of life at thirty, and the braut) of the women is on deray at eighteen : at twenty -five they have all the mai'ks of old age. We are not thrrefore to wonder at their being ioon ilrangeri t4 all perfonrxl exertion and vigour of mind ; aod it is with tlieni a frequent faying, that it is better to fit than to walk, to lie down than to fit, to fleeji than to wake, and death is the bell of all. The Mahometans, who, in Indoftan, are called Moon?, are of I'eifian, Turkifh, Arabic, and other extractions. They early brgan, in the reigfia of the califs of Bagdad, to invade Indoftnn. Tht-y penetrated as far at Delhi, which they made their capital. They fettled colonies in ievcrai places, whofe defcendants are called Pytans { but their empire was ovcTr turned by Tamerlane, who founded the Mogul government, which ^fiili fublifts. Thofe princes b<-ing flriv^ Mahometans, received under their proteAion all who profelTed the fame religion, and who being 9 biave, active people, counterbalanced the number of the natives. They are faid to have introd\iced the divifion of provinces, over which they appointed ItMibahs ; and thofe provinces, each of which might be ttyled an empire, were (ubdivided into nabohihips ; each nabob being inmiediatejy account' able to his foubah, who in procefs of time became almofl independent of the emperor, or, as he is calletl, the Great Mogul, upon their paying hini an annual tribute. The vaft relbrt of Perlian and Tartar tribes has like- wife ilrengthencd the Mahometan government ; but it is nbfervable, that in two or three generations, the progeny of all tliole adventurers, who brought nothing with them but their hories and their fwords, degenerate into all eaftern indolence and fenfuality. Of all thofe tribes, the Mahrattas at prefent make the grtateft figure. They arc a kind of mercenaries, who live on the modntains between In- doftan and Pei-fia. They commonly fcrve on horfcback, and, .when well frtmmanded, they have been known to give law even to the court of D^lhi. Though they are originally Gentoos, yet they are of bold a^ive fpirits, and pay no great refpeft to the principles of their religion. Mr. Scrafjton fays that the Mahometans or Moors are of fo deteftable a charadter, thai he never knew above two or thiee exceptions, and thofe were among .the Tartar and Perfian officers of 'the army. They are void, we are told,', ol every prin iple even of their own religion ; and if they have a virtue, it is an appearance of hofpitality, but it is an appearance only ; for while they are drinking with, and embracing a friin'l, they will (lab jKim ta the heart. But it is probable, that thtfe reprefentations of* theif moral ilepraj-jty are carried beyond the bounds of truth. ' ' The people of Indoftan are governed by no written laws : and their Courts of juftice are direfted by precedents. The Mahometan infli(ui;es prevail only in their great towns and tlieir neighbourhood. The empit;& if^ iicreditary, and the emperor is heir only to his own officers. All land« go in the hereditary line, and continue in that (late even down to the^b<« tenants, whi|e the lord cw pay his taxes, and the latter their rent, bothi which are immutably fixed jn the pi;blic books of each diftrift. , The im- perial demefne lands are thofe of the great rajah fiamilies, which feljto! Tamerlane and his fucceflbrs. Certain portions of them, are called jaghir^^ lands, and are beftowed by the crown on the great lords-or orarflhs, and upon their death to revert to the emperor; but the- rights' uf' the lub-' Huaiits. even of thofe lands, we indcfeaAble'. ...;..<. •!•• . I ■' ' 1: l- ( ; • if', 68^ INDIA BEYOND TMn Ga*cf.«. Such are the outlines of the sovernment by whirh this great empire ]nn^ fnbfiAedf Mrichout aimoiVthe iemblance of virtue among its great olficei% cither civil or military. It was fliaken, however, after the invafimi of Mahomet Sh%h, by KouH Khan, which was attended by fo great a (Mmimuion of the imperial authority, that the foubahs and nabobs became abfolute in their own govcrnmrnts. 'J'hough they could not alter the ftimUmenttl laws of property, yet they invented new taxes, which beg- gared the people, to pay their own armies and fupport their power ; lo that many of the people, a few years ago, after being unmercifully plun- dered by « olleftors and tax-maAcrs, were left to prrifh through want.— To fum up the milety of the inhabitants, thofe foubahs and nabobs, and other Mahometan governors, employ the Geiitoos thcmft-lves, and fon.e even of tht bramiiis, as the tniuifteis of their rapacioufncfs and rrucliies. Upon the whole, cvci fince the invafion of Kouli Khan, IndoHan, from being a wtll-regulattd government, is become a fcene of mere anairhy or ftialocracy ; every great man protects himit If in his tyranny hy hi$ foldirrs, whofc pay far exceeds the natural riches of his government — Ak private airufiinations and other murdera are here committed with iiit- punity, the people, m ho know they can be in no worfe eflatc, coiumii themfelves very little in the revolutions of governnient. To tlw above caufes are owing the Inte fucceflcsof the Engiifli in Indoflan. The rea- der, from this rrprefentation, may perceive, ail that ti\e Engliib havbeis, and their pofTeflion of it being guarantied by the prefent lawful empciot, is faid to be founded upon the laws and conilitutions of that country. We arc, however, forry to be obliged to remark, that the coudiir> of many of the fervants of the Eaft India Co npany towards the natives, and not properly puniflied or checked by the Directors, or the Britifl) Ic- f^iflattire, has, in too many inflanoes, been highly diilionourable to the £ngliih name, and totally inconfiftent with that humanity which was formerly our national charaftcriftic. It may be here proper juft to obferve, that the complexion of the (Jen* toos is black, their hair long, and the features of both fexes regular. At court, however, the great families are ambitious of interma^r^-il)g with Perfians and Tartars, on account of the fairnefs of their complic- tjou, refembling that of their conqueror Tamerlane and hisj^reat generals. Grand d On the north- wclh On the foiith- wc:l. On file noith- n... the Farther Peninsula. Miles. i Kj iiiu^.nox \^u H Situation AND Extent. >' .^ *.. • . mI- Li. to >t^,U iWJ li : >•. M ,-4:~ _i », '1} M'i^iiL «•• ;••" == i. >/i)i. 3i{i /i'-o! Miles. Degrees. ; i bill i.d I.e»^h 2OO0 1 up»™„_ \ 1 and 30 north lathude. .;♦ Breadth 1000) | 92 and 109 cafl longitude. ..ui\ 3irNb'XAiKsif*'T^HIS peninfttla is bounded by Thibet and Chin •i ;' •»' ijf- o„ the h^-orth J hy China and the Chinefe fea, ' '^'afl': b^ tht ftjTiVifea and the ftraits of Malicoa, on the South ; BoUNt)AAiEsiY*'Tr*HIS peninfttla is bounded by Th ' ' ' 4*\ O" the N'orth ; hy China and the thV^'afl'; b^ the ftttiVifea and ^he ftraits of Malicoa, on on and by \ INDIA BRYOND THE GaVGES. 683 hy the Ray of Bengal and the Hither lndi«» on the Weft. Th« fpare bftwccM Bengal and China, is nnw railed the pix>vince of Mccklus, and other diftrids fubje^t to the king of Avn, or Biirmah. t 1 1t Gr.ind divif. SiiNlivif, On the noith- On the foiilh- well. Oil the noith- 1 rhe lull I h- (•r.fr« Ajed to hurruanes, lightnings, and inundations, fo that the people build tlitir houfes upon high pillars to defend them from floods ; and they have no other idea of feafons, but wet and dry. Eafterly and wefterly m^nfoons (which is au Indian word) prevail in this ( ountry. Mountains.] Thefe run from Norih to South almoft the whole lengtK of the country ; out the lands near the fea are low, and annually over- flowed in the rainy feafon. HivERs.] The chief are Senpoo or Burrumpooter, Dumea, Mecon, Mciiiin, and Ava, or the great river A'ov K>a'i. Bays and straits.] The bays of Bcngal„Siam, and Cochin-China ; the ftraits of Malacca and Sincapora ; the promontories of Siam, Ro^ mana, and Banfac. Soil and product of the > The foil of this peninfula is fhiitfu^ DIFFERENT NATIONS. J in geiieial, and produces all the deli- cious fiuits that are found in other countries contiguous to the Ganges,^ as we'll as roots and vegetables. It abounds likewife in elephants, and quadrupeds, both domeftic and wild, that are common in the louth- ern kingdoms of Afia. The natives drive a great trade in gold, diamonds,^ rubies, topazes, amethyfts, and other precious ilones. Tonquin pro-. (lures little or no corn or wine, but is the moft healthful country of all the ptninfula. In fome places, efpecially towards the north, the iiiivi-' bitants have fwellings in their throats, faid to be owin^r to the badnefs of their water. Inijabitants, customs, 7 The Tonquinefe are excellent mechanics AND DIVERSIONS. j and fair traders ; bulgreatly opprefled by their king and gi eat lords. His majefty ^ngioOTes tbe traae, ar.d his ladtar;» leil by MK^ '•.; 1 m' :ft| ■ti ■» ^4* INDIA BEYOKD THE GaNCKS. ;3 '.'f. O-l' by rrJe that thofe Indians, as well as ^hc Chinefe, had the «fc of gunpowder before it was known in Europe ; and the invention is gi-nerallv akribed to the Azemtfe. The inhabitants of the fouthern Hi- vifion of this ptninfula goundertbe name of the Malayans, from the ux gh« bouring country of Malatxa. Though the religious fuperflitions that prevail in this peninfulaare ex- Irtmely grof>, yet the people l>elitvf in a iutnre ftate ; and when their kings arc interred, a nuaiber of animals are bui i»^ti with them, and luc h vcfliiis of gold and lilvcr as they think can be Q!i ufe to them in their future life. Tiie people in this peninfula are commonly very fond of fliew, and often Diake an appearance beyond their i ircuntflances. They ?.ve delicate in no part ol tijcir drefe but their hair, which they btickie up in a vciy agree- able njatuier. In their food they are loathfome ; for beiides dogs, ilicy cat rats.. iuice» fcrpents, and ftinking fiih. The people of Ar^can are f:'.]ually. indelicate in their amours, for they hire Dutch and other foreign- ers to cohfummate the nuptials with their virgins, and value their women pioli whos.in a fiate of pregiwncy. Their treatment of the iiok is ridi- culous beyond belief; and in many places, when a patieiit is judged to be incurable, he is expofed on the bank of lome river, where he is either Urov^ned, or devoured by birds or becilh of [«rey. The divcrfiims common in this country are fifliing and hunting, the celebratitig ot icftivJs, and acting comedicb, by torch- li*jbt, from evening ;o moruing. Language.] Tiie language of th« court of DeHii is Perfian^ but in this. peninfula it is caieHy Muiayan, as we have already obfei-ved, inter- fperled with pther dialects. Le A'R.^•^^f G a xx> lija a k tp Mtx,] The Bramins, who arc the tribe of lhe pjitfthood, dcfcend from thofe Brachmans who are mentioned to us with fp nuuh reverence by antiquity ; and although n.ucli inferior, either as phtlM^ph(»^ or mcnot learning, to the reputation of their anceftors, as priei^ their religions doctrines are ftill implicitly followed by the whole l^aficKi ;-andias preceptors, they are the fource of all the knowledge which exifts itt Indoftan. flut tlw utmoft Uretch oif their m:ithcmatical know- Jpdge fceins. to bp the calculation ot ecljpfes. They have a good idea of logic ; but it does not apjxrar that t^ley have any trcatifes on rhetoi ic ; then- id»w ofmufic, if we may judge from their praiFVice, are harbiirons ; and in nicdiyiiie^ thty derive tu> alfiflance from the knowledge of anaio. I^iy, Hnce dilledions are repugnant to their relitfjon. , - Tiie/poetiy of the Au-ntics, is too turgi<|, and full of conceits, and the , diAioft INDIA BEYOND THE GaNCES. 6%s ilidion of their hidorians verv diffitre and veibofe ; but tlioiigh the mnn- acr oi caftern comppfitionsvditFci-s Irom thccorreA tafte of £iiit>(>e, lhei« iTc many things hi the MrHtiiigi> of Aiiatit: authors worthy the atteiUioii of literary men. Mr. Dow ol)i'erves, that in the; Scbanlcrita, or t^ariud Uiisjuage of the Bramins, which is the grand repofitory of the telrgioo,. philolbphy, aiid hiiiory of the Kindoos, ther« are in prtitirulai* many iiuodrea volumes in pro(e,; which treat of the ami nt Indians and their hiftory. The fame writer ah'o remarks^ that theSchanlVrira records con- tain accounts of the affairs of the VVeftern Afia very flitferent from wh?f any tribe of the Arabians have tranrmitti more than probable that, up*)n examination, the former will appear to hear the marks of more authenticity, and of greater antiquity", than the Utter. . The Arabian writers have been generally I'o much prejiidiced aj^ainil the Hindoos, that their accounts of them are by no means to be- implicitly relied on. Mr. Dow obferves, that the fmall pi^ogrefs, which corrt6lnefs and ele- ^nce of fentiment and diction have made in the £ati, did not proceed from a want of encouragement to literature. On the contrary, it appear^^ that no princes in the world patronifed men of letters with more g^nero- fity ar.d refpe<^ than the Mahometan emperors of Indoftan. A literarv ^caius was not only the certain meau!? to acquire a degree of wealth .whi( ii mud adonifli O^uropeans, but an infaililxle road for riling to the firil olfictrs of the ftate. The charanerce of India, in (hort, is courted by all trading nations in the world, and probably has been fo from the earl it ft <. ages : it was not unknown even iu Solonion's time ; and the Greeks and Komans drew from thence their highed materials of luxury. The great* eft flure of it, through events foreign to this part of our work, is now - leiKeredin Englaiul, tnough that of the Dutch is dill very confiderab'e { vfiv^ tKsh R^RiTiE^ and ciTiSs. j it requ4it;;> a ilight review of thtt ' kingdoms that form this peninfuh. In Azem, I have already obferved, - the king is prAprieto*- ,of all the gold .and filver : he pays little or jiothifig ■ to the great Mogul, his capital is Ghergong, or Kirganas. Wcknowf little or nothing of the kingdom of Tipra, but that it wa« anciently fub^ .'f'^^ to th^r king ot Aracan ; and that they lejjd to the CKinef^ gold and . |>|k, foe which they receive iiWer in rcUirn. Aracan lit* to the fouth of i'tpra, and is ^jovaatd by twelve prince*, fubje*^ to the cliicf kiljg, whd - -" -I - ,■• ^.o. ." S-: „.. ; i '■ ' ■■-"'- '" ' ' ■ -rtftdes ■:'iiii' i If 6K6 INDIA BEYOND THE GaNOES. reficfes in his capital. His palare is very larpf, ani rnntains, as we ire told, fcvtn idols caft in gold, of two inches thick, each of a man's heij^hr, and covered over with diamonds ahd other precio«p s trade chiefly in mulk*and iewcts, nihies a:id fnphirej. In other partinilnrs, the inhabitants refemble thofe of Peg"!. In thofe kingdoms, and indeed in the grcatefl part of this pe- niiiAila, the doctiines of the grand lama of Thi^jCt prevail, as well as thofe of the I'ramins. The kingdom of Laos or Lihos foi'mdly inchuled that of Jan<:om^ or Jarijmmay ; but that is n-jw fub>' were afterwards expelled by the Dutch, Malacca was the richeft city in the iiaft, next to Goa and Ormus, bting the key of the China, the jaipnii, the Molnccas, and the Sunda trade. The country, however, at prtfenc is chiefly valuable for its trade with the Chiiiere. This degeneracy of the Malayans, who were funnerly an indufti ious, ingenious people, is eafily accounted for, by the tyranny of the Dutch, whofe intereftk isthat they (liouid never recover from their prefent ilatc of ignorance and flavery. The Englifh carry on a fmuggling kind of trade in their country fliips, from the coaft of Coi'omandel and the bay of Bengal. to Malacca, 'ihis commerce is connived at by the Dutch governor and council among them, who Kttie regard the Orders of their fuperiors, provided they cait enrich themfelves. Cambodia, or Camboja, is a country little known to th^ Europeans*; hut, according to the befl information, its greateft length from north to foiith, is about 530 Engliih miles ;. and its greateft breadth, from weft to ,eaft, about 598 miles. Thb kingdom has a fpacious river running through it, the banks of which are the only habitable parts of the nation, on a&> count of its fultry air, and the pefliferous gnats, ferpents, and other ani- mals bred in the woods. I>s foil, commodities, trade, animals, and pro- •chifts by fea and land, are much the fame with the other kingdoms of this vaft peninfula. The betel, a creeping plant of a particular flavour, and, abthey fay an excellent remedy for all thofe difeaier that are common to the inhabitants of the »Eafl Indies, is the higheft luxury of tht Cambodi- ans, from the king to the peafaut ; but i« very unpalatable and difagrecablc to the Europeans. The fame barbarous magnificence, the defpotifm of their king, and the ignorance of the people, prevail here as throughout the •Tfft of the ^nin&iia. Between Cambodia and Cochin-China, lies the jlt- tle kingdom of Chiampa, the inhabitant^ of .. nich trade with the Chinefe, andfeem therefore to be fomewhat more civilized than their neighbour*. Cochin-China, or the weftern China, is fituated under the torrid zone, and extends, according to fome authors, about qoo miles in leijgth ; but it is much Icfs extenfivein its breadth from ealt to wefl. Laos, Camiiodia, and Chiampa, as wdl as fome other fmaller kingdoms, are faid to be tri- butary to Cochiii-China. The manners and religion of the people ieeui fo be originally 'Cbin^fe ; and they are much given to trade. Their king isfaiJtobe Ifi^m^^fely rich, and his Icingdom enjoys all the advantage^ ofcotnrf.eire 'fhat are found in the other parts of the Eall Indies ; but tit the fime time we are told, that this mighty prince, as well as the king of Tonquin, are fubjed to the Chinee emperor. It is reasonable to fnppofa, that all thofe rich countrie» we|;e peopled from China, or at leaft, tbaX th^y liad,'(bmc time or other, been governed by one head, till the mother em- pire became fo large, that it might be convenient to parcel it out, r cferving toiifelfaki.ndof ;d^ fupfffiority oVcr tjjjem all. ..- ,. ^ iFonquIa ii> • V' I l! ^n INDIA BEYOKD THE GaK^ES. Tmiquin has hern already mentionetU and Utrie can be added to what fus hfxn faid, uolefs we adopt the fi^^ioiis of the popilb miflionaricii. The government of this kingdom, however, is particular. The Toir- (piinefe had revolted fiom the Chinefe, whicli was attended by a civil A compromife at lad took place between the chief of the revolt war. and the reprefentative of the ancient kings, by which the Ibriller was to have all the executive powers of the government, under tghe name of the Chuudh ; but that the Bua, or K^al king, ihould retain the royal titles, and be pefrnitted fome incon(iderable civil prerogatfves within his palace, from which neither he nor any of his family can llir without thepermiifiou ofthechouah. The chotinh refides generally in the capital Cachao, which is iituatcd near the centre of the kingdom. The bua s palace is a vaft ftruftuie, and has a fine arfenal. The Engliih has a very flouriihing houfe on the north fide of the city, conveniently fitted up with flore^houfes and oHice-houles, a nrnbte dining room, and handfome apaitments for the merchants, fa£^on, and officers of the company. The ppflelfion of rubies, and other precious flones of an .extraordinary fize, and even of white and party-coloured elephants^ coilvey among thoftr credulous people a pre-eminence of rank and royalty, and has fometimn occafioned l^loody wars. After all, it mufl be acknowledged, that hoM> ever dark the accotmts we have of thofe kingdoms may be, yet there is fufficient evidence to prove, that they are immenfeiy rich in all the trea- liires of nature ; but that thofe advantages are attenditd with many natural calamities, fnch as floods, volcanoes,- earthquakes, tempefts, and above all rapacious and poifonous animals, which render the poi&fUon of life, even for an hour, precaiious and uncertain. 'A f! •i,' 14 •»ii'4tt •f 'I- '■ a^,i: INDIA within the Ganges, or the Empire of the Great Mogul. ,•; r .-.' Situation and Extent, including the Pentnfula Weft of th$ Ganges. ^.. ■l.Xi.'\ :l Miles. ' Degrees."^* •i5»i^''''V Length 2000 1 y^^^^^ 5 7 «««* 40 north latitude. Breadth 1500 J °"^^^" J 66 and 92 eaft longitnde. ■hri ^0YNrA»|E8.]npHIS empire is bounded by Uflbec Tartary andThr- "; ' I ,' ;. * I bet on the No»th ; by Thibet and the Bay of Bengal, va the Eaft ; bv the India Ocean, on the South ; by the l*me and Perfia, on the WefV. ^Tlie main land facing the Mogul empire, or Indoftan pro- jgjrly (i^c41cd., ^ [ • I. ; '. I ■^!-'^n:ii "!r;-^'--' Ihe mouths of the Ganges, snd thofe of the moun. tains of Naugracut Naugracut Tefuae - ^ ratna Necbal - - (iore ^ Rotas 'Soret - ' TeJTelmere Tata, orSinda fngliih n «M' .•Wt." ef' The worth-weft divi Hon on the frontiers of^ Bucknor perfia, and on the river | Mouitan I Haican I Cabul -Candifh Berar Chitor ^atipor- Navar ' J Gualeor Agra Delhi m 1 Chief Towns. f Calcutta Fort WniHarii Hngley Dacca . Ma!da,ETigHflrandDutch Chatigan I Caflombazar .^ , Nauifracut ''^''•'' Rajapour ^^^ ^. Patna - -''- '^' *»• • of Indus •-rv « The middle diriHon i - ••-*■«'« • i-g I Labor, or Pencah Hendovvns Calfimerc - - Jengapour Afmcr, or Bando. Necbal (Jore LRotas'-^*^ flaganil I feflelmerc .. ... . Mrata r^;^- J^KBucknor :^. .•^.■^■ .' Moaltaii -^ 1 ;:- * „ Haican ^~^'^^^^; ■^^' ICabfll :^-« *>«-» l^*^ 'Medipour '*"' Berar ' ; ' .^T^ Chitor "'^ ^^:^^ IRatipor -^>^'f^'^v^^ . . Gualeor ' - ' ;«^ ' /• tri(^s of Midnapour. Tne whole pofiellions contain about i ;o,ooo fquare miles, and 10 millions of people. With their allies and tributaries, they Jiow occupy the whole navigable courfe of the Ganges, from its entry on the plains io the fea, which^ by its winding cour^ is more than 1350 miles. Air and seasons^] The winds in this climate generally blow for fix months from the fouth» ^nd fix from the north. Api'i), May, and the beginning of June, are exceffively hot, but rf firethed hj. fea breezes; a id in ibme diy fiealons, the hurricanes which tear up the fande, and let them fall in dry ihowers, are.9xce£^e]y difAgreeable. The Engli^i, aid Confequently the Europeans in general, who arrive at Indoflaii, are cp.Ti^ monly feized with fome iilnel^ fuch as ftux or fever, in their "dfifefeht ■ appearances J but when pioperly treated, cfpecially if the patients are ab- Itmvous, they recover) ana afterwards prove healthy. y y M0VNTAIN«.] 1 -' *}: li:':i' i 6 go INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges^ MuUSTAiNj.] The mod rcr.iarkpl)le mountains are thofe of Cancaf,!^ and Nauj^iaciit, w'.iith divide India iVoni Perfia, Ulbec Tartary, and Thi- bet; and are inhabited by Marattas, Afghans, or I'atnns, and other peo- ple more warlike than the Gcntoos. As to the mountains of Balegaut, which run ahnoft the whole length of India, fiom north to fouth, they are fo high ai to ftop the wtftcrn monfoon ; the rains beginning fooner on the Malabar than they do on the Coroniandel coaft. Rivers.] Thefe are the Indus, called by the natives Sinda and Sindt-!i, and the Gaj)ges, both of them known to the ancients, and, as obferved iu p. 63o, held in the highell tlleem, and 'even veneratiom, by the mode:ii inhabitants. Befides thofe rivers many others water this country. SiiAS, BAYS, AND cAi'ts.] Thcfc arc th« Indian ocean ; the bay of Bengal ; the gulf of Cambaya ; the flraits of Ramanakoel ; Cape Como- rin, and Diu. Inhabitants.] I have .already made a general review of this great empire, and have only to adii, to what I have faid of their religion and feds, that the fakirs arc a kind of Mahometan mendicants or beggar:^, who travel about, prurtiling the greateft aufteritits; but many of them are impoftors." Their number is faid to be 800,000. Another fet of men- dicants are the joghis, who are idolaters, and much more numerous, but moft of them are vagabonds and impollors, who live by amufing the credulous Gentoos with roolifli fidtions. The Banians, who are fo called from their affefted innocence of life, ferve as brokers, and profefs the Gentoo religion, or fomewhat like it. The Peifces, or Parfees, of Indoftan, are originally the Gaurs, defcribed in Perfia, but are a moll induftrious people, particularlv in weaving, and architedure of every kind^ They pretend to be poflefled of the-woiks of Zoroafter,whom they call by various names, and which fome Europeans think contain many particulars that would throw light upon ancient h'li- tory both facred and profane. This opinion is countenanced by the few- parcels of thofe books that have beeft publiflied ; but fome are of opinion, that the whole is a modern impofture, founded upon facred, traditional, and profane htftories. They arc known as paying divine adoration to tire j but, it is faid ^ only as an emblem of the Divinity. The nobility and people of rank delight in hunting with the bow a» well as the gun, and often train the leopards to the fports of the field. They afFeft fliady walks and cool fountains, like other people in hot coun- tries. They are fond of tumblers, mountebanks, and jugglers ; of bar- barous mufic, both in wind and firing inftruments, and play at cards in their private parties. Their houfes make no appearance, and thofe of the commonalty are poor and mean, and generally thatched, which render them fiibjed to fire ; but the ipanufadurers chufe to work inthe open air; and the infidcs of the houfes belonging to principal perfons are commonly neat, commodious, and plcafant, and many of them magnificent. Commerce of Indostan.] I have already mentioned this article, a» Well as the manufarhires of India ; but the Mahometan merchants here carry on a trade that has not been defcribed ; I meaii that with Mecca, i;» Arabi?, from the weflern porta of fhis^empire, up the Red Sea. This trade is carried on in a particular fpecies^of vefleis called junks, the largely of which, we aie told, befides the cai'gocs, will carry 1700 Mahonietaii pilgrims to vifit the tomb of their prophet. At Mecca they meet witl> Abyfliaian, Egvptian, and other trader^;, to whom. they. difpofe. ot theif 1 -I «' cargoc- -.■■\ INDIA WITHIN The Ganges. 691 cargoes for gold and filver ; lo that a Mahometan junk returning from this voyage is often worth 200,000!. ProvinCiLs, cities, AiVD othkr ) The province of Agra is the BUILDINGS, PUBLIC Awn PRIVATE. J largeft in all Indoftan, contain- ing 40 large town's and 340 villages. Agra is the grcateft city, and its caftle the largeft fortification in all the Indies. The Dutch have a fadlory there, but the Englifh have none. The city of Delhi, which is the capital of that province, is likewife the capital of Tndoftan. It is defcrlbed as being a fine city, and containing the imperial palace, which is adorhed with the ufual ningnificcnce of thi Eaft. Its (tables formerly contained 1 2,oco horfcs, brought fiom Arabia, Perfia, and Tartary ; and 500 elephants. When th,- forage is burnt up by the heats of the feafon, as is often the cafe, thefe horfes are faid to be fed in the morning with bread, butter, and fugar, and in the evening with rice-milk properly prepared. Tatta, the capital of Sindia, is a large city; .and it is faid that a plague which happened there in 161.19 carried off above 8o,roo of its manufac- turers in filk and cotton. It is ftill famous for the maiiufadlure of palan- (juins, which area kind of canopied couches, on which the great men all over India, Europeans as well as natives, repofe when they appear abroad. They are carried by four men, who will trot along, morning and evening, 40 miles a day; 10 being ufually hired, who carry the palanquin by turns, four at a time. Though a palanquin is dear at firft coft, yet the porters may be hired for nine or ten fliillings a month each, out of which they maintain themlelves. The Indus, at Tatia, is about a mile broad» and famous for its fine carp. Though the province of Moultan is not eveiy fnaitful, yet it yields ex- cellent iron and canes ; and the inhabitants, by their fituation, are enabled to deal with the Perfians and Tartars yearly for above 6o,co -> horfes. The province of Caffimere, being furrounded with mountains, is difficult of accels, but when entered, it appears to be the paradife of the Indies. It is faid to contain 100 000 villages, to be ftored with cattle and game, without any beads of prey. The capital ^Caffimere) ftands by a laig« lake ; and both fexes, the women efpecially, are almoft as fair as the Eu- ropeans, and are faid to be witty, dexterous, and ingenious. The province and city of Labor formerly made a great figure in the Indian hiftory, and is ftill one of the largeft atid fineft provinces in th€ Indies, producing the beft fugars of any in Indoilan. Its capital was once about nine miles long, but is now much decayed. We know little of th^ provinces of Ayud, Varad, Bckar, and Hallabas, that is not in common with the other provinces of Indoilan, excepting that they are inhabited by a hardy race of men, who feem neiver to havckbeen conquered, and though they fubmit to the Moguls, live in an eafy, independent ftate. In fome of thofe provinces many of the European fruits, plants, and llowers, thrive as in their native foil. Bengal, of all the Indian provinces, is perhaps the mod inteieftin^ro an Englilh reader. It is eftecmed to be the ftorehoufe of the Eaft Indies. Its fertility exceeds that of Egypt after being overflowed by the Nile ; and the produce of its foil confifts of rice, fugar canes, corn, fefamum, fmall mulberry, and Other trees. Its callicoes, (ilks, flilt-petre, lakka, opium, Wax, and civet, go all over the world: and provifions here are in vaft plenty, and incredibly cheap, efpecially pullets, ducks, and geefe. Tiie oouniry is int^fe^ed by canals cut ou'i of the Gangci tor the benefit of , . Y y 2 comiiierce. mm ■ in iV WMwsM it wm^i ■1; M (i ■ m 3»'fc 1 "■' ■■■'( *• ) • ( s ) ';;■■ r h ■ ^1 »;i, ■ i ' ■ , Ui . . ' . f t ■' ^ I If' :j! ;;i;'-' '^ r.t. j, 1 ■ ■. . .. 1 , ; :.; •' \' :■% : I-4 ' ■V; if.'i ■■ '*'•! ■M t:^ * 'k.-. 3^ Ik m^ 4f^ S4i.-'i' 6^2 INDIA WITHIN THE GAiJcrs. ! cm-nmerce* and extenil^near loo leagues on both fides the Ciangcs, full of cities, towns, calllcs and villages. Jn Bengal, the woiflup of the Gentoos is pr.idifcd in its gre;«teft puntr, and their facrcd liver (Ganges) is in a manner lined with their luioiurv cenr pagotlns or temples. The women, notwithftandtiig their rdij^ioji, jU'C f«id by Tome to be lafcivious and enticiitg. The principal Kngli(h fartoiy in Bengal i» at Calcutta, and is callcJ Fort Wiliam : it is (ituated on the river Hiigley, the moll weilcrly braiuli of the Ganges. Tl>e fort itfelf is faid to be irregular, and uuteuabW againlldilcipiined troops; but the fervants of the company have proviv'td fiienifcives with an excellent houfe and mod convenient apartments for their own arcommodi;tion. As the town itielf has been in fad lor i'omc vtirne in polTcllionof tjie company, an tnglifli civil government, by a mayor and aldermen, was introduced into it. This was unmedtately under the authority of the company. But in 1773, an a«ft of pailiament was pafled to regulate the atfairs of the £aft India Company, as well in India as m ILuropc. By this abar, ami Bencoolen. The governor-genei'al and council to pay crbedren.e to the orders of the court of direc^tors, and to coi-refpoiid widi them. The governor-general and counfellors are likewife empowered to eftablifh a court of judicature at Fort William ; to confiil of a chief juftice, and three other judges, to be named from time to time by his majefty j thefe aie to exercif* all aiminal, admiralty, and eccleliailical jtnifdidion ; to be a court o-f record, and a court of oytr and terminer for the town ot Calcutta and faclory of Fort William, and its limits; and the factories lubordinate thereto. Kut the ettabliftient of this fupreme court does not appear to have promoted eitl>er tlv: intereils of the EaCt India Companv, or the ffelii ity of the people of the country. No proper attention has been paid to the manners and eniloi^ns of the natives ; aits of great opprelFion r and injullice have b«sn conmiitted ; and the fupreme court has been a .■ .ibuixe of great dilTatisfaction, diforder, and confulion. For the fubicquent regulations of the hafl India territoiies and company, we reler to our ao • count of the Hiilory of England. In 1756, on unhappy event took place at Calcutta, which is too remark* able to be omitted. I'he IJidian nabbb, or viceroy, quarrelled with the • company, and in veiled Calcutta with a large body of black troops. The governor, and fome of the principal perfons of the place, threw them- ielves, with their chief elFeds, on board the (hips in the river; they who . ramained, for (bme houra bravely defended the place ; but their ammuni- tion being expended, they furrendered upon teims. The fi>bah, a ca- pricious, uhfecling tyrant, inftead of obferving the capitulation, forced . Mr. Holwel, the governor's chief fervant and 14.5 Britifli fnbjefts into t little, but fecure prifon, called the Black-hok, a place about eighteen . ieet fquare, and fhut up from aliiaoft all communication of free air. Their miieries during the night were inexpreffible, and before morning no siore than tweot)r-Uu-«e w«r« ibunU alive, the jreil dying of fuffocatioo, INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges. 693 »liii:h was -}^iicrally attended with a horrible phrenfv. ^Vi^ong thofe favcd was Mr. Holvvel himfelf, who has written a rtiort affc^ing account of the catailiophe. The infenlible nabob retained to his cnpital, after plundtriag the place, imagining he had routetl the Knglifl\ out of his do- minions; hiu the fcafonabie arrival of admiral Watlbn, ami colonel (af- tciwaids lojtl) Clive, put tliem once more, with fome dttficulty, in pof- filiion of Calcutta; and the war was conclude*! by the battle of HlafTev, gained by the colonel, and the death of the tyrant Surajah Do%\'lah, in vhofc place Mhir Jafi'eir, one of his generals, M'ho had prcvioufly figufxl s feiret treaty with Clive to defert his matter, and amply reward the luJg- lilli, was advanced of courfe to the foubahftiip. The capital of Bengal, where the nabob keeps his court, is Patna W Mooi fliedabad ; and JJenlres, lying in the laine province, is the Gentoo uuiverlity, and cehbratcd for its lahclity. Chanclenagore is the principal place polTcfTtd by the French in Bengal ; it lies hii;lier up the river tlian Calcutta, But though llrongly fortiiied, funiiflied with a garrifon of 500 Europeans, and 1 200 Indians, and de» fended by 123 pieces of cannon and three mortars, it was taken by the Knglifli admirals Watfon and Pococke, and colonel Clive; and alto was taken the laft war, but reflored by the peace. Hugley, which lies fifty miles to the north of Calcutta upon the Ganges, is a place of prodigipus trade for the richeft of ail Indian commodities. The Dutch have here a well fortifieri factory. The fearch for diamomls is carried on by about 10,000 people from Saumelpour, which lies thirty leagues to th« north of Hiigley, for about fifty miles farther. Dacca is laid ro be the largeft city of Bengal, and the tide comes up to its wallii. It contains an Knwlifli and a Dutch fa(5tpry. The other chief towns are CalTumbazar, Cliinchura, Baniagua, aud Maldo ; befidesa number of other places of kfs note, but all of them rich in the Indian manufa£tures. Wt know little concerning the province or fubah of Malva, which lies to the weft of Bengal, but itat is as fertile as the other provinces, and that its chief cities are Ratifpor, Ougein, and Indoor. The province of Can- »Kih includes that of Berar and part of Orixa, and its capital is Brampur, or Burhampoor, a flourifhing city, and carries on a vaft trade in chintzes, call coes, and embroidered ftufFs. Carrack is the capital of Orixa. The above are the provinces belonging to the Mogul's empire to the north of what is properly called the Peninfula Within the Ganges, Thofe that lie to the fouthward fall into the defcrjption of the pcninlula itlelf. History.] The firft invader of this country, worthy to be noticed, was the famous Alexander of Macedotip Zinghis Khan alfp direfted his force there in the year i2»i, and made the emperor forfake his capital ; and long before Tamerlane, Mahometan princes had entered, made con- quells, and eftabliihed thcmfelves in India. Valid, the fixty of the ca- liphs, named Ommiades, who afcended the throqe in the 708th year of tne Chriftian aera,, and in the pcth of the hegira, made conquefts m In- fiia; fo that the Koran was introduced very early into this country, Mahmoud, foil of Sebegtechin, prince of Gazna, the capital of a pro- vince feparated by mountains from the north- weft parts of Indin, and fi-. tuated near Kandahar, carried the Koran with the fword into Indoftan, in •Jie Vear 1000 and looa ot the Chriftian aera. He treated the Indiana with ;iii the rigour of a conqueror, and all the fury of a zealot, plundering ^«»%e degioli^iing temples, ^f4 murdering idol^eis throughout hi V y 3 routcw y . v.. t'k'' 694 INDIA WITHIN THE Ganges. routf. The wraith found by him in Indoftan is reprcfcnted to be immrnrc. The fuccdTors of t!iis Mshmoucl art* called the dynafty of the (»a'4naviilc5, and nnaintained themMves in a great part of the countries which he had conquered in India until the year 1 155, or iiS7» when Kofrou Schah, the 13th and hi\ pr nre of the CJaznavide race, was depofedliy Kiiiriiii Gaun, who founded the dynafty of the (>a»nide^, which furniflied five princes, who j^ofTeflTed nca.lyrhe fame dominions as their predeceflTors the l^aznavides. Scheabbedin, the fourth of the Gauride emperoi-s, during the life of liis brother and predeceflbr Gaiatheddin, conquered the king. dortis of Moultan and Delhi, and drew from thence prodigious treafures. But an Indian, who had been rendered defpcrate by the pollutions and in- dilts to which he faw his gods and temples axpofed, made a vow to aflalli- -nate i^cheabbedin, and executed it. The race of Gaurides finiflied in the year 1212, in the perfon of Mahmoud, AicrelTor and nephew to Sheab- bedin, who was alio cut off by the fwords of aflaflins. Several revohitions foll6wed till the* time of Tamerlane, who entered India at the end of the year 159^, defcending more terrible than all its inundations from the centra rtf the northren part of the Indian Caucafus. This invincible barbarian ' met with no refiftance fufficient to iuftify, even by the military maxims of Tartars, the cruelties with which he marked his way. But after an im- • menfe ft«tu?«hter of human creatures, he at length rendered himfelf lord of ah' eiVi pi fe'^ Which extended from Smyrna to the banks of the (rangts. The ' hiftoi-^- of the.fucceflbrs of Tamerlane, who reigned over ^Indoftan with lit- tle interruption more than 350 years, hnis been varioufly repjefented, but ' all agree in the main, that they were mangnificent and defpotic princes; 'that thty committed their provinces, as hns been already obferved, to ra- pacious governors, or to their own lon^, by which their empire was often • iiiiferably torn in pieces. At length the famous Aurengzebe, in the year 1 067, though the youngeft among many fons of the reigning ' eniperor, after defeating or murdering all his , brethren, mounted the throne of Indoftan, and may be confidered as the real founder and legiflator cf the empire. He was a great and a politic prince, and the firft who extended his dominion, though it was little better than nominal, over the peninfula within the Ganges, which is at pre- fent (o well known to the Knglifti. He lived fo late as the year 1707, and it is faid that fome of his great officers of flate were alive in the year 1750. From what has been already faid of this empire, Aurengzebe feems to have left too rnuch power to the governors of his diftant piovinces, and to have been at no pains in preventing the effefts of that dreadful def- potifm, which, white in his hands, preferved the traiKjuillity of his em- pire ; but when if defcended to his weak indolent fucceilbrs, occafioned its overthrow. ' ' In 1713, four of his grahdfons difputed the empire, which, after a bloody ftruggle, fell to the eldeft, Mauzoldin, who took the name of Jchander Shan. This prince was a flave to his pleafures, and was go- verned by ]}\s miftrefs fo abfo]uteiy,that his great omrahs confpired againft him, and raifed to the throne one of his nephews, who ftruck olf his uncle's head. The new emperor, whofe name was Furrukhfir, was go- verned and at laft enflaved by two brothers of the name of Seyd, who abufed his power fo grofsly, that being afraid to punifli them publicly, he ordered them both to be privately aflalfinated. They difcovered his inten- tion, and dethorned ihe emperor, in whofe place they raifed a grandfonof Aureng/ebe, by his daughter, a youth of feventeen years of age, after -- ■• ' ' 2 ' ' . ' impiifojiin^ INDIA WITHIN THR GaNCI.S. ■^95 ^prironing and ftranj^ling runukhfir. The ynwn^ cmpoor pKucd dil- agreeable to the brothers, and bciiikj, ftioii poiloned, tluy railed to tl)« throne his elder bioiher, who took the title ot Shah [than. Tl.c rajahs of Indoftan, whole ant cftors lud cnteied into ftipulatious, or what niay \KcMed pa^a coHVi/i/a, when they admitted the iMo;;ul family, took the Held againft the two brothers; but the Inttcr were vidorioii.s, iind Sluli Jdian was put in tranqi'.il ponefllon of the empire, but died in i 19. He was fucceeded by another prince of the IViogiil race, who took tht nan.e ofMahommed Shah, and entered into private meafurto with his ^reat la- jahs for dtflroying the Seytis, who were tierlared enemies to Nizam a! iVui- juc, one of Aure gzobc's, favourite generals. Nizam, it is laid, wai piivarely encouraged by the emperor to derlare himfelfagainft the bro- thers, and to proclaim himrclffubah of Do an, w!iic:h belonged to one of thtSeyds, who wasallallinatcd by tht emperor's oidcr, anti who immediately Hcjvanced to Delhi to dtfiroy the other brother ; but he no fooner under- Itood what had happened, than he proclaimi-d the I'ultan Ibrahim, another of the Mogul primes, emperor. A battle enlued in 172c, in which the emperor was vi^lorious, and is faid to have ufed hii conqutffs with great aioderation, for he remitted Ibrahim to the prilbn irom wiience he had \)cci\ taken; and Seyd, being likewife a piil'oner, was.conlemned to per- petual confinement, but the emperor took poircilion of his vail riihcs. bml did not long furvive his confinement ; and upon his death, the em- peror abandoned himleli to the fame courfe of pleafures that had been io latal to his predecelToi s. As to Nizam, he bcicame now the gieat imperial general, and was often employed againfl tlie Marattas, whom he defeated, when they had almofl made themfelves mailers oi Agra and Delhi. He was confirmed in his foubidiflnp, ainl wasconfidered as ;he firii fubject in the empire. Aiithoi's, however, are divided as to his motives fur invitin^i; Nadir bhah, otherwii'e Kouli Khan, the Perfian monarch, to ijivatL In- j'.oftan. It IS thought that he had intelligence of a Ibong piity formed ai',ainft him at court ; but the truth perhaps is, that Nizam did not thinj< that Nadir Shah could have fuccefs, and at firfl wanted to make himfclf ufefiil by oppofing him. The fuccefs of Nadir Shah is well known, aiwl the immenfe trcafure which he carried from Indoftan in 173 , Belides thofe treafures, he obliged the Mogul to furrender to him all the lands to the weft of the rivers Attork and Synd, comprehending the provinces of Peyflior, Kabul, and Gagna, with many other rich and populous princi- palities, the whole of them almoft equal in value to the crown of Pe^riia itfdf.^ , ,, ^ ' ,xv<,-,is This invafion coft the Gentoos 200,0c o lives. As to the plunder made bv Nadir Shah, fome accounts, and thofe too ftrongly authenticated, make it amount to the incredible fum of two hundred and thirty-one milliojis ilerling, as mentioned by the London Gazette of thofe times. The moft moderate fay that Nadir's own fhare amoimted to confiderably above feventy millions ; be that as it will, the invafion of Nadir Shah may be confidered as putting a period to the greatnefs of the Mogul empiie in the houfe of Temerlane. However, when Nadir had rai&d all the money he could in Delhi, he reinftated the Mogul, Mahommed Shah, in the fo- vereignty, and returned into his own country. A general defection of the provinces foon after enfued ; none being willing to yield obedience to a prince deprived of a power to enforce it. The provinces to the north- weft of the Indus had been ceded to Nadir Shah, who being alTaflinated W 1747, Achxjiet Abdallah, his treafurer, an unprincipled man, but pof- y y 4 fcfled ,"4 :.'! |l| iii; , I ' ti mm 6gS INDIA wiTHiK THE Ganges. I feded of great intreptdiry, found means, in the genera! confufion ot-i. fiuncd by tne tyrant's death, to carry off three hundred camelsJoadr d v. ith wealth, whereby he was enabled to put himfelf at the head of an army and marched a^aind Delhi with fifty thnufaud hotfe. Thtis va^ rhe wealth drawn from Delhi, mad^ the means of tontimjinc thofe niifciie^ of war which it had at firft brought upon them. Prince Almied Sli;ih, the Mogul's eldeft fpn, and the vizir, with other leading men, in this rx. trcmity look the field, with eighty thoufand horfe to oppolc the invjultr. The war was can ltd on with various fuccefs, and Manomed Shah died before its termination. His fon, Ahmed Shah, then mounted the impe- rial throne at Delhi; but the empire fell every day more into decay. y\bdallah ereitcd an independent kingdom, of which the Indus is tiic ge- neral boundary. The Marattas, a warlike nation, poflefling the fouth-weftern pcninfula of India, had, betore the invafion of Nadir Shah, exacted a chout, or tribute from the empire, arifing out of the revenues of the province •i Bengal, which being with-held, in confcqucnce of the enfeebled ftate ot the empire, the Marattas became clamorous. The empire began to tot- ter to its foundajtlon ; every petty chief, by counterfeiting grants from Delhi, laying claims to jaghires and to diftri^ls. The country was torn to pieces by civil wars, and groaned under every fpecies of domeftic coiifii- lion. Ahmed Shah reigned only (even years, after which much diforder and conftifion prevailed in Indollan, and the people fuffered great calami- ties. At prtfcnt, the impeiial dignity of Indoftan is vefted in Shah Za- dah, who is univerfally acknowledged to be the true heir of the Tamer- lane race: but his power his feeble ; the city of Delhi, and a fmall territory round it, is all that is left remaining to the houfe and heir of Tameilane, who depends upon the prote<^tion of the Englifh, and whofe intereft it is to fupport him, as his authority is the bcft legal guarantee. It is, however, the interell of the Eaft India Company, that their go. vernments in India fliould interfere as little as poflible in the domeflic or national quarrels of the country powers, and that they fhould always en- deavour to be in a flate of peace and tranquillity with their neighbours. But thtfe maxims of found policy they have not adhered to; the gover- nors and fervants of the Eaft India Company have unneceffurily, and fomc- timts very, iniquitoufly, embroiled themielves with the country powers, and engaged in wars of a very pernicious and indefenfible nature. The wars into which they lately entered with the Marattas, and with that en- terprijipg prince Heydcr Ally, have been attended with an enormous ex- pence, and been extremely prejudicial to the interefls of the company. By temporary plans of violence and injuftice, and fometimes difregaiding their own treaties, they have forfeited the good opinion of t.e natives; and by exciting the indignation of the country princes againft them, greatly lefl'cn. ed the feturity of ttie pofiefTions of th« company. As f'> the government and conftitution of Indoftan, we mnft refer to what we have already obferved. The emperor of Indoftan, or Great Mogul (fo called from being defcended from Tamerlane the Mongul or Mogul Tartar',. on his advancepient to the throne, alTumes feme grand title ; as, *» The C^^n^iurar ^ the If'orld', the Oruament of the Throne^ ^c.'* but he is never crowned;," ■ ^^ ■"■ -■' . : • ' ■ ^:,' ^/..,.- : ., The ■:t^-: •In W-*- ''f#«l h;vi' The peninsula within the Ganoes. (Jrand divifions. Provjnt«, C Modura Tanjour fr. Hifna^^ar, ui (Jaraaiic Sq. IVL, 16,400 Tlie fouth- eall coaft ot Inilia, lituuto on the bay of^ Bengal, iifu- ally called the to.ift oi Coro- nuuild. i.83»5S<» Qolconda i..« Orixa • ' fVVcft fide o^ Bifragar, or Carnatic: The fouthr weft coaft of India, ufually i:Hlled the coa^ 6i Malabar. Chief Towiu, f Madura ''<" • I TraiKjUfbar, Danes I Negapatam, Kn^lifli Bi ilia gar Poit-iiova, Dutch Fort St. David, Englifli Pondicherry, 1,^^^^^ C oiiymere, J Coblon Sadrafpntan, Dutch St. Thomas, Portuguefe ^ ^ Fort St. George or Madi-as, E. Ion. 80-^2. N, lat. 13-1 r, Fnghfli I Pelicate, Dutch " J Golconda - - 62,io« Gani, or Coulor. dijmond miBes Mafulipatan, Engliili an^ Dutch * I Vizigapatan, Engli(I\ Bimlipatan, Dutch I Orixa • " iBallafore, Englifh '*"'' Te^apatan, Dutch ■' ' Anjengo, Engliih ' Cochin, Dutch " Calicut, I -c ../I Tillich^T, \ ^"S^'<^* Canannore, Dutch Monguelore, ) Dutch and i \j Decnn, or Vi- ilapour > i' • II* Baflilore, 5 Portuguefe I Raolconda, dianiond mines .J Cawar, EngWfh >dl»04f ^^Goa, Portit^uefe . - ^' ^^ Rajapore, French ' '< Dabal^ EngUih V , * 1 I T ■ 1. 1 > U-. \.' Bombay, iile a(id town, Englifh, 19-18. N. lat. 73-6 E. Ion. Baflaim, Portuguefe LSalfette,Engliili J 1 »' iS't' 1 1 . : :i .1:t.N Jiw '♦^' Grand 6g% The peninsula within the Ganges, Grand divifion. Provinces. The fouth wed coaft of ^ , India ufuallv V^^";^^>> ""' >< called the coall | ^"^*"^' of Malabar j J Chief towns. ■ Damon, Poftuguefe Surat, E. long. 72-25. N. lat 21-10 ,' Swalley ; Barak, Englifli and Dutch Amedabat Cambaya ^ Dieu, Pot tuguefe. RrvERs.] The Cattack or Mahanada, the Soane and Nerbudda, the Pudder, and the famous Kiftna. Climatk, seasons and prooitce,] The chain of mountains al- ready mentioned, runa'm^i; fiom north to fouth, rendeis it winter on one fide of this peninfula while it is fummcr on the other. About the end of June, a fouth^weft wind begins to blow from the fea, on the coaft of Ma- iabar, which, with continual rain.'j, Jafts four months, during which time ail is ferenp upon the coaft of Coromandel (the weftern and eaftern conli? being fo denominated). Towai'ds the end of Odober, the rainy leafoii and the change of the monfoons begin on the Coromandel coaft, which, being deftitute of good harbours,, rendei-s it extremely dangerous for ihips to remain there, during tiiattime: and to this is owing the periodical re- turns of theEnglifti (uipping to Bombay, upon the Malabar coaft. The air is naturally hot in this peninfula, but it is refreflied by breezes, the wind altering eveiy twelve hours : that is, from midnight to noon it blows off the land, when it is intolerably hot, and during the other twelve hour-. irom the fea, which laft proves a great refrefliment to the inhabitants of the coaft. The produce of the foil is the fame with that of the other part of the Eaft Indies. The like may be laid of their quadrupeds, iifli, fowl, and noxious creatures and infe^s two toMjns, call- ed, from the complexions of their feveral inhabitants, the White and the Black. The White Town is fortified, and contains an Englifli corporation of a mayor and aldermen. Nothing has been omitted to mend the natural badnefs of its fituation, which feems originally ta be owing to the neigh- bourhood of the diamond mines, which are but a week's jouiney diftant. Thefe mines are under the direftion of a Mogul officer, who lets them out by admeafurement, and enclofing the contents by pallifadoes; all dia- monds above a certain weight originally belonged to the emperor. The diflrift belonging to Madras, extending about 40 miles round, is of little value for its product ; 8c,ooo inhabiants of various nat'ons are faid to be dependent upon Madras ; but its fafety confifb in the fuperiority of the Englifh by fea. It carries on a confiderable trade with China, Perfia, and Mocha. The reader needs not be informed of the immenfe fortunes acquired by the Englifli, upon this coaft, within thefe thirty years ; but fome of thefe fortunes appear to have been obtained by the moft iniquitous practices. Thei e feems to have been fome fundamental errors in the conftitutioh of the Eaft India Company. The directors confidered the riches acquired by their governors and other fervants as being plundered froiTuthe com- pany, and accordingly fent out fuperintendents to controul their governors and overgrown fervants, and have from time to time changed their gover- nors, and members of the council there. As this is a fubjed of the gieateft importance that ever perhaps occurred in the geography of a com- meru4 i. •:■■ >n',||; I m-y "i; 1 ' ' ■ '.>. ■■ t 700 The PENINSULA within the Ganges, merciai country, the re4der will indulge us jn one or two reflec* tions. The Englifti Eaft India Company, throiioh the difliaftions of theMo- pil empire, the fupport of onr govrrnment, and the undaunted, but for- ttmate fitcccires of their military officers, have acquired fo amazing a pro- perty in this peninfula, nnd in Indoftan, that it is fuperior to the reve- nues of mnny crowned heads; and fonie ot their own fervants pretcn«l, thnt when all thtir fxpences arc paid, their clear revenue amounts to near two millions fterling ; out of which they were to pay 400,000!. an- nually to the government, while fuffered to enjoy their revenues. How that revenue is coIlec'Ud, or from whence it arifes, is bed known to the compRny ; part of it, however, has been granted m property, and part of it is lecm-ed on mortagcs, for difcharging their cxpences in fupportinir the interefts of their friends, the emperor, and the refpedive foubahs and nabobs tiiey have afllfteil. Be this as it may, this company has exercifed many rights appropriated to fovtreignty ; fuch as thofe of holding forts, coining monev, and the like. Thefe powei-s were thought incompatible with the principles of a commcr<'ial limited company, and therefore the Englifti miniftry and par- liament have repeatedly interfered, in order to regulate the affairs of the company, and a board of controul at home is at length eftabliflicd. It has aUh been hoped, that, in confequence of this interference of the govern- fncnt, fuch mcafures may be taken with the Eaftern princes aid poten- tates,, as may render the acquifitions of the company permanent and na- tional. But It is much to be regretted, that as the government has thought proper to interfere in the affairs of the Eaft India Company, it has not alio taken foine meafures to punifh thofe .many and infamous inflanccs of oppreliion, injuftice, and cruelty, of which the fervants of the company have been guilty. As to the fupreme court lately eftabliilied at Calcutta, it has not anfweretl the purpofes for which it was appointed ; it has been equally complained of by the fervants of the company, and by the n3: 704 PERSIA Cafptan (ca, are rold, as lying in the neighbmirliood of thrfrc moiTntairii which arc commonly covered with fnow. The air in the Midland pro- vinces of Fei-fia is fcrene, pure, and exhiltrating j but in the fouthern pro. vinccs it is hot, and fometitnes rommunicates noxious blafts to the midland parts, which are fo often mortal, that tlie inhabitants fortify their heads with very thick turbans. . . Soil AMD productions.] Thefe var)- like the air. The foil is far from being luxuriant towards Tartaryand the Cafpian fea, but with cul« tivation it might produce abundance of corn, and fruits. South of Moimc Taurus, the fertility of the country in corn, fruits, wine, and the other luxuries of life, is equalled by few countries. It produce.^ wine and oil in plenty, fenna, rhubarb, and the fineft of dru;^s. The fruits are deli- cious, efpecially their dates, oranges, pilhchio nuts ; melons, cucumbers and garden ftuff, not to mention vaft quantities of excellent fllk ; and tlic gulf of Baflbra formerly furniflxed great part of iluropc and Afia v.ith very, fine pearls. Some potts, near Ifpahan efpecially, produce almoft_ali the flowers that are valued in Europe ; and from Ipme of them, the rofis efpecially, thev extraft waters of a falubrious and odorific kind, which form a gainful commodity in trade. In fliort, the fruits, vegetables, and flowers of Per(!a, are of a moft exalttd flavour ; and had the natives tlie art of horticulture to as great perfc^ion as fome nations in Europe, by traufplanting, engrafting, and other mefiorations, they would add greatly lo the natural riches of the country. The Pcrfian alfa-fcetida flows from a plant called hilrot, and turns unto a gum. Some of it is white, and fome Jblack ; but the former is fo much valued, that the natives make very rich fauces of it, and fometimes eat it as a rarity. Mo'uNTAiNS.3 Thefe are Caucafus and Ararat, which are called the mountains of Daghiftan ; and the vaflcoUedion of mountains called Tau- rus, and their divifions, run through the middle of ihe country from Na- tolia to India. . Rivers.] It has been obferved, that no country, of fo great an ex- tent,, have fo few navigable rivers as Ferfia. The moft conliderable are Chofeof Kur, anciently Cyrus ; and Aras, anciently Araxes, which rife in or near the mountains of Ararat, and joining their fheams, fail into the Cafpian fea. Some fmall rivulets falling from the mountains water the country ; but their ftreams are fo inconfiderable, that few or none of them can be navigated even by boats. The Oxus can fcarcely be called a Per- fian river, though it divides Perfia from Uft)ec Tartary. Perfia has die river Indus on the eaft, and the Euphrates and 7 igris on the weft. . Water.] The fcarcity of rivers, in Perfia, is joined to a fearcityof WAter; but the defect, where it prevails, is admirably well fupplicd by means of refervoirs, aquedu^s^ canals, and other ingenious me- thods. Metals AND mineral".] Perfia contains minf? of iron, 'oppcr, lead, aud ab^ve ajl turquoife ft^ncs, which a-- fojnd in Coraian. SulpJiur, fait-pctre, and antimony, are found in the mountains. Qijar* lies of red, white, and black marble, have alfo beein difcovered near . Tauris. .,' .^. i ,. ._,-_.}!. -^^ :' ^'.'^r-'., -Population, inhabitants, man- I It is Impoflible to ipeak with NEI18, CUSTOMS, ANo DivfiisiONS J any Certainty concerning the population of a country fo little known as that of Perfia. If wc are to . judge by the vaft arinies in modern a& well as. in ancient times-, raifed there, the numbers it coauins fliuft be very great, TlVe Pei-fians of bothfcxw ' * ■ are I r( 1> E R S 1 A. 705 arc generally hartdfome : the men being fond of Georgian and Garcaflian women. Their complexions towards the fouth are fomewhat fworthy» The men (have their heads, but the young men futt'er a lock of hair to grow on each fide, and the beards of their chm to reach \lp to their temples ; but religious people wear long beards. Men of rank and quality wear very magnificent turbans; many of them cofl twenty-five pounds, and few under nine or ten. , They have a maxim to keep their heads very v?arm, fo that they never pull off their caps or their turbans dut of refpedt even to the king. Their diefs is very fimple. Next to their (kin thev wear callrco (hirts, over them a veft, which reaches below the knee, girt with a falh, and over that a loofe garment fomewhat lliorter. The ma- terials of their clothes, however, are commonly very expenfive* ; confift- ingof the richeft furs, filks, muflins, cottons, and the like valuable fluffs, richly embroidered with gold and filver. They wcL^r a kind pf loofe boots on their legs, and flippers on their feet. They are fond of riding, arid very expenfive in their equipages. They wear at all times a dagge»' in their fafli, and linen trowfers. The collars of their fliirts and clothes are open ; fo that their drefs upon the whole is far better adapted for th6 purpofe both of health and aftivity than the long flowing robes of the Turks. The drefs of the women is not much different ; their wear, as ivell as that of the men, is very coftly ; and they are- at great pains to heighten their beauty by art, colours, and wafhes. The Perfians accuftom themfelves to frequent wafhings and ablutions^ which are th^ more necefTary, as they feldom change their linen. In th« morning early they drink coffee, about eleven go to dinner, upon fiii its, fweatmeats, and milk. Their chief meal is at night. They eat at their repafts cakes of rice, and others of wheat-flour ; and as they efteem it art abomination to cut either bread, or any kind of meat, after it ii dreifed, thefe cakes are made thin, that they may be eafily broken with the hand ; and their rheat, which is generally mutton, or fowls, is fo prepared, that they divide it with their fingers. When every thing is fet in order before them, they eat fafl, and without any ceremony. But it is obferved by a late traveller, that when the oldeft man in the company fpeaks, though he b^ poor, and fet at the lower end of the room, they all give a flrift attention to his words. They are temperate, but ufe opium, though not in fuch abundance as the Turks ; nor are they very delicate in their entertalnmenM of eating and drinking. They arc great maflers of ceremony towards their fuperiors, and fo polite, that they accommodate Europeans who vifit them with (bols, that they may not be forced to fit crofs-leggedt They ar« fo immoderately fond of tobacco, which they fmoke through a tube fixed in water, fo as to be cool in the mouth, that when it has been prohibited by their princes, they have been known to leave their country Father than be debarred from that enjoyment. The Perfians are naturally* fond of j)oetry, moral fentences, and hyerbole. Their Jong wars, arid their na- tional revolutions, have mingled the native Perfians With barbarous na* tions, and are fa?d to have taught them diffimulation j but they ardftill pleafing and plai'jfible in their behaviour,- and in all ages ha^e been re* in rkable for hofpitality. The Perfians write like the H«brevvs, from the right to the left ; and are Beat in their feals ind materials for Writing, and are wonderfully expedi- tious io the art. The number of people employed on their hianufcripts (foF no oriniing is allowed their) is incredible. Their great foible f^ems 9 be ()Pentaticn in their equipage) and drcilei ; »9V nci xhcg l«fs j$giau« CY 'Ji'i to; K-> ,:%,■ !1 '■'■-mi 7o6 PERSIA. of their women t!ian the Turks, and other eaftern natiorfs. They ar; ft)mi of mufir, and take a pifafuie in ronverftng in large companies ; but their cUirf diverfioiis are thjfe of the field, hunting, hawking, horfcnian- ftiip, ajid the exercife of arms In all which they are very dextroi ;. Thrv excel, as their aiKedors the Parthi.ins did, in archery. They are fond df rope dancers, jug;;lers, and figlitiugof wild beads ; and privately play nt games of chance. Men may marry for life, or for any determined time, in Perfia, as well as through all Tartary ; and travellers or merchants, who intend to ftav fome time in any city, common!)' apply to thecadee, or judge, for a \vi(e during the time he prof>ofestoflay. The cadee. for a ftatedgrat»iiry, pro- duces a number of girls, whom he declares to be honeft, and free Irom difeafe ; an! he becomes a furety for them. A gentleman who lately at- tended the Rullian embally to l\r(ia declares, that, amongfl thoufandi, there ha& not becu one inflance of their diflioiiefVy diu'ing the time agrc *i( upon. , Religiov.] The Perfians are Mahometans of 'the feft of Ali j for which reafon the Turks, who follow the fiicceffiou of Omar and .Abu Hckr, call, them heretics. Their relrgion is, if poflible, in fome things more fan- taftical and fcnfual than that of the Tiuks ; but in many points it is mingled \v|th fome Bramin Cuperllitions. When they are taxed by the (-hriftiaiii with drinking ftrong liquors, as many of them do, they anf'i.ver very fen- fibly, '* You (v'hrlftians whore and get drunk, though you kr^w you are committing Hrts, which is the very cafe with ys." Having mentioned the Bfamins, the comparifon between, them and the Perfian Gttehres or Gains, who pretend tojbe the difciples; and fuccdfors of the ancient Magi, the followers of Zoroaflef, may be highly worth a. learned difquiiition : that both of them held origiDally pure and fimple ideas of a Supreme Being, may be^eafily proved ; but the Indian Bramius and Parfes accufe the Gaurs, w1k> ihU worfliip the fire, of haying ienfualized thofe ideas, aiid of intro- ducing an evil principle into the government of the world. A combuft- ible ground, about itn milc$ diilant from Baku, a city in tKe north of Per- fia, is the fcene of the Guebres devotions. It mud oe admitted, that this ground is impregnated with very furpiifiug inflammatory qualities, and contains leveral o!d little tempiest,* in one or which the Giiebres pretend to prefervfe the facrtd lume of the universal fire, which rifes from the end of a latge hollow cane ft ck into the ground, refembling a lamp burninjj with vfry pure fpirits. The Mahometans are the declared enemies of the Gauts, who were baniflied out of Perda by Slial^ AlJ^as. Tlieir fed, however, isfaid to be numerous, though tolerated in very few places. The long war& between the Perfians and the Romaos, feem early to have driven the ancient Chriftians into Peffia, and the nei^ouring countries. Even to this day, n\ai;iy ftj^j ,are found tl^jiit evidently have Chriftianity for tli« ground-wut, the flone, the fmall-pox^ confumptions, and apoplexies. The Perfian pradlice of phyfic is therefore pretty much cir- cumfcribed, and they are very ignorant of furgery, which is exercifed by barbers, whofe chief knowledge of it is in letting blood ; for they trufl the htaliiig of green wounds to tiic excellency of the air, and the good habit «f the patient's body, Antk^ities and curiosities,!* The monuments of antiquity in NATURAL AND ARiiFiCiAL4 J Pcrfia, are more celebrated for ttieir magificence and expencc than their beauty or tafte. No more than •'ifteen columns, which formerly belonged tothc famouspalace of Perlepolis, ' "L 7, % are ■ ;i"N^^ h : Ifi a .'^ilifi^l.- P'-J^. w m 7O0 f fc R S 1 A. anr now remainini:;. Ea'\\ is about fifteen feet high, and compofel of cr. celkiit Parian marMe. Tlie ruins of other anciei\t huilclings are tmnvi;;, rmny parts of I'erfii, but void of thit elegance and beauty whicti arc ' difplaycd in the Oreck a:c!iit.\'turc. The tombs of die kings of lVrl?:i an flu pt-ndous works ; being rut out of a rock, and highly ornamented wit'i ' fcnlprure. The rhit^f of the modern edifices is a pillar to be feea rr * Ifpahan, fixty feet high, (oniifling of the fl<\ills of beafts, erected bv Sh?!i Abbas, after the ftippreifion of a rtbellion. Abbas had vowed to cirt fuch a column fif h\irnr.n H^tilis ; but upon the fubmiffion of the rebel", he performed his vow by fubftituting thafe of brutes, each of the rebels ftir- ' nifliingone. The baths near Gombroon work fuch cures, that they arc eflecTfd * among the natural curicfities of Perfia. The fprings cf the famoih * naphtha, near Baku, are mentioned often in natural hiftory for their fi;r. prifiiig qualitie- : i)ut tlie chi'-f pf ^he natural curicfities in this couritv/, IS the burning phjc-ionienon, ;-ud its inflammatory neighbourhood, alrcailv mentioned under the aitiele of religion. ^ Houses, cities, and hubmc edifices,] Thehoufesof men of qua- "litv in Perfia, are in the fame tafte with thofe of the Afiatic Turks aheadv defcribcd. They are feldom above one ftory high, built of bricks, with * flat ronfij for walking on, and thick walls. The hall is arched, thedcor: ' arc clumfy and narrow, and the rooms have no comiAunication but with the hall, the kitche 1 and oflire-houfes being built 3j)art. few of them have chimnies, but a round hole in the middle of the room. Their fiif- 'niture chiefly c.mlifts of carpets, and their beds are two thick cotton quilts, which ferve them likewife as coverlids, with carpets under them. Ifpahan or Spahawn, the capital of Perfia, is feated on a fine plain, withm a mile of the river Zenderhend, which fupplies in with water, h is faid" to be twelve railts in ciraimference. The flreets are narrow anJ crooked, and the chief amufement of th,<: inhabitants is on the flat roofs of their houfcs, where they fpen i their lummer evenings ; and different fami- lies aflbciate together. The royal fquare is a third of a mile in len|i;th, and about half a* much in breadth : and we are told, that the royil ps* lace, with the buildings and gardens belonging to it, is three miles in cir- 'cumfercRce. There are in Ifaphan 460 mofques, 1 800 caravanferas, 26* public baths, a prodigous number of fine fquares, flreets, and palaces, in which are canals, and trees planted to fliade and better accommodate the people. This caoital is faid formerly to have contained 650,000 inhnbr. tants ; but was often depopulated by Kouli Khan during his wan, fo th.'.t ■ we may eafily fuppofe, that it has lofl great part of its ancient magnificence. In 1741, when Mr. Hainvay was there, it was thonght that not abcive 5000 of its houfes were inhabited. Schiras lies about co miles to the foufh of Aflrachan. It is an open town, but its neighbourhood is inexpreflibly rich and beautiful, being laid Oiit for many miles in gardens, the flowers, firuits and vines of which are inconipafable. The wines of Hchiras are reckoned the beft of any in Fer- fia. This town is the capital of Pars, the ancient Perfia, and hath 4 college for the fiudy of eaftern learning. It contains an uncommoit number of mofques-, and is adorned by many noble bwildrngs, but i« ftreets are narrow and inconvenient, and not above 4000 of its houfes art inhabited. The rities of Oinnus and Gombroon, on the narrow patt of the Perfian Gulf, were fcumerly places of great eommeiee suid ioiportance. The . ■ •- Eii^Hft PERSIA. T'^* 'U^\fk IfriiiiLl Fn'lifi>» 3"^' otlu?r Hiiropeaii"', have fn (Tories nt CTombionn where ti -v tride with the IVrfiaiis, Arabians, IJaiiyans, Armenians, Tuiks ai'.d Tar- [irv, who come hither with the raravaiib which Ictoiit from various inland cities of AHa, under the convoy of (lead of a bell, tlie pea- pit arc called to prayer by ceitain oiHcersappointe.i for that purpofe. No woman is allowed to enter the mufque ; nor can a man with his flioes or f:orkingson. Near moft mofques is a place of entertainment for Grangers (Hiring three days; and the tomb ot the found tr, with conveniences for reading the Koran, and pra-ying for the fouls of the deceaTed. The ba>![nJos in the Mahometan ciuiitrits are wonderfully well con- ftriictcti for the purpofe of b:uhiiig. Sometimes they are fquare, but nitener circular, built of white well j^oliHied ftone or niarble. Each bag- nio contains three rooms; the firlt for drefluig and undreffing; the ferond ontainsthe water, and the third the bath ; all of them pavtd with bla.k ;!ul white marWe. The operation of the batii is very curious, but whoie- tome; though to thofe not :iter nibs the patient with great vigour, then hands and (Iretches his limbs as i'he\ras diflocating ever)' bone in th;.* body: all which exercifes arc, in ihofe inert warm countries, very conducive to health. In public bagnios !hemen bathe from morning to foui" in the afternoon ; when ail male nt- tendauts being removed, the ladies fuccced, and wheij coming out of •liie bath difplay their fineft cloaths. I might here attempt to defcribe the eaftern fernglios or harems, the romeu's apaitment ; but from the moft credible accounts they are con- trived according to the tafle and conveniency of the owner, and divided nito a certain number of apartments, which are feldom or nevtr entered by : Sran^crs ; and there is no country where women are fo ftridtly guaideci^ Mvl confined as among the great men in Perfia. '^• Manofactures and commerce.] The Ferfians equal, if not exceed, sil the manufafturers in the world in (ilk, woollen, mohair, carpets, and Iwther. 1 heir wo4-ks in thefe join fancy, tafle, and elegance to n'.hncfs, >: Jisainefs, and fliew ; and yet they are ignoraiu of painting, and their draw- •?. in^are very rude. Their dying excels that of Kurope. Their filver and :* goidlaces and threads, are admirable for preferving their luilre. Their 'X fnibroideries and horfc-furniture are not to be equalled ; nor ai'e they ig- 'i **aiit of the f)ottery and window-giafs manufa6tures. On the other ;t •ind their carpenters are very indiffererit artills, which is faid to be owing i '■'the fcarcity of timber all over I'erfia. Their jewelleis and goldfmitl:s j, *!■« clumfy workmen, and they are ignorant of lork-mi'hing, and the- ni3iii'.faftiii-e of looking glafles. Upon the whole, they lie under inexi/5 e difadvantages from the form of their govermnent, which rendc, -"• ■-- i^ ? 3 • ^^■'-•^ M' ' . •■■'■I ??■'!;?■'? ':.Hm ill JIP PERSIA. them flavfs to thei. kinjs, who often cngrofs either their lalioiir or thci» profits. The trade ' f the I'trfian*!, who have little or no (hipping of their own, is carried on in foreign bottoms. That betwei n the Enghih and the other nations, by the gul] h of Ornius at Gombroon, was the mod ^ainhil they had ; but the perpetual wars they have been engaged in have riiined their fommtrcc. The great fchen)e of the EngHfli, in trading with the Perfians through Ruifia, promifed great advantages to both nations, but it has hitherto anfwered the expt<5\ations of neither. Perhaps the court of Peterfburgh is not fond of fuft'ering the Englifli to eflablifn thcmlclves vpon the Cafpian fca, the navigation of which is now poflcflcd by the KufTians; but nothing (*an be faid with certainty on that head till the 'government of I'erfia is in a more fettled condition than it is at prefcnt. Constitution ANt) government.] Uolh thcfe are extremely pie. Various, as refting in the breaft of a dcfpotir, and often capricious monarch. The Perfuns, however, had fome fundamental rules of government. They excluded from tneir thrones ftmales, but not their male progeny. Bliml- nefs iii'.ewife was a difqualification for the royal fuccelfion. In other re- fpcds the king's will was a law for the people. The infhnces that have been given of the cruelties and inhumanities pra£lifed by the Mahometan kings of Perfia, are almofl incredible, cfpecially during the laft tworeii* luries The reafon given to the Chriftian ambaffadors, by Shah Abbas, one of their moft celebrated princes, was, that the Perfians were fuch brutes, and fo infenfible by nature, that thev could not be governed with- out the exercife of exemplaiy cruelties, feut this was only awietrludj and ill-grounded apologv for his own barbarity. The favoui ites of the prince, female as well as male, are his only counf^liors, and the fmalleft di obedience to their will is attended with immediate death. The Perfiaiul have no degrees of nobility, fo tiiat the refpeit due to every man, on ac- cown. of his high llation, expires with himfelf. The king has been knownj to prefer a younger fon to his throne, by putting out the eyes of the elder brother. I RtvENuFS.] The king claims one third of the cattle, corn, and fruits,] of his fubjeds, and likewife a third of filk and cotton. No rank or condi- tion of Perfians is exempted from fevere taxations and fervicts. The governors of provinces have particular lands affigned to them for mm4 tatning their retinues and troops; and tlie crown landsdefray the expenra of the court, king's houfhold, and great oiBcers of flate. After fa),ing thus much, the reader cannot doubt that the revenues of the Pcrfian king) were prodigious ; but notliing can be faid with any certainty in thf prej fent diftraded flate of that country. Even the water that is let into fields' and gardens is fubjciH: to a tax, and foreigners, who are not Mahometans, pay each a ducat a head. . Military strjingth.] This confifled formerly of cavalry, and it ij the Turks. Since the beginning of thil now thought to exceed that of century, however, their kings have raifed bodies of infantry. The regu| Jar troops of both brought to the field, even under Kouli Khan, did no exceed 6r,ccp; but, according to the modern hiftories of Perfia, ^W^j pafily recruited in cafe of a defeat. The Perfians have few fortifiei' towns ; nor had they any fhips of war, until Kouli Khan built a roya navy ; but fince his death we hear no more of their fleet. AuMs AND titles.] The arms of the Perfian monarch are a limcou chant, looking at the rifmg fun. His till? is Shah, or the " J^'Jf <>/'''' PERSIA. 711 Kini(Jotf/s.'* Shah or Khan, and Suhnn, which he aHiimrs I'tkcwifr, arc Tartar titles. To ai'^s 0/ Hmc ihc IVriian inoiruth (lo«-s n(»f liil'li ril)v- his iinme; but the j',rant runs iii tljis uiannci, " This aift is ^^ivcii by him whom the univcrfc- obeys." .„.. , HiSTORv .J All ancient hiftonans mrntion tlve Pi'rfnn munnrrh'^ and tlicir {;randtur ; and no empire has inulergone a proater v.ii icty of govcrn- nicnt*. U b here fuHioient to fay that the I'crfian empire fuo ceded the AlFviian or Babylonian, aud that Cyrus laid its foundation about 556 \'a\i bcfoit Chrift, and rcftored the Ifraelitco, who had bcon captive at Babylon, to liberty. It ended in the perl'on ot 1 Darius, who was lonquered by Alexander jzc; years btlore Chrifl. When Alexander's empire w.uj divided among his great general ofiicers, their pofterity were conquered by the Romans. Thcic laft however, never fully fubducd I'trfia, and the natives had princci of their own, by the name of Arf.ices, who more than once defeated the Roman legions. The fuaelTors of thofe princes fur- vivcd the Roman empire iifelf, but were fubdned by the famous Tamer- lane, whofe pofterity were fupplanted l)y a dcjf'lor of law, the anccftor of the befi family, and who pretended to be defcendod from Mahomet hiiu. lelf. His fucctflcM'S, though fome of them were valiant and politic, proved in general to be a diigrace to humanity, by their crvielty, igno. nmre, and itulolence, which brought them into fuch difrepute wuh their fiibjeds, barbarous as they were, that HafTein, a prince of the Scfi race, who fiicceeded in 109^, was murdered by Mahmud, fon and fuccelFor to the famous Miriweis; iis Mahmud himfelf was by Efrcf, one of his general otkers who ufurped the throne. Prince Tahmas, the reprefentative of the Sefi family, had efcapcd from the rebels, and aflembling an aimy, look into his fervice Nadu- Shah, who defeated and killed Efref, and rt- annexed to the Perfian monarchy all the jolaces difmembcrcd from it I y the Turks and Tartars during tiieir late robtllions. At lalt the fecret am- bition of Nadir broke out, and alter alltutiing the name of lahmas Kouli Khan, and pretending that his fervices were not fufficiently rewarded, he rebelltd againft his fovereign, matle him a prifonei", and, it is fuppofed, put him to death. This ufurper afterwards mounted the throne, under the title of Shah Nadir. His expedition into Indoflan, and the amazing booty he made there, has been mentioned in the defcription of that country. It has been remarked, that he brought back an inconllderablc part of his booty from India, lofmg great part of it upon his return by the Marattas and acci- dents. He next conquered Ufcec l^artary ; but was not fo fuccefsful againft the Daghiftan Tartars, whofe country he found to be inaccefliblc. He beat the Turks in feveral engagement , but was unable to take Bag- dad. The great principle of his government was to flrike terror into all his fubjefts by the moft cruel executions. His condud became fo intoler* ^ible, that it was thought his brain was touched ; and he was aflalfmated in his own tent, partly in felf-defeiice, by his chief officers and his rela- tions, in the year 1747. Many pretenders, upon his death, ftartedup; but the fortunate candidate was Kerim Khan, who was crowned at Tauris I ,6" '5 ^;4i»f-'',*fi'' .-.*'«■ .^.:h « 4 ' -:,' H' ■■■' ARABIA. mm ni^-, 1 '^>i ^ tit H ] I • w ' f^ ' i '*)■'■' 'm'l'"' f H Z'-S. ob[» irrii .-1 A J^. A 15 1 A, ,«;,,^ .,;,,^j.. V'' lUi'liiirofii. rn ioi <' '■,i-''iT^ Vlit ..t! , ^ -»- • '--- "i-. ,:.i >' ii fiif. 'JH'' .'• t* '■ ^ ,,, . . , Situation A^'D IExtent. '/■^•"^J'" •>■; > Miles. Degrees. -' Sq. Miles. Lcnrth I too } u**.„..„ l3<: and 6o Eaft Ion. 7 Breadth iloo } ^^^"" 1 12 and 30 North lat. J 70o,qoo. I'. ,-•,! fj -'. « li.i -..iJ. •QOUNDED by Turkey, on the North j bv the oulfs Boundaries.] of Perfia or BaiTora, and Ormus, which feparSe it from Perfia, on the Eaft; by the Indian Ocean, South ; and {he Red Sea which divides it fronra Africa, on the Weft, ,j,,, ,., ^■Kmrifi Divifions. I. Arabja Petraa, N. W. * -. - { Subdividous. lit." . Chief Tovvns. ??i. h 2. Arabii Deferta, ip the middle, »w. •;vn •^l■\:''^■^^^ '(.', ,3* ; JHaggiaz or Mecca 1 JT • V ! > r Tehan::a — r Mocha ^m 'Mi K -)i< ' .,.] Hadramut — • — 3. Arabia Felix, S. E.< Caflcen — — n r. Segur — — I K*"-^ Oman or Mufcat — /I Jamama — — ^Bahaia — — H-f 1 f Suez, £. Ion. 33-27, { { N. lat. 2(j-5o. r MEccA,E.lon, ^3-30. I lat. 21, 20. < vSideii , . r f Medina : -v', fvxr. ( Dhafar 'Mocha, E. Ion. 41 ^. N. lat. I3-4J. Sibit .M,^o9 Hadramut /^rn:.'Oi >j>. >< Cafleen Segur Mufcat famama Elcaif, •■1 ■n Ti 11 '■■:-h .?• Ji, >' Name.] It is remarkable that this counti'v has always preferved its ancient name. The word jira^y it is generally faid, fignifies a robber, or freebooter. The word Saraten^ by which one tribe is called, is faid to fignify both a thief and an inhabitant of the defert. Thefe ranes iuftly belong to the Arabians, for they feldom let any merchandife pal? through the comitiy without extorting Ibniething fvom the ownei^, if (hey do notrobthenn. ,'jii . ;::r' . if-.h^^s-, lonlrr MovNTAiNS.] The mountains of Sinai and Horeb, lying in .Arabia Pctrxa, eaft of the Red Sea, and thofe called Gabel el Ared, in Arabia Felix, are the moft noted. IxivERs, SEAS, GULFS, AND CAPES.] Thcrc arc few fountains, foiings or rivei-s in this conntiy, except the Kuphratos, which waflies the north-eall limits of it. It is. almoft furrounded wif h ieas ; as the In- dian Ocean, the Red Sea, the gulfs of Perfia and Ormus. The chiet cares or promontories are thofe of Rofalgate and Mufledon. ,k,t ;h,i i Climatf, air, soil, and produce.] As a confiderable part of this country lies under the torrid zone, and the tropic of Cancer palTrt over Arabia Felix, ihe air is exceflively dry and hot, and the country 12 fubject to hot poifonous win^s, like thofe on the oppofite (bores of Per- fis, which often prove fatal, efpecjally to ftrangeis. The foil, in fom> ■ 2 PS'^'h ARABIA. Vi pnrts, is nothinor more tlrm immenre farids, wbirh when agitated by the wiiidb, roll like the troubled ocean, and ibmeiimes form mountains by which whole caravans have bcfn buried or lofl. In thefe deferts, the caravans having no tracks, are guided as at lea, by a compafs, or by the ftars, for they travel chiefly in the night. Here, fays Dr. Shaw, are no pafturts clothed with flocks, nor valleys (landing thick with corn ; here are no vineyards or olive-yards ; but the whole is a lonefome defolate wil- dernefs, no other ways diverdtled than by plains covered with fand, and mountains that are made \ip with naked rocks and precipices. Neither is this country ever, unlefs fomctimes at the equinoxes, reflrefned with rain : and the intenfenefs of the cold in the night is almoft eqwal to that of the heat in the day-time. But th- fouthern parts of Ar^jbia defervedly called the Happy, is blefled with an excellent foil, and, iu-geneial, is vcrv fer- tile. There the cultivated lands, which are chieffy about the towns near the fea coaft, produce balm of Gilead, manna, myrrh, cafTr^,' aloes, frankinceufe, fpikenard, and other valuable gums ; cinnanion, jjepper, cardamum, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, figs, and other fiuits ; ho- ney and wax in plenty, with a fmall quantity pf corn and wine. This country is famous for its coffee and its dates, which laft are foiifiid fcarely any where in fuch pierfeftion as here and in Ferfia. There are few trees lit for timber in Arabia, and little wood of any kind. Animals.] The mod ufeful animals in Arabia are camels and dro meddries ; they are amazingly fitted by providence for traverfing the diy and parched deferts of this country, for they are fo formed, that they can thorw up the liquor from their ftomach into their throat, by which means they can jtravei fix or eig^t days without water. The camels ufuaily carry JJcoib. weight upon their backs, which is not taken oft" during the whole journey, for they naturally kneel down to refl:, and in due time rife with their load. The dromedary is a fmall camel that will travel many miles a day. It is an obfcrvation among the Ai^abs, that wherever there are trees the water is not far off ; and when they draw near a pool, their camels will fmell at a diftance, and fet up their great tiot till they come to it. The Arabian horfcs are well known in Europe, and have contrilnited to im- prove the breed of thofe in England. 1 hey are only fit for the faddle, and are admired for their make as much as for their fwiftncfs and high mettle. The fineft breed is in the kingdom of Sunnaa, in which Mocha is iituated. Inhabitants, manners,) The Arabian , like moft of the nations CUSTOMS, And DRESS. ( of Alia, areofamiddle ftature, thin, and of a fwarthy complexion, with black hair and black eyes. They are Ivvift of foot, excellent horfemen, and are faid to be, ingmeral, a martial brave people, expert at the bow and lance, and, fmce they became acquainted with file arms, good markfmen. The inhabitants of the inland country live in tents, and remove irom place to pace with their flockj. and herds, ds they have done fince they became a nation. 'I he Ai-abinns in general are fuch thieves, that travellers and pilgrims, vho are fed thither from all nations, though motives of devotion cr cu- riofity, are ftruck with terror on their approaches towaids the deferts. Thefe robbers, headed by a captain, traverle the country in confidtrable troops on horfeback and aflault and plunder the caravans ; and iwe are told that fo late as the year 175c, a body of ^ 0,^^00 Arabians attacked a caravan of merchants and pilgrims ictmning from Mecca, killed about ftojcoo perfons, aud plundered it of every tking ^■aluable, though cfcoi ted y- • iit ■■i.'T'i --lii i' • ,71 jT T ;.i; \jf 'P 1 1 Kf*-' 7U ARABIA. i ^1 aii \\xve no fcales. Coifte and tea, water, and flierbet made of oranges, water, and lugar, is their ufual drink ; they have no ftrong liquors. RtJUiGiON,] Oi\this the reader will find an account in the following; liiftory of Mahomet their countryman, ^'jany of the wild Arabs are ftill Pagans, but the ptople iji general proiefs Mahometanifm. Learning akd i.ANuUACt.] Tlijou^'jh the Arabians in former affcs were famous for their learninj^ and (liill in all the liberal arts, there is fcarcely a country at prefcat where the people are fo univerfally ignorant. The vulgar language ufed in the three ArabiaL^ is the Arabelk, or corrupt Arabian, which is likewife fpoken, with fome variation of dialei'>, over great part of the Eaft, from Egypt to the court of the Great IMogul. The pure old grammatical Arabic, whicli isftid to be a dialed of the Hebrew, and by the people of the Eaft accounted the richefl, moft energetic, and copious language in the world, is taught in their fchools, as Greek and Latin isamongil the Europeans, and ufed by Mahometans in their worfliip; for as the Koran was written ia this language, thty will not fuffcr it to be read in any other : they look upon it to havt been the language of Para- dife, and think no man can be maftcr of it without a miracle, as confifr- ing of feveral millions of words. Tlie books which treat of it fay, thty have no fewer than a thoufand wcrds to exprefs the word tv/wr/, and five hundred for that of a Iio». The I'atcr-nofter in the Arabic is as foU Abuna ellaeiht fi-ffamviat ; jrtkaJtJas cfntac ; tatl malciattdc : taouri maf- chiaticy nuna fi-Jfumq \ kedhaleo aui lanih aating chohzcna kefattta iaum hciaum ; tvoagfjr Ic'ta donuhcna -MoJjatalaa., cama nog for nachna Icmen aca doina ; iMula tailalhehalna Jihajarih ; lakm titcjjina me nnejlhrrh;. Amen. ^, Chief tin ts,cuRiosiTitS|i ) What is called the Defert of Sinai, AND ARTS. j is a beautiful plain near tiine miles long/and abo>it three in breadth ; it lie. open to the north-eaft, but to the ioukuward is dofed by fome of the l.wer e^nincnces of Mount Sinai, and other parts pf that mountain make fuch enl- roach me nts upon die plain as to divide it in two, each fp c^jpAcious ,05 t,o, be Tuffip^ijt to receive the whole camp of the Ifrcalites.:, .' \, " V. V '' ' ■- Tj^ ■ ^^ From INiount -- inai may be feen Mount Horeb, where iVlofes kept the fliKks of Jethro, his father-ni-law, when he faw the burning bufli. On thofe mountains ave many chapels and cells pofTefled by the Greeks and Latin monks, who, like the religious at Jerulalem, pretend to (Irw the verv fpot where every nuride or tranfaftion recorded in Scripture hap- pened. The chief cities in Arabia are Mocha, Aden, Mufcat, Sqc;5, and, J mi ^ (|^i, \vhtT,?,moil pfthe tfadeof t|^|s covuti-y ,i& c;^*- ried oii, nq jr,-,,,„ ARABIA. 715 Mocha is well built, the hoiifes very lofty, ?nd are with the wr,!Is and forts, covered with a chinam or ftiicco, that gives a tlazzlino; whiteiu-rs to them. The harbour is femicircular, the circuit of the waMs is two mile;, «ul there are fever.il haiuifome mosques in the city. Sue/, the Arfinoe of the ancients, is furrountled by the Defert, and but a fljabby ill built place. The (liips are obliged to anchor a league from the town, to wliich the leading channel has only about nine feet water. Juddah is the piacf of the oreatefl trade in the Red Sea, for there the commerce between Arabia ;ind Europe meets, and is interchanged, the former fending her guins, drugs, coffee, &c. anri from Europe come cloths, iron, fins, and other articles, by the way of Cairo. The revenues of thefe, with the profits of the port, are fiiared by the Grand Signior, and the Xeriff" of Mecca, to whom this place Jointly belongs. Merer, the capital of all Arabia, and Medina, deferve particular no- tire. At Mecca, the birth-place of Mahomet, is a mofque fo glorious, that it is generally counted the moft magnificent of any temple in ths Tui'kifli dominions: iti lofty roof being raifed in fafliion of a dome, and covered with gold, with two beautifiil towers at the end, of extraordinary height and architeiVure, make a delightful appearance, arid are confpicu- ous at a great diftance. The mofque hath a hundred gates, wirii a win- dow over each ; and the whole building within is decorated with the fineft gildings and tapeftry. The number of pilgrims wno yearly vifit this place IS slmoft incredible, every muUiilinan being obliged l)y his religion to come hither once in his lifetiriie, or fend a deputy. At Medina, about fifty miles from the Red Sea, the city to which Mahomet fied when he was driven out of Mecca, and the place where he was buried, is a flat^^ly mofque, fupported by 400 pillars, and furniflied w'.th 300 filvcr lamps, which are continually burning. It is called the " Moji Hol-^ ' by the Turks, becaufe in it is placed the coffin of their prophet Mahomet, co- vered with a cloth r gold, under a canopy of filvcr tilTue, which the bafliaw of Egypt, byorder^of the Grand Signior, renews every year. The camel which carries it derives a fort of fan(5lity from it, and is never to be uPjd in any drudgery afterwards. Over the foot of the coffin is a rich golden rrefcent, fo curioufly wrougiit, and adorned with precious ftones, that it is efteemed a-mafter-piece of great value. Thither the pilgrims refort, ;i$ to Mecca, but not in fuch numbers. Government.] The inland country of Arabia is under the govern- ment of many petty prmces, who are ftyled xerifs and imans, both of them including the offices of king and prieft, in the fame manner as the ca- liphs of the Saracens, the fucceflbrs of Mahomet. Thefe monarchs appear to be abfolute, both in fpirituals and temporals ; the fucceffion is heretii- tary, and they have no other laws than thole found in the Koran, and the comments upon- it. The northern Arabs owe fubjeftion to the Turks, raid are governed by bafliaws refiding among them ; but it is certain that thty receive large gratuities from the Grand >signiorfor proteding the pilgrims that pafs through their country, from the robberies of their countrymen. The Arabians have no {landing regular militia, but the kings command both the perfons and the purfes of their fubjeds, as the ueceifity of affairs require. History.! The hiftory of that country in fome meafuro dilFers from that of all othersj for as the flavery and fnbjeftion of otiftr nations make a great part of their hiftorv, that of the Arabs is enrireiy compofcd of their ■ ' ~ " :l, of iconquells or indcfuuidencf. T|>e Aiv.bs iirc defcendec) ii\nu j.\b\ fill ' ^^ 1- In ': •fj(? 'tk ' irr i >,' f i-1 wliofe 7i6 A M H\ R A B I A. whofe pof^i^nn- it w;is foirtold, that thry fliould be invinrible, "have rticir hands ^gainft every nnn, And every man's hands auyinft their's.'* They are at preient, rnul have remained from the remotell ages, durin of the Arabs make as wonderful a part of their hiftory, as the independ ncc am,' freedom which they have ever continued to enjoy. Tht-le, as well as their religion, hep^an with one man, whofe char-u'-tcr forms a vcrv fingulnr phacnon.cnon in tb.c hiftory of mankind. This \vas the famous Maho- met, a native of IV'fecca, a city of that divilion of Arabia, which for the l':',^ artcrward-- taken into the fervice of a rich merchant, upon whole death he married his widow, Cadiga, and by her means came to be poflelied of great wealth, and of a mimernus familv. During his peregrinations into Egypt and the Eafl, he h.Td obferved the vafl variety ot ieS:s in religion, whofe hatred againil each other was llronjj and invcr terate, wnile at the fame time there were many particulars m which the greater pait of them were agreed. He carefully laid hold of thefe parti- culars, by means of which, and by adcirefling himfclf to the love of power, riches, and pleal'ure, palfions univcrfal among them, he expected fo raife a new fyftem of religion, m.ore general than any which hitherto bad beeen eflabliilied. In this religion he was aiTifled bv Ser-ius, a monk, whofe libertine difpofition had made him foifakc hiscloirter and profefllon, nnd engage in the fervice Of Cadign, with wh'om he remained as a do- meflic wheri Mahomet was taken to her bed. This monk was jx-rfectly qnalirted, by his great learning, foi- fuppiyingthe defefts which his maf- ter, for want of a libnal education, laboured under, and which, in all pcf^bability, rniift have obftrui'Ud the execution of his defign. It wn^ ne- cefiar^T, howevtr, that the religion they propMor Adrian, who threatened the to'*l extin(^ion of that people. The other inhabitants of rhefe oonntries we're Pai^ans. ThcL-, however, ban little attachment to ihtir derived and de- rided idolatry ; and like men whofe relij^iolis principles are weak, had given themfelves over to pleafure and fenfuaiity, oj- to the acqiiifitioH of riches, to be the better able to indulge in the gratification of ien(s which to{:;ether with the dolifli his laws, but to fubdue thofe who were unwilling fO believe or obey them ; and for this end to eftablifli a king- dom upon earth which fliould propagate the divine law throughout tiic wo#ld ; that God had defigned utter ruin ajid deftruilion to thale who lliould refufe fo fubmit to him ; but to his faithful followers, he had given the fpoils and profleffions of all the earth, as a reward in this life, and had provided for them hereafter a paradife of all fenfual enjoyments, efpccially thofc of love ; that the pleafures of fuch as died in propagating the faith^ would be peculiarly intenfe, and vaftly tranfcend thole of the reft. Thefe, together with the prohibition of drinking ftrong liquors, (a reftraint not Very fevere in warm climates,) and the doilrine of predeftination, were the capital articles of Mahomet's creed. They were no fooner publiflud than a vaft number of his countrymen embraced them with implicit faith. They were written by the prieft we formerly mentioned, and compote a ^ook called the Koran, or Alkoran by way of eminence, as we lay the Bible, which means the Book. The p^rfon of Mahomet, however, was familiar to to the inhabitants of Mecca ; fo that the greater part of them were fufficiently convinced of the deceit. The more enlightened and leading meti entered into a defign to cut him off ; but Mahomet getting notice of their iritention, fled from bis native city to Medina Tahmachi, or the City of the Prophet. Tlic fame of his miracles and do6lrine was, according to cuftom greateft at a diftance, and the inhabitants of Medina received him with open arms. From this flight, whfch happened in the tiiA year of Cbrilt, the forty-fourth year of Mahomet's age, and tl.e tenth of his miniftry, his follwers, the Mahpmeiahs, compute their luwe, and the aera is cialled in Arabic, Hegira, i. e. the Flight. ,* ^Ij^otnet, by the ai^%uc< of the inhabitants of Medina, and of others, o.;.»tot /1t:>Mou ,bi;'C« .>..:^. .K !>-. .J ,■ .\A .iv-^-M . UuuiWli'^ut :,;'rif' ■"m ; . ■ 1 Ir I ' '''■ U,w-^ mm 7i8 Indian ai^d Oriental Islands. whom his infinuation and addrefs daily attached to him, brought over all his countrymen to a bt^lief, or at It-aft to an acquiefcence in his dotlrines. The Ipcedy propagation of his fyftem among the Arabians was a new argument in its behalf among the inhabitants of Egypt and the Eaft, who were previoufly difpofed to it. Arians, Jews, and Gentiles, all fo)- fook their ancient faith, and became Mahometans. In a word, the con- tagion fpread over Arabia, Syria, Egypt, and i'erfia ; and Mahoitiet^ from a deceitful hypocrite, became tne moft powerful monarch in his time. He died in 629, leaving two branches of his race, both eftcenud divine among their fubjects. Thefe were the caliphs of Perfia and of Egypt, under the lalt of which Arabia was included. The f'pt and Arabia direfted their ravages towards Europe, and under the names of Saracens or Moors, XM'hich they obtained becaufe they entered Europe from Mauritania, in Africa, the cwintry of the floors) reduced moft of Spain, Fiance, Italy, aiid the illands in the Mediterranean. In this manner did the fucceflors of that impoftor fpread their religion jind conquefts over the greateft part of Afia, Afiica, and Europe j and they ftill give law to a very confiderable pait of mankind, j . The INDIAN and ORIENTAL ISLANDS. THE JAPAN ISLANt)S fprm together what has been called" the empire of JAPAN, and are governed by a moft def« pocic prince, who is fometimes called emperor, and ibmetimes king< They are fituated about 150 miles eaft of C^iiia, and extend from the 3Cth to the 41ft degree of north latitude, and from the I3cth to the 147th of eaft longitude. The chief town is Jeddo, in the J4ift degree of eaft longitude, and the 36th of north latitude. The foil and produc- t)»its of the country are pretty much the fame with thofe of China; and the inhabitants are famous for their lacker-ware, known by the name of japan. The iflands themfelves are very inacceftible, through their high locks and lempeftuous feas ; they are fubjeft to earthquakes, and have fome volcanoes. I have already n^.entioned the circumftajice of the Dutch expelling the Portuguefe from this gainful trade. The Japanefe them- felves ar^ the groflcft of all idolaterb, and fo ineconcileable to Chrifti- anity, that it is commonly faid the Dutch, who are the only European people with whom they now trade, pretend themfelvej to be no Chrifti- ■fus, and humour the Japanefe in the moft abfurd fuperftitions. Not-' withftanding all this compliance, the natives are very ftiy and rigorous ia all their dealings with the Dutch ; and Nagafacci, in the iftand of Pezi*' ma, is the only place where they are iuffl^red to trade. The complexions of the Japanefe are in general yellowifti, although fome few, chiefly women, are almoft white. Their narrow eyes, and high eye-brows, are ]ike thofe of the Chinefe and Tartars; and their nofes are ftiort and thick. Their hair is uuverfally black 5 and fuch a famenefs of fafhion reigns throughout the whole empire, that the head-drefs is the fame from the emperor to the peafant. The faftiion of th«ir cloats hr.s alfo remain- ed the hmt from v«ry higli antiquitj^-. I'^ey couiift of one or more k)of« ver all iliines. a new ; Eaft, all fol- ic con- hoitict^ in his kenitd Egypt, turned . Th« pe, and becaufe of the in the Indian and Oriental Islands. ■ 719 ^ govns tied about the middle with a fafli. People of rank have them made of (ilk, b\if the lower chfs of cotton fl'ufl's. Women gciicraily wear , a (rreater number of them thnn mcoj and nuuh lonwer, and have them ' rr.ore ornamented, often withhold or lilvcr flowers woven into the ftutf. Thtir hpufes are imilt with uprir^ht poOs, crciled and wattled with bam- boo, plaiftered bodi without and within, and white-wiifhed. They ge- nerally have two llories ; but the uppennoft is low, and f'eldom inhabit- ed. The roofs are covered with pantiles, lar;>c and heavy, but neatly made. The tloois are elevated two feet from the ground, and roverect with planks, on which mars were laid. They huve no furniture in theif rooms ; neither mblts, chairs, tfools, benches, cupbolnl?, or even beds. Their ruftom. is to lit dcAva oa their heels upon the m:^ti*, whieh are al- ways fofr and clean. Their vifliials are fervcd up to thehi on a low board, raifed but a few inches from the fioor, and one diih only at a tlmfc. 'Mir-' rors they have, l;>ut never fix them up in their houfes as ornamental fur- , niture : they are made of a compound metal, and ufed only at their toilets. - Notwithftanding the fevcrity of their winters, which obliges fhem to, Warm their houfes from November to March, they have neither fire- plarcs nor ftoves: iniiead of thefe they ufe large qopper pot* ftandin* wpon legs. Thefe are lined on the infide with loam, on which afhes aritch feud to Japan, they carry thither annually upwards of 200,000 deer-fltins, and rtioic than ioo,oco hides, the greated pirt of wh'ich they get fron> Siam, where they pay for them in money. The march^mlife they ex- |)ort from thefe iflands, both for Bengal and. Europe, conftft in 9CO0 thefts of copper, each weighting 120 pounds, and froin 25 to 30,000 weight of camphor. Their profits on imports and exports aire valued ac 4') or 45 per cent. As the Dutch company do not pay duty in Japan, either on their exports or .imports, they fend an anmial prtfent ttf, t'le emperar, confiditlg of clotli, cliiutz* fiKcotas, cotton^ llulfs> and tiinkfts. • ' Tlic L^ D K OK E IS LANDS, of which the dtief town is fald to be Guam; taft longitude 140, north latitude 14 : they are about twelve in number* Tiie jjeople took live ir naine from' their pilfering qualities. We ki»ovv nothing of them worth a particular roeiition, excepting that loid Anfon i lanacd I I I- Sll' hlfe: '■■ 'f i'.l' l.»* 'ii-t 720 Indian and Oriental IsLANDJit Inndrd vipon one of them (Tinian), where he found great refrcfhment fo^ himfelf ;ind his rrew. FORMOSA is hkewife an oriental ifland. It is fituated to the cart of China, near the province of Fo-kien, and is divided into two parts by a chain of mountains, which runs though the middle, beginning at the fouth coaft, and ending at the north. This is a very fine ifland, and abounds with all the ncceiTaries of life. That part of the ifland whirh lies to the weft of the mountains, belongs to the Chinefe, who confidcr the inhabitants of the eaftcm parts as favnges, though they are faid to be a Very inoffenfive people. The inhabitants of the cultivated parts are the fame with the Chinefe, already defcribcd. The Chinefe have like, wife made therrtfelves matters of feveral other illauds in thefe feas, of \yhich we fcarcely know the names ; that of Ainan is between fixty and feventy leagues long, and between fifty and fixty in breadth, and but twelve miles from the province of Canton. The original inhabitants are a (hy, cowardly people, and live iti the moft unwholefome part of the ffland, the coaft and cultivated parts, which are very valuable, being poflelTed by the Chinefe. The PHILIPPINES, of which there are i |oo in number, lying in the Chinefe fca (part of the Pacific Ocean) 300 miles fouth-eaft of China, of which Manilla, or Luconia, the chief, is 460 miles long and 200 broad. The inhabitants confift of Chinefe, Ethiopians, Malays, Spa- niards, Portuguefe, Pintados, or painted people, and Meftes, a mixture of all thefe. The property of the iflandj befbngs to the king of Spain, they having been difcovered by Magellan, and afterwards conquered by the Sj>aniards.4n the reign of Philip II. from whom they take their name. Their iituation is fuch, between the eaflern and weftern continents, that tlie inhabitants trade with Mexico and Peru, as well as with all the iflands and places of the Eaft Indies. Twofliips from Acapulco, in Mexico, carry on this commerce for the Spaniards, who make 400 per rent, profit. The country is fruiifiil in all the necefTaries of life, and beautiful to the eye. Venifcn of all kinds, buffaloes, hogs, ftieep, goats, and a particular large fpecies of monkeys, are found here in great plenty. The neft of tlie bird faligan affords that diflblving jelly, which is fo voluptuous a rarity at European tables. 7Iany European fruits and flowers" thrive furprifingly in thefe iflands. If a fprig of an orange or lemon tree is planted here, it becomes within the year a fruit-bearing tree ; fo that its verdure and luxuriancy of the foil are almoft incredible. The tree amet fupplies the natives with water ; and there is alfo a kind of cane, which if cut yields fair water enough for a draughr, of which there is plenty in the mountains, where water is moft wanted. The city of Manilla contains about 3000 inhabitants ; its port is Cavlte, lying at the diftance of three leagues, and defended by the caftle of St. l^hiiip. In the year 1762, Manilla was reduced by tlie Englifh undef general Draper and admiral Cornifli, who took it by ftorm, and humanely luflfered the archbifliop, who was the Spanifti viceroy, at the fame time to ramfom the place for about a million fterling. The bargain, however, was ungeneroufly difowned by him and the court of Spain^ fo that grefit part of the ranfom is ftill unpaid. The Spaniili government is fettled there, but the Indian inhabitants pay a capitation tax. The other iflandsi, particularly Mindanao, the largeft next to Manilla, are governed by petty princes of' their own, whom they «aU fultans* The fultaii of Mindanao j^ a Mahometan, Upon '^ Ihdfan asd Oriental Islakos. 721 Upon the whole, though. thefe ifljnds are enriched with all the profii- ■ fiw of nature, yet they arc fubjeft to moft dreadhil earthquakes, thunJer, r»ini, and lighting ; and the Ibil is peUered with m loy noxious and ve< nomout creatures, and even herbs and flowers, whofe poifjns kill almoin inftantaneouHy. Some of their roountains are volcunos. The MOLUCCAS, commonly calle^l the Spice oc Clove Islam: s^ Thcfc are not out of f.ghi of each other, and lie all within the com- pafi of twemy-five leagues, tothefouthotihcFhiilippinps, in i •. 5 degret a ofcaft longitude, and bccwecn one degree '."mth, and two north Ijtitude. They arfe in number five, viz. Bachian, Machian, Motyr, Ternate, and Tydor. Thefe iflands produce neither corn nor rice, lb that the inha- • bitaots live upon a bread made of fiigoe. Their chief produce cohlills of • cloves, toace, and nutmegs, in raft quantitifs ; which are monopolfrtJ * by the Dutch with (o much jcaloufy, ihat they deftroy the plants left <\ie natives (l)oul^ fell the fupemumerary fpicesi to other nations. Thefc; ifjands^ - after bern^ fubjedl to various powers, are now governed bv three kings,, ftfbordiiiati to the Dutch. Ternate is the laigeft of thtfd iflands, thoiigh ' Md more than thirty miles in circumference. The Dutch have here a fbit ■ called Vi«^oria ; and another, called Fort Orange, in Miichian.' ." V 7 "'' The BANDA, or NtirMEc Isands, arc fituatfd between 127 and^iiSt ' degrees eaft longitude, and between fo'ur and five fouth latitude, conflf* prehending the iflands of Lantor, the chief town of which is Lahior, Poleron, Rofinging, Pooloway, and G«napi. The chief forts belonging to the Dutch on thefe iflands are rhofe of Revenge and Naflau. Tho ' nutmeg, coffered with mace, groWs on thefe iflands only, and they arc entirely fubje^t to the Dutch. In feveral iflands that lie near Banda ancl A'mboya, tht nutmeg and clove would grow, becaufe, as naturaliits till us birds, efpecially doves and pigeons, fwallow the nutmeg and clove whole, and void them in the fame ftate ; which is one of the feAfbhs why the Dutch declare war againit both birds in the wild pinntittions: The great nutme? harvefl is in June and Auguft. ^^ ^ . AMBOYNA. Thiallland, taken' in a large fenfe< is' bne,' arid ilje mofl coafidei'able df the Moluccas, which, in fa^, it tommandsi It is fitu- ated in the Archipelai;o of St . Lazarus, between the third and foufth degree bf fouth latitude, and 120 leagues to tfhe ^iltWard of Batavia.' Amboyna Is about feventy miles in ciicumViereticc, 'aitd defended by" si Dutch garrifori of 7 or 800 men, befides fmall forts, whi.U pibtedt tbijir. clove plantatiions. It is well known, that when the Portdguefe ^kdc drtVtii off this iflarid, t'hti trade oF it was earned on by the EVigRflrahd Diitch ; and the barbarities of the latter in firft tovturing and then murdering thft Eiiglilh, arttf tlierfiby engrolTin^g the whole tragic, ind that of Banda, can never be forg^otten ; bUt will be tranfmitted a4' a memoial bf DuttH infamy attfhis peribd, to'all policriiy. This trnrg^Cal cvciit happened irt The iflaiid of CELEBTES, oV Macassah, is fituated under the iiijiia^or, between thTC iftand of Borneo sind the Space Ifl^t^ds, at the diftUnCc of 160 feagucs from'Batada, aM i^s jOC miles long an* abS'br^^d. Th!s iflarid; nbtwithftaftailig fts heat,- It" is' rendered h^bltee by brc^rei frdm thi- rioVth' and pferiodical rains. Its jchi(;f4)iodu61s are pepper and ojuum { and ^he. natives are expert in the ftudy of poilorts, with a variety of which nature hasfurnHhetl-theiii/ TfiifDufch hdvea fdi^tiftcatfeh dn thi§ ifljfud ;• b'ut t^reiolirtial^t-bf itts'gttverned bythfed'lcin^si thfe-^hicf df t^hbitf re*. itlesih ^hetvfra cff Macafftr* In thi«, and indeed in almoft all' the'CKriehtal 2 a «* '• iflittdi. ■'(. .m 72.2 Ii^DiAN AND Oriental Islands, iflands, the inhabitants live in houfes built on large pofls, which arc tc» ceflibic only fiy laJdcrs, shich thfy pill up in the night tine, for iht.ir fccurity agaialt venonious miinals. f'hcy arc I'tid ut ht h.npitat.lf ;ii)d faithful, it not pio.oked. Tiny cany u lai^^c trade, with the Chirtlt'. Their port of Jainpodcu is the niofl cucjucioas of any in that part ol the world. The D.itch have liV^mfc fortified GILOI.O and CRKAM, two ohcr fp'icc idinJs lying under the equator, and will link any fhips that attempt to tratlic in thoic- ft a'. 'ihe SUNDA ISLANDS. 'Thefeare fituated in the Indi;uj O.ean, bctwen 93 and 120 dcgrcti of cart longitude, ai)d between eii,ht de- grees iT( rtli aud (ij^ht degrtcs fouth latitu(ic, coniprchenoinf» the ifands of Borneo, buui:;ira, Java, Billy, Lamlioc, Banca, &c. The three firil, from their gicat extent and importance, require 10 be feparately de< fcribsd, BORNEO is frid to he 8co miles long, and 700 broad, and is therefore thought tobethclargcft illand in the world. The inl.ind part of the coun- try is nurfliy and unhealthy ; and the inhabitants live in towns built upon floats in the middle of the rivti 8, The foil produces rice, cotton, cane?, pfpper, ca'niphof, the tropical fruits, go'd, imd excellent diamonds. The fiwnoiis ouian-ojtang, one of whiiih was diircftei by Dr. Tyfon atOxfoid, is a native of tliis country, and is thought of all irrationd beings to refemblea man the molt. The original inhabitants are faid to live in the mounraiiis, and muke ufe of poifoncd dans ; but the fea-coaft is govt ri>ed by Mahomttan priices; the chief port of this iflaiid is Bcnjar:Maffccn, and carries on a commerce with all tra^'.ing nati-)ns. SUMATRA has Malacca on the north, Borneo onthecafl, and Java m file f)Uih-eafl, trom which it is feparated by the ftraits of Sunda ; it is divided into two equal parts by thtr equaior, extending five degrees, and upwards, north-wtft of ir, and five on the fouih-eaft j and is looo iriles lopgy and 100 broad. This jflaad produces Xt much gold, that it is thought to be theOphir * mentioned in the Icnptures ; bqt Mr. Marfden in hi:> lat« iiillory of the ifl^nd, thinks it was unl^nown to the ancient^.— Its chief trade with the £uroi)eans lies in pepp« r. The Englilh Eaft India company have two fettlements here, Bencuolen and Fort-Marlborough ; from whence they bring their cliief cargoes of pepper. The king of Achcn h the c^ief of the M7 ^77 ieet< m ivjo/t^ vtt- -•. ■(«. t - iTI, tUi6 Indian and Oriental Islands, 723 thife of the Dutch at P.illmban, on the other fide the iflantl, wiife on long rairow flips ct the bavk of a tree, with a piece of bamboo. They begin jt ilic bottom, ;ind write from the left liaiui to the riijiir, contrary to ihu iiilon of other ealk.n nations Thefi" inliab't.iiita oi the interior parts ot" S.imatia are a free people, and live in fmall villnrcs, called Doofan?, indc- |i(!i>ctit of each other, and governed each by his own chief. All of them kavc 'au'S, fome written ones, by which they pniiifli ofFcudcrs, and tcinii- Ditc (lifputes. They have ahuoft all of thcin, particularly tlic won>en, li;ee Iwchings in the throat, fpme nearly as fig as a man's head, but itx jiuicral as big as an ouiich's egg, like the goitres of the Alps, That part uf this illat.d which is called tlie Caflia country, is well inhabited t».y a people called Battas, who differ from all th« other inhabitants of Siiniatr4 ill luuguage, manners, and tuQonis. They have no king, but live iix villtgrs, independently of ca;h other, and generally at v^kri mce with one anotiicr. They fortify their villages very Urongly with double fetjces yf camphor plank pointed, and placed with their points projc».'ting fnitwards; and between thcle fences they places pieces of bamboo, hardened by fire and likewile pointed, which are concealed by the grafs, but which will rua quite though a man's foo^ Such of their enemies whom they take prifoners, they put to death and eat, and their ikullsthey hang up as tro- phies, in the houfcs where the unmarried men at^d boys eat and lleep,~> They allow of polygamy ; a ma|| may purchafe as many wives as h« pleiles ; but their number feldom exceeds eight. All theV wives live in the fame noufc with their hufband, and the houfes have no partition ; but tnch wife has her feparate fire>place. It is from this country tliat moil of thecalfia fent to Europe is produced. The caflia tree grows to fifty or fixtyfeet, with a, item of about two feet diameter, and a beautiful and re- giilirfpi easing head. Within about ninety miles of Sumatra is the iiland otE\GANHO, which is very little known, on account of the terrible rocks and bicykers which entirely furround it. It is inhabited by n>iked fa- Tagrs, who are tall and well made, and who generally appear armed with lances and clahs, and fp.-ak.a different language from the inhabitants of tov of the neighbouring illands. The grcateu part of J A V A belongs to the Dutch, whohave here ereft^d 1 1 kind of commercial monarchy, the capit.il of which is Batavia, a noble and populous city lying in the latitude of fix degrees fouih, nt the mouth of the river Jucti, and furniflied with one of tlie finetf harbours in tha 1 world. The town itfelf is , built in the manner of thofe in Holland, and IS about a league and a half in circumference, with five gucs, and fur- rojiided by regular fortificatirnis ; but its faburbs a;e faid to be ten tiraieg more populous than itfelf. The govenmcnt here is a mixture ot Eaftrii inag;iil:cei)cc and European police, and held by the Dutch governor gcne- [ra'iofthc Indies. When he appears abroad, he is attended by his guards snd officers, and with a fplendor fuperior to that of any European poten- tate, except upon fome folemnoccafions. The city is as beautiful as it is urong, and its fine canala^ bridges, and avenues, render it a moftagreeab e hefidence. The defcription of it," its government, and public edifices > nave employed whole volumes. The citadel, where the governor has his palace, commands the town and the luburbs, which are inhabited by naiir s ofalnort every nation in the world; the Chincfe refiiding in this ifland btmor computed at ioo,oco ; bjt about 30,000 of that nation weiebar- Mroufly mafl'icred, without the fmalleft offence ever proved upoi them, |V ';49. This muflacre was* too unprdvpked aod detellable to be de- 3 A a fended '». > n ■'.t ' «■■■: I'l 724 Indian and Oriental Islands. fended even by the Dutcli, who, when the governor ariivcd in Europf, fcnt Mm b ick to be tried at Batavia ; but he never has been h^ard o\ liiKt. A l)uich> garrilon of 30CO men couAandy refides at Batavia, and about 1^,000 troo^is arc quartered in the illand and the neighbourhood of the cit« . The ANDAMAN and NICOBAR iflands. Thcfcinandslic at the en- trance of the hay of Bengal, and lumifh pruvifions, confiAing of tropicdl fruits and other ncceiTariei', for the lliips that touch there. They are otherwife too inconfiderable to be mentioned. They are inhabited hy a harmlef', inodVnlive, but idolatrous people, CEYLON. This ifland, though not the lar^eft, is thought to be by natU'^ the richcft and fined ifland in the world. It is fituatcd in the Iiulini) Ocean, near Cape Comorin ; the fouthern extremity of the Hither IVnin. fula of India, being feparated from the coaft of Coromandel by a narrow (Irair, and is 250 miles long, and 200 brosui. The natives call ir, with fome fliew of reafon, the terredrial paraxHA; ; and it produces, befidti excellent fiuits of all kinds, long pepper, fine cotton, ivory, fitk, to* bacco, ebony, muflc, cryilal, falt-peter, fulphur, lead, iron, fleel, cop. yet; bcfidis cjnnamon, gold, and lilver, and all kinds of precious {lone-, except* diamonds. All kmds of fowl and fiih abound here. Every part of the illand is well woodrd and \ratered ; and befides fome cUrious animals, peculiar to itlfelf, it has plenty of crows, buffaloes, goats, hogs, deer, hares, dogs, aail other cjuadrupfds. ^he Ceylon elepi^ant is perferreJ t» all othert, iqiccially if fpottrd ; but leveral noxious animals, fuch as ferpcnts and aiits, are likewiii: found' here. The chief commodity of tht iflbiid, however, is its cinnamon, which is by far the beft in all Ada. Though its trees grow in grear profufion, yet the beft is found ia the tnighbourhood ofColumbo, the chief fettlemcnt of the Dutch, and Nc- piinbo. The middle of the country is mountainous and woody, fo ih:it the rich and beautiful vallies are left in the pblTeilion of the Dutch, who have in a mannelr fnut up the- bing in his capital city. Candy, which il-ailds on a mountain in the middle of the iibnd, fo that he has fi-arcuv any commuuication with other nations, or any property in the riches uf liis own domirjions. The dcfccndents of the ancient inhabitants are Cdllcd Cingliiffes, who, tholigh idolaters, value themfelves upon maimainin," their ancient laws and culloms. They are in general a (bber inffcn- : fivt people, and are mingltd with Moors, Malabars, Portugucfe, and • Dutch. It friay be here proper to obferve, that the cinnamon-tree, which is a native of thil iflandj has two, if not three bark?, which form th* true cin- '' namon ; the trees of a middling gro\i'th and age afibrd the bcft ; 2nd the body of the tree, which, when Ibipped, is whi:e, ferves for buiUHngand| ether ufts. In 1656, the Dutch were invited by the natives of this deli>| cious iiland, to defend them aj|,ainft the Poriuguefe, whom they expelled, and have monopolized it ever fince to themfelves. Indeed in January] 1782, Trincomale, the chief fca- port of. the illand, was tiiken by the Englilhj but foon af erwards re-taken by the French, and reftortd to tbff I * Djtch by the laft treaty of peace. f The MALDIVES. Thefcarea vaftclufter of fmall iflandsor littlerocki juft above the water, lying between the equator and eight degrees north! latitude, near Cape Comorin. They arc chiefly reforted to by the Dut^'Ji who drive on a profitable trade with the natives for courics, a khidof final j ikcilsy which go, or rather formerly went, fur money wpou the coafts ot Indian and Oaiii^TAL Islanls, fi linPa and other parts of AtVicn. The cocoa of the Maldives is an cv- cdhnt commodity in a mednin,*! captciiy : '* Of thii tree (fays a wclU iiiiormcd autlior) thry build veiTcls of twentv or thiriy tons ; their hulls, mails, fails, rif^gtng, aachors, cablet, provilion>, and tiling, arc all frcia this ufeful tiec." Wc have already menttonrd BOMBAY, on the Mal.ibar coaft, in fpcak- iot: of India. With regard to the language of all the Orkntal iHandi, nothing certain can be Tud. Each iiland has a particular longoc ; but the Malayan, Chincfe, Portuguefe, Dutch, and Indian {words, arc fo frequent aiuongthcm, that it is difficult for any Europeuot who is not very expert in thele maiteri, to ki»ow the radical language. The fame ni^y be aln>t>lt fiid of their religion ; for though its origin.il is certainly Pagan, yet it it iuiermtxed with uiany Mahometan, Jiwifh, ChiilUan, and o.hcr foreign fupcrlHtions. The fea which Separates the fouthern point of the pcninfula of Kamr- fchatka from Japan, contains a number of iflands in a pnlition from north' north-caft to fouth-fouth-wcft, which are calied the K.UR1LE ISLANDS. They are upwards of twctvry in number, arc all mountainous, and in feve* ral of them are volcanos and hot fprings. The principal of thefe idanda arc inhabited ; but fome of the little ones are entirely defert and unpeo- pled. They differ much from each other in refpeiSt boh^f their fituatioa and natural conflituiion. The forefts in the more northern ones arecom- pofed of laryx and pines ; thofc to the Ibuthern produce canes, bamboos^ vines, &c. in fome of them arc bears and foxe!>. The fea-otter appears on the coaft of all thefe iflands, ai well as whales, fea^horfes, feals, and other amphibious a-nimalR. Some of the inhabitants of thefe iflanda have a great likenefs to the Japanefe, in their manners, language, an4 perfonal appearance ; others very much referable the KLamtfchadale?. The northern iflands acknowledge the fovereignty of the empire of Ruflia, but thofc to the fouth p:iy homage to Japan. The ICurilians difcover much humanity and probity in their condu^, and are courteous and hof- piiable ; but adverBiy renders ihem timid, and prompts them to fuicide. They have a particular veneration for old age. They reverence an old man whoever be be, but have an efpecial affc£tion for thofe of their re- fpcdive families. Their language is agreeable to the ear, and they fpealc and pronounce it flourly. The men are employed in hunting, fiflitng for lea animals and whales, and catching fowl. Their canoes are made of the wood that their forefls produce, or ih^t the fea cafls upon their fliorea. The women liave charge of the kircheo, atid make cloaths. In the northern ifles they few, and make ditfcrcm cloths of the thread of nettles. The fouthern iflands are more refiD«o and poliflied than the northern, and carry on afoit of commerce with japan, whither they export whale- oil, furs, and eagles feathers to i'lcdec arrows with. In rerurn they bring Japanefe utenfils of metal and varnilhed wood, (killets, fabre?, different nuffs, ornam«ats9fluxur};,and parade, tobacco, all forts of trinkets, and fuiU wares. ' :.,. bit ,, -. • • ' " ' . • ' 1^» m i t M t ; t : ■ 1 !^!' if- !'- it' V ■' 4 : L i *. ^ ■ ■> f' '^ r ■■: 'I J. ' — ' ■ ' .. . «ri»,.,^»^ 'i:v* A F R I C A. .'•r ~ f-' '. A FRirA, the 'third gr;tnJ divifion of the globe, is generally repre. jt\, feiitcd a- bearinjj Jome reiembiance to the torm ot .« pyramid, iho bafe be n^ the iiortiieoundedon the north by the Mediterranean fea, which fep.raies it from Europe ; on the eaft by the ilthmiis of Si czj the Rfd Sea, and the Indian «>ccan, which divides it fro 11 Alia ; on ibc fouth by tite fuuihern Oican; and on the wtft by tlie great Athntic ocean, whi h feparatcs it from Ameiica. As tl^e etjuator divides this ex- teniitfc country almoil in the middle, and the f.ir grc^teft part of it is within the tropics, the htat is in many places aln?oft in'upportable to an European ; it being there incieafcd by the rays of the fun froi^ v.ift de, ferts of burning funds. The cods, however, and banks of rivers, inch as the Nile, are gene ally fertile ; and nuftparis of this region are inha- b'ted, though it is far from being fo populous as Europe or Alia. From what has been faid, fiie reidcr cannot expert to find here a vatiety of cli- maies. In many paus tf Africa, fnow feldom falls in the plains Jjfand it is generally never foimd but on the tops of the higheft inountaup. 1 he native?, in thefe fcorching regions, would as foon expeA that marble (hould melt, and Rmv in liquid flreams, as that water by freezing (hould lofc its fluidity, be arreted by the cold, and, ceafing to flow* become like the r^lid rock. The moft confiderable rivers in Africa, are, the Niger, which falls into the Atlantic or welttrn o« ean at Senegal, after a coUrfe of 2800 miles. It incrcalcs and decreaffs as the Nile, fcrtilites the country, and has grains of gold in many parts of it. The Gambia and Senegal are only brandies of this river. The Nile^ which dividing Egypt intptwo partJ, difcharges itfelf into the Midi crranean, after a prodigious courle from its^ fource in AbylHnia. The moft conlide able mountains in Africa are tHe Atlas, a rid^c extendiijsg fr^^m the wellern ocean, to which it gives the name of Atlantic Oican as far as Egypt, and had its name from a kins; of Maurita- nia, a great lo er of aftronomy, who ufed topbferve the fl rs from its f jiomit ; on which account the poets reprefent him as bearing the heavens on h:s ihouidc'S. 'Ihe Mountains of the Moon, extendint; thcinfelves between Abyirmia and Monomorapa, and are Hill higher th m thofe of Alias. Thoe of Si^na Leona, or the Mount:*iii of the Lions, which divide Nii,'ritia fron G-iinea, and extend as fa; as Ethiopia. Thefe wtrc ftyled by the ancients the Mountains of God, on account of their be ng fubjeil to thun'*er and lier'^'ning. I^he Peak of fenerifte, which the Dutch make their tirfl meridian, is faid to be three miles high in the furm^ of 55 i\a I Jk. 3sr T2R O VkA y^'^fin ^£i,ffi^ ^e/l ^C Zenffifude '„ iJf I , St m ''.» « 2b '2^, M^',,r^\ Hottentots s o |u t| mT ^ J^ Icnffifude 2\| '^CofGoodHbp" V" \ r^iocjil; Tr.'-'f ..Jl^ pc • tiiii 'Kr'rr; .J •) '.I III < • it.'. r ^yl ' (1 > .■:-)p V^, i "Ji .1 ; J; 5 m i; It.- IP'. The molt fo cil t-J, ground. Cape of ( •vent roun cxtreriiity pofTefli >n < tion \v\ o but one itr Sea with tl The litu as it wee commuucn qunrrcrs h^' the tcilifjjoi wild li;ive I" tic hill' 'i>ir has ic,ooo int'* the ve receive any numtrablc ] months of tl and lhelrerc( by I'ortificn even where full quarter ■ bic under p as Weil as CO not only by which iiatiii ropem? who ^'^fricH o;ii bfralaris, fc kingdoms of and the rich tu Rome itfc world ; eve Wis k ng of happily ralle ans, fubdued i^ates. >Vftei poveriflied, cultivated no Upon t!ie de i^lric.^ was (iellrudioij o the Saracens I'aiy in the le both being- of with them w ^hc world was '?'•■ AFRICA. 7*7 ef a ftij^ar-loaf, nnd is fitUHtcd on an ifl.ind of the Cime name near the coatt. The ini)ft nored cape.-, or pioino.itorics, in ih's < t.U'.rry, arc Caue Verd, foc.ilfd, b \nufc t t I.'t.d is always covered wiili g'cen trees and moiry ground. It i* the inoft wefter y pojiit oi ttic co tinet t o( Africa, Tie Cupe of Good Hope, fu JMiiiminated by the Poitugude, when they firft •vent round it in 1498, ai.d dir«:oveie»4 the pa'TaiiC to Ali;i. It iS the fiUth extremity of Afrira, thecjuatr^ of the Horteiuots ; aiul at present in the pofTefli ins. It is, how ver, the mi'ifortune of Afiic r, th t, though it has ic,ooo mile? ot fea-coaft, with noble, large, d.ep r.vtrs, pfMcnating inf'» the very r !:tr« of the country, it (liould have no navigation, not receive any benrfit fion them ; anvi that ic fliould he inhnbited by an in- numerable people, ignorant cf commerc •, and o' each other. At the months of thee rivers arc the mod exctlleni harbours, deep, fafe, calm, and fhelrercd from th- wirid, and capable of being :nade p.-rfe^'ny fecute by fortificnions ; but quite delJitute of fliipping, raJe, and merchants, even where there i^ phnty of merchandilc. In fliort, Africa, though a full quarter of the globe, ilored with an inexhauftible tre^tfure, and capa* ' bic under proper inprovemcnts, of producing fo many things delightful, as Weil as convenient, within itfelf, fcems to be aimoft entirely n?gie6ted, not only by the natives, who are quite unfo'icitous of reaping the beneritg which nature has provided for them, but alfo by the more civili<(cd £u* rojiem? who ac fettled in ir, particularly the Portiigocre. """ • Africa once c ntaincd fcveral kingdoms and ftates ; eminent for the H- bfralarts, for wealth and power, and the moft extenfive commerce. The kingdoms of Egypt at d Ethiopia, in particular, were much celebrated ; and the rich and po.icrful llatc of Carthage, that onie formidable rival to Rome itfelf, e>'tcnded her commerce to every p:irt of the then known u'oilil ; even the Britifli ilures were vifited by her fleets, till Juba, who w.if k ng of Miuritanui, but tributary to the republic of Carthage, un- happily railed in the Romans, who, with the airutanc of the M.turitani* ans, fubdued Carthage, and by degrees all the neighbouring kingdoms and ftjtes. A-ter this, the n;fiives, conftantly plundered, and confequently im» poverifliecl, by the governors font frdm Rome, negiecfel their trade, and cultivated no more of their lands than might ferve for their fubfiftence. — . Upon tiie decline of the Roman emp"re, in the fifth century, the north of Africa was over- run by the Vand.ils, who contributed flill more to the dellrodiou of arts and fciences ; and, to add to this country's calamity, the Saracens hvidc a fadden conqued of ail the coafts of Egypt and Bar- lary in the feventh century. Thefe were fucceeded by the Turks ; and both being of the Maliomcfai religion, whofe profclFors carried defolatioii with them wherever they came, the ruin of this once fiojrinuqg p^rt of ^hc world was thereby completed, w- - 344, Th* U t i^\l 4 r?j F .H 1 i.l hi % y t ! ' ft f.w**' d I' f 7^8 A F R I C i^. The inhabitants of this continent, with refpcft to religion, may be di- vided into thice loirs : namely, I'agans, Mahomctants, and Chriftianj. The firft arc the nioft |numerous, poflciling the greateft part of the coun- try, from the tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope, and thefe are generally hla».k. The Mahoirerans, who arc of a tawny complexion jjcffcfs Egypr, and almolt all the northern (liores of Africa, or what is caWed the Barbary co^ft. The pco|)le of Abyflinia, or the Upper Ethi- opia, are denominated Chriftiars, but retain many Pagan and Jewifti rites. There are alfo fome Jews, on the north of Africa, who manage all the lit- tle trade that part of the country is poffefled of. There are fcarcely any two nations, or indeed any two of the learned that agree in the modem divifiona of Africa ; and for this very reafcn, that fcarcely any traveller has piiietratcd into the heart of the country ; and cotifecjuehtly, we muft ackn.4co 420! 172,800 250^ 38"^oo i8oi 64,000 240 T44,coo 300 234,000 Loango St. Salvardor 13400 S. t c lief.iCh. &Pa. Lopndo Rengutla No Towns Brava 660, 222 joo; MonoipB.otap. 660 31 0,000 Chicova 30:^ ; 97,000, Sofola 350 184,000 No Towns 708 660; 200,340 ^=^l^l,«f«°"d 1,1 Hope. ■' ' ■ ■■■■ ■ I ^ II !* ■ I — ^■^■A— — — ■ ■ I o 44 befjCh &Pa o 58 bcf.:Ch_&Pa o 58 bef ! Pagans * * * Pagans 2 4^ bef. Pagans I 38 bef. Pagans I 18 bef. Pagans I 44 bef. i'agans 2 18 bef I Pagans * * * iPagsns . f iMoft ftu- ' 4bef.|pi^p^^, ^Thc \ EGYPT. 724 Tbe principal idflnils of Africa lie in the Indian feas anci Atlintic Oceati : of \vh ch the following belong to, or trade with, the Europeans, and fcivc to Tcfrclh their flapping to and from India : lilands. Baliel-Mandtl, at the entrance of \ the Red Sea jZocotra, in the Indian Ocean — The Coniora iflcs, ditto iMadagafcar, ditto htauritius, ditto — jB'Uirbon, ditto — — St. Helena, ill the Atlantic Ocean Afcenfion, ditto — — • St. Matbcw, ditto Sq. M. 3,60c I, CO 168.0-0 1,84 a, ICO Towns. Babel Mandel CjliuHa — Joanna St. Auilin Mauritius Bourdon 6t. Helena Trade with or bclnng to. St Thomas, Anaboa.Prin- 1 ,. cts ifland, Fcrnandopo 5 itto Cape Verd Iflands, ditto Gorce, ditt'> — — Canaries, ditto — — Madeiras, ditto — — The Azores, or WeftcrnlflesT iie nearly at an equal f , diftance from Europe, f Africa, and America > «,co 1,50c a,ooc St. Thomas, Anaboa St. Dominpo Port St. Michael Palma, St. Chrillop 'er's Santa Cruz, Funchal Angra, St. Michael All Nations Ditto Ditto Ditto I'reiich Ditto ICnRlilh Uninhabited Ditto Portu^ncfe Ditto Trench S}-un!(h Portugnefc Ditto * Having given the reader fome idea of Africa in general, with the principal kingdoms, and their fuppofed dimenfions, we IhaU now confidct it under the three grand divifions : firft, Egvpt ; iecondly, the flatcs of Barbary, ftretching along the coafl of the Mediterranean, from Egypt in the caft, to the Atlantic Ocean weft ; and ladly, that part of Africa, be- tween the tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope : the lad of thefc divifions, indeed, is vaftly greater than the other two ; but the nations, which it contains, are fo little known, and fo b;irbarous, and, like all barbarous naiona, fo fimilar in moft refpet^s to one another, that they may, without impropriety, be thrown under one general head. .^•' EGYPT. Situation and Extent. '7 Miles. Length 600 Breadth 250 Degrees. Sq. Miles. 1 K**M,»«« S 20 and 32 North lat. } I betyyeen | ^g ^^^ 3^ ^^^ ^^^^^ J ,40,700. 1P0UNDARIES.]|T is bouiided by the Mediterranean Sea, North; by Jl the Red Sea, Eaft; by Abyffinia, or the Upper Ethi- opia, on the South ; and by the dcfcrt of Barca, and the unknown parts of Africa, Wefl, . \ n W, ' '';! i:-^. m F ■ \. i:m ii 1 [. ' ■ t>, .^ i . m pifrifions. 73«> EGYPT. ,l>(KXfF X>ivirionini;iJH Subdivifions. f' Uv )iiK 1 NbrtKeija'diufion contains x'^urcnci^ aivuion conisins^ i-iowcr r-gypi ^< ,1,. Southern rfiviITon contains j Upper Egypt i ) Coiliar' (' Chief T.nvni. Grand Catro £. loi, 32. N. lar. 30. BiiUic Alexandria fctto atnietta Sayd or Ihebes Am.] In April and May the air is hot, and often inf^i'^ious ; ant! the inhabitants are aluoft IjlindeJ with drifts of fand. Thtl'c f vili arc reme- ditd by the rifing and overflowing of the Ni'c. .'vt', ^iinrM-j -.hT Soil and pRojiL'cK.] Whuevcr is in the l,:aft acquainted witn lite. ratur^ kno^vs th^t the ' ai> fertility of E^ypt is n".r owing to rain {\ui\e falltn>; in that country), b'.it to the aunuil overd^)vving (vf the i\;;c. Ic begins to rife when the fun is vertical in Ethiopia, aid the aninal niiis fall there, viz« from the latter end of May to September, and foinetimes Otober. At the height of its flood mi fhc Lower Egyj't, n: th'it,^ is to be i'een in the plains but the tops of forclis and fruit-trees, their towns and villages being built upon eminences cither natural or artiiivial. When the r ver is at its proper height, tlie inhabitant s celcbr te a kind of jubilee, with all forts of feftivities. The banks o-^ moundf which con» line it, are cut by the Turkifli baQia, attended by his grandees ; but ac- cording to captain Norden, who was prefent on thcocoiion, ihefp cfacle is not very nia«nifivent. When the banks are cut, the water is led into what they c«ill the Chalis, or grand canal, which runs through Cairo, from whence it is diftributed into cuts, for fupplying their fields and gai« deus. This beinij done, and the waters be., inning to |?etire, fuch is the ftrtility of the foil, that the labour of the hufbandman is next to nothing. He throws his wheut and barley into the ground in Odober and May. — 3He turxxs his cattle out to graze in November, and in about fix weeks nothing can be moie charming that the profpe]r. Norden) fomewhat refcmbling a duck, was deified by the ancient Egyptians for its dc(lroyint» fcrpents and peftirerons infc<^s. They were thought to be f>ectiriar to Egypt, but a fpecies of them is faid to have been lately di covered i!n other parts of Africa. Oltriches arc common here, and nre fo ftrong, that the Arabs fometimes ride upon their backs. Population, manners, cus- 1 As the population of Egypt is aU TOMs, AND DivER«ictNS. J mofl conlioed to the banks of the NIe, and the reft of the country inhabited by Arabs, and other nations, we can fay little upon this head with precifioti. It fiems, however, to be certain, that Egypt is at prefent not near fo populous as fornierly, and that its depopulation is owing to the inhabitants being flaves to the Turks. They are, however, ftijl very numerous : but what has been faid of the po- puloufncls of Cairo, as if it contained two millions, is a mere fi^'lion. The descendants of the original Egyptians are an ill-looking llovenljr people, immerfed in indolence, and are diliinguiflied by the name of Cop- tis : in their complexions they are rather fun-burnt than fwarihy or black. Their anceftors were once Chriftians, and in jjeneral they ftill pretend t* be of that reltgioii ; but Mahomcanifm is the prevailing worfliip among the natives. Thofe who inhabit the villages and fields, at any confiderable (lillance from the Nile, I have already menioncd tocontift of Arabs or their defcendants, who are of a deep, fwarthy complexion, and they arc feprcfented by the bcft authorities, as retaining the patriarchal tending their flocks, and many of them ivithout any fixed plsce of abode. The Turks, who refide in Egypt, retain all their Ottoman pride and infolence, and the Turkidi habit, to dilVinguilh rhemfelvcs from the Arabs and Coptis, who drefs very plain, their chief firery being an upper garment 01 white linen and lint n drawers ; but their ordinary drefs is of a blue linen, with a long cloth coat, either over or under it. The Chriftiant and Arabs of ihe meaner kind content thcmfelves with a linen or woollen wrapper, which they fold, blahivet-iike, round their body. The Jews wear blue leather flippers, the other natives of their country wear red, and the foreign Chriltians yellow. The dre*s of the women is tawdry and unbecoming ; but their cloaths ate filk, when they can attbrd it ; and luch cf them as are not expofed to the On, have de'icate complexions and features. Th^ Coptis are generally excellent arcomptsmts, and many of them live by teachu)g the other nativt-s to read and write. Their excr- cffs and tiivcrfions are much the fame as thofe made ufc of in Peflia, and other Afiatic dominions. All Egypt is over-run with jugglers, fortune' tellers, mount?banks, and travelling flight of haiidmcn. K-l '|y. i'-.- ' M be \[:-f li< m . .Vti mm 7Ji EGYPT. Re lie ION.] To alut 1 have alrea^^y faid conrcrn'osj the religion of Ekjvpt, it is proper to a(id, th tt «hp built «»f tlic MahoMvctans are cnthu- fiall-^, anJ have .mong them their jUntoSf or fellows who pcriend to a fj- perior Uegrce ot holiucro, and without any ceremony intrude into the bed houfes, where it would be dangerous to turn them out. The Egyptian Turks mioil religious affairs very little, and it would be hard to fay vvhut fpccipB of Chrirtianity is profeljTcd by the Chriftian Coptis, which arc here ja^mcrouR, but tbev profefs themfclves to be of the Greek church, and enemies to thu of K^nw. In religious, and indeed many civil matters, they aie under the jurifdii'^ on of the patriarch of Alexandria, who hv the dint of money general y purchafes a protection at the Ottonun court. Lanovagf..], The C >ptic is the mod ancient language of Ecfvpf.— This v\;i» luccecdcd by the Gicek, about the time of Alexander the Great ; and that by the Arabic, upoa the commencement of the ralifatc, when the /yrabs dirpuirelfed tlvc Giccks of Egypt. The Arabic, or Am- biefque, as it is called, is ftill the current language, but tl.^ Coptic ant! tnu- dem Grv'ck continue to be fpokcn. Learning and LEAnNho mkn.] Though it is paft difputc ihit the Greeks derived all their knowledge from the ancient Egyptians, yet fearic- ly a veflige of it rem.iins among their dcfccndant?. Th% is owing to the bigotry and ignnr.i»cc of their Mahometan mallei s ; but here it is proper to inaitc one obiervation, which is of general ufe. The califs or Saracens who fubdued Etjyps were of three kinds. The firft, who were the im- mediate fucceflbrs of Mahomet, made war fipom eonfcience and principle, upon all kinds of literature, excepting the Koran ; and hence it was that when they took pofleinon of Ale-xandria, which contained the moli maf^nificent library the world ever beheld, its valuable manfcripts wery applied. for fome months in cooking their vii^uals, and warming their baths. The fame fate atiendeJ upon the other magnificent Egyptian libraries.— The califs of the fecond race were men of tatle and learning, but of a peculiar drain. They bought up all the manufcripts that furvived the general conflagration, relating to aftronomy, medicine, and fome ufcful parts, of philoiophy, but they had no tufte for the Greek arts of archi- te<^ure, fcillpture, paintings or poetry, and learning was confined to their own courts and colleges, without ever finding its way back to E^^ypt. The lower race of califs, especially thofe who called themfelvcs califs of l^gypt, difgracefl human nature ; and the Turks have rivetted the chains of babarous ignorance which they impofed. All the learning therefore pofTefTed by the modern Egyptians confids in arithmetical calculations for the difpatch of bufinefii, the j»rgon of aftrnlo* gy, a few noflrums in medicine, and fome knowledge of Arabefque or the Mahometan religion. . - » Curiosities and antiquities,] Egypt abounds more with thcfe than perhaps any other part of the world. Its pyramids have bten often clefcrlbcd. Their antiquity is beyond the refearches of hiftory itfelf, and tWir original ufes are ftill unknown. The bi^fis ofthelargell cover* eleven acres of ground, and its perpendicular height is 500 feet, but if meafured obliquely to the terminating poinr, 700 feet. It contains a room thirty-four feet long, and feventeen broad, in which is a marble chcft, but without either cover or contents, fuppoled to have been deiigned for the toipb of the founder. In fliort, the pyramids of Egypt are the moll; E G Y P 1\ 7 3 moft ftupcndous, and, to appcarcncc, the mod ufcicfs llrui-'Kircs that ever ucrc raifed by tl»p hands ui men. '1 he mummy pits, to called lor their conraininji; the mummies or em- balmed iKKlicH of the ancient Ei^yptiuns, are I'ubtcnancQus vaults uf apro* ditriuus extent ; hut the ait of pcipai ing the mummies is now toft. It ia^ jaid that l^mc of the bodies, thus embalmed, arc pcrfert and diflin^ft ac tlJs d.iy, though buiicd 3000 years ago. The bbyrinth is a cviriofity. thought to be more wonderful than the pyramids themfelvei. It is partly under-ground, and cut out of a marble rock, confilUng of twelve palaces, ;md 1000 houfes, the intricacies of which occalion its name, 'the lake Mncris was dug by order of an Egyptian king, to corre(^ the irreguLui- tics of the Nile, and to communicate with that river, by canals and d.tches which ilill fublill, and are evidences of the utility, as well ai the j/tandeur of the work. Wonderful grottos anu excavations, molUy arti- hcial, abound in Egypt. The whole country towards Grand Cairo, is a continued fcenc of antiquities, of which iheoldeftare the mod flupendou^^ but the more modern the mod beautiful. Cleopatra's needle, aiid its fculptuf cs, are admirable. Pompiy's pillar is a fiiie regular column of the Curinthian order, the fhafi of which is one ftone, being eighty-eight feet nine inches in height, or ten diameters of the column : the whole height is 114. feet, including the capital and ptdcikl. The Sphynx, as it u culled, is no more than the head and part of the flioulders of a wom'Au hewn out of the rock, and about thim* fcct high, uear one of the pyi-4« raids. . ^ _ •, ^ ■ ^ The papyrus is one of the natural curiofities of Egypt, arid fcrVccl ilie ancients to write upon, but we know not the manner of' pieparirtg Ir. The pith of it is a nourifliing food. Tiie manner of hatching chickens iu ovens is common in Egyltr* and now pra^ifcd it) fume parts of Europe. The conftrudlion of the oven is very curioue. Cities, towns, and J Even a flight review of thefe would amount PUBLIC EDIFICES. ( to a large volume. In maiiy places, not ouiy temples, but the walls of cities, ^uilt betbre the time of Alexander tlic Great, are (till entire, and many of their ornaments, jSai:u:nlarly the colours of their paintings, are as trcfh and vivid as when firil laid on.' Alcxandrii', which lies on the Levant coaft, was onee the einponum of all the world, and by means of the Red Sea furnilhed Europe, and gretit part of Afia, ^ith the riches of India. It owes its name to the founder, Alexander the Great. It ItandS forty miles weft from the Niler, and a hundred and twenty north-well of Cairo. It role upon the ruins ofTyie and Carthagt, and is famous for the light-houfe ere£l?d on the oppoll'e ifland of Pharos, for the diredtion of marineis, deftivedly illeemVtf one of the wonders of the world. All the otheV pans of the city were rfiiignili- eent in piroportion, as appears from the ruins, particularly the icilrerns and a'.]ueduas. Many of the mateiitls of the old city, however, U^vc been employed in building New Alexandria, which atpr; fent is a vet-y or- dinary fea*port, known by the name of Scmderoon. No' withftauding tj^e poverty, ignorance, and itulolence oftheinha'iiiants, theirmol"iue , bae-s nios, and the like build ngs, eret'ilcd wirhin thefe viiin«, preferve an inex- , preffible airof majefty. ^me think that Old Alexandria was. Siiilt (vo.a the nuterijls of the ancient, Memphis. * '■;] ' ''' "; :" ^■" llofetta, or Rafchid, (lands twtnty-five miles to mrth-we(V of Ajex* fJ^n^t and. if recommended for its beuucitul iicuaiiun, and delgbtful. vij,^; (p-*^? *•■ •J^r.r ---i '\f '■■'■I •' ' y.r- I ■i m V3 I •■ \i.,-< two t«>v*n., the OKI and tht: New, and dc- fcndid by an old caillc, the uorks ofu iilth arc laid to Ic three miles in cir- cumfcrciioc. Thi* calilc is laid to have !»i on iHiJIt l>y vS >laJ.in'j : at hi \vt f! ci)d an: iho icm.Mtii of vciy noble apuirnients, fonii.: of wiii. U arc • ovt red W»t!» domes, and udormd w th piiTur^s in Mofaic Aorl^ ; hut li.efc ap;\rt- titcntiaic now only uf d tor weavi-ij; cnbroidtry, and picpa-inij t)ie haiiij- ings and coverings annually fent t^ Metia. Tl>e wci; called Jofccli'j veil, is a cciioHS piece ot luc^-banilni, ubout 300 fi:ct deep. The me- mory of th; tiicr woiks of pubbc utility, thit go under his n.uue. They a»-e certainly of vaft a-itiquity ; but it is very qucllionable whe- ther they were eni'^cd by him. One of bis granaries is Jhcwn in Od Cario, but cantaiu Nord».n fufpefts it ia a Siraceu work, nor does he i;ivc us any hi-b ideas of rite buildings of il;c city itfelf, Oo the bank of the Mile, fatii'.g Cwiro, lies ihc village of G;/-ic, which is thouglt to 1 c the ncient Memphis. The ChrilHiins of C tiro pratfifc a holv che.it, during he Earter holidays, by piciendin^ that the limbs and budit's of the ilead Slrifc from their or.ivcs, ii wliich they r< turn pc.ice.ibly. The ftrccts of Cairo arc j ellcicd with the juc.irlers and fo'tune-tcllt rs already mentioned. One of their f.ivounte exbiitions is tht ii dancing; camels, v*hich, when yonng, they place upon a larj;c heated floor ; the intcnfc heat makes the poor crcaturrs tapoi, and being plied all the time with the found of drums, the npifc of that inlb'umcnt fc(ti them a daucini;; all their lives, alter. • . ^\ . : . ...^ . -^. , ;, . -,;.■,-.. The otber towns of note \n Egypt arc Damtetta, fupptjfcd to be the ancient Pelnfium ; Bui ic ; Seyd, on the weft b.y the p,ill:.i. Every one oi ilicic lungiacka is arbitrary in bis own tcrrit«»rj, ;iuil tj It* fovercijrn power; the major part of tMcin relide at Cairo. It* tlw grai hrs otthf country, andthedclp tilm of its g 'Vtrtiinent. SiiiM ^ fiv that they amount to a million CtcrUng, but that cwo-tl.iids ot the whole is Ipcnt ill the tountrv , JliLiTARY STRENGTH.] Authofs are greatly dlvidoJ oti thts artw:!c. Mr. i^^crdcii tell us, that it is divided intiMWo carpi oi 'y^^] am, j.i, and aliab are the «.hlcf, die hirnicr amouniiiig 10 abo'<*t b.v 01 vi£;iu t'< u/and, aod tlic latter to bctv^cc.n three and four t oufanr TliC otluii- n jps are ' ol little account* AWcr all, it J',)C» nut ;ippe.»r, iUat tic p.ii):.* ever ven- tircs to tmpio* thclc troops agai .ll the A'ai> or Kjrypn.n pnnct. I hive already memionCil, and who hive lepaiatc aurieJ o* ihcir, rju;\ ; f , that^ iataot, their dependciKe wpun ihe I'oitc is little '~).vrc th,t:\ i.oniinjl^ aad tmounts at molt to tciidal rerviccd. HisroRY.j It is generally ai^rccd, that ii>c princes of the iii-.e A ths Ph.iiaolrs lat un the throne ot Kgvpt, «n an i^i.*;;u!'nuptcd ?"■ C'.t;:ruM% tiU Cambyfcs II. kinjj ot Pcrlia, con jucred the i';;ypti,*iis, •^■z(.. v urs before the birth of Lhrill j and that in the reign of ili.lc princes, x]:o:t:. wca i, r- fulftfuAores the pyr.imids were raifed, which i:.M>iioi bt yicu r;d w'uiiout iftiiiiillnnciit. Egypt continued a part o*' the Pc; fiat,', empire till Alex- ander the Great vanquiftied Darius, vvhen ic fell uudct tiic liocni.uion of that prince, who foon after built the celebrated city '>i Ahr..wdrh. The comjiicfts of Alexander, who died in the prime iA I'fe, bcinv; loi/iu up* on by his generals, the province ot Egypt fell to the flia.: of i^:()lcn)y, b/ fonie fuppotcd to have been a half-bi other of Alexander, whw-n i» atiniin beume an independent kingdom, about 300 yearb before Chrilh JrJ* fucccffors, who fometimcs extended their dominions ov-t ;;iea'; part of v'^-. lii, ever after retained the natnc of Ptolemies--, and in that ^ii)c E^ypif continutd between two and three bundled years, till the iuinous Cleo- patra, the wife and lifter of Pcolemy Diooyfiuj, ihc li,t k"u;;;, aicended the throne. After the death of Cleopatra, wno Intd bcoa mifireis fucccf- • iiytly to Julius Cafar and Mark Auihony, ^»ij| c became a Roman pro- vince, and thus remained till the reign of Omar, the iccond calif of the kcelVora of Mahomet, who cxpcllfi hs"; Roman?, after it bad been in j their hands 70oyear«. The fa' ions libiary'of Alexandria, faid to conCft I of 700,000 volumes, wis coUcited by Ptolemy Philadelphus, fon of the firll Ptolemy ; and the !anie prince cuufedthe Old Teliament to be trat.f- lited into Gicek: this tranflation is known by the name of the ,Sepiua- iviu About the time of the crufailcs, between the years 1150 and 1190, %ptwas governtd by Noreddin, whofc fon, the famous Saladine, wa» "dreadful to the Chriftian adventurers, and retook from them Jerufa- • Kill He indituted the military corps of Mamalukes^ who, about the yw 124a, advanced one of their own officers to the throne, and ever Uii^ chofe thc'ir prince out. of thejr own body. £^ypt, for fome time,^ ' ' ' made" ( ^ i>- I; ' 736 N EGYPT. made a figure nni^er tliofe ilfttfbrious ufurpers', ami hiade a noble fiar.i! ;igainft the prevailing power of the Turks, under Selim, who, after giv- ing ihc Mamalukcs fcveral bloody defeats, reduced Es;ypt to its priiciu ftate ot fubjeaion. >. ^, ',';-; ,-.-7-. ^s-i- ■" While Sclirtt was fettling the go\'ernment of Egypr, great numbers of the ancient inhab«ar*ts withdrew into the deferts and plains, under one Zinj;ancus, from whence ihey attacked the cities and villages of the Nile and plundered whatever fell in their way. Seliinf and his officers prcce]vinff that it would be a matter oH great difficulty to extirpate th(>fc marauders' left them at liberty tO(]uit the couutry, which they did in great number/ and their pofterity is kAown all over Europe and i^fia, by the miiueot Oypfies. J J An aifcmpt was made a few years (inc^^ to deprive the Ottoman Porte of its authority over Egypt, by Ali Bey, whofe father Was a priell of tlfe Greek diurch, but who haviiVg turntd Mahometain, asd being a man ef abilities And addrefs, had rendered himfelf extremHy popular in F/rypr. A falfc accufation having Ixen mfade againft him to the Grand Signlor, his liead was ordered to be fent to Confbntinople ; but being apprized of the defign; he fcizcd and put to death the mellengers who brought this order, and foon found means to put himfelf at the head of an army. Bciii" aMb affiftcd by the dangerous fituation to which the Turkilh emigre vtit reduced, in eonfequtnce of the war with Kuffia, he boldly mouriicd the thrsnc of the ancitnt fultans of Egypt. But not content wirii the kingdom of Egypt, he alfo laid claim to Syria, Palefiine, and that part of A»^bia which had belohged to the ancient fultans. He marcheil at the head of his rrccps to fupport ihefc pertenfioiis, and actually fubducd lOme of the ncigbouring provinces both of Ai'abia and Syria. At the fame ttraethat he was engaged in ihifc great 6titerpriz«s, he was noilcfs attdnrive to the cftabli(hiiig of a regular form of governmenf, and of introducing order into a country that had long been the feat of anarchy and confufioR. His views were equally extruded to commerce ; far which purpofe he gave great encouragement to the Chriil'an r traders, and took olTlome fli.imefal rclirainrs and indignities, to which they were fubjefted in that barbarous countiy. He alfo wrote » letter to the republic of Vt- nke, with tht greateft ail'urance of his friendfllip, and that their merchant* fl^ould meet with every degree of protei^tion and fafety. His gfcu defign was laid to be, to mak^ himfelf matter o( the Red bea ; to tpen ih< port of Sufz to all nations, but particularly to the Eirropeans, arid to make Ei^v pt once m(.re the great centre of commerce. Tne conduift and views of All Bey ihewed an extent of thought, an ublli^ that indicated jiothinlg^ of the baiburiun, and befpoke a mind equal to the founding of an empire"; But he was not finally fuccefsful. H^p was', however, forfomc time exirtmftly fortunate ; he alfumed the title? ahd flate of the ancient j iairans' of Egypt, and was ably fupported by ^heik Dahcr, and fomc other Arabian princes, who warmly efpoufed his interefts. He nlfo fuc^ <.'evded in al molt all his enierin-izes againft the neighbouring A liatic go* vtrnors «nd baflias, whom he rvpeatcdiy <«ha\in^ wittf* Th£ StATEs OF BARBARY. 737 pt3t criiilty to the itihabitahts of the places he took, he ^as founcj de^d m his bed one mohiing at Acre, fuppofed to be ftrangled. Shyk Dahcr accepted the forte's full amntfty, and trufting to their aiTurauces, em- braced the captain Pacha's invitation to dine on board iiis Ihip, when the raptain produced his orders, and the brave Daher, Ali Bey's ally, liad bis head cut dff in the 85th year of his age. -i-* i.f. The StATES op BARBARY. :. :J.. UNDER this head I fliall rank the countries of^ i. Morocco atvd Fez; 2. Algiers; 3. Tunis; 4. Tripoli and Barca. The empire of Morocco, including Fez, is bounded on the North by the Mediterranean fea ; on the Sotith, by Tafilet ; and on the Eaft, by Segelmefla and the kingdom of Algiers ; being 500 miles iu lengthy and 480 in breadth. Fet, which is now united to Morocco, is abouc 12^ milfs, in length* and much the fame in breadth. Jt lies between the kingdom uf Algiers to the Eaft, and Morocco on the South, and is furrounded ih othtr parts by the fea. Algiers, formerly a kingdom, is bounded on the Eaft by the kingdooi of Tunis, on the North by the Mediterranean, on the iSouth by Mount Atlas, and on the Weft by the kingdom of Morocco and Tafilet. Ac- cording to Dr. Shaw, this country extends in length 480 miles. along the coail of the Mediterranean, and is betiyeen 40 and 100 mil«s in btrtadth. Tunis is bounded by the Mediterranean on the North and Eaft j, by. the kin^om of Algiers on the Weft ; and by Tripoli, with part of Biledul- gerid, on the South ; being 220 miles in length from North to^ Soi)tli, and 170 in breadth from Eaft to Weft. • . i.v,i . 'H •»*».., »f* Tripoli, including Barca, is bounded on the North by the Mediterra- nean fea; on th':; South by the country of the Beribtries ; on. the Weft W the kingdort) of Tunis, Biledulgerid, and a territory of the Qadamis ; ■ and on the Eaft by Egypt; extending about noo miles along the fea- coaft; and the breadth is from i to 300 miles. Each capital bears the name of the ftate or kingdom to which it ]i)e- longs. ' This being premifed, I fhall confider theBarbary ftates as forming twhich they really do) a great political coiifedejacy, however indeperjdent ttch may be as to the exercife of its Internal policy ; nor is there a greater •lilference than happens in different provinces of the lame kingdom, in tliecuftoms atid manners of the inhabitants. ,AiR AND SEASONS.] The air of Morocco is mild, as is that of AI- ^'fi^, and indeed all the other ftates, except in the months of July and Aiiguft. ''OIL, VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL ) Thcfc ftates, undcr the Romftu WoDucTioNs, BY SKA ANt> I.ANO. J empire, were juftly denonr.inated Ijie garden of the world ; and to have a rcfidence there, was confidered »« ™f higheft ftate of luxury- The produce of their foil formed thofc maga- "nes, which furniflied all Italy, and a great part of the Roman empire, with ^» winr, and oil. Though tlie lands are now uncultivated, through ''^oppieflionaud barbarity of their governrntut, yet they are fUU fertil#, 3 B ' oot , d-.i ■1' Vf lii; ■, :■= .''{fi- \ i:'M m. :)| »^"''S :iii:^i^ rf ■■■ • ; ' .: .;'• ft' rf, if.- ■I-; rill; ' ]-> — ■■ll h'- ihH: ,V(ff|' i\:::::f. If r t:l If i\ f'T M. w« The STATEfj'oF BARBARY. not only in the above mentioned commodities, bu^ in dates, figs, rn]un\ almonds, apples, pears, cherries, phuns, citrons, lemons, oranges, pome- granates, with plenty of" roots and herbs in their kitchen gardens. K\. cellent hemp and flax grow on their plains : and by the report of Ku. ropeans, who have lived there for fome time, the country abounds witli all that can add to the pleafnres of life : for their great people find means to evade the fobriety prefcribed by the Mahometan law, and make free tvith excellent wines, and I'pirits of their own growth and manufacture, Algiers produces falt-pefre, and great quantities of exctUcnt fait ; and lead and iron have been found in fevt-l-al places of Barbr.ry. Neither the elephant nor the rhinoteros are to be tound in the flatcsof JBarbai y ; but their deferts abound with lions, tigers, leopards, hy.'cn as, and monfli-ous iei'pents. The Barbary horfes were formerly very valuable, imd thought equal to the Arabian. Though their breed is now laid to be decayed, yet fome very line ones are occafionaliy imported into EnglaiK}, • Camels and dromedaries, alFes, mules, and kumrahs, a mofl ferviceable f reatui-e, begot by an afs upon a cow, are their beafls of burden. Their rows are but fmall, and barren of milk. Their flieep yield iiuliffertnt fleeces, but are very large, as are their goats. Bears, porcupines, foxes, ' apes, hares, rabbets, ferrets, weafels, moles, cameleons, and all kinds of reptiles are found here. Pefides vermin, lays Dr. Shaw, (fpeaking ofliis travels through Barbary), the apprehenfions we are under, in foine parts at leaft of this country, of being bitten or ftung by thefcorpion, the viper, ©r the venomous fpider, rarely fail to interrupt our repofe ; a rtfrefli- ment fo very grateful, and fo highly necelfary to a weary traveller. Par- tridges and quails, eagles, hawks, and all kin 's of wild-fowl, are found onthiscoaft; and of the fmailer birds, the capfa-fparrow is remarkable for itff beauty, and the fwcetnefs of its note, which is thought to exceed that of any bird, but it cannot . live out of its own climate. The fcas and bays of Barbary abound with the fineft and moft delicious liili of every kind, and were preferred by the ancients to thofe of Europe. Population, INHABITANTS, MAN- 7 Morocco was certainly for. NERS, CUSTOMS, AND DIVERSIONS. J mefly far morc populous tlwii ii 3s now, if, ?;s travellers fay, its capital contained 100,000 houfes, whert b©urs of the loom The Tunifme women are excefTively han<^onK ml taeiif The States or feAfttJARY. 7.19 Aeir perfons ; and though the men are fun-burnt, the complexion of tha ladies is very delicate, nor arc they lels neat and ckg.mt in their d efs; but they improve the beauty of their eyes by art, particularly the powder of lead-ore, the fame pigment^ according to the opinion of the learned Dr. Shaw, that Jezebel made ufe of when flie is faid (2 Kings, chap, ix. verfe 30.) to have painted her face ; the words of the original beinj;, that llie fet off her eyes with the powder or lead-ore. The gentlemen in ge- neral are fober, orderly, and clean in heir pcrfons, their bchavioitr^en- tefl and coniplaifant, and a wondfcrtul regularity reigns through all the iheets and city. Tripoli was once the rlchcft, mofl. populous, and opulent of all the ftateson the coaft ; but it is now niuch reduced, and the inhabitants, whd are faid to amount to between 4 and 500,000, have all the vices of the Algerines. Their manners are much of a piece with thofe of the Egyptians already defcribed. The fubjedts of the Barbary ftates, in general fubfilting by piracy, are allowed to be bold intrepid mariners, and will fight dtfpt- rately when they meet with a prize at fea; they arc notwithlbnding far inferior to the Englifh, and Other European ftates, both in the conftruc- tion and management of their veflels. They are, if we excepl: the Tu- nifines, void of all arts and literature. The mifery and poverty of the in- habitants of Morocco, who are not immediately in the emperor's fervice^ are beyond all defcription j but thofe who inhabit the inland parts of the country are an tiofpi table inotfenfive people ; and indeed it is a general obfervation, that the more diftant the inhabitants of thofe flates are from the feats of their government, their manners are the more pure. Noi- withftanding their poverty, they have a livelirtefs about them, efpecially thofe who are of Arabic dcfcentj that gives them Jin air of contentment ; and having nothing to lofe, they are peaceable among themfelves. The Moors are fuppofed to be the original inhabitants, but are now blended with the Arabs, and both are cruelly opprelTed by a handful 0f ,i(ifolent domineering Turks, the refufe of the flreets of ' 'onftantinople. ., Dress.] The drefs of thefe people is a linen fhirt, over which fliey tie a (ilk or cloth veiiment with a falli, and over that a lodfecoat. Their drawers are made of linen. The arms and legs of the Wearers are bare^ but they have (tippers on their feet ; and perfons of condition fometimes wear hufltins. They never move their turbans, but put olf their flippers when they attend religimis duties, or the perfon of their fovereign. They are fond of ftriped and fancied filks. The drefs of the women is not very different from that of the men, but their drawers are longer, and they wear a fort of cawl on their heads inftead of a turban. The chief furniture of their houfes confifts of camets and mattraffes, on which they (it and lie. In eating, their (lovenlinefs is difgufting. They are prohibited goH and filver veScls ; and their meat, which they fwallow by handfuls, is boiled orroafted to rags. Adultery in the women is punifhed with death ; but though the men are indulged witli a plurality of wives and concubines^ they commit the moft unnatural crimes with impunity. Religioji.] The inhabitants of thefe ftates are Mahometans ; but many fubjefts of Morocco follow the tenets of one Hame^, a modern ledary, and an enemy to the ancient doctrine of the califs. All of them are very fond of idiots *, and in' fome cafes their proteftion fcreens oftVn- dcrs from punifhments, for the moft notorious crimes. In the main, how- *»«r, ih« Moors of Barbary, as the inhabitants f thefe ftates are now 3 B 4 pron>if* (t . t:'i< '<■ ■ '! : ^ T" ^■;; (I .1 Si 740 Tf/e States or BARBARY. Antiquities AND curiosities, 7 This article is well worth the NATUR.Ai, ANn ARTiFici AI-. \ ftiidv jf an, aiitiquaiy, but the promircuoiiny railed (hennifc the Saracens fiifl entered Etirope from tVIanritania, the country of the Moors), have adopted the very worll parts of the Mahometan religion, and Teem to have retained only as much of it asrounttnanrts their vices. L ■■, NfiUAfiii.] As the ftates of Barbary poflefs thofe countries that for- mtrly went by the name of Mauritania and Nunjidia, the ancient Afrit;m languaoe is ftill fpoken in fonie of the inland countries, and even by fonie hihnbitants of the city of Morocco. In the fea-port towns, and maritime countries, a baflard kind of Arabic is fpoken ; and fea-faring people are no Ihangers to that medley of hving and dead languages, Italian, French, Spnnifli, ice. that is fo well known, in all ports of the Mediterranean, by the name of Li'igun Franco Cfluci fubjei^s of it aie difficult of accefs. The reader can fcarcely doubt that .s of Cartha;;e are faid to be ftill remaining, but no veftige of its walls. The fame is tlie fate of Utica, and many other renowned cities of dntiquify ; and fo over-run is the i ountry with barbarifni, that their very fi'ites are not known, even by their ruins, amphitheatre.^, and other pub- fir buildings which remain flill in tolerable prefeivation. Befides thofe of ciailirul antiquity, inany Saracen mon\iments, of the moil ftupendoii* iiisgnificenre, are likcwife found in this vaft- rrart ; thefe were ereifted un- der tlve'.Liilifs of Bainlad, and the ancient kings of the country, before it tv;is fubducd by the Turks, or reduced to its prefent form of government. Their wails form the principal fortifications in the country, both inland and maritime. We know of few or no natin":t I curiofities belonging to this country, excepting its falt-pits, which in fome places take up sn area of lix miles. Dr. Shaw mentions fprings found here that are fo hot as to boil a large piece of mutton very tender in a quarter of an hour. . ' CiTiLs AN'i> PUBLIC BuH.DiNGs.] Meutioii has. alrcadv been made of Morocco, the capital of that kingdom, but now almofl m ruin?, the court having removed to Mequinez, a city of Fez. Incredible things are recorded of the magnificent palaces in both cities ; but by the befl accounts the con^mon people live in a very flovenly manner. The nty of Algiers is not i;bove a mile and a half in circuit, tholl^]l it is computed to contain near 120,000 inhabitants, 15,000 houfes, and 107 n-.ofijiies. Their public baths aie large, and handfomely paved wiih mcrble. The profpedt of the country and fea from Algiers is very benu- tiful, beins; built on the declivity of a mountain ; but the city, though tor fcveral ages it has braved fome of the gregteft powers in (Jhriftendnnr, roiild make but a faint defence againft a regular liege • and it is faid that three f'.ngUfli fifty-gun fliips might butter it about th» ear.s of \\i Jnhiibit' rnfs from the harbour. If fo, the Spaniards muft: have been very defm- e'lt either ia courage or condui^l:. They ?ttackeil it in 1775 bylandaiulby fci, but weie repulfcd with great lols, rhough they h;ui ntar jo.coo faut. ;wul 2UC0 horle, and 47 l;ii)g'''>l]iips of different rattv,. Hud 346 tr?.:if- The States of BARBARY. area as to iij^li it d 107 wiiti benti- ]\ toi dour, d that hiibit defn i- vaI by o,coo tr?.:if- 74J ports. In the years 1783 and 1784, fhey alio renewed their attacks hy Jea to (leftroy the city and gallics, but, after fptnding a qu;;nrity of ammu- nition, bombs, &t:. were forced to retire without either its capture or ex- tinflion. The mole of the harbour is i;oo nates in length, extending fiom the continent to a fniall ifland where there is a cuftle and iaige battery. The kingdom of Tunis*, which is naturally the fincll of all thefe fhtes, contains the remains of many noble cities, foiv.e of them fliil in g«»nd (oi\- ciition. The town itfelf has fortifications, and is about three miles ia firrumferenre. The houfes are not magninrcnt, but neat and commo- dious: as is the public exchange for merchants and their goods; but, like Algiers, it'is diftrefTed for want of frefli water. The city of Tripoli confiftsof an old and new town, the latter being the moft flourifliing ; but great inconveni: nces attended its fitug^ion, par- ticularly the want of fweet water. 'J'he city of Oran, lying upon thiscoaft, is about a mile in circumference, and is fortified both by art and nature. It was a place of confulerable trade, and the objeft of many bloody dif» piites between the Spaniards and the Moors. Conftantina was the ancient Cirta, and one of the ftron2;eft cities of Nuniidia, being' inacceflible on all fides, excepting the fouth-wert. Befidfcs the above towns and cities, many others, formerly of great re- nown, lie fcattered up and down this immeufe tracl of country. The city of Fez, at prefent the capital of the kingdoin ib called, is faid to contain near 300,000 inhabitants, befides merchants and foreiy^ners. Its mofques amount to 500; one of them magnificent beyond defcription, and about a mile and a half in circumference. Mtquinez is eftecmed the threat em- porium of all Karbary. Sallee was formerly famous for the pirnries of Its inhabitants, Tangier, fituated about tuo miles within the Ihaits of Gibraltar, was given by the crown of Portugal as part of the dowry of tjueen Catharine, confort of Charles II. to England. It was intended to be to the Englifli what Gibraltar is now 5 and it mud have been a mofl noble acquifition, had not the mif\inderftanding between the king and his parliament occafioned him to blow up its fortifications, and dcmolifli its harbour ; fo that from being one of the fineft cities in Africa, it is now little better than a filhing town. Ceuta, upon the fame ftrait, almoft op- pofite to Gibraltar, is llill in the hands of the Spaniaids, but often, if not always, belieged or blocked up by the IMoors. Tetunn, which lies within twenty miles of Ceuta.. 's now but an ordinarv' town, containing abut 8oo houfes ; but the inhabitants are faid to be rich, and tolerably civilized in their manners. The provinces of Suz, TaFlet, and'Gefula, form no part of the ftate ofliarbary, though the king of Morocco pretends to be t'.:e fovercign j ii'Jido they contanj any thing that is particularly curious. Manufactures and commkrck.] The lower fubje(5ts of thefe flates know very few imaginary wants, and depend partly upon their piracies to 'ffupplied vvith necelTary ntenills ami manufaftures;- fo that their exports foiifift chiefly of leather, fine mats, embroidered handkerchiefs, fword- «"ot», and carpets, which are cheaper and fofier than thofe of Turkey, 'iioiii»h not fo good in other refpecls. As they leave almoll all cheir com- mercial affairs to the Jews and Chriftians fettled among them, the latter have cftabliflicd filk and linen works, which fupj^ly the higher ranks of their pwii fubjefts. They have no ft.ips, that, properly fpcaking, are employed tocommerce ; fo that the French and Englifli carry on the greatell part of witii' trade, Tueii" cxpoitSj befides thole already meiuioned, confift in 3 B 3 • ' clcphaiiu* I* P ...■ ' ij ' ■ " - ' i;if 'in ( V ' 74* The States of BARBARY. flcpliants' teeth, oflrirh feathers, copper, tin, wool, hides, honey, wax, dates inifins, olives, almonds, gum arabic, and fandric. The inhabitants of I\!(Mocco are likevvife faid to carry on a coiifiderable trade by caravans to 1>Jt'ccn, Medina, and fome inland parts of Africa, from whence they bring back vaft numbers of Negroes, who ferve in their armies, and are (laves in thtir honfes and fields. In return for their exports, the) Ein-opeans furnifli them with timber, artillery of all kinds, gunpowder, and whatever they want, either in their public or private capacities. The duties paid by the Englifli in the ports of Morocco, are but half of tliofe paid by other Europeans. It >sa general pbfervation, that no nation is fond of trading with thefe ftates, not only on account of their capricious defpotifm, but the villainy of their imil- viduals, fShth natives and Jews, many of whom take all opportunities of cheating, and yv'hen detefttd are feldom punifliod. It hqs often been thought furpiifmg that the Chjiftian powers fliould fuffer their marine to be infultcd by thefe barbarians, who take the fliips of all nations with whom they are not at peace, or rather, whodonotpay them a hibfidy either in money or commodities. We cannot account for this forbearance otherwif? than by fuppofing, firft, that a breach with thf^m might provoke the Porte, who pretends to be their lord paramonnt ; fecond.ly, that no ChriftiaJi power would be fond of feeing Algiers, and the reflof that road in polfellion of another; and, thirdly, that nothing could be got by a bombardment of any of their towns, as the inhabitants would indantly carry their cflfefts into the deferts and mountains, fo that the benefit refnlting from the conquefls, mufl be tedious and precarious.— Indeed, expeditions againft Algiers have been undertaken by the Spani- ards, but they were ill conduced andunfuccefsful, as before noticed. Constitution and government.] In Morocco, government c?.n. not be faid to exift. The emperors have for fome ages been parties, judges, and even executioners with their own hands, in all criminal matters ; nor is their brutality more incredible than the fubmifliou withwhiih their Tiih- je<'^8 bear it. In tb.e abfence of the empeior, every military otlicer has the power of life and death, in his hand, and it iS feldom that they mind the form of a judicial proceeding. Some veftiges, however, of the califate government flill continue ; for in places where no military officer rtfides, the mufti or h;_;^h prieft is the fountain of all juflice, and under him tlie padis, or civil ofricers, who a(fl as our juftices of the peace. Though the emperor of IMorocco is not immediately fui;je61: to the Porte, yet he ar- knowledges the grand fignior to be his fuperior, and pays him a dillant allegiance as the .:-hief reprefentative of Mahomet. What I have faid of] IVIorocco is applicable to Fez, both kingdoms being now under one tniperor. Though Algiers, Tunis, and. Tripoli, have each of them a Turk! fii paflia or dev, who governs in the name of the grand fignior, yet very little | regard is p^i' j by his ferocious fubjefts to his authority. He cannot even be faid to I)e no.i.inatcd by the Porte. When a vacancy of the govern- ment ha[^penii, v/hich it commonly does by murder, evtrv foleiier in the army has a vnto in vhoofing the fucceeding dey ; and though the elei'lion is often attended with bloocKhcd, yet he is no fooner fixed than he is cheer- fully recognized and obeyed. It is true, he muft be confirmed by tne Porte ; but fliat is feldom refufed, as the divan is no fli anger to tlie dit- pofitions of the people. The power of the dey is defpotic ; and the uiron-|Cl of the dey of Algiers rniouats to about 150,000!. a year, without pieatfvj The States of BARBARY. 743 oppicfling his fiibje(5ts, who are very tenacious of their property. Thefa cicys pay (light annual tributes to the IVrte. When the granil fig- nior is at war with a Chriftian power he requires their ninftance, as he does that of the king of Moroico, but he is obeyed only as they think proper. Subordinate to the deys are oHicers, both niiMtary and civil ; and in all matters of importance the dey is exported to take the advice of a lommon council, which confifts of thirty paflias. Tliefe paflias feldoin fail of forming parties among the foldiers, againft the reigning dcy, wliom they make no fcruple of aflldfinating, even in council, and the Ihongcft candidate then fills his place. Sometimes he is depofcd ; Ibmc- tiinei, though but very feldom, he refigns'his authority to fave his life ; md it is feldom he dies a natural death upon the throne. The authority of the dcy is unlimited; but an uuluccefsful expedition, or too pacific a toiuliidl, feldom fails to put an end to his life and government, RKViiNUiiS.] I have ;iiready mentioned thole of Algiers, but they are now laid to be exceeded by Tunis. They confill of a certain propor- tion of the prizes taken from Chriftians, a fmall capitation tax, and the f iiltoms paid by the Englifli, French, and othei' nations who are fuffered fo tjMde with thofe (lutes. As to the king of Mororco, we can torm no idtA of his revenues, becaufe none of his fubjccls t an bi^ faid to pofiefs any property. From the manner of his living, his attendanct, and ap- pearance, we may conclude he does not abound in riches. The ranfoms ot Chriftirfn (laves are his perquifites. He fometimes fliares in the veflels of the other ftates, which entitles him to part of tluir prizes. He claims :^ tenth of the goods of his Mahometan (ubjeds, and fix crowns a year from every Jew merchant. He has likewiie confiderable profits in the Negroland and other caravans, efpecially the (lave trade toward the fouth. It ii> thought that the whole of hb ordinary revenue, in money, does not exceed i6(;,cool. a year. A detachment of the army of thefe ftates is anmially fent into each province to coUert the tribute from the Moois and Arabs, and the prizes they take at fea fometimcs equal the taxes laid upoa the natives. M«ir-!TARY STRENGTH ) By the 'heft accounts we have received, AT SEA AND LAND. J the king of Morocco can bring to the field 100,000 men ; but the ftrength of his army confifts of cavalry mounted by his Negro (laves. Thofe wretches are brought young to Morocco, know no other ftate but fervitude, and no other mafter but that king, and prove the firmeft fupport of his tyranny. About the year 1727, all the jjaval force of Morocco confifted only of three iinall (liips which lay at Sallee, and being full of men, fomctimes brought in prizes. The Algt- rines maintain about 6500 foot, confifting of Turks, and cologlies, or the fons of foldiers. Pai^t of them ferve as marines on board their veflels, about looo of them do garrifon duty, and part are employed in foment- \\\g differences among the neighbouring Aral> princes. Befides thefe, the dey can bring 2000 Moorifti horfe to the field ; but as they are enemies to the Turks, they are little trufted. Thofe troops are under excellent difcipline, and the deys of all the other Barbary ftates keep up a force in proportion to their abilities : fo that a few years ago they refufed to fend any tribute to the Turkifli -emperor, who feems to be fatisfied with one (liadow of obedience which they pay him. It is very remarkable, that thovigh the Carthaginians, who inhabited this very country of Barbary, had greater fleets and a more extenlive com- ro?rce thafl any other ntition, or than all the people upon the fiice of the .. I- '..,.:"" •''-'" ■■—■.'.* '' ■■■-■•■ :: 3^4 .; "*':,o:)f: earth, !i.'(|^y I 744 Op THE SLAVE COAST, &c, etrtb, when that ftate flonriihed, the prefrnt inhabitants h^ve fcarcely any nieichant (hips belongine to ttjem, nor indeed any other than what Sallfe, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli fit out for pirary ; which, though increafed lince the lad attack gf the Spaniard^, are but now few and fmall, and fome years ago did not exceed fix (hips, from thirty-fix to fifty guns. The ad- miral's (hip belongs to ;hc government; the other captains are appointed by private owners, but fnbjeft to military law. With fuch a contemptible fleet, thefe Infidels not only harrafs the nations of Ei^rope, but oblige them tp pay a kind of tribute by way of preftnts. History.] Thjtre perhaps is no problem in hiftory fo unaccountable as the decadence of the fplendor, power, and glpry of the ftatcsof Barbary ; M'hich, when Rome was iniflrefs of the world, formed the faircft jewels in the imperial diadem. It was not till the feventh century that, after tbefe ilates had been by turns in pofleflion pf the Vandals and preek em- perors, the califs or Saracens of Bagdad conquered them^ and from thenre became matters of almofl all Spain, trnm whence their pofterity was totally driven about the year 14921 when the exilf;s fettled among their frieii({s and countrymen on the Birbary coatt. This naturally Injgot a perpetual >var between them and the Spaniards, who prefTed them fo hard, that they called to their affiftarjce the two famous brothers Baibarofia, who were admirals of the Turkiili fleet, and who, after breaking the Spanifli yoke, impofed upon the inhabitants of all thofe ftates . (e^'-'epting Morocco) their own. Some attempts were made by the empeior Cbailes V. to re- duce Algiers and Tunis, but they were unfMcceftfiil ; and the inha- bitants ha\ c ii> fail ihaken offthe Turkifli yoke likeM'ife. The emperors or kings of Morocco are the fucceffors of thofe fnveieigns of that country who are called xevifFs, and whofe power refembled that of the califate of the Saracen?. They hdve been in gepet al a ftt of bloody tyrants ; though they have had an)ong them fome able jirinces, parti- cularly Muley Moluc, who defeated and killed Don Sebaftiau, king of Portugal. They have lived in almoft a continued ftatc of warfare with the king pf Spai^ and other Chiillian princes ever fitu e ; nor does the crown of Great Britain fometimes diid^in, a§ in the yeav 1769^ to pur- chz;fc their friendfliip with preftnts. , . Of AFR..ICA, from the Trqpic of Cancer to the Cape of Good-Hop^. . . ,' . 'J , I" ! Sec the Tal/k and Map, THIS ^mnienfe territory is comparatively IpeakJng, very little known; theie is no, modern traveller that has penetiated into the interior parts; fo that we arc ignorant not only of the bounds, but even of the names of feveial irilari4 countries. In many material fircumftances, the inhabitants of this ex'totiSye continent agree'with each other. If we ex- cept the j^eople of i\by(finia, who are tawny, and profcis a mixture of l^phrifttanity, judaifm, and l^aganilni, they are all of a black complexion ; iix theil- religion,. e.ijcenV oatjie coafts, which have been vifited and Of the slave COAST, &c. 745 Urttlcd by {Irangcrj, they are Pagaas ; and tlie form of governraent it tvtry where mdnarrhica). Few princes, however, poJfefj a very exteiifive joiifcUiftion ; for as the natives of this part- of Afri. a are ^rofsly ignorant in all the arts of utility or refinement, they ai"e little acquainted with one another ; and generally imited in finajll'ocietifs, «uh governed by its own piin( e. In Abylfinia indeed, as well as in Con^^o, Lo^ngo and Angola^ we are told of powerful moiiarchs; hut, on examination, it is found ckaC the authority of thefc princes ftiindson a precarious footing, each tribe or feparate body of their lubjerts being under the influence of a petty chief- tain of their own, to whole commands, however contrary to tliole of the tiij(ifJ)a tie^afcht^ or kinj; of kings, thty are always ready to fubmit.— This indeed muft always be the cafe among rude nations, where the art of governing, like alt others, is in a very fimple and imperfect ftate. In the fucceflion to the throne, force generally prevails over right; and an linrle, a brother, or other collateral relation, is on this account commonly preferred to the defcendants, whether male or female. Tlie fertility of a country fo prodigionfly extenlive, might be fuppofcd more various than we find it is : in fai^ thire is no medjum in this part of Africa with regard to the advantages of foil ; it is either perfeftly barren or extremely fertile. This arifes from the intt-nfe heat of^the fun, which, U'herc it merts with fufficicnt nioifture, pioduces the utmofl luxuriancy; and in thofe countries where there aic few rivers, reduces the furface of the e:irth to a barren fand. Of this fort ate the countries of Anian and 2aara, which, for want of water, andconfeqviently of all other neccfTaries, are reduced to perfert deferts, as the name of the latter denotes. In thofe countries, on the other hand, where there is plenty of water, and parti- culaly where the river overflows the land, part of the year, as in Abyffinia, the produftions of nature, both of the animal and vegetable kind, arc fnund in the hitrhefl perfeftion and greateft abundance. The countries of Manclingo, Ethiopia, Congo, Angola, Batua, Trulicui, Monomotapa, Cafatia, and Mehenemugi, aie extremely rich in gold and filver. The bafer metals likevvife are found in thefe and many other parts of Africa. But the pcrfons of the natives make the moft confiderable article in the pro- dure and traffic of this miferable quarter of the globe. On the Guinea or. wellern coaft, the Englifh trade to James I'ort, and other fettlements near«. the river Gambia, where they exchange t!ieir woollen and linen manu-s fartures, their hard-ware and fpirituous liquors, for the perions of the natives. Among the Negroes, a man's wealth con(ifls in the number of .. his family, whom he fells like fo many cattle, artd often at an inferior price. Ciold and ivory, next to the flave trade, form the principal blanches of African commerce. Thefe are carried on from the fame coaft, where the Dutch and French, as well as Englifh, have their fettlcments for the purpofe. The Portuguefe are in pofleffioa of the eafl and weft coal^ pf Africa, from the tropic of Capricor^i to the Equator ; whicfh immenfe ♦racl they became mafters of by their fucceflive attempts and happy dif- f^very and navigation of the Ciipe of Good Hope. Fran the coafl of Zanguebj^r, on the eaftern fide, they trade not only for the articles above jnentioned, but likewife for feveral others, as fena and aloes, civet, amber- g'ife, and frankincenfe. The Dutch have fettlements towards the foutheru pait of the continent, in the country called Caflfraria, or the land of the Hottentots, where their fliip? bound for India ufually put in, and trade Jijhthe natives for their cattle, in exchange fof which they give them l^iiituous liquors, History.] . 't'i \l\ li'te m *■■( j ■ 'm m 74^ AFRICAN ISLANDS. HiSTonY.") The liiftoiy of this continent is little known, and proba.' bly aftords no materials which dclVrve toieini.r il more fo. Wo know from the ancients, who Tailed a confidcrablc way round the roafls, that the inhabitants were in the fame rude (ituntion mar zcoo years a;^o ia which lliey are at pnlisnt, that is they had little of humanity riljout tlum hut the form. This may he either arconnted for by liip|)o(iii<', thnt nature has placed fomc ydiiperalile barrier between the natives of this drvilioii of Africa, and the inhabitants of Kurope, or that the h)imir being ihtir voyage to and from India, j^tnci illy fiii!. nnufs prcvcntt-d by Itorms. Madagafcar is n pioafant, (Icdrable, and fertile co\inrry? abounding in fugar, lionev, vin s, frnii-tiees, \'("rf^tnl)Ics, vaJnablc gums, corn, cattle, fowls, precious ftont:, iron, fome (liver, roppr-r, (kel, and tin. It atfords an agreeable variety of hills, v;illi" , woods, and champaign; watiied with numerous rivrrs, and well (tored with tifh. The air is ge- nerally tempcratf, and fliid to be very healthy, tiiough in a hot cli- mate. The inh:xbit;uns are of different camplexions and religions ; fome whit.-, fome Nv.toc, fonT; Mahometans, lonif Pas^ans. 'J'hc whites aiul thofe of a tawiiey t^ompK xion, who inhaliit the coafts, are defcended from the Arabs, as is evi-h nt from their language, and their religious rites; but here are no niofques, templts, nur any ftattd m or (liip, except that they offer (acrifices of beafts on pat ticular o( cafions ; as when (ick, when they plant yams, or rice, when they hold their affemblies, circum- rife their children, declare war, enter into new-built houfes, or bury their dead. Many of them obferve the JewKh Sabbath, and give fome account of the facrcd hiftory, the creation and fall of man, as alfo of Noah, Abraham, Mofes and David ; from whence it is conjeftured thejr are defcended from Jews, who formerly fettled here, thcnigh none know how, or when This ifland was difcovcred by tlie Portuguefe, and the French took po(re(rion of it in 164.1 ; but the people difliking their government, they were driven out in 1652 ; fince which the natives have had the fole pofleflion of the idand, under a number of petty princes, who make war upon one another for flaves and plunder. MAUIUTIUS, or Maurice, was fo called by the Dutch, who firft touched here in ngS, in honour of prince Maurice, their iladthol- der. It is fituated in eaft long. 56. fouth lat. 20. about 400 miles eaft of Madagafcar. It is of an oval form, about i ijo miles in circumference, with a fine harbour, capable of containing 50 large fl)ips, fecure againft any wind that blows, and 100 fathoms deep at the entrance. The cli- mate is e;^tremelv healthy and pleafant. The mountains, of which there jre many, and fome fo high that their tops are covered with fnow, pro- duce the belt ebony in the world, befides various other kinds of valuable wood, two of which greatly referable ebony in quality ; one red, the other yellow as wax. The ifland is watered with fevcral pleafant rivers well {locked with fifli j and though the foil is none of the moft fruitful, yields plenty of tobacco, rice, fruit, and feeds, a great number of cattle, deer, goats, and flieep. It wa$ formerly fubjeft to the Dutch, but is now in the ix)flelfion of the French. BOURBON, The ifle of Bourbon is fitxiated in eaft long. 54. fouth lat. 21. about 300 miles eaft of Madagafcar, and is about 90 miles round. There are many good roads for (hipping round Boutbon, parti- cularly on the north and louth fides, but hardly a (ingle harbour where fiiips can ridefecure againft ^hofe hurricanes which blow during the mon- (oorn I" « I', t ■h ' M I r ifK i I ■ \i r wm i! It I. 01 f J 748 AFRICAN ISLANDS. foon«!, Tndred «h« coart is lo (miovindcd with blind rocks, funk a few feet below the water, that roalling aloii;* Ihorc is at all tinits daiigcious. Oii the. loiithcrrj txittinity is a vojrano, which rontinually fiirows out flamfs, iinoke, anil fnlphui-, with a hideoui roarina; noifi-, terrible in tht night to mariners. The ,h extremely hot, is hcaliliy, \tt\n^ rdrcflicil with cooling {];:iles, that blow morning aiid cvciuwr from tlm lea ar.il land ; (••mtri nics, however, terrible hiniicancs fliakc the wliolc ttlaiui almolt tt) its fomulation, but generally without any otlar bad mn- fe. S». HELENA. The hi ft ifland on this fide the Cape is St. Helena, fituated in weft long. 6-4. fouth lat. ^^^. being 1 2C0 milts weft ot the iontinent of Afri<"a, and i8oo eaft of South America. The ifland is a ?ock abourt -21- miks in circumference, very high and very ftcep, only gcceflibiC at the landing place, in a fmall valley at the eaft fide of it, which istiefcnded by a battery of guns planted level with the water ; and as tliC waves arc perpetually dafliing on the (hore, it is gfnerally diHicult iaiiuing cvou here. Thereisno other aucborage about the ifland but at Chapel Valley 'Bay; and as the wind always blows from the fouth-eaft, if a ftiip overftioots the ifland ever fo little, Ibe cannot jety of hi>ki?, b«liock?, SQiihrv, ducks, ut^elV, aod uvki^'s, with "'hlh :■ . ' - tluy AFRICAN I S I. A N D S. 749 fhfv tiipply the iiiilors, takinj^ in oxchnnge, IJiirt*, tlrawers, or au y lighr. vlotlis, p\(x'€% of rallico, (jlks, mnllin, arrack, lii)j[ai\ ^c. St. litlena is laid to have been i\ri\ ditiovcrctl by the Portuguefp on th« idhval of the emprefs HcK-na, mother ot the cniptror Conftantlnc thr Great, whofe name it Uiil bears. It docs not apptar that the I'ortugiicfe tver planted a colony here: and the Kn^IKh Eart Inilia company took pollcflinn of it in 1600, and held it without intenuption till the year 167-, wlien the Dvitch look it by furprize. Uowrvtr, tUv Kii«lifli, midti- the command of captain Mundcu, iccovcred it aj;ain within the Ipacc of a year, and at the lame time took three Dutch Haft India Ihips that lay in ihc road. There are about 200 families in the iflaiid, moft of them ilefceiided from tnglifli parents. The Kaft India fliips take in water ami tidh provifions here in their way home: but the illand is fn fm nil, ami ti)e wind fo much againft them outward bound, that they vtry feiiloai ke it then. , Tiie company's affairs are here managed by a governor, deputy-govrr- !ior, and ftore-keeper, who have Handing falaries allowed by tiie company, ^elilies a public table well furnifhed, to which all comnjandois, malkrs of fiiips, and principal paflcngers, are welcome. ASCENSION. This illand is fituatcd 7 dcg. 40 min. fouth. lat. 600 miles north weft of St. Helena: it received its name fioni its bein^ (iifcovered by the Portuguele on Afcenfion-day, and is a moimtainous barren ifland, about twenty miles round, and uninhabited ; but it has a fafe ronvenient harbour, where the Eaft India fliips generally touch to furnilli themfelves with turtle, or tortoifes, which are very plentiful here, and vaftly large, fome of them weighing about 100 pounds each. The lailors going a lliore in the night time, frequently turn 2 or ; hundred of them on their backs before morning ; and are ibmetimes fo cruel to turu many more than they ufe, leaving them to die on the Ihore. St. MATTHEW. This is a fmall illuml, lying in 6-1 weft Ion. and 1-30 fouth lat. 300 miles on the north-caft of Aicenfion, and was alfo dif- coveied by the Portuguefe, who planted ainl kept poflrflion of it for fome time: but afterwards dcferted it. This illand remains now uninhabited, liaving little to invite other nations to fettle there, except a Imall lake ot frelh water. The four following illands, viz. St. THOMAS, AN ABO A, PRINCE'* INLAND, and FERNANDO PO, are fituated in the gulf of Guinea, • between Congo and Benin; all of them were firft difcovcred by the Por- ftigiiefe, and are ftill in the poiTelHoa of that nation, and furnilh (hipping with frelh water and provifions as they pafs bv. CAPE VERD ISLANDS. Thefe iflands are fo called from a cape of that name" on the African coaft, near the river Gambia, over againft ^'Hirh they lie, at the diftance of ^co miles, Ijetwecn 21 and 26 deg. weft Inn. and 1 4 and 18 deg. north lat. They were difcovered in the year U6 , by the Portuguele, and are about 2 j in nuiAber : but fome of them ^ng only barren uninhabited rocks, are nQt worth notice. St. J ago, 6iavo, Fogo, Mayo, Bonavifta, Sal, St, Nicholas, St. Luria, St Vin- 'wt, Santa Cruz, and St. Aritonio, are the moft conliderable, and are . f%ft to the Portuguefe. The air, generally fpeaking, is very hot, and "1 tome of them very unwholefome. They af€ inhabited by Europeans, w the defcefidants of fiuiope&ns and Negroes. . ^^'.J^gOi where the Portuguefe viceroy ?tfidv^*, is the moft fruitfu', beft •"liaUtcdj.aud Jjugcll ©f thcia. aiJ, btingf i 50 niiJes iu circumfere^ice ; yvt ■, . , ■ - ..■..• : ■ ' il.y 1. ' n: ' Mm 75<» AFRICAN ISLANDS. jt is motintainous, and has much barren land in it. Ifs produce is fiij;ai-, cotton, fome wine, Indian corn, cocoa-nuts, oranges, and other tropical fruits, plenty of roots, and garden-fluff; but the plant of rtioft confequcnee to them is the madder, which grows in abundance among the cliffs ; and here is alfo plenty of hogs and poultry, and fonie of the prettieft green monkies, with black faces, that are to be met with any where. Baya, or Praya (famous for an aftion between an Engllfh and French fqua* dron), is fituated on the eaft fide, has a good port, and is feldom without fliips, thofe outward-bound to Guinea or the £afl Indies, from England, Holland, and France, often touching here for water and refrefliments. In the illand of MAYO or MAY, immcnfe quantities of fait is made by the heat of the fun from the fea-water, which at fpi ing-tides is received into a fort of pan, formed by a fand-bank, whith runs along the ooaft for two or three miles. Here the Englifli drive a confiderable trade for fair, and have commonly a man of war to guard the vtlTels that come to load with it, which in fome years amount to a hundred or more. The filt cofls nothing, except for raking it together, wheeling it out of the ptjnd, and carrying it on afles to the boats, which is done at a very cheap rate. Several of our fliips come hither for a freight of alTes, which they caii y to Barbadoes and other Britiih plantations. The inhabitants of this iflaiui, even the governor and priefts, are ail Negroes, and fpeak che Portugutfe language. The Negroe governor experts a fmail prefent from every com* mander that loads fait, and is pleafed to be invited aboard their fliips.— The fea-water is fo cxceflively clear on this coall, that an Englifli faiior t\'ho dropped his watch, perceived it at the bottom, though many fathoms deep, and had it brought up by one of the natives, who are in general ex- pert in diving. The ifland of FOGO is remarkable for beilig a volcano, continual'v fending up fulphureous exhalations ; and fometimes the flame breaks out like iEtna, in a terrible manner, throwing out pumice-flones that annoy all the adjacent parts. GOREE is fituated within cannon-fliot of Cape Verd, N. lat. 14-4?. W. long. 1 7-20. and was fo called by the Dutch from an ifland and towit of the fame name in Holland. It is a fmall fpot not exceeding two miles in circumference, but its impnrtanre arifes from its fi'cuation for trade fo near Cape Verd, and has been therefore a bone of contention between European nations. It was fiift poffefled by the Dutch, from whom, in 1663, it was taken by the Englifli, but in 1665 it was retaken by the Dutch, and in 1667 fubdued by the French, in whofe pofrelfion itre- tnained till the year 17!;9» when the Brit ifh arms, every where triumph* ant, again reduced it. Hut it was reflored to the French at the treaty ol peace in rjO^. It was retaken by the Englifh the laft war, but given up again by the peace of 1783. ' CANARIES. The Canaries, ancienLly called the Fortunate Iflands, are feven in number, and fituated betv»een 12 and 19 deg. wefl long, and between 27 and 29 deg. north lat. about itjo miles fouth-well of Mororco Their particular names are Palma, Hiero, Gomcra, Teueriffe, Grand Canaria, Fueiteventura, and Langaiote. Thele iflands enjoy a pure temperate air, and abound in the moft delirious fruits, efpecially giapes» which' produce thol' jkh wincs t'.Rt obtain the name of the Canary, whereof the greattft part is exported to England,, which in time of peacf. is computed at lo-oco hogflie ids annually. The Canaries abound with thofe little beauiifvil birds that ^)ear their name, and are now fo commou AFRICAN ISLANDS. 75 » tnd fo much admired in Europe ; but their wild notes in their native lami far excel thofe in a cage or foreign clime. Grand Canary, which communicates its name to the whole, is about 1^0 miles in circumference, and fo extremely fertile as to prodnre two barvefts in a year. Teneriffe, the largefl of theie iilands, next to that of tlie Grand Canary, is about 120 miles round : a fertile country aboundino; in corn, wine, and oil ; though it is pretty much encimibercd with mountains, particularly the i'eak. Captain Glafs obfcrvcs, that in coming in with this ifland, in clear weather, the Peak may be eafily dif- cerned at 120 miles diflance, and in failing from it nt ic;o. The Pealt is an afeent in the form of a fugar-loaf, about fifteen miles in circumference, "and accordia£ to the account of Sprat, bifliop of Kovhcfter, publiflied in the Phililophical Tranfactlons, nearly three miles perpendiuilar.— Lately afcertained to be only 13,261; feet. Tiiis moiuirain is a volcano, and fometimes throws out fuch quantities of fulphur and melted ore, as to convert the richeft lands into barren- deferts. Thefe iiland,-. were firft difcovered and planted by the Carthaginians ; but the Romans deflroy- ing that flate put a flop to the navigation on the wefl cc.ft of Africa, and the Canaries lay concealed from the reft of the world until they were again difcovered by tlie Spaniards, in the year 1405, to whom they ftill belong. It is remarkable, that though the natives refembled the Africans in their flature and complexion when the Spaniards firft cani^ among them, their language was different from that fpoken on the conti- nent; they ret::'jied none of their cnftoms, were maflers of nofcicuc.e, and did not know there was any country in the world befides their own. MADEIRAS, The three iflands called the Madeiras, are lituated, according to the author of A nfon's Voyages, in a ilne clim.ite in 37-27 north lat. and from 18-30 to 19-30 weft long, about 100 miles north of the Canaries, and as many weft cf Sal lee, in Morocco. The largeft, fiom which the r«;ft derive the general name of Madeiras, or rather Mat- lera, on account of its being formerly almoft covered witli wood, is about 75 miles long, 60 broad, and 180 in circumference. It is compofed of one cq^tlnued hill, of a confiderable height, extending from eaft to weft, the dCW^vity of which, on the fouth fide, is cultivated and intei-fperfed with vineyards ; and in the midft of this flope the merchants have fixed their country feats, which form a very agreeable profpcft. There is but one confiderable town in the whole ifland, which is named Fuachal, leated on the fouth part of the ifland, at the bottom of a large bay ; towards the fea it is defended by a high wall, with a battery of cannon, and is the only place where it is pbflible for a boat to land ; and even here the beach is covered with large ftones, and a violent furf continually beats upon it. Though this ifland feems to have been known to the ancients, yet it lay concealed for many generations, and at Ungth ivas difcovered by the Portugnefe in if 19: but others afllit that it was fiift difcovered by arv Englifliman, in the year 1344. ^^ ^^^^ as it irs^iy, the Portuguefc took pofleflion of it, and are ftill almoft the onJy people who inhabit it. The rbrtugucfe, at their firft landing, finding it little better than a thick forefl, rendered the ground capable of CHltivation, by fettiiig fiie to this Wood; and is now very fertile, producing in great abundance the richcft *'ine, fugar, the moft delicate fruity efpccially nr-mgcs, lemons, and pomegranate*; together wjth corn, honev, and wax; it -abounds nHb ....■■ Ma . :,-, ..... . ^'\ih. ■1% pH i '".-li 11 ''' H ■;» m it 11 I 752 AFRICAN ISLANDS. vrhh boat's aiu! other wild beafts, nnd with all forts of fowh, bffidfj nuMKrous groves of rcdar-trces, nnd thofe that yield dragon's blood, ir.allir, and other gums. The inhabitants of this ifle make the beft fweet-me;iti ill tUc world, and fuccetd wonderfully in prL^ferviiig citrons and onnffes. and in making mainialade and perfumed partes, which exceed thoft'of noiioa. The fugar they make is extremely be;ivitiful, and fmells naturailv of violets. This indeed is faid to be the firlt place in the Weft where that manufaiJlure was fet on foot, and from thenre was carried to the Br»rils in America. The Portuguefe not finding it fo profitaf/k as at firft, have pulled up the greateil part of their fiigar-canes, and planted vineyards m their (lead, which produce feveral forts of excellent w ine, particularly that which bears the name oftheifland, malmfey, and tent ; of all w|uch the inhabitants make and fell prodigious quantities. No left than 20,000 hogfhcads of Madeira, it is faid, are yearly exported, the greateft part to the Weft Indie?, efpecially to Barbadoes : the Madeira wine not only enduring a hot climate better than any other, but even being improved when expofed to the fun in barrels after the bung is taken out. It is faid no venomouj; animal can live here. Of the two othei iflands, one is called Porto Santo, which lies at a fmall diftance from Madeira, is about eight miles in compafs, and extremely fertile. It has very good harbours, where fliips may ride with fafety againft all winds, except the fouth-wtft; and is frequented by Indiamen outward and homeward bound. The other iiland is an inconfiderable barren rock. AZORES. Leaving the Madeiras, with which we clofe the account of Africa, we continue ourcourfe weftvvard through this immenfe ocean, which brings us to the Azores, or, as they are called, the Weftern Iflands, that are fituated between 25 and 32 deg. weft Ion. and between 37 and 40 north lat. 900 miles weft of Portugal, and as many eaft of Newfotind- land, lying almoft in the mid-way between Europe and America. They are nine in number, antl are named Santa Maria, St. Miguel or St. Michael, Tercera, St. George, Graciofa, Fayal, Pico, Flores, and Corvo. They were difcovered in the middle of the fifteenth century by Jofliua Vander Berg, a merchant of Bruges in Flanders, Who, in a vm^age to Lifbon, was by flrefs of weather cfriven to thefe iflands. Which he* found deftitute of inhabitants, and called them the FJemifli iflands. On his ar* rival at Lilbon, he boaftcd of this difcovery, on which the Portuguefe fet fail immediately, and took pofleflion gf them, and to whom rhey ftill be- long, and were called in general the Azores, from the great number oF hawks and falcon? found among them. All thefe iflands enjoy a very clear and ferene iky, with a falubrious air; but are expofed to violent earth- quakes, from which they have frequently fufFered : and alfo by the inun- dations of fmTounding waves. They are, however, extremely fertile in corn, wine, and a variety pf fruits, alfo cattle, fowl, and fifh. It is faicj that no poifonous or noxious animal breeds on the Azores, and that if carried thither they will expire in a few hours. St. Michael, which n the largeft, being near a 100 miles in circumfe- rence, and containing 50,000 inhabitant-, way twice invaded awd plun- dered by the Engtift) in the reign of queen Eliz:ibeth. Xeif^^''^ '^ ^^^^ !^^"^ important of thefe iflands, on account of its harbour, which is fpacious, atid have good anchorage, but is expofed to the fouth-eaft winds. Its capi- tal town, Angra, cont^insacathedr.-d and five clnu'ches, and isthcrefiden:e ctf the £overnor f^f tliefe iflands, as well a-i of the billiop. 'AMERICA. ( 753 ) '■V; X M ERICA. ^i::m4 "'': ITS DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST. WE arc now to treat of a country of vaft extent and fertility, and which, though little cultivated by the hand of art, owes in many refpeAs more to that of nature than any other divifion of the globe. The paiticiijar circumftances of this country require that we fliould in fome meafiire vary our plan, and before defcribing its prefciit ftate, affoid fucli iaformation with regard to its difcovery, as is moft neceJIary for fatisfying our readers. Towards the clofe of the i qth . entury, Venice and Genoa were the only powers in Europe who owed their fupport to commerce. An inter- ference af interefts infpired a mutual rivalfliip ; but in traffic Venice was much fupcrior. She engrofltd the whole commerce of India, then, and indeed always, the moft valuable in the world, birt hitherto entirely ear- ned on through the inland parts of Afia, or by the way of Egypt aa'^ thf; Red Sea. In this ftate of affairs, Columbus, a native of Genoa, whofe knowledge of the true figure of the earth, however attained, was much fuperior to the general notions of the age in which he lived, conceived a projeft of failing to the Indies by a bold and unknown route, and of open- ing to his country a new fource of opulence and power. But this propofal of failing wcftward to the Indies was rejefted by the Genoefe as chimerical, and the principles on which it was founded were condemned as abfurd. Stung with difappoinrment and indignation, Columbus retired from his country, laid his fcheme before the court of France, where his reception wasftiti more mortifying; and where, according to the practice of that people, he was laughed at and ridiculed. Henry VII. of England was his next rcfort ; but the cautious politics of that prince were the mofl eppofite imaginable to a great but uncertain defign. In Portugal, where tliefpirit of adventure ana difcovery about this time began to operate, he had reafon to expeft better fuccefs. But the Portuguefe contented thern- felves with creeping along the coaft of Africa, and difcoveriiig one cape after another; they had no notion of venturing boldly into the open fea, and of rifquing the whole at once. Such repeated difappointn^ents would have broken the fpirit of any man but Columbus. The expedition re- put an end to the commotioui Columbus firft landed on t ne of the ]3a« hama iflands, but there, to his fiirprife and forrow, difcoVered, from the poverty of the inhabitants, that thefe could not be the Indies he was in quefl of. In fteering fouthward, however, he found the illand called Hif- paniola, abounding in all the neceitaries of life, inhabited by a humane and hofpitable people, and what was of ftill greater confeqiience, as it in* fured his favourable reception at home, promifing, from lome famples he received, confiderable quantities of gold. This irtand therefore he pro- poi'ed to make the centre of his difcoveries ; and having left upon it a few of his com|)anions, as the ground Work of a colony, returned to Spain to procure the necellary reinforcements. The court was then at Barcelona: Columbus travelled thither from Seville, amidft the acclamations of the people, attended by fome of tiie ijihabitants, the gold, the arms, utenfils, and ornaments of the country he had difcovered. This entry in Barcelona was a fpecies of triumph more glorious than that of conqueroi-s, more uncommon, and more inno- fent. In this voyage he had acquired a general knowledge of all the illand^ in that great Ita which divides North and Soiith-America ; but he had no idea that there was an ocejln between him and China. Thus were the Weft Indies difcovered by fceking a paHage to the £aft ; and even after the difcovery, ftill conceived to be a part of the eaftern hemifphere. The prefent fuccefj of Columbus, his former difappointments, and the j^lory attending fo unexpefted a difcovery, rendered the court of Spain ai eager to forward his defigns now, as it had been dilatory befpre. A fleet of feventeen fail was immediately prepared ; all the neceflarics for conqueft or difcovery w^-e embarked ; and 1500 men, among whom were feveral of high rank and fortune, prepared to accompany Columbus, now ap- pointed governor with the moft ample authority. It is impoflible to deter* mine whether the genius of this great man in firft, conceiving the idea of tliefe difcoveries, or the fagacity in the execution of the plan he had con- ceived, mofl deferve our admiiation. Inftead of hurrying from fea to fca, and from one ifland to another, which, confidering the ordinary motives to action among mankind, was naturally to be e.xpe and found gold and pearl in tolerable plenty. About this time the fpirit of difcovery fpread iffelf widely, and many adventurers all over Europe wiiiied to acquire the reputation of Columbus vvithoiii pofleffing his abilities- The Portugucfe difcovered Brafil, which niakes at prefent the moft valuable part of their pofleffions : Cabot, a Jiativeof Briftol, difcovered the north-eaft coafts, which now compofe the Britifti empire in North America : and Americus Vefpufius, a merchant "t Florence, failed to the fouthern continent of America, and, being a , ■;,(.. 3 C a man if,: ■ 756 AMERICA. man of adiircrs, Ind the honour of giving his name Irt half the glohr Hwr no one now is irnpofed on by the name ; «tll the world kn(Avs that C'oUuiaUv.s was the tiiU difoovercr. Tlie being deprived of the honour of ^ivinc; nan^.e to the new world, was otic of the fnnailtft mortifications to which this great man wasrompelKd tofiibmit. For Aich were die clamoiii> of his enemies, and the iuj^ratitnde of the court of Spain, that, after dif. covering the continent, and making fettlements in the iflands of America, lie was treated like a traitor, and carried over to Exirope in irons. He enjoyed^ however, the ^lor)' of rendering the one half of the world known to the other : a glory lo much the more precious, as it was untainted bv cruelty or plunder, which disfigured all the exploits of thofe who came after him, and accompliflied the execution of his plan. He fully vindi frtted himfelf at court, was reftored to favour, and undertook anoiher Voyage, in which ho fuffered great fatigues. He returned to Spain, and died at Valladolid, in 1 506, in th** ^gth year of his age. The fucceeding j»;ovcrnois of Cuba and Hifpaniola endeavoured to purchafe the fame advantages by the blood of the natives, which Cohimlnis had obtained by his good fenfe ancj humanity. Thefe iflands contained mines of gold. — The Indians only knew where they were fituated ; and the extreme ava- rice of the Spaniards, too furious to work by the gernle means of perfua- fion, hiuried them to acts of the mofi: fliocking violence and ciuelty againft thofe unhappy men, who, they believed, concealed from them part of their treafure. The ftaughter once begun, they ft- 1 no bounds to their fury ; In a feW years they depopulated Hifpaniola, which contained three millions of inhabitants ; and Cuba, that had about 600,000. Bar- tholomew de las Cafas, a witnefs of thofe barbarous depopulations, fays that the Spaniards went out with their dogs to hunt after men. The unhappy favagcs, almoft naked and unarmed, were purfued like deer into the thick of the forefts, devoured by dogs, killed with gun fhot, or fui- prifed and burnt in their habitations. The Spaniards had hitherto only vifited the continent ; from what they iaw with their eyes, or learned by report, they conjeftured that this part of the new world would afford a Itill more valuable conqueft. Fernando Cortea i^; difpatchcd from Cuba with 600 men, 18 horfes, and a fmali number of field pieces. With this inconfiderable force, he propofes to fnbdue the niofl powerful flfate on the continent of America : this was the ei)iprre,of Mexico ; rich, powerful, and inhabited by millions of Indians, paliionately fond of war, and then headed bv Monto'ima, whofc fame in arms itruck terror in the neighbouring; n:;tioiis. Never hiltory, to be true, was more miprobable and romantit thaji that: of this war. The em- pire of Mexico had fubfiikd for a^e-, : its inhal/itauts, it is faid, were not rude and barbarous ; every thing announced a pol/fiied and inteiligf-nt people. Thf^y knew, like the Egyptians of- old, whofe wifdom is ftill admired in this particular, that the year conllfted nearly of 3^^ days. Their fuperiorlry in military aflairs wasthe objeft of admir>ticn and ter- ror overall the continent; and their government, founded on the furc bafis of laws combined with religion, Icemed to bid defiance to t'me itfelf. Mexico, tfie capital of the empire, fituated in the middle of a fpac ous lake, tvasihe noblert monument of American induftry : it coumiunicatid to the coi.tinent by immense taaleuays, w!iich were carried throug'i tlie lake. The city was admired for its building';, all of lionp, its fquar.s, ;:n(il mar- Ket-places, the ih ops whic'.i giittevcd v/ith gold and lilver, and the fump- * ■ ■ ' ^ tuou* sxtremt ava- aiti, were not AMERICA- 757 tuous palaces of Montezuma, fome ere M •-'■ m , 1} '•{ , I- M ' hi 'i f. , ^u^ li*!»'i'n*'. 758 AMERICA. might be accompli fhecl. The Americans had the,higheft refpeft, or rather 3 fuperititious veneration for their emperor. Cortez, therefore, by ketp- ing him in his power, allowing him to enjoy eveiy mark of royalty but his freedom, and, at the lame time, from a thorough knowledge of his charafter, being able to flatter all his taftes and paflions, maintained the eafy fovereignty of Mexico, by governing its prince. Did the MeximiM, grown famifiar with the Spaniards, begin to abate of their refped ; Mon- tezuma was the fiifl to teach them more politenefs. Was thei'e a tumiilr excited through the cruelty or avarice of the Spaniards; Montezuma afctndtd the battlements of his prifon, aud harangued his Mexicans iiirn order and fubmilTion. This farce continued a long while ; but on one of thefe occafions, when Montezuma was fliamefuUy difgracing his charnrtcr by jiiltifying the encmi' s of his country, a ftone, from an >:::''iiown hand, ftruck him on the temple, which in aiew days orrafioned hisderith. '1 he Mexicans now delivered from this emperor, who co-operated fo ftrongly with the Spaniards, elert a new prince, the famous Guatimozin, who from the beginning difcovered an implacable animofity againft the Sj)3nini name. Under his conduft the unhappy Mexicans ruflied againft thoie very men, whom a little before they had offered towoifliip. The Spa- niaids, however, by the dexterous management of Cortez, were too tirnily eftabliflied to be expelled from Mexico. The immenfe tribute wlii(h tiie grandees of this country had agreed to pay to the crown of Spain, amounted to 690,000 marks of pure gold, befides an amazing quantity of precious ftones, a fifth part of which, diftributed among his foldicrs, stimulated their avarice- and their courage, and made them willing to perifh rather than part with fo precious a booty. The Mexicans, however, made no fmall efforts for independence ; but all their valour, and defpair itfelf, gave way before what they called the Spaniili thunder. Guatimozin and the emprefs were taken prifoners. This was the prince who, when he lay ftretched on burning coals, by order of one of the receivers of the king of Spain's excheqi;er, who infiifted the torture to make him difcover liUo ■what part of the lake he had thrown his riches, faid to 4iis high pried, condemned to the fame punifhment, and who loudly exprelt&d his fenfe of the pains that he endured, " Do you take me to lie on a bed of rofesr" The high prieft remained filent, and died \\i an a<^ of obedience to his fpvereign. Cortez, by getting a fccond emperor into his hands, made a complete conqueft of Mexico: with which the CaftiUe D'Or, Darien, and other provinces, fell. into the hands of the Spaniards. While Cortez and his foldiers were employed in reducing Mexico, they f;ot intelligence of another great empire, fituated towards the equinoctial ine and the tropic of Capricorn, which was faid to abound in gold and filver, and precious ftones, and to be governed by a prince more magni- ficent than Montezuma. This was the empire of Peru, which extended in length near 30 degrees, and was the only other country in America, which deierved the name of a civilized kingdom. Whether it happened that the Spanifli government had not received certain intelligence con- cerning Peru, or that, being engaged in a multiplicity of othe^- concerns, they i.Ud not chufe to adventure on new enterprizes ; certain it is, that this extenfive country, more important than Mexico itfelf, was reduced by the endeavours, and at the expence, of three private perfons. The iiames of thefe were, Francis Pizarro, Almagro, and Lucques, a prielt, but a man of confiderable fortune. The two former were natives of Panama, 4r*ctt of doubtful birth ami of low cdMc^tio^i. JPizarro, the iaul of the enterpjize. AMERICA. 759 enterprize, could neither read nor write. They fliiled over into Spain, and without difficulty obtained a grant of what they Hiould conquer, Pizairo then fet out for the conqueft of Peru, with 250 foot, 60 horfe, and twelve fmall pieces of cannon, drawn by flaves from the conquered countries. If we reflect that the Peruvians naturally entertained the fame prejudices with the Mexicans, in favour of the vSpanifli nation, and were belide, of a charafter ftill more foft and unwarlike, it need not furpriie us, after. what has been faid of the conqueft of Mexico, that with this iiKonfiderable force, Pizarro fliould make a deep impreflion on the Peru- vinn empire. There were particular ciicumftances likevvife which con- fpired to aflift him, and which, as they difiover fomewhat of the hiftory, vtligion, and ftate of the human mind in this immenfe continent, it may not be impioper to relate. Mango Capac was the founder of the Peruvian empic. He was one of thofe uncommon men, who, calm and difpalUcnatc themfelves, can obfeive the paifions of their fellow -creatures, and turn them to their own profit or glory. He obferved that the people of Peru wtre naturally fu- perltitious, and had a particular veneration for the fun. He pretended therefore to be defcended from that luminary, whofe worfliip he was fent to eftablifli, and whofe authority he was entitled to bear. By this ftory, romantic as it appears, he eafily deceived a credulous people, and brought a large extent of territory under his jurifdiftfon ; a larger ftill he fubdued by his arms ; but both the force and the deceit he employed for the moft laudable purpofes. He united and civilized the diftrefled barbarous peo- ple; hfc bent them to laws and arms ; he foftened them by th inftifution of a benevolent religion : in fliort, there was no part in America, wlfcre agriculture and the arts were fo affiduoufly cultivated, and where the peo- ple were of fo mild and ingenuous manners. A race of princes fucceeded Mango, diftinguifhed by tlfe title of Yncas, and revered by the people as defendants of their great God the Sun. The twelfth of thefe was now on the throne, and named Atabalipa. His father, Guaiana Capac, had conquered the province of Quito, which now makes a part of Spanifli Peru. To fecure himfelf in the pofteilion, he had married the daughter of the natural prince of that coimtry, and of this marriage was fprung Ata- balipa. His elder brother, named Huefcar, of a different mother, had claimed the fucceflion to the whole of his father's dominions, not excepting Quito, which devolved ou the younger by a double connexion. A civii war had been kindled on this account, which, after various turns of for- tune, and greatly weakening the kingdom, ended in favour of Atabalipa, who detained Huefcar, as a prifoner, in the tower of Cufco, the capital of the Peaivian empire. In this feeble and disjointed ftate was the kingdom ofPeru, whem Pizarro advanced to it. The ominous predictions of reli- gion too, as in moft other cafes, joined their force to human calamities. Prophecies were recorded, dreams were recoUefted, which foretold the fuhjtftion of the empire, by unknown perfons, whofe defcription exaftly conefponded to the appearance of the Spaniards. In thefe circumftances, Atabalipa, inftead of oppoling the Spaniards, fet himfelf to procure their favour. Pizarro, however, whofe temper partook of the meannefs of his education, had no conception of dealing gently with thofe he called Bar- barians, but who, however, though lefs acquainted with the cruel art of deftroying their fellow-creatures, were more civilized than himfelf While he was engaged in conference, therefore,- with Atabalipa, his men, as they ^ad beenpreviaufly inftrufted, furioufly attacked the guards of that prince, 3 C 4 . - . ami W'V- •Mv^ ,K «l ,, r mi i-i !#!;;■ luv li^ , 76o DISCOVERY and CONQUEST »nd having butchered qooo of ihem, as they were prelfing forward, with, out regard to their particular fafety, to oefend the facred jperfon, of their j-nonarch, feized Atab lipa himfelf, whom they carried off to the Spanifli quarters. Pizarro, with the fovercign in his hands, might aheady be deemed the mafVcr of Peru ; for the inhabitants of this country were k ftrongly attached to the emperor aS were the Mexicans. Ala'oalipa was not long in tkeir hands before he bfgan to irt at of his ranfom. On this occafion the ancient ornaments, amaflld by i. long line of magnificent kings, the hallowed treafures of the moft magnificent temples, were brought out to fave him who was the fupport of the kingdom, and of the religion. Wh"'e Pizarro was engaged in this negociation, by which he propofed, without releafing the emperor, to get into his pofTcflion an immenle quantity of his beloved gold, the arrival of Almagro caiifcd fome cmbarrairment in his affairs. The friendfliip, or rather the external fl\ew of friendfliip, between thefe men, was folely founded on the principle of avarice, i^nd a bold enterprizin«; fpirit, to which nothing appeared too dangerous, that might gratify their ruling palfion. When their interefls, therefore, happened to interfere, it was not to be thought that any mea. fures could be kept between them. Pizarro expected to enjoy the nioft confiderable fliare of the treafiire, arilin;; from the emperor's ra!\foin, bf- caufe he had the chief hand in acquiring it, Almagro infifted on being upon an equal footing ; and at length, left th« common caufe might fuf- fer by any rupture between them, this difpofit ion was agreed to: the ran- fom is paid in without delay, a fum exceeding their conception, bnt not capable to gratily their avniice. It exceeded 1,500,000!. fteriing, and rohfidering the value of money at that time, was prodigious : on the di- vidend, after deducing a fifth for the king of Sp')in,*and the ftiartsot the chief commanders and officers, eath private ioldier liad above 2C0cl. Englifli money. With fiuh fortunes it was not to-be expccletl that a nier- cenary army would incline to be fuhjcrtcd to the rigonrsof military dif- eipline. They infilled on being diibcindcd, that they might enjoy the fruits of their labour in quiet. Pizarro complied with thi:i demand, ftn- fible that avarice would llill detain a number of his army, and that thofe who returned with fuch magnificent fortunes, would intluce new adven- turers to pitrfue tin; fame plan for acquiring gold, Thefe wife leflcftioni were abundantly verified; it was impollible to fend out bfrtter recruiting officers than thofe who had themJelves fo much "{jrofited by the field ; new foldiersconftantly arrived, and the American armies never wanted reinforcements. This immenfe ranfom was only a faither reafon for detaining Atabalip* in confinement, until they difcovercd whether he had another treafnre to gratify their avarice. But whether they belifcved he had no more t(» give, and were unwilling to employ their troops in gitardihg a prince, horn whom they expected no farther advantage, or that Pizarro had -conceived an averfion againft the Peruvian emperor, on account of fome inftanres of craft and policy which be obferved in his t'hai'afttr, and which lie ronceived might prove dangerous to his affairs, it i J certain, that by his command, Atabalipa was put to death. To jitfti^ this cruel proceeding, a fham charge ws(is exhibited againft the unhappy prin(ie, iii ^i'hich he was ?ccufed of idolatry, of having many concubines, and other circuniftances ^ of equal impertinence. The only juft ground of accufation againft him ''was, that his brothervHuefcar had been pirt to death by his command; a^d even this was cpn^^er?»bly pt^Uiated, b^citufe Hvieicar had been plot- > *i I '».j i^\ OF A M E R I C 761 P- 'ard, with- n, of their he Spaniflj already be try were k Atahalipa ifom. On magnificent iples, were om, and of , by whirli )ont:(fion an jgro caiifcd the external he principle ppcared too eir interefts, ]t any mea. Dy the nioft ranfom, bf- ed on being e might fiit- to : the ran- ion, but not fterling, and 5 : on the di- fljarts of the bove 2Cocl. that a nier* military dif- it etijoy the lemand, fen- lid that thofe nc«" adven- Ifc reflcftions r I'ecniiting [y the field; ever wanted ig Atahalipt Ir treafiireto [lore to give, M'incc, troin idtoiiceived Ime inftanres Id which he that byliis proceeding, [hich he was Ircumftances [againft him command ; been plo^ ting ting htk dcflrviAion, that he rr.i;Tht eftablifli himfelf on the throne. Upoa the death of the Ynca, a nvuubcr of candidates appcartd tor the throne. The principal nobility fct up the fnll brother ot Hncl' ar ; Pizarro fet up a foil of Atabalipa; and two generals of thc' I'eriivians endeavouied to cftablifli themfelves by the afliftance of the ainiy. Thofc diftradiois, which in another empire would have been extremely hnrtfui, and even here at another time, were at prefei»t rather r.dvantagcmts to the Peruvian affairs. The candidates fought againfl one another ; their battles accuf- tomed the harmlefs people to blood ; and Au h is the preference of a fpirit of any kind raifed in a nation to a total Irrhargy, that in the courfe of thofe quarrels among themfelves, the inhabitanti« of Ptni aflinned fome coiu;. leagues to the fouthward of Pizarro's . r^.'SR IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 ^^ 1^ 1.25 HI 1.4 11.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) S72-4S03 m '<^ N> 762 DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST Chriflians, to butcher one another. That blinded nation, however, at Jength opened their eyes, and took a very remarkable refolution. Thtv iaw the ferocity of the Europeans, their uncxtinguifliable refentment and avarice, and they conje^urt'l that thefe pallions would never permit their rontefls to fub(ide. Let us retire, faid they, from among them, let Us fly to our mountains; they will f)»eedily dellroy one another, and then we may return in peace to our former habitations. This refolution was iuftantly put in prntlice ; the Peruvians difperfed, and left the Spaniards in their capital. Had the force on each fide been exactly equal, this (iii- jfular policy of the natives of Peru might hrve been attended with furcffs. hut the virtoiy of j'izarro put an end to Almagro's life, and to the hopes of the Peruvians, who have never fince ventured to make head againft the Spaniards. Pizarro, now fole mafter of the field, and of the rirheft empire in the woi ki, was ftill urged on, by his ambition, to undertake new enterprizes. Thefouthern countries of America, into which he had fbme time before tUfpatched Almagro, otfered the richeft conqucft. Towards this quarter the mountains of Potofi, compofed of entire tilver, had been difcovejed, the fliell of which onlyremauis at prefent. He therefore folio ived the track of Almagro into Chili, and reduced another part of that country, Orellana, one wf his commanders, pafled the Andes, and failed down to the mouth of the river of Amazons: an immenfe navigation, which dif- covcred a rich and delightful country, but as it is moftly flat, and there- fore not abounding in minerals, the Spaniards, then, and ever fiace, neg- lerted it. Pizarro meeting with repeated fuccefs, and having no fupe- rior to control, nor rival to keep him within bounds, now gave loofe reins to the natural ferocity v^^^his temper, find behaved with the bafeft tyranny and cruelty againft all who had not concurred in his defigns. Thiscoii- duft raifed a confpiracy againft him, to which he fell a facrifice in his own palace, and in the city of Lima, which he himfelf had founded. The partifans of old Almagro, now declared his fon of the fame name their vice- roy. But tlie greater part of the nation, though extremely well fatisfi.d with the fate of Pizarro, did not concur with this declaration. They waited the orders of the eoiperor Charles V. then king of Spain, who feiit over Veca de Caflro to be their governor. This man, by his integrity and wifdom, was adjnlrably well fitted to heal the wounds of the colony, and to place every thing on the moft advantageous footing, both for it and for the mother country. By his prudent management, the mines of La Plata and Potofi, which were formerly a matter of private plunder, be- came an objeL^ of public utility to the court of Spain. The parties were /ilenced or cruflied ; young Almagro, who would hearken to no terms of accommodation, was' put to death; and a tranquillity fince the arrival of the Spaniaids unknown, was reftored to Peru. It feems, however, that de Caftro had not been fufficiently fkilled in gaining the favour of the ?panifh niiiiiftry, by proper bribes or promifes, which a miniftry would always expe:l from the governor of fo rich a country. By their advice a coumil was fent over to control de Caftro, and the colony was again un- fettlcd. The parties, but juft extinguiflied, began to blaze anew : and Gonzalo, the brother of the famous Pizarro, fet himfelf at the head of his brother's pirtifans, with whom many new malcontents had united. It was now no longer a difpute between governors about the bounds of their iurifiiction. Gonzalo Pizarro only paid a nominal lubmiflion to the king. He ftreugthened daily, and even went fo far as to behead a governor, wlia OF A M E R I C A. ih was fent over to curb him. He gained the confidence of the admiral of the Spanifh fleet in the South Seas, by whofe means he propofed to hinder the landing of any troops from Spain, and he had a view of uniting the Inhabitants of Mexico in his revolt. Such was the fitiiation of affairs, when the court of Spain, fenfible of their miftake in not fending into America men whofe chara6ter and virtue only, and not importunity and cabal, pleaded in their behalf, difpatched, with xiiilimited powers, Peter de la Gafga, a man differing only from Caftro by being of a more mild and infinuating behaviour, but with the Time love of juflice, the fame greatnefs of foul, and the fame difinterefted fpirit. All thofe who had not joined in Pizarro's revolt, llocked under his ftandard ; many of his frien.is, charmed with the behaviour of Gafga, forfook their old connections : the admiral was gained over by infinuatiou to return to his duty ; and Pizarro himlelf was otferetl a full indemnity, provided he fliould return to the allegiance of the Spanifli crown. But fo intoxicating are the ideas of royalty, that Pizarro was inclined to run every hazard rather than fubmit to anv otScer of Spain. With thofe of his partizans, therefore, who flill continued to adhere to his intereft, he de- termined to venture a battle, in which he was conquered and taken prifoner. His execution followed foon after ; and thus the brother of him, who conquered Peru for the crown of Spain, fell a facrifice for the fecurity of the Spanifli dominion over that country. The conqueft of the great empires of Mexico and Peru, is the only pai t of the American hiftory which deferves to be tieated under the pre- fent head. What relates to the reduction of the other parts of the conti- nent, or of the iflands, if it contains either inftruftion or entertairwnent, fliall be handled under thefe particular countries. We now proceed to treat of the manners, government, religion, and whatever compofes the cha- rafter of the natives of America ; and as theie are extremely fimilar all over this part of the globe, we fliall fpeak of them in general, in order to fave continual repetitions, noticing at the fame time, when we enter upon the defcriptions of tiie particular countries, whatever is peculiai* or remarkable in the inhabitants of each. Of the original Inhabitants of America. TH E difcovery of America has not only opened a new fource of wealth to the bufy and commercial part of Europe, but an exten- five field of fpeculation to the philofophcr, who would trace the character of man under various degrees of refinement, and obferve the movements of the human heart, or the operations of the human underflanding, when untutored by fcience, or untainted with corruption. So ftriking fecmed the difparity between the inhabitants of Europe, and the natives of Ame- rica, that fome fpeculative men have ventured to athrm, that it is impof- fible they fliould be of the fame fpecies, or derived from one common fource. This conclufion, however, is extremely ill founded. The cha- racters of mankind may be infinitely varied according to the different dc- grtes of improvement at which they are arrived, the manner in which they acquire the neceflaries of life, the force of cuftom and habit, aiul a multiplicity of other circumftances too particular to be mentioned, and too various to be reduced under any general head. But the great outlinc^i of .J fmk ^ 111" " \.-\.\ i fV );' ■■I , I; mm i 764 AMERICA. of hnmanity are to be difcovered among them all, notwirfiflanding the various ihades winch chara^terife nations, and diAinguiih thein from rarh othtr. Whtn the thirft of gold carried the inhabitants of Europe beyond the Atlantic, they found the inhabitants of the new world immerfed in what ihey reckon barbarity, but which, however, was a ftaie of honeft inde- pendence, and noble fimplicity. Except the inhabitants of the great empires of I'ern and Mexico, who, comparatively fpeaking, were refined nations, the natives of America were unacquainted with alrrioft every Eu- ropean art ; even agriculture itfclf, the moft ufeful of them all, was hardly known, or cultivated very fparini^Jy. The only method on which they depended for acquiring the neceffiiies of life, was by hunting tlie wild animals, which their mountains and forefts fuppIieJ in great abun- dance. This exercife, which lunong them is a moll ferious occupation, gives a ftrengt'.i and agiiity to thtir limbs, unknown among other nations The fame caufe, perhaps, renders tlioir bodies, in general, where the rays of ti^e fun are not tod violent, xuicommonly ttrait ■ I19 AMERICA. 765 no mfthod by which he can render h'tmfelf confiderable among his rom- panions, but by a fupcriority in perfonal qualities of bodv or mind. But as nature has not been very lavifli in her perfonal diftint'tions, uhenc alt enjoy the fame education, aJI are pretty nuich equal, and will dtTire to remain fo. I-ibeity therefore is the prevailing pafiion o^" the Anierirans, aiil thdr government, under the influejice of this fciitiment, is better fccured than by the wifeft political regulations. They are very far, hov- evM, from defpiiing all forts of autliority ; they are attentive to the- voire of wifdom, which experience has conferred on the aged, and they enlift under the banners of the chief, in whofe valour and military addrefs tl>ey have leaincd to repofe their confidence. In every foriety therefore there is to be conlidered the power of the chief and of the elders ; and aicordinii: as the government inclines more to the one or to the other, it may I* regarded as monarch^ca^, or as a fpccies of ariftocrary. Among tlioic tribes which are moft engaged in war, the power of the chief is natural^ predominant, becaufe the idea of having a militar)' leadei , was the fiiif fource of his fuperiority, and the continual exigencies of the ftate requir- ing fucli a leader, will continue to fuppoit, and even to enhance it. His power, however, is rather pcrfuafive than coercive: he is reverenced as a lather rather than feared as a monarch. He has no guards, no prifoi\s, no officers of juftice, and one aft of ill judged violence would put him from the throne. The elders, in the other form of government, w^hich may be confidered as an ariftocracy, have no more power. In fome tribes indeed there aica kind of hereditary nobility, whole influence being con- llaatly augmented by time, is more confiderable. But this fource of power, which depends chiefly on the imagination, by which we annex £» the merit of our contemporaries, tf»at of their forefathers, is too refined to be very common among the natives of America. In moft countries there- fore age alone is futHcient for acquiring refpeft, influence, and autho- rity. It is age which teaches experience, and experience is the only fource of knowledge anwng a barbarous people. Among thofe perions bufificfs isrondufted with the utmoft fimplicity, and which may recall to ages. The heads of families meet together in a houfc or cabin, appointed for the pur- pofe. Here the bufinefs is difcufled, aud here thofe ot the nation, diftin- guiflitd for their eloquence or wifdom, have an opporttmity of difplaying thofe talents. Their orators, like thofe of Hon.er, exprefs themlelves in a bold figurative ftyle, ftronger than refined or rather foftened nati<»n5 cnn well bear, and with geftures equally vioknt, but often extremely natural and expreflive. When the bufinefs is over, and they happen to be well provided in food, they appoint a feaft upon the occafion, of which aliiioft the whole nation partakes. The feaft is accompanied by a fong, in *'hich the real, or fabulous exploits of their forefatheis are celebrated. They have dances too, though, like thofe of the Greeks and Romans, chiefly of the military kind, and their mufic and dancing accompany every feaft. It often happens, that thofe different tribes or nations, fcattered as they are at an immcnfe diftance from one another, meet in their excurfions alter prey. If ther^ ftibfifts no animofity between them, which leldnm is fhc cafe, they behave in the moft friendly and courteous manner. But if they happen to be in a ftate of war, or if there has been no previous inter- fouifc b'.twecn them, all who are not friends being deemed enemies, they fijht with the moft favage fury. War MM-- .'•', ■ I '■'I ■ii 1 !*■ i' :' i ^66" AMERICA* War-, if we except luintin,";, is the only employment of the meri ; ns ro «'vciy other coiuern, and even the little ngriculture tliey enjoy, it ih I ir to the women. Their moll common motive for entering into a war, w luu it does not arile from an accidental rencounter or interference, is citliLi to revenge themftlves for the death of fome loft friend, or to ac quire pi j- foners who may affill them in their hunting, and whom they adopt into their fociety. Thefe wars are either undertaken by Tome private adveiw turcrs, or at the inllance of the whole community* In the latter rale, all the yovuig met^ who arc difixjlcd to go out to battle, for no one is com- pelled contrary to his inclination, give a bit of wood to the rhiif, a«. a token of their defign to accompany him. ¥ov every thing among thefc people is tranfudted with a great deal of ceremony and many forms. TIk- chicf, wlio is to condu«?\ them, fails ftveral days, during which he cnn- Verfes with nd one, and is particularly cartful to obftrve his drt?im% tvhicli the prefumption natural to favagcs generally renders as favoinabJe as he could deiire. A variety of other fuperllitions and Cfremonies arc obferved. One of the mod hideous is fettmg the war-kettle on the f\\\\ as an emblem that they are going out to devour their entmics, whii h rfhiong fume nations muft formerly have been the dafe, fince they flill con- tinue to exprefs it in clear terms, and ufe an emblem fignificant of the an ctent ufage. Then they difpatch a porcelaine, or large flull, to tliiir allies^ inviting them to come along, and drink the blood of their enemiii* Vor with the Americans, as with the Greeks of old, " A gerterous fnendfliip no cold medium knows, " But with one love, with one refentment, glows." They think thatthofe in their alliance muil not only adopt their enmities, but have their refentment wound up to the fame pitch with thenifelvcs. And indeed no |>eoplc carry their-^riendfliips, or theif refentments, fo fai as they do: and this is what fliould be expelled from their peculiar cir- rnmftances : that principle in human nature, which is the fpring of the focial aftv«flions, acls with fo much the greater force, the more it h reftrained. The Americans, who live in fmall focieties, who fee few objerts and few peribns, l)ecome wonderfully attached to thefe objects and perfons, ajid cannot be deprived of them without feeling themleve>i miferai^le. Their ideas are too confined, their breafts are too nariow to entertain the fentiments of general benevolence, or even of ordinary hu- masiity. Kut this very circumftance, while it makes them cruel and favage to an incredible degree, towards thofe with whom they are at war, adds a new force to their particular friendftiips, and to the common tie whiih unites the members of the fame tribe, or of thofe different tribes which are in alliance with one another. Without attending to this rttlet^ion, fome fa<^s we are going to relate would excite our wonder without in- forming our reafon, and we fliould be bewildered in a number of par* ticulars feemingly oppofite to one another, without being fenfibh- of the general caufe from which tliey proceed. Having finidied all the ceremonies previous to the war, they iiTue ferth with their faces blackened with charcoal, intermixed with flieaks of vei - million, which give them a moft horrid appearance. Then they exchange their cloaths with their friends, and difpofe of all their finery to the wo- men, who accompany them a confulerable diflance to receive thofe lall tokens of eternal fi iendfliip. The great qalities in an Indian war are viailance and attention, to give and to avoid a furprize ; and indeed in thefe they are fuperior to all na- tions iu the world. Accuftomed to continual wandering in the forefh, having AMERICA. 767 halting their perceptions fliarpened with keen ncceffity, and living in every refpert acconlinjr to nature, their extt-iual fenles have a degree ot acutc- nth which at firft view appears incredible. They can trace out thdrcne- mies, at an immenfe diftancc, by the fmoke ot their tires, which they fmell, and by the tracks of their feet on the ground, imperceptible to an European eye, but which they can count and diilinguifli with the utmoit facility. They even diitinguifli the different nations with whom they are acquainted, and can determine the prcife time when they paflld, where an Kuropean could not, with all his glall'es, didinguifli footfteps at all. Thefe circiimftances, however, are of fmall importance, bccaufe their ene- mies are no lc(s acquaii\ted with them. When they go out, therefore, thcjr take care to avoid making ufe of any thing by which they might run the' clanger ©fa difcovery. They light 110 fire to warm themftlves, or to pre- pare their viftuals ; they lie clofe to the ground all day, and travel only in the night} and marching along in files, he that clofes the rear diligently covers with leaves the tracks of his own feet, and of theirs who pi'eccded him. When they halt to retrefli themfelves, fcouts arc fcnt out to recon- noitre the country, and beat up every place where they fufpe^t an enemy may lie concealed. In this manner they enter unawares the villages ot their foes ; and while the flower of the nation are engaged in hunting, maf- facre all the children, women, and helplefs old men, or make priloners of as many as they can manage, or have flrength enough to be ufeful to their nation. But when the enemy is apprifed of their defign, and coming on in arras againd them, they throw themfelves flat on the ground among the withered herbs and leaves, which their faces are painted to refemble. Then they allow a part to pafs unmolefted, when all at once, with a tremendous fliout, rifing up from their ambufh, they pour a ftorm of mulket-buUetson their foes. T«e party attacked returns the fame cry. Every one flielters lumfelf with a tree, and returns the fire of the adverfe party, as foon as they raife themfelves from the ground to give a fecond fiie. Thus does the battle continue until the one party is fo much weakened as to be inca- pable oi farther refiftance. But if the force on each fide continues nearly equal, the fierce fpirit of thefavages, inflamed by the lofs of their friends, can no longer be reftrained. They abandon their diflant war, they ruih' upon one another with clubs and hatchets in their hands, magnifying their ewn courage, and infulting their enemies with the bitterefl: reproaches. A cruel combat enfues, death appears in a thoufand hideous forms, which would congeal the blood of civilized nations to behold, but which roulc the fury of favages. They trample, they inUilt over the dead bodies, tearing the fcalp from the head, wallowine in their blood like wild beafls, and ibmetimes devouring their flefh. 1 he flame rages on till it meets with no refiftance ; then the prifoners are fecured, thofe unhappy men, whofe fate is a thoufand times more dreadful than thofe who have died in the field. The conquerors fet up a hideous howling to lament their friends they have loft. They approach in a melancholy and fevere gloom to their own village : a meflenger is fent to announce their arrival, and the women, with frightful (lirieks, come out to mourn their dead brothers, or their hiifliands. When they are arrived, the chief relates in a low voice to the elders, a circumftantial account of every particular of the expedi- tion. The orator proclaims aloud this account to the people, and as he mentions the names of thofe who have fallen, the flirieks of the women "e redoubled. The men too join in thefe cries, according as ^-ach is moll '^aaccted with the deccafed by blood or frieadfliip. The laft ceremony li kii\' '.14 'iU If* K ij'l Ifi "! '\r li^^ "1 1 .! M ''>! 768 AMERICA. Is the piof lamntion of the viftory ; rarh individual then forgets his pri- vate nibtoi'ttineSf a\ui joins in the triumph of his nation ; all tears are wipt-d Iroin their eyes, mid by au unaccountable tranfttionf they pafs in a moment fnun the hitterntfs of forrow to an extravagance of joy. But the treatment of the prifoners, whofe fate all this time remains undecided, \t what chiefly charat'terilcs the favages. Wc have all cady mentioned the ftrength of their affci^ions op refcnt- ments. United as tht-y are in fmall fociitits, c.onne<5led within them- lelves by the firmeft tics, their friendly alFc^ions, which glow with the mod intenfe warmth within their own village, ieldom extend beynnd k. They feel nothing for the enemies of their natfou ; and their re- 4cntment is eaHly extended from the individual who has injured them to all others of the fame tribe. The prifoners, who have thcmfeves the feme feelings, know the intentions of their conquerors, and are prepared for them. The pcrlon who has taken the raptive attends him to the cot- tage, where, according to the didribution made bv the elders, he is to he delivered to fupply the lufs of a citizen. If thole who rtceive him Imve their family weakened by war, or other accidents they adopt the captive into the family, of which he becomes a member. But if they have no occafion for him, or their refentment for the lofs of their friends b- to(» high to enduie the fight of any conne^ed with thofc who were concerned in it, they fentence him to death. All thofc who have met with the fame fcvere fentence being colles anJ lionr.-, now uji, noW ('>wn, fa linif into th«ir firfs at c«ciy Hep, rum liirl.cr an i thitKcr, U'uil one vf the chieis. wlu-thcr out i'M ffoi th -If wilt Si 'y ■ h < ,. ; I •' ■■ .1 :F mmwi 770 AMERICA th»n"8 arf common ; and this, though it m.iy in part arife from their nof p(ifl"> ifiiig \ciy diliini't notions of Icparaic proprrty, is chiefly to he urni. buied to the iircnc;ih of their att.ichnu'nt ; bccaulc in every thing clic, with their lives as well as their fortunes, they arc ready to fervc tlmr friends. Their houTcs, thrir provilion, even their young; women, ;ire not enough to nblipc a gucll. Has any one of ihcfc fucceedcd ill in bis hiiiit-ii!^.' has his hai vtlf f'liltd ? or is his houfc burned ? Ho fetrls no other rjic^'i or his niist'oitunr than that it jjjives him un opportu'i'ty to experience the benevolenrc and icyard of his tellow-citixrns ; but to the encivics of liij country, or to thole who have privately ott'cnded, the American is impl;!- cible. He conceals his ientiments, he appears reconciled, iintl by foinc treachery or furpri/.e he has an oj>po tunity of exccutinj^ an honillc rc»enge. No length of time is fullicicnt to allay his relcntmcnt; no iliftancc of place great enough to protcift the oh]vi\ ; he croUcs the ftcepiil mountains, he pierces the moft imprarticable lorefts, and tr.iverlcs ilc mod hi lenus bopjs and deferts tor fevcral hundreds of miles; bearing the inclemency of the feafons, the f.it'guc of the expcdit'on, the extrcnirs ot hunger and thirif, with patience and checrfulrjefj, in hopes of rurpriling ris enemy, on whom he cxercifes the moll niockng^batbaiitiis, even totho eating ol* his flcfli. To fuch extremes do the Indians pulh their fricn !llil|) or their enmity ; and fuch indeed, in general, is the charadler of all llruiig and uncul iva'cd mind?. But what we have faid refpc»5llng the Indian would be a faint piv'^mc, did wc omit obfcrvini; the force of their fricndihip, which principa'ly a> pears by their treatment of the dead. When any one of the fociety is cut cfl*, he is lamented by the whole : on thi.«t)ccafion a thoufand cercmoniij are prartil'eJ, den )ting the moft lively forrow. Of thcfe, the mort re- ma.k.iblc, ar it dilcovcts both the height and continuance of their grief, is what tliey call the fValf of the dead, or the fcall of fouls. The liav or this ceremony is appointed by public order ; and nothing is o;nitteJ, thjt it may be celebrated with the utniolf pyvp and m.ignifl-enci. The nrigb- bouring tribes are invited to be prellnr, and to jo n in the iblemnitv. At this time all who have died lince ;hc Lifl folemn occafion (which is re- newed every ten years among fome trib';s, and every eight among othei\ arc taken out of their graves ; thole who have been interred at the greateit dillap.ce fr jm tiic viliftge are diligently fought for, and brought to this great rcnikv-^'ous of carcalles. It is not dillicult to conceive the horror of this general difintcrment. I cinnot dcxnbe it in a mote lively miinr.cr th.n it is done by Lafitau, to I wh'nn wc are indebted for the moll auth'.n ic account of thole nations. Witho !t quellion, iays he, the opcniny of ihefe tombs difplays one of I the inod ftriking fccncs that can be conceived : this hutnbling portrHit,ofj human mifciy, in Ih many ima;;cs of death, wherein (he feems to take a| pleafutc to paint hcrfctf in a thoufand various ftiapes of horror, in thel fevcral carcafcs, according to the degree in which corruption has prcv!iil<^dj over them, or the manner in which it has attacked tbem. Some appear dry f snd withered ; others have a fort of parchment upm their bones ; foinelookl as if they were baked and fnoked, without any aopearance of rottcnnels'.j foine arc juft turning towardi the point of putrefag tl)cm into their cottages, where they prepare a fc;ift itt honour of the di^ad ; during which their ijroat aclions arc ct'lebrated, and all thp tender intcrcourfcs, whii h look place hctuccn ihomand their friends, ave pioully calU-d to mind The itr.mgers, who have come fomttimes niiiny hundred miles to he prefent on the occafion, jwin in the tender con- doknce ; and the women, hy frightful (hrieks, dcmonfir.iie th »t they arc pierced with the fliaipfft forrow. Then the dead hoJics ire carried from the cabins for the general reinterment. A great pit is du^ in the /^round* and thither, at a certain time, eacli perfon, attended by his family and friends, marchts in folcmn filence, bearing the dead hody of a Ton, a faihcr, or a brother. When they are all coiucned, the dr-ail bodies, vx the duft of thote which are quite corrupted, arc dcpofucd in thc^ pit ; then the torrent of <;rief breaks out a-new. Whitcvcr -thiy [iffli's moll valuable is interred with the dead. The ftnmgrrs arc not wanting in their g.nerofity, and ccmfer thofe prcfents which they have brought along with them for the purpofe. Then all prcfent go down into rhf^ pir, nnJ every one takes a little of the earth, which they afttrnMrus prcferve wi h tha moft religious care. The bodies, ranged in ord r, are covered with entire new furs, and over thefe with bark, on which they throw ftones, wood, and earth. Then taking their laft farewell, they return each to his own cabin. We have mentioned, that in this ceremony the fava^es offer, as prefen*s to the dead, whatever they value mi)il highly, "^rhis coftom, which n univerfal amonj; them, arifcs from a rude no. ion of the ima:;>rtality (jf the foul. They believe this dot'^rine moil firmly, and it is the principal tenet of their religion. When the foul is ll'paratcd fro:Ti the body of their friends, they conceive that it flill continues to hover aroan.1 it, and to require and take delight in the fame things with which it formerly vVa» pleafed. After a certain time, how.^vcr, it forfikc, rhis dreary rnanfion, and departs far weftward into the Imd of fpirits. They have even gone fofar as to make a diftinftion between the inhabitants of the other world ; fome, they ima^^ine, particularly thofe who in their lifetime have becr» fortunate in war, poflefs a high degree of h;'ppi;ief^, have a place for hunting and fifliing, which never fails, and enjoy all fcnfual delight?, without labouring hard in order to procure them. The fouls of thofe, on the contrary, who happened to be conquered or llain in war, ai'e extremely miferable after death. Their tafte for war, which forms the chief ingredieint in their chirafler, gives a (frong bias to their religion. Arelkoui, or the god of battle, is revered as the great god of the -ndians. Him they invoke before thf-y go into the field ; and according as his difpofition is more or lefs favourable to them, they conclude they will be more or lefs fuccefsful. Some nations wonTipthfi fun and moon ; among others there are a number of traditions, relative to the creation of the world, and the hiftory of the gods : tra- ditions which refemble the Grecian fables, but which are ftill more abfurd i 3 D 2 and .{ ,J "'{■'^'1 in'-> pjfl 772 AMERICA. •nil incnufilV'n'. But vcliv,'K)n is not the prevailing character of ihr fn* dims; ;5iu', tX(.c'|>t wlun they h.ivc (omc immri.li.iie occafton for tht- .illilt- tancc of tlit'ir [;odj, ihiy piiy ihcm no fi»rt ot vvinfliip. Like all riulc i a- tions, h«)Wc\rr, ihty .iic ihnnjjly ailtlii'lcil to fiiptrllition. 'i'hcy hrlitvc it) the cxilh iKc oi .1 iiiiii)t>ti- ot ^o.hI :«nii b.ul gi-nii or fpirits, who iiim- fiTC ill the ;»ft".i lb of luo'tal , .Hid protUicc all oir happinds or iiiilery. i{ iv, tro II thi- 1 vil i:ci)ii, in p.it(!iiih)>> tli.it our dii'i ails procn d { unJ it is t.> ihf good i^rmi ivc aic iiuirht d ioi a i iirr. 'I'hc mioirtt-rs of theyciiijr: ih«'jii Idlers, wl>o arc .ill . I'c only phyfuians aniou^ ihc fav.i^eii. Tlwlr jiiyf^lrib, arc I'll ppofCil to he iiitpu .d t)y !h<';j;()od i;cijii, molt commonly l;j their I n ains, with the l\no\vl«'Oi;c ot fntuic events ; ihcy are calltd in ti> the a!|lani.c ot the liik, and ;ire hippoicd to be inturnicd by the i;(i)ii wlii'tl.ei ihry will i;et over ihc »iil't'c, and in what way thvy mull he tic.tcd. Hut thtfc ipiiits aic c\tieii (ly liinplc in tluir I'yOem of phvlic, anJ ill almoft (vtry diie.«f', diiei't ihc jn^i;lei to the fame rcmt-dy. 1 hj 1)i(icnt ih iiicluftd in a nau'ovv eahin, in the midli it' which is a time rrd* lot ; on this tluy throw wut r, until he is well f lakcd with the warm vapour .ind his own iwcat. Then ilu-y hurry him from the hagnio, ami pKui^e him IpddLiily into tlie next river. 'I'hiscoarl'c metluid, wtiich cotis inany their lives, t)lun performs ^ciy ( xtraordinary cures. '1 he jiig'^hrs have likevsile ilu- ulc ot l.)mc Ipctifics ot wondeiful eitic.icy ; ant! alt the friV.ij^Cb are t'exteioiis in cuiing wound* by tht application of licr'^ib. Hut the power ot tlicf; rin)edi(.s is lawa^s attiibutcd (o (he magical ceremonies with which they arc adninilKred. Jn ihould be obt'orved by the rcid'.'r, th;it the particulars which have jiift hccn m< ntioied CO. ceriiing the manners ot the Ameiican , tlutliy relate to the inluiMiams it Noi h Aiucrici. 'i'lie tnanner-i and ''■encral charac- teriltic-' of jiii.ttd the Kkw WokLp, cxfcmln Tioii the 'ooth iiCk»itc Nonli, id the 50th dri;tcc South hit it ikL* ; ;in'l wliri.- it!, fircadt*-. !•< kiiown, Iron the 39th t) the I ;()th tli''Mcf ol welt Ion ;itu Ic from t.-mih)); llrct, li';ii.! Irtw en 8 :iuii y fw) miles ill li'H{;;th, uiid in it,^ i;rc.ircll 1 rf;iihli 3'i.>o. It IfCb hoth In- miliihcTc^. h.is two Aitniuorii, and a dDultk* winter, and cjiMS all the va« TK'tv ot cliDUitr which tltccintli atlordn. It is u' ll'u\t l if trMii Knropc md AtVica. To the well it has tin- I'jiilii.-, or ijrcat S nth Sc.i, hy vvhicli if i, 'cparatcd tiom At .1. Ky thclc l'e;;s it may, n'ai dots, t .fry 011 a cnvit c'otnm'.rci' ui'h ilic ''tlur thtfc pHu oi tlu vv.trld. It is ctniporcJ •ttwo i|;rc it cnntimnte, one on the Nouh ftiv otncr on luc ."^i v.th, uhitli :er joined hy the kiM?;iloin ol Me.\ico, \vh ch forms a (on '>t iillwum i-oo mil '^ ln'.fTt i'nd in oiicpirr, nt Daricii, l'i> jiill m.thod, t.'kc notice tjfthoCc mountains and livii--, wlicli d;f be ti nliiied with n th' limit- o' partii il ir pioviaics, a'.;ii tx'cnd over a ^neat part of the con-inent. V -r thoiit>h America in gcncialbc not a mountainous tountrv, i- h.ts the jjte fed iiioimtaii.s in the world. In South Amcrici, the And s, or Ciudelleias, run tiom N< thai long rilifaures, ihc OhJ>), and other I'leat rivcis, fcarccly inferior to the Rhine, or the Danube.' ; and on the North, the rivtr St. La«vrence, running a lOn- traiy courle trom the IViilliirippi, ti.l it enptics ulllf into the ocean liCir Kcwioiiniiland ; al! of ihcni Lting almoft navigable to their heads, lay op' n the inmoll rec< Hcs of this great continent, and afford fuch an iiiict for comn cne, as mult produce the grcaicit .'dvant.'gc, whenever the coun- try adjiccn' fuall conic to be fully inhabited, and by an induLlrious and ci- vilifcd ptoplc. Ttie lattern lide ot North Amt-rica, belides the noble rivers Hudfon, Delawar, Surquehana, and Potowmack, fupplies Icvcral others of gicat depth, length, and commodious navigation j hence many parts of the fatlemtnts ate !o iidvantai'.eoully inierlefted with navi^ubic rivers and creeks, that the planters, wittiout exaggeration, may be faid to liave each a harbour at his door. South America is, if polfibk, in this rifpe«^even more fortunate. Itfu;- plies much the two lar{)elt riveia in the world, the river of Amaions, and the Rio de la PI ita or Plate River. The Hrlf, rifing in Peru, n- 1 lar from the South Sea, piiilcs from Well to Eall, and falls into cue ocean benvten Br.'zil and Guiana, uher a courfe of more than 3000 miles, in wh th it jeccives a prodigious number of great and navigable rivers. Th< Rio de la Plata arifes in the heart of ihecountiy, and having its ftrength gradually augmenttd, by an accellion of matiy povvt ful ftream', difcharges itlclf with fuch vehemence into the fea, as to make it tafte frefti tor many Icagiics from land. Befides theie, there are other livers in Souih America, of which the Oronoco is the moil confiderable. A country of fuch vaft extent on each fide of the equator, muft necef- farily have a variety of fo;ls uS well as climates. It is a treafuiy ot na- ture, producing mod of the metals, minerals, plants, fruits, tiees, and wood, to be met with in the other paits of the world, and many t tiiem in greater cjuantitirs and high perfcdion. 1 he gold and fiiver of America have fuppHed Europe with fuch immenfe qu ntities ot thi fc \aljable metals, that they are become vaftly moie common ; fo that the gold and! ftlver of Europe now bears linlc pr<'portioa to the high price It upoa them before the difcovery of America. This country alfo prodices diamonds, pearls, emeralds, ainethytts, and other valuable (limes, wliich by being t)roui;ht into Europe, have contri- buted likewife tn lovvci their value. I o ihcie, which are chiefly the pro-] dudion of Spanifh America, iiiiy be added a great number of other coin- modities, which, tl,ou;;h of kfs pri^e, aie of mui.h greater uie, and inanyl of them make the orn.nictit and waltii of the Br tifli empire in this parti of the world. Of thcle are the; plentiful fupplics of cochineal, iiitiigo.j anatto, logwood, brazil, fullic, pimento, lignum vita?, rice, ginger, co/ coa, or the chocolate nut ; fugar, cotton, tobacco, b nnillas, red w |Ou,thff balfams of Tolu, Peru, and ehili, that valuable article in inedicinc ihe Jcfuit's bark, machoacan, falTifras, f.rfaparilla, calfia, tamarinds, hidesJ furs', ambergris, and a great variety of woods, root?, and plants, to wbichJ before the difcove y of .Amerca, we weic either entire llr-.ngeis, or furceif to buy at an extravagant rate from Afia and Af ica, through ttie hands ottb^ Venetians and G( notfe, who then engrofled the trade of the «afttrn vvorldl This continent has alfo a variety of exceilent frutts, which here grow wild to great perfection ; as pioe-appUs, pomegranates, citrons, ^^'"'"'j oranges, malicatons, chcuies, pears, apples, ti^s, grapes, great number ol AMERICA. lis culinary, medicinal, and other herb?, roots, and plants ; and fo fertile is the Toil* tliat many e) otic proJudioas are nouriihcd in us great perfeiftioii asiiitheirna'ive giound. Tlioiigli the Indians Itill live in the quiet pofTelfiDn of many large trafls, America, To tar as known, is chietis cl.iincd, and divided into colonics, by three European naiians the Spaniard-^, EnoliHi, and Portuguele. Tlie Spanianl?, as they firlt difcovered it, have the largeil and ri. Tiett portion, exicniling from New Mtx co and Louiliana, in North America, to the fraits ot M.«j|;ellan, in the South Sea, excepting the large province of Brazil, which helon2;s to Portugal ; for thoui^h ihe French and Dutch have (OT.e forts upon S>irinam and Guiana, they fcartcly ileferve to be conliilercd as propr etors of any part of the fouthern continent. Next to 3p"itt» the moft conlidcrable proprietor of America was Great Britain, who derived her claim to North America froin the fiitl diico- \ery of that continent by Sebafiian C^bot, in the name of Henry VII. anno i497» about fix years after the di'covery ot SuUth Ameri> a hy Co- l-mbiis, in the name ot the king of Siiain. 'i'his country was in general cal.cd Newfoundland, a mime wliich is now appropriated Itjlcly to an ifland upon its coalt. It was a long time before we made an attempt to fi-ttle thia country. Sir Walter Raleigh, an uncommon genius, and -a brave com- niinder, firft fliewed the way by planting a colony in the louthern patt, fthich lie c.dh'd Virginia, in honour of his miiliels <]ueon Elizibeth, The Fiench, indeed, from this period until the conflulinn of the war in 1763; laid a ci.tim to, and artually poHcflcd Canada and Loui'iani, com- piel.er.duij; all that extenfive inl md country, reaching Itom Hudfon's Bay o;nhe N rih. to Mexico, and (he guU or the fame name on the South ; rrgions which a 1 Eu'ope could not ptople in the courfc of miny agts: but no tenitory, hnwev«-r extcniive, no empire however boundlels, could c;r tity the amt itiim of that a'puing n itit^n : hence, under the inoil folemn tic;itits, tlay contiiuied in a ll:a:e of hollili-ies, making ^rudual advtincea i!p n the b.ick of our fcttlement?, and rendering their acquilitions more ftcure iind permanent ty a chain of forts, well fupjilied with all the im- plem n:s ot war. At the fame time they laboured inccil'antly to gain the friendllii|) of the Imiian?, by various arts, even by intermarriage s, and whoii they not only trained to the ufe of arms, but infufed into thele fa'a:;cs ihe moll unfavourable notions of the Enwlilh, and the flrengih of their nuion. The Briiifh colonics thus hemmed in, ana confined to a flip ot la d al ng the fea-coali, by an ambitious and powerful nation, the rival and the natural enciniesof Great Britiin, began in 1755 '" '^'^^ ^^^ alaiip. The Britiili empire in Amtri.a, yet in its infancy, was threat- ened w'th a total difibliition. The colonics, in thiir dillrefs, called out iilouiltoihe mothtr-counirv. The bulwarks, and the thunder of Eng- land, were lent to their relief, accompanied with powerful armies, well appointed, and commanded by a fet ot heroes, the Scipios of that age, A loiijj war fuc eeded, which ended gloroully for Great Britain; for after oceans of bl md were fpilt, and every incii of uroand was bra\eiy dif- puted, the French were not only diiven from Canada and its dependen- ce , bur obliged to ivlinquifli all that part of Louifiana, lying on the caft fitleofthe Milliirippi. Thus it an immenfeexpence, and with the lofs of many brave men, our colonics were prefcrved, lecuied, and ejiiend'd fo tar, as to render it diffi- cult to akerraiu the precifc bounds of our empire in North America, to thcn()rthern and vvedern fides.; for to the northwards, it Ihould feem thaC tte uii^ht have extended our cl«un cjuite to the pole itljelf, nor did any 3 D 4, fti^iion V it ■ li'- ■ I 'I 1^ r^' 11 ■■«; ■M-- I ■1 Nl:>'i:): •>,; r : ^ ;fe i^ I M t' ! 77^ AMERICA. nation fetm inclined to d'fpute the property of this northern inoft country Vrith us. But our flattering profpcfts rcfpefting our American polTc Hiuns, have hern annihilated byth.»t unhappy contellbetM-twn the mother-couiitry and the colonies, which, after eight years continuance, with great expcnce iof treafure and blood, ended in the cflablilhmcnt of a new republick, ftyled *• The Thireen Unircd States of America." The multitude ot ifl. nds which lie between the two continents of North and South America, are di^idid amongll the Spuiiards, Englifli, and French. The Dutch indeed polTefs three or four fmall iflandu, which in any other hands wftuld be of no coofcquence ; and the Danes, h.*vc one or two, but they hardly deferve to be named among the proprittors of America. We Ihall now proceed to the particular provinces, beginning, actordln^ to our method, with the North ; but as Ladrador, or New Bri- tain, and the country round Hudfonfs Buy, with thofc vaJft regions to. wards the pole, are little knbvn, We can only include within the follow. ing Tabic, the colonies that have been formed into regular governments, which bring us to the 50th degree of north latitude. A Summary View of the First Discoveries and Settlbmemts o» NORTH AMERICA. Uames of places* Quebec, Virginia, Newfoundland, Mew- York, # New-Jerfey ^ Plymouth, When fettled. By ivhom, ' ;"" 1608 By the French. June 10, 1609 iBy Lord De la War. ' June, 1610 By Governor John Guy, about 1614 3y the Putch. New-Hampfliirf, Delawar, C PennTylvania, { JMairachufetts Bay, Maryland, Conncfticut, ** Hode-Ifland, ' ••'■'« Ncw-Jerfey, South- Carolina, ■ ■ ' ' ■ ' • Fennfylvania, North-Carolinai Georgia, Kentucky, ' Vermont, ^eVritory N.W, *'vf Ohio river- » ;f. m about 1 "gation. J' 5 ^y a fmall Englifli colony near the ; 3 J mouth of Pifcataqua river. 1627 1 By the Swedes atid Fins. 162 8 By Capt. John F.ndicot and company. j^ 5 ^y ^**'"^ Baltimore, with a colony of I 33 I ^ Roman Catholics. ^ ci By ^^''* Fcnwick, at Siybrook, near , 35 1 the moiith of Connci^licut river. , ) By Mr. Roger Williams and his per* ^^55 I feciited brethren. Granted to the Duke of York by Charles II. and made & diflinft go. Vernment, and fettled fome time before this by the Englifli. 1659 By Governor Sayle. i/«fQ^ 5 Sy William Penn, with a colony of '°"Z Qi-akers. qI EreAcd int'o a feparate governmenf, ^^^l fettled before hy the Englifli. 1732 By General Oglethorpe. ',t 1773 By Col. Daniel Boon. J Py '""■'■gants from Connefticul and '''' \ other parts of Nfew-Eugland. 1787 3y the Ohio and other cqmpanies i664< 'T» — . lis per- )rk by nft go* time ony of imenf, 7 :t ti .; t ,•< . ■M^^: u'il'rsfi f^i :i lut and kies The •^1 ** •%■■*. ■ ■-• ••! •'•*♦•. t-. .• H w n i >'r » i III in ^ 3«-ivsai ic a^^*^ .s". t;i} ilto North Caro. T South Caro. i- (korgia \ 1 700 1 380 IIO,OCQ Udeiiion Charii --town Savanii.ih ["itto Ditto Ditto Eali Fioiiila "l -='iit I'lorida J 5 CO 440 1 oo,c 00 St '. ugiiltine'* Penfieola New Orleans .Sjiaiii i)itto Loiiiliiina 1 200 645 1 5ir.,'0 4i'!-;(i s *••■» . ll)it.to Ntw Mexieo ) & California J aooo 1000 600,000 St. Fee St Juan 4320 s w. Ditto Mexico, or 1 N'' w Spain J 20CO 600 148,000 iVIcxico 4900 s. w. Ditto 1 1 Grand Divifions of SOUTH AMERICA. Nations Leng. Bread. Sq. MileSi Chief Cities. Difr. Shearing from London Belongs to Terra Firnia 1400 700 700,000 Panama Lima 4650 S W. Spain Ditto Peru 1 800 ^>oo ■ 970,000 5520 S. W. Amazonia, a very large country, but little known to the Europe ans, 1200 L. 960 B. { Guiana 780 480 -00 350,000 940,000 1 ,000,000 Surinam Cayenne 3840 S. W. Dutch French Brazil ■ 2500 St. Sebaftian 6000 >. w. 6040 S. w ~66"o"^ 87 W". Portugal Pardi; ori..aPlata 1500 I aoo 1000 Buen. Ayres Spain Chili 500 206,000, St. Jago Spain Terra MageU i hnica, or Pa- > tigonia J 1400 460 325,000 The Spaniards to.ik poiT'ellion of it, b;it did not think it worth while to fettle there. I i4 . ft ■I li . - . .! :1 .m (1 )'■ Hi !'. I ■>■. ■ .> ''fir* I ';« I >, ■ .:; ! y a; The ife,.^ i. Ke rtuubei'lann X ♦S' Ai< '■>'" J^^ "*-v. ?*%.^ ^s/^'^,•.^'''• fJKj.'^ ^isKfe. '^-m: Jfqt 1 i u-M-^^m^j 1^ \yy»^ (i»r V 'ftvi^'t^ ,.«*-' 5&<»i^ car >Ss3^,^P '^■'^^^9'^ V/i^nantSfr '"^^ * [ ^ ^ X i ^ ^ Hxmut ■ ^5 ^U' <^V 7\ 7/8 A M E R I C A. The principal Island^ of NORTH AMERICA belonging to the Europeans arc. 1'^ . f Cf u Islands. ..cngth Breadth «oo 80 Square Milts. Chief Towns. 1 Placentia ; Belongs to Newfoundlarid 3io 110 6o 3^ 5'"^jl 4,000 5""| CJreat Britain ci[H- i^n ton L.o^in)injiton Ditto 140 2 1 60 7 6,000 Dltjtp- Batbudoes 140, 8' Bridgetown Ditto St. Clirillophtr's ■0 3;«iVt tcrrc njttn Antigua Ni-vis and \ Montf'-'rrat J zo 20 Io» St Johns Ditto each of tliefe is 18 circiim. Charles-Town Plymmith Ditto Ditto -o B rt J3 ♦J O ^5 B c V & .a c •—4 < •s .5 ; & B Barbuda 20 , i i 60I 6o| 1 Roufllan Kinj^llon Ditto /■vn^uULi 30 ! io Ditto Dominica a8 !' '3 i.^n DirtO Sr. Vincent 24 18 150 Ditto Or;;nada 30 3- 1 '5 ISO St. George s Bltto Tobago 9 80 , 1 I France Cuba 700 1 i;o 3i,4oo|HaviD!iah :3| aiii Hi'panio'a 450 1 150 36,000! ^t Domingo 7,2ooll-'orto Rico Do. &. Fi ance I'orto Rico 100 J 49 1 60 Spain Trinidad 90 T,897 St. Jofeph Ditto Marjjarita 40 »4 1 30 624 Ditto Martiniio 60 300^ St. Peter's IVdncc (r-adaloupe 45 _ 23 ! 3« 250 Balic-tree IDitto 8t Lucia 1 .a 90 iDitto St. Bartholomew J DcAada. and i Marioralanta } ail of them in- confideiable. Ditto Ditto Ditto 8t. Kuftatia 29 circum. The Bay Dutch Curallou 30 1 10 34^ I Ditto St. 1 himinA 15 circiim. BaJtie End Ijcnmarlc I >t. Croix .^0 1 10 1 Ditto trminci), u BRITISH ■ C 779 ] BRITISH AMERICA. NEW BRITAIN. » Situation and extent. -" NEW BRlT.nN, or the coiMitry l^in^ round Hudfoii's Bay, and comiiioiily culled tie couiury ot the £f>)ui i ;*ux, coniprtiuiidiiig l,abr.idoi. u )A' l\o th and South V\'alis. is iiound dy unknown lauds, and tr izen fas, abuut the pole, on the Nortn : by the Atlantic ocean, oa tlie calk ; by the b;iy and river of St. Lavvicnce aud i_anada, un the ijo.th ; and by unknown lands on the Weft. Its length is computed at 850 niilc* and 7 ^n bi cad. Mountains.] The tremendous high mountains in ihis country to- uau's th.t north, tUcir be n^ covered with eternal Inow, andiheuiudg blowing f ?6 n thence hrtc qu.incrs o- the year, ociatjon a degree ol c li in the winicr, over ail ihis co.int v, which is not experienced ui any oihcc part ot the world in liiefanie latitude. Rive s, iays, straits, / Thefe are numerous in this country, AND c\rts. Jandtke tlicir names grnei ally from the Eng'iih navigators and commani eis, by whom they wtrc tirft oil.overed. llic pnnc'pal bay is thai o\ Hud.on, and the principil llraiis are more of Hiidijn, Davi-r, ani htl!r,ifle. Soil and produce. J 'Ibis country is extremely btrren : to the nonhward of Hudfon's 13ay, even the haroy pine-tree is feen no longer, and the cold womb ot the carih has '. ecn luppolcd in apablc nt any btiter p.odaCtion th.n 'ome miferabi Ihriibs. hvery kind ot European fcid whieh wt have CO nniiiicd to the eaitli, in th's inhof})it able tlim .te, ha« hitiu topctillied; but, in ail pioI-.abilitN, we have not tiled the fetd ot cora from the northern parts ot Sweden anii Norway ; in luch cafes, the pla(.e from wlience the 1 ed conies kS ot great moment. All rhi- ieverit; and long ct^ntinuance nt winter, and ti e birrenners oi the earth whi. h come from thence, is > xpcricnced in laiit de ot tifty-one : in the temperate Lti- ludecf Cam;:ridge. Animals.] Thefe are' the mcofe-deer, ll'gs, re'n-deer, bears, ty* gcrs, biittaioes, wolve!-, loxc-, beavers, otters, lynxes, munins, iquirrels, tnniiies, wild cats, ai.d h.iicr. Of the ♦eathtr kin J, they have geefc builards, duckt, partrivigi s, and all manner ot wild f iwls. Otfiili, iher? a'^e wiiules, moles, leaic., eod-Hlh, and a white fi(h 1 referable to her- rings; and in theii rivers and fi^fli waters, pike, perch, carp, and tio it, Tiicie have i.ecn taken at i^trt Nelion, in one feai'on, ninety thoufand partridges, which are here as large as hens; and tweiuy-tivc thoufand hares. All the animals of thefe countries are clothed with a tlofe, foft, warm fur. 'n funimer there is heie, as in Oilier places, a variety in the colours ot the Icveralanim.ls. Whcntliat fcafun is ovrr, wh.ch holds only for three months, tney all alluine the li.veiy ot vunter, and every lort of beails, and moil of their tovvl«, are «).' the colour ot the (now : every thing animate and inanimate is white, Thib is a furpriling phf-nomenon. But what is yet more f irprilm^, and what is indeed one of the moil itrilc- lag th'^ngi^, that drew the mo|l inattentive to an admiration of the witdom jiod ■J ' ' i'Mn 'I- 1 ■•! / 780 NEW BRITAIN. and the poodti« fs of rnviJercc, is, th.it the dogs and cats from Entjl mf, that have htcn c.nritJ iiuo fludlon's B;iy, on the approa* h ot unnr, have entirely chan^rJ tlicir. appearnce, and acquit cil a much long.r, luttcT. and t*iii.kci c():it of hail, then they h:id orijjiiiaily. Ijtfoie wc advance f.rthr-r in ihc liervr'piion o^ America, it mav he proper to obltrve in gcncr.-l, tliat all the quadrup.di of tli.s i.cw wurld arc Icfs than thole ol ihc old ; even fueh as arc carried from hence tu brctd thcre» arc ottcii found to dci,'oiuratc, but are never ficn to ini- p:uvc-. If with rcipcc^ to hze, \vc (hould coinpirc the aiMn.iL, ot the new and old world, we Ihall find the one bear no manner of picpor- ti.)n to the other. The Aliatic elephant, for inilancc, often j^rows 10 above fifteen feet hip,h, while the tapurecte, which is the l.ngtii imtivc of Amcrit;), is not big';er than a calf ot a year old. The l.iin.i, wlncn loinc alfo Call tht* Ainciicaii camel, ii flill Icfs. Their b^-alh of p.cy arc rjuite divclKd of that courage which is lo ofen fatal to man in .-".frica or Atla, 'I'licy have no lions, :;or, propel ly fpfakin;^', either leopanl, or tvgtr, Tr.i-vcUer.-, however, h.vc ^/Hxfti tiiofe nanies ««i fu.;h r.ivtn- ou-i aiuniiil-, as an- there lound molt to refenihlc thole of the aucieiu con- rir.ent. The ctxjcrar, the ta'juar, and the taijuarrtti amar^^ them, are defpicablc iu con paiifon of the tiger, the Icopatd and the panther of Alia. 'Jhe tij^cr of lkn.;al has been known to me. dure lix left in length, without ir.cludin^ the tail ; while the c>.)rit;.ir, or Aivclcan licT'-r, its loitie alHv^ to Call it, leldom exceeds three, AH ihc animals, therefore, in tr;e fouthcrn parts of America, are tliftcient from thoi'c ot the foothcm pans t'{ the an'.ient continent; nor docs there appe.r to he 3 ny common to fcotli, hut ihcd'e which, lAini;ab!c to bdr the colds of the Noitb, have Cavelled from one continent to ihe othtr. Thui. the bear, the woU, the rtih-deer, the ibg, and the beaver, are known as well by the inhabitants f»f New Britain and Canada, as Rviffia ; while the ii^n, the loopard, aad the tiger., whuh arc n.;ti\es oi the Sc-uth with Ui, aic utterly unknown 111 fnithern America, hn if the quadruped'j of Amcrici b. fmaller jhan thofcof the ancient ontinent, they iire in much gieatcr abundance ; for it is a ru e that obtains through nature, and evidently points out the wif.loin of the Autlioi of it, that ih: fmallcff -inimuis niuliiply in the preutetl proportion. The sM)af c^portrd fiom Europe to 'outherii Amc- lica, in a ftw generations, beconco much lefs j bji ilicn it idfo becomes more prolitic, and inftead of one kid at a ti;^c, or two ;; the moll, E;entr ally produces five, fix. and fometiir.eb more. The wiidom of Pr.;vi»;eiKC in making forin'dablc animuls unprcliiic ."i;rce vd' lecundity with the rabhit, or a rat, all the arts of man would foon be vricqual to the conteft, and we fliould f(jon perceive them become the tyrmts of thofe who cull them- selves the mailers of the crcTion, Persons anu HAEiTf.] The men of this country fliew great inge* nuity in their iDanner of kiu. ling n fire, in clotliin^ themfelves, and in prcieiving th(ir eyes from t!ie ill cttcc^s of that glaiing white which every where fu; rounds them for the gretvft pa't of the year : in other le'pefts they ap- veiy lavage. In their fliapcs and faces they do not refemble the Ameii.ans who live to the r.uth-.vaid : they are much more like the L.'p- Idndcrs and the Sanioeld'.s of Kuio|-.e, already defcribcd. Discovi-RY AND Co VI M MbRCK .] Ihc knowledge of thtfc northern ftas and tuunuies was owing to a projed iiarted in England for the difcoveiy of of .1 north -W( ft NEW BRITAIN. 78. of a north-\V(il paiTatf to Cliina ntnl the End Indies, as early as th-^ yp«r K-f;, S'ncc then it has bi-L-n frrrjUfntly (.Iropj^cil and as oUcu revived, lilt r-evrr yet ctini^)lnr(i ; sidiI from tin" l.itc \oya"CJ ni liilc.ivti v it 'cin^s ni.iiiiiolt, that no ptafVic.tble palFi^e cvrr can hr ioniHl. i^'iobilTic only rikovcicd the m;i;n ot New lintuin, or Terra Je Lal'rador, aiij thoic ll'.iics to which he h.is ^Mven Ins nanr. In i;8;. jrhn Davis failed t;oiu rnrrl'.i ouih, iiiid vie.scJ that :ind ihtr nioic ivjithtrly cc^alis, but lie licms r.evir to have Ciitircd tiie l):iy. Hadiin niiulc tiircc voyai'>;8 on the lamt: advinriirc, the i'vA\ in it^n-^, the Iccond in iCnu-i, aitil his third :n:i hitl i:i 1610. Tliis bild and jmiii i .US n.ivii^ator entered th- iliuita t'l.it lead into this new McditcrritJican, the hay kno>ui by his n.onc, coiilid a i;reat part ot it, and penrtriuc d to eighty dcL;rers iinu a li.dt into riic be.iri ot the fr zrn zone. His ardour tor the dilcovery n;)t be- ir4 iibated bv the dithrulties he liiut^ghd with ia this tmjure ot winter, ;;',il woild of" irott. and Inoiv, be ll.iid here until ihi- enluino ipriiv;-, and prepared, in the bei;i(iniii'4 of 1611, to puifue bii difcvtriCi ; but this crc'^, vvho fiirteicd Ci|iial h,irdfliijis, without the (amc fpiiit to liippurt them, mutinied, Icizcii upon him and levcn of thofc wht) were moii laiih- lul to him, and committed them t>the fuiy of the icv fa-, in .n open bo;it. Hu^lbn and his coi.ipan'ons were cither f.va lowed up by liie waves, or gaining- tht inhofpitab'.c eo..ll, wt re d ibo^i-d by the lavages ; but the fliip and ihc reft of the men return- d home. Another attempt towards a dilcovery was i: ^ It; in 1746 by ca|)ta)r» Ellis who wintered as far nortb as i;; degrees and a halt: but tho..-h the iidvcntiners failed in the original purpofc lor which they navigated this hay, tht^ed I'V 186 men. The French art-ukcd, took, and made Ibmc dLpredtitions on them the Lift war, it was faid to the amoiinf of 400,00^!. They cxpoit commodities to the value of 16, coo'. a;i britig home returns to the value of 29,3401. uhicli )icld to the rc- KiLie 3,734!. This inci ides thf fifliery in tiudfon'i IJ.iy, This coin- m-iie, iiirall as it is, affords immcnlc profits to the conipany, and even fivine advantages 10 Great Biitain in general ; for the commod.ties we ev-' c!ian;;c with the Indians for their Ikins and turs, are all manufa'tured iii Brit<^in; and as the Indians are not very ni« e in their ciioiec, (uch '.hing* P'efciit of i\hi.:h we have the greateft plenty, and which, in the mer- csn'ile phtafc, are drugs with us. Though the worlvmaiiibip in;iny happea 'oltc in tniiny rtfpecSts f.> deficiv:nt, that no eivd'Zt d pcuplc would taKcd, fttoir hard-, it may be admired among- the Indians. On the other hanri 'lie lk:l).^ and furs we bring from Hudfon's Biy, enter largely into out niaiiiiladurts, and afford us materials for trajiig v.itii many nations of Lfopc, to great advantage, CANADA > i' t '}n < I'. sji %m ■■' ,„(4 ■f-.i ' [ 78i ] CANADA, or the Province of Quebec. Situation anu Extent* > between < Degrees. 6 1 and 8 1 weft lonj;itm!e. 45 and 52 north Ltitudc :| ico.ooo. Mllct I,cnr:th 600 BrciiUh 200 _ BoUNDAr^ihS.] T^OUNDEDby New Britain and Hudfon's I'av, on ±y the North and Eall ; by Nova Scotia, New Knglaiul, and NiW York, on the South ; and l>y unknown hinds on the VVift. Air and climate.] The climate ot this province is not very dilfcr- cnt fioin the coh)nies nientic^ncd above ; but as it is much farther from the lea, and more northerly than a great part of th>fe provinces it h.is a iiuich fcvc"rcr winter, though the air is generally clear ; but, like m i\\ ot* thofe American tra(^» that do n t lie too tar to the northward, ilic Uim- mcrs arc very hot and exceedingly pleafant. Soil and PRonucr:] Thuu^h ihc climnte be cold, and the winder long and tedious, the i'o 1 is in general very good, and in many pnitj bmh pleafant and fertile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many e v^hitc tliorn ; ilie cott.tn-trce, on iho top ot" vshi'.li grow Icvti;.! tii t8 ot rioweis, which, when llu-cu in the niorn- i',1^, bcture the ikwi tall ot!', produce honey, tlut may be I'voik-d up into r.n{.ir, the lerd being a pcd, - Dutaini ^i; a very Hue k.iio of tofton ; the lun-iilant, which rcicin 'le- a ni ly ;(rd, anJ ^rovvstf) the height of icvva or eight fitt ; Turkey cor ' ; Frtiith bcjus ; gourds, inciuns, ta^illuirc, and the hot-pl.inr. MfcTAi.s AM> MINERAL?.] N'^r Q^icbcc i:« 3 fine Icad mine, and in fomc ot the niduntains, wcarctoLi, lilvcr haa b^tu tound. Thia ci^uBtry alto aboundb with coals. Rivers,] Ti»c rivers branchlnjjtlirov^h this country are vrry ntimer* ous, and many ot ihcm larj^e, bold, and deep. The princ pd arc, the Out- tau-tis, St. John'i, S.i;oin.ii, Defpraiiics, and Ttoia Rivieres, but iliejr are all fvvahowed up by the river St. Lawrence. This livcr lilucs front the lake Ontario, and, taking its courfc norih-eal}, umAi'-s iNIor.trcal, wbcr* it receives tl>c Ouitauuis, and forms many fcrtde illandb. It continues the li.mc courie, and meets the tide upwards of 400 miles from the fta, \vherc it U navig:d)le for large veHcla ; and below Q^ie'ec, 320 mi es from the I'oa, it becomes bro.td, and lo deep, that n.ips or tht; line contributed in the .var before the laft, to reduce that capital. After receiving in iis pro- grcfj innumerable ilreams, this great river3 falls into the acoan at Cape Ko» fiers, where it is qo miles broad, and where the cold is intcnfe, and the fca boiftcrous. In its progrefs it forms a varicy of bays, harbours, and illands, many of thtm fruitful and extremely plcafant. Lakes.] The great river St. Lawrence, is that only one up.m which tlie French ;now fubjedls of Great Britain) have fcttkments of any note ; but if wc look forward into futurity, it is nothing imjirobahlc that Canida, and thofc\all regions to the weft, will be enabled of thcmfclvcs to cairv' on a confiderable trade upon the great lakes of frifii wa er, which the'e countiies environ. Here are five lakes, the linullell of which is a |)ivcc ot fivcct water, greater than any in the other pans of the world ; this is the hike Ontario, which is not lefs thnn 200 leagues i.i tircumfercniC ; Erie, or Ofwego, longer, but not fo broad, is about the lame extent. That of the Huron fprcids greatly in width, and is in circumlcrcnce not leisthan 300, as is that ofM;chi^'an, though, like lake Eiic, ii is rather long and comparatively narrow. But the lake Supeiior, which contains feveral large iflan-Js, is 5-^0 leagues in the circuit. All of ihele arc navi- ga: Ic by any vcflHs, and they all co I'municate witli oie another, except tliat the pillage between Erie and Oiuario is interruptyd l^y a itupendoua fall or catarai!:t, which is called the falls of Niagara. The water here is aboutha f a mile wide, where the rock crolfes ir, not in a dlrert line, but in the torm of a half moon. When it comes to the perpendicular fall, wliich is 150 feet, no words can exprcfs the conllern ition ot travellers at feiii)^ fo great a body of water falling, or rather violently thrown, from fo great a height, upon the rocks below, from which it again rebounds to a \ti-y great height, appearing as white as fnow, being all converted into foam, through thofe violent agitations. The-noifc of this fail is of- ten heard at the diftance of 15 inilc>, and f jmetimes much farther^ Th« VdjKiur arifing from the fall n?ay fometim.es be fecn at a great diftance, appearing like a cloudy or pillar of finokej and ia the appearance of a rainbow^ ;i tit' i I il V' . ■ fi Mil. .'il r'f 784 BRITISH AMERICA. r.in^nw, whenever the fun and the pofition of the traveller fU^'; urj. iMnny bi'iids and fowls here loic their lives, by attemptinj> to fwim, or trols the (Irc.im in ihe r;ipi».is above the fall, and Are found dallted to pieces b low ; and fonictinips the Jndian?, through c.irclellnefs or drunkciuic s have met wi h die i:unc fart ; and perhaps no place in the world is frc- riut-nicd wi'.li i'utli a number oU aisles as are invited hither by the carnage lA de r, »Ik- b ars, &:c. on which they feed. The river Sr. Lawrcnc, as wc liavre It is ?ipplicd to any ufe ; the green are the fuis that are worn, after being fewed to one another, by the Imhaus, who befmear them with unt-'tuous fubftanc^-s, which not only nnderthein more pliable, but give the fine down, that is maiiufaetured into h;its, that cily quality which renders it proper to be worked up with the dry fur. Both the Dutch and Englilh have of late found the fecret of making cx« cellcnt cloths, gloves, r.nd ilockings, as well as hats, from the beaver fur. Beiidea the fur, this ufeful animal produces the true caltorcutuj g which BRITISH AMERICA. -M Vfluch Is contained in bags in the lower part of the belly^difTcrcnr fr )ni the teiiicles ; the value of this druij is tvell known. The fl- fli of the beaver is a moft delicious food, blit when boiled it has a difagreeable relifli. The mulk rat is a diniimitive kiiul of be.iver (weighing a'lout five or fix pounds), which it rcfenibles in every thing but its tail j and it aftbrds a very llrong iluifk. The elk is of the fize of a horfc or mule. Many extraordiiiary me* dicinal qualities, particularly for curing the fiiirng ficknefs, are afcri[>ed to the hoof of the left foot of' this atiimal. Its llclh is very agreeable and nouriflting, and its colour a mixture of light grey and dark red. They love the cold countries ; and when the winter affords them no graft, they gnaw the bark of trees. It is drtngeroiis to approach very near this ai»i- lual when he is hunted, as he fomctimes fprings furioully on iiis purfuersi and tramples them to pieces. To prevent this, the hunter throws his clothes to hi.n, and while the deluded animal fpcnds his fury on thefc, he takes proper meafures to difpatcii him. There is a carnivorous ailimal here, called the care joii, of the feline or cat kind, with a tail fo long, that Chaiievoix fays he taiftcd it feveral times round his body* Its body is about twt> feet in length, from the end of the ftlout to the tail. It is faid, that this animal winding him- fclf about a tree, with dart from thence Upon the dlk, twill his ttrong tail round his body, and cut his throat in a moment. The buffaloe, a kind of wild ox, has much the fame appearance: witlt thofe of Europe : his body is covered with a black wool, which is highly efteemcd. The flefli of the female is very good ; and the buffaloe hide? arc foft and pliable as chamois leather, but fo very llroni^, that the bucklers which the Indians make ufe of are hardly penetrahle by a mufket ball. The Canadian roebuck is a domeftic animal, but differs in no other refpeft from thofe of Europe. Wolves are fcarce in Canada, but they afford the hneft furs in all the country: their fleih is white, and good to eat: anJ they piirfue their prey to the tops of the tailed trees. The black foxes arc greatly efteemcd, and very fcarce ; but thofe of other colours are more common ; and fomc on the Upper Milfiffippi arc of a filvcr colour, and very beautiful. They live upon witcr fowls, which they decoy within their clutches by a thoufand antic tricks, and thca fpiiiig upon, and devour them. The Canadan polecat has a mott bc.ui- tiful white fur, except the tip of his tail, which is as black as jet. Na- ture has given this animal no defence Except its urine, the fmell of which isnaufeous aild intolerable ; this, when attacked, it fpririkles pleiitifuHy on itstiil, and thrbws it on the alTailant. The Canadian wond-iat is of a kavitiful lilver colour, with a bufliy tall, and twice as big as the Kuro- peau : the female cairies under her belly a bag, which flie opens and Ihuts at plcafure ; and In that flic places her young whtn piulusd. Here are thice forts of fquirrels; that called th^ flying fquirrel will le ip forty paces r.nd more, froni one tree to another,^ This little animal is e.ifily tamed, and is very lively, except when adeep, which is often the cafe ; and he puts up wherever he can find a place, in one's (leeve, pockcr, or mi ff; he firil pitches on his mafter, whom he will difting lilh among twenty peribiTs. The Canadian porcup^tte is lefs than a middling doa; ; when loaftfd, he eats full as well as a fucking pig. The hares and rabbits dif- fer little from thofe in Europe, only they turn grey ia wiircr, Thcic are two forts of bears here, one of a redJifli, and the oth.r of a blickr colour ; but the former is the moft dangcrou'i. The bear is ncrt a;itarally "- . ■ ■! ^uM 3 fierce 'i yU BRITISH AMERICA. f cr> c, unlcfs wlicn wounded, or opprclTcd with hunger. Tliry run t1ien1« fclves very p')or in the month of July, when ic is fomewhat dangerous to meet them ; and thev urc laid tti fupport themrdves during the winter, when the fnow lies from four to lix ietrt deep, by fuckin<( their paws, beared)- any tiling among the Indians is undertaken with greater lolcn- nitv than hunting the bear; and .^n alliance with a noted bcar-hunfcr, who has kilici fcvnal in one day, is more cargerly fought nfter than that of one who has rendered himlllf fatnou<; in war. The reafon is, becaufe the chafe fuppliei the lamily wi;h both food and raiment. , Of the fcathcrv.d creation, they' have eagles, falcons, gofliawks, tercel?, partridge/, g'es , red, and black, with long tails, which they fpread out as a fan, and make a very beautiful appearance. Woodcocks are fcaice in Canada, bur fnipes, and other water game, are plentiful. A Canadian raien is fai>i by fome writers to cat as well as a pullet, and an owl better. Here are black-birds, fwallows, and larks ; no lefs than twenty-two dif- ferent fpecics of duvks, and a great number of fwans, turkeys, gecfe, buftards, teal, water-hens, cranes, and other large water fowl : but .il- W.iys Mt a diHance from houfes. The Canadian wood-pecker is a beau- tiful bird. ThruOics and gbldfinches are found here; but the chief Ca- nadian bird'of melodv is the white bird, which is a kind of ortolan, very fliewy, and femaikable for announcinjr the return of fpring. The iiy- bird is thought to be the moll: beautiful of any in nature ; with all his pluiragc, he is no biogcr than a cock-chafer, and he makes a noiie with his wings like the humming of a large fly. Among the reptiles of this country, the rattle-fnake chiefly de erves Attention. Some of tliefe are as big as a man's leg, and they are long in proportion. What is moft remarkable in this animal is the tail, which is i'caly like a coat of maiU and on which it is faid there grows every yer.r one ring, or row of fcalcs; fo that they know is age by its. tail, as we do that of a horfc by his teeth. In moving, it makes a raitling noile, from which it has its name. The bite of this ferpenr is mortal, if a re- niedy is not applied immeiliat:lyj In all places where this dangerous rep- tile is bred^ there grows a plant which is called rattle-fnake herb, the mot of which (fuch is the goodnefs of l*roviv{ence) is a certain antidote againll the venom of this ferpent, and that with the moft fimplc preparation ; for it requires only to be poundrd or chewed, and applied like a pliller to the wound. The.rutlc-fnake feldotn bites pafferigers, unlefs it is pro- voked j and never darts itfelf at an} perfon without firft rattling three tisnes with its taiU When purftied, if it has but little time to recover, it folds itfelf round, with the head in the middle, and then d.uts itfelf with great fury and violence againft its purfuers ; nevenhelefs, the favngci chafe it, and find if; flefli very good ; and bring alfo of a medicinal tjua- lity, it is ufcd by the American apothecaries in particular cafes. Some write- 3 are of opinion that the fiflierifS in Canada, if properly improved, would be more like to enrich that country than even the tur trade. The river St. Laurence contains perhaps the greatell variety of any in the world, and thefe in the grcatelt picnty and of the bell forts. Beildes a great variety of other fifli in the rivers and lakes, are fea- wolve?, lea-cows, porpoiles, the lencornet, the goberque, the fea-plaife» falmon, trout, turtle, lobfters the chaourafon, fturgeon, the achigau, the gilthcad, tunny, fhad, lamprey, fmelts, conger-eels, m.ickarel, foals, herrings, ancftovics, and pilchards The fea-wolf, fo called from its bowl- ings is an amphibious creature j the largell are faid to weigh two thou* faud BRITISH AMERICA. 787 fani pounds ; their flafli is good eating ; but the profit of it lies In the oil, A'hich is proper for burning, and cuTyingof leather ; their lki:is m:ike excellent coverings for trunks, and thoujih not fo tine as Miirocco leather, thiy petferve thar frtlhneCs bcttci, and are lefs liable tocracks. The thoes and boots made of thofe {kins let in no wa'er, and, when pioperly tanned, make excellent and lading covers for feat?. The Canadian f a cow is larger than the fca-wolf, but reiembles it in figure : it has two teeth of tlic thicknefs and lengrU of a man's arm, th.it when grown, look like horns, iind are very fine ivory, as v\ell as its other teeth. Some of the porpoifcfi of the river S'. Laurence are laid to yield a hogfhcad of oil ; and ol their Ikinswailtcoats are made, which aie cxceflively Urong, and muf- (juet proof. The lencornet is a kind oi cutile-fidi, quite round, or rather oval: there are three forts of them, which ditFer only in fize ; fome being as lage as a hogfliead, and others but a foot long ; they catch only the lall.and that with a torch ; they are excellent catina;. The goberque has the tafte and fmell of a finall cod. The fea-plaife is good-eating ; they arc taken with long polts armed with iron hooks. The chaourafou is an armed fifli, about Hve feet long, and as thick as a man's thigh, refembling a pike ; but is covered with fcales that is proof againft a dagger ; its co- lour is atilvergrey ; and thcic grows under hi» mouth a long bony fub- lianct, rai^ged at the edges. One may readily conceive, -that an animal fo wtll tortified is a ravager among the inhabitants of the water ; but we have few inltances of fifli making prey of the feathered creation, which this filli does, however, with much art. He c.mceals himfelf among the canes, and reeds, in fuch a manner thit norhtng is to be feen belideshis we.ipon, which he holds raifed pcrpendiculary above the furface of the water; the fowls, which come to take reft, imagining the weapon to be only a withered reed, perch upon it ; but they are no foonei* alighted, than (he fidi opens his throat, and makes fuch a fudden motion to felze his prey, that it feldom efcapes him. This filh is an inhabitant of the lakes. The fturgeon is both a frelh and a fair-water fifli, taken on the coalls of Cmada and the lakes, from eight to twelve feet long, and pro- poriionably thick. There is a fmall kind of fturgeon, the flelli of which is very tender and delicate. The achigau, and the gilthead, are fi(h pe- culiar to the river St. Laurence. Some of the rivers breed a kind of cro- codile, that differs but little from thofe of the Nile. Inhabitants and principal towns.] Before the late war, the banks of the river St. Laurence, above Quebec, were vaiHy populous ; but we cannot precifely determine the number of French and Englidi fet- tled id this province, who are und >ubteclly upon the increafe. In the jear 1783, Canada and Labrador were fuppofed to contain about 130,000 inhabitHnis *. The different tribes ot Indians in Canadi are almofl innu- merable ; but thefe people are obfervi d to d^crcaie in population where the Europeans are mofi numerous, owing chiefly to the immoderate ufe otfpirituous Liquors, of which they are exccffively fond. But a^ liberty is the ruling pallion of the Indians, we may nacurallv fuppofe that as the Europeans advance, the former will retreat to more diftant regions. Quebec, the capital not only of this province, but of all Canada, is fituaicil at the conflueme ot the rivers St. Laurence and St. Charles, or tlie Little R'Ver, about 20 miles from the Sea. It is built on a rock. * '" 1784, gen. Hsildimand ordered a cenfus of the inhabitantb to be taken, when tl>cy amounted to 113,011 Engliih and French, exdufive of io,ooO loyaliftv Cettled in ^ upper parts of the province. 3 E * py tly • ■?-'nl -J'te-t 783 BRITISH AMERICA. partly of marble and partly of (late. The to* n is divided into an upper anj a lower ; the houlcs in both arcof ftooe, and built in a ttjlcrable iiuia- Ti>e fortificati tns arc ftronj^, thou^jh not regular. Tlie town is net. covered wiih a regular and beauufjl citadel, in vxhich the governor re- fides; the number of inhabit.ints have been computed at 12 or 15.00;;. The river, which from the i'ea hi i her is four or five Icaj^ues broad, narrows all of a fuddeii to abuut a mile wide. The haven, which lies oppofite tbc town} is faff and commodious, and about tivc fathom deep. The harbour is flanked hy two bullion?, that a e raifcd 25 tcet from the ground, wliich is about the hcii^ht of the tides at the time of the equinox. From Quebec to Montreal, which is about 1 70 miles, in failing up tlic river St. i^aitrencc, ti e eye is entertained with beautiful landfcapes, the banks being in many places very bold and fteep, and fliadcd with lofty trees The farms lie prctt> dole all the way. j levcral gentlemen's houfes, neatly built, fliew thtmfelvcs at inter, als, and theie is all the appearance of a ilourifliing colony ; but there are few towns or villages. It is pretty much like the well iettlcd parts of Virginia and Mai y land, where the planters are whuily within tucmfclves, Ajany beautiful illands are int^i- fperfcd inthc channel of the river, which have an agreeable tfteft upon the eye. 'After paifing the Rii.hcUeu ifjands the air becomes lb mild and temperate, that the traveller thinks himfclf tranfported to another cli- mate ; but this is to be undevlloed in the fummer months. The town calltd Trois Rivier?, or the Three Rivers, is about half way between Quebec and Montreal, and has its name trom three rivers which join their currents here, and fall into the river St. Laurence. It is much reforted 10 by fevcral nations of Indians, who, by me:ins ot thd'c rivers, come here and trade with the inhabitants in varous kinds ot furs «nd Ikins. The country is plealanc,, and fertile in corn, fruit, &:c. and gr^at numbtr^ of liandiome houles liand on both fides the river, Montreal llands on an iiland in ihc river St. Laureixe, which is tea leagues in length and four in breadth, at the foot of a mountain whi^h gives name to it, about half a l^eague from the fouth Uiore. While the French had poflTellion of Canada, both the city and iiland of Montreal le- longed to private proprietors, who iiad improved them fo well, that the whole iiland was becon^. a moft delightful fpot, and produced every thinij that could admiriifier to th* conveniences of life. '1 he city forms an oblong frjuarc, divided by rtgular and well-tortned llreets j and when it fell into the hands of the Engiifh, the hoiifcs were built in a very hanJ- fome manner ; and every houic mi;;ht be ften at one view from the har- bour, or from the fouthernmoll lidc of the ri^cr, as the hill on tlefuiiot wh ch the tov\ n Hams talis gradually to the water. The place isknronii- ed by a wall and a dry ditch : and its fortific.'ti> ns have bteii much im- proved by the Englilli. Montreal is nearly as large as Quebec ; but fmcft it fell into the biuuis of the Englilli it has iutfered much by fires. Government.] Before tlie late war, the French lived in affluence, be- ing ficefiom alltaxcs, and having full liberty to hunt, lilb, fell timber, i^nd to fow andp ant as much land as they could cultivate. By theciipi'iilaiiia granted to the French, uhcn ihis countiy was reduced, both individuals and communities were entitled to a I tluir former rights and privileges.^ In the year 1774, an act was palfed by the parliament of Great Britain, iormakii-g n ore effedtual provifion for the government of the province of Quebec. ly this it was enaiffed, that it fiiouldbe lavtful for his nvajefiy, liu heirs auii fucceflors, by wanant under his jr their llgiict or fign ma- nual, m thing |-ms II a ^hcn it le har- Tuic ot iiiroiid- Ich i Hi- lt liiicc re, be- liilmi-a yiduaU lges._ Britain, ince of kn ma- nual, BRITISH AMERICA. 789 M ■;■ nua1» and with the ^dvicpof the privy-council, to conftitutc and appoint a council for the aftairs of the prov ncc of Quebec, to confift of fuch per- fons reiider.t there, not exceeding' '■wenty-three, nor lefs than feventeen, as hii majelty, his hei s, and liic< effirs, iliall be pleafed to appoint ; and upiJii the d( ..th, rcmovHj, ' r ahfence of any of the members of the faid cmintil, in like m.inner to c Miftitutc- anJ appoint others to fucceed them. Ami thiscouncl, lo a;'po nted aad ant; nominated, or the majority of thrm, are vcited with power and authoiitv to make ordinances for the peace, welfare, und good government of the province, with the confent of the go.eriior, 01 in his abfence, of the lieutenant-gcvcnor or commander in chief for the time being. The council, Jiowevcr, aie not impowered to lay taxes, except ror the purpofe of making roads, reparation of public baidings, or fuch local conveniences. By this a^f, all matters ot con- troverfy relative to property and civil rights are to be determined by the French laws of Canada ; but the criminal law of England is to be con- tinued in the province. The inhabitants of Canada are alfo allowed by this aft not only to profefs the Roni'fli religion, but the Popilh cltroy are inverted with a right to claim and obtain their accuftomed dues from chofe ot the fame religion. This act occafioned a great alarm both in England and America, and appears to have contributed much towards fpreading a fpirit of difciffet'tion to the Britifh government in the other colonies. The city of London petitioned againfl the bill before it received the royal aflcnt, declaring, that they apprehended it to be 'iitircly fubverfive of the gieat fundamental principles of the Britifii ccnillitution as well as of the autho- rity oi various folemn a.^% of the Icgiflature, And in one of the petitions of the American congrefs to the king, they complained, tiat by the Que- bec aft, the limits of that province were extended, the Engiifli laws abo- lill'.ed, and the French laws rcltored, whereby great numbrrs of Britifh freemen were lubjeoted to the latter; and 'hat an abfolute government, and the Roman catholic religion, were alfu cftahliflicd by that ad, through- out thole vail regions that border on the weftcrly and northerly bound- aries of the Proteilant Englifli fetrlemcnts. Trade and commerce.] The nat.ire of the climate, fcerely cold iQ winter, and the people manufafturing nothing, Ihcws what Canada principally wants from l.ur pe ; wine, or r ither rum, cloth«, chiefly cuarlc linen, and wrought iron. The Indian trade requires rum, tobacco, ai<)ri ot dulKl blaftkc'8, gun^, powder, bulls, and flints, kettles, hatchets, toy , and tr'.nkcts of all kinds. \\ iii.e ihi. country was poflTtiTed by the French, the Indians fupplied Aim with peltry; and the French had tradeis, who, in th-; manner of tlieoriL^mal inhat)itants, travtrfed the vaft lakes and rivers in canoes, with iiitrtoiblc induffry and patience, carrying their goods into the remoieft P'^tj ut America, and amo gft nations entirely unknown to us. Thrfe >^ain brought the ma.ket home to them, as the Indianb were thereby ha- biiiiat d ;o ir de with iheni. Fot^ this jnirjiofe, people from all pait?, wiitroni the dilfance of ioc?o miles, came to the French fair at Mont- fcol, uhich began in June, and fonjetimes lafled three months. On tlJa occafion, many lolemnitici wcie obferved, guards were pla. cd, and the r"^"nor atruted, to preferve oiVcr, in fuch a concourfe, and fo great a ^aneiy o( lavage nations. But fontcrinte f;rtar diforders and tumults hap- P*"eiii and the Indians being fo fond of brandy, frt(|uentlv gave fur a •fa 'I ail that they were poUcffcd of. It is rein;;ii'kablc, that tnany o; thefe niit.ou, actually pililu by our letileincnt of Albany i:i New York, attd 3 E 3 travc'icd ' ■ iV ;l''- W ti V',,.' . •-'■a ■ '■■n 790 BRITISH AMERICA. traveled 250 miles farther to Montreal, thou^^h they might have pji ch ifcd the ^oods cheaper at the lonner. So much did the Frtiah exc-iu: us in the arts of winnia>; the afi'e(5tions of rhefe fava!,^('S ! Since we became poileiTcd of Canada, our tiade with that co\uit y ii?.i been computed to employ about 60 fliips, and 1000 fcmien Tlieir ex- ports, at an average oi three years, in Ikins, furs, ginfciig, Tn.iko roor, capillaire, and wlie.it, amount to 105,500!. Tlien inv.Kjrt;; trom Great Britain^ in a variety of ai tides, are computed at nearly the fam^- lu ^ , It is uiinecelfary to make any remarks 011 the value and importance ( t this trade, which not only fuppiics us with unmaniifu'tured materials, in. difpenfubly neccffary in many articles ot our commerce, bur iilfo rak.s in exchange the manufactures of our own country, or the produ6tion ot our other fe tlcments in the Eaft and Well Indies "*. But whatever attention be paivl to the trade and peopling of C nad.i, it will be hardly podible to overcome certain inc nvcnicnces, proce iinij from natural ca^iics ; I mean tiie feverity of the winter, which is fo ex- ceilive from December to April, that the grearefl rivers are frozen over, and the fiiow lies commonly from four to fix feet deep on the ground, evca in thofe parts of the country which lie three degrees fouth of London, and in the temperate latitude of Paris. Another inconvenience arifes from the falls in the river St. Laurence, below Montreal, which render it difficult for very large ihipi to penetrate to that emporium of inland com- merce ; but veflels from jco to 4.00 tons are not prevented by thcie tails from going there annually. History.] See the general account of America, NO V A SCOTIA. Situation and Extent. Miles. Length 3=:o? between Breadth 250 \ Degrees. Sq. M' C 63 and 97 E0UNDED by the riverSt. Laurence on the North; Jj bytjicgulf of St. Laurence and the Atlantic dean, Eaft ; by the fame ocean. South ; and by Canada and New England, Weft. In the year 1784, this p<-ovince was divided \nto tivo governments: the province and government, now ftylcd New Brunswick, is bounded OH the wellwa'd of the river St. Cfoix, by the faid river to its fource, and by a line drawn due north from thence to the fouthern boundary of the province of Quebec ; to the noithward by the fime boundary as far uf *hc wcftern extremity o* the Bay deChaleurs; to the tr.i-'ard by the faid bay in the gulf of St. Laurence to the bay called Bay Vcrte; to the fouth | by a line in the centre of the bay of i-un^ly, from the vver St. Croix, aforefaid, to the mouth of the Mufquat River, by the faid river ro its fource. and from thence by a due eaft line acrofs the iflhmiis into the Bay Vcrte, to ji-in the eaflcrn lot above defcribed, including all iflaiids withia fix leagues of the coafT. . ■ 1— ■ ■Mill. .. II BB^ ■ ^-^^— ^-^— ,^M.»^ • The amount of the exports from this province in 'the year 1 786 was 343,263!. amourit I of injyort the fame year was 32j:,i i 61. I Rivers.] !^,V.- BRITISH AMERICA. 791 l^ivBRs.] Tlie river of St. Laurence forms the northern boundary. The rivers Rifgonchc and Nipifiguit run from Wett to R»i», and fall into the bay of St Laurence. The rivrrs of Sr. John, P.iflHina;;n;Hli, Pen- obfror, and Sr. Croix, which run from North to South, fall into Fundy Bay, or the Ua a li tic- to the caftward of it. S AS, BA vs, AM) CAPES.] The feas adjoining to it are, the Atlantic Ocean, Fundy Bay, and the gulf of Sr. Laurence. The Icflir bays are Chenij/ro and Grcvn B y upon thf ifthmus, which joins the north part of Nova Scoiiu to the fouth, and the bay of Lhaleurs on the nouh eaft ; the biiy of ChedibutSto on the fouth-eall: ; the bay of the iflands, the ports of Bart, Chcbudo. Profper, Sr. Margaret, La Heve, port Malto.s, port Ryfignol, port Vert, and port Joly, on ihe fouth ; port I.i Tour, on tlief )j(h-eatl ; port St. Mary, Annapolis, and Minas, on the fouth fide ot Fundy Bay ; and port Rofcway, now the moft populous ot all. The chief capes" are Cape Portage, Ecoumcnac, Tourmcntin, Cape Poit and Ep'is, on the call ; Cape Fogcri, and Cape Caciceau, on the fouth-eaft ; Cape Blanco, Cape Vert, Ca| e Theodore, Cape Dore, Cape La Heve, and Cape Negro, on the Ibuth ; Cape Sable, and Cape Fourche oa the ibuth-well. Lakes.] The lakes are very numerous, but have not yet received par- ticular names. Climatk.] The climate of this country, though within the tempe- rate zone, has been found rather unfavourable to European conltitutions. They are wrapt up in the gloom of a fog during grc :t part of the year, and for four or five months it is intenfely cold. But though the cold in winter and the heat in fuir.mcr arc great, they come on gradually, fo as 10 prepare tjic body for enduring both- Soil and produce,] From fuch an unfavourable climate little can be expt'ited. Nova Scotia, or New Scotland- is almoft a continue i forell ; and agriculture, though attempted hy the Englidi fettlets, has hitherto made little progrefs. In moft parts, the (oil is thin iiud barren, the corn it produces is of a (Vrivelled kind like rye, und the grafs intermixed witK a cold fpono\ mofs. However, it is not unifonnly bad ; th.re are traces in the peninlula to the fouthward, which do not yield to the beft land in New England ; and, in general, the foil is adapted to tiie produce of hemp and flax. The timber is extrcnrely proper fcr ibip-building, and produces pitch and tar. Flattering accounts have leen given of the improvementu making in the new fcrtlemcnis and bav i)f fundy. A great quantity of land hath been cleared, which abounds in tim'er, and fliip-lo.ids of good malls and fpars have been fhipped from hence i.lready. Animals.] This country is not deficienr in the animal produ^flions of the neighbouring provinces, particularly deer, beavers, and otters. Wild fowl, and all manner of game, and many kinds of European fowls aid quadrupeds, have, from time to time, been brought into it, and thrive well. At the clofe of March, the fifli begin to Ipiwn, when they nter the rivers in fuch flioals as are incredible. Herrings come up in April, and the flurjjeon and falmon in May. Hut the moft v.ilu;.ble appendage of New Scotland is the Cape Sable coaft, along which is one continued ranije of cod-fifhing banks, and excellent harbours, HisiORY, SETTLEMENT, CHIEF i Notwithftandiog the forbidding TOWNS, AND coMMmcE. j> apptarancc of this country, ir was bre that fome of the firft European fettif-ments were ma.ie. The firfl; graat of lands in it was given by James I. to his fecretary fir William 3 E 4 Alexauderj i' i-i^i 11 HtII-'' ' T^i, m ^fV lit'' ,;.f'i:i S-'i '' h. J' [■■lis 1 : iiimj 792 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. '-: Alexan'ir, from whom it had -he name of Nova Scotia, or New Scotland, Since ih0 inhabitants. ; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. OF the nfc progrefs, and mqft remarkable events of that war, he- tween Qreat Britain and her Amcripan colonics, which at length terminated in the eft^bl (h<^cnt of the United States of America, we haya already given an account, in our view of the principal tranfadions in the liinpry of .Great Britain. It was on the 4th of July, 1776, that the con« grtiTs publilhcd a iblemn 4ecIar.*tion, in which they alGgned their reafon for withdrawing their allegiance fjom the Uing of Great Britain. In the jaamc, and by thr' authority, of the inhabitants of the united colonies of Ntw HampOHre, M .il «. hufettU. Bay, Rhode. Iflmd, and Proyidence Piantjjtion!', Connc^Vicut, New York, New Jerfey, Pennfylvania, Dela- VVare, Maryland, Virginia, f^J^orth Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, jthey (I'l^lared ^hat they then were, and of right ought to be, Free and Inlcpehden' States ; and that as fupb, they had fu|l power to levy war, Concliidf' pence, comraiH' alliances, eftabliHi cqmmerce, and do a I other a6ts ^nd things ^hich Indepcn 'ei»t dates may of right 4o* They alfo pub- lin-.ed articles pi' prnfedcration, and perpetual union, between the un»t: id cplunies, \n Ayhich |l|ey ^Ifumed the title of ♦* the United States of UNITED STATES of AMERTC^V; 795 America;*' and by which each of the colonies contra.'ted a redprocnl treaty ot atliancc and frcndlhip tor their common defence, for «he mainten;)nce of their liberties, and for their giner.-l nnd mutual adv.nntage ; obliging themfclvcs tii alfift each other aganlt a I violence that might threaten all, or aiiy one of them, and tu repel, in com:non, all the atta« ks that mtght be levelled Hganft all or any one oMhem, on account ot religion, fove- fcignty, CO nmerctr, or under any other pretext whatfoever. Each of the colonies refcrvcd to fhemlc vs ali>nf the excliifive right of regulitinj/ their intertial government^ and of framing laws in all matters not included ii^ the articles of cOnfederaii .o. But for the more convenient management of the general intereiis ot the United States, it was determined, that dele* gates ihould be annually intvd in luch manner as the lagiflature of each ftate fliould dircdt, to meet in congrefs on the firil Monday in No- vember of every year, with a power reierved to each ftate to recall its de^ legates, or any of them, at any tune within rhe year, and to fend others iti tluir Head, for the rtmainder of the year. No iKite is to be rcprefented in coni^r ff by lefs than two, nor more rhan fevrli members ; and no perfonif capable ot being a jeleujate tor more than thTee yearn, in auy term of fix years ; uur is any perlim, being r) dele^te, capable of "holding any office under the United States, for which he, or any 0'h6r for his benefit, Ihall rete ve any lalary, fees, or emolument of ^ny kihd. Jn determining qucf* lid-^s >n the United S.;rtes, in congrefs aflembled, e^ch ftate is to have one yaie. Every ftate is to abide oy the deterftiinations of the Onited Sates ia congrefs aflembled, on all Tjueftibns Which afe fubmitted to them by the coiitederalton. Tht articles of the (Confederation are to be inviolably ob- fervtd by every flare, and the unioh is to be perpetual ; nor is any alter« jltion, at any time hercattec, to be made in any of them, unlefs fuch alter- ation be ^tgrced to in a congrefs of the United States, and be afterwards cunfumed by the legiflatures of p^ery ftate. It was on >he 3olh of Janu- ary, 1778, that the French king concluded a treaty- of amity and com- ivcice with the Thirteen United Colonies of. America, as independent fiatcs. Holland acknowledged them a? fuch, April 19, 1782; and on the jcth of Npveinber, 1782, 4)roviiional articles were fignedat Pans, by the Britidi and Americ;^n commiiriuners, in which his Britannic rajefl ac- JtiiowKci^ed the i hirrcen Colonies to be Free, Sovereign, and Indecent dciit States ; and thefe articles were afterwards ratified by a d finiiive treaty. Swedep acknowledged them as fuch Ftbru^y 5, 17S3; Den* Qiatkthe 25th of February ; Spain in March>,aixd Ruftia in July 1783. 7li foUoivittg calculations tx:ere from aliual meafurement of the htjt MapSf iy'laom^i UUTCHIWS, £/^. Geographer to the United States, The territory of the United States contains by computation a rnillioa (jt fcjuare milr^, in which are - '640 000,000 of acres. Pedut^ for. water ' * \ ''Jl A 51,000,000 Acres of land in the United States, 589,000,000 That part of the United States comprehended between the weft tcmpo- "ty Hne of f*ennfylvMnia on the eafl;, the boundary line betw«fn Britain snd the United States extending from t le river St. Croix to the north- r/eft extremity of the Lake of the Woods on the nonb, the river MiffilTip* pi to the m'ouih of the Ohi6 Ott the wcl^i and the river Ohio ou the fouth *-■'■■' to .» I?, , .J ,.1 '^ A , »l ;;■; :f^im ' !• km 794 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. to the fiforementioned bounds of Pcnnfylvania, contains by computation about tour hundred and eleven thoui'and fquare miles, in which are 463,040,000 acres ,» . ..'!' '! V Dedu£l for water 4'?, 040,000 ^_ • I III To be difpufed of by oider of Congiefs, 220,000,000 of acres. The whole of this iinmenfe extent of unappropriated wcftern territory containing, as above flated, 220,000,000 of acres, has been, by ths ceiFion ot fonic of the 01 ginal thirteen Hates, and by the treaty of peace, transferred to the feoderal government, and is pledged as a fund for fiik. ing the confinenial debt. It is in cuntemplutiun to divide it into ikw l?ates, with republican cot^ditutions iiniilar to the old dates near the At. lantic oce:in. fljlimate of the number ff acres fi/xvater^ rorib and luejlivard of the river ,..,.,. ObiOf tuitbin the territory of the United States, Acres, 21,952.780 • 65,200 55i»ooo 10,368.000 1,216,000 5»oo9,-,2o 89,500 In Lake Superior, • . . . Lake of the woodS) «... Lake Rain, &c. ..... Red lake, - - • - Lake Michigan, ... • Bay Puan - - . ^ . • ^ Lake Huron, - - . • Lake St. Clair, . . . • . Lake Eric, wcftern part, .... 2,25^,800 Sundry fipall lakes and rivers, • ; - 301, 00 u • > •. ..... .' . , •,. ;■■: 43,040.000 » JEfiimate of the numhcr of acres oftvater vchhin the thirteen United States. In Lake Erie, weftward ot the line extenvhd from the north-weft corner f PennCylvania. due north, to the boundary between the Britifli territory •nd the United States, In Lake Ontario, - - Lake Chainplain, . • Chefapeak bay, • Albetnarle bay, Delawar bay, J^li the rivers within the thirteen ilatcs, including the Ohio, . 410,000 2,390,000 500,000 1,700,000 330,000 630,000 2.000,000 •A n- 7,960,000 Total 5 1 ,000,000 NEW ENGLAND. :. ■ . - Situation and Extent. ,• u Miles. Degrees. ' ' Sq. Miles. Breadth 200 J I 6y and 74 weft longitude, j ' ' * Boundaries.] TJOUNDED on the north-eaft by Nova Scotia; Jj on the Weft by Canada j on the South by Ntw YoKki and on the Eaft by the Atlantic. " Divifions. UxNITED STATES of AMERICA. >95 Divifi >n8. Provinces. Chief Towns, The noi hern (rivilion, 7 KT tt n.- ^ 5 n .r .1 {•r jiovtinimnt 31 The n:ida c divfi n. { M..frachcfeti% Colony j ^"Wr?' ^' ^*'' ^^'*^' \ -^ J VV. Lon, 70-37. Thi.- louth divifion Rhode lUind, &c. Newport. 1 r> n. ^ S NcwLnndoU. >C/onneaicut — ) u The weft divifioii Lrttord. Rivers.] Their li-crs arc, i. Councfticut ; '. Thames; 3. Patux- cnt ; 4. Mcrimac ; 5. PiLataw:!/ ; 6. Saco ; 7. Cafco j 8. K.cnnebtque 5 anl 9. Pcnohfcor, or Pen? ig juti. Bays and capi .j The mort remaikable bays and harbours are thofe formed hy PI) aiuuth, Rhode lUmd, and Providence plan'.a iuns ; Monu- nieiit-Pay, v\ eft Harbour, formed by the bending of Q.^.; % 79^ UNITED STATES op AMERICA. Theylikpwife raife in Now En^jland a large quantity ot hemp and flay. Tlie fruiti of Olf? England come to gro,it p^rfectioM hcic, p.irticularly peaches, a\)d appleii. Seven ot eight hundred fi:.e ptaciics mav br *ound on fmr tree, and a Jingle applc-trcc has produced fcvtn barrels of ry^lcr in one fta'on. But Ncvv Kngland is chicHy dillingui(>icd for the v.iricy and value of its timber; as oaU, a(h, pine, fir, ceJar, elm, cypirf, beech, walnur, chefnut, h:izel, faifafra?, ftimach, and other woods ufro in (I\ \ng or tan* ning leather, carpenters work, and fhip-building. The oaks here are faid to be inferior to th.>fe of England; but the firs are or an ama/, ntj bulk, and formerly furnifhed the royal nary of tngl.md with malls anj yards. They draw from their trees confidcrablc qu mtities ;>f p t<.h. t.ir, rcfin, turpentine, gums, and balm ; and the foil prowiuc^'s he np .ind flix. A (hip may heie be built and riggtd out with the produce ot their foicft?, and indeed fliip-building forms a conliderable branch of tlitii trade. Mbtals.] Rich iron mines, of a mod excellent kind and temper, have been difcovcrcd in New Kngland, which, if improved, may become very beneficial to the inhabitants. Animals.] The animals of this country fumifli m.my articles of Ntw England commerce. A!l kinds of European cattle thrive here, and mul' liply exceedingly ; the horfes of New Engl.ind r\rc hardy, mettlefomc, and fervicrablt', but fmaller than ours, though ! irger than the Welch. they have fe^v fheep, and the woo), though of a Ibple furticictitly long, is not nc-..rly lo iiiic as that of England. HlYC arc alfo clky, deer, hares, Irabbits, fqirirrcis, btavers, otters, monkit«, m nks, tiviriciis, racoons, lables, bear.", wohcs, which are only a kind of wild dogs, foxes, ounces, and a variety of other t une and wild cjuadrupcds. But one of the mod fingul.ir animal , of this and the neighbouring coiunrics, ib the moofe or moofe deer, of which there are two forrs ; the common light grey moo'e, which refe rbles the ordinary deer ; thefc herd foiiuimes thirty together; and the large bbck moofe, who'e body is about the fize of a bull ; his neck rcfembles a flag's, and his tlefli is cxiremly grateful. The horns, when full grown, are about four or five feet fro/n the head of the tip, and have ihoot.s or branches to each horn, which generally fprciiu about £xfen(lr.)us (licn;;tli, chcy iViiiom ucuck a lull grown whale, or ind'cil a young one, but in companies of ton or ivvilvi'. At the moufh ot the river Pcnohico, there is a m.ickarcl l.lhciy ; they livckvi.e hfli for cod in winter, which tliey Jry in the t\\>,\. i\>l'ULAT10S, INHAniTANTS, AND) 'ihcrc Is not onC ot ihc CO- FACE OF ThE coaN'iRY. J I'uiies uliuh can be coinjiarej ia the abun !«n»ce ot peojiU', the number ot conlnicraMe ami trailing (u.vns, and the -nanii!a<'turts that arc cirricd on in ihcm, to New En- Uiui. The ui lit popuh)os and fiou ilhing pnrrs ot tlie niothci-conntry h.rJly make a bcticr appearance than the cultivated puts or this pro- vince) which rench about 60 milts back. Tlicrc an lure many gentlc- meii of conlidcr tblu landid ciiatrs ; but the i;rcatcll put ot the people iscompoied ot fubllamial yeomanry, who cultivate tiitir oa a rrcehold:;, without a dependence upon any but Providence, and ihcir own indultry, Tlicfc tVceholJs generally pals to thiir children in ttic way of gavelkind ; which keeps them from bcinf; hardly ever able to emerge out ot their orgiiully happy mcdiocriry. In no part of the world arc the ordinary fort lo iniicpendtjit, or policfs more ot the conveniences of l-fc ; ihcy arc iifcd trom their infancy to the txcrcife of arms ; and before the coniell with tlie mother country, they had a militia, which wa-i by no means con- ti'inptible ; but their military ftrength is now much more conlidcrablc. The inhabitants of INIaiTact.icti's Bay arc eilimuted at 357,000. Connefticut is faid, in proportion to its extent to exceed every othcr colony ot Britifli Ameiic^, as wtll in the abimi ancc of people, as culti- vation of foil, lis inhabitants arc about 209,000. The men, in general throughout the province, arc robuft, ftout, and tall. The gratcft care is token of the l mbs and bodies of infants, which are kcj)! llraighi by means of a board; a pradice learnt of the Indian women, who abhor all crooked people; fo that deformity is here a rarity. The womonare fair, haiidlome, and genteel, and modell and rcfervcd in their manners and be- haviour. They are not peimitted to read play?, nor can they converfe about whin, tjuadnlle, or < pcras ; but it is faid that they will talk freely i!|ion the fuhjcc'ts ot hiOory, geography, and other literary fubjedts. The iiihub, tarns of Conncttieut are txtrtmely hoIi)itablt to ilrangers. Hartford and Newhaven are the c.ipitals of the ilate. New Hamplhire, of late year.-, ll;^lh greatly increafcd in population, fo iliit in 17H3, the number of inhaivitauts was reckoned to amount to 8:, 200 ; and of Rhode Ifland provinec to 50,^.00. Rllicion.] Calvinilm, from the piinei^.les of the firft fettler?, h.ic h'cn very prevalent in New England : in.my of the inhabitants alio for- iiiuly oblerved the Sabb:ith with a kind of Jewilh ligour; but this hnih ct late been much diminiflied. Thee is at prefent no eOahlillied religion in New England; bur every fert of Chrillians is allowtd the free exercife lit tlicir idigion, and is equally undir the protedion of law *.» The Cun- feftcut i-rovincc hath lately provided a bilhop fnr the tpifcopalians »iiong them, by fending one of their numi.er to Scotland to bc'ordained b' the nonjuring biflmps of the epifcopal church in that Iviiigdom. Chief towns.] Bolton, the capital of New Hnglmd, llands on a peiinlula at the bottom of Maflachufett's Bay, abouf. nine miles from iti mouth. At the entrance of this bay are fcvcral rocks, which appear above water, and upwards of a dozen finall ifland?, fo ne of which are By a late account there are 400 conuregational and prcfbytcrlan churches in this ftoviuce, 84 Baptift, and 31 ot oth« dcaawifr.ariotis. inhabiied. ^ w*." h I % .ill if T i]*ii ' 'it "iirf « "^H ^; 798 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. inhabHci?. There is but one fafe channel to approach the harbour, and that fo narrow, t^iat two Ihips can fcarccly fail thr 'H.,h abrcalt ; but within the h:nbour rheic !s looin ror cj.o (".til to lie at AiiCtior, in a j; od (iepth of water. On one ofthf* illandi of rlie bay, itmis Fore Willi., in, the inoft regular fortrefu in a!! the plantation-. This caHle is 'U:feiKlf-d hy loo guns, twenty of which lie on a platform, level with ths water, fo that it is fcarccly pofliMe fir an enemy to pal's the callU-. To p'tvent furprife, they have a guard placed on one of the rocks, at two Ic^ucs diltance, from whence they make ftgnals to the callK-, when rade of New England is great; it fupplies a large quantity ot goods from within itfeif; but it is yer greater, as the people of this country are in a manner the carriers for all the colonies of North America, and to tke Weft Indies, and even for feme pat ts of Europe. The commodities which the country yields, arc principally pig and bar iron, which were imported to Great Britain duty free ; alfo inafts and ya'd«, pitch, tar, and turpentine, for which they contracted largely wi:h the royal mavy j pot, and pearl allies, ftaves, lum- ber, boards ; all forts of provifions, which they ftnt to the French and Dutch fugar iflands, and formerly to Barbadoes, and the other Britifli iflcs, as grain, bifcui% mea', beef, pork, butter, cheefe,' apples, cyder. onions, mackarel, and cod fifli driid. They likewife fent thither cattle, horfcs, planks, hoops, fhingles, pipe-ftavcs, oil, tallow, turpentine, bark, calf-ikins, and tobacco. Their peltry trade is not very contiderable. They have a mo£l valuable filliery upon their coafts in inackavel and cod, w hich employs vaft numbers of their ptople ; with the produce of which they trade to Spain, Italy, the Mediterranean, and the Weft Indies, to a confiderable amount. Their whale filhery has been already mentioned. The arts moft neceflary to fubfiftencc, are thofe which the inhabitants of New England have been at the gieateft pains to cultivate. They manu* failure coarfe linen and woollen cloth for their own ufe ; hats are made here, which find a good vent in all the other colonies. Sogar-bakinj;, dirtilUng, paper-making, and falt-works, are upon the improving hand. The bufinefs of fljip building is one of the moft confiderable, which Bof- ton, Newbury, or the other fea-port t^wns in New England carry on. Ships UNITED States of America. '99 >ur, and ill ; but a g ud WiUi„m, ilefciulf-d watfr, fi) p'tvent .ny lli'ps he town, h ; along icrchants, )ati, with- J the har- jrndually, f the pier he otherF, ,h'e in the e there, as an uni- of Havard It coniifts utors, and id renewed em, Ships are fometimes built here upon commilUnn ; but frequently the mer- cha:its of New Engkind hive them ronltrui^'ted up m their own account ; and hadini; them with ihc pro.luce of the colony, naval (lores, fiih, and filh- 'il pruicipiilly, they fend the u ttpon a trading voyage to Spain, Pur- lU'^tl, or the Medi'errancan ; where, having dilpoi'ed of their cargo, they m.tk' wHat advHnta^e they can by fieii^ht, until fuch time as they can fell -he veflfel herfelf to advantage, which they feldom fail to do in a rea- fun.ible rime. It was conputed, thar, before the late unhappy differetjce aroff, the amount of Enjrllfli manufientid themfehea with fending out a fliip or two, to trade with the Indans for their furs, and to fifli upon their coaft. This continued to be ihe only fort of correfpondence between Great Britain and this part of America, til! the year 1621. By this time the religious diffenfions, by which Engl-^nd was torn to pieces, had become warn and furious* Archbifliop Laud perfecuted all forts of non-conformifts with an unre« Icnting feverity. Thofe men, on the other hand, were ready to fubmit to all the rigour of perfecution rather than give up their religious opinious* and conform to the ceremonies of the church of England, which they confidered as abufes of the moft dangerous tendency. There was nopait of the world into which they would not fly, in order to obtain liberty of confcience. America opened an extenfivc field. There they might tranf- port themfelve?, and ellablifti whatever fo;t of religious policy they were incHited to. With this view, ha\ing purchafed the territory, which was within the jurifdidlon of the Plymouth Company, and having obtained from the king the privilege of fettling it in whatever way they had a mind, 1 150 perfon embarked for New England, and built a city, which be- twfe they had fjiled from Plymouth, they called by that name. Not- jwithftanding the fevcrity of the climate, the unwholefomenefs of the air, Und the difcafes to which, after a long fea voyage, and in a country which WIS new to them, they were expofed ; notwithftanding the want of all Ibrtsof convcniencies, and even of many of the neccflaries of life, tho e who had conftitutions fit to endure fuch hardfhips, not difpiritcd or bro- ken by the death of their companions, and fupported by the vigour then ptculiar to Englifhmen, and the fatisfaftion of finding thenifelves beyond jthe reach of the fpiritual arm, fet themfclves to cultivate this country, iWiltotake the beft fteps for the advancement of their infant colony- ||tff adventurers, encouraged by their example, and finding themfclves, l'"f the fame reafons, uneafy at home, palfed over into this land of reli- jpous and civil liberty, Bv the cjofe of the year 1630, they had built w towns, Salem, Dorchefter, Charles Town, and Botlon, which laftha* mi become the capital of N-ew England. But as ncceflity is the na- Wi\ lource of that aftive and frugal induftry, which produces every |liQ^ great amoog mankind, fa aa uninterrupted flew of piofperity and 7 fucccfs •;,. 1 i» '*■'!•■ '1- Hid ioo tJKfFFi> STATES o^ AMERICA. Ibccefs 'orcaftons' thole dlfi^nilons, which are the bape of human kffun, •aodotttiiM'ubvef r thf /eft founded eftat>Hfliaients. *" f*' >Tht '\\\h ibU.ffttft of New timlandj who had fled ttorn perfccatioiij be. • tamo'in a fliort'tiiiie ftrongly tainted with this illiberal vice, and were eager to inn'ocJuce an uniformity in religion atnong all who eniercd thca icfitoritB. ■ Th- m^iids of mem wei'e not in that age fupcriof to many prejudices • they ^ai not that Ojtcn and gfcncrous w*y of thinking, which I at prel^ot diftVnguillVeii nvaoy na-ives of Great Britain ; and the doftrine of | univerfal toleration, tvbith, to the h'-nour of tb« firft fettlers in Ame- fiea, bfegan to ;ipj>ear among them^ had few abettora, and many oppo- Uents. Mnny of them were bi.ioted C'lvinitls ; and t;hoUgh they lekl ihe weight of perfecujir>n thtmfelycs, they had no charity for thofewho profeifed feotiments different from their own* It was not' thie general Jdea of the age, thait men inighi live comfrtably togcthef in the fame fociety, without maintaining the lame religious opiioions ; and wherever llhefe were at variance, the membeis of diJferent fefts kept a^ a diflance from? each otf»vr, and cUabliihed feparate gotrernments. Hence feveial flipsi torn from the original government of New Et^gland' by relijious violence, planted themfetv^s in anew foil, and fpread over the country, Such was t;hat of New Hampfliire, which continues to thii day a fejia> rate jurifdi£tlon ; fuch too Was that of Rhode Iflandf «vhofe inhabitaatsl trere driven but from the MalTachufett's colony (for that i$ the name by which* thei^overnratint firfl evented in New England was diftinguiflied), for* fupporting the freedom of religioas fcntiment?, an«$ maintaining that the civil irtagillraie had n<» right over the fpecul;ative opiaioqs of marikind. Thftft tiheral men founded a city called Pi-ovid6nce, which they governed by the?!* kjwn principles: and fuch is the connexion bd; ween juftnefJ «f 'feiiiiment ard ex'ernal profperi'y, that the government of Rhode Ifland, though fmall, became extremery populous an J flourilhiflg- An- dthtr'coibnyv driven' out by the fame pcri'cquting^iipirir, fettled oi> tl e riVel-'iConiieAicut,' and received frequent Vcinfoicemcnts from Enj^landil ef^facl). lii'iiveitt dflfut ificd eithpr with the religious or civilgoverniiiti.t ,#fifhai'«3bufitVy. I * - ' A»A«ric^ Infleed was now become the main cefource of all difcontentcdl and^nti^'priGng fphits ; aiid fuch were the nu,niJber& v^hich embarked tcrf 5 it'^orti' England, that in 1637 a proclamiitUnir wa^ gMbliihed, prohibiting ^ itny ^tiJin from failing thither, without an ^prefs licence from the j; i^ei^nftrefcit^; ' For want of this licence, it b fiiid^ that Oliver GtomHlJ iMK HamJ^der, and others of that party, were; detained from going iDii>| ^'New E^i^liHid^ after being On bpard for, that piurpofe. J ^ Thefc fcmr j)ro'vlnce9, tliou^jh always confederates for their mutual dcJ ^ fcftfce, * v^^rc at iirrt, -and ftjll continue, under ftparate jurifdi^ions. Thcyj J Were a41 ttfthdm by thicir charters orig!na'l||f O'e^j and in a great meaifmcl 'Ihtttpeifdeilt of Great Britain. The ihhahitanfs Had the choices of the rj ' own magiUli'.itfes, the governor, the council, th« aflcmbly, andthepwi ' of nt.ikit»$| fuch laws as they thought proper,, wi^houMonding ihcm toj «!Great Britain for the approbation of the ero»¥in. Tiieir laws, ho*everJ i'Werc not to be oppolite tp thole of Great Brit«in. , Tow«rd» the latter endj *ot the-retgh of Charles II. when he and his minipe+a wanttd to dtftroy ) i'liU ehartfers and libtrties, the Mi»fl'ach ufett** colony was accufed; of violatins the r charter, in lik«n)anner as the city of X-oudaii^and byajudsmcnq Hn- thi'Kivrg^s Bench iof England, was deprived jrfit f r entruftcd, were numinattd by the governor, with the advice of the council ; the goverrH>r hid a negative on (he choice of cotiniellors, peremptory and unlimited j and he was not obliged to |:,ive a reafon for wh.tt he did m this particular ; bt relirained to any number ; authentic copies of the feverl adfs palled by this col(iny, as well as others, were to be tranfmittcd to the court of England, for the royal ajiprobation ; but if the laws uf this colony were hot repealed within three years alter they were prefented, they were not repealable by the crown after that time : no laws, ordinances, eie^lion of magi(^rates, or a&s of government whatfoever, were valid without the governor's confeiic in writing ; and appeals for Turns above 3001. were ad* admited to ihe king and council. Notwithflanding thefd rellraintsj the people had flilla great fliare of power in this colony ; for they not only chole the aflembly, but this ailembly, with the governor's concurrence, cho.e the council, referabling our houfe of lords ; and the governor de- jKnded upon the alTembly fot his annual fupport. But the government of New England has been ehtiri^ly changed, in confe(]iience of the revolt of the colonies from the aatuority of Great Britain ; of the Origin and progreisof which ail account hath been given ih another place, it was on the 25th of July, 1776, thtt by an order from the council at Boflon, the declaration of the Americati Congrefs, abfolving the United Colonies from their allegiance to the Britilh crown, and declaring them free and independent, Wat publicly proclaimed from the balcony of the ilate-houfein that town. A conilitution, or from of government, foir the commonwealth of Maf- fachufctts, inclildihg a declaration of rights, was agreed to arid eAsubliflied by the inhabitants of tdat province, and took place in 0^^|bflC»'i'fJ^8Oi In the preamble to this it was declared that the end of th#r1i|(iit^>on» maintcDance, and adminiftratinn of government, isto fecUre ihfi(f|^i>^nc9 of the body politic ; to prote^ it, and to fumifli the indivkiujtls wha compofe it, with the power of enjoyih^, in fafety and tranquillity, their natural rights, and the bleiiings ol life ; and that whenever thefe great objects are not obtained, the people have a right to alter thi government and to take mcafnres necelTiry for their profperity and happinefs. They txprcflcd their gratitude to the great Leg^flator of the univerfe, for having aiTortJed thethj Til the eoUrfe of his providence, an opportunity, delibc^ j^ately and ,j)e*ceably, without fraud, violence, or furpife, of entering; into an origanal, e>(plicit, and fulcmn compaft with each other ; and of lorming a new conilittition of civil government for themfclves and their polterity. Thfcy declared that it was the right, as well as the duty, of oilmen in fociety, {Publicly, and at ibited feafons, to worfhip the Su« preme Eieing ; and that no fubjei^ ftiould be hurt, hiolefted, or reftr^ined^ in his ixrfoh, Uierty, or edate, for worfliipping God in the manner and f afoh moft agreeable to the dr£tates of his oWu confcience ; or for hii Religious prdfeilion or fentimejBts ; provided he did not diilurb the public pMce, or obilruft otheh jn their religious worfliip^ It was alio enabled, that tHe feveral towns, pariflies, precinfts, and ^her bodies politic, or religious fucieties, fliould, at all tiihei, have thie i F ttxclufive [5/ k ! ,1'!-'. . i^k |3- -ik.-tl!^ III & 'Si! hri- 802 UNITED STATES of AMERICA. excluHve ri^ht of cle£ling their public teachew, and of contracting with them for their fupport and maintenance. That all monies paid by the fubjev^er (hould aways be held in aa exaCt fubordination to the evil autho* rity, and be governed by it. It was hkewife enaCted, that the d«»paitment of legjilation fliould be formed by two branches, a fenate, and a houfe of reprelentatives ; each I of j^liklWftibuld have a tkegativc on the other. That the fenators, con* •filKH^^Sf^dhy, and the meinbei-s of the houfe of reprefcntatives, fliould be I cle6i^li*^^^ xs; eac!i irs, con* liouU be years of fithln tilt of the \^A reprc- lar tliere the go- jutenant* body '^i [, chofcn .generaK IcnatorJ Ithc delc- Inatc and [negative | I controul rule of I vet t\h- ' bliM UNITED STATES or AMHl^JCA': 26 i yU(lic4 their forms of governmimt, or have chiefly adoptc^, that the end and dclign of the inflltution of ;h4 tiid acadt^itiy was to promofc and encourawe the knowledge of the' anti- quities of Americn^ arid of the natural hillory of ths coanrry ; and to determine the ufcs to which its various niMral productions might be ap- plied^, to piomote and encourage medicinal difvoveries; niathtmhtical oMjuifuigns ; philofophical inquiries and experiment^ ; aftfonomical, me- teorological, and geographical obfervations and improvements in dgi'i- cultiire,^ arts, manufadures, and commerce ; and, in flmrr, tocuUivnrW every art and fciencc, which might tend to advance the iiiteref^, honour^ dignity, and happinefi of a free, independent, and virtuous people. ^-^ Y O R K; )rl-, .n»:Yf'>a!fM"'*'-r=' ' :" , ,. , ,„ . , »rH •»[-,,. Kj'-v: ? » i^rSlTtTATION AND ExTENt, 'l^'tax C" iJ VAkKS- . V[Z 'iH. Miles, .-mi-^il Degrees^ io ^srittt-tt^- S^; Mllej; Length 360 J i '■ ■ * C 40 and 46 rforth la'titude. > I / „^ *' • BrcldtH xjo J ^"«^"" i7iarid76weft!oirgitude.'r *4.ooo.« BouNDARits.] TVT^^ YORK is bpuhded on the S'buth UnS South- j[\ Weft by Hudfdn*s and Delaware rivers; which di- vide it from New jerfey at^d Pennfylvania j o'n the Eaft ^nd^ North. eaft by New England and the Atlantic Odeao * and oil thie No«h'vveft by Canada. i ' j This proVince% iocludingj the iflancf of New York, Lbng Iflaiid, anil Statcn Ifland, is divided intd' the fourteen following couritieJ • . j, j, j^^^'^ . ^ Counties. ^ «.Kw j&-'<'' ^^'**^ Towns. .^ „> >i'4iotihtfi^- New Wk - -^fNHW Yo.K ^ tT^^*,^ '^^^^'^! ' Albany "~?^ ^ **" .n-vAjP^^y .r -s "'' n;:;:;?^^ -m^ntj i,ij^bii«5rff.» Buchefs — — FpughK€epaei-,,.,n^^o-,iiiAi .Tonir^.it Orange , — •*-— , Orangt, , .^. < ,n*-:i'Xt ..if^ui-mf^iisb i^- Welt.Chefter — •■^. ' Eedford, Whitep^ain&.ji,, ^.^^r-o ^^orfad v^ •• King's --— -7- 'Flatbufli, Brooklyn .j,- .ajieiiKM^nftW!)* .? ^t-o^ z\v.^ KichmoniJ i^J^^' ' .^ RTchmohd 5^,,1to 'iVti-^J Waflungtbn '' .^ — , Salem, . ./.jjip]!,. lalm-.d ot Urti cMrs' .t,* . — , — . Johnftown ,i:Ti?ito>f> 3iiocio7.t»rft al |iud(ba,;,>^^ >vn;:t-l3bci;:f-5I w '-mA siT ••^^* .F!»«Iburgn.,;j4 ;-►/, .josifjr *- 'a- • -iJi Mo0tgbmery Columbia Oftntoii -.4 ; ao^ i.flifbS* Ji*.. 1« / \% Vv-k .'\ ■I ■. 'U l^i fe^rii 8^04 tJNltED STATES or AMERICA. Rivers.] Tl^c prinpp^l of thefe are Hudfon's and the MohAwk ; tlie former abounds with cxv client harbours, and is well ilored with great variety ot fi li : on this the cities of Ne^v York and Albany are fituatcd. On the Mohawk is a tars^e catara£V, called the Cohoes, the water of which h laid to full ^9 fce^ perj^eudicular, where the river is a quarter of a mile in breadth. '■ •■ '•■; •** - -f^-- ;■ -^-^ ^^i---,, il- ■■:.. ■^■^■u.,..^-. Capes.] Thefe are Oi$t May, oh tHe eaft entrance cf Delaware ^Iver: Sandy-H ok, near the entrance of Raritan river; and Montock Point, at the caft end of Long liland; ' '^ '*' Climats, soil, and ntomiCE.] This province, lying to the foutli of New England, enjoys a more happy temperature of climate. The air is very healthy, and a^i^rees well with all conliitutions. The face ot the country relVmbling' thar of the other Britilh American colonics, is low, flat, and m.)t(hy towards tlie fpa. As you recede, fi'om the coall, the "eye is entcrtainecl with the griiduarl fwelling of hills, which become lar?e in proportion as you advance into the courvtry. The foil is extremely ferule, producing wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, barley» flax, and fruits, in great abundance and perfed^ion. The timber is much the fame with Chat of New England. A great deal of iron is found hercv Cities, popULAriov, and commerce.] The city of New York ilands on the fouth-weft end of York-ifland, which is tweke miles long, jrnd near thVrc in breadth, extremely well fituated for trade, at the mouth of Hudfon*s river, where it is t^iree miles broad, and proves a noble con> vcyance from Albaay and many other Inland towns towards Canada, and the lakes. This city is in length about a mile, and its mean breadth a quarter of a mile. The city and harbour are defended by a fort and battery : in the fort is a fpacious man(ion*houfe for the ufe of the govemorr Many of the houfes are very elegai^t; and^'thc city, though irregularly bailt, sflbfds a fine profpe^. A fourth part of the city was burnt down by fome iqpendiaries in 1776, on (he king s troops taki»e ir. A great part of the inhabitants are defcended from the Dutch famines, who remained here after the fuf render of the New Netherlands to the EngUlh, and the whole province in 1786, xff&s numbered at 238,897^ The commerce of this province docs riot materially differ from that of ]^ew England, -The commodities in which they trade aire wheat, flour, barley, oats, beef, and other kinds of animal food. Their markets ace the fame with thofe which the New Englanders ufe ; and they have a ihare in the logwood trade, and that which is carried on with the Spanifli and French phmtations. They ufe to take almoft the £»nie fort of com* inodities from Engknd with the inhabitants of Bofton. At an average of three years, their exports were fatd to amount to 526,0001. and their imports from Great firitainto 531,0001. Religon and learning.] It is ordaihed, by the late conftitution of New York, that the free exercife. and enjoyment of religious profeflion and worfliip, without difcrimination or preference, fhall for ever be allow- ed, within that ilate, to all mankind. A college was erected in New Yofk, by a6l of parUamcnt, about the year 1755; but as the afleihbly was at that time divid ?^>ri"AT>» a^D'/t'J ■A^i out the rties, it »et witli c ferai- fe, the ere t!ie mcricaa UNITED STATES Of AMFRTCA. 8q5 coaft. The tra£t claimed by the two nations exfendc4J fronvtrjft 3^th to the 41II degree of lath ude^ and was allied the N^w .Netherlands. Jc con- tinued in their hands till the time of Charles Ii. who obtained it from thcin by right of conqueft in ^664; and it wis ctiofirined-iothe Englifli by the rreaity of Breda. 1667. The New Netherlands wqr<; ^lut Jong ia our poflelTion before they were divided into diirer«nt provinces^ New York took that name from the king^*s brother, lames duke qf York, to whom the king granted it, with fi^il powers of government, by Ititt-rs patent, datid March 10, i66|{^ On James's accelfion to the throne, the right to New York became veiled iu the crown, and it became a ro^al governn^enr. The king appointed the governor ami coui^ci^ » ^and the people, once in feven years, eletSled their rep4'«:(cntarives to fcrve in ge- neral aflemblies. I hefe three branches of the lcfij9;iture (anfwering to thofe of Gieat Britain), had power to make any laws nut repugnant to thofeof England; but, in order to their being validi t^e royal aiTent to them was firrt to he obtained. By the conllitution of the ftate of New York, ^abllfliedin I777» %he fuprenie legiQaiive power was vetted in two feparate and didiud bodies of men ; the one to be called, ** The AflTembly of the Stare of New York," toconfiil of feventv members, annually chofen by ballot ; and the other, " The Senate of t^e State of New York," to confift of twenty-four, for four years, who together are to form the legiflature, and t0| meet once, at leal], in every year, for the difpatch of buiineis. The fupren^e executikve power is to bevelled in a governor, who is to continue in ot^ce three years, ailiiled by four counfellors, chofen by and from the fenate* Every male iahabitant, of full hge, vfho fl)all poiTeCs a freehold of ^be yalue ot tivcnty pounds, or have rented a tcncmtm of the yearly valup of fprt^^fl^iHings, and been rated and have jiaid taxes to the ilate for fix inpntjiis pieceding the day qf election, is enti'led to vote for members of the ^titemblv ; but thofe who vote for the governor, and the member^ of the fen ate, are ^^^' l Breallth 60 J *^"^''^ l74aad76weft long.} 10,007. Boundaries.] X.T^^ JERSEY is bounded on the Weft and South- J^ weft, by Delaware river and Bay ; on the South- eaft and Eaft, by the Atlantic Ocean ; and by the Sound which feparate* St»tea Ifland from the continpnt, and Hudfon's river, oa the North. ^^ 3 F 3 '"',"" Divjfions, _, ' ,•. . '*•' -»« *»j , ;iV. ■ n •■:t.i/. I' ^♦"'ir';;>l t'i : l^ ■Mr ■mi ■* "'im m'ty?:' n r:^» Mil- r 865' tf!^rm STATES of 'Af^tRlCA! ■-'V ' WmHona:/'^ '•'• Counties. fMddlc'ex Moo mouth Eflex ]i Chjet Towna. I' Perth Atnboy ami Nciv-Bruiif,vicfc Shrewfbuiy, Freehold -j '. . ,• • ci? " /* \ E''=^abetli and Newark contain! I Someifet'/'.^ff 1 I Btundbiook . w..,..;.,^> , tftcrgen ;''^> J [ ficvgcn, Hakkcnnik.v , "f ("Burlington j '40-8 N. lat. I • GlQuccrfer;j,^.j75:oW.loa. I Saltm Hopewell, Bridgetown /,';io 1 icnton -,"( ~nl^••^ bilv,' «; * Burlingtnp Gluucttlei' Salem CumterlanJ Cape May' Hunterdon -I '"'"J None Mot riftown t ' , m' V« • rrS\v\ . Ncwtokvii. mv>Vk>1 ?f^ ' ^"^ ' coniainj UWbr's 1 Theft are the Delaware, Raritan, and Paffaicfc, on tnclait-^ .of which is a remarkable citarat'l ; the heiyhtoF'the rock from uhich the * water falls is fftiii to'be about 70 feet periiendicular, and the liver there Hj > yards Nrt)a(i.'''',;,^-f;H * ^? **'''' f ' ' 'A' :'«.*M '' Climaie, 'SrtiL, AKD PRODt;>E.1 Tlic climate i$ much the fame • with that of Naw-York; the foil is various, at Ic.ill one-fourth part ct 'the province- is b.uren fandy land, producinjj pines and cedars ; the otlkr •i)^ri8 ill general ate got)d, and produce wheiaf, barley, rye, Indian corn, ' &c. in great lie rfeiftion. History, GoyERNMENTf roPtirLATroN, I New Jerfey is part of tlut ';,-;:•.• CHiEt TOWNS, A^ D cioMMERCK. " J \ aft tradt of land, which \\t %^ye. obfeCvfd was given by king Chinles II. to bis brother, James, cluU t of York J he fold it, for a valuable cohfideration, to lord Berkeley anil fir George Carteret (fi dm which it received its prefcut name, becaufe fir George had, as ^hc family ftill have, elljites in the ifiand of Jerfey), ar.J ' they again to others, who, in the year 1-02, made a funehcler of the powers of goVeijjratnt to Quefen Anne, which flie accepted, aftff which it became a royal goWn men e: By an account pubbflitd in 1765^1116 number of inhabitants ierfortai efiate ;. aiVd the mernbers of tlw general lillelhbiy \o ^e worili ^ve hundred pounds. All inbabitants worth fifty pounds are tntitlfd to vote for repiefentHtives in council and affe^bly', and for AX other pttl)ln; offic s. Tnc eJe!".* ,, : .,rf - ; 7 ; ■ . . .* • kELicioN AND LF.ARNING.J Acpbrding to ttic prcfcnt conftltution of this Pfovince, all pcjfous arc allowed to worfliip God in the manner tbat ■\-ri> -J - • ,1 : .. ,■■ ^ ■ . . ' '■■■ ' ; ^ - J$ UNITED STATES of AMERICA, So; 1*1' i i ... . lat. \ lua. \hich the r there to the fame th part ct the otlkr lian corn, lit of th.!t which wc mcs, ihM ley and fir )ecaufe fir rfey), and !er of the f whict it lienumber [j a cenfuj Buiim;- ded iiv'h'^ i-e, w'uliiii Ullonthe tain nwvj conj^refs pernor, Ic- legiflativc junds ic:il ^,e worili Intitied to Jtct put'l't-' Id i;eccral [nor, to be [h of the executive Htutionof inner tb'at is \i mod agreeable to their own confcicnces ; nor is any perfon obliged to pav tithes, taxes, or any other rar«s tor the purpofe of building or re- pairing any other church or churches, for the maintenance of any mi- iiillcr or miniftry, contrary to what he believes to be right, or has deli- berately or Toliintarily engaged hiinfclf to perform. There is to be no eftablilhrnent of any one religious fcft in this province, in preference to another; nnd no proteft, • t, Bucks * ' Berks :' v ' * Northampton Lancafter . ■ j York Cumberland Montgoaiery Dauphin ^^..^^| j.; .w Luzerne "' ' - Northumberland Franklin Huntingdort Weftaiorel^d .. Fayette ■ ■ '^ ' "^^ Chief Towns. Philadephia 5 N.iw.4d.^ ^ ^ 1 »-j,.;jr .Ul,M|,<»v ^ Mont 7c-2o» ' Weft-Chefter ' • • "^^ Newton Reading Eafton Lancafter ., . . • , , , .„ ^,„ , . . W.lkftK,rougI^ iWji.um,b:;. I^ttftown -^^^'^^-^-' Wafliingtoil ''^?J^;.rUn- Huntingdon ..,,1,,;^ fc,^^, J,. Grceiilburg .AvV-rnn^'V?) .^^iU; ..■ Union "^^^■f.^r-r Wafttngtoii..,^,. ^^.^^^^,^^^ ., Bedford, a county weftward of the mountains upon, the Ohio, pur* chafed from ^e^ Iniians in 1761^ ,by Mr. Pens, and eft^bllftied ' •; I- ■ ■ ' 'T will ^' -I 8o3 UNITCD PTATES of AMERICA, BcTidcs tbnfc inentiot^e^ t^<^''^* ^^'^ ^^^^ ^'^^^ following : ' p., Couwijcs, -jf n ^ y>f^ •»*•«' !> Chiiif Towns* ley i:t^{s\u-\ rriji JdK(l-i^**"^** ? C Nevvcatllc, Wjlmjngton. ''!/V!' . SuOi-X' y ( Lew»saown, M.Jfor'erabie ivav- up the c<^ptry T'Hcic liv^is, with the nameroiu bays and creeks in Dvlaware bayj ciij^abt^ ot contaiA^ug the largeft fleets, render this provtncc admir? abiy Tui^d,^ carry on an inland ami foreign tr^ide, |C;.|MAT«,Ant, SOIL, AND 7 The «ace of the countiy, aii\ foil, "rFACB OF THE COUNTRY. J and producc, do not materially differ fromthofeof New York. If tb'crc be any diffet-enc<;, it u in favour of this province. The a^r is fweet and clear. The winters continue from December till March, and are fo extremely co'd and feverc, th.u the ri- ycr Delaware, though very bro^ii, is often frozen over. The monrhs of tvily, /V'^'g'J^ 2"^ September, are almoil intolerably hot, but the country is refrelhcd by treciueni cold breezes. It mav be rerjia.ked in general, that in aU parts of the Britifli plantations, U;om New York to the fouthcia lextreniUy,. thef wtiods are full of wild vines of ihrcc qr f<*ur ipecie% ail different from tho^e wq have in Europe. But, wbi^ther fron\ fome fault ii; their natUKS, or in the climate, or the foil where tliey grow, or, what is inucK more pnobable, from a fault in the planters, they have yet fjroduced no wino that delervps to be mentioned, though the Indians from then] make a fort of wine, with which they regale thcmfclvcs. It may alio be pbferved of the timber of tliefe CQlunie&, that towards the fouth it is not fo good for Quppio^g, as that of the ipore northern provinces. The tar- ibcr (butbwar4 >Qt? go, the timber becomes lefs comp.»«S, and rives eafily, which property, as it renders it lefs ferviceaUe for (hips, makes it more ufeful tor llaves. lilSTORV, GOVERNMENT, SBTTLEME^f T, PO- I Thls COUntry, UH- ruLATiOM, CHIEF TpwN?, AND COMMERCE^ J der the name of the New Netherlands, was originally polfeflld by the Dutch and Swedes, Wh^n thele nation-', however, were expelled f»om New York by the Ensjlifli admiral Pen n (who, in conjundion with Venables, had conquered the iiland of Jamaica under the aufpices of Crorr»vvell) being in tavour with Charles II. he obtained a promileof a grant of this country from that monnrch. Upon the admiral's death, his fon, the celebra^d quakcr, •avuiled himfelf of this promife, and after much couit-iblicitation, ob- tained the performance of it. Though as an author and a diiine, Mr, Penn be little known but to thofe of 'his own ijerfuafion, his reputHtion in a charafter no lefs refpedable, is univcrfal among all civilifediiations. The circumflances of the titnes engaged vaft numbers to follow him iato bis new fettlement, to avoid the perfecution* to which the Quakers, like Other IcfSiaries, \ycre then expopui { but it was to his own wifdom and ability that they are indebted for that charter of privileges, which placed thi* colony ofl fo refpeftiblc a footing. Civil and religious Irberty, >n Vlip ^C.q^qil i^U;ude, \y^s |aid dow^ by that greai man, m the chief at;d •w UNITED STATES op AMERICA. S09 on^y fuund:ition of all hit inOitutions. Chridnns of all denom}n! '■ If 1 ' 1 ii h ■ . \t - 'I'll,: \^tr-:\ llli, , 11 ill ui!^ Uo UiNITKD STATKS of AMERICA. ar.llr1 virli Hijjhflieft.iill of tlinn «o fc?' wide, and commiinicajing with canals, troin t)>e two rivers, wliich Htld noi oiilv lo ihc beauty* but lo the wlinlfloun nclsot thr city. Accnrdiii},' to the original plan, every man in poUdliuij o» loco acres in the pro>if)cc, h.iu his houle either in oi.e oi the fronts, iscini; the rivers, or in ihc Hisjli. i>rcct. runnint; from the middle of one front to the miiidlc of the otlicr. jivery owner of ^ooo aci'es, bcfidcs the above mentioned pi ivilc};c, uaj «n!»tlcJ to have an :icre of jiroiind in the front of the houlc, and all others •night htive half an acre for <^'nrdcns and cuint yards. The pr..pricror% feat, which is the ufiial pWe of tltc gove-nor's relidence, and is ahoiit ;i mile above the town, is the firit private huihlmg, both for maj',nificciicc and fnuation, in all nririfl) Atticrica. The bauacks for the troops, the inarlict, and other publ c buildinfi^s, are piopo'tionaliy grand. Tlic (I'-uys ure fpacioustind line 5 and the pnncipil (^n.iy is zoo fctt wide. Tiicrc ut-re in this city a prcat number of very wealthy merchants ; which is no way iurpvifnijii. wlien we confider the great trade which it carried on with the Kngiifli, Spmiifh, French, and Dutch colonies in America ; with the Ai.ires, the Canaries, and the Madeira iflands ; with Great Bii»ain and Ireland; with Spain, Portugal, and Holland. Btfides the India trade, and the <|iiantitv of j^'iain, provifion'', and all kinds ot the prodcco, of this province which is brought down the rivers upon which this city is fo coininudioully litnated, the Germans who have fet. lied in the in erior parts of this province, employ Ceveial hundred wai,;- gonj, drawn each by four horles, in bringing the produi^ of their farms to this marker. In the y. ar 1749, 303 velfcla entered inwards at this pen, and 291 cl-eared outwards. .#VlJ>!i{ The commodities lorincrly exported in Pennfylvania, «t an aver^jrc of three year** amounted to the value of 611, cool. Thofe exported to Great Britain and other markets, belides timber, fliip? built for file, cop- ucr ore, and iron in pi^s tind bars, confiUed of grain, flour, and many .lbrt» 6fanin>al food j and at an aver.vjje of three years, were calculated at 1 07,5001. Since the colony's independence, the new duty upon im ported p«md and Scotland, and which, before theciiilwar broke oui, bid fair to become a bright leniinary of k arising. It is no* ftyled an IJn ivtKS iTV ; it« funds were partly ^iven by the liaie and partly cakcR ifotn ibe old college. And in 1787 a college was foimded at |^ancafter, and, in honour to Dr. Franklin, called Frai»kHn college. It was in Philadelphlr that the general congrefs of Amerlea met in Sep- tember 1774. t and their meetings continued to be chiefly held there, till the kind's troops n»hde themftftlyes malUrs of that city, on the 26th of Septtmber 1777. l»ut in June 1778, the Britiih troops retreared toNe>v Vt>ik, an I Philad- Iphia again became the refidencc of the contjrefs. }ii'i^7«)» the rcpiefentativcs of the firemen of Peimfylvania met in a oene'al contention v-t Philadelphia, and a^^reed upon the plan of anew couUitution of g.ivernmcnr for that colony.. They dciermined that the comm-nwealth, or ilate of Penf>1vania, fiiould be govt med hereafter by an alTcmbly of the roprcftutatives of th« freemen of the fame, and a pre- fident and council. That the fnprcme legjflative powei" flioultJ be yelH in ahoufe of reprefent^iives of the freemen of the conimo^iwcaUh or flatc UNITFD STATES of AMERICA. 8ii af Pcnnf\ Ivsinia That rhc fiiprcnic rxecuflre pt^ver flinuld be vedcu in a prrfulent and counj:il of t>vclvc. That every fneman of twenty-one years of age, ha\'ing rclidcd in Pciinlylvania one year before ihc day oi eIe('^ion for rcpn lentatives, and j).iid publii taxes during that time, (hould cnjy the right of an eleftor ; and r^at the font of freehotd«ra^ of twenty- one years «>f :i<;r, (hoiild be entitled to vt)tc, although they had not paid ttxes. Th;it the houfc of repiefentativcs of the frcemtn of this common- wealth fliould confift of perfons mnft noted lor ivifdom and virtue, lo be chofen by the freemen of evciy city and county of (his commo'nirealth re- fpc^ivcly. j^nd that no pciion (holud be elei'^ed, unlcfs he had refided in the city or county fpr which he Ihoiild be chofen two years before the elcd^ion ; and that no mcmbcff while tie continued fuch, fliouKi hold any other office, except in the n/iiitia. Thar no perfon flioulU be capable of being elected a mcmbci' to fcrvc in the houfe of rcprtfcntativcs of the freemen of this commonwealth more than fe freemen of this commonwealth, and tKcir fons, flioidd be trained and aimed for its defence, under fuchregublions, rertri£^ions, and exceptions, as the general alVembly fliould by law direft, prcfervini* always to the peo- ple the right of choofing their colonfl, and all commiffioncd officers under that rank, in fuch a mannerand as often as. by the laid la.»8 (hould be di- rected. Two perfons alfo are to be chofen by btllot every year tor cjcH county and city by the freemen, to be called the '* Council of Ccnfrs," who are to e^a^nine into the cwndufl of the leglflittive and e^ccative powerSf -''''-i. ' ' ' .f'''ii^"^w"ft"'ftrfrta'., ' t:->n ■ 7^ ^cJ. MARYLAND. I. i4 %.: mm m 1 !«.-.:, -::■.« «r; la .Aoinmu tab filUlt £ Biz ] >lni*. l^j^ ..A-- '1^ b3ni-1r.o- .rJ/ i w.iW^VATf^W and EacTENTi > 1c Y L A N r.o .ri! !■?.. • }1 r.o'ri'-^ Mriei. J. Degrees, >«5 "^qt Sir.' I2»00« ..{, I*e|tfth.i40 J i^t „ J 7,- and 8d weR Ibngitud^. 1 T.cviftiWt^h Iji I ^'^^'^ } J7and4)0 north latitude, f Bou>qiiiiis.r| r>OtINJ)Eb by PieiiofyWania, oo the North? by an- ' " ' X'O*^*'' PVt of Pennfylvynia, and ih« Atlantic Ocean, on , Martlind is di^tie^ into t\vb par's by the bay of ckefapcak, viz. u The <55ft«th'; atjd i. The wefleru divifion. bounties. •,''!^'' ;'■ Tbe^ Eaft divifion contaiAs*^ the <:Qun tics of '.■•■!-''.,.■"' Thp 'Weft contains .. rWorcefter Soinerfct Dorfet , Talbor^' Cecil : J Queen Anne's — I i Kent — Cat olina J 'St» Mary's county Charles . . ..v div'inon Prince George* < JC !r' Calvert Arundel Baltimore Frederic Wafliingfon Montgomery ^Hartford - ,K, Chief Towns, "^ f Princefs Anne j I Snow hill j I Dorfer» or Dorchefter Queen's town .j; ,; Chefter, ,,j,,.^^, „,„ j. 'St. Mary ,j v j,, ,, , Bnftol ;j-.r.tn, Mafterkout ...-.vt r. ■■■' Abipgton , r C J Annapolis, W. lop, 76.50. N. Ut. 39, Baltiinoie. . . Ri:t,rtS.] This country is indented with a vaft nutnber of nav^frabft creelf sand rivers. The chief arc Patowmac, Pocomoac, Patuxent, Chep- tik, Severn, and Saflafms. Fa££.of THE COUNTRY, AIR, 7 In tliefe particulars this province SOIL, AND PRODUCE. J has nothing remarkable by which it may bedilHiiguiQied from thofe alre y ' i\ ■ ; r.si.tii;,.' W. Ion. Ut. 39. navigabl« It, Chep- province which it ri the in- i.iil thaa through which is n, which • r ' Its 1$ C»* the fame it, that Lt will be rinces of ind, lilie las confi- k.»rylan4 [aids the (ilofe d>fe of Charles the Firft's reign, was the ohjcft of great hatred to the bulk of the Englifh nation: and the laws in force agatnft the papifts were ejcecuied with great feveriry. This in pejrt arofe from an opinion, that the court was not favourably difpofed towards this from of rcl'gioni It is certain, that many triarfts of liavour Were conferred oit the Roman catholics. Lord B.iltimore was one of the mud eminent, in great frtvour with the courts, and on tba|( account moft odious to the generality of Engli&men. This nobleman, in 1632, obtained a graoit from Charles of thait country, which foanerly wascuniidered as a part of Virgin nia, but was ntfw called Maryland, in honour of (jueei^ Henrietta Mary, daujihicr to Heftry iVw of France", and fpoufc to king Chirles. The year following about 200 popifli families, fome of confiderable diftindtioo, em- barked with lord B:oed their religion, they obfatned the power, as well ar ihcimereft. The gvwernmeni of this country exactly refeirtblcd tha| in Virginia, except that >he governor ivas appointed by the proprietors, and! only confirmed by the crowDt The government of Mar^knd \i now uM in a governor, fenate of i^, and boufe of ctelegates. all which art to be chofen annually. The governor to be eleibed by balbty by the ^tf uc ;ind houfe of ddegatci. All freemen above twenty'Obe years of lige, having a freehold of fifcy acres, or prciperty tathe value of rhitty pHiRtV*, hjvve a right of fuilVage in the clc^ion of delegates, which is "I'^v! yticf. All perfoni appointed to any office vi profic os trull, aie to fiircribe * declaration of their belief in the Chriftian reKgioA. ■ '^^'. In 1782, a college was founded at Cbciler,Milcs. r-i^r^-.t Degrees. ''^ ^"^^'^ 'S^.^ ';'',^.;,' *.';oji;rz.t,fngth 7ko > k*»u;«-« ^ 73 a"«l QO weft Ion. 7 '^ Breadth ijd f ''^''"•" \ 36 and |o no^h lat. j ^'' Boundaries.] "09^^^-^^^y the river Potowrnac, which dividr , . X> *' ^'^^'^ Mairylarid, on the North-eaft i by the At.- ^iantic ocean, on the^E-iil; f>jf,Carpiin(|,t,on (Ije 3outh,; anij chenvrtrlVIif- Middle, thr ,000a. fiffippi,on the Weft, j; ,^ .,, ^ _„,, ,.,^. ^.. . |t may be divided irito four parts, vu. the Norih, f»M/fr 7^ fifi h: Wefidvard of flmAUcgany. Spvitb, and the eaftern divifion. ua.^^Uuationi Countiea. I", Lincoln r jjefferfun \ Fayette , J Ohio '' ] Monongalii Wafliington Montgomery ^ Green- briar f Hampflure . I Berkley iSctwecn the AI- I Frcderiek lej^any and Blue / Shenando J Rockingham Augufta Situationi^ ivxl > Counties. Ridg«. 7673 ".,?f«/lft';!i'7-"»:ifJ ' tetwtenthcBlue idge and Tide^ /ftr»i.''|.t6*ft bat! N^v _*; ,: • t;' -"■■ ; /v Rockbridge Botetourt fLoudoun. I Fauquier Culpepper ^ Spotfylvania Louiia Goochlaind Fluvanna Albeniiarlft Anihcrft Buckingham Bedford Henry Pittfylvania Halifax Charlotte Prince Edward Cumberland I^owhatan Amelia Lucnbuvg Mecklenburg l^BruafwtcK o < ! < _r .' i i i .'if ■ Between jHints river and Carolina^ 60S9. Betwcien James and York rivers. 3009. Between Y6ri and Rappaha- nbc. Jiti^* Betweeii Rappahahod and Patowmack. 43»7' Ead Shore. 163)1; fGreericfville Dinwiddie Chefterfield PriJjcc Georg# ^urry < Suftex ^Uthampton Ide of Wight Nan(ifmond Norfolk l^ Princcfs Anne "Henrico Hanover' f' bin V New Kent t)Harlc? City ^ James City Williamfturg York Warwick ''- Elizabeth City Caroline King Wilfiam King and Qucc^ Eflex Middlefex Glouceftcr r Fairfax [ Stafford j King Geoige ^ Richmond : \Vertmoreland NothumberlanJ .Lancaftcr J Accomac ' ny I Nonhamptoii Prince WilHara ■>) :vf .»ub"«r-(.u3nq''ij.i'inq - JtENTPCK-r 4 n- it.JJ;, UNlTfeD StATfeS oP AMERICA. ti i Kentucky beloigs at prefcnt to Virginia, and is divitlcd into (cvco counties. .'i VJ.1A Counties, letter foil - Fayette Bourbon - Mercer Chief Towns, — Louilville Lexingtoa ■" Counties. '■'.' Chief Towns. Ntlfon ti>i i , ) i M i .,4'<^rditOMli Mad difoa i filt ? i ) L r.-s : ;•. Liocola nr tAp . Hnrrods-jown < CAPes, nws, AUD RIVERS.] Irt failing to Vlrvinrer they haye a fine clear air, and dry, which renders it very plcafanc. Their fpring is about a month earlier than in England ; in April they have frequent rains ; in May aad June the heat inne.ifes ; and the fun>mer is much like o irs, being ro- ireflicd with gentle breezes from the lea, that rife about nine o*cl©ck, apd deircafe or increa'e as the fiii ; ills or fal's. In July and Angull thcic Wce7.es ccafe, and the air becomes llagnunr, and violently hot ; in Sep- tember the weather generally changes, wlien they have heavy and frequent iiins, which t)ccali<)n all the train of direaTfes incident to a nioill eliinate, particularlv agues and in-ermitting' fevers. They have frequent thunaer Mi lightning, but it rarely does any nulchief. Sol and produce.) Town nis the feu- (bore aiid the banks of the Tivrrs, the foil of Virginia confills of a dark rich mould, whi h, without manure, returns plentifully whatever i< committed to it. At a diilancu fiom the \vatcr there is a lightncfs and findind"? in the foil, winch, how- «'cr, is of a generous nature, and, hclij^d by a kiiidly fun, yicidi corn ajid tobicco extreme ly well. i'' "i* !' j 'tf* ^it h,' From what has been faid of the foil and cHitlAt^, it ife cafy to infet' the »?riety and perfcc'tion of the vegetable produ'ti ms of the country. The fsitlis arc covered wi.h all forii ut lofiy trees ; aiifl fro un.icr-.vtwd, or ' » • t>:U{h- S f. M if-'-' \ it i» ' •';■■ ^■ '^- • .• •: l\ ' 'il 'ir' '-Mi liii Si6 UNtTfiD StATES or AMERICAi brufties grow beneath ; ib that people travel with eafe through the forcfti on horl'tback, unilei' a fine (liade to detcnd them from the (un ; the plains ai« enamelted with fiuvvers and flowering flirwbs of the richell colours and moil fragK^nt fcent. Sil4c grovfi fpontancous in many places, the fibres uf which are as firong as hemp. jMcdicinal herbs and roots, particul.irly the fhakc'root, and the ginfcng of the Chineie; are here in great plenty^ There is no Tort of grain but might be cuhivated to advantage; 'JThe id* habitants, teow^ver, are fo engroil'ed with the cuitt|re ot the tobacco plants that ibcv think if com fufhcitht«ior their fupport Ciound ; their fatted pullets, at lix pcucit a-ptece ; ehickei>c<« at three or iour fluUings a dozen ; geefe «t ten pence ; and turkey;!, «t eigbtecn-pence a-piece. But fidi apd^ wild fowl were flill cheaper in the feat'oAi a^d deer were fold from tiv^ to ten flittlings a*piece. This eiUmate may fcrve for the other American colonies, »hcie provitions Ik ere ecj^ually plentiful aud cheap, aiid in fume dill tower. Befidesthc xntmals tranfpocted ft om Europe, thofe natural 'to the country are drcr, of witich there great nuiHhtrs, a foitof panther or tygcr, bears, wolves, foxes, and racoons. Here is likcwi'e that fmgular auimal called the opoiTum, which feems to be the wool rut mentioned by Charlevoix, in hii Hiftory of Canada* It is about the Hze of a Cat ; nnd behdes the belly Common to it with other atiimals, it has another peculiar to itfdf, and which hadgs beneath the formet. The belly has a large aperture, towards the kinder legs, which difcovers a large number of teats on the ufual parts of the conmofi belly* Upon thefe, when the female of this crcatirre con* teives, the young are formed, and there tbt-y hang like fruit upon the ilalkt t)ntil they grow in bulk ahd weight to their appointed fizc ; then they drop off^ and are received into the falfe belly from wh ch they go ot»t at pleafure, and in which. tliey take refuge when any danger threatens theni. In Virginia there are all forts of tame and wildfowl. They have thf ttightin^le, whofe plumage is crinifon and blue ; the moeking bird, thought to excel alt others in his own nou^ and inotU.iing that of every •ne J the humming bird, the fmalk-ft of all the winged creation, and by far the moft b«Uatiful, all arrayed in Icurlct, gieen, aiid gold. It (>t>s tbe dew from the flowers^, which is all its nouriihmcht, aud is too delicate ttf be brought alive into England. ^H>»TORr,' GOVERNMENT, popuLA- ) This ts the firft country which jTlONii TOWNS, AN j>,CoMMERfi:!;.. J the EnjfUflvpl.iuted in Aiiiiericw ve detivcdotir i[tgbr, not only to thijs, but to all our oihtr fettlemcnts, as has bteaakea^j obfci'vcd, from the dlfcovery of ScrbaOian C.bot, who, iti 1467, firft made the northern continent of America, in the ferviicof Hi*i^iyi VU;of;EBglahd'. No attempts, hoXvevcr, were made to lc;tle it till the reigH ot quetn Elizabeth, it was then that fir Walter Kalcigli applied to court, 'A^<^ g<>t togerhir a compaiiy» which was compotedot iMKiaiJ^perfbns i,Qf: diiUuQoni iind.fcKeral eiiiiucut niji^chaiiiSj who agrew irk;e Percy, and Mr. Newport, for his council. By ritcm, James Town* the firlt town built by the i^nglifti ill the New World, was erected. The colony continued to flourifli, and the true fources of its wealth beg»n to be difcovered and Improved. The lirftfettlerjjiikc thofe of M'arylmd, were generally perfons of couifidera- lion and difiim^ion. It remained a fteady ally to the royal party during the troubles of Girat Britain. Many of the cavaliers, in danger at home, took rcfiige here ; and under the government of lir William Berke- liy, held out tor the crown, until the parliament, rather by (^ratagem than force, reduced them. After the Retlorarion, there is nothing very inteirfting in the hiftory of this province. Soon after this time, a young gentlemen, named Bacon, a lawyer, availing himfelf of fome difcontcnts in the colony, on account of reOraints on trade, became very popular, and fet every thing in confuAon. His natural death, however, reftored peace and unanimity ; and the inhabitants of Virginia ccaCed to deftroy them* felves, ■ ■ The government of thi'? province, as fettled in convention at Willlamf- biirg, July ^, 1776, is vcfted in a governor, fenate of 24, and houfe of delegatts, all of whom a.e chofen annually. But a privy council, or council of Hatf, confiding of eight members, is alfo to be chofen by the i int-ballot of the fenate and houfe of delegates, to affiil in tht admlaiftra^ tion of gnvemment. ?;j;v.."(rt3 The inhabitants of Virginia were eftimated in 1782, at 567,614 ; cheer-* H hofpitable, and in general a genteel fort of people ; fome of them are accufed of vanity and oftentation ; which accufation is not without fotl^ ground. Here are only two towns which delerve that name ; the largdt of Hhich, and the capital of the province, is Williamfburg, containing ^tnut fixty houfes, and fome fpacious public buildinji^s. It is about -40 miles from the mouth of James's River, and fcveft from James Town, which was formerly the capital, and which contuns miany taverns ar^d public houfes, for the entertainment of mariners. In the following account of the commerce of Virginia, is al£) incluMI' *M of Maryland. Thefe provinces were fuppofed to expoit, of tobacco aiflne, to the annual value of 768,0001. into Great Britain. This, it oght pounds per ho^lhead, makes the number of hogiheads amount f9 96,000, Of thefe) It is computed, that about 13,000 hogsheads were 3 G confuted .' ! .Pi i'.fcN r ; i'tl n :Si: mm ^^' »i8 UNITED STATES of AMERICA.' confumed at home, the duty on which, at 26I. is. per hogfliead, came to 351,675!. the remaining 82, coohogiheads were exported by our nur- chants to the other countries of Europe, and their value returntd to Great Britain. The advantages of this trade appear by the bare mention of it. It may not be improper to add* that this fmgle branch employed 330 fail of fliips, and 7960 feamen* NPt only our wealth, therefore, but the ve;^y finews of our national (Irength were powerfully braced by it* The other commodities of thefe colonies, of which naval ilores^ wheat, Indian corn, iron in pigs and bars, are the mod coniiderable, made the whole exporta* tion, at an average of three years, amount to 1,040,000!. The exporrs^Jof Great Britain) the fame as to our other colonies, at a like average, came to 865,000!. Mere is a college, founded by king William, called William and Marv College, who gave 2000I. towards it, and 20,000 acres of land, with power to purchafe and hold lands to the value of z,oool. a year, and a duty of one penny per pound, on all tobacco exported to the other plantations. There is a prefident, fix profeflbrs, and other officers, who are named by the governors or vlfitors. The honourable Mr. Boyle made a very large donation to the college for the education of Indian children. The pref- by terian denomination of Chrillians is the mod numerous in this province. SOUTH CAR NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, with GEORGIA. ■^*.**' Situation AN» Extent. -' V1*^ \u.;i Miles Degrees. " Sq. Miles. Length 700 I i^».„.„„ 1 76 and gi weft longitude. 1 Breadth 380 J ^^^'^^^ J 30 and 37 north latitude. J ' ^^'°°°' Boundaries.] ITlOUNDED by Virginia, on the North ; by the At- X3 lantic Ocean, on the Eaft ; by the river St. John, which feparates Georgia from Florida, on the South ; and by the Milli* liwpi, on the Weft. NORTH CAROLINA. ''^ ^ ' Diftrias. .->i.; Edenton, 9 counties. Wilnungton, 6 counties. J»-A-^ »i«i Counties. fChowan, Currituck, Cambden, Pafquctank, ^ Perquimins, Gates, Hertford, Bertie, Tyrrcl. New Hanover, Brunfwick, Cumberland, ^ Robinfon, I Duplin, I Beaden, • • I Wayne, L Moore. ■«r-'f Piftrias. Halifax, 7 counties. .-- ■'-':, .-viyjft ' Hillftwrough, 9 counties. Counties, P Halifax, I Northampton, Martin, ^ Edgecoinb, Warren, Franklin, Nafti. 'Orange, Charan, Granville, John (Ion, ^ Cafivell, Sampfon, Wake, GiuiUord, Randolph- "•■' • Piftrias. UNITED STATES of AMERICA. 819 iDiftriitsi CounticB. pCraven, I Beaufort, Carteret, Kewberiti i Pitt, 2 counties. 1 Dobbi, Hyde, .. ^ ', Jones, L Onflow. The Abovfc three diftrtdc of Edfen- ton, Wilmington, and Ncwbern, are on the fea-coaft, extending from the Virginia line fouth'weil- ward to South Carolina. Davidfon, iDavidfon, 2 counties* 3 Sumner. Diftri««. Salifbiiiy. 8 counties. Morgati, 7 counties. . Countlen pRcwan, i Mecklenburg, Rockingham, J Surry^ * Monrgomery, Anfon, Wilkes, ^Richmond. fBiirke, Green, ' \ Rutherford, ^ Wafliington, I Sullivan, Lincoln, t Hawkins. SOUTH CAROirlNA hath 7 dlftrifcs, in which are 35 couhties, as follows ; BEArFORT Dis- trict, on the fea - coaft, be- tween Gomba- hee and Sa- vannah rivers* Chief town Beaufort* - Counties. r Hilton, I Lincoln* < Granville, Shrewftury. ChA!ILE8TOK District, be tween Santee Charlefton, Wafliingtdn, and Combahee^ t»^ , » ' r>u- f Berkeley, mers. Chief /-, ,, ^ ■" town Charles- ton. Colleton^ Bartholomew, "Winy ah J Williamiburg, George * TftwK District be- tween Santee river and North ^ Carolina. Chief I Kingfton, town GSORGB- I TOWN. X Liberty. f- Counties. Orange Dis- « Lewifburg, TRicT, weftof I Beaufort dif- j Orange, tria. Chief ^ ^ '^^ towhORANGE- ' Lexington, BURG. 1^ Winton. Clarendon, Richland, Fairfield, Camden Drs- TRICT,Weft of George-town ^ Cleremont, diftri,1',< ■> Mr, •.i '! •»; PriiKiH"^ Towns. AUUUSTA. Wafliingtou. ^ iiunbury, . , Brunlwick. St.Purick*8. .. Golphiuton.. ..< Greeulbuig. ,,.,: O'l r t iire the Roanoke, or Albemarle river ; Pannico ; Neus ; Cape Fe^r, or Clarendon river ; Pedee ; S tntee ; Savannah ; Ala. tnmaha, or George river; and St. Mary's, which divides Georgia tru>n Florida : all which rivers rile in the Apalachi.Hi mountains, and runnii)g eaft, fall into the Atlantic Ocean. The back parts arc watered by the Che* roKees, Y4ous, Mobile, Apalachicola, the Pearl river, and many other nchcilreani!) wfncU fall into the Miifilijppi, or the gulf uf lyiexicu. SeAS, BAYS, AND tftPEs.] The only lea bordering on this country is th»t of the Atlantic Ocsau ; which is faOial'ow near ihe c«a(l, that a (hip of any 'great burden cannot approach it, except in fome few places. There has not yet been found one good harbour in North Carolina ; the bell are thofe of Kounokc, at the mouth of Albemarle river, and Paratico. In South Carolina, there arc tire harbours of Winyaw or Gecrgc«town Charlcs'towu, and Port Royal. In Georgia, the mouths of the river Savannah and AUtatnaha iorra good harbours. The moft remarkable prumoiitories are Cape Hatters, in 3^^ odd roin. N. lat. Capr Feu; to the fouth of it, and Cnpe Carteret llill farther fouth. Climaik Ai^D AIR.] There is not any conliderable diiiereuce be* t\«'cen the climatr of thefe countries. In general it agrees with that of Virginia ;. but where they diflier, it is much to the advantage of Carolina. 1 he'fummers, indeed, are of a more intenle heat than in Virginia, but the winters are miU'er and (hortcr. The climate of Carolina, like all Ame> rican' 'leather, is fubjcd to fu>!den tranlitions from heat to cold, and irom coid to heat ; but not to fuch vinlcot extremities as Virginia^ 1 he win- ters are fcldum I'evere <:nough to freeze any coiillderable water, aficdiog only the mornings and evenings ; the frolis have never futScicntilrengtli to rcfifl the noon-day fun : fo that many tender plants, which do not ^nd the winter of Virginia, flquriQi in Carolina, for they haveoranges in great plenty near Cha; les-Town, and excellent in their kindb, both Iweet and four. ^ Soil, produce, and face i in this risfpeA, too, there isaconfi* . OFTHEcouNTRY. ^dc rablc coincidence between thefe couii* tries and Virginia: the Carolinas, however, in the fertility o£» nature have the advantage; but Georgia hath not fo good a foil as the (^er IMOvinces, The whole country is in a planner one foreil, wh«r« ^ur planters have not cleared it. The trees are almoft the fame in every re- Iped with thole produced in Virginia; an4 by the different fpecks of j thefe, the quality of the foil is eafily knpwn. The land in Carplinsis ' ealily cleared, as there is little or no underwood, and the forefts moftly couuft of tall trees at a conliderable dillance. Thofe grounds which bear j the oalc, the walnut, and the hickory, are extremely tertile; they are of a dark faud intermixed vyith loam : and as all their land abounds with ^itre, it is a long time before it is exhaufted ; for here they never ufe any j uianure. The pine-barren is the worft of all ; this is an almoft perfcftly %hite faad : >et it bears (Ke piae-tree, and fome otW ufeful plants, n^ ',...-. . ,. .turaliy' UNITED STATED of^ AMERICAV 821 • • turally yielding good profit in pitch, tar, and turpcntinr. When this fpfiiics of land is cleared, f'ui iwo of three years loijethrr it prodiKyrs very good crops of Indian corn and peafe and w.icn it li s lo»v, and is HijinU td, it even ani'wcrs tor rice. But what is moit forrunitt- tor this province ij, that this worll part of its land is favouralie to a fpecies of the inoll vaKi.ible of all its produda, to one of the kinds of indtgo. Vhc low, rich, Iwampy grounds bear their great (laple, rice. The coonnv near the fea is much the worll, in many parts lit'le b ttcr than an unhealthy falt-marflj : for Carolina is all an even plain for So miles from the lea, not a hill, not a rock, nor fcarccly t'cn a pebble to be met with. Kut the country, as you advance in it, improves continually ; and itt lOo miles dillincc from Charles -Town, where it begins to grow hilly, the foil is of a prodigious feidlity, fiite'd for every purpofe of human liie : nor can any thing be imagined more plcafrnt to the eye than the varict/.ited dif- pofition of this back country. Here the air is pure and whoid'oine, and the fummer heat much more temperate than in the flat Tandy coaft. In Carolina, the vegetation of every kind of plant is inciedit>ly quick. The climate and foil have fomething in them lu kindly, that tti(! latrer, when left tO itfelf, naturally throws out an immenfe quiutity of flowers and flowering flirubs. All the European plants arrive at.pcrfeOion here beyond that iu which their n itive country affords them. With proper culture and encouragement, (ilk, wine, and oti, might be produced in thel'e colonies : of the firll we have feen famples equal to what is brought to us from Italy. Wheat grows extremely well in'the back p.irts, and yidds a prodigious increafe. Fron\ what we have oblerved of thefe valuable provinces, their pro- duftions appear to be, vinos, wheat, rice, Indian corn, barley, oats, peafe, beans, hemp, ilt ;)l government, as w^U as with the Cherokees and other Indian tribes, thefe provinces begaa to breathe ; and their trade advanced with wonderful ra|>idit|| -The fettlement of Georgia was projei'tcd in 1732, when; ffl^ral public* i fpirited noblemen and others, from compallioh to the poor of thefe king- doms v fubfcribed a confiderable fum, which, with io,oool. from the go- vfirnmenr, was given to provide in neceflaries fuch pooc perfons as wer« j vrilling to tranfport th«mfelves into this province, and to fubniit to the rc« gulations impofed on them. In procefs of time, new fums vifere r^ifcd,! and new inhabitants fent over. Before the year 1752, upwards of loooj perfons were fettled in this province. It was nor, however, to he expcftedl that the inhabitants of Georgia, removed as they were at a great diftancej from their benefaiftors, and trom tljie check and control of thofe who hacr ^natural influence over them, would fpbmit to the magiflratej appointed to goveiii them. Many of the regulations, too, by which thty W bound, were very improper in themfelves, and deprived the Gfo/g**"'®! privileges which th«ir neighbours enjoyed, and which, as they increafe^ in numbers and opulence, they thought it hard they fl^ould hd deprived of. From thefe corrupt fources arofe all the bad humours which lorcta pieces this coiiditutiun of government. Diifeniions of all kinds fprun^ up, and the colony was on the brink of de(lru<^ion, when, in i7J2> " governn^ent took it under their immediate care, removed their. particulal grievances, and placed Georgia on the fame footing with the Caroliuiaaf The method of fettling in Carolina, aud indeed in other pioirinpcs d Bnul H r being ires, ti* ^e have eafts of >r foal9 :e. 1 expe* u were 1 66 3, in jthcrs o{ ivith the lands to >mit to a or thenif le fouth- laid the be, what jutes be. ifufionin J r lions of tice. h ions and ny under ccepteda il'didVion ; It differed thought is family. a wasdi' in 1728, ament, a$ ces begaa t^S t^ fiS \o "■ity. • ..<•. Vewi W F I. O U I D A / ^ y Mtxgil ii|ii Riv. i.aterlu •V B ON fj-///fi/ 7 it^r^i ■ly /?/»;*. «4 Gulf M E X T C O 'y^^ *♦»♦♦♦* *) C>i|ic Ftotiiia. rfrtf^KU^ %^i 2tf/h^^^f y Cai»|ie<' ■.Witt u(a(iu!». PUdo lOK Ail '^■t ^^t'ti'/irf/f/>' Wiunrll \ ''^^^^'^r'A.i^^^z'^'.Af'.i/'^''' West Indie s from &e lateft c4 VTHOB.ITISS "^-^M 'i/Sn^. s Out fr fi^^/'lf^"/" s ^ .^ ^i/ r ^rl J^y ^ ^iJ' **T ^ .^ fM' « '}• rl/A"' ^ cr.dct;*c«t«hvi '«« . Jt .'{•Callicni SrAyzsM. ■A*" CB\ UrMlh Statute Miles dik^ 4fi* rttir •rt -r jr fi /M/niii €>/' Jffrttft'/f/d^ 6 $ Ji^^vtn Zf/fut/m i'.-^.t -M i,.jhi'i '.••■_ ,K:::.; •'-'-, , . ■-■I:-'' -^. • ■'.■'■ \ t 82 '. . 1 pn an alt Al in tm thi pp fu( Vfi foi it : tw th< thi on foi tb re« a« Fc vii ad to W g« ati pc ih a. tc b in oi P' "i m Britlflj At\i purchafe \i tor every 1 ly to the p liveiti the i already dcf planters an llrangers, a incapable o The onlj Town, the trade, mav mirably fiti is navigabl c.inoes near which hindi ing. The 1 art ; the ftr of them arc elegant, an« interfering i about a mile and was the Itsneighbou pages are ke and before 1 were fliowy thing confpi litetl place, to be obierv common wit luxuries, an iiiind, enlarj importation North an( againfl Brita troops, fur.-e the 1 2th of As South provinces, t that of the of native co than 3g5,oo( of North C i8,oool. T amounted to The trade refpei'is with liadc with th merly carrirc try well of C Themout liours, and d 80 tons, T UNITED STATES ok AMERICA. 82j Brltifli AtYerica, was to pitch upon a void fpace of ground, and either to purchafe it at the rate of 20I. for a 1000 acres, and one thilling quit-rent tor every 100 acres ; orothervvife, to pay a penny an acre quit-rent year- ly to the proprietors, without purchafe money. The people of Carolina live ill the fame eafy, plentiful, and luxuriant manner with the Virginians already dercrihed. Poverty is here almoft an entire ftranger ; and the planters are the moft hofpitahle people that are to be met with to all Grangers, atid efpecially to fuch as by accident or misfortune are rendered incapable of providing for themfelves. The only town in either of the Carolinas worthy of notice is Charles- Town, the metropolis of South Carolina, which for lize, beauty, and trade, may be confidcred as one of the firft in Bririfli America. It is ad- mirably fituatned, in order to account for the prefent difproportion b-tween the freemen and the ncgroe-in the Well Indies, we think is n<ri 'I * W : i.. i' ■ 1, '' ■' i;..f . I k: ^5 ftr': I. •C,!" . Sit British Americah Islands. more artplc anJ enlarged, aiid emigrnnts have had greater fcope wlicreon to range. Betides the vail connnmt ot North Amciic.i, ivliich tiiktrs in lucb a fariet) ot climate.^, and cliivcri' fuch lichnelb uf loil ; ilie Eaft In- dies, an inexhuuflible mine oi riches, hive in lohic degree drawn the attention or mankind from that of the WelK Many of the bell ta- milies oi this nation are ambitious of procuring pLices (or their funs in the E^ill Indies. Heie is an -ample fielA Imp all aj\et)turuus iprits, who, difdaining an idle life at home, and ambitiotis oi iiecoming ufftul to «ht:n>felvts, their C(inn«ioti<)n9, or the community, boluly ven- ture into the immente regions of tht fialWrn world. C'(hcT!> lull as fcimte frum un iniioltnt dilpotition, but with Id's condutfl and interior at)iities, fet out with the moft lat guine hopes. Ihelc art your fiery, reltlels tcin. pers, wtiling to undertake tlie feverdl 1 iWour, provided it prumiiek but a fliort continuance, who love rilk and hazard, whofe fchcmts mt always ^atl, and who put no medium between bein<; great and being undone. 1 he iilands of the Weil Indies lie i» the lo^ of a b»w-, <onant,afierleaviT)gFIorida, is Jamaica, which liesbctAcen the 75tb and joth decrees of wed iongituii«^ from London, and bet «ecn 17 and 1 8 north latitude. From the cad arid »e(l it is in length about 140 miles, and in the midole about 60 in breadth, growii^g ItU towards each end, iti the fotm of an egg. It lies near 4500 miles fouth-wefl of England. This illand is interleded with a ridge of llcfp rocks tumb.ed by the frequent eaithquakts in a ilupendous manner upon one another. Theli: racks, though containing no toil on their furfaee, are covered with great T:triety ot bcautitul trees, flourifliing in a perpetual Spring ; they are Dourilhtd by the rains, which often fall, or the mills which continually brood on the mouutdins;, and which, their roots penetrating the crannies of the rocks, indullrioully leek out for their own I'upport. From the rocks ifTue a rait number of i.iiall rivers of pure whuleiome wafer, which turn* ble down in caiarac'ts, and, together with the llupendous height of the mountains, and the bright vendure of the trees throu)>b which they flow, form a moll delightful landlicape. On eitch iide of this ch<«in of moun* tains are ridges of Kuver ones, which diitiinifli as they temove trom it. On thel'e coffee grows in great pleivty. The yalliesor plains between thffe ridges are level beyond what is ordinary in moft other countries, and the foil is prodigioufly fertile. The longcft day in fummer is ftbout thirteen hours, and the fliortell in winter about eleven ; but the moft ulual divifions of the feafons in the Weft Indies arc into the dry and wet feafons. The air of this iflandis,in moft places, excefliveiy hot, and unfavout-able to European conftitutions j but the owl t'ea-bretzes, which let in every morning at ten o'clock, ren- der the heiit mote tolerable; and the air upon the high grounds is tem« perate, pure, and cobliivg. ■ It lightens alnioft every night, but without much thunder, which when it happens is very terrible, and roars with allontfhing loudnefs, and the lightning in thefe violent ftorms frequently dues great d!uly Ven- us fenMK • at)i ities, itlels tcm. iicb but a ne always done, icmiv-ircle, OiKx^uc, in beef, in)in con Hue to d Lecvv..rd ain, or the tcogriiphi" k Antities. Iittamf and iesbftAcen bct^^ctn 17 I 140 miles, each end, ^land. ^ed by the r. ihele with great they are loniinually le ciannics the rocks hich tum- ight of the they flow, 6f moun- [ve irom it. :wccn thflc :8, and the I fl»ortell in Dns in the Jifland is, 'n liUtutions ; (clock, ren- Lds is tern- tut without ] roars with frequently [quakes, of which we fliall fpeak hereafter. During the months of May and October, the lains arc extremely violent, and continue fometimcs for a turtuighc tOb>ethcr. In the plains are found I'cver^tl fait fountains ; and in the moun- tains, not far from Spanilh Town, is a hot bath, ol great medicinal virtues. It gives relief in the dry belly •uch, which, excepting the bil ons and yellow fever, is one of the mo\\ terrible et^ernial diftempers of Jamaica. Sugar is the greatell and moll vaKiable produte. Their horfes are tinall, mettUlome, and hardy, anu when well made ge- nerally fell for 30 or 40I. fterling. Jamaica likewife fupplies the apothe- cary with g;uaiacum, firfaparilla, china, calliu, and tamarinds. Among the animals, are the land and fea turtle, and the alligator. Here are alt fortb of fowl, wild and tame, and in particular more parrots than in any of the other iflands; beiidcs parroqucts, pelicans, fnipes, teal, Guinea hcus, geefe, ducks, and turkeys; the humming-bird, and a great variety of others. The rivers and bays abound with fifli. The mountains breed numberlefs adders, and other noxious animals, as the fens and marflies do the guana apd gallewafp ; but thefe laft are not venomous. Among the infeets are the ciror, or chegoe, which eats into the nervous and mem- branous part of the fleih of the negroes, and the white people are fometimes plagued with them. ^ This ifland was originally part of the Spanifli empire iu America, Sere. raldefcents had been made upon it by the Englinlh, prior to 16^6 ; but it was not till this year that Jama ca was reduced under our domituon.— Cromwell had fitted out a fquadron, under Penn and Venables, to reduce the Spanifli ifland of Hifpantola, but there this fquadron was unfuccefsful. The commanders, of their own accord, to atone for this misfortune, made adefcent on Jamaica, anch cannot be' fi^^ to London, ^mcri.a, i„ ret planks, pitch, an. ^fiich tht-y expon !=,^'fnerailvcfieem .•"o^aircs, in which Kwheie there Srand Oapie the m^hle planter P"ith 2 10,000 are l^'^ 4-200,000 gall Vf^i but tile cocol ; P'^Pper, gini^ei p}': and tnanch \; '''e'r trade are r'""»iforinthe It British American Islands. 83' Maining ipon the part of liency of of iarge greateft liiild theit | ; oil need the be- I coMipar- Iption 01 |e, which ed this icl\iK«. '^' Iniiiinii?' In two minutes, the earth opened and fwaliou'cd up nine- tenths of the houl'es, and two thouland people. The warcr gulhed out from the openings of the earth, and tumbled the people on heaps : but fomc of them had the good fortune to cafch hold of beams and rafters of houfes, and were afterwards fived by boats. Several Ihips were caft away in the harbour, and the Swan frigate, which lay in the dock to ca- reen, was carried over the tops of finking houfes, and did not overfet, but aftbrded a retreat to fome hundreds of people, who faved rheir lives upoa her. An officer, who was in the town at thii, time, fays, the earth opened and fliut very quick in Ibme places, and he faw leveral people fink down to the miiidle, and others appeared with their hc.ids juft above ground, and were l(]ueczed to death. At Savannah, above a thoufand acres were funk, with the houfes and people in them ; the pl.ice appearing for Ibme time like a lake, was afterwards diicd up, but no houfes were feen. In fome parts, mountains were fplit ; and at one place a plantation was re- moved to the diltance of a mile. They again rebuilt the city ; but it was afecond time, ten years after, dellroyed by a great fire, i'he extraor- dinary convenience of the harbour tempted them to build it once more ; •ind once more, in 1722, was it laid in rubbilh by a hurricane, the mofl terrible on record. Such repeated calamities fcemed to mark out this place as a devoted fpot ; the inhabitants, therefore, refolved to forfake it for ever, and to relide at the oppofite bay, where they built Kingfton, which is lately become the capital of the ifiand. It «onfifts of upwards of one thoufand houfes, many of them handfomely built, and in the tafte of thefe itlands, as well as the neighbouring continent, one fiory high, with por- tico?, and every conveniency for a comfortable habitation in that climate. Not far from KingHon, Oands St. Jago de la Vtga, or Spanifli town, which, thouoh at prefent inferior to Kingflon, was once the capital of Jamaica, and is ftill the feat of government, and the place where the courts of laltice are held. On the 3d of 06lober, 1780, was a dreadful hurricane^ which almott overwhelmed the little fea-port-town of Savannah-la-Mer, in Jamaica, and j)art of the adjacent country. Very few houfes were left ftandinir, and a s:reat number of lives were loft. Much dainape was alfo done, and many lives loll in other parts of the ifland. The whole product of the illand may be reduced to thefe heads. Firlt, fugars, of which they txportedin. 175^, 20,31 5hogflieads,roii^e vaftly great, cvento a tun weight, which cannot be worth lels in England than 434,725!. Moll of this joes to London, Briftol, and Glafgow, and fome part of it to North Amcria, in return for the beef, pork, cheefe, corn, peas, fiaves, planks, pitch, and tar, which they have from thence. Second, rum, of which tht-y export about four thoufand puncheons. The rum of this ifland ii;,'ene rally cfteemed the bell, and is the moft ufed in Great Britain. Third, molatFes, in which tht-y made a great part of their returns for New Eng- land, wheie there are vail diftillerits. All thefe are the produce of the grand ftaple the fugar-cane. According to the late teftiinony of a re* Ipeftable planter in Jam;tica, that ifland hath 280,000 acres in canes, ot which 2 10,000 are annually cut, and make from 68 to 70,000 tons of fugar, wd 4,200,000 gallons of rum. Fourth, cotton, of which they fend out two iliouiaiul bags. The indij;o, formerly much cultivated, is now inconlider- iblc; but the cocoa and cotl'ee are exported, with a confiderable quantity "1 pepper, ginger, drugs, for dyers and apothecaries, fwcttmeats, maho- J'l'.uy, and m,mchincel planks. But fome of the moil confiderable articles « their trade are with the Spnnifti coniincnt of New Spain and Terra f;rma; for in the former they cut great quantiiici of logwood, and both 2 in ■A '!• -. i ii hm '•1, - .•■■^.' V * ':■>•..■■■,}• : 'f: ' . '■- Ml % t ) S3 2 British Americam Islands. in the former and latter they carried on a vaft and profitable trailc in Negroe»» and all kinds of European goods. Upon the whole, ma- ny of the people of Jamaica, whilft they appear to live in fuch a ftite of luxury, ai in moft other places leads to beggary, acijuirc grta' tir- tunes ill a (nanncr inftimtly. Their equipages, rhcir clotth thi- hu- niture, their tables, all bearthc tokens ot the grentetl weahli jm.I protiifiou imaginable. This t>liliges :tll the treaTiie they receive to make b^t u very fliort (lay, beinij hard .y more thun fiifficient to anfwcr the calls of their necciriiy an*) luxury on Europe and North America. On Sundayi, or court time, gentlemen wear. wigs, and appear very gay in coats of lilk, and veils tiimmed with lilver. At other times they generally wear only thread ftct;king^, liuf u diawers, a veil, a Holland cap, and a hat upon ir. Men fervants wear a co.irie linen I rock, with buttons nt the neck and hands', long irowfcrs of the fame, «nd a check Hiirt. The negroes, except thoCe who attend gentlemen, who h^ve th^m dteiicd in their own livery, have once a year Ot'naliuighj and a hhrnker, tor clothing, with a cap or a h.tnd- kerchief for the he-td. 'Ihe morniMsr habit of the ladies is a loofe niuht- gown, Ciirtlelly wr.i| i>ed about them ; before dinner they put otF their def- babillo, anii apjcar with a good grace in all the adv-^ntage of rich and be- coming drefs. The common drink of perfoos in affluent circumflances is Maderia wine mixed with water. Ale and claret arc extravagantly dear; and London porter fells for a (hilling per bottle. But the general drink, efpecially among ihofe of inferior rank, is rum-punch, which they call Kiil-Devil, becaufe, be'ng frequent y drank toexcefs, it heats the blood, and brings on fevers, which in a *tw hours fends them to the grave, efpe- cially thufe who arc juft come to the idand, which h the rcafon that fo many die here upon the r hvli arrival. Englifti money is fcldom feen here, the current coin being entirely Spanifli. There is no place where filver is fo plcntifiv', or has a quicker circulation. You cannot dine for lefs than a piece of eight, and the common rate of boarding is three pounds per week; though in the markets beef, pork, fewl, and filh, may be bought as cheap a» in London ; but muttoil felis at nine pence per pound. Learning is here at a very lovv ebb ; the«e are indeed fome gentlemen well vcrled in literature, and who fend their children to Great Britain, where they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education ; but the bulk of the people t.ike little care to improve their minds, being generally engaged m trade or riotous diiiipation. The niiiery ami hardfliips of the Negroes are truly moving ; and though great care is t.»ktn to make them propagate, the ill treatment they rcccirc fo (horiens their lives, thi«t inflead of increaling by the courfe of nature, many thoufands are annually imported to the Wefl Indies, to fupply the place of th .fe who pine and die by the hardfliips they receive. It is laid that they arc ftubbot n aad untrat*^able, for the moft part, and that thcv niuft be ruled with a rod of iron ; but they ought not to be cruflied with it, or to be thought a fort of beads without foul?, as fome of their maf- ters or'overfeers do at prcfcnt, though fomeof thefe tyrants are themfelves the dregs of this nation, and the refufc of the jails of Europe. Many of the Negroes, however, who fall into -the hands of gentlemen of huma. nity, find their (itudtions eafy and comfortable ; and it has been obfervedl that in North An'crica, wherein general thefe poor wretches are better ufed, there is a lefs wafte of Negroes, they li^e longer, and propagate better. And it feems clear, from the whole courfe of hiftory, that thorcf nations which have behaved with the greateft humanity to their flaves, were always bell ferved, and ran the lealt hazard from their rebellions.--j The flaves, on their firft arrival from the coaft of Guinea, arc Mpofedj nnkrd m f but t'icy i\ i'Cil exc'ife N''gi()c ret a;:r.cal)ff, f;fft ':iy, w — Tlii'v Io( c'>ura;;eanc to rhiiik tlw: fliores, and n'"nit to ex and (crid th ni.ike nr) lar licv'ing he i« liAKBAI fituated in 5( In lengrb, ai yf">- -625, f place they h: naving been p;ilKirc or of of man. Ye fome gcntiein tures thither, born, that ir tvas nec<2iriry ever, they br that cotton an W'as beginninjj profpefts, tog£ was beginning tianfporttlieni f') grait was fcttlementi th much griMt n quired by mea "Jihappy rten, carried them ii Indians inecnn this, to cultiva 'fhe number o 'J h'ppofc;d thj *hc \Vhites, ma Ifiiou'ii iri- Hoi ii'nvned for nui jne with anorh 'I'^r, indigo, and their circul <"" population, Jliat time this i 'rihuied partiv ^^f own elfabli prefcnt are faid ^nlKts in tht i Br.iTisii Amtrtcvn Tslan'd; ^33 nftkrd ro filo, t1»cy are then <;<'acrally very finiplc md Innocent crfatures^ but t!icy fo in b<"conic roiruilii enough ; :ind ivhcn they cone to be whip- jicil exc'ife their hiilra by the exainjilc ofthc whites. They believe every N'*t;' n^any of them, l)e qiiiic iiifo'crabh-* — Tlu-y look on death a'' a blelHiiq;, and it is ('iirpri/.inij t>) i'eo with what C"ura;;eand inirfpidity Ionic of tlieni meet it ; tlicy .ire quite tra!)r])ortf(i to think tl>€ir flavcry is t-.car .ir art cud, that they lh.iil rcvifit their native fliorcs, and fee their old friends and ac(ju lintfAner. When a Ne-^roe \i ji'K^ut to expire, his fello'v-flavcs k Is him, and \vi!h him a t;ood journey, and I'ctid their hcaity good withes to thvir rclitions in Guinea. They ni.ike no lamentation? ; but with a ijrcat deal of j)y inter his body, bo* licving' he is aone home, and happv. BARBADOES.] This illand, the tnod caflcrly of all the Cnribbees is fituutcd in 59 dcj^rces well long, and 13 degrees north lat. It is 21 niilei !n lengtV, arid in breadth 14. When the Knglifli, (bme time afici- the ytiir '625, firfl landed here, they found it the luoll I'lvaoe and dclKitute place they had hitherto viiited. It had not t!ie lealr appc.uaticc of ever having been peopled even by favages* Thete was ro' kinJ of hca 1» ot" palKirc or of prey, no fruit, no herb, nor root, tit for fupportiilg the li(« of man. Yet as the climate was fo g od, a;;d the foil appea'cd fertile, fome gentlemen of fmdl fortunes in England refolved to become adven- tures thither. The trees were fo large, and of a wood fo ha'd and iKib- born, that it was with great difficulty they could clear as much ground a3 tvas necjlfary for their fubfirttnce. By unremitt ni{ prefcvcrancc, how- fver, they brought it to yield them a tolejable fupport; and they found that cotton and indigo agreed well with the foil, and that tohrtcco, whi^li nas beginning to com'e into repute in England, anfv\ ered tol'ir >hly . Thefe profpeiis, togeiher with the Iform bctwenl the king and parliament, whicli was beginning to break out in England, induced many w^w aivcnturerj to tranfporttliemfclves into this ifl-ind. And what is extremely remarka!)le, fo great was the increafe of people in Birbadoes, 25 years after its h It fetilementj that in 1650 it contained more than 50,000 whites, and a much gre.()t ; a degree of pop.ilaiion un- known irf Holland, ir. China, or any other part of the world moft >e^ howned for numbers. At this time B uhadocs employed 4'id f ;il of ftiipi;, «iie with Another of 150 tons, iii their trade. '1 heir annual exports in fii,!;;.y colonel Codring'cn, who wis a native of this iiland. BarbidnCH, as well ns Jamaica, has furt'tfred much by hurri* c.ines tii'fs, an 1 th-* plague. Ou the loth or 0»5tober i-H), ailreadful hanioane occ^lioncd vali ilevarta'ion in Bii'bad)ei, great number* oH the h >utes were detlroycd, not one hiu e in the iilind waa whoUv free hom d.unai^trt miny pcribns were buried in the ruins of the buildings, and l^n at nnmbi IS were drlvt n into the !»•«, and there perinied. S r. CHKIST PHER's.] Ibis iflan 1, commonlly called by th« Cilon St. Kitt's, is litiintfd in f>2 dei;recs well len^. and 17 de|;rees north Ut, a!)o t I 4 lettf'u s tV'»m Antinua, and i- twenty miles long and feven bro;»d. 1; ha- irs nanv* fiom ihc finiour. Cliriilopi>cr Columbui, who difcovcied it for the? Spaniards. TIic mrion, however, abandoned it, us unworthy ot tlieii- «tfei tion ; and in 102(1, ir was fettled hy the Frotich and Knglifli conjum'^ly, hiitm i'elv ceded to us by the peace of Utrecht. Belidci Cotton, siiisjcr, and the tiopi. al finiisi, it geneailly producer near as much fu^ar i*s hut bad cs, nml fotnetiinc!« rtji-.al. it is compuird that this iiland co;iain». "000 ^^ hires, and 36,01 'O Ncgioci. In Februat-y, 1782, it was taken l)y the French, but was rcUorcdag>iu to Great Buaiu by the late treaty of peace. ANT.GUi'S.] Situa'cd in 61 deg. VV. long. 17. deg. N. lat. is of a circular form, near 20 indcs over every way. This illuul, which wii formerly thought ufelefs, his now got the ftart of the reft of the Englilt harbours, b^inn^ the bell'and fafell as a dock-yard, and an ellablininieiu ■ for the loval navv ; but St. John's is tlic pott of greatell tiade ; and this capitil, uhi h, before tlie fie in 1769, was large and wealthy, is the oidin vy feat of the governor of the Leeward lllands. Antigua is lup» pitlfi to contain about 7000 whics, and v>»oo < flaves, Nl'.VIS AND MONTSERKAT.] Two fm.ill iOands, lying between St. C]iril>ophei's and Anti::j;ua, neiiher of them exceeding 18 miles in circiim'en ni (-, and .ur illands is pretty much alike, li^ht and fandy, but, nofvvithftand'n^, feitile in a hi^h degree ; and their principal exports arc derived from the fngarcane. Both were taken by the French in they ear J782, but rertored at the peace. BARBUDA.] S.fu ited in 18 dog. N. lat. ^5 miles north of Antigua, is 20 miles in tngth, :md 12 in breadth. It is fertile, and has an indif- ferent road for 0/ippinjj, but no dive^ t trade with England. The inha- bit.mts are chiefly employed in hulbandry, and raifing frelh provilions for he ufe of the r,e>ghbour{ ifles. It beloBga to the Codrington family, and the inhabitants amount to about 1^00 ANGUILLA.] Situated in ig de^. N. lat. 60 miles north-weft of St ChMlbipher's, is ab>ut 30 miles long and 10 broad. Thisiflandis perfeftly level, and the cl mate nearly the fame with that of Jamaica.— Tiie inh «bit.ints, who are not numerous, apply themfelves to hulbandry, and feMIN;CA.] situated in 16 deg. N. lat. and in 62 W, Ion. lies ahoM half way hetweci. Gu idalupc and Martinico. It is near 28 miles in length and i^ it; breadth j it got its name from being difcovered bvrCo- .iumbus on a Sunday,. The foil of this ifland is thin, and better adapted to the rearinjj of conee than fugar; but the fides of the hills bearthe fineft trees in the Weft Indies, and tie ifland is well fuppHed with rivulets of fine water. The French have always oppofed our fettling here, becaufe it 9 niufr British American Islands, 83J mud cut off their coiimunicatlontin times of war, between Martir.ico and IJaudalupc. However, by the peace ot Parii, in 1763, it was cciled in ex|)re(6 terms to^he Kngbfli ; but we have derived liitic al vantage tVorn this conquclt, the iOand being, lill lately, no better than a haibovir for the natives of the other Cariblxrs, u ho, bcin^/ expelled rhcir own fettle- mentfi, have taken refutie here. But, on account of its lunation between the principal French illands, and Prince Rupeit's Bay bcini; one of tho tnoA capacious in the Well Indies, it has been ju.!gcd expedient to form Dominica wo a govcrnT>cnt of iifelf, and to declare it a free port, it uas taken by the French in 17/8 ; but was rellured again to Great Britain by the bite peace. 'i>T. VINCENT.] Situated iq 13 deg. N. lit. and 61 dc^. W. jon^. ^o miles north well of Barbadoes, -^o miles fouth of St. Lucia, is nbout -j^ miles in length, and iS in breadth. It is extremely fruitful, bein^ a bhck mould upon a ih3, that they greatly contributed towaids enabling the French to get poiicliion of it again in 1779; but it was redored to Great Britain b) the late treaty of peace. . GRANADA AND THE GRANADINES.] Granac^a is fituated in ix dcg. north lat. and 62 dci;. wei} long, about 30 le.is^ues fouth -weft of Bar- badocs, and almoft the fame diftiince north of New Andalulia, or thp Spanifli M.iin. This iiland is faid to be jO miles in length, and 1; in breadth. Experience has proved, that the foil of this iiland is extremely proper for producing fugar, coifee, tobacco, and indigo ; and upon the whole it carries with it all the appearance of becoming as flourifliing a colony as any in the Wed Indies of its dimenlions. A lake on the top of a hill, in the middle of the idand, fupplies it plentilu'ly with fine rivers, which adorn and fertilize it. Several bays and harbours lie round the ifland, fome of which may be fortified with great advantage, which renders it very convenient for fliipping ; and has the happinefs of not being fubjccl to hurricanes. St. George's bay has a fandy bottom, and is extremely capacious, but open. In its harbour, or careening place, 100 large velleis may be moored with perted fnfety. This iftaiid was long the theatre of bloody wars between the native Indims and the French, during which thefe handful of Caribbecs defendtd thcmielves with the mod refolute bravery. In the laft war but one, when Gran.ida was attacked by the Englifli, the French inhabitants, who were not very nu- meruus, were fo amazed at the reduction of Guadalupe and Martinico, that they loft all fpirit, and furrendered wiihout making the leaft oppo- lition ; and the full property of this iiland, together with the fmall iilands on the north called the Grmadines, tvhich yield the fame produce, were confirmed to the crown of Great Britain by the treaty ot Paris in 1763.— But in July, 1779, the Frt-nch again made themlelvcs mafters of this iiland, though it w.gs, iwtended with almoii: coutinual ftorms of fnow or licet, the flcy biing ui'iially ovciu'afl. From the foil of this illmd we are far froin reaping any fudden or great ad- vantage, for the cold is long continued, and feveic ; ap.d the fumniir heat, though violent, warms it not enough to produce any thing \abi- ablc ; for the foil, at Itaft in thoTe ]>arr<. of the ilhmd with which we ar* ac<)uainted, is rocky and barien. However, it is v/.tcrod by feve'al good rivers, and hath many large and good harbours. This ilLnd, whenever the continent ihall come to fail of timber convenient to navigation (which on the fca-coall perhaps is no very rtmote profpe^.l), will aflbrd a lat^e fupplyy for mulls, yards, and all forts of lumber tor the Weft India trade. B It what at piefrnt it i^ chit fly valu.ible f way inferior to thu ariiing from the mofi' feitiie foil. This illand, after various difputes about the propertj', was entirely ccijd to England by the treaty of Utrc. ht in 17 [3 ; but the French were left at liberty to dry their nets on the northern fnorcs of the ifla.id ; :ind by che treaty of r, 6^, they were penni;ted to tifli in the gulf of St. Lawrerice, but with this limitation, that they fliould not approach within ti'.rce Ieaii;ues of <.nv of the coafiis belon^'iniT m Euiilund. '^1 he fmall ifland* o^ St. Pierre and Miquelon, lituated to the fouthw.ird of Newfoiindland, Were alio ceded to the French, who ilipuLuod to cied:! no fortifications 011 thcfe illands, nor to keej> more than 50 foldiers to enforce the police. By the lalt treaty of peace, the French are to enjoy the Hflieries on the north and weft coaft of the illand. The chief towns in Newfoundland are Placentia, BonaviOa, and St. John ; but there do not above looo families remain here in the winter. CAPE BRE ION.] This ifl..nd, feated between Newfoundland mi Nova Scotn, i;^ in Icnpth about riomi.ea. The foil is barren, but it Ins good harbour-, jia:ticularly that of Louilburgh, which is near tour le '.gucs in circumfereiice, and ha? every where fix or feven fathoms water. The French bcgaa u lUtlemcnt in this illand j;!^, which they con- tinued • ^- Spanish Amf.rica%^ Islands. S3 7 tinned to lacrcrifc, :;iul fortified It in 1720, They were, however, dif- poircircd in ly i^, by the bravery of the inhabitants of New Kngland, V. iih little airulatioc i'vam Great Br. tain ; hut it was attain, by the trcity of Aix la ClKipc'lc, ccJ'. d to the French, who fparcd no cxpencc to for- ti y ■lid flrcnKthcn it. NutAithdaiullng w)iich it W;is a^ain reduced, in 175 -, by the Biitilti tro )ps under general Amhcrft a',d a.iinir*' BofcMWcn, to.ictl-.cr with a larjje body of NtW England men, who to'ind in that plicftwo hundred ond twen'yonc pieces of cannon, and eigliteen mor- tars, ti.'gcthcr with a large quantity of ammur,i;ion iind ilnres : and it was ctoed to the cri.wn of Grcut Britain by tht; peace of 1763, fince which the foniScations have been blown up, aiid the town of Louifburgh djl- inanfled. St. John's-] Situated '.a the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is about ^o mile: in length, and 30 or 40 broad, and lias many line rlveis : and though lyin; near Cape Breton and Nova Scotia, has greatly the advantage of both in pleaian'ncfs and fertility of foil. Upon the reduction of Cape Breton, the irihabi'unts of this iil.ind, announcing to 4000, fubmittcd quietly to the Britilli arms ; and, to the dilgrace of the Frcncli governor, there wtrs found in his houfe fcveral i{ny,liili fo;ilps, which were brought there to market by the favagcs ; this being the place where they were encouragrd to carry on that hnr'^aious anu inhuman trade. 'I'hii illand was To well improved by the French, that it v.'as liyledtiic^ranary of Cu- mda, whioh it lurnillied with grear plenty oFcoi'o, as well as beef and purk. BERMUDAS OR SOMMER ISLANDS.] Tb-fc icceivcd their firft name from their being difcovcred by John Bermudas, a Spaniard j and were called the Summer Iflands, from f.r George Sonuiu:rs, who was fliip- wrecked on their rocks in i6o(^, in his p;ili;ic,c to Virginia. 'J'hey arc 5tuatcd at a vaft diilance from any continent, in 32 deg. north lat. and in 65 degrees weit Ion. Thrir diifance frotn the Land's End is computed to be near 1500 leagues, from Madeira about 1200, and from Caro- lina 300. Ttic Beimudas sire but I'mall, not containing in all above 20,000 acres ; and are very difficult of accefs, being, as Waller the poet, Avho rehded fomc time there, cxprelles it, ' w.dled with rocks.' The air or' thefe iilands, which Waller celc'-rates in one of his poems, has been it'ways efleemcd extremely healthful ; and the beauty and richnefs of the vegetable produ^ions are perfectly delii^htful. Though the foil of thefe ilkntls is adniirablv adapted to the cultivation of rhe vine, the chief and only bufiaefs of the inhabitants, who confill of about 10,000, is the iaiiiiiing and navigating of light iloops and brigantines, which they em- ploy chiefly in the trade between North .'America and the Wefl Indies, Thefe veiTi Is arc as remarkable for their Iwitfnefs, as the cedar of which they are built, is for its hard and durable quality. The town of St. George, which is the capit 1, is fca.tcd at the bottom of a liaven in ihc ifland of 'the fume name, and is defended witli fcvcn or ^ipjit forts, and fevcnty pieces of cannon. It contajlns al?ovc 1000 houfes, -haniJftn-.e church, and other elegant public building. LUCAY's OR BAMAIVIA ISLANDS.] '1 he Bahamas are {itu>ited (othe I'outh of Caroliua, between 12 and 27 degrees north lat. and 73 ami St decrees well h)n. They extend along the coalf of Florida quite down 10 the ifle of Cuba ; and are faid to be i;oo in number, fome of them ^nly mere rocks ; but twelve of them are large, fertile, and in n-.thing dif- fficnt from the foil of Carolina : they arc, however, almoft uninhabited, tJiwpt I'lovidcace, whicJ^is 200 milts ealt of the Floridas ; though i'ome } H 3 oiheis 1 .^1 i' ,.■■ t'^«'' v. 838 Spanish Dominions in North America. others are larger and more fertile, on which the Englifli have plantations. Between them and the continent of Flniida is the g;ulf of Bahama, or Florida, through which the Spanifh galleons frtil in their paHage to Eu- rope. Tliefc illands were the hrft fruits of Columbus's difcovtrifs; but they were nor ksiown to the En<,'lifli till 1667, when captain S yle bfing driven among them in his paflage to Carolina, eavc his name to one of them ; and being a ferond time driven upon it, gave it the name ot Pio- videsicc. The Englifli, obfcrving the advantageous lituation of thejc iflands for bring a check on the French ami Sp.tniards, attempfe*^ to fettle them in the reign of Charles II. Some unlucky accidents pievent»d this fetrlement from being of any advantage, and the Ifle of Providence be. came a harbour tor the buccaneers, or piruies, who fur a long ti ue in- fcftcd the American navigation. This obliged the government, in I718, to fend out captain Woodts Rogers with a'-flt-et to diiloclgc the piiatcs, and for making a lettlem; nt. This the captain cftcc^ d; a fort was erert-.d, and an indeprrdent company w.is fta'ioned in the illand, P2ver fince tliij lail fettlcmcnt thele iflands huvr been improving, though they advance but flovvly. In time of war, people gati confidera^ly by the prizes con- c'emned there j and at all times by the wrecks, which are frtquenr in this libyrinth of rocks and Ibelvcs. T!'.e Spaniards captured thcfe iflan :s (iiir- ing the lail war, but they were taken by a detachment fi*oni St. Aujiuf- tine, April 7th, 178'. FALKLAND ISLANDS.] Leaving the Bahama and Weft India iflands, we fliall now proceed along the footh-eali: coall of An-.i^ica, as far as the ^td deiJ. of fouih lar. where the reader, by looking into the !Map,will perctive the Falkland lilanus lituated near flu- Straits of Magcllnn, at the utmort extremity of South Amciici, Falkland lilanJs were tirft difcovered by fir Richard Hawkins, in 1594, the pintipal of uliih he n^med Hawkins Mti<*enland, in honour of queen Elizabeth. 'J he pre- lent Englifli nam-, Falkland, wa^ probably given tlient by cnptiiin Siroii^, in 1639, and being adopted by Hally, it has from that time been rectived inti') our maps. Th'-y have occafioned f)me conteli between ^j):lill and Great Britain, but lieHg of very I ttle worth, feem to have been fil ntiy abandoned by the latter, in order to avoid g^iving umbrage 10 the Spaiiilh court. SPANISH DOMINIONS in NORTH AMERICA. East and West Florida. Situation and Extent, Miles Degrees. Length 500 I tjgj^^,ggj, f 80 and 91 weft longiru(!c. Bieadth44.o 25 and 32 north latitude. Boundaries.] '"g*" HIS country, which was cedtd by Great B'ifaiti to 1 Spa"n hy the h.te treaty of p^ace, is houn'letl by Geogri 1, on the N ,rth ; by the Milfiftipp', on th- VVcti ; by the Gulf of Mcxi.o, on the South ; and i)y the Bihama S r.iiis, on the Eifl. RivEKs.J Thercaethe ^',il^:l^lppi, which Is one of the fine'} in the world, as vve.l as the laruell ; for, including its turnin > •. Spanish Dominions in North America. 8;?9 choakcd up uith fa-ids and (lioals, which deny a^ccfs to vcflels of any con- tlilerable burrh«rn ; there beinsi, ccordin'' to Mit.ltcl'b mai), -onlv twelve tect u'ltrr o\ei- the bar (captain Pitman fays fevciucen) at tlie pnncipul entr.tnce. W'iihin the hav tlieic la loj fathom uMt<;r, and thf «l,annel it every vxherc deep, and the eiirrcnt ;^entlc cxjept ai a ccr^iin fcufon, when, like the Nile, it ovtiflws and beco ics extcmcly rai»i.l. Ir is, except at the e trance alrcaly mi nti oncd, every whcc fiee from o;ils and catarat'ts, and navigable for craft of one kind or other alnol) to itj fourcc. The iNlobillc, tue Apalachicola, and St. John's rivers, are alio Ui'Sf" and noble ftre.ims. Bays and capes.] The principal bays are St. Rtmrrd'?, Afcenlion, Mobilie, rtnr.:cola, D.iuphin, Jofeph, Apalaxy, Spiritu Sam'to, and Charles B.iy. The chief capes are, Cape Blanco, Sainblas, Anclote, and Cape Flo- rid.i, at the extrcnii y ot the penliifula. Air and cLiMATt..] Very vuriuus accounts have been given of thefc pnrticulars in tliis country ; but that the air of Florinda is pure and whole» fome, appears rrcm the fize, vigour, and longevity o^ the Floridian Indi- ans, who, in thefe refpefts, far exceed their more fouthern neighbours the Mc"'!l, liieadth Miles. 2tJOu 160 Situation and extent. Decrees. V between C Q4 and 126 weft longlMuic, 23 iiiid 43 noith Kiiitiide. ]B0UNDARIB».] J-Duiliinu on vhc Eal't ; by Old Mexico and the Pa- cific Ocean, on the South ; and by the fume oceau cii the V>'ctt. T^OUNDliD liy unknown hinds, on the. North ; hy Divifious. North-eaft divifion South-eafl divifion South diviiion Well diviiion 1 Chief Towns. } Santa Pi:, W. hin. ^ 104. N. lut. 36. Sr. Aiitoniii, Tuape. St. Juan. Subdivifions. > New Mexico Proper Apacheira — Sonora — Calitornia, apeninful.i Soil and climate.] Tliele countries lyinq for tlie molt parr witliin the temperate zone, have a climate in many placts exticmcly agreeable, nnd a foil produdive of every thinj;, either tor priilir or delight. In Ca- lifornia, however, they cxpeiience great heat^ in tlie funmicr, paiticuhiily towards the fea-coaft ; but in the inland country the climate is nvorc tun- jcrate, and in wint. r even cold. Fac8 and producfof the country.] The natural hiil:p?ct, and the air is of a milder temperament ; on the wellern fide the iWis not fo low as on the e4rttrn, much better in quility, and full of JF'3;:tati:ins. The foil of Mexico in general is of a goad variety, and pould not refufe any fort ot grain, were the induilry of the inhabitants to |torieti)0!]d with their natural advaiita^e.^. Producs.] Mexico, like all the tiopical countries, is rather more h undant in fruits than in grain. Pine-apples, poinegranatrs, oranges, |'"iio:ij, citrons, figs, and cocoa-nuts are here in ti>e gieatcll plenty and * This city wa9 fwallowcd up by an earthquake on tlis 7th of June, 177 , when |t?lit thoufand families inftautly perilhcd. Kew Guatinula M btfilt at fomc d.ftancc, |'«^iswcUinhabit-:d. perfedlon. ^\ j.- .„■ V, .'- Mil n ♦fit' m'. km 842 SPANISH AMERICA; II i 1: i perfc^ion. Mcx'co pnxlurcs alfo a prcxiigions qu.mtlfy of fu^ar, cfpcci- siliy to\^id8 the jjulf of Mexico, und the; provin^'- of Gu:i\:i a .irul Gea. timals fotb-.it hoc air (noie ''iigar-mills tliHii in anv o her part ot Spnifli An\er]c^> But what is conuiicrtd as the chief jjlorv oi this coiiutiy, and wl-.a firO ir.ducfd the S| aiiiiird^ to form ftttlfmcms pDii it, :iie tuc iivius «f gold andrilvci. 'J he chtfiiiiiic> of I'old aic in Vria;i;ua aiid Ncv GraiacU, bordering upon Daricn and Terra liiina. Tnolc of fil er, V hj.'h ai c nun h moif riclt, as w< 11 at. nunirriMi=, ^rc tcjuiul in fcvcral pans, h\it in nonr fo mah as in the pKAnncc of McaIco. ') he mines of I'oth kind^ arc ahv.iy fnuml in the ntoft hurren and m>>unranous part of lie country ; naturf nakincj .tnieiids in one rslpcd^ for her dcfcifts in another. The working of thi r,ol I and liher mines dcp.^nds on the fame principlts. When the ore is diis; our, compounded ot fcvcral h'tcro^cnco is lu'). flanceJt mixrd with the precious metals, it is hroktn into Imall picas >>y H m*ll, and afterwards w;Hflied, by which in ans it U difen«,'aged fron the cnnh, and othtr fott bn'u^'h dilpure concerning the niture of the former, it Teems at lall agucd tint it is of the anim d kind, and of the fpcci. s or tiie gall infet^fs. It jtil* heies to the plant called opuniia, and fucks the juice of the truit, which is of a ciimfon colour. It is fion this juice that the cochineal derives its value, which conlitls in dying ail fons of the tir.eft fcarlet, crinifun, aiiJ purple. It is alfo ufed in medicine as a fudoiific, and as a cordial ; and it is computt-d that the Spaniards annually crpoit no lefs ihan nine hun- dred ihoufaod pounds weight of this commodiry, to anfvvcr the porpo'rs vf medicine an ' dying. 'J he cocoa, of which chocolate is made, is the next confidt^rable article in t!ic natur d hiftory and commerce of Mexico. ]t grows on a tree of a mi !diit)i» li/e, which bears a pod about the fize anJ f)apc of a cucumber, containing the cocoa. The Spaniflt commerce in I this art le is immcnfe : and fuch is the internal confumption,asJ well as external call forir, that a fma'l garden of coco is is faid to produce to the owner twenty thoufand crowns a year. At home it makes a principal part of iheir diet, and is found wholefomc, nutriiious, and fuitable i" the climate. This conn-ry likei\ife produces filk, but not fo much as to nuke any remarkable patt of tlicir export. Cotton is here in gieit a' undance, and on account of iu lightneis is the common wearof thein-j babrtants. * . , Population, inhabitants, I We fliall place thefe heads iinderj RovERNM^NT, AND MANNERS. J onc polnt of vicw, becaufe the reader! will foon be fenlible they are very nearly connc6led. We have alreadyf defcribed the origin il inhabitants of Mexico, and the conqueft ot |Ii'"| country by the Spaniards. The prefent inhabitants may be divided inwl Whites, Indians, and Negrots, The whites arc either born in 01d,| -■■': ■■■'■■•'.:- -i , ' Spain,! t\. t K*^ 'U y ' ^1 SPANISH AMERICA. 843 SjUJn, or ihey ac Creoles, i. c, nativr« of Spanidi An,ciJca. The for-. ni( I' :.vc chiell} enipluv (Til in the government of tr;Kle. aiul h .ve nearly ibc fa.pcch ir u'tcr with the Spaniards, iji Kurnpo ; only a luU more coiirule ruble p >vti()n of pride ; for they c nlidci thcmlclvcs a? entitled to every hi^h ,,:li:irti'):i ..s natives of i'.'uopc, iiiui look upon the other inhabitant.^ u* ininy di'grcc beneath them. The ereole> have all the bad cjii.ilities of the Snutii rds, liom whom they are defended, without ilut cour,ti;c, f,;lnl^.f^, urd patu-nce, which make the ptailc-worthy part of the SpanilU chasii'Tei. Natiir.illv weak itnd efi'eminute, they dedicate the gieateil ,iit 'it their live? to i^irerintj and inactive p'cr more than three years, which no doubt m,iy havt^ a good cflect in f«curinv» the authority of the crown of Sptin, hui is attended with unhtppy confei^ucnces to the mifcrable inhabitant^, who btcomf a prey to every new c-ovf nor. J'hc clcri^y arc extreaicly nu- ncrou* in Mex'co, :• fie iiuir'- ih:in wint- a .«! oil. The jiiDtt of iIilIo, uitlj t'u' freight ;r J comtiiilion fiom In r Annvc.in (oiiimtuc. V\ ht n nH the i;u(,;; are hn led hih! difporcd of at La \'?i:i Ciir/., the tlcct tikes in the pl.wc, precious Hones, :ind othtr coinnT dill'.- fnr Kitvojc. Soimtimcs in M.-y they nre ready to dcpnit. Fimhi L.i \'cv.\ Cm/, tlicv f.il to tin [hivini: :,! , in rhc ifle of Cubi, wliich ibthe rendczvoiis wlicic thry incut the j:;.i !:(.•> n^, another licet which crinies on the tia^le of Terra Finn;<, by Cttha'.ciu, and of Peru by i'anan^a and Porto Millv V/hcn a 1 ate rollc.'itd .n,d pio- ■vided uih a convoy nrcefTary for thtir fftty, thiy l^c- r for Old Sp;iin. Acapuleo is the fta-porr, hy whit h the coinimi;;ica'ion is k'-pt v.y h^. TU'ten the difiVreiit p..rfs of the Spi'.uini cm;-iic in Aireric.i, and th • lim^ Indies. About the month of Dc^ciiil cr, the great ;jalleon, Httendcd by n lart;c fl)ip as a convoy, which make slic only coininunieation between the Philippints and Mexico, anniialy ai'ivcs licrc. Tl'.e carijocs of thee O'.ips, (for the convoy, tbough in an i.ndt-r-hand mimr.cr, lilct wlic cartlc, poods), cnnlift of all tlie rich commodities and manufiifturcs of the Eaft. At ih'e.fame- limc the annual fl ip iVom Lima, rln' cipiul of Peru, c 'mcs in, and is not coinpiitcd to bjiii!,^ !e(r thaii two millions of pieces of cigi • 1!^ filvcr, beddes rpiickfilver and other valuable commodities, to be laid out in the purchalc of M c gallw>n% cargoes. Several other fliips, from different parts of Chiii and I'cru, meet upon tb.c fmie occalion. A gvcit fair, in which the commodities of all parts of the world are bartered toi (me another, lafts thirty days. The galleon then prepares for her voyagu loaded with Alvcr and fiich Euro})eiin goods as have been tliought need- l"»ry. The Spmiards, though this trade be carried on entirely throuj;h their hands, and in the very lic^rt of their dominion'?, arc comparatively \\ix fmall gainers by it. For ;is they allow the Dutch, Great Britain, and other cotnmcreial Hates, to furnifh the greater pan of the caigo of the Flrtu, fo thcSpaniiTi inh.' •»» SPANISH i.. .; t [ S45 ] II SPANISH DOMINIONS in SOUTH AMERICA. TERRA riRMA, or CASTILE DF.L ORG. Z . , ic'ib i;p he- ll ■ lLui\ u-cd hy .'Cen the )f theo '. cati.ti le Eaf*. , c *mcs of Cljjl 1 be laid >s, from A gvcit ;ercd toi' voj'agu lit need'- throuj;h rativeiy ain, and of the he fame fe miM- ot.uth- city of litre of ants re- a India h rough ic king's lenis in Iks the ks, cou- Situation' an'd Kxtlnt. ♦■ "IMilcs. Decrees. > ' ' • T.cn2;fh i;oo) , _ ( (^o aiul S2 wcfr lin-fitu'le. < Brcadtli 700 J ^ '^ ( the equator, and 12 noiili i.iiitildtf. * |Bo;:ndai>Ies.] T)^^*^^^^'^^ ^V ^^"'^ North Sea (prtrt of the Atlatric Jfj) Ocf«ii), on the Noith ; by the l' ^ Riodela Flach* irinces of ITIif rc)\ith divifion inntains the pro- ^inccs of I. 2. Venezuela Com.ui;i — New Aiidalufia, or Paria — . New Granadi Popayan Venezuela Comana St. Thomas f » H Santa Fe de Bagota Popyan. .., . Bay?, CAPE', SccI The Iflhrnus of Dar>cn, or Terra Firma Proplrr, |ms North and S'Uih Ancrica. A line drawn from Porto B-jJii in the Soiih, to Panama in the South Sea, or rather a little weft of thcfe two' |i*n?, is the prop-r limit between North and S<»uth Amcrita, and here l^nilhmus, or ncik of land, is ci^ly 60 niiUs over. Theprinciral biv'^ia Terr,* Firma aro, the bay of Panama, and th'C py of S'. Micharl's, in thif South Sea; the bay of Ptirto Rello, the N of Darir-n, Sin) biv, Carthac^tna bay and harbour, the jjulf of pezuda, the bay of Maracaibo, the gi'^F of Tri'.Mlo, the bay of Guaira, Maycf Curiaco, and the gulf of Paria or Andaluha, ia thfc Nonh' The chief capes arc S^mMas Point, Point Canr>3, Cape del *Aiiga, 'Jft Point, Cape de Vela, Cape Conquibacoa. Cape ('e Cabelo, Cape pco, Cipe Galera. Cape Three Poin;?^ and Cape Nafl'au ; all on the V'tiftiore of Terra Firma. [Climate.] The climate here, panitularly in the northern diviflone, [Wremely hot ; and it was found by UUoa, that the heat of the vvarraell ffin Pans is continual at Cn-tliaj/cna; the exccirivc heats raife the va-* Fcf the fea, which ia precipitated in fuch rains as fec-n to thivatcn a Ticral deluge. Great part of the country, therefore, is altnoll conti- nua'l/ ■;■'■( . 'f. U^ V. »' ■ ■i' ■1^ 84^ SPANISH AMERICA. Dually flooilfd : and this, togrtlicr with the cxcefTive heat, Co imprcgtiatei the air with vapours, that in m^iny provinces, particularly about Fopayan and Porio Belio, ic isextremrly unwholciome. Soil and pRODuiii.] The Ibil of t s country, like that of the greater part ot'Soiith Amcricii, is wonderfully rich ami fruitful. It is im. poiTihlc to vifw, without iduiirution, the pcri>t:tu.il venture ot the Wu-d., thf Uixuiiancy of the plains, ami tlie toiverint; hcit;iit of titc in )uniainj, This, however, only ap^-lics to the inlaiu country, for the coatli are ge. nerally b;irrcn fand, anJ incapjhlc of bearing any I'pcicts of {^r.un. ire trees, moll renurkablc for their dineiiUons, ;«fe the caib». the ^'cedar, the inaria, and hali'tm trie. I'lic ni ucliiucul tree is particularly rein.iri(ub;r. It Scars a fruit rerein'ilin'^ :in apple, hut wlnc^', under :his fpccious ;i|). pearmii-e, contains the iivll fut> lo poifoi), .-igaiii:t wiiich common oil ii found to be the t>cd ami loti-, I'he m.tlii;n ty of liiis tree is luch, tlut it a ptTl'on o'dy llieps undir it, he finds his l)'iily ali i'wellcd, and racked wita the Icveitrt torrinxs. Tlic Ik-mIIs, froiu iiiUiuct, alvvays avoid it. The Hal)elladc Cartliig na is the fruit of a Ipcvics «f wdlow, and contains a kernel »efenil)liiij/ an :dni md, but lets whi'c, and extremely bitter. Tiiii kernel is found to hf an excellent an J mvcr failing remedy lor tl)c biicot tiic moft venomous vipers and fcrpents-, which are very fnquent i.ll over this countrv. 'I'hcie were fonnerly rich mines of gold here, Wiii^h are row in a ^rc.«t meaiure exiiayftod. The lihcr, iron, and copper niin« have been lince opened, and the inhabitants tind cnicruitts, iapphirc}, and other ^>rt-cious doncs. Animais.i In tie:itlng of North America, we have taken notice of many of the unimalit that are f >und in ihe fouihem paits ; it is therefore wntiCeffiry to rcj'C.it tlitm Ijere.ifter. A.nonjj thufc "peculiar to thi:* couii- try, the nxil remaikuble is the iloth, or, as it is called hy way of deri!i)U, the Swift Pkier. It hears a iclemblancc to an ordinary monkey in flupCj anvl tize, hut is of a mod wretched iippenr.ince, with its bare huns iiud itr.t. and its fkin all over corru<'iitcd. He If^mls in no need of cirliei chain or hutch, never lining unlci's compelled by hunger ; and he i»lai to be fcveral minutes in n>ovingone of his leg?, nor wid blous m.«lich n.end bia pace. When hr; moves, every citort is attended witli lucn plaintive, and at the fa^.e time, l*o difagredblc a cry, as At once podiicr pity und dii'^ulK In this cry eonfilts the whok dcftnce of ih s wretched animal. Fur on the firll hnllile approiich it is natuial for him to he in mo lion, which is always accompanied with difguOful howling^, fo that hi purfucr dies much more ipecdily in Ids turn, to be beyond the rachol ihis horrid noiff. When this animal finds no wild fru tt> on the ground, li' looks out with a great deal of pains tor a tree well loaded, wliich h afctnds with a world of unealiiief?, moving, and crying, and flapping b turns. At Irugth having mounted, he plucks ofl all the fruit, am throws it on. th« ({round, to fave himlelf fuch another troublefome jour ncy ; aftd rntht-r than be fatiguted with coming down the tree, hcg'tilic hin.fclf in a hunch, and with a lliiiek drops to the ground. The monke\8in thefc countries aie very numetous ; they keep tnge thcr 20 or ;o in company, rambling over the woods, leaping from treet^ tree, and if they m et with a Jingle perfon, be is in danger ot benijf '"'i to pieces by them ; at leiftihey chatter andniake a frightful noile, thio.t^ inn thintis at him; ihey hang the.'nfelves by the tail, on the bough i a"' iVem to ihieaten him all the way he pafles ; but where two or three pe pie arc togcthei) they ufually fcamper away, ■ • Natives Natives.] I^eneial d Jcri complexion, d dians. Their t cipally diifing bear the light < iherrfjre rallf( I.VHAaiTANTS, A.\0 CHll niards. The ii Mexico. To IV if is only nccc Mrioully intern furm various 'n: [bcvaufc every ij ihirc of the S;>a frim the intern Mulatt )C.^, wU'u produced fro.n tlicfc and the \\ •ifh a «int of I arc the Quintcrt Minguiihed fror pJexion. ']'hc fj inrcrmixture of t Iff a thou fa nd oi Iriic commerce o Pjoama, Carthag* iiierij'.Jc cities in iobsMtaots. Her |»pfan comtn* dif w pearls found . F lenif confidera. iMlilhingforthtftf lP'>un. They are M», while they «iier(jck<. The NofAIcxico. S ■"■11"/ '),tl 4 -• / J, ■ "■'-- :^. Mi length 1 8c Breadth jc ""OARlfii.J ^> South ; and SPANISH AMERICA. 84; cgnatc} 'o|)avan of the It is iin* ; Wood;, unuins. i are gc- 11. '1 !'.e c 'cedar, uiikubic. lious .ip- \o\\ «>ii tt h, tlut It :kcJ wltii ii. Thsl ;ont.»ins» ct. Tiiii lie biicot t l:\\ 0»Cf iViiivh are i»)er mincj hiri-i, itoi Natives.] Bclidej the Inliinsin ihii country, who TiU under our gcneal (1 tciip ion ot the Au iicmi, thorc is another f^iccies, ut :i fittr complexion, del-cur h.»bir. .iiiii «»t a fmiU-r Aature thaa the •miinary Iii- ilians. Their dilpoliii'ins too arc more I'ot't and efTcmiiv.ite ; but what prin- cipally diilinguiilics tijcm is thei'- large, weak, hljc c\ca, whi< h, uuable i<» \itn rhe light ot 'he iii), Ice bed by moun-iiglu, and trom which (hey arc theM'f.jre railed Moon-eyed Indian!). iNHAaiTANTS, coMMERCii, i VV'c have alrcaily menrioned how this A\i> cKifcF TO.VN>. f country fell into the Inuuit of the Sj),»- Intards. The tahabitants, therefore, do nut m.iterially diti'er trom thoi'c of 1 Mfxico. To What we h;ivc therctbre ohlVrved, with regard to this country, lit i» only necciri, that the ori|L;inal inhabitants of Spain arc, Tirioully intermixed with ihc Negroes and Indian*. Tneic intcrmixrurca furm various gi'ad<4iioi)8, which are carefully ditiin^uidicd frou) each other, Ibevaufc every pcrlon expedts to tni.trds, but by being of a (liil fnirer com* Ipltxiun. The fame gradttion^* aie formed in a contr.iry order, by the lintcrmixture of the Mulaitoes and the N 'groes ; and bcliJes thel'c, thcie lire; a thou laud others, hardly dillmguilhable by the natives themfelves. ItIic commerce of this country is chi(.tiv c.trncd on from the ports of IPaDama, Curthagena, and Porto Hello; which are three of the molt con- liicni'iie cities in Spanilh America ; and c ich contains fcveral thoiifand )iabit)itant8. Here .here are annual f.tirs for American, Indian, and Eu* Inpcan commodities. Among the natural incrchandife of Terra Firma, llhe pearls found »n the coafi, particularly in the bay of Panama, are aoc Itkelenil confiderable. An immenfr number of negro (laves are employed liatifliing for thtTe, and have ariived at wonderful dexterity at this occu- Ipviun. They are fometimes, however, devoured by filh, p^irticularly the Ibrkft, while they dive to the bottom, or are crulhcd agdnll the thelves ^f libcrock". The govciuutent of Terra Firnu is on the fame I'ootm^ with. libit of Mexico. keep tn?«l Iromtrcetj 1 being '"1 ,iie,thio*'| )Ugh' three pp p e; R u. 0... Situation AMD EXTENT. Miles, Degrees. . <. »8oo I i^,^„_ 5 *^" equator and 25 fouth latitude, ■ .\: 500 J ^*'*'" i 60 and 81 weft longitude. . , . .^ BOUNDED by Terra Firma, on the North; by the mountaios, or Curdeleiras dck Andes, Ead ; by >lii South; and by the Pacific Ocean, Weil. DldGoni. •'•X '■•■' '■'•'■■' Length Breadth I^DNDARIES.] !«■*■ . % ... ,. 4, 848 SPANISH AMERICA. Dlvifioiii. The north divlfion Chief Tuwni. S \ P...Vtr>. Provinceg. i Quito — r ■) f Lima. 76-49 W. l,-.n,| The middle diviiion < Lima, or Los Reyes y^ 12-II. S. bt. 4 J i Ciilco, and CjIUj. The fouih divifioii \ Los Charcos ^ ■ i \ j*'^'"'' Seas, bays, and HAnpouK«.] Theonly fen which borders on Peril u the pacir;i: Ocran. or S)uih Sesi. The principtl bays and harb mr«-rcl Payta, lM.il.ibrlgn, Cuancliaco, Colina, Vcrmcio, Guar.i, Calhio the pon- town to Lima, Ylo, and Ari^a. KivEks.] Theie is a river whofc w.uers areas red as blood. TS«| rivers Gianadi or Cigdelcna, Oionnq'if, Amazon, and Plare, li r n the Andes. Many other rivcra rile alfo in the Amies, and tall inro t.-sj Pijfific Otc.m, between the equator and eighth deg. S. hx. PitTRiFHiO WATERS.] Thcrc arc f.>me witers which, in thtir courv, turn into llone; and hsre are fountains of liquid matter, called coppcyj relembling pitch and tar, and ufcd by ftnmrn tor the fame puipufe. Soil and climale.] Though Peru lies within the torriil zone, vcq having on one tide the South Sc;i, and on the other the great ridge of ths Andes, it is not ("0 llifled with heat as tie other tMiptcal countries. The Iky too, »vhich is generally cloudy, ftiiclds them from the d red ravsoJ the fun ; bur what is extremely Angular, it never rains in Peru. Thi^ CciiSit however, is fufliciently fupplicd by a foft kindly dew, which hWi gratlually every night on the ground, and fo rtfrc'hes the plants ;i;id grjij as to produce in many places the greatcll fertility. Along the iea-joal Peru is generally a dry barren land, except by the bai k> of river-, when it is extremely Icrt le, :is arc all the low lands in the inland country. Animal, vEGEiABf.E, and > 'J'hcre arc many gold mines In thd MINERAL I'RODucTiONS. \ nortlicm paT, not tar fioni Liiuj S Ivcr too is produced in great abundance in various provinces ; lut ihi idd m'nes arc coiiltantly dociying, and new ones daily opened. The townj fliift wirh the mines. That of Potofi, when the lilvcr there was f )un(l iij the caHeit expence (for now havintjgonc fo dee;), it is not fo chIiIv hroiighj up), contained go,ooo (ouls -Siiiiniards and Indians, of which the Is'tel Wtie lix to one. The northoin part of Peru produces uine in gre.it pltiil ty. Wool ii ano'ihcr >irticie «)f its produce, and is no lefs remarkable U its fincnefs fh.in tor the animals on v,-l»ich it gro.vs ; thcie tli as a b.att of Iniruen It can endure amazing fati;K!e, and will travel over the lleepcd inounaiiij with a burden of 60 or 70 pounds. It feeds very fpaiingly, and nf'<^ drinkr. I'he vicunna is Imdler and fwifier than the lamt, and proiiucJ wool ftill finer in (juality. in the vicunna too is fouinl the bc7/pa: llontj regarded as a fpecific aj;ainft poifons. The next great artivlc in iheirprJ duec and commerce is the Peruvian 'batk* known bcitcr by the na""'' Jclu;| SPANISH AMERICA. 849 ,wni. I. S. \A. ;r8 on Peril larh uir« ,)cyJ ill 7.tM10, Vf ridge of ih uiri;-*. Ill I red rav^ PcfU. Thi , whi<.h fall iijts J ml gni the i"e.\-:oa.l river', win >Hintry. mines in th fioin Li '13 ices ; luf ih' . The town! was f )und a \c\\ 'the Is'tci |ia j;re.it rltii markrfblc i^ Iclc vli.y C.V c nv'trurc :t. labnut the I'ui vvh-cli, whci ,c part 't W the aninwl' alt rA lu'.roi-' ,t{\ inouniaiii |lv, and no ,c in iheir pri the nam^ J'^iU's hark. The tree which produces this invaluahlp dru^, flfro^rs priti- ti.Mlly in the in(tunt4in;>us pirt of Peru, and parricuUrly in the province ot Q.uito. The ut il ba:k is ahvay* produced in tlf. high and rocky grouod'j ; t )e tree which be trs if, is about the (ize ot a cht rry-trer, and prcnfuces u kind ot fmit reffmbliiifr the abnnnd. Bur it is only the bark which his tboc C'.c»;llrnt qualitiis th t rem'cr ir fo ufe ill in int(*rmiriii)g fevers, ;uul other d forderb 10 which 'i tijy cxp?riencc cxrrnds the applica- tion of it. (luinei pepp' r, or Caycn e pepper, a^ we call ir, is produced in i*'c great* it a 'unii.incc in the v.ile of AricH, a dirtrirt in the loutaern par's of Ptru, Irom whence they ixjioit it annuallv. to thk value of boo.Moocr.iwnj. Peru is likeivrurp 'les to w'hicli ir is ap, lied, and flpeiially tHe putification of gold and iilv. t . The print ipal mine of tlii> fin -u'ar metal is at a place called Guat • c.velici, where it is Jo md in .1 whitiOi mafs refcmbllnp brick ill burned* Ttiis t'libftniice i- v.»l (i;i«.-d by 6re, and received in fteam by a com bin.' - tutn ot glals vert' Is, v\he'C it cond^'nCes by nacansof a Utile wsrter at thcbot* torn of each vcird, ■*xi'\ torms a pure heavy liquid. Manufa'Tores, trade, and ciTies.] We join thefe articles here bccaalc of their intimate connection ; for, except in the crtics we (hall de» fcrihe, there 16 no coinmfrce Worth mentioning. 1 he city of Lima i«thc capt.il of Peril, an>^ oi the AhoIeSpaniOi empire ; its fitiiation, in the mid* die of a fpacious and dtlighiful vatlcy, was fixed upon by the famous Pi* tarrn, as the mod pro|> r tor a city, which he expelled would prefcrve bit me tiory. It i$ fo well watered by the river Rimac, that the inhabitants^ lik.' thofe of London, command a dream, eaih f r bis own ufe* There arc many »cry ma:;nificent ftrudiire«, pairiciitarly churchts, in this city ; though the houfts in (;eneral iuc built of llight material", the equaliry of the climate, and w-int of rahi, rendering ftone houfes unneceflary ; and brfules it is found, that thefe arc more apt to fuffer by Hiocks uf the earth, wVicli are frequent and dreadful all over this province. Lima is about ivo le.igurs from the fe^, extends in length t<«o miles, and in breadth one and a q^dfter. It cont.iins about 6 1,000 inhabitants, of whom the whites amount to a fixth part. One remarkable fift is fufflricnt to dc-' moni^rate the weaUh of this city. When the viceroy, the duke de la Pa lada, m de his entry into Lima in 1683, the inhabitants, to do him hor>our, cauted ihe Arrets to be paved with ingots of (ilver, amounting to fal»(t.)i ri being kit to rccfird this dreadful c.ilanuty, »nd'hQ by a providrncf thr mmt fini;ular and extraordinaiy inmginabtc.>-T>iiH man, who ha|)|»cnt'd to-br o;. a fort which ovrrlooked the harbotir, perceived in' one miniiie the in)):.- biiauts ruiipinp from their kuufes in the utmolV terror and confufion ; tl:, tea, as is ufuaTon fuch occaAons, receding to a confiderable diliance, re- turned in monntamoiis waves,- foaming with the violence of the agi(;>tioi;, buried he inhabitants for ever in its bofom, and immediately ail wts filei'it ; but the fame wave which dcftroycd the town, drove a little b(»r remarkably differ over the whole Spanifli dominions* Pride and lazi- iiefs arc the tCvo prec^omiurfnt paffions. It is agreed on by the moft nii-> rhentic travellers, that the manners of Old Spain have degenerated in 'm colonies. The Creoles, and all the other defcendants ot the Spaniard;, according to the above di(lin(f>ion8j arc guilty of many mean and pilfering vicer, which a true-born Callilian could not think of but with deteilation. I'hk, tK> doubt, in part arifes from the contempt in which all but the real natives of Spain are held in the Indies, mankind generally behaving ac* coidii\g to the treatment ihey meet with itrom others. In Lima thcSpanilh pi'ide his made the gieateft dcfcents ; and many of the firft nobility are employ44iin commerce. It is in this city tl|&ll the viceroy refides, whole a'uti^ority eitrcn|;ls over all PerUf except Quito, which has lately been de> lachtd from it. The viceroy is as abfohite as the king of Spain ; but «s hr* territories are fo extcnfive, it is neceflary that he fliould part with .1 ihire of his authority to the fcveral audiences or courts eftabliflicd o^^ the kingdom. There is a treafury court cftabliflied at Lima, for receiving the fifth of the produce of the mines, and certain taxes paid by the In- ihiaiiH, which belong to the lung of Spain. .,,.,.,...; . -, CHILI' [ 8s. ] H t t. Situation anI) extent. Miles. Decrees. Length 1200 ) • . j 25 i^i^^ 4; foutb latiiUiW. ""**'"" I 65 utiJ 8s wcit longitude. Bieadch 1200 ) 500 J Boundaries.] T3OUNDED by Peru, on the Norrh ; by La Plata, Jj nil the Rail ; by Patagoiiij, ba tlie Suuth ; and by the Pjcific Ocean, ou ihc Wert. DiviHons. On tHe Wf ft fide of (lie Andes P.ovinces* r Chili proper i ., Chief Towns; 3St. J AGO, W. lon.77« S la:. 3^ RaliHvi.;. On the caft fide of the Andes ( Injpciial. ; ,,. i Cnyo, or Cutio i < St. John dc Front-era, Lakes.] The principal lakes arc tho'e of Tjrgatarua, ne;ir S'. Ja::o, an.l that of Paren. Rtfidcs which they have feviral lalt-Aater lake*, thai havK a commonic.uion with the fca, part of tijic year. In ftormy weather the fea forces a wny through them, and leaves thtm full of fiili ; but in the hot Icafon the water congeals, leaving a cruft ot fine white fall n foot thick. ' - -. Bays, SEA?,- A Nl) harbours.] The only fea that borders upon Chili is that of the Paiific Ocean, on the weft. The pr'ncipal bays, ot harbours, are Copiapo, Coquimbo, Govnna- (lore, Valparifo, lata, ConceptitOn, Santa Maria, La Moucha, B.ildivia, Brewer's haven, and Caftro. CLl^tATE, sotL, AND PRODUCE.] Thcfc are H t remarkably differ* Ifnt from the (anae in Peru, and if there be any difference, it is in favour of Chili. There is indeed no part of the world more favoured than this i!,with refpcft to the gifts of Nature. For here not only the tropical I fruits, but all fpecies of grain, of which a confidenbie part is expoited, I come tn jreat perfe^ion. Their animal produflions are the fame with iWeof Peru ; and they have gold almoft in every river. Inhabitakts.] This country is very thinly inhat)itcd. The origi- I Dal natives are dill ina great meafure uncohquered and uncivilized ; and Itading a wandering life, attentive to no objeft but their prefervation from the Spatiifli yoke, are in a very unfavoured condition with regard to po- pulatioh. The Spaniards do not amount to above 20.000; and the In- Mians, Negroes, and Mulartocs, are not fuppored to be thrice that number. However, there have lately been fome formidable iufurreflions agiinft the hpaniards, by the natives of Chili, which greatly alarmed the Spanilh 1 court. Commerce.] The foreign commerce ol Chili is entirely confined to Pwu, Panama, and fome parts of Mexico. To the former they export annu- 1% corn fufficicnt for Cojooo men. Their other exports arc hemp» which 3 I 2 it - "h I .1 ^52 SPANISH AM F.RICA. i« rtifcd in no other part of the South Sc.is ; hide?, tallow, atnl CAti] proviricnj : anil thev ir civo in return the coinnoJiics ol Euiojjc auU the Eall Indies, which arc brought to tlic poic o\ CjILo. PAKAGUA, or LA PLATA. Situation an'd Exte.nt. Mh Length » (;oo ? looo ^ Djt»rre«. u ...,- \ 2 ■*nd J 7 fomh latitude, between i. ■ ^' I 50 a Breadth louo ^ w%.»"vv.. j -^, j,,^j -- ^^^^ jj^ij^ituj^^ BoUNT>ARiES.] TJOUNDED by Amazonia, on the North; l)y R i7.il, fl Eaft ; by l*ata^Oi-.tii, un the South ; and hv Peru tndChir, Weft. Di virions. Eaft diviHon contains ProvinccF, Piraguay \ Parana i GuiiirA South divifioii ragiia ucu Rio de la Plata f Pucu'Tirtn ^1 Chief T.v.vns. pAirumpiion : S'. Anne : Cividad Real I Los Rcjs St. Ji^o B u p \o» A Y n r s, W. Ion, | 57-54.. S. lai, 34.3J. Bays a\i^ lake'.] The ptincipal biy is that at the month onhf iver J 4 Plata, on which tlmds the capiol city of Bticnrj Ay res ; inJ CipeSr. Antonio, at ttie entrance of t'h^t b.iv, is the only promontory. ThiscDuntiy abounds with UaC3, one of which is 100 iflifct long. RivTbRs.] Thin country, befiJes hu infinite nu:nber of ftnall river?, is wateed by three ptin«ipil ones, wh'ch, united near the feai form thcj famous Rio dc la Plata, or P.ji'e River, and which annually overffow theirl Hanks : and, on their rect-Ts, leave them enriched with a llimC| that pro* du»c9 thegifoateft plenty of whatever is committCvl to Jr. ' Air, soil/,' am» produce.] This vaft t'raft is far from bcin^ whollyl fubdued or planteJ by the Spaniards. There are in:iDy parts in a great] degiee unknown to them, or to any other people of Eu^oj^,' The |iiIuJ cipal province of v\hi(h we have any knowledge, is that which is caiicdj Rio de U Plata, towards th: mouth of the above mentioned rivers. Thisl proY nee, with all the adjacent parts, i^ one continued level, not interrupteil by the leall hill for feveral hundred miles every way ; extreinely fertile,! ant) producing cotton in great quantities ; tobacco,, and the valuable hert cilled Paraguay, with a variety of Fruits, an. I prodigious rich paftures, ial which are bre'^fuch herds cf cattle, that it is faid the^hides of ihebeaft^ are all that is properly boughr, the carcafe being in a manner given into the birgai'% A horfe fome time ago mij^ht be bought foi* a dollar; and the ufual price for a beaft, cbofen out of a herd of two or three hundredJ was only four liali. Bat, contrary to the general nature of America, thiv couDtry '*•■ '•"'i'Vfry ;«( -f'i l.'lC W.ll 1" i R " T \. crv, , :i i.'t;, nil <;i lilt- c.xcd '»>ifh;ii tiic II unc <)t the 11 of t:'ifi'tt- to Ct E VI rope ; I'-'H^ of S;).i »lle-Il 0/ llui v.ilu.iblf, cot: a.;a i.iJc . ' 10 (his ( \ty^ Tue bcnrlit ntfc, ulu) I;, fi'.ir this CO J pJt'i are i'o in i.iSuuth Aiiit iiiit we ' an iraorJinary ip interior pans, Itran^crs in th About the n "' ^t'^aa, that fcn-dal which i^c hatred wWw '•'V catne. T "t empire of I 'lie moft unknn fjbdued to his out force. Tii kours was marl i»ithiij theic liii '(■h not 10 int< »iihour licence |«t"'iiicapitatio ''imber to the k i^'Jiis fljould 0" thefe tcrr mtd their fy «out 50 wandi paitcd them intc »aich hey buili |!»|niich power, flm), to thei« foured with fu. n[« , they m< H rambling, a r^«l to fubmi E'*M upon I P'SiOD, and the SP;. MSn AMERICA. S53 louth of the Ay res ; tinJl vill river?, is [a'y fi)rm the irerffow tlieit| kc, that pro- > vjrtry i« (Icdinif? of wood*. Tli«* ii'r 'n rnuaik il)lv fwecf, and fercn", ..r il t!ic UMtC'S <<( l:i iM.«t,i arc equally pure -. Ci)M MtRcE. ) (ountry, hy i.iilinf^ up the river Ih iMa'4 •1 I^Ij, :iik1 foiiiidixl tlic to.vn or Bufroi Ayn-s io lali'd «>n aicount (;i liic cxci-lUii! c lit ihc Hir, on ilic louili lule of the livor, fifty leaijuei within liic uiOi.4.'li of it, wlirir iljc livtr is l>viii Ira. nc!» bioitd. This is o!)c of the moil c( of Ivi.ii ilh AniuitM ; lao, i»r at moll tiuce, icjillcr flj pc, make the >vli K of ihiir ic^u.ur iiittrcouife with Kuroj c. Thfir rtr ros are very v.hi.'.hU-, CDrfitruig chiffl) ot t!,c i;('UI and hlvcr ot Chili and PciU, iu^ar, u.aI ' iic . Thvsfc uho hu'.-c now :'ijd then c.ir.itrd on a contraband trule ii) iUU « iiy, liavc found it i< ore aitwaniavjrous t*>rce. Tui^emonllrauce nut wiih fuccefs; the fphere ofi .1. irla- Iboars was rnarklBoui; an uncontrolled liberty was given to the Jeluits l»iihiii thefe limits ; and the govcmois of the adjacent provinces had or- liic'S not to inicrtere, nor to futfer any Spani-trds to enter into ibis pale, jviihout licence from the father^-. They, nn their part, agreed to pay a Ittriiin capitation tax, in proportion to their tlock; and to fend a certain Itumber to the king's works whenever they fliould be demanded, and the piflions Hiould becoiiie populous enough to fupply them. Oil thefe terms the Jefuits gladly entered upon the fcene of adion, and liptntd their fpiritual campaign. They began by gathering toj^erher Itwat 50 wandering families, whom they perfuaded to f- ttle ; and they paited them into a little rownfliip. This was the llight foimd.ition upon jtiiich hey built a fuperftrucfure, which has amazed the World, an(i added Ifomjch power, at the fame time that it has brought on fo muv.h envy and pUu, to their focit ty. For when they had made this 1 epipning, they lobouied with fuch indefatigable pains, and fuch maf^erly polic\, ihat, by pSrcc , they moiliiied the minds ot the mod favage nations ; fixed the JBull rambling, and fuodued thofe to their government, who had lonp dif- |*'Did to fubmit to the arms of the Spaniards and Portugucfe. They l!|^»^iled upon thoufands of various difperfed tribes to embrace their " i'OQ} and thefe foon induced oihers to follow their example, magnity* 3 I 3 ing A\ 7 ' '3* Spanish American Islands. injj the peace and tranquillity they enjoyed under the direflion of thf Our limlis do not p"rmit uj to trnoc, wiih prrcifion, all ihf ftrpi which Wore taken in the iucomijlifnincnt of lb cxfr;K)nlinary a conoticll ove tlit bottics an.< mind* of to nK«ny p -oplr. The Jcl'uiti* left no» hint; utxUtnr, tlurco .Id • onducc ti ihiit rcrni.tiniiif; iti this I'uhjciiion, or that lould tcvA to incic.il- ihcir number to the I'cijrcci rc() lilitc for a well (.rJcr«d anJ potent loi icty ; and it h f.iid that above 34(1, ooo Lniilit*?, fncral \t'a;! a','r>, ucre I'uhji^t to the Jcfcits, livim/ in ol*til ciicc, and in hwc I»oiht. iii'^ iip(>n ail(ji;iti<)n, yet prucurcd without ui.y voilciici* or toiillr..ii)t That ilic Indians \v«'ic iulinu'lcj in the military ait \siih the Uioll »\,i.: difiiplinc, and could railc bo,no«i men well .irmtd ; ihit tluy livid 1.1 to.vr.s ; they were rct',ul;ir.y cl.ul ; ihcy labuund in .« ,ricnliurc ; «ln-y cr-i «il'cd manuf.ivlurfs ; lo.iie evt-n afpiied to tlic c '.<;;; .11 it atts ; and ihai iin. thing f<)uld e()'ial llie ol);diciice of ihf pr o|ilc of tbolc niir.t.ni, rxvqit their co!it(.n*mciit uikI-.t if. Some wiitcrs have treated the ch-oav'tcmi thcfc-J'.luits with jrre.it fcvcrlty ; acciilin<; them of and iii n, piid;, .nJ of canyinp; thiir authority to fuch an extef.-, as to canl'e not only ptiioiu of both Icxrs, but ev« n the magiUratcs who arc al.vays chofcn fr in among the Indians, to he correoled before them with ihipcs, and to luft , pcrfons of the hii^hcft diflindion, whithin their iurirditHi'tn, to kil.^ ili- hem of their garments, ai the grcaielt honour. The pi it (lb thcnilVlvci poflcircd large property, all maniifaflurcs were thrirs, the natural prndul' of the country was brou::ht to tliem, and the treafurrs «nnually rciiiiitfl to the fuperior of the otder, feemci.! to evince, th.it zeal f . r religion w. , not the only motive of their forming ihcfc miirions. The Fatheis would not permit any of the inhabitants of Peru, whether Spaniards* M< niw , or even Indians, to come within their millions in Paraguay. Sunic years ago, when part of this territory was ceded by Spain to the crown of Fur- tugal, the Jcfuits refufcd to comply with this divilion, or to I'utfcr ilicivi- fclves to be transferred from one hand to another, like cattle, without their «'Wn confent. And we wtre informed by the authority of the Ga- zette, that the Indians a/itually took up arms ;' but nutwithfianding the fxat'tncfs of their d:fcipline, they were eafily, and with confiderablc Slaughter, defeated by the European troops who were fent to quell their. And, in 1767, the Jefuits were lent out of America, by royal authority, and their late fuhjedts were put ui>on the lame footing with the rdl ot the inhabitants of the country. -a.i rivers ; a '.',' Spanish Islands in America. CUBA.] The ifland of Cuba is fitufted between 19 and z^ dcgrte; north ht. and between 7+ an J 87 degrcfs weft long. 100 miles to the fouih of Cape Florida, aad 75 north of Jamaica, and is near 700 mdes in length, and generally abaut 70 tnilcs in breadth. A chain of hills ruDf through the midnlc of the tlland from eaft to, well; but the land near the fea is in gent ral level and flooded in the rainf feafon, when the fun is vcr-' tical This noble iiland is fuppofed to have the beft foil for folargea country, of any in America. It produces all the commodities known in ticularly ginger, long pepper, and other fpiccs, calln ihc Wed Indies, partict hituh, Spanish American Islands. 8 >J (irtiila, mnOic, and alocn. It nifo pniilures tnbjcco ami Aiirir; but from tlic w'.tiu of hands, and thc'Uzincfii et the SpHni.M>l!s, n )t in hicl) '|utii> ties as njij;ht be expected, 'h is owing co the Tunc laul'c that ibis l.trjje irtand dnrB not produc.*, incbidinif mII its comnioiiiiici, io much tur cx- piirrntion as our dnall itland of AiMi;:;iia. The courfe ot the rivtrs is too Ihort to be of any ronfef]iicn(C ; I'Ut there rffc fevcral good bnbours in the iil.ind, which bch>ng to the prin- cipal lowntf u% tli.it of St. Jago, facing Januica, itrongly lituated, ;ind well foriilicd, bill neither populous nor riclu Ih.it ot the Il.ivinn.ih, f.icing PI rida, which is .the capital city of C'uh.i, and ;i pl.ice of ^qrrut ftictii;tU atKl "i uportancc, containing about 2000 houfci with .1 great nuihl)i'r of convents and churches. It vvi« t.ikcn, however, bv the tou- Mgcaod pcvrcvcr.ujcc of the Isn^'Ulh troojK in iheytjiri ' a Spanilb ifl.md. It is lituaicd between tht* i7rh and 21ft degrees north lat. and tlic 67ih mil 74th ot welt Ion. lyinj; in the middle between Cuba and Horio Rico, and is 450 miles long, and 150 broad. When Hifpaniola was tirlt difto- vcicd by Columbus, the number of 4l8 'innabit.ints was computed to he .itleali n million. £ut fuch was the crueUy of the Spaniards, and to fo iiitainous a height did they carry their opprellion of the poor natives, that >li V were reduced to lixty thoufand in the fpace of fifteen year*. The lace of the iiknd prcfents an agreeable variety of hills, vallits, woods, *iu\ riverii ; and the foil is allowed to b»- extremely ienile, producing iugar cotroi), indgio, tobacco, maize, and cuflava root* The Kuroptran cattle, aic fo multiplied here, that they run wild in the woods, and, as in South America, are hunted for their hides and tallow only. In the mod barren paits of the rocks, they difcoverd formerfy lilver ^nd gold. The mines, however, arc not worked now The north wcl> pa'ts, which arc in the poUclfion df the French, confift of large fruitful plains, which produce the articles already mentioned in vaft abundance. This indeed is the bell nnd mo(V fruitful part of the bell and moft fertile ifland in the Well Indies, and perhaps in the world. The moll ancient town in this illand, a
    A' t ■ - ~ }'> i : •I. ■f ■■ )' 1 i ji h If I Bs^ Spanish Amercan Islands. It is computed ihit the cxjiorts of the French from the a'^ove mcntlonej pla cj are nor Icis in value tliaii i,20c,oooI. They likc^vlfe carry ou a contraband trade u'lth ihe SpaiiiarJi, whuh is much to their ad aiita>je, us thev cxc!i:iii:;c French manufaduics tor Spai.ifti doll irs. Poll rO iilCO.] Slruaed between 64 and 67 iiegievs weft Ion. and in 18 dcq^rees north lai lyi'M bfttwccn liiip-iiiioU and St. ChriiU)pher's, is J 00 miles long, and 4.0 broad. The i'uil is beaotiiullv di.eih-^.cd with Wood', vallics, auil jjlaius, aud is <.xireniely tertilc, projjcinjj tne fame fruits ai tlic other iduiids. It ts well watered with fprin s ;ii d rivers ; but the ifltnd is unhcaliuful in the rainy Ictloni. It wus if acmnt ut tiic gold that the Spaniards Tcitlcd heiej but ihcrc is no I n^t^ran^ contidgiaLilc (]uaniity of this metal found in ii. Porto Rico, the lapital town, llinds in a lirt'e ifl; d on the north fiJ* of the inainilland, forming a c.p.icious harbo.jr, anu jui ed to thu chicl:* iil.md by a canfcy, and defended by furts arta bacicric, whicii rcn't'r ilx town ahnoll inacccir|t>ic. It was, liowever, t.tken Dy fii" Fnntis Drake, and afterwards by the carl of Cumberland. It is better inh.ii>itf d tliaa indl ol the Spanilh towns, bcca.tfc it is the ce t.e of thcconiahmd trade carried on bv tlie En/lirti aiul Krencn wiih ilie kin'^of S|).'in'> fubjict . VIRGIN ISLANDS.] Situated at the cad cad of Pono Rico, are ejitrcmly fa^dl. TRiNID/^D.] Situ, ted between 59. and 62 decrees weft Ion. and in 10 degrees fiorth lat. lies txtAcen the iliand of T>'b.igoand the S[>anilh M-in ; frum which it is feparated by the liieigl'ti or I'aria. It is about 90 luiles long and 60 broad; and is au unhcalrhv, but fru tfil Toil, pioJucing fugar, line tdb.icco, indigo, ginger, variety of fruit, and lome couou- tres, and Indian corn. It was taken by fir Walter R .1 igh in 1 1;.)^, and by the French in 1676, who plundered the iiland, and txtorud money from the inhabitants. M iRGARiiTTA] Sirii,ttcd in 64deprecs weft Ion. and 1 1-30 north Ut. fcptrated from the northern coal! of NVw Andalulin, in Terra Finiia, hty a lirait of 2^ mil<*s, u ab^ut 40 miles in length, and .1^ in hrea>Uh ; and being always verdant, attwrds a ihoft .tgrer able profpcil. The ;flar,d ahouDds in p.iiiure, in mai^e, and fruit : but there is a fcarcity of wood Md water. . Tir^prc was onte a pearl fiflicry on m coall, vvhich ia uow difcontmued. Thefq are inany other fmall iflmdsin thefe Teas, to which the Sp.^ninrds have paid no attention. Wc ftiall therefore proeetd round Cape Horn in o the bo^h Sc-hs, where the firil Spanish iliand of any importance is CHILOEm uu the coalt of Chili, which. has a govenor, and fome harbours ^i^ellforiified. JU N EERNANDES.] Lying in ^3 degrees weft Ion. and 33 fouth l^it, 300 1 ilci> welt ot hill. This ifl nd is uninhabited ; but having fomc f^ood h: •■^»<>i'>sit u found extremely convenient for the Engli«h cruifers to toui h at aiid water ; and here thi y arc in no dangei of being difcuvcrcd, ii^nlefs whei, as is geneially tnecalc, iheir arrival ni the South Seas, and their n.otions, hav. b- en nuiiic known to the Spaniards l)y our good 'rend* ip Braul, Tiiis ifla id i' funous for haying given rife to the cele rated romance of R^binion Crnioe. It feems, on.e Alexander Selkirk, a Scotf- nun, was Lft alhore in this foUtary pi^cc by his captain, where lie lived fomf >earG, until he was difcovercd by captain Woodes Rogers, in 170^; when i ik- n up, he had tornotten his native language, and could fcarctly be uiu.Ciiiuad, Iceia.u" w ^ff^^"^ lUft WMrds by halves. He was drcifed in goats Boitndaries. PORTUGUESE' AMERICA. 857 goats flcins. W.I h\ drink nothing but warer, and It was fome ti'ne Ic/tMc ht could ic lib the iliip's victjaU. Ouniic; iiis abode ii this ulind, he h.id killed jOo s®'"^'** ^ '*^*^'' '^*^ caugiit by run ing thcn^ doyvn ; ami he marked a» uia.iy luoce 011 the ear, wntch he I i g'». Some ot thef wen- caught, 3D jears attei\ r>y lord Aifon'o people ; U»cii venerable nipedand majciiic L)vatd.~ dilVovtrcd croig lympiouis of nuii |uity. Selkirk., upon his return to Enj^lia '., was a ivi.ed to publilh an acci>unt of hib lite .md adventure* in hi.- ii 'ie kingdom. He is fiid to have put U.» papers into the hands of Dii.i Do Foe. to pupaie ihrm tor publication. But that writer, by the help o» thee papeia and a lively fancy, trausfoinud Alexander Selkirk into Robiiifjn C uloe, and returned Selkirk his pa|)cr8 again: lb that tii» latter dcrivid no advantage tiom iIicmi. They were probably too indi- Atlted tor pubiication. and D.- Foe might dciive iittl.-fro.n tlicin but thofc hints, which mignt give .Ac to his own celebrated ptiionnanct^. The other ifl.ndsth;.t ..i«: worth mentioning are, the Gallipago iflcs, iltuatcd ^00 miles welt of Peril, under the equacur j and thole in the bay ot Panama, called ihe K.uig's or Pearl Id-iuds* ^.r| i . RORTUGUESE AMERICA, ' ' C ON T A I N ING BR A SIL. /.,. ' Situation and ExTEt*T. ^' "» ..1' 'f-*& (. Miles Degrees. • , Length 2500 ) v,-t»-en \ *^^ equator and 35 fourii latitude. Breadth 700 J * J 35 and f-o well longitude. Boundaries.] "TJOUNDED by the riiouth of the river Aiiiazdn, X3 and the Allan. ic Ocean, on the North ; by the fame ocean, on the Eaft ; by the moutii of the river Plata, South ; and by a chain of niOuntrtins, wiufh divide it fro.n Paraguay and the country of Amazons, on the Wed. On the coaft are three fmall iflands, where (hips touch fbr provifions ill their voyage to the South Seas, viz. Fernando, St. Barbara, and St. Catherine's. SbAS, BAYil, tiARBOt ANl^, CAPES. of 3000 niilcb, foiming fevrral fine b.i\s and harbours ; as the harbours of Panambnco, All Saints, Porto Sv^^uro, the port and harbour of Rio Jancijo, the port of St. Vincent, the harbour of St. Gabriel, and the port of St. Salvador, on the north' flioie of the river la Plata. The principal capes are. Cape Roque, Cape Si. Auguftine, Cape Trio, and Cape St. Mary, the moft fouthern promwntory of Braiil. Face of the couniry, aIr, i The nam6 of Brafil was given to CLiMATK, AND RIVERS. J this country, bccaufe it was obfefved lo abound with a wood of that name^ To the noi thward of Briilil, which lies alivioft imder thjc equator, the clima'e is hot, boilterious, and un- wholefome, fubjctft to grcftt grains and variable winds, particularly in the monthi >iiRS, 7 The Atlantic Ocean w.iflies the coaft of 5 Braiil on the north-ea(t and caft, Upwards U, '' i I ■<■ ,- «| i* !fl :H^ i S58 PORTUGUESE AMERICA. months of March and September, when th"y have fuch dehiges of rain, with norms and cornadocs, that the country is oveiHowcd. But ro the fouthward, beyond ihc tropic ot Capricorn, there is no part of »hc world that enjoya a more fercne and whofelome air, refrcll cd with the loft breezes ot the accan on one hand, and the cool breath of the mr)unraii:s on the other. The land near the ceaft is in general rather low than high, but exceedingly pleafanr, it being intorfperled with meadows and woods ; but on the wcA, lar within land, are inount.tins from whence iilue many noble Orcams, that fall into the great rivers Amazon and b Piara ; others running acrofs the^roimtry from caft to weft till they fall into the Atl.iutic Ocean, after melior.um.[^ the lands which rhey annually overflow, and turning the ftigaf-mills bedonging to the PortugaeA;. SotL AND PRoouct.] In general the foil is extremely fruitful, pro- ducing^ fi'gitr, which, being clayed, is whiter and liner than our mufcovado, as wc call our unrefined fugar. Alfo tobscco, hides, indigo, ipecacuanha, biilfini or Coparbo, Bralil wood, which is of a red coulour, hard and dry, avid is chicHy ufcd in dj ing, but not the red of the bcil •ktnd ; it has like- ^vifu foiue place in medic ne, as a iiomuihic and rcftiiirgcnt. The animals here aie the fame as in Peru and Mexico. The produce of the foil was found very f«|:Kcient for fubftlling the inhabitants, until the minbs of gold and diamonds were difcovered ; thefe, with the fuf;;ir plantations, occupy fo many hands, that agriculture lies ne^iectcd ; and, in confequcncc, lirafil depends upo.i Europe for its daily food. Inhabitants, manners, and customs.] The portr.iit given us of the manners and cufloins of the Poptuuijcfe in America, by the ni'fr judicious travtllcri, is very far front being favourable. 'I hey are dc- Icribrd as a people who, while fuak in •the moll effeminate luxury, pric- tifc the mod acfperate crimes. Gf a temper h)pocri:icul and diircinbiinc, ot litrlc lincerity in convcrfation, 0r honefty in dealing; lazy, proi.d, and crucL In their diet penurious ; for, like the iohabitaius of n.uil fouthern climate-, they arc much more fond of (hew, (late, and attend- ance, than of the pleadires of fee fociety, and of a good table ; yet their fcadf, which arc feldom made, are fumptuoiis to extrava^ame. AVhcn they appea^r abroad, they caufe themfelves to be carried out in a kind of -cotton hammocks, called Ser|)entmcs, which are borne on the Ne- groes fliouiders, by the help of a bamboo, about twelve or fourteen feet long. Moll of thele hammocks arc blue, and adorned wi-h frnges of the fume colour : they have a velvet pillow, and above the head a kind of teflcr, with curtains ; fo that the perfoti cariied cannot he ften, unlcl's he pleafes ; but iray either lie down or fit up, leaning on his piilovv. When be has a mind to be fcen, he pulls the curtains ahde, and falutes his ac* quaintance whom he meets in the flrcets ; for they take a pride in com- pllmeuting each other in their hamn^ocks, and will even hold lon^ confeicnces \i\ them in the (Ireets ^ but then the two flaves who carry them, make ufe of a ftrong well-made tlalF, with an iron fork at the uppcr.end, and pointed below with iron ; this they llick fall in the ground, , iind rell the bamboo, to which the hammock is fixed, on two of theic, till their tnaffcr's buiinefs or compliment is over. Scarcely any man of fafliion, or any lady, will pafs the Ihccts without being carried in this mariner. Trade and chirf towns.] The trade of Portugal is carried on up«^ on the fame occlulive plan on which '.he feveral nations of Europe tiade wiih their colonics of America; and it more particulaily refcmbies the &,>anini PORTUGUESE AMERICA. 859 SpaniHi method, in not lending out lingl« Gilps, as the convcnicuce of the i*everal places, and ihc judgini-nt of the European mcrchanrs, in;iy direct ; bat by annual llectj, which fail at U.itcd times fiom rortiii;al, and 00m- pole three flotas, bound to as many ports in Brafil i namely, to lirnam- biico, in th : nortliern pnrt ; to Rio Janeiro, at the louthcrn extremity ; anil to 'he b ly of All Saints, in the middle. In ti; s ialt is the cjipitai, which is called St. Salvador, and fomctimcs the ciiv of Bahia, and where all the iiccts rttndexvou on their return to Poitui'al. Thi-i city c-).iiniands u noble, fpicious, ai.U conimoJions har- bour. It is biiili upon a high a.d lleep rock, haviui; rhe lea upon one rule, and a lak-, fornung a crcl'ceur, invclVing it alniort wholly fo as near- ly 10 iuin tlie lea on the other. The fitu.ition niakCa it in a manner ini- p.c^i.a; !e by natjic ; and tluy have befidcs added to it very tlr. iiij^r forti- lications. Ir is populous, magnificent, and, bcyouJ comparifon, the myft gay aiui opuletu city in all Bntil. Tlie t adc of Hialil is very gieat, and incfcafcs every year ; which is the 'Is furpi'linjf, ai the P'rtagiicfc have opj)ortunitic3 of fupplying theinfclve-. v\ith flives for their fevcral wo ks, at a much cheaper rate than ai:y ot; cr Eurrpcan j>ovver that has fctlcments in America; they being 'he only Kuropcan nation that has titabiiflicd- colonics in Africa, and from h nee they impi)it between 40 and jOjOOj Negioes, annually, all of vvliii..; go int" 'he aaio »nt of the cargo ol the Bralil fleets for Europe. Of the diamonds there is fuppofed fo be reiurucd to Europe to the ainout.t to I ^o,oool. This, with the fu-^ar, the tobacco, the hide?, and the valu.iblc drugs for medicine and inaiiufaftures, may give fome idea of the importance of this trade, not only to Portugal but to all the trading powers of E-i rope. . -' The chief commodities the European fliips carry thither in return, arc not the filtieth part of the produce of Portugal; they confilt of woollen goods of all kinds, from England, Francr, and Holland ; tiie Hr.cns and l;ices of Hollai:d, France, and Germany ; the Plks of France and Italy; filk and thread llockings, hats, lead, lio, pewter, iron, copper, and all forts of utcnfih wrought in thefe tnctals, from £np:land ; as well as fali- fidi, beef, flour, and cheefe. Oil they have trom Spain ; wine, with fomc fruit, is nearly all they are fupplied with from Portu al. Eigland is at pi ifent mod intercfted in the trade of Portugal, b th f .r home con- fiiinpt! Jti and what they want for the u e of the Bralil^-. Howevrr, the French have become very dangerous rivals to us in this, as in many other branches of trade. Crahl is a very wealthy and flouriniing fettlement. Their export of fu^tir, within 40 years, is grown much greater than it was, though an ciently it made almoit the whole of their exportable produce, and they were without rivals in the trade. Their tobacco is remarkably good, though not raifed in fuch large quantities as in the Britifli American co- lonicii. The notthern and fouthern parrs of Brafil abound with horned Cdttlc : thefe arc hunted for their hides only, of which no Lfs than 20,000 are fent annually to Europe. The Portuguefe had been long in pofleflion of Brafil before they difco- veied the treafures of gold and diamonds, which have lince made it fo confiderable. Their fleets lendezvous in the Bay of All Saints, to the amount of 100 fail of large- fliips, in the month of May or June, and cirry to Europe a cugo lirile inferior in value to the treafuics of the rfutii tud gailcoas. The gold alorie., great pat t of which is coined in Ame- ^ b rica. m ¥■ ; if* 1.; ■■,1': ( fi6o rKKNCH AMEPvICA. lici, amoints to near four mtllion? Orrlinf ; but p.^rt of this ii brought from their Colonies' in A!rica,'togcth::r with tl.ony ;in>l ivurv. HisToPv .' su G ivrTKNMCN 1 .J Thi.sCi.intivvv.i- fiiii dlfcov( reJ by Amcticus \'iTp ill,), in 14.98, hut i^.- Portu;.',urfc f^i.l n. t |t!:iiit it till ! 54(), »»'hcn tlu*y lixcil r ^.ulVihcs At the b iv or" Ail Saints, ;:nii touncitti tiie city of St. SahnJor. 'i'lifv nict \>.\i\\ C»we inicniipilcn at firft Iron the court of Spain, who cor.ricieivii' thf whole cohiinent of South A.ntiica, ;is belo'it;ii)g to tli'Jii^. Howcv -r, t'lc alVair vvms at length made up hy treaty ; ai)d it was agncd that ilir ror.Ui;iit:c lluiuki polF (.> all the cr'ly attacked the polflfions of the Portu- gifffe; they took almofl all tliclr i'ortrcirea in the Kali Indit-s, atui then lurned thei; arms np6n Bralil, where they took fcvcn of tht captain hips or provinc-ps ; ahd Would have fuhdued lb.:; whole colony, had not the r career been ftoi't by the archbitliop, «t the head ot his monks, and a few fcattert'd fores. The Dutch were, about the year 16^4, entiitly crivcri out of Bralil ; hut their Weft India com, any Hill continuing their preienfionj t > thif country^ and harailing the Portuj-iicfc at fca, the latter agreed, in i'>6i, to pay ilit Dutch eight t6ns of grd, to lelinquifli the.r int leif in that country, which w-ts aoeptcd; and the Portu^uefc liive remained in peaceable poflclfion of alt Rrafil, from that time, till al)out the end of the year 1 762, a hen the Spanifli governor of Buenos Ai res, hearing of war l.eiwv-en I'oitugal and Spa n, lotik, after a n.onth's ficge, the P.-rtu^^nefe fii.hticr furircfi called St. Sacramtut j but, by the treaty of peace, it was rdUo red. F R E N e H A M E R I C A. ^^* HE portl ITion^ of the French on the continent of America are at prc- fei.t inconfiderab e. Thvy were mailers ot Canada and Louiliana ; but they have now loU hII footing in North America; though on the fouthern continent they have ftill a fctflement wh.ch is called Cayenne, or Equinoxial France, and is iituatcd between the equator and fifth de- gree of n«rth latitude, and between the joih and 55111 of weft longitude, it i-xtcnds 24.^ miles along the coall of Guiana; and near 300 miles within Ind; bouiidcd by Surinam, on the North;- by the Atlantic Ocean, Euili by Am .ioaia, South i and b}- Guiaua, Well. The chief town ii Crtf n« FiiEKCH American Islands. Ui Caen. A'l tli.e coaft Is very lo.v, but \vi hiti Innd there are Qnc hilli V'ly JVC), rr for fci.lc nents ; the French ha*c, ho>vcvcr, not yet cx-ended tht-n. '() tar as ihcy init;ht : but they raifc the Taiii; coinmodiiics which thiy hiive irom the Wirt indii jflinMs, an.l in no inc«>uliJcrublc qii.iatity. The) I :ive alto taken polTefTion o^ the illaml n\ Cayeune, on tiiis coalt, at the m uiU of the livcr .f th t nfc, which is nb.)iit 45 mil s in cir- cuintcrcnce. 'I he illiml la very if h .ilthy : but h:r. i iir finne u;ood har- bour<^, the French have here funjc fculeincuts, whith raifc I'ugar and coiFte. k' I' ' French Islands in America. THE French were annon';,il the lift nations who nude fcttlements In the Wert Inditrs ; but they made ample aintnds by the vigour with which they purfiud them, and byth't chain of jitdicioiis and admirable meafurts wliich they wfed in drawing from them every advantage thnt the nature of the climate would yield : and in eoatendiiig.a^ainft thediilicuU ties which it thiew in their way. « They are fenlible, that as the mother-counrry is uliim 'tcly to receive all the omefit of their labours and actiuifitions, the prr^fpt^rity of thcirp'an- tations muft be derived from the attention with which they are regarded at home. For this reaff'n, the plantations are p«rticu'aily under th? care and infpesf^'on of the counyii of commerce, a bonrd con^pofcd of twelve of the moft confiderable officers of the icrown. afllftid by the deputies of all the confiderable trading towns and cities in France, who are cfioien out of the richeft J^nd moft intelligent of thtir traders, and paid a handfome falary for their attendance At Paris, from the funds of their refpeftive cities. This council fits once a week, when the dputies propofe pFans for re- drcfling every grievance in trade, forraifing the branches that arc fallen, for extending new one?, for fupporting tii6 old, and, in fine, for every thing that may improve the woiklng, 6ir promote the vent, of their nria^ nufadlnres, acccording to their own lights, or to the tn(tru6lioiis of their conftituents. When they arc fatisfied of the ufcfulnefs of any regulation, they propofe it to the royal council, where their report is always received with particular aten'ion. An cdidi to enforce it accordingly ifluc?, and which is executed with pundtuality. The govcrnmt rit of their fcveral colotiits, is a governor, an in'cndant, and a royal council. ^The govenor is inverted with a great deal of power ; which, however, on the fide of the crown, is checked by the imcndaiit, who has the care of the king's rights, and whatever relates to the re- venue : and on the fide of the people, it is checked by the royal council, whofc olhce it is to fee that the people are not opprclTed by the one, n6r' defrauded by the other ; and they nrfi all checked by the conftant and jea- lous eye which th^ government at home keeps over them : the oftiers of all the ports of France being charged, undir the fevereft peraUicn, to in- terrogate all captains of fliips corning from the colonies, concerning the reception thoy m^t with at the ports towhich they Jailed ? how jurtice was. adminift^red to them ? what charges ihey were made liable to, and of what kinds? .. - w . ,^''" •,'.,-, -r That '■'■ 'I f* . ■'' m .^ I' 86i French American Islands. That the cofontes may be as litdc burthcncd as polTil)!**! and that the povornor may have Ids tcinjitation to \Yir up troiibltfone intrioriies, or h- Hour fa>^i(>ns in his yovriiinient, his falniy is paid by the crown : he h-.a no pciqi'fiTrs, and is It ii'tlv forbidilrn to c^rryon any trade, or to have anv plantations in the iflands or on the continent ; or any intcrell what- ever, in goo !s or land:., within ])is govt rnmenr, except the hoiile he livej in, a.ul a i^ardcn for his convenience and recreation. All the other olli- cer- lU'! p:iid by the crown, o it ot the revenues of the mothcr-conntiy. Thf fortifications arc built and rcpiired, and the foldiers paid, out of the fame rund;:. In general, their coK)nie8 pay no ta cs ; but when, upon any extiaordin^ry emergency, taxes have been raifcd, they were very modcrKe. 'i'he ontis upon the expoit of their produce at the Weft In- dia ilian 's rr at its import into France, ate next to nothing ; in both ])laces hardly ma'-ing two per cent. What commodities go to them pay no duties at all. Their other rcg.ilations, vefpej^ling tlie judj',cs of tlie ndniiralty, law-fuits, ncovery ot drbts, lenity to fuch as have futil-rcd bv earrhcjuakes, hurricanes, or bad realbns ; the peoplinjjtlicir coloi\ies, nun • ber of whites to lie employed by the planters, and, laftly, the man:;!:;c- nent of N.-grocs, cannot be fumciently admired; and would piobal)ly l>e of great ufe, were fome of them introduced into our fugar iflatuij, where proper regulations in many refpCiSts feem to be murh waiited. Wc have already mentioned the French colony upon the Spaniih ifland of Hifpaniola, or St Domingo, as the mod importaat and valuable ot all their foreign fettlemcnts, and which they poflels through the indolence ni the Spaniards on that ifland, or the partiality of their court to th -• Fiench nation. We Ihall next proceed to the illands of which the French have the fole polleilion, beginning with the large and important on of MARTINICO.] Which is fitoated between 14 and 15 deg. of north lat. and in 61 degrees wed Ion. lying about 40 leagues north wefl of Bar- badoes, is about 60 miles in length, and half as much in breadth. The inland part of it is hilly, from which are poured out, upon every fide, a number of agreeable and ufeful rivers, which adorn and enrich this illand in a high degree. 1 he produce of the foil is fugar, cotton, indigo, gin- !;;;cr, and fuch fruits as are found in the neighbouring iflands. But fugar is here, as in all the Weft India illands, the principal commodity, of which they export a confiderable quantity annually. Martinico is the rc- fidence of the governor of the French iflands in thcfe fcas. Its bays and harbours are numerous, fafe, and commodious, and fo well fortified, that they ufed to bid defiance to the Englilli, who in vain often attempted this place. However, in the war of 1756, when the Britifh arms were trium- phant in every quarter of the globe, this ifland was added to the Britiflt empire, but it was given back at the treaty of peace. GUADALUPE.] So called by Columbus, from the rcfembl mce of its mountains to thufe of that name in Spain, is fituated in 16 degrees north lat. and in 62 weft Ion. about 30 leagues north of Maitinicu, and ^Imoft as much fouth of Antigua ; being 45 miles long, and 38 broad. — It is divided into two parts by a fanall arm of the fca, or rather a narrow channel, through which no fliips can venture ; but the inhabitants pafs it in a ferry-boat. Its foil is equally fertile with that of Martinico, pro- ducing fugar, cotton, indigo, ginger, &c. This ifland is in a flnuiifti- ing condicion, and its exports of fugar almoft incredible. Like Marn* Pico, it was f«^:raerly attacked by the EngUfli, who gave up the aitcnopt ; French American Islands. 86^ but in I75Q, if u'as reduced by the Britilli aims, and was g'iren back ;ii fhe pCMCf of 1763. Sr. I.UCIA.] SiriKuril in 14 tice,. north bit. and in 61 dcg, well ion. 3o miles north wcO ol Harlmdoes. is j:j miles in length, aird 12 in hrciidtli. It received its name Irum bcincij difcoveivd on the dsiy d'dicatcd in the virii^in Miyityr St. I i»ci:\. Tlic Kn;j;lilh firll (ietlled on ti»ii illand in i6j"». Ffiini this time they nil t with various niisfoitunes from the natives and French ; and at length it was aj^rced oi> l)ctuccn the btttet and the Ktij;- lifli, tl)ar this illand, together with Dominica and Sf, Vincent, (liould re- main neutral. But the French, bciorc the Jail war but one broke oiit» bcc;an to I'ctilc in thefc illands; which, by the treaty of pc.ice, were yielded ap to Great Britain, and this ifland to France. The foil of St. J^iicia, in the vallies, is extremely rich. It produces excellent timber, aiul ;il)()unds in pleal'anr rivers, and well fitiiateJ harbours ; and is now lic- clared a free port under certain rclbicVions. The Englilh male them- fclves maftcrs of it in 1778 ; but it was rdlored again to the Ft each in 17.^3. TOBAGO.] This ifland is fituatcd ti degrees odd min. north lat. izo miles fuuth of Barbadoes, a-nd about the fame diibince from the Spa- niflj Main. It is about j2 miles in length, aiul nine in breadth. The climate here is not fo hot as might be cxpedted fo near' the ctjuator ; and it is faid that k lies out of the courfe of thofc hurricanes thut have f>mc- fimcs proved fo fatal to the other Weft Irwlia illands. It has a fruitful foil, capable of producing fugar, and indeed every thing elle that is raifcd in the Weft Indie?, with the addition (if we may believe the Dutch) of the cinnamon, nutmeg, and gum copnl. It is well watered with numer- ous fprings ; and its bays and creeks arc fo difpoled as to be very coni- moiiious for all kinds of fliipping. The vaUic and importance. of thts illand 3p|)car from the expenlive and formidable armamet>ts fenr thither by Kurope.in powers in fuppojt of their dift'erent claims. It feems to have been chiefly poffeffedby the Dutch, who defended their pretcnfions againft both Etigland and Fraticc with the moft obllinate perfeverance. By the treaty ot Aix la ChapcUe, ia 1748, it was declared neutral : but by the treaty of peace in 1763, it was yielded up to Great Britain. In June 17SJ, it Was taken by the French ; arvd was ceded to them by the treaty of 1783. St. BORTHOLOMEW, DESEADA, ) Are three fmall iflands ly- AND MARIGALANTE, Jing in the neighbourhood of Antigua and St. Chriftopher's, and arc of no great confcquence to the Fiemh, except in time of war, when they give ftielter to an incredible number of privateers, which greatly annoy our Weillndia trade* ' i ^. ; :,,^ DUTCH AMERICA. ;: ' i. Containing SURINAM, on the Continent of South Amekica. AFTER the Portuguefe had difpoflefled the Dutch'of Brafil in the manpsrwe have feen ; and after they had been entirely removed out M North America, they were obliged to confole thcmlci\ei with their rich I if ■ ■'' :l'i t64 Dutch American Islands. ikh poircflirns m the E:ift InJics. and to fit iloun coiuctit in the \Vc![ with SiiriiKni ; a cmintrv once in the policllion of Ki'i;laiul, but of no gtcat vul c wliilll wf had it» and which vvt < eJcd to them in exchange f.ir Nc^v YorV ; with t vo or thrinini Main. Dutch CJuiana u lim:ited Ijctwecti five ard fcvcn dcfjic s norih lat, ex* tcndiuj/ too miles a'o- q; ihe coalliVoni the niouih ot the liver Oronof|in;, north, t.» i.hc rivei M Honi, or Frt-nih Guiana, fouih. i h^ din ate ot this country is gencialK tckkoned unuholefoitic ; and a cnnliderable pan of the caiil is low, and covt-rcd with water. The chief Ictl'iicnt is at Siirm:»n», a town buih on a liver of the l^ine name; and the Dutch have extciuK*! their plantations ,o leagues ahovc ihc month of thii river. T: is is one of ihe lichell and moft valu.ibic col nics bc!oii:;ing to the UnitctI Provinces ; but 't is in a leTs profpcruus (ituation than i> was fotne years fince, o.vin«(, among; other ca liea, to ihc wars, they have been en- gaged in with their fugitive Negroes, whom they havf tre;tcd with grc.it barbarity, and who are become lb niimerous, having; increa'ed frvhi(.h would produce more revenue to the crown than a;l the Br tifli Well Ind'a illands unie.I. But the teport was either not believed or llij;hted, for the coloi>ies wcic left defcncelefs, and foon were retakca \fy a Frctich frigate. Dr. Bancvo't obfervf s, thit the inhabitants of Dutch Guiana arc either | whites, bltcks, of the rcddiflvbiown aboriginal natives of Ameiira. 1 he promifiuous intercourfc of thefc different people has likcwife generated leve al intermediate cafts, u hofe colours immutably depend on their degree of confungumiry to either Whites, Indians, or Negroes. Thefc are| div dcd ipt;o Mulattoes, Tercerones, Quarterones, and Quinterones, with feveral inttrmediate fubdivifions, proceeding from their retrograde inter- 1 courfe. There a-e fo great a number of birds, of various fpecies, and I remarkable for the beauty of thtir plumage, in Guiana, thaf feveral per- fons in this colony have employed thcmfeives atlvantageoufly, with theirj flavTs and dependant?, in kil ing atid prefcrvihg birds for the cabinet^ of I natu'aliils in different parts of Europe. The torporific ff I is found in thel rives of Guiana, which, when touched either by the hand, or by ■» rodj of iron, gold, lilver, copper, or by a ftick of fome particular kinds ofl heavy. fVnterican wood, communicates a fliock perfeftly refembling that ofj eleftricity. There are an imincnfe number and variety of fnakes in thisf country, and which form one of its principal inconveniencies. A fnakej was killed fome years fince, in a plantation which had belonged to Peter 7 Amyatt^ Dutch American Islands. 26$ of 11(» ih f»a, at. ex* noqiic, I ate ot )le part lit ia at :h h.»vc i river. tu the as foine ccn tn- ih great (» n yt- ar hich a 10 d Co})C. m»ftcrs. inifclvCJ, U;Bt in- joi) their a great and I'ome colonics, c home a >1ontcs of ed to the uable aC' in a\ the t helievcil re retakca arc either ra. I he ETcneratcd T\r degree Th'cfc are mes, with jade intcr- ;cics, and vcral per* irith their j;»binct3 of [mdinthe b\ .« ^odl kinds ofl ig that of ,68 in thisj A i"nake| to Pefci Amyatti i '4 Anivatt, cfq. which was upwnnls of thirty-three feit in Icn[;th, and in the Jargeft plate, near the middle, was three feet in rirciinittrence. It had a broad head, huge prominent eyes, and a very wide mouth, in whidi was a double row of teeth. Among the animals of Dutch (Juiana is tlie laiibba, which is peculiar to this country. It is a fmall amphibious cicature, about the fize of a pig four mouths old, covered with fine flioit liair ; and its fiefli, by the Europeans wiio refide here, is prctcncd to all other kinds of meat. Dutch Islands in America. St. EusTATius.] QITUATKD in 17^ 20' N. lat. ft^oio'W. long. ^ and three leagues north -wtft of St. Chriftophtr's ; and is only a mountian about 29 nules in compafs, rifing out of the feu like a pyramid, and almofl round, fiut though fu fmall, and inconve- niently laid out by nature, the induftry of the Dutch has made it to turn out to very good account ; and it is faid to contain jc^o whitts, and 15,000 Negroes. The fides of the mountain are laid out in very prettv fctrlements ; but they have neither fprings nor rivers. They raife here fugar and tobacco ; and this illand, as well as Curartbu, is engaged in the Spanifli contraband trade, for which, however, it is not fo well fituated, and it has drawn the fame advantage from its conflant neutrality. But when hoftilities were commenced by Great Britain againft Holland, ad- miral Rodney was fent with a confiderable land and fea force againft St. Euftatius, which, being incapable of any defence, furrendered at (lifcretion, on the third of February, 1781. The private property of the iiiiiabitants was confifcated with a degree of rigour very uncommon among civilized nations, and very inconfiftent with the humanity and ge- nerofity by which the Englifli nation were formerly charaflerifed. The reafon afiigned was, that the inhabitants of St. Euftatius had afiifled the revolted colonies with naval and other ftores. But on the 27th of No- vember, the fame year, St. Euftatius was retaken by the French, under the command of the marquis de Bouille, though their force confifted of only three frig..tes and fome fmall craft, and about 300 men. CURAS^OU.] Situated in 12 degrets north lat. 9 or 10 leagues from llie continent of Terra Firma, is 30 miles loiig, and 10 broad. It feems as if it were fated, that the ingenuity and patience of the Hollandei-s I iliould every where, both in Europe and America, be employed in fighting againft an unfriendly nature ; for the ifland is not only barren, and de- pendent upon the rains for its water, but the harbour is naturally one ot the worft in America ; y*t the Dutch have entirely remedied that defeft : they have upon this harbour one of the largeft, and by far one of the mofl titgant and cleanly towns in the Weft Indies. The public buildings are numerous and handfopi? ; ntinent. But what renders this ifland of the moft advange to the 3K Dutch, !» I jf> 1' 't . 866 Dutch American Islands. Dutch, is the contraband trade which is carried on between the inhabitants and the Spaniards, and their harbour being the rendezvous of all natioiu in time ot war. • The Dutch (liips from Europe touch at this ifland for intelligence, or pilots, and then proceed to the Spanifli coafts for trade, which they force with a ftrong hand, it being dirticult for the Spanifli guarda coflas to take thefe veffels ; for they are not only (lout fliips, with a number of giins, but are manned with large crews of chofui feamtn, dieply inte- refted in the fafetv of the vefTels and the fuccefs of the voyage. They have each a fliare in the cargo, of a value proportioned to the ftr.tion of the owner, fupplied by the merchants upon credit, and at prime coft. T!ii« animates them with an uncommon courage, and they Hght bravely, be- caufe ev^ry man fights in defence of his own property. Btfitlea this, there IS a conflant intercourfc between this ifland and the Spanifli continent. Curaflibu has numerous warehoufes, always full of the conmiodities of Europe and the Eaft Indies. Here are aU' forts of woollen and linen cloth, laces, fiiks, ribbons, iron utenfils, naval and military ftores brandy, the fpices of the Moluccas, and the callicoes of India, white and painted. Hither the Dutch Weft India, which is alfo their African Company, an- nually bring three or four cargoes of flaves ; and to this mart the Spaniards themfelves come in fmall vcliels, and carry off not only the bcu of the Negroes, at a very high priic, but great quantities of ail the above forts of goods ; and the feller has this advantage, that the refufe of warehoufes and mercers fliops, with every thing that is grown unfafliionable and v.n- fi^leable in Europe, go otf here extremely well ; every thing being fuffi- cicntly* recommended by its being European. The Spaniards pay in gold and filver, coined or in bai's, cacao, vanilla, Jefuit's bark, cochineal, and other valuable commodities. The trade of CuraiTou, even in time of peace, i=! faid to be annually worth to the Dutch no lefs than 500,0001. but in time of war the profit is ftill greater, for rhen it becomes the comnion emporium of the Weft Indies ; it alford.s a retreat to (hips of all nations, and at the fame time refufes none of them arms and ammunition to deftroy one another. The intcrcourfe with Spain being then interrupted, the Spanifli colonies have fcarcely any other market from whence they can be well fupplied eithsr with llaves or goods. The French come hither to buy the beef, pork, corn, flour, and lumber, which the £jiglifli bring from the continent of Korth America, or which is exported froin Ireland ; fo that, whether in peace or in war, the trade of this ifland flouriflies extremely. The trade of all the Dutch American fettlenients was originally carried I on by the Weft India Company alone : at prefent, fuch fliips as go upon that trade pay twp and a half per cent, for their licences : the company^ however, referve to themfelves the whole of what is carried on.* betnee Afi'ica and the American iflands. > The other iflands, Bonaire and Aruba, ahe inconfiderable in thcmielvc and ftinuld be regarded as appendages to 6qraflbui for which they are chiefljj tthployed in raifing , cattle and other proviflbns. The Ti^ all iflaiidti of Saba and St. Martui's, fituated at no great diflanc from St. Euftatia, hai'dly deferve to be ttientiohed : they were both cap tured by admjrsd Kodaey and general VaU^han ; at the time vhej St. 'Euftat^ furrepdered to the arns of Greafl Bntkin, but weit'afterwarf fetakea bjf ;tli« f i ♦ r > t ' •i if ij ', , ., |, ■. ' iiiit't )\ 1 A ' 1l' '\ ^''^t , ' li ('■■ 'i i i ^ 1 A :^'::fi ^m ■ ■, , • «•*. » He ■r KK F ■ .■ > ^ ft, .-. ■■'V. I " . ■.',! ■ 'V V ■■■■*;! V- t . "■ ■ '. i 4 •■ '■ :# ,( • . ,. s,» A ^ 4> S r. Til miles in Sr. ( in.aiuj, U in Ii'iij'tli ils they n iioik, .iiu '»;is bctn 1 'logfJieads <"minotliti a'o'ig the f iiiabJe men ^'ife, it is I /oine of the J'cy gieat « Duf( h and o^ America i>utch sat i ycai-. OUR kn iare di «^en made b; ^^roiis and i compendious NOR fHr^ confi the eafte nent of Amer • Mr. Cox o! peftiious fca, whi by Peter I." Voy inc crown ; but 'jiluablg furs, pri "Jitions; and with wcfe individuaig ro;uleth Thefe ifliiuls, fo long as they rtnuiinteginning to fettle faft ; feveral perfonsfrom the luiglith illands, fome of them of great wealth, have gone to fettle there, and have receivett very great encouragement to do fo. But indeed, thefe two nations, the Duti h and Danes, hardly dcfcrve to be mentioned among the proprietors of America, their poflVliions there being fo inconfiderable ; and yet the Dutch aie faid to make their fliarc of them worth at leaft 600,'jool. a year. n i i' o NEW DISCOVERIES. U R knolwedge of the globe has been confiderably augmented by the late difcoveries of the Ruffians, and ftill more by thofe that have been made by Britifli navigators in the prefent reign, which hive been nu- merous and important j and of thefe difcoveries wc Ihall thcieforc give 1 compendious account. NORtHERN ARCHIPELAGO. THIS confifts of feveral groups of iflands, which are fituatcd between the eaftern coaft of Kamtfchatka and the weftern coaft of the conti- nent of America*. Mr. MuUer divides thefe iflands into four principal ■"Ml tl>« • Mr. Cox obferves, tliat <♦ the firft projed for making difcoveries in that tem- eftuous fca, which lies between Kamtfchatka and America, was conceived and planned jy Peter I." Voyages with that view were accordingly iindtrtaken at the expence of the crown ; but when it was difc«vered, that the iflands of die fca abounded with ▼aluabk furs, private merchants immediately engaged with ardour i« fimilar expe- ditions ; and within a period of ten years, more important difcoveries were made by thefe individuals, at their own private coft, than had hitherto been cffedwd by all the efforts of the crown. The inveftigation of ufcful knowlcge ha? alfo been greatlv en- couraged by the prefent emprefs of Ruflia ; and the moft diftant parts of her vail do- minions, and other countries and iflands, have been explored, at her expence, bf P^rfons of abilities vii learning ; in coflfcqucncc of which conCdcrable difcoveric* five been made. ,-,•... , ,, .. A .. 3K2 groups. l« /•<(,/,■ fid IJii^i .iv'tl 1(11- Imiluif j ii,< r fi- 868 NEW DISCOVERIES. groups, the two fit ft of which are ftyled the Aleutian iflands. The firft jjioup, wliich is called by fomeofthci'flanders, SafigTiam, rompreTiends, i* 'l3eeiiiig's ifland ; 2. Copper Ifland ; ^. Otma ; ^iSamyra, or Shemyra ; 5. Anakta. The fecond group is called Khao, and comprizes eight iflanris, viz. i.Immak; 2. Kilka ; 3. Tchetchia ; 4. Ava ; g.Kavla; 6. Tfchan- guh'.ft; 7. ITlagama ; 8. Amtfchidga. The third general name is Negho, and comprehends the iflands known to the Ruffians under the name of Audreanotflki Ofti ova ; fixtecn of which are mentioned under the follow- ing names: I. Atnatkinak ; 2. Ulak ; 3. Unalga ; 4. Navoaflia ; 5. Uli- ga; 6. Anagin ; 7. Kagulak; 8. Illafk, or lUafk ; 9. Takavanga, upon which is a volcano ; 10. Kanaga, which has alfo a volcano ; 11. Leg; 12. Sketfliuna ; 13. Tagaloon ; 14. Goileoi ; 15. Otclni ; 16. Amb. The fourth group is called Kavalang, and comprehends fixteen iflands ; which are called by the Ruffians Lyir^c Oftrova, or the Fox Ijhnds ; and which are named, i. Amuchta; 2. Tfchigama; 3. Tfchaguia; 4. Uniftra; 5. XJlaga ; 6. Tauagular.a ; 7. Kagamin ; 8. Kigalga ; g. Skelgmagn ; ic. Umnak } 11. Agun-Alalhka ; 12. Unimma ; 13. Uligan ; 14. Anturo iLeiffiime ; ij.Semidit; 16. Senagak. Some of thefe iflands are only inhabited occafionally, and for fome tnonths in th^' year, and others are very thinly peopled ; but others have a great number of inhabitants, who conftantly refide in them. Copper Ifland receives its name from the copper which the lea throws upon its coaft. The inhabitants of thefe iflands are, in general, of a fhort fta- ture, with iirong and robuft limbs, but free and fupple. They have lank black hair, and little beard, flattifli faces, and fair ikins. They are for the moft part well made, and of llrong conftitutions, fuitable to the boif- terous climate of their ifles. The inhabitants of the Aleutian ifles live upon roots which grow wild, and fea-animals. They do not employ themfelves in catching fifh, though the rivers abound with all kinds of falmon, and ihe fea with turbot. Their cloaths are made of the flcins of birds, and of fea-otters. The Fox Iflands are fo :alled from the great number of black, gray, and red foxes with which they abound. The drefs of the inhabitants confifts of a cap and a fur coat, which reaches down to the knee. Some of them wear common caps of a party-coloured bird-lkin, upon which they leave part of the wings and tail. On the fore part of their hunting tand fifliing caps, they place a fmall board like a flcreen, adorned with the jaw-bones of fea-bears, and ornamented with glafs beads, which they re- ceive in barter from the Ruflians. At their feftivals and dancing parties they ufe a much more fliewy fort of caps. They feed upon the flefh of all forts of fea animals, and generally cat it raw. But if at any time they "chdofe to diefs their viftuals, they make ufe of a hollow ftone ; having placed the fifli or flefti therein, they cover it with another, and clofe ths interftices with lime or clay. They then lay it horizontally upon two ilones, and light a fire under it. The provifion intended for keeping is dried without fait in the open air. Their weapons confift of bows, ar- rows, and darts, and for cfefence they ufe wooden fhields. The moft perfedl equality reigns among thefe iflanders. They have neither chiefs nor fuperiors, neither laws nor punifliments. They live together in farniiies, and focieties of feveral families united, which form what they call a race, who in cafe of an attack, or defence, mutually help and fupport each other. The inhabitants of the fame|ifland always pretend to be of the fame race ; and every perfon looks upon hii> ifland ^ucen Chjrlotl '^^- » 'H' NEW DISCOVERIES. 869 as a poflefllon, the property of which is common to all, the indivichnls of the fame fociety. Feafts are very common among them, and more par- ticularly when the inhabitants of one ifland are vifited by thofe of the others. The men of the village meet their giiefls beating drums, and preceded by the women, who fing and dance. At the conclullon of the dance, the hofts ferve up their beft provifions, and invite their guefts to partake of the feaft. They feed their children when very young with the coarfeft flefli, and for the moft part raw. If an infant cries, the mother immediately carries it to the iea-fide, and, whetlui- it be fummer or winter, holds it naked in the water until it is quiet. This cuftom is fo far from doing the children any harm, that it hardens them aL^ainfl the cold, and they accordingly go l)arefooted through the winter without -he Jeaft inconvenience. They feldom heat their dwellings ; b\it, when they are defirous of warming themfclves, they light a bundle of hay, and ilan'd over it; or elfe they fet fire to train oil, which they pour into a hollow flone. They have a good fliare of plain natural fenfe, but are rather flow of underftanding. Thty feem cold and indifferent in moil of their a<5lions ; but let an injury, or even a fufpicion only, roufe them from this phlegmatic ftate, and they become inflexible and furious, taking the moft violent revenge, without any regard to the confequences. The lealt affliction prompts them to fuicide, the apprehenfion of' even an uncertain evil often leads them to defpair, and they put an end to their days witli great apparent infeufiblity. h , ■4 • i OTAHEITE, or King George's Island. THIS ifland was difcovered by captain Wallis, in the Dolphin *, on the 19th of June, 1767. It is fituated between the 17th degree i8 min. and the 17th degree (;3 min. fouth latitude , and between the i4gth degiee n min. and the 149th degree 39 minutes weft long. It confifts of ■* The Dolphin was fent out, under the command of captain Wallis, with the Swallow commanded hy captain Carteret, at the expence of the Britifh f^overnmcnt, in Augull 1766, in order to make difcoverics in the fouthcrn Uemifphere. Thcfc velTe s proceeded together, till they came within iight of the South Sea, at the wcl- tern entrance of the Strait of Majjellan, and from thence returned by different routs to England. On the 6th of June 1 767, eaptain Wallis difcovered an ifland, ahout four miles lonj^, and three wide, to which he gave the name of M^bitfun-Iflaitdf it bt-ing dlfcovired on Whitfim-cvc. Us latitude is 19" 26' S. and its longitude, \^,^* 56' W. The next day he difcovered another ifland, to which he gave the name of S>ueen Cbjrloite's JJIjtid. The inhabitants of this ifland, captain Wallis fays, were of a^niiddle ftaturc, und dark complexion, with long black hair, which hung loofc over their flioulderg. The men weic weU made, and the women handfomc. 'I'heir cloth-* iug was a kind of coarfe cloth or matting, wh.ch was f;illi.i.ed about their middle, jnd feemcd capable of being brouglit up round their (houldtrs. This ifland is about li\ miks long, and one mile wide, and lies in latitude ig"" 8' S. longitude i ^S'' 4' W. Ill tlij fpace of a few days after, he alfo difcovered l"evir;il other fmall iflands, to which he gave the names of Egmont JJl^tnd, Giouctjler JJlunJ, Cumterlami IJland^ J'rii.tt H'iliiiim Hcury^s Ijland^ and Ojnaburgh IJland. On the 1 <;th of the fame month he difcovered the ifland of Otaheite ; and, after he hud quitted that ifland, he difcovered, on the aStli of July 1767, another ifland about iix miles long, which he called Sir Charles SuunJus's J/land : and on the 3Cth of tho fime month, another about ten miles long, and four broad, which he called Lord . How.'s Jjlaiid. After having difcovered lomc other fmall iilands, one of which was , a^uitd H'aliis's WWj he arrived ut Uutavia on the xotXx of Jlovcmbcr, at the cape of 3K3 Ufud ">''■■:• i:i m tio l^EW PISCOVERJES, of two peninfulas, of a fomewhat circular form, joined by an ifthmus, tnd is uirrounded by a reef of coral rocks, which form feveral excellent bays and harbours, where there is room and depth of water for almoft any number of the largefl fliips. The face of the country is very extraordi- nary, for a border of low land almoft entirely furrounds each peninluia, and behind this border the land rifes in ridges that run up into the middle of thefe divifions, and thofe form mountains that may be ken at iixty leagues diftance. The foil, except upon the very tops of the ridges, is remarkably rich and fertile, watered by a great number of rivulets, and covered with fruit-trees of various kinds, forming the molt delightful groves. The border of low bnd that lies between the ridges and the fea is in few jjjares more than a mile and a half bioad ; and this, together with fome of the vailies, are the only parts that are inhabited. Captain Wallis made feme llay at this ifland ; and it was afterwards vifited again by captain Cook in the Endeavour, in April 1769. That commander was accompanied by Jofeph Banks, efq. now fir Jofeph Banks, and Dr. Solander; and thole gentlemen, together with the captain, made a very accurate furvey of the iHand. Some parts of the ifland of Otaheite are very populous : and captain Cook was of opinion, that the number of inhabitants on the whole ifland amounted to 200,000, including women and children. They are of a clear olive complexion ; the men are tall, llrong, well-limbed, and finely iliaped : the women are of an inferior fize, but handfome, and very amor- ous, and indeed generally fomewhat licentious. Their cloathing confiftj of cloth or matting of different kinds ; and the greatefl part of the food eaten here is vegetable, as cocoa nuts, bananas, bread-fruit, plantains, and a great variety of other fruit. Their houfes, thofe which are of a middling fize, are of an ablong fquare; about 24 feet long, and eleven wide, with a flielving roof fupported on three rows of pofts, parallel to each other, one row on each fide, and one in the middle. The utmofl height within is about nine feet, and the eaves on each fide reach to with- in about three feet and a half from the ground. All the reft is open, no part bemg inclofed with a wall. The roof is thatched with palm-leaves, and the floor covered fome inches deep with foft hay, over which they Jay mats ; and upon thefe they fit in the day, and flcep in the night. They have no tools among ihem made of metal ; and thofe they ufe arc Good Hope on the 4th of February, 1 768, and his fhip anchored fafely In the Downs, on the 2cth of May following. Captain Carteret, in the Swallow, after he had parted with captain WaiUs, in the Dolphin, having pafTed through the ftfait of Magellan, and made fornw flay at tlic i/Iand of Mafaf'uero, he dilcovtred on the 2d of July 1767, an illand, about Jive miles in circumference, to which he gave the name of Pltcairns IJland. It lies in latitude 25" 3' S- longitude, x^^i^ 2i'W. and about a thoufand leagues to the weftwaiJ of the continent of America. The nth of the fame month he difcovered another fmail illand, to which he gave the name of the Bijbop of Ofmibur^b's JJland. The next day he difcovered two other fmall illands, which he called the Buke if Gloucefer's Ijlards, The following month he difcovered a clufttr of i'mdll iflands, to which he gave the name of ^ueen Charlotte's J//iiat/s. and iilfo three others, which he named Goiter' sJfan'ft Simpfon's Ifland, and Carteret' t Iftnnd. On the 34th of the fame month, he difcovered air Charles Hnrdy's IJland, which lies in the latitude 4" 50' S. and the next day IViMiel' f tit's Ifland, which is diftant about ten leagues, in the dire<5li'>n of S. by E. He atter- wards difcovered feveral other iflands, and proceeded rpuud the C-ipe of Good Hope to England, where he arrived in March 176^. 1;.-. . ' ■ ' ' niatic NEW DISCOVERIES. 871 ■If", t (' iTiadeof ftone, or fome kind of bones. The inhabitants of Otalic!»^e are re- markable for their cleanlinefs; for both men and women conltantly wafli their whole bodies in running water three times every day. i heir lan- guage is foft and melodloub, and abounds with vowels. There are no tame animals on the ifland but hogs, dogs, and poultiy, and the only wild animals are tropical birds, paroquets, pigeons, ducks, and a few other birds, rats, and a very few ferpents. The lea, howevei, fupplies the inhabitants with a great variety of the mod: excellent fifli. In other countries, the men cut their hair fliort, and the women pride themfelves on its length ; but here the women aUvays cut it lliort round their ears, and the men (except the fifliers, who are aunoft continually ia th« water) fufFer it to fpread over their flioulders, or tie it up in a bunch oil the top. They have rhe cuftom of difcolouring the Ikin, by pricking it with a fmall inftrument, the teeth of which are dipped into a mixture of a kind of lampblack, and this is called tattowing. This is performed upon the youth of both fexes, when they are about twelve or fourteen years of age, on fevcral parts of the body, and in various figures. Their principal manufa£ture is their cloth, of which there are three kinds, made of the bark of three different trees. The finefl and whiteft is made of the Chinefe paper mulberry-*ree ; and this is chiefly worn by the principal people. Another confiderable manufacture is matting, fome of which is finer, and in every refpedt better than any we have in Europe. The coarfer fort ferves them to fleep upon, and the finer to wear in w^ weather. They are likewife very dexterous in making wicker-work : thfir halkets are of a ihoufand different patters, and many of them exceedingly neat. The inhabitants of Otaheite believe in one Supreme Deity, but ait the fame time acknowledge a variety of fubordinate Deities : they offer up their piayers without the ufe of idols, and believe the exiftence of the foul in afeparate flate, where there are two fituations, of different degrees of hap- pinefs. Among thofe people a fubordination is eflablifhed, which fom;;what rcfembles the early flate of the European nations, under the feudal fyflem. Jf a general attack happens to be made upon the ifland, every diftrid is obliged to> furnifli its proportion of foldiers for the commen defence. Their weapons are flings, which they ufe with great dexterity, and clubs of about fix or feven feet long, and made of a hard heavy wood. They have a great number of boats, many of which are conftruded for warlike opera- tions. The society ISLANDS. OF the feveral iflands fo called, and which were difcovered by cap' tain Cook *, in the year 1769, the principal arc. Huh aeinb, Uh« !r£A, Otaha, and B laboi-a. Huhaeine is about 31 leagues to the north* ^■m h' •| ,.l 4:^ • At the clofe of the year 1 767 it was refolvcd, by the >Royal Society, that -t would be proper to fend perfons into fome part of the South Sea, to obferve a tra«^ of th« planet Venus over the fun's diflc, which, according to aftronomical ralculatioa, -would iiappen in the year 1769; and that the iflands aalled Marquefas de Meadoza, or thfift «f Rotterdam, er Amfterdam, were the propereft places then known for mitking fuch oWervation. Ip confequence of thefe rcl'olutions, it wfis rccomoiended .to hit xhajefty • to •» aiemorial from the Society, dated February ^i 768, that be would be pleafed to 3 K 4 ' orjcr Z-ji NEW DISCOVERIES. north-weft of Otabeite, and its produ^lions are exaftly the fame, but it appears to be a month foi-wartier. The inhabitants fcem to be lar<;cr made ordfr fuch an obfcrvation to he made ; upon which his majcfty fignified to the Lord% Coininii'ion(.rs of the Admirahy his plcafurc, tiiat a Ihiu Jtiould be proviiicd to cany fuch obfervers as tlie Soci ty lliould think tit to the South Seas : and accordingly a hark oi three hundnd and fcv-nty tons was prepared for that purpofe. It was named the l^ndcavour, and commanJcd by captain James Cook, wlio was foon after, by tlic Royal Society, appointed, with Mr. Charles Green, a gentleman who had been long ailillant to Dr. Bradley at the Royal Obfcrvatory at Greenwich, to obfcrvc the traii- lit. liut while this veflel was g'-tting ready for her expedition, captain VVuUis re- turned; and it 'having been recommended to him by lord Morton, when he went «ut, to fii on a proper place for this aftronomical oblervation, he, by letter, dated on board the Dolphin, tlie i8th of Mav, 1768, the day before he lande I at Haftings, mentioned Port Royal harbour, in the ifland of Otaheite; the Royal Society, there- fore, by letter, dated the beginning of June, in anfwer to an application from tlic Admiralty, to be informed whether they would have their obfervcrs fent, made clioi^c vf that place. Captain Cook fct fail from Plymouth, in the Endeavour, on the 26th <^f Augull, 1768. Ho was accompanied in his voyage by Jofeph Banks, efq. and Dr. Solandcr. .They rnvdc no difcovery till they got within the tropic, where they fell in ■with Lagoon iiland. Two groups. Bird liland, and Chain liland ; and they arrived iit Otaheite on the 13th of April, 176*^. During their Iby at that ifland, they had the opportunity of making very accurate enquiries relative to its produce and iuhabituiits ; sind on the 4th of June, the whole palfage of the planet Venus over the fun's dilk was ©bfervcd by them with great advantage. The rcfult of their obfervations may I^o found in the Philofophical Tranfiiiilions. After his departure from Otaheite, cuptain Cook difcovered and vilited the Society Iflands and Ohetcroa, and thence proceeded to the fouth till he arrived in the latitude of 40 degrees zzminutea; longitude 147 (Icgrees 29 minutes W. and ; forwards made an accurate furvey of the coaft of New Zealand. In November, he difcovered a chain of iilands, which he called Hunicr Jflandt. He afterwards proceeeed to New Holland, and from thence to New Guinea, ;ind in September, I770, arrived at the ifland of Savu, from whence he proceeded to Uat^ivia, and from thence roiuid the Cape of Good Hope to England, vvhere he arrived on the nth of June, 1771. Soon after captain Cook's return home in the Endeavour, it was rcfolved to equip two fliips, in order to make farther difcoveries in the fouthern heniifphere. Accord, jngly the Refolution and the Adventure were appointed for that purpofe; the firrt was comnuindcd by captain Cook, and the latter by captain Tobias Fumeaux They failed from. Plymouth Sound on the 13th of July, 177a; and on the 29th of ihe fame month arrived at the ifland of Madeira. From thence they proceeded to the Cape of Good Hope; and in Fcbruai all Imj^es of dii'covering a«iy in this ocean ; and therefore came to a rcfohition to lU-cr direoily for the well entrance of the ftraits of Magtllan, with a viy;w cf coatliinj and fiirveying the outermoft or foutli-fidc of 'I'crra del Fuego. Keej)ing accordingly in about the latitude of 53 or 55, and ilecring nearly eaft, lie arrived o\X the wclUrn mouth of the ftraits of Magellan, without meeting with any thing remarkable in his new route. Ill January, 1775, he difcovereda large and dreary illanc!, to which he gave the name of South Georgia. He afterwards difcovered various cujr.s and elevated fnow-clad coafts, to the moft fouthcrn part of which lie gave the name of the Suutbcm TbuU, u( being the neareft land to that pde, which has yet betli difcovt red. In February he difcovered A'rfWw/VZ> /.rfnt/, and feveral iflands c«)vered with fnow. He then proceidi men. 9 X lou - H • 7"' E74 NEW DISCOVERIES. Irjus nor fertile as fome of the other iflands in thefe feas. The inhabi* tants are hiiiy, and well made, but are rather browner than thoie of Ota- heite. Their principal weapons are long lances made of etoa-wood, which is very hard, and fome of thein are near twenty feet long. THE FRIENDLY ISLANDS. THESE iflands were fo named by captain Cook in the year 1773, oi\ account of the friendfliip which appeared to fubfill among the in- habitants, and from their courteous behaviour to ftrangers. Abel Janfen Tafman, an eminent Dutch navigator, firft touched here in 643, and jjave names to the principal iflands. Captain Cook laborioufly explored die whole clufter, which he found to confift of more than twenty. The three iflands which Tafman faw he named New Amfterdam, Rotterdam, and Middleburg. The firft is the lar jeft, and extends about 2 1 milts from eaft to weft, and about 1 3 from north to fouth. Thefe iflands are inhabit- ed by a race of Indians, who cultivate the earth with great induftry. The jftand of Amfterdam is interfered by ftraight and pleafant roads, with fruft-trees on each fide, which provide fhade from the fcorching heat the fun. The chief iflands are Annamooka, Tongataboo, and Eooa. This laft, when viewed from the fliip at anchor, formed one of the moft beautiful profpefts in natiwe ; and very different from the others of the Friendly ICes ; which, baing low and perfeftly level, exhibit nothing to the eye but the trees which cover them : whereas here, the land rifing geatly'to a confiderable height, prefented an extenfive profpeil, where groves of tree., are only iritcrfperfed at irregular diftances, in beautiful diforder, and all the reft is covered with grafs, except near the fhores, where it is en- liifly covertd with fruit and other trees; amongft which are the habita- tiotis of the natives. In order to have a view of as great a part of the jflaiul as pofllble, captain Cook and fome of his officers walked up to the iii;4hcft point of the ifland. Fifm this place they have a view of almoft tht: whole ifland, ^vhich confifted of beautiful meadows, of prodigious ex- tent, adorned with tufts of trees, and intermixed with plantations. * While I was furveying this delightful profpeft, 'fays captain Cook, ' I < o\ild not help flattering myfelf with the pleafing idea that fome future navigator may, from the fame ftation, behold thefe meadows ftocked with tattle, broLight to thefe iflands by the fliips of England ; and that the completion of this flngk bejievolent purpofe, independent of all other con- jiderations, would futticiently mark to pofterity that our voyages had not bcttn uftiefs to the general interefts of humanity.* NEW ZEALAND. THIS country was firft difcovered by Tafman, the Dutch navigator, in the year 164.2, who gave it the name of Staten Land, though it has been generally diftinguiflied, in our maps and charts, by the name of N:ew Zealand, and \vas fuppofed to be part of a fouthern continent; but it is now known, from the late difcoveries of captain Cook, who failed round ir, to confift of two large iflands, divided from each other by a ftrait four NEW DISCOVERIES. 87s four or five lengiies broad. They are fitiinted between the latitudes of 34 and 4S degree!) i'otith, and between the longitudes of i66 and iSo degrees caft Irom Greenwich. One oF thcfe ill md-. is for the moft part mountain- ous, rather barren, and but thinly inhabited ; but the otlier is nnich more fertile, an! of a better appeatatu e. In the opinion of fir Jofcph Banks, anil of Dr. Solander, every kind of Eui-opean fruit , grain, and plants, ^vollld dourifti here in the utmoll liiKurisnce. From the vegetables found here, it is fiippofed, ttiar rhcwinteis are milder than tliole in England, and the Uimmers tWf. not Imtter, though more equally warm ; fo that it in ima- gined, thai if this country were ftttltd by people tro 11 Europe, they would, with liujderate iiulurtiy, he foun fupplied, not only with the necclTni-ies, but jlie liixuiics of life in greai abundance. Here are forcfts of vnfl extent, filL'd with very large timber ticts; and near four hundred plants were found litre that had not been deA ribtd by the uaturalifts. The inhabitants of \evv Zealand are (lout and robuft, and equal in ftatnie to the largeft Eu- ropeans. Their colour in general is brown, but in few deeper than that of a Spaniard who has been expofed to the fun, and in many not iu deep ; and both fexes have good features. Their drefs is vtiy uncouth, and they mark their bodies in a manner fimilar to the inhabitants of Otaheite, which is called tatiowing. Their principal weapons are lances, darts, and a kind of battle-axes; and they have generally llievvn ihenlfelves very hoftilc to the Europeans who have vifited them. ■ 11.1. THE NEW HEBRIDES. m hm i' THIS name was given by captain Cook toa clufter of ifVinds, the moH: northerly of which was feen by Quiros, the Spanifli navigator, in i6c6, and by him named Tierra del Efpiritu Santo. From that time till c.'pt. Cook's voyage in the Endeavour, in 1769, this land was fuppofed to be part of a great fouthern continent, called Terra Aujlraln inc gnita. But when captain Cook had failed round New Ze.land, and along the eaftern coaft of New Holland, this opmion was fully confuted. On his next voyage, in the Relblution, he refolved to explore thefe parts accu- rately ; and accordingly, in 1774, befides afcertaining the extent and litu- ation of thefe iflands, he difcovered feveral in the group, which wne be- fore unknown. The New Hebrides are fituated between the latitudes of 14 deg. 29 min. and 20 deg. 4 min. fouth; and between 66 deg. 4.1 min. and 170 deg. 21 min. call longitude. They confift of the following idands, fome of which have received names from the different European navigators, and other n tain the names which they bear among the natives, viz. Tierra del Efpiritu Santo. MalHcollo, St. Bartholomew, Ifle of Lepers, Aurora, Whitfuntidi, Ambrym, Immer, Appe, '1 hree Hills, Sandwich, Montagu, Hinchinbrook, Sphepherd,Eorromanga,Irronan, Annatom, and Tanna. Not far diflant from the New Hebrides, and fouth-weftward of them, lies New Caledonia, a very large ifland, fird difcovered by captain. Cook, in 1774. It is abour eighty-ieven leagues long, but its breadth is not confiderable, nor any where exceeds ten lea/ues. It is inhabited by a race of ftout, tall, well-proportioned Indians, of a fwarthy or dark chefnut brown. A few leagues didant are two finall iflands called the Ifland of PWes, and Botany iUaud. -N E W ir ■ i c If'' it. •!V ^m NEW [ 876 ] H O L LAND. THIS country is of a much larger extent than any other that does not l)c;ii- the ii;.nic or a coiitiiiciif, it extending fro n the eleventh to the tiiirty-eioiuii cUgicc of Toiith latituf'e ; uiid tlic length of the eaft ami noith-t all ro It, uiong whii h capt. Cook faikd, reduced to a ftraiglic Jinc, is no Ids than t\vtnt\-fcvcn dciMecs, which atnounf to near two thou- fand niiks, Thj loiintiy js lai her barren than fertile; yet in many placL's tlij riling gioinuib are chequered by woods and' lawns, and the plains and vallits covered witli herbage. The inliabitantb, whu a.e not nunieroin-, arc naked lavages, of a middle Uature, extremely a:tive, and their Ikin^ of a chov-olate colour, but their features are not dil- a^reeable. 'I'heir food is chicHy filh, birdii of various kinds, yams, fruit, and tile tielli of a fuiijular (juadruped called the kangoroo. Their wea- pons are fpears or h.nces of diiferent kinds, which they throw with great lorce and dexterity. They alio ufe Ihields or targets of an oblong torni, made of the bark of a tree. iStw CjUinea, till the late difcoveries, was thci?ght to be the north, coalt ot an exienlive continent, and to be joined to New Holland; but fapt. Cot k dileovered a Itraight lietween then), which runs north-eall, tUrough wliith he laiied. 'i bus it was found to be a long narrow illami, extencUng north call:, tiom the fecond degree of foulh latitude to the twelfth, and from onclmndreii and thirty-one to one hundred and fifty tiegrees ealt longitude; but in one part it does not appear to be above fifty miles, l)roud. The country confills of a mixture of very high hilU and vallies, interfperlcd w iih groves of cocoa-nut trees, plantains, bread- iruit, and mott of the trees, (hi ubs, ant. ^slants, that are found in the other Soiith-fca illands. It affords from the lea a variety of delightful profpet'ls. The inhabitants make nearly the lame appearance as the xNtw Hollanders on the other fide the (baits. 'Jo the norih of New Cnunca is New Britain, which is fituated in the ^th degiee ol fouth latitude, and 152 deg. 19 min. ealt longitude from Circcnwich. It was fuppcd'cd to be part of an imaginaiy continent, till capt. D.mipier found it to be an illand, and failed through a ftrait which divides it Irom New (Juinea. Capt. Cartel et, in his voyage round tlie woild, in 176 , found it was of much lels extent than it was till then imagined to be, by failing through another ftrait to the north which fe- parate'j ii from a long ifhuid, to which he gave the name of New Ireland. There are many higti hills in New Britain, and it abounds witli large and Ihitelv tiees, io the ealhvard of New jiritain, and in both the above uraits, are many iflaiub, moft of which are faid to be extremely fertile, and to abound with plajitains and cocoa-iuit trees. Nkw Irki.and exttmjs in length, frcni the north-eafl to the fouth-eafl, about two hundred and Itvcnty miles, but is in general very narrow. It abounds with a variety of trees and plants, and with many pigeons, par- rot , rooks, and other biixls. The inhabitants are black, and woolly iieaded, like the negroes of Gunea, but have not their flat nofes and thick lips. North-w eltward of New Ireland a clulter of iflands was feca by capt. Carteret, lying very near eacii other, and-fuppofed to confiU of twenty or thirty in number. One of thefe, whioh is of very confiderable rxfent, was named NhW Hanovkr ; but the reft ot the clufter rtceiveti the nameoftheAuMiRAi. iyIti.ands Bdiclt^ ficfidcs Was })erfon iovcry, dm weft palfag arrived at 1 Holland. called Prill is in lafitui in (^inuit, withfnow. ] Friendly an wich ifles, w niin. and i ral falubrioi thofe of the (i/.e, ftout, a On the 7th long. 2 3 1; dc bearing nori w hich is fitu part of it wl lat. 4 9 deg. ; found is fur broken and top. They 1 their comp'le; they difcovei haibour in w with high lar by fome of tf tjie ifland of I tinned to tiac feparates it fi fented to the fea between tl the 20th of Ai wliere they fo they proceede They continu( «n which mac was therefore 1 gale abated, v foi- any ufeful voyage, it flioi the condition tl diftance from afforded fufiicie Atlantic and P wrtained the w their return it gator, capt. Co ofO'wiiy'ee, 01 •and his death w V NEW DISCOVERIES. 877 ;■ ^1. win* lated in lie tioni lit, till which ind the II then uh l"e- relaiul. roe and above 1 lertilc, tb-eafl, w. It lis, pai- Iwoolly les and IS fecii [m of lerable Iceived ficruU'S the voyaj^es of difiovery already niciitione'l, an'>i'iev «roy ♦ Vi'as pel formed by capt. Cook and rapt. Clerkc, in the Keloliitioii .\nd ' '. lovcry, during the \ cars 177^, 1777, I77>^» and 177- , in leaiih oi' 1 ik 1- wcft pniragf bct\vceii the continents of Alia and Anitrica. After tin y i h| arrived at the Cape of Ciocd Hope, ihry proceeded from tiicnre to \(W Holland. In tlieir courl'e tiiey difiovcrcil two i lands whith capt. Cook called Prince Kdward's lilts. The largell about iq league in circuit, is in latitude 4.6, 53 fouth, l(>niMiude ^-, 46: the other about leagues in circuit, lat 4b, ^o and long. ^8, 8, I'-, both barren and almoft covered u'ithfnow. Troin New Holland to New Zealand, tluy afterwards vifited the Fiicndly and the Society lOcs. In January 177", they arrived at the Sand- wich ides, which are twelve in niuiibrr, and are fitnatcd between zz deg i j, niin. and iHdcg. 53 min. N. latitude. The air of flule ilhuulsis ingenr- ral falubrious, and many ot the vegetable produiHions are the liuiie with thofe of the Society and Friendly ilUs. The inhabitants are of a middle li/e, flout, and well-made, and their complexion;) in general a brown olive. On the 7th of February, being nearly in lat. 44 deg. 73 min. north, arcl long. 23 (; deg. 36 min. ealt, they law part of the American continent, bearing north-eaft. They aherv.ards difcovered King (George's Sound, which is fituated on the north-weft coaft of America, and is extenlivc: that part of it where the lliips under command of capt. Cook anchored, is in lat. .19 deg. 36 min. north, and long. 233 deg. 2S min. eaft. The whole found is furrounded by high land, which in fome places appears very broken and rugged, and is in general covered with wood to the vei v top. They found the inhabitants here rather below the middle iize, and their complexions approaching to a copper colour. On the 12th of May, they difcovered Sandwich Sound, in lat. (;g deg. 54 min. north. The haibour in which the fliips anchored, appeared to be almoft furrounded with high lands which was covered with fuow ; and here they were vifited by fome of the Americans in their canoes. They afteiwai-ds proceeded to tiie ifland of Unalafchka, and after their departure from thence, IHU con- tinued to trace the American coaft, till they difcovered tl^,- ftrait \viiicli feparates it from the continent of Alia. Here both the hemifphercs pre- fented to the view a naked and flat country, without any defence, and the fea between them not very deep. They pafled the ftrait, and arrived on the 20th of Auguft, 1778, in lat. 70 deg. ^4 min. long. 194 ilcg. 55 min. where they found themfelves ahuoft furrounded with ice. and the farther they proceeded to the eaftward, the clofer the ice became compaifled. They continued labouring among the ice till the zqtli, when a ftorm came on which made it dangei-ous for them to proceed ; and a confultation was therefore held on board the Refolution, as foon as the violence of the gale abated, when it was refolved, that as this palTage was imprali> i'>\ 878 NEW DISCOVERIES. in other paits of Europe, hy thofc to whom his merits and public fcr\r\(c% were known. In his lall voyage he h:ul explored the coalt ot Americi, from 42 (iej;. 27 min, to 70 dcj;. 40 min. 57 fee. north. Atter ilie dcatli of rapt. Cook, tae command devolved on capt. Clerke, who died at fti on his return to the fouthward, on the 2 2d day of AuguU 1 779. The two fliips returned home by the Crtpe of Good Hope, and on the 5th of Odo- ber 1780, anchored at the Nore. We c.innot cotuludc this article without inferting the following txtftK?^, to perpetuate the memory and ftrviccs of fo excellent a navigator. Perhaps no fcitnce ever received greater additions from the labours of a fuigle man than geography has done horn tliole ol ciptain Cook. Jii his idrft voyage to the South -tas he dIUovtred the 8o»iefy lilands; de- termined the infularity of New Zealand ; difc.-vcreti the ilraits whiili i'eparate the two illmds, and are called alrer his name ; and made a com- plete furvey of both. He afterwards explored the eallern coaft ot New Holland, hitherto unknown ; an extent of twenty leven degrees of latitude, or upwaids of two thoufand miles. In hia fecond expedition, he relolved the great problem of a foutherii continent, having traverfed that hemifphcre between the latitude of ^0" and -o^, in fuch a manner as not to leave a polUbility of its exillenre, urdefs near the Pole, and out of the reach of navigation. During this voyage, he difcovered New Caledonia, the largtft itland in the southern Pacific Ocean, except New Zealand; the illand of Georgia; and an uii- knov\'n coaft, which he named bandwich Land, the Thule of the Southern hemifphere ; and having twice vifited the tropical feas, he fettled the lituations of the old, and made feveral new difcovei ies. But the lalt voyage is diftinguiflied above all the reft, by the extent and importance of its difcoverics, Befides feveral fmaller iUands in tl;e Southern Pacific, he difcovered, to the North of the Equinodiil Line, the group called the Sandwich Iflands, which, from their fituation and produftions, bid fairer for becoming an objecl of confequence in the fvftem of European navigation than any other difcovcry in the Soiitli Sea. He afterwards explored what had hitherto remained unknown of the Weftern coaft of America, from the latitude of 43" to 70** North, containing an extent of three ^thoufand and five hundred miles; afcer- tained the proxim'tty of the two great continents of Afia and Ameiica; pafTed the ftraits between them, and furveyed the coaft on each fide, to fvh a height of northern latitude, as to demonftrate the imprafticability of a paflage, in that hemifphere, from the Atlantic into the Pacific Ocean, cither by an Eaftern or a Weftern courfe. In fhort, if we except the Sea of Amur, and the Japanefe Archipelago, which ftill remain imperfectly known to European.-, he has completed the hydrography of the habitable globe. • As a navigator, his fervices were not perhaps lefs fplendid, certainly not lefs important and meritorious. The method which he difcovered, and fo fuccefsfuUy purfued,- of preferving the health of feamen, forms a new aer^ in navigation, and will tranfmit his name to future ages amongit the friends and benefa6lors of mankind. Thofe who are, converfant in naval hiftory, need not be told at how dear a rate the advantages which have been fought, through the medium pf Jong voyages at fea, have always been purchafed. That dreadful dif- order which is peculiar to their fervice, and whofe ravages have marked ti^e tracks of diilcov^reis with cU'cumftanceii almoil too Ihockbgto relate, :; Hiuft UNKNOWN COUNTRIES. «79 CTVK« nericn, ; dcatli at lea he two f oao- extW(^, urs of a ak. Ill ids; de- s whiili : a com- ;oaft ot igiees of foutheni e of 40** xUlenre, ring this jouthcin )d .lU uii- Southern ittkd the the extent luls in tl'X ill Line, tion and :e in the [he Soutli nown of 10 North, ;s; afcer- .meiica; fide, to ficability ic Ocean, the Sei .perfectly habitable Icertainly Ifcovered, forms a 1 amongft at ho\f I medium tidful dif- markcd 10 relate* fliuft fnuft, withovit exercillng an unwarrantable tyranny over the lives of our leamcii, have proved an infu|>crablc obrtacle to the prolccution of AkIi cntcrprizfs. It was reftrved for captain Cook toflicw the world, bv u-- pcated trials, that voyages might be protrarted to the unufu d Unj^thof tlu'ee, or even fom* years, in unknown regions, and under every change and rigour of the eliinate, not only without atferting the health, but even without diminifliing the probability of life, in the fnialleft degree, TF RRA-IN COGNITA, or unknown Countries. NOTWITHSTAXDTNG the amazing difcovcrics of navi;vntors, and the progrefs made in geography, fince the fiirt voyage of Colnin- bus, A.I). i4i;2, there ftill remain fomc coantiies, cither ablolutdy un- known, or veiy fujxrrficiaily furveycd. I N AFRICA. OF this quarter of the globe the moderns are acquainted with the foa- coafts only, and thefe very imperfcdly ; the internal parts beiii^ lit- tle known to us, nor have we any fatibfaftory accounts of their inhabi- tants, their productions, or their trade. It is well known, however, th:it the rivers of Africa bring down large quantities of gold, and it is equally certain that the ancients drew prodigious riches from a counti-y blefltd with a variety of climates, fomc of them the fineft in the world. I N AMERICA. IN North America, towards the pole, are Labrador, or New Britain, New North and South Wales, Denmark, &c. very little known. The inhabitants, likethofeof NovaZembla, Greenland, Groenland, and the northern parts of biberia» are few, and thefe favage ; low in ilature, and of an ugly appearance. They live upon the raw flefli of whales, bears, oxen, 8ic. and go muffled up in (kins, the hairy fides next their bodies. In thefe inhofpitable regions, their nights (as may be feen in the fable of climates in the Introdudlion) are from one to fix months, and the eaith bound up in impenetrable fnow ; fo that the miferable inhabitants live un- der ground great part of the year. Again, when the fun makes his appear- ance, they have a day of equal length. All that vaft traft on the back of the Britifli fettlements, fsom Canada and the Lakes to the Pacific Ocean, which wallies America on the weft, is perfeftly unknown to us, no European having ever travelled thither, from the climate and fituation of the countiy, it is fuppofed to be fruit- fiil ; it is inhabited by innumerable tribes of Indians, many of whom ufed to refort to the great fair of Montreal, even from the diflance of loco miles, when that city was in the hands of the French. In South America, the countiy of Guiana, extending from the equator 10 the eighth degree of north latitude, and bounded by the river Oronoque to the north, and the Amazones on the fouth, is unknown, except a flip «long the coaft, where the French at Cayenne, and the Datcti at Surinam,, jb»re made fomc fettlements j which, from tlie unheiiUlifulnefs of the climate, M ::i»'i ■. f ! 1 |. !!■; 1 }• '( m I SSo UNKNOWN COUNTRIES. climate, ainiod under the equator, ami other caufcs, can hardly bt extended ail A' lonfRierablc w.iv back. The anintry ot Am zoiiia, fo called from the great river of that name, his wGvev been thorow^flily tUfcovered, though it is (ituated between the Eu- ropean colonics of Tern and Brafij, and every where navigable by means of that great river and its branches. vSome atteni[)ts have been made bv the Spaniards and Portui:;uefe ; but being alwa3's attended with vaft difficulties, fo that ft w of the adventurers ever returned back, and no goKI being found in the couiitry a:> they expected, no European nation has hitherto made ajiy Ictrltment there. Patagonia, at the fouthern extremity of America, is fometimes dcfcribed as pait of Chili: but as neither the .Spaniards, nor any other European nation, have any colonics here, it is almoll unknown, and is generally le- f):cfented as a barren, inhofpitable country. And here in 57.^ degrees foutU at. we fall in with the Straits of Magellan, having Patagonia on the north, and the iflands of Terra del Fuego on the fouth. Thefc ftraits extend from eafl: to weft: 1 10 leagues, but the breadth in fome places falls flioit of one. They were firfl difcoverd by Magellan, or Magelhaens, a Portu- guefe, in the fervicc of Spain, who failed through them, in the year 152c, and thereby difcovered a paflage from the Atlantic to the Pacific or fouthern Ocean. He has been lince confidered as the firft navigator that failed round the world ; but having loft his life in a Ikirmifli with fome Indians before the fhips returned to Europe, the honour of being the firft circumnavigator has been difputed in favour of the brave fir Francis Drake, who, in IC74 pafted the fame ftrait in his way to India, from which he returned to Eu- rope by the Cape of (rood Ho|*■ ' ■ ■■ ' .: -r'.ii ,.-.:\ / / t ;• 1 C ■-' A' ' " - ■ > • ■ ^ • |. > •■ itC -f '' ! ... . ! ■ . ■• • 1 • ,i;,;/^._ •.'.■^■,. i" ■ ^ ,:: ,\ . ; > . ' ^ "» ■■:- ont '^^•'r ■ '- '!'■>■ ht'-.. :"J.';.; - -?i .IC < / v. I './;;»;k :.. -^r ■ .':\ "rnr. ;•; -■: '.;-'■ ' - Conta To^ rem the (•'•' Names oj ABh Ab Abo, ' Acapulc( Adriatic Gulf of A Achcm, Adventui Agde, Agen. St. Agnc! (lights] Agra, Air, AdrianopI Aix, Alby, Aleppo, Alexandre] Alexandria Algiers, "Albany, Amboyna, Ambryn If Amiens, Amsterda Amiicidam, Aucona, Angra, Antigua (St John's tow Antioch, Antwerp, Archipelago Apae (ifle) Archangel Afccnfion If] Aftracan, Athens, St. Auguftin, Aurora We, :tcndci! name, he Eu- eans of by the iculties, T found ide any sfcribed iropean ally re- foutU -- A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE^ "^ Containing the Names and Situations of the chief Cities, Towns, Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Straits, Capes, and other remarkable Places in the known World. Colled:ed from the moft authentic Charts, Maps, and Obfervations. Names ofP laces. Provinces, Countries, Sluarter, ABbevUle, Picardy, France, Aberdeen Abcrdccnfliirc, Scotland, Abo, Finland, • Acapulco, Mexico, Adriatic fea, or. ^ Gulf of Venice^"'''"" Achcm, Sumatra, Adventure IflePacific Agde,' Languedoc, Agen, Guicnne, St, Agnes • Scillies, Europe Europe Sweden, Europe North America Italy and Tur- Europe key. £aft India, Ocean, France, France, AHa Afia Europe Europe (lights) Agra, Air, Adrianople, Aix, Alby. Aleppo, Atlanu Ocean, Europe Lot. 1). M. 50*7/ N. 57-22N. 60-27N. 17-ioN. 101-20W. Mediterranean Sea* 5-22N. 95-7.9 E. 17-05 S. 1 44- 1 2 W. 43-18N. 3-33 E. 44-1 2N. 0-40 E, 49-56N. 6-4 1 W, Agra, Eaft India, Afia Airfliire, Scotland, Europe Romania, Turkey, Europe Provence, France, Europe Languedoc, France, Europe Syria, Turkey, Afia Alcxandretta, Syria, Turkey, Afia . Alexandria, Lower Egypt, Turkey, Africa Algiers, Algiers, Barbary, Africa ^Albany, New York, North America Amboyna, Amboyna Ifle, Eaft India, Afia Ambry n Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Afia Amiens, Ifle of France, France, Europe Amsterdam, Holland, Netherlands, Europe Amllcidam, Ifle, Pacific Ocean, Afia Ancona, March of An-Italy, Europe cona, Angra, Tercera Ifle, Anti|[vua (St. Antigua ifle, John's town) 26-43N. 55-30N. 42-ooN. 43-31N. 43-55N. 3S-45N. 36-35N. 31-1 iN. 36-49N. 42-48 N. 4-25 S. 1^-098. 49.53V. $2-22N. 2I-0(. 3. 43-37N. 76-49 E. 4-35 W. 26-30 £• 5-3' 5- 2-13 E. 37-25 E. 36-/5 E. 30-21 E. 2-17 E. 73-30W. 127-25 E.' 1 68-! 7 E. 2-2 2 £• 4-49 E. 174-5 1 W* 13-35 E. Aniioch, Syria, Antwerp, Brabant, Archipelago, Ifliirtd of Apae (ifle)" Pacific Archangel Dwina, Afcenfion Ifle, Aftracan, Aftracan, Athens, Achaia, St. Au{(u{lin, Madagafcar Aurora Ifle, Soath Atlantic ocean, Europe Carib. fea, N. AmC' rica, Turkey, Afia Netherlands, Europe Greece, Europe Ocean, Afia Ruflia, Europe South Atlantic Ocean, Rufiia, Afia, Turkey, Europe South Ind* fea, Africa PaciAc Ocean, Afia 5L 38-39N. 27-07W. 17-04N. 62-04 W, 36-30N. 3'- I1-13N. 04- Medi(erranean 16-46 S. 64-3/iN. 7-56N. 46-ooN. 38-05N. 23-35 s. 15-08 s. 168. 38. 14. 5»- ^3- 43- 16S 40 E* 27 E. Sea. 32 £. 59 E. 27W. 00 E. 57 E. 13 E. ■. \ . • Long. D. M. \ . 1 1 • ,-54/E. 1-40W. 2.18 E. m [1 )3 832 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. D. M. Namaef Places, Provinces* Countries, S^uarttr, L, Bridge-towH, Burbadoes, Bilboa, Bifcay, Europe 53-ioN. 00-25 ^» America 42-2^N. 7o-32W. Pacific Ocean, Alia 16-328. I5r-47W. France, Euixjpe 50-43 N. 1-31 E. Italy, Europe ^\-2()'i^, II-26E. Rufiia, Afia 52-54N. 156-42 E, Ealt India, Afia i8-56N. 72-43 E. Atlant. Oic;:n,N. Ame- 13-05N. 58-03W. rica Spain, Europe 43-26N. 03-1 J'W, Birmingham, Warwickrtiire, England, Europe 52-30N. 01 -50^^. Bokharia, Ufbec Tartary, Afia 39-15N. 67-coE. Brodn, Brabant, Netherlands, Europe 5t-4oN. 04-40 E. Brell, Bretany, France, Europe 4S-22N. 04-2{W. Bremen, I.owerSaxony,(»ermany, luiropc 53-25N. 08-20 E. Briftol, Somcrfetlliire, England, Europe 51-33N. C2-40W. Brkslaw, Silefia, - Bohemia, Europe 51-03N. 17-13 E. £rull9ls, Brabaut, Netherlands, Euroj^^e 50-5 iN* 04.-26 £« 1-25 ®» .32W. .47W. -31 E. -26 E. -42 E, .03W. .18W. .50W. -co Et .40 E. -2?W. -20 E. .40W. ■13 E. .26 £. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE* 883 Barnes cf Places. Provinces, BuAios Ay res, La Tluta, Bukaraft, Walnchia^ Britifli fea, between Black, or Eux- Turkey in ine lea, Brugesj Brunfwick, Countrusi Quarter Brafil, mcrica Turkey, Europe Brit. & Germ.Kurope Europe and Afia b. M. I). M. South A-34-35 S. 58-26 E. 44-Z6N. 36->i3£. Atlantic Ocean. Buda, Lower Burlington, Jerfey, Bourbon Iflc South /^Abeilo, Terra Firma, \y (I'ort), Cadiz, AhdaUifia, Caen,' Normandy, Cahors, Guienne, Cagliari, Sardinia, Cachao, Tonquinj Cairo, Lower Calais, I'icardy, Callao, Peru, Calcutta, Bengal, Calmar, Smaland, Catnbray, Cambrefis, Flanders, Netherlands, Low. Saxony, Germany, Hungary, North Europe 51-16N. 03-05 E» Europe 52-3oN. 10-30 E. Europe 47-40N. 19-20 E. America 40-08N. 7 5-00 W. Indian Ocean, Africa 20-518. 55-25 E, South America 10-oiN. 67-27W. Spain, Europe S^-JiN- 6 o6\V. France, Europe 49-ilN. 0-16W. France, Europe 44-26N. 1-3 1 £. Italy, Europe 29'^s^' p-S^^E* Fall India, Afia 2i-3oN. 105-00 E. %yp^ Africa -3^ o^N". 31-23 E. France, Eurone 5C'-57N. 1-55 E. South America 12-01N. 76-53^^, Eaft India, Alia 22-34N. 88-34 E. Sweden, Europe 56-40N. 16 26 E. Netherlands, Europe 50-ioN. 3-18 E. Cambeltown, Argylefliire, Scotland, Europe S5-30N. 5-40 W, Cambridge, Cambridge- England, Europe 5Z-12N. 0-09 £• (hire, Cambridge, New England, N. Ame-42-2sN. 7i-g5W, rjca Canary, N.E.Canary Iflest Atlant. Ocean, Africa 28-1 3N. I5-33W, Point, Candia, Candialfland, Medlterl*. Sea, Europe 3;-i8N. 25*23 E. Canfo Port, Nova Scotia, North America 4S-20N. 60 joW. Cambodia, Cambodia, Ead India, Alia 13-30N. 105-coE. Canterbury, Kent, England, Europe 51-16N. 1.15 E. Chma,. Sweden, Barbary, Canton, Canton, Carlefcroon, Schoneti, Carthage Tunis, Ruins, Carthagena, Terra Firma, South Carthagena, Murcia, Spain, Carlifle, Cumberland, England, Cardigan, Cardtgandiirf , Wales, Candy, Ceylon, Cafpian Sea, ,Ruffia, Tartary, Cafan, Cafan, Siberia, Caflcl, HelTc Caflcl, Germany, Ctilres, Languedoc, France, St. Catharine's Atlantic, Ocean, lae, Cavai), Cavan, Ireland) Afia' 23-07N. 113-07 E. Europe 56-20N. 15-31 E. Africa 36-30N. 9-00 E. Indian Ocean, Afia Afia Afia America 10-26N. Europe 37-37N". Europe 54-47^. Europe S2-icN. 7.54N. 75-2 J W- 1-03W. 2-3 5 w. 4-38W. 79-00 E. 55-43^. 49-13 5' Europe 51-19N. 9-34 E, Europe 43-37N. 2-19 E. SouthA- 27-35 S. 49-iaW# merica Europe 54-5 iN. 7-18VV. 3 L 3 !.■ . ■'ivl m i -:• Ocean, ■:l \' Ferdinand Na / • V' A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. luimcs of Places, Provinces, Countries ii^uarter. 825 D AmaTcu?, Syria, Turkey, Dantzic, Polifli Pruffia, Puhmo, Dicca, Delhi, . . Delft, ■• Derbcat, Dix, , Dieppe, Dijon, D I'bingcn, Del, ^ Dominltpe, DoveV Dreux, : Derbyr . Derry, Dieu, r Dresden, DuiiJee, 0UKLIM, Durham, Dumbarton, Dungeivel's, Dunkirk, Dunbar, Dumfries^ Kail ludia, Enlt India, Netherlands, Pcrlia, Frnnc ■ e. ranee. Bengal, Delhi, Hi^lland, Djgift.in, Galcony, Normaiuly, Burgundy, Suabia, Bretagne, Wind. Iflands, Weft India, Rent, Orleinnois, F France*, Germaay, France, Derbyfliire, Ultter, Guzcrar, Saxony, Forfar, Lein|ler, Durham, Dumbartonfli, Scotland, Kent, England, Flanders, Netherlands Haddington, Scotland, Dumfricsdure, Scotbnd, England, France, F.nghmd, Ireland, Eall India, ■Germany, Scotland, Ireland., England, Lat. Lon^, D. M. 1^. M. Afia 33-'5'^« 37 20 E. luuope 54-22N. 18-38 E. Alia 23-30N. 89-20 E. Alia 29-ocN. 76-30 E. Earope 52-C&N. 4-05 E, Alia 41-41N. F!urope 43-4 2 N. E.ir(i|>c 49-5 -N. Europe 47-igN. Europe 48-3oN. Europe 48-3 ^N. America 15-ib'N. Fiviropc 5I-07N. Europe 48-44N. Europe 52-58N. Europe 54-52N. Alia ' 21-37N. 69-30 E. Europe .5 i-ooN. 13-36 E, Europe 56-26N. Europe 53-2 iN. Flu rope 54-48N. Europe 55-44N. Europe 50-52N. Europe 5 1-02N. Europe 55-58N. Europe C5-08N. 50-30 E, o-sSW. 0-59 E. 4-57 £• 10-19 ^* 1-41W. 61-22W, 1-13 E. 1-16 E. i-3o\V. 7-40W, a.48W^ e-oiw. 1-25W. 4-20VV, 1-04 E, 2-27 E, 2-25W^ 3-2 5 W, between Eng.audFran.Europe ^ i)L(.lantic Ocean. ENglifli Channels Eaftern Ocean, betw.theN.W. of N. Am. aodN.E.of Afia, N. Pacific Oceaa Kphefus, ' Natolia, Turkey, Eaoowe.Ifle,. P^rific Ocean, Kafter Ifte, . Pacific Oceao, Ediaburgh, Edinburghfli. Scotland, EdyHofte, Eng. CU mBcl, England, Enebrun, . Dauphiue ' France, Enatum Iflc, Pacific Ocea©, Elbing, Pruflia, Poland, Embden, Weftphalia, Germany, Erramanga Ifle Pacific ., Ocean, Erjerum, - Turcomania^. Turkey, Erhiopian Sea, Coaft o£ ,. . Guitica, Ea'Jatius, Carib. Sea, Weft India, Evereux Normandy, France, Exeter, ^-j{) Devonlhire, England, FAlmomh, Cornwall, England, , 5'aJlkjck, Stirling, Scotland, ^^2». . .. , "Fez, Morocco, Ferr(;l,,^_^ ) . Qalicia, Spain, FajalTown, _ Asores, .Atlant.' Ocean, Kurope 38-32N. 28-36 W, Ferdinand Na» ,'„ . .,,, iBrafil, South A- 3-56 S. 32-43W, JOuki^ ..f,p-_, ,^^o-::'H . '"cricu Afia' 38-oiN. 27-30 E, Afia 2ir24S. 1 74-25 W, AiTJerlca 27-06 S. 109-41W, Europe 15-57N. 3-07 W* Europe 50-o8Nr . 4-19W,. Europe 44-34N. 6-34 E, Afia 20-10 S. 169-59 E, Europe 54-1 5N. 20-00 E. Europe i^-3-25N. 7-10 E, Afia 1 -46 S. 169-23 ,E. Afia 39-5 6N. 42-05 Ey Africa Atlantic Ocean. - N. Amcr.i7-29N. 63-05 Wl Europe 49-0 iN. ~~ , Europe 50-44N. Europe 50-08N. 'Europe 55-58N. Africa 33-30N. E 11 rope 43-^,oN. 1-13 E. 3-29 w, 4-5 7 W, 3-4 8 W. 6-ooW. 8.40 W ,-A ftp- , J» ; ^^^ '.ii 1.1 l|:=i| ¥ ••111 it ,.v. 1,1 886 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Namci of Placet. Provinces* Countries* garter. Fcrrara, Ferricfe, Ferro (Town) Canaries, Florence, Tufcany, Flores, Azores, St. Flour, Auvergne, France (lile of) Indian Francfort on Franconia^ the Main, Frawenburg, Polifli Fueg^o I He, Cape Verd, Funchal, Madeira, Furneaiix Ifle,P.icific Fort St. DavidjCoromandcl, GA \\ Dauphinc, Genes, Savoy, Geneva, Geneva, SliOeorg. Hie, Azores, Genoa, Genoa, ' GIHraltar. Andalufia, Sf. GcoriieTo. Bermudas, St.Georg. ForlCoromandcl, Ghent, Flanders, Glfffgow, LanerkOlire, Goa, Malabar, Qpat Ifle, Indian Gomera Ifle, Canaries, GoodHope, T. Hottentots, Gorce, Atlantic ^ottenburg, Gothland, Hanover, Normandy, Azores, Stiria, Fr. Flanders, Pomerania, Caribbean GlouceOerflj. Farfiflw, Rcnfrewfliire, Ladrone lO^s, Gottengen, Gr^nvilie, Cratiofa, Gratz, Graveiines, 0ryphil\vald Guadaloupc, Gloucefter, Gombroon^ Greenock, Ciuam, GulfofBothniaCoaft of -r of Finland, betwccri -!— of Venice, bRtwecri -— of Ornrjus, between -7- of Perfia^ betvyeeii — ofCaliforriiabetweeii — of St. Law Coaft of w- of Mexico, Coaft of HAGUE, Holland, HaiiibufgHolOein, Fiaflings, Suflcx, H'^lifaxi Yprkfli^rf, Italy, Europe Atlant. Ocean, Africa Italy, Furope Atlant. Occani Fairope France, Europe Ocean. Africa Germany, Europe PrufTa, Europe Atlant. Ocean, Africa Atlant. Oceap, Africa Ocean, Atia Fa': InJia, Alia France, Europe Italy, Europe Switzerland, Europe Atlant. Ocean) Europe Italy, Europe Spain, Europe Atlant. Ocean, N.Amer. Eal> India. Alia Netherlands, Europe Scotland, Europe Eaft India, Aiia Ocean, A Ha Atlant. Ocew, Africa Calfres, Af ica Ocean, Africa Sweden, Europe Germany, Europe France, Europe Atlant. Ocean, Europe Germany, Europe Netherlands, Europe Germany I Europe Sea, N.Amer. England, Europe Perfia, Alia Scotland, Europe Eall Indi^, Alia S^yedpn, Europe Swod.&Ruffia, Europe Italy If Turk. Europe Perlia& Arab.Afia ' Fcrfia& Arab,Afia Call f.&Mexico N.Amer. New Scptlacd, N.Amer. Mexico, ' N.Amer. NetherUnds, puropc Germany, Europe England, Euro]>e England, puro|>e 4i Lat* D. M 54N. 27-47N. 43-46N. 45- -N. 20rp9 b. Long* D. x\r. 11-41 E. 17-40W, II 07 K, 3c.;; I W. 3-'oE. 57-3^ E. 8-40 £. 54»2?N. 20-12 E. 14-;>6N, 24*2 ,W, 32r^:N. 17-01 VV. 17- 1 ' 8. 143-01 W. i2-oi;N. 80-55 E. 44-33N. 6-09 E. 44-2 5N. 8-40 R. 46-1 2N. 6-05 E. 38-39N. 4755^^'* 44-25N, 8-30 E. 36-C5N. f-ijW. 3;-45Nt 63-30W. 13-ojN. 80-33 E. 51-03N. 3 48 E. 5<;-5lN. 4-ioW. 1 5-3 1 N. 7 3-5cE' 13J-J5N. 12C-07E. 2 8-f05N 17-03W. 33-5^ S. 18-. 8 E. 14-40N. 17-20W, 57-42N. '1I-43E. 5i-3*iN. g-58E. 48-soN. X-32W. 39-02N. 27'5 W. 4 7-i^4Nt l5r2gE. jCf^cN. 2-13 F- 54r04N. I3-43E' i5-59Ni 61-54 W. 5I-05N. 2-16W. 27?3oN 74*20 E. 55-52N. 4r22W, i4-ocN. 140-jcE, Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea. Mediterranean Set. Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean. Pacific Ocean. Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic Ocean. 52-04N!. 4-»2^» 5 3-34 N.- 9--5J'' 5C-52N. .0-40 1« A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 887 NaffuscfFinceJ. frovi/uei* Countrlti* Smarter* Halifax, Nova Scotia, Hano\cr, Saxony, Havannah, Cuba HavrcdcGiace Norir.andy, La Hfcfc, Hellefpoivt, St. Helena, South Ja. Town, Hernofaiid, Hervey*s Ifle, South Hacrlem, Holland, North Oermuny, liland, France, I). Fbnders, Netherlands, Europe 51-25N. Med. &Bi. Sea, Europe and Afia Lat, L>. M. America 44-40N. Europe, $2-32N. N.Amcr.23-iiN. Europe 49-29N. D. M. 9.3 5 E. 82-13VV. o- 1 o E, 4*^o L* Atlatu. Ocean, Africa 15-55 S. 5-44\V. W.Bothnia, Sweden, Europe 62-38N. 17-58 E. Pacific Ocean, Afia 19-17S. 158-43 W. *. , .. , Netherlands, Europe 52-20N. 4-10 E, Hereford, Herefordfliirc, England, Europe 52-o6N. 2-38 W, Hoai-Nghan, Kian-Nan, China, Afia 33-54N. i 18-54 E. France, Europe 49-44N. i-5»"VV. Pacific Ocean, Afia 9-26 S. 138-47 VV^., Netherlands, Europe 5I-24N. 4-52 E. Pacific Ocean, Afia Pacific Ocean, Afia LaHogueCapeNonnandy, Hood's Ifle, South HoogOrafen, Bnibant, Howe*s lile, South Huahine llle. South Hull, Yorkdure, Hudfon's Bay,Coaft of JrAkutfkoi, Siberia, I JaneiroRio, afly, Moldavia, Java Head, Java Ifle, Jeddo, Japan Ifle, Jcrufalem, Palelline, Immer Ifle, South Ingolfladt, Bavaria, St. John's To. Antigua, St. John's To. Newfoundland North St, Jofcph's, California, Mexico, Irraname Ifle, South Iflamabad, Bengal, ifle of Pin«s, South Irac Agcm, Perfia, 16-46 S. 1 54-01 VV, 16-44 S. i5i-pi,W, Enf^land, Europe 53-45N. o-uWt Labrador, N.Amer. N. Atlantic Ocean. RuUia, Alia 62-otN. 129-52 £. Brafil, S.Amer. 22-54 S. 42-3*^^". Turkey, Europe 47-c;8N. 47-34 ^* Eaillndia, Afia 6-498. 106-55 £. Ea A India, Afia 36-2UN. 1 39-00 E. Turkey, Afia 31-55N. 35-25 E. Pacific Ocean, Afia ip-iqS. 169-51 E. Germany, Europe 48-45N. 11-27 £• Leeward Ifle8,N.Amer-i7-04N. ^-04 E. America 47-32N. 52-2iW. N.Amer.2 3-o3N. i?9-37W» Pacific Ocean, Afia ^^^9-3 ^ S. 1 70-26 E Ispahan, Judda, Juthia, Invernefs, Ivica Ifle, Eaft India, Afia Pacific Ocean, Afia Afia Afia Afia Europe 57-33N Europe 38-joN 22-2oN* 91-50 £. 22-38 S. 167-43 E»" 32-25N. 52-5^ £• 21-29N. 49* .'.7 E. 14-18N. 100-55 K' 1-40 E. Arabia Felix, Aiabia, Siam, Eafi India, Invernefiftiire,Scotland, Meditcrr. Sea, Italy, IPhmus of Suez joins Africa to Afia. '■ of Corinth, Joins the Morea to Greece, EurojMik ^ " of Panama, joins North and South America. ,- rv ^, - " ' ' of Malacca, joins Malacca to Farther India, Afia. Irifli Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland, Europe, Atlantic Oceaa* Indian Ocean, Coafl of India, Afia. KAmtfchat-Siberia, Ruflia, ka, Bengal, Eaft India, Roxboroughf. Scotland, Ai I'ihi re, Scotland, Mvnfter, Ireland, Afia 57-ioN. i63*opE. Kedgere, Kelfo, Kilmarnock, Kinfale, KiNosToy, Jamaica/ Wei^In4i99 Afia 21-48N. 88t5; £• Europe 55-38N. oani^W* Europe 55»38Ns )Oo-3oW#. Europe 5i-32Nf o^aoW*: America ■.\%r^^* ^ $'3 %W^^ 3 L 4 k U m &8S A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. }JamesofPlaccsi Provhices* Coutttries, ^iartcr. Klow, Ukraine, Kola, LapUnd, Koningfberg, Prudia, LAneaitir, L.Hncalhire, LcvantfcaCoall of Laguna, Tcnciitfc, Landau, Alface, Landlcroon, Schoncn, Laufanne, Leeds, Leicefter, Leipfic, Ruilia, Ruiria, ' Poland, •England, Syria, ■ Canaries, France, • Sweden, Cant, of Vaud.. Switzerland, Yorkfhire, England, Leicefleffliire, England, Saxony, Germany, Leper's IfliindjS. Pacific Ocean, Lcikard, Lofpiirre, Leyden, Leith>> -" LahdV Linlfeh^ow', Lincdu, Lima^ Ljeg-ef ■ ' Limoges, LinWj Liflev ; Lilbon, LlAierittki LiMhficM, Lortf^to, • L'' • Mediter^. fea, MiOsicca, ' latUA^^'t" £iift Indian Europe Europe Europe Fuiropc Aiia A.Ocean liuropc F'.urope ]<',urope Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe ■Europe Afia Eurqje Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 'America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afia Europe Europe N.Amer Europe Europe Europe Europe Afui ^Afia 49- 53- 52- Laf. D. M. jo-'^oN. 6H-52X. 54-43 '^^• 54-05 N. Mediterra 28-28N. ■irN. 52N. '3 ' N. 48N. .38N. 51-19N. 15-23 S. 50-26N. 45-18N. 52-ioNi 55-58N. 32-40N. 55-S6N. 53'i5N. 12-01 O. 5O-37K. 45-49N. 48-5 6N. 50-37N. 3H-42N. 49-57N. 45-53N. 5-- 5=- 43- 5'- 35N. 43N. 15N. 31N. 50-00N. 12-4.TN. 50-5 3 N. 54-ooN. . 13-24N. 55.4'N. 48-3 5 N. 49-37^. 4S-45N: za-irN. 05^-09 S. D. M. ^ 31-12 E. 3 3- '3 E- 21-35 E. 02-55 E» nean fea. i6-i3\V. 08-02 E. 12-51 E. 06-50 E. 01-29W. oi-03\V. 12-25 ^* 168-03 E. 04-3 6 W, 00-5 2 W. 04-32 R. 03-oo\V. 75-30 E. 03-30W.- 00-2j\V. 76-44W. 05-40 E. 01-20 E, 13-57E. 03 --og E. ' 09-04 W", • 05 loW. 59-4SW. 08-48W. o I -04 W, 14.15 E. I ft Mcrid. 07-4o\V, 100-56 E,' 04-49 ^* 11-40E, 60-46W. 13-26 E. 06 35 E. 06-16 E. 04-54 Fl. 113-51 E. 1 19-53 E. t> -Africa '3 2-3^N. 17-01 W. _Afia 13-04N. 80-33 E, Europe 4Gr2{;N. 03-20 E. Afia 10 25 S. 138-44W, Europe 39t5'oN< 03-53 E, Europe ij'g-JsN. 02-34 E. Afta pz-izN. |02rio?. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 889 '1 1 f '1 NiXntes of Places, Prot'lticei, Countries* Quarter, ■C2\V. Malines, Mallicola(Ille) St. Maloes, Malta Illc, IVIaaiila, Mantua, Maregalante I lie, Marfeilles, St. Martha, St.M;trtin'sIfle Martinico Iflc, St. Mary's Ifle, St. Mary's To. Malkelynclflcs Mauritius, • INIaurua Ifle, Maycnce, Mayo Ifle, Meaux, Medina, Mecca, Medlterr. fea, Mcquinez, ' MESilNA, Me'rgui, IMexico, Milford Haven Miatea Hies, St. MichaePs Ifle, Middleburglfl. IMlLAN, IVIocha, JIOPENA, Montreal, Moutpelier, JMontrofe, Montague Ifle, Mpntferratlfle jMorocco, ■ Moscow, Munich^ Muniler, NArva, Nanci, Nanking, Nam.uV Nangalachi, Naples," Nantes, Brabant, Netherlands, South Pacific Ocean, Bretagnc, France, Mediterranean Sea, Luconia Phil- Eaft India, lip. Iflcs, Mantua, Ifaly, Atlantic Ocean, '" Provence, France, St. Martha, Terra Firma, Caribean Illes, Weft India, Caribcan Ifles, Weft India, Scllly Ifles, Atlantic Ocean Azores, Atlantic Ocean South - Pacific Ocean, Indian ' Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, Lower Rhine, Germany, Cape Verd, Atlantic Ocean Champagne, France, ' Arabia F'elix, Arabia,, V Arabia Felix, Arabia, between F.uropc and Fez, Barbary, Sicily Ifland, Italy, Siam, Eafl India, Mexico, North Pembrokcfliire, Wales, South Pacific Ocean, Azores ' . ' Atlantic Ocean South Milanefe, Arabia Felix, Modena, Canada, Langueddd, Forfar, Smith ' ,; ' : Caribeari Ifles, Morocco, Mofcow, Bavaria, Weflphalia, Livohia,' Lorrain, Kian'gan, Namur,' • Japan, ^^, , ,.; Naples, •' ' Brpta^^ne, Pacific Ocean, Italy, • Arabia, . North ''\^;n France,' *' '' Scotland, Pacific Ocean, Weft India,, Barbary, Ruflia, Germany, Germany, Ruflia, France, China, Netherlands, N. Pacific Oc. Italy, France, Europe Alia Europe Africa Alia Europe S. Amer. Europe America America America Europe Europe Afia Africa Afia Europe Africa Europe Afia Afia Africa Africa Europe Alia ^ America Europe Afia Europe Afia Europe Afia Europe America Europe' Europe Alia . America Africa Europe Europe' Europe Euro}5c Europe Afia Europe' Afia Europe JJuropc D. M. I), ivl. 51-01N. 0+-33E. 16-15N. 167-44 ^* 48-58N. 01-56W. 35-54N. 14-33 £• 14-36N. 120-58 E. 45-20N. 10-47 ^» 1 5.5 5 N. 61-06W. 43-17N. 1 1-26N. 1 8-04N. 14-44N. 49-57N. 36'-56N. i6-32S. ?o-C9 S. 16-25 S. 49-54N. 15-ioN.' 48-j}N. ■25-ooN. 21-45N. Atlantic 34-30N. 38-30N. I2-12N. I9-54N. •51-4SN. 17-52S. 37.47N. 21-30S. 45-25N. 1 3-40N. 44-34N. 45-3SN. 4^36N. 56-34N. 17-26 S. i6-4i7N. 3'o-52N. 48-09N, '52-ooN, ■59-ooN, ;48-4jN. 32-06N. 50-28N.' 32-39N. 40-56 N^. 47-13N. 05-27 E. 73-59jj;- 6IM6l\^ 06-3 aw. 25-24W. 168-04 E. 57-34 E. irj-37E. 08-25 E. 2 3-00 W. 02-57 E. 39-33 E- 41-00 E, Ocean. 06-00 E. 15-40 E. 98-13 E., 1 00-00 W. 05-I5W, 148-oiW. 25-37^^ 174-29W*.; 09-30 E« 43-50 E« 11-17 E» 73-1 iW« 03-37 E, 02-20W. 1 68-36 E,. 62-12W'.. 06,-iotV.' 37-50 E, 11-35E, 07-10 E,, 27-35 E- o0-i6£. 118-30 fi. 04-49 E. 128-51 E. 14-18 E. oi-2 8W. 890 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. NameitfPlacn* Provinces Countries. Smarter, Nice, ISewporr, TjJicuport, Ntvv York, "yiiievcli, Piedmont, Rhoilemainl, I'laiultr.-., New York, St. Nich.iNIulc Hilpaniula, Nevvcallle, Nortliuiubeil. Ningpo, Chtkiang, Korfolk Idc, South' Notion, Pennfylvaiiia, North Cape, Wardhus, Nottin^hair, Nottinghamfli. Northamj ton, Northainptlh. Npnvicb, Norfolk, Nuremberg^, Franconia, OLinutz, Moravia, Ochotfkoi.Siberia, Ohevahoa*Iile, South OhitHhoo Iflc, South Oeion Ifle, Sajntonge, Olympia, Greece, Clinde, Brali], ► Onatcayo Ifle, South Oporto, Duoro, , Oinenburj, Tartary, Orleans., Orleannois, Orleans (New) Louifiana, Orotaya, TeperifFe, Ormus, J Oritiicos Ifle, Or|^ ;^j p.Tartary, Crap, ' Algiers, Ofnaburglfle, South Oftfnd, Flanders, Oxford Obfer- Oxfordlhire, varory, Sr. Omei*s, Flanders, l*Orient (Port) BretagnCf IpiAcific or between jt^ Or.Ocean Padua, , ['., ?»duano, ^ Paiflcy, P.enfrewJhire, PALERMO, Sicily Ifle, Palmyra, Syria, Panama, Darien, Pttilifer*5 Iflei, South Paima Ifle, Canaries, Palmerl>on's I. South Pabom Ifle South Paris Obfer- Iflc of France, vatory, Patriaiiord^ Iceland, Italy, North Neiherlands, North Turkey, Weft India, Engl.inO, Cliini, Pacific Ocean, North . Lapland, England, Eni;land, England, Germany, Bohemia, Rullla, Pacific Ocean, Pacific Ocean, France, Turkey, South Pacific Ocean, Portugal, Ruflia, France, North Atlantic Ocean Perfia, Ruflia, Barbary, Pacific Ocean, Netherlands, England, Europe America Europe America Afu America Euiope Afia Alia America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Afja Afu Afia Europe Europe America Alia Europe Afia Europe America Africa AGa Afia Africa Afia Europe Europe NctherlaR<)|^ Europe France, Europe Aha and America Italy, Scotland, Italy, Turkey, Terra Firma, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Pacific Ocean, France, Europe Europe Europe Afia S. Atner. Alia Africa Afia Afia Europe Laf, D. M. 43.41N 41-35N 51-0-N 4 0-40 N 36-ooN I J-49N 55.03N 2957N 29-01 S 40 09N 71-ioN 53-ooN 52.15N 52-40N 49-27^ 49 3-N 59 3oN 09-40 S 09-55 S 46-02V 37-30N 08.13 S 09-58 S 41-loN 51-46N 47-54N 29-57N 28-Z3N a6-5oN 51-I2N 36-30N 17-52 S 51.13N 51-45N .50.44N 47-4SN 45-22N. 55.48N. 38»3oN. 3300N. 08-47 N. 15-38 S. ?8-36N. 18^00 S. 16-30 8. 48-5PN. N. Atl. Ocean, Europe 65*3 5N. L»Hg. D. M. 07-22 E. 71-G6W. 02-50 E. 74-ooW. 45-03 E. 73-24W. 01-24W. 120-23 E. 168.15 E. 75-i8\V. 26-02 E. oi-o6V\\ 00-55W. o I 2 5 E. 11-12 E. 16-4; E. 143 17 E- 138. 56W. 139 oiVV. oi-2oW. 22 00 E. 3!;-0f.\V. 136-40W. c8 22W. 55-14 E. 01-59 E. 89-53W. 16-19W. 57-00 E. 58-37 E. oc-05 E. 148-01 £. 03-00 E. oi-JoW. 02-19 E- 05-20W. 12*00 K* 04.08W. >3-43^- 30-00 E. 80.06W. 1 46-2 5 W. I7-45W- 162-52^. 168-33 £• 2-25 E. 14-^i^W. Names •59 E. .53W. .19W. •00 E. 8-37 E. •05 E. •01 E. •00 £. •loW. •19 E, •aoW. •00 £. .08W. •43 .E- •00 E. .06W. -45W. .33 E. ■25 E. T^^W. A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. I.at. D. M. 44.45N. 25.45N. 43-1 jN. 37-5» S. 17-coN. 39-S4N. 14-44N. 5i-4i;N. 50-08N. 3C-22N. 45-1 iN. 43-53N. 56-2 2 N. 40-30N. 46-. (N. 3c^3oN. 53-oiN. 5g-56N. 39-56N. 3950N. America 54-42 S. Kurope 38-28N. Aliii 22-38 S. Europe 43-43N. Ametica 47-26N* Kamts of Places. Prtvlncrs* Countries, ^tarter. Parma, Parmafun, Italy, V urope Patna, Bengal, £:.ll India, Alia l^au, Beam, France, 1 urope St. Paul's Kle, South Indian Ocean, Alrica Pegu, I'egu, E;ia India, Alia Peking, Pctclii-li, China, Alia St.Pcter'sFort Maitlnico, W. India, N.Amer. Pembrokf, Pcmbrokclhir c Wales, Ell rope- Penzance, Cornwall, England, Europe Pensacola, WeftHoiida, North America Perigueux, Guieniic, France, Europe Perinaldi, Genoa, Italy, Europe Perth, Perthfliire, Scotland, Europe Perth 'amboy. New Voik, North Aim rica St. Peter's Ilk, North Atlant. Ocean , America Pcrfepolis, Irac A^em, Perfia, Alia Petropawlofkoi Kamtllhaika, Ruflia, Afia Petersburg, Ingria, lUiffia, Europe Philadelphia, Pennfvlvania, North AmeriVa St. Philip's Minorca, Mediterr. Sea, Europe Fort, Pickcrfglll Ifle, South Atlant . Ocean Pico, Azores, Atlant. Ocean, Pines, Ifle of, N. Caledonia, Pacific Ocean, Pila, Placentta, lufcany, Italy, Newfoundland North Ille Plymouth, Plymouth, pollingen, Devonlhire, England, New England, North Suabia, German)', Pondicherry, Coroniandel, Eaft Inflia, Ponoi, Lapland, Porto Bello, Terra Firma, Px)rto SantSto Madeira, Ruflia, South Atlant. Ocean, Europe America Europe Afia i Europe Arat-rica Africa Jamaica, Martinico, Hampfliire, Weft India, Weil Indi», England, England, Ifle, Port Koyat, Port Royal, Portfmouth Town, — Academy, Hampfliire, Portfmouth, New England, North Portland Ifle, South Pacific Ocean, Portland Ifle, North Atlant. Ocean, Prague, Bohemia, FrinceofWales NewN. Wales, North Fort, Potoii, b ; . Peru, . South Providence, . New England, North PreOon, Lancafliire/ England, Prefl)urg, Upper ^ Hungary, Pulo Caudor ladiasx Ocean, Eaft iniaies, Ifle, 50-22N. 4i-4bN. 47-48N. 11-41N. 67-06N. 9-33N. 32-5bN. America 18-ooN. America 14-35N. Europe 50*47N. Europe 50-48N. America 43-ioN. Alia 39'-25 S. Europe 63-2 2N. Europe 50-C4N. America 58-47N. Amer'ca zi^od S. America 4i-5oN. Europe 53-45N. Europe 4N-2oN. Afia 8-4<^N. 891 Long, 1). M. 10-51 ^' 83-co E. o 04 W. 7:-?3E. 97 00 E. 1 16-29 ^* 61-16W. 4-50VV, 6-coW. 87-20W. 0-48 E. 7-45 E. 3-12W. 74-2oW. 5«-i2W. 54-co H« 158-40 E. 30>z4 £. 75-09W. 3-53 E- 36S3W. 2b-»lW. 167-43 E. 1-17 E. 55-ooW. 4-ioW. 70-2 5 W. |Q:48.E. 79-57,E.- 36-28 E. 79-49W.. i6-*o\\. 76-40W. 61-04W. oj-9iVV. oi-otW. 70-«pW,. 178-X7 E. 18-49W. 14-50 £> 94-OiW. 7 7-00 W, 7x-2iW. 2*56W., 1 7-30W. ,io7-a5.^E» i| fii" •I !' •• ?!|' !l «92 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. Ntiwfi ofFLxccs, Provinces* Countries, {••) iiarler* Piilo Timor lilc, Pylelbart Ifle, South QUcbcc, Canada, St. Qiiin- Picardy, tin, Q^iiro, Peru, Queen Char- South luttc's Ides, RAmhciid, Cornwall, Ragufa, Dulmatia, Ratilbon, Bavaria, Re Iflc, Aunis, Kecif, Brafil, Renne«, ' Brcraj{nc, RefoUuion Ifle^ South Rhcims, GulfofSiam, Ead India, Ada Pacific Ocean, Afia North Ameiica France, Europe South .: Auicrica P.icitic Ocean, Alia England, Venice, . Germany, E ranee. South France, Europe Europe Europe Eurojic America Europe Pacific Ocean, Alia Europe Cliampac;ne, P'rance, Rhodes, • . Rhode lUand, Eevant fea, R'ga. ' '■■ • Livonia, Ruflia, i'- Rirtiin?,-' • Romagna, July, . it.l j Rochelle, Aunis, France, R*>0» V gu» river, ' Rodefi, - • tjruienne, France, ' RodVigulf Ifle, South .• Indian Ocean, Africa Rome, (St. Pope's Terri- Italy, Europe PeMr'l) '• lory, Rotterdftm HoUaod, RotterdftmlUe, South Rbuetv, '. Normandy, OjT.- Aviguf- Eaft Florida, i3i tin; Alia ■ Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe Netherlands, Eunope Pacific Ocean, Afia F'ranec,^^ . , ^i. F'lMtepe North (America — t)om\ngo, Carib, fea, ~T J^RO» Chili, — SalvaidDr,- Brafil, ■ Saba Ifte,'- Carib. fea, Sagan, -■ • 'Silefia, Sail Ifle, North Salpili^M < • " TSJacedonia, Salvage Itles, Nojth > Samatla, : Hifpaniola, Sfl'marcahd, Ufliec, SdSftwryy ■ Wiltfhire, Santa Cruz, T^heFifTe, Sandwich Ifle, South Santa Fe,: "^ N(Mf Mexico, North Savaooah, ''Georgi*, North .Weft India, America South Ameiica 'Sou^h ''America .Well»India, America XJermariy, Eur9pe ■ Atlant. Ocean, Africa iTurkey Europe Aflant. Ocean, Africa Weft India, America Tartary, - Alia Englaiid, Europe . At Ian r. Ocean, Africa . Pacific Ocean, Afia - America ' r .'Ainerlca Sattndert'sIfleySouth GeorgiaS. Atlantic > S. Amc- . .. - '■-:' j-.js> 0.'. Ocean^ rica Sfttage ^fla, /Soufl* " Pac'vfic Ocean, JVfia Lit. 1). M. 3- oN. 22-23 s. 4()-55N. 49-5oN. C-13 S. lo-i t S. 50-1 3N. 42-45N. 4S.56N. 46.14N. 8-10 S. 48-06N. 17-23 S. 4q-i4N. 36-20N. 44-03 N. 46-09N. 46-02N. 3B-45N. 44-2 1 N. 1 0-40N. 4»'53N. rr 51-56N. 2o-i6N. 49-26Nn .5.4.5JV. 1 S-zoN. 34-00 S. 1 1-58 s. 17-39N. 5I-421N. I6-38N. 4C«4iN, 30-ooN. i9<.i5N, 40-40N. 41-00N. 28-27N. 17-41 S. 36-ooN. 31-55N. 5iJ-oo S. I.ovy. 1). M. ^ 104-30 E, I7V.16W. 69-48 W. 3-: 2 E. 77-foW. 164-35 E. 4-r5W. .18-25 ^• 12-05 ^* 1-29W. 35-30VV. 1-36W. 141 -40 W. 4-97 E- 28-00 E. 24*00 li. 12-139 E. 1-04-W. 0-53W.' 9-3(?W. * t'- 2-39 E. 63- a 5 E. 12-34 £. rr t ^ 4-3 3 E. 1 74-25 VV.! i-ooW. Si-iiW. 70-b©W. 77-oaW. 3 8-00 W.' 63-1 2 W.. 15-27; E.i 22-5 1 W, 23-13 Er I5-49W. 69*1 1 W. 69-00 E. 1.45W. 16-1 1 W. 168-38 E. 1 04-00 W, 80-20VV. 26-5 3 vv. »9.i92 S* i69-35^« 4 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 8-93 Names d/Pliiccs, Provincts, Upper Cifuntries, S.»vtl, or Thebes, Saiuatiit Ruins, Holy T..»ire, Scotland, Stialfund, Pomerania, Germany, Stia(burgh, AUace, Fruncc, Stockholm, Upland, Sweden, Straits of Dover, between Ens^land and France, Englifli Channel. Straits of Gibraltar, between Eurojc and Africa, Mediterranean Sea. Straits of Babelmandel, between AtricH ami Alia, Red Sea. Straits of Ormus, between i^eriia and Arabia, Pcrlian Gulf. • ' ^ Straits of Malacca, between Malacca and Sumatra,, Alia, Indian Ocean. Straits of Magellan, between Terra del Fucgo, and Patagonia, Sputh America. Straits of La Maire, in Patagonia, South America, i\tlantic and Pacific Oceans. tZ'-.-.j Straits of Waigats, between Nova Zcmbla and Ruflia, Afia, , -^w Straits of Sunda, between Sumatra and Java, Indian Ocean, Afia* ' Straumnefs, -^ Iceland, N. Atlantic Europe 65-39N. a;4-a4W, Ocean, Suex, ; Suez, EgyjJt, Africa 29-5oN. 33*27 E, Sunderland, Durham^ England, Europe 54-55N, i-xoW. !»l' l^lil I. M 4'H 894 A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL tABLE^ HamtsofPlaces* Provinces, Countries* garter, t,aU D. M. 4--53N. 21-ioN. Surinam, Sultz, Surar» Syracufc, TAhle T-.mna, Tanjour, Tail r is, 1 aoukaa Ide, Tcmontengis, Teneriffe l^eak, Tcrcera, St. Thomas's nic, Timor, S. W. Point, Timorland S. Point," Thorn, Tctuaii, Teflis, Tobolflc', Tomfk, Toulon, Toledo, Tonga Tabu ine, Trapefond, Trent, Troy Ruins Tornea, Tripoli, Tripoli, Tunis, Turin, Tyre, Tuitlelfle, Tyrnaw, ULiatfa, Upfal, Vranibcrg, Ufliant llie, Utrecht, Venice, Vera Crux, Verona, Verfaille*. Vienna (Ob.) Vigo, Vintimipflit, S rinam. South Lorrain, France, Guzerar, Haft India, Sicily Ifle. Iraly, ]|ew Hebrides, South Pacific -, Ocean, South Pacific Ocean, Tanjour, £a(l India, Aderbeitzan, Perfia, South Pacific Ocean, Soloo, £a(l India, Ciinaries, Ailant. Ocean, Azores, Attanr. Ocean, Virgin Iflesy Well India, America £urope Afia Europe Afia D. M. 55-30W. 7.0QW. 72-27 £• 36.38N. 15-05 E* 15-38 S. 167-12 £• Af^a Atia Alia Afia Afia Africa Hurope America 19-32 S. 1 1-27N. 38-20N. 14-30 S. 5-57N. a8-i2N. J8-45N. !8.2lN. 169-46 £• 79-7 E. 46-30 £• 14 5-04 W. 120-58 £« i6-24\V. 27-oiW. 64-46W. £aft India, Afia 10-33 S. 124^04 £. £a(llndia, Afia 8-158. i3i-;9£. Rrgal Pruffia, Fez, Georgia, Siberia, Siberia, Provence, New Caftile, South Natolia, Trent, Natolia, Bothnia, Iripoli, Syria, TtMiis, Piedmont, Paltftine, South Trentfchin, South Upland, Huen Hie, Bretagne, Holland, Venice, Mexico, Veronefe, Ifle of France, Auftria, Galicia, Genua, Poland, Barbary, Perfia, Rufiia, Rullia, France, Spain, P.icific Ocean, Turkey, Germany, Turkey, Sweden, Barbary, Turkey, Barbary, Italy, Tuikey, Pacific Ocean, Hungary, Pacific Ocean, Sweden, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Italy, North Italy, France, Germany, S|:ain, Italy, r Europe Africa Afia Afia Afia Europe Europe Alia Afia Europe Afia Europe Africa Afia Africa Europe Afia Afia Europe Afia Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe America Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe 52-56N. 35-4CN. 43-3'N. 58-1 2N. 56-29N. 43-07 N. 39-50N. 21-09 S. 41-50N* 46-05 N. 39-30N. 65-5 oN. 32-53N. 34-30N. 3 6-47 N. 45-05N. 32-32N. 19-48 S. 48-2 3 N. 16.45 s. 59-5 »N. 55-54N. 48-28N. 52-07N. 45-26N. 19-12N. 45-26N. 48-48N. 48.1 2N. 42-14N. 43-53N. ig-dcW. 5-1 8W. 47-00 £. 68-17 ^'• 85-04 £. 6-01 K. 3-25 E. 174-41W. 4c. 30 £. 1 1-02 £. 26-30 £. 24-17 E. 13-12 E. 36-15 E. 10-00 £. 7-45 £• 36.00 K. 178-02W. 17.38 E. 151-26W. 17.47 E. 12-57 E. 4-59W. 5-co E. 11-59 E. 97-25W. 11-23 E. 2-12 £. 46-22 E. 8-23W. 7-^2 £* A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE. 89s 2Jamgs of Places. Pravi/ices, Countrits, Virgin Gorda, Virgin Iflcs, Weft India, WUitz- Franconia, Germany, burg, Wakefield, YorkfliXrc, England, Pr. of Wales New N. Wales North Fort, Wardhuf, Norwegian Lapland, Warfaw, Mjflbvia Weftman Iflcs, North Whitfuntide South Ifle. Warwick, Warvvickflyre, England, Watt;rfoid, Munftcr, Ireland, Whi-ehavm, Cumberland, England, Williamfljurg, Virginia, North WelU, Somerfetfliire, England, Wincheftcr, Hampfliire, England, Worms, Lower Rhine, Germany, Worcefler, Worcefterlhirc England, garter, I.at, D. M. America 18-iSN. Europe 49-46N. Europe 57-41N. America 5 8-4.7 N, J.orifr, D. M. 6 3-59 W. io>i8£. 1-28W. 94-0 a W. Lapland Poland, Europe 70-22N. 31-11 E. Europe ^2-i4N. Atlant. Ocean, Europe 63-20N. Pacific Ocean, Alia 15-44 S. Europe 92-18N. Europe 52-12N, Europe 54-3SN. Arherica 37-1 2N. Europe 51-12N. Europe 51-06N. Europe 49-3 8N. Europe' 52-09N. Wllles's Ifles, South Georgia, Atlant. Ocean, America 54-co S. Wilna, Lithuania, Poland, Wittcnburg, Upper Saxony,Gcrmany, Wolo^da, Wologda, Ruilla, Woflak, Ruffia, YArmouth, Norfolk, England, York, Yorkfliirc, England, Yorkminiler, Terra del Fu -South Europe 54-4rN. Europe 51-49N. Europe 59-19N. £uro))e 61-15N. Europe 52-4|;N. Europe 53-59N. America 55-26N. 21-05 ^• 20-2 2 W. 168.25 E. 1-3 2 W. 7-J6W. 3-36W. 76-48 vv. 2-40W. i-i:;W. 8.05 E. 1.55W. 38-24VV, 25-32 E. 1 2-46 E. 4'-So E, 1-48 E. i-oiW. 7C-03W. Greenwich Obferv. Kent, England, Europe, 51** 28' 40" N. o"* 5' 37'' E. of St, Paul%, London. V '..1 i 'l. 1 I' ill' m i: Mf'L i'fl ■I vl. II It \X O ' ( I . .' ' I. ,. ' ^ »■ TC T C f. ■ 7' ( 89< ) I -.; I MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE; The moil Copious and Authenttc that ever was publiihed of the prefent State of the Real and Imaginary Monies of the Woild. .■,,>: .». I • yf: Divided into four Parts, viz. EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA. "Which are fubdivided into fifty- five Parts, containing the Names ' of the moH capital places, the Species whereof are inferted, (hewing how the Monies are reckoned by the refpeftive Na- tions; and the Figures (landing againft the Denomination of each foreign Piece is the Englifh intrinfic Value thereof, ac cording to the beft AiTays made at the Mint of the Tower of London. . EXPLANATION. By real Money is undeiftood an efFeftive fpecie, reprefenting in itfelf the Value denominated rhereby, as a Guinea, &c. * Thisr-Mark Is prefixed to the imaginary money, which is generally made ufe of in keeping Accounts, fignifying a fictitious Piece which is not in being, or which cannot be reprefented but by feveral other Pieces, asaPoundderling, &c. All fraftions in the Value Englifti are parts of a Penny. - = This Markfignifies, /j, make^ or equal to. Note, for all the Spanifh, Portuguefe, Dutch, and Danifli Domi- nions, either on the Continent, or in the Weft Indies, fee the Monies of the refpeftive Nations. p4 w I \ ENGLAND and SCOTLAND. London^ Briflol^ Liverpool,, ^c, Edinburghf Qlafgov:^ Aberdeen^ ^c% A Farthing 2 Farthings A Halfpence A Pence o Pence 12 Pence 5 Shillings 20 Shillings 21 Shillings 6 ^ — O 0^ a Halfpenny .-« O 0^ a Penny m^ O I a Groat .« 4 a Half Shilling •« o 6 a Shilling ... O I a Crown — 050 a * Pound Sterling — i I a Quiuea mm \ I ^ \ ; ttf c^ o o (4 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. 897 A Faithincf 2 Farthings 2 H.atpence 6i Pence 12 Pence 13 Pence 65 Pence 20 Shillings i2^ Shillings IRELAND. Dublin^ Corky Londondcrryy i^c. r= a Halfpenny — sr * a Penny — 5= a Halt' Shilling — s: * a Shilling Irilh SS a bhilling — ss a Crown — 55 * a Pound Irifli — = a Guinea — o o o o o o o o o o II 1 o 18 5 1 I o T.r I z ?J t FLANDERS and BRABANT. Ghentf Ojiendt is^c. Jniwerp, BruJ/cIs, iffc. • A Pening 4 Peningens 8 Peningens 2 G rotes 6 Petards 7 Petards 40 G rotes '7t Scalins 240 G rotes ■ t as an Urchft — ^ ' sz * a Grote — ~ a Petard — • Sr * a Soaliu — as a Scalin — 5- ' ' * a Florin -^ sss a Ducat — <» = * a Pound Flem, — o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I 9 9 o o o o i; 6 6 3 o z T HOLLAND AND ZEALAND. Amfterdam^ Rotterdam^ A'liddUburg^ Fiu/hing^ i^c» * Pening 8 Peningens n 2 G rotes " sj 6 Stivers ss 20 Stivers ' = 2 Florins lo Stivers = 60 Stivers =r: 3 Florins 3 Stivers = 6 Guilders 2c Florins * a Grotc — a Stiver — a Scalin •— a Guilder — a Rix»dollar — a Dry Guilder -— a Silver Ducattoon r= * a Pound Flem. o o o o o o o o o o o o o I 4 5 ? 10 2 1 » t ' %■ ■i > 15 Florins u Gold Ducat, or Ducat- toon — 1 16 o a Ducattoon,anotherfort, called a Sovereign 170 E u H A M B U 11 * A Tryling 2 Try ling's = 2 SexHn«jfs ss 1 2 Fenings =5 16 Shillings = 2 Marcs £= 3 Marcs = 4 Marcs = 120 Shillings ^: G, JltenOi LubeCi Bremen, l^c, — 00 * a Sexling •— a Fening — a Shilling Lub. * a Marc — a Sletch dollar — • a Rix-doUar — a Silver Ducattoon * a Pound Flem. - 3 M ■' o o o o o o o o o o o I 3 4 6 II o o o 1 6 o 6 o TtJ HAiNO\£R, m 898 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. HANOVER, Lunenburgy Zcll, &c. , £, s. (f. * A Ffmiiir ^^^^ - r\ f\ i^ 7 3 Fenings rs a Dreyer — t^ 1 S fenings s a Marie n — 001 i 12 Fenings "» a Grofli — 001^ • ' ■ ■ 8 Groflitn cj a Half Gulden i 2 i6Groflicn jg; a Gulden — 024 1 24Groflien ; 55 * a Rlx-doUar 036 1 • •■ 3 a Oroflien sb a Double Gulden 048 1 4 Guldens rs a Ducat — 9 2 1 SAXONY AND HOL STEIN. Drefden, Lelpfic, tffc. mfmavy Keil, bfc. * 1 • An Heller — — -^l 2 Hellers =: a Fening — • ^jT. 6 Hellers - =: a Dreyer — -j^ • ;2; • 16 Hellers . =s a Maricn — 001 I • < 12 Fenings s a Grofli — 1 | \ 6 (4 I 16 Groflien = a Gould — 2 4 '^ cS 1 24 Groflien == *a Rix-dollar --03b c ^ 32 Groflien = a Specie Dollar 048 Jg %0 • >* 4 Goulds , = a Ducat — 9 4 ■ g 2; < 1 #3 H r 1^ BRANDENBURG and POMERANIA. 1 a ' 1 d Berlin^ Potfdam^ isfc, Stetin^ t^c. I ^ * A Denier — — — t'^ B ^ 9 Dcniers «. a Polchen — -^ ■ ^ , 18 Denlers ■».,. a Grofli — t! H ^ m 3 Polchcns ■ ass ^ an Abrafs — yj ■ 20 Groflien , '2^ • * a Marc — 009 i 1 30 Groflien v'a» a Florin — i a ■ 90 Groflien 53' * a Rix-doll.r — 036 H I2 108 Groflien S2 an Albertus — 042 fl ^ 8 Florins «b a Ducat — 094 H ■ C L G N, Mentz^ Triers, Liege, Munich, Munpry ■ ■ ■'■J.'- Padcrborn, i^c, ■ < ADute.. rr- — — t;^- ■ A 3 Dutes _ = a Cruitzer — • |a H 3Sh -^ 2 Cruitzers = an Albus — |c H 5G1 I 8 D'Ues =8 Stiver — tv H 3 Co ' 3 Stivers zz. a Plapert — 2 ts ■ 18 Gr 4 Plapcrts = a Copftuck — 008 1 H 30 Gr 40 Stivers = a Guilder — 2 4 H 90 Gr a Guilders = a Hard Dollar 048 H 1 8 Flo 1 ' 4. Guilders == ^ Ducat — 9 4 H ^ 5Rix w BOHEMIA, m w •*; »! i 7 7 7 T7i I e O < A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. 899 BOHEMIA, SILESIA, and HUNGARY. Prague, Brejlau, Prejburgh, ts'c. A Fening 2 Fenings 3 Fenings 4 Fenings 2 Cruitzers 60 Cruitzers 90 Cruitzers 2 GouMs 4 Goulds ^ * a Drcycr — o a Grolli — o a (Jruit2«r — o a White Gro(h o a Gould — o a Rix-dollar — o a Hard Dollar o a Ducat <— o s. o o o o o 2 3 4 9 o o O o o 4 6 8 4 z-5 it AUSTRIA ' Vienna, A Fening 2 Fenings 4 Fenings 1 4 Fenings 4 Cruitzers 15 Batzen 90 Cruitzers 2 Florins 60 Batzen AND SWABIA. "Triejiey isfc, Augflmrg, Blenheim, ifff, — — — 000 - o — o — o a Dreyer — a Cruitzci' — aGroih ' — a Batzen —- o a Gould — o a Rix.dollar — o a Specie • a Rix-dollar — a Hard Dollar a Ducat m^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o 2 3 4 9 o o I I 7 4 6 8 4 ft -':. r'ii iW . i l. ... Jl POLAND AND PRUSSIA. Cracow, fVarfaw, ^c. Dantzic, Koning/hag, ifc, A Shelon „-.•«. -^ o = a GroOl — . o =r a Couftip •>- o rs a Tinfe — o = an Ort — • o s a Florin «>^ o =5 ♦a Rix>doltar -^ o = a Ducat — <■ o =5 a Frederic d*Or — • .0 3 Ms 3 Shelons ; Groflien 3 Coufiics 18 Qroflien 30 Groflien 90 GroiOien 8 Florins 5 Rix^'dolUrs o o o o o I 3 9 17 o o 2 7 8 a 6 4 6 1 7 LIVONIA. 900 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. LIVONIA. Kisa, Revel, Narva, i^c. & u t: o o A Blacken 6 Blackens 9 Blackens 2 Gioflien 6 Groflieu 30 GrofliRii 90 Grolhen ica Groflien 64. Whitens . ■ - £' s. ^. •^ — a Grofli — a Vording —^ a Whiten — a Marc — 3 a Floiin — I 2 •*" a Rix-dollar — ' 1 6 an Albcrtus — . 4 2 a Copper-plate Dollar 5 7 IT 7 T5 6 DENMARK, ZEALAND, and NORWAY. CopBfihagen, Sound, ^'c. Bergen, Drontheim, ^c, A Skilling 6 Skillinj's s= i6.Skilling3 = 20 Skillings as 2 1 Skillin^s ss ^ Marcs ' =: 6 Marcs ;ss 1 1 Marcs m 1 4 Marcs s a Diiggcn * a Marc a Rix-marc a Rix ort a Crown a Rix-dellar a Ducat a Halt Ducat tI 3 i 9 II I 1 1 3 4 6 8 3 10 6 SWEDEN AND LAPLAND. Stockholm, Upfal^ tfff. Thorn, fcff. * A Runftick 2 Runfticks =: 8 Runfticks = 3 Copper Mares = 4 Copper Marcs = 9 Copper Mares = 3 Copper Dollars = 3 Silver Dollars rr 2 Rix-doUars =3 — 1-0 a Stiver — o a Copper Marc -^^ o a Si'lvcr Marc •— • o a Copper Dollar ^— o a Caroline -— o a Silver Dollar — o a Rix-dollar — o a Ducat — o o o o o o I 4 9 o o I 4 6 2 6 6 4 TT 2 J 7 RUSSIA AND MUSCOVY. Peter jburg. Archangel, ^c, Mofeoiv, t£fc, A Polufca — — ' — Poliifcas r= a Denufca — Denuicu? = * a Copec •— Copecs = an Altin — , s: a Grievener — ■ rr a Po!|iotin — c: a Poltin — " ' =s a Ruble — S5 a Xprvonitz — 10 Copecs 25 Copec? 50 Copecs 100 Copecs > Ruble? T?4 9 TnJ 15 I ii 5 2 T 1 X 2 * 3 4 6 9 d o CO W BASIU A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. 901 7 ir 7 T5 I 4 TT tf TT 9 T^ I 1 4 6 2 6 6 4 z « •5 1 r\ 7.7 o -rii O 4^ 5 i X a 3 16 lo ' BASIL. Zurich, Ztcg, i^c. e O O A Rap 3 Uapen 4 Fenings 12 Fenings 15 Fenings 18 Fenings 20 Sols 50 Cruitzers 108 Cruitzcrs C/3 ^ /. .r. //. — — a Fcnin<:j -_ a Cruitzer — * a Sol — I a Coarfe Ratzen — , 1 a Good Batzeu — . 2 • a Li vie ~ 2 6 a Guillen — . 2 6 a Kix-cloUar — 4 6 I ST I T f T 7. .-< 1 St. gall. Jppenfaly &c. BERN. Lucerne, Neofckatel, t^c. A Denier 4 Deniers 3 Cruitzers 4 Cruitzers 5 Cruitzers 6 Cruitzers 20 Sols 75 Cruitzers 135 Cruitzers a Cruitzcr •a Sol a Plapert a Gros a Batzen * a Livrc a Gulden a Crown t I X 1 3 2 2 i" 2 2 6 4 6 GENEVA. Pckay, Bonne, fe'f. A Denier 2 Deniers = a Denier current 12 Deniers = a Small Sol ,- — i 2 Deniers current =r a Sol current — 12 Small Sols = • a Florin — 4 20 Sols current r: • a Livre current — 1 3 10 4^ Florins = a Patacoon — 3 II 15 J Florins = a Croifade ^— 5 10 24 Florins zz a Ducat — 9 I I Tf." ^- 3 4- I •1 'it' ^ it (1' An Heller _ .~. K T» ■ 2 Hellers =: a Fcning — 1^ fjHil 4 Fenings ^^^ a Cruitzcr .— z 1* Lku 12 Fenings Si * a Sol — I I 4 Cruitzers "*" a Coarfe Batzen — 2 ' ',>[ 5 Cruitzers ', ^ a Good Batzen — 2 i i!V 20 Sols ZmZ • a Livre — . 2 6 60 Cruitzers zs a Gould _ 2 6 102 Cruitzers — a Rix-dollar •"" 4 3 ! .1 3M3 Lt/7e. ^02f A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. L'ljle^ Cambray^ Falencienms, i^c. C u u o CO O A Denicf 12 Denit-'is I 15 Dtnies 15 Patartls 20 Sols 20 Putards 6c Sols 10 J Livres 24 Livrss C4 < : > ■ < S « o < a Sol — * a Patard — • * a Piettc — a Livre Tournois * a Floriu — an Ecu of Ex. a Ducat — a Louis d'Or — /. /. //. 9 10 1 2 6 9 3 1 t t T 1 V I T Dunkirk, St. Omtr\ St. ^iintift, (sfc. A Deajer 1* Dcniers "^ 15 Dcniers 15 Sols 20 Sols 3 Livres 24 Livres 24 Livres 30 J Livre* a Sol «— o • a Patard — o • a Piette — o • a Livrc Tournois o an Ecu of Ex. o a Louis d'Or i a Guinea — i a Moeda •— .1 o o o o 7 o 10 o o o I z s V '2 O I 7 6 o o o Paris, Lyons, Marfeillts, i^c, Bourdeaux, Bayonni, ^£, A Denier — — — — 3 Deniers 2 Liards 12 Deni«r3 20 Sol» 60 Sols 6 Livre* 10 Livre* 24 Livres — •— — 000 a Liard — 000 a Dardene — o ' o o a Sol — 000 * a Livre Tournois o o 10 an Ecu of Ex. 02^ an Ecu — 050 •aPiftole — 084 a Louis d*Or •— x o o 3 :r JL 4- I 1 PORTUGAL. Li/hotty Oporto, ^t. * AKe 10 Rez 20 Rez 5 Vintins 4 Tcftoonis 24 Vintins 10 Teftoons 48 Teftoons 64 Teitoon* a Half Vmtitt — a Vintin — a Tcfloon — • a Crufade of Ex. — a New Crufade — * a Milre — a Moidore *- a Joanefc •-« o o o o o o o X 1 16 o o o a 2 ' 2 5 7 3 8 7 o o T Jt 3, Madrid^ 1 # A MODERN UINVERSAL TABLE. 903 Madrid, Cadiz, Seville, Wf. ^«w Plate, £* '• d. A Maiavcdie —1 ._^ tM- 2 Maravcdics sa a Quartil — A rh- 34 Maravcdics =1 a Ri;il — 5 ?. 2 Rials *^ aPiftaiine — 10 4 « Rials ss *a Pialtrcot Ex. 3 7 10 Rials ^^ a Dollar — 4 6 37 S Maravcdies ^zz ♦ a Ducat of Ex. 4 11 i 32 Rials "^ ♦ a Piftolc of Ex. 14 4 • < 36^RiHl3 = a Piftole — 16 9 (7i^r«//flrj Malaga , Denia, i-fc. Felon, ^ H ^ * A Maravedic 1^1 2 Maravedies =: anOchavo — T^S C4 4 Maravedies ss a Quartil — li- "34 Maravedies "^ * a Rial Velon 2 » • en 4iJ :b 15 Rials — . * a Piaftre of Ex. 3 '4 7 -< 512 Maravedies ^2 a Piaftre — 3 7 CU CO 60 Rials ae * a Piftole of Ex. 14 4 6 4> 2048 Maravedies — a Piftole of Ex. 14 4 SJ o 70 Rials S a Piftole — 16 9 Barcelonoy Saragojfa^ Valenciat (sfc. Old Plate • o A Maravedie Olif Pi 16 Maravedies — a Soldo — 3 T 2 Soldos 20 Soldos = a Rial Old Plate * a Libra — 5 6 i 7 i w 24 Soldos ^^^ * a Ducat — 6 9 16 Soldos "*7 • a Dollar — 4 6 22 Soldos :::: ♦ a Ducat — 6 * i 21 Soldos * * * a Ducat — 5 10 5 . 60 Soldos !!== a Piftole ^ 16 9 GENOA. iVtfw, 5/. iS/wtf, ^c, CORSICA. Bajlia, Isfc, A Dcnari — ■ 12 Denari = A Soldi — 4 Soldi z= a Chevalet — sz * a Lire — =: a Teftoon — 26 Soldi 30 Soldi 5 Lires 115 Soldi 6 Teftoon3 20 Lires a Croifade — * a Pezzo of Ex. a Genouine — a Piftole --. 3M4 - o o o o o o o o o o o o I 3 4 6 I ^ 8 i o t* 7 2 2 : ' .•■( I 1.1! m I 14 4 Piedmont* 904 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. PIEDMONT, SAVOY, and SARDINIA. Turitif Chamberryt Cagiiari, tsfc. a P o Cu o .1 I A Deiiari 3 Dcnari 12 Dcnari 12 Soldi 29 Soldi 6 Florins 7 Florins 13 Li res 16 Lires a Qiiatrini a Soldi * a Florin ♦ a Lire a Scudi a Diicattoon a Piftolc a Louis d*Oi* o o o o o o o o I s. o o o o I 4 <; 16 o /. o o o 9 3 6 3 3 o Milan, A Dcnari 3 Dcnari = '12 Dcnari = 20 Soldi 1 15 Soldi 1 1 7 Soldi 6 Lires 22 Lires 23 Lires Mcdena^ Parma, Pavia, (sfc. = a Quatrini = a Soldi rr * a Lire = a Scudi current = ♦a Scudi of Ex. = a Philip = a Piftole = a Spanifli Piflole o o o o o o o o o 4 o 4 o 4 o 16 o 16 Leghorn, Florence, t^c. A Denari 4 Denari 12 Denari 5 Quatrini 8 Cracas 20 Soldi 6 Lires ']\ Lire* 22 Lires a Qiiatrini ,1 J a Soldi — a Craca — a Qiiilo i— <) ♦ a Lire — 8 a Piallrc of Ex, — 4 2 a Ducat •— *« > 2 a Piftole m^ K 6 A Qiiatrini ' 5 Quatrini 8 Bayocs 10 Kayocs 24 Bayocs 10 Julios 1 2 I ulios 18 Julios 31 Julios a Bayoc — a Julio — a Stampt Julio — a Tefloon — a Crown current— "^ a Crown ftampt — « a Cheqoin — a Piftole — o o o o o o o o o o o o I I 9 I O o o 8 2 3 4 o 5 I I •a: c li 5 TT a » i I T I 3 ROME, C/v//« Vecchiot yincona, tsfc. o o 6 7 6 o o o 6 I o 15 NAPLES. A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. 905 •t 1 1!; > i ■pi" 1 8 4T 8 ^?- 2 I 3 4 •1 9 < T4T li 5 f^ ^ 5 V 8 I T 2 I z 5 5 I in c u 3 O CO pa o U £S. NAPLES. Gaicta, Capuay l^c. A Quatrlni 3 Q^iatiini ic Grains 40 Quatrini 20 Grains 40 Grains 100 Grains 23 Tarins 25 Tarins /. J. //. — — a Grain — a Carliu — + a Paulo — <; a Tariu — 8 a TeOoon — 1 4 a Ducat of Ex. 3 + a Pillole — • i^ 4 a Spauifli Piftolc lb 9 « 2 T X SICILY AND MALTA. Palermo, Mefina, A Pichila — — — o 6 Pichili ss a Grain — o 8 Pichili ss a Ponti — o ro Grains rs a Carlin — . o 20 Grains =: a Tarin — o 6 Tarins = * a Florin of Ex. o 13 Tarins rz a Ducat of Ex. o 60 Carlins = 'an Ounce — o 2 Ounces as a Piftole — o l3'€. o o o o o I 3 7 A Quatrini 6 Quatrini 10 Bayocs 20 Bayocs 3 Julios 85 Bayocs 105 Bayocs 100 Bayocs 31 Julios Bologna, Ravenna, t^c. = a Bayoc — a fulio — . = ♦a Lire — a Teftoon — a Scudi of Ex. a Ducattoon a Crown — a Piftole — o o o o o o o o o o o I I 4 S 5 o 15 A PicoU 12 PicoU bi Soldi 18 Soldi 20 Soldi 3 Jules 124 Soldi 24 Gros 17 Liies VENICE. Bergham, i5fc. — 00 a Soldi ~ 00 * a Gros ~ o o a Jule — CO * a Lire — o o a Teftoon — o i a Ducat current o 3 '*' a Ducat of Ex. o 4 a Chequin — 09 o o o I 3 6 4 8 o o 6 o 6 5 3 o 6 o o 2 6 6 6 5 4 2 J TT a 7 Tff I Tr TT Tt I I T I 7 X 'M m m TURKEY. t: *■•; 9o6 A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. O T U R K E Y. A iMnriij.ir 4 iVI:in.t;;»r9 3 Aij-t-rs «; Ai'pcrs lo Alpcrs 20 AflKMil 80 Alpcis 100 Alpnsj 10 Solutas Morea^ Candia, Cyprus^ life. s an AipL-r — r=: a Tarac — = a Dcil'xc — =: an Oiiic •-• := a Solotii •— = * a l*ialire — = a Caraj;iouch — = a Xciitt — o o o o o o o o o o o o o o I 4 5 10 o o 1 6 o o o o 3 s A T ARABIA. Medina, Maca, Mocha, iffc. A Cariet ^ \ Car rets 7 Carrets CO < 8 > Carrets 18 Comafliecs 60 Comafliecs 80 Caveers 100 Coniaflieea 80 Larins a Caveer * a Comaflice a Larin an Abyfs * a Piaftre a Dollar a Sequin * a Tom on J 12 •» T6 10 I I 4 t T e 4 6 4 6 7 6 3 7 6 J Abafliecs 1 2 Abailiees 50 Abaflices aBifti a Shahee a MnmooJa a Larin an Abafliee an Or a Bovello * a Tomond o Q o o o o o o 3 o o o o o 1 6 16 6 o I 4 8 10 4 S o 8 I PERSIA. Ifpabatty Ormus, Gombroon, t^c. ACoz 4 Coz 10 Coz ■ 20 Coz 25 Coz 4 Shahecs G U Z U R A T. Sttr-fl/, Ctfm%, ^c. »4 o A Peclca 2 Peckas 4 Pices 5 Pices 16 Pices 4 Anas 2 Rupees 14 Anas 4 Pagodas #•. (0 o o — . _ P a Pice -^ H a Fanam -^ I 7 a Viz i» 2 1 1 an Ana -~ 7 i a Rupee -^ ■1 6 an Englifli Crown 5 a Pagoda _ 8 9 a Gold Rupee ■• I IS Somhitff \ o I 3 6 o o o o s % *. 1 o \ o iU O tS lo • 4 i 6 6 6 6 • o \ 1 1 ' 4 . 8 1 10 4 I 8 ) o \ 8 > o u > o H ) I •^ > 2 1 1 > 7 1 & 6 ; o J 9 10 Bomltt/t a P O o A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. 907 Bombay y Dabul, life* M -< m I •4 * A Budgrook 2 Budgrooks =: 5 Rez = 16 Piccj B 20 Pices m 240 Rez a 4 Quarters — 1 4 Quarters r: 60 Quarters s * a Re — a Pice — a La ice — a Quarter a Xtrapliim a Rupee — a Pagoda — a Gold Rupee o o o o o o o o I o o o o o t 2 8 if, o o o I 4 3 o o 1 T I T ^ s •A Re 2 Rez 2 Bazaracas 20 Rez 4 Vintms 3 Larees 42 Vintins 4 Tangus 8 Tangus =: a Ivu«\ri:o o o = a Pcrka — « o o = a Vlntiu -^ o o =: a L^iv?; — o o s i\i X>ri\p]iim o t ss a i'angu -- o s. zz u ^ Aru "-^ o I .*J = a G0UI R',, ->€(:? K tc. 'J rU 4 b o .1 CO ROM AN DEL, Madraf;, Fondkhirry, ACafli — 5 Cafh = 2 Viz as i'^c. 6 Pices 8 Pices 10 Fanains 2 Rupees 36 Fanams 4-Pagodas >»..> ..— o c a y\i — " 00 a Pice — o o a Pical • - o o a Fanam — o o a Rupoe — o 7. an Englifh Ciuvn o C a Pagoda — o 8 iki joii ? 3^ 1 10 Afpcrs ss a Rial Old Plate c 6 •. i I 7 i 2 Rials S2S a Double — 1 I 1 1 i ; 3 4 Doubles M a Dollar — 4 6 6 24 Mcdins rs a Silver Chequin 3 4 6 30 Mcdins s a Dollar — . , .i "' ? 4 6 'V 180 Alpcis t:: a Zequin —..:,. a v'^ 8 10 j!il • < pi! 15 Doubles ^ a Piitolc ■■*" 6 16 9 fl MOROCCO. Santa Cruz, Afe^ luinez, Fez, Tangier^ I ■^ 1, 1 < 1 Sa/lee, ^c. -2* 1 A FUicc _ — — . 1% 1 24 Flu CCS r= a BlanquU — 2 %'■ 8 1 4 Blanquils ZH an Ounce — 8 5 1 7 Blancjuils = an 06lavo — I 2 \ i 5 1 14 Blanquils ^^ a Quarto — 2 4 4. I 2 Quartos =r a Medio «— 4 8 ^H 28 Blanquils r=: a Dollar — 4 6 * I / 54 BlanquiU =: a Xequin " . — 9 1 100 Blanquils — • a Piftole ^■" c 16 9 r- ENGLISH. Jamaica, Barbadoes, fcfr. ' 1 rt * * A Halfpenny — —. tI* 2 Halfpence rr * a Penny — 4 7^ Pence ^z a Bit — 5 1 !■ i 10 z 12 Pence — ♦a Shilling -. 8 1* ' J'l \ Q ' 75 Pence "*" a Dollar ~. 4 6 4» w I n T3J 7 vShillings = - a Crown _- 5 1 • 20 Shillings 77"^ ♦ a Pound — ' 14 3 1 ° 1 24 Shillings ^^ a Pillole — 16 9 »":< 1 1 < M' 30 Shillings = a Guinea -^ I I l|[C 1 ° 1 y 55 1 * ft' ! 1 ■ I -< l> y^- 1 FRENCH. ♦A Half Sol 5^ Domingo, Martinico, ^c. — 000 1 '^ 1 < ^ 2 Half Sols r: *aSol — > > 7 . ^ 1 I ^ 1 ^^ 7iSols = a Half Seal In 2 I c 1 y 1 4 1 1 5 Sols ■ sz a Scalin -1. s J . 1 1 20 Sols tnz *a Livre _ . 7 wi 1 6 1 7 Livres a Dollar — . 4 6 1 1 8 Livres an Ecu >- 4 lO ft Ho 1 26 Livres a Pillole .. 16 9 ^^H# ^H 32 Livres a Louis d'Or I s m^ ' ENGLISH. 1 1 BARY. 9IO A MODERN UNIVERSAL TABLE. rENGLISH. *A Penny 12 Pence 20 Shillings 2 Pounds 3 Pounds 4 Pounds 5 Pounds- 6 Pounds^- 7 Pounds- - 8 Pounds 9 Pounds 10 Pounds < Pi < < as M z o TVoi;^ Scotia^ New England, Virginia, ^c. — •— • mmm O O I rs * a Shilling — 010 s • a Pound — j o o The Value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or Scarcity of Gold and Silver Coins that are imported. unne, i^c. Canada, Florida, Cayt * A Denier 1 2 Deniers ss * a Sol 20 Sols s: * a Livrc 2 Livres 3 Livres 4 Livres 5 Livres 6 Livres # 7 Livres 8 Livres 9 Livres "•■ 10 Livres '''-^ • The Value of the Currency alters according to the Plenty or .Scarcity of Gold or Silver Coins that are imported. Note* Fof all the Spanijht Portugutfe. iDutch^ and Danijh Dominions, either on the Continent or in the West Indies, fee the Monies of thq refpedive Nations. A NEW -. . T, i 5, tl. O I 1 o o o [ 911 ] NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE O F Remarkable Events, Discoveries, and Inventions j ;nty or lenty or unions* U of thq NEW ALSO The ^RA, tiie Country, and Writings of Learned Men; The Whole comprehending in one View, the Analyfis or Outlines of General Hiftory, from the Creation to the prefent Time. Bcf. Chrift. 4004 rTp years, and out of its ruins were formed tlie Affyrians of Babylon, thofe of Ni- neveh, and the kingdom of the Medes. 1911 The covenant of God made with Abrani, wheu he leaves Haran to go into Canaan, which begins the 430 years fojourning. 1897 The cities «if Sodom and Gomorrah arc deftroyed for their wickcdnefs, by fire from Heaven. 1856 The kingdom of Argos, in Olreece, begins under Inachas. 18'^:^ Memnon, the Eg^'ptian, invents the letters. 1715 Prometheus firft ftruck fire from flints. 1635 Jofeph dies in Egypt, which conclude^ the book of Genefis, containing .1 period of 2369 years. 1574 Aaron born in Egypt; 1490, appointed by God firft high-prieft of the Ifraelites. I571 Mofes, brother to Aaron, born in Egypt, and adopted by Pharaoh's daughter, who educates him in all the learning of the Egyptians 15 J 6 Cecrops brings a colony of Saites from Egyp*: into Attica, and begins the kingdom of Athens, in Greece. 1546 Scamander comes from Crete into Phrygia, and begins the kingdom of Troy. 1493 Cadmus carried the Phcenician letters into Gretcc, and built the citadel of Thebes. .'4i^i Mofes performs a number of miracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingdom, together with 600,000 Ifraelites bcfidcs children ; which completed the 430 ^ years of fojourning. They miraculoufly pafs through the Red Sea; and come to the Defert of Sinai, where Mofes receives from God, and delivers to the people, the Ten Commandments, and the other laws, and fcts up the taber- niclc, and In it the ark of the covenant. 1485 The 912 A New Chronological Table. 1485 The fird fliir' that appea'cd in Grerce was brounjht from Fpypt by Dansus, who urrivd it RIi-kIc-, and bronj'.ht with him his fiftv daughters. 1451 Ti\t firll Oij'miic ^ranvs ctlfbratcd ;)t Olirnpii in Clrccce. X4.S2 Iht: l\n;it.':.h, or fivt fitft hook«. of Mifc-, .ire written in thv- land of Moab, when; he died in fhr year foilowirg;, ajjjfd rxc, I4JI TUti Ifrt'.-lites, after fcjourniiig in the \Viiden): £. fo:ty ycvs, arc led under Jofhui intt) tils land of Caaa'i, wIiltc thty fix thtml'clvt*, after having fuoduud the natives; and the jiLrioi of the f.ihhatical year comnat.nccs. 1406 Iron is found In Greece, from thi; accidental hurninn; of the woods. lfi^8 The rajie of Htlen by Paris, which in 119.^ ^\ivc rife to the Trojan wnr, and iiege of I roy by tlieCrccke, which continued ten yt.ari>, when thiit city wa» taken and burnt. Z04S Dividlolckiug-of ifracl. I0J4 Tlie Temple i»folem:ily dedicated by Solomon. 596 Elij.ih, the prophet, is tranllarcd to Heaven. 8.;4 Money firfl made of gdldand lilvcr at Argos. S69 The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by queen Dido. }it4 I he kitigdotn of JVIacedori begins. 75.5 iEra of the building of Rome in Italy by Rr^iulus. firft king of the Romans. yzo ijanvaria taken, after three years Hege, and djic kingdom of Ifrael finifhed, hy Salamanafar, king of Aflyria, who carried tncten tribes into captivity. The iirll cclipfe of the nwon on record. 618 Dyzaijtium (now Conflautinople), built by a colony of Athenians. 604 By order of Necho, kngof Egypt, fomc Phoenicians failed from the Red Sea round Africa, and returned by the Mediterranean. 600 Thalcsof Milelus, travels into Egypt, confults the prieu of Memphis, a'quircs theknowl.dire of geometry, allronomy, and philofophy ; returns to fireccc, calculates celipf..s, gives general notions of the univerfe, and maintains that one lupremc intelligence regulates all its motions. Map.s, globes, and the figns of the Zodiac, invented by Anaximander, the Itholar if Thales. 597 Jehoiiikin, king of Judah, is carried away captive by Nebuchadnezzar, to Ba- bylon. 587 The city of Jerufa'em taken, after a f:cgc of 18 months. 56a The firll comedy at Athens acfle^ upon a moveable fcafFold, jji<) CyiuF. the firll king of Perfia. jjS Ihc kingdom of Babylon finifhed; that city being taken by Cyrus, who, in Si^t iflucs an tditil for the return ot the Jews. 534 The firft tragedy w»s aded at Alliens, on a waggon by Thefpis. 526 I..eaming is greatly tncoui-aged at Athens, and a public library firft founded. JI5 The fecond Tcmpje at Jenifalcm is fmifhed under Darius. 309 Tarquin, the feventh and laft king of the Romans, is expelled, and Rome Is governed by two confuls, and other republican magiftrates, till the battle of Pharfalta, biting a fjftice of 461 years. ;o4 Sardis taken und burnt by thi' Athenians, which gave occafion to the Perfian invafion of Greece. ^ 4^& iEfehylus, the Greek poet, firft gains the priw: of tragedy. 481 Xerxes the Great, king of Perfia, begins his Ixpedition againft Greece. 4j8 Ezraisfcnt from Babylon to Jerufalem, with the captive Jews and the vrfTcls of gold and fllver, &c. being feventy weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucifixion of otir Saviour. ■ . . 454 The Romans fend to Athens for Solon^s laws. 45I The Decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the Twelve Tables compiled and ratified. 430 The hiilory of the OldTeftament'finlfhesabout this time. IVIalachi the laft of the prophets. 400 Socrates, the founder of moral philofophy among the Greeks, bel-evcs the im- mortality of the foul, and a Hate of rewards and puniftimeiv.s, for which, and other fublime doJtrines, he is put to dearh by the Atlienians, who foon after repent, and ereA to his memory a ftalue of brafs. 331 Alexander the Great king of Maccdon, conquets Darius, king of Perfia, and other nations of Afia. 313. Dies at Babylon, and his empire is divided Ly his generals into four kingdoms. 285 Diunyfius uf Alcxaodriu, bc<>aa his aftronomical xra on Monday June 26, being the a84 Pt( 269 Th 364 Th 260 Thi aj7 Hai ai8 The 190 The 168 Peri; 167 The 1(5.3 The 146 Cart) J3S The 52 Juliui 47 The I The . 45 The > Thef 44 Cxfar ba isl il The b del .30 Alexar the 53 Odavi • abfi Rome bea The to, JESU Dec A.C. iz 29 33 His J6 St. Paul .^9 St. Matt Pont 40 The nar 43 Claudius •44 St. Marl 49 London parts 51 Caradac 52 The coui •15 St. Luke 59 The emp 61 Boadlcea, Suetoniii 62 St. P^ul i 63 ThcAcfts Chriftiani difcipl •4 Rome fet firft pd A New Chronological Ta b l e. who [oab, iduad ana nans, ed, by led Sea rquircs (Ircecc, ins that der, the , to B^- j, in Si^> :d. Lome !^ [battle o£ Pcrfiaa irs btfore Icomp led Is the ;m- which, |\vho foot! Irfia, and lividcd by l6, hei"S the 913 9*1 the firft who found the exwSi folar year to confift of ;](<<; d. 5 h. and 49 min. 8,84 Ptolemy Philadelphus, liing of rj^ypt, employs fcvcnty two interpreters to tranflate the Old T tftamciit into the Greek langu.ige, which h called the SLptuajjint. 269 The firft coining of filvcr at Rome. 564 The firft Punic VMr bcj^ins, p.iid continues 23 years. The chronology of the Arundt'lian marldcs eompoi'cd. 260 The Romans firft concern themfelvesin naval affairs, and defeat the Carthaginiani at fea. aj7 Hamilcar, the Carthaginian, caufcs his fijn Hannibal, at nine years old, to fwcar eternal enmity to the Romans. 2i8 The fecond Punic war begins, and continues 77 years. Hannibal paffcs the Alps, and defeats the Romans in feveral battles, but being amufed by his y^ omen, dots not improve his vitilories by the ftorming of Rome. 190 The firft Roman army enters Alia, and from the fpoili of Antiochus brings the Afiatic luxury firft to Rome. x68 Perfeus defeated by the Romans, which ends the Macedonian liingdom. 167 The Crft library ere a w;ill between Xewcallle and Carlille ; hut thisalfo provin}>- intfl'ednal, Poliiiis Urhic.u, the Roman general, about tli'i year 144, repairs Agricola's forts, which he joins by a w.iL four yards thick.- X-^J The fecoiid JewHh war ends when thvy were all banilhed Judta. 13^ JulHn writes- his fn!i apology for the ChrilUans. . - J4I A number of hercfiei, appear about this tinve. Ija The emperor Antoninus .Pire; Hops the j^erfecution agalnft tlis Chrlftians. aJ7 The Septuagmt faid to be found in a calk:. iii About tliis time the Roman empire begins to fink under its own weight. The Barbarians In-gin their eruptions, and the Goths have annual ti-ibute not to mrleli the empire, 'ifio Vilerlan is taken prifonrr by Sapor, king of Perfia, and flayed alive. ^74 Silk firft brought fnsm fndia : the manufadory of it infroduced into Europe by fomc monks, 551 ; lirlt worn hy the clergy in l^n'^land, l5o4- S91 Two emperor* and two Ca fars, march to defend the four t^uartcrs of the empire. 306 Conllantino the G'reaS betjins his reign. J08 Cardinals tirft begaii. J13 The tenth perfcaition ends by an edii5l; of Conftantinc, who favoiu"* the Chriftian* and give* fidl liberty to their religion. ,114 Three bifliops, or fathers, are fent from Britain to afTift at the council of Arks. 325 The firft general council at Nice, when jo8 fathers attended againlt Arius, where was compofed the famous Nicene creed. 328 Conftaiitinc removes the feat of empire from Romfr- to Byzantium, which i? tlicnceforward called Conftantinoplc. S3 1 ' ■ orders all the heathen temples to be deftroyed. 363 1 he Roman emperor Julian, furnamed the Apoftate, endeavours in vain to rebuild the temple of Jerufalein. - ^64 The Roman empire is divided into the eaftctn (Conftantinoplc the capital") ;ind weftern (of which Rome continued to be the capital), each being now under the goverumjent of diflerent emperors. 400 Bells invented by bifliop Paulinus, of Campagnia. 404 The king'iom of Caledorria or Scotland revives under Fergus. 406 '1 he Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, fprcad into Prance and Spain, by a concclTioii n? Honorius, emperor of the Weil. 410 Rome taken and phindered by Alarie, king of the Vifi-Gofhs. 41 z The Vaiidals begin their kingdom in Spain. 4Z0 The kingdom of Prance begins upon the Lower Rhine, under Pharamorrd. 446 The RomaiiF, reduced to cxtremitien at home, withdraw their troops from Britain, and never return ; e.dvifing the Britons to arm iu tlieir own defence, and tnr.t to their own valour. 446 The Britons no.v left to themfelvcs, are greatly harafled by the Scots and ric>s >ip )n which they once more make their complanit to the RoinaiiSv but rcc ivi; no aflillance from that quarter. 447 Attila (furnamed the Sanirge of CJod) with his Huns ravage the Roman empire'. 44^ Vortigern, kin^ of tlie Britons, invites the Saxons into Britain, againll thi- ii^ots and Pi6tr. 4J5 The Sarion> having repi-vlfed tlie Stots and Picls, invite over more of their country- men, and begin to ellabilih themfelves in Kent undcfHengiii:. 4;6 The wcltern empire is fininied, 51.? years after the battle of Pharfalla; upon tlic ravins of which I'everal new ft ites arife in Italy and other parts, conlilling "f (.j'oths, Vandah, Hans, and other Barbarians, under whom literature is t..tiii- guilbed, and the v. urhs of the Icarneii avt: deilroyed. '496 Clovi«> kiiig of Kranae, UijitiacJ, wid CliikUuiiity begins iu tliat kingdom. 5'08 Pi;"-s 653 A New Chronological Tablc. 915 iR from « Tortli Us; uud cotland, :urlillc; lit. Th^ ite not to Luropc If ; empire. Chriftian* ,f ArUs. •iu3, -wlurc 1 to rebaui now uini<-T fiioae^ uncc ond. oiu Britain, , uud tru-.l: |butr<:c-ivi: »n cmpiro. fa thu i>^<^» sir couiUT . xiyon tlic lire isc.-.tii'" lorn. 5fi5? Prince Arthur hfpins hi^ reign over the Britons. 51.^ Cuiiihintinopk bclicgcd by Vitullanug, whofc tlcct is burn'-d by a fpcculum «£ biMls. 51^ The computing: of time by the Chriflian xra, Is introduced by Dionyfius the monk. 5iV Th'j coJ>; of Jtiltitiiaii, thi e;ilLni emperor, is publilhed. 5 <; 7 A terrible plagviu uU over Europe, Alia, and Afric.i. whicli continues near 50 years, S'Si Latin ceafed to be Ipcriun about this time in Italy. .596 Auguilin the monk comes into England with fort/ monies. 606 Here bcjrins tlie poWer of tlit popes, by the conceilion of Phocas, emperor of the Had. 62a Mahonu-t, a falfe prophet, flics from Mecca fo Medina, in Arabia, in the 44th year of his age, and tenth of liIs miniflry, when he laid the foundaticm of the Saracen empire, and from v/hom the Malionu tan princes to this day cluiiii their defcent. His folijwcrs compute their time from this cura, which m Arabic is called Hegira, i. c. the Flight. 6.'^ 7 Jt-rufalem is taken by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet. 640 Alexandria in Egypt Is taken by ditto, and the grand libf?ry there burnt by order of Omar, their caliph or prince. 6j3 The Saracens now extend their conquefts on every fide, and retaliate the barba- rities of the Goths and Vandals upon their poflerity. ff)4 Gliifs invented in England by Benalt, a monk. 685 The Britons, after a brave ftnlggle of near 150 years, ate expelled by the Saj:ons» and driven into Wales and Cornwall. 713 The Saracens concjuer Spain. 726 The controverfy about images begins, and occafions many infurrcftions in the caftern empire. 748 The computing of years from the birth of Chr-ft began to be iifed in hiftory. 749 The race of Abbas became caliphs of the Saracens, and encourage learning. 763 The city of Bagdad upon the Tigris, is made the capital for the caliphs of the houfc of Abbas. 800 Charlemagne, king of France, begins the empire of Germany, afterwards called the weflern empire; gives the prefont names to the winds and months; en- deavours to reflore learning in Europe; but mankind were not yet dilpoled for it, being folely engrofled in military enterprizes. 826 Harold, king of Denmark, dethroned by his; fubjeOls for being a.Chridian. 828 P'gbert, king of Weffex, unites the Heptarchy, by the name of England. 836 The Flemings trade to Scotland for fifh. 838 The Scots and Pids havt a dccifive battle. In wliich the former prevail, and bof Ii kingdoms are united by Kcnnet, which begins the fecond period of the Scottifli hiftory. 867 The Danes begin their ravages in England. 896 Alfred the Great, after fubdulng theDanifli invaders (at^ainfl: whom he foiighc 56 battles by fea and land) compotes his body of laws ; divides England into counties> hundreds, and tythings ; crevfts counly-courts, and foUud* the uni- verfity at Oxford abotit this time. 91,' The unlverfity of Cambridge founded. 936 The Saracen empire is divided by ufurpalion into fevcn kingdoni*. 975 Pope Boniface VII. is depofed and banifhed for his crimes, 979 Coronation oaths faid to be firft ufed in England. «>9i The figures in arithmetic are brought into Europe by the Saracens froni Arabia. Letters of the alphabet were hitherto ufcd. 996 Otho III. makes the empire of Germany cle6tive. 999 Boleflaus, the firft king of Poland. loco Paper made of cotton rags was in ufe; that of linen rags in It^b; the manu- fadlory introduced into England at Dartford, ij88. 1005 All the old churches are rebuilt about this time in a new manner of architedlKre. 1015 Children forbidden by law to be fold by their parents in England. 1017 Canute king of Denmark, gets pofleiTion of England. 1040 The Danes, after feveral engagements with vui !oui fiicccfs, are about this time driven out of Scotland, and never again return in a hoftile manner. IC41 The Saxon line reftored under Edward the Ccnfc'rcr. I043 The Turks, (a nation of adventurers from Tiwtary, ferving hitherto in the armies of coatcnding princes) become formidable, and take poH'eflion of Perl'u. 1054 I.co IX. the firft pope that kept up an army. XOJ7 Malcolm IIL king of Scotland, kills the tyrant Mr...bcth a: Dunfinan, anJL Btarn<;« ths princcil* Margaret, filler to Edj;ar Athaiin^. ]S D n a jc6j The I070 io;5 916 A New Chronological Table. IC65 The Turks take Jernfiiloni from the Saracens. 1066 The battle of Haflings fought, bi.tween Harold and William, (furnamed thr Rar- i:ird) duke of Normandy, in which Harold i* cuni|[ucred and lluin, after whidi William bi.-comeh king of Kngland. William introduces the feudal law. Alufical notes invcntal. Henry IV. emperor of C/trniany, and the pope, quurrel about the nomltiat'on of the German bifhops. Henry, in penance, walks barefooted to tho [Dpe, to- wards the end of T.iHuary. 1076 Jufticis of the peace firft appointed in England. 1080 Doomfday book lugan to be compiled by order of William, from a furvcy of aVI the ellatei in Kngland, and finifhed in Io86. The Tower of London built by ditto to curb his Englifli fubje(5ls ; numbers of whom fly to .Scotland, where they introduce the Saxon or Englifh language, are protected by Malcolm, and have lands given them. I091 The Saracens in Spain, being hard preffed by the Spaniards, call to their aflidarice Jofeph, king of Morocco; by which the Moors get polfellion of all the Saracen dominions in Spain. IO'^6 The firft crufade to the Holy Land is begun under fcveral ChriHian princes, to drive tlie Infidels from Jerufalem. 1 1 10 Edgar Atheling, the laft of the Saxon princes, dies in England, where he had becr\ permitted to refide us a fubjctSt. \ II 18 The order of the Knights Templars inftituted, to defend the fepulchrc at Jorufa- lem, and to protedl Chriftian ftrangers. 1J51 The cantm law colledted by Gratian, a monk of Bologna. Ii6,{ London Bridge, eonfifting of 19 fmall arches, firft built of (lone. 3164 The Teutonic order of religious knights begins in Germany. J 171 Henry II. king of England (and tirft of the Plantagenets) takes pofleflion of Ireland ; which, from that period, has been governed by un Englilh viceroy, or lord lieutenant. 1 1 76 England is divided, by Henry, into fix circuits, and juftice Is difpenfed by itine- rant Judges. 1 180 Glals windows began to be ufed in private houfes in England. 1 181 The laws of Kngland are digefted about this time by Glanville. I i8a Pope Alexander III. compelled the kings of England and France to hold the ftir- rups of his faddlc when he mounted his horfe. 1 186 The great conjunction of the fun and moon and all the planets in Libra, happened in September. 1193 The battle of Afcalon, in Judea in which Richard, king of England, defeats Saladine's army, conliiling of 300,000 combatants. 1 194 Vieu at mon Droit lirft ufed as a motto by Richard, on a vidlory over the French, 1200 Chimneys were not known in Kngland. Surnames now bij;;in to be uf^'d; firll among the nobility. iao8 Loudon incorporated, and obtained the firft charter for elecfling their Lord- Mayor and other magiftrates from king John. Magna Charta is figned by king John and the barons of England. Court of Common Pleas eftablimed. The Tartars, a new race of heroes, under Gingis-Kan, emerge from the northern parts of Afia, oVer-run all the Saracen empire ; and, in imitation of former conquerors, carry death and defolation wherever they march. MJ3 The inquiiition begun in 1204, 'S now trufted to the Dominicans. Tlie houfes of London, and other cities in England, France and Germany, flill thatched with ftraw. 1253 The famous aftronomical tables are compofed by Alonzo, king of Caftile. J^S% The tartars take Bagdad, which finifties the empire of the Saracens. 2263 Acho, king of Norway, invades Scotland with 160 fail, and lands 20,000 men at the mouth of the Clyde, who are cut tp pieces by Alexander III. who re- covers the Weftcrn Ifles. 2264 According to fome writers the commons of England were not fummoned to parliament till this period. 1169 The Hamburgh company incorporated in England. 1273 The empire of the prefent Auftrian family begins in Germany. 1284 Lewellyn, prinee of Wales, defeated and kiUcd by Edwsxd 1. who unites that principality to England. / «84 Edvrwi 1215 1227 1357 i362 1388 iceroy, f itlnc- 1344 IJ46 1349 1352 hc ftjr- 1J54 J3i6 ppened defeats 1357 i36z rench. p Lord- 1386 1388 orthcrii former 1391 U99 1410 my, flill 1411 I4'5 1428 • f430 loned to iltes th»t A New Chronological Table. 917 12R4 Edward II. born at Carnarvon, is the firft princc'tf Wales. 1*85 Alexander HI. kiiij^ of Scotland, dies, and that kin lom is difpuud hy twejve candidattjs, who fubmit their claims to the arbitration of Kdward, king of Eng- land : \vhiLh lays the foundationof a loni^anddtfola'r.g war between both nation*. 1193 There is a rej^ular lucccilion of Engliflj parliaments from this year, being the 12d of Edward I. 1298 The prefent Turhifli empire begins in Bithynia under Ottoman. .Sjlver-hafted knives, fpoons, and cups, a greit !u\iiry. Tallow candles fo great a luxury, that fplintcrs of wood were iifed for lights. Vine fold by apotheeuii'.'i as a cordial 1^02 The mariner's compafs invented, or improved by Givva, cf Naples. 1,^07 The beginning of the Swifi cantons. 1308 The popes remove to Avignon in France for 7c years. l^?xo Lincoln's Inn fociety cftabiirned. JJI4 The battle of Bannockburn between Edward II. and Robert Bruce, which cfla- blifhcs the latter on the throne of Scotland. The cardinals fet fire to the conclave and llparatc. A vacancy in the papal chair for two years 1330 Gold firfl coined in Chriftendom; 1344 ditto in England. IJ36 Two Brabant weavers fettle at York, which, lays Edward III. may prove of great benefit to us and our I'ubjeds. '337 The firil comet whofc courfc is defcrlbcd with an aftronomical cxaftru fs. 1^0 Gunpowder ami guns firft invented by Swartzo, a monk of Cologn; 1346, Ed- ward III. had four pieces of cannon, which contributed to gain him the bat- . tluofCrefly; 1 346, bombs and mortars were invented. Oil painting firft made ufe of by John Vaneck. Heralds college inftituted in England. The firft creation to titles by patent ufed by Edward III. The battle of Durham, in which David king of Scots is taken prifoner. The order of the Garter inftituted in England by Edward HI. altered in 1557, and coufift^ qf 26 knightj. The Turks firft enter Europe. The ftUffii-y in Scotland till now the fame as in England. The battle of Poidiers, in which king John of France and his foil arc taken prifoners by Edward the Black Prince. Coals firft brought to London. Arfiius of England and France firft quartered by EdWard III. The law pleadings in England change from French to Englifli, as a favour of Edyat4 HI. to his people. John vVicklifTe, an Englimman, begins about this time to oppofe the errors of the church of Rome with great acutenefs and fpirit . His followers were called Lqllard|. A company of liije^i-weavets from the Netherlands eftablilhed in London. Windfor caltlc built by Edward III. The battle of 0.tterbu;n between Hotfpur and the earl of Douglas. Cards invented in France for the king's amuf«ment. Weftniiinfter Abbey rebuilt and enlarged — VVeftminfter Hall ditto. Order of the Bath inftituted at the coronation of IJenry IV. reaewed in 1725; confifting of 38 knights. Guildhall, I.t of York and Luncafter, after a contcft of 30 years and the lofs of loc.ooo men. J4S6 Henry ellablifhcs fifty yonien of the gii.irds, the firfl (landing army, 14X9 Maps and fea-thart< firll brouglit to London by Barth. ColHnil)U}. J4yi Williiini Grocyn publicly teaches the Greek lanpui-.ge at Oxford. The Moors, liitherto a formidable enemy to the native Spanisrds, are entirely fubdued by Ferdinand, and become fubjetSn to that prince on certain condi- tions, which are ill obffjrved by the Spaniards, whofe clergy etiiploy the flowers of the inquilition, with all its tortures; and in 1609, near one mil- ion of the Moors are driven from Spain to the oppofttc coaft of Africa, froirj whence they originally came. J49a America firfl dili overed by Columbus, a Genoefe, in the feryice of Spain. 1494 Algebra firfl known in Europe. 1497 Tli;; Portugijcfe firfl fail to the F.nft Indict by the Cape of Good Hope. South America difcovercd by Americus Vcfputius, from whom it has its name. 1499 North America ditto, for Henry VII by Cabot. 1500 Maximilian divides the empire of Geriuany into fix circles, and adds four more in 15.12. IJ05 Shillings firfl coined in England. J309 Gardening introduced into England from the Netherlands, from whence veget- ables wtre imported hitherto. 15^3 The battle of Flo\«den, in which James IV. of Scotland is killed, with the flower of his nobility. J517 Martin Luther began the Reformation. Egypt is conquered by the Turks. |5i8 Magellan, in the fcrvice of Spain, firfl difcovcrs the flraits of that name in South America. 1510 Henry Vlfl. for his writings in favour of popery, receives the title of Defender of the Faith from the pope. 1529 llie name of Protellant takcB Its rife from the Reformed protefling againfl the church of Rome, at the ditt of Spires in Germany. 1534 The R( formation takes place in England, under Henry VIII. ^5.17 Religious houfcs dillolved by ditto. iSSi) The firflEnglilh edition of t!ic Bible authorized ; the prcfent tranflation finilhed 16IT. About this time cannon bi^gaii to be ufed in fhips. ?543 Silk ilockings firll worn by the French king ; firil worn in England by queen Eli- zabeth, J 56 1 ; the fleel frame for weaving invented by the rev. Mr. Lee, of Si, John's College, Cambridge, 1589. Pins firfl ufcd in England, before which time the ladies ufed Ikewcrs. J544 Good lands Itt in I^ngland at one fhilling per acre. 1545 The famcus council of Trent begins, and continues 18 years. J 546 Firft law in England cfl.ablifliing the interefl of money at ten per ccnf, 1549 Lords lieutenants of counties inlliciited in England. 1550 Horfe guards inflifutcd in England. •* ^SS5 The Ruffian company eflabliflicd in England. ^SS^ Queen Elizabeth begins her reign. ' . 1560 The Refo?mation in Scotland completed by John Knox., I563 Knives firfl made i;i England. 1369 Royal Exchange firll built. 1572 The great mallacre of Proteflants at Paris. J379 The Dutch fhake off the Spanifh yoke, and the republic of Holland begins. Englifh Eaft-India company incorporated — cflablifned 1600. '■ Turkey company incorporated. Ij8o Sir Francis Drake returns from his voyage round the world, being the firft Eng- lifh circumnavigator. . . Parochial Regiflcjrs fif fl appointed in England. 7582 Pope Gregory introduces the New Style in Italy; the 5th of Qdlobcr being counted the 15th. ^ 1583 Tobacco firft brought from Virginia into England. jr^S 7 Mary queen of Scots is beheaded by order of Elizabeth, after 18 years Imprifcnment. J3S8 The Spanifh armada deflrf.ycd by Drake and other Englifh admirals. ll^Ory IV. palTes the cdi(^ al Nautz, tolerating the FruCcftwts. '•^"- ' .... j^g^ Coachei A New Chronological Table. 919 15R'; CojcIk's lirfl introduce '. into F.iigluiiJ ; luckncy atil 1693; iiurcafcd to 1000 in 1770 1590 na' (I of prnficntn inftitutPil in England. 1591 '1 linity Coll'jn", Ditbli'i, foiiudrd i.<;.;7 Waf'.li s firl) I :(.-,i^ht into Eiijrland fnom Germany. l6oz Dociniiil utithm tij iiivciitd at Hru red in Enjrl.iiid. 16 8 G;riiIeo, of Florence, firlt difeovcis the 1 ti ilitcs al)OUt tlic jdanct SaUim, by tht tolefcofx , then jufl invented in Holland, ifiio Henry IV. is murdered at I'aris 1 y Ravilliac, a pritfV. .t6ii Baronets lirit r/catcd m l"n;rlan«i ny Janu's I. 4614 Napier, of Marcli^llon, in Scotland, invents the lojrarithms. Sir Hujjh Mideleton biiiigv the New R.iver to London from Ware. jf)l() The firll permanent fettlement in Virginia. s(il(j Dr W.Harvey,anEn>',li!liman.difcovir. the dodrinc of tlic circulation of the blood. ifyio Tilt broad lillc nianuladory from raw (ilk, introduced into hngland. x(m New En_;;land pianted by the Puritan':. li%S Kiup James dies, and isfaccceded by his fon, Charts L Tlu- iiland of Rarliadocfi, the firll I'Tij^'ifii lettlemont in-tho Weft Indies, Is planted. x(>iZ liie battle of l.utjien, in which Uuilavus Adolphus, king oi' Svvcden, and lu:ai of the i'roteflants in (Jer;nany, is kill-.'d. 16^5 Province of Maryland planted by lord Bakimorc. Regular pods efkablinied from London to Scotland, Ireland, A.C. 1640 Kinj^ Charier difobliges hi* Scottifli fubjeilts, on which their army undiT general l.cflt y enters Etigbnd, and takee Ncwcallie, bving encouraged by the maitou- tents in England. The njaflacre in Ireland, when 40,000 EngllOi Prntcflants were killed. 1642 King Charles impeaches five membeib, who had oppfkfed his arbitrary meafiire*, which begins the civil war in England. 164.^ Excilc on beer, ale, &c. firft impoicd by parlianicnt. 1646 Epilcopacy aboliflied in England 1649 Charles L beheaded at Whitehall, January 30, aged 49. J654 Cromwell affumes the prottiftorlhip. 1655 The EngJifli, under adniiralPcnn, take Jamaica from the Spanisrds. X658 Cronnvcll dies, and is fuccccderi in the protedorfhip by hh Ion Richard. f.6(>o King Charles II. is reftored by Monk, (;onunands'r et the army, after an exile of twelve years in France and Holland. Epifcopacy rellored in England and Scotland. Th:- p;.ople qi Denmark, being opprcdVd by the nobles, furrcnder their privi- KgLS to Frederic III. who becomes abloUite. 166; The Royal Society cllabUihed in London by Charles 11. Jt66;, Carolina planted-, in 1728, divided into two feparate government*. 1664 The New Netherlands, in Nor^h America, concjuered from the bwedcs and Dutch, by tile Englifh. 1665 The plague rages in London, and carries o(^ C^fioc perfon^^. 1^66 The great fire ol London began Sept. 2, and continued tjirce days, in which were deftroyed I.,,ooo houses and 4C0 flreets. Ti a firfl ufed ii,i England. 1667 The peace of ^eda, which confirms to i n n 4 Willhai m 920 A New Chronological Table. Willl.iin Pcnn, a Quaker, receive^ a charter ^or j)'« iting Pcnnfylvania. lf>9\ Iiulia iliick fold from .^60 to 50D per ciiit l65ij CharLs II. dits, agcil al.u'r of \ erfailloi, nrir Paris, finiflicd i>y Louis XIV. 1688 '11k' Revclution in (itcat Lritaiu begins, Novr. :;. King Jame* abdicates, and rt- tit\ s to Kr:mk:o, Decenibt r .^. 1<)89 Kin^j William and queen Mary, daughter and fon-in-law to Janicj, arc pro* cl limed I'chruary 16. Vilt-onnt I'uiidee ftaiidi out for James in Scothnd, but is killed by genfral Mackey, at tl-v battle ot Ki'.Iycrankie, upon which the HiglilanJets, wearied with repeated misfortunes dii'jierlc. The land-tax padcd in Kuvjaiid. The toleration aA pafled in ditto. S veral bifhops arc d prived for not tiking the oath to king William, battle of th; Hoyu: l(f)l The war in Irelai.d (iniflud by the furrender of Limerick to William 1690 'Ihe nattli' of th .■ Hoyne, gained by William ajra'nll James, in Ireland. i6;i 'i'he I'aglilh and Dutch fleets, commanded by admiral Ruffcl, defeat the French 111 tj oti" La IlogUv'. 1693 B.iyouets at th.. end of loaded muHcets firft ufed by the Trench againft the con« fedcrutci at the battle of Turin. Tl e du by of Hanover mads the ninth cle(ftoratc. bank of Lngliutl eOablifbt d by king William. Th ■ iirft ]Md)lic Jotteiy was drawn this year. MaHaciv of Hijrhlandcrs at (Ucncoc, by the king's troops. 1694 Quuen Mary die- at the aj^e of ;^.^, and William rtigns alon:. Sti'-np duciea innituted In F.njjland. l6iy> The peace of Ryl wick. 1691/ Tlie Seuts fettle a eolo,:y at the Iftbinus of Daricn, in America, and called it Caledunia. 1703 Chailcs XII. of Sweden begin, his reis;n. King Tnn. s [J. dies at St. Grrniains, in the 68th year of his age. 1701 RiiiTia ■ ev4ed into ; kiugdom. Society for the propay.ation of the Gofpol in foreign parts rflablilhed. 1702 Kii'g '.'illi'.m dies, aged .^o, and i» fucceeded by qutcn Anne, daughter t-^ Jame II. who, with tlie emperoi* and Hates general, renews the war againil Fran .• aad. Spain. 1704 Ribraltar taken from the Spaniards, by admiral Rooke. The battle of BLiiheim wo.i by the duke of Marlborough and the allies, againft the I'Vcnch. T?io court of Kxchcquer inRituted in England. 1706 Tiio treaty cf Union njnvr^.'n KnpjIaHd nnd Scotland, figncd July ZZ. The bat.k of R nniHi^s won by Marlborough and the allies. ' 1707 The tiv'.i Britiih p.'.rl'aM' nt, 17C/8 Minorca tckeii from the Spiniards by general Stanhope. The battle of Ond'.iiarue won by Marlborough and the allies. Sardinia er^dled into a kinp;dom, and given to the duke of Savoy. 17C9 Peter the Great, czar of Mufcovy, defeats Charles XII. at Pultowa, wha flies ta Turkey. The battle of Malplaquet won by Marlborougli and the allies. I7I0 Q^'.cn Anne chanj!;es the Whig minillry for others more favourable to the intcreil of her fuppi I'd brother, the late pretender. The cj-^hedrai church of St. Paul, London, rebuilt by Sir Chrlftophcr W^ren in ,",7 ye:ir-, at one million expencc, by a duty on coaU. The Enj.;liih South Sea eomp.my began. 171a Duke of H>!'riilton and lord Alohun killed in a duel in Hyde-park, a 713 The peace of Utrecht, whereby Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Britain, and HudA»n*s Bay, in North America, were yielded to Great Britain; Gibraltar and Minorca, in Europe, were alfo confirmed to thofaid crown by this treaty. 3 714 Qneen Anne die.s at the age of £0, and is fuccecded by George I. Intercll reduced to live per cent. I71J Luwis XIV. dici a.id ii Succeeded by his great-grandfon,Lcwis '\V. The A New Chrcxnolocxcai. Tab i.e. 921 \c French 1736 t the con. 17 ?8 1739 t743 1744 1745 called k »74'> J 748 ightrr t<> ir againil 1749 »-75» !, againft 1753 1755 1756 9 tiiei (A 1757 1759 1760 : intcrcll Vren in 176a lin, anJ -ibraltar »:63 treaty. The Thi" rchclHon in Scotland hegini in Sept. under the earl of Mur, in favour of thi- Pretender. The udioii of .Sheritf-miur, and the furrfnd.T of F.tdim, h< th in November, when thi- rebels difijc rf-. 1716 The Prettmler married to the priucefr. Subicftti, grand'daughtcr of John Snbi- cOci, late kinj; of Poland. An ad palTcd for frpttiinial parliaments. 1719 The Miflinippi fehcnicat it-. h-iRht in Fr.incc. Lombe'N nilt-throwinjj machiii;, coiiiiiinin;; 9/),58^) wheeli, ere t'^ed at Dcrhy ; takes up one-eighth of a hiili ; one \v.iier wh' d m«)ves the rcll ; and in 24 hours, it wor'cs 3i8,f;o4.i;6w y.irJsol »r^' tiv.ine fili^ thread. The South-S • fciuin' in lui^i'.nd begun /\prii 7, was at itshiight at the end of June, and t|uite funk abiut .Scptcnibi r 7<^. 1717 King George dies, in the 6bih yi ir of his a^e : and isAiccecdcd hy his only fon, <»i'orn< II. InociilatidM firfl tried on crimin iN with fucceA. Ruliia, form'riy a dukedom, is now edabiifiied a< an enuiire. 173a KoMJi Khan id'urps the P- rfiaii thio .c, conquers the .M()f;ui impire, :'nd retmnv with two hundred and thirty-one millions tlirlinjr. Several publiefpirit 'dgtntlemen beginthcfettlcment of Georgia, in North America. Captain Fortnis, having ordered h!s foidi rs to fire upon tlie populace at the execution of a fmugghr, is himfcU hanged by the mob .it Kdiiiliurgh. WellininlltT-Bridgc, confilUngof fiftjen ar lies, bv.gun; tinilhed in 1750, at the cxpencc of 389, ool. defrayed by parlianunt. Lttt^-rs of marque Iflued out in Briiain agauift Spain, July ai, and war declared Od( ber 23. The battle of Dcttingen won by the Englifli and allies, in favour of the queen of Hungary. War decl ireil againft France, commodore Anfon returns from his voyage round the world. The allies lofc the battle of Fontenoy. The rebellion breaks out in Scotland, and the pretender's army defeated by the duke of Cumberland, at Culloden, April 16, 1746. Britifh inen Company ereiled. The per^ce of Aix-la-Chapelle, by which a reftitution of all places taken during the v(;ar was to be made on all fides. : The intereft of the Britifli funds reduced to three per cent. Britifh herring fifliery incorporated. Frederick, Prince of Wales, father to his prefent majefty, died. Antiquarian fociety at London incorporated. The new ftyle introduced into Great Britain ; the third of September being counted the fourteenth. The Britifh Mufcum eredled at Montague houfe. Society of Arts, Manufadurcs and Commerce, inftituted in London. Lifbon deftroyed by an earthquake. 146 Kngl.flimen are confined in the Black Hole at Calcutta, in the Eaft Indies, by order of tiie Nabob, and 1 23 found dead next morning. Marine Ibciety cftablifhed at London. Damien attempted to aflaflinate the French king. General Wolfe is killed in the battle of Quebec, which Is gained hy the Engliih. King George II. dies Odober 25, in the 77th year of bis age, and is fuceeeeded by his prefent Majefty, who, on the 22d of September, 1761, married the princefs Charlotte of Mecklenburgh Strelitz. Black-Friars Bridge, confifting of nine arches, begun; finifhed 1770, at the as^ pence' of 152,8401. to be diicharged by » toll. , War declared againft Spain. Peter III. emperor of Ruflia, is dcpofed,imprifoncd,and murdered. American philofophicdl fociety eftablilhed at Philadelphia. George Auguftus Frederic, Prince of Wales, born Auguft 11. The definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portu- gill, concluded at Paris, February lo, which confirmed to Great Britain the extenfive provinces of Canada, Eaft and Weft Florida, and part of Louifiana, in North America ; alfo the iflands of Grenada, St. Vincent^ Dominica, and Tobago, in the Weft Indies. 1764 The parliament granted xo,oool. to Mr, Harrifon for his difcovery of the Ion gitudc by his timc-piccc, ' ^ X76J Hi* 922 A New Chronological Table. 1765 Hlsmajcrty's ro/alihat-tn* putTcv! for incoqioratlnp the Society of ArtiHs. An at^l paiUil atiiRxini^; tlic lovcri-ignty oi' the illaiiJ oi Man to the crown of Girat Kritaiii, X766 April 2t, a fpot or macula of the fun more than thrice the bigucfe of our earth, paflVd the lun's ii'iitrc, 1768 Aiademy of painting clhi'iliflinl inI.oii('on. Tlic Turks impriioii rlie I^udian ainhaiTudor, and declare war ajruinft that ctnpiro, 1771 Dr. Solander and Mr. Kanks, in his Majedy's fliip the Kiideavour, licvit. Cook, return from a voya};c round the world, having made fcvtral important diico- vcrics in the South Seas. I774 The king of SwediM chanj'C* the conftitution of that kingdom. The pretender marries a princcfs oi Germany, grand-daughter of Thomas, lite rarl of Aylcfliury. The emperor »/f Germany, cmprefs of RufTia, and the king of Pruflia, flrip tlie king of Poland of great part of his dominions, which they divide among tiumfelves, in violation of the mort folemn tieaties. X775 Captain Fliipps is font to explore the North Pole, hut having made eighty-one degrees is in danger of hcing locked up hy the ice, and his attempt to difcovcr a pallage in thati]uarter j-roves fruitlefs. The J(.ruit-i o.pi^llcd from tlie jope's dominions, and fupprelTcd hy his bull, Aug 25, The Engiiih EalHndia company having, hy contpwll or treaty, acquired the t\-- ti niiVe provinces of Bengal, Orixa, and Kaluir, containing fifteen miliionM of inhabitants, great irregularities are committed by their lervanl* abroad, upfni which government interferes, and fends out judges, &c. for the better admi- nil! ration nf juftice. The war between the Ruflians and Turks proves difgraccful to the latter, wh» lofc thi illands in tlu" Ardiipelago, and by fca arc every wheic unl'uctcfsful. J 774 Peace is prodaimcd between the KuHians and Turks. The Britiih Parliament having palTed an n^}, laying a duty of three pence per pound on all teas imported into America ; the colonil};s confidering this as a grievance, deny the right of the Kritilh Parliament to tar them. Deputies from the feveral Amcricai) colonics meet at Philadelphia, as the lull general congrefs, Sept. 5. Firll petit! n of congrefs to the king, Nov. J 7 75 April 19. The firll adion happens in America between the king's tfflops and the provincials at Lexington. May 20, Articles of confederation and perpetual union between the American provinces. June 17, a bloody adion at BunkerVHIIl, between the royal troops and the Americans. ^776 March 17, the Town of Bofton evacuated by the king's troops. An unfuccefsful attempt in July, made by commodore fir Peter Parker, and lieutenant-general Clinton, upon Charles Town in South Carolina. The Congrefs declare the American colonies free and independent flates, July 4. , The Anuricans are driven from Long Ifland, New York, in AuguU, v/iih great lofs, and great numbers of thtm taken prifoncrs ; and the city of New York is afterwards taken poffcllion of by the king's troops. December 25, General Wafiiington takes 900 of the Heflians prifoncrs at Trenton. 1'orttire abolilhcd in Poland, 7777 General Howe takes poileflion of Philadelphia. Lieutenant-general Burgojne is obliged to furrcnder his army, at Saratoga, in Canada, by convention, to the Amcrioan army under the command of tlic generals Gates and Arnold, Odobcr 17. J778 A treaty of alliance concluded at Paris between the French king and the thirteen Vnited American colonies, in which their independence is acknoyvledged b/ the court of France, February 6. The remains of the earl of Chatham inferred at the public expencc in Wcfl- minfler Abbey, June 9, in conJVquence of u vote of parliament. Theeail of CarliilL, William tdi r, efq. and George Johnllone, efcj^. arrive at Philadelphia, the beginning of June, as commillioncrs for reftorlng peace between (ireat Britain and Atnerica. Philadelphia evacuated by the king's troops. June 18. *] he congrefs refufed to treat with the Britifli comniiffioncrs, unlefsthe independ ence of the American colonies were firll acknowledged, or the king's fleets and armies withdrasyn from Amcric;^, 7 . All ■9' rown of ir earth. : einpiro, It. Cook, lit dilco- mas l.itc nia, flrip Ic among ghty-one jdilcovcr i-il tin- IX- i)!li()ii>. of lad, ufHiii ttv adiui- rtcr, wh» Ctcfhful. pence per r this as A LS the full ps and the American 8 and the lirkcr, and |s,July 4- rull, v/i'.h fy of New , Trenton. Iratoga, ifi \ud of the fc thirteen jlcdgcd b/ in Wert' arrive at ling peace indepenil- |ng'8 fleets A.I A New Chronological Table. 9^1 An cnpafrrnicnr foujjht off Kreft between the luijrjirti fl'-f t under the command of adniiral Kt-ppcl, and tlic I'Vcneh lleet under the cjnim;i:ij of the couiit D'Orvilhers, July 17. Dominica taken by tlie French, Sept. 7. I'oiidicherry furnnders to the armb 4)f Great Britain, Ocl. 17. St. Lucia taken from the I'rcnch, Dec. a8. ^779 St Vincent's taken I)ytlie French. (Jrcnada taken by fl>e Freneli, July ;^ X780 Torture in courts of jufticc abolnhcd in France. The inMuiritionaboHlhcd in the (hike of Modena's dominions. Admiral Rodney takes twenty-two l':iil of Spanidi (liips, Jan. R. The fame admiral aifo enj^ages a Spanilh il< : t under the tu.^ull;lnd of Don Jmu de Lanpara, near Cape St. Vincent, and takes five ihip.<;uf tlic line, one moic driven on Ihore, and another bluwn up, Jan. 16. Three anions between adijiiral Rodney and the Count dc GMichen, in the Weft Indies, in the .nonths of April and May; but none of th. mdccillve. Charles Town, South Carol/na, Girrenders to Sir Henry Clinton, M;iy 4. Penfacola, and the whole province of VVefl Florida, lurrender to the arms of the kin": (if Spain, May 9. The Protcllant Allbciation, to the number of 50,000 j];o up to the Houic of Com- mans, witli their petition for the repeal of an ad palled in favour of the IV pifls, June 2 That event followed by the mod darinj^ riots in the city of London and Souih- wark, for fcveral fuccellive d'lys, in which fomc Fopifh elu.pels are di^liroyed, toji^ether with the prifons of Newjrato, the Kini^'s iJ> leh, the Fleet, i'ev.rid pri- vate houfos, i'ic. Thcfe alarming riots arc.it lom-th luppriiled I.y the interpo- fition of the military, aiul m my of th' riui rs tiv.. and exeeuf. J for f.lony. Five F,nj(lifli Eaft. Indlamer, and fifty Enj^hin m.ren.nic ilups hound for the Well I. d.es, taken liy the combined fleets of France and Sj/ain, Aug 8 Farl Cornwalli.s, obtains a fignal victory over general Gates, near Camden, in .South Crc^lina, in which above 1000 American i rifoners ;ire taken, Aii'r 16. Mr. Laurel, r late prefident of the congrcfs, taken ui an Americ"4n packet, near Newfoundland, Sept. 3. .General Arnold deferts the fervice of th.e congrcfs, cfcupesto New York, and if made a brigadier- general in the royal iervJce, Sept. 24. Major Andre, adjutant-general to the Britilh army, hanged as a fpy at Tappan, in the province of New York, 061. 2. Mr. Laurens is committed prifoner to the Tower, on a charge of high treafon, Oi5h)bei 4. DreadfiU hurricane in the Weft Indies, by which great devaftatlon is made ity Jamaica, Barbadocs. St. I-ucia, Dominica and other ifiands, Oct 3 and 10. A declaration of holtilities publilhed againft Holland, Dec. 20. ^781 The Dutch ifland of St. Kuilatia takCii by admiral Rod^i; y and general Vaughan, Feb. ^,. Rotalcen by the French, Nov. ly. Earl Cornwallis obtains a vidory, but with confiderable lofs over the American! under general Green, at Guikifo/d North Carolina. Mureii i^. The ifland of Tobago taken by the French, June 2. A bloody engagement fought between an Fnglifh Icjuadron under the fomman4 of admiral Parker, and a Dutch fquadron under the coamiund of adniiraj y.outman, ofl" the Dogger-bank, Augu earthquakes in Calabria Ulterior and Sicily, deftroying a great number of towns and inhabitants, Feb, 5, 7, and 28th. Armiflice betwixt Great Britain and Holland, Feb. 10. Ratification of the definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, Spain, and the United States of America, Sept. 3. X784 The city of London wait on the king with an addrefs of thanks for difmifling the coalition miniiiry, Jan. 16. The great feal ftolen from ihe lord chancellor's houfe in Great Ormond-fteeet, March 34. 1 The ratification of the peace with America arrived April 7. The definitive treaty rif peace between Great Britain and Holland, May 24. The memory of Handel Commemorated by a grand jubilee, at W'eftminfter Abbey, May 26. i. ■ Proclamation for a public thankf 43.'? 413 407 400 361 270 264 244 203 184 iS5 124 Po 54 Lu 44 Ju] Di( MEN of LEARNING and GENIUS. N. B. Jiy the Data is implied the Tim: ivhfn the ohor.'! Jfritrrt d'cd; but ivhen tltA Ptrioil hnpluns net to bf tttoiun, the j^t;r In ivl'icl ttf\< flurijied if Jtcnijlcii by H, 'Tie Name! in Italics, are tijofe xvbo haiie given the bcjl En^lijh Trar.Jlnions, c.J.iJ'ivc tf iicbool Book^ Rcf. Ch. Pc V. Riwe. Li'.!lilur\. - fTOMKR, tbc firft profane writer nnd Greek poet, flomiIlv.? Sippho. the (;rcck lyri. poctels, fl. faivket. 558 Solon, lawgiver of Atlieiis. 55 C) ^Eloj., the lirll Greek fahuliih Croxa!. 54"'. Thjles, the firft Greek afhronomer and geographer. 4'y7 Pytliagoras, foutukr of the Pythagorean philofophy in Greece 474 Ana^n^on, the Greek lyric poet. F.izvkes. AddiJ'uii. 456 /KT hylus, the (irll Greek tragic poet. Potter. 435 Pindar, th'' Greek lyric ptxt. IVrfl. 413 Kerodotin, of Greece, the iirll writer of profane hlHory 407 Ariilophanes, the Greek comic poet, fl. M'hite. Euripides, the Greek tragic poet. WoodhuU. . 406 Sophocles, ditto. VranLU'i. Pniter. Confucius, the C'hincfe philofopher, fl. 400 Socrates, the founder of moral philofophy, in Greece. ^i)\ Thucydides, the Greek hillorian. Smith. HMa. 361 Hip])ocrates, the (ireek phyfician. Clifton. Deniocritus, t!ie CJreek philofopher. 759 Xenophon, ditto, and hillorian. Smith. Spelman, yfjh!y. Fl Idiug, 348 Plato, the v'lre'k philofopher, and difciplii of Socrates. Sydenham, 336 Ifocratcs, »he Greek orator. DirnfJalc. 332 Afillotle, the Greek philofopher, and difciple of Plato. Ilobbes. 313 Demoiihenes, the Athenian orator, poifone J hlnifelf. I.eLind. Frjicit. ',88 Thcophraftus, the Greek philofopher, and fcholar of Ariltotle. BuJgd. 2^5 Theocritus, the firft Greek paitoral poet, fl. Fa-.uiies. I'j'j Euclid, of Alexandria, in Egypt, the mathematician, fl. R. Simpfan, 270 Epicurus, founder of the Epicurean philofophy in Greece. IXigby. 464 Xeno, founder of the Itoic philofophy in ditto. 244 Callimachns, the Greek elegiac poet. ao8 Archimedes, the Greek geometrician. 184 Plaut us, the Roman comic poet. 'Thoniinp. I^9 Terence, of Carth.\ge, the l/.itin comic poet. Colman. 155 Diogenes, of Bahylon, the lloicphilofupher. 124 Polybius, of Greece, the Greek and Roman hlftorlan. Hampton. 54 Lucret'u.s, the Roman poet. Creech, 44 Julins C-ejar, the Roman hiftorian and commentator, killed. Duncan, Diodcrus Siculus, of Greec", the uiiiverfal hillorian, fl. Booth. Vitruviui, the Roman archited,fl. Cicero, the Roman orator and philofopher, put to death. Guthrie, MJmt'.h, Cornelius Nepos, tlic Romi'.n biographer, fl. Roive. 34 Sailull, the Roman hillorian. (Jordon. Raft. 30 D'onyfius, of Halicarnaflits, the Roman hillorian, fl. Spc'iman, 19 Vjrgil, the Roman epic poet. DryJcn. Pitt. IVarton. II Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertiui, Roman poets. Gruin^cr. Dart. 8 Horace, the Roman lyric and fatiric poet. Fruncis, A. C. 17 l.ivy, the Roman hillorian. Hny. 19 Ovid, the Roman elegiac poet. Ga'th. 20 Cclfus, the RoBian philofopher and phyfician, fl. Grieve, 1$ Strabo, the Greek geographer. 33 Phsdrus, the Reman tabulill. Smart. jf$ Paterculus, th: Roman hillorian, fl . Neivco-ne. ' " 6a PcrGus the Roman fatiric poet. Bre-u-,'}er. 64 Hvlntui Curtiui, a Roman, hillorian ot'Alvxand?r the Great, fl. -Oij^'y. Seneca 926 A New CuiioNOLOoicAL Tabled Scnrca, of Svnin, the phllofonher and tnigic poet, put to death. L'EJli'jnge. 6^ hucan, the Roman epic poet, ditto. Jiotvr. 79 Pliny, the elder, tlu- Roman n.itura! hiiloriun. Holland, 9^5 Jiifcphus, tiie Tcvvilh iiittori.m. IVhijhn. 94 Epii"htiihfitJ}o»e. 1(^3 Ga'en, the Greek philofopher and phyfician. 200 Diogimt's Laertius, the Greek biograjihrt, fl. 429 Dion Cafiius, of (Greece, the Roman hillorian, (i, 234 Orijrtn, a Chriftian father ol Ale.xandria. Herodian, of Alexandria, the Roman hiftorian, fl. Hart. 238 Cyprian, of Cartilage, iufFered martyrdom. Maijluil. 37 5 I.oiiginus, the (Jreek rhetorician, put to death by Aurelian. Smith, 330 l>a61antiub, a father of the church, fl. 3j6 Arius, a priert of Alexandria, founder of the fec^l cf Arians. 34 J luifehius, tlie ecclelialHcal hiftorian and thronoioger. Hatm/er' 2"") Eaiii, biflinp of C;ifarca. ^i^ Gregory Nazianzcn, bifliop of Conftantinople. 397 AmbrcfCjbiniop of Milan. 415 Macrobius, the Roman grammarian, 458 Eutropius, the Ron an hiftorian. 524 Boetius, the Roman poet and Platonic philofopher. Bellamy. Prefon. 529 Procopius, of Citl'arta, the Roman hiftorian. Holcroft. Here ends the ilhiftrious lift of ancient, or as they are ftyled, claflic authors, ft*!' •whom mankind are indebted to Greece and Rome, thofe two great theatres of bunian glory; but it will ever be regretted, that ei fmall part only of their writin^^s have come to our hands. Thi:; was owing to the barbarous policy of thole fierce illiterate pagans, who, in the fifth century fubverted the Roman enipirc, and in which piac- ticci they were jointd fo<>n after by the Saracens, or followers of Mahomet. Con* ftantinople alone had efcapt d the ravages of the Barbarians; and to the few literati •who ihckercd themfelvc? within its wall ., is chiefly owing the prelervation of thofe va- lualnc remain'! of antlquiry. Tc>^ learning, civility, and refinement, Aicceeded worf(j than Guthic ignoranc — the fuperflition and buffoonery of the church of Rome; Kurojie theiTfore produces few names wortiiy of record during the ijrace of a thoufand years; a period which luftorlans, wirh great propriety, denominate the dark or Gothic ages. ■ I'hc invenrion cf printing contributed to the revival of learning in tile fixteetJth century, from whieh memorable a'ra a race of men have fpruug up in a new foil, France, Germ.iTiy, and DriMin ; who, if they do not exceed, at leaft equal the gn afoft geniufes of anti-.iuity. Of thcfe our own countrymen have tlie reputation of the fifft rank, •with thoic names vvc fhall finifli our lilt. A.C. 735 Bcue, a rricft of Northumberland ; hiftory of the Suxonj, Scots, &(;« 901 King Ahrtvl; hiftory, philolopliy, and poetry. I2.T9 Mitthew Paris, monk of St. Alban'3; hifl'ory of England. 1297. Rr get Bacon, Somerfetftiire ; natural rliiiofophy. J308 John Fordun, a prieft of Mearns-lhire, fiiftrry of Scotland* 1400 Geoiiry Ch.iucer, London; the i'dther of £nj>)iih pd)LU). -^ Ii(02 loh.i Cower, Wales; the poet. ^' li Ji ^iJ liiwiiu* Moi u", London ; hiftory, politics, divinity. A New Chronological Table. 927 15??. John Lcliinil, Lotrdon ; lives and antiquities. 1568 Ko ;»r Atciiani, Yorkfhitr, pliiloldiiv and polite literature. 15-z R; vtrenil J ))iii Knox the S^-otch rtt'onncr ; Ilillory of the CI>urch of Scotland. 1581 (} ;()rjfcBiiLli:inan,Dam')iirtonlhiit", Hiih)ry()l'.Sc()tlaiid,Pf.iimiafDavid,politics /ice. I.'l, dllcoverer of logarithms. 162.; VViiliani Cur.uitn, Loni'on ; hi!h)iy and :intii)iiities. l'-a6 Li^rd Cliancellor Jirton, London ; natural fihilofophy andlitjraturc In general. l6-?4 Lord Chiif Juilice Coke, Norfolk; lawsof Knj^land. I^'.i8 B' 11 Johniiin, London; 5 ■; dramati." pieces. 1641 Sir fi'..r.ry Sprjlinaii, N'oriVdk; laws and aritifjuitics. 1(^)54 J<>hn Silden, SidVex ; antiqiiitics and l-.iv/s. l6i7 Dr William iiervey, Kent ; dlicovortd '.lie circulation of the blood. j(/>y Abraham Cowley, Lond(jn ; niifjrlluneous poetry. J674 John Milton, London; Paradilc i.ull, Renamed, and various otiicr pieces in vjrfe and prole. Hyde, Karl of Clarendon, Wilt (1-. ire ; HiiLory of the Civil Wars In England. 1675 Juaies Gretjory, Aberdeen ; nuithematics, geometry, and (jptic.s. 16, 7 R' vcrend Dr. Uaac Barrow, LoiiuDn, natin"d philulophy, niuthemitics, and r.-nuon'i. 1680 Samuel Butler, Worccfterfliire ; Hndibras, a burleAjiie poem. 1685 Thomas Otway, London; 10 tragedies and comedies, with other poems, 16X7 Edmund Waller, Bucks, poems, fpeeches, letters, &c. 168B Dr. Ralph Cudworth, Soinerletlhire ; Intelleolual SyJh;m. 16^9 I)r Thomas Sydenham, DorLtlhire; Hiltoryof Phylic. 1690 Nathaniel Lee, London; II tragedies. Robert Barclay, Edinburgh; Apolojry for the Quakers. 1691 Honourable Robert Boyle ; natural and experimental philofophy and theology. Sir Gcorp;e M'Kenzie, Dundee; antiquities arid laws of Scotland. 1^)94 John Tillotfon, arehbiftiop of Canverliury, Hallilax ; 254 lermons. 1697 Sir William Temple, I-ondon ; poliilcs, and polite literature. 170I JohnDryden, Northani})tonniire ; zy traj!,vdies and comedies, fatiric pocm», Vlrjj, 1704 John Locke, Sonierfetlhire ; philofopiiy, (.Government, and theology. 1705 John Ray, Lllex; botany, natural philofoj.hy, and divinity. I 07 George Farquhar, Londonderry; i ight comedies. ''• 17 !3 Ant. A(h. Cooper, earl of Shirfrefl-'ury ; Charaiil Tiftics. I714 Gilbert Burnet, Edinburgh, biihop of Salilbury;hil}ory, biography, divinity, &c. 1718 Nicholas Rowe, Devonihrre; feven tragedies, tranilation of Lucan's l^harfalia. 1719 Rev. John Mamllead, Dcrbyfliire, mathematics and allronomy Jofeph Addifon, Wiltlhirc ; Spectator, Cruardian, pocniji, politics. Dr. JohnKeil, Edinburgh; mathematics, and agronomy. 177.1 Matthew Prior, London ; poems and politics. 1724 William WoUa'iton, Stalfordlbirc. ; Religion ftf Nature delineated. 1727 Sir Ifa? ' Newton, I/incolnfiiire ; niathenntics, geomstry, ai'tronoiny, optics* 1729 Rev. Dr Samuel Clark , Norwich; Miat!jematicsj divinity. Sir Richard Steele, Dublin ; fourcimedi;s papers in Tatler, &c. William Congrcve, btaffordihire ; Rven dramatic pieces. ^T-l-^ John Gay, Exeter; poems, fabli.s, and eleven dramatic pieces. Jt734 Dr. John Arbuthnot, Mearns-lhirc ; medicine, coins, politics. 1742 Dr. Edmund Halley; natural phllufopby, aftronomy, navigation. / Dr. Richard Bentley, Yoikfliire; claiiical learning, crlticifm. 1744 'Alexander Pope, London; poems, letters, tranilation of Homer. 1745 Reverend Di-. lOnathan Swift, Dublin; poems, politics, and letters. 1746 Colin M'Laurin, Argylefliire; algebra, view of Newton's philolbphy. 1748 James Thompfon, Ro .bwrghlhire; SealbnH, and other poenii, live tragcdi'--.. Reverend Dr. Ifaac Watts, .Southampton; logic, philofopky, p.iiiin\8, hyami, {y/- mons, &.C. Dr. Francis Hutcheibn, Airfliire ; fyilen\ of moral iliilofophy. 1750 Reverend Dr. Conyer 5 Middleton, Yorkihire; Life of Cicero, dec. _. Andrew Baxter, Old Aberdeeii ; me':i'f-I.yr;es, aii>'. natural pliii)fophy. iPlfi Henry St. John, Lord Bolliigbroke, .'s^urrey ; philofuphy, m^tsphyiics, and portio. Dr. Alexander Monr.>, Ldinburgh, anitomy of the luiman lodv »7i4 Dr, Richurd Mead, Londoi) ; cu ^oironj, pl.igue, (iual'-pos, u.i'dicuic, precept*. Henry 92S A N E W ChR O NOLO Of C A L T A BL E^ 1757 1761 1768 J 769 1770 1771 1773 X774 "1775 1776 1777 »779 . 1780 tySa i-r '. I7S3 1784 1785 1786 J787 3788 1789 1790 Henry Fielding, Sgrnerfetftiire; Tom Jones, Jofeph AndlTws, &c. Colley Cibber, London j 25 tragedies and comedies. ■ Thomas Shfrlock, bifliop of London ; 69 ftrmons, &c. ' ■ • .. Bcnjimiin Hoaciley, bifliop of Winchefttr ; fermons and controvcrfy. ■; Samuel Richardfon, Lindon; Gruodifon, Clariffa, Pamela. Reverend Dr. John Leland, Lancafhire ; Anfwer to Deiftica) Writers. Reverend Dr. Edward Young; Night 1 houghts, and other poems, 3 tragedic*. Robert SImfon, Glafgow; conic fedlions, Euclid, Apolionius. Reverend Lawrence Sterne ; 45 fermons, Sentimental Journey, Tiiftram Shandy;, Robert Smith, Lincolnfhire ; Harmonics and Optics. 'Reverend Dr. Jortin ; Life of Erafmus, Ecdefiaftical Hiftoiy, and fermons. Dr. Mark AkenfidejNewcalUe upon Tyne; poems. Dr. Tobias Smollett, Dumbartcnfliirc ; Hiftory of Englan*, novels, tranflation*. Thomas Gray, Profefforof iModern Hiftory, Cambridge; poems. Philip Dormer Stanhope, earl of" Chefterfield; letters. ,, George Lord Littleton, Worccfterfliire ; H.'ftory of England. Oliver Go'dfn^ith, Iraland; poems, cffays, and other pieces. Z;ichary Pearce, bilhop of Rocheftcr ; Annotations on the New Teftament, &c Dr. John Hawkefworth ; effays. David Hume, Merfe; Hiftory of England, and effays. .^ ■ *, ; James Ecrgufon, Aberdeenfhire ; aftronomy. ^ i • • f - .. Samuel Foote, Cornwall; plays. . ■ - -;./;.*; David "Garrick, Hereford, plays, &c. -' ' William Warburton, bilhop of Gloii.ceftcr ; Divine Legiitjon of Mofes, antl various other works. Sir William Blackftone, Judge of the Court of Common fleas, London ; Com- meniaries on the Laws of England. . ;v. . ^ .ci,^.: Dr. Johti Fothergill, Yorkihirc ; philofpphy and medicine. James Harris, Hermes, Philological Inquiries, and Philofophical Arrangements. Thomas Newton, bifhop of Briftol, Litchfield; difcoiufei> on the piophccies, and other works. Sir John Pring'le, bart. Roxboroutjhfliirc ; Difeafcsof the Army. V^- ■ • Henry Home, lord Kaimcs, Scotland; Elements of Criticil'm, Sketches of the Hiflory of Man. Dr. William Hunter, LanerkJhire ; anatomy. Dr. Samuel Johnfon, Litchfield ; Englilh Didionary, biography, effays, poetry, jdiedDec. 13, aged 7I. William Whitehead, poet-laureat ; poems and plays. B.cv. Richard Burn, LL. J), author of the JulUce of Peace, Ecclef. Law, &c. • died Nov. 20. •; , Richard Glover, efq. Lconidas, Medea,&c. died Nov. 25. ,* V ionas Hanway, cfq. Travels, mifccllanies, died Sept. 5. aged 74. ; ^ '.' )r. Robt. Lowth, biihop of London; criticifm, divinity, grammar, died Nov. 3. Soani'' Jenyns, efq. Internal Evidencfe of the Chriftian Religion, aiid other pieces, died Dec. 18. Jauies Stuart, efq. celebrated .' the name of ** Athenian Stuart." died Feb. i. Thomas Gainfborough, efq. the celebrated painter, died Aug. 2. Tho. Sheridan, efq. Engliih Didlonary, works on education^ elocution, died Aug. 14. Wm. Julius Mickle.efq. tranflator of the Lufiad, died OA. 25. .i Dr. William Cullen. Fradice of Phyfic, Materia Medka, &c. died Feb, 5. .Benjamin Franklin, efq. Eletftricity, Natural Philolbphy, mifccllanies, April 1 7. Br. Adam Smith, Moral Sentiments, Inquiry into the Wealth of Natiops, Aprjl (7. John Hbward, efq. Account of Prifons and Lazarettos, &c. g.c.v. Thomaii Warton, B. P. poct-^aureat ; Hiftory of EugUfli Poetry, poems; died Aprii %i. ' - , " ' ■ • ./ > -" - jf , - &c. died i\- ■f FINIS. *v -*Ei t^-~ .»,s .■ .ar_' - traged!c«. am Shandy;. ;rmons. tranflationft ftament, &c *' ;- .f-.-- Mofes, anti ndon ; Com- rangemTits. ptophgcies, \m:^ ■ Itches of the Fays, poetry, r. Law,