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 /^7^"^ 
 
 Umv 
 
 'S^l'^ oi 
 
 OKON'I'o 
 
 KOKMAL ()1»KNIN( 
 
 NKVV lUJlLlJlNG 
 
 III' I IIK 
 
 bi()L()(;i(:al dhpartmhnt 
 
 )l-.ri:Mi;i',K 
 
 n;. i.SSi). 
 
 T 
 
 III: AhiiKK-.^!:, .iilueii-ii l,j S|i< l).\.Mh: WiIm'.n, I'lciiiclU nl lla- rhl\fl.sil\ ; Ui),\. I. 
 
 \V. KiKs. Ministi'f nf Kcliu-r\tii>n ; I'kom--,>siik (Isi.hk, nl' [nhns llnpkiin I'nivorsilv 
 
 rROM,.s>(.>K Wi.i.i 11, al,-o (4 J()liii> Iliipkiii-- I'liivoisily ; I'uoKlvS.iok MiNui, erf lh'..-\;iril Mt-dicnl 
 Sctirujl : l-'ufii'i^sni; V\|-i;)i\N, of the l'nivcr',ilv of Mirhiunn ; utnl I'Koi ks'-ui; I'.. Ramsay 
 
 w KI..I1 1. ..I ihr r 
 
 il\ iM 'riiiiinti- 
 
 lURl ).N I O; 
 
 ll-IK J. K. BR\AN'l' COIVIl'AW 0.imiii,i. 
 
 1890. 
 
 I I 
 
Rl-: PRINTED FRO^T 
 
 "TH^: CANADIAN PRACTITIONER," 
 
 JANL'AkV ISI ANU IjlH. AM) KEBRDAKY IS'l, 189O, 
 
 (1 
 
 I' 
 

lliiiii:''lri,, , ' i, ^'ii^, 
 
 
 smw-n 
 
 
 
THE 
 
 NEW BUILDING 
 
 (IF TIIK 
 
 Biological Department, University of Toronto. 
 
 FORMAL OPENING 
 
 DECI'.MBKK' 19, 1SH9. 
 
 ADDRKSSKS liV TIIK I'RI'.SIDKNT (»I' 'I'lIK rNlVKKSIIV. TIIK IION. TIIK MINISTER OK 
 KDUCATION, AM) I'ROKS. OSI.I'.R. WKI.CII. MINOr, VAICIIAN, AND WRICIIT. 
 
 SiK Daniici. Wilson, who was received witli 
 applause, said, It is my pleasant duty to-day 
 to welcome those vho join with us in the i)ul) 
 lie opening of these Biological Buildings. It is a 
 very important step, I feel assured, in the his- 
 tory of the advancement of science in our Pro- 
 vince and Dominion. It is an index of our 
 share and sympathy in the progress that pecul- 
 iarly marks the century that is now hastening to 
 its last decade. From the age of the Renaissance 
 this progress has been gradually achieving suc- 
 cessive triumphs. That great change which is 
 known familiarly as the renaissance, or new 
 birth, was unepiestionably a revolt against medi- 
 LBval thought, and the grand claim of absolute 
 freedom of research into all truths, of the right to 
 accept of every manifestation of truth that science 
 may reveal to us. Copernicus Kepler, (jalil- 
 eo, and other great names, have been succeeded 
 by those of men who have advanced step by 
 step into the higher mysteries of science ; and 
 last of all we have had in our own day a great 
 thinker in the department of biology, one who 
 h IS revolutionized thought, and jirepared the 
 way for an entirely new advance in the re- 
 search for truth. I feel nevertheless bound, 
 for myself, to affirm that I cannot accept the 
 doctrine of evolution in so far as it assumes, un- 
 der certain teachers, that mind and thought, 
 intellect, reason, and all upon which our moral 
 
 sense and the conception of a future life are 
 based, can l)e conceived of as a mere pro- 
 duction of evolution. Nevertheless as stu- 
 dents of science, we are bound to sit humbly 
 at the feet of truth. Whatever truths are 
 disclosed to us in the triumphs of science, 
 however for the time being they may seem ir- 
 reconcilal/le with other truths, we need have 
 no hesitation in the assurance that one truth 
 cannot conflict with another. 
 
 I rejoice in the ample provision that is 
 now in progress for all the departments of 
 scier^-e in connection with this University. 
 These buildings furnish somewhat adetjuate 
 accommodation for the biological and physio- 
 logical sections of university training ; ana I 
 welcome the recent addition to our faculty 
 of one who is a s{)ecialist in psychology. 
 I have only to add that already contracts 
 have been accepted for a further extension of 
 these buildings ; and when the entire plan is car- 
 ried out it will furnish accommodation for the 
 other branches of science which we recognize 
 as playing an important part in our Faculty 01 
 Arts. It is, therefore, with peculiar satisfaction 
 that I now perform the pleasing duty of pro- 
 claiming the building dedicated by the Univer- 
 sity to the use of the biological department of 
 science, open, and devoted to all the special 
 purposes for which it has been constructed. 
 
riiv University i>f Tornnti 
 
 Hon, ( 1. \V. koss said that wlu-n he was asked 
 to attend tlic opening exercises of this di 
 partmciU of university work he expected tliat he 
 would not t)e called ujion to take any part hut 
 tohave the unalloyeti pleasure ot listennig to 
 the other speakers and wiln'^ssing the enthus- 
 iasm of the students. He could only say at the 
 outset that he was delighted to notice the on- 
 ward proj;ress of the University of I'oronto, and 
 the enlarged facilities which were being provided 
 from time to time in the various departuu'nts 
 of thought germane 'o every wellecpiippeil uni- 
 versity. He need not indicate the steps of pro- 
 gress taken within the past few years. They 
 were all f.imiliar with that progress. 'I'hey had 
 in this building, just declared ojjen, clear evi- | 
 dencethatthe Senate of the University of Toronto, [ 
 that those concerned 'n its success, are de 
 termined that at least on the side of the natural | 
 sciences, they shall not be i)ehind any other | 
 university on this continent. He was glad 
 to hear irom the I'resident that the intention is \ 
 to prosecute the good work further. Last ses- 
 sion authority was given the trustees for $60,000 1 
 for the promotion and completion of tiiis de- 
 |)artment, and he supjiosed next session further 
 authority would be asked to bring within a 
 convenient centre or within convenient access of ! 
 each other, all the departments in which the 
 students of natural science were interested. He I 
 was pleased to hear from Prof. \\'right that the ; 
 classes here were among the largest in any de- | 
 partment of university work. Everybody knew 
 the enthusiasm with which Prof. Wright entered i 
 upon his work. He welcomed Prof. Osier, who j 
 was a graduate of the University of Toronto, j 
 He was one of their own people, a Canadian by | 
 birth and education, and he supposed he wei t 
 to America either by choice or by necessity, j 
 Probat)ly by choice. They were proud of Prof. 
 Osier, first because he was a Canadian, second 1 
 because he had been a successful Canadian, and 
 third because he was a distinguished (!anadian. 
 He congratulated the President upon the evi- 
 dence of e.xpansion of the University, and he 
 congratulated the vice-chancellor for the devo- 
 tion which he had shown in every department 
 of university work. 
 
 Sir Daniel Wilson congratulated Prof. Ram- 
 say Wright on his admirably equipped building 
 and alluded in comlimentary terms to his ability 
 
 for teaching. The president then called on 
 I'rol. Wright to deliver his opening address. 
 
 ■nil'. I'M HOCKMC SP()K()/,0.\. 
 
 KV K.VMSAV WKIIilll, M.A., ll.X'., 
 Professor 111 IliulciKy ''iiiviisi(y nt roKiiilu, 
 
 In the course of some introductory remarks, 
 Prof. Wright spoke of the stimulus to the various 
 branches of biological study which he was con- 
 fident would be given by the erection of the 
 couunodiou.s and well-e(iuipped buildin.L, devoted 
 to his department. He referred to the constant 
 interest shown by the University authorities, and 
 especially by Vice-Chancellor Mulock, in the 
 progress of the work, and expressed the hope 
 that the progress already made would lead to a 
 synmietrical development of all the divisions of 
 biological science in the University. .Address- 
 ing an autlience largely comi)()sed ol practition- 
 ers of medicine, he referred to the circimistance 
 that the youngest of the branches of spef:ial 
 study in biology that of bacter'oloi/y is tluit 
 which at present has the greatest interest for 
 them. He had selected for discussion to-day, 
 however, the biology of certain low forms of 
 animal life tiie Sporozoa which, he said, wen.' 
 destined to attract theclose attention of i)ath()lo 
 gists within the next feiv years. 
 
 The S|)oro/oa are a grou|) of low foims of 
 animal life, belonging to the sub-kingdom 
 Protozoa, which, in conse(|uence of the universal 
 ado|)tion of a parasitic mode ot' life, present 
 certain peculiarities of structure and reproduc- 
 tion which mark them off (piite sharply from the 
 rest of the sub-kingdom. The structural |)eculi- 
 arities consist chiefiy in the absence of any 
 specialized organs for locomotion or the inges- 
 tion of food, while the re{)roductive peculiarities 
 consist in the formation of large numbers ot 
 characteristic spore.s. It is to the.se that the 
 groui) owes its class name, Sporozoa, given to it 
 by i.euckart, who in addition to his invaluable 
 services in familiarising us with the structure 
 and life-history of the higher parasites, has 
 made most important contributions to our 
 knowledge of these lower forms. ,\11 of them 
 are unicellular animals, which may occasionally 
 be so large as to be visible to the naked eye, 
 but are often — especially those interesting in 
 human pathology cjuite microscopic. Four 
 orders are distinguished, (1) Gregarinidia, (2) 
 
lallcd on 
 ildrcss. 
 
 /( ),\. 
 
 remarks, 
 H' various 
 was con 
 on of thu 
 devoted 
 e constant 
 )rities, and 
 k, in the 
 the ho|ie 
 lead to a 
 ivisions of 
 Address- 
 I'ractition- 
 ;iiinstan(e 
 of special 
 is th.it 
 nterest for 
 on to-day, 
 forms of 
 said, were 
 af patholo- 
 
 foims of 
 )-kingdoni 
 ■ iniiversal 
 .', |iresent 
 reproduc- 
 ^from the 
 ral pecuh- 
 e ui' any 
 the in},'es- 
 :iih'arities 
 nihers of 
 that the 
 iven to it 
 ivaiuahle 
 structure 
 tes, has 
 
 to our 
 of them 
 asionally 
 ked eye, 
 sting in 
 :• Four 
 idia, (2) 
 
 Of>ciiiun "/ tli<-' •V'^'i' liioliif^iml Dcfmrtmoii. 
 
 .\ 
 
 Sarcosporicha. (,^) Myxosporicha, (4) Miirospor 
 idia ; these may l>e siiortly 1 iiarai teri/.eil hefore 
 deahng with the forms of special interest to tlie 
 medical practitioner. 
 
 I. riie first Order, that of tlie (Iregarinidia, 
 is best known as furnishim; the minute veimi- 
 forn intestinal parasites of insects and other 
 invertebrates. The unicellular nature is oi)- 
 vious . those which are known as Monocystidea 
 (Fig. I a), hut masked in the Polyrystiden, in 
 which the cell shows a tendency towards suh 
 
 porary character, heing discarded before tiie 
 (Iregarine enters mto conjugation (I'ig. ic) 
 The result of such conjugation is the fusion of 
 the two cells within a single cyst, and is the 
 gcner:il precursor in the intestinal (iregarines of 
 sporulation, which ( onsists in the segmentation 
 ; of the protoplasmic mass from the periplierv in 
 j wards (I'ig. id) into globular clinnps of [»roto 
 I plasm, each of which eventually gives rise lo a 
 snore with a resistent shell of characteristic form 
 (I'ig. le and f) ; such spores, from a fancied re- 
 
 Fk;. 
 
 DlACKAM OK TIIK I.IKE-HI'i IIIKV III- A ( iKEI^AKINIIJ. 
 
 a, A Moliocystid form : I), a I'olycyslid form ; c, two individuals of the latter, which ha\e rast ofl" their epinterites, are in conjuga- 
 tion : d, the resullni^ cyst containing the comoined protoplasm of the two cells tnulergoing seKnientation into spores ; e, cyst conlaininx 
 the spores, each now encased in its hard shell (pseudonavicella sta^e) ; fandg, such spores enlar>»ed, the contents segmented into ere- 
 'Cenlic germs ; h, amueboid movement of the crescents ; k, penetration of these into intestinal epithelial cells of insect ; I, attaiinnent of 
 .tdult gregarina-furm by same, while still adhering to epithelial cell by epimerite. 
 
 di . ision into different regions. In all, however, 
 the structure is substantially the same, the 
 protoplasm surrounding the nucleus admitting 
 of the recognition of two regions, the granular 
 endoi)lasma and the hyaline ectoplasma, the 
 latter the seat of the contractions which lead to 
 the vermiform movements of the body. 'I"he 
 cuticle through which the nourishment is ab- 
 sorbed, is frequently provided with an apparatus 
 of attachment (Fig. ib), but this may be of a tem- 
 
 semblance in form to the minute hard-shelled 
 diatoms, used to be called PseudonavicelUe. The 
 spore-cases are voided through the intestine of 
 the host, and the spores escape either through 
 the rupture of the cyst or by special ducts, and 
 are protected by their hard shells till they reach 
 favourable conditic s for further development. 
 This consists in thi segmentation of the con- 
 tents of each spore into two or more sickle- 
 shaped or crescentic germs (I'ig. ig), which are 
 
'/'/((• ( 'iii;'cy\itv (<f 'I'muiutn. 
 
 capable of ('hanf{f of form, and |ir(il)alil\ iii must 
 cases of active pi'iii-lniiioii into ilic intL'stinal 
 epitlulial i ells of m iuw host (I'i^. i h|, which 
 coils the) liavc alUr hasiiin 'ttaimd the adult 
 furm(l'iK. '!<)• 'I'hf aliovc is a sl< trh ol tiie life 
 history of a typical intestinal (irij^arme Iroin an 
 insect ; to the same order, however, there also 
 helonn forms, which unlike the preiedin^- have 
 a lonn inirai ellulai life, and a -.iiort free life, 
 and it will lu' necessary to return spec iaily to 
 these as they are the forms most interestini^ in 
 human pathology. 
 
 2. '{'he second order, Sarcosporidia, receives 
 its name from the circumstance that the or^an 
 isms in ipiestion are generally found in the 
 muscular tissues of vertebrates. They arc tile 
 tubes of Miescher or Kainey, wiiich have lonj,' 
 bten known (i'ij,' 2a) from the tlesh of tiie ho^, 
 sheep and other animals, but which iiia\ bc' |>re 
 sent in considerable numbers without .ipparenll) 
 affecting the health of their host. W hen present 
 in large numbers, however, they may give rise 
 to various symptoms, according to the group of 
 muscles I undxir, diaphrag.natic or cardiac 
 most involved. It has been suggested by 
 I'feiffer that the acute Polymyositis itescribed 
 by Unverricht and others is due to iinasion by 
 Sarcosporidia, but this has not been delhiitely 
 proved. I'he tubes grow at the exjiense of the 
 muscular fibres, and i)resent within the porous 
 cuticle which hmits them, globular cysts in dif- 
 fer, n; stages of development, the ripe o'vjs of 
 wnich are fell of crescentic bodies, which recall 
 the crescents of the (Iregarines, and are pro 
 bably the means by which the parasites spread 
 to other fibres. The Sarcosporidia are not con 
 fined to muscle fibre, for they occur in the con- 
 nective-tissue of the (.esophagus of the sheej), 
 forming there tumours of considerablesize, which 
 may entail various pathological consetjuences. 
 
 3. 'I'he .My.xosporidia in their adult condition 
 have the least regularity of form of any of the 
 Sporo/oa (I'ig. 2 b.) They are found on the 
 skin and mucous membranes of acpiatic verte- 
 brates, and like the last grou[)are generally ob- 
 served to be full of sjKjres. These are unlike 
 those of preceding groups, in that they are 
 provided with projectile threads (Fig. 2 b & c) 
 possibly a provision for attachment to a new- 
 host. 
 
 4. The Microspori(iia, finally, inclutle ex- 
 
 tremely minute Sporo/oa, the spores of which 
 ( i'ig -• (1) are so small tiiat they have l)een taken 
 for bacteria. They occur as parasites of 
 the tissue elements of insects, and in the form 
 of the pebrine of the silk worm have led to 
 enormous losses in silk culture in I'airope. M. 
 de (,)uatrefages calculated that in the lirst tliir 
 teen years after the outbreak of jiebrine, I'Vance 
 lost two hundred million dollars from the lav- 
 ages of this sporo/oon. They are not confined 
 to any particul.ir kind of cell but invade and 
 destroy all without exception. 
 
 We must now return to those forms which 
 belong to the first order, but which differ from 
 the type described, in that their life is chielly an 
 intracellular parasitic life, a short [free or wan- 
 dering stage, however, permitting the young 
 forms to invade new cells or new hosts. Thev 
 are generally known as Coccidia, and like the 
 Sarcosporidia and Microsporidia are true cell- 
 parasites. The best known is Coccidiuiit nvijorme 
 from the liver of the rabbit. It occurs in 
 caseous nodules and cysts of the liver, which 
 are full of the parasites in tlieir encapsuled 
 stage (so called psorosperms, h'ig. 2 e.) Spor- 
 ulation does not occur within the host, but 
 has been studied outside, and recognised to 
 result ir, the formation of two crescentic 
 germs within each of four spores. It is sup- 
 posed that the cysts, which have been voided 
 from the intestine of one infected animal, may 
 after sporulation be introduced with the food 
 into the intestine of a new host, the crescentic 
 germs being eventually freed and thus ready to 
 |)enetiate the e] ithelial cells of the bile-ducts 
 (i'ig. 2, e s) the contents of which they devou 
 before again undergoing encystation. 
 
 Several cases in which man has been attacked 
 by the same parasite are recorded - a particu- 
 larly interesting one is that descril)ed by (lubler, 
 who diagnosed hydatid tumours of the liver. 
 The patient died, and some twenty cysts full of 
 coccidia were found, one six inches in diameter I 
 There is little doubt but that cysts of this nature, 
 full of caseous material, have often been misin- 
 terpreted in tlie past, and closer attention in the 
 future may establish that .ch jisorospermosis 
 of the liver is not so rare as has been supposed. 
 
 .\ large number of similar forms are known in 
 other vertebrates and invertebrates attacking 
 the cells of the intestinal tract and its append- 
 
Opciiinfi i[f the Sew Hiola^ical l)c/>iirtiiii-iit. 
 
 ()( whicli 
 )cct) til ken 
 ir;isiti's ot 
 
 the Idtiii 
 ve k(l lo 
 rniic. iVI. 
 
 lirst tliir 
 lie. I'Vancc 
 1 the »,iv 
 it conluKjd 
 ivailc and 
 
 nis whicl) 
 iTer from 
 ihiclly an 
 e or wan 
 he younj,' 
 its. 'I'liev 
 1 hkc the 
 true cell- 
 '/I oviJoniK 
 occurs in 
 ver, whicli 
 ncapsiiled 
 e.) Spor 
 host, l)ut 
 '^nised to 
 ("rescentic 
 It is su|)- 
 jn voided 
 inial, may 
 the food 
 crescentie 
 ready to 
 l)ile-dutts 
 jy devou 
 
 I attacked 
 I juirticu- 
 y (hiblcr, 
 ihe liver. 
 sts full of 
 iianieter I 
 is nature, 
 en niisin- 
 on in the 
 permoiis 
 iipposed. 
 cnown in 
 stacking 
 appcnd- 
 
 aj{cs. One of the most intcrestiiiK recetitly | irritating eflect i>ii ilie mtr.i and inter loliular 
 
 described is the Kutyopha^its sulamnndrtc of 
 Steinliaus (I'm. jf), which invades the iniclei of 
 the mtestinal epithelium of the salamander, and 
 only becomes free within the cell after ail the 
 luiclear matter has been devoured. 
 
 .\ similar nuclear parasite is asserted by I'od- 
 wysso/ki to occur in certain diseases of the liver 
 
 CI) 
 
 I 
 
 ime< live tissue .aiisetl by the presence of the 
 •occidia may lead to cirrhosi-- and ii terns. 
 I'odwysso/fki calls attention to the ease with 
 which the structures may i)e ( onfounded with 
 normal el'"nents, e\pressly slating that they in.iy 
 easily be overlooked by an experienced histolo- 
 ;<ist, anil remarks that many of tlie so called 
 
 I''t<;. ;;. Ir.i.i SI KA I iMi Vakiih s I'a i iih.iak Si't»H<)/itA. 
 
 a, -V vuluntjuy iiiii-.rk'-tiliii: fumi tlie iL-.upliamis nf tin- shfc|K untainiii^ a luhe-iikt-' Sart.-usnuriil: williin tlif .utics art- 1 ysl^ in liitVeietU 
 Mta^*!^ i)f (U'VulnpiiUMitj the ripe nia-s (ai) (.oiitaininK iiuineruu'. i.Tcscuiitir Inulies ; li,a .^lyxu^poriil I'ruin I lie liladiicr ^A the pike. (liO. «>"e 
 of its spurt's with terminal tlireaii-cells : c, a ^pore fiiiin another spetjies with prujciteil threiuJs ; d, yolk-tell Iroin the ej^'j; of silk-niotli 
 infected witli inicrosporid cysts ; lielow is repre^ente^! one of the oval spores containeti in these aiul the aimehoiil ^ernis with emerge from 
 siiiji spor\s ; e, CtHi iiiitfHi ovi/oyinc from tlie liver ol the rahliit in eneysleil sta>;e ; ei, e j, contents of rysts sei;nieiitiiiK into spores, e ,t, one 
 of tile spores enlarj;ed coiitainlnu two cresceiitic t'ernis, e.^ ; es. epithelial cell from a hite-duel invaded hy a yoiiiiK occiditim; f, inlestinal 
 epithelial i ell from the salaniaiuler, the micleiis of whii h is invaded liy a roreidiiim {Kuryypha^us^'A Stemhaus). Ii, a similar micleiis almost 
 entirely replaced liy the invading i-oci.itliiim ; fa, the coccidinm uiKlerj;oiii^ direct division into segments ; ^, epithelial cells fruiii the month of 
 the pigeon, after I'feilfer, with coccidia in tlilferent ..tayes of ilevelopmenl, one em ysted with cont;aneti crescents ; ^i, crescents sho\viii>{ 
 .imiehoid nio\eliients ; ^ j, adopliii>; " tlaKellate " ftiriii on inncoiis meinhrtme ; li, four epiilermal cells from moUtiM urn ni*tta^iosi4tii after 
 Neis^er, to the left is a cell. Ill, with the conlailied coccidinm in its protoplasmic phase, lij, setzmentation into an^nlar refractive htHlies 
 toUows, which eventually enlarjiu so as to crowil upon each other, hi, their outlines dis.ippearin^ anil the surroiiiidili>; cell cornifyiliK Kive 
 rise lo the characteristic " inolliiscuni corpuscle," I14 ; k, epidermal cell from /•stinis/ii'rmjs'ts /oith iiiuris (keratosis folliciilaris), after 
 Oarier, in vvliidi a cocciiiinm pushes aside ami distorts the nucleus ; I, epithelial cell from Panel's disease " chronic ec/eiiia of the nipple " 
 after Hiltlin, the contained coccidinm interpreted hy him as an instance oi endogenous cell-formation. 
 
 in man, and a detailed description of these is 
 promised shortly. The parasites, which he pro- 
 poses to call Karyophagiis /lomiiiis, first produce 
 a hypertrophy of the invaded nuclei of the 
 liver-cells, then distort them, and, after encysta- 
 tion and sporulation, finally cause the pigmentary 
 atrophy and disappearance of the whole cells. 
 Such destruction of the liver-cells as well as the 
 
 accessory nuclei, plasmomes, etc., described as 
 normal cell-elements, ii.ay really be developmen- 
 tal stages of coccidia. It is obvious that the 
 close cystological studies of the present day have 
 prepared the way for researches into this difficult 
 field of investigation 
 
 In adition to the above described cases in 
 which the epithelium of the digestive tract is 
 
The Univcisity of Toioiito. 
 
 attacked F)y roccidia, instances are not wanting 
 where it is tiie epidermal cells of the skin which 
 are invaded. Pfeiffer has given us a detailed 
 account of the forms which cause a contagious 
 skin disease in ])oultry, and which were origin- 
 ally described by Bollinger in 1873. The cells 
 are invaded by thecoccidia and the nuclei thrust 
 aside as the parasite grows and proceeds to 
 sporulation (Fig. 2 g). 'I'he spores are at once 
 cai)able of propagating the disease, which there- 
 fore may be artificially produced i)y inoculation, 
 and, indeed, if planteu on the mucous membrane 
 of the throat, instead of on the skin, the spores 
 take on a " flagellate " instead of an amoeboid 
 form, but penetrate the epithelial cells and give 
 rise to a diphtheriiic condition which is very 
 contagious among the poultry exposed to infec- 
 tion. Such polymorphism on the part of these 
 spores is of great interest in view of the remark- 
 able, and as yet only partly uiderstood, poly- 
 morphism of the malarial parasiie. 
 
 On the first discovery of this disease of 
 poultry Bollinger compared it to "moUuscum 
 contagiosum " in man, and Neisser has recently 
 shown (Vierteljahresschrift fuer Dermatologie 
 und Syphilis) that this disease is really due to 
 the invasion of the cells of the nialpighian 
 layer of the epidermis by coccidia. It has 
 nothing to do with the sebaceous glands, but 
 in the interpapillar\ olumsof the rete mucosum 
 «!! stages of the <-''""' ">pment of the parasite 
 may be seen, from cells which are just invaded, 
 ;•! those in which the nucleus is thrust aside 
 ;iri.' .'he cell-protoplasm entirely replaced by 
 ^1 ' narasite (Fig. 2h). Sporulation occurs 
 within the cell, 6, 8, or 10 refractive bodies 
 ivoi'" .: fr. ••mt'd, these increase m size, so as to 
 exercise mutual pressure, and the typical 
 ' MoUus ui'i-corpuscle" is arrived at by corni- 
 fication of the remains of the invaded cell 
 around the coccidiumcyst. I'he contagious 
 character is thus satisfactorily explained. 
 
 Molluscum is, however, not the only human 
 skin-disease which must be attributed to 
 coccidia. Darier has recently established the 
 fact that certain conditions described hereto- 
 fore as a variety of aoie cornea or as keratosis 
 follicularis are in reality a " psorospermosis 
 follicularis," (Annales de Dermatologie et 
 Syphilis July 1889). In these conditions the 
 lesion exists in the necks of the sebaceous 
 
 follicles, which are dilated into a cup o.- funnel 
 sha[)e, the funnel being occupied by a mass of 
 ::orneous appearance which projects beyond 
 the level of the epidermis in the form of a 
 brownish or greyish crust. This is formed as a 
 result of the irritation of the cells of the neck 
 of the follicle by coccidia which have invaded 
 them (Fig. 2k). Instead of the lesion being 
 limited as described, the sebaceous gland and 
 the hair-follicle being unaffected, vegetations 
 may be developed from the neck of the follicle, 
 and extend into the adjacent corium, giving 
 rise to tumours which were observed chiefly in 
 the inguinal region. Microscopic preparations 
 of such tumours, Darier says, would be in- 
 fallibly diagnosed as coming from an epithe- 
 lioma of follicular origin, for the cells dispose 
 th'-mselves round central invaded cells in 
 "nests" of the form characteristic for epithe- 
 lioma. 
 
 A still more interesting, because more com- 
 monly obs-^' ed condition, shown by Darier to 
 be attributable to the invasion of the epidermis 
 by coccidia, is that known as Paget's disease, 
 "chronic eczema of the nipple," recognized by 
 Paget as a freciuent precursor of cancer of the 
 breast. 
 
 Although it is not difficult to differentiate 
 this condition from eczema, yet the presence of 
 the coccidia in the epithelial cells of the deep 
 as well as the superficial layers furnishes, ac- 
 cording to Darier, an infallible distinction. 
 These bodies had been noticed by Butlin 
 (Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, 1877), who 
 described the ducts and acini as full of epithe- 
 lial cells of this character, supposed by him to 
 be undergoing endogenous cell-formaMon (Fig. 
 2 I). Darier shows, however, that these are 
 coccidia, which, when they attain their full size, 
 distend the invaded cell beyond its normal 
 dimensions and (unlike the coccidia of the 
 psorospermosis referred to above) sporulate 
 in sitfl. 
 
 The conclusion is at once suggested that the 
 (dancer which succeeds this condition is simply 
 due to an inward extension through the gal- 
 actophorous ducts, and Darier does not fail to 
 draw it. 
 
 Darier's account of the ^wo pathological con- 
 ditions leferred to above, presented in the 
 Spring of 1889 before the Societe Biologique ol 
 
 i 
 
opening of the Xcw Biological Department. 
 
 ip o.' funnel 
 
 )y a mass of 
 
 ;i;ts beyond 
 
 form of a 
 
 formed as a 
 
 of the neck 
 
 ave invaded 
 
 L'sion being 
 
 gland and 
 
 vegetations 
 
 the follicle, 
 
 um, giving 
 
 d chiefly in 
 
 Dreparations 
 
 )uld be in- 
 
 an epithe- 
 
 ells dispose 
 
 d cells in 
 
 for epithe- 
 
 more com- 
 y I )arier to 
 e epidermis 
 et's disease, 
 cognized by 
 incer of the 
 
 differentiate 
 
 presence of 
 
 of the deep 
 
 irnishes, ac- 
 
 distinction. 
 
 by Hutlin 
 
 1877), who 
 
 1 of epithe- 
 
 by him to 
 
 iia'ion (Fig. 
 
 t these are 
 
 eir full size, 
 
 its normal 
 
 dia of the 
 
 ) sporuiate 
 
 ed that the 
 n is simply 
 [h the gal- 
 I not fail to 
 
 logical con- 
 ted in the 
 ologique ot 
 
 Paris, elicited from M. Malassez -the state- 
 ment that in his belii'fcoccidia are a more im- 
 portant factor in disease than has hitherto been 
 admitted, that since 1876 he has regarded 
 certain intracellular bodies met with in the 
 central cells of nests in epithelioma as coccidia, 
 and that four years ago he had showed these to 
 Balbiani — the most distinguished French 
 authority on Sporozoa who had confirmed 
 him in his belief M. Albarran followed with a 
 detailed description of these structures from 
 
 nests, and others extend into the connective 
 tissue. 
 
 Many observers have been struck by these 
 globular elements in the centre of the epithelial 
 cell-nests, retaining their protoplasm while the 
 surrounding cells cornify. They have generally 
 been considered as the result of a mucous or 
 colloid degeneration of the central cell, but it 
 is not only in France that these have been in- 
 terpreted ascoccidia. Pfeiffer in one of his papers 
 on the Sporozoa (Zeitschrift fuer Hygiene, III.) 
 
 
 \ 
 
 "■m^' f 
 
 Frc. ;. Ik'im I'kkiaka i iun^ m Iji i iif.i.iiima I'A, drawn isv IIk. A. li. Macai.i.u.i. 
 
 11. li, 1: ;ut(l t', from |ncparalions m.-idi: willi chromic ;icicl, iKuiualowlin, and eosin ; <I anil f. fruin prep.'iratinns made with chronii': 
 acid and ;;<)ld chloritlt; ; ;i, showing a tuiui'.itin<.4 plasinodiinn, non-nucleated and witii ;;ranniar protoplasm ; near letter a is represented a 
 leucocyte: h, showing a phiMnodimn helweeij the prickle cells and possessing apparently a nuclear liody; r, showing a plasmotliiim enlerin;; 
 .'li. -pithelial cell ; d, pl.ismotlinm in an epithelial cell, around winch the other epithelial cells arc latnin.'it. <\. resnltiti^ in a " nest ' ; the 
 nucleus in the central cell is pushed to one side and partially invaiiinated liy the Plasmodium ; e, a further st.ii;e of d, in which the nucleus 
 and remaining protoplasm of the cell forms merely an etivelope for the plasniotliinn, which is intensely cosinophilous, and which possesses 
 apparently a nuclear ve.sicle ; f. showing an epithelial cell with the ruicleiis pushed to one side and crescentic in outline, the containetl 
 Plasmodium surrounded by a ilouhly-coiitoureil inemhraiH; and apparently having vnulergone sportdalion. 
 
 two cases of epithelioma. The foreign bodies 
 in the epithelial cells are rounded or oval ele- 
 ments of a faint yellowish-green tinge with 
 granular protoplasm and a central nucleus or 
 entirely homogeneous. Occasionally they are 
 in the form of cysts, and in some indi\iiluals 
 six to tight refractive corpuscles of rounded or 
 irregular form are to be seen. Occasionally 
 the invaded cells are surrounded by one or two 
 flattened cells ; others occupy the centre of 
 
 refers to the case of a girl of fifteen, who died of 
 general carcinosis,the growths in the breast and 
 mesentery exhibiting coccidia both in the 
 protoplasmic and sporulating phases. On the 
 other hand, Neisser, in his paper on Molluscum 
 si)ecially contrasts carcinoma with molluscum or 
 epithelioma contagiosum, and adheres to 
 Cohnheim's view of its etiology. 
 
 Entirely independently of these observations 
 (which indeed have only been published within 
 
8 
 
 The i'lti'i'crsily of Toronto. 
 
 the last few months) Dr. A. 15. Macallum, who 
 is in charge of the Histological classes in this 
 Institution, showed me four years ago, suoru 
 lating cysts in epithelioma, and suggested the 
 parasitic origin of the disease. \'ou will iir. ■ 
 an opportunity of inspecting these i)re[)arations 
 (Fig. 3), as well as others prepared by Dr. 
 Caven, showing the presence of the same bodies 
 in metastatic growths. 'I'hey are apparently 
 similar structures to those observed by Ma- 
 lassez and Pfeiffer, and probably also to those 
 described by Thoma {Fortschritie der Mediciii, 
 1889, No. I i),although the latter observer finds 
 the parasite generally within the nuclei, and only 
 occasionally in a cavity of the cytoplasma 
 beside the nucleus. The optical characters of 
 the |)rotoplasmic bodies described, their stain- 
 ing reactions and their sporulation would seem 
 to indicate that the structures are the same. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to point out tiie im- 
 portance of these investigations as to the 
 etiology of cancer, and their far-reaching conse- 
 quences. Scheurlein's bacillus of cancer has 
 turned out on examination to have nothing to 
 do with the disease, but the analogy of the 
 other diseases referred to above, seems to indi- 
 cate that at last pathologists are on the road to 
 discover the real materies morbi. 
 
 It is not only the epithelium of the skin and 
 the digestive tract which may harbour Sporozoa; 
 possibly the most interesting of all are those 
 forms which invade the l)lood-cells and by the 
 disintegration of these, lead to serious disease. 
 Not much is known of the lesions produced by 
 the presence of these blood-parasites except in 
 man, and they have been observed in animals 
 apparently quite normal. Whether this is the 
 case remains for further investigation, but the 
 observations of Danilewsky show that it is 
 especially in sickly individuals of turtles and 
 birds that the ha.'mogregarines described by 
 him are to be found. 
 
 The earliest known forms of these blood 
 parasites are th Drepaniditim ninarum of the 
 frog, which is known in an intracellular cres- 
 centic phase, and in a free pha e (Fig. 4 a) and 
 the larger Trypanosoma or Tric/iomomu, a 
 flagellate form with an undulating membrane 
 found free in the i)lasma (i'"ig. 4 c). .\ similar 
 Trichomomas is observed in the blood of various 
 fishes, and still another species from apparently 
 
 healthy rats, while in the blood of mules in 
 India suffering from an epidemic pernicious 
 aniemia -^ the so-called Surra-disease -entirely 
 similar forms have been found. Whether the 
 flagellate forms are really referable to the grouj) 
 of the Sporozoa remains yet to be determined, 
 but Danilewsky 's observations would appear to 
 point out a very considerable polymorphism on 
 the part of these hxmogregarinids, and would 
 seem to supp(jrt suggestions made that the 
 organisms found in the blood in relajising 
 fever and pernicious ana;mia may also be 
 referable to this remarkable group. The com- 
 parative parasitology of the blood is yet in its 
 infancy ; there can be no doubt, however, but 
 that a systematic study of the blood in other 
 vertebrate^ in this regard, will help materially 
 to clear Up many obscure points as to the 
 etiology of various human blood-diseases, and 
 especially of malaria, on which Professor Osier 
 is now to address you. 
 
 It has been my oljject in this address to 
 emphasize the fact that not only bacteria, but 
 low forms of animal life furnish important 
 pathogenic organisms, and that continued 
 comparative researches on ^'-.e whole group of 
 the Sporozoa are required to fill up the ga[)s in 
 our knowledge of those forms which are 
 pathogenic to man. 
 
 THE ETIOLOGY OF MAj.ARIA. 
 
 HV \VM. OSI.KR, :,i.l)., F.K.C. '., 
 Professor of Medicine, Jolins Ftopkiiis I'niversity. 
 
 During the early triumphs of bacteriology it 
 was confidently anticipated that malaria would 
 turn out to be a bacterial disease, and the J3a- 
 cillus malarioi of Tonnnasi-Oudelli and Klebs 
 was generally thought to be the looked-for 
 micro-organism. 'I'he discovery by Laveran of 
 amieboid bodies in the interior of the blood- 
 cells was at first considered as pointing to 
 phenomena ot degeneration of these, and the 
 original descriptions of the organisms seemed 
 rathvi to indicate a retrograde step in the study 
 of pathogenic micro-organisms. Since then, 
 however, independent and renewed observations 
 by Marchiafava. Celli, Ouarneri and Golgi in 
 Italy, by Councilman, James, and myself in 
 
of mules in 
 c pernicious 
 ase -entirely 
 Whether the 
 to the group 
 determined, 
 lid appoar to 
 morphism on 
 and would 
 de that the 
 in rela])sing 
 iiay also he 
 The ( om- 
 is yet in its 
 however, hut 
 jod in other 
 p materially 
 s as to the 
 liseases, and 
 ofessor Osier 
 
 > address to 
 )acteria, hut 
 
 h im[)ortant 
 continued 
 
 ole group of 
 
 p the gaps in 
 which are 
 
 -ARIA. 
 
 c. 
 
 nivirsily. 
 
 icteriology it 
 alaria would 
 :ind the Ba- 
 i and Klebs 
 ; looked-for 
 (' Laveran of 
 the blood- 
 pointing to 
 ;se, and the 
 5ms seemed 
 in the study 
 Since then, 
 observations 
 nd Golgi in 
 d myself in 
 
 Opening of the Nciu Biological Departmcnl. 
 
 Amerira. and by Vandyke Carter in India, nil 
 ]3oint to the conclusion that l.averan's organisms 
 are the real cause of the condition, at least thai 
 they are peculiar to and diagnostic of the ma- 
 larial poison, 
 
 Laveran's organisms resemble the Sporozoa, 
 which have formed the subject of the preceding 
 address, in their having an active amceboid 
 phase, and a sporulating phase. The latter 
 occurs apparently without encystation. and the 
 resulting spores exhibit either amceboid or flagel- 
 late locomotion. Certain resting-stages — the 
 so-called crescents — do not, however, appear to 
 
 the Plasmodium assumes a globular form, the 
 pigment generally accumulates at the centre, 
 and the peripheral protoplasm segments into a 
 number of young plasmodia, which are free from 
 pigment and are capable of amceboid, more 
 rarely of flagellate, movement. This segmenta- 
 tion is coincident with the chill After the attack 
 the resulting small (ilasmodia may leave the 
 larger vessels to crowd into the capillaries of the 
 spleen, etc., where the central lifeless pigment 
 masses are taken up by the leucocytes, but they 
 are soon found within the blood-cells in the 
 general circulation again. The length of time 
 
 •-v-te' -^^M^y K^y 
 
 Fk;. 4. \'aki(ius FtiKM-; of Hi.oou-Cki.i, Parasites. 
 
 a, KclI hlootl-cell of frog cont.'iiiiinK two crescents of (.V('/(7«/f//«w ranarutu, i\ i,.i urescent escipillR, a 2, a freecresenl; b, Tr 
 i/io/nt'nii.'! Iroin tisli's blood, c, from frog's l)loocl — two pluises; il-k, successive pbases of (.ieveltjpiiieru of P/aa/iioi/iuf/t tnalariie within 
 human ret! blooil-cells; k. segmentation in tlie rosette form witii central pigment, I, free segments wbicli maybe ama-doid or flagellate ; 11 
 o, Plasmodium of tertian, /, of ciuartan ague according to (_iolgi. 
 
 be comparable to the crescentic germs of the 
 coccidia. 
 
 The amreboid bodies, Plasmodium maiariie, 
 as they are now called, are to be found within 
 the blood-cells of the acute cases of malaria, and 
 exhibit a different stage of evolution according 
 to the i)hase of the attack. During the apyrexia 
 the Plasmodia are to be recognized as minute, 
 colorless amteboid bodies (Fig. 4) which gradu- 
 ally grow at the expense of the stroma of the red 
 blood-cells, and become more and more loaded 
 with fragments of black-pigment — melanin —the 
 result of the digestion of the haemoglobin. 
 Eventually the whole of the stroma is devoured 
 
 from the invasion of the blood-cells to the 
 occurrence of segmentation determines the 
 character of the fever, and Golgi believes he has 
 made out specific distinctions between the Plas- 
 modium of tertian and (juartan fevers (Fig. 4, 
 o, p). The relationship of the intra- and extra- 
 cellular crescents (Fig. 4, m) of chronic 
 cases to the plasmodium has not yet been satis- 
 factorily made out, but it may be noted that, 
 while quinine at once causes the disappearance 
 of the ordinary plasmodium from the blood, 
 the crescents are on the other hand (juite refrac- 
 tory thereto. 
 
 Flagellated forms with three or more rapidly 
 
10 
 
 The University of Toronto. 
 
 moving lashes are to be met witli in some cases, 
 especially in the blood from the spleen, and 
 tiies-j have been ol)served to be developed from 
 the free oval or rounded bodies. Nothing Su 
 far can be said as to their significance. 
 
 We must await the further working out of the 
 life-history of the Plasmodium malaricc till its 
 zoological position and its causal relationship to 
 the disease can be more thoroughly defined, in 
 the meantime it is necessary to call attention to 
 its great importance in diagnosis. Little diffi- 
 culty is experienced in recognizing the ordinary 
 cases of intermittent fever; it is in the chronic 
 and anomalous cases which sometimes simulate 
 typhoid, that the blood-examination is of most 
 service. The finger-tip must be thoroughly 
 cleansed before taking from it the drop of blood 
 which is to be examined, and a very thin layer 
 of blood must be taken so that the cells shall 
 not run into rouleaux. 
 
 The detection of the smaller i)lasmodia within 
 the blood-cells reiiuires a high power — preferably 
 a i\y homogeneous immersion, and good artifi- 
 cial illumination, but the extracellular crescents 
 in the chronic cases can be observed with a '6. 
 Seven out of twenty-four cases of malaria re- 
 cently admitted into the Johns Hopkins Hosjjital 
 could not have been satisfactorily diagnosed 
 without the blood-examination. In subtropical 
 and tropical practice especially is this new- 
 method of diagnosis likely to be of great 
 service. 
 
 Professor Osier concluded as follows : — When 
 I look back a few years and think of the appli- 
 ances and arrangements which we had then in 
 Toronto, and when I go over this building and 
 see the beautiful arrangements, the elaborate 
 apparatus, the splendid aj)pliances for teaching, 
 I feel that it is possible for one to live through 
 a renaissance, similar perhaps in kind, less im- 
 portant in degree, than that to which the 
 president referred in his opening remarks. .\s 
 most of you know, I have continued to take ai. 
 interest in the school in which I received my 
 early instructions, and I continue to take a deep 
 interest in everything relating to the profession 
 in this my native Province. Though I am away 
 a considerable part of the time, yet I am able to 
 make repeated visits, and it is always a source 
 of ihe greatest pleasure to meet my old teachers 
 and my colleagues and my friends. 
 
 PATHOLOGY IN ITS RELATIONS TO 
 GENERAL BIOLOGY. 
 
 BY \VILI,I.\M H. WKLCH, M.U., 
 
 Professor of Pailiolo^y, Johns Hopkins t'nivt'rsity_ Haltirnorc. 
 
 I esteem it a privilege to assist at the formal 
 opening of this Hiological Laboratory and to 
 l)e able to extend to this University, and to 
 this City, congratulations for the possession of 
 a laboratory so admirably constructed and 
 equipped and inaugurateil with the assurance 
 of an activity so fruitful and well directed. The 
 existence in this place of such a laboratory is 
 not a matter of local pride alone. It may 
 sa'ely be predicted that its influence will be 
 felt throughout this country, and indeed wher- 
 ever interest in the biological sciences is found. 
 
 With such opportunities as here exist, we 
 may feel assured that this country will increase 
 and expand the honorable reputation ahead)' 
 gained by its contributions to biological know- 
 ledge. 
 
 Biology in its widest significance is the study 
 of life in all its forms and activities, both 
 normal and abnormal. No branch of human 
 knowledge can exceed this in interest and 
 importance : none has made greater advances 
 during this century of scientific progress ; none 
 has achieved greater triumph for human 
 welfare ; none has influenced more profoundly 
 modern philosophical thought. 
 
 I am here to say a few words concerning one 
 department of biology, namely, pathology, 
 particularly in its relations to general biology. 
 
 I'athology is the study of life in its abnormal 
 forms and activities. The relations of pathology 
 to practical medicine are necessarily so essential 
 and intimate, that the broader conception of 
 this science as a part of biology is in danger of 
 being lost from view. I deem it, however, im- 
 portant for the scientific status and advance- 
 ment of pathology to kee|) in nn'nd and to 
 > mphasize its relations to general biology, not 
 less than those to practical medicine. 
 
 In so doing, it is not intended to detract in 
 any degree from the practical value of pathology 
 and its aiijjlications to the diagnosis and treat- 
 ment of disease. When we consider that 
 pathology embraces the investigation of the 
 ?iuses of disease, of the anatoinical changes 
 produced '>y disease in the organs and tissues 
 
 I <^ 
 
^TIONS TO 
 Y. 
 
 ersily Haldmorc. 
 
 : at the formal 
 ratory and to 
 LTsity, and to 
 
 possession of 
 istructed and 
 tlie assurance 
 directed. The 
 
 lalioratory is 
 i)ne. It may 
 lence will be 
 
 indeed wher- 
 nces is found, 
 ere exist, we 
 )' will increase 
 ation already 
 )logical know- 
 
 e is the study 
 ;tivities, both 
 ch of human 
 interest and 
 ater advam es 
 rogress ; none 
 1 for human 
 re profoundly 
 
 )ncerning one 
 
 ■, [)athology, 
 
 ral biology. 
 
 its abnormal 
 
 I of pathology 
 
 ly so essential 
 
 onception of 
 
 in danger of 
 
 however, im- 
 
 md advance- 
 
 nind and to 
 
 biology, not 
 
 lie. 
 
 to detract in 
 : of pathology 
 sis and treat- 
 consider that 
 ition of the 
 ical changes 
 s and tissues 
 
 Opening of the New Biological Department. 
 
 ir 
 
 of the body, and of the alterations in function 
 resulting from di.sease, it is plain that pathology 
 must constitute the scientific basis of practical 
 medicine. 'I'his is not the less true l)ecau.se 
 the. prevention and cure of disease have not 
 kept pace with the advances in our knowledge 
 of the nature and causes of disease, and of 
 necessity can not do so. Preventive and cura- 
 tive medicine, however, is constantly making 
 beneficient application of pathological dis- 
 coveries, and the most intelligent and efficient 
 management of disease is becoming more and 
 more that which is founded upon the most 
 accurate knowledge of its nature and causes. 
 
 Inasmuch as the general public naturally 
 interests itself but litUe in any side of medicine 
 other than the treatment of disease, there is not 
 sufficient general appreciation of the immense 
 progress in the science and art of medicine of 
 to-day as contrasted with that of a half century 
 ago. The history of medicine is in large part 
 the history of schools of doctrine. Stately 
 superstructures of sweeping generalizations and 
 attempted explanations were erected only to be 
 overthrown becau.se it was impossible to build 
 upon a firm foundation of facts. To-day it is 
 our conviction that these fundamental facts can 
 be disc;overed in no other way than by obser- 
 vation and experiment. 'I'he adoption of this, 
 the only scientific method of investigation, has 
 with the aid of modern instruments and devices 
 not only greatly enriched medical science, but 
 it has overthrown the era in which, among 
 scientific physicians, exclusive schools of 
 doctrine can prevail. The scientific physician, 
 no more than the scientific chemist, can yield 
 adherence to any exclusive dogma. To the 
 one as to the other no way which leads to truth 
 is debarred. 
 
 15y way of illustration of the achievements of 
 modern pathology, permit me to contrast for a 
 moment with the imperfect, meagre, and con- 
 fusing information of former times, the fulness 
 of our present knowledge concerning that dis- 
 ease, which of all diseases is the greatest 
 scourge of the human race. Tuberculosis 
 causes the death of not less than one-seventh, 
 and, in some form or other and at some period, 
 affects probably one-third of mankind. Hut 
 a few years ago, not only was the specific cause 
 of tuberculosis unknown, but there was no 
 
 general appreciation of the fundamental fact 
 that this is one of the infectious diseases. The 
 knowledge of the frequency and wide distri- 
 I) .on of tuberculous disease in other parts of 
 the body than in the lungs is an acepiisition of 
 modern pathology. The pathological anatomy 
 of tuberculosis, which not long ago was one of 
 the most confusing chapters in pathology, has 
 been made clear. The unity of all the pro- 
 cesses now known to be tuberculous, can be 
 cstat)lished on an anatomical as well as on an 
 etiological basis. The greatest addition to our 
 knowledge of tuberculosis, and in fact one of 
 the greatest achievements of modern science, is 
 the discovery of the specific living germ 
 which causes tuberculosis. We are now en- 
 abled to study both within and without the 
 body, the form and the properties of this germ, 
 the conditions which are favorable and those 
 whi h are hostile to its preservation and de- 
 velopment. Who can doubt that all this in- 
 creased knowledge of the most devastating of 
 maladies is destined to help in prevention and 
 treatment ? Sanitarians convinced of the pre- 
 ventability of tuberculosis have already l)egun 
 the warfare against its spread. 
 
 If one seeks an illustration of immediate 
 practical results of the modern investigations of 
 the living germs which cause disease, let him 
 turn his attention to the revolution thereby 
 wrought in surgical procedures. The possibility 
 which is now in the hands of the surgeon of 
 keeping wounds free from all external in- 
 fection, is a boon to humanity not less than tlie 
 introduction of vaccination. 
 
 It would be pleasant to follow still further 
 the practical benefits resulting from pathologi- 
 cal discoveries, but it is not my intention on 
 this occasion to dwell upon tlie applications ot 
 pathology to practical medicine. I have said 
 enough to remove any misapprehension as to 
 my belief that pathology should be made to 
 serve the ultimate aim of medical education, 
 the prevention and cure of disease. This 
 science must ever hold a foremost place in any 
 proper scheme of medical education. 
 
 This occasion is an appropriate one to 
 emphasize especially those scientific aspects of 
 pathology which give it an important position 
 among the biological sciences. 
 
 In the first place I claim that pathology as a 
 
I'l 
 
 i ii 
 
 12 
 
 I'hc I' uivcrsity of Toronto 
 
 I I 
 
 science, quite independently of any practical or I 
 Useful applit:atioiis wliatevtr, is as legitimate i 
 and worthy an object of ])ursuit as any of liie j 
 natural scienc-es. In and for itself alone it 
 deserves to he studied. Its methods are those [ 
 of observation and exi)criment as in other ' 
 biolof^ical sciences. Its sul)ject matter is any 
 living thing which deviates from the normal 
 co'idition. It is not less interesting and im- 
 portant to learn the nature and causes of ab- j 
 normalities in form and function than it is to 
 become familiar with the normal, and when this 
 knowledge may aid in the prevention and relief 1 
 of suffering, added dignity and interest are im- 
 parted to the study. 
 
 As there comes a line where the distinction 
 between the normal and the ai)normal is j 
 shadowy and uncertain, so the separat'jn be- 
 tween normal and pathological biology is not 
 shar|). The i)rovince of the one encroaches at 
 many points upon that of the other. Mutual 
 aid is to oe derived from a closer union between 
 normal and pathological biology. The patholo- 
 gist should not be content with methods of 
 research less perfect than those employed in 
 normal biology. He should not rest satisfied 
 with results which stop i.t the mere description 
 and classification of morbid processes. To be 
 able to give a name to some pathological lesion, 
 and to make it fit into some accepted scheme 
 of classification, should not be the sole aim of 
 pathological study. Pathological processes 
 should be studied with the aim of elucidating 
 their real nature, development and causes, their 
 mutual relations and their dependence upon 
 underlying laws. The purely descri[)tive phase 
 of development of any natural science can be 
 only temporary and unsatisfactory, 'i'he more 
 a pathologist is imbued with the spirit of 
 modern biology, the less content will he be to 
 stop at this descriptive phase. 
 
 In the next place it can be justly claimed 
 that the study of pathology as a science without 
 immediate reference to practical results is in 
 reality the method which is most likely to yield 
 these results as well as to bear fruit in other 
 directions. Experience has shown that the most 
 important discoveries in science, come not from 
 those who make utility their guiding principle, 
 ()ut from the investigators of truth for its own 
 sake, wherever and however they can attain it. 
 
 It is short sighted to fail to see that the surest 
 way to advance pathology, even in its relations 
 to practical medicine, is to cultivate it as a 
 science from all points of view. It is impossible 
 to foresee what may be the practical apiilicatipn 
 to-morrow of any |)athological fact discovered 
 in the laboratory, no matter how remote from 
 practical bearing it may seem to day. 
 
 The experiments upon animals and other 
 investigations which have led to the pre ent 
 accuracy in the localized diagnosis of lesions of 
 the cential nervous system, and have rendered 
 possible the surgical treatment of many of these 
 lesions we owe in large part to physiologists 
 and pathologists who had little thought of the 
 practical applications of the results of their 
 researches. The instrument and methods wnich 
 have enabled o[)hthalmology to attain such 
 perfection in diagnosis and treatment rest upon 
 researches in physiological optics belonging to 
 the domain of pure science. It could not have 
 been anticipated by those who began the study 
 of the microscopic organisms which cause fer- 
 mentations and infectious diseases, that their 
 study would lead to a revolution in surgical 
 treatment, and would o[)en prospects which it 
 would now be hazardous to specify as to the 
 prevention and cure of in'ectious diseases. 
 Did time permit, and were it necessary, much 
 more evidence of similar character could be 
 brought forward to show that those who work 
 in laboratories, it may be without a thought as 
 to the practical utility of their investigations, 
 are no less genuine contributors to the science 
 and art of medicine, than those who study 
 diseases by the bedside. 
 
 As has already been mentioned, pathology 
 has to do with abnormalities, not in man alone, 
 but "'n all living things, both animal and vege- 
 table. The points of contact between animal 
 and vegetable patholo'jy are more numerous 
 than might at first glance appear. The student 
 of animal [lathology can draw many instructive 
 lessons from such subjects as the behavior of 
 wounds and the parasitic affections in plants. 
 We are most of us probably inclined to think 
 too much of the separation between the patho- 
 logy of man and that of the lower animals. 
 While there is a wide distinction in the dignity 
 of the object of study, yet from a scientific 
 point of view this separation is of little account. 
 
 ni; 
 
» 
 
 Ofoii)!^' of the .\'c7t' Biiilo^ical Dcpartniciit. 
 
 13 
 
 at tlic surest 
 1 its rt'latiuiis 
 vate it as a 
 is iinp()ssil)le 
 >il application 
 t discovered 
 remote from 
 
 Is and other 
 ) the pre ent 
 of lesions of 
 ave rendered 
 nany of these 
 physiologists 
 loiight of the 
 iUlts of their 
 ethods Which 
 attain such 
 ent rest upon 
 belonging to 
 ndd not have 
 ;an tiie study 
 ch cause fer- 
 es, that their 
 1 in surgical 
 ects which it 
 :ify as to the 
 3us diseases, 
 ressary, much 
 ter could he 
 ISC who work 
 a thought as 
 nvestigations, 
 3 the science 
 ! who study 
 
 ;d, pathology 
 n man alone, 
 lal and vege- 
 ween animal 
 e numerous 
 The student 
 ly instructive 
 
 behavior of 
 IS in i)lants. 
 ned to think 
 n the patho- 
 ver animals. 
 1 the dignity 
 
 a scientific 
 ttle account. 
 
 Pathological investigations of diseases of 
 animals constitute* no less genuine and valuable 
 contributions to pathology in general, than do 
 similar investigations of human diseases. 'I"he 
 advancement of recent years in the education 
 and aims of those who devote themselves to 
 animal pathology, will s(.Tve to bring into closer 
 relations the students of human and those of 
 comparative medicine. 
 
 It may be usetul for us to consider briefly 
 some of the relations and iwints of contact 
 between human and comiiarativc pathology. 
 
 In tiic lirst nlace there arc many diseases 
 which are cor.imon to man and to animals. 
 These can often bo studied to greater adsantage 
 uiKin animals in which many conditions can be 
 contrcjlied, whicli are beyond our control in 
 man. In animals every stage of divclo|)ment 
 ol the <lisease can be studied, and in general, 
 fresher material can be obtained. W'c can 
 modif\- in various ways external and internal 
 conditions so as to reach a clearer comi)rehen- 
 sion of ihc morbid |)roccsscs. Moreover the 
 same disease may present interesting jjatholo- 
 gical pecniliarities in different species of animals, 
 so that the study of its occurrence in a single 
 species, affords most incom|ilete knowledge. 
 I'or instance, the pathologist whose sole know- 
 etlge of such a disease as tuberculosis is de. 
 rived from the study of the disease as it occurs 
 in man, has a far less com|)lete mulerstanding 
 of this affection, than one who is also I'amiliar 
 witli the striking peculiarities of this affecti(jn 
 in cattle, swine, fowls, and other animals. 
 
 I'lspecial importance attaches, of course, to 
 the stud\- of such diseases as are communicable 
 from animals to man, as for instance, anthrax, 
 glanders, tuljerculosis, many ento/.oic affections, 
 etc., and in general these are the animal diseases 
 which have received the most attention from 
 the students of human pathology. 
 
 One of the most important dei)artments of 
 comparative pathology is experimental path- 
 ology, the value of which to human pathology 
 has long been recognized. To make of experi- 
 mental pathology a distinct speciality and to 
 endow it with a separate professorship as is 
 done in some foreign universities, does not 
 seem to me to be in the direction of the most 
 fruitful and healthy development. The experi- 
 mental method is the handmaid of pathology in 
 
 all its branches, and is the only means of sol- 
 ving many important problems. The experi- 
 mental production of diseases in the lower 
 animals affords an insight to be gained in no 
 other way as to the causes, development, lesions 
 and functional manifestations of many diseases. 
 ICxperience, however, has shown that grave 
 errors are likely to be committed by experi- 
 mental pathologists who have no knowledge of 
 the natural diseases and conditions of the 
 animals used for experimentation. How often, 
 for example, have those studying the (luestion 
 of experimental tuberculosis, mistaken for 
 genuine tubercles nodules prodiued by parasitic 
 entozoa and to what misleading conclusions 
 have such incorrect observations led. 
 
 'I'here are as many general ])athological 
 processes which can be studied to better ad- 
 vantage in animals ihan in man. Such subjects 
 as inllammation. (edema, thrombosis, embolism, 
 aiid infection ha\e been elucidated in large ])art 
 b\' observations made on animals. Due caution 
 is 01 course to be exercised in ajiplying such 
 ()l)servations directlv to human beings. 
 
 Inasunu h as it is rarely possible for us to 
 produce artificially all of the conditions which 
 cause natural diseases, and as our \ery method 
 of experimentation is in itself often a perturbat- 
 ing factor, it is no less important to study 
 animal diseases resulting from natural causes, 
 than it is to study the same diseases experi- 
 mentally produced. Of course there are many 
 diseases which have not yet been opened to 
 the experimental method of investigation. 
 
 (,)uestions of etiology and of ])athogenesis 
 are among those which have received and are 
 destined still further to receive the greatest 
 illumination from studies of comparative 
 pathology. .Xt present, probably no subject 
 engages the attention of pathologists to a 
 greater degree than the microscopic organisms 
 which cause infection. If we had been con- 
 fined to human beings in the study of infectious 
 diseases, our knowledge in this direction would 
 have been only a small fraction of what it is 
 at present. In no single instance could the 
 complete chain of proof required to demonstrate 
 the causation of an infectious disease by a 
 specific micro-organism, have been furnished. 
 The far-reaching principle of preventive vac- 
 cination or inoculation would not be k own. 
 
14 
 
 The University oj 'rornuto. 
 
 A most important and promising field of 
 pathological study, at present only partly culti- 
 vated, is found in the infectious diseases of 
 animals and of plants, not only on account of 
 the great economic interests often involved, hut 
 also as a means of widening and deepening our 
 conceptions as to the causes, development, 
 prevention and treatment of infectious diseases 
 in general. Any pathologist who is nt all 
 familiar with the remarkable and peculiar con- 
 ditions under which the so-called Texas Cattle 
 Fever of the United States develops and 
 spreads, will realize that the complete elucida- 
 tion of all the etiological factors of this disease 
 not only would contribute to the solution of a 
 great economic quesiion, but also would o[)en 
 fresh points of view in our conceptions 
 of infectious agents and their properties. When 
 we consider the many conditions which it is in 
 our power to control in studying animal 
 diseases, and above all the possibility of sub- 
 mitting to an e.xpeiimental crucial test our 
 conclusions, it is clear that the study of natural 
 and artificial infections, as well as of many other 
 diseases in animals, is calculated to advance in 
 the highest degree the science of ])athology. 
 It is not a small thing that cjuestions which 
 were onceconsideredto bewholly transcendental, 
 as for instance the doctrine of immunity against 
 infectious diseases have been brought within the 
 working domain of experimental pathology. 
 
 Nor is it in the causation of infectious diseases 
 alone that the comparative study of human 
 and of animal diseases is destined lo advance 
 etiology. It is reasonable to expect that this 
 comparative study will help to clear up many 
 factors, at present obscure, in the causation of 
 human diseases, including the influence of 
 social conditions. 
 
 But let us take a broader view of comparative 
 pathology than that which considers abnor- 
 malities only in man and in animals related to 
 man in structure and function. I believe that 
 many problems and facts in human pathology 
 await for their complete elucidation the same 
 application of the comparative method of study 
 which has made of normal anatomy virtually a 
 new science. What a barren n ass of ap- 
 parently unre'ated facts is human anatomy 
 when studied without reference to comparative 
 anatomy and embryology '■ If knowledge is the 
 
 understanding of the real nature of a thing, and 
 how it came to be as it is, then there is no 
 knowledge of human anatomy without the aid 
 of comparative anatomy and embryology. How 
 difficult and unmeaning is the old method of 
 studying the anatomy of the human brain and 
 how fascinating does the anatomy of this organ 
 appear in the light of development! 
 
 A light similiar in kind, if not equal in inten- 
 tensity, will be shed upon human pathology by 
 a fuller insight into comparative pathology. 
 We possess at present scarcely the rudiments of 
 a comparative general pathology, but how use- 
 ful and significant is even our fragmentary 
 knowledge of this subject. The charm and 
 impressiveness with which Metschnikoff has 
 developed and presented the phagocytic 
 d( 'trine is due largely to illustrations drawn 
 from coni[)arative pathology. It is impressive 
 to see pictured in living forms from the lowest 
 up to the highest, the combat with invading 
 microorganisms of infection. While the phago- 
 cytic doctrine can not he accepted in its 
 entirety, it is interesting to observe that it 
 received its origin and its chief support from 
 observations made upon the lower forms of 
 life, rather than from those on man and the 
 higher animals. 
 
 The interesting and important discoveries 
 concerning the curious parasitic organisms 
 associated with malaria may seem to the student 
 of human pathology anomalous and without 
 analogy, hut in Prof. Wright's admirable ad- 
 dress to-day upon the sporozoa, we have had 
 presented to us not only the life history of the 
 class of organisms to which the malarial 
 parasites probably belong, but also many ex- 
 amples of similiar parasitic affections of lower 
 animals. We may expect still further infor- 
 mation concerning this interesting group of 
 infectious micro-organisms from researches in 
 comparative pathology. 
 
 Take for instance one of the most disputed 
 and still unsettled problems in pathology, the 
 conditions which cause multiplication of the 
 fixed cells of the body, a question which is 
 intimately associated with the still broader one 
 of the response of cells to the action of external 
 stimuli. Can it be doubted that if we were 
 acquainted with the behavior of cells in all 
 types of living things from the unicellular 
 
 
 
 :Uli 
 
of a thing, and 
 ) there is no 
 vithnut the aid 
 )ryology, How 
 Id method of 
 nan l)rain and 
 y of this organ 
 nt! 
 
 equal in inten- 
 pathology by 
 ve pathology, 
 rudiments of 
 hut how use- 
 fragmentary 
 le charm and 
 tschnikoff has 
 e phagocytic 
 trations drawn 
 t is impressive 
 om the lowest 
 with invading 
 hile the phago- 
 ccpted in its 
 hserve that it 
 ' support from 
 )wer forms of 
 man and the 
 
 nt discoveries 
 
 tic organisms 
 
 to the student 
 
 i and without 
 
 admirable ad- 
 
 we have had 
 
 history of the 
 
 the malarial 
 
 also many ex- 
 
 ;ions of lower 
 
 further infor- 
 
 ing group of 
 
 researches in 
 
 most disputed 
 )athology, the 
 :ation of the 
 ion which is 
 broader one 
 )n of external 
 t if we were 
 f" cells in all 
 e unicellular 
 
 Opeiiinf; of the New Biolof>iciil Department. 
 
 15 
 
 organism upward, under the influence of such 
 stimuli as cause inflammation in human beings, 
 under the influence of losses of substance and 
 under various other conditions, we should have 
 a much clearer comprehension of one of the 
 fundameiilal and most common pathological 
 processes in man ? 
 
 The interesting studies of heredity by Weiss- 
 man and others, pertain in part to pathology 
 and also illustrate brilliantly the value of the 
 comparative method of research. 
 
 The api)lication of embryology to the ex- 
 planation of congenital malformations is familiar 
 and has long been an accjuisition of human 
 pathology. More recent is the endeavor to 
 refer the origin of the genuine tumors to 
 anomalies in fetal development. It is [)robal)le 
 that experimental and comparative i)athology 
 also will shed much light upon the still obscure 
 ([uestion as to the )rigin of tumors. 
 
 .\ large mass of observed |)athological facts 
 we must now accept without adequate explana- 
 tion. It is often the fundamental and common 
 morbid processes which are most obscure. 
 For many of these we may hope to find satis- 
 factory explanation in the results which the 
 comparative study of pathology will afford. 
 At present nothing is to be gained by attempt- 
 ing to generalize from scanty and incomplete 
 observations in comparative pathology. We 
 must first accumulate a store-house of facts. 
 We need investigators who shall study patho- 
 logical conditions not in man alone or in the 
 higher animals alone, but also in the simpler 
 forms of plant and animal life. Something has 
 been done in this direction, more indeed than 
 is generally utilized in human pathology, but 
 much more remains to be done. Conditions 
 and processes which are difficult to comprehend 
 in animals of complex organization often become 
 clear in organisms of simple structure. Our 
 pathological concepts are now derived almost 
 wholly from observations made upon highly 
 complex forms of life. I believe it to be no 
 illusion to anticipate in thought, a time when 
 all forms and kinds of living matter will be in- 
 cluded ir> the domain of pathology, and when 
 pathological laws will be derived from results of 
 investigations which begin with unicellular 
 organisms and which end with man. By the 
 adoption of this comparative method of study, 
 
 pathology will in reality acipiire greater sim- 
 plicity and deeper significance than it now 
 possesses. 
 
 .■\s the student of normal biology does not 
 attempt to cultivate ecpially the whole field 
 belonging to his subject, so the pathologist can 
 not be exjiected to cover in his investigations 
 the whole domain of pathology as thus broadly 
 outli''' 'd. There will be special workers in 
 various lepartments. .As in normal biology, so 
 in paihological biology, from the combined 
 labors of all there will be constructed a science 
 broader, richer and fuller of meaning than that 
 which we now jjossess. The ideas which I 
 have endeavored to present, although neces- 
 sarily in a brief and cursory manner, concern- 
 ing ])athology in its relations to general biology, 
 are naturally suggested by the o[iening of this 
 biological laboratory. Permit me in conclusion 
 to say that it is in a medical school in intimate 
 and organic connection with a university where 
 such labor.itories exist, that the highest culti 
 vation of pathology as a science is to be 
 expected. Here is the favorable atmosphere, 
 here the stimulus of allied sciences, and here 
 the most enlightened appreciation and en- 
 couragement. 
 
 THE USE OF THE MICROSCOPE AND 
 THE VALUE OK EMBRY0L0(;Y. 
 
 HV CHARI.KS S. MINOT, M.D., 
 I'lofessor of Kiiibi yiilo(4y, F{arvard Medical Si liool, Koston. 
 
 Mr. President and Gentlemen — It has been 
 said that the noblest study of man i'^ man. 
 There are many who believe it; l)Ut we who are 
 gathered here t^-day remember the purpose of 
 our gathering, and know that the noble study 
 of man is but a part, and that not even the 
 greater part, of the nobler and vaster science of 
 biology, the new birth among you and fair 
 hopes of which we celebrate. Much has been 
 told you by the able and distinguished savants 
 who have preceded me of the stirring interests of 
 biological science, and of the manifold bearings 
 it has upon our thoughts, our philosophy, and 
 also upon the practical exigencies of our daily 
 life. But were I to tell you, even in mere 
 catalogue form, of the manifold ways they have 
 left unmentioned in which biology touches upon 
 our affairs, I should occupy a far longer stretch 
 
1 6 
 
 I'hc I nircrsilv of Toronto. 
 
 of time than even your Canadian courtesy would 
 iiavc tile iiatiencc to endure. 
 
 I must, tlicrcfore, select some small iMirlion. 
 and of that speak hriefl). I choose, as is ( om- 
 mon wisdom, from that part of tiie exteisive 
 domain of hioloj^y with whicii I am best accpiain- 
 ted throiij^h my own studies. I ask you to 
 permit me to address you a few words com crn- 
 inj; the use of tiie microscope and the value of 
 emi)ryolo4y. 
 
 The first microscopes, such as those used by 
 .Malpighi, were curiousi) simple a small pace 
 of wood with ail upright at each end; in each 
 upright, a hole; in one hole the lens was 
 fastened, in the other the preparation; a separ- 
 ate inicroscoijo for every i)reparatioii. These 
 sim[)le instruments were sent alicut many ol 
 \ou have doiihtless seen them and entertained 
 court ladies and others w ho cared for the newest 
 curiosity. The modern microscnpe is ;i ( realioii 
 of this (eiiiury. and l)e,L;an its (.levelopmeiit with 
 the iineiitioii ol ai'liromatic lenses by Amici. 
 Since his t me I he const riu lion of the i (ini|)(iim(l 
 microscope has made great advance's, not only 
 ill the build of the stands, but more es|)ei iaily 
 in the lenses. We luue onlv to imie the intro- 
 duction of \\;iter immersion; later, of oil immer 
 sion, objectives; and the recent iineiuion of 
 the wonderful a[)ochromatic lenses, by which 
 the capacit)' (jf the microscope is, 1 am templed 
 to say, almo.st doubletl. 
 
 The reason why the microscope win im- 
 provements in it are so imporlanl to the biolo- 
 gist is, that the size of ihe elements with which 
 he has to deal is different from that in other 
 departments ot' science. It is only in the 
 organic world that the explorer fiiuls the micro- 
 scopic structure to be his most imi)orlant i^uide. 
 It is true that the microscope is of great utility 
 in other departments of science. I do not over- 
 look its apiilications in physics. I do not forget 
 what it can reveal to the retrographer examining 
 rock sections; but still I assert that it is only in 
 biology that the microscope is thei-upreme 
 instrument of research. Now, the proper use of 
 this precious implement is a.i art difticult to 
 acquire, but invaluable to the biological possessor 
 of it. It demands not only an accpiaintance 
 with the elaborate methods of preparing the 
 tissues, hardening, sectioning, staining, and so 
 forth, but also the acquisition of a peculiar 
 
 experience of the eye, and habit of the hand, 
 which can be gained only by industrious and 
 well directed practice, and, besides all this, it 
 demands the cultivation of the geometrcal 
 fadilty of the mind. With the microscope we 
 c:m see only one plane, and we have to build up 
 our plastic concepiion by < ombining the v cws 
 we get in various planes into a mental iin;ig( cor 
 responding with the actual structure, somewhat 
 as the mechanical engineer makes out the form of 
 a machine from the elevation and plan. This 
 mental i)rocess is mii( h h.irderto carry out tlian 
 one might believe whfi had had no experience, 
 in trying to drill students -nto the h;ibit of it. 
 in this building there is, to an unusual degree, 
 provision made lor microscopical work, as 1 see 
 bv the broad windows open to the best light, ;ind 
 by the general laboratory arrangements, in all 
 this, I believe we have to acknowledge the wis 
 (loin of I'lof. Raiiiviy Wriglil. I congratulate 
 you in hiving at the head of your biological 
 department one who thus recognizes the real 
 needs of llie sllideiil, and liKlkes ;j,ood pro\isioii 
 to >,iiisf\' them. \'oii all kno^v the immense 
 iisi.'liilness of the microscope, not onl\ in ineiii- 
 cal science, but also in medical prai lice, as a 
 clini( ;il resoiirce. The lime is near when e\ery 
 ()hysici,iii will know, as a mailer of course, how 
 to Use the microscope in his iirofessional work. 
 Wh;ii your students learn in this building will 
 tell through year.s to ( ome. 
 
 The field of biolog\' known as einbry:)log\ h;is 
 L;reat signiiicance both to the pure 'nvestigator 
 md to the practical medical man. It explains 
 slruclure. .\s we follow back an organism to 
 earlier and \el earlier stages, we see what is 
 secondary disappear, aiul what is essential 
 remain, and it is from the embryo that we have 
 the fundamental plan of the l)od\'. He, there- 
 tore, who wishes his anatomy to be something 
 better than a stupid system of mnemonics, must 
 betake himself to embryol gy to obtain an 
 intelligent comprehension of the body. Again 
 come the practical applications. Let me in- 
 stanc:e a few. The so-called germ-layers govern 
 the pathological changes ; each o( the three 
 layers of the embryo h is its specific morbid 
 anatomy, and, with certain limitations, we may 
 say that a disease [)roper to one gcrm-layc- does 
 not trespass upon the tissues belonging to the 
 others. The laws of reproduction, loo, it is 
 
II III ihf hand, 
 mliistrimis and 
 ides all this, it 
 ic j,'(.'uinL'tr cal 
 microscope we 
 lavc to huild ii|i 
 ninn the v'ows 
 •ntal iinag( cor 
 tiire, soniewliat 
 out tlie lormof 
 d i)ian. 'I'liis 
 carry out than 
 no experience, 
 he haliit of it. 
 niisual decree, 
 1 U(irk, as I see 
 J last li|^ht.and 
 ■nunts. In all 
 »vle<lj;e the wis- 
 I conuralulate 
 lOiu' liioloj^ii al 
 quizes the real 
 t;oo(l |ir()\isi(in 
 the iuuneiist' 
 t onl\ in niedi 
 1 1 |ira( tice, as a 
 ear when e\ery 
 of course, how 
 lessional work. 
 ■< Ijuildin,^ uill 
 
 ml/rjolony has 
 re 'n\esti},'alor 
 1. It explains 
 m ori,'anisin to 
 J see what is 
 t is essential 
 ) that we have 
 ^. lie, there- 
 be something 
 emonics, must 
 lo obtain an 
 body. Again 
 Let me in- 
 -layers govern 
 of the three 
 ecific morbid 
 lions, we may 
 rni-laye'- does 
 mging to the 
 )n, too, it is 
 
 opening '/ the Xew Diolof^'iail DcftartiiWHl. 
 
 17 
 
 indispensable for the |)hysician to know ; these 
 we must study in a broad way, and, in fact, the 
 laws of rc()roduction have been discovered for 
 the most part, not from the study of man, but of 
 the lower animals. Ue can hardly exaggerate 
 the necessity of the jihysician's knowing the 
 structure of the uterus and its functional 
 c'langes. Concerning the uterus we have, in 
 deed, much to learn still. It is only recently 
 that we have discovered that pregnancy induces 
 nn extensive destruction of maternal tissue, the 
 mucous lining of the uterus undergoing degeiier- 
 ati\e changes such as we have been accustomed 
 to think of as exclusively pathological. In a 
 short time the epithelium of the pregnant uterus 
 is destroyed and the glaiuls break down. These 
 appearani;es have been noted in the so-called 
 iiterme moukis, ,ind have been usually con- 
 sidered as evidence (jf disease, but we now know- 
 that they are normal a])pearances of pregnancy. 
 .So with the canali/ed fibrine of the ( luirion of 
 the o\'um; that, too, is a normal londition of 
 prign.nicy. In these instances we ha\e n)i( ro- 
 scopit' |)ictures which we have hitherto associa- 
 ted with the jiresence of disease, but which are 
 re.dly he,dlh\- growths. .\Ia\- we noi ex|)ect 
 that euibryological research, in elucidating these 
 changes, will lend a helping hand to her Si.iier, 
 pathology, who always has, and al\va\snnist lag 
 a little behind the knowledge of normal struc- 
 ture? To the physic ian embryology has lo offer 
 the key to many mallbrmalions of hareli[i, cleft 
 palate, a foramen between the cardiac \entricles, 
 c(jngenital tnnbilical hernia, liermai)hroditism 
 and ijseudohermaphroditism, and a long array 
 of (jther arrests of de\elo|)ment. Indeed, em- 
 bryology ought to form a part of e\ery medical 
 curriculum, and I am glad that you include it in 
 your plan. .May our colleges in the .States 
 imitate your example! 
 
 Embryology requires to be studied broadly, 
 and by the com[)arative method. Only by so 
 doing can a just estimate of the facts be secured. 
 Confine your studies to the develoimient of man, 
 and you will never understand it. Cive the 
 mind range and opportunity, and it will soon 
 pick out by comparisons drawn between various 
 species that which is essential and significant. 
 It is from such studies that we have been 
 brought lately to deep problems. We see now 
 in the course of development that the early 
 
 embryonic cells have a large nui leus with very 
 little (irotoplasm, and that the older cells show 
 a great increase in the amount of proto|)lasin in 
 proportion to the nucleus. Vou an' all familiar 
 with the famous apothegm which d> ^ignates 
 protoplasm as the physical basis of life, but in 
 the light of what I have just said, it might be as 
 well ilefined as the physical basis of advancing 
 decrepitude. .Again, we observe that it is orly 
 in the simpler tissues that there is much possi- 
 bility of growth. .\s the tissues become more 
 highly differentiated, they lose their power of 
 growth. \ou all know that the cells of the 
 spleen, of the skin, and of (Jther simple tissues, 
 multiply in the adult, but in the highly special- 
 ized nervous system we never find any cell 
 divisions. Now this loss of reproductive power, 
 coincident with specialization of stru( ture, may 
 prove to be but the beginning of that final loss 
 we call death. If this be true, then death is a 
 penalty we pay for having a high oigani/alion. 
 We pass beyond the |iresent bounds of scieni'e, 
 but hope and hypothesis ever lea<l us, and who 
 dares to say where the bounds of discovery are 
 set in biology? Is not this very building a 
 monumental as.sertioii that we have not reached 
 them yet? 
 
 The reason why I allude to these things is 
 largely a personal one. I'rof. Wright I have 
 known f(jr many years, and I have olten had 
 occasion to wish for his counsel or for his .ulvice, 
 because I have always found that he is one of 
 those minds which naturally take themselves to. 
 the consideration of the larger [)roblems of 
 biology. These general ([ueslions anil these 
 complications of knowleilge, which lead us to 
 meditate upon the farthest reaching problems, 
 will receive at his hand a larger share of consid- 
 eration than they would get Irom many others 
 of the biologists of the world. I con/ratulate 
 you all most heartily upon the possession of this 
 beautiful buildin';. \\c have in the United 
 States, unfortunately, scarcely any building eijual 
 to this; none, I think, superior to it for the 
 purpose for which it is desigued. Even my own 
 University of Harvard, one of the richest and 
 oldest in the States, has not anything I would 
 call better than this. I thank you all for your 
 most hospitable welcome. I had the pleasure 
 of being here some ten years in the official 
 capacity of examiner, I notice there is a certain 
 
.11:1 
 
 I8 
 
 Htc L'liivcrsitv nf' Toronto. 
 
 tlifTi-rencc hctwccn that time and now. I was 
 then nol welcoiiu'd with llu- npplause which you 
 have generously j;i\en ini' today. 
 
 I'lIK NKCIvSSnV OF KNCOURAC.INC 
 SCIKN'IIKIC WORK. 
 
 nV VICTOR (. VAlUiHAN, M.D., 
 I'roft'UHcir of IliiriiivlcilciKv In tlii' UtilvoiMlty of MIcIiImhii. 
 Science is knowledge ; art is the ai)iili<'ation 
 of knowled);e. Science consists of facts ; art 
 utilizes these facts. S( icnce investij^ates ; art 
 adapts. Scieni e is the foundation ; art is the 
 superstructure. .Science is the mariner who 
 sails out over the seas of ij^norance, and dis 
 covers fair islands and broad continents of 
 truth ; art is the imnii^^rant who comes later, 
 and tills the soil, and huilds the cities. 
 
 We are fond of saying; that this is a practical 
 age. H> tiiis we mean that our knowiedi:!.' is 
 utilized for some purpose. We are prone to 
 s|ieak lightly of those who may give their time 
 anil attention to the pursuit of knowledge for 
 its own sake. Hut we should remember that 
 we nvu.st ])()ssess knowledge before we can apph 
 it. Science must always precede art. (k)nvert 
 all of your investigators, who are the discoverers 
 of knowledge, into adapters of knowledge, and 
 you will arrest the world's progress. Without 
 a I'ranklin and a i-'araday, there could have 
 been neither a Morse nor an ICdison. What 
 w lid have been the condition of a])plied 
 c'.'.mistry to-day, had not the I'riestlys and 
 Scheeles of loo years ago worked and plodded ? 
 At that time the study of chemistry was pursued 
 as a pure science, and its devotees were re- 
 garded as but little better than fanatics. 'l"o- 
 day a hundred arts make practical applications 
 of the discoveries of chemistry. The indus- 
 tries founded upon the researches of the humble 
 chemist now feed and clothe millions, and en- 
 rich thousands. It has been stated that the 
 commercial value of the discovery of the 
 aniline dyes alone has repaid (iermany a thou- 
 sand-fold for all the money which that Govern- 
 ment, as liberal as it has been in this direction, 
 has invested in its numerous and well-ecjuipped 
 chemical laboratories. There is scarcely an hon- 
 ora!)le trade or profession which is not indel)ted 
 to a greater or less degree for its position and 
 efficiency to the labors of the scientific chemists 
 
 of the past. Without a knowledge of the 
 <hemistry of metals none of our vehicles of 
 transportation, from the dainty baby cart to the 
 great irondad of war, from the cheap dray of 
 the poor man to the elegant private car of the 
 ridi man, cuiild h.ive been constructed. With- 
 out these labors, which are said to have been 
 begun by Tuiial Cain, the world today, instead 
 of being occupied tor the most part by great 
 nations, would have remained a wilderness, 
 with its solitude broken only by the cry of wild 
 beast and savage man. No great cities, indeed, 
 not even a hamlet, i ould have been built. 
 There would be no commerce, no learning, no 
 religion. 
 
 Von must nol understand from what I have 
 said that chemistry is the only science whi( h 
 has benefited mankind. I have simply taken 
 it as an illustration, and I do not know that it 
 has any claim to first rank. Rob us of the 
 knowledge which constitutes any of our great 
 scieni es and we are affected seriously, physi- 
 cally, intellectually, and morally. A wise nation 
 will foster the sciences, for upon these depends 
 its jirosperity. (lermany has been pre-emi- 
 nently wise on this point. It has built and 
 equipped universities as no other nation has 
 done. It has filled Strasburg with soldiers and 
 has walled and er trenched the <iuaint old city 
 with the magazines of war, but the most im[)reg- 
 nable fortress raised by the confederation in 
 Alsace is the great university, to which many of 
 the wisest anil most learned men of the empire 
 have been called, and the intelligent citizen who 
 is still French in his patriotism, will tell you 
 that his city has more cause of self-congratula- 
 tion than it had before '72, and he will point 
 with pride to the stately university buildings 
 which are but the outward manifestation of the 
 genius and intellect which labor within. 
 
 Now, good neighbors of Ontario, I am happy 
 to be with you, and do rejoice with you in tliis 
 dedication of these handsome and well-eiiuipped 
 rooms to the holy cause of science. I can as- 
 sure you that the ability and learning of the 
 director of this department. Prof. \Vright, are 
 well-known and highly appreciated by his co- 
 laborers in the United States, and many of us 
 have long regretted that you have not earlier 
 sujiplied him with improved facilities for his 
 work. 
 
 i 
 
lo 
 
 I'tim' ()(■ tlio 
 
 r vehicles of 
 !)>■ cart lo the 
 heap dray of 
 ite car of the 
 icted. With- 
 to have been 
 (I day, ii\>stea<i 
 |)art by jjrcat 
 wilderness, 
 le cry of wild 
 cities, indeed, 
 
 been built. 
 
 earning, no 
 
 The University of Toronto, 
 
 i<> 
 
 1 what I have 
 science wiii( h 
 simply taken 
 I know that it 
 ol) us of the 
 \ of our j,'reat 
 •riously, |)hysi- 
 A wise nation 
 these depeniis 
 )een preenii 
 has built and 
 er nation has 
 th soldiers and 
 uaint old city 
 e most impreg- 
 nfederation in 
 vhich many of 
 of the em|)ire 
 n\ citizen who 
 , will tell you 
 iclf-congratula- 
 he will point 
 sity buildings 
 station of the 
 vithin. 
 
 0, I am happy 
 th you in tliis 
 well-e(iuipped 
 :e. I can as- 
 arning of the 
 f. Wright, are 
 ed by his co- 
 id many of us 
 ve not earlier 
 :ilities for his 
 
 I,ct Us briefly incpiire into some of the scien- j 
 title problems, the solution of whi( h will demand 
 the time, attention, and energy of this depart- 
 ment. A simple enumeration of all these cpies- 
 tions would reijuire more time than I have at 
 my disposal ; therefore, I will dwell only upon 
 those in which I am most interested. 
 
 .All living things consist of individual parts, 
 which the histologist calls cells. Some of the 
 lowest forms of life arc simple, free cells, and wo 
 say that they are unicellular. This simple cell 
 must iierform all ;he vital lunctions. It must 
 digest, absorb, and excrete. Its range of func- 
 tion is necessarily limited. .As we ascend the 
 scale of organized life, we find a multiplication 
 and differentiation of cells. In man certain 
 cells have for their sole function the elaboration 
 of the digestive juices, others arc employed in 
 tlie separation of effete antl poisonous matters 
 from the blood and their elimination from the 
 system ; some are devoted exclusively to the 
 reception of impressions from the external 
 world, some convey these impressions to the 
 central nervous system, and others are more 
 directly concerned in the intellectual |)rocesses. 
 Health is maintained by the proper and corre- 
 lated activity of these various groups of cells. 
 
 Within the past 15 years it has been clearly 
 demonstrated that the introduction of some of 
 the lower forms of vegetable life, called bacteria, 
 into the body of man and other animals pro- 
 duces di.sease. The study of these micro-organ- 
 isms has brought into existence and developed 
 the science of bacteriology. A large amount of 
 information has already been accumulated in 
 this field of scientific work, and the art of the 
 preservation of health, hygiene, and the art of 
 restoration to health, medicine has made valu- 
 able practical applications of these scientific 
 facts. One of the objects of these laboratories 
 and lecture-rooms is to make the young student 
 acquainted with what is already known in the 
 science of bacteriology. Hut there are many 
 problems in bacteriology which remain unsolv- 
 ed, and to this your most earnest attention will 
 be given. 
 
 The study of bacteriology, so far, has been 
 nearly altogether morpholoL,ical. I say this in 
 no spirit of criticism. Indeed, I recogni;:e the 
 fact that it could not have been otherwise. The 
 study of form naturally and necessarily precedes 
 
 the study of fiinctif)ns. The ornithologist, on 
 finding a new species of bird, first stiulies itM 
 size, its general formation, the colour of its 
 plumage, the shajic of its beak, the spread of 
 its wing, etc. It is only later, and after more 
 extensive observation, that he can tell you about 
 its habits, how it builds its nest, what it feeds 
 on, what birds are its enemies, etc. .And it 
 would |)robably reipiire still more exter ive 
 observation before he can till you what effect 
 altered environments would have on the bird, 
 whether or not it would thrive in a different 
 climate, with only unaciustomed food to feed 
 upon, and with new foes to encounter. There- 
 fore, I rejjcat that I am not offering a criticism 
 when I state thai he seedy of bacteriology has 
 been largely morphological. Hut I am sure 
 that all will agree with me that these enemies 
 to man's health and happiness, for such we < an 
 pronounce the pathogenic germs, should be 
 studied from every possible staiulpoint. Sup- 
 pose that we knew nothing about the veast plant 
 save its morphology, the size and method of 
 development of the cells, we would know but 
 little. The fact that yeast |)r(iduces carbolic 
 acid gas and alcohol is certainly etpially import- 
 ant with a knowledge of its morjjhology. 
 
 The chemical study of bacteria offers a fruit- 
 ful field for the investigator. What chemical 
 alterations do they cause in the various media 
 in which they grow ? What fermentations do 
 they induce? Why is it that altered environ- 
 ment so materially affects the virulence of some 
 of them ? Why is it that the bacillus of anth- 
 rax is so invariably fatal with certain animals, 
 while others are wholly immune against the 
 same germ ? The theory of the action of 
 phagocytes would at best be only a partial ex- 
 planation of some of these questions. (Iranting 
 that an army of these, the natural defenders of 
 the domain of the body, turn out to do battle 
 with the invader, with what weapons do they 
 fight? If they f''gest the bacillus what digest- 
 ive fermeni do they form ? How do they de- 
 stroy those germs which arc found lying dead 
 in the intercellular spaces in a case of anthrax 
 in a man ? 
 
 There are two factors which enter into the 
 causation of infectious disease. First, there 
 must be susceptibility in certain cells of the 
 body ; secondly, the inciting cause is the speci- 
 
20 
 
 The University of Toronto. 
 
 j-w 
 
 fie micro-organism. Indfcd, we miglit say that 
 tlie primary cause lies in the tissue itself. Then 
 there is the ever interesting subject of immunity 
 against disease secured by the use of sterilized 
 culture of the various specific micro-organisms. 
 Is such immunity, which has already been 
 obtained in a number of diseases, due to a true 
 va -^-ination, or is it simply due to the establish- 
 ment of a tolerance for a poison? How long 
 will the immunity thus secured c(jntinue ? 
 
 But I must not dwell too long on a single 
 word. .Should this laboratory be liie means of 
 solving a single one of the [iroblems which I 
 have nientioned, the money, time, and energy 
 given to it will have been profitably applied, 
 but there are other (]uestions which will take up 
 a large share of the time ■^[lent by ])rofessors 
 and students within diese walls. 
 
 The studv oilbod and drink by the bacteri- 
 ologist has only been begun. In many of the 
 infectious di.-ieases the specific jioison fnuls its 
 way into tlie body through the moulii. W'c are 
 told by those who lia\e investigated the si'bjecl 
 that the chief source of infection wiih ( holera 
 in liulia is by means of the drinking waier. 
 The water is collected tluring tlu; rainy season 
 in tanks. Tiiese tanks noi (jnly siTve :he 
 inhabitants for water-supply, but are als(j used 
 as laundry and bath tubs. We are shocked 
 at these statements, but how many cities in 
 America discharge their sewerage into bodies of 
 water from which they or neighboring cities 
 take their drinking water supjily ? Mofe than 
 500 people die annually in Ont.irio from typhoid 
 tever, more than 5,000 are si( k during the same 
 time, and it is certain that the majority of these 
 receive the |)oison which causes the disease -.vith 
 the water which they drink? 
 
 The prol>al)ility of seriously affecting the 
 health by eating food which has parJally under- 
 gone putrefactive changes multiplies every year 
 with the increased consumption of canned and 
 otherwise preserved food. 
 
 But I must conclude, and in uoing so, let me 
 say that no one need fear that too much time 
 will be given to theoretical or abstract science. 
 
 Every important scientific discovery in the 
 past lias sooner or later found its practical appli- i 
 ■cation, and always to the benefit of man. 
 What could have been more unpromising of 
 practical results than the discovery of micro- 
 
 organisms in the blood rf an animal sick with 
 anthrax by Pollemler in 1849. When this 
 observer reported that he had seen minute 
 forms of life in the blood, some said that the 
 objects which he had seen were bits of iibrine, 
 others that they were not real at all but due to 
 defects in the glass, while still others hinted 
 very strongly that the defects were to be found 
 in the observer's brain; but truth prevailed, and 
 from that observation or discovery as a starting 
 point, the science of bacteriology has been de- 
 veloped to its jiresent importance, and by virtue 
 of the facts forming this .science the spread of 
 infectious diseases has iieen limited as it could 
 not have been done in the past. It was owing 
 to knowledge founded upon that discovery that 
 .Asiatic cluj'era was arrested in New ^'ork 
 harbor in iSS.S, and [jrevented from spreading 
 through the United States and Canada. 
 
 DEsc'Rirriox of thi", m:\v r.Lii.D- 
 
 ixc, 01 riif; r.ioi.oc.ic.M, dki'-Aki ■ 
 
 .\ii:n r OK TMi-: UNixHRsm 
 
 of rORON TO. 
 
 The Jiiological building is situated on the 
 west side of the crescent in the (,)uecn's I'ark, 
 on the site of the old brick building which 
 served, for so many years, as a liome for the 
 Toronto .School of Medicine, and is therefore 
 associated witli the student days of many 
 readers of the I'k.m thionkk. Within recent 
 years it has been occujjied by the students as a 
 gymnasium and place of meeting of the College 
 Societies, and has been known as Moss Hall. 
 The new building is a substantial structure in 
 the Scottish Norman style, harmoniziiig witii 
 the University itself, but simple and unpreten- 
 tious in character. 'I'he materials used are 
 brown and grey Credit Valley stone for the 
 basement and general face of the walling, and 
 brown stone for the dressings. The principal 
 feature of the eastern eli . ^on is the lecture 
 hall, which is at the north end of the building, 
 with a staircase tower and bell turret at its 
 north-east corner. This staircase is exclusively 
 'ji the use of students, and gives access to the 
 waiting-rooms, lecture hall, and large laboratory 
 over it, without the necessity for passing through 
 the main building. The principal entrance is 
 through an arched porch on the east front, and 
 
 
 9 
 Hi 
 
 I 
 
Opcniu<^ of the New Biolof.'^icnl Department. 
 
 21 
 
 ir 
 II 
 
 opens on the main corridor running east and 
 west, from which the main staircase rises. 
 Opening on this corridor on the north side is 
 the professor's private laboratory, comniimi- 
 cating through the preparation room, and a 
 small lii)rary with the lecture hall. 
 
 This is a very handsome room, seated for 250 
 students, but having floor space which is avail- 
 able for many e.xtra seats, as was apparent on 
 the opening day. The seats are comfortable 
 theatre-chairs, each being provided with a fold- 
 ing tablet for note-taking. The staging on 
 which the seats are fixed is arranged en an 
 
 as to afford a suitable surface for receiving the 
 images of microscopic preparations projected by 
 theZeissprojectii>n microscope. It isalso employ- 
 ed for receiving ordinary lantern projections. A 
 brick column independent of the floor rises from 
 the room below.and prevents any vibration of the 
 projection instrument. At present there is no 
 electric light in the building, but the gases for 
 lime light are stored . • clinders in the base- 
 ment, and the water pressure can he turned on 
 to these in the lecture room. The room can 
 be darkened rapidly by dra^ving down painted 
 shades, which run behind strips attached to the 
 
 Pliin of Groiuui Floor. 
 
 " acoustic curve," the height of the steps in- 
 creasing as they recede from the front, with 
 the result that the occupants of the back seats 
 can see over the heads of those in front of 
 them. On the south wall of the lecture room 
 are various devices for illustrating lectures, a 
 fixed blackboard has a movable one suspended 
 in front of it, and at either side are diagram 
 frames running on guiding wires, which may be 
 raised and lowered at pleasure. In front of the 
 blackboards a plaster disc of 8 feet diameter 
 can be jmlled down. The disc was cast upon 
 a plate glass surface with the finest plaster. So 
 
 IM.in of First Floor. 
 
 window-casings. Advantage is taken of the 
 space under the staging of the lecture hall to 
 form a ladies' waiting-room, which is entered 
 from the tower staircase, but has also a private 
 stair up to the lecture hall for the exclusive use 
 of the lady students. 
 
 On tlie south side of the main corridor are 
 the laboratories for physical and chemical physi- 
 ology, in charge of Dr. A. U. Macallum, whose 
 private room is at the end of the corridor. The 
 large physiological laboratory can be darkened 
 in the same way as the lecture room. It also 
 has an independent brick column for galvan o 
 
22 
 
 The University of Toronto. 
 
 metric work, as well as stone and wooden 
 benches suspended on the cast and south walls 
 for supporting other instruments which require 
 to be free from vibration. 
 
 The first floor contains the laboratory for his- 
 tology and elementary biology, arranged for one 
 hundred students working simultaneously, when 
 the tables in the centre are occupied, but gener- 
 ally only used for classes of forty, engaged in 
 microscopical work. The walls arc occupied by 
 lockers, in which the students keep their histo- 
 logical reagents, etc. 
 
 Attached to this large laboratory are a private 
 
 Plan of I'asement Floor. 
 
 room for the use of the demonstrators, and a 
 histological preparation room, in which the 
 material is prepared and stored for the classes 
 in histology and elementary biology. 
 
 These rooms ow r the lecture-hall communi- 
 cate with tlie rooms over the front of the build- 
 ing by means of a flight of steps. 'I'he latter 
 rooms are chiefly used by the senior students of 
 the Arts Faculty, and include s[)ecial morpho- 
 logical laboratories for third and fourth year 
 students, with a small common room between 
 them in which there are facilities for imbedding, 
 injecting, etc. Each laboratory contains a large 
 
 case with specimens and models illustrating the 
 prescribed work for each class. A full set of 
 Ziegler's models, illustrating the development 
 of the vertebrates, e.g., occupies the greater part 
 of the case in the fourth year room. 
 
 There are also on this floor two rooms de- 
 voted to vegetable physiology and bacteriology, 
 at present under the charge of Mr. J. j. Mac- 
 kenzie, Fellow in Biology. A photographic 
 room, with separate dark room, both finished in 
 dead black throughout, have been specially 
 arranged for photomicrographic work. There 
 is a second floor over the southern portion of 
 
 PLAN OF MEZZANINE UNDER LECTURE HALL 
 
 Plan of Second I-Moor. 
 
 the building which contains besides several 
 rooms for other purposes, two plant rooms, so 
 arranged that a different temperature can be 
 maintained in each. The whole of the front 
 and roof are of glass, and face the south so as 
 to get the sun all day. The floors are of con- 
 crete, sujjported by iron beams and brick 
 arches, and are impenetrable to water, while 
 the walls are finished in cement, so that the 
 hose can be used in these rooms and in the 
 adjoining animal rooms as in an ordinary 
 greenhouse. 'J'he basement contains the 
 aquarium, workshops, storerooms for various 
 
le 
 )f 
 It 
 rt 
 
 
 opening oj the New Biological DcparUiicnt. 
 
 23 
 
 puposes, lavatory accommodation, and the 
 heating apparatus. The heating is by 
 steam, mostly by direct radiation, but the in- 
 direct system is also used to a certain extent 
 for purjioses of ventilation. Stacks of steam 
 radiators are enclosed in boxes under the base- 
 ment ceiling, into wliich cold, fresh air is 
 brought from the outside, warmed, and deliver- 
 ed to the rooms above through tin tubes and 
 registers. The foul air is extracted into a duct 
 which is led to the base of the main chimney 
 shaft, which is about sixty-five feet high, and 
 up which it passes. This consists of a brick 
 shaft of about four feet square, and inside, it is 
 the smoke pipe from the boiler, the waste heat 
 from which warms the air in the shaft. This is 
 supplemented by a large coil of steam pipes 
 placed at the bottom of the shaft, so that a 
 steady upward current is maintained at all times. 
 The heating ajiparatus in the lecture-hall and 
 some other rooms is controlled by the Johnston 
 electric heat-regulating apparatus. By means 
 of a thermostat placed in the room and an 
 electric wire, a compressed air apparatus is 
 
 made to act upon the valves of the radiators, 
 opening or closing them as the temperature of 
 the room falls or rises. By this means the 
 temperature is so regulated that at the end of a 
 lecture it is found not to have varied more than 
 one degree from what it was at the beginning. 
 The difference which the use of this system 
 makes to their comfort is appreciated both by 
 professors and students. The compressed air 
 for this purpose is obtained by an air pump 
 actuated by the water pressure and connected 
 with it by a pressure-reducing valve, so that the 
 pump stops when the pressure in the cylinder 
 attains twelve or thirteen pounds, and works 
 again when the pressure falls below this point. 
 The compressed air is also availai)le for use 
 at other places for blast or for injecting 
 purposes. The plumbing throughout the build- 
 ing is of the best and most modern description. 
 The building, including fittings, has cost about 
 $55,000, and was erected from the designs and 
 under the superintendence of the University 
 architect, Mr. David B. Dick. 
 
■^""r-!?,T»L^-T!^ 7-^-, ■KT~-tW-7r;"V'T'*' 
 
 <. u 
 
 .m^: