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32X
1
2
3
1 2 3
4 5 6
C K-\<\
^
10
DIAEY
OF A
MAGNETIC SUBVEY
C K-\(\ ij.^^ t 6'i
LOKDOM 1 PIIINTED BY
liPOITISWOODB ANU CO., SBW-STUBItT SQUAKB
•*NU I'ARLIAUKirr STREET
i£i
^
DIARY
OV A
MAGNETIC SURVEY
OP A PORTION OF THE
DOMINION OF CANADA
CHIEFLY IN THE
NORTH-WESTEEN TEREITORIES
EXECUTED IN THE YEARS 1S42-ISU
BY
LIEUTENANT LEFROY, R.A.
NOW
GENERAL SIR J. H. LEFROY, C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &c.
WITH MAPS
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
1883
All rights irsfrred
QC ^3(.(
L5
PEEFAOE.
1. The renewed attention dii'ected to the distribution anU
periodical changes of the Earth's Magnetism in the North Polar
region, suggests an endeavour on my part to present the observations
of my Magnetical Survey of 1843-4 with fuller explanation, and in a
form more convenient for reference than that in which they were
originally published.' It is true that they did not actually enter the
Arctic Circle, but they touched the confines of it at Fort Good Hope,
on Mackenzie's Eiver, and being still the principal authority for the
received position of the focus or pole of greatest magnetic intensity,
as well as for the lines of equal magnetic force, equal inclination,
and equal variation, over a large part of the continent of North
America, it is certain that whenever they come to be repeated, the
Observer of the future will inquire for particulars not contained in,
and not suitable for, the ' Philosophical Transactions.'
I have gone into many details which may seem to some persons
unnecessary ; similar information respecting the personal experience
of previous observers would, however, have been of much use to
me, and I do not think that they will be found superfluous by any
future American traveller who may give his attention to the same
subject.
2. The following letters and minutes of the Council of the Eoyal
Society show in what manner this particular survey originated, and
what were the views of its author, the late General Sir Edward
Sabine, R.A.
' Sabine's Contributions to Terrestrial Magiietism, No. VII. Philosophical
Traiuttdioiis, 1840, p. 237; «V/. No. XIII. Phil Trnns. 1H72, p 35.3.
mm
wmm
VI
PREFACE.
couuespondence kelatinq to the magnetic suttvev of the
Bhitish Poshebbions in Nouth Ameuica.
January 7, 1841. — Letters were read from Major Sabine to Sir John
IlerBchel, Cbairman of the Committee of Phyaics, on tlie Bubject of a
Magnetic Survey of the British possessions in Nortli America, and also
letters on the same subject from Sir John Herschel, Dr. Peacock, Sir Hew
RoHs, Deputy Adjutant-General of the Royal Artillery, and Lieut. liiddell,
R.A., Director of the Magnetic Observatory at Toronto, in Canada.
' Resolved, — That these letters be laid before the Council, with a strong
recommendation from this Conuuittec, that the President and Council
will take the proper steps to recommend to the Government the exe-
cution of the proposed survey.'
Letters.
' London, November 25, 1840.
(1). ' My deau Siu, — It is quite unnecessary that I should make any
preliminary remarks on the importance of a Magnetic Hnivey of the British
possessions in North America to you, who have yourself, in the " Quartei'ly
Review," placed in so clear a light the value of such surveys in general,
and of the one in question in particular ; nor need I dwell on the advan-
tages of malting the survey whilst there is a magnetic observatory in
Canada, to serve as a primary station for reference and comparison.
' The object of my present letter is to propose a definite plan for its
iwi'fornumce, which I address to you, as Chairman of the Committee of
Physics of the Royal Society, in which the details might be beneficially
discussed, and from whence its recommendation might with propriety
emanate.
' 1 . The strength of the Canadian observatory to be increased by one
ofiicer and one non-commissioned ofticer for three years ; and an addition
to be made to the instruments of
One inclination instrument with two dipping and two intensity
needles.
One transportable magnetometer with imifilar and bifilar suspensions.
One sextant and artificial horizon.
Two portable stands.
' 2. I have ascertained by personal communication with the Chairman
of the Hudson's Bay Company, that for a public undertaking of this
nature, the Company is ready to furnish gratuitous canoe conveyance in
the territories belonging to them ; and from inquiries that I have made
I have reason to believe that two summers thus occupied would supply
ample materials for the comitries north of the Canadian provinces, within
limits of convenient access. For excursions within the Canadian provinces.
V-
PREFACE.
Vll
atui foi other small contingent expenses, I consider that 60/. a year for
each of the three years would be suBicicnt, which should bo payable in
the same manner as the observatory contingent allowance, on the certifi-
cate of ti»e Director of the Observatory.
* 3. Lieut. Younghusband, of the Royal Artillery, has been acting for
some months, with the permission of the Master-General of the Ordnance,
as a gratuitous assistant to Lieut. RiddoU at the Toronto Observatory,
with a view of qualifying himself for this undertaking. The zeal he has
evidenced, and the very favourable manner in which Lieut. Riddell speaks
of him in all respects, show him to be a highly eligible person, and his
presence on the spot is an advantage in saving the expense of a passage
to Canada.
' 4. The whole expenditure contemplated for this undertaking would
be nearly as follows : —
For instruments . . £180
One officer's extra pay, annual 188
One non-commissioned 1
officer's extra pay . J
Contingent
I 188 For 8
years jC549
27
81
50
„ 150
780
Instruments .
. 180
Total
. £910
Total 910/. in three years, or in round numbers 800/. a year for three
years.
' Sir John Herbchel, Bart.'
* Believe me, &c.
' Edwabd Sabine.
' CJoUingwood, November 27, 1840.
(2). ' Dear Sib, — As regards the proposition in your letter, as you
have therein connected my name with my opinions as stated in the
" Quarterly Review " (to which I do not in the least object, as it was never
my desire or wish to regard that article as anonymous, and as there is now
an obvious reason for avowing it), in which I have distinctly advocated the
very point in question, and supported it by arguments to which I can add
nothing either in the way of novelty or force, but mere reiteration, I could
not, in fact, by my personal attendance do more than I have already done.
Only I may add, that I have as yet seen no ground to weaken that opinion,
but that on the contrary, the more I reflect on the desirableness of pro-
curing Magnetic Surveys of the Colonies, the more apparent it seems.
• The programme of the operation as regards the personal and material,
as stated in your proposal, appears perfectly calculated to meet the requi-
sites of the case, and I have no hesitation in conveying through you to
VUl
PREFACE.
the Committee my own ontiro approbation and concurrence in its coming
before tlie Council, recomnioiidod by thorn lis a proper object for application
to Government. In the recommendation of such objects for public sup-
port, the Royal Society is only performing its duty to the country and to
science. It is for the Government to decide what portion of the national
resources can be aflbrded for scientific purposes. All that we have to look
to is that the objects we do recommend be really great and worthy ones,
and that the means we propose be well adapted to the end.
• Believe me, fee,
' J. F. W. IIemsciiel.
'Major Sahinb,'
' Woolwich, November 20, 1840.
(8). ' My deau Sabine, — I do not see the least objection to the em-
ployment of Lieut. Younghusband and a non-commissioned officer of
the Artillery to assist in carrying out the Magnetic Survey in British
North America, should your proposal receive the sanction of the Master-
General. Lieut. Younghusband is a very promising otticer, and I shall
bo very glad if ho is permitted to continue on the service on which he is
now employed.
' Believe me, Ac.
' Hew Boss.
'Majob Sabine, &c.'
i
' Toronto, November 25, 1840.
(•1). 'I write a few lines to thank you for your proposals as to the
survey of this part of the world. They embrace, I think, all that can bo
wished for, or required from the Government, i.e. —
1. Lieut. Y'ounghusband and an additional gunner to be attached to the
observatory for three years.
2. Instruments to be furnished, value ISOl.
8. 501. a year for three years on contingent account for travelling ex-
penses.
4. An arrangement to be made with the Hudson's Bay Company to con-
vey an officer and assistant on two summer trips, or three if
necessary.
' C. J. B. RiDDELL.'
Minute of Couticil.
(5). Jan. 7, 1841. — Resolved, — That the recommendation of the Com-
mittee of Physics contained in this resolution be adopted, and that
the President be requested to confer with the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer and the Master-General of the Ordnance on the subject.
PREFACE. iX
3. The Marquis of Northampton, President of the Royal Society,
wrote accordingly to the Treasury on January 10, IHU, and their
Lordships agreed to meet the estimated expense amounting to 1)10/.,
with the understanding that, as stated by him, gratuitous canoe
conveyance would be provided by the Hudson's Bay Company in
the territories belonging to them.'
4. The foregoing plans, however, were not exactly carried out.
Lieutenant, now Major-General, C. J. B. Riddell, C.B., was invalided
home from Canada in 1841, and became Major Sabine's assistant ;
Lieutenant, now Lieutenant-General, C. Younghusband, C.B., then
serving in Canada, was placed in temporary charge of the observa-
tory at Toronto; and the permanent charge, with the magnetic
survey annexed, was offered to me. Leaving St. Helena in February
1842, I returned to England. Part of the following month of June
was passed with the late Mr. Robert Wearo Fox at his residence at
Penjerricli, near Falmouth, for purposes of instruction in the
manipulation of his Dip circle, and I left England for Canada on
July 20, in the Prince Regent transport, which took forty-two days
to reach Quebec. The Magnetic Variation and the Dip were ob-
served daily on the voyage. The latter also on the voyage in the
North nmherland, Indiaman, from St. Helena ^o England.*
In making the offer, in 1841, of ' gratuitous canoe conveyance '
(ante, p. vi), the Hudson's Bay Company had no idea cf saddling
itself with a heavy expense. The understanding come to between
the then Governor of the Company and Lieut. -Colonel Sabine, the
one knowing little of the requirements of a scientific traveller and
the other even less of the peculiar system of the Company's internal
communications, proved to involve on both sides a great deal of
misunderstanding, as shortly appeared by the subjoined letter of
instructions issued by Sir George Simpson, who arrived at Montreal
in April, to the Company's officers. In it he directed accounts to
be opened and expenses to be charged against the Royal Society.
The Council had not anticipated or provided for any such charges,
' See Treasury Letter, November 13, 1847.
' See Subine'e Contributions, No. IX. rhil. Tmus. 1><40, .iikI No. XIII. P/iiL
Trans. 187-J.
p.
X PREFACE.
and when about two years later a bill amounting to l,277i. was
presented, which did not include any charge for my personal enter-
tainment, a difficulty occurred over it. When these instructions
were communicated to me, I lost no time in calling Lieut. -Colonel
Sabine's attention to the subject, and then dismissed it from my
mind. The justice of the claim was ultimately admitted, and a
Treasury grant was made which satisfied the Company.
7
: J
:-
I
. 1
5. Letter feom Me. Twevelyan, addressed to the President
OP the Royal Society.
' Treasury Chambers, November 13, 1847.
' My Lord, — The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury
having had before them the memorial and documents enclosed in your
Lordship's letter of the 80th ultimo, relating to the charges of the
Hudson's Bay Company in regard to the Magnetic Survey in North
America :
' I am commanded to state to your Lordship that My Lords regret
the misunderstanding which has occurred in regard to the expense of this
expedition.
' In the paper transmitted with your Lordship's letter of the 10th
January, 1841, it was distinctly stated that the whole expenditure con-
templated for the undertaking was 9101., and that gratuitous canoe con-
veyance would be provided by the Hudson's Bay Company in the territories
belonging to them.
' Upon this statement the consent of this Board was given to the
proposed expenditure, and My Lords were by no means prepared for the
present demand upon the public purse, amounting to a further sum of
1,277Z. 8s. 5ch
' It appears, however, that the greater part of this expense has been
occasioned by a departure from the original plan of the expedition, and
that the extension of the survey has been of considerable value and im-
portance in a national point of view, and it might be reasonably expected
that the Government should roimburse to the Hudson's Bay Company the
expenses incurred by them beyond the amount originally contemplated.
There is some difficulty in ascertaining the exact amount of the extra
expense incurred, but it would appear from Capt. Lefroy's statement that
it cannot have amounted to the whole sum mentioned, viz. 1,2111. 8s. 5d.
' Upon fully considering the whole of the correspondence. My Lords
are of opinion that 850Z. will reimburse to the Company all the expenses
on account of which they may have a claim upon the public, and My
Lords will in the ensuing Session submit an estimate to Parliament for
this amount.
' In addition to this sum of 850/. there is a charge for clothing, &c.
PIIEFACE.
XI
supplied to Ciiptaiu Lefroy, which that gentleman will repay to the Com-
pany through his agents, making the whole amount to be replaced to the
funds of the Hudson's Bay Company on this accoimt 885/. 6s.
' I have the honour to be, &c.
' C. N. TUEVELYAN.'
' TflE President of the IIoyai, Society,
Somerset House.'
nes
of
6. The proverbial saying Les absents out toujours tort, was exempli-
fied on this occasion ; the * departure from the original plan of the ex-
pedition ' was supposed to be due to the zeal, meritorious perhaps,
but indiscreet, of the executive officer, and the fact that every step
was authorised and approved did not receive the prominence which he
thought that justice required. The following extract from a letter
from Lieut. -Colonel Sabine's assistant traces the misunderstanding
to its source.
' Woolwich, March 3, 1845.
' Your early letters, en route outwards, mentioned that Sir George
Simpson had directed tlie expenses of the Survey to be charged to a se-
parate account to the Royal Society. This Colonel Sabine and I talked
over at the time ; but it appeared so impossible after the correspondence
that had passed (vide the printed letters of the R. S., in which the word
"gratuitous" was most directly and pointedly introduced) that any
misuiulorstnnding could exist, more especially as Sabine said he was sure
that Sir H. Pelly had not viewed it in that light, that he and T both
tbouglit tliat it was with a view merely to the regulation of their accounts,
and that they luiglit be kept aware tliemselves, and, if necessary, show to
others the expense their liberality in the cause of science had put them to.'
7. CmcuLAR Letteb of Instructions.
' Liicliine, near Montreal, April 20, 1843.
To the Gentlemen in charge of Districts and Posts in the service of
The Hon. Hudson's Bay Company.
' Gentlemen, — This will be handed to you by J. H. Lefroy, Esq., of
the Royal Artillery, who, under the direction of Her Majesty's Govern-
ment and of the Royal Society, procc«Mls to the interior for the purpose of
nuiking Magnetical Observations ; and I have to beg that every facility
and assistance he may require, and which the circumstances of the country
and service may admit, be afforded him towards the accomplishment of
the important and interesting object of his mission.
Xll
PREFACE.
i
I!
' Mr. Lefroy takes hia passage, accompanied by a servant,' by the
brigade for the Northern department, to start in the course of a few days
hence, and Mr. J. McLean, the gentleman in charge of that brigade, is
hereby instructed to afford two hours a day for Magneticai Observations ;
four hours at each post, and twenty-four hours commencing from midday
on the 26th May and 21st June.
' Should Mr. Lefroy require the assistance of any of the Company's
servants for the purpose of conveying him from post to post, or on any
other duty connected with his mission, they are to be placed at his dis-
posal, with such craft and appointments as may be necessary ; and hia
demands in clothing and other supplies may be complied with, for which
receipts are to be taken from him at each post, and an account opened
with the Royal Society, to which will be charged the wages of such ser-
vants and the prices of craft, appointments, clothing, &c., &c.
' It is to be understood that Mr. Lefroy is to be at liberty to proceed to
any part of the country he may desire, and to make such stay at the dif-
ferent posts as he may determine upon ; and strongly recommending that
gentleman to your kindest personal civilities and attention,
' I remain, &c.
' (Signed) Geo. Simpson.'
8. In one particular, at all events, there was no misunderstand-
ing. The kindness of the personal civilities and attentions I received
during a stay of eighteen months in the interior did the fullest
justice to Sir George Simpson's introduction, and left an impression
which lapse of time has not effaced. I was so fortunate as to find
at Fort Chipewyan the remains of a library formed by officers of
the then extinct North-west Company for their Northern department,
comprising many sound books of history and general literature.
In the genial society of the late Mr. Colin Campbell, and with the
company of a young Canadian clerk, Mr. Dyke Bouehier, I passed
a winter there in much comfort, fully employed, and greatly
interested in the daily novelties of the fur-trader's mode of life. And
here I must say a word on the sterling qualities of my assistant.
Corporal William Henry, E.A., then a young soldier, who lived to
reach the rank of Colonel on retirement from the army, and 'who
shared the ftitiguc of daily and nightly observation with a zeal, a
cheerfulness, and a strict discharge of duty, which were all that I
could wish. Of like quality were the artillex'y soldiers who accom-
Niiiiicly, iriv awislaut, Jtombr. W. Jlriiry ; I had no olhor.
PREFACE.
XUl
panied Sir George Back a few years previously, and of like quality,
I doubt not, will be found those who at this moment are assisting
Captain Dawson, R.A., in very similar duty at Fort Eae. The ranks
of the army can at all times furnish men fit for special services
of this nature, and their employment is much to be encouraged, as
maintaining the diversified experience, the high standard of intelli-
gence, and the activity of mind, which now enter more than ever
into military efficiency.
9. The winter observations having been fully published, it has not
been necessary to incorporate them in the present report. They
were, I believe, the first which proved the diurnal periodicity of the
aurora borealis.
Auroras recorded.^
N...
Iliim.iiK-y
\o.
Drilliiin'->
P.M.
1
1
1
A.M.
m
4A
7 „
8
10-5
•)
•21
18
8 „
14
18-0
.s
18
20
» .,
17
100
4
13
22
10 „
10
180
5
12
lo
11 ,,
23
240
3
2-5
Midn.
ii-2
m-o
The second column gives the total number of times at which
aurora was visible at each hour of the night, and the third gives
the sum of numbers assigned on a comparative scale for their esti-
mated brilliancy. Their effect on the magnetic elements is dis-
cussed in the work cited below. I have pleasure in inserting the
subjoined extract from a letter addressed not long since to Mr.
Robert Scott, F.R.S., by one of the observers of the Swedish
' See Mafinetical and Meteorological Observations at Lake Athabasca and Fort
SitnpKon, and at Fort C'o7iJidence, 1855, p. 144. Messrs. Lottin and llravais, in
tlioir account of the aurora as observed by tbe Cominis.sion Scientifiijue du Nord,
in Sweden, 1838-40, atlirni it only of the successive phases of the phL'nonu'nuii.
' Cetto succession non interrompue ' (i.e. the continuity of auroru.si tlirough suc-
cessive days) ' n'einppche pns I'auroro bordale de re.'iter soiimise aux lois de .sa pi^riode
diurnc, du moins relativenient a quelques-unes de ses manifestations. Aiii.'<i Tappari-
finn dea arcs, des rayons ou des plaques, I'lieure ou les lueurs .se eolorent, iitti'ifrncnt
Ipurmaxinunn dVclat, onduleutoupalpitent, I'beurede leur dispariti<>n,etc., ne soiit
point r<Sg]des au liasard ; la pdriode dinrne des phases successives est tres-(5vident, et
celle des perturbations innfrndtiiiuea qui les accompaguent ne I'est pa.4 nmiiis ' (p.
540.) Tliis very valuable report was not kuown to me, if indeed it was published
in 1843 (There is no date i;f publication on the title-p«ge. )
XIV
rREFACE.
■ A
ii
u
I
expedition to Spitzbergcn, which he has kindly communicated to
me, to show that the intention, always entertained, that I should de-
vote the winter to observation with the new transportable magneto-
meters, was justified by the value of the results, which will be more
apparent as other stations in high latitudes become available for
comparison. The late Sir John Richardson had not the satisfaction
of seeing his labours thus utilised, but the appreciation of M.
Wykander was acknowledged by his widow in terms of lively grati-
tude and pleasure.
10. Extract prom a Letter addressed by M. Wykander, of the
Swedish Spitzbergen Expedition, to Robert Scott, Esq., F.R.S.
' Lund, Dec. 15, 1877.
' It is but some days ago that I got from the University Library the
copy of "Magnetical and Meteorological Observations at Lake Athabasca
and Fort Simpson, and at Fort Confidence," which you had the kindness
to promise me in yom- letter of the 16th of March. I thank you most
sincerely for it ; and though the treatise with wliicli I was occupying
myself last winter is already printed, that work now allowed me to make
a most interesting comparison. I enjoyed reading it so much the more,
because the rich materials collected in it confirm fully the conclusions
which I had drawn from the Swedish observations, and because many of
the opinions pronounced by its authors are in accordance witli mine.
' The three places mentioned above have in magnetical respects a situa-
tion so resembling that of Spitzbergen — inasmuch as they all have about
the same inclination, &c. — as to make it quite natural that the results
were to present many analogies. As, therefore. Captain Lefroy has ex-
pressly pointed out the importance of the fact that the eastern perturba-
tions of the declination appear in the morning hours, and as he has re-
peatedly seen the disturbances exhibiting a direction contrary to that of
the southern places — for example, to that of Toronto and Philadelphia —
it is only the disadvantageous reciprocal situation of the stations that
may account for his putting doAvn as definitive the following declaration
(p. 88), that " a careful comparison with other published observations baa
led to the conclusion that a state of magnetical disturbance prevailed at
one or more other stations upon so many of the occasions upon which it
was observed at Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson, as to leave it doubtful
whether, without more positive evidence, any of the disturbances, con-
sidered generally, can be considered to have been merely local." ' If
Toronto and Philadelphia had been situated on a degree of longitude
' The writer has lonp since modified this opinion.
'*.
PREFACE.
XV
nearer to that of Captain Lefroy's stations, or if Sitka had been more to
south, and had not been itself magnetically almost identical to Lake
Athabasca, it seems likely to me that his so very careful treatise would
have led to a more decisive conclusion concerning the laws for the varia-
tions of the disturbances in the arctic and temperate regions. That the
same hesitation as to the extensions of the disturbances is to be found
with Sir Edward Sabine in his treating the observations at Point Barrow
and Port Kennedy, and with those who have treated the observations of
Kane and others, may derive from the same reason — viz., the stations in
the arctic and temperate regions being situated upon very different
degrees of longitude, the currents, or the components of currents, which
are passing from the north to the south, or vice versd, and which are pro-
ducing the disturbances of declination, have not been quite the same at
the different stations. The researches that I have made on the observa-
tions contained in the work you so kindly sent me, both on the declina-
tion and the other components of the magnetic action, have given me the
most valuable confirmations of the laws I have pronounced in the treatises
which I had the pleasure to send you — viz., that as for the declination
and the vertical intensity, there is correspondence between the disturb-
ances of opposite directions at the north and south of the region of the
greatest number of auroras ; and that, as for the horizontal intensity, the
same correspondence takes place between the perturbations of same signs.
' I also full' ^gree with the declaration of Captain Lefroy (p. 82), " that
so regular • ir operations in these regions are the so-called irregular
influenct xiai the denominations might with propriety be reversed."
It seems necessary to assume that, as has been proved by several authors,
there be two, as one may say, regular sources of the magnetic variations :
one proceeding more directly from the heat of the sun and culminating
towards the tropics, the other proceeding — not, as has been supposed,
from the magnetic pole — but from the region of auroras, or from a zone
almost coinciding with that region.
' It was most interesting to find that the three abovesaid stations arc
all lying at the north of that zone. Consequently, this zone is situated
much more south in North America than in Europe, where it passes just
at the north of Norway, and also for this reason is very likely to be really
identical with the region of auroras. Sitka also seems to be situated at
the north of this zone, or at least to be lying in it. I regret ignoring
where the Sitka observations are to be found, or even whether there bo
any complete series of them published.'
' It would lead me too far to make a detailed comparison between our
observations and those of Captain Lefroy and Sir J. Richardson. The
analogy is most remarkable, also, in the regular variation of all the com-
ponents ; yet, as for the afternoon minimum of the declination, the
They were incorporatod l)v M. Kuppffr in tlie Anvutiiven, lH41-4r).
* i
XVI
PREFACE.
northern position of Spitzbergen, and the consequently diminished in-
tensity of the heat of the sun, make their influence sensible.
' Believe me, &c.
' Aug, Wykander,'
III
11. The direction of the Earth currents at Lake Athabasca was in-
vestigated by Dr. Lloyd in 1862 (' Proceedings' Royal Irish Academy),
with the result that an easterly current prevails there from midnight
to 6 A.M. having an azimuth of 110°, and a westerly current during
the remainder of the 24*' having an azimuth of 291°. The easterly
currents were'greater in magnitude in proportion as they were less
in duration';""at Toronto the current is wholly easterly, the mean
azimuth found by Lloyd being 81° 25', while at Sitka the westerly
currents are greater than the easterly, the geographical position of
the station in reference to the distribution of land and sea being
proved to have an unexpected influence on this source of magnetic
movement.
12. The preparation of this volume has required me, after an
interval of many years, to retrace the steps of Sir Edward Sabine,
the pioneer of the modern science of terrestrial magnetism in this
country. I must allow myself to express the admiration that has
been revived for the general accuracy of detail, and the astonishing
industry that marks his ' Contributions to Terrestrial Magnetism.'
In his comprehensive view of the subject, however, features of
merely local interest were apt to disappear ; this is especially the
case with local disturbance, or irregularity due to geological causes ;
he only noted four stations of mine as thus affected, namely, the
Isle d'Urval (No. II), Otter Island, on Lake Superior (No. LVIII), a
Station on Rainy River (No. XCI), and Pierre au Calumet, on
Mackenzie's River (No. CCXXVI) ; several others were disposed of
by being simply omitted. This, however, is doing less than justice
to a very interesting feature presented in all extensive magnetic
surveys, and one which, when the subject of earth currents comes to
be better understood, will probably prove to possess considerable
importance. I have, therefore, rejected no observation because of
its anomaly, where there is no internal appearance of error, and
by bringing together all the elements, and all the evidence, derived
PllEFACli:.
XVll
in the case of the force, from data independent of one another,
have in many cases shown the existence of local anomaly, probably
due to geological causes, and established a fact which, if it has no
other value, will at least influence the selection of stations by future
observers.
The lines of equal inclination and equal intensity are laid down
on the maps accompanying this volume in near accordance with
the actual observations, each station of observed dip giving two
points. It is not to be supposed that a local influence necessarily
covers all the distance to the next isoclinals ; but without multi-
plying stations its limits are unknown. For example, a consider-
able inflection of the line of 81° will bo observed near Lake a la
Crosse resulting from the anomalous dip at the Portage Sonnante
(CCX) ; the values at the Fort on the same lake, and at Fort Pitt
further south, showing that it does not extend to the lines of 80°
and 79°. It would appear that the greater inflections of the iso-
clinals bear some relation to the courses of the rivers ; but whether
this is due to any influences of the rivers themselves upon electric
currents, or is an incidental result of the watercourses, in so many
cases in Northern America, marking the line of junction of two
dissimilar geological formations, I am not competent to decide.
The direction of the isoclinals of 83° and 84° towards Hudson's
Bay ; of 82° and 83° in the valley of Mackenzie's River ; of 77° and
78° towards the Gulf of St. Lawrence, are good examples of the
effect in question. There are also several examples of loss exten-
sive inflections, as, for instance, to the south of Lake Athabasca, on
either side of Lake Winnipeg, and on the Lake of the Woods. Dr.
Lament's admirable magnetic chart of Bavaria ' shows deflections
apparently connected with the beds of the Rhine, the Maine, and
the Danube. The like has been proved of the Coal Fields of
Belgium by the Rev. S. J. Perry,'^
I have pointed out on pp. 35 and 151 that the position of the
line of relative total force 1-80, or 13*62 in absolute measure, as
laid down on the map, engraved in 1846 for the late Sir E. Sabine's
' Lamont's Magnotische Karten von DeutschUmd und Bayem, Munchen, 1864.
' Phil. Tians. 1673.
•a
Ty,^'" ' "»" —
^csm^-
wm
It
f:
Hi
Vi
XVUl
PREFACE.
contribution No. VII, does riot accord with my observations on
tho Saskatchewan. I had not observed when those paragraphs
were printed that the map entitled ' An Arctic Magnetic Survey,
Epoch 1840-1845,' which accompanies his contribution No. XIII
of 1872, is in this particular a reproduction of the earlier one. The
isodynamic lines laid down are those of 18'0 and 14*0; but, on
interpolating a line for 13-62, it will be found to fall where the line
of 1'80 was formerly drawn. Now the maps herewith profess to give
the facts of observation on the American continent, and not what
may be, possibly, the best mean results of a general survey of the
Northern hemisphere ; and it is perhaps incumbent on me to show
that my results are locally correct, which is the special business of
the observer, by other and independent evidence. Fortunately
Captain R. W. Haig, R.A., laid down the lines of 13*0 and 13-5 in
British Columbia from his own observations in 1858-1860.' They
arc shown on the annexed diagram, lying far to the west of General
Sabine's position, and the effect of applying a correction for the
secular change of the force in 16 years is to move them yet further
in the same direction. The 'Eeport of the United States Coast
Survey' for 1881 having appeared at the last moment for the
correction of this work, I take from the appendix by Mr. Charles
A. Schott,'^ the data it furnishes for estimating the secular changes
since 1840 over the region I treat of. The general evidence is
conclusive that in middle latitudes on the American continent
the intensity of the earth's magnetic force is now decreasing, and
has been decreasing for about 35 years. It was therefore greater
in British Columbia in 1844 than Captain Haig found it in 1860,
and I have felt justified in moving his lines of 13*0 and 13*5 to the
west, by about the space equivalent to 0*10 of total force. The
agreement of his results with mine when thus reduced to the same
epoch is complete.
» Phil. Trans. 1864.
* Appendix No. 9, by Charles A. Scbott. — Terrestrial Magnetism ; Collection
of Results for Declination ; Dip and Intensity, from observations made by the United
States Coast and Geodetic Survey between 1833 and July 1882. Washington, 1883.
^ '
1
ions on
agraplis
Survey,
lo. XIII
e. The
but, on
the line
J8 to give
lot what
y of the
to show
siness of
tunately
i 13-5 in
.' They
; General
1 for the
st further
ies Coast
for the
Charles
changes
idence is
ontinent
sing, and
e greater
in 1860,
5 to the
ce. The
the same
Collection
the United
jton, 1883.
o
o
00
< X
o
o
Q i
z
<
c/) ^
li
<
uJ O
<
I
5
O
a
I-
<
<
<
»
•: !
■rt
^h
PHEFACK.
XIX
List op Stations in N. America appordino Data koh iiKTBiiMiNiNd Secular Ciianok.
TnK BARMKR OllSERVATIONB, WUEN NOT GIVEN IIV Mr. ScUOTT, WIIJ, ItK FOl'NK IN
Sir E. Saiiine'h (.'ullecxionb.
I. — On the Atlantic Coast.
riftco. Uit.
Long.'
Diito
Viir.
Dip
Force
(tliMorver
St. Pierro, > .
Miqueloni ,
, 4U 4U-0
18725
20 25-5
/
74 37-0
12-05
(loodlVllow
. M lO-O
1881-H
1842-8
28 20-8
75 20
77 15-3
12-00
Very
(Quebec, i ,
Canada '
. 40 4H4
14 12-0
1384
lA'fVoV
. 71 14-5
J 845-5
—
77 8-8
13-03
YouiiKlnwbmid
l85l)-5
10 17
77 17-5
13-00
Schott
l87)>-7
17 ia-7
70 45-1
13-54
JJaylor
Monfroal, ) .
. 45 ;5()-5
18427
8 58
77 13-1
13-72
Lefi-oy "
Canada '
. 7ii iii-'J
I84;j';{
—
77 8-8
13-70
18455
—
77 8-5
13-53
Ydiiiif.'liiisbiind''
185D-5
12 21
70 51-4
13-08
Sclmtt
18797
13 40-5
70 25-7
13-00
ISayliir
Halifax, i
. 4(J .•i!)-5
l8;{8-5
_
74 45
«->■
I'^steoiu-fc
Nova Scotia >
. 03 ar>
1847-5
—
75 37
13-07
Ki'ily
1H70-7
20 4;3-;j
74 30-2
13-04
Very
1881
—
74 20
12-03
Hanpor, i
Maine >
. 44 48
1841
70 11-0
,
Gmlmra
. 06 47
l8.-,7-7
15 10-0
70 14-7
13-50
Dt-aii
lst!;i
—
7<i 5-3
13-34
Schott
l871)-0
11 41-1
75 20-8
13-24
13-54
IJuylor
Portliind,)
. 4:5 ;{8-8
1851-0
75 14-1
Ilil^-ard
Maine >
. 70 100
1850-5
12 20
74 U\-7
1331
Schott
18(54-8
12 4:i-7
75 0-5
13-40
Kiclmrdson
1805-5
12 42-.i
75 8-3
13-40
tf
l8(i0-2
12 42-0
75 7-4
13-47
13-40
»
Cambridge,
. 4-2 2-2'S
1842 8
__
74 10-5
LelVoy
Alas.s.
. 71 7-0
1870-0
11 40-:5
73 48-4
13-20
Baylor
Dorelit'ster, [ ,
. 42 -20
1842-8
_
74 12-8
13-33
Ijcfroy
Mass. 1 .
. 71 20
1840-7
31-4
74 12-7
13-|><
].ee
18550
10 13-7
74 20-5
13-20
Schott
Providence, \ .
. 41 400
1842-8
74 OU
13-48
Ijefroy
lihode lal i .
. 71 23!)
1855-0
31-5
74 15-0
13-24
Schott
Newhaven, i ,
. 41 18-0
1842-8
73 27-4
13-45
Lefrov
Conn. > ,
. 72 o5-4
18440
5 45-1
73 24-2
13-51
lleiiwick
1845-7
17-3
—
If
1848-0
37-0
73 31-0
]3-;!2
Rutii
1855-0
7 2-7
73 44-5
13-18
Schott
The Latitudes and Longitudes are Mr. Schott's, and correct some of thoso at pp
53 and 100.
4f^
I
' j :
XX
PREFACE.
I.— On the Atlantie Coast
(continued).
I'lnoo Lat. LniiR,
Unto
Vor.
Dtp
Force
OlwiTvcr
Sandy Hook, i
New Jertey i
/
4U L'7-7
1844-6
/
6 61
72 37-0
13-00
Ilenwlck
74 0-2
IHC5-6
6 11'2
72 62-0
13-30
Schott
1873-0
7 00
72 200
13-43
Ililgard
1870-6
1H42'8
7 82-0
72 8-3
13-30
liiiylor
l»hilndelphia,
31) 58-4
_
71 500
13-68
Lefroy
Girard Coll.,
■
75 10-2
1840-4
3 Cl-1
72 1-0
13-42
Locke
Ohio I
1855 7
4 31-7
72 17-7
13'00P
Schott
1802-0
5 00
72 6-8
13-42
})
1872-8
5 27-8
72 15-4
13-05
ti
1877-8
2-2
71 41-3
1340
Ilaylor
Washington) .
I. CaititoV .
38 531
1842-8
__
71 13-8
1.3-41
Li'froy
77 0-0
1852
—
71 101
13-20
llil^ard
II. Vomer, Second,
, 38 53-1
1H07-5
2 48-1
71 0-7
13-347
Schott
and C Streett
)77 0-2
1872'5
3 00
71 0-6
13300
n
III. Corner, First,
. 38 53-2
\ 77 0-4
1H77-5
3 30-4
70 40-1
13-292
tt
and li Streets
1882-5
3 55-4
70 44-1
13-227
Eimbeck
IV. Old Coast
1 38 53-1
; 77 0-0
18»5'2
-_
71 33-8
13-40
IjCO
Survey Office
185((0
2 21-4
71 21-7
13-48
Schott
1858-5
—
71 220
— .
1859-5
—
71 24-4
if
1800-7
2 2C-7
71 15-0
13-440
M
1801
—
71 18-3
—
Walker
1802-6
2 30-4
71 18-5
13-368
Schott
1803-5
2 41-8
71 14-3
13-351
1805
—
71 11-7
—
>»
Wi
II. — Inland Stations.
riacc. Lat.
Long.
Date
Var.
Dip
Force
Observer
Burlington,
Vermont
. 44 29-3
1855-0
e /
9 57-1
75 50-8
14-10
Schott
. 73 13-4
1873-0
11 19-0
75 24-2
1300
Ililgard
Albany, )
Neivl'ork'
. 42 39-8
18;50
.^
74 51-3
Loomia
. 73 46-1
1841
—
74 40- 1
Bache
1841
—
74 39-0
Nicollet
1842
—
74 44-0
13-00
Lefroy
1844
—
74 40-2
—
Locke
1858-4
8 17-0
74 55-6
13-70
Dean
1870-8
9 61-7
74 18-9
13-48
Baylor
Toronto,
Cujiada
. 43 39
1843
1 24
76 14-7
Ob.servatory
. 70 21
1845
1 20-1
75 15-5
13-942
1849
1 36-9
75 18-8
13-952
1859
2 7-2
75 26-0
13-825
1871
1842-9
2 48
75 10-8
13-776
If
Cleveland,
Ohio 1 .
41 30-5
73 8-8
13-07
Younghusband
81 41-5
1871-0
32-6
73 9-3
13-80
Goodfellow
1880-5
1 38-5
73 2-4
13-70
Baylor
II
PREFACE.
, — Inland Station* (poiitinUtHl).
XXI
I'looQ Lnt. LnnB.
Uatu
Viir.
ni|i
Fiirco
ObaiTver
Columbus,
Ohio
o 1
39 67-7
82 60-7
1838
1841
1845
1871-8
/
- 1 20-0
/
71 4-0
71 3-7
71 4-3
71 0-8
77 10-5
77 24-0
70 37-0
70 27-0
70 20-5
70 28-8
70 24-7
13-53
13C3
liOcke
Loomis
Locke
Mosmun
Snult S. Marie, i
Mich. i
40 20-0
84 20-1
18440
1845-5
1880-0
1880-0
1842
1880-5
- 1 M
+ 537
+ 1 4-6
13-82
14-01
Lcfroy
Itae
VlTV
Baylor
Mai-kinac,)
Mich. ) .
45 61
84 40
20-6
14-10
13-04
13-50
13-55
13-30
Locko
Baylor
CinciiHiati, 1
0/(10 * .
30 8-0
84 25-4
1841
1840-4
18,S0-0
1840
1841
1880-8
- 2 14-4
Liicke
Lcfroy
Baylor
Viuconnes, ^
Indiunu '
38 41-7
87 31-0
- 4 22-5
- fi 47-0
- 43 5
- 5 5-1
00 51
00 52-8
00 C3-4
13-50
13-44
Locke
Loomis
Baylor
New Harmony, i
Indiana >
38 8
87 50
1840
18480
1801-3
1880-0
1830
1870-8
1877-7
1878-7
1878-0
1870-7
1880-7
00 3-0
00 7-2
00 2-0
13- 10
1350
1331
Locko
Fauntkroy
Baylor
Madison,^ i .
Wiscviuin > .
43 4-5
80 24-2
- 50-7
- 44i)
- 31-8
- 220
- 210
- 20-0
73 54-8
73 55-5
73 50-5
73 hTA
73 51-0
73 40'5
1400
1404
14-13
1407
14-00
14-03
1400
Locko
llilffard
Braid
Suesa
Baylor
Mason
»
Dubuque, t
lotva 1
42 205
00 440
1830
1880-8
1830
1877-8
- 45-8
73 5-0
73 7-8
13-70
13-00
Locko
Bay' or
Davenport, )
Iowa '
41 20-0
00 38-0
- 7 2-8
71 551
71 50-0
13-70
13-70
Locko
Braid
III.— 0?i the Vttcijio Coast.
Place. Lat. Long.
Sitka, )
Alaska '
59 2-9
135 20-3
Esquimault, I . 48 25-4
li. Colum. I . 123 20-3
Datu
1827-5
1830
1838-6
1842-5
1861
1880-4
1881-7
1859
1881-7
Var.
■ 28 50
-28 10
-28 37
-28 53
-20
-20
-20
14
4-8
11-2
-21 58
-22 55-6
Dip
75 55
75 51
75 51
75 61
70 20
75 11-7
lG-0
75
71 34
71 30-3
I'orco
12-98
12-00
12-77
1205
12-01
13-10
12-87
Ohsorvcr
Liitko
Lnnan
Belcher
Observatory
CoUinson
Dall
Nichols
Ilaig
Nichols
■I
'f- i
I
' I'
■■ i'
xxii
PREFACE.
Wo have here twenty-one stations widely distributed, which show
a marked decrease of intensity, and only one, St. Pierre Miquelon,
where the change is the other way. At seven stations the evidence
is inconclusive, from the long intervals without observation. In
all probability the force increased in the earlier part of these
hitervals, and has been decreasing since. It is not my object, how-
ever, to discuss the secular changes, but to establish my conclusion
that the lines of equal total intensity in British Columbia in 1844
were, as I have drawn them, to the westward of their position in 1860.
The return of Captain H. P. Dawson from Tort Rae, Great Slave
Lake, where he has passed twelve months in observations connected
with the International Circumpolar expeditions, enables me also to
add, with his permission, and that of the Council of the Royal
Society, that he found the dip at Fort Chipewyan (CCXXIX) on
September 17, 1883, 81° 20''6.
If we may assume that this element attained its maximum
value at Lake Athabasca at the same epoch as it did at Toronto
(1859), it was probably again the same in 1874 as it was in 1844,
and we have therefore for the present rate of secular change of dip
in that quarter — 1'*7 per annum.
Attention should have been more pointedly drawn in the text
(pp. 96-99) to the remarkable development of magnetic force on
the Eastern side of Lake Winnipeg, between lats. 51° and 52^°,
longs. 96°-97° W. It is so great as to make it doubtful whether
the physical pole of maximum intensity should not be located here,
4° to the west of its theoretical position ; but the remark on p. 48,
that there is a secoi>dary focus in or about lat. 56°, long. 106°,
must be qualified. The increase in that neighbourhood appears to
be but a local disturbance.
1 had the serious misfortune to lose in 1846 a part of my bag-
gage in which were contained three MS. volumes of Journal. Thus
a great quantity of descriptive notes and details which would have
been of service for the present publication were irretrievably lost,
and the trouble I have had in recovering many particulars from
other sources has been, to myself at least, an ample proof of the
necessity for it.
December, 1883. J. H. LEFROY.
CONTENTS.
PREFACE ......
SIX'UIAn CnANOES. ....
MAONKTIC INSTRUMENTS ....
nEOnUAPHICAI, DATA, HOW ASSIGNED
MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONS — VARIATION.
„ DIP .
RELATIVE FORCE (LLOYD's NEEDLES)
„ „ (fox's needles)
„ horizontal force
absolute force
combining observations by ^teight
INDUCTION INCLINOMETER, LLOYD's
BRIEF STATEMENT OF RESULTS
SECULAR CHANGES. ....
OBSERVATIONS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES .
BASE STATION, TORONTO ....
PAOW
i-xxii
xix
1
2
7
14
17
22
32
O —
38
42
40
xix-40
r,i
f>0-lGO, ISO
DIARY :
montreal to lake superior
8ault st. marie to lake winnipeg
fort alexander to york factory
norway house to lake athabasca
peace river and lesser slave lake
upper saskatchewan
Mackenzie's river and great slave lake
postscript and general recapitulation
fin
71
!)'!
118
141
150
158
105
Appendix :
I. THEORY OF THE INDUCTION INCLINOMETER , . .171
II. IDENTIFICATION OF STATIONS TN CANADA . . . . 173
III. COMPARISON OF THE MEAN DISTURBANCES AT AMERICAN STATIONS 170
IV. DATA FOR RBSULTS NOT PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED . . .184
jiiiiy,,
^v ,
I
XXIV
CONTENTS.
LI8T OP aXATIONS ALPHABETICALLY ARBANOBD
INDEX ......
PAOB
187
191
KEVI8ED BIAORAM OP TOTAL FORCE
MEAN BlURNAL CtTBVES OP DECLINATION
to face xviii
MAPS.
OBSERVATIONS OF HAICt AND MOORE
MAP OP THE NORTH-WESTERN REGION ,
MAP OF THE 80UTH-EA8TBRN BEOION
BKELETON MAPS WITH NUMERICAL VAITTES
at the end
ft
Errata and Corrigenda.
Page 9, line 6, for date read data.
„ 11. The Table should be uumbered II.
II 1^- II II ,1 III.
„ 19, line 17, delete ' two.'
„ 48, „ 23, delete B. 56, 106.
„ 49, Secular changes, see the Preface.
„ 62, The Dip at Stanstead is 76°19'-2 not 77°19''2.
„ 72, „ 7. Delete This is the greatest force (see CXXI.p. 97). Lieut. Very,
U.S.N., found the variation at Michipicoton l°20'-5 W., X 2860 in
July 1880.
79, „ 10. The weight (0-75) belongs to this line.
80, „ 16. Insert W. (0-85).
81, „ 20, /or 6-48 read 5 4-8.
83. The Portage des Morts is the same as the Pine Portage of some maps.
84, /or 91.23 read 91.28 foot of page.
84. Franklin, whose nomenclature was followed by the author, has Upper
Sturgeon Lake, between Lac de Mille Isles and Lake i, la Crosse,
and Sturgeon Lake beyond Lake a la Crosse.
His Sturgeon Lake is miscalled Lake a la Crosse on Prof. H. Y.
Hind's map, and is now called Nameucan Lake.
Franklin's Lake a la Crosse is called Pine Lake on Prof. Hind's
map, and is now called Nequaqua Lake on maps published by
authority.
85. lines 14-15 from bottom, for W. (1) (2) read W. (2-5)— (6-0).
88, line 16, for 94-3 read 94-37.
89. I learn from Professor Dawson that a remarkable geological fault occurs
at Bat Portage, and accounts for much disturbance.
92, lines 5-4-3 from bottom, /or W. (1-5) read W. (1-0).
93, line 12, after 14-128 write W. (0-6).
95, „ 15, for 14-056 read 14-050 ; line 31,/or 51° 36' read 51° 3'-6.
99, „ 6, after 14-396 insert W. (0-3).
100, „ 14,/or 14-113 read 14125.
101, „ 7, after 14-162 wiser* W. (0-9).
107, „ 16, after 14-191 insert W. (1-2).
116 „ 7, for 58°3'-50 read 58°43'-8 ; line 8,/or 86°47'-3 read 86°18'-3 ; line 9,
ittsert July 18, delete 2.
121, last line, /or 1-8624 or 14-096, read 1-8716 or U-165.
127, „ for 14-064 read 14-116.
128, line 5, for 14-061 read 14-109.
149, „ 23, for Pembine read Pembina.
166. Station 21, p. 53, has been accidentally omitted ; Station 5, Stanstead,
Dip /or 77°19'-2 read 76°19'-2.
A MAGNETIC SURVEY.
iome maps.
n Prof. H. Y.
PART I.
INSTRUMENTS AND MODES OF OBSERVATION.
Further Correctiimi .
P. 0. On tlio dia<>;rani, PI. II., write +5', +5', —■)' on both
sides of the plate, instead of +10', +10', -10',
the scale beinj^ •>' to one inch, not 10'.
P. 29. Table VI., lino 5 from bottom, make one read
'two'; lino (5 from bottom, before 15 write
6
6, thus: 'May^ 15-24.'
P. IIG. Table XVI., 'Fort Confidence.' alter 1819-1850
into 1848-1849.
PI. IV. Lines of equal variation, for 50" W. icad 5' W. ;
tor Hy W. read lO W.
kl fault occurs
5, Stanstead,
bar, with stand, 18 lbs.
(8) An Azimuth Compass of the Admiralty Committee's con-
struction, by Barrow, with stand, 5^ lbs. I received this
instrument through Sir George Simpson in Montreal on
the eve of my departure.
(9) A Repeating-Reflecting Circle by DoUond, with Mercurial
Horizon, 25 lbs.
(10) A small Portable Transit Instrument, the telescopic power of
which proved too small for observing small stars in strong
moonlight, but it was very useful for rating the chrono-
meter when stationary in the winter.
XXIV
CONTENTS.
>l: I
LIST OF SUCTIONS ALPHABEIIOALLY ARBAKOED
INDEX ......
BEVI8ED DTAORAM OP TOTAL FORCE
MEAN DITTRNAI. CURVES OF DECLINATION
PAOB
■ -m
. 187
■f
. 101
to face xviii
1
9
■'■'*
MAPS.
OBSERVATIONS OF HAIG AND MOORE
MAP OP TUB NORTH-WESTERN EEOION .
HAP OF THE BOVTH-EASTERN REGION
SKELETON MAPS WITH NUMERICAL VALUES
at the end
jr.yv/yfn rtiv^^ ^-
»l
92.
91
93,
t«
95,
II
99,
100,
II
101,
II
107,
tl
116
tt
121,
It
127,
II
128,
11
149,
II
166.
.„ „^ xioieBsor JJawsonthat a remarkable geological fault occurs
at Bat Portage, and accounts for much disturbance,
lines 5-4-3 from bottom, for W. (1-5) read W. (1-0).
line 12, after 14-128 write W. (0-6).
„ 15, for 14-056 read 14-050 ; line 31,/or 51° 36' read 51° 3'-6.
„ 6, after 14-390 in&ert W. (0-3).
„ 14, for 14-113 read 14-125.
„ 7, after 14-162 insert W. (0-9).
„ 16, after 14-191 imert W. (1-2).
„ 7, for 58°3'-50 read 58°43'-8 ; line 8,/or 86°47'-3 read 86°18'-3 ; line 9,
insert July 18, delete 2.
last line, /or 1-8624 or 14-096, read 1-8716 or 14-165.
„ fw 14-054 read 14-116.
line 6, for 14061 read 14-109.
„ 23, for Fembine read Pembina.
Station 21, p. 63, has been accidentally omitted ; Station 5, Stanstcad,
Dip /or 77°19'-2 read 76°19'-2.
-.4
I'AOB
■ .i)S
. 187
■I'
. 101
1
1
oface xviii
'«
9
1
at the end
1
tt
1
• i>
*
A MAGNETIC SURVEY.
PART I.
INSTRUMENTS AND MODES OF OBSERVATION.
fault occurs
3'-G.
8'-3; line 9,
Stanstcad,
1. The instrumental equipment provided for the magnetic
survey now to be described was composed as follows : —
(1) A Dip Circle by George, of Falmouth, of the construction of
the late Mr. Robert Weare Fox. It weighed in box com-
plete, with stand, 37 lbs.
(2) A nine-inch Dip Circle by Gambey, with stand, 27 lbs.
(3) A six-inch Transit Theodolite by Jones, with stand, 10^ lbs.
(4) A Declination Magnetometer, with stand, 25 lbs.
(6) A Transportable Declinometer of Weber's construction, sub-
sequently replaced by the much superior instrument made
by Jones under the directions of Lieut., now Major-General,
C. J. B. Riddell, R.A.
(6) A Transportable Bifilar, to which the same remark applies.
The two weighed, with necessary stands, 22 lbs.
(7) A Lloyd's Induction Inclinometer, made by Jones, for one
bar, with stand, 18 lbs.
(8) An Azimuth Compass of the Admiralty Committee's con-
struction, by Barrow, with stand, 5^ lbs. I received this
instrument through Sir George Simpson in Montreal on
the eve of my departure.
(9) A Repeating-Reflecting Circle by DoUond, with Mercurial
Horizon, 25 lbs.
(10) A small Portable Transit Instrument, the telescopic power of
which proved too small for observing small stars in strong
moonlight, but it was very useful for rating the chrono-
meter when stationary in the winter.
B
=^
(1
1
i 1
1
1
\ ^
j
' 1
t
i I
! ■
2 INSTRUMENTAL EQUIPMENT.
(11) Two Portable Barometers, each 4^ lbs. — 8^ lbs.
(12) Two Pocket Chronometers, \ lb.
To the foregoing, which amount in weight to about 180 lbs.,
must be added a Pocket Compass, some Thermometers, ' Nautical
Almanacks ' for 1843 and 1844, Raper's ' Navigation,' blank books
and forms, stationery, and numerous minor requisites.
My personal equipment comprised a small tent, with bedding, a
cassette or clothes chest (100 lbs.), a canteen (64 lbs.), a provision
basket (40 lbs.), a gun and rifle, my assistant's valise, about a fort-
night's provisions for the crew, and their slender effects, all of which,
with the canoe itself, which weighed 4 cwt., had to be carried over
the Portages, a work in which Corporal Henry and myself invari-
ably took a share when not employed on observation.
2. The instruments suffered severely in their journey by stage
from Toronto to Montreal in April ; there was then no railway, and
navigation was not open. The two dip circles were almost shaken
to pieces. Lloyd's static needles lost force from the effect of the
jolting to such a degree as to entirely disconnect the subsequent
observations from those intended to be the base series, taken at
Toronto. The same remark applies to Fox's needle C, and a new
base had to be taken for both, at Fort William (Station LXIX).
The instruments were reinstated, as well as could be done, before
starting.
8. A few words are necessary with respect to the observations
made. I begin with those for assigning geographical position.
In observations made at sea, which are usually taken at points
on the earth's surface a hundred miles, more or less, apart (being
seldom made more than once in twenty-four hours), and when the
ship itself may change its position several miles during the progress
of a long observation ; where, moreover, the future identification of
the locality is impossible, it matters little whether the geographical
co-ordinates assigned are rigorously accurate or not. The observer
marks them as he marks the ship's track on his chart. It is other-
wise on land, where the recovery of the identical spot on which
former observations were made is not excluded by any impossibility,
and is always of some consequence. Nevertheless there are often
no definite or recognisable landmarks, and, in unsurveyed countries,
often no name for the locality. Hence it becomes of importance
that the geographical co-ordinates assigned for the place of each
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS. 9
observation, particularly when the places are not far apart, should
be sufficiently accurate to be sensibly correct when plotted on a
map. Casting a retrospect over my own preparation and previous
instruction, it now aj^pears to me that both the importance and the
diflSculty of this degree of precision were somewhat overlooked, and
I cannot hope to have always attained it. Sometimes for days to-
gether there were no sights to be had. I trusted much Franklin's
track-routes ; but his positions are not always consistent, and the
best maps of later date, most of the country being still unsurveyed
in any strict sense, often differ from him. In the present revision
I have availed myself of all sources of information to correct my
longitudes, and to place the localities of observation as correctly
among themselves as present geographical knowledge permits. The
territory of the Hudson's Bay Company has witnessed surprising
changes since 1843. New routes have been opened and old ones
abandoned ; for example, the circuitous canoe route above Fort
William by Dog Lake and the Long Portages to the Lake of the
Thousand Islands, is quite deserted, and probably no longer practi-
cable. The old race of voyagcurs from Lower Canada is dying out,
if not already extinct, and with them will in time disappear the
traditionary and often historical names of places, especially of the
Portages, to be replaced in a generation or two by vulgar Anglo-
American names.' Travelling with French-speaking guides and
voyageurs, I naturally called places by the names they gave them,
and by these they were formerly published. I now add current
English designations as far as known. I learnt at Montreal in 1877
that one of ray Indian guides was still living, and what is more re-
markable, that Jean-Baptiste Belanger, a partaker of the sufferings
of Franklin, Richardson, and Back in 1821, was also living. But
time will rapidly efface the traces of the fur trade over most of the
country, as it has already done in the Rocky Mountain States.
4. Latitude.
The instrument employed was an eight-inch repeating-reflecting
circle, by DoUond (now at Kew). It was my practice, with the sun,
invariably to observe altitudes first on, then off the limb, so as to
eliminate index error. Stars were generally observed on the limb
' Thus, Qu'appelle, on the river of that name, having been degraded to
' Q. Apple,' has been recently reehristened Regina,
R 2
Vi !
)
i|
If;
''!!
':i\
(!•
i i
»,.
4 LATITUDES.
only, and the index error was frequently ascertained ; it was never
more than 87" or less than 17". Tlif horizon glass was reversed
hetween each pair of sights ; the glasses of the roof being of in-
different quality, reversal made a difference of about 56". I rarely
used the instrument as a rejieating circle except for lunar distances.
The latitude was observed every .day at noon when the sun was
visible, and when it was possible to put ashore for the purpose, and
was worked back or carried forward by courses and estimated
distances to the station of a.m. or p.m. observation. Towards the end
of the season, when the stars appeared early, it was usually ascer-
tained also by altitudes of Polaris at night. The method of reduc-
tion by circum-meridional altitudes has been always employed, as it
not unfrequently happened that the meridian was passed before the
first sight. The barometric correction is always small, and after
the breakage of my barometer on June 18 was necessarily omitted.
In the present revision I have applied mean corrections based on
the height of the region above the sea.
In Table IX., ' Phil. Trans.' 1846, latitudes were given to the
nearest decimal of a minute ; but as astronomical observations of a
high order have recently been extended by the Surveyors of the
Dominion of Canada as far as the Saskatchewan, I now give them
for comparison to the last second, without, however, supposing that
it is possible for a traveller to make sure of his results by sextant
observations to that degree of precision, still less to the decimal
parts of a second, with which books are often incumbered. Frank-
lin's latitude of Cumberland House (Station CLXXXIII) in 1825 is
53" greater than in 1819, and of Fort Chipewyan (CCXXIX) 5"
less, being the only stations common to both journeys. I did not
observe it at Cumberland House, and differ from him 28" at
Fort Chipewyan.
5. Longitwle.
I started with two pocket chronometers, lent by Captain, after-
wards Sir Francis, Beaufort, E.N., Hydrographer — Arnold No. 138,
and Barraud No. -g%^. The stationary rates furnished with them were
— 3''7 and — 2'-0 respectively ; but these altered much in travel-
ling, and, to judge by their numbers, they were very old watches.
I also carried a new half-chronometer of my own, No. 5,242, which
proved a most worthless timekeeper, notwithstanding the name of
i
LONGITUDES.
was never
I reversed
ing of in-
I rarely
distances,
e sun was
•pose, and
estimated
Is the end
illy ascer-
of reduc-
oyed, as it
before the
and after
J omitted,
i based on
en to the
.tions of a
)rs of the
;ive them
)sing that
y sextant
decimal
Frank-
n 1825 is
i:XIX) 5"
[ did not
28" at
in, after-
No. 138,
lem were
Q travel-
watches.
2, which
name of
1
If
repute it bore.' No. y| , was carried by my assistant, Corporal Ilunry,
and met with some accident on July 12, which caused it to stop ;
on examination in London one of the jewels proved to be fractured.
In September 1844 I received at Norway House another chronometer,
No. 2,142, in its place. These watches were wound up and compared
daily at the halt for breakfast. It would have been better, looking to
the irregularity of their travelling rates, to have compared them twice
in the twenty-four hours. Their error, on Greenwich mean time, was
carefully determined at each station of well-ascertained longitude,
and thence their mean rates for short intervals deduced, for placing
the intermediate stations. I have long looked for the extension of
the electric telegraph to the North-West for better data, but,
although it had reached Edmonton in 1876 (118° W.), no such
use has yet been made of it. Mr, W. H. King has, however,
ascertained astronomically the longitude of three important points
on my route,'' which I have used for the correction of others.
My practice was to observe the sun's altitude every morning,
weather permitting, at the breakfast halt, and often also in the
afternoon, I'educing the results with a latitude found at noon and
reduced to the station. With the exception of twenty-one stations,
between July 1 and August 25, 1844 (about one thousand two-
hundred miles in distance), I travelled over very little ground not
laid down on the route maps of Franklin's celebrated expeditions of
1819 and 1825. These maps, however, were engraved for the
narrative of the first expedition, and not corrected by the second.
Bayfield's surveys, recently republished with longitudes corrected,
were of the greatest service on the great lakes. Route maps by
Messrs. Dawson and Napier from Lake Superior to lied River
(Ordnance Survey Department, 1870), of the Lower Saskatchewan
by Professor H. Y. Hind (1859), of Lake Winnipeg, Nelson River,
and York Rivers by Dr. Robert Bell, of the Geological Survey
(1878), have all been of great assistance to me in recovering details
after so long an interval of time.
I subjoin for the convenience of future travellers a list of the
meridians which may be regarded as well determined down to this
time, not including the standard meridians of the Territorial Survey
now in progress.
• The steel parts of this watch had very possibly Ixcome itiflpnetited : the same
cause may have contributed to the irregularity of the chronometers.
- Annual lleporl of the Department of the Literior, Ottawa, 1880.
^"
"^
mmm
nnratwBVWMB
'I
il
s
f
MERIDIANS.
Tabus I.
LoDgltudo, W. ,
station
Authority
F. = Fr»nklin
1
Aro
Time
Citadel, Quebec
/ //
71 12
h m •
4 44 40-
Montreal (Vigor Sq.) .
73 32 55
4 54 11-7
Captain Ashe, Il.N.
Sault St. Mary .
84 21 33
5 37 26-2
Michigan State Survey.
Fort "WiUiaia
80 13 30
5 50 54-
From revised chart.
Fort Francis .
03 24 86
6 13 384
A mean value.
Kat Portage ,
06 33 10
6 22 13'3
Boundary Commission 1826.
Fort Alexander .
08 22 20
6 25 203
\ mean value.
Fort Garry, "Winnipeg .
07 16 36
20 2-4
Boundary Comm., 1872.
Norway House
York Factory
08 3 54
32 156
A mean value.
02 26
6 44-
F., tirst voyage.
Grand Rapid, W. . |
00 27 44 I
00 28 3 f
6 87 51-6
1 F., first voyage.
1 F., second voyage.
Cumberland House
102 10 13
6 40 16-0
F., first and second voyages.
(Jarlton House .
106 82 1
; 6 12-
Dominion Survey.
Edmonton House .
113 80 10
7 24 1-3
ft
Lesser Slave Lake .
116
7 44 0-
Sixsetsof lunardistances, L.
Isle & la Crosse . |
107 62 55 1
107 54 36 f
6 31 35-3
F., first and second voyages.
Methy Portage, S.E. .
100 62 54
7 10 31-6
F., second voyage.
„ „ centre .
100 57 54
7 10 51-6
ft
„ N.W. .
100 60 8
7 10 56-5
>»
Fort Chipewyan .
111 18 20 1
111 10 10 1
7 25 14-7
F., first and second voyages.
Fort Resolution
113 45
7 36 0-
F., second voyage.
Fort Simpson
121 33
8 6 12-
F.'a map corrected.
—
121 25 15
8 6 41-
T. Simpson, 1837.
6. A traveller who relies on chronometers should not carry a
less number than three. Given, however, the daily difference
between two chronometers whose mean rate is known, we can ob-
tain some clue to their irregularities, for if their going be uniform,
the difference between them must increase or diminish daily by the
sum of their mean rates. Applying this principle to the daily
comparison of Nos. 138 and 7^3 between May 29 and June 80, it
was obvious that the rate of one or both was very much larger
than the mean for the first ten days, and less than the mean for
the next twenty. The former period included all the long Portages
which occur about the height of land. It also appeared that the
application of the mean rate to No. 188 gave longitudes in fair
accordance with Franklin's, the greatest deviation being 18' and
the average deviation 7' for stations which can be compared ;
whereas the application of the same rule to No. -^'^ gives results as
much as 30' too far to the west, whence it may be fairly assumed
|:^
\ i
lU
DECLINATION OR VARIATION.
that No. ;< 3 was the one most affected under the circumBtances.
Having obtained this chie, I distributed the irregular excess in
the arbitrary proportion of one-third to No. 188 and two-thirds to
No. jI^, with the result that the two Greenwich times thus ob-
tained do not on the average of twenty-two stations differ more
than 17'*6, and the extreme difference is under 40* or 10''0
of arc.
7. Magnetic variation.
The variations are comprised between 28° W. and 45° E. (the
former was observed towards the mouth of the River St. Lawrence).
They were principally determined by observations of the Bun's
azimuth with a seven-inch compass, of what was then known as the
Admiralty Committee's construction, but partly by the employment
of a collimator magnet. The chief novelty in the compass was the
employment of the directive force of several parallel magnets under
the card, instead of one only. They had the desired effect of mak-
ing the magnetism more powerful ; but, on the other hand, they
made the card much heavier and its freedom of motion more easily
checked by the least dirt or a slight imperfection either of the pivot
or of the jewel on which the card worked. The compass was fur-
nished with several pivots. It should have had also a spare jewel
made to screw into the card, but this was not thought of. The
collimator magnet was tubular, with a scale at one end, seen by
reflected light through a lens at the other end, suspended in an
oak box by a silk fibre about nine inches long. The axis of a theo-
dolite was brought into coincidence with the axis of the magnet,
which coincided with Division 81*5, or as nearly so as its move-
ments permitted ; after reading off the limb, it was directed upon
the sun, whose hour angle being known, its azimuth was computed
in the usual way. The torsion of the silk suspension was approxi-
mately got rid of by first suspending a brass bar ; and the magnetic
axis was ascertained by occasional reversals of the magnet in its
hook supports. This method is in principle far more precise than
observation by compass, where there is greater liability to index
error,' and less freedom of motion; but the oscillations of the
magnet in the open air, particularly if there is a little wind,
make it less easy to get a true coincidence of the axis of a detached
theodolite with that of the magnet than might appear ,^ and I must
' I have lately found a >iigh-priced portable azimuth compass 2° in error.
1 1
{
[I i
if i
il
n i
'li-
li 1
t
COIJJMATOII MAONETR.
acknowlodge that the roBults of variation are Icmh hannouiuuH than
I could wish. The eUuncnt itself fiuctuatoH nnich more than any
other, and although wo know with Home certainty what its ordinary
limitB are m high latitudes in the winter ntontliH,' we do not yet
know what tiiey are in the summer months. It is alHo much more
affected than any other hy the character of the 8Ui)erftcial strata,
and the position of different formations relatively to the magnetic
meridian at any given spot. Thus in one place on Lake Superior,
Captain Bayfield marked on his chart of 1828 variation 8° 50' West,
and the two adjacent values within a few miles on either side are
6° East, T East. This influence is the greater, the less the directive
force, or the greater the dip. I am not acquainted with any very
extensive series of observations of variation on land taken from
day to day at short intervals of distance ; Sir John Franklin, how-
ever, has six observations within the same limits (not counting those
at which the only datum is the sun's bearing at noon), and these
present anomalies of the same nature. For example, June 6, 1825,
at Fort Alexander (Station LXXXII); variation 15° 16'"6 E.,on the
same day at a station not five miles distant, variation 18° 17' E.
The magnetic survey of the British Islands 1856-7 furnishes several
examples of declination deviating a degree or more from the normal
values,' as does the Australian survey of Dr. George Neumeyer in
1858-64. The greatest distance between the stations of this ob-
server being only thirty miles, and many of them being only eighteen
or twenty miles apart, they assimilate very much to the conditions
of my own. I quote as an extreme instance his station at Moon-
mot (No. 73) in Victoria, 1860, lat. 87° 38'-5, long. 148° 28' E. He
found variations respectively 5° 54' E., 15° 58' E., and 7° 2' E.
within a very small circle, the force ranging at the same time
from 4*67 to 5'11. Dr. Neumeyer attributes these irregularities to
the great local attraction caused by the volcanic rocks forming this
point of irruption,' and the same conditions occur at many points
in the present survey, notably about Lake Superior.
! 'i
' See Mngnetical and Meteorological Obtermtiont at Lake Athahatca and Fort
Simpton, by Capt. J. H. Lefroy, R. A., and at Fort Confidence, in Great Bear Lake,
by Sir John Richardson, O.B., M.D., 1855.
« PhU. Trails., 1870.
' Remits of the Magnetic Survey of the Cdoity of Victoria, e.iecuted during the
Years 1858-1864, by George Neumeyer, Ph.D., 4«o, Mannheim, 1860, p. 146.
See too his Stations, 1 17-121, 132 and 218.
9niuuB than
e than any
its ordinary
do not yet
much nioro
icial strata,
le magnetic
Superior,
8° 50' West,
lier bide are
he directive
th any very
taken from
nklin, how-
nting thoBo
, and these
ne 6, 1826,
)E., on the
18° 17' E.
ihes several
the normal
eumeyer in
of this ob-
ily eighteen
conditions
1 at Moon-
23' E. He
id 7° 2' E.
same time
ularities to
»rming this
lany points
taca and Fort
tt Bear Lake,
ed durinff the
860, p.' 146.
MIDN
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE IVIEAN
MAY TO SEPTEMBER INCLUSIVE,
TO THE MEAN LINES.
2 3 4 5 6 7
D1URN#\L CURVES OF MAGN
ON /the AMERICAN CONTINE
SHOW» THE MEAN IRREGULAR
8 # 9 10 II NOON I
+/0
+/0
OF MAGNETIC DECLINATION FOR
CAN CONTINENT. SCALE lO' — I INCH
N IRREGULAR FLUCTUATION AT THE
I NOON I 2 3 4 5 6
FIVE
SUMMER
MONTHS ,
THE
SHADED
MARGIN
SAME
HOURS.
PlII.p.9:
7
8 9
10 II MIDN
+ /0'
0'
0'
^10'
'10
STAIiFORO'S aaOC- £SMB' wndon.
i . H
i 1^;
t
; i
MION.
DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MEAN DIURN'
MAY TO SEPTEMBER INCLUSIVE, ON
TO THE MEAN LINES SHOWS
I 2 3 + 6678
DIURNAL MOVEMENTS.
^
— (
The greater part of my observations of variation were made in
the forenoon, with the sun from three to five hours distant from the
meridian : a great many, however, were made in the afternoon, and it
is obviously necessary for very acciurate determination that a cor-
rection for the diurnal movement between these periods of the day
should be applied ,* but I am not aware of any date upon which the
amount of such correction can be even approximately assigned. As
I have already remarked, we do not know at present the mean
diurnal movements of the horizontal needle in the summer months
for any station in the northern regions of the American continent,
except Sitka, in Alaska, on the Pacific coast,' where they are sub-
ject to the same irregular influences as were found to prevail at
Lake Athabasca, and where the most easterly movements occur as
early as 4 to 6 a.m. Still less do we know of the irregular fluctua-
tions, beyond the fact that they are of frequent occurrence and of
large amount.
We will, however, examine the facts as far as known.
First, with regard to the mean diurnal movements. I take the
hours of 8 A.M. and 8.80 p.m. for comparison, being good represen-
tative hours of observation for travellers. The first is at Toronto
and in middle latitudes generally, about the time of the most
easterly deviation of the north end of the needle. That is to say,
easterly variations are then at their maximum, and westerly varia-
tions at their minimum. The second is beyond the turning-point
of most westerly deviation (which occurs about 1 p.m.), and the
needle is about half-way back to its mean position, which it repasses
about 7 P.M.
The annexed Plate shows the mean diurnal movements of a
horizontal needle at each of three American stations dm-ing the
summer months, or for the ordinary season of travelling, namely,
from May to September inclusive, and I have added the range of
the mean disturbance of the declination for each hour, indicated by
the shaded margin to the mean curves.'
The stations were : —
* See Annmire Magnftiqiu et Mitiorologique, etc. Par A. T. KupfTer. St.
Petersburg, 1845.
' Extracted from a paper by the writer, On the Irregular Fluctuations of the
Maynetical Element!, printed in the lYoceedinfft of the Amei-ican Association for the
Adcancement of Science for 1851. The numerical values will Ije found in the
Appendix.
i
i;
ill
i>
10 !<
' u
m
76" 10' 44"
79" 23' 16'
ISS'lT'lZ"
DIURNAL MOVEMENTS.
Philadelphia.— L&i. 89° 58'-8, long. 5»> 0" 42*-9 ; distant from
the magnetic pole,' 1,917 miles. The times of observation being
regulated by Gottingen mean time, 89"" 46" E. of Greenwich, fell
19° 80» after the civil hours named.
Toronto.— L&t. 48° 89'-4, long. 5^ IT" 83» ; distant from the
magnetic pole, 1,669 miles. Times of observation 2" 21" after the
hours named.
Sitka. — Lat. 57° 2'-9, long. 9'" 1" 8'-8 ; distant from the magnetic
pole, 1,855 miles ; from Fort Chipewyan, 780 miles, and from Fort
Simpson, 460 miles. Times of observation, 19"* 5" after the hours
named.
Taking then 8 a.m. and 8.80 p.m. as hours fairly representing
the usual times of observation, the deviation of the compass needle
from its mean position in the several months of the year is as
follows. Each quantity for Philadelphia, Toronto, and Sitka is the
mean for the years 1848 and 1844, which were years of minimum
Bun spots, and in which the movements were of less than an average
amoimt.
Tablb.
Comparison of Diurnal Movementa for tlie several Montlia of the years
1843-1844.
8 a.m.
Deviation, Easterly
3.30 PM
1. Deviation, Westerly
Month,
Ph.
2-0
To.
Ska.
Aa.
Ph.
1-2
To.
Ska.
Aa.
4-4
January ....
2-1
o4
40
2-2
07
February
19
26
-0-1
66
1-2
19
0-8
51
March .
27
4-3
0-9
—
25
3-5
30
—
April .
34
40
11
11-8
31
3-9
36
11-9
May .
40
51
3-2
9-4
30
41
3-5
94
June .
4-4
5-4
3-6
—
3-4
3-7
37
—
July .
46
60
2-3
8-8
4-3
3-6
—
August
4-9
61
0-4
—
2-8
3-3
2-5
—
September
32
40
-1-1
1-5
2-7
1-7
—
October
2-6
26
-01
3-8
07
17
0-9
60
November
16
21
-1-2
3-8
11
16
0-7
3-3
December
|l-4
14
-10| 1-9
1
1-8
0-2
3-8
Thus it appears that in comparatively low latitudes, such as that of
Toronto, an a.m. and p.m. observation in the summer months will
differ about 10', and in high latitudes, such as that of Fort Chipe-
wyan, on Lake Athabasca, or Fort Simpson, by a considerably larger
quantity.
' In latitude 70°, lonfrit"«le 96" W. (James Row, 1831).
mREGULAR MOVEMENTS.
11
tant from
bion being
iwich, fell
from the
' after the
magnetic
Tom Fort
the hours
resenting
i/SS needle
ear is as
tika is the
minimum
a average
e years
n, Westerly
la. Ah.
7 4-4
8 61
—
5 11-9
> 9-4
r —
J —
» —
^_
60
3-3
8-8
that of
;hs will
Chipe-
r larger
The easterly extremes at Sitka, on the Pacific, fall nearly two
hours earlier than they do in the interior of the continent, and
although not less in amount, but rather greater, they do not influ-
ence the usual hours of observation so much.
The late afternoon is preferable to the early morning for a
traveller's observations of variation, not only because the element
itself differs less from the mean, but also because the disturbing
influences arc less active.
I observed the movements of the declinometer en route upon
many occasions for longer or shorter periods, and also, as my
instructions required, observed the Gottingen term days whenever it
was practicable, and these have all been plotted down. Taking the
stations in the order of remoteness from Toronto, the following
notes give the results as to correspondence of movement : —
Sault St. Marie. — November 4 and 5, 1844. From Toronto 282
miles. A well-marked movement of declination and horizontal
force, the former measures 9'*3 at Toronto and 44'*4 at the Saiilt,
but the epochs correspond : min. about 6*" 88", max. 13^ Gott.
White River, Lake Superior. — October 21 to 26, 1844, during
detentions, including the term day of October 28-24. Distance
from Toronto 402 miles.
A well-marked easterly movement occurred between 21'' S** and
21* 21'', Gott. The first westerly extreme was, at Toronto, at
21* 4'', but not until 21* T*" on Lake Superior. The easterly ex-
tremes coincide at 21* IS**. The second westerly extreme was at
20'' at Toronto and 20'' 30"* on Lake Superior. Range at Toronto,
18'-4 ; at White River, 31'-9.
Also an easterly extreme at 14'' 80" to IS**, Gott., and a westerly
extreme at 20'' at both places. Range at Toronto, 18'-8 ; at
White River, 80'-8.
A well-marked easterly movement prevailed at both places
between 12'' and 18'' of Gott. mean time on the 28rd. A well-
marked westerly movement between IS*" and lO"* : range between
the limits, at Toronto, 18''9 ; on Lake Superior, 27''2. The epochs
are nearly coincident.
Fort William, Lake Superior. — October 11 and 12, 1844. Dis-
tant from Toronto, 503 miles. Half-hourly readings were taken
from 11* 4" to 12* 6'', Gott.
An easterly extreme occurred from 12' 2'' to 12* 4'', Gott., and
I '
; »
fi '.
/I
(?1
12
IRKEGULAR MOVEMENTS.
a westerly extreme about 12' 6'' marked at both stations. Bange
at Toronto, IC-Q ; at Fort William, 40'.
Winnipeg River. — Distant from Toronto 751 miles. Term day
of June 21-22, 1843. A certain degree of correspondence is observ-
able in the movements between 21'* 14'' and 21'* IT*", which are not
very marked at either station ; but there is no trace at Toronto of
a bold westerly movement of 80' between 22^ 4'' SO" and 22* 5^t
or of several other well-marked movements of less magnitude at the
northern station. The magnitude of shock, as is well known, is no
! ; . A. to its geographical range.
Jack River. — The Long Portage. Distant from Toronto, 904
miles. Term day of July 19-20, 1843. A continuous westerly
movement, broken by minor oscillations, lasted from 20*' l** to
20"* 8*' lO", Gott. ; about the same time a westerly movement set
iu i'l X Diiito, but reached its limit somewhat earlier, at 7"' 20"";
the n a.ji ^ >ead'.iy moved east. Range at Toronto, ll'*8; at the
Poxtage, i 5o'. The difference of turning point is well marked.
York Factoi},\ vn Hudson's Bay. — Distant from Toronto, 940
miles, Juiy 26, ib )3 A etate of disturbance prevailed nearly all
day. The observed ruix^t of declination was 2° 13' ; no disturbance
was observed at Toronto, and the recorded readings only show a
range of 16*8.
Fort Chipewyan, Lake Athabasca. — Distant from Toronto,
1,478 miles; from the magnetic pole, 780 miles. Term day of
October 18-19, 1843. A bold easterly movement commenced at
18* IS**, turned at 15'' 40"", and reached its westerly limit about
IQh 4Qm^ ffijig movement is conspicuous both at Greenwich and
at Toronto, and a secondary westerly oscillation at 1&^ is as well
marked at Toronto as at the Fort; it is even perceptible at
Greenwich. Here, then, we have a shock traceable over a third
of the northern hemisphere. The range was at Lake Athabasca
1° 2'"4, at Toronto 17'*5, at Greenwich 10'*3. There was another
movement from 19*' 5'' to 19'' 6'', Gott., in which correspondence
may be traced ; while, on the other hand, Greenwich had a move-
ment of 5', from 19'' 8'* to 19'' 9"', which is sufficiently well marked,
and is absent in the American traces.
I may add that on this occasion the same degree of corre-
spondence occurs in the changes of horizontal force, but with a
remarkable difference of epoch. The shock, accompanied by rapid
inREOULAR MOVEMENTS.
Id
increase of force, is shown at Toronto at 15'' 5", at Greenwich at
IS** 30™, at Lake Athabasca at 1&^ SS™, and the maxima are : at
Toronto at 15*" 35™, at Greenwich at 16'' 80", at Athabasca at
17" 10™. On the other hand, a large movement, between lO** 5"
and lO"* 8'', which is also common to all three stations, is nearly
coincident as to the turning points.
At the same station. — Term day of November 24-25, 1848. A
well-marked movement at 24** 13"', Gott., shown at Greenwich
and at Toronto, is wanting at Athabasca ; a second movement
at Toronto at 14'' 15™ is wanting at both the other stations. A
bold, easterly movement at Athabasca from 18'' to 19'' occurs in the
contrary sense at Toronto, but is wholly wanting at Greenwich;
another from 22" 20™ to 23" 40™ is wholly wanting at both Toronto
and Greenwich.
The same station. — Term day of December 20-21, 1843. A
small but well-marked movement at Greenwich at 12" 25" is wholly
wanting at Toronto and Athabasca. Well-marked movements
at Athabasca between 16" 20™ and 18" can be barely identified
at Toronto, and produce only a small undulation at Greenwich,
which, however, I am disposed to identify with the same shock.
The same station. — Term day of January 24-25, 1844. A
high degree of disturbance prevailed. The principal movement of
declination occurred between 16" 30™ and 18", and is to be
identified at Toronto and at Brussels ; it is remarkably prominent
at Sitka, but a little later. On the other hand, enormous movements
between 24* 21" and 25* 4", common to Athabasca and Sitka, are
entirely absent from the European traces, and have but a moderate
degree of answering movement at Toronto — enough, however, to
show that the disturbance embraced that station.
The same station.— Term day of February 23-24, 1844. A
moderate disturbance lasting from 24* 4" to 24* 8" at Athabasca
is perceptible at Toronto, but with no correspondency in the
movements.
Fort Simpson, on Mackenzie River.— Distant from Toronto, 1,827
miles ; from the magnetic pole, 781 miles. Disturbance in April
1844, from 16* 19" to 17* 12", Gott. This disturbance apparently
set in about the same time at both stations, and the most violent
movements occurred between 16* 20" and 17* 8" at both, but there
is no resemblance of detail ; and a shock which threw the magnet
14
IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS.
no lesB than 6° 40' to the oaHtward at Fort Simpson, at IT** l** 24"*,
is not apparent at Toronto at all. This magnetic disturbance was
one of the most remarkable on record. It embraced both hemi-
spheres. The force began to return to its normal value about
2^ or 2'' SO" earlier at Toronto in Gott. time than it did at Fort
Simpson. The difference of longitude being about 2'' S", this
appears to connect the movement with that of the sun.
At the same station. — Term day of April 24-25, 1844. A very bold
easterly shock at Fort Simpson, from 25'' !»• 30" to 25<> 4»' 20™, Gott.,
coincides exactly in epoch with a westerly movement at Toronto,
but the range was in one case about 2° 54', in the other only 10'* 1.
The trace at Sitka closely resembles that at Fort Simpson. There
is a similar agreement of epoch in great changes of the horizontal
force, but without close agreement of actual time. Toronto is again
about 1" the earlier in two maxima, but later in two others.
At the same station. — Term day of May- 24-25, 1844. A con-
spicuous movement to the eastward at 24** 12*' 15" at Toronto pre-
cedes by about 10" only, one which appears to correspond with it
at Fort Simpson. On the other hand, large movements at Fort
Simpson, especially one about 25"' 2", Gott., have no answering
shock at Toronto.
This comparison might be extended much further; but the
examples adduced are sufficient to prove that the regular observa-
tions at a fixed observatory like that of Toronto can be of no service
to a traveller for the correction of his absolute variations, beyond a
very moderate range of distance. Even when shocks coincide in
time, they bear no definite relation in magnitude.
8. Magnetic dip.
The dips observed are comprised between 69° and 83°. The
instrument was a nine-inch cu'cle, by Gambey, of Paris, the pro-
perty of the late Admiral Fitzroy, B.N., the same which had been
employed a few years previously in the magnetical survey of the
British Islands ; besides which I carried a seven-inch Fox's dip
circle, which was commonly used only for determining the relative
force, and its results of inclination were not made use of. Since,
however, it is of great importance to corroborate certain irregular
values by those of a second instrument and a second observer, so
as to have good grounds for attributing them to local disturbing
force, I have now added in some cases the approximate dips by
COMPARISON OF NEEDLES.
16
Fox. The poles of Gambey's needles being reversed each time
(with only four early exceptions), the results are obviously more
to be relied on than those obtained with needles which cannot be
reversed. It will be seen, however, in the next section that the
Fox instrument gave generally results which are within moderate
limits of error.
The observation was usually limited to one complete determina*
tion with needle No. 1, consisting of four or five readings of both
ends of the needle in each of the usual four positions, before re-
versing the poles, and as many afterwards. The degree of reliance
to be placed upon the dip thus ascertained will be seen on compar-
ing the results by needle No. 2 when observed at the same time and
place, as subjoined.
Table II.
Comparuon of the Dips given independently by two needlea,at certain stations.
No.
Date
1843-4
station
nip
Half
differ-
ence
G. 1
a a
34
Apr. 20 .
Williamsburg
7?J 3i'2
78 2ii'o
/
11
LXIX.
May 20 .
Fort William .
78 9-7
78 1()4
03
CIIII.
July 3 .
Fort Garry .
78 19-4
78 16-3
1-5
CXXXI.
July 10 .
Lake Winnipeg .
80 37
80 7-2
1-8
CXXXVI.
July 12 .
Norway House, .
81 110
—
—
—
July 13 .
n •
—
81 0-2
2-4
CLXIl.
July 24 .
York Factory
83 50-5
83 440
3-2
CLXXXIII.
Aug. 24 .
Cumberland House .
80 28-8
80 81-8
1-5
CCXI.
Sept. .
Isle k la Grosse .
80 91
80 105
0-7
CCXXIX.
Sept. 30 .
Fort Chipewyan .
81 37-7
81 37-5
01
ccxcv.
May 10 .
Fort Simpson
Fort Good Hope .
81 41-5
81 50-7
4-6
CCXCIII.
May 29 .
82 55-8
82 561
01
CCCVII.
June 22 .
Fort Resolution .
82 43-6
82 45-4
10
CCXLII.
July 11 .
Fort Vermillion .
80 48-4
80 47-6
0-4
CCLX.
July 22 .
Dunvegan .
78 4f)-7
78 46-8
05
CCLXIV.
Aug. 3 .
Lesser Slave Lake
78 36-2
78 41-9
2-8
CCLXXVII.
Aug. 11 .
Fort Assiniboine
78 lG-9
78 13-5
1-7
CCLXXX.
Aug. 17 .
Edmonton .
77 53 4
77 551
0-8
CCLXXXVI.
Aug. 22 .
Fort Pitt .
78 430
78 30- 1
20
CCLXXXIX.
Aug. 26 .
Carlton House
78 30-2
78 31-2
0-5
CLXxxni.
Aug. 29 .
(Cumberland House
80 205
80 100
07
OXXXVI.
Sept. 7 .
Norway House .
81 111
81 11-4
01
OIX.
Sept. 19 .
Fort Alexander .
79 3-4
79 25
0-4
xc
Sept. 30 .
Fort Francis
77 41-4
77 44-5
1-6
LXIX.
Oct. 11 .
Fort WiUiam (1)
78 7-5
—
—
V •
(2)
77 555
77 55-5
00
LXI.
Oct. 17 .
Pic Fort .
78 32-8
78 301
1-3
LX.
Oct. 21 .
White River
7S 33-7
78 32-5
0-6
LIII.
Oct. 30 .
Michipicoton
78 8-1
78 8-5
0-2
XLIX.
Nov. 4 .
Sault St. Marie .
77 46-2
77 466
0-3
XL.
Nov. 8 .
Fort La Cloche .
76 50-7
76 49-7
0-5
XXXIT.
Nov. 14 .
Penetanguishene
76 19-2
76 21
0-9
16
COMPARISON OF NEEDLES.
I4
|i !i • >
The half difference between the two values of the dip, being the
difference of each from the mean of both, is by the foregoing table :
Under 1'
Over 1' „ 2'
2' „ iV
3' „ 4'
4' .
7 timefi.
8
11
a
II
1
II
1
II
The last difference is probably attributable to disturbance.
The result is to show that much reliance may be placed upon
a single determination of dip, which enters into so many deduc-
tions of the force from angles of deflection with Lloyd's static
needles, and from the times of horizontal vibration of magnets.
I observed a series of dips at the Royal Military Repository,
Woolwich, with needle No. 2 before leaving England in 1842 and
again after my return in 1846. The results are as follows : —
1842. Needle Gambey,
No..
2.
1842, May 27, a.h.
68 69-2
„ 27, P.M. .
6« 1-5
„ 28, A.M. .
69 1-9
„ 31, A.M.
69 69
„ 81,P.M. .
69 2-5
June 1, A.M.
69 6-2
„ 1,P.M.
68 69-2
„ 1,P.M.
69 0-4
Mean .
69 20
The probable error of a single observation of this set is 2''87 and
the probable error of the mean is 0'*59.
After return to England : —
1846. Needle Qamhey, No. 1
1646, June 8, a.m
9, a.m.
11, A.M.
12, A.M.
Mean No. 1
Needle Oambey, No. 2.
1846, June 8, a.m.
10, A.M.
11, P.M.
12, P.M.
Mean No. 2
»»
>i
>»
68 68-6
69 10
68 66-8
69 3-2
68 60-9
68 620
68 66-7
68 66-3
69 1-3
68 56-4
The probable error of a single observation of this set is 4'*87,
and the probable error of the mean is 0'-74, being rather greater
than before.
RELATIVE FORCE.
m
I was favoured by Sir G. Airy with the dips observed at Greenwich
during the month of June 1846, the Observatory being only two and
a half miles cast of the R. M. Repository. The mean is 68° 68"'l,
showing that the foregoing results, although less uniform than
could be wished, and although the instrument doubtless by this
time wanted readjustment, are correct ; with the greater dip of high
magnetic latitudes, the error of individual results diminishes.
9, Relative Magnetic Force.
Unlike the variation and the dip, which are matters of direct
observation, the relative amount of the magnetic force at any given
spot, as compared with its value at some other place, can only be
inferred from the observations, after careful estimation of changes
of condition capable of affecting the result. First of those is a
variation in the magnetic state of the needle employed. Needles
commonly lose their magnetism, not always regularly or uniformly,
and their magnetism depends upon their temperature. The early
observations of Humboldt, those of Franklin, and of Sabine down
to 1823, were made by counting the vibrations of a dipping needle
brought to rest by the earth's magnetic force, a method attended
in practice with so many difficulties that it has long been com-
pletely abandoned. In the method I was instructed to employ, the
variable force of the earth's magnetic attraction was weighed, so to
speak, against the force, assumed to be invariable, of its attraction
of gravitation, in one of two ways.
TAoifiVs method. — The needle was an ordinary dipping needle
adapted to Gambey's circle, but perforated with three small holes
in the southern limb, intended for the insertion of a minute coun-
terpoise of copper (three of these were supplied, weighing resi}ec-
tively 0"5, 0*6, and 1*0 gi'ain), by which it is brought to a position
nearly at right angles to the line of dip, that being the position in
which the resulting value of the force will be least affected by the
friction of the axle on its supports. I find in the Irish survey that
the readings ranged from —5° to —17°, giving angles of deflection
ranging from 77° to 86°.' In some preliminary observations at the
Repository, Woolwich, July 6, 1842, dip 69° l'-9, therm. 59°, a
' See LloytTi Miaeellaneous Popert, 1B77, p. 104, and Fifth Report of the
British Astociation, IBfiG.
vSfc-
il
> i
,ll
t
m'/I
if !!
: I
nil ,'
\v
Hi
••I '
ill
18
LLOYDS NEEDLES.
wciplit of 0*00 grain in ncodlu A gave an angle of ckllcction from
the lino of dip.
In the first hole of 63° 0'
„ Hccontl „ 88° 27'
„ third „ 101° 85'
As each needle liiirf its personal history, I will compK te that of
needle A heforo referring to the other.
10. Necdlr A, or 1. Covffivivnt for temjtcratitri', 7 = 0'0000io.'
At Quebec, on September 1, 1812, where the dip was 77° 15''3,
thermometer 70°, and the relative total force as 1*829 to 1'872, or as
1'844 to unity at Woolwich, the weight of 0*()0 grain, as used above,
proved to be insuflicient. Tried in the third hole it only gavo
a deflection of 54° 55' ; two half-grain weights were then tried,
namely, one in the first and one in the second hole, which gave too
largo an angle (127° 47')i and lastly, 1*0 grain in the first hole,
which gave too small an angle (44° 25'''). None of these weights
being suitable for the American hitensities, I subseqiiently obtained
weights of 0-7 and 0"8 grain from the mint at Philadeli)hia In
point of fact, the absolute amount of the weight used is lo
consequence, and I ought to have got a piece of copper w: >1
filed it until it brought the needle to the required reading of — 12°
or -13°.
This method of determining relative intensity, which was first
employed by the late Professor Humphrey Lloyd in his magnetic
survey of Ireland in 1835, was then new and unfamiliar to me,
and I did not, while in England, appreciate sufficiently perhaps the
importance of profiting by his ever-ready instruction.
Needle A was used with a weight of 0-8 grain in the middle hole
at twenty-four stations, ending May 29 at Fort William, which had
to be taken as a base for that series, in consequence of the loss of
force since leaving Toronto {mite, p. 2). The total angle of de-
flection having diminished from 92° at Montreal to 87° at Fort
William, bringing the south end of the needle close to the lifting
frame, I thought it expedient, looking to a further increase of
' Full particulars rsspeetiiig these coefficients will be found in Tfiil. Trans,,
1846,
" T find a siibsoqiinnt query iigainsf this vuUie, which appeiirs too little. Il does
not enter into any resuU,
LLOYIVri NKKDI.ES.
10
force, to shift the Wfi^lit to tlio last hole, l»y which tho nnpjle was
augmented to !)6°. ThJH fonuod tho hiiHis of a hocoiuI Hcrios. It
was used witli O'B grain in tho hist )ioh\ at fifteen Htations, ending
at tho Rat Portage, Lake of the Woodn, where tho iiiHtrnment vmih
thrown down, and one of the arms of the axis of the needle sHghtly
hent ; hnt this was partially Hot right at Fort Garry, and a third
series of ohservations made at twelve HtationH, extending to York
Factory. On trying it, however, on AuguHt 15 at tho Grand Rapid
of tho Saskatchewan, I found it impoHsihle to got any satisfactory
results, although nothing had appeared amiss on tho previous day,
and the needle A was henceforth laid aside. It was used in all at
forty-nine stations, referred to Fort William and Norway IIouso as
bases.
11. Lloyd's Needle B, or 2. Coefficient of temperature, rj" = •000050.
A weight of 0*6 grain in the first hole gave at tho Repository,
Woolwich, on July 5, 1842, therm. 68°, dip 09° l'-9, a deflection
of 92° 21'; with two tho same weight it Quebec, on September 1,
therm. 70°, the angle of deflection was, owing to tho increase of
force, only 42° 82'-l. On shifting tho counterpoise to tho third hole,
therm. 78°, it became 103° 22' -7. It was used with this weight
at six stations in Canada, whi < are included as to dip in Table
XLIX-L, but were omitted by Sahine from his abstract of inten-
sities, Table XXVII, probably from tho loss of magnetism of the
needle, and I omit them for the same reason.
Tho counterpoise (0-6 grain) was shifted at Montreal on April 25,
1843, to the centre hole, and was so used until my arrival at Fort
William, the angle of deflection having decreased from 88° 6' to 81'
36', and the S end of the needle being now behind the frame for lift-
ing it off its agates, the counterpoise was here shifted, on May 29,
to the third hole, and the angle of deflection became 112° 13''5,
being increased no less than 30° 37''8. This was too much, and I
should have done better to have filed the countoi'poise down a little ;
but I was not free from a notion that the weights must remain
untouched. The weiglit remained the same until my arrival at
York Factory on July 24, when the largo increase of the angle of de-
flection, now more than 184° (90° + 44°) made mo substitute a new
counterpoise, the value of which was not ascertained, by which it
was reduced to 64° 48' (90°-25° 12'). This was u.ed in returning
•c 2
iM
I'
20
LLOYDS NEEDLES.
over the same ground to Norway House, which is the hase of two
series, the one extending from Fort William to Norway House, and
tlience to York Factory, the other extending from York Factory
to Norway House on my return. After completing the ohservations
at Norway House on this second occasion, the mean angle of deflec-
tion being found to be only 67° 48' at this station, I reverted to the
arrangement in use from Fort William to York Factory ; that is to
say, the counterpoise used from Montreal to York Factory was
restored to its place (viz. 0-6 grain in the third hole), giving an
angle of 10G° 54' at therm, 63°, which became the base of a fourth
series with this needle, extending to Lake Athabasca.
Sabine showed much patience and skill in getting available
results out of these broken scries, but I candidly admit and regret
their imperfection, which was partly caused by the unsuitability of
the method for determining so great a range of intensity, with the
high dip that prevailed. The values range from 1-800 to 1-878, or
as unity 1-043. In Dr. Lloyd's obsei-vations in Ireland the range
of force is fi-om 0-9953 to 1-0166, or as unity to 1-023, and of the
angle of deflection from 76° 56' to 84° 55'.'
Two new Lloyd's needles were forwarded to me in 1844 and re-
ceived at Norway House. They proved to be about 0*2 inch too long
for the dip circle, and were never used. A third pair distinguished
by Sabine as L.C and L.D were received in 1845 and employed by
Lieutenant Younghusband at five stations, and by myself at seven
stations. The temperature corrections were duly ascertained and
applied.
On any repetition of these observations it will, I think, bo
found possil)le, by taking La Cloche or Sault St. Marie as the barsc
station, with weights adjusted to give readings of— 13° or there-
abouts, to cover the whole gi'ound with one series, provided the
needles rrtain their magnetism unaltered.
The following example illustrates the use of these needles :
' Extract from the maf^u'tic su^^•cy of Ireland : —
At Carljiigford, Dip . 71" 28'-2 At Goroy, Dip 70° 53'-8
Angle . . . . - 6° 27 '-5 - 14° Vl
Total deflection . . 70'' C5'7 84" 54' l»
Intensity to Dublin as unity TOIOO
o-man
See Fifth Rrport, of the British AMomitton, and Lhtyrr* Minrellaneom Papers
CQunevtvd with Vhysical Scimre. 1877, |>. 20;i,
LLOYD'S NEEDLES.
21
'•8
■1
12. Example of reduction with Lloyd's needles.
Let 8 = the dip at tbe station
= angle of inclination of the necclle to the horizon when
loaded.
Then the force <A — 7 ^"^ ^ , where ;8 is a constant,
sin (6—^)
Example. — Needle A.— Fort William (Station LXIX) being
adopted as the base, observed there on May 29, 1843. S = 78° 10'*0
mean angle of deflection of Lloyd's static needle A, with a weight
of 0-6 gi-ain in the middle hole, - 9° 39'-4, Th. 63°. Then
{S-d)= 87°49'-4.
^, = - 9° 39'-4 « . log COS 9-90.'J802
8 =
(8 - 6,)
78° 10^
87" 4'J'-4
log sin
9-99908r)
9-994110
At St. Helens, Montreal, April 29, observed S = 77° 5'-3, mean
angle of deflection with the same weight— 15° 6'-l, Th. 56°. Then
{8-6) = 92° ll'-4.
log cos 9 984737
log sin 9-909082
. 9l)>(oUG5
. 9-994110
=
-16° O'-l
— •
8 -
77° 5'-3
(d-6)
= 9J° 11 '-4
=
At St Helena.
,
AtFortWUliam .
,
Ilelative
Force ,4^
TTolens
Fort William
But the force at Fort William is 1-8C01
{see Station LXIX) ....
Therefore at St. Helens ....
This is to bo corrected for a difference
of temp, of + 7° l-(<-^,) q =•
0-999888
Finally force at St. Helens .
To convert this into Absolute Scale
1.1H90
Multiply by the ratio
On the Absolute Scale
1-830
9-990939 - 0-9793
0-209r).S0
0-200475 =- l'S217 as observed.
9-990951
0-200420 =-- l-82G*j' as n-dueed.
0-879017
1-139453 = 13-786.
' Sabine by inadvertence included in his Table XXII two stations, Williiunsbiirg
and St. Helens, that are out of place. Williamsburg, April 20, belongs to an earlier
series, St. Helens appears in Tables XXI and XXII, with two different results for
the same date, viz. Table XXI, April 25, intensity 1-812, which also belongs to the
earlier series, Table XXII, April 25, intensity 1-831, the mean of which appears to
be given as 1-821 in Table XXVII. The later date should be April 28, wlien the
counterpoise was shifted from the last hole to thecentre hole, to diminish the angle,
mid both stations should be taken out of Tabls XXII,
i
22
LLOYD'S NEEDLES.
, f
(■ ■■
J I'
it .(
i\
V.
The expectation entertained that Lloyd's method would give
better results than Fox's was not borne out by my experience.
Each has its advantages and its disadvantages ; but the simplicity
of the former, and its less liability to instrumental derangement,
would probably give it a preference, if a greater number of needles
than two were supplied. Sir E. Sabine's opinion was expressed
as follows : —
' I expect that you will find Lloyd's mtensity needles give you in
very high latitudes more exact results than Fox's. You will require
great exactness in the intensity in your journeys. Guided by Ross's
observations in the S. Hemisphere, I am led to suppose that your
most important ground for the intensity observations will be the sti'ip
of territory comprised between tlie 80th and 100th of W. longitude,
and N. from the 40th parallel of latitude — that in 47° or there-
abouts of latitude you will have 1*9 or thereabouts of intensity, and
that in the great space from thence to 70° the changes will not go
beyond 2-0 or 2*05. But it would be very desirable to ascertain
where this maximum is situated ; it wUl be found, as I have already
said, between longitude 80° and 100°, and between 47° and 70°
latitude. The line of the variation and the culminating points of the
cm'ves of dip and intensity will be found between these longitudes.'
* We shall be very glad to receive your first essay in observing
disturbances with the Transportable.
* {Signed) Edwabd Sabine.'
October 14, 1844.
13. Fox'8 Dip Circle.
The dip cu'cle of Mr. Eobert Weare Fox was devised in 1884,'
and used for the fust time in any remote region by the late Captain
Owen Stanley, R.N., in Back's Arctic voyage of 1836. Being
especially for use at sea, it was much employed in the Antarctic
voyages of Sir James Ross. I had myself observed with it daily in
my voyage home from St. Helena, and enjoyed the great advantage
of further practice and instruction from Mr. Fox' himself, at his
residence of Penjerrick, near Falmouth, in the same year. The
instrument, as then turned out by George, of Falmouth, was very
' It was actually found in lat. 52 19', long. 91° 59' W. The writer had
assigned, in his Experiments to determine tfte Figure of the Earth (1825, p. 489),
lat. 60' N. and long. 80° W,, as tlie approximate position. The present conjecture,
although not strictly accurate, is a remarkable evidence of advance in knowledge.
' See Sturgeons AnnaU of Electricity, iii. 1830, p. 288.
}'■-
FOX'S CIRCLE.
23
perfect, but easily put out of order. The bearing points of the
axles were minute cylinders of steel, resting in jewels like those of a
watch. Each jewel consisted of two parts, a ring of ruby and a
plane of ruby facing it. The rings were very apt to get broken,
and their edge to be chipped in the operation of putting in the
needle. In this way two sets were rendered unserviceable, the axles
themselves were renewed three or four times before Mr. Fox was
satisfied. This operation was performed by drilling out the old
axle and inserting a piece of steel wire, which was afterwards turned
true ; I also carried a spare axle. Mr. Fox did not allow his needles
to oscillate. The axle was made very nearly the gauge of the ring,
and he considered that the friction should be sufficient to bring the
needle to rest almost immediately. An ivory rubber was furnished,
to be applied to the axle-carrier, by which a gentle vibration was
set up, to assist the needle in finding its true magnetic direction.
The needles were balanced with gi'eat precision, but as Mr. Fox
himself pointed out, they were liable to small variations in the
direction of their magnetic axis.'
I subjoin on the pages following a memorandum of results
obtained with my instrument before and after its employment in
the North-West.
The several results are collected below.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
At Falmouth, Dip ascertained by deflection, Needle
„ „ from angles with weights „
„ „ Needle A
by weights
by deflectors
At Woolwich,
by weights
Needle C
G8 587
G8 50-7
08 47-4
68 58-8
69 10-4
69 10
68 58-5
69 1-0
68 59-8
69 40
These results^ show that with a new instrument the mean dip
may be inferred from the angles of deflection, given when weights
of 2 to 4 grains are applied, without serious error. The greatest
difference is — ll'T, and if we take the dip at Woolwich as G9° l'-9
(as given by observations with Gambey's circle) the mean by
Fox only differs from it by 4''5.
' * I liave continually observed that tlie magnetic axis of a given needle is liable
to frequent variations, even without its having' been retouched.' — Sturgcmt't Aniiala
of Eledricitij, iii. p. ^97.
I'S
1)
U:
I H
u
FOX'S CIRCLE.
:ii
s
1
s
e
1
O M p t.
' « 8 S Ig
8 8 8 8
si
■
)
1 ■
N
i
iH eo
8 8 •
1
68 69
69 11
} 69 15
} 68 67
[ 69 65
} 68 43-5
} 69 6-0
} 68 45-5
[ 68 19-2
} 69 15-0
} 68 16-2
} 69 32-5
• •
1
1
.1
1
o /
109 9
28 54
109 14
28 40
103 23
34 50
103
34 27
124 15
13 57
12.S 54
13 37
101 24
35 14-5
102 190
36 11
123 15
13 17-5
124 18
14 47
• • •
If
1
h
ll
fi^fA ^ » ^ » ^
W ^ w ^ 1
II
\ ^ " 1
^
1
1 1 1 - 1
. . 1
|m
o8 8 & 8 ^
52 ^ "i
•
Falmontb, Mr. Fox's Garden .
Needle C . , . .
^
i-i g
FOXS CIRCLE.
rf.
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FOX'S CIRCLE.
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h
1— I
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c8 £
S 8 S S iS 8 •
g 8 8 S •
..., .-.-, , .., ,
..._ ..._ ._ .-._
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FOX'S CIRCLE.
27
£
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28
FOX'S CIRCLE.
14. I now turn to the observations with the same iuBtrumcut
after travelling to Lake Athabasca and back.
Table V.
B. Results with Fox's Circle on return.
1844
Dec. 14
I
.1
B.
s
Toronto Observatory circle, standard Dip
Needle A (1)
45-6
2-5
E.
406
—
W.
407
y-o
E.
40-8
—
W.
400
36
E.
408
—
\V.
406
40
E.
410
—
W.
P
4-5
E.
P
—
W.
Needle A, witli weights
Needle C (1)
Dec. 17
Dec. 10
Needle C, with Weights
Needle A repeated
Needle C repeated
102 45-2 ,
40 6-0 f
102 n-5,
4.3 100)
100 27-6,
42 45-6I
108 102 ,
41 44-61
115 1.38,
.30 58-5 1
114 14-2)
35 22-8)
122 5-0,
28 40-1 )
121 23- ,
28 8-7)
130 320 ,
21 481/
130 2-0,
21 4-5 )
a 1
75 551 1
75 11-2J
76 6-5 1
76 0-4 1
70 0-7 1
74 48-5)
7o 25-5 1
74 43-31
70 10-0
75 33-2 1
75 331
75 8-4
76 270
75 4-4
75 51-6
40-2
1-6
E.
40-4
—
W.
40-4
2-0
E.
40-4
—
W.
40-4
2-6
E.
40-4
—
W.
40-4
3-0
E.
40-0
—
W.
40-6
3-6
E.
40-6
—
W.
94 45-0 1
65 22-0 f
06 34-2,
56 2-81
103 2-5,
48 17-71
103 5-6,
48 18-7 \
109 47-2 ,
40 14-9;
110 22-2,
40 50-2}
118 52-2,
31 43-7;
119 13-7,
31 32-2 f
129 14-2,
21 260}
129 16-2,
21 15-6)
75 3-5 1
75 43-5 J
75 40-1 1
75 42-1 )
75 10
75 41-2)
75 18-0 1
75 22-9)
76 20-1]
75 15-9 1
75 26-0
75 41-1
75 211
75 20-4
r5 18-0
75 190
75 240
75 25-3
75 22-8
75 16-5
Needle A gives a dip 4'*8 too great. Needle C gives one 0'*9 too
COMPARISON GA^mEY AND FOX,
29
gi'cat, but it may bo safely inforreil from the above that there is
Hufiiciont coincidence between the mean position of the needle of
Fox's instrument when deflected by weights, as it is in the observa-
tion for intensity, and the true angle of dip, to warrant the employ-
ment of these angles in checking the dip when otherwise determined,
and especially to make the results available as corroborative evi-
dence, when the dip by Gambey's circle indicates, by its excep-
tional amount, a local disturbing eflfect.
15. As fui'ther evidence I subjoin the results by both instru-
ments at every station between Montreal and Fort William, except
those at which, for want of time, the observation with Gambey's
circle was not complete.
Table VI.
Comparison of Dip bt/ Gnmbey aiid Fox.
station
1843
XTI.
May
XV.
»
y
XVI.
»>
8
XVII.
»
XVIII.
}y
10
XXII.
^j
11
XXIV.
n
12
XXVI.
ft
l.T
XXXIII.
)?
15
XXXV.
>»
10
xxxvin.
17
xr.Ti.
»
18
XLVI.
f)
19
t.
»
20
M.
yy
21
I.lll.
f>
23
lAIII.
ff
24
LXI.
>}
25
LXIV.
»
27
lAVlII.
1)
28
LXIX.
»
2U
Chat Falls ....
Grand Calumet .
Fort Ooulonffe .
Pointe Bnptenie .
Portage des Deux Juacliims
Trou I'ortnge
Little Hiver
Lac Grand Vase .
Recollet Falls .
Pointe aux Uroix
Lake Huron
Snake Island
Tessalon Point .
Pointe aux Pins .
Pointe au Crepe .
jMic'hipicoton
Otter Island
Pie Fort ....
Terre Platte
Pointe Tonnerre .
Fort William
Mean dirt'erence
Gamljey
75 70
76 44-4
77 20-7
77
77
77
77
77
101
3-8
24-4
28-5
21-7
70 45-4
70 31-3
5'0
5-5
593
13-4
11-5
0-3
79 43-6
78 45-8
78 5.3-6
78 23-2
78 10-0
77
77
70
77
77
78
Fox
75 0-3
70 53-2
(a77 14-8
ic77
77
70
77
77
77
18-0
232
57-8
112
39-0
31 l
70 48-9
not ohsened.
77 10-4
70 57-0
77 4-8
77 121
77 47-7
78 4-4
79
78
78
78
77
32-8
40-8
473
300
500
Difference
/
—
0-7
+
8-8
—
140
—
111
+
4-2
—
00
—
13-2
+
III
+
9-4
+
35
+
4-8
—
8-5
+
5-5
—
1-3
-
23-8
—
1-9
—
10-8
—
5-0
—
0-3
+
0-8
—
10-4
+
7-5
The anomalous dips given by Gambey on May 15 and 24,
one in defect, the other in excess, are both supported by
Fox, proving at once the fact of local disturbance, and the value
of a check. The same will be found in many other cases.
16. Complete observations of dip with Fox's circle were made
at nineteen stations in Canada and the United States by mc, and at
i
t^K^-^r
il
1^ '
II :•
1! I
30
FOX'S CIRCLE.
five stations by Lieutenant Younghusband : ' but the instrument was
rarely so used in the North-West. The time available was gene-
rally only enough to obtain an observation for intensity. I relied
for the dip on Gambey's circle.
The instrument was also furnished with a needle (B) expressly
for reversal, for the same reason that use was not made of it, but I
employed it at five stations for intensity.
The following notes from my observation book show some of
the perplexities of a magnetic observer out of reach of skilled
mechanical assistance.
' Norway House, August 0, 1843.
' Needle A worked with very tolerable freedom, not as a posi-
tively good one, but not as a positively bad one. The irregularity
with the weight of 4*0 grains is what has been noticed at all
recent observations, and seems due to a bruise on the axle.'
' The centering of the jewels appears to have got out of position.
The levels were brought to good adjustment previous to the last
observation. Needle B, supplied as a reversing needle, and not
hitherto used, was suspended, and the following observation ma^e,
for the base of an additional scries, commencing from this place.'
Table VII.
Therm.
87
8-7
87
8-8
8-8
88
8-8
8-8
Weight Face
20
2-5
30
4-0
E.
W.
E.
W.
E.
W.
E.
W.
RcacUngs
106
m
105 23-2
57 12-8
30-5 )
15 f
111
48
112
14-4
.■»3r)
.38-0
40 44-8
110 15
41 407
120 47-3
43 8-5
130
22
138
0-0
37-3
12-5
24 44-3 '
Mean Dip by Weights .
The Mean Dip by Gambcy was
Partial Means
o
81
/
18-0 \
81
20-5 )
80 18-0 1
81
11-7 )
81 57-8 ]
80 25-0 J
70 18-0 1
81
28-4 1
81 10-2
80 45-3
81 11-7
80 23-5
Dip
80 54-9
81 8-8
'Needle B did not work freely. It ceased to vibrate almost
instantly, and although the readings with the jewelled arm in
' Table XLIX in Phil. Trans., 1846.
POX'S cmcLK.
31
various positions did not diflfcr much, in one or two of them, for
example, with 4*0 Rrain weight, face W., the friction of the jewelled
arm appeared to command the position of the needle.'
' Needle C was again tried. It was very u'rcgular, and moved
with the arm, settling in positions 2" or 8° apart. I, therefore, con-
demned the axle, and substituted a spare axle for it.'
With this axle the needle performed pretty well, and I used it
at twenty-six stations.
The results with needles B and C, which have not before been
published, are here included. Sabine made use of the latter only
so far as to check the value given for Norway House by needle A .
Wo are concerned, however, to ascertain the relative force of the
earth's magnetism at points widely apart. The difference is in
quantity minute. Its determination is a matter of delicacy, and
the more evidence producible the more satisfactory must be the
conclusion. Individual results may be more or less affected by
instrumental imperfection ; nevertheless if the method is imoxcep-
tionable, the relative force ought to come out the more clearly from
multiplied measurements ; and so in fact it does, with the further
advantage, already alluded to, that results of local irregularity are
confirmed. Of this, Stations CXCIV, Little Rock Portage, and
CCXXV, Pierre au Calumet, are remarkable examples.
17. Needle A preserved its magnetism unchanged throughout
the survey, the angles of deflection by given weights being very
nearly the same at Toronto in December 1844 as they were in
January 1843. Thus : —
Weight
Jnnuary, 1843
Tenii)crtttiirc
December, 1N44
Tempernturo
X.
11.
pra.
/
o
o /
o
20
21 1.10
40
— —
30-5
y-o
27 2-.1
20 40 7
ao
.■JS 87 ■
—
33 10 4
3-5
30 270
—
30 ir)-2
,
40
40 45'9
—
40 4()r, '
. .,
4-5
— —
—
54 20-3
—
The Series I. were adopted as base angles. For reasons to bo
explained hereafter, I do not make use of Series II. for direct
comparison of other stations with Toronto.
• Not 40" 45'-5, a.o formerly printed. Table XVI, 1840.
32
FOX'S omcLE.
Needle C lost mucli magnotism between February 7 and May 8,
1813, but appearH to have preserved it unchanged from that date
to about September 7. The axles of this needle, however, contracted
rust, and it was at no time as Rood an A. I was twice obliged to
change them. Still the observations with needle C afford an inde-
pendi'ut series of determinations of force over a large part of the
route, and are hero brought forward to corroborate the others.
18. Example of Iteduction with Fox's Needle A.
At the Isle d'Urval, Lachine, Station II, observed on April 30
the following angles of deflection : —
With 2C gr.
27-' )i7'-2
Temp. 47°0
30 Kr.
'M° .•»7''0
3 5gr.
40° .'K)'-0
40 RT.
47° C5'-0
TlitMi lof^. sill, liftso aii«lo
» 27° 2'-n
= nn.-)7nirt
lof,'. sin, olworvi'd anjrlo - 27° 27'*2
Relative forco, ThIo d'Hrvnl
Standard forco at Toronto, 1-8.10
1>00;J7(»2
l»lM»;{S,->4
0'2n;w72
OUHoO
»
Value by 2-5 jir. 02&7720 = 1-8108
In like manner by S'O prr 1'81.')2
.IGfi-r 171)57
40 gr 1-802;}
0-2C0607 = r805G
1 _ (<o-i!°,)y - 100010
f)n tlio Relative Scale ....
To convert this into Absolute Scale
l.S-H'.tO
0-(X)0()((9
Multiply by the ratio
On the Absolute Scale
l-8;{0
0-25U0tJ0 - 18058
0-870017
iiyGona = 13-007
In this example the greatest difference of one of the partial values
from the mean of the whole four, amounts to one two-hindrcdth
part of the quantity.
19. Relative Horizontal Force.
The determination of the relative horizontal f'trr 'i-
method of horizontal vibrations, although empli era
like Hansteen, Erman, and Fuss in high northen dtudcs the
Old "World, and by Sabine himself with a dip of <iH'', at Ahlville
Island and at Spitzbergen,' having been superseded by the d ovcry
of methods of determining the relative total force, was not included
' Experiments to determine the Figure of the Emih, 1825, p. 481.
RELATIVE HORIZONTAL FORCE.
33
ill the progrommo of obHervations for my survey. But by the
month of September, after four or five months' exposure, and from
the effects of a journey already extending to 2,700 miles, both
Fox's and Lloyd's needles began to show symptoms of deteriora-
tion. I decided, therefore, after leaving Cumberland House (see
Station CLXXXVIII) to add this to the other observations. For
this purpose I had three suitable magnets, Nos. 80, 81, and 17, pro-
vided for the transportable magnetometers. There was also an oak
box provided expressly for the purpose of determining the ratio ^,
in observations of the absolute horizontal force, and I had a
theodolite, by employment of which the arcs of vibration could be
much reduced and great precision attained in observing the times.
It will be seen in the diary that the results are in general very
accordant. Subjoined are the details of observation at the first
station.
b-B
Id
Tablb VIII.
Obierved Times of Vibration at Beaver Lake, Augtiat 26, 1843.
Station CLXXXVIII. Dip 80° 34 -2.
l-inoh Mnguet No. 3U. Th. <t°
1-liioh.MngnotNo. 81. Th. 66'
Vlbr.
10
20
30
40
50
62
72
80
90
100
Wdtoh
time
Vlbr
Watch
tlmo
Interval
iioo vihr.
Vlbr
10
20
28
38
48
5»
(\f<
78
88
98
108
Watch
time
Vlbr
Watch
tliiia
Intorml
2uy Tilir.
h. m. a.
94147
42 34
43 21
44 8
44 64-4
45 41
46 37-6
47 24
48 1-2
48 48-6
49 35-0
200
210
220
230
240
250
262
272
280
290
300
Ii. m. 8.
9 67 22-5
58 8-6
58 56-5
59 43-0
10 29-8
10 1 16
2 12
2 59
3 36-8
4 23-0
6 0-5
m. 1.
1586-6
34-5
35-5
85-0
85-4
85-0
84-4
850
85-6
34-5
34-5
h. III. B.
10 930-8
1020
11 98
1149-8
12390
1329-0
1418-0
15 7-5
15670
1647-0
1730-4
1826-0
200
210
220
228
238
248
258
268
278
288
298
308
h. m. s.
10 26 01
27 40-8
28 20
29 9-(S
29 69-6
30 49-0
31 38-8
32 28
33 17-(t
84 7-0
34 66-8
III. B.
16 30-2
16 .31
30-2
30-6
30-6
310
81-3
31-0
30-6
30-8
30-8
Mean time of 200 vibrations
1534-99
Mean time of 200 vibrations .
16 30-71
Whence of 1 vibration
Corrected time .
4-6749 ».
4-06718.
Whence of 1 vibration .
Corrected time
i-mms.
4'9447s.
The corrections applied are — (1) To standard temperature of 50° ;
(2) For the torsion of the suspension thread; (8) For arc : the arc on
commencement was usually under 10°; (4) For the rate of the
u
RELATIVE HORIZONTAL FORCE.
I
watch {see the next Section). In the above examples an interval
of twolvo vibrations Mas allowed to pass, by inadvertence, after the
50th of bar 80 ; and the eighth was observed after the 20th, with
bar 31, instead of the tenth. These little irregularities have no
effect whatever on the result.
The value of K — the moment of inertia of the suspended magnet
and its stirrup — having been ascertained once for all,' and the value
of m — the magnetic moment of the bar at the time of observation —
being also known, the force can now be computed.
20. Example— Bar 80. August 26, 1843. Th. 65°.
OWrvod mean time of one vibration 4-C749
Correction for rate and arc .
Correction for torsion and reduction to 60°
lo.;y 0609777
. 01)008)41
9(300718
2
9-.«04;!0
. 000"^0G5
T^ corrected .-. T - 4-6071 1338101
»r»Kbar30 1 ■■'{34080
4'.r - »"^ 0995088
tn on August 20 = 0-4289 9-632350
.•. Horizontal force in absolute value - 2-3101 . . =0-303032
Observed dip 80° 34'-2 secant = 0-785.')73
.'. Total force in absolute vai«o«/) = 14-100 . . . =1-149206
The probable error of the observed mean time of one vibration is
small, and so also the effect of such error on the resulting values of
the horizontal or total force. In the present example it is as
follows : —
Bar 30
31
ProbaMo
crrur of ( Effect on X Effect on ^
+ 0-0040 ± -0040 + -025
+ 0-0032 + -3030 f -018
I subjoin the value of the probable error of t for successive obser-
vations of No. 30 in 184 1, one magnet being taken for all.
' See Magnetical In xt ructions, &c., by Lieutenant 0. J. B. RiJdoll, li.A.
London, 1841.
PROBABLE Eitr»f)j{S.
35
Table IX.
Probable Errors of the obi'^rved mean time of one Vibration of a suspendi'd
3-inch ma(jnet, Xo. 30; arc at commencement about 10", at the end of
300 viln-ationa about 5"^.
Data
1844
July
12
)»
24
Aug
5
»»
17
n
20
i»
21
J»
22
i»
23
n
24
»
2(5
>i
27
»
20
station
No.
Fort Vermilion .
Dunvegan .
liesser Slave Lake
EdiiKinton .
On Saskfticliewan
On Saskatcliewau
Fort Pitt .
On Saskatchewan
On Saskatflu'wau
Carlton Ilonso .
On Saskatcliewau
Cumberland
ccxui.
cct.x.
CCI.XIV.
cci.xxx.
CCLXXXI.
CCLXXXIIl.
CCI,XXXIV.
CCLXXXV.
CCLXXXVII.
CCLXXXIX.
ccxc.
CLxxxin.
Obdorvcil
time cif 1
vllinitioii
Krror
±
0-00
Effect of Error
Dip
onX
s.
O /
4n2.'5r)
77
(W2
•00 13
002
80 480
4-4r)(X)
48
180
•(H)23
012
78 4(V2
4-4r)0H
(10
03)
•(H)()3
003
78 30^0
4-2047
47
051
•(KK)7
-003
77 54 ^2
4-;{774
f)5
034
-0005
-002
78 5^2
4-4;i25
45
020
•(M)03
-001
78 33^5
4-4174
m
033
-0005
•002
78 41()
4-Ho98
P
047
•000(?
-003
78 28^0
4-;{f)23
50
157
-0021
•010
78 1('W5
4-4045
70
010
-0002
-(R>l
78 30^ 7
4-5<(41
(?5
094
-0011
-(HX5
70 11-2
4-78:38
01
003
•0004
•002
80 20-U
21. It would have been scarcely necessary to go into so much
<letail if these observations were now published for the first time, but
the reader who will turn to Plate XVII, ' Phil. Trans.,' 1846, and
compare it with Table XL VIII, ibid. p. 821, will observe that these
results, although given in the table, are disregarded on the map,
which, as regards the western extension of the lines of equal magnetic
force of 1"85 and 1*80, is made solely dependent upon the three
following assigned values : —
Dilativp Fiiri'C
Noedlo A.
Equivnlcnt
Totul Foiiv
At Vermilion .
. 1-811
1371 instead of 14-00
At Dunvegan .
. 1800
13-00 „ 1300
At Edmonton .
. l-80i)
1300 „ 14-05
That these values are not likely to be correct is shown by their
exceptional disagreement from the absolute determinations, a dis-
agreement of which there is no other example in the whole series.
They were obtained by comparing the angles of deilcction of Fox'a
needle A at these stations in July and August, with the anglts sub-
sequently given at Toronto by the same weights in December,' and
this comparison is vitiated by the fact that the axles of needle A
were removed at Cumberland House on August 30, and a new pair
« See Tables XVI, X^'il, VhiL T-am., I84(J, p. 207.
D 2
^K^^^msBmsmmmm
■■«
36
CORRECTION OF ISODYNAMIC LINES.
I
of axloH applied to that needle. These gave no satisfaction, and
were thought indeed to work worse than the old ones, which were in
the end replaced, after an attempt to repolish them. This neces-
sarily broke the series. Instead of referring the above observations
to Toronto in December as a base, I refer them to the observations
at Lake Athabasca on July 3 as a base, and find that they now
agree with the absolute determinations nearly.
Referred to Lake Athabasca base, value 1*8848.
Relative Force
Needle A.
. 1-8042
Equivalent
Tutal Fotce
14109
By
Absolutes
14001
. 1-8505
14-048
13-!)89
. 1-8558
14-040
14-054
At Vermilion .
At DunveguD .
At Edmonton .
This correction is borne out by the observations in British
Columbia, Washington territory, and Vancouver Island, by Captain
R. W. Haig, R.A., in 1858-60. The lines of total force of 1-85 and
1-80 in relative terms, or 14*00 and 13*62 in absolute measure,
should have been carried considerably further West and South than
they were drawn by General Sabine in 1846. Captain Haig made
the line of 13*60 (or 1*80) intersect the 50th parallel, in longitude
113° 35', with which, allowing something for difference of epoch, the
present revised values on the Saskatchewan and Peace River are in
accord. Taking, as another test, the intersection of the meridian of
115° with the parallel of 45°, through which point the line of 1*70
was formerly drawn, Captain Haig's line of 13*23 = 1*75 passes
through that point, as does the line laid down from the above
observations, or very near it.'
Another feature of interest is disclosed by thus giving their due
weight to the absolute determinations on the Saskatchewan. It is
that a second local focus of maximum intensity occurs on that river
in about latitude 53° longitude 108° W., corresponding to one on the
Churchill or English River in latitude 55^° longitude 105° W.,' and
that the direction of the lines of equal intensity must be consider-
ably influenced by the great intrusive mass of the Rocky Mountains.
' The total force at Toronto in 1844 Hr? been assumed throughout this work
as 13-800 ; it was in 1800, 13-811, a decrease of 0085 in 10^ years, or at the rate of
0-0051 per annum. Where Captain Haig found a total force of 13-60 in 1800,
it was tthout 13-08 in 1844 ; and wlu'jj his force of 13-23 is found, it was then
13-31 or 1-70 nesrly. P/iil. Trans., 1804, p. 101, and PI. III.
' See StRtiojm (;CV, CCVII, CXCVII, and Stations ('(^.XliXlV,
CCLXXXV, and CCLXXXVII.
AUSOLUTE IIOIHZONTAL FORCE.
37
22. Absolute Horizontal Force.
My Report on the observations of absolute horizontal force
(1845) was incorporated, in an abridged form, by Lieut-Colonel
Sabine in his Vllth Contribution,' and it is not necessary to repeat
all the details of observation which will be found there.
The following is a list of tlie stations, I add to each.
(1). The total force <^, deduced from the vibrations alone, for a
comparison with the partial results treated under the preceding
section, employing an interpolated value of m.
(2). The total force <^, deduced from the complete observation of
vibration and deflection, employing the value of m actually observed.
(3). The total force <f>j deduced from the observations of relative
force with Fox's or Lloyd's needle, which value is in every respect
independent of the other.
(4). The standard value of <p for the station, as deduced from all the
observations, in the manner explained in the next section following.
Table X.
Comparison of Values of t fie lotal Force aa deduced from different and
independent observatiotis at the princi/ml Stations.
No. of
Station
Btatinn
Total Force
Mean
value
adopted
Byvi'rn-
tions
nloiie
Ity vii'TO-
tiuii luul
deflec-
tion
<P2
IT.
By
stilt ic
needles
w
\m
1-05
0-(i()
000
2-30
3-4
2-25
0-85
3-30
lO
2-30
105
lO
lO
XXXIV.
XLIX.
LXIX.
XC.
C.
eviii.
ex II I.
CXXXVI.
CLXII.
CLXX.
CLXXXIII.
CCLXXXIX.
CCLXXX.
CCXI.
CCXXIX.
CCXLII.
CCLX.
CCCVII.
CCXCV.
CCXCIV.
CCXCIII.
Toronto .
Sfiult St. Marie
Fort William »
Fort Francis .
liat Porta^re .
Fort Alexander
Fort Garrv
Norway I louse
York Factory .
('ro.-8 Lake
Cumberland House
Carlton House
Edmonton
Lake k la Crosse .
Fort ( 'hipewyan
Fort Vermilicm
Fort Dunvej^an
Fort Ht'solution
Fort Simpson .
Fort Norman .
Fort Good Hope .
13-fK)0
13-700
13-066
14-032
13-071
14-108
14-070
14-155
umr
14-242
14-151
I3-73N
14-027
14(K)2
1;{-{H)0
14072
14-027
13-054
13-840
13022
13035
13004
13-824
13046
14-047
13-004
14-207
14-CX)0
14100
14071
14-l!tO
14 lf-4
13-782
14-054
13 083
1388(i
14-001
13080
13 05«{
13-808
13053
13-081
0-45
0-38
0-75
0-75
0-30
0-45
0-30
0-75
0-30
000
0-46
037
0-45
000
211
0-46
0-46
0-45
1-50
0-37
0-60
14-135
14-000
14-053
14047
14 072
14120
14004
14-203
14-142
13082
14-028
130f<0
14-004
14000
13-HOfl
13-824
:4-078
14-023
14023
14(«t8
14-070
14- 1.30
14 008
14201
13-782
13-782
14 (HH)
13000
13-H.S7
14 022
14-(XX)
1;{-!I50
13-808
13-(i53
13-081
» Phil. Tram., 1840, p. 287.
* If we take the resu t of 1843 only, at Fort \>'illiam, to compare with the
38
AOllEEMENT OF RESULTS.
23. The mean difference between the total force resulting from
vibrations only, and the total force resulting from the complete
observation of vibration and deflection, that is to say, the square
root of the mean of the squares of 21 observed differences, is in value
0'030 nearly, (0'0298) representing about one five-hundredth part
of the quantity itself. But the mean difference between the value
deduced from the complete observation of horizontal force, and the
independent values given by the relative observations, that is to say,
by the use of Fox's and Lloyd's needles, is, as must be expected,
somewhat larger ; it amounts in value to 0*084, and is about -^ J^nd
part of the quantity itself. If the latter instruments were always
in perfect order, they would deserve almost entu-e confidence, and
the results would derive little or no additional weight by combining
the less perfect determination ; but that was not the case, and
probably never can be the case in practice, imder the circumstances
of a long land journey. The best value for each station of observa-
tion under such circumstances is to be obtained by giving propor-
tionate weight to the different results, as described in the next
section. I may observe also that the exclusion of the result at
Fort "William in 1844 would reduce the difference to ^J ^^^^ i^taxi.
24. Combining the Observations of Force.
The magnetic force having been observed, in no less than four
different ways, of unequal value, and the number of observations
taken at different stations having also varied considerably, it is
necessary to determme some consistent way of u-eightinrf the results,
(1) so as to obtain the most probable mean value for each station,
and (2) to assign to this station value its proper weight when com-
bined with others. The general principles applicable to both cases
were investigated by the late Professor Humphrey Lloyd in the
Report on the Magnetic Survey of Great Britain in 1836.' He
shows that if x^, x^, x„ x„, be n values of the quantity x obtained
by separate and independent observations, also if a be their
arithmetical mean, 'then the p^ '•able error of this mean, i.e. the
limit on either side of which there are equal chances of the actual
error lying,' is given by the formula
static needles, which were all observed in that year, viz. 13-998, the difTorence is
materially less. The force in 1844 was only l.'JOOH ; see Station LXIX.
' Eiijhth Jiejwrt of (he liritish Asmcia/itm, 1838, p. 1)5 ; nee also Aiifj nn t/te
Ali/ebrairal aitd Kuinerical Theory of Errors of Observation, p. 47.
COMBINING OBSERVATIONS
39
jjj ^ 0^4549 2 (.r-g)'
n (n — 1)
in which 2 (x— a)' denotes the sum of the squares of the differences
of the several partial results and the mean. Also the 'probable
error of any single result £ as deduced from comparison with the
rest, is given by the formula e= V n E'.
The ueight of the single result, and the weight of the mean, are
as the inverse squares of the probable errors.
25. There are only two stations in the entire list besides
Toronto at which my stay was suflSciently long to have admitted of
a multiplication of observations with a view to determining pro-
bable errors. These were Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson.' I
regret not having taken more advantage of them, but the great
fatigue of continuous observation through the 24'' with only one
assistant, often prolonged for many hours at a stretch, at intervals
of only 1™, may be pleaded in excuse for the omission.* The con-
sequence is that I cannot appeal to my own observations for the
probable error of an observation of dip in such high latitudes ; and
as the dip enters into the deduction of total force from observations
with Lloyd's statical needles, and also with the transportable
magnetometers, it is a very important factor in their weight : but
allowhig the instrument and the observations to be on an equality,
I find two series of dips which throw some light on the question :
these are Dr. J. Rae's observations at York Factory in 1845-0, and
the same traveller's observations in conjunction with Sir John
Richardson, at Fort Confidence, Great Bear Lake, in 1848-9.
At York Factory we have the following : —
UU-6 Mrnn Dip B (
November
December .
January .
February .
March
April-Mny
There are nine observations in February, eleven between Ai)iil 1
and May 16, eight in each of the other months. We may then con-
sider the probable error of a single observation for dip at York
Factory ± 2'-26.
' No8. COXXIX nnd CCXCV.
? Besides the monthly term dayg, on Oct. 26, for 6A. ; Decern. 1, 6h,; Jan. 4,
lOA. ; Jan./>, lOA. ; April 10, 11/*., and lor many shorter periods on ot her ficcnfiions.
83 4.3-1
0-83
2-.".0
83 45 1
115
3L'7
8.{ 45-1
040
114
8.] 4i'l
005
28.'l
8a 4i>-5
0-72
205
83 .'lO-a
058
102
I
40
PROBABLE ERRORS OF DIP.
The observations at Fort Confidence were taken without revers-
ing the poles. That is to say, on one day of observation the poles
were direct, and on the next succeeding day they were reversed. I
have coupled as many consecutive observations of the same needle
as occur, which give eight complete dips in two of the months, and
find :
Mean Dip B «
lfM8
October .
November
84 49-7
64 61-2
0-39
065
112
1-84
We may therefore take ± l'*48 as the probable error of a single
observation for dip at Fort Confidence. I have already shown
(p. 16), by the agreement of results by two needles, that it must have
been very small at my stations.
Turning to the observations at Toronto, and taking only those
in which the poles were reversed, I find as follows :
1844
Mean
January .
. 75 15-4
0-41
1-26
February ,
. 75 157
0-46
1-30
March
. 75 14-5
0-71
1-95
April
. 76 13-2
0-42
1-20
May
. 75 12-3
0-64
1-82
June
. 75 11-6
0-34
103
July . .
. 75 101
0-66
1-97
August .
. 76 10-1
0-48
1-28
September
. 75 17-9
0-68
1-92
October .
. 75 17-9
0-71
2-13
November
. 75 20-3
MO
31]
December
Meai
. 75 19-0
1 . . .
1-41
8-71
. 189
Whence we may conclude that the probable error of a single obser-
vation of dip at Toronto was under 2''0.
In deducing the relative total force from an observation with
Lloyd's static needles, an error of + 2' in the dip employed is
generally quite inappreciable. In the most unfavourable case it
amounts to little over unity in the fourth decimal.
In deducing the total force in absolute measure from a determi-
nation of the horizontal force, the effect of an error in the dip of
± 2'"0 on the resulting force is much more considerable.
It is at Fort Confidence in absolute measure ± 0-063
Fort Simpson . . . . ± 0056
York Factory . . . . ± 0071
Toronto ±0-032
\
WEIOHTINO RESULTS.
41
This great disproportion results necessarily from the formuln
employed. For
If ^ = total force,
X= horizontal force,
B = the dip,
6 = the angle of deflection produced by a constant weight,
cos 6
then with Lloyd's needles <f> =
, whereas by horizontal
6m (8-6)'
force = X secant S; now (8 — 0) is usually so adjusted as
not to differ much from 90°, in which case the sines vary very
slowly, and in the widest deviation from 90° which occurs in the
whole series, namely, at York Factory, the effect of an error of
± 10' of dip on the numerical value of is only 0"035, whereas,
the secants increasing very rapidly, the same error increases the
value of X secant 8 more than ten times as much, or 0*885.
Such being the case, the general agreement of results deduced
by such dissimilar means is a proof that the errors of observation
are small.
26. The horizontal force given, is itself of unequal weight, as
the observations come under two divisions :
(a) Where the result rests on vibrations only, the value of m,
the magnetic moment of the magnet, not having been determined
by deflection at the same station {see § 19).
(b) Where it was so determined (§ 20).
In the former case the values of m have been interpolated from
the observations preceding and following, and their error, if any, is
very small.
The probable error of the mean time of one vibration has been
shown (§ 20) to be almost insignificant.
Reviewing these various conditions, I have adopted the following
scale of u-eights for the numerical results of total force : —
(1). From horizontal vibration only, for each magnet, 1*0.
(2). From the same, combined with deflections, for each
magnet, 1*6.
(3). By Lloyd's static needle when the angles were unfavourable,
20.
(4). The same if the angles were favc -.ruble, 2*5.
(6). By Fox's needle A, with which the dip is eliminated ;
r
r
i
42
WEIGIITINO RESULTS.
employing four constant weights, and when the needle was
in good condition, 6*0.
(6). By Fox's needles B and C when employed, these results not
having the same direct connection with the base station,
40.
The values have been assigned to the stations by thus weighting
the partial results, and the stations weighted among themselves by
the aggregate of the numbers, divided for convenience by 10. The
result is to give a marked preponderance to the values of the force
obtained by the use of Fox's instrument, but not greater than its
superiority as a means of measurement appears to justify.
■
27. Attempted Measurements of the Relative Total Force hy means of
the Induction Inclinometer.
' When a bar of soft iron is held in any direction not perpen-
dicular to that of the earth's magnetic force, it becomes a temporary
magnet, by the inducing action of that part of the force which acts
hi its direction. The changes of the induced magnetism may be
assumed to be proportional to the inducing force ; and as the
former may be measured by their effects, the latter become known.' '
This principle was first applied by the late Provost Lloyd in 1842,
by the invention of his induction inclinometer,* now well known,
and I was provided with the first instrument of that construction
which was sent out of England. I believe also that the results of
my use of it at Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson in 1843-4 were
the first published; on this account I shall be pardoned for quoting
at length the judgment which that amiable and gifted philosopher
passed upon those results.
Professor Humphrey Lloyd to Lieut.- Cdonel Lefmy.
April 30, 1857.
I have i-ead very carefully your account ' of the induction inclinometer
and its results ; and am much pleased with your conclusions, which are
skilfully and legitimately drawn (aic). I find one slight error in the deduc-
tion of the co-efficient by the deflection method, which (I believe) was my
' See Obsenationt made at the Magnetical and Meteorological Observatory at
Trinity College, Dublin, under direction of the Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., vol. i.
p. C4. Lon^ans, 1806.
' See I*roccediugs of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. ii. p. 210.
* Athabasca Observations, 1856, p. 41.
INDUCTION INCLINOMETER.
43
own, and arose from the neglect of a small quantity in the approximation,
which was of the ftame order of magnitude as those retained ; it occurs on
p. 44, where the quantity within the brackets should bo 3 cos ' ^ — 1 instead
of cos ' ^ + 1. But as cos is nearly equal to unity, the values of both
are nearly the same or equal to 2. There ore some misprints which I have
marked with pencil.
I am very well satisfied with your result. At the same time I suppose
the most complete verification of the instrument would be a comparison
of the vertiml force obtained from it with that deduced from the V. F.
magnetometer. I return your volume with thanks, and send along with
it a little paper of mine, which gives the more correct deduction of the
coeflScient.
{Si(jneil) H. Lloyd.
The question referred to in these remarks does not affect the
present discussion. It occurred to me on Mackenzie's River that if
the variations in the angle of deflection of the suspended magnet in
a i^rmanent instrument, under the fluctuating force of induced
magnetism in the iron bar, were a measure of horary changes of the
vertical component of the force, those angles themselves, if
recorded in different places, must, in some way, measure the rela-
tive amount of that component which, when tlie dip is 65° or
beyond it, is more than nine-tenths of the whole force, and at 82° is
ninety-nine hundredths of it. Acting on this belief, I made it a
practice in 1844, when time permitted, to ascertain the mean value
of the angle of deflection produced on a suspended magnet by the
induced magnetism locally present in a soft iron bar of 12"2 inches
in length and 0*75 inch in diameter, supported in a vertical position
at 5*03 inches distance from it.
The suspended magnet was 2'5 inches long. The deflecting bar
was firmly fixed in a brass collar at one end, and passed through a
brass socket in the frame of the instrument, in such a way tha
when standing above the frame, the lower end, or North I'olo, acted
on the suspended magnet, and when hanging by the collar, below
the frame, the upper end, or South Pole, acted on it. The centre of
the collar, and consequently that part of the temporary magnet
corresponding with it, was in the same plane on each reversal. The
effective pole of the bar was also at an equal distance from the axis
of the magnet, above it or belcw it, in both cases.
The soft iron bar possessed a small amount of permanent
magnetism, which tended to augment the angle of deflection of the
I
I
I'
44
INDUCTION INCIJNOMETKR.
ri'i
suspended magnet in one position and to diminish it in the other.
The induced magnetism is also influenced by the temperature, but
the effect being comparatively small, I have not thought it necessary
in a tentative comparison to apply any correction for it. ± 10° Tahr.
correspond to h:8''9 in the angles.
In the subjoined table
Let u = The angle of the deflection when the permanent and
the induced magnetism were of the same sign.
u' = The angle of deflection when they were of the contrary
signs.
j^ D — Half the difference between these two angles, being a
measure of the permanent magnetism in the iron bar.
= The inclination at the station.
t = The time of one vibration of the suspended magnet.
This not having been observed, I have substituted the
time of one vibration of magnet No. 30, corrected for
loss of magnetic moment between the date of observa-
tion and October 11.
Table XI.
AtUflca of Deflection by Ituluced Magnetism.
order of Dip.
The Stations arranged in
1844
station
Dcfloction
»D
1
#
p
u
tt'
i
No. 30
Nov. 4
Sault St. Marie .
28 4G-3
26 465
45
1 6-
4-2202
/
77 l.t-6
•1212
Sept. 20
Fort Francis
27 47-5
27 45-4
60
1'
4-2305
77 30-0
-1241
Aujf. 17
Edmonton llo. .
29 40-5
27 240
60
1 8-
4-3122
77 643
•HCO
t)ct. 11
Fort William .
30 552
20 10-8
73
51-
4-3471
77 60-6
-1231
Aug. 26
(Carlton .
31 36-3
30 31
70
33-
4-4676
78 31-7
-1374
Oct. 21
White River (1)
31 50-6
20 0-5
1 55-
4-4082
78 310
•1241
Oct. 23
(2)
32 472
30 6-7
66
1 21-
—
78 32-0
•1100
July 24
Dunvcfjan
32 448
30 381
7(1
1 3
4-4006
78 46-2
-1220
Sept. 19
July 11
Fort Alexander
32 10-1
31 46-7
55
16
4-4H08
79 3-0
•1211
Fort Vermilion
41 22-8
38 32-2
32
1 26-
4-0483
80 48-0
•1365
S.-pt. 7
July 1
Norway House .
43 10-3
40 530
55
1 8-
5-0121
81 11-2
-130!)
Fort Ohipewyan
46 61
43 46-4
60
1 33-
5-1845
81 36-8
-1493
Oct. 14
i»
52 21-7
41 350
6 23-
—
81 37-0
•1626
Oct. 31
»>
52 237
41 3«-6
30
6 28-
—
9t
-1600
Mar. 30
Fort Simpson .
50 67-4
47 55-8
1 31-
—
81 62-2
•1666
May 2
II '
48 20-2
45 674
37
1 11-
—
99
-1541
May 25
II
61 680
42 62-8
60
4 33-
—
ff
-1605
June 12
II
40 50-8
44 14-6
56
2 48-
5-3076
19
-15.'}6
June 20
Slave L. (Big Is.)
54 560
48 7-3
75
4 24-
—
82 8-7
•1009
Miy 28
Fort Norman .
50 286
62 6-7
4:
3 41
—
82 34-3
•1043
June 2
*» •
62 454
40 65-9
36
6 30-
6-0 17
ff
•2041
June 22
Fort Resolution
67 12-8
52 25-4
60
2 24-
6-68i>3
82 44-4
•1822
May 20
Fort Good Hope
61 21-8
55 480
44 2 47-
6-4073
82 60-0
•2023
I
INDUCTION INCLINOMETER.
45
By the theory of the induction inclinometer
tan u + tan u' =s 2 kr tan 0,
where ft = an unknown co-efficient of the vortical force Y, such that
the intensity of the induced magnetism is equal to k Y.
also r = a constant depending upon the distance : ' and hi p = k r.
It appears evident by the sequence of values of ;>, which have
been calculated in the last column of the preceding table, that
this co-efficient is not a constant, but varies with the dip. On taking
the means we have :
Tablk XII.
Dip
Between
oiiicrvBtlons
Mean
Tan
p
tan»
tan 0,
77-f8
4
7? 40'8
4-58()0
0-1 104
01104
78—71)
3
78 81
4-9298
01208
01285
79 80
1
70 30
51(i80
01211
01348
80-81
1
80 48-0
01742
01355
01010
81—82
6
81 43-9
68813
01575
01787
82—83
6
82 36-3
7-7048
01905
0-2000
The irregularity in the values of i D in Table XI, to whatever
cause attributable, are enough to obscure any regular law that may
obtain as to increase in the value of p ; but if we take, as above, the
mean dip of the first group of four stations {6 = 77° 40''8) and the
corresponding mean value of p (=0*1194) for a basis of comparison,
the last two columns show that p increases very nearly, but appa-
rently not quite, in the ratio of the tangent of the dip.
The observations require to be repeated with greater attention
to every precaution, but they appear to prove —
(1). That no degree of accuracy in the determination of j) at a
base station will enable $ to be deduced from the angles u and u' at
any other station, by the given formula
2ptan = tan u + tan u',
we require for that purpose a new value of p, which involves in fact
a knowledge of itself. Lloyd himself could only obtain results of
absolute inclination which were approximations to the truth.'
' See a note on the theory of the instrument in the Appendix.
'■• I*ro(eedinys lioyal Irish Academy, 1842, and Papert on Physical Science, 1877,
p. 225.
40
RfiSUMlO OF RESULTS,
(2). That for tho same reason wc cannot infer the relative valuea
of Y at two Htations, as mif^ht be done if ;> were constant.'
My observations appear to l)o not entirely trouble thrown away
if thoy establish these conclusions experimenlally.
m
h(
28. liesulta.
Tlio curvature of all tho magnetic linos in tho part of the world
we are contsidoring is such that the method of grouping first em-
ployed with such great success by Lloyd in discussing tho magnetic
survey of Ireland in 1835 is not applicable. As General Sabine
remarked, ' Thoy are not straight lines on any projection ; thoy are
not parallel ; nor are they equidistant.' ' Ho made tho attempt to
combine them by tho method of least squares, and his calculations,
which fill many sheets, may be referred to at Kew, but he was
ultimately obliged to revert to a graphical method of projection. I
have also endeavoured, by taking much smaller districts, to deduce
mean values for central points of a higher authority than individual
results, but with the same experience : • when the districts are taken
sufficiently small to satisfy the required conditions of straightncss,
parallelism, and equidistance, irregularities of observation arising
from station error and other causes became significant and mate-
rially affect the result.'
For the purpose of localising the focus of greatest intensity,
and of determiumg its amount, a different course was adopted. It
* Since Y •• X tan wo may substitute for tan 6 its equivalent ■.
Y
consequently 2^^; " tan u + tan u'
whence if ^ were constant wc should hare
YX, tan u + tan it
XT, =
but ^
X
tuuM, + tanu'i
(1)
(2)
t^'
h't then Y at the base station be accurately determined, and for Y write A,
Then Y
.-^(
tan u, + tan
tan u + tan i
where uU the quantities on the ri^ht-hand side may be accurately determined, p,
however, not beinp constant, there is another factor, — which cannot, as it seems,
be determined, without accurately knowing ff, and if we know 6, we do not require
the formula,
■' rhil. Trans IS-lfi, p. 257.
Iri
nfiSUMl? OF RESULTS.
47
being conceded that the isodynamic curves consisi of a scries of
ovals or ellipses surrouudiiif:; tho point of greatest intensity, the
late eminent mathematician, Mr. Archibald Smith, investigated the
problem, and furnished Oeneral Sabine with tho form of tho equa-
tions, by which tho co-ordinates of the common centre of all the
ellipses, which is also tho place of greatest intensity, could be deter-
mined from tho observations ; also its maximum value, the value
of tho semi-axes of the central ellipse, and their angle with the
parallels of latitude be computed, all of which very laborious calcu-
lations wero carried out under General Sabine's superintendence
with the following results : —
a. Tho geographical position of tho point of maximum force was
found to bo in latitude 62° 19' N., longitude 91° 69' \V.
h. The force at this point is 1*878, or in absolute measure 14*214.'
This was exceeded at three stations under local influciicea, and over
a very limited area, but it appears to be higher than exists any-
where else over a large area.
c. The value of the semi-axes of the ellipse of 1*875, or 14*191 in
absolute measure, was found to bo 223 and 85 geographical miles
respectively.
d. The angle which the major axis makes with the parallel of
latitude was found to bo 66° 55'.
The position corresponds geographically to a small lake called Cat
Fish Lake, about 200 miles beyond and to the N.W. of the height
of land above Lake Nipigou, and is apparently easily accessible.
It seems likely that if the calculation were repeated with the
slightly different numerical values I have now assigned to the force
in many places, and especially with a due regard to the westerly
extension of a comparative high force which I have shown to
prevail on the Saskatchewan and north of it (Stations CCLX to
CCLXXXVII), these elements would undergo some modification :
but they rest upon eighty-two equations of condition of the form,
Force = z = a x^ + hxy + cy^ + dx + cy +/
and as the resulting final equations run into very large figures,
there is good reason to suppose that the substantial result would
remain unaffected.
This result confirmed in a remarkable manner the conclusion
So given also by .Snbiiie, p. 251, but erroneously marked on hi.« nuip 14\S8,
48
r£sum£ of results.
to which the illustrious Gauss had been led by his ' General Theory
of Terrestrial Magnetism ' in 1888.' On transferring his closed
oval of greatest intensity to the map, it is found that the above
ellipse occupies nearly the centre of it, in longitude, but is situated
in the southern half of it.
The oval represents a force of 1750*0, and the maximum towards
the centre is 1763'7. These values expressed in British units are
18-245 and 18*849 respectively, being materially lower than the
values actually found.
The isoclinal line of 80°, which by the theory cuts the meridian
of 95° W. in latitude 52°, was found almost exactly in that place.
On the otlitr hand, the variations were cop:'derably out, the
lines of equal variation falling to the east of tkeir theoretical places
by 4° or 5° of longitude ; that even so near an approach to the truth,
however, should have been made in the then state of observation
is sufficiently surprising.
The polarity of the earth, considered as a magnet, appears to
be less definitely localised than has been supposed. Probably, from
geological causes, the forces producing a maximum of intensity are
divided towards the focus, and we have three foci at least, sepa*
rated by decidedly lower values :
A in or about lat. 62 long. I .i W,
B „ „ 66 „ 106 W.
C „ „ 63 „ 107 W.
but a much more detailed survey is required to map down the
intensity hereabouts with precision.
29. The isoclinal lines laid down on the maps annexed to this
volume are drawn as they were actually found, for the purpose of
calling attcntivon to an apparent relation between their deviation
from regular curves, and the course of the adjacent rivers — a circum-
stance, so far as I am aware^ not before observed. Ihh has been done
by taking the mean distance between the lines from Sabine's map,
and layuig down two points from each station for the two adjacent
isoclinals. These points being first connected by straight lines,
the curves have been drawn by eye to divide the irregularities,
and to conform as nearly as oan be judged to tho observations.'
' Seienftjie ^Aemoir», vol. ii. 1838.
'' See the Ilev. S. J. PerryV ' Mngnetic Survey of nelgium.' Phil. Trans., 1873.
SECULAll CIIAXOES.
49
30. Secular Changes.
Toronto is as yet the only spot in British America for which
the rate of secular change since 1843 has been ascertained.
At that station
(«). The westerly declination increased between 1843 and 1871
from 1° 24' to 2° 48' W., at a mean rate of + l'-952 per annum.
(i). The dip increased in the same period from 75° 15'-5 in
1843 to 75° 25'-0 in 1859, after which it declined, and was again
75° 16'-8 in 1871.
(<t). The total force increased from 1845 to 1849, but has since
decreased, following the change in the dip. In 1845, 13-942 ; in
1849, 13-952; in 1871, 13-776.'
In quoting the variation observations of Lieutenant Blakiston,
R.A., in 1857, and those of Captain Haig, R.A., in British Columbia
in 1860-1, they are reduced to the epoch 1844-0 by applying the
same rate of change as was adopted by General Sabine, who took
for epoch 1842-5 as best suited to the great body of observations
treated by him.'
There is an irreconcilable difference between Franklin's dips
observed in 1819-20, and those observed in 182u-(5. The former
are much too great. Thus at Fort CJhipewyan :
July 14, 18l>0 85 :.'.{•«
July 24, lt^-2o 81 -J&l
It is necessary, therefore, to disregard the oljservatioas of tlu' fh-st
voyage.' The second voyage furnishes data for comparison at nine
stations.
1825
/
1843 4
/
Penctanpuisheno .
April 18
70 1«0
November 14, 1844 .
70
201
Fort VViliiaiu
May 11
78 200
May 20, 1843 .
78
100
Savaimal' Ptut
(S.W.LMld F., 1
N.E. end L.) ( *
May 20
[»8 30-1
June fi, 1843 .
78
21-8
Fort FraiK'fs
May 27
77 18-1
J urn. 14, 1843 .
77
27-5
Fort Alexander
June
76 47- i
184.i 4 . . .
78
r>fi-i
Cumberlniid Ho
June 28
80 211
1843-4 .
80
2.-)-0
Isle k la CroHse
July 11
70 oo-O
Si'ptembi'r 0, l-'43 .
SO
0-8
Fort Chipewyau .
July 24
81 201
1843-4 .
81
•MS
Fort Simpson
Aug. 6
81 631
Mairhto May, 1844 .
81
o2 2
.]
' Those are tlie revised values of 1867, in which slight corrections were applied
to the moments of inertia of the rinjrsi ; upc ' Toront'>,' vol. iii., p. cv i.
•^ P/,U. Tram., 1872, p. 3r)r,.
■' Sfp .\pj)fiidix to Frnnklin'^ Sn-i,nd Erpcdi/ion, p. rxxw.
60
SECULAR CHANGES.
u
w
The comparison points to a small increase of dip over the whole
region, except at Fort William and the next station, where Franklin's
dips are not consistent with any regular movement of the isoclinal
lines.
Stations for comparison of variation are rather more numerous,
hut the uncertainty of this observation makes the conclusions indi-
vidually less decisive. I do not include any of those of Franklin in
which the variation was estimated from the sun's bearings at noon.
It appears that about the region of the great lakes, easterly
variations were decreasing, or the line of no variation moving west-
ward, between 1820 and 1844 ; while, on the contrary, in more
northern regions and to the westward they were increasing ; the
great loops of equal variation which connect the magnetic pole in
latitude 70° N. with the pole of the earth, being under a process of
expansion, of which the effect was to crowd nearer together the
lines of variation of less than 15° E. in central parts of the continent.
{See p. Ill, York Factory.)
Table XIII.
Comparison of Declinattons.
1819-26
Vur.
East
1843-4
Var.
East
Sault St. Mario
May 2
S 32-8 ' Nov. 4, 1844
i 1-1
Fort William
Mav 12
7 17-6] 1843^
6 47-8
Chien Portafre, N.E.
May ir
„ g.^ IJune3,1843
^^ ^**) June 4. 1843
6 40-8 o
6 511 «
Savannah liiver
May 21
9 23-9
JuueU, 1843
8 6-3 i
Fort Fiiuicis .
May 28
10 42-5
1843-4
9 350
Fort Alexander
June 5
15 16-7
1843-4
14 0-4
Lake Winnipeg nearly
o|)po.site tlie Dog's Head
York Factory
June 2
14 4G-0
July 7, 1843
21 38-3 c
Sept. 1819
« 03
July 24-6
9 0-6
Lonjif Portage, Jack R. .
Sept. 24, 1819
11 10-4
July 19
12 36-4
Norway House Gates .
Oct. 7, 1819
14 261
1843-4
15 350
Cumberland Houao
Nov. 19
17 17-5
—
—
»» *} * *
May 22, 1825
19 14-3
1843-4
19 32-4
Carlton riouse
Jan. ;il, IH-H)
20 44-8
Aug. 25, 1844
22 55-0
Isle k la Crosse . . j
Feb. 1811.'
1:2 15-8|
—
.._
)> 11 . .
June 27, 1825
23 19-3
Sept. 9, 1843
24 54-7
Fort Chipewyan . . :
March 182t<
22 49-(3'
—
—
»f It ' '
July 11, 1825
25 29-
1843-4
28 45-8
Fort Uesolution . . 1
July 30, 1825
2J> 15-81
June 22, 1844
371 2-5 K.
The Ramparts on
1
Mackenzie's RivtTfl? . |
Avig. 7, 1826 j
14 5-0
May 30, 1844
42 20-0
a Frunklin's Staticin U hvtwvvn these twn.
i Tills was 1(1 iiiilis li. <if I'miikl n's Station. <• Lnciil (liMurlwiiif.
d Aliout seven miles to tin' W. of the position of Fort Cood Ilopr in lti44, Kriuikli'iV Kort (iowl Hope
bnlitK lOU miles nfiucr the inoiitli of tUc livir. Tlic corri'spondiiit' obsiTvation ontcrcsl is an Itnjn riect
oiio liiado at tli« Fort fiooil Hope of my visit.
i! I
PRELIMINAIIY OBSERVATIONS.
51
81. Stations in Canada and the United States.
Before proceeding to the connected series of observations in tlie
North-West which form the body of the magnetic survey, it will be
convenient to reproduce, in order of date, a number of observations
made at different times in Canada and the United States ; princi-
pally in the course of a tour I made in the latter in 1842, before pro-
ceeding to Toronto, by Lieut.-Colonel Sabine's desire, to communi-
cate with the eminent American observers, Bache, Renwick, Loomis,
Nicollet, whose observations are embodied in his paper of 181G.
The most extensive contributor. Dr. Locke, of Cincinnati, I was not
so fortunate as to meet, nor Major James D. Graham, of the U.S.
Corps of Topographical Engineers, to whom we owe the determina-
tion of the dip at thirty-eight stations, taken in connection with the
North-East Boundary Commission, 1841-5.
The absolute horizontal force was determined at six of the
following stations with a German transportable niagnet(jmeter by
Meyerstein of Giittingen, on the plan of Professor Wilhelm Weber.
Fox's circle was used at twenty-four stations, and Ganibey's circle
with Lloyd's needles at fifteen stati«)ns. At ten of these a new pair
of needles called L 3 and L4 was employed. They were made in
1845 and gave remarkably good results.
The details of the absolute determinations have been fully pub-
lished (' riiil. Trans.' 1846). I subjoin the results, converted into
total force (<^,^, together with tlie value of the latter l)y the indepen-
dent measurements in Table XIV {<f>) for comparison.
1812
oUitioii
A'
S
*,
*
Sppt. 7
Quebec .
.3 040
77 15-.3
1.3-780
1.-J-844
S^pt. 10
St. Helen's
3064
77 10-0
1.-5-705
1.3-751
Sept. 25
New Yo.k
4-008
72 350
1.3-;«M
1.3- .'20
Oct. 1
(!aml)riiljre
.3«i).5
74 lei
i.-MIO
13-458
Oct. \:i
Philtidt'lpliia
417fi
71 500
l:;-.")Oi'
13-577
Nov. \2
ChicRf.") .
4-105
72 ;i0-3
1.3-771
13-820
Oct. 28
Toronto .
.3-515
75 150
|.3h;{()
1
Dw. lit
„ . . .
.3-550
75 16 7
l.{-!'70
r l.i-8i»«
March 184;J
,, ■ . •
^■541
75 14-5
13-80rt
The observer at ten stations marked )' in the following list was
Lieutenant, now Lieut-General C. Yotmghusband, C.B. Sdiiic of
the observations have not before been pul)lislied.
K 2
-.II.S Jttmmtirt^
^wfm
mrm^
m
W:
li I
\n
52
^
STATIONS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES.
.9
a
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a
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e
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H^nqH^H^h^H]
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^2^i8
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eoija
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eoQO
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toes
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S-pt. 28
Oct. 1
Oct. 3
Oct. 6
Oct. 8
Oct.' 10
Oct. 14
1842
1846
Ol
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^ \ I 01 CO I -^ «0 CO t-
X lOSO-HOlCO I ITJIO
I r" 1—1 1—1 I— I I I 1—1 1-^
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STATIONS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATKS.
03
h4^ J PM>,jj>^^jjj>H^tHp«>>H;>.^H^i4 4 J ^ ,4JJj3;S>^H
S?3 2 $
C3 ^ C3 O
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1 1 1 19 I
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f-< r^ I f^ fU
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64
STATIONS IN CANADA AND TIIE UNITED STATES.
!i
.11
o
^J^A'r'>J,^A>AAA>^AA^AAJ.AAAAAAJ^A^
1
1
1
2
1
1
-t -»" -M "M — — Q O — -< ~' 'M C-l "M Tt "M fM (N O X J5 X t>. N. 3: CS
X X X X X X X 35 X X X X X X X X X X 1-^ t^ 1^ i^ !>. t^ I-. t>i
a,
5
F.A. 78 42-5
G. 1 76 31-8
G. 2 76 2Jt-8
G. 1 76 16-5
G. 2 76 16-3
G. 1 74 46-8
G. 1 74 37-8
G. 1 73 32 7
G. 2 73 '>7-2
G. 1 74 18-6
G. 2 74 12-9
G. 1 75 4-4
G. 2 75 5-3
G. 1 70 28-8
G. 2 70 28-8
G. 1 69 18-7
G. 2 69 18-3
0. 1 69 56-2
G. 2 69 54-8
1
'Si
a
ih 3()'0
75 70
74 500
79 90
78 54-0
83 30
82 220
81 41-0
84 27-0
86 110
85 30-0
•S
■A
-5
a
44 35-0
44 55
45 2-0
43 40
42 55-0
42 60
42 580
43 450
39 60
37 10-0
38 30
1
>
1
• W •
•|' • ^ >i fcp • „ 1 w
^ ^ ^ ^\ % ^ 5 5 «
1.5 -g '-% ^a =2 .g .| 2 . . ::s => s
t^ d> y. ^ < m s*3
1
rrsr^: eij r. *. :;, t. -. ». £-:;S rrr*^ t^ r
5 t t| t :; : ; = r . r s s ^ s r t s^ r t t . i :: =
6
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.3 i? « * .:5
ANOMALOUS RESULTS AT KINOSTON.
50
82. The dips at Kingston and Belleville, on Lake Ontario (Nos.
23-32), and at Prescott, on the St. La^vrence (No. 33), are among
the most irregular recorded on the survey. By the mean direction
of the isoclinal lines the dip should be less than 76° at each of these
stations. We have, however, an unusual amount of confirmation
at Kingston, where it was three times recorded. The station was
at the then Artillery barracks, towards the centre of a large open
parade, near the flagstaff.
1842. November
11
Gambey
1 .
. 77 18-8 Lkfkov
It
»
2
. 77 101
184;J. April 18,
i»
1 .
. . 77 18-1
1845. June 10,
j»
I .
. 77 14-2 YOUNOIIUHBANK
>f
»»
•>
. 77 14-7
Metin
77 17-0
The anomalous value of the total force at this station rests in
like manner on repeated observation.
1842. November 11, Artillery Square, Lloyd A l-Or);i;{ 14782 L.
„ „ „ B 10781 loKM) L.
18 in. June 10,
V
June 11, Stewart's I'oiut
Common near Penitentiary
l>
C 10!>f>l)
15100
Y.
))
D I-iH)71
15-115
Y.
n
101G4
14471
Y.
»
D 1-00<!2
14-427
Y.
»)
C 20408
15-478
Y.
f)
D 20418
15-453
Y.
These oltstiviitions of force were omitted by Sabine, although
he inserted the dip, and the evidence of local disturbance was there-
fore incomplete.
We have not to look far for a geological cause of the anomaly
at Kingston. This region of Canada is highly metalliferous. There
arc numerous superticial deposits of iron ore in the counti»^s of
Hastings, Addington, and Frontinac, and it is now vvorktd in sevcriil
places.' They are, it is true, none of them very near Kingston,
but this gives additional value to the proof thus afforded that the
dipping needle may become a valuable instrument of geologioiii
research. At lirockville, about twelve miles west of Prescott, and
at Cornwall, about forty-six miles east of that place, the anomaly
disappears.'
' See Mr. Vennor's Jieporls in the ficoloykat Survcij of Canada, 18i)0, p. 14.'{,
and ih. 1^70, p. ;{(»;».
■' All!ioii|:U not couuecled with tlip mu^iietic ftiir\py of ('anada, I lukf this
*»4
mBmstcsBgsmmsm
66
llASE STATIONS.
Tlio intensity at Cincinnati, which was the bnso of Dr. Locke's
survey, is a little less than Sabine made it in ISKJ from throe in-
dependent comparisons, one of them direct (but by means of the
horizontal force only), the other two indirect. He deduced 1*795
(' Phil. Trans.,' 1846, p. 814). I found it 1-7900 in 1849. The differ-
ence is less than 0*003 of the quantity. In these observations I had
the assistance of Captain, now General W. J. Smythe, E.A.
33. — TonoNTO. Station A.
I
H;l
It has been repeatedly mentioned that the intensity of the
earth's magnetic force at Toronto in 1843-4 on the relative scale
was,
1*8800.
As this is a physical datum of importance, affecting every value
given in the present volume, it may be convenient to trace here the
steps by which it was arrived at, and to remind the beginner in
magnetism of what the figure signifies. Captain E. Sabine's im-
portant ' Report on the Magnetic Intensity of the Earth,' in the
Seventh Report of the British Association (1888), is the source of
the explanation.
Between the years 1798 and 1806 the illustrious Alexander von
Humboldt, by means of needles transported fi'om South America
to Europe, determined the intensity at the Paris Observatory to be
V'
r
opportunity of placing on record some unpiiblislied determinations of tlie dip nt
Mount Lannfton, ^(^rniudii, mado by me in Ih72, lat. 32° 18', long. 04° 48' W.
The iiK-truniont was one lent by the Committee of Kow Olservalory,
Mean
ICTJ
Nerille
O i
O /
O i
Xoveuiber .') I
S'o. 1 .
. 07 27-2
07 118
07 inr,
n
5
o
7» - • •
. 07 14-8
07 170
67 ir,-»
»>
«
„1. .
. 07 ii7-8
07 ino
67 2iV4
)(
(J
„ 2. .
. ((7 102
07 207
07 18-4
If
11
Mean
„ 1. .
. 07 28-0
or i8-;j
07 2.J-4
67 20- 1
An identical result, C7° 20', was obtained by Lieut. Biomley, U.N. of II. M.S.
* Challenger,' upon tiie same pedestal, in June following ; but this oHicer discovered
an uncxpefted amount of lociil variatiijo in Bermuda, due doubtles-s to the presence
of a deeply underlying volcanic formation, and to the large proportion of o.xide of
iron iu the red iyi>}\ in some places.
m\'>
i
A
015IGIN OF THE RKLATIVE SCALE.
57
to that of the magnetic equator, or line of no dip, in Peru, as 1*34H2
to unity. He erroneously supposed at the time that there was no
lower intensity than what he took for unity ; it is scarcely necessary
to say that a force as low as 0*80 has since been found to prevail
over a considerable tract of the South Atlantic, as it does not in
any way afiect the comparison. In 1827 the late Sir Edward,
then Captain Sabine, R.A., determined the value at the Chiswick
Horticultural Garden, near London, to be to that at Paris as 1-0180
to unity,' or to that in Peru as 1*3724 to unity.
It has been assumed that the intensity at Woolwich, thirteen
miles cast of Chiswick, is sensibly the same ; and no correction has
been applied for the secular change, if any, between 1827 and 1843-C.
It may be inferred from the mean dii'ection of the isodynamic lines
that the force at Woolwich is a minute quantity less than it is at
Chiswick, and subsequent observation has made it probable that the
force in 1843-6 was a little greater than it was in 1827 ;" but as the
same secular change would doubtless embrace Paris, the relation
between the two places would not sensibly alter.
1-3720 then has been adopted as the force at Woolwich. Now
the force at Toronto was ascertained by the writer's observations in
1842-6, which are very fully given in the ' Phil. Trans.,' 1846, to
bo to that at Woolwich as 1-3380 to unity, and therefore to the
magnetic equator as 1-8357 to unity; or, as employed by Sabine,
1-8360.
But the force was also determined at Toronto in absolute
measure, being in British F.S.G. units 13-896 {ih). Hence, to
convert relative into absolute terms we have only to multiply by
' ' . , and these again may be converted to German M.S. Gr.
l-8ou
units by multiplying by 0-46108.
The dip has been regularly observed at Toronto, with a circle by
Robinson, several times a month from 1841 to tlie present time ;
but besides this continuous series, observations were occasionally
nuide with the dip cii'cle of the survey. I subjoin the results, with
the mean of the Observatory series (li.) for the same month.
' rhil. Trans., 1827, and Brit. Absoc, Vllth Report.
' lb. 1870. Tlie secular change in 17 years, at tlie rate of increase which pro-
vailed from 18o7to 1862, would have been + -0021, or about -OOOUJ </). It lias
decrtas'-d .since 1862.
58
SECULAR CHANGES AT TOIIOX'IX).
Oaiiiliey
Rnliiimnn
o /
/
1H4.'}.
January 0, O. 1 .
. 76 14-8
1
U
75 145
II
1846.
May 30, Q. 1 .
. 76 13'8
1
75 irv3
Y
0.2 .
. 75 11-7
1
»»
1840.
April 6-13, 0.1 .
. 75 ir,-6
75 14-3
L
0.2 .
. 75 15
6
i>
L
The close accordance of these results leaves nothing to be
desired. The mean for the mean epoch of this survi-y 184-1'0 is
76° 14'-7.
The declination or variation at Toronto for 1844*0 was by
reduction 1° 26'*5 W. The independent series of monthly determi-
nations began January 1, 1845, but by the declinometer readings
we have for 1843 mean 1° 24'-7 W.
1844 .. l''26'-2\V.
<
I
{
D I A K Y.
SECTION I.
MONTREAL TO THE SAULT ST. MARIK.
Abtmt 630 gi'ographical mile*.
I. Srpteiuhcr 19, 1842. — On the Island of St. Helen, Montreal,
near tho then ArtUlery harracks. Lat. 45* 81'-1 ; long. 73° 81' 42" W.'
{see Tahle, p. 52).
Variation, 8.18 A.M. By Compass, card A. 8 48'1 W.
„ 8.44 „ „ „ B. 70
Mean 8 67'6*
April 25-29, 1848. —At the same place.
Dip, Oanibey 1.4 p.m 77 2-1
» 2 77 8-6
Mean 77 6-3
Total Poroc Rolntivc Abnolutc 11'.
Sept. 16, Fox A . . 18128 13720 («0)
April 25, „ A . . 1-8231 13-71)0 (00)
„ 28, Lloyd A . . 18215 13780 (2-5)
„ 20, „ B . . rSlOg 13-701 (2-6)
Mean . . . Ism 13-756 (1-7)
These values have been explained at p. 56. They signify that,
assuming the force at Toronto to be 1'836, the force at St. Helen's
by Fox A was 1*818, and assuming the force at Fort William to be
1"860 {see Station LXIX>, the force at St. Helen's was by Lloyd's
static needle A 1-8215, and by needle B 1-8102. The mean of the
whole is 1-817, equivalent to 13-755 in absolute measure. The
column W. signifies weight (see p. 41). These remarks explain all
future entries.
' Deduced from the longitude of Viger Square, ascertained by Captain E. D.
Ashe, R.N., in 1857, to be 73° 32' 55", or 4" 57™ 12- W. See Geological Survey
of Canada, 1867, p. 230.
■ This was a marine compHss used on board the ' Prince Regent ' Transport in
my voyage to Quebec. See Phil. Tram., 1840, p. 101. It was exchanged in April
for another instrument.
■<%. ■*'" oO-^
<>o^«AiS^
sv
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
1.25
fee
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140
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1.4 III 1.6
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
4=
i
■HHK
^BB^^SSS^BSi
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' •:;.■•
60
ON THE OTTAWA.
II. April 30. — At the Me d'Urval or Dorval, nearly opposite
La Chine. Lat. 45° 25' ; long. 73° 44' W.
Dip P.M., Qamlwy No. 1
Correction for n
Dn-reversal
. 77 6-1'
. - 3-0
Corrected
. 77 3-1
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd A . . .
„ B . . .
Belative
1-8058
1-8044
1-7040
Absolute n\
13-667 (00)
13-658 (2-5)
13-578 (2-5)
Mean .
1-8028
13-645 (11)
There is local disturbance at this station.
May 1. — The canoes started from Isle d'Urval this day, under
Mr. John Maclean, a chief trader of the Hudson's Bay Company,
and no opportunity of observation was presented.
III. May 2. — Proceeded up the Ottawa, and observed about three
miles below the rivulet called the E. la Graise, on the farm of one
La Combe, W. bank. Lat. 45° 83' ; long, from the map 74° 9' W.
Variation at 6.30 A.u. .
Dip, Gambey No. 1 (not reversed)
8 26-0 W.
76 50-6
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd A
Relative
1-8334
1-8249
1-8302
Absolute
13-876
13-812
13-855
ir.
(6-0)
(2-6)
(0-86)
IV. Observed again at the camp on an island in the Ottawa,
about six miles above R. la Graise. Lat. by Polaris 45' 87' 86".
V. May 3. — At Carillon, at the east end, or entrance of the
jrenville canal, left bank. Lat. from the map 45° 36' ; long. 74° 30'.
Variation, 6.4.5 \.m 8° 41' W.
VI. Same day at noon, near C/tai/jaj?j, observed. Lat. 45° 35' 12".
VII. Same day at Pointe du Cliene, left bank, about four miles
Deyond the upper end of the Grenville canal {Longneisle was about
three miles distant S.E. fc E.). Lat. 45° 37' ; long. 74° 50'.
Variation, 6.40 p.m.
Dip, not reversed
7 28 AV.
76 55-4
' ;
' Formerly published 77° 2l'-l, and omitted from Lieut.-Colonel Sabine's
map aa a station of local disturbance, which indeed it is, but there was a clerical
error in the dip given.
lite
der
ny,
iree
one
wa,
the
(0'.
ON THE OTTAWA.
Total Force RelaUve Absolute W.
FoxA . . . . 1-7074 13-604 (00)
Lloyd A. . . . 1-8057 13667 (2-5)
1-7984 13-622 (0-85)
These values indicate local disturbance.
VIII. May 4. — On Lot 82, Alfred Toionship, right bank.
Lat. 45°37'; long. 76° 0'.
01
Variation, 8.0 a.m.
6° 58' W.
IX. Same day, at Foze's Point, right bank. Lat. about 45° 32' ;
long. 75° 22'.
Dip, not reversed 76° 36'-3
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd B .
Relative
1-8309
1-8254
1-8335
Absolute
13-903
13-816
13-877
w.
(60)
(2-5)
(0-85)
X. May 5. — On the farm of W. Templeton, left bank, about six
miles below By town (now Ottawa), probably the place now called
Templeton. Lat. 45° 29' ; long. 75° 36'. Ottawa is one of the places
the longitude of which has been ascertained by telegraph 75° 42' 4",
the place of observation being on Barrack Hill, 120 yards E. of the
flagstaff (Captain Ashe).
Variation, 7.30 A.M 8° 28' W.
XI. Same day at Aylmer, left bank, twelve miles above Bytown ;
the spot was about 60 yards S.E. of the only inn in the place. Lat.
by Polaris 45° 15'; long. 75° 58'.
Dip (poles reversed, as is the case in all the observations that
follow) 76" 41'
Total Force
Lloyd A
Reliitive
1-8280
Absolute
13-836
w.
(0-25)
Sir George Simpson, the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, here
overtook and passed the Brigade on his way to the interior. By his autho-
rity Mr. Maclean adoptetl a new arrangement. He placed at my dispo.sal
the services of two young voyageurs, named Edouard Genereux and Pierre
Roiibillon, to carry the instruments over Portages, pitch my tent, and be
otherwise useful, and the canoe in which I had my passage was detached,
with a view to give me time to complete observations. It was an im-
provement on the previous arrangement, but still very insufficient. It
proved in fact impossible to reconcile the necessities of observation with
the rapidity of advance indispensable to the Brigade. We were a con-
stant soui-ce of anxiety, as any accident to us would have involved much
mm
1
:t
E ''l
■"f
62
ON THE OTTAWA.
inconvenience and dalay to the whole expedition. This arrangem3ut lasted
no further than Fort William.
XII. May 6. — At the Chat Falls or [Portage des Chats. Lat.
adopted 45° 26' ; long. 76° 82'.
Dip, Gambey 1, midday .
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd B
Relative
1-8481
1-8337
1-8418
Absolute
13-988
13-879
13-916
75° 7'-0
w.
(60)
(2-5)
(0-85)
XIII. May 7.— At the Portage du Fort. Lat. adopted 45° 86' ;
long. 76° 58'.
Variation, 8 A.K. . . . . 10° 11' W.'
This ohservation, taken in connection with the abnormal dip
and force at the preceding station, which was about seventeen miles
distant, indicates a considerable degree of magnetic disturbance in
this part of the Ottawa.
XrV. Same day at noon at the Decharge d'Argile. Lat. observed
45° 39' 86".
XV. Same day at the south end of the Portage de Grande Calumet,
opposite Callumette Island. Lat. 45° 45' ; long. 76° 40'.
Dip, Gambey 1, p.m 76° 44'-4
Total Force Relative Absolute W.
FoxA . . . 1-8270 13 832 (0-6)
XVI. May 8. — Arrived at Fort Coulonge. By observation at
noon. Lat. 45° 54' 54" ; long. 76° 45'.
Dip Gambey 1 .
Fox A gave
Total Force
Fox A .
„ . .
Lloyd A .
77 20-7 «
77 16-7
Relative
1-8392
1-8384
1-8424
1-8380
Absolute
13-020
13-914
13051
13-911
w.
(6-0)
(4-0)
(2-5)
(1-25)
Fox's needle C, here first available, is reduced to Fort William
as a base, with value 1'8601 {sec Station LXIX).
• Formerly published 5° 1 1' W. ( Phil. Tram., 1 872, p 382). The original sights
being lost, 1 cannot verify the calculation, but I give the value as it stands in my
MS., and which I believe to be correct as observed.
' This dip may be slightly in excess ; the instrument was noticed at the end to
be a little out of the meridian.
ON THE OTTAWA.
G3
XVII. May 9. — At Pointe Bapteme, about ten miles above Fort
Allumette, or Fort William on some modern maps. It is apparently
in the township of Esher. Lat. from a map 46° 5' ; long. 77° 26'.
Dip, Gambey 1, 3 p.m 77° 19'1«
Total Force
Fox A
Relative
1-8200
AbMlnta
13-775
(0-6)
XVIII. May 10. — Upper end of the Portage dea Deux Juachims.
By observation at noon. Lat. 46° 12' 4" ; long. 77° 40'.
Dip Gambey 1, 11 a.u.
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
Relative
1-8266
1-8290
1-8272
Absolute
13-824
13-843
77° 3'-8
w.
(6-0)
(2-6)
13-830 (0-85)
XIX. Same day. — At the Portage du Roche Capitaine. By
Polaris. Lat. 46° 16' ; approximate long. 77° 45'.
From this date onwards my original sights have been preserved,
and, with a few exceptions, where they have become illegible, have
been gone over and re-worked.
May 11. — Before leaving the last camp observed :
Variation, 6.10 a.m.
„ 6.16 „ .
Mean
6 25-8 W.
4 51-9
5 8-8
XX. Same day. — On halting for breakfast in the township of
Aberdeen. Lat. by account, 46° 14' ; long. 77° 50'.
Variation at 8.16 A.M 5° 33' W.
XXI. Same day. — About three miles above the Portage dea Deux
Rivieres, in the township of Aberford. Observed Lat. 46° 15' 26".
XXII. Same day. — At the Trou Portage, left bank, in the town-
ship of Labouchere. Lat. 46° 15' ; long. 78° 16'.
Dip, Gambey 1 p.m 77° 24'-4.
Total Force
Relative
AbMliite
w.
Fox A ,
. 1-8422
13-943
(00)
Lloyd A
1-8348
13-886
(2-5)
1-8400
13'914
(0-85)
' Previously published 75" 16' by a clerical error, and omitted by Sabine from
hi« map.
64
A1<TKR LEAVING THE OTTAWA.
u
i
>'i'
f; -^
XXIII. Mtui 12. — At the Hudson's Bay Company's house, at
the junction of the Mattawa or ' Little Hirer ' with the Ottawa.
Lat. 46° 18' ; long. 78° 42' 29". (Dominion Survey Department.)
Variation, 7.20 a.m ti° 'M'-2 W.
XXIV. Same day. — At the first j>orta(fe on the Little River,
about three miles from the last station. By observation at noon.
Lat. 46° 15' 26" ; long. 78° 44'.
Dip,Gambeyl 77° 28'-5.
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
Relative
1-8474
1835C
1-8439
Absolute
13-984
13-893
w.
(G-0)
(2-5)
lS-956 (0-86)
XXV. May 13. — Observed at noon on Lake Temisiqtic.
Lat. 46° 19' 4".
The name of this station does not occur on the map which accompanies the
Report of the Geological Survey for 1856. We have instead, Lake de Talon,
sometimes called Lake Walrond ; and a little to the westward of it. Lower Trout
Lake. They are in the same latitude ; and the last-named is what I called Lake
Temisique,
XXVI. Same day. — On the south side of Trout Lake, formerly
called Lake de Grande Vase, from the name of the portage at the foot
of it. Lat. 46° 18'-5 ; long. 79° 13'.
Dip, Gambey 1 r.M 77° 21'-7.
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
ndative
1-8425
1-8445
1-8431
Absolute
13-945
13-960
1. •5-949
w.
(0-0)
(2-5)
(0-85)
XXVII. Same day. — Encamped at the Portage de Grande Vase,
towards the middle of it. Lat. by observation of Polaris,
46° 19' 32" ; long. 79° 20'.
Variation, 6.7 r.M 3° 15' W.
XXVIII. May 14. — At the west end of the same portage, being
the one leading to the small stream by which we reach Lake
Nipessing in about three miles. Lat. 46° 18' ; long. 79° 22'.
Variation, 7.47 a.m .4° 63'-4 W.
We entered Lake Nipessing, the height of which above the sea is
665 feet, at 9*10 a.m.
LAKE NIPESSING.
65
.
. . 77°
0'-5.
Relative
Absolute
w.
i-8ai3
13-861
(0-25)
XXIX. Same day. — Observed at noon on the south side of the
lake, at a spot marked by a cross, erected to commemorate some
fatal accident. Lat. 46° 11' 54".
XXX. Same day. — A few miles further westward. Lat. 46° 11' ;
long. 79° 48'.
Dip, Qambey No, 1 P.M.
Total Force
Lloyd A .
XXXI. May 15. — On French River, about twenty-five miles
from the lake. Lat. 46° 5' ; long. 80° 20'.
Vftriation, 8.0 A.M. ... 5= 32'-l.'
XXXII. Same day. — On French River, about ten miles above
the Ricollet's Fall. Lat. 46° 2' 9".
XXXIII. Same day. At the Ricollefs Fall. Lat. 45° 57';
long. 80° 30'.2
Dip, Gambey 1, 2 p.m.
Total Force
Fox A . . .
Lloyd A .
70° 46'-4.
UclntiTc
1-8710
l-f"0o3
AbBolate
UlOo
14118
w.
(00)
(2-5)
l-bfii)7
14-130
(0-8r3)
This result indicates a considerable amount of local disturbance.
The formation is noted as a syenitic gneiss.
XXXIV. This is the place to introduce, out of the order of time,
observations at Penetatiguishenr, on Lake Huron, the last of my
stations, being the place at which I landed on my return to Canada,
November 15, 1844. Lat. 44° 49' ; long. 80° 1'.
Variation 7iot observed.
Dip (See Table XIV., p. 53, for an obser-
vation in Jan. 1843, 76° 4'-2^)
Gambey No. 1 76 10-2
" No. 2 76 21-0
70 20-1
See also Table XIV.
' Tbis result beinp apparently about 2° too much, I have reduced tlie si^^hts sepa-
rately ; they are consistent, within usual limits. There is evident local disturbance.
' Longitudes between Lakes Nipessing and Huron have been corrected by a
map annexed to the Geological Survey of 1845-6.
' The observation on Jan. 20, 1843, was taken ' near Mrs. Wallace's Inn,' n
quarter of a mile south of tlie barracks. The observation of November 11,1 844, was
taken in front of the * Freemasons' Arms Inn.' AXTiether these were the same, I
cannot now say. The difference seems to indicate a different locality, a mean of
76° 12' would best agree with the isoclinal.
,
f^
i;
'J.
66
ON LAKE HURON.
Absolute horizontal force by vibration only : —
Corrected T
m
jr
♦
W.
Mapiet
No
30 40551
03951
3-3218
14061
(1-0)
n
»>
31 4-3324
0-3505
8-3218
14-061
(1-0)
»
It
17 45047
0-0307
3-3235
14-110
(10)
3-3224 14-077 (0-3)
In relative terms 1-8600.
The same bars being vibrated again at Toronto, Station A,
shortly afterwards, serve to connect that station with all the others.'
Corrected T m JT ^ W,
a
January 29, 1845. No. 30 30463 03928 35281 13-896 (1-5)
Februarys, „ „ 31 4-2041 0-3495 3-5399 13-911 (1-5)
March 8, „ „ 17 4-3856 0-0363 3-5358 13-894 (1-5)
3-5346 13000 (045)
The mean value of the horizontal force for 1845 by twelve
months' observation with the Observatory instruments was 8-5380
(Sabine, p. 244). That of the total force taken throughout as
standard is 1 8*896, differing from the above by less than 0-0001, of
the amount, the dip employed being 75** 15'-5,
XXXV. May 16, 1848. — We were detained for some hours by
wind on one of the small islands in Lake Huron, lying off the
mouth of French Eiver, a little to the N. A cross was erected to
mark the spot, and hence it is called Pointe ati Croix ; but this
mark has doubtless disappeared. The island can probably be
identified on the spot by its proximity to the main channel of the
river.
By observation at noon, lat. 45° 55' 31", long., from the most
recent chart, 81° 2' W. ; Lake Huron is 580 feet above the sea.
Dip, Gam'bey
No.l,
•
. ■
76'
31'-.'!
Total Force
Relative
Absolute
w.
Fox A
,
1-8394 «
13-928
(5 0)
„ C .
,
1-8323
13-868
(4-()
Lloyd A .
•
1-8477
13-985
(2-5)
1-8369
13-903
(M5)
' Toronto, lat. 43° 39'-4 ; long. C 17'" 33" ; above the sea, 342 ft. See p. 56.
* The angle of deflection with 25 groins gives the anomalou.s value 1-888, and
I reject it.
i
ON LAKE HURON.
67
XXXVI. May 17. — Left the last station at 3 a.m., observed on
the east shore of the lake at a pohit about eighteeen miles from
French River, which agrees in position with George's Island.
Lat. by accoimt, 45° 57' ; long. 81° 32' W.
Variation 7.30 a.m. . . . T 25'-0 W.
XXXVII. Same clay. — Observed at noon, in Frazer Bay, lat.
45° 57' 24".
XXXVIII. Same day, about 2 p.m., also within Frazer Bay, lat.
46° 0' ; long. 81° 40'.
Dip, by Gambey No. 1.
Tiital Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
Relative
1-8376
1-8371
1-8373
Absolute
13-007
13-005
13-006
77° 5'-0
ir.
(6-0)
(2-5)
(0-85)
XXXIX. Observed at the camp, in longitude cir 81° 47'.
Lat. by Polaris, 46° 4' 57".
XL. May 18. — Reached the Hudson's Bay establishment, called
Fort la Cloche, at an early hour. It takes its name from the
Island of La Cloche, which is some ten miles distant to the S.E.,
and the latter preserves the memory of some early missionary
establishment of the Jesuits. The latitude was observed on my
return voyage, on November 7, 1844. By Polaris 46° 7' 0" ;
long. 82° 3'.
Variation, May 18, 1843, at 8.33 a.m.
Dip by Gambey November 8, 1844
Force not observed.
2° 10' W.
70° 50'-2
XLI. Observed the latitude a little beyond the Fort to the \V.
(May 18), 46° 8' 37".
XLII. Observed again on Snake Island. Lat. by account 46°
10' ; long. 82° 40'.
Dip by Gambey No. 1 77° 5'-5.
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd A .
Relative
1-8201
1-8320
Absolute
13-844
13-865
w.
(6-0)
(2-5)
1-8300
r 2
13-860
(0-8^
68
ON LAKE ironoN.
J .
i y
! i
I
The stations of my return voyage in 18 14 here begin to come
in between stations of the outward voyage of 1848, and will be
numbered in geographical order, as one series ; but to make a
distinction, the dates in 1844 follow the entries.
XLTII. Mail 10. — Observed near the mouth of the River Missis-
saqid. Lat. by account 40° 10' ; long. 83° 2'.
Variation, 7.45 a.m 2° 12'-7 E.
XLIV. At Cranberrif Bay. Lat. by Polaris 46° 10' 41";
long. 82° 53'. Observed the azimuth of the star a Aquilse, which
was favourably situated in the west, referring the angle by a
theodolite to the axis of collimator magnet No. 6.
Star from true meridian
„ „ magnetic meridian
Whence variation at 7.20 p.m.
124 7 12 W.
123 41 50 VV.
26 22 W.
November 6, 1844.
XLV. Maij 19.— Observed at noon. Lat. 46° 15'.
XLVL Observed again at Tessalon Point, a long promontory at
the mouth of the small river of that name. Lat. 46° 17' ; long.
83° 33'.
o /
Variation by compass, 3.26 p.ii . . . 11'4 W.
Dip by Gambey No. 1 76 503
Fox A 77 48
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd B
Relative
1-8581
1-8390
1-8525
Absolute
14-063
13-919
14-020
IK.
(6-0)
(2-5)
(0-85)
XLVn. At a spot in St. Mary's River called Bear Camp (Campe-
ment d'Ours), reckoned about eight leagues or twenty-four miles below
the Sault and sixteen miles from Tessalon Point. It is on the
mainland, facing St. Joseph's Island, E. end. Lat. by Polaris
46° 20' 15" ; long. 83° 60'. By an observation of CapcUa, E.
Star from true meridian .
„ „ magnetic meridian .
Whence variation at 7.59 p.m.
54 7 33 E.
54 5
2 30 E.
Nowmfter 5, 1844.
ON ST. MAUY'S IMVER.
69
XL VIII. Mttji 20.— At a Hpot on HiKjtir hhtml, in St. Miiry's
Kiver, about livo miles below the Sault. Lat. by chart, W 'i'J'T ;
long, corrected, 81° 17'.
Sun from trim meridian .
4, „ miiprnutie meridinii .
Variation ot 7.40 a.m.
05 :{.1
04 L'0-4
1 ;{ E.
XLIX. \Vc arrived soon after at the Snnlt de St. Marie, ' St.
Mary's ' of modern maps, but made no stay upon this occasion.
It was the practice of the outward-bound brigades to proceed on
without delay to the next station, to avoid the temptation to
desertion, and the facilities for obtaining spirits, afforded by the
American frontier settlement on the opposite side of the river. I
had abundant evidence of the necessity for this precaution on my
return, in the death of Narcisse Arel, one of my crew, from apojjlexy,
the result of intoxication. The following observations were, how-
ever, then made : latitude 40° 80' 44", being 12" less than the
latitude of the Michigan State Survey, which is 40° 80' 50". For
the longitude I adopt that of the Michigan Survey of 1807, namcily,
84° 21' 83", or 5'' 87'" 40"-2 W., although it is about 12' to the
East of the position on Bayfield's original cliiirt, Slieet 111. It
agrees, however, very nearly with Franklin, who gives 84° 28' 7','
and has been adopted in the revised chart of Lake Superior.
Variation by collimator No. 0, November 4, 1844 : —
At 0.56 A.M.
10.5 A.M.
11.6 A.M.
Mean
1
1
1 11
141 K.
51 1 E.
Hw> K.
i:.
The theodolite was carefully examined and readjusted between the
second and third observation.
Lieutenant Lee, of the United States Topographical Engineers,
obtained variation 0° 4' 2r>" W. in July 1878," his station being
' 1 am indebted to the courtesy of Flis Excellency tlii^ Governor of the State of
Michigan for a Iteport from Professor O. U. Wheeler, of the jjiike ISuperior .Survey,
on the latest determination of longitude as laid down on the United States ( 'hart
of Lake Superior, No. 1, 1872, and reduced to my station on the Hritish side.
'I'hese American corrections, as remarked above, have been adopted on the new
Chart of T^ake Superior, issued by the Admiralty in 1878, No. .120, of which I have
only become aware since these pages were written.
' See Appendix D of Appendix <"C of the Report of the Chief Engineer,
Michieran. 1874.
i..
! I
I '
,n
V
70
ON ST. MARY'S RIVEIJ.
273 fj!et N.W. of tho fliigrttaff of Fort Bnuly, whence it would
appear that the line of No Variation raovi'd W., increasing westerly
and dijcreasing easterly variations in this quarter, hetween 1844
and 1872, at the a^iparent rate (disregarding horary corrections) of
2'- i per annum ; and on turning to tho Toronto observations for
the interval,' wo find that the change was continuous and unin-
terrupted, but with acceleration from 1869.
The dip was observed by my assistant, Corporal Henry, on
November 4, 1844, but from some cause unexi^lained, probably tho
instrument not being in the meridian, the results are unquestion-
ably wrong, and must be rejected. He made it
By Gam boy No. 1
ft » 2
o
77
77
4(J-2
450
Dr. John Rae observed it in May 1845, and records the true
value, 77° 19'-5.
Horizontal force in absolute measure, November 4, 1844 : ^
Corri'Otiul T
m
X
Total
If.
No. ao
4L>5ii7
08))40
.^•028n
1 3-804
(ir*)
„ 81
—
0-3517
3031 1=»
18-814'
(0-8)
„ 17
471Ufl
0-mm
30387
13-849
(1-5)
3-0330 13-824 (0-38)
L. May 20 {continued).— 'Yhe canoes leaving the Sault pushed
on to the customary camp at Pointe anx Phu, about seven miles
W.S.W. from the Fort. Latitude by observation of Polaris
46° 29' 52" ; longitude by the recent chart, 84° 29'.
l>ip, Gambey No. 1
The angles by Fox gave .
Total Force RcUtive
Fox A . . 1-8655
LlovdA . . 1-8516
„ B . . 1-8571
1-8603
. 77
13-4
. 77 12-1
Absoluto
w.
14-119
(6-0)
14-014
(2-5)
14-056
(2-5)
14080
(M)
' See abstracts and results of magnetical and meteorological observations at
the Magnetical Observatory, Toronto, Canada, from 1841 to 1871. [By Professor
G. T. Kingston], Toronto, 1876.
' Sabine includes an observation by Dr. Locke taken on the American side,
lie makes the mean dip 77° 24'-9, and the force 13-98. It is wrongly inserted on
the map as 77° 5'-3.
* From two values of ^ by dedection, the unhappy event above referred to
having interrupted the observation. Tho result is given half weight.
71
SECTION n.
SAULT STE. MAUIE TO LAKE WINNIPEG.
About 025 fjeographical miles.
LI. May 21. — Entered Lake Superior and observed at Pointc
au Crepe, in n. bay south of the headland called Mamainse, where
we were detained by wind. Latitude by chart 46° 58' ; long.
84" 44'. (By Bayfield, 84° 64'.)
Variation, 6.8 F.u. .
Dip 2 P.M., by Gambey
8 28 E.
77 11-6
The results by Fox's nc die A being very anomalous, although
consistent among themselves. I give them for each weight, as
observed, and reduced to temperature 46°-0.
Total Force
2'6 grains ,
3-0 „ .
3-5 „ .
40 „ .
By Lloyd A
19115
1-0287
1'8006
1-9128
Ilelntirc
1-9134
1 •844.3
Absolute
14-482 R^ected
13059
I cannot explain the discrepancy and omit this station. We
encamped at the mouth of Montreal River.
LII. At Cape Gargantua, where I was detained in 1844 by
wind. Latitude by observation at noon 47° 86' 53" ; long. 85° 5'.
(By Bayfield 85° 15'.)
Variation by collimation 2.16 p.m.
380 E.
The variation was about 30 scale divisions, or 1** 3' more
easterly next morning. The hour is not noted.
o /
Dip by Gambey No. 1 77 561
1 1
y.-i
*/'
(
M 1
I' I
72
ON LAKE SUrERIOR.
Horizontal force in absolute measure:—
Bar 30
„ 31
„ 17
Corrected T
4-1408
4-4150
40015
0-3050
0-3507
0-0404
.V
31810
3-1000
3-1024
3-1000
15-223
15-200
15-273
IT.
(1-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
15-205
(0-3)
This is the greatest force anywhere observed.
Those observations concur in showing a very large amount of
local disturbance, as was experienced at many of the stations on
this lake, and is referrible to the volcanic nature and very dis-
turbed condition of the formations on the east and north sides of
the basin of Lake Suju'rior, Hereabouts an amygdaloid prevails.'
Matt 22.— No observation possible. We arrived at a late hour
at Miehipicoton.
LHI. Mdif 23. — At the Hudson's Bay Post, Michipicoton, to
which I also returned on October 29, 1844. By ' Polaris,' October
29, hit. 47° 5(V 2" ; long. 84° 54'. (By Bayfield 85° 4'.)
Variation by collimator October 30, at 9-55
A.M
20-3'
Dip by
Gainbev No. 1 , May 23, 7 a.m.
78 6-3
*»
Fox A ....
,
78 4-4
It
Gauibey No. 1, October 30, 1844
78 8-1
>»
„ No. 2 „ „
Mea)i ....
•
78 8-5
78 7-2
Totnl Force Relivtivo
Absolute
»r.
Fox A
,1843 . . 1-8512
14-011
(6-0)
Lloyd
B. . . . 1-8615
14-089
(2-5)
1-8645
14034
(0-85)
Horizontal force 1844 : —
Correcteil T m X
*
II'.
No. 30
4-3508 0-3957 2-8603
13-057 (1-0)
„ 31
4-6507 0-3507 2-8810
14-014 (10)
„ 17
4-8606 0-6404 2-8000
13-017 (1-0)
2-8701
13-002 (0-3)
Allowing proportionate weight to the two results the mean is
1-8522 or 14-015.
' See Gioloijy of Canada, 1863, p. 702.
- This observation was previously published as 3*^ 49' E., 1)ut on re-examination
proves to bave been reduced without applying the equation of time, which is
10'" 1 1 \ hence a larpe error.
i
ON LAKE SUrERIOR.
73
LIV. ^f<^!/ 23 (continued).— We left the Fort a little before noon.
The sun had passed the meridian 25"" before an opportunity offered
for landing. Latitude reduced to the meridian 47° 54' 54".
LV. Landed again about one mile east of the Chienne River.
Lat. 47° 58' ; long. 85° 16'.
Vftriation, 4.35 p.m.
G.3;J „
2 10 5 E. o ,
2 '2(iO 2 21 -0 E.
We encamped about five miles further on.
LYL M<ni 24.— Observed at Le Petit Mart, a headland opposite
Michipicoton Island. Lat. by chart 47° 56' ; long. 85° 40'.
VaiitUion, 7.40 a.m.
3 5i)7 E.
LVIL The same day observed latitude at noon from the Lake
Horizon 48° 4' 27".
LVIIL Landed again on the east side of Otter Island towards
the S. end. Lat. by chart 48° 7' ; long. 86° 7'.
Dip by (tiiiubey No.
1, U r.M.
,
70 iSM
„ J-o.r A j/ave
•
•
70 32-8
iitivc Total I'orco
liclntivc
Absaliilc
ir.
E(..\ A . . .
1-783!)
13f)02
(0-0)
Lloyd A .
1S142
13-72H
(•.'•5)
l-7!t2S 13-r)('.8
(o-8r»)
These results are somewhat discordant, but concur in showing
the presence of great local disturbance, and we learn from the
geological survey that an immense volume of trap rock breaks
through the sandstones and chloritic schists at UArnte ti la lioiiteille
(LXII), and again crops out at Michipicoton Island, a little to the
south of Otter Head (see apain LXIII).
We camped this night at a small bay in latitude 48° 24', Oineau
Bnif on the chart of 1878.
LIX. A station of detention in 1844, a mile or two south of a
stream called by the voyageurs Ririere Blanche, probably White-
mud River on the same chart. Lat. about 48° 30' ; long.
86° 14'.
Here I was kept by stress of weather from October 23 to
October 26, and imperfectly observed the Gottingen Term day,
which began at 3.36 p.m. of local mean time ; observations were
•;r:^3SRaP3gr?i«?'«aB5B«aBB«
HBB
r
74
ox LAKE SUPERIOR.
continued half-hourly from 9 a.m. 23rd to 8 a.m. of the 26th. The
spot was tolerably sheltered, but the weather was most inclement,
the wind being very high, with repeated falls of rain or snow.*
No other observations could be taken.
LX. At the Wliite River, White-mud Eiver, or Riviere Blanche
of the voyageurs. I was detained at this spot from the 21st to the
morning of October 23, when an ineffectual effort was made to
proceed, which resulted in my being again forced to land at the
station last mentioned. Half-hourly observations were made here
from 10 A.M. on the 21st to 7 a.m. on October 23. Lat. by
observation at noon 21st, 48' 31' 39" ; longitude by the revised
chart 86° 14'.
Variation, October 21, 3.51 p.m.
Dip 1-2 P.M., Gamboy No. 1
»> II II ^
o
2
78
78
152 E.
337
32-5
Mean
78 331
I i
I I
i'i
1 !
Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibrations only,
October 21 :—
Corrected T m
8.
No. 30 4-4104 0-3960
„ 31 4-7096 0-3508
„ 17 4-9150 0-6407
IK.
2-8018
2-8086
2-7967
2-8020
14-116
14150
14-085
14-117
(1-0)
(1-0):
(1-0)
(0-3)
LXI. May 25. — At the Hudson's Bay post at the mouth of the
Pic. Latitude by observation at noon on October 17, 1844,
48° 35' 20"; long. 86° 15'.
Variation by collimator October 18, 10.38 a.m.
II II II ^ A.O ,1
5 13-3 E.
5 52-5 „
5 32-9 „
Dip, May 25, 1843, by Gambey No. 1, a.m.
„ „ by Fox . . .
Dip, October 17, 1844, by Gambey No. 1, a.m.
» )» »» ^ •
By Dr. J. Rae in May, 1845 .
Mean of the wbole
78 45-8
78 40-8
78
32-8
78 43-3
78
29-9
78 31-3
78 34-0
78 36-6
' See p. 11 for the movements observed.
75
ON LAKE SUPERIOR.
Total Force BelatlTO Absolute »'.
May 25, 1843, bv Fox A 1-8373 13-906 (6 0)
Lloyd A 1-8511 14010 (25)
1-8413 13-936
Hoi'izontal force in absolute measure, October 17, 1844, by
vibrations only : —
Dip applied
•
•
. 78° 36'-6.
Corrected T
m
X
« IT.
No. 30 4-4726
„ 31 4-7741
„ 17 4-9833
0-3961
0-3508
0-6408
2-7237
2-7355
2-7193
13-792 (1-0)
13-852 (1-0)
13-769 (1-0)
2-7202 13-804 (0-3)
Allowing proportionate weight to the two results, the mean ia
1-8366 or 13-901.
The large difference between the total force as determined in
1844 and the value found in 1843, results from the difference of
the dip ; for if the same horizontal force is reduced with the dip
recorded in 1843, the resulting value is nearly the same as before,
viz. 13*926. As compared, however, with the stations preceding
and following (Sabine's, Table XL), the hoi-izontal force itself
aijpears too low, the time of vibration of each bar being very sen-
sibly prolonged.
Beyond Les Pet its Ecrits
I'ic
White B.
Oct. 14.
Oct. 17.
Oct. 21.
Bar 30
8i
. 4-1192 .
tit
. 4-4726
8*
. 4-4104
„ 31
. 4-3988 .
. 47741
. 4-7096
» 17
. 4-6875 .
. 4-9833 .
. 4-9150
Dip .
. 78° 24' .
. 78°31'-3 .
. 78°33'-l
The vibrations were observed from 8.32 to 10 a.m., the dip about
noon. There is no indication of any considerable change of force in
the observations at Toronto (S*"' to T** Gott, m.t.), but a state of
distm'bance is clearly indicated by the readings recorded.
LXII. May 25, 1843. — Left the Pic shortly before noon, and ob-
served for latitude on an islet off the mouth of the river. The Fort,
bearing E.6 S., did not appear more than two or three miles distant.
By reduction to meridian, lat. 48° 38' 46". The main body of the
Brigade, which had pushed on while I was thus engaged, was forced
by the heavy sea to land on Pic Island, where I rejoined them
I
!l
76
ON LAKI-: SUrEIlIOR.
after a hazardous passage. About 5 o'clock we got off, and camped
at UAmc h la Boufeille, the promontory opposite Slate Island, so
named in the original, but not in the later chart.
May 26. — No observations were made.
LXIIL Observed on what must from its situation have been
Battle Island of modern charts. It is only noted by me as about
six leagues west of Les Petits Ecrits. Lat. by chart 48° 45' ; long.
87° 83'.
Dip by Ganibey No. 1 . . ,
76°24'-0.>
Horizontal force by vibrations only : —
Bar 30
„ 31
„ 17
Corrected T
41192
4-3088
4-6875
m
0-3962
0-3509
0-G409
X
3-2104
3-2185
3-2083
3-2124
*
13-050
13C84
13-644
ir.
(1-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
13-059
(0-3)
These observations concur in showing an extraordinary amount
of local disturbance, the dip differing more than — 2° from its normal
value ; parallel cases will be found in the magnetic survey of
Scotland, at Oban, and Loch Scavig.
October 14, 1844.
LXIV. May 27. — Observed at a station which is only entered
under the general designation of ' La Terre Platte,' and which I
cannot precisely identify. It appears, however, to have been on
what is now called Simj^son's Island, not named in 1843. Lat.
48° 49', long, about 87° 45'.
The term Terrc Platte, which properly describes the shores of
Black Bay, is applied loosely by the voyageurs to all this part of the
lake shore west of 87°, although not at all appropriate, as it is very
rugged.
Variation at 6.30 a.m.
Dip by Gambey No. 1,
„ Fox A (fave
at 8 A.M. .
5 44-8
78 53-6
78 46-2
E.
Total Force
nelfttivo
Absolute
w.
By Fox A .
„ Llovd A .
. 1-8535
. 1-8500
14028
14-003
(60)
(2-5)
1-8526
14020
(0-85)
forrar
15-8C
s^tne mistake, for wbicb I am not responsible, tbe dip at tbis station was
isbed as 78° 24', piviujr tlie anomalous and probably impossible force
' le correct value given above is nearly tbe same as on Otter Island
(LVlli), another disturbed locality.
ON LAKE SUPERIOR.
77
LXV. Observed again at noon, at a place called by the voyageurs
IjC ILtnfiur dit Diahle, an island off St. Ignace, which I identify with
Armour Island of the chart of 1878. It was a very remarkable
basaltic island, jn'esenting ranges of regular columns running in a
general direction W.fc N. to E.t S. but not perpendicular ; their
inclination to the N. was from 15° to 40°. I have never seen
any mention of this spot, which is seldom passed by travellers.
Lat. observed, 48° 45' 16" ; long. 87° 52'.
LXVI. Mat/ 28. — Observed at the east side of the deep bay
(Sheesheep Bay), by Roche du Bout, still entered by me as * The
Terre Platte.' Lat. 48° 34'; long. 88° 14'.
Variation 7.14 a.m.
„ 7.21 „
„ 7.25 „
31-6 E.
1 37-0
2 110
1 20-7
This anomalous variation shows the powerful local effect of the
igneous formations " ,nd ; the discrepancy between the three re-
sults is due to tb ^gishness of the compass needle, which only
advanced 41'-0 while the sun advanced 2° 20'.
LXVII. On the same day observed at noon near Point Porphfnj.
Lat. 48° 20' 55".
LXVIII. Observed again on the west side of a small bay four or
five miles east of Thunder Cape, or Point Tonnerre. The formation
a clay slate. Lat. 48° 20' ; long. 88° 52'.
Dip, by Gambey No. 1 ,
„ For A gave
P.M.
. 78 23-2
. 78 .30
Total Force
Relative
AbRoliitc W.
Ry Fox A . . .
„ Lloyd A .
1-8877
1-8570
14-287 (60)
14055 (2-5)
1-8786
14-218
(0-85)
The traverse from this point across Thunder Bay is the widest
on the lake, being fourteen or fifteen miles. The canoes waited for
a calm, and finally reached Fort Wiij.iam about midnight.
78
FORT WILLIAM.
LXIX. At Fort William, May 29 to 31, 1843, and October 10
and 11, 1844 :—
Lat. by Captain Kendttl, Il.N., 1825 . . 48 2.'{ 40
„ by my observations, 1843 . . . . 48 23 25
Long, by the Boundary Commission, 1826 . 89 22 40
by Franklin, 1825 89 16 8
on Ilnyfield's chart, 1823 . . . 89 27 30
Qn the revised chart, 1878 . . . 80 13 30
The latter = 5'' 56" 54» W., is the longitude here adopted.
f.ll
m
Variation — Bayfield, 1824, as given by Sabine
Franklin, 1825 ....
By my observations —
1843. May 29, 5.32 p.m. .
„ May 30, 4.12 „ .
» »> 4.1/ ,, . .
„ May 31, 0.11 a.m. .
1844. October 11, by collimator
Mean
Dip— 1843. May 29, Oanibey No. 1
9 5-0 E.
7 17-5 E.
6 14-3 '
6 41-9
6 50-6
6 46-1
343 E.
5 1-4
5 47-8
78 9-7
78 10-2
1844. October 11
jj
1
78 7-5
1 a i\j \j
)i »
»
2
77 55-5
Repeated
»
1
77 55-5«
77 69-5
Mean
•
78 4-7
Total Force
lielatlve
Absolute
w.
Jy Fox A May 29(1)
.
1-8705
14157
(60)
„ (2)
,
1-8653
14-117
(60)
„ Lloyd B „
•
1-8664'
14098
(2-0)
1-8676
14-135
(1-4)
Fox's needle C was observed at Fort William, and the angles
taken as base values from Fort Colonge to Norway House.
' This result is from two sights only.
' On perceiving the discrepancy between needles 1 and 2, the instrument, which
had been dismounted, was spt up again, and observation repeated. As the value
given in 1843 is confirmed by Fox A, which gave the approximate dip 78° 8'-7, I
can only attribute the difference in 1844 to a change of the element. In each of
the eight positions of needle 1 the readings on the second observation are less than
they were in the firet.
^ This depends on the v.alue l-S?.^ assigned to Norway House, to which it is
referred.
FOUT WILLIAM.
ro
Horizontal force by deflection and vibration : —
1843. Magnet 30
Corrected T
H
4-9311 ^ '
5-1537^
0-4560
0-4190
1844.
Mean, 1843
Magnet 30 4-3471
it
31
17
40387
4-8ol7
0-3062
0-3522
0-6405
X
2-8604
2-8718
2-8804
2-8781
2-8618
13-093
14-004
13-998
13-942
13-031
13-852
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(15)
(15)
Mean, 1844
Mean, both years
13-908 (0-76)
13i)45
Combining these values by weight, the mean is 1-8G01 or
14-0785. Sabine (Table XL VIII, 1846) gives two values, the mean
of which is 14-015, or, as in his Contribution XIII, 14-01 ; but he
also adopted for the relative force 1'8655, disregarding the absolute
results entirely (' Phil. Trans.,' 1846, p. 274), and this was the basis
of reduction of Lloyd's needles at forty stations. The relative force,
which gives a total force of 14-015, is 1*8517, not 1-865, therefore
these values were slightly too great. I have adopted in place of
either, as best supported, the value corresponding to 14-0785, viz.
1-8601, with weight 1-55.
June 1, 1843. — I left Fort William at 4-15 a.m., accompanied,
as far as the Falls of Kakabeka, by Captain Stacke, of the 71st
Regiment, who had been a fellow-passenger from Montreal. No
observations could be made this day in consequence of the rain.
Here my connection with the Hudson's Bay Company's canoes
was entirely dissevered. The large canoes, called Canots dc maiire,
then went on no further than this point ; the number and length
of the portages precluding their further employment, a lighter
canoe, called the Canot da Nord, came into use, one of which was
appropriated to myself by the directions of Sir George Simpson,
with a guide and a supply of provisions, and henceforward I com-
manded the disposition of my own time, subject only to the
necessity of getting on. The following extract from a letter
addressed to Lieutenant Younghusband on June 29 explains the
matter : —
It was Sir George Simpson's instructions that I should leave the Brigade here
and take a canoe to myself, in order not to delay their progress. Uy so doing time
was urdoubtcdly saved to them, but lost to me, to the amount, I sliould say, of
iS' signifii's tlint the bar was vibrated in a stirrup.
m
80
ON THE KAMIXISTIQUIA.
*
IN'
#"
one diiy iu four or five, because while with the Briji;ade cooking and bo forth was
done for us, and it made no nrntter if my canoe did not get into camp till oiglit or
nine o'clock, as was usually the case. Now Corporal Henry has to do it all, and I
am obliged to give him time enough, not to mention the difrcrenco in the rate at
which all the movements of a single canoe are made from those of a number in
company, they then vie with one another, and work with much more spirit.
LXX. June 2. — At the Portrnjc Ecarte, or Strayed Portage F,
on the old Hudson Bay route, ahout twenty-six miles from the mouth
of the Kaministiquia. It is next beyond the Mountain Portage,
lat. 48° 25' F. ; long. 89° 44'.
Dip, Oambey No. 1 .... 77° ]3'-5.
This result is nearly 1° too low, but the approximate dip
deducible from the angles of deflection with Fox supports it, being
77° 29'*8. It is evidently influenced by local causes.
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
Relative
18520
1-8458
1-8502
Absolute
14017
13071
14013
(00)
(2-5)
(0'85)
LXXI. On the same day. — Observed at the Portage de VMe,
probably the Friar's Portage of Franklin, about one mile to the
north-east of the last station, lat. 48° 26'; long. 89° 42', with
the following anomalous results : —
At 5.39 P.M., variation
„ 5.45 „ „
39 21)'8 E.
.39 6'-7
Each being the mean of five sights. I can detect no appearance
of error in this observation, and the amount of local disturbing
force indicated is the only thing remarkable ; its presence is
clearly shown by each of the elements. Thus comparing the
adjacent stations we have :
May 20-.'J0 Fort William
.lune 2 Portiige F,cart^
„ Portage de I'lsle
June 3 Chien Lake
Dip
o /
78 10
77 13-5
78 26-8
Variation
34
.39 1 8-2
T'oi cc
1-8073
18.510 (
i-8or)0
Subsequent study of the geology of the neighbourhood ' has shown
that the Eiver Kaministiquia at, or very near this locality, is crossed
by a band of Laurentian rocks about four miles wide, dividing the
' See Prof. Alleine Nicholson, M.D., in the Quaifrrlt/ Journal of the Geolo-
gical Soci.'ty, 1873, p. 19.
THE CIIIEX, OR nOO rORTAGE.
81
* copper-bearing ' rocks of Lake Superior, which consist of black
shales with interstratified traps, from the Huronian district, which
includes Chien Lake, and which extends to Lake Shebandowan ; a
broad dyke of syenite is thrown up between the Laurontian and
Huronian formations a mile or two to the cast of this portage.
Several instances will be pointed out in the course of this survey
of the occurrence of great magnetic disturbance at the junction of
different geological formations ; and as lines of natural drainage
are very apt to follow these lines of junction, it follows that the
lines of lake or river beds are more likely to present anomaly
than an open country. The line of navigation between Norway
House and York Factory, and English River, present well-marked
examples.
Evidence, however, that all the magnetic elements participate,
however much that is to be expected, is not always producible,
because the observation for variation was as a rule made at a
different place from the observations of dip and force.
LXXn. Janiiarif 3. — At the Bad or Mauraia Portage.
Lat. 48" 29' ; long. 89° 44' F.
Variation, 8.28 \.u 5° 48'-0 E.
LXXHL The same day at the south-west end of the long Chien,
or Doff Portage. The jwles of the dipping needle were not reversed,
the magnets having been by mistake carried over the portage, but
the mean readings, direct and reversed, were at this time nearly
identical. Lat. 48° 39' ; long. 89° 30'.
Pip about 4.30 p.m.
„ by Fox A
78 26-8
78 25-0
Total Force Relative
Fox A . . 1-8670
Ahsolutn IF.
14-137 (0-0)
Lloyd A . . 1-8507
14-053 (2-5)
18(546
14-112 (0-8.-)
Relative horizontal force, October 9, 1844 :—
Corrcctal T m
X 4> ir.
Maprnet No. 30 4-3888 0-3964
„ „ 31 4-0840 0-3510
„ „ 17 4-8717 0-6411
2-8266 14-113 (10)
2-8377 14-168 (10)
2-8440 14-200 (1-0)
2-8301 14-160 (0-3)
The mean according to weight is
14-124. This station was the
nearest approach on the south side
to the assigned position of
T
I. /
82 THE PRAIiaE rOIlTAGE.
maximum intensity, being just within the closed oval of 14*19, as
laid down by combination of all the observations.
LXXIV. June 4. — Observed on Chicn or Doff Lake, about 708
feet above Lake Superior and 347 feet above Little Dog Lake
(Dawson). Lat. 48° 44' ; long. 89° 40'.
Variation, 0.10 A.M 0° Ol'-l E.
LXXV. On the same day, observed at noon, being still on
Chien Lake. Lat. 48° 51' 10". About twenty miles beyond Chien
Lake, and after passing Jourdan's Portage occurs what is called by
FrankUn * Viscous Lake,' the water of which is believed by the
voyageurs to oppose extraordinary resistance to a canoe. I myself
took a paddle, and found the fact very perceptible ; but the cause
was no doubt a tacit agreement of the men to relax their own
efforts. The water is pure and tasteless, but I had no means of
ascertaining its density.
LXXVL June 5. — Observed at a small lake on the height of
land at the first ' set down ' above the hill, in the Prairie Portage,
which is thirty miles from Chien Portage, and marks the height of
land, 887 feet above Lake Superior (Dawson). It is 2 miles 5 chains
long. Lat. 48° 57'-5 F. ; long. dO° l'-5 F.
Dip about noon
„ by Fox .
o
78
78
Total Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
Relntive
1-8580
1-847 1
1-8508
Al solute
14008
l.'l-(»80
14-041
/
201
28-2
ir.
(0-0)
(2-5)
(0-85)
I observed again at this station on my return, October 7, 1844.
Horizontal force by vibrations only : —
Corrected T m A' f
8
Ily Magnet 30 4-0838 0-3904 2-8327 14130
31 40720 0-3510 2-8387 14-227
17 4-8705 0-0412 2-8314 14-100
IK.
»
(1-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
(0-3)
2-8342 14-182
Combining the two results the mean is 14-086.
LXXVIL Obtained an observation at noon at the Bitrtit Port-
age between the Prairie and Savannah portages. Lat. 48° 57' 18".
October 7, 1844.
THE SAVANNAH POllTAGE.
83
"•ora-
lis".
14.
LXXVIII. June 0.— Observed at the upper or sonth-wcst end
of the Savannah Portage. Lat. 48" 58'; long. 90° 3' 15" F. This
portage is 1 mile 41 chains long.
Varifttion, 7.52 a.m 8" 0'-3 E.
Also at the same place, October 0, 1814 : —
o /
Variation, 7.12 p.m. by azimutlis of Jupiter * 23*1 E.
.\nd at 7.50 a.m. Octolx'V 7 by nziiuiitli of
the sun 7 2B'0 E.
Mean 7 fJ8'3
Talliser found 0° 53' E. in this portage in 1857.
Dip, 11 A.M 78 2V8
„ Fox gave 78 14'4
Total Force relntlvo Ab«oliit« 11'.
Fox A l-8(t47 14113 ((VO)
Lloyd A . . . 1-8023 14 095 (25)
l-8e48 14-107
June 7. — On the Lake of the Thousand Islands, ol)servation
prevented by heavy rain.
LXXIX. Encamped on Barrel Lake, about three miles west of
the portage, and observed latitude by Polaris, 48° 47' 37" (October 5,
1844).
LXXX. June 8. — Observed at the west end of the French
Pnrtaffc. Lat. 48° 35' ; long. 91° 8'-4. This portage is 1 mile 60
chains long.
Dip, about noon 78 20-4
Fo.\ gave 78 5'5
Tiitnl Force
Fox A
Lloyd A
Relative
1 •H((()0
1 -8544
Atisolnte
14-084
14()M5
ir.
(OO)
(2-5)
(0-85)
1-861)0 1400!)
LXXXL June 9.— Observed at the Portaf/e des Morfs, eleven miles
from the last. It is 26 chains long. Lat. 48° 36' ; long. 91° 25'-l F.
Variation by 3 sights only (0.16 a.m.) . . lO-' 39'-5 E.
LXXXII. Same day. — Repeated the observation at the east
end of the Portage of the Two Rivers (26 chains), about 2^ miles
distant W.S.W. Lat., by an observation at noon, 48° 34' 59";
long. 91° 23'.
Variation, 0.50 A.M 10° 57'-G E.
1
I
84 CnoSS LAKE.
At the same place : —
Dip by Oaiuboy 7f 40-4
„ Fox Knv< 77 68'2
rotal Force
nolatlve
AlMolute
w.
Fox A .
. 1 -HOfiO
14115
(00)
Ll.nd A
. 18640
140.W
(2-6)
1-8012
At the Bamo place, October 4, 1844.
lute measure by vibration only : —
140»»3 (0-8fi)
Horizontal force in abso-
Corrected T m X 4
i.
By Magnet 30 43170 03005 20206 13846
, 31 40034 0-3510 20380 13020
, 17 4-7070 00413 20315 13806
(10)
(1-0)
(10)
(0-3)
2-0300 13-800
Combining these two results by weight, the mean is 14-031.
LXXXIII. Jvne 10.— Observed at the cast end of Lake a la
Crosse. Lat. 48° 24' ; long. 92° 4'.
Variation, 7.<
Dip, 10 A.M.
4 A.M.
■
. 7
. . 77
52-5 E.
51-0
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd B .
•
Rolntlve
. 1-8602
. 1-8550
Absolute
14-072
14-040
ir.
(6-0)
(2-5)
1-8580
14063
(0-85)
LXXXIV. The same day. — Observed at noon on the lake.
Lat. 48° 21' 38".
LXXXV. Jttne 11. — I was detained nearly the whole of this
day at the second portage, leading out of Cross Lake, in conse-
quence of having to send the canoe back with my assistant to last
night's encampment, to recover something left behind. The place
of observation was on a rising ground, towards the West end.
Lat., by observation, 48° 14' 13" ; long. 92° 25'.
Variation, 7.41 a.m 10 40-3 K.
„ 8.13 A.M 10 10
DipbyGaml)ey 77 401
RclatWe Abniiliitc
Total Force
Fox A .
Uoyd A .
1-8549
1-8493
1-8532
140.30
13-906
14026
(60)
(2-5)
(0-85)
RAINY LAKK, OR LAC LA PLUIE.
85
bso"
a la
lake.
this
^nse-
last
klace
3nd.
LXXXVI. June 1*2.- ObstTVL'd at noon, on one of the many
small islands in Stunjeon Luhc, Lat. 18" 2(5' *2l)".
LXXXVII. On tho same day. — Observed on another sma.
granite island, towards the west end of the same lake, the first
portage out of it being about two miles distant, bearing W.N.W.
Lat. 48° 27'-5 ; long. 92° 38'.
Dip, 1 p.M 77°
Tutitl Force
Fox A
Lloyd A ,
ReUtiTe
1'8033
l-ftr)17
l-8o00
Absolut*
14103
I40ir,
14077
44'-8
H'.
(0-0)
(2'B)
(0-85)
LXXXVIII. On the same day. — Obtained a couple of azimuths
of the sun at the further or north end of the first portage.
Lat. 48° 28' ; long. 92° 41'.
Variation, 3.65 p.M 10" 25'-2 E.
LXXXIX. June 13. — Observed on a granite island on the
South side of Lac la Phne, or Rainy Lake, about fifteen miles from
the entrance, where I was detained some time by the weather.
Lat. by observation at noon, 48° 38' 26" ; long. 92° 50'.
Variation, 0.30 a.m.
Dip by Oambey
„ Fox A gave
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd A
•
. 10
5;j-6 K.
. . . .
. 77
470
.
. 77
28-7
RclAtive
Aliaolute
H'.
. 1-8633
14-130
(2)
. 1-8514
14-012
(1)
1-8597
14-0J)5
The same day reached Four Fuances.
XC. June 14. — At Fort Frances, the Hudson's Bay House near
the outlet of the lake, and immediately above the Rapids. It is
now Alberton.
Latitude by Franklin, 1825
By my observation, 1843 .
Longitude, Franklin .
By six sets of lunar distances
By modern Dominion maps
By the map of the Boundary Commission of
1826
. 48 36 18
. 48 36 51
h.
. 93 28 33 = 6
. 93 22 16
. 03 23
13 66-2
93 332
Thftuieau, viz. 03" 2G' 7, is probably very near the truth.
n
86
FORT FRANCES.
"Variation by Franklin, May 28, 1826 ,
Variation, June 14, 6.26 p.m.
,, „ 6.62 P.M. .
o / >/
10 42 33 E.
10 333 E.
10 367 10°
34'-4
Again, September 30, 1844, by collimator :-
At9.26A.M
„ 3.17 p.M
Mean adopted
Palliser found in 1857
Dip, June 14, 1843, Gambey 1
» „ Fox A gave
September 20, 1844, Gambey 1
» i> II 2
o
8
8
30-7 E.
341
8
36-4 E.
9
86
9
31 E.
77
77
77
77
28-0 L.
22-8
41-4 H.
44-5 H.
The last two observations were made by Corporal Henry, and I
am obliged to conclude that there is something wrong about them,
as the vibrations show nothing unusual, and the determination of
1843 is supported by an observation by Dr. Eae in 1845, when he
found the dip 77° 32'. I assume the dip in 1844, for deduction of
force, as 77° 30'. The most simple supposition is that the instru-
ment in 1844 was not in the meridian.
Total Force
Relative
Absolute
ir.
June 14, 1843.
Fox A
1-8632
14-026
(6-0)
Lloyd A .
1-8627
14065
(2-5)
„ B .
1-8396
13-923
(2-6)
18499
14-009
(1-05)
Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibration and deflec-
tion : —
Corrected T
June 14, 1843. Magnet 30 47821
31 6-0102
0-4554
0-4179
3-0478
3-0492
14-035
14042
ir.
(16)
(1-6)
3-0485 14-037
Sept. 29, 1844. Magnet 30 4-2395
31 4-5242
17 47110
0-3962
0-3506
0-6401
30306
3-0446
3-0459
14-002
14-«G9
14-072
(1-5)
(1-6)
(1-5)
30-404 14-047 (0-75)
Mean of both years according to weight, 1*8528, or 14-023.
XCI. June 16. — On Rainy River, North side, in what is now
Township XXIH of Kewaydin. Lat. 48° 41' ; long. 94° 31'.
Variation, 7.48 a.m.
Dip, 0.0 A.M.
Fox gave
13 4-5
77 57-4
78 14-9
L.VKE OF THE WOODS.
87
15)
1-5)
75)
mow
Total Foroe
Relative
Absolute
ir.
Fox A
. 1-8891
14-2!»8
(6-0)
Lloyd A
. l-OOOO
14-386
(2-5)
„ B
. 1-8840
14-200
(2-5)
1-8880
14-;{09
(11)
This force is considerably in excess ; the dip is also greater
than would be inferred from the adjacent stations : both results
point to local disturbance. The station is near the junction of
Huronian schists with granitoid gneiss (Dr. Bell's ' Geological
Reports,' 1872-3), a condition usually attended with magnetic
irregularity (see LXXI).
XCII. On the same day observed at noon on the present Indian
Eeservein Rainy River, near the Point aux Pins. Lat. 48° 47' 21)".'
XCIII. On the same day observed at the encampment for
the night, probably on Big Island in the Lake of the Woods.
Lat. by Polaris 49" 4' 36" ; long. 94° 43'.
My remaining barometer was broken by accident this day. It
had been so placed in the canoe that the cistern end projected a
little, unobserved, beyond the gunwale, and on approaching the shore
it came violently in contact with the overhanging stem of a tree.
XCIV. June 17. — Observed on another island in the lake.
Lat. by account 49° 19' ; long. 94° 40'. It was probably Falcon
Island, or the larger island not named on the map, to the east of it.
Variation, 7.58 a.m 13 420 E.
Dip by Gambey, 9.20 A.M 78 3-7
„ Fox gave 78 1-7
Total Force Relative Absoliito II'.
Fox A . . . 1 8070 14- 131 ((>•())
Lloyd A . . . 1-8570 14059 (2-5)
1-8(U2 14-110 (0-85)
' A chart of Rainy Kiver was filed at the Foreijxn Office October 23, 1820,
being part of a survey made under the Vllth Article of the Treaty of Ghent. It
is on a very large scale, and inserts »oven small streams falling into this river ou
one or either side : —
In longitude
o /
Riskarko, or Kiskurke Sepi . . .94 30 north
Rapid River 94 33 south
Steep Bank River 94 39 north
River Baudette 94 41 '5 south
Crooked Pine River . . , .04 44-7 north
Winter Road River . . . .94 45-9 south
(No name) 94 47-0 north
Point aux Pins is placed in lat, 48° 49'; long. 94° 47'-2.
Ml
i.i
1
if
1^1
r
I
I
i
88
ELECTRIC PHENOMENA.
The formation was gi-anite and mica slate, containing garnets in
abundance.
XCV. June 18. — My Iroquois guide, Laurent Tewakewassin,
got completely bewildered this day among the archipelago of small
low-wooded islands, all singularly alike, which fills the centre of
the Lake of the Woods. There was no persuading him for a long
time to follow my compass in the absence of the sun, and to keep a
northerly course. We lost two days in paddling vamly backwards
and forwards, looking for some landmark that he could recognise.
I observed for time and longitude at the breakfast hall 7.33 a.m.,
but find no observation for variation. Lat. by account, with an
estimation of courses to noon, 48° 25' ; long. 94° 21'.
XCVL On the same day observed at noon. Lat. 49° 28' 7".
XCVIL On the same day observed again on an island lying
to the west of the proper channel; estimated lat. 49° 25';
long. 94° 3'.
Variation, 3.14 r.M 12 26 E.
Dip by Gambey, 1 r.M 78 167
„ Fox gave 78 15 2
Total Force
Fox A .
Lloyd A
Relative
1-8635
1-8418
1-8571
Absolute
14-104
13-008
ifbii
(6-0)
(2-5)
(0-85)
A very violent thunderstorm occurred this evening. The sky wore a very
threatening aspect about 6.30, and as the guide had lost his way, and was
wandering without an object, I decided to encamp. We had hardly done so, when
a tremendous storm burst upon us, one which must have sent the canoe to the
bottom if we had been cau}rht in the open. It presented an unusual feature, which
induces me to copy my note of it.
' The storm commenced about 7 p.m., preceded by lightning. The electric
discharges were seen four times undoubtedly striking from the earth upwards,
of a strange livid green. Wind sudden, very violent, the rain terrific, a burst
apparently following each flash. A few minutes before 8*', just as the sun was
setting, appeared a most brilliant rainbow arch, rising to 40°.'
The same phenomenon of electric discharge from the earth was
observed in the Gulf of St. Lawrence August 28, 1842. * I noticed
two or three flashes dart upward from the sea horizon perpendi-
culai'ly and decidedly ' (MS. log).
XCVin. Jane 19. — Still engaged in searching for the Rat
Portage. I observed for time and longitude at 7.46 a.m.
Lat. by estimation, 49° 80' ; long. 94° 45'.
\-\
feMi
RAT PORTAGE, OR KEWAYDIN.
89
flC
s
XCIX. On the same day observed at noon. L-t. 49° SO* 43".
C. June 20. — Reached at hist the Rat Portage (now Ke-
waydin), at the outlet of the Lake of Woods, at about 8 a.m. Lat.
by Tiarks 49° 45' 56" ; by my observation at noon, 49° 46' 27" ;
long. 94° 33' 19".'
Variation, 10.11 a.m.
Dip by Garnbey
„ Fox A gave
ti ft ^ tt
380 E.
78 7-5
71
0-5
78
78
Total Force
Fox A .
Relative
1-8566
1-8519
Absolute
14053
14016
14-0a8
w.
(60)
(40)
(10)
1-8547
Lloyd A (not completed).
The Gambey Dip circle was unfortunately thrown down while
my attention was engaged in taking the meridian altitude of the
sun, and rendered for the time unserviceable by the breakage of
the glasses. It was subsequently repaired at the Red River settle-
ment ; but Lloyd's needle A, which was on it at the moment, was
ruined.
At the same station, September 25, 1844, I observed the Hori-
zontal force in absolute measure by vibration only.
' We have here a good example of the uncertainty attaching to the longitudes
of well-known places to which the telegraph is not yet extended. Franklin did
not observe at the Rat Portage, but by mwisurement on his map he places it in
04° 29'. Dr. Tiarks, in determining the longitude of the north-west angle of the
Lake of the Woods for the Commissioners under the Treaty of Ghent in 1826,
assumed its longitude to be 94° 30', and the longitude long accepted for that im-
portant international landmark (95° 14' 38") was entirely based upon this assump-
tion ; • he merely determined, with great care, the chronometric difference. I have
been unable to find any authority for the longitude 94° 39' ; but Dr. Tiarks refers to
a map of the Lake of the Woods by Mr. Thompson ' from his surveys ' — Thompson
is, therefore, probably the authority he followed. But the International Boundary
Commission of 1872-6 differs nearly six minutes from Tiarks, placing the north-
west angle in 95° 8' 66"-7, and applying Tiarks' difference, the Rat Portage is in
04° 33' ]8"-7, aa given above. The large map compiled at the Topographical
Depot of the War Office, 1870, from Messrs. Dawson and Napier's maps, places it in
04" 33'.
The Dominion map of Kewaydin, dated 1876, in 04° 31'. My chronometer
observations, which, however, were not favourable, the sun's hour angle being too
small, made it 94° 41' 10".
* See his affidavit sworn in New York, November 18, 1825. Amerkan Journal
o/" Science, vol. xv.
i
^ \
-»;
i^
','1
r i:
i •■
I, r
;
90
TEKM DAY OF JUNE, 1843.
CorrccUd T m
Uy Magnet No. 30 4-;<502 3065
„ „ 31 4-64(30 0-3615
„ „ 17 4-8392 0-6423
Relative
2-8041
2-8795
2-8768
2-8734
*
130] 8
13-093
13-981
13-064
If.
(10)
(l-O)
(10)
(0-3)
Tbo mean for both years is 1-8449, or 14-023.
June 21. — Left the Rat Portage at 2.30 a.m., reached the
Grande Decharge (Discharge of Charette's Little Kock F) at
6.25 A.M., and the White Earth Portage at 8 a.m.
CI. Observed at noon on the Winnipeg River. Lat. 50° 9' 7".
CIL About half an hour afterwards I landed on the east or
left bank of the river, at an expansion of the stream amounting
almost to a small lake, but without a name, to observe the Gott-
ingen Term-day. Latitude by account 50° 10'*2; longitude
95° 12'. The instruments were erected and adjusted in the course
of a couple of hours. The Term-day observations were commenced
at 3'' 2" 40' of mean time, corresponding to lO** 3*" 6' of Gottingen
mean time, and continued to the same hour of the day following.
The weather was perfectly calm, the stillness unbroken except by
the frequent cry, half wail, half shriek, of a loon in the neigh-
bouring water. No decided magnetic disturbance occurred except-
ing a marked movement of declination between 9.47 and 10.14 a.m.
(22"* 4h 48"! to 22'* 5^ 15" Gottingen), which appears to have been
local, for there was no trace of it at Toronto, distant about 900
miles. There was a movement of Horizontal force at the same
time {see p. 12).
At this station I observed also : —
Variation
at 6.12
1>.M.
.
, ,
12
28-7 E.
Dip with tlie Fox
Circle, Needle
A .
79
100
»
n
>»
»
B .
79
113
Total Foreo
Relntive
Absolute
ir.
Fox A .
,
.
1-8767
14-204
(60)
The dip as well as the force at this station would appear to
indicate a high degree of local disturbance, on which account it
was omitted by Sir E. Sabine from his map. The former rests
on two observations by two observers : Needle A by Corporal
Henry, needle B by myself, the original entries of which I have
re-examined. The exceptional force is confirmed by two sets of
ON THE WINNIPEG RIVER.
91
to
it
in
deflections with bar. 30, giving X = 2-9289 ; but with the dip
recorded this gives (ft = 15-697. There is, therefore, something
wrong with the dip.
June 22. — I quitted the station of Term observation at 8.45 p.m.,
and reached the Island Portage, or Portage de I'lsle (2) at 4.25,
where we encamped.
June 23. — Left the camp at 3.30 a.m. ; Jacob's Portage 5.0 to
5.40 ; the first Woody Point Portage 7.10 to 8.45 a.m.
CIII. Encamped on the Burnt Wood Portage, which comes
between the two Woody Point Portages. Observed. Lat. by
Polaris 50° 19' 10" ; long. 95° 36'.
Septcmher 22, 1844.
CIV. June 23, 1843 (;rsHHJC(/).— Ecacliod Slacc Falls and
Portage 11 A.m. and remained to 2 p.m. Lat. by observation
50° 14' 41" ; long. 95° 40'.
Dip by Fox's needle A .
The intensity observations gave
Total Force Relative
FoxA . . . . 1-8G21
78 67-1
78 5tV0
Absolute
14094
The latitude of this station is nearly 4' more to the S. by Frank-
lin's route, but he appears to have obtained no observation on the
day he passed this portage (June 4).
CV. On the same day reached Barrier Portage. Lat. by account
50° 11'; long. 95° 43'.
CVI. June 24. — Left camp at 3.15 a.m., taking the route by
the Pinawa liiver, a small channel only navigable when the waters
are high, which cuts off the ' Seven Portages ' of the Winnipeg
Eiver, and leads into Cap Lake or Lake Bonnet.
Observed at a portage in this channel. Lat. by account 50° 10' ;
long. 96° 3'.
Variation, 7.20 a.m. . . . 12° 48'-6 E.
Professor Hind noticed in 1857 an unusual amoimt of local
attraction at an island of gneiss in Lake Bonnet, which we entered
soon after. ' The needle here refused to act, and on passing close
to a high exposure of the schist it vibrated between 50° W. and
50° E. of north as roughly estimated ' (Report, p. 294). The above
variation is irregular, in defect, and also indicates local disturbance.
CVII. On the same day, observed at noon on Lake Bonnet or
Cap Lake. Lat. 50° 20' 56 '.
Hir
h-
v
5
fl'
i!
(/
92 FORT ALEXANDEK.
This was a day of incessant unloading and reloading the canoe
at different short portages, and no other magnetic observations
were taken. Encamped at 9.30 p.m.
CVIII. June 25. — Left camp at 3.45 a.m. and reached Fort
Alexander, about IJ mile from the mouth of the River Winnipeg.
o / //
Latitude by Franklin, 1825 . . . . 50 30 89
By my observations, 1843 50 37 .3
Longitude by Franklin 96 21 25 W.
By uiy observations, referred to Fort Gariy as a
standard meridian 96 23 13 W.
Variation, Franklin, June 5, 1826 ... 15 157 E.
My observations, June 25, 6.37 p.m. ... 13 290 E.
„ June 20, 4.49 A.M. ... 14 25-3
Again, September 20, 1844 : —
By Collimator Magnet, 7.39 a.m f4 8'4 E.
„ „ 8.26 A.M 14 4-2
Mean 14 04
The first reading, on June 25, which I have rejected for its
irregularity, gives, taken singly, 15° 31''2, rnd if we include it, the
mean of the set becomes 13° 29' ; in either case it is irregular, but
I see nothing to justify the rejection of the observation.
o /
Dip, Franklin, June 5, 1825 78 471
My observation with the Fox circle, needle A,
with deflectors with weights, June 25, 1843 . 78 61*8
With the Gambey circle 78 55-8
September 30, 1844, No. 1 79 3-4
„ „ „ 2 70 25
1 adopt the mean 78° 58''4.
Total Force Belative Absolute W.
June 25. Fox A . . . 1-8559 14047 (60)
Horizontal force in absolute measure, September 19, 1844 : —
Corrected T m X <l> W.
Magnet 30 44898 03962 2-7019 14-229 (1-5)
,, 31 4-7943 0-3515 27044 14-237 (1-5)
„ 17 60090 0-6414 2-6888 14156 (15)
2^6984 14-207 (0-45)
Mean 14008 (0-9)
36
IS
98
ts
he
ut
SECTION III.
FORT ALEXANDER TO YORK FACTORY ON HUDSON'S BAY.
About 695 geographical miles,
CIX. June 26, 1843. — Left Fort Alexander.
noon. Lat. 60° 38' 83".
Observed at
ex. Observed at the encampment on Lake Winnipeg ( = muddy
v^ater) a little way round the point. Lat. by account, 50° 85' ;
long. 96° 35' 38".
Variation, 0.0 p.m.
Dip by the Fox circle, 7 p.m.
13 410 E.
78 34-4
Total Force Relative Absolute
Fox A 1-8667 14128
Out of six customary deflections of the Fox needle, one was, on
this occasion, omitted, in consequence of the failure of daylight at
8 P.M.
CXI. June 27. — On Lake Winnipeg, very near the last station.
By observation at noon. Lat. 50° 83' 25" ; long. 96° 36'.
Dip by the Fox circle .... 79° 6'1
This was a day of detention. ' The wind blew steadily, and
raised a sea which the canoe could not face.' It is to be regretted
that the variation and force were not observed, as the dip is
anomalous. It would seem that the weather prevented obser-
vation.
CXII. June 28. — Left camp at 3.45 a.m. Reached the mouth
of the Red River about 8 a.m. Observed at noon, about ten miles
below the ' Stone Fort.' Lat. 50° 16' 20".
Reached Lower Fort Garry, or ' The Stone Fort,' between
4 and 5 p.m., where I had the pleasure of finding the Governor of
the Hudson's Bay Company, Sir George Simpson.
1
VI
! f
it
r
J ;
'
u>
il
04
FOUT OARRY, NOW WINNIPEG.
CXIII. June 29. — Accompanied Sir George Simpson to Upper
FouT CiAiinY, or Fort Assiniboia, now Winnipeg City, a distance of
twenty miles by land from tlic Lower Fort, and near the junction
of the Assiniboine and Red rivers, sometimes called the Forks.
Here I remained until July 4 ; detained by necessary repairs to the
dip circle, and other requirements.
Upper Fort Garry.
Liititude hy Tolans, June 20, 11.10 p.m. .
„ „ 11. .'JO P.M. .
„ hy circum-nioridian alts, of the sun, Juno JJO
The latter is adopted.
49 54 10
40 54 26
49 53 10
Fort Garry is laid down in Arrowsmith's map of British North
America, dated April 25, 1844, in longitude 97° 6', as nearly as the
small scale of the map admits of measurement. Upon grounds
which I cannot at present remember, or trace, I assigned 97° 3'.
It api)ears, however, to be 12'"6 more to the westward. I am
indebted to Major Sanderson, E.E., of the British American
Boundary Commission of 1872-6, for the information that the true
longitude of the Fort is 97° 15' 36", or 6" 29™ 24' W., made out as
follows. The longitude of Pembina was determined by that Com-
mission to be 97° 13' 51"*5, whence that of the 'First Principal
Meridian ' of the Dominion Government surveys of Manitoba and
the North-West Territory is 97° 27' 9". Fort Garry is, by the sur-
veys, 8*75 statute miles east of this 'First Principal Meridian,'
equivalent to 11' 33" of longitude. The adoption of this datum
has rendered it necessary to correct the longitudes on Lake
Winnipeg.
Variation by compass, June 20, .'>.! 1 p.m.
„ ao, 7.18 p.m.
Mean
Dip, July 3, Gamhey needle No. 1 .
,« i> >» » ■* •
Mean adopted .
June 20, Fox circle, needle A gave ,
July 3
» C „
This result is disregarded
ir,
276 E
10
421
10
4-8
o
78
10-4
78
16-3
78
18-8
O
78
170
78
100
78
107
78
12-6
•-
ON THE RKD KIVER.
95
Total Force
nclatlve
Atisoliife
ir.
Fox A.
I'HOIO
14092
(00)
,. (-') .
1-8005
14081
(60)
„ t' .
18C20
14 024
(40)
)» »> •
l-8r,25
14021
(40)
Lloyd A .
1 8616
14014
(2-5)
„ B .
l-8fi84
14068
(2-5)
18572
14050
(2-5)
Horizontal force in absolute measure by deflection and vibra-
tion : —
Correotod T m X ^ W.
8.
By Magnet No. 1, Juno 30 4i)748 0-4502
ai 51938 0-4101
2-8488
2-8495
2-8491
14 005
14 008
140()0
(1-5)
(15)
(0-3)
.
,
. 78°
Itelfttive
Absolute
w.
1-8003
14-080
(0-0)
1-8007
14129
(2-5)
1-8021
14-094
(0-85)
Mean allowing to the respective results the weights of 2-5 and 0-3 is 14*050.
CXIV. Juh/ 4. — Left the Fort and encamped about six miles
from the mouth of Red liivcr. Lat. by Polaris 50° 18' 12" ; long.
96° 52'.
Dip, 8 P.M., Oambey No. 1 78° 34'
Total Force
Fox A.
Lloyd B .
CXV. July 5.— Left camp 2.30 a.m., reached the mouth of the
Red River 4.30. Observed at noon on the west side of the lake
from the lake horizon. Lat. 50° 43' 51".
CXVL Encamped on the same side, on a sandy beach covered
with fragments of limestone, with a swamp in rear. The musquitoes
here were almost intolerable. It was necessary to fill the tent with
acrid smoke from damp weeds to obtain a moment's respite. Lat.
by account 51° 36' ; long. 96° 56'. The south point of Ox
bore E.N.E. from this camp.
Head
Variation, 6.53 p.m., one sight
„ 7.5 P.M., two sights
„ 7.10 P.M., four ,,
Mean
Dip, Qanibey No. 1, 8 p.m. .
Fox, needle A, gave
Total Force Relative
FoxA . . . . 1-8596
Lloyd B. . . . 1-8665
1-8617
o
13
13
14
13
79
79
Absolute
14-075
14127
14-090
40-9 E.
10-5
4-2
45-6
11-8
1-2
H'.
(6-0)
(2-5)
(0-85)
July 6. — After passing Big Grindstone Point I coasted the cast
tf'
I
':■:'
'I
'
■>,
it* I
i
it
1«
[•
9fi
ON LAKE WINNIPEG.
Hide of the lake, on which side all my observations were made on
the return voyage in 1844. I take the stations in their order from
Fort Alexander northwards.
CXVII. Landed at a point about eleven miles S.S.E. from the
south end of ' Ox Island,' which is probably the same as ' Big Island '
on Dr. Bell's map of 1878. Franklin marks ' Ox Head ' on the
mainland, Dr. Bell applies the terra to the point of this island. By
observation at noon. Lat. 51° 4' 0" ; long. 96° 26'.
Dip,A.M 70° 31' 5
Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibration only : —
Corroctcd T
By Magnet SO 4-5414
31 4-8576
17 6-0498
M
0-3970
0-3612
0-0418
2-6362
2-6370
2-0462
2-0308
*
14-409
14-505
14-543
14-510
(1-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
This force is excessive.
September 18, 1844.
CXVIII. Observed at an island, probably the one cut off by
Loon's Straight in Dr. Bell's map. Lat. by Polaris the previous
t vening 51° 34' 0" ; long. 96° 43'.
Variation by collimator, 0.36 a.m.
Dip
15 67
79 6-1
Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibration only
TotBl Force
Corrected T m
By Magnet 30 4-4662 03970
„ 31 4-7866 0-3512
„ 17 4-9768 0-6418
Here, too, the force is excessive.
X
2-7254
2-7158
2-7221
2-7211
4>
14-415
14-365
14-398
14-303
jr.
(1-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
(0-3)
September 17, 1844.
CXIX. July 6, 1843 (resumed).— Ohfierxed at the camp, nearly
opposite the Bull's Head. A straight, about three miles wide and
twelve miles long, here divides Lake Winnipeg into a northern and
a southern basin, and is the point of junction of the limestone of
the west side with the eruptive formations, consisting of Syenitic
gneiss, granite, and greenstone on the east side. Here, as may be
expected, are evidences of considerable local disturbance in the
magnetic elements, which also appear at the next two stations.
Lat. by Polaris 51° 36' 42" ; long. 96° 63'.
ON LAKE WINNIPEG.
97
Vnriufion hy (•oiupono, 7.50 a.m.
IHp, Oarubey No. 1, 0.;)0 P.M. .
10
71)
Total Foroo
Fox A
Lloyd B
Ui'liitlvn
1 1)085
li)Utl
t-
II
L
Atwoliito
14-445
14r)()-_»
14'4U-'
25- 1 E.
UHO
ir.
(00)
(2-5)
(085)
MH)U7
Franklin found the variation in 1825 11° 40' E. witliin a mile
or two of this station. There is a puzzHnj; discrepancy between my
dip and the dip deducible from the angles of deHection of Fox's
needle, which is only 78° 11'. Such discordance between results ob-
tained within a few yards of each other is not without precedent,
but the case is extreme, and further observations in the same
locality are desirable.'
CXX. Observed at noon. Lat. 51° 41' 55".
September 10, 1844.
CXXI. In the forenoon of the same day observed at a spot 8^
miles N.W. from the last, nearly opposite the Tetc du Chicn. Lat.
by account, 61° 44'5' ; long. 97° 2'. Formation, gneiss.
Variation by collimator, 9.5 a.ji.
Dip by Gambey
o
15
79
242 E.
390 E.
Horizontal force in absolute measure by vibrations only : —
Corrected T
By Magnet .10 444.37
31 4-7457
17 4-9320
0.3971
0.3512
0-0418
2-7504
2-ro.-3o
2-7710
2-7034
The force indicates great disturbance.
H'.
(1-0)
(1-0)
(10)
(0-3)
September 10, 1884.
' Each observation for dip is full, complete, and consLstent with itself. There are
no grounds for preferring one to the oilier. Tlie instruments were generally set up
some twenty or thirty yards apart ; there is no record of the actual distance be-
tween them, but I can only conclude that the Fox circle, which is the one in doubt,
was under some strong influence, exerted close at hand.
The details are : —
78 10-2
78 12-9
78 5-5
78 14-5
Dip
from deflections
with 2-6
grains
»
)>
3-0
»
»>
>»
3-5
n
n
>t
40
ff
Mean .... 78 10-8
At the next station agreement is re-established . See, for a similar excess of force,
Little Rock Portage on August 31, Station CXCV, and Cape Gargantua, Station LII.
H
m
^
08
ON LAKE WINNIPEG.
CXXII. Jtili/ 7, 1843.— Opposite the Dog's Head. Lat. by
account, 51° 40' ; long. 96" 56'.
VariBtion by compass, 7.3fl a.h,
21 371 E.
21 80r>
This 18 confirmatory evidence of much local disturhancc in this
neighbourhood. Each result is from the moan of six observed
azimuths.
CXXIII. Quitting the last station at 7.50 a.m. I observed at
noon, lat. 51° 45' 8", and was forced by the wind to land about half
an hour later upon a small island, without a name, where we were
detained until 5 p.m.
CXXIV. Nameless Island, E. of Bear Island. Lat. by account,
51° 46' ; long. 97° 0'.
Dip by Gftmbey 1, 1 p.m.
Fox A
„
Total Force
By Fox A .
„ C .
Lloyd B .
Relative
1-0020
1-0080
10052
1-0045
Absolute
14-306
14-440
14-420
14-414
79 2H-3
70 28-8
70 a2-2
w.
(60)
(4-0)
(2-5)
(1-25)
CXXV. July 7 (continued). — On quitting the island there is a
wide traverse across a bay (entered by Blood Eiver), which,
being made, I encamped near Babbit Point. Lat. by Polaris,
51° 52' 87".
CXXVI. July 8. — Left camp 3.15 a.m. Landed for breakfast
and observation, 7.30 a.m. Lat. by account, 52° 6'*5 ; long. 97° 8'.
Variation, 8.5 a.m . . . 16° 38'-6 E.
CXXVII. Same day.— Observed at noon. Lat. 52° 12' 18".
CXXVIII. Observed at a station near Berena River, inter-
mediate between two stations of July 8. Lat. by observation at
noon, 52° 20' 56" ; long. 97° 10'.
o /
Variation by collimator, 3.48 p.m. . . 16 54-6 E.
Dip by Gambey 80 244
i
J
ON LAKE WINNIPEO.
09
i
Horizontal fon-c in abwoluti' nicasuru by vibration only : —
Ciirrei'tnl T
«y Magnet .10 47(11 a
.31 fi'2()4r>
17 'yjm?
o;)r»i2
0tt4:>i)
.r
i':«)74
L»JO.>r,
i- im'2
:.'-40io
M;J85
iiia4
U.'JflU
ir.
(1-0)
(10)
14;«M»
September 14, 1844.
CXXIX. JuU) 8, 1843 (ri'siimed). — Observod at the place f)f
encampment near the present WcHleyan MiHwion Station at BortiiH
Rivor. Lat. by PolariH, 52° 22' 38" ; long. 97° 12'.
Variation by conij)a8s, fl 52 p.m.
II II 7-4 „
14
14
i;ia E.
207
I give the first for confirmation, but as it is by one sight only,
and the socoiul by seven, I take as the mean 11° 1!)''8, which is so
irregular as to indicate local disturbance.
Dip by fJambpy, 7 P.M.
,
,
. 80
!i{)->
„ l''(i.x .V
■
.
. 80
2.S-0
Totiil Knrce
llPktlvo
Alinolilto
ir.
l\v Fox .\
,
1»1!I0
14150
(00)
Not ol)s('iVfd for want
of
dayli,ulit, Moyd .
.
nil
CXXX. J»/// 9.— Observed about fiv(> miles W.N.W. from last
night's camp, probably on the southern Mossy Point. Lat. by
account, 52° 25' ; long. 97° 18'.
Variation, 8.31 a.m.
Ut° 22'7 E.
I find an allusion to this day in one of ray letters, dated July 24,
1843, which also explains my slow progress at this time : — ' Lake
Winnipeg is treacherous ; so shallow that a sea rises in a moment,
and full of wide bays, which are so many traps, at which one is
constantly detained. The lake is indeed so shallow, that we got
aground on Sunday morning, July 9, in the middle of a violent
thunderstorm, and were kept all day on a miserable naked sand-
bar. My Iroquois Butte Laurent had a character at one time for
being an adventurous fellow, but he is now rather old for his work,
and was always declaring it blew too hard to go on.'
Dr. E. Bell made, at my request, a number of soundings in
1880, finding a general depth of 40 or 50 feet — nowhere more than
16j^ fathoms, or under 100 feet.
K 2
100
ON LAKE WINNIPEG.
< i\
■4 :
CXXXI. July 10. — Left camp at 4.10 a.m. Observed at the
breakfast halt, which must have been near Leaf River. Lat. by
observation at noon, 52° 31' 87" ; long. 97° 18'.
Variation, 8.3 a.m.
• • • •
« .
10°
12'-2
Dip by Oambey No.
1 gave
. .
80
3-7
» »
2.3 P.M.
. ,
80
7-2
„ Fox A gave
. . .
• .
80
8-2
Total Force
Relative
Absolute
w.
Fox A (1) .
. 1-8050
14-ll>0
(6-0)
„ (2) . .
. 1-8652
14-117
(0-0)
FoxC .
. 1-8721
14-170
(4-0)
Lloyd A
. 1-8584
14 065
(2-6)
„ B . .
. 1-8694
14-149
14113
(2-6)
1-8040
(21)
This was a day of detention.
CXXXII. Observed near Poplar Point on the return voyage.
Lat. 52° 56 '12".
CXXXIII. July 11.— Left at 6 a.m. Observed at noon.
Lat. 52° 57' 50". No other observations were made.
I am informed by Dr. Bell that the Dominion Lands Depart-
ment gives the variation a little south of the outlet of Poplar Eiver
in 1877, that is to say, two or three miles north of this station, as
15° 20' E. He observed 15° 15' in 1879 in the same neighbour-
hood.
Septeniher 13, 1844.
July 12. — Left at 3 a.m. Chronometer No. -^^, carried by my
assistant. Corporal W. Henry, was reported stopped at 7 a.m. I
could obtain no explanation at the time. The watch was left at
Norway House for transmission to England, and upon examination
the mainspring was found to be broken, evidently the result of some
accident not made known to me. The event was the more unfor-
tunate, as if it had run but ten hours further, its mean rate from
Fort Garry would have been directly ascertained.
I arrived this evening at Norway House, but there is another
station visited later to be first given.
CXXXI V. August 12.— On the site of Old Norway House,
on Mossy Point. Position determined by Franklin in 1819.
Lat. 53° 41' 38" ; long. 98" 1' 21".
ON LAKE WINNIPEG.
101
Dip by Gambey 1, p.m.
„ Fox, needle 0, gave
Total Force
Fo.x C .
Lloyd A
,. B
Relative
1-8642
1-8775
1-8771
i-87l5
Absolnto
14-110
14-i>10
14-207
14-162
o
80
80
45-4
49-4
w.
(4-0)
(2-5)
(2-5)
CXXXV. Dr. Bell observed the variation about one mile north
of Warren's Landing, on this Point, in 1878, 16° 45' E.
Norway House.
CXXXVI. I visited this station twice in 1843, and again in
1844. The observations are here collected. Lat. by observation,
Jnly 14, 53° 59' 38" ; August 8, 53° 59' 28". Long, as determined
by Mr. Taylor, formerly astronomer to the Hudson's Bay Company,
98° 7', or 6" 32"' 28' west. It is very nearly, if not actually,
upon the site of a former Jack House, which is laid down by
Franklin about 1' 20" west of Old Norway House, of which he
found the long, to be 98° 1' 24" ; therefore his position of the pre-
sent Norway House may be taken to be 98° 2' 40".
By two sets of Lunar distances, moon for ^ ^ ^,
Jupiter west of her, I made it . . . 98 19 34
And by two sets moon from sun east of her . 97 44 22
Mean of these four sets , . 98 1
The mean of the whole is . 98 3
The most recent map places it, by what au-
thority I know not, in 97 56 •
58
54
9.
I
Variation, July
13,1843,6.14 P.M.
. 13
45-1
>f >»
„ 6.45 „
. 16
21-0
» "
„ 7.4 „
. 16
0-0
>» ))
„ 7.10 „
. 15
58-0
» n
„ 7.30 „
. 15
12-1
E, rejected.
15 53-1
The first two observations were made with the compass card
upon the pivot used all the way from Canada, which was tipped
with some hard metal termed ' natural alloy,' the nature of which
' See Geological Survey, 1878.
Mr. Coles, R.O.S.
My lunars have been examined and reduced by
102
NORWAY HOUSE.
I do not know. The compass was extremely sluggish, and the card
only moved 2° 40' for a motion in azimuth of the sun of 5° 54'.
The card was then removed, and a hard steel point substituted,
with which the other three sets were taken. The card now moved
6° 3' for the same movement through 5° 15'. There are no signs
of disturbance at Toronto at this time (Gott., IS*" to IS*").
Variation by collimator magnet, September 6, 1844, 5.22 p.m. 14
7,
9.12 a.m. 15
51
99
I take for the station, 15° 35'.
15 10 5
Dip, July 12, 1843, p.m.
Gambey
1
o
81
110
« 13 „ „
>»
2
81
6-2
Aug. 9 „ A.M.
>»
1
81
9-4
Sept. 7, 1844 „
»»
1
81
111
» » (I
»i
2
81
11-4
■81 89
81 11-2
81 100
The mean by a great number of obsorvations with Fox's needles
is 81° ll'-l.
Total Force.
Norway House being a station of critical importance, and the
standard of reference for all the more northern stations, I give in
full detail the observations upon which its relation to Toronto is
established. The total force at Toronto on the relative scale in use
is, as already explained, p. 56, 1-8B60. The following were assumed
by Sabine to be the mean angles of deflection of Fox's needle A
at Toronto in 1843, with the weights specified.
And since the sines of the angles of deflection are as the
weights, if these angles are truly in accord, their natural sines
divided by the weight should be constant. It will be seen by the
figures in the last two columns below that the differences are small.
The weight 2-0 grains was only used at four stations, for the other
four weights the mean difference is 000023, or about 00025 on
the actual scale of force.
sin*
«
W.
o
o
/
Th. 40.
With 20 grains .
. 21
130
0-1809
-•00077
»i 2-5 „
. 27
2-3
01818
+ -000(K»
„ 30 „ .
33
87
0-1822
+ •00()5.'{
„ .'{-S „ .
.W
27-0
01815
-•(KK)18
„ 4-0 „ . .
46
45-9
01820
■1- -00037
0-18172
NORWAY HOUSE.
103
Employing then these angles as the standard of comparison, we
obtain from the recorded angles given by the same weights at
Norway House in 1843 the following results : —
on
Table XV.
(Needie a.)
Date
Weights employed
Menn, as
iibserveii
Temp.
Reilucml
to40'^
»'.
2-0
2-5
3-0
3-6
4-0 gr.
1843
July 13 .
August 8 .
» *»■»
1-8749
1-8543
1-8889
1-8586
1-8576
1-8604
1-8455
1-8817
1-8649
1-8789
1-8458
1-8482
1-8479
1-8471
1-8370
1-8743
1-8610
1-8612
1-8434
1-8657
1-8592
1-8604
1-8523
69-8
79-0
81-8
83-8
1-8728
1-8690
1-8714
1-8635
(60)
(6-0)
(60)
(60)
Means .
1-8727
1-8555
1-8653
1-8452 1-8600
1-8594
78-6 1-8692
(2-4)
The same needle (A) was observed again at Norway House in
September 1844, and subsequently at Toronto. It was by this
time somewhat impaired in condition, but the results are in fair
accordance with the above.
Fox's needle C was also observed on August 8, but the axles
were rusty. Only two angles gave true results, mean 1-8737, or
14181.
Observations of 1844, reduced to uniform temperature : —
Weight
Needle A
NePfllo
|-5 grain
—
1-8490
2-0 „
—
1-8719
2-5 „
1-8615
1-8578
3-0 „
1-8514
l->^547
3-5 „
1-8502
1-8785
4-0 „
1-8418
—
4-5 „
1-8435
—
As observed .
. 1-8497
1-S624
As reduced
. 1-8554
1 8fl69
The moan of the whole, allowing weight 5 to each result of
1844, is 1-8669 = 14*129 in absolute measure.
This value may be compared with the value deduced from
observations of the absolute horizontal force at the same stations.
At Toronto the values established, and forming the common
basis of all the reductions are {ante, p. 56) :
Total force in relative measure
„ in ahsnlute measure
1-8360
l.i-8n«
^^^'FJfll^^
It ,
t'i
:;.ft
1,1
<« ill
■.f
ill
104
BASE VALUES, NORWAY HOUSE.
At Norway House we have, by deflection and vibration : —
Corrected T m X 4t W.
1843, July 14, No. 80 57000 0-.3rt04
„ „ „ 31 CyV,m 0-4400
1844, Sept. G „ 30 e-00r,8 O-.'iOO?
„ „ „ 31 5-.150n 3511
„ 17 6'5510 0G441
2-1780
21737
217.54
2-1000
2-1800
14-128
14126
14-185
14-102
14-228
(1-5)
(15)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-5)
2-1750 14-1658 (0-75)
These absolute values are in the ratio 1-0194 ; the direct com-
parison gives the ratio 1*0166, a satisfactory agi*eement.
Combining then the mean results by these two independent and
dissimilar methods of observation, I obtain for the total force,
Norway House, in relative measure, 1*8677, in absolute measure
14*136, being somewhat less than the values formerly assigned,
which were respectively 1*87? .md 14*18. The observations reduced
to Norway House as a base have been corrected accordingly.
I left Norway House on Friday evening, July 14, but made little
progress. The guide took a wrong channel, and got among some
beaver dams, causing a considerable loss of time. The stations
which follow are arranged in geographical order, not in order of
date.
CXXXVn. Observed at noon, on the day of my return to
Norway House, on East River. Lat. 54° 7' 49" {August 7, 1843).
CXXXVHI. July 15. — Left my camp on East or Sea Eiver at
3.15 A.M. A portage, 5.85 to 6.15. Halt, 7.5 to 8.10. Black-
water River, 8.34. Hau*y Lake, 11.5 to 11.55. Sea River Portage,
4.0 to 4.10. Carpenter's Lake at 5 p.m.
Observed on Carpenter's Lake, an expanse beyond Sea River
Falls. Lat. by account, 54° 14' ; long. 97° 40'.
Variation, 7.20 a.m 21° 26'0
This is a marked case of local disturbance, and the station was
omitted by Sabine. It is probably explained by the change of
geological formation. By Dr. Bell's map of 1878 we are here
close upon the margin of a narrow irregular basin of Huronian
schists, which extends from longitude 98° 10' to 94° 10'. The line
of water communication this day, the 15th, again on August 5,
also from p.m. July 17 to a.m. July 20, and from August 2 to 4,
/
HFIOIIT OF LAND.
105
lies within this basin. July 17 a.m. and August 4 p.m. it lies a little
to the south of it. The boundary is crossed four times between
Norway House and York Factory, a circumstance which goes far to
explain the apparent anomalies of the observations for variation on
this part of the route, which were equally perplexing to Sir John
Franklin.
CXXXIX. Observed at Blackwater Creek. Lat. by Polaris
54° 18'-8.
Auffu^t 0, 1843.
CXL. On the same day observed on Jlatrij Lake at the mouth of
the River Echiamamis. Lat. by account, 54° 20' ; long. 97° 28'.
to
ras
of
3re
an
ne
5,
4.
Variation, 4 r,M.
Dip by Gambcy, 4.30 p.m.
Total Torco
Fox A . . .
Lloyd B ,
Roliitive
l-8o!)0
1-8577
1-8587
Absolute
14-070
14-OGO
14UG7
18 4.'{-7'
81 20-9
ir.
(fi-0)
(2-0)
(0-8)
Auguft 0.
CXLI. Juhj 15 (resumed). — Observed at the encami^raent on
one of the chain of small lakelets west of the Painted Stone
Portage. Lat. by account, 54° 23' ; long. 97° 4'.
Variation, 8.2 p.m 36" 11 '-2 E.
I can only leave this result as I find it, for verification by future
travellers, like the corresponding case. Station LXXL There is
nothing in the original entry to warrant the rejection of the obser-
vation. It was omitted by Sabine.
CXLII. July 16. — Observed at another point near the source of
the Echiamamis, two or three miles (40 min. in time) from the
height of land. Lat. by account, 54° 21' ; long. 97° 2'.
Variation, 7.45 A.M 18° 39'-7 E.
The day clouded over, but two detached sights were noted, one
before and one after the above set.
At 7.37
.. 8.10
Mean of the whole
20 30-8 E.
20 1-2 E.
19 5 E.
' Several pages of my notebook in August have been entirely obliterated by the
leaves having been wetted. I give the observations as formerly published.
1, il-
^■r-
106
BRILLIANT AURORA.
CXLIII. I encamped at the Painted Stone Portiufc. Latitude
by altitudes of Polaris 64° 22'-3 ; ' long. 9G° 59 {August 5, 1843).
This evening was marked by a magnificent display of aurora, the
most brilliant that I ever witnessed, and the more remarkable, as it
must have been very near the earth's surface, as it appeared to be.
It was not observed at any of the nearest Hudson Bay posts, or by
the travellers in the brigade of canoes then on its way north, which
was only a few marches off, or at any station in lower latitudes.* 1
transcribe there ro' my account of it given in letters addressed to
General Sabine and Lieut. Younghusband a few days afterwards : —
... A magnificent aurora from 9 p.m. to neor midnight, more brilliantly
coloured and more rapid in ita movements than anything I have hitherto seen. It
began by a small arc, which rapidly extended and became almost fearfully bright
as it reached the zenil^i. ^' tb»r: broke up, wheeling and dancing over the sky
in a wonderful manne! Pie^cntly appcare'i over the trees another arch of a bright
rose colour, and joined it. 1 u . ' ".-> an iippenraiice of depth about it, not as if it
were a passing fl'sh, bu* a., if 6<jii\, nd ever;' fibre in the most rapid and incessant
motion. Ileuvy curtains of light, \tJi "ct -^v tinted, seemed at times to be let sud-
denly down, ard as suddt-nlv raised or w ' J avn. It was such a spectacle as can
never be forgotten.
August 5 was not noticed as a da> of magnelical disturb-
ance at any of the stations, but disturbance was recorded on the
3rd, 4th, 7th, and 8th of that month. The nearness of this aurora
to the earth, which may be inferred from its not having been seen
at other places, is paralleled by another example on September 9,
when a display of the first brilliancy was seen at the Methy
Portage. I was at Lac a la Crosse, about 100 miles to the south,
engaged in observations until late at night, and can affirm that no
aurora was visible there, nor is there wny display recorded else-
where for this date.
CXLIV. Observed at the White F'all Portage, which appears to
be the one called Robinson's Portage by Dr. Bell. Lat. of south end
54° 23' 20" F. ; long. 96° 31' F. Dr. Bell places it about 0' more
to the west.
Variation, 3.36 p.m.
Dip 1 P.M., Gambey 1
Fox A
17
81
81
32 E.
47-9
61-6
' As formerly published, the original entries are illegible.
' Vide Lovering on the periodicity of the Aurora Borealis, in Metnoirs of tht
Amerknn Acadmv/, 1868, p. 1,35.
HOLEY, Oil OXFORD LAKE.
107
Total Force
Fox A
Llovd B
neUtivo
l-87i)0
18004
Absolute
U'22l
14149
ir.
(OO)
(2-0)
l-87«n i4i'0.'i
Auffutt 5.
CXLV. Observed at the upper portage of Hills Gates, leading
from Windy Lake into Holey, or Oxford Lake. Lat. 54° 42' ;
long. 96° 10'.
Dip by Gambey
1.30 P.M. .
. .
81
57-0
„ Fox .
.
.
81
53-5
Total Force
Relative
Absolute
w.
Fox A .
. 1-8789
14-221
(0-0)
„ C . .
. 1-8741
14184
^2-0)
Lloyd A
. 1-8762
14- 19.1
(2-0)
„ B
. 1-8604
14-110
(2-0)
I-H7C0 14-191
Augmt 4.
CXLVL On the same day observed at noon about half a mile
below the ' Crooked Spout,' between the same two lakes.
Lat. 54° 40' 51".
Auffust 4.
CXLVn. July 17. — Left camp at 3.10 a.m. Landed for break-
fast 7.15 to 8.2. Entered the first Rapid 9.10 and the Crooked
Spout at 9.20. Reached the Lower Portage at 10.50 a.m. and
observed there at noon. Lat. 54° 43' 65".
CXLVin. Observed near the west end of Holey, or Oxford Lake.
Lat. by account, 54° 46'-8 ; long. 96° 9'.
Variation, 7.59 A.M 12° S-TO.
Aufftitt 4.
CXLIX. July 18. — Observed on Holey, or Oxford Lake, near the
east end. Lat. by account, 54° 54'-3 ; long. 95° 40'.
Variation, 8.3 a.m 16° 45'-5 E,
CL. On the same day, reached Oxford House, about 9.45 a.m.,
and proceeded after a short delay ; but on my return from York
Factory, Augmt 3, 1 made observations as follows : —
Latitude by Polaris 54 60
Longitude, by two sets of Lunar distances, moon
from the sun west of her . . . . .95 2.'{
By chronometer 96 38
By Franklin, 1819 96 28
Mean 96 .30
1
108
KNEE LAKE.
The Geological Survey map of 1878 places this Fort 1 1 95' 42',
which appears to be too far to the west.
Viiriution, fi.lO r.M 10 aVs E.
Dip, 5.30 P.M., Giimbey .... 82 38-8
TiitftI F.ircc
Fox A .
Lloyd A
„ B
i\. . . .
Relatlvo
. 1-8820
. 1-8740
. 1-8704
Absolute
14244
14-188
14-202
14-102
■ IF.
(20)
(0-0)
(2-0)
1-8704
(1-0)
All the elements are disturbed at this station.
CLI. Observed at noon on a rocky islet near the Knife Portage.
Lat. 54° 53' 4".
August 3.
CLII. Jnly 18 (resumed). — Observed at noon at the liapid on
Trout River. Lat. 54° 52' 59". Franklin observed the longitude
at Trout Portage, a little to the east, 95° 21' 9".
CLIII. Observed on the north side of Knee Lake. Lat. by
account, 54° 51'; long. 95° 11'.
Viiiiation, 7.54 A.AI.
8.10 .,
13 fi4-8
14 370
14° 10'-2
This station is about three miles south from Franklin's ' Mag-
netic Island ' (L p. 36). Observed lat. 54° 59'. Dr. Bell has a
' Magnetite Island ' in lat. 54° 54', which must be a different one.
CLIV. August 3 (resumed). — Observed at noon at the 'Second
Portage ' (F) in Jack River, at the west end. It is probably one of
Dr. Bell's ' Drum Portages.' Lat. 55° 13' 38".
August 2.
CLV. July 19. — This being one of the Gottingen Term-days,
devoted to continuous magnetic observation for 24'', to which
much importance was at that time attached, I decided to halt and
observe it. The spot selected was the Long Portage on Jack River
(450 yards long), between the Drum Portages and the ' Yellow
Mud ' Portage of Dr. Bell's map. The latter I identify with
Franklin's Lower Portage, Jack River. Lat. by observation, 20th,
55° 14' 1" ; long, by observation, 94° 21' 58" F. Dr. Bell makes
it 94° 33'.
I
i '
JACK RIVER. HILL RIVER.
109
Variation, 20th, 5.42 a.m. .
„ August 2, 0.20 A.M.
o
12
12
504 E.
135
12 804
Franklin found in 'September 1810, 11° 10'"4, and at the Upper Portago,
10^ 28'-5.
Dip, July 10, 4.30 p.m., Gambey No. 1
,
82
13-0
„ „ 20, NeudloA
. . .
.
82
21-3
„ August 2 „
.
•
82
32-2
Total Force
Relative
Alw'iliitc
ir.
July 20, Fox A .
1-8749
14100
(00)
Aujxust 2 „ .
1-8815
14240
(00)
„ Lloyd A
1 8742
14-185
(2-6)
July 20, „ n .
1-8821
14-246
(2-0)
August 2 „ „ .
1-8725
1-8776
14-172
(2-0)
14-210
(1-85)
The Term observations were interrupted by rain from 14'' 40"
to 17*^ 10" Gott. (7" 43" to 9" 13" m.t.). A rather bright aurora
was visible for a short time at lO** 20" Gott. ; disturbance of
moderate amount characterised the whole day, and one very
marked movement of declination lasted from 1** to 8*" Gott., of the
20th (G A.M. to 1 P.M., M.T.) ; the easterly declination in that time
increased 110 scale divisions, equivalent to 1° 50', a movement
which illustrates the difficulty of ascertaining the true mean decli-
nation, or variation, in these latitudes, the time of day being that
in which a large proportion of my observations fell.
I left the Long Portage about 3.45 p.m. on the 20th, and en-
camped at 8 P.M.
CLVI. Observed at noon at the Creek Portage (F.), a little to
the east of the Mossy Portage of Dr. Bell. Lat. 55° 27' 16".
August 1.
CLVII. On the same day observed at the Devil's Handing Place,
the second portage in Hill Eivcr, descending. Lat. by account,
55° 24' ; long. 94°.
Variation, 8.24 a.m.
Dip, by Gambey No. 1
Total Force
Fox A . . .
Lloyd B . . .
Relative
1-8844
1-8601
1-8703
Absolute
14-202
14-124
11 40-4 E.
82 55
IK.
(6-0)
(2-0)
14-227
(0-8)
August 1.
no
STEEL RIVER. HAYES RIVER.
CLVIII. July 21.— Observed at Morgans Jiocka Portage.
Lat. 55° 29' ; long. 9i\° 53'.
Variation, 7.17 A.M 11° 11' E.
CLIX.— On the same day observed again at the White Mud
Portage. Lat. by map, 55° 33' F. ; long. 93^" 44'-G.
I passed this spot again on July 81, and made other observa-
tions.
ariation, .Inly 31, 7.10
A.M. .
, ,
10
f>i ]-:.
ip, July 21, 1 P.M.
. . .
. ,
83
20
„ by Fox
A
.
. ,
83
110
>i "^l II
•
83
0-
Total Force
Tlolntivp
Abwiliita
H".
uly 21, Fox A .
. lH77rj
14210
(00)
,, ai ,.
l-8flo7
14121
(00)
„ 21, Lloyd n .
L8o7n
14002
(2-0)
II yi II
18546
14 0a7
(2 0)
1 •8(578
14134
00)
Dr. Bell observed variation in 1878 a little to the eastward of
this station (' Hill River, about twenty miles above its junction with
Fox Kiver'), 9° 45' E., showing a secular change of about —2' per
annum.
CLX. Juhf 22. — Left camp at 2.50 a.m. Observed at noon on
Steel Hirer. Lat. 56° 11' 14".
CLXL On the same day landed at about 3 p.m. at the junction
of the Shnmatawa with the Steel, or Hayes, or Hill River (this
stream is called by these three different names in the last hundred
miles of its course). I landed also at the same spot on my return,
July 28. Lat. by account, 56° 21' ; long. 93° 0'.
Variation, July 22, 6.15 p.m.
II 11 28, 4'3 „
10
12
OE.
19-6
These observations are both apparently good, and of equal
weight.
Dip, July 28, 4 p.m.
. •
.
83
362
„ „ 22, by Fox
.
.
83
41-6
II II 28 „ .
.
•
83
302
Total Force
Relative
Absolute
w.
July 22, Fox A .
. 1-8648
14-114
(60)
II 28 „
. 1-8723
14171
(6-0)
„ 22, Lloyd B .
. 1-8637
1-4106
(26)
II 28 „
. 1-8586
18666
14-089
(20)
14130
(1-65)
I
IIUDSON'.S BAY.
Ill
ige.
lud
va-
lof
ith
per
on
on
lis
ed
n,
I
CLXII. Jiili/ 23. — I reached York Factoiiy, on Hudson's Bay,
on the forenoon of this day, and remained until the 27th. Lat. by
observation at noon, July 24, 56° 59' 50".
This differs from Franklin's determination by — 7" only, and
unless the establishment has since been moved, it is laid down on
the map of the Geological Survey about 2' too far north. Long.
accei)ted from llaper, 92° 26'.
Variation, July 24, fl.7 p.m.
' „ 0.40 „
1>0, 7.2[ A.M.
7.30
e
«
t)
8
»7-8 )
7-8 1
0-8 1
'22-8 E.
38-5 E.
06
Lieut. II. li. IJlakiston, R.A., who was attached to the Assini-
boine and Saskatchewan Exploring Expedition under Captain John
Palliser in 1857, as magnetical observer, was sent to join the expe-
dition by way of York B^ictory, with the object of verifying my
observations, more especially those of the force {sec below) to
which a particular interest attached. He found the declination in
August, 1857, 7° 37' ' E., making it probable that this element
attained its easterly extreme at York Factory about the year 1843-4,
which was the epoch of a change in another element (the dip) at
Toronto.
July 25 was a day of magnetic disturbance generally, especially
in the southern hemisphere, and it extended into the 20th.
Although no special observations were made there, it is plainly
traceable in the ordinary readings at Toronto on that day ; and I
remarked July 26 as a day of disturbance at the time, from the
irregular readings of the declinometer. Sabine appears to have
rejected the variations observed on that day. Looking, however,
to the importance of balancing observations a.m. by observations
P.M., I thhik it better to allow them to stand ; making the mean
variation 9° 0'*6 E., instead of 9° 25' E., as previously published.
Dip, Julj 24, 1843, Gambey No. 1, 11 a.m. . 83 50-5
„ „ 2, 3p.m. . 83 440
Mean . ... 83 472
Having occasion to alter the weight in Lloyd's Static Needle
• Sabine, in Proceedviffs of Royal fiocieti/, vol. ix. 1859.
112
YORK FACTORY, HUDSON'S BAY.
No. A at this station, I took the opportunity of ohHcrvinR the dip
with it without reversing the poles, giving at I'.m. 83° 4B'*7.
Also on July 'ifi the dip deducible from the angles of di.'llection with
Fox needle A was 8J)° 55'*9. These results are not of equal valuo
with the above, and I make no use of them.
Dr. John llae observed the dip at York Factory at intervals of
three or four days from November 5, 1815, to May 1(5, 184(5.' Tho
mean of these observations, lifty-two in number, is 83° 42'*57,
corresponding to February I), 184G. On S('i)teml)er 18, 1847, ho
found it 83° 47'-0. The greatest dip observed was 83° 54'-2, on
December 3, 1845 ; and tho least, 83° 85'-5, on April 25, 1846.
The mean dciviation of any one observation from the mean for that
month being ± 2''5. The rate of secular change shown is — l'*8
per annum.
Y^ork Factory, as already remarked, was visited by Lieut. R. B.
Blakiston, R.A., in August 1857, when the dip was found to be
83° 53', whence it would appear to have decreased from 1843 to
1846, and between the latter date and 1857 to have increased
again. This is the converse to the secular change experienced at
Toronto, where the dip was increasing from 1843 to 1859, and then
began to decrease.
Determinations of Total Force.
More than usual interest is given to the observations at this
station, and tho one last preceding, by the fact that they are the
only stations situated to the eastward of the axis of the closed oval
of maximum intensity laid down by Sabine ; and are, therefore,
the principal witnesses to the physical fact of a diminution of
intensity as we proceed to the eastward, after passing the meridian
of 94° W. on the parallel of 55° N. Gauss's celebrated memoir on
the ' General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism,' published in 1838,*
had already indicated the existence of such a closed feature, and
included this region within it ; but its precise geographical place
and limits remained to be fixed by observation. The state of
disturbance which prevailed at the time of my visit was unfavour-
' Narrative of an Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea. London: 1850.
' Translated by Mrs. Sabine and revised by Sir John Ilerscbel. Taylor's
Scientific Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 184. 1841.
YOUK FACTORY, HUDSON'S lUV.
11.*)
able; but tho obHervatiouH were multiidicd, and tlitir tjc'iural
toHtimony confirnuid by thoHo of Liiut. Bliikistoii in 1H57. Tlicro
iH an cxcoptioii in the rcHults by Fox's ncodlu C, which I luid it
nocossnry to omit. It had undoubtedly coiilractt'd rust on tlu?
axles, impeding its free movement, and all the anodes of didccfion
are too small.
The following is a summary of the other results:—
Tntnl r
i>rco
.Fuly
21.
Fox
A .
99
»
Lloj
(1 1(.
*1
25.
Vox
A .
ft
It
r.i()>
(lA
»»
«»
99
It
tf
t>n.
tt
It
»»
i>
»f
It
llHiitlve
AllKOllltS
w.
1-H(!05
14()H1
(O-O)
l'8r,71
14()">(!
(i'-O)
1-8020
1401)7
(<WI)
1 s i;;o
iaj)f)2
(2-r.)
IHolO
nolo
(L'-O)
IHC,ll>
U(tH7
(-'■(>)
1-H(t()8
14084
(1''0)
1 -H.-u I
14(M1»
{•2-2r»
Absolute Ilonztmttd Force.
This observation was made on July 2(1, which proved to be a
day very unfavourable for the purpose. It w;is a day of considi'r-
ablc magnetic disturbance, besides being so Mi.sterous that a tnit
put up to shelter the Bililar magnetometer ,mis blown down
between 4 and 5 p.m., rendering the instrument for the tiiiu!
unserviceable. headings of the Declinometer and ]5ilil;ir were
taken at intervals of ten minutes during the progress of the obser-
vations, but no use can be made of them.
In the reduction of Bar 31 I apply the value of in, determined
by the observation preceding and following, to the value of the'
ratio -^;, determined by dellection at two distances, vi?;. : —
Also
July 14
August IG
u = 28
K,= 12
m = o-;j!n)(i
m =. O'.SJIO!)
Aloau
0-a!)07
ft.
\'y5 lit r - l-():>.")7 whonco A' = MlM.'i
18-2nt r, = l-32")7
X = 1-5090
The time of vibration of Bar 31 was observed, but is affcctr'd
by some error, being 7-2275s, which is too little, aiid 1 think it
I
114
RETURN FROM YORK FACTORY.
nocossary to reject it. There is a marginal note in the original
entry, * Q. A movement of the telescope ? '
Magnet ao
Observwl T
onci3
0-4342
0-3J)07
1-5086
r5018
1G052
13-942
13-875
13-1K)8
(1-5)
(1-0)
(0-25)
Allowing proportional weight to all the determinations, the
moan is 14-051, or 1*8564, and taking 14*203, being the mean
at stations CL, CLV, and CLVII, as the force for comparison, wo
have a reduction amounting to nearly 1-07 per cent., or -/^rd part
of the quantity, in about IGO miles.
Lieut. Blakiston found the total force in August 1857 : —
By statical instruments
By absolute determinations
Mean .
14-024
14-017
14020
I left York Factory on July 28 to return by the same route to
Norway House. The observations on this return journey have been
given already in their geographical order, but it may be convenient
to subjoin the stations of each day in order of date.
Left York Factory at 2.50 a.m. Breakfast halt 7.25 to 8.15.
July 28.— At noon, about five miles below the Shamatawa
Station, p.m. Variation at the Shamatawa.
Jiilif 29.— Loft 4 A.M. Breakfast halt 7.45 to 8.45. Reached
For's Hirer at 4 p.m.
Juhf 30.— Ascending Hill liivcr.
Jiihi 31. — A.M., at White Earth Portaf;e, on Hill Eiver.
AiKjiist 1. — A.M., at the DeviVa ILtndinri Place. Noon, at Creek
Portarie.
AuciuHt 2. — A.M., at the Long Portage Jack Piter. Noon, at the
second Portarie Jack Piver.
AiKjiist 3. — A.M., on Knee Lake. Noon, on Knee Lake, near the
Knifo Portage, p.m., at Oxford House.
Aufiust 4. — A.M., on Holey Lake. Noon, on Holeij Lake.
Au(iu,^t !}. — P.M., iit White Fall Portage . Night, at the Painted
Slonc Portage.
August 6. — P.M., on Hairy Lake.
August 7. — Noon, on F(tiif Hirer, p.m., at Xonray House.
PREVALENCE OF LOCAL EFFECTS.
115
ted
The observations of Sir John Franklin in 1819 on the irregular
variations observed on Hayes, Steel, and Hill rivers, between
long. 92° 26' and 94° 22' W., are borne out by the last five stations.
' The results,' he observes, ' of the observations obtained in Hayes,
Steel, and Hill rivers were so very variable tliat no inference can be
drawn from them as to any proportionate increase or decrease of
variation in advancing to the westward, and it would be diihcult to
assign any cause for these irregularities in the two lower rivers,
whose banks are entirely composed of alluvial soil. Tlie rocks in
Hill Eiver occasionally contained magnetic iron ore.' (I. p. 033.)
The following observation was communicated to me in MS. by
Dr. J. Rao, and has not been before published : —
(I)) At Fort Churchill. Lat. by observation, 58° 43
long. 94° 14'.
50";
Variation, June 20,
1840, A.M. .
12
4.3-0 1'].
„ July 1, 1
.M.
Mean
11
2!)() E.
12
00 E.
Dip,
Juuo 21), Needle 1 D
84
n7-5
» "
2U
84
44-2
»
July 1, Needle 1 I)
84
.'J;il)
)» )>
2D
84
ms
1)
July 4 .
•
Mean
84
A\--t
84
40-8
The observations of this distinguished Arctic traveller being
very nearly related both in time and in geograpliical connection
with my own, and only published in the work already referred to, I
subjoin them with his permission, together with a few made by Sir
John Richardson and himself in a subsequent voyage (.sec p. 116).
The mean declination at Fort Confidence was 50° 43'-4 E.
The mean inclination 84° 50'*6.
The value of the total force deduced l)y Captain Younghusl)and
from the observations of absolute horizontal force was 13-407,
viz. : —
<p = X secant $
„ = 1-205 secant 84° CO'O.
„ = 1.1-407 .... A
But a much higher value resulted from observations with an inclino-
meter fitted with deflection apparatus, viz. : —
c/) = 138Hi I{
I 'I
I
M. i!
I i
UG
(I
I
DR. RAE'S OBSERVATIONS.
Table XVI.
Stations North of York Factory,
Dilto
Station
Lilt.
Long
Dip
noriz.
Force.
Tiitftl Force'
A B
1840.
o /
W
.Tiirx^ 20
Cnvlc
08 2-()
!>2 20
84 40-4
Julv 14
Church ill .
58 .'1-50
04 14
84 40-8
„ 8
Kuapit's 15ay (1) .
(U 0-42
80 47-3
(2) .
fil 60
88
8(5 W5
Near Waster River
(!5 100
67 100
»27
Repulse Ray
06 820
—
88 10-7
Augusts
amN.W.ofOapel
Lady Felly (
—
—
88 27-1
November
Fort Hope (No. 3)
OG 32
80 560
88 3-8
December
„ (No. 4)
))
»
88 14-0
1847.
January
„ (No. 1)
1)
)»
88 17-5
February
„ (No. 2)
»
»
88 12-2
1849.
October
Fort Confidence
00 54
118 40
84 40-4
1 -235
i.".-ai()
1.3-40l>
November
f}
a
fi
84 51-J
Mi»S
I3'2;ii
13! MS
December
)>
yj
Jf
84 50'0
1177
i2i)oy
14-243
1850.
January
ft
tj
It
84 48-8
—
—
M'025
February
f*
ff
J>
84 53-0
1-2 IS
13;{(!4
13-804
March
»
tt
)»
84 50-4
1-108
13-231
13'801
The quantities are very irregular in both scries. Applying the
mean dip, we have by series A a range from 11-G2 to 15*07, and in
series B a range from l'2-23 to 14"73. The mean of the whole is
13"G10, and this agrees Ijest with my observatif>ns on Mackenzie's
River and Great Slave Lake, viz. —
Distnneo l^
. 240 miles
. 190
. 270
Fort lusoluliou . . .300
It is to be hoped that some light will be thrown on these exces-
sive fluctuations by the observations of the International Circum-
polar Expi'ditions of 1882-3.
' Si!o Miiijufiicitl and Me/iorolnj/ical Ohservattons at. Fart Coiifidtnce in Great
Hear Lulu; by Sir .lohn Itiehai'dson, V.W. ; Jteduccd and discussed by ('apt, Young-
liusbiih.i, U.A. Luiidnti, 1S55,
At Fort Oood Iloi^e
„ Fort Norman
„ Fort Simpson
13-081
1305.3
13-808
13-9o0
W-
,.-.v_i_
DR. U. bell's observations.
11
i t
Dr. R. Boll has favoured mc with the subjoined list of varia-
tions observed by himself in 1879 at stations intermediate between
Dr. Eae's and my own. They refer to an epoch thirty-six years
later than the latter, and are therefore adapted to the purpose of
giving evidence on the subject of secular change in that interval of
time.
The latitudes and longitudes not marked b are taken from his
map accompanying a geological report for 1878, unless otherwise
explained ; but they are very little to be relied on.
Table XVIL
Variatioiis North of Yoi'k Factory, 1879.
1
station
Lat.
Loii),'.
Vnr.
Fort Churchill
o /
M 4.i
50
o
04
14
/
11 OE.
2
Churcliill U., 27'" from mouth
Churchill 11., 22'" X. of the mouth of tlie
o8
o.>
!)4
10
30
Little Churchill R
57 47
96
12
15
3
At the N. side of the juuction of tliese
two rivers
57 31
95
30'
12 30
4
Little Churchill It., 6'" N. of tiio next
station
57
12
i)5
10
10 30
5
Little ('hnrchill R., 21'" S. of its junc-
tion with the Gru.it ( 'liurchill R.
57
7
95
11 30
Nelson R., (i."5"' from N.l']. extremity of
Beacon Point, or Point of Marsh ' ,
m
31)
94
8 45
1^
4
Nelson R., lowest Liuiebtouo Rapid, 77"'
from Point of ^larsh ....
50
30
l^it
94
15
11 30
8
Nelson R., Broad Rapid, 2.1'" S.W.frcm
the Inst
,-)(!
;{5
94 55
11 30
Nelson R., outlet of Split Lake' .
Grass R., outlet of \Vilcliiii,or Stinkin},'
60
10
5b
97
10
18
10
Lake
50
13
97
13
10 30
11
Nelson R., N. side of outlet of Sepi-
wesk Lake, at S. end of Cross Portafjro
55
13
5b
97 50
10 30
12
Nelson R., Duck Portage, outlet of Duck
Lake
51
5,'}
98
20
19 15
13
Nelson R., 2-" below White Mud Falls .
54
45
8 b
98
10
14 .-iO
11
Western Cliannel of Fast R., 5'" 8. of
Pipestone Lake
54
38
98
5
10 30
lo
Junction <if Pino R. and Fast R., 0'"
below Sea River Falls
54
20
97
47
10
' So Dr. Bell. On the Dominion map it is in about 94° 50'.
" By the map, about 50° 30'.
' By the latitude friven, this must be the entrance, not the outlet, poiiifr by the
current.
\
f1' ',
[I \
It
118
SECTION IV.
NORWAY HOUSE, LAKE WINNIPEG, TO FORT CIIII'EWYAN,
LAKE ATHABASCA.
About 1,090 miles.
August 12, 1813.— I loft Norway House at 3.30 a.m., following
the Saskatcbcwau brigade of boats, wbich bad started the previous
day.
Before quitting tbc station I substituted a new axle for the
unserviceable one of Fox's needle C, and took two complete sets of
observations to furnish a base for future intensities referred to
Norway House.
Welfc-ht Angle Nat sin
o
/
jr.
1'5 prs.
19
32-2
•1115
2-0 „
20
24-,-)
•1131
2-5 „
34
12-0
•1125
30 „
42
42-1
•1130
3-5 „
52
33-0
•1139
Observed in the middle of the day at Old Noncay House, already
given as Station C. I observed again the temperature of boiling
water, for the purpose of ascertaining the height of the lake above
the sea. This was done on many occasions, and gave a mean
elevation of 773 feet. It has since been determined by the sur-
veyors of the Canada Paciiic Railway to be about 710 feet, the eleva-
tion currently adopted. Encamped at 8 p.m.
CLXIII. Aiifiust 13.— Started at 4 a.m.
Xorth Shore, in lat. 53° 53' ; long. 98° 39'.
\'iinution, I.
8.9 A.M.
. 17
35-8 E.
., 11.
H.Ui „
. 17
(!•(!
.. 111.
^.37 „
17
•■iO';^
Observed on the
17 24 '2 E
It-
LAKE WINNIPEG, N.
119
CLXIV. Observed lat. at noon from the lake horizon, 53° 50' 24" ;
a bed of peat about 8 feet thick here formed a cap to the low cliff
forming the lake shore.
CLXV. Observed again on Macintosh Island, an island off
Limestone Point, not named on Dr. Bell's map. Lat. 53° Ky ;
long. 99° 5' F. (Bell, 99° 15').
Variation, I. 2.54 p.m.
II. 3.5 „ .
21 57-6)
21 21-2 f
2r 39'-4E,
I did not note the geological formation of Macintosh Island,
and the observation was not reduced until long after I had quitted
it ; but I have little doubt that it will prove to be an island of some
intrusive formation, upstanding in the limestone basin of the
lake.'
CLXVI. We encamped at 8 p.m. at what proved to be, after wo
were landed, a mere bank of sharp limestone shingle, between the
lake and a swamp, where it was difficult to find a smooth place for
sleeping.
August 14. — We were detained at this spot until six in the
evening by a heavy swell from the lake, which made it impossible
to proceed. The formation was limestone, abounding in fossil fish,
orthoccrata, and trilol)itos of large size. Oljsorvod Int. 58' 31' 51" ;
long. 99° 12'.
Variation, 8.14 a.m. .
Dip, 5 A.M., CJambuy No. 1
„ Fox A gave .
M G „
o
\7
7-3
HO
10-8
80
10-7
80
300
Mean
80 22-2
In this case the dip by Gambey appears to be less than it
should be, the station being presumably, from its geological forma-
tion, free from disturbance.
Total Force
Robtlvo
Absolute
ir.
Fo.x A .
. 1-8721
14109
(0-0)
„ . .
. 18576
14-000
(4-0)
Llovd A
. 1-8685
14-006
(2-5)
„ B
. 1-8027
14008
(2-5)
1-8027
14-008
(1-5)
SabiuL' oiuittcd tlie ohstTvation,
« i
1
'* f
>
1
■
, 1
i
)
I
' > ■
120
RIVER SASKATCHEWAN.
This station was formerly described as near the ' First Rocky
Point ' of Franklin, but the latitude is that of his ' Second Rocky
Point,' which agrees better with a run of 4'' or 5'' from Macintosh
Island.
We were enabled to proceed at 6 p.m., and encamped four or
five miles further on, at the mouth of Buffalo River. The spot is
identified by the descriptive particulars given in a letter written a
few days later. * A narrow channel hardly visible from the lake,
opening through a white shingly beach, which led us into a con-
siderable lake or bay, totally landlocked, with black water, which
contrasted curiously with the chalky tint of Lake Winnipeg.' The
-^anoe had to be sent back from here to the place of the morning's
detention, which was but three or four miles off.
CLXVII. AiKjHst 15. — Left at 2 a.m. Observed at the mouth
of the liUer Saskatchewan. Lat. 53° 17' ; long. 99° 25'.
Variation, 7.56 a.m.
10° 39'-2 E.
' The N.E. side of the actual mouth of the river was bearing
N. 30° E. at half a mile distance.'
CLXVIII. Observed at noon, liaving entered the river.
Lat. 53° 10' 38".
CLXIX. Observed again at the lower (east) end of the Grand
liapid, which was also a station of Scptcmhcr 2, 1814, when, how-
ever, we ran the rapid in Hood instead of making a portage, one of
the most hazardous experiences of my voyage. Lat. by account,
53° 8' ; long. 99° 27'.
Franklin observed at the other, or west end. Lat. 53° 8' 25" ;
long. 99° 28' 2".
o /
Variation by compii.-^s, August 15, 184.'], 4.14 i'.m. 19 120 E
„ collimator, Soptoiuber 2, 1844,
0.43 A.M.
17 250
Mean . . . .18 10-0 E.
Only one limb of the sun could be seen on the last occasion.
Dip, 1843. Gambcy No. 1, 0.30 r.M. .
„ K"*14, „ „ ;, A.M. .
Mean
80 21-6
80 31-6
80 26-5
CROSS LAKE.
121
Total Force
1843. Fox A
1844. Lloyd B
Mean
Rclntivo
1-8741
1-8008
1-8760
Absolute
14-184
14-084
14-109
. 1-8702 14-165
Ilorizoutal force in absolute measure, 1844 : —
(00)
(4-0)
(2-5,
(1-26)
*
CnrrockMl T m X
8
IJy Magnet No. 30 4-8007 0-3075 2-34G0 14-l;J4
„ 31 5-1558 0-.^514 2-3.305 14089
„ 17 5-3157 0-0700 2-3388 14-085
ft
»
(1-0)
(1-0)
(I'O)
5-3157
14-102 (0-3)
The mean, allowing weight as above, is 1*8684, or 14'141.
I halted at the upper end of the portage, and there found the
Saskatchewan brigade of boats, under Mr. Harriot, already en-
camped.
CLXX. Avrjust 16. — Started before the Brigade, and reached
Cross Lake, about half a dozen miles above the Rapid. Two or
three hours later the Brigade came up, and here we were all
detained by wind on the east side of the lake until late in the after-
noon of the following day. Observed at noon. Lat. 53° 10' 7" ;
long. 99° 34'.
Variation, 9.34 a.m. .
,
* • •
18 8-7 E
Dip, r.M., Oambey No. 1
•
.
80 28-2
Total Force
nelativo
Absolute
H'.
Fox A .
1-87G1
14197
(G-0)
„ C . . . .
1-8552
14041
(40)
Lloyd B
1-87G7
1-8G95
14-204
(2-5)
Mean .
14-150
(1-25)
Horizontal force in absolute measure, by vibration and deflec-
tion : —
Corrected T m Z <)> W.
a
Magnet 30
30
6-G034 S)
0-4306
2-3477
14177
(1-5)
(»
4-G107
0-4310
2-3495
14-187
(1-5)
.11
5'88085'
0-3909
2-3479
14-178
(1-5)
J»
4-8516
0-!!931
2-3G14
11'256
(1-5)
14-199
(0-0)
The letter ^ indicates that the bar was vibrated in a stirrup.
Combining these values by weight, the mean for the station is
1-8624, or 14-096.
Ir
;
!,l !
m !
' i
i
I i
I
; -
t
I
!
;
!
'■
■ '.
t
1
1
. "
1
!
122
RIVER SASKATCHEWAN.
August 17. — The wind subsided, and we were enabled to advance
towards evening, experiencing considerable difficulty in finding a
landing place. *We reached a small lake, or expansion of the
river, which was so shallow that we searched a long time for a place
where we could approach the shore. At last we succeeded, and
after forcing my way through reeds and rushes almost as high as
myself, I found a tolerably clear space, where we slept without a
tent, as the place did not admit of unloading the canoe ' (Letter).
CLXXI. Atigust 18. — Left at 4 a.m. Observed at noon on
Hare Island (Isle aux Lievres), Cedar Lake, a narrow limestone
island about the middle of the lake. It is not named on my map,
but is probably off Rabbit Point, called by Franklin ' Long Point.'
Lat. 53° 12' 9" ; long. 100°.
Dip, Oamboy No, 1 .
.
• •
80° 7''1
Totftl Force
Relative
Absolute
w.
Fox A .
. 1-8581'
14003
(OG)
CLXXII. Observed for time at 4 p.m., on another island on the
west side of the lake. Lat. 53° ITS ; long. 100° 12'.
CLXXIII. August 19. — Observed on the west shore of Muddy
Lake, in what is marked on some maps as the delta of the Saskat-
chewan. Lat. 53° 19'-3 ; long. 100° 35'.
Variation, 7.48 a.m.
18" 32'-9E.
CLXXIV. I observed on Isle dcs Festins, or Devil's Drum
Island, about a quarter of a mile north-west of the last station.
Lat. 53° 19''5 ; long. 100° 86'. Both spots are in the limestone
district, and scarcely require to be regarded as separate stations.
Variation by collimator, 7.30 a.m.
Dip, Oamboy No. 1
17 32-2 E.
80 00
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
m X
Correctal T m
Magnet 30 4-7485 0-3975
„ 31 5-0968 0-3514
„ 17 5-1934 0-6700
2-4078
2-3940
2-3947
2-3988
13-806
13-786
13-790
IF.
(l-O)
(1-0)
(1-0)
(0-3)
13-814
September 1 , 1844.
Formwly driven 1-871, which is incorrect.
m
RIVER SASKATCHEWAN.
123
CLXXV. Encamped on the most westerly of the Pine Islands,
and observed lat. by Polaris, 53° 80' 45".
Ai'i/ust 31, 1H44.
CLXXVI. Augtist 19 (resumed). — Observed at noon. Lat.
53° 80' 51".
CLXXVII. August 20. — Left camp at 3.20 a.m. Observed at
noon. Lat. 53° 46' 47".
In the afternoon I visited the missionary station of Christ-
church, otherwise called The Pas, then in its infancy, and in
temporary charge of a young half-breed catechist named Budd.
CLXXVIIL Encamped about four miles beyond this place, pro-
bably at the Round Turn, a well-marked spot, and observed
lat. by Polaris, 53° 48' 51" ; long. 101° 23'.
Returning to the same spot August 81, 1844, I made other
observations.
o /
Variation by collimator, 10.30 a.m. . . 19 5C-8 E.
Dip, Gainbey No. 1 80 2-4-4
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
Corrected T m X i U".
Maffiiut No. yo 47705 0-3075 23857
31
5-10!)0 0-3514
17 5-1078 0-G700
2-3835
2-3005
2-3800
11-315 (1-0)
14 200 (1-0)
14-344
14-318
(1-0)
(0-3)
CLXXIX. August 21.— Left 3.55 a.m. Observed a little to the
eastward of the Big Bend. Lat. 53° 52' ; long. 101° 28'.
Variation, 8.G a.m 20° 45'-4 E.
CLXXX. Observed at noon at the Big Bend. Lat. 53° 58' 22".
CLXXXL August 22.— Left 3.40 a.m. Observed to the east-
ward of the channel called the Little River, which is one of the
arms into which the Saskatchewan divides above Cumberland
House, apparently the same as ' Tearing Eivcr ' on recent maps.
Lat. 53° 51' ; long. 101° 50'.
Variation, 7.32 a.m.
17" 46'-2E.
124
CUMUKRLAMi HOUSE.
This result is iirof^ular, aiitl aa the observation was ^ood, socms
to iudicatu local diHturbanco.
CLXXXII. Observed at noon about ono mile south-east of
the small lake formed by an expansion of the Little Hirer.
Lat. 53' 52' 12".
Cumberland House was reached about p.m.
CUMDERLAND IIoUSE.
CLXXXIII. The latitude and longitude of this station havin*^
been determined by the officers of Franklin's first exjiedition, who
wintered here in 1819, and again in 1825, I adopted their results,
and made use of the longitude for rating my chronometer.
Lat. 53° 50' 10" ; long. 102° 19' 13", or 0" 19"' 1(5" W.
It is so placed in the map of the North-West Territory, dated
1882. I observed here both going and returning.
Variation by compass, Au},'ust 2.% IBJJJ, 7.30 a.m.
M » It » '-^^ t)
10 52-4 E.
1!) 4;j-8
10 481
Variation by collimator, Aunrust 20, 1841, 5'3D v.m. 10 107 E.
Meau li)ii-2iE.
II:
■fi
Dip, 1843,
7 A.M
, Gambey
No
1
. 80
28-2
>i »
»i
»
»
2
. 80
31-8
300
„ 1841,
I'.M.
ti
)»
1
. 80
20-5
)» V
»
91
»>
2
. 80
19-5
20-0
80
25-0
Total Force
Uuliitivo
<(>
w.
August 23,
1813.
Hy Fo.\
A
1-8039
14-107
(0-0)
»
»
B
1-8720
14-173
(40)
»
»
C
1-8510
14-010
(4-0)
August 24
»
A
1-8718
14-107
(GO)
»
>»
B
1-8723
14-171
(40)
>f
i>
C
1-8080
14-145
(40)
»
RyLloydB(l) .
1-8080
14-138
(2-5)
»
))
(
2^ .
1 •S70;{
14150
(2-5)
1 -^ijm
14-1420
(.3-3)
riND ISLANM) I-AKE
By comploto observations of vibration and deflection : —
125
CorrccUil T
m
X
<t>
ir
184;{.
H
Miignot :)() rvC))l)4jf
()'4317
li-.'MW
14'2(K)
(IT.)
„ „ 4-oi(i;{
04yi(J
a;t»u)
14'207
(ir.)
i»
„ ;tl nooso^
o:jn2()
2-.'i;{75
14-ina
(ir,)
»»
„ „ 4 •8845
o-aou)
2'3.'{08
I4ir)8
14- 1842
(If,)
(0(1)
I hero apply the dip observed in 1843.
By observation of vibration only, August 29, 1811 :—
Correctcil T
m
X
*
IK.
ogn
ft No
30
4777r.
03070
2-3782
14103
(10)
1)
i>
31
51080
o;{oir,
2';i828
14101
(1-0)
»
1)
17
f,-2.'{55«
0-0700
23fifi2
14-0:t2
(l-O)
14-lJO
(0-30)
I here apply the dip observed in 1841.
We have thus seven independent dcttrininations fi)r Cumberland
House ; and allowing weight as here assigned, the mean is, total
force in relative value, 1*808() ; in absolute value, 14*143.
Aiipust 24, 1843. — Left Cumberland House in the afternoon
for Tsle u la Crosse, but was obliged to land soon after on a small
island in I'inr Iddnd Lake, about two miles distant from the Fort,
and wait until the wind abated.
Observations on the Saskatchewan above Cumberland House will
be found below. Stations CCLXXX to CCXC.
CLXXXIV. — Station in Pine hhind Luhe, about two miles fiom
Cumberland House. Lat. by account, 53" 58' ; long. 102" 17'.
The planet Jupiter being favourably situated about 12" above
the horizon, I took two sets of azimuths for variation.
At 8.22 P.M.,
„ H.29 „
hour angle .'
I III
1 3 vnr. .
10 „ .
O
. 17
. 18
58 E.
14
iT"
C9'7 E.
CLXXXV. August 25. — Left at 4 a.m., traversed Pine Island
Lake of Franklin, * Beaver or Sturgeon ' lake on modc^rn maps.
Observed from the lake horizon at noon, lat. 54° 11' 34" ; encamped
on the Rirer Malign, a voyageur's name for the shallow, tortuous,
' 'I
Hi
' Not as previously j>uMi3lu'<l, .'■•22oo.
120
nEAVER LAKE.
:
rapid stream flowing ont of Boavcr Lake proper, wliich is to the
north of Pine Inland Lake. The River Malign is Sturgeon Bivor
of Franklin's Tables, but not named on his map.
CLXXXVI. Aiifimt 20. — On the River Maliyn, observed a.m. in
lat. by account 54" 21'- 1 ; long. 102° 10'.
Variation, 8.35 a.m. .
. 21° 23' E.
V |:
CLXXXVII. Observed al)out 17™ past noon on an island in the
stream above Crooked ll<ij)Ul. Lat., by reduction to meridian,
51° 23' 17".
CLXXXVIII. Entered Beaver Lake, and observed on Limestone
Point, near the outlet. Lat. by account, 51° 2(5' ; long. 102° 10'.
Dip by Oamboy No. 1, 2-3 r.M.
TiPtnl Koroo
Fox A .
Rolittivu
l-8a30
VH398
1-H537
Absolut*
14-U)0
13025
11030
HOP 34-2
w.
(0-0)
(4-0)
(1-0)
I commenced at this station a practice which was continued
until my arrival at Lake Athabasca, of observing at all favourable
opportunities the time of vibration of the three magnets numbered
respectively 30, 31, and 17, for the relative horizontal force at the
station^ as a confirmation of the observations of relative total force.
On comparing the magnetic moment of those magnets, as ascer-
tained at Cumberland House on August 21, with its amount at Isle
a la Crosse on September 11, a very evident reduction is seen.
Values of m.
JIngnct 30
„ 31
.. 17
Cnmliorland Ilonsa
Hiiy 230 (Aug. 2-1)
Corrected T
a
. 0-7030
. 04312
. 0-31)21
I^lo iV In Trosso
Ufty 252 (Sept. 9)
m
0-0020
0-4155
0-3848
Ft Cliipowynn
Day 280 (Oct. 13)
• -Y
0-0882
0-4173
0-3855
This loss occurred in eighteen days, and there is no decisive
evidence whether it was progressive or resulted from some accident
affecting them all together ; on that account Sabine recorded the
results (Table XLII), but did not make use of them. I do not, how-
EXTEIlIArENTS OF VIBTIATION.
127
over, conflidor tho error possibly involved in the supposition that it
was uniform and proRressivo, one which necessitates their entire
exclusion from view, as they do in fact wlun so treated Rive support
to the results derived from tho Fox and Lloyd needles. From Isle
a la Crosse to Lake Athabasca tho magnetism was nearly stationary,
tho amount of change being at least insignificant.
In the subjoined conversions I have applied a value of in = tho
magnetic moment of tho bar on tho day of oliservation, by simple
interpolation, on the supposition of uniform change.
August 20. — On Beaver Lake (eontiniird).
Corroctod T m
Magnet No. 30 4-«!07l 0-42M!)
„ 31 .l-i)417 O'KIMW
17 naoco 07015
.Y
a-.'}iui
2-li7(ll)
14-1()0
i3-nr,8
l.'JHOS
2'21)13 131)85
(10)
(10)
(1-0)
(0-3)
Tho mean by both methods, weighted as above, is 1*8540, or
11'032.
CLXXXIX. Aiifiust 27.— Left 8.30 a.m., observed at noon about
1^ mile north of tho mouth of Hnif Hirer, a stream flowing from
the west, which is inserted on Franklin's route, but not marked on
recent maps. Lat. 51° 42' 55".
CXC. Reached tho Carp Portage, on • Great River.' Lat. by
account, 51° 47'-2 ; long. 102' 3l)'-5 F. (by chron. 102° 4G'-6), and
observed :
Variation, 2.23 p.m.
Dip by Qamboy No. 1, 1.30 p.m.
Force not observed.
24 HO E.
MO 3DG
CXCL Auijust 28. -Left at 4.10 a.m. Observed at the Pine
Ptyrtage, or P. des Epinettos, leading into Heron Lake. Lat. by
Franklin's map, 55° 4' ; long. 102° 42' F.
Dip, Gambey No, 1, at 11 a.m.
1 •80^13
1405^1
80 527
Pi.tal Force
Ilplntivo
Abfoluto
IK.
l'\iX A .
. 1-8714
14107
(0-0)
., (J . .
. 1-8540
14-(a)
(40)
(10)
1 ':■
1 ^'
128
THE FROG POKTAQE.
Mapnct No. 30
31
17
»
n
Corrected T
4-7471
5-OOOG
5-2725
0-4270
0-3900
0-7001
2-2395
2-2353
2-2220
14-137
14100
14022
(1-0)
(1-0)
(10)
14-080 (0-3)
Mean of both, 1-8677, or 14-136.
CXCII. August 29. — Left 4 a.m., reached the Frog Portage,
Icatliuf? into EngUsh or Churchill River. Lat. by account, 55° 27' ;
louK. 103° 19'-5 F.
Observed dip, Gambey
No. 1, 3.20
P.M. .
. 80
59-3
Total Porca
Fox A .
„ C . . ,
Rolatire
. 1-8656
. 1-8462
Atwoluto
14-044 "
13-973
IT.
(GO)
(4-0)
1-8518
14-010
(1-0)
Corrected T
m
X
♦
w.
Magnet No. 30 4-7805
„ 31 50492
„ 17 5-3184
0-42C0
0-3890
0-0!)94
only
2-1113
2-2001
2-1873
14-117
14-040
13-964
(1-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
Total force by vibration
14-042
(0-3)
Mean by both observations, woifrhted as above, 1-8520, or 14-017.
Wc here enter what is callea on the maps the Missinnipi,
Churchill, or English River, a succession of irregular basins con-
nected by channels of erosion in granitic rocks. The valuable
rrsionr of information respecting this region, compiled by Mr.
Sandford Fleming, which qualifies every square of one degree, had,
80 late as 1879, the stereotyped phrase ' nothing reliable known *
against every section.' The state of the weather in my passage
almost precluded observation, and such memoranda as were made
are lost.
August 30. — No observations. The rain was almost unceasing
about this time.
CXCIII. August 31.— Observed at a portage, of which the name
is not recorded, about three miles west of Rapid River. Lat. by
account, 55° 26' ; long. l04° 26' F. (chron. 101° 42'). The sun was
clouded over after the sights for time, and only one sight could be
obtained for variation, giving at 9.11 a.m. variation 25° 21' E.
' Report addressed to the Hon. the Minister of Public Worlts, Ottawa, 1879.
STRONG LOCAL EFFECT.
129
iatio
n, 4.18 r.M.
. 16 860 E.
»»
4.51 „
. 15 16-3
)i
5.10 „
. 17 1-4
CXCrV. Observed at noon, about five milea south of the Moun-
tain Portage. Lat. 55° 29' 87".
CXCV. Observed again at Lit'le Rock Portage, next beyond and
near the last statioa. Lat. 55° 00' ; long. 104° 34'.
16° 27'-3 E.
This result indicates a powerful local disturbing influence, of
which there are traces in all the observations of the next three days.
The formation is gneiss and mica slate, but its relations to the
Winnipeg limestones are not determined, and whether the two mcit
in this neighbourhood or not has yet to be determined. I have
subjected the observations to close scrutiny and find nothing to
suggest a doubt of their accuracy. The other elements show a
like disturbance.
Dip, 3.30 P.M., Qambey No. 1 . .80° 16-4
Total Foroo
Fox A .
,. C .
Relative
10061
1*0842
1-9013
Absolute
15107
15018
15071
w.
(00)
(40)
(10)
This is a very unusual and excessive force, but was exceeded on
Lake Winnipeg, S*"lion CXXI, and on Lake Superior, Station LIL
The dip is about 20' less than is due to the position.
^18
bo
CXCVL Observed again at the place of encampment not far
from Otter Portage. Lat. by Polaris, 55° 36' 18" ; but by meridian
altitudes of aAquilse 55° 35' 41" ; long, by chron. 104° 5G'.
CXCVn. September 1. — Observed at the east end of Great
DeviVa Portage. Lat. 55° 40' ; long. 104° 47' 46" F. (By chron.
105° 6'-6.)
n /
Variation, 0.27 a.m.
Dip, Qambey No. 1, 10 a.m.
Total Force
FoxA .
„ B . . . .
•
. 24
. 80
48-6 E.
80-9
Relative
1-8670
1-8(106
Absolute
14-131
14127
(60)
(4-0)
1-«U«»
UliM
liO)
K
,,)
I «
il
130
ENGLISH RIVER,
Cnrroctc<lT m JC ^ H'.
a
Magnet No. 30 4*7649 0-4201 22414 13-600 (0-0) >
„ 81 4-9375 0-3883 2-3086 14010 (I'O)
„ 17 C-1820 0-C960 2-3101 14019 (10)
2^003
14014
(0-2)
Mean, allowing weight as above, 1-8653, or 14*118.
CXCVIII. Observed at noon at the upper end of the same
portage. Lat. 55° 40' 26".
CXCIX. Observed at the encampment Portacfc des Eenrcs
(Stoep-Bank Portage, Richardson). Lat. by Polaris, 55° 42' 23" ;
long, (by chron.) 105° 29'-4.
CO. September 2. — Observed at Trout Portfigc, English river.
Lat. by account, 55° 42'-5 ; long. 105° 29'. (By chron. 105° 30'.)
Variation, 8.26 a.m.
„ 8.32 „
21 31-1 E.
21 240
CCL Observed at noon at a spot about one and a quarter mile
south-east from Harriet Portage. Lat. 55° 34' 3".
CCIL Observed again at the encampment, about half a mile
' The time of vibration of Magnet 30 is anomalous, and tbe observatioii must
be rejected. I subjoin the details of it. Ther. 72°-7.
No.
Cliron.Tiiiic.
No.
Chron. Time
200 Vibr.
11. 111. s.
1i. in. B.
m. s.
33 50
200
6 49 0-8
15 55'8
10
33 530
210
6 49 490
15 50-0
20
6 34 410
220
6 50 36-0
16 550
30
35 28-5
230
6 51 238
15 55-3
40
(! 30 100
240
6 52 11-4
15 65-4
CO
37 3-8
250
6 52 59-5
16 55-7
00
6 37 520
260
6 53 47-0
15 550
70
G 38 3!l-8
272
6 54 44-8
15 55-4
80
6 39 27-5
280
6 55 22-8
15 55-3
90
40 100
290
6 56 10-5
15 54-5
100
41 2-5
300
6 56 58-0
16 559
Ubs. T. of 1 vibr.
ilean time of '.
JOO vibn
itions.
15 55-35
4-77(i8 sees.
Tbe interval sbould have been 13-0 sees. /<■»«, to give a result in agreement with
No9. 31 and 17. A lo.ss of magnetic moment amounting to 0-0115 would account
for tbe diHurence, and tbe bar does evince a loss of magnetism on following days.
ENGLISH RIVER.
131
above the Cardinal Rapid, at the west end of Black Bear Island
Lake F. Lat. by Polaris, 55° 89' 4".
CCIII. September 3. — Left about 5 a.m. Observed about one
mile below the * Rapide qui parle ' {royageur ellipsis for ' Rapidc (jui
lie parle pas,* in allusion to its swift and silent current). Lat. by
account, 55° 43''5 ; long. 105° 50' F. The position by chronometer
was 106° 28', which I cannot reconcile with the map or with nest
day's sights, and therefore disregard.
Variation, 7.50 a.k.
8.4 „
„ 8.31 „
Mean
20 31-9 E.
21 38-3
21 371
21 150
CCIV. Observed 50' before noon at Canoe Portaf/c. Lat. by a
single sight reduced, 55° 40' 30" ±1' ; ' long. 105° 58'.
CCV. Observed at the Pine or Pin Portage, at the east cud of
Sand-fly Lake. Lat. 55° 43' ; long. 106° 0'.
Dip, Gambey No. 1, 4.30 r.u.
Total Force
Fox A .
.. C .
Corrcctol T
a
Rlagnet No. 30 479r)3
„ „ 31 5-0187
»» >»
Relative
1-8597
1-8510
1-8500
Absolute
14-078
14-017
14-052
*
80° 40'-3
w.
(C-0)
(4-0)
(10)
w.
0-3876
0-4213
0-6959
2-2300
2-2401
2-2<»75
17 5-2402
Mean for the station, 1-8524, or 14-023.
13-705
13-s.->o
13-089
(0())t
(()(>)
(l-O)
rejected
rejected
CCVI. September 4.— Observed at Snake Point. Lat. by
account, 55° 51' ; long. 106° 80' 1".' By chron. 100° 38'.
Variation, 8.7 a.m.
„ 8.35 „
20 34 E.
20 1-7 E.
CCVII. Observed again at Snake Rapid, at noon. Lat. 55° 44' 8" ;
long. 106° 35' 2".
' It ia not noted which si(^e of the horizon-^^Iass faced the sun,
' Evident loss of niBprnetiNin.
' Franklin has an ol)xervati >n for longitude in 1820, ' in the narrows between
SandHy and Snake Lake,' 100° 44' 30", by which this place seems iuteude<l, but it
does not fit the map, wliich was drawn on observatiouB of 1819 only,
K i
i I
b
t
w
J! i
i'i ;(
[^
)■ 1
f I
1' : *
182
EXGLISH RIVER.
Dip, 1.30
P.M., Gombey
No. 1 .
• »
80- 38'-H
Total Force
Relative
Ahgnlnte
w.
Fox A
.
i-87ai
14-177
(00)
„ c
.
1-8641
14-100
(4-0)
» B
• •
1-8500
1-8640
14-048
(40)
14-128
(1-4)
Corrected T
m
jr
X*le<l, W.
Magnet No.
30 4-7605
0-4203
2-2657
13-940 (OO)
»» f»
31 4-9833
0-3877
2-2733
14020 (OO)
» n
17 S-2808
O-6902
2-2697
13-966 (00)
These values indicate loss of force, and arc rejected.
I was detained for some time at this station, being obliged to
send back the canoe down the Rapid, which we had just mounted
with much labour, to Snake Point, for a bag of • Taureau '
(Pemmican) left behind by negligence of the men.
There was the first decided frost this night since June 8.
CCVIII. Sej)temher 5. — No observation, pi-ol)ably on account of
weather. Encamped on Knee Lake. A single sight of Polaris
gave lat. 55° 48' 48".
CCIX. September 6. — Incessant rain ; but I obtained two
momentary sights of the sun on Primeau Lake. Lat. by account,
55° 57' ; long, about 107° 10' ; whence
Variation, 8.28 a.m. .
23° 15'-0 E.
CCX. Septemhcr 7. — Observed at the Portaric Snnnante, at the
outlet or north-cast end of Lake a la Crosse. Lat. by Franklin's
map, 55° 54' ; long. 107° 36'.
Variation, 4.13 p.m.
.
,
. ,
2(>
4.5 4 E
,
Dip, Gambey No. 1,
P.M
.
* .
HO
11-2
Total Force
HelatlTO
Ahsoliito
V.
Fox A
.
l-8r)71
]40.-)0
(60)
„ C . .
•
1-8073'
13079
(0-0)
rej,
'cted
' Needle C had evidently lost niaj,'iit'ti8m by some accident since the 4tb instant,
and continued to give values of tlie force materially below those gi^en both by
needle A and by the mathod of vibration, until my arrival at Fort Chipewyan.
The ditf'erence is about 2 per cent. I have continued, however, to insert the values
ftotiuilly found for the sake of the confirmation they nfTord to the exceptional force
at Station CCXXV (Pierre au Calumet), as assigned by needle A. See p. 140.
LAKE X LA CROSSE.
133
CoiTccte<l T m
Magnet No. aO 40472 04177
„ „ 31 4-8831 0-3858
„ „ 17 fi-0904 0936
I. Total force by vibration only
II. „ „ Fox'a needle A
X ^ w
2-3960 14058 (10)
2-3700 13-962 jlO)
2-4013 14-005 (1-0)
. 14-038 (0-3)
. 14-050 (t>-0)
14-050 or l-8.>03
Scptemhcr 8. — Observation was again prevented by rain. I
reached the Hudson's Bay Fort, on Lake a la Crosse, in the evenin}:?.
CCXI. September 9. — At the Hudson's Bay House, or Fort, on
Isle X la Crosse Lake. Latitude observed at noon, 55° 20' 45" ;
by Polaris, 9.11 p.m., 55° 26' 53".
The first is identical with Franklin's latitude in 1819. Simpson
made it only 55° 25' 25" in 1830, which is evidently too little.
I assume the long, as 107° 53' 67" W., or 7" 11" 86", being the
moan of the following determinations : —
Franklin, 1819
„ 1820
Simpson, 1830
Observed variation, 8.2G a.u.
SM „
5.30 I'.M.
»»
Mean .
T>ip, Gambey No. 1, G.30 a.m.
>> ft >» "f 7.30 ,1
o
107
107
52
54
107 54
46
36
30
o
24
24
25
57-6 E.
36-0 E.
11-7 E.
24 64-7 E.
'J'lital Force
Fox A
(1)
»»
)i
V-i)
»>
B
0)
»»
>»
(2)
»
V
»»
»»
Llo
ydB
t(l)
n
(2)
Rplntive
1-8577
1-8542
1-8494
1-8479
1-7990
1-7902
1-8400
1-8400
o
. 80
. 80
Absniuto
14-045
14-0;}4
13-998
13-980
l;j'i23
l:}'595
l;}-972
13-972
91
10-6
Mean . 1-8535 14028
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
m .V
W.
(«())
(00)
(4-0)
(40)
(00)
(00)
(2-5)
(25)
(1-9)
Corrcotcil T m
ft
MutrnetNd. 30 5-0134 Jj) 0-4178 2-.'3801 i3-907
„ „ 4-0r)89 0-4198 2-;«i((8 14-0;{0
„ Xo. 31 .VJKtsI^ 0;)HI1 •_'-;;h(58 1.'}071
„ I'HX.-iS 0-3St() 2;!HU0 13-900
„ No. 17 51h!l 0-0!»L") — _
(1-6)
(1-5)
(I--.)
(1-5)
J,i
li
I
I
I: i^
/» i
1
(
'
1
'
184
METIIY
RIVER.
X
*
w.
Hy vibration and deflection.
. 2-3889
13»83
(06)
„ only (17)
. 2-3801
13084
(01)
Ry Fox'8 needles A-B
—
14020
(20)
„ Lloyd's needle B .
—
13072
(0-5)
The mean according to weights is 1-8520, or 14*012.
September 11. — Left the Fort at 11.40 a.m. Encamped at
7 P.M. No observations.
September 12. — Left camp at 4 a.m. Observation was again
prevented by wet weather.
CCXIL September 13. — Observed towards the northern end of
Bufalo Lake. Lat. by accoimt, 5G° 4' ; long. 108° 40'.
Dip, by Qai
mbey No. 1
, 7 A.M. .
80° 37'-0
Total I'oicu
litliitivc
Ah8olute
w.
Fox A
.
1-8545
14-030
(60)
,. c
•
1-7862
13-520
(0-0)
rejected
Currcctud T
m
A
*
W.
Magnet No. 30
47004
0-4165
2-2833
14-033
(1-0)
»> ft 31
4-0it80
0-3841
2-2730
14-005
(1-0)
» „ 17
5-2358
0-0012
2-2880
13024
13-903
(1-0)
(0-3)
The mean adopted is 1-8526, or 14-022.
CCXIII. Observed at noon on Buffalo Lake. Lat. 56° 7' 14".
The place of a.m. observation was in sight, bearing E. 10" S., at
about three miles distance.
CCXIV. Observed again on the Methif lUrer. Lat. by Polaris,
56" 12' 85" ; long. 109° F. (109° 9'-4 chron.).
CCXV. Scjitember 14. — Observed at the north end of the Long
Portage, on Methy Eiver (or River de la Lochc), three and a half
miles. Lat. by observation, 56° 14' 41"; long. 109° 18' F.
(dirou. 109° 22'-5).
Variation, 0.35 am.
. 28
40-0 E.
J>-43
. 28
27-5
Dip, Oambey No. 1, 10.15 a.m.
. 80
10-7
Total I'orcc Itilntlvc
Absolute
H-.
FoK \ . . .1 •82.'{0
I3-h;$«
(0-0)
„ . . . I'^-OL'!
13 040
(0-0)
METIIY PORTAGE.
135
Corrected T m X
By Magnet No. 30 47106 0-4155 2-3408
„ 31 4-0.145 0-3841 i»-.13L>3
„ 17 61600 0-6010 2-3437
Mean, by weight, 1-8320, or 18'8G5.
CCXVI. September 15.— Left at 4.10 a.m.
Vine rortage. Lat. 56° 20'; long. 109° 14' F.
13-935
13-883
13-i»r)0
13022
w.
(10)
(1-0)
(1-0)
(0-3)
Observed at thi;
Variation, 8.2 a.m 25 34-9 E.
8.12 „ 25 21-1
Encamped at the Methy Portage.
CCXVII. September 16.— At the Portiige do hi Locho, or (heal
Methij Portable, no called pre-eminently, bting about twelve niilcH
in length. Observed at the south-east end. Lat. by I'ularis,
56° 35' ; long. 109° 37' F. (chron. 109° 45'-5).
Variation, 3 sights, 8.3H a.m. .
. 20
15 K.
„ 7 „ O.oO „ . . .
. 2(?
50-7
26
51-4
Dip, Ganibey No. 1, a.m.
o
. 80
30-4
Total Force Boliitivc
Alimiliito
11'.
Fox A 1-84C4
l;!070
(00)
„ C 1-7964
13-589
(0-0) rcjcvU'il
Corri'otcd T m X
♦
w.
Magnet No. 30 4-7725 0-4155 2-2805
14005
(1-0)
„ „ 31 4-!t!)UH 0-3841 2-2745
13-!)30
(10)
„ „ 17 5-2313 0-0908 2-28;)0
14 •025
(1-0)
13-080
(0-3)
Mean by weight, 1-8471, or 13-980.
CCXVIIL I crossed the Portage in the course of the day, horses
being kept here by the Hudson's Bay Company to facilitate the trujet,
and observed at night at the upper or north-west end. Lat. l)y
Polaris, 56° 43' 41"; long. 109° 52' 15" F. (chron. 109° 57'-9).
Franklin found here a variation 25° 2'-5 E. in July 1820.
September 17. — Before leaving the station observed.
Variation, 7.9 a.m.
» 7.30 „
Mean
rUp, G-'imlx'v Nil. I, A.M. ,
28 30-3 E.
28 250
28 ,-{(» <t
28 2S-(i
W) 38-:i
\y
13G
CLEAR WATER RIVER.
u
i
11!
I: ',
i'f
I ;
ill'
' i
I , I
CCXIX. Observed again at noon at the White Earth Portage,
V. Terru Blanche, on the Clear Water River. Lat. 56° 41' 49".
CCXX. Observed again at the Big Rock Portage. Lat. by
account, 56° 43'-5 ; long. 110° 4' F. (chron. 110° 20'-5).
Variation, 3.43 p.M 27° 48''8
Encamped at Bonne Portage.
CCXXI. September 18. — Left camp at 6.25 a.m. Observed at
Cascade Portage. Lat. by account, 56° 42'-5 ; long. 110° 15' F.
(chron. 110° 23'-6).
Variation, 7.38 a.m.
8.14 ..
26 44-0
26 54-3
I reached the sulphur springs between 10 and 11 a.m. The
temperature of the water about six inches below the surface was
40° F., that of the air being 55'*5, and of the Clear Water River
52°-8.
CCXXIL Leaving the springs at 11.35 a.m., I observed at
noon nearly two miles, or about 25 min. in time, below them.
Lat. 56° 44' 54".
CCXXin. September 19. — Observed about two miles below the
mouth of the Red Willow (F.), or Pembina River, a tributary of
the Clear Water River. Lat. by Franklin's map, 56° 39' ; long.
110° 55' F.
Dip, Gam bey No. 1, 8.30 a.m.
80 86-2
Total Force
Fox A .
„ C . . .
Relntive
. 1-8499
. 1-7993
Absolute
14001
13-618
ir.
(6-0)
(0-0) ff-jected
Coireotod T
m
jr 4>
W.
Magnet No, 30 4-7822
„ 31 50201
„ 17 5-2529
0-4155
0-3841
0-6900
2-2712 13-911
2-2535 13-802
2-2723 13-921
(1-0)
(1-0)
(10)
13-876 (0-3)
Mean by weight, 1-8443, or 13-959.
CCXXrV. Encamped on Pine Island, in the Athabasca, Elk, or
Slave River, River La Biche of Franklin. Lat. by Polaris, 57° 0' 5" ;
long. 111° 20' F. (by chron. 111° 34'-5").
CCXXV. September 20.— Observed at noon at the mouth of a
small stream called River de hi Brai. Lat. 57° 18' 33".
ATHABASCA UIVEU.
137
CCXXVI. Reached the Pierre au Calumet by Franklin's map.
Lat. 57° '24'; long. 111° 35' F. (by chrou. 111° 40'-7).
Vnrintion, 6.3 p.m., by a nnglo sight
„ 6.16 „ by si.v 8i(j:ht8
20 351 E.
25 240
Mean
26 430
Dip, Oambcy No. 1, 2.S0 f.m.
8l
Total Force
Fox A .
„ C .
Rotative
10311
1-8440
Abmluto
14010
13U57
108
w.
(00)
(00) rejected
Needle C, as compared with the last and following station,
supports needle A in showing a great increase of force, although
the actual value is not to be relied on.
Corrected T m X
Magnet No. 30 4-8807 0-4155 2-1761
31 6-1102 0-3841 21001
17 5-3038 00808 21804
n
♦
14-347
14-308
14-382
TF340
w.
(1-0)
(10)
(1-0)
(0-3)
Mean by weight, 1-9249, or 14-559.
This is one of the stations of manifest local disturbance shown
by each of the elements and by three independent determinations
of force. It probably points to mineral discoveries still to be
made. The observation of X would requii-e a dip of 81° 26'-3 to
give the same total force as Fox A.
CCXXVII. September 21.— Observed at Point linile, or Burnt
Point, on the Athabasca River. Lat. by account, 58° 7';
long. 111° 25'.
Dip, Gambey No. 1, 4 p.m.
81 300
Totnl Force
RoIntlTe
Al'Soluto
w
Fox A ,
,
. 1-8.-545
13-8,85
(0-0)
„ .
■
. 1-8184
13-704
(0-0) rejected
Corrected T
m
X «
w.
fnet No. 80
5-0054
0-4155
2-0732 14043
(10)
31
5-2482
0-.'3841
2-0<il3 \sm2
(10)
17
5-4034
00«06
2-0704 14-085
(1-0)
14-030
(0-3)
Mean by weight, 1-8409, or 13-033.
CCXXVIII. September 22. — Lift camp at 4,55 a.m. I could
obtain no observations this day. We descended the Embarras
LMiE ATHABASCA.
llivur, a branch of tho dulta of the Athabasca, and encamped not
far from the lake.
St'ptciiihcr 23, 18-13. — Favoured by a total absence of ice, tho
Keanon being usually open, 1 crossed Lake Athabasca and reached
Fort Chipewyan at midday. Hero I was warmly received by the
late Mr. Colin Campbell, and resided with him until March 5 fol-
lowing. Tho arrival created a sensation in the small community,
for it was twelve years since any traveller had arrived by canoe
from the south ; and the self-importance of my roifutiettrs, who had
thus happily completed a journey of about 3,000 miles, was con-
spicuous in their gala attire and gay chansom as we api)roached tho
landing. They were very shortly sent off to support themselves
through the winter at a fishing station on the lake.
CCXXIX. Fort Chipewyan, on Lake Athabasca.
Latitude as observed, Sej)!, I'O, 1H43
„ July 1, 1844
Frunklin's latitudu ia , . .
C« 42 68
68 4a U
C8 42 35
For longitude I took the mean of Franklin's determinations of
1820 and 1820, which only differ 40", dz. 111° 18' 40", or
7" 25™ 15^ from Greenwich, and 8'' 5" V from Gottingen.
Variation : —
I. Sept. 23. By tho first six of twelve azimuths, 3.C0 p.m. 28 "Jl K.
II. „ By the last six, at 3.50 p.m 27 8-4
27 38-7
A movement in azimuth of tho sun of 2° 20'fl was followed by a movement
of the compass cards of 3° 27'"3, an evident jump at the seventh reading.
I laving no ground for preference I take the moan.
III. October 10. — The variation was observed with the su upended collimator
magnet, at 3.52 p.m 28° 30'-8
IV. July 2, 1844. — Tho variation was again observed with the same magnet
at 0.34 A.U 20" 52-0
Mean ,
28° 46'-8
Dip, September 30, 1843, Gambcy, No. 1 , a.m. 81 .'{7-7
„ February 27, 1844 „ „ 1, 4 p.m. 81 .V >-4
Mean . . . .81 30'8
TAKE ATHABASCA.
130
TotlU !•'"««
I'OX .\, Sopt
„ Oct.
25(1)
(a)
.
Ui'Intlvo
. 1 820.1
. 1-8;mi«
. I821i0
AlHioliito
i;j-8i>;j
i;iiK)H
i;j-84;i
iy-H58
ir.
(f)0)
(50)
(60)
(2-6^
liy Lloyd B,
II
Si'pt. no
Oct.
„ 10
. 1-8480
18471
1-8500
l.'l(»80
1.{-1)80
14002
(1-5)
(l-P)
(1-5)
iy-U89
(0-45)
Equivalent in relative force 1*8415.
Needle C ia rejected for the reasons already given at Station
CCX. The values it gave were as follows : —
Totivl Force
Sept. 25
„ 27
Roliitlvo
1-7769
1-7913
Aliai'lutu
Oct, 7 . . . 1-7841 l;vn02 rejected
The observations of vibration and deflection for the determina-
tion of the horizontal force in absolute measiu'e were multiplit^d at
this station, and included three spare magnets, Nos. 20, 20, and 25),
which had not heretofore been employed in this way.
CorrcctcU T
Oct. 13, 1843, Magnet 30 5V)14 0-
C-13815)
5-2810 0-
G-UU7*
»
II
II
31
Oct."l4
March 1, 1844
II
II
II
July 2
We have then —
17
20
20
30
II
31
II
30
31
17
5-5724
4-.'{373
5-2(i8i)
4-4147
5-0328
G-12;Ujg)
5-:{74()
0-4728^
5-1507
5-4725 0-
5-(i;{20 0-
4177
4109
3858
38.-.2
■0882
■5154
2004
l.')58
4207
4207
.'5703
•.".781
■3088
.3508
cool
-V
20247
2-0200
2-0.301
2-0200
2-0248
2-0107
2-0.381
2-0291
20240
2-0184
2-0()83
2-()201
2-0;!08
2-0105
2-0378
13-021
13-870
13-041
1.3-919
13-!»04
1. 3-8 19
1.3-090
1. '5-9.34
13-845
13-801
13-731
1.3-812
13-947
13-9.'')2
13930
By eight determinations of the ahsolute
horizontal force in Oct. 1843 .8 = 81
By four, i!i March 1844 . . .8 = 81
By three, in July 1844 . . . 8 = 81
37-0
35-4
.35-4 >
1.3-917
1.3-780
13-940
13-881
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-0)
(10)
(1-0)
(lO)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-.-.)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1 -.'-,)
(1-0)
ir.
(lOO)
(0-0)
(40)
' The dip was not observed in July; 1 iui-.-o used thc^ observation of March.
Tlii> piTiodieul cliuugo i» ^ Ty small. At Toronto, by thirty-one years" observa-
tiouy, -r-2.
.,* 1
140
I<AKi: ATIIAUASCA.
Aiul Ihc final rcBultH for thiB Htutiuii are —
i)
:\\
Uy Fox'i noodle A
„ lilovd'i* iieodlu 11
„ Absolutu uiuaouru
4
l;lHr>H
I.'JIIHO
13881
(iro
(()-45)
(200)
Tho mean of tho whole is 18-885, equivalent to 1-881C on the
roliitivu Hctilc, being a little Iosh than wau formerly asBigned (I'BUH).
Although the losa of force in Fox's noodle C, first unniistakahlo
at Station CCX, makes the succoodiiig ohHorvatlons with that noodle
unsuitable for comparison with the base station (NonwAYlIousK), after
Soptomber 4, they are not on that account quite devoid of value.
The course follows very nearly the isodynaniic line of 14'00, and
in the deviations on cither side of that line we find noodle C, as
compared with itself from day to day, giving results which differ in
Hiiin at one station only (CCXV) from those by noodle A, and agree
with two exceptions with the changes in the total force assigned
independently from tho observations of horizontal vibration.
Table XVIII.
Conijmrison of Total Force by Three Methods of Determination, for
the last Eijht Stations before reachiwj Athabasca,
station
Ki.x a
Dlflf.
l-iix C
Diff.
Vilirutiiiiia
DilT.
OCX.
14050
-012
13070
-•070
14-0;58
-•055
CCXI.
14041
-•008
13-000
--080
13 083
+ •010
COXll.
14030
-•200
13-520
+ •111
13-003
-071
CCXV.
13-830
+ •OSO
13-040
-051
13-! ••22
+ •0(57
CCXVII.
13070
-r ^025
13-589
+ -029
13-089
-013
CCXXIII.
14001
+ -015
13-018
+ -330
13-870
+ -470
CCXXVl.
14-010
--731
13!t.-.7
-•103
14-340
-•31G
CCX XVII.
13-885
- -027
13-704
-•202
14-0.10
-149
OCX \ IX.
13-858
13-502
1.5-881
""•i i itiir""'-" — '"
141
siccrioN V.
PROM LAKR rniPEWYAX, OX !,AKR ATMAIUSrA, BY WAY OV VV.MV.
KIVKIl TO DrXVKOA.V. TIIKXCK HY MsSSKK SI,AVK LAKK TO
KDMONTO.V, ON Till: SASKATrilKWA.V, AM) I'KOAI TIIKNC'K TO
CUMlSKKLANr) IIOL'Si;, US TIIK SA.MK RIVKU.
Obsorvations north of Peace llivcr arc reserved for the hiht
Section.
VreUmmnry Ilcmnrkit. — The Peace River at the time of my viHJt
in 1844 was ahnost unknown, except to a few oilicevs of the IIudson'H
Bay Company. No scientific traveller had ascended it since Mac-
kenzie in 1780, whoflo narrative gves hut little precise Rcopraphii-al
information. In extending, therefore, the observations of my
maj?netic survey to the westward, I laid myself out particularly to
map down the course of the river, taking very detailed notes from
hour to hour. These notes were all lost, with my journals, in tra-
velling through the United States in 184G, and I can only now
reproduce the observations for latitude and longitude, with a few
particulars gleaned from letters and other sources. About li>0 miles
of the course of the river were, however, laid down from ray Field
Sketches. The opportunities for observation, without much loss of
time, which are afforded by portages on most of the lines of naviga-
tion, are wanting on this stream ; the portage at the Falls (Station
CCXXXIX) is the only one in 600 miles, and as the lateness of
the season made it of vital importance to press on, my halts W( re
not so frequent as heretofore. This accounts for the stations of
magnetic observation being fewer in number and furtlu r apart than
usual
I '
\>
I
1 i,
, 1
, i
I
142
I'EACK lilVKIl.
Jiihf 1, 1814.— I left Fort CiiirEWYAN (CCXXIX) in the fore-
noon.
CCXXX. July 5. — Entered Peace River, and observed at noon.
Lat. 58° r>5' 25".
CCXXXI. Observed in the afternoon at Point rrotidence. Lat.
58° 58' ; long. 112° 10'.
O /
Variation by collimator, 3 11 P.M. . . .30 35 E.
Dip, by Gambcy No. 1 81 40 1
CCXXXII. Jiihf 6. — I was at mid-day among the Ciifpgum
Ishinds. Either from want of a landing-place or from the sun
being clouded, an observation for latitude was not taken until
50 minutes past noon, and the result can only be regarded as an
approximation; it was 59° 14' 51". It places the course of the
stream here about ten miles more to the north than it is laid down
in the maps.
CCXXXIII. Observed for time p.m. Lat. by account, 59° 16' ;
long. 3-4 P.M., 112° 44'-5.
CCXXXT7. Julii 7.— Observed in lat. by account, j8° 58' ; long.
112° 5G'l.
n f
Variation by collimiitor, 7.10 a.m. . . .32 24 E.
Dip, by Gaiuboy No. 1 81 3fl-9
CCXXXV. Observed at noon. Lat. 68° 63' 23".
CCXXXVL Juhf 8.— Observed. Lat. by account, 68° 44' ; long,
at 7.22 A.M., 113° 27'.
CCXXXVI h. Observed at noon. Lat. 58° 38'.
CCXXXYII. Jiihf 9.— Observed on Pojdar Island. Lat. by
account, 'j8° 89' ; lung. 8.4 a.m., 114° 10'-7.
Variation by collimator, 0.30 A.M. . . .20 2!»'8 J:.
Dip, by Oainbey No. 1 814-8
CCXXXVIII. Obser od at noon. Lat. 58° 35' 84".
CCXXXI X. dull/ 10. Reached tho Fulh of Vma- lUrey, the
tl
FORT VERMILION.
143
only portaf;o on its lower course. Lat. by account, 58" 24'-2 ; lonpr.
8.13 A.M., 114° 51'-1.
Variation by collimator, 10.38 a.m. . . . 30 22 K.
Dip, by Gambey No. 1 80 508
CCXL. Observed at noon, about five miles wcstwai'd of the Falls.
Lat. 58° 22' 11". (Tlio Fall is 8 feet.)
CCXLI. Jul If 11. — Observed at noon, nearly opposite Fort
Vermilion. Lat. 58° 23' 19", and arrived soon afterwards at tho
Fort.
CCXLIL Fort Vekmiijon, or Fort Lefroy. Lat. observed July
12, 58° 24' 28" ; long. 115° 58'-G.
o /
Variation by CoUimatDr, C..*}] P.M. of the 11th . ;J2 40 E.
Kip, by Oaiuljey No. I 80 48-4
No. 2 80 47
Total Force Hplntivc Abs'liito
Hy Fox A, July 12 . . l-8(»42 14-1(M)
„ O „ . . 1-8;M'.5 1.'V9(K)
. 1-8502 14-004
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
r.invctoil T m J ^
Mnpnot.nO liMMO 0-1001 2-2443 14-0.17
„ 31 n-isoo o-;!r>o2 2-2r>w) U120
„ 17 5-3771 0-G078 2-2412 14-018
2-2482 14-001
IF.
(f,-0)
(50)
(10)
(I 5)
or,)
(l-.-i)
(4-5)
Tlie mean of tbc whole is 14'022, equivalent to 1 '852(5.'
CCXLin. Jiihi 13.— Loft Fort Vermilion in the forenoon.
Oltscrved at nooii about ten miles to tlic wcstwjird. Lat.
58" 21' 58".
I encamped this night a little below tiie moutli of a Piimll
stream which Hows into Peace River from the west, tho name of
which 1 did not ascertain.
CCXLIV. Jiiln 14.— Observed. Lat. by account, 58' 14'-2;
long. 7.50 a.m., 11()°32'-9.
' Tilt' rolali'. " foret' foniu'rly ns>ijrno(l was I><1 1, ilio nbpervations with Fox .\
bi'injr ri'l'i'rrcd to Toronto as base, wliicii i^ iiiadmissibit', and tliose witli Fox <!
iiinitti'd r.Iio^t'f'it'r. Tlioy aro in-rc ref«frcHl to Fort Chipewynn (• '« 'XXiX ), wiiii
bftsi' valiio IM.'MO.
I
I
i
vJ
' 1
144
PEACE RIVER.
I1'.il
r
CCXLV. Observed at noon, about four miles above the Winter
Portage road, and about two miles above a small stream, which
flows in from the east. Lat. 58° 5' 51".
CCXLVI. July 15. — Observed on an island opposite Ban! River,
a stream which flows in from the east. Lat. by account, 57° 57' ;
long. 7.41 A.M., 117° 4'-7.
Variation by collimator, 8.22 a.m. . . . 29 66 E.
Dip, by Gambey No. I 80 07
CCXLVII. Observed at noon. Lat. 57° 49' 46".
Encamped about twelve miles above Iroquois River, and a little
above Wolverine Point.
CCXLVIIL July 16.— Observed. Lat. by account, 57° 39';
long. 7.51 A.M., 116° 55'.
CCXLIX. Observed at noon. Lat. 57° 32' 28".
CCL. July 17. — Observed a.m. Lat. by account, 57° 19' ; long.
7.57 A.M., 117° l'-7.
1; I
Varintion by collimator, 8.30 a.m. . . . 28 53 E.
Dip, by Gambey No. 1 79 27
CCLI. Observed at noon. Lat. 57° 16' 40".
; ',■
11
CCLIL Jithi 18. — Observed. Lat. by account, 57° 4'; long.
7.52 A.M., 117° 5'-l.
I have here noted that the formation was slialo, virfiblo about
fifty feet above the river, the base bcinj,' hidden by debris ; above the
shale was about thirty feet of compact gravel, containing much iron,
and cemented into a conglomerate at the ^v/p. A bed ui' limestone
one to two feet thick was in some places vi.'jImIc between the shale
and the gravel.
I brought away a small quantity of fossil shells, which were
identified by the late (jeneral I'ortlock, R.E., as Tcrchratula rciini-
htris, or Ih'ltliip-is n'ticiildris, a Devonian and Upper Silurian fossil,
of which I also brought specimens from Mackenzie's River.
CCLIIL Same day. Observed at noon. Lat. r>6° 58' 37".
VymtxjmiMfmm^mi''
*JI|>«>I4I«HI"'
FORT DUNVEQAN.
145
CCLIV. Jiilii 19. — Observed opposite the River Cudotte. Lat.
by accourt, 56° 47' ; long. 8.50 a.m., 117° I'-l.
o /
Variation by collimator, 9.17 A.M. . . . 27 3 E.
Dip by Gambey No. 1 79 207
CCLV. Observed at noon. Lat. 50° 41' 46".
I passed the spot known as the Palisades this day ; a vertical
cliff of sandstone imperloctly stratified towards the top, but vi'ry
compact below, and rent with vortical fissiu'cs ; the base for a lu'ight
of sixteen feet is hidden by dcbrlx, but it apparently overlies the
shale.
CCLYI. Jiihf 20.— Observed lat. by account, 56° 27' ; long.
8.12 A.M., 117° 2'-7.
CCLVII. Observed at noon. Lat. 50° 19' 52".
My encampment this night must have been near the Forks at
the mouth of Smoky lUver, which, however, was passed without
observation.
CCLVIII. Jidij 21.— Obser\ed at noon. Lat. 55° 57' 32".
CCLIX. J///*/ 22.— Observed at noon. Lat. 55° 52' 51", and
reached Fort Dunvegan before 4 p.m.
CCLX. FoilT DlNVEGAN.
I am unable to find the observation upon which the lat.,
assigned in 1840, is founded, and can only repeat it — viz., lat.
55° 55' 30"; long, by chronometer, 118° 28' 31". By two sets of
lunar distances moon from sun west of her, 118^ 10' 45".' The most
recent maps pul)liKhed by authority differ much in the position
they assign to this fort. In the only map extant in 1811, it was
placed by Arrowsmith in 117^30'; in tlie map attiuhcd to the
Geological Survey of 1875-0 it is placed in 118" 52'; in the
map of the Canada Taciiic Ibiilway, accompanying the Progress
lUport of 1870, in 118° 50'; in the map of Manitoba, dat( d >hir(h
1880, again in 117° 30' ; lastly, in a ma[) dated 1kh2, in 118° 20'.
My chronometer longitude is dependent upon tla; longitude assigned
to the Fort on Lesser Slave Lake, namely, 110°, and Fort Chipe-
wyan 111° 18' 42" ; Init the lunars agree pretty well, and confirm it
' Formerly imljlislnd llh" li)'. Tliu observations Imse been ret'ttlciilated lor
lue by Mr. Coles, of tbe Koyal (ceiifrrapbieal Society.
L
■m
'I "ll* ,
r
I
1
(
1
1
1''
i
I
■
•
( '
[.
1
f
i
('
■
1
■ 1
14G
ON THE PRAmiE.
as against tlio more easterly places assigned, and until corrected
by better observation I adopt 118° 35'.
Variation by collimator, July 2'-'>, 10.6 a.m.
„ 25, 5.49 P.M.
Dip, July 22, p.m., Gambey No. 1
f» *f ft »i t* -^ • •
Total Force
Uv Fox A
Relative
1-85(55
1-8450
Absolnto
14048
l.'.-ii(i4
1-8507 ]400U
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
27 9E.
27 24
78 45-7
78 40-8
78 4U-2
ir.
(5-0)
(5-0)
(1-0)
Corrected T m
iMajrnet No. 30 4-4557 0-;5n!)3
„ „ 31 4-7(571 0-3528
,,17 4-8589 0-0727
X
27224
2-7254
2-7252
13-979
13-9! 14
13-! 193
w.
■7243 l;5-989
(1-5)
(1-5)
(1-5)
(0-45)
The mean of the whole is 14*000, in relative measure 1"8108.'
I observed the Gottingen Term day of July 23-4 at this fort. It
presented no feature of interest.
'Jiihi 2(5. — Accompanied by Mr. Dyke Bonchier, a young clerk
of the Hudson's Bay Company with whom I had passed the winter
at Lake Athabasca, I left Fort Dunvegan this day for Lesser Slave
Lake, by land. The instruments werj carried by pack-horses, and
the loads requiring to be carefully made up, they were not un2)ae-ked
at ordhiary halts. The weather was most unfavourable for observa-
tions, and I am unable in consequence to lay down my track, but a
few points are determined. The distance is about 100 miles by tlio
' Kx'istenaux War Path ' of old maps, which passes south of the
great morasses round the Stinking Lakes.
CCLXL July 27. -Observed for longitude at 8.14 a.m. Having
failed of an observation for latitude at noon, the result is only
approximative. Lat. assumed 50" 50'; long. 118" 33'-5.
CCLXIL Jiiln 28.- 01)served for longitude where the trail
passes Burnt Itiver 117" 3<)' 18" ; lat. by account 55" 51'.
' l''i II lu.'i-k jriven a.-* 1-n(K» {.iiv nnto to Slnliun ('("XT, II),
LESSER SLAVR LAKE.
147
CC'LXIII. Observed at noon at the River de Prairie, 55° 49' 3".
fJiiJjl 29. — Crossed Smoky lliver, or Eiver du IJouoauo.
Julfi 30. — Observed tlie temperature of boiling water to obtain
tlie elevation of the region about fifteen miles west of it. Crossed
the lliviere qui barre (le chemin). '
Jitly SI. — Sent on the baggage and visited 'The Smokes' or
sulphur springs on Smoky lliver.
Aiifinst 1. — Guided by some Indians and accompanit'd by Mr.
Bouchier, I visited the Crow Lakes and the Stinking Lake, the
water of which was found so saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen
that even when boiled it was unfit for making tea. "We got back to
camp at a very late hour.
AiujiiHt 2.— Arrived at the Fort on Lesser Slave Lake unex-
pectedly, no notification of my visit havhig reached the officer in
CCLXIV. August 3. — At the Fort Lksser Slave Lakk.
by observation at noon, 2nd, 55° 32' 39" ; 4th, 55° 32' 41'.
Longitude by lunar distances.
Lat.
Kuji;. 3.
(1) 115
48
W.
D
from (1 Aqiiilic W.
(2) 11(5
2
30
])
iVdiu Saturn \V.
(••1) 110
9
21
D
I'roiii (1 iVquiliu \V.
\ug. 4.
(4) 115
58
45
))
I'lDin Sun ]•;.
(5) 110
(5
])
from Sun K.
((i) 110
1
or 7"
from Sun K.
Mtaii
. 115~
5<J
57 W.
44'".
The result was formerly published as 115° 53' 80". I am in-
debted to iifr. J. Coles of the lioyal Geographical Society for going
over pud recalculating the observations.
^'aru^tionby collinintor, •').;j7 r.M.. 3ril
Dip, by Oau'Uv Xo. 1 , . ,
20
78
78
52-5 E.
.')f!-2
4 1 '8
78 3!»'0
Horizontal force in absolute measure August 5, by vibration
only.
' This wns frcquontly doni', with tlic fri'nt'rnl r(\snlt lliat <lio priiiric in tliis
rc^riop must hu .ilioiit 1,SU0 fvet aliovu thesi'a; liut tin- wfalln^r was very ima'Uk'd
i\ll tlio limo.
L 2
i ,i
m
'^
'Hi 1'
«i-^
IK/
148
ATHABASCA RIVER.
COiTocted T m
MsgnotNo. SO 4-44-in 0-3l)8r)
„ 81 4-7700 0-3517
n
*
W.
17 4-8741 00700 2-7180
2-7412 13020 (1-0)
2-7302 13-873 (1-0)
13-814
In relative value 1"8329.
2-7208 13-872
(1-0)
(0-30)
I fortunately found a canoe at the fort and re-embarked on
the 5tb.
CCLXV. Encamped on Cranberry Point, a spot on the north
side of the lake which I cannot identify on the maps. Lat. by
Polaris, 55° 29' 32" ; long, by observation of a Aquilae, 115° 9' 45".
CCLXVI. Aii(iu8t 6. — Crossed the lake and observed at Swan
Point, or Point Dejala, on the south side. The passage was made
memorable by our shooting a moose deer, which had been driven
by some Indians into the water. Lat. 55° 26' ; long., 8.27 a.m.,
115° 3'-l.
o /
Variation by collimator, 10 a.m 20 10
Dip, Gainbey No. 1 78 20-0
I
CCLXVII. Observed on the same side at noon six or seven mik s
further west. Lat. 55° 25' 19 ".
CCLXVIII. August 7. — Observed at noon on Lesser Slave
River, the stream which empties the lake. Lat. 55° 15' 7".
.;' M
i I
i1
CCLXIX. Observed again at the Forks of the Athabasca, where
the same stream falls into the Elk, or Athabasca Eiver. Lat. by
account, 55° 13' ; long., 3.57 p.m., 113° 53' 15".
o /
Variation bv collimator, 4.44 p.m. . , .23 28 F,
Dip, Gauibey No. 1 78 552
CCLXX. August 8.— Observed for longitude on the Elk, or
Athabasca Eiver. Lat. by account, 60" 3' ; long., 7.-12 a.m.,
iiro'-2.
CCLXXI. Observed at noon. Lat. 54° 50' 18".
CCLXXll. Encamped opposite the Pembina Eiver. Lat. by
Polaris, &4" 48' 31'.
Eli-
^
FORT ASSINIBOINE.
149
CCLXXIII. AiiffuHi 9.— Observed agftin on the Athabasca River.
Lat. by account, 54° 43' ; long., 8.16 p.m., 114° 0''2.
Variation by collimator, 0.10 a.m.
Dip, Gaiubt-y No. 1 . . .
20 201 E.
78 .04-1
CCLXXIV. Observed at noon. Lat. 54° 33' 27".
CCLXXV. Observed at encampment. Lat. by Tolaris,
54° 25'-5 ; long, by Arcturus, 114° 11'.
CCLXXVL Aiifinsf 10.— Observed at noon. Lat. 54° 20' 19",
and reached Fort Asshiibomc soon afterwards.
CCLXXVIL Aitfiiist 11.— At Fort AssiNiBoiNE. Lat. by obser-
vation at noon, 54° 21' 42" ; long. 114° 28' 24". By Polaris,
54° 21' 7".
Variation by collimator, 7.2 a.m., of 12th
Dip, Gamboy No. 1 . . . .
«i fi »i ^ . . . .
24 ."in E.
78 IGO
78 13-5
78 15-2
Aiifiiist 12.— Accompanied by a Wcsleyan missionary who
availed himself of the escort to Edmonton, I crossed the Elk River
in the canoe, horses being swum over, and started for that porft.
CCLXXVIIL Aufiiist 13.— Encamped at Pa<hUe Tiiccr. Lat.
by Polaris, 54° 5' 44"; long, by Arcturus, 114° 8'-6.
CCLXXIX. August 14. — Observed at the crossing of the Pcm-
hine Itirer, which we swam, as wo did some smallc streams, but
carried over the baggage on a raft. Lat. by account, 54° 3'*2 ; long.
114°0'-2.
Variation l)y collimator, U.42 a.m.
Dip by (lambey No. 1
22 23 E.
77 r,4
Aiifinut 15.— No observations recorded. It rained nearly all the
time of this journey, so that opportunity of observations was very
much wanting.'
Aitriust Ifi. — I reached Edmonton on the Saskatchewan, in the
forenoon.
' Letter to Lieut.-Oolonel Sabine,
!
Ill''
"r
i.
150
FORT EDMONTON'.
CCLXXX. Edmonton. — This station is about ninotocn milos
N. by W. from the intended station of the same name on the
Canada Pacilic llailwa}'. Its geoj^raphical position was llxed in
187!) with great precision l)y Mr. W. V. King, the surveycu' in
charge of the astronomical seeticm of the standard survey of thi;
north-west territory. Mr. King assigns hit. 53° 31' 51" ; long.
113'- 80' 10", or 7" SI™ l"-3 W.
I had three observations of latitude : —
August 10
„ 17
„ 10
5.3 a I 18
58 31 50
The second of these was interrupted for 25"* at the critical time
of noon by the sun being too indistinct for observation. Giving it
half weight, the resulting latitude for Edmonton is 53° 31' 51", or
only 3" less than the recent determination.
The longitude given in 181G was 112° 52', which proves to be con-
siderably in error. It was based entirely on the longitude of Carlton
House determined by Franklin's expedition, for my chronometer
series from Athabasca was, unfortunately, broken l)y the stoppage
of my only chronometer on August 15. Carlton House {si'c station
CCLXXXIX) is now placed li)' 20", or 1'" 17^-3, of time west of
Franklin's position, and l)y the error of rate involved in the latter
I was led to place Edmonton also far to the east of its true position.
But the stations between Edmonton and Athabasca appear to be
rightly placed. I find Paddle Paver at the crossing (CCLXXYIII)
83' 15" west of Edmonton, and this must l)e very near the truth.
It is to be hoped, however, that the survey will ere long be extended
to Lesser Slave Lake and Peace Piver.*
Variation by collimator, 7..'$1 a.m., l(5th
Pip by Gaiubey No. 1, Aug. 17 .
:.':{
47
■i
77
',:
•4
77
5.-)
•1
' Fvanlilin's lonpritudt' of Carlton Tloiigo was 100" iL'' 11". Tt 1ms ri'tiiineil
tliat pn.vi'.ioii on the luiips until rcci'iitly ; .Mr. I\iiifr, ol'tlic C'liniKJa Siir\cy i>t'|)arl~
nit'ut, lias, howevur, found it to Im' KK!' .'iL'', coii'^i'ijUi'Mtly all longitudoa fbriunrly
rfl'orri'fl to llmt sl;iliuii have ri'.(nii('(l ((Hi'tction (.•.((• ( '( 'Ij.\ X \ \').
'■' roruit'ily iiiiljIi.>liuJ J-l^ lU' E. by u ck'rical error .•«iiico 'k'tcciLj.
•niR SASKATCHEWAN.
K)!
Totftl Porcii
Fox A . . .
,, C . . .
Horizontal force in absolute measure ;-
Corrtftfii T m -V
lll'tatiTO
AbHoliito
»\
l-HoM
UOIfl
(•.•(»
1h;«H
i;{!»lo
i')(t)
vsJu '
iaWi
(l-O)
Mttfrnet No.
:{()
4'i>ni,s
0';i!>7H
2-!Mll
no to
(1-.)
)} )'
:U
.j-.v.»;ir>
o;t.-)()7
21):,i>7
14-0!tr>
(I-.)
>i >>
n
•I'dnra
0O70i>
unaHa
I4()-'7
(I-')
2'1II40 14054 (0-4.'.)
The moan of the whole is 14"000, e(niivalent to l'Hl!)8 on the
relative scale.
I have pointed out on p. 85 that the force formerly assii^neil to
Edmonton, viz., 1'80'J, or 13*(;9, was incorrect, the ahsolute deter-
minations havinji! been overlooked by General Sabine. This station,
beinR {»e()graphically the nearest to the district surveyed magneti-
cally by Captain Ilaig in British Columbia, in 1858-(50, and not
more than 220 miles distant from the line of 13*50, as laid down
by him, is within the range of direct comparison with his in-
dependent results. ^Ve fnid that, taking the increase of force to be
at the rate of 0-10 for 77*()() miles measured on the normal to that
line (Ilaig), the force at Edmonton would have been 13-80 in 1800 ;
but it was greater in 1811 than it was in 18()0, as we may infer
from the fact of its having decreased in that interval at Toronto,
which is on nearly the same isodynamic line. Assuming the rate
of secular change to have been alike in both places, it would have
been 13-8!)7 at Edmonton in 1811 by Captain Ilaig's observations,
and a slightly more rapid rate of secular change would produce a
close agreement with the above result of l-l'OOO.
I left Edmonton in a boat i)rovided by Mr. Rowand, the chief
factor in charge, with the intenticm, by his advice, of dropping
down the river by night, and thus escape the observation of the
lilackfeet, and other warlike tribes of tlu' plains who were at that
time ranging tlie country. We were providiwl with a frw muskets
lor defence if necessary.
CCLXXXI. Aiifiiint 20. — I landed in a secluded spot on the north
or left bank of the river, for breakfast, and observed. The locality
must have been near the present Victoria Mission Station. Lat.
by account, 51° -1-5; long. 112° l!i'-5.
' ]''iiniu'rly imLlifslieil l'H01)(^ee for explannlioii Siaiinn ("CXI. If).
■B
V h
1 1'
152
FORT PITT.
Variation by collimntor, 0.20 a.m .
•I It ft U.uo ff I
Dip by Oainbcy . . . ,
•21 m
5>4 'S, K'
7H r)'2
irorizoiital forco in absolute measure 1»y vibrntion only: —
JMaffiiot No. m
i> .1 17
Cciiicctoil T
4;i747
4'(ill(W
4-77i)2
0'.",!I7!»
•.■!.'> IT)
0(l7tK)
L''HL>7(J
'•SJ'.ll
i.s-72n
i;i(;h7
l.'HMirt
l;5'7o;')
IP.
(lO)
(lO)
(lO)
(0-a)
Tlic equivalent in relative force is 1-8107.
CCLXXXII. Ol)8ervetl at noon, about six miles lower down.
Lat. 54° 3' 80".
CCLXXXIII. Aiif/iiHt 21. — Landed again on the north side of
the river, a little beyond Moose Ilill Creek. Having failed to get
an obsi'rvation of the sun at noon I take the lat. from the latest
niai), 53° 50'; long. 110° 5U'.
Vnriatioii by collimator, S*" 8" A.M.
]>i|), liy Uauibiy No. 1 .
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
i'4
78
Cornt'tcd T
III
jr
Mnpfnet No. i]()
4-».'!48
4'77()(i
4-8472
(Ki!)7!t
(Ki.-)!.-)
()(i70()
2-7.-.7n
L'7;ii8
2-740.-)
L>-74U4
i;5-!i();{
1^772
lasc.i
ia-812
(1-0)
(10)
(10)
(0-.-{)
The equivalent in total force is 1-82-19.
I reached Fort Pitt the same evening.
CCLXXXIV. AiiffKst 22.— At Fonx Pitt.
Observed lat. by Polaris, 53° 35' 2" ; long. 109° 17' 10". ^fr.
P. W. King has found, for 'a station on the river bank near Fort
Pitt,' 53° 31' 5" ; long. 109° 47' 10".
Variation by colliumtor, (I.W) a.m.
Dip, A.M., GaiJiboy No. 1
2.'} 11 -2
78 4.'3-0
78 ao-i
78 41-0
' Tiie clilTerence botwcen the fir.st and second observation this day was traced
to the theodolite, which was ont of order. The same remark npplie.s to the obser-
vations at Edmonton; for want of any indication which result is correct I take
I !
ri»wujfj«iu..itja»i
TITK SASKATPTIKWAN.
1 5.1
Ilorizontal force in al>H()lutc' mt'iiHiu'c l»y vibrations only
CornH't. .1 T
in
X
♦
ir.
»»
No.
»t
M
!J0
ftl
17
4-4 KI7
47;!;it
0;i!t7i»
(Kir.ir,
0'07UU
o
7K10
77ll»
777;»
IMOO
III.-,; J
(lO)
(10)
(l<>)
a-
14154
(U'.'t)
Tills value is lar>rf'ly in pxpossof wimt is dun to tlic position, nnd, lild' \\w next
two stations, iniliciitt-H ii frri'iit (li.slocation of tlio uiagnt>tic lines in thia rugion.
I'lit- cqiiivali'iit ri'lativc lorcu is r.'-700.
The lawless state of the native Indian popnlntion of the great
plains, even within British territory, at this time, was well exeni]))!-
lied by an incident, of whieh I saw the elTrets at Fort Pitt. The
Blaekfeet were at war with the Crees, and had recently nianaj^ed to
interrupt a small and harmless party of the latter, who were connn<»
to the Fort to trade. They attacked them dose to the Fort, and
killed two or three, when the peoi)le of the Fort made a sally and
drove them off. Among those saved was a squaw, who had been
shot through the upper part of the body ; the wounds were nearly
healed, but the poor woman thought that so great a medicine-man
could do something for her, and could not be contented until I had
covered both wounds with diachylon plaster — a safe application.
CCLXXXV. Aii(iiist 23.— The place of observaticm this day was
in the neighbourhood of what are now marked on the mnps as
Willow Hills. It would appear from the disturbance of the magne-
tic elements to bo of difl'irent geological formation from the region
recently traversed. Lat. by an observation U!)™ late, reduced to
the meridian, 53' 0' 7" ; long. 108° 30' 3".
given was 53° 7' by mistake.
Variation. 2.40 p.m
I>ip, Oambov No. ], r.M.
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
m X
The latitude formerly
78
L'll K.
Ma-rni't .'«)
„ 31
,, 17
Corrected T
4-3()4(i
4-r.7il8
4-7C02
0-.']()78
O-.'JolT)
00700
2-8480
2'8;!88
2-8r).-,i
2-8473
14 -240
14-201
14-282
14-243
w.
(1-0)
(I'O)
(1-0)
(0-3)
till' mean. Tlie instrument was adjusted as far as I could efl'cct it, l)ut ' remaiiied in
iiidill'i'ii'iit order, the axle beinf? slifjlitly l)ent, and one, if not two, of the verniers
standing otfthe limb.' {Note in Observation 13ook.)
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
<►* M? ^ /////
1.0
I.I
m 1^
{,50 '""==
U?
Illlitt
IM
1.8
1.25
1.4 1.6
■• 6"
►
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
4' Mi ^ /////
I
i
A
154
THE SASKATCHEWAN.
; ' ■ ;
The equivalent in relative force is 1-8819, indicating, like the
last station, considerable local effect.
CCLXXXYI. Encamped about seven miles N.W. by W. from
Battle Eiver. Lat. by Polaris, 52° 45' 22" ; long. 108° 12' 0". The
distance and bearing given would place Battleford, at the mouth of
the river, in about lat. 52° 42' 80" ; long. 108° 3' 48". Mr. W. F.
King has found for a hill 10" south of Battleford and south of
Battle Eiver, lat. 52° 42' 49" ; long. 108° 16' 59", but it is not
stated how this spot is related to the mouth of the river.
CCLXXXVIL August 24. — Observed at noon about the elbow.
Lat. by a late observation, reduced to the meridian, 52° 21' 24" ;
long., by account, 107° 23'.
Variation by collimator, 2.30 p.m.
Dip, Oambey No. 1 . . . .
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
78
21 -4 E.
10-G
Magnet 30
31
17
I)
Corrected T
4-3520
4-0534
4-7525
0-3078
0-3515
0-G700
2-8037
2-8711
2-8505
2-8048
14-002
14-130
14-073
14-088
w.
0-0)
(1-0)
(1-0)
(0-3)
The equivalent in relative force is 1-8G15.
This station, like the two preceding ones, is evidently affected
by local causes.
CCLXXXVIII. Observed for time about six miles lower down,
as I imagine near Eagle Creek of modern maps. Lat. by account,
52° 21'-4 ; long. 107° 23' 4".
August 25. — Beached Carlton House.
CCLXXXIX. Carlton House. — A part of Fr.anklin's party
wintered here in 1820, and I adopted the latitude and longitude
given by him. Mr. F. W. King has since (1879) fixed a station
near, but apparently two miles to the north of the Fort, at the
steamboat landing on the river.
Lat.
Lony.
Fraiikliii, 1820.
o / //
52 50 47
100 12 41
King, 1879.
o / //
52 52 37
100 32 1
The river runs a little east of north here. In the absence of
FORT CARLTON.
155
identification of the precise spot I adhere to FrankUn's latitude,
but adopt Mr. King's longitude, which is followed on the latest
Dominion maps.'
Lieutenant Blakiston, E.A., passed the winter of 1857-8 at
this Fort, and made hourly observations of the declination, which
were discussed at great length by General Sabine in connection with
other stations in 18G0 ; ^ but with entire absence of any allusion to
the observations of the present writer at Lake Athabasca in 1843-4,
by which the same periodical laws were established and previously
published.
Variation by collimator, August 20, a.m.
Dip, Gambey No. 1 . . . .
„ „ „ 2 . . . .
L'izontal force in absolute measure : —
Corrected T m X
Magnet 30 4-4542 0-3905 2-7432
„ 31 4-7054 0-3499 2-7499
„ 17 4-8505 0-6700 2-7438
. 22 55 E.
. 78 30-2
. 78 31-2
78 30-7
« w.
13-773 (1-5)
13-807 (1-5)
13-749 (0-75)
2-7438
13-782
(0-37)
The equivalent in relative force is 1-8209.
The observations with Bars 30 and 31 being complete, are
allowed double weight.
17.
The ratio
m
was not observed for Bar
One of the few adventures that befell me in a journey which was
especially laid out for scientific work, and almost excluded sport or
excitement of any kind, occurred on the evening of leaving Carlton
House, and the country being now peaceably settled and occupied
by an industrious agricultural population. I extract from a letter
addressed to Lieut. Eiddell the account I gave him of it shortly
afterwards : —
I had a very pleasant voyage down the Saskatchewan, and met with
an adventure which gave me some amusement at the time. The Plain
Indians are in a state of Avarfare, and there is a certain degree of danger
in a solitary boat or canoe passing through their country. The travelling
war parties are no respecters of persons, and would scalp the illustrious
Gauss himself as soon as anybody. By way of defence we carried some
* Standard Meridians and Parallels, 1878.
* See Obscrvatiom made at the Maijnvtical and Meteorologicul Observatory at
St. Heleno, vol. ii. p. cv.
'i I ;
156
THE SASKATCHEWAN.
old muskets, but wo arrived at Fort Carlton without danger. We saw a
few buffalo and deer, and plenty of wolves, but not one Indian, for they
were all away in another direction. A few miles below Carlton the thick
woods commence, where danger from the Indians of the plain is usually
considered to be at an end. We left our muskets, therefore, with the
trader, and went on unarmed excepting the guns carried by myself and
the guide. That evening, an hour or so after sunset, as we were pulling
quietly down stream, which is there very rapid, we were hailed out of the
dusk of the opposite bank, in the Assiniboine or Blackfoot language, by
some party which had encamped there, without a fire ; this is always a
suspicious circumstance with Indians. We made no reply, but kept on,
inclining a httle to the other shore. Three or four miles lower down, it
being then quite dark, we halted to cook our supper. The spot was a
thicket on the top of a high bank, as I supposed, an island. While the
supper was cooldng — it was a beautiful kettle of buffalo humps and
tongues — I heard a faint singing noise in the distance, and was wondering
what it could be, when it seemed to become louder and nearer, and
caught the ears of the men, who, being engaged, had not heard it so soon.
Instantly there was a cry — ' Les Assiniboines ! ' ' Les Gros Ventres ! ' ' Lea
Pieds-noir ! ' ' Embarquez, monsieur, cmbarquez ! ' and, seizing their ket-
tles, they tumbled down the bank with incredible expedition. I, of course,
had to follow them after securing my own, and we pushed oJBf, All this
made some noise, and when we reached the mid He of the stream and lay
on our oars to listen, there was a dead silence for a moment, then a loud
outcry as of wolves and dogs and owls hooting. This is so common a stra-
tagem of the Indians, I felt convinced that they proceeded from a party of
them. Singularly enough, not far above, without seeing or hearing any-
thing, we had all perceived in the pure night air the smell which proceeds
from a large assemblage of horses ; but it was too dark to distinguish any
objects on the bank. It is rather unusual for the Indians to range so low,
but some Assiniboines arrived at Carlton while I was there, and a war
party of fifty Blaclvfcet had left it only a fortnight previously.
We never encamped between Edmonton and Cumberland, but after
cooking supper re-embarked and drifted all night with the stream, keep-
ing one man to look out and steer the boat. It was generally beautiful
weatlier, and I enjoyed no part of the voyage more — a boat being far more
comfortable than a canoe.
CCXC. Au(jmt 27. — Observed about two and a half miles below
the Forks. Lat. by account, 53° 13' ; long. 104° 51' 34". This
station is near Fort a la Come of the maps, which cannot, I think,
have been occupied as a trading post at the time, or I should have
halted there. Professor H. Y. Hind inserts variation, 22° 30' E. for
this fort in his Route Map of 1859.
Variiition by collimator, 4.44 p.m.
Dip, Gaiubey No. 1
24
70
45 E.
112
THE SASKATCHEWAN.
157
Horizontal force in absolute measure : —
Corrected T m
Magnet 30 4-5560 03977
31 4-8791 0-3576
17 4-06G8 0-0700
Mean , . . .
n
X
2-0147
200r)0
2-0180
2-0128
13-028
13-880
13-055
13024
(1-0)
(10)
(1-0)
(0-3)
The equivalent in relative force is 1'8397.
August 28. — No observation.
August 29, 1844.— I arrived again at Cumberland House, Station
CLXXXni, which see.
i ;'
158
SECTION VI.
!: I
■(• : .
v\
FKOM FOllT GOOD HOPE, ON MACKENZIE S UIVEK, TO FORT
ClIIPEAVYAX, OX LAKE ATHABASCA.
About 900 tiiilrs.
PrcUminarji Ohnrrvntions. — My observations in this remote
region are few and far between, the conditions of travelling over the
greater part of it having been incompatible with field work. Leaving
Lake Athabasca on March 4, 1811, I travelled on snow shoes to
Fort Resolution, on Great Slave Lake, and thence to Fort Simpson,
a distance altogether of ICO miles, the instruments being packed on
dog sledges. The whole journey occupied nineteen days. It is
needless to say that long observations in the open air are almost a
physical impossibility, with the thermometer far below zero. We
had mercury frozen at daybreak on March 25. Therm. —41" F. At
the same hour, two days previously, it stood at + 33°, a range of 74°.
I reached Fort Simpson on March 20, and remained there engaged
in hourly observations until Ma}' 25, when the ice on Mackenzie's
River broke up, and the boats started almost instantly for Fort
Good Hope. The descent of the Mackenzie is made very rapidly,
owing to the strength of the current, and the officer in charge, the
late Mr. John Maclean, being the same gentleman with whom I had
left Montreal the previous year, made only one short halt, which
was at Fort Norman. Returning again from Fort Good Hope, we
were favoured by a strong northerly wind (accompanied by snow),
and again ran the whole distance of 420 miles, with only one halt,
which was also at Fort Norman, making both journeys in an un-
usually short time. I accompanied the same boats, after a short
delay, always pushing on with the utmost expedition, on their way
to the Great Portage (Station CCXVII), as far as Fort Resolution.
Here I obtained a canoe and left them, and from hence to Lake
Athabasca, about 240 miles, observations are more numerous.
(1
FORT GOOD HOPE, MACKENZIE'S RIVER.
159
It is convenient to take the stations in tlie order of time. I
have been unable to find the original entries for latitude and longi-
tude, which arc therefore given without revision, as published in
184G.
CCXCI. Maif 27. — Observed latitude on Mackenzie's River,
04° r 40".
CCXCII. May 29. — Observed latitude at the Rapidc sans Sault,
65° 48'.
CCXCIII. Muif 80, 1844.— Fort Good Hope, Mackenzie's River.
Lat. by T. Simpson, 1837, G(5° IG' ; long. 128° 31'.
This post was in Franklin's time about 120 miles lower down,
in hit. G7° 28'. It was subsequently moved to Upper ^lanitou
Island, and behig swept away from that spot by a flood in 183G,
was rebuilt on the mainland opposite that island, where Simpson
found it. It was at the same place in 1844. The weather was
cloudy, and I was unable to make any observation in my brief visit,
excepthig one imperfect glimpse of the sun, whence the approximate
variation at 8.24 a.m., 42° 2G' E.
By the general testimony of all the recorded observations to-
wards the mouth of the Mackenzie this value is about 2° too low.
Dip, May 20, 10.40 p.m., Gambey No. 1
Horizontal force in absolute measure :-
82 55'8
8-2 50-1
8i» 5.",!)
CorrcctPil T
HI
X
■/>
>r.
Magnet 30(1)
ti-82005»
O-IOPO
1-0720
i;5.-.o.-,
(O-.-i)
- (-')
ciioi;}
04101
1 (!7.-)l
l;3-014
(1-.-,)
„ 31 (1)
7-';!2;55"
o-;i(iil
l-08().")
i;vo50
(I-.-.)
» (2)
r)-!)ro;j
0-.S(i41
1-0805
i;iO.Vi
(I--.)
„ 17 „
0-1109
^lean
0-0775
i-7io;j
1-01)18
I.-VSIM.)
(1-0)
13-061
(0-00
I
Equivalent in relative force to 1*8072.
This observation was made about midnight, the twilight, although
the sky was completely clouded over, being nearly as light as day.
There was no appearance of disturbance. The vibration of No. 30
was imperfect, owing to the suspension silk breaking ; the values
'il
t^'
; I
I' 1<
15 ..'
i , !
II-
1 ,
i^i
11
IGO
FORT NORMAN.
given the first line are deduced from the angles of deflection, and
the result weighted accordingly.
About this time it occurred to mo that the moan angle of deflection of
the SHsponded magnet in Lloyd's induction magnetometer, when it is acted
upon by the magnetism induced in a soft iron bar at a constant distance,
must vary as the inducing force, or as some function of the total force at
the spot. In reality, as the force which resists dellection, viz. the hori-
zontal component, is also a function of the total force at the spot, tlio
observation taken alone does not contain the elements of any solution of
the question proposed, which was to determine by a comparison of the
angles of detlection the relative force at any two places of observation, nor
does the vortical component itself diil'er much in amount within the limits
of the present survey, although the angles of deflection range from 24°
to 58° 85'. Since, however, the observation is one which had never be-
fore been made, and the experience may have some useful application, I
have collected the results in the introduction.
At this station the suspended magnet of the induction inclino-
meter was deflected by the induced magnetism of the soft iron bar,
58° 85'.
CCXCIV. May 28 and June 2.— Fort Norman.
This fort was in 18-1-1 on the west side of the river. It has, I
understand, been since moved to the east side. Lat. by Franklin,
G4° -10' 88" ; long. 124° 44' 47" W, Table V, hut given in the text
(p. 18) as 124° 53' 22". The former is probably his final value.
Dip, May 28, Gambey No. 1 . . . . 82 34-3
I lauded at this establishment in descending the river and again
on my return, on both occasions for a few hours onlj^ and under
circumstances of weather unfavourable to observation. There was
only time on the first occasion to observe the angles of detlection
with Magnet 80, giving the ratio ^,. The vibration of the same
Bar, to give the product hi A', had to bo postponed until my return
on June 2 ; the data are, therefore, more imperfect at this station
than at the others. I subjoin the independent values of X : —
Corrected T
in
A-
4>
w.
May
28.
Magnet 30
0-4001
1-7525
13-555
(0-75)
Juue
2.
>»
30
5-4832
0-4091
1-7483
13-522
(0-75)
*»
II
i>
31
5-8403
0-3610
1-7070
13-072
(1-5)
»
1)
»
17
5-9717
0'G778
1-7902
13-847
l'i-053
(0-75)
1-7052
(0-37)
Equivalent in relative force to 18041.
FOIJT SIMPSON.
KVl
ction, and
oflection of
1 it is actocl
it distance,
tal force at
!. the hori-
) spot, the
solution of
son of the
vation, nor
the limits
from 24°
never be-
lication, I
I incliiio-
iroii bur,
It Las, I
'ranklin,
the text
aluc.
Ill again
under
ere was
lection
e same
retiu-n
station
>)
7o)
'')
')
§7)
Taking separately all the data for a compai'ison of this station
with Fort Simpson, we have the ratio of the horizontal component
as follows : —
By deflection angles, Magnet No. 30
. 0-8040
M J» »1 M t! wl .
. 00134
By times of vibratii)n. Magnet No. 30
. 08045
'♦ »» »» M J» *'^ •
. 0-81 147
tl i» »> »t tt 17 .
. 00lL>0
Mean
0-0017
Taking the absolute horizontal force at Fort Simpson as l'{)53;{,
this gives for Fort Norman 1-7608, differing little from the absolute
value (1*7652) determined above.
The suspended magnet of the induction inclinometer was de-
flected by the induced magnetism of the soft iron bar, .'55° 4!>'.
I had a rare opportunity hi this neif,'libourhood of nscortaininp; tlio
depth of the permanently frozen soil ; a largo landslip had very recently
occurred near the Gros Cap, in or near lat. (34° 20', where the cliff was
180 feet high. I estimated the area which had fallen at five acres. It left
a clear, sharply-cut perpendicular section of alluvial soil, which was still
in a frozen state to a depth of forty-five feet, the limit being very well
sboA\ni by a change of colour, and by the water trickling out alonjj; the
line of junction. The summer thaw does not penetrate beyond one fool
in sheltered places, as in the woods, and two feet in cultivated ground, of
which there was a little round the iovt, producing barley and potatoes.
The contrast tiiis atfords to the depth of at least .S82 feet, said to have
been ascertained near Yakutsk, in Siberia, is very remarkable — the latter
place being 2° more distant from the pole. Erman, indeed, calculates the
total thickness of permanently frozen soil in that locality to be as much
as G30' feet.'
CCXCV. FoHT SnirsoN.
Lat. observed, 61" 51' 42" ; by T. Simpson, 1837, 61° 51' 25" ;
long, by Simpson from a number of lunar distances, 121° 25' 15" =
Qh 5m 4J9 -^y^^ which is about 8' E. of the position assigned l)y
Franklin.
Variation by coUinintor,
March 30, 7.58 a.m.
. 37
5i> E
tl i>
,, „ 0.13 „
. 38
43
tt It
„ 3.46 P.M.
, 37
28
11 tf
„ „ 4.66 „
, 38
2
11 It
May 8, 9.0 a.m.
. 37
57
Mean
. 38
04 E
■ Erman's Travds in Siberir, ii. p. .S67, (JonleyV truiifjlntion, 1848.
1G2
MACKENZIE'S RIVER.
I ;<
I ■
it"
Dip, March 28, 4-6 p m.
, Gambey
No. 1 .
. 81 53-8
1. May
10, 11 A.M.
> >»
»> •
. 81 4r5i
)» »>
1"
»
» 2 .
. 81 507
Mean
.
. 81 52-2
Lbsolute horizontal force
; —
Corrected T
m
X
4>
W.
May 2, No. 30
G31334I
0-4115
1-0305
13-603*
(20)
)t » »)
C- 1.103
0-4165
1-9612
1 3-868 »
(2-0)
)) ») "^l
00807 4>
0-3070
1-0456
13-758 »
(2-0)
>» » »»
5-4601
0-3721
1-0664
13-005"
(2-0)
„ ,, 17
5-6751
06858
1-0502
13-854
(1-0)
1-0532
13-811
(00)
June 12, No. 80
5-2323
0-4010
1-0545
13-821
(1-5)
» »» 31
5-5003
0-3587
1-0428
13-738
(1-5)
„ „ 17
5-7305
0-0738
1-0556
13-822
(10)
» » 20
4-0155
0-4655
1-0716
13038
(1-0)
)i ») 23
5-5003
0-2003
1-0475
13-771
13-803
(1-0)
1-0534
(0-6)
The mean of the whole is 13-808, equivalent to 1*8244.
I left Fort Simjison on June 15, 1844.
CCXCVI. June 16. — Observed at noon on the river below an
old fort. Lat. 61° 29''5. The Mackenzie is here flowing nearly
due west. Long, from Franklin's map about 120° 20'.
CCXCVII. June 17. — Observed at Burnt Point, an angle in the
river west of the Yellow Knife River. Lat. by account, 61° 10' ;
long. 119° 9'.
o /
Variation by collimator, 9.20 a.m. . . . 36 4 E.
CCXCVIIL Observed at noon at Yellow Knife River. Lat.
61° 12'-8.
CCXCIX. June 18. — Observed at Sandy Point, a promontory of
Little Lake, which is merely an expansion of the river. Lat. by
account, 61° 20'; long. 118°.
Variation, 9.58 a.m.
o
38
5E.
CCC. Observed at noon on Little Lake. Lat. 61° 25'-7.
' Rejected. A tinned iron inkstand had been left on the stand too near the
needle.
' Three distances of deflection employed.
.ilii^M£^'^S!ii^a^iM£iiiiii.-
w.
GRKAT SLAVE LAKE.
Ifi.'i
CCCI. Jiint II). — Observed a.m., in lat. by account, 61° '25' ;
long. 117° 81'.
Variation by collimator, 0.17 a.m.
CCCII. Observed at noon. Lat. Gl° 19'.
o /
. 3(5 7 E.
CCCIII. June 20. — Observed on the mainland at a Fishinrf
Station opposite the north-west end of Big Island, which bore E.
22° N. Lat. 61° ll'-7 ; long. 116° 38'.
Variation by collimator, G.2 a.m.
Dip (observed March 18)
35 L»8 E.
82 H-7
Horizontal force in absolute measure, l)y angles of deflection
only :—
u m X ^ W.
Maguot30 23° 0'-3 ' 0-4002 1-803}) 13-850 (l-O)
„ 31 20 32-4 0-3592 1-8877 13-813 (10)
1-81)08
13-830 (0-2)
CCCIV. Observed at noon opposite the eastern extremity of tiio
same island, which is the entrance of the river. Lat. 61°7'*7.
CCCV. June 21. — Observed at IFay Itivcr, on the south side of
Great Slave Lake, the present site of the Roman Catholic Mission
of St. Anne. Lat. 60° 48' ; long. 115° 18'.
Variation by collimator, 7 a.m.
86 50 E.
CCCVL Observed at noon on the lake near Hay River.
Lat. 60° 49'.
CCCVn. June 22. — At Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake.
Lat. by my observation, 61° 10' 42" ; Franklin, 1825, 61° 10' 26";
long. Franklin, 113° 45' ; T. Simpson, 1836, 113' 48'.
Variation by collimator, 10.20 am., 23rd.
Dip, A.M., 22nd, Gambey No. 1 .
)» )» » » (» ^ • •
37 12-5 E.
82 43-5
82 45-4
These angles may be compared with the following observed before and after :
Bar 30
Bar 31
Fort Simpson .
„ Resolution
o
/
o
1
23
6-5
20
27-6
24
46-n
22
40
M 2
1 •
104
DUKAT SLAVE lAKE.
vU
*
ir.
131)42
(1-5)
liMMM
(IT»)
laooi
(ITi)
|yU50
(0-4fl)
Horizontal force in nbHolute nit'iiHuro : —
fiiricileil T m X
Juno 2-2. Jlnjifnct 30 f,T,320 0'30»)8 1'7610
„ „ 31 r)H714 0-3585 1-7047
„ „ J7 00471) 00700 1 7043
17030
EquivaUut in rohitivo value to 1'8-139.
June 23. — I left Fort Resolution in a canoe proviiled for me by
^Ir. McMurray, and made for the mouth of Buffalo Creek, about
twelve milcH 8. by W. of the fort. This creek is a small stream Howing
into the lake, and is navigable by canoe for nearly fifty miles,
when there comes a long portage into Slave River, called the
Portage de Grande Detour. It cuts off about thirty miles of the
latter river. I had previously travelled by it on snow shoes, hi
March. The transformation produced by the advance of the
summer was very striking.
CCCVIII. June 24.— Observed lat. at noon, 60° 54'-3.
CCCIX. Junti 25. — Observed for time, a.m. Lat. by account,
60° 84' ; long. 113° 12-5.
CCCX. Observed at noon. Lat. 60° 29'-7.
Reached the Portage de Grande Detour. Lat. 60° 22' ; long. 113°.
o /
Observed variation by collimator, 5.58 p.m. . 35 15 E.
Dip, GambeyNo 1 82 330
In passing this portage the men were attacked by a bear, which
the guide, Pierre Blondin, was fortunate enough to shoot. En-
camped here.
CCCXI. June 26. — Observed at noon at the first small lake in
the portage. Lat. 60° 20'-6.
CCCXII. June 27. — Reached Salt River a.m., and observed for
time. Lat. 60° 6'; long. 112° 15'.
CCCXIII. Observed at noon. Lat. 60° 2'-2.
CCCXIV. Observed at p.m. Pelican Portage.
louK. 111° 51'.
Lat. 59° 58';
^'ariation by collimator, 6.24 p.m.
Dip, Gamboy No. 1 .
36
82
15 E.
20-8
This station is about ninety-five miles north of Fort Chipewyan
(Station CCXXIX), where I arrived again, without further observa-
tion, on June 80, 1844.
KND OF THK DIARV.
M'.
h\h
POSTSCRIPT.
Since the preceding pagoa were printed it has been noticed that the
vahie of the horizontal force at Toronto for the year 1845, assumed by
Sir E. Sabine in 181(5, and which enters into the factor—
1;V800
1830
'•fiOSO
employed for converting Eolative Force into Absolute Force (ante, p. 57),
was subsequently corrected by re-estimation of some of the constants.
(See Toronto, Vol. III. p, cvi, 1857.)
Hnrlzontttl force Total fniee.
As publishod 1840 .... .S-S.'M) 13004
As corrected 1857 .... .'{•5470 13-1)42
The effect is to alter the above ratio to-
13-0080
1'8305
= 7-5734
II.
which slightly augments the values of f. The correction in those cases
in which the value in the text is solely deduced from observations with
Fox's or Lloyd's needle, assuming a medium force of 14-00, is + 0-0058.
Where, however, the value of f is partly deduced from those observations
and partly from absolute determinations or vibrations, which are not
affected, it is less in proportion to their relative weight. If the weights
are equal, it is +-0029, generally from +-002 to +-004. Such a
correction in the third decimal may be safely disregarded in a general
comparison, but may require notice when data exist for determining the
rate of secular change of force which has taken place since 1844.
The above ratio is obtained as follows : —
Total Force at Toronto
By tbe Observatory series of X, 1845
By the survey magnets . . 1845
„ . . 1840
Mean by absolute determinations .
By Fox needles . . .1842
„ „ ... 1846
Mean relative force
13-90S1
^ Phil. Trans. 18t6.
13-042 p. 244 corrected.
13-807 Tab. I.
13-887 Tab. II. III.
13-0081 —
1-838 Tab. XII.
1-835 Tab. V.
Then
1 -Hmu
. 1-8365 —
7-5734 ns abovp.
III.
IV.
wm^^'^'mmf^nm^
16G
GENERAL TABU:.
Table XIX.
s,:
/i'('C(ipifnf<Ui()n of Afagnetical Stalio7is in Geotjrnphical Order.
jlumn IF. signify the relative value of tlie (lefcrminf
preceding fiilinmi, by tlic scale cxpliiincd at p. 41.)
(The fii^ures in the column fF. signify the relative value of the determination of Force in the
jcediiiLT ciilii
Stiition
nuniljer
station
Lftt.
I.mig.
7') 1 -0
Var.
Dip
Torco,
liritish
Units
»'.
Force,
(ioriiian
Units
14
Washington, U.S. .
;f8 ■■/;(
-"1 13-8
1.3-414
0-6
6-185
13
U'dtiiuore, AIv,
;i<.) 17
7t) 37-5
71 43-3
13-499
0-6
6-224
12
Philadelphia," Pen. .
:i!i n»
75 10-0
71 59-0
13-,577
0-6
6-260
42
Mninnioth (^avo, Ky.
.17 10
86 11-0
«^
69 18-5
13-415
0-5
6-185
4il
Loiiisvllli', Ky.
38 3
85 30-0
69 ,55-5
13-571
0-5
6-259
41
ClNciNNAri/Oliio .
.■ii) fi
84 27
70 28-8
13-548
1-0
6-247
Ih
Princptdii, N.J.
10 22
74 40
72 43'5
13-501
0-6
6-226
8
Marili.iU.inviilc. X.Y.
10 19
74 3
72 .•t5'6
l;{-426
1-2
6-190
'.»
Pmvi.leiu'c, I!.l.
41 50
71 25
__
74
13-477
0-6
6-214
l(i
Newhavcii, (,'(iiin.
41 18
72 580
7;! 27'4
13-453
0-6
6-203
17
Wist I'oint, N.Y.
41 -24
74 10
73 31-5
13-702
06
6-318
ly
Cl.v. land. Ohio
41 3(1
81 42
73 3-8
13-666
0-6
6-301
2.S
('liica.nD, 111.
41 5;;
87 44
72 39-3
13-778
0-6
6-3.53
10
Dorclic'stor, Mass.
42 19 •
71 5
^
74 12-8
13-327
0-6
6-145
11
Candiridi^e, Alass.
42 22
71 8
74 19'5
13-458
0-6
6-205
29
.Spriufilield, .Mass. .
42 Ml
72 36
73 397
13-379
0-6
6-169
18
Aloai.v, X.V. .
42 39
73 45
___
74 41-6
13-610
06
6-275
«7
liumiU>, X.Y. .
42 ,5.5
78 .54
___
74 37'8
1,-1-694
0-5
6-314
.to
SMHiia, C.W. .
42 ,58
82 22
74 15 7
13-812
1-0
6-368
20
Detroit, .Mi.di. .
12 25
8;(
73 28-7
13-820
1-1
6-372
;)8
AinhcrstbiirK', C.W. .
42 6
83 3
73 30'0
13-760
0-5
6-305
oO
Cc.lmrjf, t'.W. .
■13 :,i\
78 10
75 27 2
—
—
A
FoKDNTO, C.W.
43 39
7!» 21
.
75 14-7
13-896
10-0
6-407
24
Hamiltc.n, C.W,
43 16
79 .50
74 55-4
13-821
0-25
6-374
28
liorhcstcr, N.Y.
43 10
77 460
74 41
i,-w;70
0-6
6-303
27
Niagara Village
43 15
79 8-0
74 45-6
I3-8.V_'
0-6
6-387
36
Niagara Falls .
43 4
79 9
74 46'8
13-757
0-5
6-345
40
< ioderich, C.W.
43 45
81 41
75 4-8
13833
1-0
6-378
34
Williamsburg .
44 55
75 7
__
76 30-8
13-964
0-5
6-438
33
Prescott .
44 35
75 30
_
78 42'.5
—
32
Urookville, C.W. .
44 32
75 41
76 18"9
13-711
0-6
6-322
22
Kingsttin, C.W. a
44 13
76 28-6
—^
77 15'0
1. 5-047
1-6
6-938
M
b .
44 12
76 29'0
?
14-449
0-5
6-662
It
„ c .
44 13
76 30-0
?
15-465
0-5
6-714
31
Belleville, C.W.
44 9
77 25
._
77 1-0
._
—
25
Uarrie, C.W. .
44 21
79 41
_«
75 49-9
_
—
26
Penetanguishcne,
C.W. . . .
44 47
79 58
—
76 14-6
14-077
0-45
6-491
4
Kingsey, Q.
45 46
72 12
77 40
1.3-687
0-6
6-762
5
Stansiead, Q. ,
45 2
72 7
77 19-2
13-642
0-6
6-290
G
St. John's, Q.
45 17
73 15
77 0-1
—
7
Montreal .
45 31
73 33-.t
77 8-5
13-636
0-5
6-241
35
Cornivall .
45 2
74 50
76 16'4
1.3-789
0-5
6-858
1
<iuebec
46 49 5
71 14-2
77 120
13-702
l-l
6-318
2
Three Rivers .
46 21
72 32
77 10-7
13-843
0-6
6-382
3
Sorel ....
46 2-0
73 3
—
77 16-4
13-761
0-6
6-339
I
St. Helen's.
45 31-1
73 31-7
§ 57'6 W.
77 5-3
13-755
1-7
6-.S44
II
Isle d'Urval
45 25-(l
73 44
77 3-1
13-645
1-1
6-291
III
La (Jonibe's
15 33
74 9
8 26 W.
76 50-()
13-855
0-85
6-388
V
Carillon .
46 36
74 30
8 41 W.
—
VII
Pte. da Chene .
45 37
74 60
7 28 W.
76 55-4
13-622
0-85
6-281
VIII
Alfred Township
45 37
75
6 58 W.
—
IX
Fox's Point
45 32
75 22
78 35-3
13-877
0-85
6-384
X
Tcmpleton
45 29
76 36
8 28 W.
—
—
—
*"-
GENERAL TABLE.
167
Table XIX. — continued.
Jer.
Force in the
0-(!
0-G
0-G
0-,5
O-,-)
1-0
0«
1-2
0-G
OG
OG
I 0-G
I 0-G
0-G
0-G
0-G
OG
0-5
1-0
I-l
0-5
10-0
0-25
OG
0-G
0-5
1-0
O-o
0-5
1-5
Oo
0-5
Force,
tierman
Uiiiu
G-18,5
G-224
6-2G0
0-18O
G"2,-,i)
G-247
0-22G
(i-l!)0
G-2J4
6-203
<j-318
<)-yoi
G-353
ti-145
6-200
G-1G9
G-275
C-314
G-3G8
G-372
G-305
0-407
•>-.'! 74
G-yo3
G-387
0-345
G-37H
G-438
6-322
6-938
6-G62
6-714
0-45 6-491
6-7G2
6-290
6-241
6-358
6-318
6-382
6-339
6-344
(i-291
6-388
6-281
6-384
Station
uumber
Station
Lat.
Long.
Var.
Dip
Force,
Britisli
Units
ir.
0-25
Force,
ticrinan
Units
XI
Ayliuer . .
h Id
o
75
58
o
_;_
7t?4i
1.3-S36
6-384
XII
Chut I'lills
45 2G
76
32
75 7
13-916
0-85
6-413
XIII
I'ort (111 Furt .
15 ;!G
7(>
53
10
11 W.
—
XV
Gr. Ciilitiiiet
45 45
76
40
76 44-4
13-832
0-6
6-378
XVI
Fort Coiiloiif^e .
15 51-9
7G
45
77 2!>-7
13-911
1-25
6-414
xvu
I'te. IJiiplt-me .
K) 5
77
2G
77 19-1
13-775
0-6
G-;i5l
XVIII
I'tf^c. 2 — .Jiiachinis .
4G 1-^
77
40
-
77 3-8
13-830
0-85
6-377
XIX
Uochc Capitaiue
4G 15
77
45
5
8-8 W.
._
XX
Al)ci-<Iucu ,
4G 14
77
50
5
83 W.
^_
XXII
'I'l-ou I'ortiige .
IG 15
78
16
77 24-4
13-914
0-85
6-415
XXIII
Mattnw.-i ,
4(i 18
78
42-5
3 36-2 W.
XXIV
Little Hiver .
4G 15-4
78
44
77 28-5
13-956
0-85
6-435
XXVI
Trout Lake
46 lH-5
79
13
77 21-7
13-949
0-85
6-431
XXVII
P. Urnnde Vase
46 19-5
79
20
3
15 \V.
__
XXVIII
„ w. .
4G 18
79
22
4
53-4 W.
XXX
L. Xipessing .
4G 11
79
48
77 9-5
13-861
0-25
6-391
XXXI
French Kiver .
46 5
80
20
5
.32-1 W.
XXXIII
Ricollet's Fall .
45 57
80
30
76 45-4
14-130
0-85
6-515
XXX IV
Penetanguishene
44 49
80
1
76 20-1
14-077
0-3
6-491
A
Toronto .
Lake Ifitrnn
43 39-4
79
21
75 14-7
13-896
6-407
XXXV
Ptc. au Croix .
45 55-5
81
2
_
76 31-3
13-903
1-15
6-410
XXXVI
George's Island
45 .')7
81
32
1 25-6 W.
—
XXXVIII
Frazcr Bay
4(i
81
40
77 5-6
13-906
0-85
6-412
XL
Fort La Cloche
4G 7
82
3
2
10 \v.
76 .50-2
XMI
Snake Island
4G 10
82
40
77 5-5
13-8.-)0
0-85
6-386
XMIl
K. Klississaqui .
4G 10
83
2
2
12-7 I-;.
XMV
Cranlicrry Bay
4G 10-7
82
53
25-4 \V.
—
XLVl
Tessalon Pt.
46 17
83
33
11-4 VV.
76 59-3
14-020
0-85
6-464
XLVII
Bear Camp
46 20-2
83
50
2-5 IC.
XI.VIII
Sugar Island .
46 29-7
84
17
1
3-6 E.
XLIX
Sault St. Marie
Lake Superior.
46 30-9
84
21-5
1
1-1 K.
77 19-5
13-824
0-38
6-374
L
Pte. aux Pins .
16 -i^v^
84
29
___
77 1.1-4
14-080
1-1
6-492
LI
Pte. au Crepe .
16 58-0
84
44
3
2-8 E.
77 U-5
1.3-959
0-25
6-436
III
C. Gargantua .
17 30-!t
85
5
38-0 K.
77 .-.6- 1
1 5-265
O-.'t
7-038
1,111
Mic'hipicoton .
47 5G-0
84
54
20-3 E.
78 7-2
14-015
1-15
6-315
LV
Chienne R.
47 58
85
n;
2
21 E,
LVI
Le Petit Mort .
47 .^G
85
III
3
59-7 E.
^
__
LVIII
Utter Island
18 7
86
7
79 43-G
l,S-,5tl8
0-85
6-251)
LX
K. Blanche
48 -il-il
86
14
2
l.-)-2 E.
78 33-1
14-117
0-3
6-509
LXI
The Pic .
48 35-.-i
86
15
5
3-2-9 E.
78 3G-6
13-901
1-15
6-409
LXIII
Battle Island .
18 45
87
33
7G 24
13-659
3
6-298
I.XIV
Simpson's Island
48 49
87
45
5
44-8 E.
7> 53-6
14-020
0-85
6-464
LXVI
Iiiiche du Bout
48 34
88
14
1
26-7 E.
—
LXVIII
Thunder Cape ,
48 '20
88
52
78 2:!-2
14-218
0-85
G-.556
I.XIX
FouT William
Canoe Route.
48 23-5
89
13-5
5
47-8 E.
78 4-7
14-078
•2-15
6-491
LXX
i'tge. Ecarfe .
48 25
89
44
77 13 5
14-013
0-85
6-461
LXXI
Ptge. de Lisle .
48 26
89
42
39
18-0 E.
— .
__
Lxxn
Muuvais Portage
48 29
89
44
5
40-8 E.
__
_
__
LXXIli
Dog Portage .
48 39
89
30
78 26-8
14-124
1-15
6-512
LXXIV
Dog Lake
48 44
89
40
6
51-1 E.
—
_^
LXXVI
Prairie Portage
48 57-5
00
1-5
78 26-1
14-086
1-1."^.
6-406
LXXVIII
Savannah Portage .
48 53
90
3-2
7
38-3 E.
78 21-8
14-107
0-85
6-504
ir,8
flENEKAL TAIU.E.
ii!
Table XIX. — continned.
'i\ '
i
Stnlinll
nil c.ltr
Statiiin
1
Ijit.
Long.
Var.
Dip
I'^orce.
British
w.
I'oree,
(lerninn
78^20-4
Units
0-85
Inits
C-487
l.XXX
French Pi rt;ij,'e
o
48
35
91
8-4
o
^
14-0G9
LXXXl
I't.-o. ik's Morts
4H
3(i
91
25
10
39-5 K.
—
—
Lxxxn
l'tt;o. Two Uivors .
4H
35
91
•23
10
57(! K.
77 49-4
14-031
1-15
G-4fi9
Lxxxm
L. ii l.'i (.'rosse ,
48
i\
92
4
7
52-5 K.
77 51-0
14-0(13
0-85
G-484
LXXXV
•-'ml I'di-time
IS
ll->
92
25
10
20-5 E.
77 40-1
14-02I1
0-85
0-1 07
LXXXVIt
Sturircciii i.iikc
18
■r,-h
112
38
77 44-8
14-077
0-85
G-491
LXXXVUI
1st l'(irt:i};e
4.S
•28
92
41
10
25-2 E.
—
—
I.XXXIX
Hiiiiiy l.iiUo
48
3.;-4
92
50
10
53-(i E.
77 47-9
14-095
0-85
0-499
xc
l"o!!i' Iit.xscr.s
48
;U)-G
9;!
2';-7
9
3£0 E.
77 30
14-023
1-80
G-4()fi
XCI
Itiiiiiv Uivif
48
41
94
31
13
4-5 E.
77 57-4
14-309
1-1
G-597
XlIV
L. (it'tho Woods
4!1
19
94
40
13
42'(! E.
78 3-7
141 10
0-85
0-489
xcvri
1* »» •
4!l
•25
94
.■>7
12
20 E.
78 l(i'7
11041
0-85
0-475
I.'
U.-it l\irtiij;e .
1 4lt
45'1>
94
33-3
9
38 E.
78 7-5
14-0-23
1-3
G-4(iG
CM
Ill \Viiiiii|n-:; llivcr .
1 •,()
l()-2
95
12
12
28-7 E.
79 1 0-0
14-204
0-0
0-549
<1V
Sl.'ivc l-:ills
.",0
11-7
95
40
—
78 57-1
14-091
0-0
G-198
t VI
I'iiminvii l;iv( r
i ,")ll
Hi
9li
3
12
48-(;
—
—
—
CVIII
I'uiir .\i.i;.XAMii:i! .
."0
::i; '.i
9(!
22
13
55 5 E.
7.S 58'4
14-098
9
6-500
ex
t.iiUc VN'iiiiiipij;
j.-.O
3.5
91)
35-i;
13
41 E.
78 314
14-1-28
0-G
G-514
(XI
»i •
'oO
;;3-i
9li
3(i
79 5-1
—
CXII!
I'dHT (i.MiKV .
! I!"
53-2
97
i5(;
1(1
4-8 E.
7.S 18-8
14-0.">o
•2-8
G-178
1 XIV
Itcd liivor
1 M
IS-J
9(J
52
78 34
14-(i91
0-85
G-498
CXVIl
l.iikc U iiuiirc^
■M
1
9(1
2fi
79 31-5
14-510
0-30
G-(;93
(XVIll
»t
; .">i
34
9(i
43
15
(;-7 E.
79 (1-1
14-393
0-3(1
6-G;!G
(XVI
^» •
r>i
a-(!
9f)
5(i
13
45-5 l'-..
79 11-8
14-09(1
0-85
0-497
(XIX
>♦ •
ol
3t')'7
9(i
53
10
25-1 E,
79 38'0
14-4(12
0-85
G-G(;8
(XXII
<» •
fii
40
9li
5(!
21
3S-3 E.
—
—
(XXI
ol
44 5
97
2
15
24-2 E.
79 39
1.V382
0-3
7-092
CXXIV
t» •
r.i
4(i
97
79 28-3
14-414
1-25
0-G4(i
( XXVI
in
G-5
97
8
15
38-(i E.
—
—
—
( WVIII
»' •
hi
■2(l'!l
97
10
10
54-(! E.
80 24-4
14-39G
0-3
()-g:'.8
(XXIX
i» •
hi
•22^(i
97
12
14
19-8 E.
80 39'2
1-1-160
0-G
0-524
(XXX
»» •
5-2
•25
97
18
19
22-7 E.
—
—
t'XXXI
»• •
ft-i
3h;
97
18
19
12-2 E.
XU 5-5
14-113
-2-1
0-492
rxxxiv
(11(1 Norway House .
53 41(i
98
1-4
—
80 45-4
14-102
0-9
0-530
(.XXXVI
Niunv.vv I'idisE
.")3
5i)-(l
98
3-9
15 35 OE.
81 10-0
14-098
8-15
G-,500
Canoe Route.
OXX XVIII
Cnrpeiitcr'.s Lnkc
54
14
97
40
21
2r,-o E.
— .
__
(XI.
lliiiiy Lako
04
20
97
28
18
43-7 E.
81 20-9
14-007
0-8
C-486
C.M.I
l.iikij'let .
.J4
23
97
4
35
11-2 E.
—
—
—
CXI.II
ICi'liiiininmi.s
J4
21
97
2
19
5-3 E.
—
—
—
ex I.I v
Wliiro Villi Portage .
,54
23-3
9(!
31
17
82 E.
81 47-9
14-203
0-8
G-549
CXLV
11 lU.^i Gates
.-)4
42
9(1
10
—
81 67'0
14-194
1-2
G-543
CXI.VIII
(Jxt'ord Lake .
54
4(i-8
9G
9
12
53-() E.
—
(I.
„ House .
54
5(i
95
30
10
31-5 E.
82 38-H
14-192
1-0
6-,'.44
CI.III
Knee Lake
54
51
95
11
14
l(i^2 E.
—
—
—
—
( I.V
LoiiLf Portage .
55
141
94
22
12
3(;-4 E.
82 13'9
14-210
1-N5
0-552
CI.VII
Kevil's Han(]inK P).
55
24
94
11
49-4 E.
82 55
14-227
0-8
6-5G0
< I.VIII
Morjran's Koiks
55
29
93
5.']
11
1 1-0 E.
—
—
—
—
CI.IX
White Mud Portage.
55
33
93
44-(:
10
51 E.
83 2-9
14-134
1-G
0-517
( I.XI
Sliawatawii
5(i
21
93
11
10 E.
83 3G-2
14-1, -SO
i-(;5
G-5 15
CI. XII
VdiiK Faitohy ' .
5(!
59-9
92
26
9
0-G E.
83 47-2
14-051
2-50
6-480
CI-XIII
Lake Winuipeg
5;t
53
98
89
17
24-2 E.
—
—
—
—
CI.XV
Maeiutosh Island
5y
40
99
5
21
39-4 E.
—
—
—
—
OI.XVI
Lake Winnipeg
53
31 -it
99
12
17
7-3 E.
80 2-2*2
14-098
1-6
G-500
CI.XVII
Saskatehewau .
.");t
17
99
25
k;
39-2 E.
—
—
—
—
CI.XIX
(Irand Kapid .
53
8-4
9!»
27
18
19-0 E.
80 2G-5
14-141
1-55
C-524
CI.XX
Cross Lake
53
10-7
99
34
18
3-7 E.
80 28-2
14-lfi5
1-85
6-531
ri.xxi
Ilan? Island
53
I2'9
100
80 7-1
14-003
0-6
6-484
CLXXIIl
Muddy Lake ,
53
1!>'3
100
35
18
32-9 E.
—
—
—
—
' For Dr. .1. Rm 's nhsrrvalions. Me Table XVT. p. 1 10.
(".ENERAL TABLE.
169
Table XIX. — contviuetl.
CP,
its
»'.
0-sr,
M,j
]•]
0-8,-.
I O-fi
()•(;
O-G
2-8
0-8.J
O'JiO
O'jtii
0-8,-)
0-8.-)
0-3
1-2J
("orce,
fleriimnl
I'nits
G-187
(i-(fi!l
(i-(8l
C-K!?
O-llU
f.-ltifi
G-6!(7
fi-I89
G-irs
(■.■•](i6
(l-,'")4!)
G-I!18
6-600
G-178
(i-Ji»,s
(i-tiii;!
G-G.-ifi
G-4!I7
6'6(!8
7-0!l2
G-GIG
o-;(
O-G
<>-G;:8
G-.")21
—
2-1
8-ir,
tl-l!t2
G-,-i;;(i
G-,')00
0-« 6-«6
0-8
J -2
G-549
G-543
I'O j C'544
I •■'<•") I G-o,02
0-8 I 6-5G0
1-G
iMi,-.
tJ-oO I
G-;J17
CvMo
G-48()
G-SOO
G-524
6-5.! 1
G-484
A
Ptntion
imml t'l-
station
Lat.
Long.
Vur.
Dip
I'orcc,
liriti^h
II'.
Force.
German
/
o ,
Lnita
Units
I .
O /
O 4
CI.XXIV
1 Devil s Drum I.sl:ind.
.•i.'f 1!).')
mo 3(!
17 3-'-2 K.
80 0-0
1.3-814
0-3
(i-370
<I..\XVIII
i Itciiiiul I'lirii
,■.;! 48-8
101 23
19 5G-8 !■:.
80 -24-4
14-318
0-3
G-756
CLXXIX
i liin' Iti'Mil .
6;i ,")2'0
101 28
20 46-1 E.
—
—
—
—
CI.XXXI
I.iltle liivor
r>:i b\
101 50
17 4.0-2 K.
CI.XXXllI
Ci >liir.i:i..\Ni> IIo. ,
.■);i ,')ti-7
102 l!)-2
19 32-5 K.
80 25-0
14-113
4-2
C-521
< 1. XXXIV
I'iiii' Islnml I.nl^e
,'),■( iiH
102 17
17 59-7 K.
11. XXXVI
liivcr .M:ilif;ii .
:>i 21-4
102 10
21 23-0 E.
CLXXXVlll
Limestone Point
,04 2(1
102 10
80 34-2
14-0.32
1-3
G-470
txc
Ciui) rortiitie .
.04 47-2
102 3!t-5
24 8-(! E.
80 39-(l
—
CX( I
I'iiie I'ortiifje .
rJ) 4
102 42
80 52-7
14-109
1-3
G-506
<X( 11
Kro^C Portage .
.0.0 27
103 ll)-6
80 59-3
14-017
1-3
6-4(13
(■X( V
Little Koek Portnue.
,0.0 ;!()
1(14 34
K! 27-3 E.
80 1(1-4
1.0-O71
1-1
G-949
CXI V 11
(ire.it Devils Ptge. .
.0.0 40
104 47-7
24 48-6 E.
80 30-9
14-118
1-2
G-609
<■<
Tiipnt Poitiific
,0.0 42'6
105 2!l
21 28-() E.
—
—
—
—
<■( 111
Itiipide (|iii parle
.0,0 4.i-.0
105 50
21 16-9 E.
—
—
—
—
('(V
line I'ortiif;e .
,0,0 43
10(1
80 40-3
14-023
1-1
(l-lilG
<■( VI
Snake Point
60 61
10(1 38
20 17-8 E.
—
—
—
—
KVll
„ Itapid
,06 44-1
10(1 35-2
80 .38-8
14-I.0O
1-0
«-tl8G
CCIX
Piimeiin Lake .
66 67
107 10
•23 15-9 E.
—
(1 X
I'l'riti. JSunnante
66 64
107 3G
2G 43-4 E.
,S0 11-2
14-060
(I-9
G-478
< CXI
I'ort il la Crosse
66 2(i-8
107 54
24 54-7 E.
80 9-8
11-012
3-8
G-612
( (Xll
li.Ulalo .
60 4
108 40
80 .•!7
14-0-22
O-d.'t
(1-4(16
< ( x\-
Loiii;' !"(irtaf;c .
.0(! 14-7
100 18
28 3(1-5 E.
80 19-7
13-806
0-03
G-393
< < XVI
I'ino I'ortaue .
6(i 20
Kli) 14
26 2'.(-6 E.
—
CCXVll
Metliy Port note
6(1 iiu
100 37
2(1 61-4 E.
80 ,'!(1-1
1,3-980
0-03
0-440
CCXVIIl
„ X. end .
6(1 4;!-7
1(»0 52-2
2,s 28-(l E.
80 38-3
—
< (XX
liin' l!i<'k Portage ,
oi; 43-6
110 1
27 48-8 E.
—
—
( rxxi
I'asiMile Portage
6i; I2-6
110 16
2(1 19-0 E.
—
—
—
I < XXllI
I'emliina liiver
6(i 3il
no .06
8(1 3(!'2
13-969
(l-(13
0-421
ccxxvi
Pierre an Calumet .
67 24
111 .36
26 43-(l E.
M 1(1-8
14 -,0.09
0-03
G-712
< C XXVIl
I't. Hrule
68 7
III 26
81 30-(l
13-933
(1-03
(1-424
trxxix
Four (.'iiiri:wYA.\ .
J'encf lilcir.
58 43
111 18-7
28 46-8 E.
81 3G-8
13-886
3-96
0-402
(CXXXI
Pt. Providence
58 58
112 10
.■!0 36 E.
81 IG-1
_
__
( < XXXIV
On Peaee liiver
68 68
112 6(1-1
,32 24 E.
81 3(1-9
—
( IXXXVIl
Poplar Island .
.58 .•!!»
114 10-7
2(1 29-8 E.
81 4-8
<■( XXXIX
The Palls .
68 24-3
114 51-1
30 22 E.
8(1 60-8
( (XI.ll
Piiiir Vi;iiMii.ii>N .
68 24-6
116 6M1
32 40 E.
80 48-0
14-022
1-.06
6-l(15
ttxi.vi
Haril Piver
67 67
117 4-7
29 6(1 E.
80 (1-7
—
C<I.
On Peaee Kiver
,07 1!)
117 1-7
28 63 E.
79 27-0
CCI.IV
XearlL t'adotte
5(1 47
117 2
27 .'1 E.
79 •20-7
iCl.X
I'OKT DlNVKOA.V
65 56-G
118 -if -6
27 IG-6 E.
78 4(1-2
14-0(10
iMr>
(1-166
< ( I.XIV
I'r. Lksskk Si.avkL.
66 i!2Ml
IIG
2(1 52-6 E.
78 39-0
13-872
(i-;i
G-108
( ( I.XVI
Swan Point
56 2G
115 i!-l
2(1 19-0 E.
78 29-9
(CI. XIX
Porks (if the Atha-
.05 13
113 63-2
2(1 28-0 E.
78 66-2
basca
—
—
78 34-1
< rl.xxiii
On Atlialiascft River.
54 4.'t
1 14 2
20 -29-1 E.
—
(■< I.XXVll
I'(ll!T Assl>Mn(llXK .
54 21-7
114 28-(l
24 39 E.
78 15-2
—
CCI.XXIX
Pembina Kiver
/{. Sas/inlrlitwaii.
.04 3-2
114 0-2
22 23 E.
77 54
C{I,X\-X
FonT Kdmoxton
.03 3P9
113 30-3
23 47 E.
77 51-2
14-000
1-15
(I- 156
CCI.XXXI
On Saskatcliewan
64 4-5
112 l'J-5
24 25 E.
78 5-2
13-706
P-3
(1-319
CCI.XXXUI
Moose Mill
53 50
110 .09
24 2G-G E.
78 33-5
13-812
o-;t
G-;iG8
CCI.XXXI V
KouT Pitt
53 .'J4-1
109 47-2
28 9-2 E.
78 41-0
14-1,04
0-3
fi-62G
OCIAXXV
Willow Hills .
.03 0-1
108 30
28 24-1 E.
78 28-1
14-243
0-3
0-507
CCI, XXXVII
Klbow
62 21 -4
107 23
26 21-4 E.
78 1(1-(1
14-088
0-3
0-490
CCLXXXIX
Caiii.ton .
52 50-8
10(1 32
22 .05 E.
78 .3(1-7
13-782
(i-;i7
0-366
ccxc
Near Port a la Corne.
hS L'i
104 51-G
24 45 E.
79 11-2;
13-924
0-3
(1-420
170
GENERAL TABLE.
Table XIX. — continued.
station
number
Station
Lat.
Long.
Vnr.
Dip
Force,
llritisii
Units
ir.
Force,
QermBt
Units
Northern Section,
CCXCII
FoHT Good IIoi-k .
& 16
12°8 .SI
__
82 5.V9
13-681
0-6
G-.S09
cc.xciv
Four NonMAN .
64 40-6
124 44-8
82 34-3
13-6,53
0-57
6-295
fCXlV
Four Simpson .
(il 51-7
121 2.v;(
38
0-4 E.
81 .V2-2
13-808
1-5
6-367
CCXIVII
Hurnt I'oint
61 10
119 9
;!()
4-0 E.
—
CCXCIX
Sanely Point .
61 20
118
38
5 E.
KCI
Kivcr
61 2,'J
117 .SI
3(>
7 E.
—
CCCIII
P'inhinpf Station
61 11-7
116 38
35
28 E.
82 8-7
13-aS6
0-2
6-379
CflV
Hay Kiver
tii) 48
115 18
3,5
,S6-0 E.
—
—
rcrvii
Four Rksoi.i'tion .
61 10-7
1 1.S 46
37
12-.5 E.
82 44-4
13-956
0-45
6-435
rctx
I'tRo. fie Or. I)(<tour .
60 22
11.S
35
15-0 E.
82 33-6
..»
»_
crcxiv
Pelican Portage
59 68
111 51
36
15 E.
82 2«-8
—
—
—
171
rce,
itish I
nits
ir.
fiSl ( O-fi
.'! 0-r,7
^08 I 1-5
Force,
Qfrmai I
Units
6-309
(i-a(i7
APPENDIX I.
0-2 6.37<)
IXnVCTIOX MAGNETOMETER.
Fon the convenience of any reader who may not have access to the
writings of the late Provost Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., referred to at pp. 42
and 45 (note), I subjoin his exposition of the theoretical principles upon
wliich the beautiful instrument above-named was devised, extracted from
the ' Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1842,' and the ' Dublin
Magnetical and Meteorological Observations,' vol. i., 18G5.
' Wlien a bar of soft iron is held in any direction not perpendicular to
that of the earth's magnetic force, it becomes a temporary magnet by the
inducing action of that part of the force which acts in its direction. The
changes in the induced magnetism may be assumed to be proportioned to
those of the inducing force ; and as the former may be measured by their
effects, the latter become known ' (18G5.)
Let X and Y denote the horizontal and vertical components of the
earth's magnetic force, M the intensity of the permanent magnetism in
tlie acting pole of the iron bar, and m the magnetic moment of the
suspended magnet. The intensity of the induced magnetism is by the
hypothesis equal to
KY,
K being an unknown constant ; and when this is of the same name as the
permanent magnetism, the intensity of the acting force at the unit of
distance is
K Y+M.
Accordingly, the moment of this force to turn the suspended magnet is
{K Y + M) VI r cos m, u being the angle of deflection, and r a constant
depending on the distance ; or making for abridgment h r=^p, Mr = q.
ip Y + q) m cos m.
But this deflecting force is resisted by the earth's horizontal force, the
moment of which to turn the magnet is
X m sin •«,
172
h:h I
I f
I .)
j '
INDUCTION MAONETOMETEH.
and the magnet will rest whon n
eauation of eauilibnun, i. "'"^ ^^"'^^ '"^'^^''^s are equal. Hence the
Bvf. ^^+!? = A'tan,.. ,,,
^^y the same reasoning it will ^ '
■?^ ^— 2 = Xtan?i'
HI wJnch ?<' iq fi (2)
Acldin. these oaullir toXt^^r '"" r^'-^" ''' '^ ^^ ^---ted
' ^^"^g "^e inclination, we Lwe ^^'""»»^^nng that F = Xtanl.'
T,,. . ^^''^^'' = t-nu + tann- ...
-•■uis equation would fin-„;ci i '°'
at J'"" "» ™ ■'" ''°'W»/t -1'° """'■■:"- "• - "«v
actmg pole remaining in ti.p „„ , ^ '"agnet c nieridinn a
-tely to the north aVL^ r^^^Tl" ^'^••^' ^"^ ^-^"^X^
^-" i" the,so positions, .t'ha'.r ""' '' '''' ' '^^^'^ ^^- anglel'oS' .'
and dividing (3) by this, ^ ^' ~ *'''" " "^ ''''" ^'
tan = *^^Jl«_+_tanj('
(4)
(5)
Tlie author procepda t.. i
Wula "« -alo ,ea„i,„ „, „,^ i„>,l,.„ ™ "'by the'
A fl — ^in 2
VVitlitlje sm2,( "•
«■ e„ fu„,W.e., e„ the' C t el? "" "* *"«« »' "» ""e.op™..!
U »e,„»., , ,,„„.„„ n>a„, I'^X" rauJ'f '^'""■™ "Set
e;:s-:° ~: r-" •-"™ ' -s;:.:;-:--"'--^ ^
2J^F*ff7Sf
lal. Hence the
17a
APPENDIX II.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE STATIONS INCLUDED IN
TABLE XIV. pp. 52-54.
1. Quebec, a, within the ramparts, on a grass plot in front of the then
Artillery Barracks.
,, b, near Wolfe and Montcalm's nionmnont.
2. Three Rivers, in the garden of the late Mr. Bell.
3. Sorel, on the bank of the river, a little east of the Roman Catholic
Church.
4. Kingsey, Drummond Co. L.C., in the garden of Captain Cox.
5. Stanstead, in the garden of the hotel near the Anglican Church.
6. St. John's, or Dorchester, behind the hotel about a quarter of a mile
above the bridge.
7. St. Helen's Island, Montreal, about 100 yards S.S.W. of the barracks.
7a. Montreal, at the foot of the mountain in the garden of the house
then rented as the quarter of the commanding Royal Engineer.
8. Manhattanville, N.Y., in a grove behind the Bloomingdale Lunatic
Asylum, formation, mica slate.
9. Providence Rhode Island, at the steamboat landing.
10. Dorchester, Mass., near Grove Hall.
11. Cambridge, Mass., in the garden of the Observatory, not less than
80 feet from the magiiotieal instruments.
12. Philadelphia, at Girard's College.
13. Baltimore, a, at Dr. Bache's station in Howard's Wood, between
Calvert and Washington Streets, about 400 yards N.
42° E. from the Washington monument.
,, b, about GOO yards N. of the same monument.
,, c, in the Botanical Garden, St. Mary's College, at Dr.
Nicolet's station.
14. Washington, D.C., in the grounds of the Capitol, west side of the
lowest terrace between the centre and south alleys.
15. Princeton, N.J., in a field 200 yards behind the college, and to the
right of it.
16. Newhaven, Conn., on a void space m Grove Street, about 50 yards S.
of the entrance to the Cemetery, and 86 yards from the iron
fencing.
If
i
' t
; I '
•
I till t u
I * .
... 1 '- •'■
''ill *'
via (ij
ir
174
IDENTIFICATION OF STATIONS.
17. West Point, N.Y., in Professor Bartlctt's garden.
18. Albany, N.Y., Professor J. Henry's station, on the side of the liill
between Orange and Patroon Streets, and E. of Hawk Street,
N. 18° E. from the Boys' Academy, N. 40° W. from the Dutch
Church.
A. TonoNTO, at the Observatory.
19. Cleveland, Ohio, at the foot of a hill about 20 yards from the
landing.
20. Detroit, Mich., in a lane leading from the wharf to Jefferson Avenue,
about 40 yards doAvn.
21. South Manitou Island, Lake Michigan, about 40 yards from the
wharf directly inland, under shelter of a hut.
22. Kingston, Canada, a, in the Artillery Square, near the flagstaff.
„ „ b, at Stewart's Point.
„ „ c, on Kingston Common, near the Penitentiary.
23. Chicago, 111. (not specified).
24. Hamilton, Lake Ontario, in the courtyard of the Farmer's Inn, 300
yards E. of the market-place, and about a mile W. of the landing.
25. Barrie, Lake Simcoe, about 60 yards from the lake in the garden of
the hotel (then Bingham's Hotel).
26. Penetanguishene, Lake Huron, a, near Mrs. Wallace's Inn, about
a quarter of a mile from the Barracks, b, in front of the Free-
masons' Arms Inn.
27. Niagara Village, Lake Ontario, outside the fort in the garden of the
Royal Engineers' quarter.
28. Rochester, N.Y., at the corner of Mill Street, in a garden behind the
Mansion House Hotel (Whitbeck's).
29. Springfield, Mass., in a yard W. of the American Hotel, about 60
yards from the railroad.
30. Coburg, Ontario, in a yard adjoining Mr. Parry's House, nearly
opposite a church.
31. Belleville, Bay of Quint6, in Dr. Reilly's garden.
32. Brockville Garden, Rockford's Hotel.
38. Prescott, in a field about 500 yards back from the river, and 150 yards
from the fort, opposite Ogdensburg.
84. Williamsburg, Garden of Brouefile's Inn.
85. Cornwall, in the orchard behind Chesley's Inn.
86. Niagara Falls, near the Clifton Hotel.
87. Buffalo, behind the High School at the corner of Fourth and Dela-
ware Streets.
38. Amherstburg, in Mr. J. Gordon's garden.
89. Sarnia, in a garden near the Ferry.
40. Goderich, in a garden at the foot of the hill.
41. Cincinnati, in Mr. Longworth's garden, between Pike, Butler, and
Symms Streets.
IDENTIFICATION OF STATIONS.
175
42. Mammoth Cavo, Kentucky, taken at the mouth of the cave, which is
situated a httle to the S.W. of a hue joining Glasgow and Litch-
field, Ky., at about one-third of the distance measured from the
former. The spot was 40 feet S.E. from the House.
43. Louisville, Ky., about a quarter of a mile S.S.W. of the Hospital, a>id
half a mile from the river, in Jacob's Wood.
\
'I'
II ■.
■ •■/""
I
17(i
APPENDIX III.'
CoMPAitisoN of the mean Irri'giilar Fluctuations of tlio magnetical ele-
ments at stations of observation in North America, reprinted from the
' rroeeedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
1851.'
Tliese results were arrived at by taking the ditt'erenco between the
observed scale reading at each hour of Ciottingon moan time and the
arithmetical mean for the same hour for the month. The square root of
the mean of the squares of these differences is the quantity entered as the
mean disturbance for the hour. It should be borne in mind that the
years of observation 184})—! coincided with a minimum of sun-spots.
Table XX.
Mean cJhtur/iance of the dcclinatum, Ocfober-Fehniari/.
Local
nieuii time
Toronto
Bitkii
Atlmliascn
Loi'iil
Tor, nto
Sitkn
2',(;7
Lake
At!iiibasi'ii
Midniglit
l',72
4',ati
8',5
Noon
i',r)i
4',ti
liJ
1 ,8;j
1,18
9 ,9
1
1 ,51
2 ,55
4,3
It
l.tlO
3 ,('.2
8,(;
2
1 ,34
2 ,20
4,7
15
1,50
2 ,'.»7
7,1
3
1,71
2,14
4,7
1(5
1 ,52
2 ,!I2
11,0
4
1,81
1 ,95
4,4
17
1 ,<17
2,81
15 ,2 ■'
5
l,8(i
1,81
3,7
18
1 ,75
2 .75
10 ,()
()
1,02
1,90
4,3
1(1
1 ,29
2,82
8,5
7
0,84
3 ,09
3,8
20
1,S2
2,88
5,5
8
1 ,53
2,47
4,0
•21
1,8!>
2,80
•1,0
2 ,ltj
2,51
,3
22
1 ,52
3 ,10
5,1
W
2,72
3 ,43
10 ,2
23
1,08
2 ,79
7,0'
11
2,27
3 ,32
9,7
In the next table, the same two stations are compared with Fort
Simpson, on M'Kenzie's river, in hit. 01° 52', long. 8'' 5'" W. The period
of observation compared is here the months of April and May 1844 ;
embracing, however, only 46 observation days at the most northern
station, but the full number at the others. Sundays are included at
Sitka in both cases.
' See Note p. 9.
" By omitting one observation on January 25'' P Gott., when the extreme
point of a great movement happened to coincide with the regular liour of observa-
tion, this value is reduced to 10,6'.
' By omitting a .similar extreme observation on February S"* 7" Gott., this value
is reduced to fi,7'.
HUJKr.UI.VU FLUCTUATION'S.
177
Tami..; XXI.
Moan distHvhnnrv (if ih'cliiintim, April May 1814.
Ijike
Atl.iibasrn
•J',(i
■i,;i
4,7
1,7
•1,1
3,7
4,8
3,8
4,0
f. ,;{
10 ,2
!),7
Locnl
Hitkii
I'(ir(
1 Local
sit'. 11
Fort
iiiiaii tiino
H|iu|«iiii
nil' i.ti tliiii'
2 .O.-)
.■■iniiiHiiii
MidiiiKlit
2',H',I
(V.lft
1 i',r)
Nonn
2',.-.8
8'.0
1!J
it.ii;
(1 ,r.7
11,7
I
1,81
2 ,22
I ,(■>
11
.■» ,H,'J
5 . 12
xr, ,8
•J
1,71
2 ..tl
7.0
ir>
t .(12
H,01
22,2
it
J ,r.ti
2,81
(1 .;i
1(J
!«,77
H ,1(2
17,:i
I
1 ,(i8
2 ,:til
(1 ,2
17
2 , 12
u ,08
2.-1 .(1
T)
1 .88
2 ,',1(1
7.1
18
2,1,!
;t ,(10
22 ,'.»
(1
2,01
1 .(>;{
8,1
1'.)
H ,117
2 ,(10
'.'2 .;i
7
2 ,78
1 ,1(1
8 ,8
•JO
2,;»i
2 .1!)
10 ,7
8
2 ,20
2,'U
12 .:»
•Jl
2,1(1
2.10
12,0
2 ,0 1
;i,-,i
l.-.,l
22
2 ,08
2 , K)
12,2
10
1 ,.'.s
;!,'.)o
lit.l
2:»
2 ,2 {
2 ,-.7
<i ,2
11
2 ,7H
;{ . -.8
'.» ,2
The ob.sorviitioii.4 at Toronto wi-rc tukt'ii 2'" '21" iil'tcr (lie lioiirx iiiniu'd ;
tlioso at Sitka, It)'" 5" after ; tliosc at Lake Athahnsca. .')'" 1» aftor ;
ami those at Fort Simpson, 11"' it!}" l)ei'ore tlio liours named.
It is not to bo expected tliat the observations of periods so short as
five months and two montlis should exhiljit tlie (Uiirnal hiw of mean dis-
turbance with mucli rej,Mihirily, unless at stations peculiarly liable to that
effect. Lake Athabasca and l''ort Simpson are such stations, and here
the law is stron^'ly marked : the covrospondinp; periods at the other
stations are introduced for strict comparison ; i)ut we must take a lonj^er
period, as in the next table (p. 178), to which I have added Philadelphia,'
to make their characteristics in this respect fully evident.
The year 181B was selected by Dr. Lloyd for this investigation, on
account of its freedom from j^reat disturbances : ' on the grounds that tho
number which denotes the frequency of the irregular changes, in con-
sequence, bearing a larger proportion to that wdiicli denotes their magni-
tude, any regular law to which they are subject will be more readily
apparent.' The observations of 1818 at Toronto, as compared with thoso
of the following year, show that this absence of disturbance was e(iually
characteristic at that station. The observations at Philadelphia and
Sitka belong principally to the year 1811, the period examined being the
twelve montlis commencing October 1818.
It appears by the following table, that at each of the American stations
tho mean disturbance of the declination has its lowest value in the after-
noon, and that this is succeeded by a maximum at or 10 p.m. So far,
therefore, the diurnal law at all tlie stations agrees with that deduced by
Dr. Lloyd from his own observations, namely, that ' during the day,
i.e. from G a.m. to G p.m., the mean disturbance is nearly constant ; at
G P.M. it begins to increase, and arrives at a maxinuim a little after
10 P.M.' When, however. Dr. Ijloyd proceeds to state, ' it then decreases
' .Ma(/)i('/ir/il find Mffcorolui/iWi/ O/i^ivrpritinnx at fiirard ('o//ct/r, h\ I)i-. .\. I)
IJacho, l,S-lti-|.5.
N
(
If I
(
i
f
I,.
^ -
]! :
'I \<
r -s-.^
mSL
17S
lUUEOULAU FLUCTUATIONS.
with tlio flfttno roRularity, ami arrives at its coiistant day valiio at about
(( A.M.,' 1h< (loHcriboH a ft'iitiirc which is uvidcntly not characteristic of all
thu HtatioiiH, ami is inoru coiiiph'toly wanting as wo procuvd to the norVl)<
Taiii.k XXII.
Miini dint iir/ifi lire of thr ilcrliiintitin fur tin-h'f iiionllin iit I'/iihiilfl/ifiia niiil Sitka,
mill fir two i/riim lit Turntiti); to which itrv mlilnl, fir cuiiijxiriK'iii, thr curri^
niiiiiiiliiii/ viiliii'x ijivvn hij Dr. Llni/il/ur thv i/nir lH|y, from the obinTi'iitiont at
ihi/i/in'.*
Toronto
nivnii ttino
DiiMlii
riiiliulrl.
HItka
IH43
1H4I
Midnight
_
2.22
l',78
8'.03
4'.57
13
2',81
2,10
2 ,00
2,72
4 .95
14
—
2 .29
1,91
2 ,02
4.07
15
2,52
2,29
1 ,92
2,89
4 ,35
10
1 .91
1,83
2,85
4 .93
17
2,10
2,10
2,17
2,72
3.51
18
2.00
2 .25
2 ,53
H.03
11)
1,93
2 ,20
1,82
3 .08
2.80
20
—
2.00
1 ,07
2,28
2 .91
21
1,89
2 .19
1 .98
2.07
2 ,05
22
—
1 .91
1.91
2,08
3 .14
2:«
1,93
1 ,93
1 ,85
2,14
2 .83
Noon
—
1,81
1 .93
1,88
2 ,00
1
2,17
1,05
1,83
1.80
2,40
2
—
1,70
1 ,00
1 ,92
2 .22
8
2,11
1,77
1,70
1,83
2. .38
4
1,74
1 ,83
1 .7<i
2 .45
6
2,12
1 ,07
1,73
1 ,90
2 ,52
—
1,02
2,05
1,87
2,71
7
2,44
1,80
1,87
1 ,95
3,82
8
2.52
2 ,5(5
3 .35
4,50
9
3,47
2 ,01
2 ,43
3 ,50
4,05
10
—
2 ,59
2 ,44
3 ,38
4 ,42
11
4.07
1,88
2 ,32
2,88
3 ,07
Tho following are the arithmetical means of the values for each
qiuulrant of tho twenty-four hours :
TAni,E XXIII.
Midn. to !< a.m.
toll n.m.
Noon to t p.m.
6 )i.m, to mldn.
Dublin
Philadelphia
Toronto (JSJJ ■
Sitka .
2',50
2,15
2.11
2,80
4.40
l',92
2 .05
1 ,91
2 .30
2 ,90
2',14
1,73
1,78
1.80
2,43
3,32
2,18
2,28
2,83
3,80
It will be seen that at Philadelphia and Toronto, the mean value from
midnight to 6 a.m. is somewhat less than in the quadrant preceding mid-
night ; but the difference is materially less in proportion than at Dublin :
at Sitka, the highest value is after midnight. Arranging in like manner
tho values for the shorter periods in Tables I. and II., we find the same
' TraimivtiiiuK nf the Ihnjul Irimh Arailenn/, vol. xxii., pt. i.
lUURGMI.A 11 FLUCTUATIONS.
\7\)
va. to midn.
3,32
2,18
2 ,28
2 ,83
3,86
Ronoral Inw, but with a greater oxochh iiftur inidiiiKlit (it liikko AthiiliiiHCA
than at Sitka, and a yet grcutor at Kurt SinipKon than iit Lake AtiiiibaHoa.
Taiu.k XXIV.
ili'du ditturhmwe i>f declimition, Octulnrr lH4-t to Fvlnuiinj 1H44.
Miilii. to S n.in.
n toll A,in.
Muun lo S p.iii.
K |).iii, tu iiililn.
Toronto
Hitkii .
liuko AtiialiaHca .
r.57
3.18
1» ,33
r,(l(l
2 ,8(5
(') ,HH
1 ,(11
2 ,22
t ,40
r,7(i
2 .79
(1 , IH
Taiilk XXV.
Mean (lUtiir/mnci' >/ ila litiufintt, April ami May )Hlt.
Miiln. ti) A n.iii.
A 10 11 H.ni.
Noon to ( |i.m,
fl p.m. to nililii.
Toronto
Sitka .
Fort SinipHon
8',45
(1 ,53
17,85
2',(13
2 ,(15
15 ,88
l',79
2,51
5 ,(18
2',89
3 ,(18
11,15
The observations of April and ^^lly at Sitka include nine days which were
not days of observation at Toronto, and fourteen which were not days of
observation at Fort Simpson, where there were also a few oniissions in
the six-hourly period commencing at midnight : this may account for
the somewhat lower relative value in tliat quadrant as compared with the
one preceding it, at the latter station, than at Sitka.
The above comparison exhibits a marked differenco in the state of dis-
turbance prevailing after midnight at Sitka, Lake Athabasca, and Fort
Simpson, as compared with the lower stations. Of the six hours pro-
ceding midnight, however, only O**, 10'', and ll** are distinguished for a
high value of this quantity at any of the stations : it will perhaps be bettor
therefore to compare these tlirco hours with H**, ■1'', and r>^ a.m. parti-
cularly ; hours to which no prominent interest was assigned by any of the
authorities quoted above. I have; here taken, in each instance except
Dublin, the value of a / ^^-j- — : it is also necessary to substitute at
Dublin some of the values of 1843 for the corresponding months of 18J1 ;
but this will not afifect the compan.-.on. Taking the same iwriods at all
the stations, we have the following results :
T.xni.K XXVI.
KIVK WINTKri MclNTIIH
TWO SI'HIXO MONTItS
!l-n p.m.
3-J> n.m.
ft- 11 pill
\\-(i n.m.
Dublin .
Philadelphia .
Toronto .
Sitka .
Lake Athabasca
Fort Simpson
2',70
1,85
2 ,35
3,10
8,89
l',75
1,47
1,59
2,80
11,(53
5'.27
2,17
3 ,51
3 ,43
12,89
2,71
2 .4(5
4,17
7 ,50
21 ,57
N 2
i i
■•-•Sfi-f ■'
180 IRREOULATl FLUCTUATIONS.
Again : for the whole year, \vc have
Tai.mj XXVII.
Ii-U pin.
3-f) ii.m.
Itntio
Dublin .
l'hila(U^lpliia .
Toronto |;;:|-; ;
Sitka .
3'.77
2,3H
2 ,:w
3 ,1H
1 ,1!)
2',Ht
2,11
1 ,m
2 ,82
4,28
As 1,(!1 : 1
1.13 : 1
1,21 : 1
1,11 : 1
0,07 : 1
Tlie higlicst vahies would be given at Sitka by the hoiu\s 12'', I'', 2'' a.m.
both in the winter period and on the whole year, and by 2'>, S^, 4'* a.m. in
the two spring months, which appears to show an earlier epoch for the
second reaction than at the other two northern stations ; but probably
the reduction of another year's observations, at least, will be necessary to
determine this point.
It appears then that while at Philadelphia and Toronto, as at Dublin,
the mean disturbance of the declination presents but one maximum,
which occurs at 9 or 10 p.m., yet there is not, even at these stations, a
complete agreement. At Dublin, the value decreases regularly after
11 P.M. ; at Philadelphia and Toronto, it decreases to a materially less
degree. Proceeding to Sitka, we find a maximum about the same hour,
but it is succeeded by another at 1 a.m., and the average value is some-
what greater for the hours succeeding than for those preceding midnight.
At Lake Athabasca we have still a maximum about 10 p.m., but it is
decidedly inferior to a second maximum at 5 a.m. or thereabouts. Lastly,
at Fort Simpson, without losing the first maximum, we find it exceeded
in a still higher ratio by the second. Hence we are led to the conclusion
that, as regards the declination, there are two classes of irregular in-
fluences, or two reactions during the night, succeeding the regular
influences which have acted during the day. Of these, the one which
produces a maximum value of disturbance at 9 or 10 p.m. appears to bo
universal, but it is nowhere important enovigh to modify in any marked
degree the character of the moan diurnal curves of this element, wliich is
chiefly impressed, at all save the most northern stations, by the direct or
regular action of the day. The other class, or that which produces a
second maximum of disturbance after midnight (when the direct action
of the sun is on the opposite hemisphere), is not universal, but comes into
operation, on the American continent, more and more effectively as we
approach the magnetic pole ; until at last its energy is such as to mask
the effect of the more feeble regular influences, and to determine almost
entirely the apparent character of tlie mean diurnal changes.
1 have hitherto referred to the disturbance of the declination alone,
that boing the element which has been mo.st generally studied, and which
iiloue lias given a marked nKixiininu of disturbance at 9'' or 10'' p.m. The
mUKGULAK FLUCTUATIONS.
181
IN 2" A.AI.
i 4'' A.M. in
3cli for the
t probably
iccssary to
It Dublin,
Qaxinmm,
stations, a
irly after
rially less
-me hour,
■ is some-
nidnight.
but it is
Lastly,
exceeded
nclusion
?ular in-
regular
le which
irs to be
marked
vhich is
irect or
luces a
ii action
los into
' as wo
mask
almost
alone,
wJiidi
. Tlie
horizontal force and the inclination, at Lake Athabasca and Fort Simpson,
equally support the conclusion that the causes producing disturbance at
these stations come into operation chiefly towards morning, and concur
in showing 4'' or 5'' a.m. to be the period of their greatest effect. The
result is that the principal inflexion in the mean diurnal curve for each
element occurs at that hour also, giving to these curves an apparent
character differing most remarkably from those described elsewhere.
It can scarcely be necessary to point out the great comparative amount
of the mean disturbance shown at the two nost northern stations. The
effect of this greater prevalence of disturbance is strikingly shown in the
great amount of the mean daily range of the elements. Taking the
difference between the highest and lowest scale reading of each day for
the daily range, and \/ "^^ — -
for the mean daily range, we have the
following remarkable series : —
Tatile XXVIII.
KIVH WINTKIl MO.MIIr*
TWO Kl'lUNd MUNTIIS
Di^clinntiou
Jlori-.diitiil force
UCilillUtilJIt
Horizoiitiil fori'o
At riiiliidclpliia .
Toronto
Sitka
Lake Athabasca .
Fort .Simpson
7M
8,5
0,8
30,4
,(!0i:}2 X
,002 12 X
,oo:!8i)X
,0271)8 X
UM
11,0
16,2
(la ,1
,00157 X
,00;i57 X
,0014 X
,04182 X
Bearing in mind that Sitka, which differs so widely from Fort Simpson
and agrees so nearly with Toronto, is 4G0 geographical miles distant from
the former and 2,250 from the latter,' we have here a striking proof how
little magnetical phenomena are governed by geographical relations.
There is one other circumstance connected with the disturbance of the
declination which I cannot forbear to mention. I mean the remarkable
influence of the seasons upon the mean diurnal curve of this quantity ;
the great augmentation which the principal maximum receives at the
time of the equinoxes, and the much lower values which prevail at both
the solstices. In the next table are shown the values of the mean dis-
turbance of declination at Philadolpliia, Sitka, and Toronto for one year,
according to the astronomical seasons."'* Thus February, March, April, form
' Sitka: Latitudo 57° JV; longitiidu 0" l',2"> W. from Greenwipli. It may be
iioressary to mention that tlie iiiiitilar magnets at Philadeliihia and Sitka were of
2 feet in length ; at Toronto, of 14 inches; and at the two northern stations, of 3
inches only. Tiie elleet of the dimensions or tlie inertia of magnets upon the amount
of their movements, and upon (he mean diurnal curves deduced from those move-
ments, is a subject which requires further investigaticni (as much in 1883 as it did
in 1851).
^ This arran<renient was adopted aftei' actual trial of the more usual division
according to meteorological seasons, which did not exhibit tlie characteristic soiifjht,
ill such strong contrast.
J'fl
i
■1
1
•4
( ■'■
IltUEGULAIt FLUCTUATIONS.
the group for the vernal equinox, and so on : each quantity is the value of
^TiIAL^ ; the whole reduced to arc. (See Table XXIX.)
Although it would be improper to unite in one mean seasons so dis-
similar as midwinter and midsummer, it will be remarked that they differ
much less than might have been expected ; and that the difference in the
epoch of greatest mean disturbance is very small, in proportion to the
difference in the length of the day at these seasons. The means for tho
year have been already given.
It seems natural to connect this remarkable prevalence of disturbance
at the equinoxes with tho well-known fact that tho aurora borealis is
most developed at the same seasons. I do not moan to offer one fact as
explaining or accounting directly for the other ; but believhig the latter
to be an entirely atmospheric phenomenon, subject to periodic laws, both
diurnal and annual, to suggest that both may be related to a common
cause. The mugnetical phenomena seem to show that there are two
classes of forces, characterised by determining the equatorial eml of a
magnet to the east and west respectively, and that these are severally
brought into operation by the presence and absence of the sun above the
horizon : when these forces are nearly balanced, owing to the equal
length of day and night, or his position near the equator, then disturb-
ances prevail ; when either of them greatly preponderates, as happens
alternately in winter and summer, there is a less disposition to disturbance.
As regards the elements of magnetism, the whole diui'nal change then
derives its peculiar character principally from the forces proper to the
day or night, as the case may be : as regards the aurora, considered as a
visible electric discharge, it would seem an inference that the causes pro-
ducing it are diminished by the same circumstance.
In the foregoing tables, the differences have been summed without
regard to their direction or sign. If we sum separately the squares of the
differences which have the -f and — signs, or which indicate deviaiions
to the east and west of the supposed mean position for the hour, it is
found that at every season, and at each of the stations, the maximum of
mean disturbance at 9'> or lO"* p.m. is the result of easterly movements.
Such is also the case with the maximum at 5 a.m. at the two most
northern stations. The westerly means, on the contrary, are the largest
dui'ing the day ; and there are indications of a maximum value under
this sign at G or 7 a.m., but less regular, and apparently more affected
by the seasons than the other.
IRREGULAR FLUCTUATIONS.
183
the value of
sons so dig.
t they diifer
rence in the
tion to the
Bans for the
disturbance
boreahg is
one fact as
the latter
laws, both
a common
re are two
I eiul of a
3 severally
above the
the equal
m disturb-
s happens
sturbance.
ange then
per to the
dered as a
auses pro-
d without
res of the
ieviaiions
our, it is
sinium of
)vements.
'Wo most
le largest
Lie under
3 affected
CM
■2
o
.§
^
'«
M
r
^
fc
(«!
c
W
^
1-)
•S
%
,5
H
1/3
^3
•{^
5
12
H
o
03
09
l> (N (N IN efl IN * «0 C0_ rt ea (N « SC S^_ fH CO t> CT O CIS U5 l> r^^
e^n5T)<Wt>rc«5«(NiN5<r«<roilNe'l(NS<llN(?llNNNINe(50l
2
1
aoaooc(5cOK5-^i>'^w50cct-t-oc»'nt~iNS>)eoco5<i-^
>« >n oc rt o, t-^ C5 1> t> u5 o o t^ i> i>. c-;; so co_ •* o_ o o^ ;a 'O
e<l (N rt*« cipH .H rH fH fH N CT i-Ti-TfH rH rH i-l" i-T CT (M IM C<5 (N
1
ei5t~iNrt<Nrtr-i,H«flOiC!t->oaDt-c;©-(iao-i"C5t-o:D
cc_ IK >n os_ t^ OS, se cD^ "c o in cD_ 1 o_ in >ra_ CO ^o ■-*, ei "5, "s, "-i ■* o
^"iH rt'iH rt'rt'rt'tH iHfH fH rH t-TtH rt rH iH i-H rt rt rt C^ IM W
U
I
?
■43
t-COCOOCO-*0-^-HlfliOi-ICO«5-^lOtOOGDOSi-l05>n05
w, aq_ N <N o_ lO t-^ C5_ o_ eo_ ©_ rH_ i> co^^ oi, tn « o^ t^ ec -aj^ ec i> o_
TtieocownsiNeiieiifficiiconsoiciJcaso'-iiNtHffQoaejcuN
5
ci-ii'MFHOot-cocst-o-^coirax-coesesooioooto
W «<1^CC CO C0^in^lN_^35_i-H CC_C~ i« ■'I" -it CO IM C<1 "5 >-*, -i C"!, '1 OT "^
eoci!Oi-^ocoiNOO-*iniNe^xo«or!-^ao<Ncot~-H-ti
O^ <M_, O rH IN^ Cfl. >-<_ O^ CC_ t-^ 1/5^ ■*_ CC « M CC c<5_ iO_ CO^ >-H !>- CB IM_^ IM_
a
I
c
>*
f>
c
\
3
5
y
i
■(
5
CCiMCTO'lt-OCCt"OOi(5-H«OOt---r:i-l>.0-t<050t^05-^
CO O^ « 1-H O O <>\ ^^ fH X_ >C C-;^ CT -tl_^ rH 1.-^_^ t>; ^ iM_ C-^ C5 t-- in "5
m«OTjt-^Tj<-^CClMe<:iMC(5'NCl(MCJ5^<N<MCO'l<U5iniO-<Jt
5
o
cct~m>rac:iracoci;i^«FHt^o-i'CiM>rat~05'iiiMiOF-(FM
^^i— tlMCC-rCCaDOL-*rHIM5>10C50riOO»-4f-HpHCC0500CC
coeccocococciN'ixneiiMO'liM'HiN'i-iiHiNiMOjTticracons
1
C^r-tcDCC>0t*CS-^C0t*OOpHO»-(5i»CCCt*O>0a0C5»i^
t^ O 05_ X_ IN us lO X_ ■<)<_ ■>«<_ iN_, IM_ "H OC O w5 ff. Ci X^ CJ, i-H C) O O
&)C<15<lCTINe«<NINlNe<ie<lff>?li-(lMrHiHiHi-tiNe<5Cf5C(5»J
o
>3
<
■<
OaSFHt-COCCINClSOCCOlNt-tOOSi.'SOSlNnSt-COioaOO
CS^-*__|> ^_ IN rH^ O^O^T|l_4D CO IN "J!_ 05, »^OT.>0 CO t-^-^^O 05 ^ 3
eisu3c<!ci5c<5ciseoeiscise<ieisc<3eiii-ii-HiNC^iNiNc(5KS;ousus
O
o
s
i-l05a)>-l05iHm5<liMOC5ei5CC00(Xi05t-"St->0lNOl0i-(
CO o C5 o_ -*_ t-^ o; 'c (» «, CO "n o !-<, m_ OS o o t-^ IN rt lis o -^
&J eoofcc COeiS *Jrj((N(NiNC^lNIN(Ni-H<N(NrH(N-*-*COClS
!3
CC(M.7'1QO»SiNF^-t<C»5lN-<><NFH;OCOt~>lSX>-IOilS05I>l>
■"i. T "H ®, ■*, ^- "^ "^r. ^- ■*- "^^ "'^ 1 ^- "'^ "H ^V '^^ ■'i ^ ® ", '^t "!
5>iinc<5ci;<nc^in<ncqinin(NiNf-iininin<-iiHi-(Mcc'Nin
>
eg
,4
io05c»:ac>i5 0»c5iHioiN-HioosiN-j<aDe(5ecoC(McoiMOfH
ic •*__ x_ cc [-^ CO ■* O! t^ o. in. cD_ in 05 ■*_. c-^ 00. CO CO ao_ cs. cfl us o
CCCOT)lTllT|tTj(ClSiN<Nme(S<NlNlNS^S<liNiNC<5USCOr(i-^'^
2
o
H
ciscoe5iHt-uscist-n!iNn5aon5t-»QCC5iN-*<coioot-i-i
05_ IN us__ e^_ -^^ C5 1>^ -^^^ t-^ o o 05^ OS. co_. o »_ lo ■* uj o -)<^ cc -* in
ClSCl5C<5'1(CISINOHC<5IN«(N'-li-lrHrti-li-(iNiN*l-*CiS^m
Ch
OOt-t-i(S05C-Xi-liNt-05'-lclS0500C-'N05USS3t»lN
IN CC_^ -.O^ C0_ 0. 1-H, -^^ O. IN lO^ CT i-H O, CO_ U5__ CO_ CO, rH X, US_ IN l> ■'T OS.
M oTlN CQ NN 9J e«5 ff) (N IN O eQiHr-l>HF^S»FHCiie<5(NC0FH
A
:2•HC^«•*u^■.o^•«050l-(,5'-^|MM'«•W!C^-«C50'-|
l3 fH f— I ^ fH rH
^ 1
',iwu^ljji«iil|j.il,wu;iini^j|l ^_
hi
! f
I I
i I
184
APPENDIX IV.
JIASK ANGLES EMPLOYED, AM) AXOLES ItECOliDED AT
STATIONS OE OIlSEltVATlOX NOT AI,Ii EADl' (ilVEX IN
EVLL IN TAIiLEa XIL TO XXV. OE THE ' I'lIlLOSOl'IIIVAL
TL'ANHACTIONIS EOIt 1840.'
Taiilk XXX.
E„.i'8 Needle li, 7 = 0-000 1 13.
Th.
20 Bf.
'
•>\ 1-2-1
an Rv.
3-0 i-'i'.
/
38 12--)
■A
J liT.
■ru gr
l-'lil-CO
Norway IIoiisu
8S-0
31 18i)
'.1 1
nil.
0(1
12-7
Mean
(i'J-O
78-.-.
•>A ty-i
30 58-1
31 8--)
38 3'.l-8
38 11-1
•k;
10
17-0
17-0
30-0
0-8
—
21 2:5-7
1-8(177
Cumberland House
580
21 32-9
30 51-7
38 2l-r>
11)
0-3
;1'>
r,7-2
1-HH78
,,
51-0
21 21-5
30 r)3-2
37 l'.l-r)i
1(1
(1-2
TiO
120
1-80,S1 1
(iroat Devil's Port.
71-0
21 l.-j-l
30 57-8
38 r>(-r3
-10
101
,10
30-1
1-8(1,-)1
Siiiiko liiipid
;Vi-0
2.-, 1 -)•(>'
31 l.Vil
38 3;!-2
■1()
•20-1
r,o
57.>
l-8.-.(l()
l.aku iV la Crosst! .
('.".I'O
21 4.Vi)
31 5-5
3il •J',1-8
10
31-7
r.7
■1-1
l-sj;ii ■
"
(il-O
21 H-2
31 7-7
3!) 2lr8
10
33-0
o7
0-5
1-8 170
Tabli: XXXI.
Eo.r's Nvcdii- C, 7 = -0()OI7o.
l'\iit'r William
Jlcan
Fort Coulongo
I'ort au Croix
l!at Tortage
Fort Garry .
L. Winnipcfj;, 7tli .
loth
Norway House
York Factory
Winily Lake .
0(1-1
01-0
()1-1
57-4
10-0
73-0
(18-9
(10-0
70-2
71-0
81-0
77-0
00-5
l-.i gr.
19 53-4
10 37()
10 45-5
10 52-4
20 14-0
50-5
57-1
19 53-1
19 11-9
3 1-9
22-9
51-1
19
19
19
19
18
20 30-5
2-11 gr.
0.
') fe'r.
S-O gr.
1
3 fi i;r.
Force.
/
,
1
•27 10-2
34
18-8
42 35-9
—
—
20 11-8
34
27-8
42 50-3
—
27 0-5
34
•23-3
42 40- 1
^ .
J •8(101
•27 11-1
35
2-1
43 31-2
—
1-8381
27 12-4
34
52-3
43 0-8
— —
1-8323
'20 50(1
34
42-5
43 0-9
-_ —
1-8511
20 57-9
34
13-3
42 50-3
_ —
1-85-29
27 1-4
34
•>8'5
43 0-9
—
1-8525
'20 8-1
.33
37-1
41 380
— —
1-9080
'20 35-1
.34
20-0
42 54-3
— —
1-8721
20 1-2
34
1-0
42 45(i
—
1-8737
25 57-3
32
48-1
40 51-3
-_
1-9392
20 38-0
35
181
42 45-8
- —
1-8711
' Rejected. These values liiller slightly IVoin those in the text, wliioh were
iiiadverteiilly reiliieed with tlie former base value lor Norway House, viz, 1-87,'i,
'•* York I'actoiy, TLls value of the force i.-* at varianee with nil the other deter-
uiiuations, and juoKalily uue to somo iuipedimeiii to the lite niolion of the needle.
TtlU) AT
IVES IS
Ol'lIK'AL
r
J'orco
i-7
i-!t
—
I-H
1-Hri77
"•2
l'S(i78
>-t;
1-8(184
)i
1'8(;;-)1
■ ;;
1 'S-VU)
•4
l'Hl!»4 •
•i)
1-817'.»
DATA FOR H EDUCTIONS.
Tadlh XXXI. - (continued).
185
PiCadjiiHtnient.
Til.
I'.-'Kr.
2-0 sr.
•2-5 gr.
3C
Br.
3-5 gr.
Forou
O '
C' /
NouwAY House
5(V5
I'J 257
2«
50-4
34 8-1
42
28-0
62
34-1
—
ti
57-5
I'J 38-7
20
52-0
34 10-0
42
50-0
52
31-8
—
ft
—
—
--
—
42
31-4
-
—
1)
Mean
57'0
—
2(1
51-5
42
42
58-0
421
—
—
ID 32-2
34 12-0
52
33-0
1-8077
Old Norway House
(i4-2
1!) 47-3
20
41-2
34 40-2
42
30-9
52
34-0
1-8042
L. Winiiipi'K, 14th
(>4-"J
1!» 5(1-2
20
53-1
34 110
43
10-0
—
1-8570
Graml Rapid
(KJ-O
111 5(1-4
27
3-8
34 3-3
42
39- 1
— -
1-8(108
Crosw liako .
(i2-()
19 47-9
26
42-7
35 3-8
42
5-2-5
—
1-8552
Cunibcrlaiul House
(;r.-3
20 25-()i
27
7-8
34 47-8
43
33-0
52
49-5
1-8510
t*
r)2'4
19 24-4
26
54-0
33 47-5
43
111
52
35-8
1-8089
Beaver Lake
()3'7
19 34-5
27
50-5
34 33-0
44
10-0
52
20-3
1-8398
P. (les Epiuettcs .
r.ii-1
19 25-8
27
13-3
34 35-0
43
10-3
—
1-K549
Frog Portage
■')!l-l
19 57-5
27
33-0
34 3-5
43
40-7
—
1-8102
Little Kock V.
()7'l)
18 14-2
25
19-5
31 45-3
39
59-0
48
25-0
1-9H42
Pine Portage
(>2-(;
19 54-5
26
30-9
32 44-2'
43
35-5
53
39-8
1-8519
Snake liayid
54()
19 31-3
20
38-1
33 44-9
43
38-3
53
23-9
1-8041
The
statioi
s fcUowinri
arc
rejected for loss of magnetism.
Port Sonnante
5(V0
19 51-9
27
49-9
35 40-9
45
13-3
55
12-7
1-8070
Isle h, la Crosse .
51-1
20 1-0
28
13-0
35 5-0
45
2-7
54
31-7
1-7999
73-1
—
28
18-1
35 50-5
44
52-4
51
29-0
1-7".I02
BulTalo Lake
.->l-3
20 8-8
28
10-0
35 4-4
44
29-0
54
20-5
1-7H01
lUver de la Loclie .
(;7-'.t
20 28-1
28
45-4
35 57-7
46
21-7
55
55-0
1-8021
I'ort do la Loclic .
57'0
20 3(1
28
1-0
35 35-5
40
210
55
10-5
l-7',»54
Clearwater IJiver .
427
20 29-7
28
1-3
35 15-5
45
51
54
21-7
1-7992
Pierre au Calumet
04-4
19 52-3
27
32-2
34 12-3
43
18-9
53
25-7
1-8410
Poiiite Ih'uk'e
43-0
20 25-1
27
41-7
34 0-8
43
49-9
53
20-0
1-8184
Fort Chipewyan .
4 4 3
20 40-1
29
0-0
35 350
43
42-5
57
38-9
1-7709
"
4M
20 271
28
1-7
35 35-7
43
34-8
57
20-8
1-7900
Forco.
J -8001
l-8;i,si
1-8323
1-8.-, 14
l-85-21»
1-8525
1-90811
1-8721
1-8737
l-9;i92-
1-8741
lifli -woro
lier diler-
ii'.mIIi..
Table XXXIL
Fii.f's Senile A, (IS emphiijed in 1844, and referred to Fcrt Chiinnryan as base.
ItMl
Th.
•!■;, Kt.
3-0 t'r.
o'.-.KI-.
4-()gr.
6-0 t'r-
O 1
50 56-2
5(1 10-7
50 3-4
55 20-0
54 0-2
Fiirce
1-8310
1-8042
l'K505
1-S5.VS
1-9U35
July 3
„ 12
„ 23
Aug. 19
„ 30
1
Fort Chipcwyan .
Fort Vermilion
Fort Dun vegan .
Edmonton .
Cumberland House
O
53-0
09-0
54-9
38-1
01-0
O /
27 32-2
27 20-1
27 (.-0
27 19-7
2(1 39-:
O '
34 19-3
33 51-3
33 47->'-
33 47-2
32 50-8
O 1
40 24-0
10 7-1
10 15-5
10 3-0
38 59-0
o /
48 41-7
47 448
47 57-1
17 21-5
10 24-7
* These ancles are rejected.
'' This value being- cnn.sidcniblv in oxoe.ss of the truth, as estahli.'shed by the whole
body of observations, has been di-'-rcfriirded. On the .--uiiiuixiuon that the free move-
ment of iho needle \va.s prevented by rust on the axle, I changed it and tried others,
but their performance bein^ very unsatisl'aetorv, the same axle partially repoli.shed
was replaeed. I fence the impos.siliility of referriii^r the observations of lf^44 before
.\n}j:u8t ;K), to Toronto, or those taken sultsequeutly to Athabasca. The series ends
here.
n
} •'
-
■i
I
1
!
■
:
186
DATA FOK REDUCTIONS.
Table XXXIII.
Fox'a Needle C at employed in 1844 and referred to Fort Chipewyan at base.
1844
Th.
l'8gr.
J-Ogr.
a-Ogr.
3'Ogr.
S'6gr.
Force
1-8346
Julys
Fort Chipewyan .
691
20
48-6
o
28
40-8
o
36
t
21-7
o
46
18-4
o
57
*
1-9
., 12
Fort Vermilion
48-7
20
44-9
28
65-6
36
14-4
46
2-3
56
39-8
1-8366
„ 23
Fort Dunvegan .
75-5
20
30-5
28
890
36
29-7
46
26-4
57
03
1-8450
Aug. ly
Edmonton .
48-4
20
3G-8
28
28-7
36
35-4
46
4-5
56
56-5
1-8391
„ 30
Cumberland House
58-3
20
191
28
191
36
42-8
46
43-4
56
296
1-8646
The unsatisfactory condition both needles, A and C, were in by this
time, accounts for a consistent difference between their results in the last
two tables, C always giving slightly lower values than A ; but, as pointed
out in the text, pp. 85, 86, they concur with the absolute determinations
in proving the values of the force in this region, as formerly published,
to have been about 0*04 on the relative scale, or 0*80 on the absolute
scale, too low.
Both needles were observed again at Norway House on September 7,
and at Toronto on December 14, 1844, but not at any intermediate points.
The result of this comparison was ; —
Needle A
.. C
Force at Norway House.
. 1-8554
. 1-8609
Mean
1-8011, or 14-086
which is rather less than the value given in the text, p. 104, viz. 1'8677,
or 14*186, but in good general agreement with it.
The fitness of either Toronto, Fort William, Norway House, or Fort
Chipewyan, to be taken as base stations, each of them being situated on
the northern margin of a large fresh-water lake, is a question which did
not engage any attention at the dates of these observations. The choice
was dictated by convenience alone. There are some reasons for thinking
such a geographical position exceptionally liable to abnormal values of
one or other element ; this is very observable at Fort Chipewyan. A
greater multiplication of observations is necessary to determine the local
errors which remain, with other questions, for a more dehberate investi-
gation hereafter.
^mmm
187
loyan as base.
3-6 gr.
Forc6
i
3
1
5
{
/
67 1-9
66 39-8
57 0-3
o6 56-5
55 29-6
1-8346
1-8366
1-8450
1-8391
1-8646
3re in by this
ilts in the last
>ut, as pointed
eterminations
rly published,
the absolute
September 7,
ediate points.
viz. 1-8677,
use, or Fort
: situated on
1 which did
The choice
for thinking
il values of
)ewyan. A
le the local
ate investi-
STATIONS.
A LIST OV STATIONS OF OBSERVATION, AND OF OTHER
PLACES NAMED, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY.
The qunlificatmu — Fort, Home, Portage, Lake, River — are generally disregarded.
The place xuill be found by its distinguishing appellation. Thus : Portage dea
Deux Rivibres under D ; Orand Rapid under O,
PAQB
PAOB
Aberdeen Township . . .03
Brai, River de la . . . .136
Albany, No. 18 .
. 53
Brockville, No. 32
. 53
Alexander, Fort .
. 02
Brul6 Point .
. 137
Alfred Township .
. 61
Buflalo, No. 37
. 54
Amherstburp, No. 38
. 54
„ Creek
. 164
Assiniboine, Fort .
. 140
„ Lake .
. 134
Athabasca River .
. 136,148
„ River
. 120
„ Lake .
. 138
Bull's Head .
. 00
Aylmer .
. 61
Burnt Point .
. 102
„ River .
. 146
Bad Portaob . . . .81
Baltimore, No. 13
. 52
Cadottb River . . . .145
Bapteme Point
. 63
Calumet, Grande Portage
. 61
Baril River .
. 144
Cambridge, No. 11
. 52
Barrel Lake .
. 83
Canoe Portage
. 131
Barrie, No. 25
. 53
Cape Lady Pelly
. 116
Battle Island
. 70
Cardinal liapid
. 131
„ River .
. 154
Carillou .
. 00
Bear Camp .
. 88
Carlton, Fort
. 140
„ Island .
. 08
Carp Portage
. 127
Beaver Lake ,
. 125
Carpnter's Lake
. 105
Belleville, No. 31
. 53
Cascade Portage
. 130
Beren's River
. 08
Cedar Lake .
. 122
Biche River, La
. 130
Chat Falls .
. 62
Big Bend
. 123
Chene, Pointe du
. 60
„ Island
. 86
Chicago, No. 23
. 53
ft n
. 163
Chien Lake .
. 82
„ Rock Portage
. 136
Chienne Rivfr
. 73
Bkick Bear Island
. 131
Chipewyan, Fort .
130, 164
Blackwater Creek
. 105
Christchurch .
. 123
Blanche River
. 73
Churchill, Fort
. 115
Boucane River
. 147
„ River
. 128
Bout de Roche
. 77
(.'uiciuuati, No, 41
. 54
I
188
STATIONS.
PAOU
TAdB
Clearwater River . . . .180
Forks, The .
. 150
I'levi'lnnd, No. 10 .
. 5M
Fort, Portage dii .
. 02
Cloche, Fort 111
. 07
Fox's Point .
. 01
Cobuif^, No. aO
. b',i
Frances, Fort
. 85
Confidence, Fort ,
. 115
Frazt-r Ray .
. 07
Cornwall, No. 35
. 54
French River
. 05
Coulon^^e, Fort
. 02
Frog Portage
. 128
Cranberry Iky
. 08
„ Point
. 148
Creek Portnpo
. 100
Gargantua, Capb
. . 71
Crepe, Pointe au
. 71
Garry, Fort .
. 04
Cioix, Pointe au
. 00
George's Island
. 67
Crooked Kiipid
. 120
Goderich, No. 40 .
. 54
I
„ Spout
. 107
Good Ilojie, Fort .
. 150
Cross Lake .
. 84
Grande Ddtour
. 104
. 121
Grand Rapid .
. 120
ft ft *
Crosse, liiiko h la
84, 133
Gypsum Island
. 142
Crow Lake .
. 147
Cumberland Uouso
124, 157
Hairy Lake
. 106
Hamilton, No. 24 .
. 53
DficnARaE d'Aroii.b . , .02
Hangar du Diablo .
. 77
Dejahi Point .
. 148
Hare Island .
. 122
De'troit, No. 20 .
. 53
Harriet Portage
. 130
Deu.\ Juachiins
. 03
Hay River .
. 127,163
„ llivieres
. 03
Hayes River .
. 110
Devil's Drum Island
122
St. Helens Station, No. 7
. 52, 50
„ Ilandinj^ Place
. 100
Hill River .
. 100
„ Portage, Great
. 120
Hills Gates .
. 107
Dog's Head .
. 07
Holey Lake .
. 107
Dog Lake and Portage
. 81
Hope, Fort Good .
. 110
Dorchester, No. 10
. 52
Drum Portages
. 108
Dunvegan, Fort
. 145
Iroquois River .
. 144
D'Urval Island .
. 00
Jack House.
. 101
Eagi,!; Creek . . . .154
East Uiver .
. 104
Ecartd Portage
. 80
Kakauhka Falls
. 70
Echianianiis River
. 105
Kosvaydin
. 80
Ecores, Portogedes
. 130
Kingsey, No. 41 .
. 52
EcritB les Petit s .
. 75
Kingston, No. 22 .
. 53
Edmonton, Fort .
. 140
Knnpp's Bay .
. 110
Elbow, Tlie .
. 154
Knee Lake .
. 108,132
Elk River .
. 130,148
Knife Portage
. 108
Embarras River .
. 130
English River
. 128
La Combe .
. 60
Leaf River .
. 100
Falcon Island . . . .80
I^efroy, Fort .
. 143
Fishing Station
.
.
. 103
L'Isle, Fort de
. 80
JiS
PAflB
lf>0
&2
(tl
85
07
06
128
71
04
07
64
160
104
120
142
. 105
. 53
. 77
. 122
. i;jo
127, 103
. IJO
62,50
. 100
. 107
. 107
. liG
144
101
. 79
. 80
. 62
. 53
. 110
108, 132
. 108
00
100
143
80
PAOK
lUiXB.
»
PAOK
Little I,ake ....
. 102
Pas, The 123
„ River . . .04, 123
Peace River .
. 141
„ Rcx'k Piirtago
. 120
„ „ Falls of
. 143
Locho, <le la River
. 133
Pelican Portage .
. 104
„ „ Portngo .
. 1.'16
Pemhina River
1.30, 148, 140
Long Portage
, 108
Penetanguisheno .
. 6.3, 06
Louisville, No. 43 . ,
. 54
Philadelphia, No. 12
Pic, The
Pierre au Calumet .
. 62
. 74
. 1.37
^^.\f;KINTOHIr IfiTiAND .
. no
Pinawa River
. 01
Mackenzie's liivcr
158
Pine Island .
. 1.30
Mngnetio Island .
Malign River
. 108
. 120
„ Islands .
,, Island Lake .
. 123
. 125
Mammoth Cave, No. 42
. 64
„ Portage
. 127
. 136
^Slnnhattanvillo, No. 8 .
. 62
Manitou Island, S., No. 21
. 160
M »
Mattawa ....
. 04
,, or Pin Portage
Pins, Pointe au
. 131
. 70
Maiivais Portage .
81
Pitt, Fort .
. 162
Micliipicoton .
72
Poplar Island
. 142
Mis.sinnipi River .
128
Pori)hvn' Point .
. 77
Mississaqiii River .
08
If'*'
Prairie I'ortage
. 82
Methy P(jrtage
1.36
„ River de la
. 147
„ River ....
1.34
Prescott, No. 33 .
. 64
Montreal, No.
Moosehill Oeek .
62
162
Priraoan Lake
Princeton, No. 16 ,
. 132
. 52
Morgan's Rock Portage
Alorts, Portage des
110
83
Providence, No. .
Point .
. 62
. 142
„ les Petits .
41 -^ ^JmmMv •
Puante Lnc .
U7
IMossy Point .... 00
100
^ •* »• ■ -a V ^^ *"*»T^/ ■ * t ■ ■-■Pf
„ Portngo
100
Mountain I'ortago
120
Quebec, No. 1 . . . .62
Muddy Lake
122
Rapid River . . . .128
Nelson River
117
Rapide Sans Sault
160
Xewhaven, N(i. 10
.">3
Rat Portage .
80
Niagara, No. 27 . .
63
Red River .
08
Falls, No. 30 .
53
Red Willow River
1.30
Nipessing Lake
Norman, Fort
04
160
Repulse Bay .
Resolution, Fort .
110
103
Norway House
101
Ricollet's Fall
06
„ „ Old . . 10(
,118
Roche Capitnine Portage
Rochester, No. 28 .
03
6.3
Otter Island
73
Round Turn
123
„ Portage ....
120
Oxford House ....
107
„ Lake ....
Oxhead
107
00
St. Annb'b .
St. John's, No. .
St. Marie
Salt River .
l()3
62
00
162
Paddle River ....
140
Sand -fly Lake
1.34
Painted Stone Portage . . 1
06-0
Sandy Point
102
190
STATIONS.
I
Snrnia, No. .10
SfiHkatchowan
Sault St. Mario
Savannah Purtago
Slianiatawn .
Simpson, Fort
Simpson'fl Island
Slave Falls ,
Slave Lake, (Ireat
„ „ Lesser
„ River .
„ „ Lesser
Smokes, The .
Smoky llivor
Snake Island
„ Point .
„ Ilapid ,
Sonnante Porta^^e
Sorol, No. 3 .
Springfield, No. 20
Stnnstead, No. 6
Stinking Lake
Sturgeon Lake
Sugar Island
Sulphur Springs
Swan Point .
Tkarino River .
Temisique Lake .
Templeton's Farm .
Terre lilanche Portage
Terre Platte .
PAOI
. 64
. lao
. flO
. 83
. 110
. 102
. 78
. 01
'. 147
. 130
. 148
. 147
. 147
. 07
. 131
. 131
. 132
. 52
. r>3
. 52
. 147
85, 125
. 00
. 130
. 148
. 123
. 04
. 01
. 135
. 70
Tesaalon Point
Three Rivers, No,
Thunder (IJape
Toronto, No. A.
Trou Portage
Trout Laka ,
„ Portage
„ River .
Two Rivers Portage
PAfll
. 08
. 62
. .^ . 77
63, 60, 00, 180
. 03
. 04
. 130
. 108
. 83
Vase, Porte pe Grande . . 04
Vermilion, Fort . . . .143
Viscous Lake . . . .82
Wager River
Warren's Landing
Washington, No. 14
West Point, No. 17
White Earth Portage
„ Fall Portage
„ Mud Portage
William, Fort
Williamsburg, No. 34
Willow Hills
Windy Lake
Winnipeg Lake . 03,
Wolverine Point .
Woods, Lake of the
Yellow Knife Rh'er
York Factory
. 110
. 101
, 52
. 53
. 135
. 100
. 110
. 78
. 54
. 153
. 107
05,08, 118,110
. 144
. 80
102
110
rri'
pAoa
. 08
. 62
63, 60, 60, 180
. 03
. (14
. i;m)
. 108
. 83
04
143
82
08,
. lie
. 101
. 52
. 53
. 135
. 100
. 110
. 78
. 64
. 153
. 107
118,110
. 144
. 80
102
110
INDEX.
AFTERNOON pr('f«rftblo for obsorva-
tiniiH of variation, 11
Aslio, dipt. K. I)., U.N., 59
Aurora, remarkable one, 100
IUhaltio formations on Lake Su-
lM<rior, 77
Huso Stations —
Cincinnati, 50
Toronto, 50, 105
Fort William, 78
Norway llouso, 102
Fort Chipowyan, 138-143
RayfioUl, ('aptain, U.N., iiis charts,
6,00
llolaniiror, J. B., Franklin's com-
panion living? in 1877, 3
IWl, Dr. 11., 00, 100, 101, 117
Ilerrauda, Dip at, 65
Blackfeet Indians, 141, 153, 157
lUakistm, Lieut., 49, 111, 112, 155
Boundary commissions, 89, 94
Canadian stations, 51
Chronometers, 4, 0, 100
Circumpolar oxpedition.'^, 188,'!, 110
Coles, Mr. J., 145, 147
( !olliniator niii<rnet.s, 7
(Comparison of force, 37, 140
Compass observations, 7
— 8lu)?i;i,shno8s of, 77
— trial of pivots, 101
Corrections, see Sabuio
Dtp circle, 15
Dip, errors of, 10, 35
Diurnal movemente, 9, 10
Erman's pole of cold, 101
Fleming, Mr. Sandford, 128
Force, absolute, 37
— relative total, 17
horizontal, 32
— combination of values, 38
Force, comparison of results. 37
— local excess of, 48, 55, )M», 97, 123,
129, 137
— local defect of, 73-70, 152, 155
Fossils noticed, 119, 144
Fox's Dip circle, 22
Compared with Qambey, 20
Needles, .'JO
Formula and exaraplt>, 32
Franklin^ Sir J., bis route maps, 5,
89, 131
— bis observations of Dip, 40
variation, 50, 115
Frozen soil, depth of, 1(U
Oamdet's Dip circle, 14
accident to, 89
Gauss, his memoir, 112
Geological survey, 55, 72, 80
Greenwich observations, 17
IlAin, Capt., 30, 161
Ilerriott, Mr., 121
Hind, Prof. IT. Y., 150
Horizontal force, 32, 34, 41, 120
Humboldt, A. von, 60
iNCLiNOMRTKn induction, 42, 160
Indians, dan^rer from, 151, 153, 165
Instruments, list of, 1
Intensity, force of maximum, 30, 48
Isodynr.mic lines, correction of, 35
JouRNAW, loss of them, xviii. 141
Kewaydtn, 80
King, Mr. W. F., 150, 152, 154
Kingston, Canada W., 55
Kingston, Prof., 70
Lake Winnipeg, depth of, 99
Latitudes, 3
Lee, Lieut., United States Army,C9
Lightning, unusual, 88
■Z'i
lOli
INDKX.
r;
K'
Lloyd's statinu moiiIIi'a, 17
— Bcciilcnt til, HO
» forninln niid oxnm|ili-, L'l
— IndiictiDii iiicliiioiiiotor, 1-, 11, IHO
LdorI a>u)mnlic8, vnliio r)f two in«
Htriinii'iits, oxaniplcM of, nii tlic St.
Lftwri'iir.', !»!), (l()-(t; Oltiiwa, til ;
Frt'tii'Ii lliviT, lMI, 05; Liikd Hii-
puriov, L'i), 7.'1, 7tl, 77 ; ciiimo route
mill NVimiipfjT liivt'V, HO, H(», IM),
01 ; L'lk.' WiimiiH ■(.', 00. 0(1,07, OH,
1 10; raiioo mute to York I'lU'tory,
104, 105, 108 ; .Siiskiitchcwiin,
IT).'}; Liltlo Itivov, li'M; Kn-liMh
lUvor, 1;.'0; Allmliii.spa Uiv.r, ia7
Jjdcki', Dr., bis dbservatioiis, 70
Loii^'iliiclt', lidw iiHOiTtained, 4-5
— piirrcptioiis oC, \M), lol
Loveriii).', I'rof., 100
Maclean, Mr. J., fiO, 1.'8
Mafjriiotonit'tcrs, Wulicr's, I, 51
-■ iiiiiirovcd transjiDrtalilc, 1
Ma-rni'ts, Io.-h of furt'c, 2. li'O, l.'K),
\:',2
Maps employed, 5
Maps of Oijolofricnl Siirvpv, 05, 10.^,
Ill
Moridians, a list of, 8, 50
Miclii^'an State Siiivcy, 00
MirtHou Stations, 00, ii>;i, 151, KJ.'i
Namks, tlieir corruption, 3
Needles, Lloyd's Static, 17
— Fox's, 22*
Neiimayor, Dr. O., las experiences
in Victoria, 8
rATJSADEs on Pence llivor, The, 145
Talliser, ('apt. J., Ill
Peace liiver — little known, 141
Falls of, llL'
Pole, magnetic, xviii, 47
Prnirie, elevation of, 147
Probable errors, 34, 35, 39
L'AE, Dr. J., 70, 11L>, 115, 116
lkee'])itulation of I'esults, KiO
IJelutive force, origin of .scale, 50 '
observations of, li!0
Results, brief review of, 40
Ricliardson, Sir Jobn, 110
Hlddell, laeiit. O. J, n„ 1
Kowand, Mr., 151
Saiiisk, Sir K., cojrnizant of proroed-
injfs, Profiiee, xi.
— biseoiielusiDns as to tiie Ma^rnetic
Foeu.^, 47
— correction of some errors, Mi, 55,
n-2, 03, 70, 70, \J2, 1J5, 143, 150,
151
— bis observations, 57
Sandeison, Major, lt.l'!,,04
Secular cbaii^ri's, 40
Sboeks, magnetic, ll', 14
Sini|ison, Sir ( i,, I'rof,, 01, 70, 03
— 'I'bomas, l.')0, 101, 103
Sniitb, Mr. Arcbibald, 47
Snow slioes, journey on, 158
Stations, Sfo List apjU'uded
Stinking Lakes, 147
Sulpliur springs, 130
Surveys of tbe Dominion of (Canada,
5, 150, \r,-2, 154
Tayi.ok, Surveyor, U.R Co,, 101
Teiniieraturo extremes experienced,
15H
Term days, niagnotical, 13, 73, 00,
1(H, 140
Tlionipson, TI.IJ. Co. Surveyor, 89
Tiaiks, Dr. J. L., 89
'I'inies of \ibration, jirobablo errors
of, 35
Toronto, base station, 5({, 100, 180
— vibratioiisof survey magnets at, 00
Treaty ofCilient, 87, 80
Unitkd States, stations in, 51
Unsurveyed countries, dilliculties
of. -2
VinuATloNs, exam])les of, .'i3, ]P,0
^'ietoria, Dr. Neuiuayer's sur\oy
of, H
Viscous Lake of Frnnlilin, 82
A'oyageurs dying out, 3
\Vi;iuuT of obsiTvations, 41
Winnijieg Lake, form of, 00
Woolwicb, base observations at, 10
YorNGnusBANn, Lieut., 51, 115
iSjiotthmwile iV Co. Printers, uYcir Hrrtt Sqiiarc, JjOiidoii.
[To ircccdi' Matjwfiv I'fuiit i-f Xorfh-Wi'ihrn America.]
MAGNETIC CIIAltTS.
The Bubjoineil Tables contain the data for portions of the linos
laid down on the accompanying maps, which arc dependent upon
observations subsequent to the writer's magnetic survey, ,'*nd not
given in the text; but belong to the same geographical '>!7ion
and the same general epoch.
I.
Observations of the late Captain It. If. Jlaij/, li.A., in T!riti»h Columbia, 18G8-
1801, ' riiil. Tram' 1804. They have been reduced to the date 1844.
N...
Lnt.
Long.
Dip
Forn'
Dooliiiiiti.
111
As
Obsirvcil
C'orr,
+
As
OljFlM'VOil
Corr.
As Oliscrvid
I'oir
1
18 2li
123 27
7I 34
10' 5
-^
13' 103
102
21 58 E.
28
2
11) 1
122 12
72 22
110
i3';ti;o
i>
21 30
28
H
17 7
122 25
70 .40
l(.4
13- no
tt
21 23
30
4
111 2
122
72 4
I0'4
13'2S5
t»
21 37
27
5
19 2
121 23
72 31
!03
13- ISO
It
—
C
15 :tH
122 2^
(!9 17
ll-S
13(l.-.2
t*
20 5
27
7
15 35
120 41>
(!9 42
9\S
131.-)1
tt
20 37
27
8
15 lO
120 49
70 5
9-S
13(H)3
tt
18 44
27
ncjirtnl.
9
1!) 10
120
72 37
90
13-220
tt
22 10
27
10
1!) 7
120
—
—
—
21 50
27
11
I'.r
120
72 27
9-5
13-321
,j
22 It
27
12
41)
119 24
—
—
—
—
22 14
27
1.1
49
118 28
72 49
91
13-272
ti
20 17
25
11
48 40
118 5
72 42
91
13-31)7
tt
21 40
25
15
48
117 45
72 4
9-0
13-343
tt
21 28
25
Ifi
48 !)
no 14
72 35
90
13-370
tt
21 10
25
17
48 22
110 28
72 40
9()
13-31)1
22 51
25
18
48 41
lie 19
73 8
90
13-409
tt
22 11
25
1!)
48 22
115 21
72 48
90
13-435
tt
22 10
25
20
48 40
115 17
73 7
90
13-113
tt
23 24
25
21
48 57
115 8
73 23
90
13-477
tt
—
—
22
49
114 45
73 31
90
13-497
It
23 52
25
23
49 1
114 4
73 43
90
13-587
tt
23 12
25
'! I
B
■hi'
II.
Obitervations in Iludfum'a Lay hy Captain T, E. L, Moore, H.N., taken in tho
course of a ooyage in the Hudson's Bay Comjyany'it ship to Moose Factory in
1840 (Sabine in ' r?iil. Trans.' 1872). Xo correction hat been applied for two
and a half years' difference of date.
Lat.
Long.
Dip
Force
Doclinution
O /
O 1
O /
«
o *
63 17
78 55
80 35
1355
58 15 W.
At Sea
C2 20
81 12
80 7
—
—
62 10
80 10
87 1
13-30
—
61 7
82 50
87
1319
—
60 60
83 3
—
—
30 35
60 45
82 45
86 41
13-58
60 26
82 8
85 20
13-57
34
60 25
82 42
86 36
13-22
—
60 20
81 12
80 7
—
—
60 10
80 10
87 1
13-30
—
59 11
82 45
86 .30
1304
—
58 53
82 52
85 48
—
20 62
57 32
82 37
85 15
13-2S
10 15
57 15
82 53
84 34
13.53
15 57
57 15
82 33
84 30
13-59
15 57
57 9
82 42
84 30
—
17 10
57 4
S2 37
84 31
—
—
5(! 40
81 57
84 42
13-55
—
5(i 29
82 32
..__
—
15 48
56 24
81 .50
84 10
—
—
55 29
82 24
83 48
13-20
—
55 25
82 14
84
13-59
1 1 53
54 43
81 32
83 47
13 84
13 30
53 57
81 30
83 2
13-79
—
53 42
81 9
—
13-89
12 48
53 24
81 6
82 20
—
—
53 10
80 48
—
—
12 30
52 20
80 17
81 49
—
—
51 15
80 56
81 30
14-12
12 40
Mdose Factoi-j',
51 32
80 34
SO 59
—
10 41
At Sea
51 17
80 26
—
—
12 40
ft
51 8
80 44
81 2
14-07
IC 55
On Shore
A few observations by Dr. Rae are also iuscrted, and here note corrections to Table
XVI. p. 116: Clmrchill Lat. 68° 43' 50". Knapps Bay Dip 86° 18'-8. Tho next
observation, by Rac's Journal, was on .Inly 18, and north of Knapps Ray. I)dc. „ 2.
III.
\h'
About 180 stations are marked in the United States, and a fexo yuimcs inserted to
assist their idcntijicatvin ; hut as the observations tccre given in full by Sabine
in 1840, it appears unnecessary to repeat them. The intensities rcere chiefly
determined by Dr. Locke between the years 1838 and 184C; the Dips observed
by Locke, Loomis, Graham, and others in the same years.
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LEFROY'S MAGNETIC SURVEY 184^1
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MAGNETIC CHART
F
NORTH WF: stern AMERICA
FROM OBSERVATION 1844-1860
LEFROY 1843-4-
HAIG 1869-61
Reduction of Saiffs ohservaUvns
to Epoch iSH-0 fapplM)
])eclinMtiorv — ^iZ'
JndinatifjTv + 11^
Total Force + OJO
o OhservatUrw of IHp ajid Force'.
A ObservcULoTV of VcLriatu)rv.
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MAGNETIC CHART
I OF THE
NES OF EQUAL INCLINATION VARIATION & TOTAL FORCE
IN THE
EASTERN & CENTRAL PART
or THE
I DOMINION or CANADA
I AND THE
UNITED STATES
FROM OBSERVATIONS l838Toi845. ^^^
J7te Iifie& ofUqucii Yaria.f ' on- are' iih part
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Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 873-4503
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^■"^HPPWP
XEFROY'S MAGISETIC SURVEY 1841
1844^.
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Imagt^ettc survey.
NORTH WESTERN SECTION.
Observed value of Total Torce
and lTiclina.tLOii, /
Mean Curves of Equal Variation.
Ihe ob,9ervatU}rm are ru>t iruiertedy
fbr -wanty of apauoa.
Intenaiiy, vipriffM fi^urea 140 O
iwUnailoru stapinff Hifures. 7/' 0'
-/—
-11. _m-
StxnTordiB G*og}Bstah\
ifii
m^am
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I
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LEFROY'S MAGNETIC SITIWKY 1844.
ia44.
17,'f
70'
65'
X^
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13
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75-57
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^
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SOUTI
Observe
V-69
Mean C
Hie obi
■ Inleasu
i Indluuh
li. ,,m.
li'^'ii
70'
.^.4.0'"
ifii
wmA
(5*11
'73
MAGNETIC SURVEY.
SOUTH EASTERN SECTION.
OlDserved value of Total Force
and Incliiiation,
Mean Curves of Equal. YariatioTi.
The ohaervcutioTva are not inserted'
fbr want at apauoe.
it .
Intensify, vpriffht affwres I4-00
Indination^ aUpinff ngureA 77-0'
70^
.^.4,0"^
40
3^
6^4^-20^
Stanfarck Geog!' Estxib^.
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