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Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont film6s er commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ^ signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN' . Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmds d des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndc^ssaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 5 6 3». ^ REPORT ON THE ^'^A PRODUCE, EXPORT AND IMPORT TRADE, &c. OP COAL AND OTHER COMBUSTIBLE MINERALS OF NEW BRUNSWICK, BY L. W. BAILEY, M. A. PROFESSOR OF CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. FREDERICTON. Q- R. FENETY, TRINTEE TO THE QUEEN 'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. 1866. IMV REPORT ON THE COAL AND COAL MINES OF NEW BRUNSWICK. To His Excellency The Honorable Arthur Hamilton Gordon, C. M.G. Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of the Province of New Brunswick, Jrc ^c. ^c. May it please Your Excellency, In compliance with instructions received from Your Excellency at Govern- ment House, March 31st, 1866, I have the honor to submit the following Report on tlie occurrence of Coal and Coal Mines in New Brunswick, with statements as to the amount and value of the Coals annually exported from or imported into the Province, and such other facts as seem to be called for by the Circular Despatch to which my attention has been called by Your Excellency. While the words of that Circular request information with reference simply to " Coal Mines or indications of Coal Mines," I have thought that the object of the inquiry might fairly be deemed to include other related Minerals, such as Shale, Petroleum, and Asphalt, which, though not strictly Coal, closely resemble that substance in origin, character, and uses. Any other interpre- tation of the Despatch would compel me to omit entirely the consideration of the most valuable and interesting of the combustible materials of New Bruns- wick. That no misunderstanding, however, may arise on this account, I bave, both in the following remarks, and as far as possible in the appended Tables, considered the above named substances apart from the true Coal. More than oie third of the Province of New Brunswick, or an area of from 7000 to 8000 square miles, is covered by rocks of the Carboniferous or Coal- bearing Series, being a continuation of the same series in the adjacent Pro- vince of Nova Scotia, the combined extent of the two being as much as 18,000 square miles. While, however, in the latter, coal seams are numerous and collectively of great thickness, those of New Brunswick are few, small, and for the most part unimportant. 1 lie ^ arooniterous formations of tliis Province have been divided into two separate groups, essentially distinct, and unlike in the amount and kind of mineral fuel which they yield, I ^^4394 1. UTPER AND MIDDLE COAL FORMATION. These two formations, essentially unlike in Nova Scotia, (the former liaving a thickncHs of 3000 feet or more, with thin seams of coal and limestone, the latter 4000 feet thick, and containinnj for the most part the workable coals,) extend into and occupy a wide area in New Brunswick, but here exhibit a far less thickness, and as yet have not been certainly distinguished from each other. The arc v occupied by these formations covers large portions of the Counties of Queen's, Sunbury, York, Kent, Northumberland, and Gloucester, a trian- gular district, of which the two longest sides arc about 150 miles each in length, and the shorter as much as 100, besides several small and detached areas near the southern coast. While thus largely developed in supei-ficial extent, the Coal Measures of New Brunswick are believed, from various geological data, to attain but little thickness, the strata comprising them being for the most part nearly horizontal, and penetrated, even near the centre of the coal-basin, by rocks of older mctamorphic series. Much of the district which they occupy is still covered with forest, so that any conclusions as to the productiveness of the formation in unexplored parts must be to a consi- derable extent conjectural. Wliere known, howcrver, they have given as yet but little promise of large or valuable beds of coal. The strata of the Coal Measures above alluded to are sandstones, conglo- merates, and shales, usually grey in color and coarse in texture. The coal seams associated with these rocks are numerous but thin, the thickness of the largest yet known (that of Grand Lake) not exceeding 22 inches. In all cases the coal is a cakimi coal, highly bituminous and ready of ignition, but requiring frequent stirring for complete combustion. It is often much contaminated with pyrites, from which, however, it may be freed by carcfvil screening. It will yield about 8,500 feet of gas per ton, but of a very inferior quality, and is not applied to this purpose. It has been principally employed as a housc- ooal and for manufacturing purposes. While not so well adapted for the former use as the foreign imported coals, it has, from its comparative cheap- ness, attained a local consumption, principally in Fredericton, the capital, of nearly 6000 chaldrons annually, and for blacksmiths and certain other uses is preferred to any of the imported vaneties. The market value of Grand Lake Coal in the City of Fredericton was, in 1865, £1 10 5 currency per chaldron, while in St. John, (where foreign coals are very cheaply introduced by way of ballast,) it was comparatively little used. Table G exhibits the average loholcsale prices of the difierent varieties of coal placed in the St. John market during the past year. About 1000 tons of Grand Lake coal were exported from the Province durino" the year 1865. Table C shows the annual consumption of the same (so far as can be ascertained) from the year 1828 to 1864. The lateral extent of the Grand Lake beds has not as yet been ascertauied, this portion of the Province being largely forest-clad, but the nearly uniform thickness of such bedt; as have beoi observed, lead to the conclusion that thoy =as mer Imvinj^ cstono, the able coal8,) rxhibit a far 1 from eacli 10 Counties cr, a trian- iles each in id detached superficial om various tliem being' ie centre of the district asions as to 3 to a consi- |iven as yet les, conglo- '. The coal kness of the In all cases ut requiring :)ntaminated reening. It (juality, and I as a housc- ptod for the •ative cheap- ic capital, of n other uses no of Grand airrency per y introduced exhibits the the St. John he Province of the same I ascertained, arly uniform ion that thcv extend over a considerable tract of country. Table A contains a tabular state- ment of all known out-crops belonging to this formation, exceeding five inches m thickness, with the names of the localities, their extent, quality, amount raised, &c. 2. LOWER COAL FORMATIOK The area occupied by rocks of this formation comprises from 8000 to 4000 square miles, and includes large portions of the Counties of King's, Albert and Westmorland, with smaller areas in St. John, York, Queen's, Sunbury' Northumberland, and Victoria. The rocks of the formation are thick and coarse conglomerates, with some sandstones, usually of a bright red color, and associated with largo and valua- ble beds of limestone and gypsum; also grey and brown flags and shales, the latter very abundant and highly bituminous, passing into an impure camel coal, and associated with large and valuable deposits of asphalt or altered bitu- men, and oc(!asional oil-springs. Manganese ores, freestones, grindstones, &c. are among llio more abundant and valuable products of the series. The formation under consideration underlies the productive coal meaeares, and is not known to contiiin any workable seams of true coal, unless the "Dunsinane" coal included in Table A be found to appertain to this series. The character of the formation, however, is not such as to forbid its occur- rence, and as workable coal-beds have been found in the same formation both in America and Europe, farther exploration may yet lead to its discovery in this portion of the Continent. The most interesting and important mineral of the Lower Coal Formation in New Brunswick is that above termed Asphalt or altered bitumen and locally known as Albertite. Formerly regarded as a true coal, and later as a variety of jet, it is now generally believed to have been originally a fluid mineral oil or petroleum, subsequently changed and solidified by chemical action. It 18 a black, brittle, lustrous mineral, breaking with a high chon- choidal fracture, and difl:er3 from coal in its mode of occurrence, (in irregular veins instead of beds,) in its homogeneity, (being indivisible into layers and of one quality throughout,) as well as in its chemical composition and physical characters. It occupies an irregular and nearly vertical fissure in disturbed bituminous shJes, has a varying thickness of from 1 incli or less to 17 feet and has been mined to a depth of over 900 foot. From the original locality' discovered in 1849, large quantities of Albertite have been annually removed and exported from the Province. Table II illustrates the amount of such exportation for the years 18G3, 1864, and 18G5. About one hundred men are usually employed in connection with the works, and several largo eno-ines (one of 400 liorse power) arc in constant operation. The mine is fjivoumbly situated, not more than six miles from the Bay of Fundy, with which it has been connected by a railway. The original deposit, above alluded to, is the only one of Albertite yet thoronghly tested, though other openings have been made, with more or less success, in the immediate vicinity. Tlie very cliaractcristic accompanvino- rocks have been traced over a large extent of country, and Hmall veins of Albortito have been ol)8erved within this distrii-t at points distant from each other as much as lifty miles. The expectation nuiy tlierefore be entertained that other and equally rich deposits will be discovered. This expectation is strengthened by the supposed origin of the Albertite as an altered l\!troleum, by its geological position, which is the same as that of the oil wells of the United States, and by the actual occurrence of such wells upon a limited scalo in the district mider consideration. Several attempts have been made to open the latter, but as yet without profitable results. The Albertite has never been employed as a simple fuel. It is far better adapted to the manufacture of oil and gas, for which purposes it is unequalled by any other mineral known. The dcnumd for the substance is in excess of the amount raised, but the Company refuse to extend their operations beyond 18,000 or 20,000 tons jjcr annum. As another source of oil and gas, the bituminous shales above alluded to, and very extensively developed in the County of Albert, are beginning to acquire considerable economic importance. Numerous mining claims have recently been taken out for operations in this substance both in the above named County and in that of Westmorland. In the latter work has been begun, and I am informed that 2000 tons we-e removed in the year 1865, and were shipped to the United States, selling in that market for $6 per ton. The cost of quarrying is said to be about $li to $1J per ton, and the freight to Boston, |lj. In consequence, however, of the low price of mineral oils in the United States, it is considered necessary that the distillation of these shales should be carried on before exportation. For this purpose a Company on the Memramcook River are about erecting one hundred retorts, with which they expect to work up 100 tons of shale per diem. As a source of oil and gas, the Albertite far surpasses even the richest of the bituminous shales above described. The following are some fiicts, derived from reliable sources, bearing on this point. The mineral c;tlie Albert Mine is said to yield 100 gallons of crude oil per ton, or 14,500 cubic feet of gas, of superior illuminating powers, while in the latter case, where employed in connection with other coals, the residuum is a valuable coke. The yield of the bituminous shales is very variable, that of the best bed at the Caledonia Mine in Albert being 7,500 feet per ton of gas, or 63 gallons of crude oil. That of the Westmorland Company above alluded to will yield only from 37 to 40 gallons, while other varieties contain a still smaller proportion. Moreover, unlike the Albert coal, the re iduum of these shales is bulky and worthless. For comparison it may be stated that the Grand Lake coal will yield about 8,500 cubic feet of gas per ton, but of a very inferior quality. Table J Avill afford some idea of the export and import coal-oil trade of the Province during the years 1860-64. ill volns of from eiich jiitertuiiiod eototiou ia [\!troloum, •ells of tho initcd scale wlo to open 8 far better unequalled u excess of 0119 beyond alluded to, ^ginning to jlainis have the above k has been ir 1865, and Tton. The le freight to iieral oils in these shales pa.iy on the which they le richest of lets, derived ;rude oil per while in the Miduum is a ! best bed at 33 gallons of ill yield only proportion. is bulky and ike coal will (juality. trade of the Ilmarks upon the Export and Imjwrt Trad£ of Nan Brunmick in Coal, ShaU, Asphaltum, and Petroleum. The Coal Trade of the rrovince is one both of Importation and of Exporta- tion, the former exceeding tho lattor nearly in the proportion of two to one. Theexporttrade, however, if we include all combustible minerals, is upon the rapid increase, as shown by the accompanying statistical Tables. Table D shows the general Imports of Coal from the year 1860 to 1864 in- elusive, illustrating the quantities imported, the amounts entered for homo consumption, tho total value, and the rate of duties imposed thereon. This Table does not distinguish between the different varieties of combustible minerals. Table F shows the amount of Bituminous Coal and Anthracite severally im- ported into the Province during the years 1863, 1864, and 1865, with the values thereof, as far as at present known. The values of Anthracite, im- ported from the United States, cannot be given with accuiv ^', in consequence of the numerous changes in the rate of discount in the currency of that country during the past few years. Table E shows the general Exports of Coals, &c., from the Province from 1860 to 1864 inclusive, their quantity, value, and the countries to which the same were exported. The quantities marked as " Produce and manufacture of the Colony," include both Bituminous Coal, Albertite, and Bituminous Shale, but consist almost exclusively of Albertite. Table H illustrates the exportation of these three varieties severallv for the years 1863, 1864, and 1865. Table K contains a statement of the Produce ot the Albert Mine for the same years. Table J contains a comparative statement of Total Exports and Imports of Coals and Coal Oils from the year 1860 to 1864 inclusive. It will be observed that a steady decrease in the quantity of Coals imported is apparent, while their value has nevertheless remained nearly constant. The quantity exported exhibits but httle variation within the limits specified. The returns for 1865 if complete, would add considerably to the amount exported as produce of the Colony. ^ The trade in Coal and Mineral Oils, both of Export and Import, has been subject to great fluctuations, due in part to the changing tariffs, and in part to the great development of Petroleum Springs in the United States. In consequence of these fluctuations, expensive works have been constructed in the Province and again abandoned. The distillation of Bituminous Shales promises to add within a few years very greatly to the Export Oil Trade of the Province. Thf iuc <^erived from Coals raised in the rrovince is shown in the Table (I) of Royalties paid for that substance into the Provincial Treasury in the years 1863, 1864, and part of 1865. The total amount paid is $8,080.20. 8 It is remarkable that the Albert Mine is the only one from which this rental comes. The revenue derived from the Imports of Coal, &c., are contained in Tables D and J. Table G contains a list, derived from two of the principal importers, shew- ing the average wholesale price of Provincial and Foreign Coals in the market of St. John in the year 1865. The above statistics are for the most part derived from the Custom House Returns ; the geological remarks preceding are the results of the most trust- worthy investigations of competent geologists. It is believed that both may be relied upon as approximately accurate. I have the honor to be Your Excellency's most obedient servant, L. W. BAILEY. h tliia rental contained in Drters, shew- i the market istom House e most trust- at both may crvant, BAILEY. TABLE A. Table of all known Out-crops of Bituminous Coal in the Province of New Brunswick equalling or exceeding five inches in thickness. County. Locality. Thio kness. Variety. Quality. Remarks. Ft. In. York, Nashwaak River, 5 Caking, Fair, Few bushels removed and burnt. Queen's, NewcastieDistrict 8 do. do. 1 5000 chaldrons remov- Do. Salmon River, 10 do. do. 1 ed in 1864. 12,863 since 1828. Do. Coal Creek, 8 do. do. J Do. Washademoak, do. do. Few bushels removed. King's, 'Dunsinane," 10 Bituminous. do. Opened, not worked. Albert, Cape Enrage, 8 Caking. do. Not worked. Kent, Cocagne River, 2 do. < Richibucto River, I 3 do. Fair, Gloucester, New Bandon, 8 do. do. TABLB B. Table of all known Out-crops of workable Bituminous Shale and Asphaltum. County. Locality. Thickness. Variety. Quality. Remarks. Kings, Apohaqui, Irregular veins. Albertite. Superior, Not explored. Do. S. Branch of the KennebeccasisR. • • do. do. Not worked. Do. Ward's Creek, • a Bituminous Shale, Fair, do. Do. Dutch Valley, . . do. do. do. Albert, Albert Mine, 1 inch to 17 feet, Albertite, Superior. Extensively worked. Do. East Albert Mine, « • do. do. Now being opened. Do. Do. Baltimore, Turtle Creek, 6 feet, 10 feet. Bituminous Shale, do. Good, do. Works erected but abandoned. Claims taken out. Westmorland, Memramcook, Large beds. do. do. Now being worked. TABLE C. Quantity of Coal raised at Grand Lake since 1828. 1825, 1830, 1883, 18.^^4 66 Chaldrons. 1835, ... ... 3,637 Chaldrons 70 1838, ... 2,143 138 1864, ... 5,000 " fi87 " I Total number cf Chaldrons, 11,641. 10 i o CO O S OO w < w O «2 « O w o o K H O H O O O H P4 O O u z u s n w" A U3 00 ,4 1^ § U a, i eo o bo a Em >a w o 05 cr C5 . 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I-H : * I-H I-H I-H •JOlJodiui Hq paiuis 9nn?A ooooo ^ ooooo 8 ooooo o ooooo CO CO CO O 10 o S>1 I-H CO C5 OJ CO O O (^ I^ 35 CO CO 03 O 1 - (^ CIS 00 CO '0 I-H 05 r2 t:® -< o l^ O l.O eT ^ 0^ ■* I-H CO CO O) O «& I-H <» pH <*t "» 00 O O CO o •* i-l I-H t^ CO -*< CO o lO C>) CO I-H CO ■^ ■* — o U3 O W 00 I-H CO © t-io" CO t^ O CO CO F-l rH CO 1- O O 50 o CO 1^ I-H t^ CO •* OI — < (M CO CO O o O IM CO I-H CO CO o O CI 00 rt C-l a ^^'■'* CO CO O CO I-H CO -H M CO < CO 05 i •* CO i. CO r (N !h (» C3 (U ^^ was IS a o 00 CO CO I-H CO f- O O CO o -< 5^ CO 00 O o t- CO 1^ I-H ■* CO 00 cn 05 (N -* -H CO ■* a •F-^ oo M< ■»t< CO O J-< U ?H i-> >-< '€Of9E 1 to .r oi J' o " a O .1 ;2 1 [ ;\.^ S ed oj O d 12 III 9 a ft? 3 to e * CO oo H o s .« > o t) O o od W H M t-H U > Average price paid for the value if calculated olficially. «Wodxa Xq pajBJ . aniBA 4 s ^ ^5 — 1> '^co' CO o i $14,044 1,200 1,700 103,030 1^ r/5 ft -H 05 »i~ Oi 00- V 2" British, Foreign and other Colo- nial produce and manu- factures. -11 Oi fH to ■* CO o o in" . .g . . . i> . cT • • • C- .283 • !0 • $614 3,236 $3,880 Produce and manufacture of the Colony. CI t~ fH CO K I-" 1,611 120 500 10,303 CO CJ fH 05 r» ira i:~ r- coo fH- to- 01 fH 1,535 17,213 18,748 1 British, Foreign and other Colo- nial produce and manu- factures. e5 -^ • i^ t^ ft* • • o • • or* CO • t-H CO i-t 2: to CO •gi r- eod CO fH 10 t~ >, a o O 3 a 3 e a •8 D U 3 ■3 t-i Hi "a o Tons. 230 14,002 fH 1 O fH 00 CO C5 to- rn fH o to fH CO -''' ; o' fH CO fH 1 951 16',146 00 2 1,403 16,609 18,011 c o ^ l-H o H fH o to o to 05 o 0^ • • • • • ■ • • .a . .2 "" .Sis Tons. 230 13,845 \2 O^ o — < 00 1^ o o" fH fH o o to' fH 1.611 120 10,053 fH fH 1 951 16,146 9S fH 1,402 16,609 18,011 COUNTRIES TO WHICH EXPORTED a 1 CD * > .r o a ' "a cd 1 o a 2!= ■ Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Nassau, United States "3 L nited Kingdom, .... Nova Scotia, Nassau, United States - 73 Nova Scotia, United States, Total, > 3 ■t 9; "5 M OW o ( .4 • 25 00 ( ed Sho^ Pr wi Pc From Antiir.^ c«a 1 *Th( § 9 Bitumii TS S 1 tTht 3 _m a Returns "o 3 a are pro .0 4J « handed D a 4 (U bo J3 u U J= > . Siiowi CJ >. a p 3 ^ Grand J OB n 0^ rjt Scotch s «♦* s CS 9 •cr English be c Sydney, «. IS •2. - i Joggins «i t. •T3 a .H u a 3 A4 1 Anthrac .S iJ 1 Thep r 4— 1 for Engl 1 prices f'o s t3 O o (U a "5. a O S .« o >. u o a ^ £ s .1= S u e T3 3 . s «** c 7) ii 3 O" Vtt V s bo l-t c IS » fn o Ki ►a a a (4 3 O &4 ^ J? ^ 4— 13 TABLE F. Showing the amount of Bituminous Coal and Anthracite imported into the Province of I^ew Brunswick during the years 1863, 1864, & 1865, together with the values thereof, as shown by the Custom House Returns of the 1 ort of bamt John and the several Out-Ports. 1«OS. Tons. Values. Tons lil04. ( Produce of ) l Great Britain, ) Bituminous Coal. From United Kingdom, " Canada, " Bermudas, »tf3. Tons. Albertite. To Nova Scotia, United States, Bituminous Coal. Produce of New Brunswick. To Nova Scotia, United States, Bituminous Coal. Produce of United Kingdom. To Nova Scotia, United States, Bituminous Shale. To United States, Anthracite. Produce of United States. To Nassau, N. P 675 16,140 119 90 108 131 375 Value. 18iG r- Oi r- f* o o lO 1.-5 «> «» o e o o ^ o o o o o I- r-l s 00 ^ co' » t-H CO o to oo o o o o c o oo f-" T 1 ^'^ to ^'r:^ ii'* • oT to Q, t~ to «o • ' O) •t 0» ^ O o o o o o to o CO 00 C) o CO cc -^l w,— 1 8 S S? CO to t"?; OD r/5 orj (/5 1 " 1 16 I TABLE K. Statement of Produce of Albert Mine for the years 1863, 1864, and 1865, by W. Ellraan. 1S03. Ifi04. ItHOft. Exported to Nova Scotia, Saint John, United States in 1863, • • • • • • ""2,009* 630 5,173 278 1,225 7,200— Tons. 639 1,014 16,515 Tons. 1,051 1,246 Tons. 608 2,260 Exported to United States in 1864, 3,%5 217 356 182 2,416 10,000— • ■ • 17,166 Exported to United States i 1865, 10,058 4,145 886 131 280 263 187 135 205— ■ a • 15,790 18,168 19,463 18,658 T/^t-nl niinf 17. V « fir f O f1 111 tTiP three vears ai 5 above. ... 56,289 Tons. I wSb mm ■m«wi ' "'-'