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Vn des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — »> signifie "A SUIVRE ". le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuve.it Atre filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seul clichA. il est film* A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche k droite, et de haut en bas. en prenant le nombre d"images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 32X 1 2 3 4 S 6 if ^-);iJto 61^ GABLE ENDS. ' " 299 1 703, places Teiaiagoii where Toronto now I stands. Teiaiagon appears likewise in I Charlevoix's map, 1744. Here Teiaiagon I is plainly marked on the site of the pre- i sent Toronto, and the lake to the north is ; again marked Lake Toronto. It will be observed that Father Hen- nepin says that La Salle joined him after his arrival at Teiaiagon, he La Salle hav- , ing been on a visit to the Tossonotouans or Iroquois tribe. Now this tribe of Tos- I sonotouans occupied territory at the ".^juth I sideof the lake, about the mouth of 1 heNia- ! gara river. In another place Hennepin, in giving an account of his voyage from Teiaiagon, on the 15th December, 1679, says : " Then we sailed from the northern i coast to the southern, where the river Niagara flows into the lake, but could not reach it that day, though it is but fifteen or sixteen leagues distant." Hennepin may have thought that the Niagara river was fifteen or sixteen leagues from the north coast about Teiaiagon. La Salle, in giving the distance, in describing his trip across the lake from the country of the Tossorotouans, where he had visited them to reconcile them to his plans, gives the distance about thirty leagues. Nei- ther is exactly correct in the distance. It is claimed by historians that Father I Hennepin was the first European who » visited the north shore of Lake Ontario, but is this so 1 Were not Louis Joliet and ; La Salle both at the place indicated in 16P9? in the Narrative and Critical History of America, at page 173, is this pas- sage : "In 1669 Louis Joliet and one Pere went to search for copper on the shore of Lake Superior, and to discover a more direct route from the upper lakes to Mon- real. Joliet went as far as Sault Ste. Marie, where he did not long remain, but in the place of a mine, found an Iroquois prisoner among the Ottawas at that loint, and obtained permission to take him back to Canada. In company witii another Frenchman, he was led by the Iroquois from Lake Erie, through the valley of the Grand River, to Lake Ontario, and on « the 24th of September, at an Iroquois i village between this river and the head of ^ Burlington Bay, he met La Salle with four canoes and fifteen men, and the Sul- t pician priests, Oalint^e and De Carson, who. on the 6th July, had left the port of La Chine. From this it would appear that La Salle, previous to his expedition of 1678, with Hennepin, was voyaging along Lake Ontario, and there met Joliet on his re- turn from a visit to the Lake Superior country. Howe.er this may be, how came the dagger to be in the place where found, where no doubt it had been entombed for many years, and it may have been foi- centuries'! There is nothing improbable about the latter. The relics dug out of the old fort at Ste. Marie, on or near the Georgian Bay, where the Hurons were so ruthlessly hunted by the Iroquois and massacred, together with Fathers Brebo'uf and Lalamand, show a wonderful state of preservation, and yet they had been in the earth for nearly a century and a half. Then look at the specimens in the museum of the University of Toronto and the Ca- nadian Institute, unearthed from Indian graves and ancient lodgments, and see if it is going beyond the bounds of be- lief to say that there is in Toronto a relic of the past which has lain concealed in mother earth for a period of time, " whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary." I think Dean Harris, of St. Catharines, who has contributed to our literature a valuable book on the discoveries of the early pioneers of Canada, may be able to throw some light on the ."subject ; and then there is Father Laboreau, of Penetangui- shene, who I know takes a lively interest in these matters, and well he may, for in his district he ministers to many who are pioneers, or descendents of those pioneern, who founded the settlements in the coun- try of the Hurons on the Georgian Bay. I leave this subject to them and others more competent than myself to judge and pass sentence on this early relic of our past historic age. D. B. Read. The Freezing of Northern Rivers— Dances in the Far North. luel to " Down the Yukon and up the FuoM the 24th of October, when I com- pleted my survey of the Mackenzie iliver up to FortChipewyanon Lake Athabasca, I was compelleid to remain at Chipewyan / 3O0 THE CANADIAN MAGAZINE. until the 27th of November. This delay was occasioned by ice drifting in the river and lake, through which it was impossible to ascend with a boat ; and the only alter- native was to wait till tliis drifting ice consolidated, and became strong enough to bear us and our loads. A few words here descriptive of the way in which those northern rivers be- have in fall will not be out of place. In- stead of freezing over, some (juiet, cold night, as most of our eastern, easy flowing, streams do, they begin by forming a nar- row ribbon along each shore. Ice is at the same time forming all over, but the sweeping current prevents its consolida- tion, an is continually bearing it, hither and thither, running it into eddies and whirling it into great masses, which drift down stream, stranding in shallows, form- ing ice islands which gradually widen, running against the shore ice and attach- ing part of its bulk to it, then on again, leaving a bit here and there until it is absorbed. The cold is continually renew- ing ♦^^he supply until tlie running channel is so contracted that a cold night chokes it, and our river is " set '' as it is locally called. But what a " setting I " Instead of the smooth glassy surface our children love to glide over, we have, here, great masses of rough ice piled many feet above the mean surface ; there are miles of broken surface over which it is impossible to travel, and no where anything resem- bling what we see on our streams at home. I have sometimes thought that journey- ing over northern rivers in the winter would be >!Ood training for men about to try for the Pole over th"se broken ice fields called by some Arctic explorers the Paleocrystic Sea. The average duration of this drifting is about three weeks, but sometimes if the weaJier is mild it con- tinues much longer. This detention was a sore disappoint- ment to all the party, as we had hurried and worked early and late all the way from McPherson to this point (1400 miles) in order to get out in open water, and we knew that our friends would be expecting us in November. As we could not let them know of our enforced delay, wo knew they would be indulging in all sorts of wild fancies and fears concerning us, and though we knew we were safe and felt assured of getting out safely we probably fretted and fumed as much as they did. As I bad only a few Magnetical and Astronomical observations to make at the Fort my time was not much occupied, and it hung heavy on my hands. For a day or two I relieved the monotony by piioto- graphing the place and many of the people in it. The presence of a camera in this isolated place was an extraordinary event, and many, if not all of the residents wanted a picture of themselves and little ones to send to friends they had not seen for many, many years, and probably never will see this side of time. ITnfortunately, owing tt) my long ab .sence, the extreme temperatures experienc- pd, and the continuous proximity to water my nims so deteriorated that all my neg- atives, taken after those I sent out by Dr. Dawson, wers very faint and unfit for printing from. This was a sore dis- appointment to many T photographed ; for to them it may have been the one oppor- tunity in their life, and my knowledge of this fact created a sympathy for them almost as painful as their disappointment must have been. Dances were often got up around the Fort, many of which we attended. The one which I gave, referred to in the la.st number of the magazine, was the event of the season, as every one nx the Fort and taround it was invited. Old and young of both sexes, in fact, as in the case of the Widow Malone Ohone, "from the min- ister down to the Clerk of the Crown," everybody was there. Thi-ee fiddlers were in attendance, who played in turns, and only those who have seen a " Red River" or North-West fiddler — no, not violinist — play, may attempt to realize the amount of muscular force which can be put into playing the famous "Red River '^ig." Generally seated on the extreme edge uf his seat, the performer sways his body back and forth as if in a frenzy, and beats time on the floor with l)Oth feet until one who did not know the cause of the noise would fancy a charge of heavy cavalry was passing. He plays all over the strings, up, down and across, and in all possible, and some impossible, keys, and so rapidly that only the most expert can keep time with the (I was almost saying musio tune. Seriously, I don't think Pnganini himself could provoke such soun.ls from /, kve probably as they did. rnetical and make at the ccupied, and For a day ly by photo- of the people iiera in this linary event, lents wanted ittle ones to ot seen for bably never my long ab- es experienc- nity to water , all my neg- sent out by it and unfit 5 a sore dis- igraphed ; for le one oppor- :nowledge of ly for them iappointmeiit p around the ended. The i in the last I the event of the Fort and and young of e case of the om the min- the Crown," fiddlers were in turns, and ' Red River " ot violinist — 3 the amount be put into River .^ig." ■erne edge of lys his body izy,and beats feet until one ( of tiie noise y cavalry was [• the strings, I all possible, lid so rapidly m keep time laying music i ink Pnganini soun.ls froui / SCIENTIFIC NOTES— BOOK NOTICES. 301 his best Cremona, and in the matter of execution he would not be in it. The dancers dance as though some demon possessed their legs, until the per- spiration is pouring down their faces. They are relieved by others, who, exhaust- ed in their turn, are relieved, and so on until the fiddler, exhausted, steaming and streaming, passes the winning post with an unearthly flourish and sinks panting into his seat. Tf another fiddler is present, the play- ing is soon resumed, and other dancer.>< vie with each other as to who will exhibit the greatest muscular force and endurance, until daylight puts a stop to the fun. The natives, of all kinds and classes, enjoy these dances immensely, and declare that thejr always feel better after them, which I well believe, as they are the neaiest approach to a Turkish bath they will ever have, and they certainly look — well — brighter afterwards. — William OfJILVIK. SCIENTIFIC NOTES. Mr. J. EUard Gore, F.R.A.S., has again laid amateur astronomera under an obligation ; this time by pubhshing (Crosby Lockwood & Son) a neat manual, M'hich he has called an " Astro- nomical Glossary . " The book contains nearly all the technical and scientific terms and names met with by active workers, and gives terse, but full and clear, explanations and definitions. It is a very timely publication, and, we hope, will soon run into the second edition, when, in our opinion, opportunity might properly be taken to syllabicate, accentuate, and even to give the accurate pronunciation of mnny words adopted into our language, but which are the "terror" of amateurs when reading papers or speaking in public. Samples of such words may be found in " Andromedcs," " Antares,' " Betelgeuse," "Ophiuchus," and even "Plei- ades." Abo t these, and many other words, there is often, in the minds of beginners and of others, for that matter, doubt as to the proper syllable to be accentuated, and so on. A far from complete list appeared in The Englixh Mechanic, showing that there is really a necessity for some accurate determination by some one— and who better than Mr. Gore ? Mr. G. 'P. Serviss, author of "Astronomy with an Opera-Glass," proved to be an admir- able lecturer at his recent visit here with "Urania." He speaks without notes, is clear and graphic in his style, and has a pleasant though ringing voice, easily heard everywhere in the largest halls. He is evidently the coming platform exponent of astronomy, and is much needed since the death of the lamented Proctor, whose mantle he seems easily able to assume, and wear with great cretlit to himself. Those who have his book will be glad to know that it has rapidly run through six editions, and that the seventh is now in press. Mercury will not be visible in January. Venus will, however, be a more brilliant object than in December, and will attain her maxi- mum on the 10th inst., when her light will be as 218 to 145 on the Ist of December. On the evening of the 10th, she will be near the new moon, and they will form a lovely pair of celestial objects. Mars is slowly coming into a fair position for observation. Jupiter will never be seen to better advantage than in Janu- ary of this year. During the month he will be stationary in Taurus. Saturn is rapidly coming into position for observation, and will rise about midnight on the 14th, and about four minutes earlier each subsequent evening. j^He is in Virgo, near Spica.— G. K. L. my> BOOK NOTICES. E'lKdys on Qtmliotis of the Day : Political and Social. By GoLDWiN Smith, D.C.L. New York and London : Macmillan & Co. ; To- ronto : The Copp, Clark Co., Ltd. 3(iO pp. This volume, which, it is needless to say, is brought out with the beautiful typographical ap- pearance that characterizes all the works of Prof. Smith, is timv \y and veiy interesting. The subjects treatea of are Social and Industrial Revolution, Disestablishment, The Political Cris- is in England, Woman Suifrage, The Jewish Ques, tion, The Irish Question, Prohibition in Cana- da and the United St.ates, and, as an appen- dix : — The Oneida Community and American So- cialism. The author's opinions, as he explains in the preface, " are those of a Liberal of the old school, as yet unconverted to State Socialism ; who looks for further improvement, not to the increase of the authority of government, but to the same agencies, moral, intellectual and economical, which have brought us thus far, and one of which. Science, is now operating with im- mensely increased power. " He looks for improve- ment, not regeneration ; he expects improvement still to be as it has been, gradual ; and hopes much from steady, calm and harmonious effort, little from violence or revolution. Of course, Prof. Smith's general attitude and tendencies, as de- fined here, are known to very many the world over who are well acquainted with his knowledge as a historian, and the luoid, concise,' and graceful 163353 302 THE CANADIAN MAGAZINE. style which has given him a place amongst the very foremost masters of language in our own or any age. To these the present voldme will come as a welcome addition to previous wotks, and to these, as well as others, at a time when the leaven of State Socialism, owing partly to the exigencies of party warfare, and perhaps partly to a decay in the old ideals of representative gov- ernment, is permeating the fabric of society, it will be of use in helping to a clearer apprehension of where they should stand in their attitude towards the drift of our ag e ; though with all the conclusions of the author there will perhaps be few who will Agree. The firat paper. Social and Industrial Revolution, is a broad, comprehensive treat- ment of an acute, world-wide question of tre- mendous importance, and affords much pleasure to tlie reader. The paper on the Jewish Ques- tion is full of interest, though, perhaps, the many quotations cited in regard to the exces- sive usury taken by Jewish money-lenders, in all countries, will not carry much weight in countries such as Canada and the United States, where money-lenders, not of Jewish blood, are found, who " grind the faces of the poor " with interest amounting in some cases to over 300 per cent, per annum, or over three times the rate cited by any of Prof. Smitli's authorities as to the extortion practised by the Jews. It seems, too, that the half sympathy given by the author to the idea of prohibiting circumcision by way of remedying the exclusiveness of the Jews, is scarcely in accordance with the author's general views on personal and religious liberty. The paper on Prohibition is full of interesting facts and deductions, and for Canada and Great Bri- tain is exceedingly timely. Altogether, the volume is one worthy of its author, and, .there- fore, it need scarcely be said, will be widely read throughout Auglo-Saxondom. Capf Breton Illmtrated, by John M. Gow ; illus- trated by James A. Stabbert. Toronto : Wm. Briggs. 423 pp. This handsome table volume is a welcome con- tribution to the literature descriptive of Cana- dian history and scenery. Cape Breton, although At one of the eastern gateways to the Dominion, has been practically a term incognita to the vast majority of Canadians. The present volume, with those who read it, or even glance over it, will do much to bring the resources, great his- toric interest, and remarkably beautiful scenery of the Island into the recognition they should receive. The work is rather too discursive for a book of the kind, devoting, as it does, a very considerable space, perhaps an undue space, to the English and American Purittms, and other subjects only indirectly related to Cape Breton ; but even this does something to bring about a clearer understanding of old colonial days, while the chapters devoted to the two sieges of Louisburg are admirable in their ful- ness, and add much to the interest of the work. The numerous photoengravings, illustiating the scenery of the Island, serve admirably to Kive a proper impression of the remarkable beauty of portions of Caf>e Breton. The typo- graphical execution of the work is decidedly good. The Toronto Art Students' League have given to lovers of art a very artistic, though unpreten- tious calendar for " Ninety Four. ' Of course, the calendar part of it is only a cover for the re- production of many very clever etchings by mem- bers of the league. The etchings generally take the form of designs for verses by Canadian poets and verse writers, though a few of the best are reproduced without this accompaniment. Amongst the other seasonable productions ia the Christmas number of Saturday Night. That journal has done much for the encouragement of Canadian light literature, end the present num- ber shows that excellent discrimination is gen- erally made in giving that encouragement. Amongst the best of the stories is one by Evelyn Durand — singularly good in plot and ex- ecution,—" The Exodus to Centreville," by Mar- jory MacMurchy, and "With Murder in his Heart," by the editor. " The Ronan's League " is a pleasing glimpse at old Japan by Helen Greg- ory-Flesher, " Random Reminiscences of a Nile V'oyageur " by Charles Lewis Shaw, is very vari- ed and intertaining. C. G. Rogers, E. Pauline Johnson and others contribute to the poetry. In literary quality and in interest the number is throughout excellent. I to the vaat nt volume, mce over it, 8, great bis- liful scenery /hey should iscursive for does, a very idue space, iritans, and ted to Cape ing to bring old colonial to the two in their ful- of the work. illustiating dmirably to remarkable The typo- is decidedly e have given ;h unpreten- Of course, er for the re- ngB by mem- nerally take nadian poets the best are nent. reductions i>s m'ohl. That iragement of present num- lation is gen- :ouragement. 9 is one by . plot and ex- ilie,"byMar- urder in his an's League" ' Helen Greg- ices of a Nile , is very vari- 8, £. Pauline I the poetry, the number V