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1'*'

?i/

HARMONY OF INTERESTS.

HOW PROTECTION AFFECTS THE FARMER.

"Bai Jmeriea reciprocated f No ! and America will rot. t <)r rebuke, as contirined In the
Aociunenta before us,* which we firmly believe convey the Bentiments of the wisest men of the
Cnion, is perhaps the most poignant that ever was cast in the teeth of a dviUzed and christian
oommunlty." — Blackwoo<ti Magaxine for January, 1861.

* <* Tin B«niai7 of latmilt.

HARIOM OF INTERESTS.

HOW PROTECTION AFFECTS THE FAEMEB.

Amon}{ the large exporters of food are Ireland, |
Canada, "Russia, and the United States.

The hrst exports both food and population.
The bulk of her trade ib altogether outward, '
and the food has to bear all the voyage out and i
home. The yield to the producer is therefore
small, and tends rapidly to diminish; the conse-
quences of which are, famine, pestilence, and
depopulation. , , , i i

The second exports food and lumber, antl
imports some population for home coiisumi)tion,
and much that is exported to the United States.
The excess of export is, however, sufficiently
great to throw nearly the whole weight of the
voyage out ard home upon the producer.

Neither of these countries has any projection
against the colonial system. The food they
export comes back to them in the form of cloth
and iron, duty free, and almcst freight free,
because the bulk of the traffic is in the outward
direction.

Russia exports food, but sine protects manu-
factures, and thus makes a market for much of
it at home. Her capacity to supply grain is,
by one authority , stated to be equal to 17,000,000,
and by another " j,000,000 of quarters, (153 and
252 millions ol bushels of 60 pounds weight),
and we are told that — .

" In the years when there is no foreign de-
mand for this surplus, a portidh of it is employed,
with little regard to economy, in fattening
cattle for the butchers, and for the sake of the
tallow. Much is absolutely wasted, and the
remainder, left unthreshed, becomes the prey
of birds and mice." Also, that " if a foreign ;
market could be found for it, Russia could easily ;
export annually 50,000,000 of quarters of grain, i
(equal to 450,000,000 of bushels of sixty pounds ;

weight.)" . , ...

The system of that country is adverse to the
growih of wealth and intelligence. Large
armies and hosts of officials are maintained out
of her heavy taxes, paid from the earnings ot
the producing classes, while the existence ot
serfdom, and the necessity for giving so large a
portion of the lives of the healtl lest and best
formed of the population to the business ot
carrying sabres and muskets, tends to i)revent
the existence of any hope of improvement ;
and without hope there can be little disposition
for exertion. Nevertheless, as we see, the
Russian has food to waste, while Irishmen
perish, by tens of thousands, of starvaUon.

In this country the system of protection exists.
It is now limited to thirty per cent. ; and for the
last twenty years it has but once, and for a very
briel period, Iwen at a lower point. By its aid
there has been produced a diversification ot
pursuits, that enables men to economize much
time and many things that would otherwise be
wasted, while women and children find employ-
ment at such wages as enables them to be large
consumers of both Ibod and clothing. Wages
are high, and hence it is that there is so large
an import of the most valuable of commodities —
man.

We imported last year about 300,000 persons.

Estimating their consumption of food at twenty

cents per day for each, there was thus made a

market on the land for the products ol the land

to the extent of twenty millions of dollars.

j Their transportation required the constant em-

i ployment of 250,000 tons ot shipping, and ships

'carried freight to Europe at very low lates,

because ceitain of obtaining valuable return

cargoes. The farmer thus obtained a large

home maiket, and the power of exporting

, cheaply to the foreign one ; ano io the conjoined

1 operation of these two causes is due the fact,

; that wheat and flour have continued so high in

1 price.

I We may now, I think, understand many
■ curious facts now passing before our eyes.
Food is so abundant in Russia that it is wasted,
and yet among the large exporters of food to
Great Britain is this country, in which - ells
at a price almost as high as in Liverpc. and
now even higher. The produce of Russia has
to bear all the charges out and home ; and the
consequence is, that the producer remains poor
and luakes no roads ; and thus the cost of trans-
portation, internal and external, continues and
must continue great. The farmer of the United
States sends his produce to market cheap, be-
cause the returr. cargo, being chiefly man, is
valuable, and the space it occupies »s great.
He therelbre giows rich, and makes roads, and
canals, and builds steamboats ; and thus is the
: cost of transportation, internal and external, so
: far diminished that the difference m the price of
a barrel of flour in Pittsburgh and in Liverpool
is, when we look at the distance, almost incon-
ceivably small. .
I The bulk of the trade of Canada is outwards ;
I and the consequence is, that outward freights are
' high, while our imports ol men and other valua-

HARMONY OF INTERESTS.

iii

ble commodities keep them low with us; and i is enabled to consume largely of sugar and
th-efore it isthat the (.•'>sls.)ftransi)oitiii{;wheatl coffee, to the advantage of t e nrierchant— of
ourfromoursideottlu'lineissonmchlow-i wool, to the furlher advantage ol the cultivator
Li than from theotlier,1liiU both now pass throuu'h | of the lands— of inmber, to the advantage ot the
New York on their way to Liverpool. Hence man who has land uncultivated, that be desires
it is that iheif has arisen so vehement a desire i to clear—of cotton and Indigo, to the bcneht ol
for commercial reciprocity, and even tor annex- : the planter— and thus it is that every interest
ation. The protective system has thus not only ! in the country profits by the transfer of the poor
the effect of biinsing consumers to take their cultivators ol Ireland, and of German;)f, to the

places by the side of the producer, facilitating
also the exportation of the surplus to foreign
markets, by diminishing outward freights, but
the turther one of producing among our neigli

coal fields and iron ore beds of the Union.

The young Englishman who aspirea to be an
operative spinner, and now fills the place of the
latter in his absence, receives 7s. 6d.— $1.80

hours a strong desire for the establishment of! per week,* the price of two bushels of Indian
the same perfect freedom of trade that now i corn. Place him in Alabama, and he will earn
exists among the several States, by becoming ' the jjresent price of twenty bushels, and he will
themnelves a part of the Union. Protection, ■ then eat more and belter lood, and consume ten
therefore, tends to the increase of commerce pounds of cotton where now he consumes but
and the establishment of free trade; while the one. -c i j

British system tends everywhere to the destruc- , The hand-loom weavers, of whoni tngiana
tion ol commerce, and to the production of a has 800,000, without work for one-tbird ol the
necessity for restriction. , number,! consume little food or cotton. Irans-

We see, thus, that if we desire to secure the ^ fer them here, and they will become large

command ol that which is falsely called " the
great grain market of the world," it is to be
effected by the adoption of such measures as
will secure valuable return freights. The most
costly and the most valuable of all are men.
The least so are pig iron and coal. The more
of the latter we import, the larger will be our
surplus of food, the higher w ill be the outward
freight, internal and external, the gr,;ater will
be the waste, and the poorer will oethe nirmi;r.
The more of the former we import, the smaller
will be our surplus of food, the lower will be

consumers of both.

The agricultural labourer of England receives
8s. or Os. a week— little over the price of a
bushel and a-half of wheat. Transfer him here,
and his services at, a miner, or labourer, will
enable him to earn the price of five or six
bushels. He will then consume more and bet-
ter food, and largely of cotton.

The poor Highlander, driven from his native
hills to make room for sheep, starves in the
miserable lodging-houses ol Glasgow.t Could
he bo transferred here, he would become a large

will Oe UUl SU1|MU3 <J1 luim, ijic .uv.v-. v.... .,.,...,..> . j 1 1 V, •

the outward freights, and the more numerous i consumer of ^ood and clothing,
will be the commoditieb that can go to Europe, i Our present policy is directly the reverse rt
to be given in exchange for luxuries that now ; all this. We are exporliiig nnen by tens of
we cannot purchase. thousands to California, and by huiidreds of

Were we now importing a million of men
annually, the downward freights on our canals
and railroads would be greatly diminished, while

thousands to the west, thus diminishing the
power of combination of action, and increasing
the necessity for ships and wagons to carry theii-

the outward freight across the ocean would be I produce to market. Thus far the immigration
little more than would pay the cost attendant j has been maintained, and freights to Europe
upon loading and unloading it; and yet we ' are consequently low ; but, with the diminished
should be building ships and steamboats, and'

making railroads at a rate of which we could
now form no conception.

By aid of these men, coal and iron would be
produced by millions of tons, and the increased
facility of obtaining food and iron would give
new facilities lor building cotton and woollen
mills, and type foundries, and printing offices,
and all the men employed in them would be
large consumers of food, and thus v/ould the
farmer gain on every hand.

The labourer, in Ireland, obtains 6d. or 8d.
lor a day's labour when employed, but the ave-
rage of the year is even less than the former
sum. He is our great customer for Indian corn,
the cost of which, by the time it reaches him,
is about 4s. or five times what it has yielded to
the farmer, delivered on his farm. Eight day's
labour are thus required for the purchase of a
bushel. Transfer that man to the coal fields of

Ohio and Indiana, and he may purchase far more

by the work of a single day. He at once j The gtandard of tU« Ceunpb«llB, who inhabited thi»
becomes a much better . customer for food, and ^ region, bore » pins.

* London Economist, vol. vi., p. 269.

t Edlnburgli Review, October, 1849.

t A recent British journal, speaking of the Queen's
visit to Scotland, thus describes the effects of the deso-
latine policy that has been pursued in the Highlands :—

"The untilled hills and slens tell their own story
most effectually. The sheep farms, of twenty miles
length and breadth, proclaim the d»rk character of
that policy which is foat maliing of the Highlands a
great hunting ground. Iler Majesty is topass through
a land of Ameers. The same wretched policy an that
which has desolated Scinde, originating in the game
miserable cause— the selfishuess and pleasuro-soekmg
of the owners— has laid waste the Highlands. Ihoy
want a Sir Charles Napier— a legislative not a militaiy
Napier. They need the repeal of the game and entail
laws; and with those laws repealed, in twenty years
there would be no difficulty in finding a population to
welcome the monarch, on the beautiful but now desc^
late shores of Loch Long and Loch Awe. The plneB*
would flourish again; and newspaper reporters would
not be weighing the question, whether there be or not
a habitable house, where they might rest, within ten
miles of Loch Laggan."— iVorth Britiih Mail.

^^S^^SK^'ti

W»<

HOW PROTECTION AFFECTS THE PARMEB.

wages of the labourer, immigration must tall
off, and then freights must rise, and thus the
same measures that diminish the hom« con-
sumption must increase the cost of going to the
distant market. The cost of the voyiifi;e out
and home must be paid by somebody. If there
is no return freight, the farmer or planter must
pay the whole. It there is a large and vnluiible
return freight, he need pay scarcely any portion
of the cost. To Calilbrnia we must pay ull
the outward freights, tor there is no cargo to he
returned. Bulky urtioles, ihe produce of the
farm, cannot, tlierefore, go from here; and the
Consequence is, that every emigrant to that
country is a customer lost to the farmer, and a
customer, to a diminished extent, to the planter.

The most costly and most valuable of com-
motlilies, as I have already said, is man. The
more valuable the commodities that can be
imported into any country, without going in
debt for them, the richer that country will grow ;
and this is equally true of every state, country,
township, town, &c., into which it may be
divided. Of this no one can doubt, and yet
every portion of the Union is engaged in export-
ing to the west, to Texas, Oregon, and Cuiitor-
nia, this most valuable of all commodities,
receiving nothing in return. We import now
hundreds of thousands, yet the old States retain
scarcely any of them. All must go w^est, for
the working of mills and furnaces is stopped,
and the building of mills is at end until we have
a change of policy. Such is the effect of the
colonial system, established for the purpose of
preventing combination of action among the
people composing various nations of the world,
and maintained by the pursuit of measures des-
tructive alike to the interests of the people of
England, and of the world at large. " Many
of our manufacturers," says a Manchester bro-
ker, " have exported to a loss, and if, by so
doing, they have kept Ibieign competition at bay,
and checked the increase of industrial establish-
ments abroad, it is an unenviable success ; still,"
he adds, " as this country is doomed to be a
manufacturing state, nothing remains but to
beat or be beaten. "§

These losses are of perpetual recurrence.
They are a natural consequence of the " war
upon the labour and capital of the world," in
which England must " beat or be beaten."
They must be paid by somebody, and they are
paid by the labomers of England, who are
compelled to work at diminished wages; but
to a r»)uch greater extent by the labourers of the
world, who are compelled to I') idle, earning
nothing to pay the farmers and planters for food
and clothing, when they would gladly be em-
ployed, earning wherewith to feed and clothe
themselves and their children.

How small is, under these circumstances, the
power to consume food, will be obvious to those
who see that three-fourths of the people of
England are consumers and not producers ; and
that yet their import of grain of the last two
years of free trade is but two bushels per head.

2 C'jrcular of DuFay 4 Co., March 1, 1R4«.

How insignificant i« 'he quantity she takes flrom
us, and trivial the aniount when distributed
among the people of the Union, may be seen
from the following statement of the last two
years of comparatively large export : —

Year ending June 30, 1848.
Flour. Wijkat. Corn. Cornmeal.
Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Barrels.
958,744 1,531,000 5,062,000 226,000

Year ending August 31, 1849.

Flour. Wheat. Corn. CornmeaL.

Barrels. Bushels. Bushels. Barrels.
1,114,016 4,684,000 12,721,000 88,000

The last and largest amounts, in round num-
bers, to I0,000,000of bushels of corn. Deduct-
ing the trani.portation, the cost of this on the
farm may be taken at not exceeding, and pro-
bably not equalling $10,000,(K)0, or less than
fifty cents per head for the people of the Union.
What is the prospect that even this amount will
continue to be exported may be judged by the
facts, that nothing but the exceeding lowness of
freights has thus far maintained the export, and
that calculations, base-* upon the low price of
tood in Europe, are now being made upon the
export of grain to this country.

" The accounts that have reached us from
your side, about the crops, have led to an idea
here that it is not improbable the ynited States
may become an importing country for grain, aa
on some previous occasion about ten or twelve
years ago. We regard this as highly improbable
ourselves, although Sturges allude to it in their
commercial circular to-day. It is said Mark
Lane governs the world's grain prices ; and, if
so, the European range may certainly be ex-
pected to be very low, for the fall here is fully
OS. to 6s. per quarter, one-sixth of the entire
value, within the last month. Oats are down
to 16s. per quarter." — London Correspondent of
the National Intelligencer.

The shipments of both wheat and flour have
already fallen off in a most extraordinary degree,
since freights have somewhat advanced. In
September, flour was carried to Liverpool for
6d. a barrel, and sometimes even less. The
lapse ot two months has brought the charge
up to 18rf., and the effect is shown in the fol-
lowing statement of the export from the princi-
pal ports of the Union, from the 1 st of September
to the latter part of November : —

Fincn. M^At. Wheat. Corn.
Bbla. BblB. Bush. Bush.

m49 118,000 1.210 212,500 544,874

Lastyear same period 401,000 27,754 849,350 3,447,820

Deereai«) 373,000 28,544 688,846 2,902,946

Notwithstanding the large increase of agricul-
tural population, the quantity of wheat and floor
received at tide- water on the Hudson, shows a
diminution, while the only increase is that of
about 2,000,000 of bushels of corn, which fbund
11 market abroad only because of the very low
freights.

The import of men has made a market for
$20,000,000 worth of food ; and these people,
once here, remain consumers of food, and citt-

HAtlMONY OK INTERKST.

tomers to the farmer, unless compelled to become
proiluccri of food and rivals to the tarmer.

The •' threat grain market of the world" has
absorbed half as much, because of the low
freights, but with the advance of freight it is
now diminishing, and must still further diminish
with the continuance of the advance. " Since
the comm<!ncemerit of the California excitement,
near seven hundred vessels," we are told, " have
left for the Pacific, many of which will re-visit
us." These shins will not be replaced unless
freights be sufficiently high to pay their owners.
If immii^ration go on, they will be soon replaced,
and the cost of doing it will be paid by immi-
grants who come to be customers to the farmer
and planter. If it do not, they will not be
replaced, and the high freights of the remaining
ones must be paid by the farmers and planters
seeking customers in Kurope.

That immigration will be arrested, must be
obvious to all who study the tables given in the
third chapter. The difficulty of obtaining food,
fuel, and clothing — i. e. wages — in return lor
labour, is increasing. The value of man is
falling, and the inducements to immigration are
passing away. Should it diminish next year to
the extent of 100,000 persons, there will be a
loss of market to the extent of $7,000,000. The
California excitement, which carried off so very
many thousands of the customers ot the farmer,
with food to feed them on ihe road, will no
longer exist. Here is another hundred thousand
customers lost to the farmer, and with ihem
a demand for another $7,000,000 worth of food.
The European market is being closed. What,
then, are the farmers' prospects at this moment i

A comparison of the amounts of immigration
and the prices of wheat, during the last few
years, will show how essentially the interests of
the farmer are connected with every operation
tending to bring the consumer to take his place
by the side of the producer : —

Tmti.

ImmigrtUon.

Prioe of Wheat
In PlilUdilphl*.

Price of
FlourinNT

1840,

84,000

$1.00

$5.25

1841,

83,000

5.72

1842.

101,000

1.12

5.74

1843,

75,000

4.47

1844,

74,000

4.7o

1845,

102.000

4.32

1846,

147,000

1.04

5.23

1847,

234,000

1.33

5.96*

1848.

229,000

1.19

about 5.25

1849,

5.00

If we convert into iron delivered back on the
farm, free of duty, all the food that has been this
year exported, we fshall find that it will yield
250,000 tons, or twenty-five pounds for every
person of the population. Let us now go to the
vicinity of a furnace, and ,see how light, by
comparison, is the charge for iron when it is
produced on the spot, and paid for in commodi-
ties of which the earth yields by tons, as pota-
toes or hay — or in straw that would otherwise
bewas^d — or in labour not required on the farm,
and thfen estimate how many tons might have
been obtained by the producers of this grain,

•jPoteto roti

had they made a market on the land for the
products of the land.

Let us now suppose, that instead of closing
old furnaces we had built fifty new ones, each
capable of making 5000 tons, with rolling-mi'ls
to convert the product into bars, and had thus
applied the labour of some of those immigrants;
and that we were now making, as we might
readily be doing, 2.50,000 tons of iron more than
was made last year, would not that alone have
made a permanent market on the land for as
much ot' the produr* , of the farmer as we have
exported to England 1 Would not that have
re(luced the cost of iron 1 Wouic* it not have
raised the price of labour 1 Would it not have
promoted immigration f Would it not have pro-
moted the building of ships and the reduction of
freights'! Would not the farmer thus have had
the control of the market of England to a much
greater extent than he can have uniier a system
that discourages immigration and ship-building 1
Does not his power to go abroad increase with
the diminution of the necessity for seeking a
market abroad! If we were importing largely
of raw silk and men from Italy, could we not
send cotton yarn to Italy more cheaply than it
now goes through England 1 And if we were
imiwrting silk weavers from France, could we
not send to France, in return, food, in the form
of coal and iron, at less cost for freight than that
at which they now have English co.il and iron,
that must pay all the cost of the voyage out and
home? The greater the value of the import
trade — and men are the most valuable com-
modities we can import-the greater will be the
variety of articles we can export.

It is contended, that by having two markets
to which he must resort, the condition of the
farmer is improved; and, that if he had but the
home market he would have lower prices than
'\t present— that is to say, that if he could sell
all he produces at home, he would obtain less
than he now obtains by going from home.
directly the reverse is the fact, when men are
compelled to seek a distant market.

The first questioi 3 to be asked in reference
to this are— Why is he obliged to go from home 1
Why does the supply of food increase faster than
the demand 1 For this there are two reasons —
first, we do not import consumers enough ; and,
second, of those we do import, too many are
forced to become producers of food, in conse-
quence of the difficulty attendant upon employ-
ing themselves in other pursuits, when they
wonld be consumers of foo<l. The man who
works in a coal mine earns $300 a year, and
perhaps more. Much of this goes for food, and
all of it goes to pay for things that are the pro-
duct of the earth, for every man is a consumer
to the full extent of his production. Ten
thousand miners and labourers are customers
for those products to the extent of $3,000,000.
Forty thousand mechanics, miners, and labour-
ers, are customers to the farmer and planter to
the extent of $12,000,000, which is far more
than we can expect to export in future years.
We now import annually above a quarter of a
million of people, and there are half a million of

HOW PROTECTION AFFRCTS THK FAnMEB.

i< '

our home-grown pofiulation annually uttuinint;
maturity. By doducting frnni dgricultur*' '20,flOu
workini; men, we diminish the nurnlit.T of pro-
ducers; and, by employ inii; thcHe 20,000 in other
pursuits, we increase ihe number of consntmi-
to such an exlenl as to prevent the existenci' ol
the surplus of which we now complain. Jmli;;-
inK, however, from Ihe past, the adoption 'il
protection, as a permanent system, would re-iii;
in the increase of immi(jration to a vast amounl,
and ol these a large proportion would tjlinlly
remain consumers ot food, whereas under the
present system they are compelled to become
producers of Ibod,

When farmers have a demand at home for all
they raise, theyobiain ahiKher pii<'e than when
they have to i^o abroad. In the one ciise, they
obtain nearly as mncli more than the price in
distant markets as the cost ot iransportmion to
those markets, and the price ol the whcle is
regulated by that which can be obtsiiiird for the
trivial sur|)lus. Grain and (lour have for several
years been higher in the coal region of Pennsyl-
vania than in I'hiladelphia, because the demand
has been always in the excess of the supply.
Close the mines and the farmers will have to
send their products lo Philadelphia, receiving
theretbr the city prices, minus the cost of trans-
portation. At the present time, the price of
grain 1 hroughout the Union is muintuiiie(l wholly
by the domestic market , lor ilonr sells in Liver-
pool at less than the price in New York. Close
the mines and factories, and convert miners and
mechanics into farmers, and the price at home
must be the Liverpool one, which will then be
lower than at present, minus the cost of trans-
portation, which will then be higher than at
present.

Admitting, however, that we are to have, at
all future times, a surplus of grain for export,
the next qusstion would be— What is the course
that will secure to the farmer the highest price
in foreign markets? The answer must as-
suredly be, that it will be that which lends most
to diminish the quantity to be sent to those
markets from this or other countries. If, then.
the present system of the commerce of the world
tends to increase the su()ply, it must be adverse
to the interests of the farmer. That such is the
case can, I think, readily be shewn.

We know that the more muieisand mechanics
we have, the more food we consume ; and that
the more agriculturists we have, the more food
we produce. Such, then, must be the case
•,i-ith other countries. We know that, under the
protective system, miners and mechanics in-
crease in number; and that, under the fiee-liade
.system, the producers of food increase in iiuni-
;')er. Such, then, must be the case with other
countries. It is obviously, then, to our interest
that Russia and Germany should consume mme
food and export less ; and that if they and we
should do so the price of food would rise.
Russia and Germany, and we ourselves, have
established the protective system, and the result
has been to increase the consumers and diminish
the producers ; and if all the world could fol-
;low our example, the supply of food now pour-

ing into " the great grain market of the world"
would be so far diiiiinisheil that the price would
rise. This, hovyever, is but one «if the effects
that would result lioin a general deteiminalion
to put down tlie colonial system.

We have seen that the consiiinption of cotton
in other countries is small, while here it is large.
The price bus already fallen so low that the
planters are resorting loliie cullivnlion of wheat,
a measore t lat must tend lo the injury ot the
I'.irmei. Now, it we were consnining one-half
more cotton than at pie.sent, tlii.s state of things
cnulil not exist. The price obtainable by the
planter would then be .siijiicicnily high lo pre-
vent ihe necessity of abiindoiiiiig its culture.
Let us now suppose that Canada, and Russia,
and C'jrmaiiy, and Ireland, could make a mar-
ket for their now surplus labour, and thereby
I liable themselves to coii.snine two or three
pounds of cotton where now they consume but
one, and to consume more food than nov\- they
do— is it not obvious ihal the prices ol food and
cotton would both lise'i That ^uch would be
the result of the abolition of the colonial sy.stem,
as reijards these countries, appears perfectly
eertiiin. If so, then the maintenance and ex-
tension of the protective system, with special
reference to the entire abolition of that unnatu-
ral one which Great Britain has established,
appears to me to be, most certainly, to the
interest of the farmers as well as ol the planters
of the Union, and of the world.

Let us next examine the working of the sys-
tem in Canada, in which there being, almost
literally, no manulacuires of any kind, there is
no market on the land for the products of the
land

Freedom of trade is, there, perfect : that is to
say, the people of Great Britain en]oy a com-
plete monopoly of the machinery by aid ol which
alone the lumber and food of the people of
Canada can be converted into cloth and iron.
The consequence is, that the labour-cost of
inannfactured articles is so great that the con-
siimplion of them is small. The whole export
of cotton cloth from Great Britain to her
North American possessions in the seven years,
18-11)- UJ, averaged twenty millio;,s of yards,
fine and coarse, and if the whole were there
consumed, it would give but ten yards per head,
or aboil' two and a-half pounds of cotton to each
I iiidiviihial, whereas I he consumption of the Union
averages thirteen pounds per head, and is far
more than that in the States neaiest to Canada.
If, now, we desire to know why it is that con-
sumjition is less on the one side than on the
other, the reason may be found in the fact, that
the Canadian gives much moio labour for his
cloth and his iron than the American. Even
his wheat is less in price; and, if so, how must
it be with those bulky commodities that will
not boar transportation? He must, in the
words of Sir Francis Head, " eat all he raises,"
for he has not made, nor can he make a market
on the land for the products of the land. »

To the Canadians it is perfectly obvious, that
the price of food with us is maintained by the
demand for home consumption ; and therefote

HARMUNV or tNTKHKSTS.

VII

it id thai Ihuro exi^ld no univtTSiil a desire lor
th») abolition of all reslriclion in the iiri|)ortatiori
of Iheir produclioiiH into the Union. They huvc
perfect liHedotri to trade witli " liie i^real ^rain
iimricet of the world," and by it they are ruined.
They desire intercourse with the great i^rain
producers of the world, nnd to obtain it they
would ijliidly .sacrifice their iiil-roiurse with
Enirlund, tukina protiTlion in lieu of free trade,
uudhncoiainx meiiibi'm a/' the llninn.

Were Canada within the Union, her consiinip-
tion of cotton would ri.se loa level with our own,
lor lihe would at once ciniiiiience to make iron
and cloth at home, producing; thereby a demand
for laboui' tliat is now being wasled. Instead
ol beinu n customer to the planter to the extent
of two and a-half pounds per liead, every (.'ani.-
dittn would take a dozen pounds ; and thus
would till ecu millions of pound.-j be added to th(-'
consumption, to the delinito advantage of the
planter. The farmer of Illinois might then
safely admit of free trade with lii.s Canadian
neighbours ; because, with increased home con-
sumption, they would experience less necessity
for going abroad to lind that market for tlieir
products which the colonial system noiv denies
them at home. The farmer who believes in
the advantage of free trade with England, should
give his vote lor the tree admission of Canadian
wheat, raised by men who consume cloth and
iron made by men who eat the wheat of Poland
and Russia. The fanner who sees that the price
of wheat is maintained by the home demand,
will be cautious of the admission of foreign
wheat, duty free, until, by means of annexation,
the farmer of Canada shall obtain the same pro-
tection that he him.se.f enjoys, and thereby be
enabled to make a market on the land for the
products of the land.

Having thus examined the efl'ccts of protec-
tion, let us now look to what would be the effects
of the adoption of perfect fieedom of trade, as
urged upon the world by England. It could
not fail to be that of riveting upon the world the
existing' .inopoly of machinery lor the conver-
sion of the products ol i!ie farm and the planta-
tion into cloth and iron, closing the factories
and furnai'es of lluss-ia, Germany, and the United
States, and compelling the pcojile who work in
them to seek other modes of employment ; and
the only resource would be to endeavour to
raise food. There would then be more food to
sell ; but who would buy it ■! We have already
seen that the whole exports of Great Britain
amount, after paying for the grain she now
imports, to but $4.32 per head, and that, small
as it is, it tends to diminish. With that she has
to pay for her sugar, lea, coffee, cotton, wool,
lumber, and all other Ibieign articles required
for her own consumption, leaving her no power
to pay lor more grain. Nevertheless it would
be poured into her markets, and the consequence
would be, that she would obtain three bushels
where now she has but one, precisely as we
have seen to be the case with cotton. " Mark
Lane governs the world's grain prices," and, as
the price obtainable for the surplus would fix
that of the crops, (he result would be, that the

farrnem would everywhort) be ruined, and thui
with no benelit to the maiiufacturerN ol Kngiand,
lor her farmers would likewise Iw ruined, and
her agricultural laboiireis *ould be discharged,
as is now the case with Ireland, whose popula-
tion, dcpriu-d of employment at home, gwarina
to Eiiglaii.l, and destniys the power of the
lOnglish labourer to obtain Iboti, even at its
present low prices ; ami the lower they fall, the
less must be the deiimnd tor labour, and the lesa
the power to obtain wages.

The proverb says, " put not too many eggs
in one basket." the object of the British sys-
tem i.s, and has always been, that of compelling
the world to put all the eggs in the same basket;
and the natural result is the occurrence of per-
petual convulsions, producing devastation and
ruin throughout tlie world whenever her arti-
ficial system becomes deranged. A review of
her operations, duiing the past thirty years,
shows her, at every interval ol four or six years,
holding out to the world the strongest induce-
ments to send her all they could spare of sugar,
and coffee, and cotton, and agricultural produce
of eveiy description. About the close of the
second year of this movement, when the ma-
chinery of importation had got into full opera-
tion, a change is seen to have " come over the
lace of the dream," and the whole energies of
the country to have been directed to breaking
down prices, with a view to compel exportation.
'I'he farmeis and planters whom she so recently
courted are now ruined. Their agents are
selected a.s the first victims, and if the result be
bankruptcy, public or private, it is followed by
vituperation of the foulest kind ; and thus is
insult added to injury. The people of Pennsyl-
vania and Maryland, Indiana and Illinois, Michi-
gan and Mississippi, have had to endure all this,
the result of the working of the compromise
tariff of 1833. In 1846, the whole world wa»
urged to send food at any price. In 1847, the
whole object was to depress prices. Rice was
sold for the mere freight ana charges. Large
shipments of corn brought the shippers in debt
for the payment of those expenses. The fever
and the chill having passed away, there is next
seen to succeed a period of languor — then one
of moderate activity, such as is now beginning to
make its appearance. Next speculation, excite-
ment, and large imports, to be followed by the
ruin of all around, in the effort to save herself.
At the present moment, she takes certificates
of debt in payment for iron, as was the case ten
years since ; but the day is not far distant, when
these certificates will have tO'be redeemed with
gold.

Were it proposed, to the people of the Union,
to make New York or Pennsylvania the deposit
for all ihe products of the Union that required
to be converted or exchanged, the absurdity of
the idea would be obvious to every one. The
wheat grover of Michigan would find himself
entirely a loss to know why he should ex-
change with the neighbouring wool grower by
way of New York ; and the cotton grower of
South Carolina would be equally at a loss to see
the benefit of a system that should compel him

viii

HOW PHOTBC'VIOIf KrVHCTIt TMB rARMBR.

I I

to MchanKe with the wheat ||rower ot Virffini»,
through the medium of PhiliiJ«l|ihiu or I'ltti-
burgh ; yet »uch i» precisely llie olijact ot the
colonial iyrtem. The wheat olMichinuu travel*
to Liverpool with the wool ot Michigan, and
the exchanKet Iwtwetn the wheat ({rower and
the wool grower are efffcled through the market
of Lee<ls, three-fourthi of the wocjI ami the
wheat being io«t on the road. The rice ol South
Carolina goea to Manchoater in comiMuy with
the cotton of South Carolina ; and the corn and
the cotton of rennenaee croaa the ocean to-
gether : and thi« long journey is performed
under the idea that the pfunler can obtam more
cloth for hii rice, or the farmer more iron for
his corn, by thia circuitous modo ot exchange,
than h« would do if the exchanges were made
on the spot. There are many who doubt the
truth ol this, yet all P:ngli8h |)olitico-economi-
cal writers assure ui that such is the fact ; and
every measure now adopted by the British
Government is direc ed towards the maintenance
of the monopoly of machinery, by aid of which
the people of the world have been compelled to
noake their exchanges in her factories.

If such a course would, under any circum-
stances, be absurd, how much more absurd is it
in a case like the one under consideration,
where the power of purchaae is so small, and so
little capable of increase. Whatever goes to
England must be there consumed, unle«8 it can
be forced off by means of low prices ; and for
what she consumes, be it much or little, she has
^4.32 per head of her population to distribute,
in the form of cloth and iron, among the farmers
and planters of the world. It is a procrustean
bed; and the uiisfortune of the poor farmers
and planters is, that whatever she cuts off from
the portion sent to her is, as a consequence of
the system, cut off from all the crop.

The producers of the world have been, and
they are now being sacrificed to the exchangers
of the world ; and therefore it is that agriculture
makes so little progress, anu that the cultivators
of the earth, producers of all we couaume, are
80 universally poor, and so generally uninstruc-
tad aa to their true interests. The day, how-
ever, cannot be far distant, when our farmers
and planters, at least, will be satisfied that their
interests cannot be promoted by a system that
separates the consumers from the producers,
and renders cloth and iron so costly as to cause
the average amount of the consumption of either
to be utterly insignificant.

The object of protection is that vif diminish-
ing the distance and the waste between the
producer and the consumer ; thereby enabling
the producer to grow rich, and to become a
iaige conaumer of cloth and iron. That it did

iiroduce (hat effect is ol 'ous from ihw immense
incri'itMV III the conautnpi of Iralh in tlui twriud
between l«43 and l«17. That the facility of
obtainiiuj iron enable«l the farmer to improve
his mo<l"' of production, and obtain large returns,
is obvious from the fact, that the supply of loo<l
iricreamd so ramdly. That tlie free trade sys-
tem prixlures tne reverse effect, is obvious from
the ttreat reduction now going on ; the whole
consumption of this year not equallmg that of
1847, notwithstanding the vast increase of popu-
lation.

The producers of f;)0<l throughout the world
have one common interest, and thut is to be
promoted by the abolition of the existinK mo-
nopoly system, which tends to destroy tbem-
sielves and their customers.

The farmer is alio a producer of wool ; and,
therefore, I will briefly allude to that interest.

If we ''esire evidence of the truth of what has
been f.nl in relation to food, it may be found in
the condition of the wool market for several
years past. Our production is less than our
ordinary consumption, and the consequence, that
the price is higher than in any country of the
world, by the whole amount of the cost of
tran»|K>rtation.* Close the woollen mills, and
the price must fall to the level of the markets of
Europe, minus the cost of exportation. The
increased supply then would, as i matter of
course, produce a fall of prices ; and then the
sheep grower would be ruined. The changes
of policy, of the last twenty year*, have several
times ruined the wool manufacturers ; and th«
sheep growers have as of\en exterminated their
flocks ; the consequence of which is, that we
have less than 30,000,000, when, if the policy
adopted in 1828 had been maintained, we should
now have 100,000,000, and a market for their
whole products, at higher prices than now ; for
the prosperous labourers, miners and mechanics,
cotton growers and food growers, would then
consume six pounds where now they consume
but three ; and the number of our population
would be greater by 7,000,000 than at oresent.
The discord that now exists is the result of the
" war upon the labour and capital of the world"
maintained by England ; and when peace shall
have been restoied, by the abolition of the mo-
nopoly, it will be round, that, between the
interests of the sheep grower, the producer of
food, Che mii.-'r and the mechanic, there is
perfect harmony.

• Much of the wool that was sent to Europe was
returned, the priae abroad twing leu than the price at
home, by more than the cost of transportation. Such
will be the case with food, when the farmer shall make
a market on the land for all the products of the land.

':7^i±..:.^^a