..IK.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■AaiM |2.5 u Uii 2.0 ut 140 U 11.6 <^ /j o ^/. ■^ '^ Photographic Sciences Corporation 4^ . ^\ ^\ iv >> «>. 33 WIST MAIN %\%\X* WHSTIR.N.Y. MSIO (716) •73-4S03 ^^' > CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. . Coloured covers/ )lJ Couverture de couleur I I Covers damaged/ D D D D D D D Couverture endommagde Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur6e et/ou pelliculde r~~l Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque □ Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relii avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La ra liure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge intirieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutAes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'ont pas iti filmies. Additional comments:/ Commentaires supplAmentairas; I I Coloured pages/ D D y n \/ n Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagdes Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pellicul^es Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d^colordes, tachet^es ou piqu^es Pages detached/ Pages ditach6es Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality inigale de I'impression includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been ref limed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou purtiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont M filmies A nouveau de fapon d obtenir la meiJIeure image possible. This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document est filmi au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X 1 «/ ( 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thenks to the generosity of: University of Sasicatcliewan Saslcatoon L'exemplaire fiim6 fut reproduit grdce A la gin6rosit6 de: University of Sasicatcliewan Saskatoon The imnges appearing here are the best quality possibL.' considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las images suivantes ont 6ti reproduites avec le plus grand soin. compte tenu de la condition at de la nettet6 de Texemplaire fiimi, et en conformit6 avec las conditions du contrat de filmage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimte sont filmte en commen^ant par ie premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, salon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont fllmte en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniirb page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol —^(meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, seion le cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmis A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, 11 est fiimi A pttrtir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammas suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 ^■l AN ESSAY / 50 4->\ SUGGESTIVB OF A SCHliE OF COLONISATION ADAPTED TO THK WILD LANDS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, AND ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED TO THE CONSIDERATION OF TIIH '^ •vf,'-^-^'^: ./ •: iV GOVERNMENT AND PEOPLE OF CAJ^3^A3*^ ___ _ ■ '^^ Jill ' BY S. M. TAYLOR i ' ftlantvral : PRINTED AND rUlJLlSUED BY JOHN LOVELL, ST. Niciioi-As street; TORONTO : WM. 0. F. CAVERIIILL, 87 YONGE STREET ; QUEBEC : JOHN LOVELL, STE. ANNE STREET, UPPER TOWN. FOR SALO AT THB DOOKSTORKB. 1809. TLj^^^^ Mi ,..-**' mmmmm lUiiiiW mmmmmm *-.- !!^; i f - ^ -1 ■??",■ "2?"' 'f fflontiral j PRINTED AND PUBLISIIKD 15Y JOHN LOVELL, ST. NICHOLAS stkkkt; TORONTO: WM. C. P. CAVEIUIILL, 87 YONGE STRKKT; QUEBEC: JOHN LOVELL, STE. AXNK STREET, UPl'ER TOWN. FOR 8ALB AT TIIK IIOOKSTOKBa. IdoU. '-■^^^^^n^irw PREFACE. i Reference is made in the following pages to the question whe- ther the true interests of this Province (so far as these are affected hy immigration and colonisation) would be better served by pub- lication of all the real facts in regard to settlement on the wild lands, or of such only as are calculated to convey the most favour- able impressions: as much feeling may be excited in Canada upon this point, a special consideration is thought due, not only to exonerate the Author from any unjust reflections that may be entertained in regard to the one of these courses he has pursued ; but especially to guard him from any identification with those parties in Canada whose constant task seems to be the depreciation of the country without any honest admission of those peculiar circumstances and natural conditions which justly entitle it to be held in very high estimation. Undoubtedly there has been pursued during several years a system of announcements, and of other modes of publication, among intending emigrants in Europe, the chief tendency of which was to induce them to come hither and to pass through to the Western States of America, scarcely regarding the more im- portant object of their settlement in our own country. Indeed, so much haa this been the case, that the chief purport of the argu- ments employed in the announcements alluded to is that the route of the St. Lawrence is that by which European emigrants can most cheaply and conveniently reach the *' Far West," — » course that would be perfectly unexceptionable had vot fully esta- blished, /or our own colonisation, a svrc and pennancnt system, the want of which constitutes all the objection that is urged against the policy described. Then, let facts answer to the question, whether the policy that has been pursued has benefitted the country by means of increased colonisation, or whether even it has obtained for Canada the advantage (whatever its value) of being made a highway to the Western States of the Union. As a first fact — one governing all others affecting this question — it may be noticed that emigration to this country has fallen off, not wholly from extrinsic causes, but from some other cause, increasingly mischievous, as may be in- ferred from the following statistical deductions : that the average annual emigration to Canada during the period from 1831 ta 1855 inclusive being 31,729, the number arrived in 1856 was 10,866— in 1857, 448— and in 1858, 18,919, less than the above average ; while, during the present season, the decrease in the emigration is- enlai^ing to a fearful amount, in very significant contrast with that arriving at the port of New York. It is very difficult to estimate correctly the proportion of the emigration that still proceeds through Canada to the Western States : whether it falls short of one-third, or (thanks to the efforts in this behalf) it exceeds two-fifths of the emigration by the route of the St, Law- rence, is scarcely worth much thought, with a view to any sati*- ftction, as if the result were to favour the through-passage prin- ciple that has been sought to be established, the degree of bonofit accruing to the Province from colonisation must be proportionally amaller. The question is, then, with these indisputable facts, shall we alill either virtually ignore or gloss over their existence, or shall we adopt a new and more honest course — fully and candidly I * •€ £• admit them, deal with them practically, and consummate such a liberal measure of reform as shall afford confidence instead of distrust among intending emigrants, especially as it may be safely assumed that this distrust has, somehow, been so intense and general as to have constituted one of the chief discouragements of our colonisation. Such a course it has beea endeavoured to ini- tiate in this Essay. The subject of immigration has obtained but an incidental mention in these pages — very much less than that full treatment •which many circumstances render desirable, A brief observation will fully explain this apparent neglect : although, in a certain respect, immigration njust naturally take precedence of colonisa- tion, it requires, in the preparation of a general system, that arrangements for the settlement of a new population should be made before measures are perfected to obtain the immigration intended for this object. Could we, for instance, induce next season the immigration of 50,000 souls, what, under present circumstances, should be the reception of them on our shores ? They would not certainly be encouraged to occupy our cities and towns. Would they be advised to commence hewing their own way in our wildernesses ? or would we quietly sink into the position of their carriers to another country ? — It may also be observed, that it is especially desirable that Canadian immigration should obtain a full, candid, and distinct exposition of its various phases. Such u work may appear shortly, as an aid in the diffusion of a correct knowledge of Canada, and especially of her just claims to the aspirations of the harassed peoples of Europe. S. M. T. Melbourne, Canada East, August, 1859. ■A*;. mil i ^? \y ^^^^- AN ESSAY , (-/■,, " Iit^^imc &c., &c. As there have been various schemes of Colonisation propounded and tried in North America, none of which have effected the desideratum of a regular and permanent system of immigration and colonisation, it is just that the proposer of a new scheme should state the reasons that induce him to think that the principles necessary to a correct system have never yet been clearly exhibited, as it is also desirable that he should bring to his task, ^ not mere theory, but the fullest practical experience. In this respect, the Author ventures to express the belief that very few, if any, in Canada, have had the opportuni- ties of such varied experience as have fallen to his lot since his first embarkation from England, w'l.ich, although it might tend to enforce attention to his views, he only refrains from detailing, lest he should thereby justly render himself obnoxious to the charge of egotism. It may, however, be allowed him to explain that, for a number of years, he has been most actively engaged, under Government and otherwise, in the business of emigration to this Province, which afforded him so large afield of observation, in regard to the hopes, expectations, and pursuits of many thousands of immigrants, of various classes and from different countries, as, concurrently with his own experience as a settler even in the " back-woods," could not fail to produce in him a thorough conviction 4 8 n that there was needed some special legislative action, whereby to remedy the grievances that were annually causing bitter disappointment to a considerable number of the immigrants. Under the pressure of this conviction he, some years since, submitted to the Government a scheme of colonisation, which, he had reason to know, met with much serious attention and approbation, al- though, as he was officially informed, the scheme was of too great a magnitude to be adopted at that time. Ad- mitting, now, the probable justice of this reason for inac- tion, and, indeed, that the existence of powerful political antagonisms render legislative action very difficult, in consummating any great measure of national progress, he has directed his attention to such a modification of his scheme as would render it easily practicable under present circumstances, and pecuniarily profitable to all parties, besides promotive of the more patriotic object of restoring to Canada her former jyrcstige as the best new Home for intending emigrants. Surely despite the opinions of those who advocate a laissez-faire treatment of this important subject, when there is brought to bear upon it the deep reflection that it deserves — when it is borne in mind that it involves not only the present and future welfare of the thousands of inexperienced strangers who come to our shores, but the due fulfilment of our destiny among nations — it should not be doubted that, in this (Milightened age, with its manifold modes of accomplishing the various objects of public enterprise, some plan of colonisation (be it that now submitted or some other) could be devised, that, in exact adaptation to the circumstances of our country, would attract to us and justly satisfy the emigration that is constantly pouring out from the excessively populous countries of Europe. 9 Until very lately nothing whatever was done, on the land, in preparation for the back-woods settler, on the ground, apparently, that because individuals ofthat class had been known to have conquered almost inconceivable difficulties (then unavoidable), and had succeeded, by sacrificing many years of comfort, and by the endurance of much suffering, to leave a decent home for their de- scendants, no such facilitation was necessary under the present more favourable circumstances of the country — really so favourable, it is here submitted, as to permit the adoption of some system having for its object the greater increase of its population and the fuller use of its resources, resulting naturally from a greater 'influx of labour, skill, and capital — the true constituents of national wealth — all abundant in the older countries, and ready, upon due encouragement, to bestow upon us their fructifying power. Emigrants, for the greater part, infer from all that they read at home, in Emigrants' Guides and other works, that, when they arrive in the Eldorado which has been de- scribed to them, they need lose no time in locating upon wild land ; but find themselves, on making the attempt, grievously disappointed in this the chief motive to their emigration. Even so lately as 1857, when certainly some conunenceinent of a system had been made, we find, from the rei)ort of the superintendent of the Riviere du Desert Road, that " emigrants, daunted by such ob- structions [want of roads, &c.], after having wandered over great diHtancts in search of land, attracted hither by reports, that good land could be procured at low prices, have been frequi^it) / knowri to go back, seemingly dis- couragtid, in order to obtain elsewhere tlie object of their search." This discouragement, from one cause or another, has been the rule with few exceptions, obliging the repentant parties, as certainly the most prudent remedy 10 for their disappointment, to hire themselves out for months or years before they encounter the certain hard- ships, privations, and difficulties of a " bush " farm, or worse still (at least for the Province), they expend pro- bably the remainder of their means in proceeding further westward, beyond the boundaries of our country. Nor should any be surprised at these results, when the mind's eye is directed to the case of an immigrant, even blessed with health, strength, some capital, and other advantages, being shewn a spot in the wilderness, on which to es- tablish his home and whence to draw his future support — on which there is no commencement of a shelter — not a rood of it disencumbered of its brush or its timber, nor a passable road for a considerable distance by which to take in his supplies. — Must not the mind conclude that, whatever might be his hopes from " bees " — from kind and sympathising neighbours — indispensable, indeed, to any progress in the back-woods — he must be a very courageous or an unreflecting man, who, utterly inex- perienced, would enter upon such an ordeal of patience and endurance as would then make itself conspicuously evident. If the imagination be further carried to the contemplation of the case of an immigrant just entering upon such a trial, harass«Ml from long travel, incumbered with a large and, it may be, a sick family, then will be presented a picture that should induce a determination to assist in'tlie adoption of any practicable means to avert the possibility of such an exigency befalling any one, whether friend or stranger. That there have been such cases, resulting ultimaidi/ in success, is not denied ; but it is averred that such were far from general ; that very many who have attempted such atrial have been broken down in health, or have abandoned it for avocations of more easy pursuit, though probably affording more meagre final rel that if| road, settler class oi avertec come tries of 1 ing stn It is tions tl success ranee t qualifi( result i express happil; and fru sable) convey usages mious, which, pre8se( fare c( fully t under! tions imniif; who I] or Ics societ conse pensi 11 final results than were anticipated by the parties ; and that if considerably more aid than a " swamped-out " road, amid lands at an inconvenient distance from any settlement, could be remuneratively prepared for this class of immigrants, a large amount of suffering would be averted, successful settlement in the " bush " would be- come general, and emigration from all the civilised coun- tries of Europe would flow hither in constant and augment- ing streams. It is also further to be observed, that, in the publica- tions that have been made of remarkable instances of success, there has been a probably-unintentional igno- rance engendered as to the amount or degree of certain qualifications positively indispensable to a satisfactory result in individual cases ; which requisites are but poorly expressed by the general statement that the parties so happily rewarded were necessarily sober, industrious, and frugal ; nor (such are the sacrifices really indispen- sable) would an adequate conception of the truth be conveyed to the mind of any one accustomed to civilised usages by the substitution of the stronger terms, abste- mious, hard-working, and parsimonious — qualifications, which, in the general sense in which all such are ex- pressed, have only a relative signification; just as the fare considered as a fast by a rich man would be grate- fully enjoyed as a feast by a poor man. Thus may be understood the apparent anomaly exhibited in all sec- tions of the country : that the most utterly-indigent immigrants have risen to independence, while many who arrived and commenced their settlement with more or less capital have sunk to much lower positions in society than those to which they had been accustomed, consequent probably from no degrading or vicious pro- f)en8ity. The cause is obvious enough, when it is borne 12 in mind that the Scotch and Irish peasantry generally (and who, especially the latter, have emigrated to this country in large numbers) have been inured from their birth to such privations as can scarcely be exceeded under any circumstances in this country, and who therefore can more readily forego the use of what would be deem- ed absolute necessaries by other settlers, especially when they have the prospect of ultimately, however distantly, reaping the full reward of their abstinence: thus their formerly-enforced habits of economy become £o strength- ened by their voluntariness as never to leave them in prosperity. But, on the other hand, those immigrants (even English paupers) who have been accustomed to consider a daily supply of beer, tea, and abundance of animal food, as indispensably necessary to the mainte- nance of a labouring man in health and strength, cannot but with extreme reluctance forego the use of these and probably other expensive articles, while the means last or can be procured for the indulgence of their pre- vious habits. It is certainly not intended, by these remarks, to dis- parage colonisation in this country by any class; but rather, it is believed, to promote it, by a candid admis- sion that, even umler favourable circumstances, the settler upon wild land {as in cienj other new couniry) nmat really make greater sacrifices than he has hitherto been led to believe necessary, as he will thereby be the better pre- pared to undergo them and avoid the disappointment consequent upon unfounded expectations. It has hitherto been too much the case with parties interested in peo- pling new countries, whether Canada, the Unit«Ml States, •' Frazer's River," Australia, or elsewhere, to paint every thing regarding them with a coukur-de-rose ; which, on the part of the friends of Canada, is a very mistaken policy, Mr. Lo\ dium, al tical faci and ext| salubric must cj ciously-l ties of si \ vie wit emigran Two been ad notice i a consif of wild easy tei Canadia that api ment of banish i I such a 1 f. district) lots up under c of the c The . have n intrntic of sncc to dis] necessj] reasons should 1 policy, since a reference to her statistics alone (of which Mr. Lovell's Canada Directory is an ndmirable compen- dium, and, at the same time, is itself an important statis- tical fact), showing her abundant resoiirces, her varied and extensive nneans of internal communication, and her salubriousness of climate, with other '* facts and figures," must convince all candid enquirers that, under judi- ciously-established facilities to conquer the first difficul- ties of settlement in a new country, this Province may vie with any country as a resort for the intending emi.o[rant. Two sli'rhtly-difterent plans of colonisation have lately been adopted by the Government, which demand a brief notice in this place. In Lower Canada they are making a considerable number of roads through certain districts of wild lands, and are selling the lots thereon upon very easy terms of credit ; the settlers (nearly all French Canadians) being thoroughly skilled in every matter that apptiitains to the clearing of laud and the manage- ment of a bush-farm, and inured from their birth to the hardships and difficulties that necessarily characterise such a mode of life. In Upper Canada (in the Ottawa district) they are also making several long roads, of the lots upon which they have been making free grants under certain conditions of settlement. A large wiajority of the occupants are old settlers of the country. The Author, ferling fully certain that the Govermnent have acted th'^^'ighout these measures with the best intentions towards the settlers, and that a certain degree of success has been the result, is by no means inclined to disparage what has been done; but (us belongs necessarily to his task) he feels comj)elled to state his reasons for the coriviction that a considerable change ihould be made in their general system. 14 In the first place, admitting (as justified by bitter experience), that to, provide an immigrant settler with a road to his location is a most important assistance, yet it is quite insufficient to counterbalance the deficiencies consequent upon his inexperience in the first necessary clearance of his land — a matter of little difficulty to those long accustomed to such work ; nor indeed would it need a moment's anxious thought to any settler pos- sessed of a large capital, who could employ the experi- enced labour of the country, and probably derive there- from an almost immediate return of his outlay. From Reports lately furnished to the Author by the Crown Land Department, with a promptitude he avails himself of the present opportunity to thankfully acknow- ledge, it appears that, besides the fact that probt-jly all the settlers on the Colonisation Roads in Eastern Canada have been during a long period of their lives accustom- ed to the description of exertions required of them, the Free Grant Colonisation Roads in Western Canada, specially provided to meet the requirements of immi- grants, do not seem to have been made generally avail- able for their intended object. Refraining to use any information derived from other sources than those con- tained in these official Reports, it may here be stated that, on the Opeongo Road, the principal in the classifi- cation to which it belongs, all the settlers are, " with but one exception, men who were either brought up in Ca- nada or who have lived some years in it, and are therefore thoroughly acquainted with the process of clearing and cultivating wild lands ; " and on the Hastings Road, also one of the most important of the same class, the super- intendent reports, " that a large proportion of the lots are taken up by young single men, sons of farmers residing in the country," and that, '' with the exception ■> 15 bitter • with 5e, yet encies ty to should pos- peri- here- of a few English ayd Scotch families, the settlers are all old residents in the Province ;" while none of the reports in respect to the Free Grant roads make the smallest reference to the successful colonisation of immigrants — the main object of this plan of settlement: but the Minister of the Bureau of Agriculture and Statistics, in his general Report, dated 1st May, 1858, very candidly remarks that " Experience now teaches that newly- arrived emigrants, unaccustomed to the use of the axe, and alike ignorant of the effects of our climate and the rotation of crops, have but little chance of immediate success in settling upon wild lands, unless possessed of sufficient capital to enable them to employ labourers, or pay during the first year or so for the experience which others can furnish. The newly-arrived emigrants, with but little means, should be warned of difficulties in the way of their success ; and should rather be encouraged to hire out with the farmers of the country for a season or so, than to undertake farming themselves without experience." This is a testimony, coming from such an authority, so remarkably coincident with the Author's opinions, that he could not refrain from incorporating it with the expression of his views, both as to the ineffi- ciency of the system and in regard to the character of that which should be adopted in substitution; and, as a further strong though indirect support to these views, he finds that Mr. Drapeau, the leader of the settlement founded by the Quebec Colonisation Society (who is described by Mr. Boutillier as not a mere theorist, but a practical man, having experienced the miseries and fa- tigues of the pioneer in the forest), recommends " that 10 acrcH be cleared on each lot of 100 acres along the lines of road opened by Government ; that a cheap house should be built on each lot; that an advance of ^10 16 M should be paid to each settler the fir^t year, in order to enable him to purchasie seed ; and, finally, that in consi- deration of receiving a lot of 100 acres with the improve- ments mentioned and the loan of .£10, he should agree to pay the Government .£75, in six annual instal- ments; the first payment to be made on the 1st day of January following the second harvest, and to be €3 15a. only, the other payments to graduate in proportion until the seventh, which, as well as the three remaining, would be £10 4s. 4»Vd." Although this scheme is not very clear as that portion that respects the payuzent by annual instaltnents, and is open to an objection which will presently be notice ., it fully supports that now under consideration, namely, that the present system of colonisation affords an insufficient pn^paration to ensure a satisfactory naturalisation of our immigrant popula- tion, especiiilly considering that Mr. Drapeau had under his immediate cognizance such an example of colonisa- tion as seemed to have led him to the conviction that, even for settlers born and reared in the country, such extraordinary facilities as he recommends were rle, as, for instance, that afforded in the case of the "Craig's Road," made at great expense through several counties of t\w Eastern Townships, whereon, indeed, the grass has not only grown, but a considerable 30 du per 17 portion of it is characteristically covered with *' second growth." Some of the roads now in progress vary from 30 to even 72 miles in length ; one of which, the Rivitire du Dc'sert Road, 474 niiles long (on which after the ex- penditure of $3740, $6000 more was estimated to be required to make it), seems to have been originated with a special view to the benefit of the lumberers ; and, indeed, many of the most lengthy roads have afforded such im- portant advantages to the commerce in lumber as to make it questionable whether" Lumberers' Roads" would not be a more appropriate name than that by which they are now designated. It may be observed, en passant^ that the time has ar- rived for a full investigation of all the circumstances affecting or resulting from the lumber business — its bear- ings upon the general interests of the country — to ascertain whether, in fact, we are not committing the folly, on a large scale, of the man who in eagerness of present gain sacrificed future profit, by killing his goose that laid the golden eggs. Certainly, the extensive and very wasteful manufacture of our square timber is not necessitiitcd as a means to furnish employment, while almost all the labour we can command could be so advantageously applied to the more national object of clearing, cultivat- ing, and peo{)ling our extensive territory. The making of long roads is no doubt rendered necessary in some cases, to afford convenient accessibility to distant and str.iggling settlements that have arisen, owing to the absence hitherto of any judicious system of colonisation ; such, for instance, as the " Chester and Ham Road," on which, in addition to the amount expended in 186G, more than $1500 was disbursed the following year, partly for the repairs thereon, " which a newly-opened road con- stantly requires" — a road, too, on which a comparatively r 18 insignificant number of persons has settled, but which is rendered necessary to the improvement of Ham, one of the townships chosen several years ago for a Government colony, which is 24 miles distant from Danville, through which place, until very lately, it had to draw all its sup- plies, at an increased distance of more than 20 miles from Quebec, its proper market. The utmost extent of the objection under consideration is that, in all cases of roads required purely for colonisation — where no circumstances exist to impair the general principle which should govern their location and extent — the main object should be to encourage compactness of population ; to form villages (without which no rural municipalities can work with the least advantage) as near as practicable to established settlements, to which villages should be transferred the whole charge of the maintenance and repair of the roads the Government may have made for them, and thereby render unnecessary such language as the following, to be found in the report on the St. Francis Road : " It is needing repairs in several localities, and will soon be im- passable if means are not speedily adopted for its repair'' — a description that too generally applies to long roads, and with which is naturally connected the observation very justly made by Mr. Boutillier, that " it would cer- tainly be found too onerous in many places where roads have been opened, for the small number of settlers as yet established to take on themselves the whole burden of making repairs without receiving any assistance," but, as testimony to the existence of a general neglect, or a disposition to encroach on the Government after once receiving a benefit presumptively from their hands, he further observes : " but there are several which were opened some years ago, and for which no provision has yet been made, notwithstanding the fact that they are ^wW^WMBBBi^^Hf/ .^- \3'' im- 19 ijhickly settled, and which the people are quite Qunarerbui:. enough to keep in repair. ******* It hap now become of the utmost importance, in order that the fruits of former expenditure may not be lost, to take prompt and eiiicacious measures for keeping in repair thje roads which have been opened." — The opportunity i^ here taken to express, from particular experience on thip point, not only an entire concurrence with Mr. Boutillier'p complaint of the ineflScacy of the present municipal syar- tem, as far as roads are concerned, but the convictioi^ that a declaratory statute, to define fully all the rights of the public and of individuals respectively, in regar^ especially to new roads, is imperatively necessary. Another objection that may be made to the present system is the adoption of a credit arrangement in the disposal of public lands — an arrangement justifiable only, perhaps, under the somewhat unsettled principles (if there have been any principle) upon which colonisatioiji in this country has been based. When in the absence o^ any system sufficiently facilitative of settlement, " squat- ting " has been resorted to, — when immigrants have, through inexperience, chosen otherwise regular locations, under circumstances that ultimately prove so adverse afi to make such locations " deab at a gift," — and whci^^ many otiier ci>-cumstance8 obtain a fair share of reflection, — it need extaa no surprise that, unless a more judicious system be adopted, long credits and free grants wi^ continue to characterise the disposal of public lands, i,^ order to arrest the conaparative languor of Canadian co- lonisation. The credit arrangement, especially with the Government as the creditor, is objectionable for severa^l reasons. In the first place, the persons likely to ava:^l themselves of it are much too straitened in their cir- cumstances at first, a,nd for years after their location, to ^A *^ ,df; so j ustify any confident hope that they generally can surmount the difficulties of their position, in order even to subsist in any comfort, much less that they can comply with the *' easy terms of credit " to which they have agreed : be- sides, the incubus of a debt, however small, is frequently, while hopelessly borne, a burthen very destructive ti the natural energy of a man — a quality that should par- ticularly distinguish the new settler. Secondly, the G-overnment (acting for the public good) cannot deem it consistent with their main policy to take such extreme measures with those thus indebted as probably would sever their connection with the country ; while the chief policy of any other parties in the position of creditors is to get their ** pay " by any means, however harsh these may be. This distinction alone, as regards creditors, is believed to be inimical to the due operation of the Go- vernment's credit arrangement. Thirdly, such a mode of disposal of the public lands implies, however erroneous the idea, that they are of so little value for direct coloni- sation (not jobbing) as to be unsaleable in any other Wiiy ; whereas, it is believed, on the contrary, that the establishment of a judicious system of facilities and pre- paration of the land would attraci so many cash pur- cliasj-rs as utterly to preclude all occasion, or even op- portunity, to continue the present system. The last objection it is intended to urge (any other, of A political character, is purposely avoided in this Essay) is, partly, that the system of free grants to individuals tends to preclude the acceptance of such grants by peisous whose large means would enable them to atlord *to ot tiers of tilt' same class important examples of isuc- Cesstul Rottlciiiunt ; but, chiefly, that it tends, in a l.-irge clii^> of cases where it is made available, and just in pro- 'ponion as the i,'rant is really considered as a free gift — tl gratuitously conferring a substantial advantage upon the recipient — to destroy that feeling of self-dependence which is ever characteristic of a successful settler. It is not intended to be conveyed that, as yet, such a conse- quence is as general among the Upper Canadian free grant settlers as has been the case among other parties that have been located upon lands in this country ; many of whom, having once conceived the notion that they had, somehow or other, been made the objects of tha special care of others, did not fail to evince their appre- ciation of such beneficent intentions by increasing help- nessness and by a[)peals for further aid. There are many, no doubt, on those free grants, imbued with such correct feeling as to be preserved from the mischievous tendency of the system, while besides it is certain that among them is a class of persons whose experience is sufficiently Ame- rican to preserve their future from such a mistake — who look upon the system as a speculation on all sides, and have therefore made their calculations to participate fully in the present and future advantages it presents to men of enterprise, possessing as they do the peculiar quality of " spryness," to secure the benefits that actually exist rather than to wait in anxious dependence for others that are merely contingent.* • Since the above was written the Crown Land Department has pub- lished a series of Regulations in regard to Upper Canada, the chief purport of which is the abolition of free grants to settlers. The above observations have not been expunged, because although their data are somewhat affected by this change of policy, the arguments employed by the Author expose, as he thinks, some erroneous notion, and parts of the system that remain unaflTected by the change. Generally, so far from free grants to individuals having answered the intended object — the facilitation of the settlement of a new population, — he conscienti- ously believes that many hundreds of immigrants have experienced such unknown and therefore unappreciated difficulties in the locations thej f/T" •a£iau5*i,iU-3^iiA;v;sv,3ii^«4*:i^ ^ n . r^.^t^*tt.wat.t.,w..fc>^^^^^ , in>i»-n lil 83 However, notwithstanding these objections (which admit of other support than has here been given), it is rery gratifying to find that settlement in the " bush," both in Upper and Lower Canada, has made some little progress within the last two or three years, although at a cost, it is believed, that might have been made to pro- duce much more important results. The problem therefore to solve is — What scheme can be devised that would meet the objections that have been tirged against the existing system, and at the same time f>romote colonisation by a more regular and extensive naturalisation of our immigrant population than is the case at present — a solution of which is attempted in the followini; — OUTLINES OP A SCHEME FOR COLONISING THE PUBLIC LANDS. 1. It is proposed that the Government should make free grants of the Crown Lands, contiguous to established settlements and otherwise suitable to the purposes of colonisation, to joint-stock associations, under certain guarantees to ensure actual settlement and to preclude the pos.sil)ility of any portion of such free grants being aiibjocted to the evils of monopoly or jobbing : the said grants to be in the proportion of about 30,000 acres to 115, 000 capital stock subscribed by each such association within on(^ year after tlicir organisation and their accept- ance and taking possession of the said free grant. nave niiidc, that n free grnnt of tl)cir land, to be roftlly considered as a boon, would only he n delusion : but, as a subsequent relief in any case where it was ascertained that distress had resulted from occupancy of the |iul»lic luuds, not fmni tho luit^couducl of liie settler, but from a host of dinieiiilics oitlij within the jjower of s<'ciely to remove, sueii a grant Would he a measure of compensation tAuy to bestow, and which might avert utter ruin from the rocipicut. \ 2. That the capital stock of the association should be divided in the proportion of one share for every $150 thereof. 3. That every association availing itself of a free grant should be incorporated and organised in conformity with a special act to be passed for the purpose, and should be bound thereby, before they execute any act of proprie- torship on the lands granted to them, to submit a full and true copy of their bye-laws, for certification of conformity by an officer to be appointed by the Government, and should also be bound to submit annually a full and par- ticular i.>xount of their affairs. 4. That, for the disposal of the lands comprised in their grant, every such association should be bound to clear not less than 10 acres of the front of each front lot of 100 acres they offer for sale, besides opening a road, in con- tinuance of a main highway through their intended settlement or of a public road in connection therewith, upon the whole front of the said lot ; that each such lot of 100 acres (except as hereinafter mentioned) should not bo charged at any higher price than $1.50 per acre, and that the rear 100 acres of each such lot should be reserved for two years after the sale of the front lot as a pre- emptive privilege to the settler thereon, at no higher price (if no clearing have been made on it) than 75 cents per acre. 5. That such association should nevertheless bo allowed, for a period of two years after the fiiv4 day of occupation by the first settlci', to exempt certain of their farm lots from the operation of the above restricted prices, but in no gn^ater ninnb(!r than in the proportion of o.-c for (v. ublic buildings, &c. 11. That the association should be required, before ofti'ring the village-lots for sale, to clear the whole of th(! said lots and open all the roads or streets belonging thereto. 26 12. That the association should be required to make eflfectual arrangements, at the earliest possible oppor- tunity, for the erection and gearing of a good and suffi- cient saw-mill for the use of the settlement, and for fixing at certain maximum rates the prices of every description of sawn lumber manufactured, and firewood cut, at the mill ; which prices should be, to persons belonging to the settlement, no higher than would fairly remunerate the labour bestowed on the timber. 13. That no shareholder, whatever the number of his shares, should be allowed more than one vote in the direction of the affairs of the association. Suggestions of princiiml Bi/c-Laws, Sfc, for the general Managemefit of the Settlement. 1. That, after the survey and the ordering of the village-site, and the streets and roads, shall have been received, the first business should be the appointment of a thoroughly-experienced person as Manager, and the contracts for the immediate erection of a saw-mill, com- pletely geared with a large circular saw, pinning and matching machine, and cross-cut saw; and for the underbrushing and cho})ping all the timber on 1150 acres -an extent presumed to include all the necessary roads and streets. 2. That, imnu'diatt'ly after the erection and gearing of the mill, and its being delivered by the contractors in complete woiking order, the parties who may have previously agreed to rent (or purchase) the sam(j should be apprised thereof, and should be bound to lose no time in commencing and continuing the necessary lum- ber operations. m Ma| labl nee perl plal req| cir< emi the rai refi chc to 27 3. That, at this stage of the general progress, the Manager should be instructed to hire 9xperienced labourers, and to purchase such tools, etc., as may be necessary to the work these parties would have to perform — namely, first, the erecting of one or more plain and substantial sheds, for purposes that may be requisite, according to the season and other temporary circumstances ; and, subsequently, as their principal employment, the splitting of the rail-timber, fencing off the streets of the village-site when cleared, storing the rails for future requirements, burning off the brush and refuse timber from the portions of land finished by the choppers, with any other work the Manager may deem to appertain to the business of the association. 4. That it should be the Manager's duty to ensure the due performance of all contracts in which the associa- tion may be concerned in the settlement; to receive and duly facilitate the objects of all intending settlers; to strictly preserve the unsold cropped or pasture-lands to their legitimate uses for the time being ; and, generally, while duly maintaining order and the rights and privi- leges of the whole, to give especial attention to the interests of the association, undoubtedly confided to his care. 5. That the association should make, in duplicate, a list clearly distinguishing, by number and otherwise, every lot they offer for sale ; one copy to be kept in their office, and one to be funiislied to the Manager, who should be advised immediately of any sale, and instruci- ed accordingly. 0. That, on making sale of any lot or lots of lands in the settlement, the })ur(;haser should be furnished with a statement of the improvements that mny have been made on such lot or lots, which, in the case of front lots, shall 28 consist at least of 10 acres cleared on the front of each, either ready for cropping or in a state of pasture, and railed off the whole width from the road by which it is bounded, and, so far as cleared, from the adjoining lots; with also a statement of the restricted prices of lumber and firewood in the settlement, and of the rents and prices charged in respect to cleared or pasture-lands, or standing crops of hay. 7. That settlers, being shareholders in the association, should be allowed the remission of 10 per cent, of the purchase-money of any land they may acquire from the association ; provided that, in case of any claim of this remission by any settler for more than one lot, it should not be conceded only when the lots for which such claim is made art bona fide occupied by him as one farm, and an extent of clearing made upon the whole equal to 10 acres at least for each lot. 8. That any shareholder, on becoming a hona-fidc pur- chaser of land from the association and an actual settler, should be allowed to have his share or shares made available, without any deduction whatever, in payment of the purchase-money; but any transfer of the whole or any portion of a shareholder's stock to another party should be chargeable with a moderate fee for the trans- fer of the said stock in the books of the association. [With other Bye-laws amplifying, as far as nccesj^ary, the provisions contained in the preceding proposals supposed to be regulated by statute.] COT sani in takl ''m S9 ;«J4.: CONDITIONS OP THE SEVERAL CONTRACTS PROPOSED TO BE MADE BY THE ASSOCIATION. Fo}' Leasing Saw-Mill, if not disposed of by Sale. The lessee to have use of mill complete, returning the same ari its appurtenances at the expiration of his lease in perfect order, excepting necessary wear and tear; to take from the clearances (before occupation by the res- pective settlers), for his own use and profit, all timber 'left as mill-logs and for firewood, and to saw the logs as speedily as possible into the various descriptions of lumber usually required for building purposes ; to sell the said lumber and cut firewood, to parties belonging to or employed in the settlement, at no higher prices than those to be agreed on between him and the asso- ciation, and reserving, for the use of the settlement, in preference to any outside demand, such quantities as shall have been notified to him by the Manager on the first day of every month ; and to give security for the payrnent of the rent agreed upon and of any other dues to the association that may arise during the period of his lease. For FelVmg the Timber, &fc. The contractors should be bound to underbrush, chop all the timber, and pile the brush, on (it is presumed) 1150 acres, inclusive of roads and streets, whereon the trees would have to be cut level with the ground, as also all small trees that are not more than six inches diameter at the butt; to saw the timber fit for mill pur- postis (marked by the Manager) into logs of the length of 12 feet and upwards; to chop all other timber into 13 feet lengths; to execute the whole of the work before the 30 1st day of April next ensuing ; and to give good and sufficient security for the due performance of their con- tract. For Letting Cleared or Pasture-Lands, or Selling Standing Hay, on Lots not jtrevioushj sold. The lessee or lessees of lands for cropping to be put in possession of the clearances fenced and made ready for cropping by the 10th day of May next ensuing, who are to sow with any kind of grain they may choose, provided that they sow therewith one peck of Timothy grass and one pound of Vermont clover seed per acre. — In regard to pasture-lands, lessees should hold possession from the 15th day of May until the close of the season ; but no contracts for sale of standing hay need be made before the 1st day of July in any season. — In cases when the price of this crop, or the rent of the cleared or pasture-lands, were not paid previously, no crop or animals on account of which such price or rent had been incurred should be allowed, on any excuse, to be removed from the lands to which they had respectively appertained. Esd "% ai Estimate of Expenditure and ReceijUs for the first 2^ years operations of the Association. EXPENDITURE. Rent of office, secretary's salary, and sundry office expenses. . . . $2000 Surveying and laying out village and farm lots 600 Saw-mill, complete, with power adjusted, including a 4 ft. 6 in. circular saw, a cross-cut firewood saw, and a planing and matching machine 3000 Underbrushing, chopping, &c., on 2150 acres at $9 per acre. . . . 19,350 Salary of General Manager, at $600 per annum 1350 Two labourers, 12 months each, at $20 per month 480 One common labourer, 12 months, at $12 per month 144 Four axes, saws, and other tools, with nails, &c., requisite for labourers' work 150 Sawn lumber for sheds, &c 100 Printing, stationery, advertising, &e 700 Fire insurance on mill 120 Sundry expenses 300 $28,294 RECEIPTS. 60 farm lots, at $150 each $7500 50 « " "$135 "(shareholders) 67£0 12 quarter-acre village lots at $12 each 144 12 " " " " " $9 " 108 Rent of saw- mill, 2 years, at $400 dollars per annum SOq " 500 acres of pasture-land, at $1 per acre 500 " 1000 " " cleared land for cropping, $3 per acre 3000 Sale of Btaudiug hay on 80 acres, at $2 per acre 160 $18,962 -imm^' 32 i m To arrive at a fair conclusion as to the policy of the scheme now submitted, it is proposed, as most conducive to a thorough understanding of its merits, to consider fully the reasons which should induce the requisite action by each of the three parties — the Government (acting for the public good), the shareholders, and the settlers — upon whom alone would depend the complete success of the scheme. Taking, first, the case of the shareholders, it is to be borne in mind that the arguments for the pro- posed plan rest by no means on theaccuracy of the items furnished as the probable expenditure and income of the association, but upon certain fundamental principles which will shortly be noticed. Those items might prove, in practice, erroneously high or low, although, in regard to the principal items, those for clearing the land and for the construction of the saw-mill, the greatest care has been taken to ensure a correct estimate — one proba- bly exceeding the actual cost. The statement, for the period assumed, has been given with a view of furnishing an approximate idea of the pecuniary advantages that would accrue to the shareholders, as a portion at least of these would consist of a class of the community who would take stock for the sake only of obtaining thereby a profitable investment of their capital. Perhaps the only objection that a mere capitalist would entertain against the scheme is that probably the profits would not be distributed until the third year of the as- sociation's operations — that is, supposing they were to adopt the judicious principle of applying the whole of their available assets the second year in an extensive and timely improvement of their property ; for cleared land, seeded down and left to pasture, improves yearly in value, because of the retention of its fertility and the decay of its small roots and stumps. But when there is pre at fori pel he thai an( acc( foil iten tot sam vail tricf ofti 38 set off against this advisable delay of a distribution of the profits the really excellent position of the general affairs at the close of the period assumed, he even, caring only for the growth of his money, should feel more than com- pensated by the consequently-greater value of any shares he may have taken in the association. Thus, assuming that the estimate is correct, and that only 100 farm-lots and 24 village-lots would be sold in two yeara, the general account summary would certainly approximate to the following statement (sinking fractions), in which the items of debt are rated, for this purpose, disadvantageously to the balance in favour of the association ; and, to the same end, no account is made of the probable higher value of the lots preserved from the effect of the res- tricted prices, — 30,000 acres being the assumed amount of the grant: — Dr. To estimated receipts $18,962 Value of mill and other pro- perty of the association . . . 10,000 acres, or 100 improved farm-lots, at $150 per lot. . . i;950 acres unimproved, at "75 cts. per acre 7,387 68 vinage-lot3, at $12 each. . . 816 228 " " $9 " ... 2,052 5,000 15,000 Cr. By estimated expendi- ture $28,294 Balance in favour of association 20,923 $49,2171 $49,217 It might be objected, that, considering the large per-centage of profits which would probably result to the association, lower rates ofcharge for their lands might be made to the settlers. Possibly, it should be so ; or, better still, that more land should be cleared on each lot for the same amount of purchase-money : but when it is reflected that, because joint-stock companies are ever 54 ■ft' subject to peculiar descriptions of loss, for the raostpart unforeseen, it is only reasonable to calculate for higher rates of profits to meet such contingencies than ^e usual in individual enterprises. Besides, this objection will lose much of its weight, when it is perceived that, in all probability, a great majority of the shareholders would consist of persons whose object in taking stock in the association would be to avail themselves of its extraor- dinary facilities and absence of risk to become actual settlers. It has not been recommended that the association should, for the sake of greater profit, undertake a variety of speculations in the settlement that apparently they could assume with greater advantage than any other party, because, chiefly, the more scope that is left for individual enterprise the more rapidly would the village fill up and the whole settlement flourish, which indeed should be the main and only object of the formation of^ the association. It is reasonable to believe that, as the plan of settlement would afibrd, even to old residents in the country, superior facilities tc any that have ever before existed, all the contractors, officers, and labourers, with whom the association would be concerned, would be parties whose principal aim would be to locate them- selves in the settlement under such advantageous cir- cumstances ; as also that a general store — a description of business that an association of this character should ever, if possible, avoid — would be the first private and independent business, because it would be almost fully remunerative in supplying only the employees of the association, and quite so on the location of the first other settlers. One peculiarity of the plan, treated as a source of revenue, requires to be noticed in this place. The village 85 lots not sold, or let for cropping, are proposed to be seed- ed down for a hay-crop subject to disposal as standing hay ; as it is albo proposed to let, for the current season only, lands ready for cropping and pasture-lands among the unsold farm-lots ; and the question naturally arises — Is it probable that revenue could be derived from this source? Perhaps little doubt will be entertained upon this point, when it is considered that, in the earlier years of the settlement, the products obtainable from these lands respectively, especially at the moderate rates of charge stated in the foregoing estimate, must be an im- portant desideratum with settlers, who, at first, would not probably have a sufficient amount of clearing on their own lots to enable them to crop and keep stock to the extent of their ability, and that they might deem accele- rative of the position they propose ultimately to achieve. Thus a new settler might, if he possess the small addi- tional means necessary, acquire contiguously to his own lot, a reasonable amount of any description of grain crop, or keep, during summer or winter, any number or kinds of stock he may deem profitable. As not only won''! the interests of individuals be subserved by this feature of the scheme, but an important advantage would be secured to the whole, as it would avoid the necessitous expense that exists under other circumstances, of conveyance into the settlement of various articles of consumption, especially animal food, which would thus probably cost no more on the spot than elsewhere under the most favourable cir- cumstances. No arrangement has been proposed in regard to the establishment of a grist-mill, because one would not be needed until after private individuals, inclined and com- petent to undertake such a business in the settlement, would have time to erect the necessary plant. In respect S6 to the supply of motive power, it may be observed that it would be very desirable if the grant to the association afforded sufficient water-power for the general purposes of the settlement ; although for the saw-mill, it is not very material whether its machinery were driven by water or steam. Indeed, the latter might even prove more economical and otherwise preferable to the employ- ment of the power furnished by an irregular and insuffi- cient water privilege. If this description of power were abundant, it would be a judicious exercise of foresight to reserve sufficient not only for a grist-mill, but for a sash and door factoiy — a description of business which would necessarily meet an immediate and a considerable de- mand. Besides the parties briefly alluded to as likely to be- come shareholders, it is thought that many persons in- terested in the already established villages, contiguous to the proposed nev^ settlements, would deem it politic thus to encourage an increase of their own neighbourhood, as thereby their properties and trades must become pro- portionally enhanced in value. If it have been satisiactorily shown that the inducements to become shareholders are of the most cogent character — that there is little or no risk, and that, by a judicious management, the property of the association must increase in successive years very considerably in value, which, although not realisable by an increased price, would surely accrue by a rapid accumulation of assets,— the case of the settlers presents an equally if not a more encouraging aspect : hence the greater advantage result- ing to those who, actually at a lesser charge, would assume the double position of a settler and shareholde ■. In fact, 80 many are the persons — probably tkomands — in our cities and towns, who still retain the desire which was the stroni such woull couni mauA 37 strongest motive to their emigration, that it is expected such joint-stock associations as this scheme contemplates would consist, at first, chiefly of persons resident in this country, notwithstanding the fact that the plan possesses many points of attraction to various classes of intending emigrants ; such, for instance, as the monied farmer, who, owning no land at home, could hereby " improve " the wilderness according to his own standard of taste at a small cost and in a comparatively-brief period of time, without being necessitated, as very frequently happens with such settlers, to purchase some old worn-out or ill- plann(3d farm — as the capitalist manufacturer, who could most advantageously avail himself of this scheme to in- troduce his plant and skilled artizans to a country which, owing to peculiar circumstances, presents au attractive field for almost every descri])tion of manufactures required in civilised society — as, particularly, co-operative emi- gration societies, who would find in such joint-stock associations the more important objects of their own organisations accomplished to their hands — and a , for instance, more than all, that numerous class among immigrants, the 5m«// capitalists, who probably, and for- i;unately for themselves, have been accustomed to labour. Their number, their risk of loss, and the intensity of the hope with which tluij emigrate — tliat of becoming a " freeholder," which none but an old countryman can realise — dending all their means in unprofitable travel. Two car-s, out of nuiny that have come under the Author's cognizance, bearing on this point, are so appropriate that lie deems it useful to mention them. ^8 One was that of a man who had been a land-steward on a nobleman's estate, and who arrived in this country a few years ago with ten in family and about ^'200 in money. Being hurried westward, he failed to see the Author, as particularly recommended by one of hisfellow-passengers. He wrote one or two letters shortly afterwards, lament- ing that he had neglected the advice that had been given, that some of his children were sick, that he was neither settled on land nor in any employment, and expressing the wish that the Author would send him ffome certain encouragement to return, as otherwise ne feared to spend the remainder of his money in travelling back. The other was one who arrived in Montreal in 1857, in which city he lodged his family during several weeks, while he searched the country around to select such a partially- cleare;l farm as was purchaseable with his means (about ^150, he told the Author). He, at last, had spent so iT»uch of his funds in this manner, that it became an anxious object with hiin to procure employment at any labour for which he was capable. As before remarked, such cases are common ; and although they ma^' be con- sidered, by persons acquainted with the country, as so many cases of folly, it is only just to very many of those unfortunate immigrants, to ascribe their great disappoint- ments to their e^iually great inexperience ; for, as fre- quently as they may be rightly advised by the Emigrant Agent at Quebec, they are more frequently imposed on by sinister advice, sometimes to extend their travel through the country, and sometimes to locate themselves under disadvantages of which no evidence is presented until it is too late to remedy the evil. To understand clearly how f^uch a scheme as is h.^re proposed wouhl apply with advantage to these cases, let it be supposed that an intending emigrant of this class, appreciating the strictly-just and legal character of such joint-stock associations, and especially the unusual faci- lities they would afford to settlers, is induced to proceed a,t once to the settlement of one of these associations, whereat, let it be farther supposed, he arrives with the sum of .£150 sterling, or $730 — just the sum frittered away in the case last mentioned. The interesting question now naturally arises — How could the disbursement of this sum, under the provisions of the scheme, tend to the sure and ".arly realisation of the object of his emigration, presuming of course that he is possessed of the qualifica- tions requisite to improve his new position ? If he were to f -Vive about the Ist of May (much later or earlier ' iomewhat necessitate a modification of his first course of proceeding), his expenditure may be assumed as follows : — l> )P 1. 100 acres of land, with 10 thereof cleared for cropping $150 2. House, story and a half, 25x20 ft., requiring, for completion, partitioning, plastering, cellaring, and glazing 80 3. 50 bushels of potatoes (20 thereof for seed), at 50 cts 25 4. 8 " barley (seed), at 75 cts 6 5. 10 " oats «« « 60 cts 5 6. 2 " Timothy" " $2.50 cts 5 J. 8 lbs. Vermoutciover " " 25 cts 2 8. Axes, hoeii /iindBtone, with boards, nails, &c 16 9. Hire, Ac i ~^ m j,nd oxen, for harrowing 8 10. Occasii^it .' ' )- "ire at harvesting, &c 10 11.2 barrels oi u m ,.nd 2 barrels of meal, at $GJ average 26 12. Groceries, pork.